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Title A name given to the resource Maps accompanying the report of the operations of the Engineer Department of the District of Columbia : for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1891 : [Washington D.C.] Subject The topic of the resource Municipal services--Washington (D.C.)--Maps Public utilities--Washington (D.C.)--Maps Real property--Valuation--Washington (D.C.)--Maps Statistical maps Description An account of the resource Statistical map no. 1 showing the valuation of real property as determined by the assessment of 1887, city of Washington -- Statistical map no. 2 showing the street grades, city of Washington -- Statistical ... 3 showing the varieties of street pavements ... Washington -- Statistical ... 4 showing the lines of shade trees ... Washington -- Statistical ... 5 showing the location of sewers ... Washington -- Statistical ... 6 showing the system of water supply & distribution ... Washington -- Statistical ... 7 showing the location of street lamps ... Washington -- Statistical ... 8 showing the location of public schools ... Washington -- Statistical ... 9 showing the location of the stations of the police and fire departments ... Washington -- Statistical ... 10 showing the location of street railways ... Washington -- Statistical ... 11 showing the schedule of street sweeping ... Washington -- Statistical ... 12 showing the location of underground cables ... Washington. LC maps brittle and torn along fold lines. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rossell, W. T. (William Trent), 1849-1919 Lusk, J. L. (James Loring), 1855-1906 District of Columbia. Engineer Department United States. Government Printing Office District of Columbia. Board of Commissioners Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3851fm.gct00191 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Washington : G.P.O. 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Title A name given to the resource POLICE CALL BOX, D STREET Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Harris & Ewing, photographer Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2016853250/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource [between 1911 and 1920] Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Credit Line: Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, photograph by Harris & Ewing, LC-DIG-hec-03392 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/50d47ad58a88dcc043a513975f288c0c.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=O1-QjquvGDqqCoydn2bZ1xZFaZIJag5z44gBJrg0JWumnEmAwQuQ-uUYONttwhCpA%7EW5-cbkHlB51m185W%7EIY5A12%7E565WoDLwnnU0qbKim7ZUenUFyRqBeqbe53XRyzMS3pDeQI9JyknLvnB3y%7E3mk%7EED2qypNIAbH16qSUvsEzjM9n%7EdS3YOhixM7FdERzL5zGuQsqFKLpiCWx0Wtzaw%7EjQvVvZG2YOPSIC40fgwVCiR6DsMdHcm5WiKu-lu%7ECGmDBUG6Z651-ivFPDx-GuOCwp%7ElGeDdqq2b9kbMFXNjCsTAilNQHJ%7E84mdgHKJZ8b9OnfwzLBJ60R6YmWhJBpQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 842cd20bb28e68fc0afb7cb22ad421db Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Call Box Description An account of the resource One of the terrific Michael K Ross sculptures in an old call box in the Mount Pleasant neighborhood of Washington, DC. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mike Maguire Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.flickr.com/photos/mikespeaks/31881893115/ Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 17, 2016 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/92dde1606100000c924bd6a215974939.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=LdDkxHkeKRFY-Zqbr-ijDOpS8vpQ5CkoEfeycG2kMM5herYw-OBuTLL4C3mqEgWjlgQ85A%7Eb3cSpLOVvano0RYpe8NU-hfG-Tj8uy3FL4R-ihWHYbWKO4Z8foxy0k8ubDBE570tm3%7EYP4038R%7EuraGWjY4ZN1Gt8Uu4W3-iw5Y5UDmU36%7EgCHEwUPrn70UhTkSyaA70RquFpwyJD2BweFbl05TVZv5SD%7EqSx1bneUT3Zo5Tl7JUPN%7EcQnQKaRIi6CY72-yfxGD7q3CyqUa1LbXMuNhL%7E7KyzVjlThbSEnVcUvSnv6ZKrSXj1uikjRd5Uj0JjcNV1Rs1wonrxmXgL1Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 43feac8cbfcfbf599dcc4415d8959b69 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Art on Call Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource NCinDC Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.flickr.com/photos/ncindc/4108310052 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 20, 2009 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Attribution-NoDerivs 2.0 Generic (CC BY-ND 2.0) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Description An account of the resource From the <a href="http://sheridankaloramacallbox.org/index.html">Sheridan-Kalorama Call Box Restoration Project</a>: <br />Fire Call Box Location: Decatur Place and 22nd Street NW <br />Artist: Michael K. Ross <br />"In early times leather buckets filled with water or sand were the first defense against a dreaded fire. By the early 1900s fire alarm boxes such as this one alerted the fire department to the need for immediate assistance. When the lever on the box was pulled, a signal was transmitted to central headquarters. There a paper tape was punched with the box number's location. Units such as the horse-drawn fire wagon shown here then raced to the fire. Three fire companies served Sheridan-Kalorama: Engine Co. 9, 1624 U Street NW (from 1893); Ladder Truck F, 1338 Park Road NW (from 1901); and Engine Co. 21, 1763 Lanier Place NW (from 1908)." https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/decb21ca24d71bb3fadbd710b9090179.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=l97ERJsdOKeP7Ke02mh6CzC2qkqv8g8ZzT%7E2-5O%7EGPpuqAhdthclRo-itHruWNg1oXTPmqx3Vx13p0Q9lhAelAPfNqgdndATscGqBDIL5EgYXPjJvQyliYzTe7zGz7Knz7qU7Y-5wkvGQHC8pDEeYP%7E2KdlwtSbt992LegboXgZoZOf1MLI0l8riz-O-GyQA6brNwHdC-YLlZqawEhyno1pMN-pzysGOIpI08R-r1iBCeZDhGNMf-Uehv81UATh6CF3fQit2AGY2DzPt2lPWVwPa-CqK1tvucp2wcKUFw3txExhsdvmnWJDA-vMVVY28WZQYIjRYYPNXX-jPxqoMSA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b28c48d8de5872c0edff5363db88b15c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Call Box Restoration Project -- Sheridan-Kalorama Historic District (DC) 2015 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ron Cogswell Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 16, 2015 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.flickr.com/photos/22711505@N05/24155876535/in/photostream/ https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/8258e72fc99560ef9d3fbab9671ecae2.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=nGfc2CiiDBcFvWSF31cBvIXF75HNdgWRAxfZvYNd5HhWZIPbaKbc-bdcDFehNeVvAyQKyVLAQHto0gCcaR-%7Ejb9rFmk3aqX1B5kJyXw-IZFpTHBOnfKMjsPca0mTUacUPYGuVWems5v8OQx3TNvZL4ZoUZr5JcDGhvllGgQyCqouEXy57VTZksf5IoEmlpHMafNyOA2Fabozstf%7EJlZYzNbCnWWLPxpp35I8SowQxDjEBYhRBZoqbt7N2%7EOi41Xa2%7EgPoE-53m3Z6WLa2qGyBKHYcUhLlkBvAVxnzUaGvFDov-b3FgAKuH1piSnHq5RZAoAb%7EJBACEFJbEfYKjFbjw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 850bed51293d7fc26035e3f4b52ba634 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Call Box Description An account of the resource Call box art on Embassy Row in Washington, DC. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mike Maguire Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived https://www.flickr.com/photos/mikespeaks/48762684038 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 18, 2019 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Attribution 2.0 Generic (CC BY 2.0) Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DC's Call Boxes Subject The topic of the resource Police call boxes Description An account of the resource Images used in DC's Call Boxes Exhibit Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Various Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/673be62fca64b916fec22a2c20f27f5d.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=OjnEM-50tsHr6LPUHnXOJTAmsMT8UlNWB7nuiU6k8LtYi%7EGN8ojLlnPJO7c5%7EOZ8gUzs3rewyUirN%7EZcu-N4o7anXr%7E9Yu9FLTrQj5JLCa2MOlVbwmUUtQeZSDspTKkRGU4Bmt6CVNE65ylp1EvzlHO2W7fTULw2xF1H9NEismcdh4zci4fBQ7CYCublR4GRvPbP6LaUgjZ0O7U3nhyIe0ktTXDqbQHoE7izHBMxzZZZkNCQBOCh3vUqfuBmJfaH45oypj59Y%7EvO78tvNvkg2V1m0h0WX7JB97BBNfvSz5YigFSg%7E7E1sH7HRoj4cntfCbY30vqW2lwogta8tiMO2w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ef4be50e301da7e7203deca4ba23f546 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Freeway Newspaper Clippings 001 Subject The topic of the resource Freeways Interstate controversies Center Leg Freeway Newspapers Clippings (Books, newspapers, etc.) Description An account of the resource This is a newspaper clipping from the Washington Star, with a photograph of the construction area for the Center Leg Freeway. The Capitol building, a parking lot, and construction equipment are visible in the photo. The caption under the photo reads: "as a projected cost of $29 million, the final segment of the District's Center Leg Freeway complex is the city's largest single highway contract. Work has just begun on the project, which will provide the "deck" for future low and middle-income housing above the roadway. The latest segment of Interstate Route 95 will run between Massachusetts Avenue and K Street NW, with a connection to New York Avenue." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Washington Star Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 3, 1975 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Newspapers Language A language of the resource English https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/2440cdc4db4c1d56afc2f71ce8c33bf9.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=tDsoZjC2g57gwNUJvTk5YSMczM8Ci4fdv0qX7PnzQPelRtdjOOVmofsoBsuF3QBiI0SDm3NS5HTcfc%7ElsasbUqyWOJIIaUOeLD4dZB9ItodOUoCRQaerC0ZZv%7E5dIPB0%7EHhVWIXfkHIlLox8Kqy6NK-OLdLXCj9TPuxtZ7HzIXITW8qbcifdnNRvSEmvqyO3oqZP7SK620-DkL6A8avqM5OWvxC%7EPWBYrhHVfrvzWGHJlp37Sy2oMSFsToD7SKVsHt-Hn4tqlnn9iWusHDzU4ni-Rz9tJ3IwRLvx9gwAHnJP8L4ODAw4aSqU8NUs13W20wwXdrhY5-OHAUJiQP3T5g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3ec2f03eaaff1650a0420877dbc75225 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Freeway Newspaper Clippings 002 Subject The topic of the resource Freeways Interstate controversies Center Leg Freeway Newspapers Clippings (Books, newspapers, etc.) Description An account of the resource This is a newspaper clipping from the Washington Star about the completion of the Center Leg Freeway, featuring a photo of Thomas Airis with the caption "Thomas Airis: merely completing work that has already been committed." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Washington Star Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 28, 1974 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Newspapers Language A language of the resource English https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/b39921ff92e6ee04099ee0cfd93b25dc.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=vhHip0gyQkRqCXAMHYfr8aoxjtkjHTFIlz4I128J0dCZsY6wY95AJSfyLaatLDWuLsDEqSuHwO16YHAJDfiUnnviQIKjNw5LaGPcOmVyqOaK1owbuJj3rsVm8%7EmmOtbgvJu9uEKlbSaNSMwZF8g2QNlQgWIEvZJj-4TM1Qs1XrlDNk31BIGpCMuti4ZpaydSc4MgVoNMojsBpKXI9HCgnvB6R4GbRIsVr9VxNVNG6wRI-fsuVAP7LITNAaY0FaKU-yFc0%7E780FvGPfvIhjcQ5gDwhMwTIyPtMezRjQAmREBpCp7mpy4187iTCgD411VfKB0ATYra7%7EdHnUSJiYwX3Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 24660d9e900e0ff2fa6961411836ec7d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Freeway Newspaper Clippings 003 Subject The topic of the resource Freeways Interstate controversies Air rights Newspapers Clippings (Books, newspapers, etc.) Description An account of the resource This is a newspaper clipping from the Washington Daily News with the title "First 'air rights' housing gets okay." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Washington Daily News Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 21, 1968 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/a3badd49e22df41aaf0b03d0b7bb52f4.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=W%7EcQz-W0gJR7Y18r9V7G4oG5y5WhV7QYkbLymA1fws0WLZePx%7EDGiKwe0qdc6WN9Yp5AouaXFSRgwokUpHNJiGJonoSkWPutmoh5BGi0X5KcPGedRdaCsNS570RmA1x%7EFoeWjMue6lE5NazS9-iAp4vXmRegjZOS7Y6dJPVmVctIJzkfP9gj8SWvcxQIH77i7q1cFW4wOi1yYVL8fwp5cLxCCLVFofeb%7Eg1VZPwaj-YsgBbgz-5UXX48JUwLa9Wof2-EsETn6ExxEOHIFASTgMKNGVR4AVkdpu4JlFczeBi09p7CnUzlvy7p5-AyheaK%7EQqUwuxolnzQiZdQVoz7OQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM d41894ce7b4b72d924690082c449fa25 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Newspaper Clippings 004 Subject The topic of the resource Freeways Interstate controversies Air rights Newspapers Clippings (Books, newspapers, etc.) Description An account of the resource A newspaper clipping from the Washington Evening Star with a headline reading "D.C. air rights housing plan wins approval." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Washington Evening Star Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 21, 1968 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/eff10adf3412883df3da340bdd029f69.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=H1tYWxJksZyXUbGUQmXpsjDX38mdXa2QLsL8D89jhofM7n9j3MC-x-Bltrp3yVbyt9uGXZXV78ehOBBhSqRuKvGIOSMjBhxiR5Zo3iHS%7EpLzfVioG%7ElbP2RLeYxwhW64%7ER6wLgFpr9cRBME0UPqDZj6JuFSWNlkeqreZkHdRtcW6I2IpbXqcMjr6iSjlcolDiHRPfirFw6diBO49qoTBJtTwI2Re4P0Hl8h1Rajmx4T7e%7EhYsKcN3QzftGur9QGaYyDZhk2hRSIfpMTuV5kkmTGFhrD4bnj4guMhgmnGbS1E4wv-9iInuk3wy-h14qZ9VCcxgXDEpwrbHeEBayrN%7Ew__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 75015a153c9d677dedf75d0a65ba5b8a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Freeway Newspaper Clippings 005 Subject The topic of the resource Freeways Interstate controversies Air rights Description An account of the resource Two newspaper clippings from the Washington Evening Star. One reads "RLA signs contract for NW freeway design air rights design." The second reads "air rights design pact signed by RLA." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Washington Evening Star Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 24, 1969 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/ce1eafe680288949b1d75cd0831804fa.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=WzNw2LsUBBkMkTxlTvT62haIS6wNpZA3MjFPrhVTew4nec1b9lrtC0dntW9oprrfZ%7EB7aAk2t9qfeKBN8xzDJOHYLcS8JNU-z7qgjh8Eycab8AI2xxlLRumYHS-s1WVadWBkPYy1%7ES83lqZLHzZr7U3-3y7zD4UmwQXvnC05peEHFEnVucAEWilvXuXTvtl1pcLDJBF7dBrSeMBJZ1LiOg%7EzGMz20%7Egy87qyTzFOd4UP2bv79qFFS7smfHSkDL9XSbyxB7JQCg19IXiRMfvzfrfmAuyBqJQqgBV-DLddAPPBdodMgXribdwDVXyD2ryOS-3C-JfYm84mi4ajcq2doQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 25ea8ac5237e240b37ae6ed200190f0d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Freeway Newspaper Clippings 006 Subject The topic of the resource Freeways Interstate controversies Newspapers Clippings (Books, newspapers, etc.) Housing policy Description An account of the resource A clipping from an unknown newspaper that reads "fumes and noise plague tenants: apartments over approach in the Washington Bridge criticized by residents." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Unknown Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s-70s Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Newspapers Language A language of the resource English https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/253bb94ca0a76758951507c770ab51bd.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=KJorq-rJnYzfppYvmcVXJ67Oo9NH0WujcLWtk9JzynVIlbqHRFQT4tiqXPnE%7E1yrjmFsMBfjI%7El6WfPAYW65CRjz7rEQ%7Eitav5-oNzSlEI--O-M%7EVbkSSjANb-v8fm8e3dVocK0Q989GZrgQ3aReEOuQZQQJuaklbPKOC13FFHh%7EZ4lq-XaAJx-iy7xi5DI0e0vYfqCsvIIsvDIiKvHJzddetrpnsRmkesYgj-5VqzGLhDZvUzkq8NV9gxzi7hoYWJ3JWkI5dsycDhqaDZQEvhN1R4OHsQgD1CVNav7J21jDbu0aS60P1tN6r-hF6bIZQ7JQ18e6TvMVuvBzkUHEwA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 14a498947b9f01ff121262fe18a45ac5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Freeway Newspaper Clippings 007 Subject The topic of the resource Freeways Interstate controversies Newspapers Clippings (Books, newspapers, etc.) Description An account of the resource A newspaper clipping from the Washington Star with a headline reading "The Freeway Impasse." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Washington Star Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 26, 1968 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/de9d219504e3e0fd22a4b31b12ee2406.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=thudBsgY1p0RDWXjoULIWJW8grJKm%7EJ7IzvwnIJ6FJn5%7EtlSHGX3uRbRHSZD4gvY2yvIUJp6VsAGnuNTFSlY0AaAwu0KU0ceK9g9P92tbpmz3i0z8h6RijltZ%7E91H%7E75kkdxZERqHAB-lgUMjaonUqDVApdu6cc8MKZT-XkKpPd8iiC-KbvNg6%7E%7EKjicn5I17F6gmNMTLwdLssFVRWkhwHO9iKJGHPZbFZ3mtCkbKkeSYHJXJo3w-v%7EFly8Z2pjKnan%7E69w-fLdXHmbXMg%7ElGw7Ww8-SQKX8DUvq9EfnfB44%7EQaHWbtFRowmEotR4r75HvkJarTz35Z2H0Ky1rtccQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 6c7a4ee5d008c329c8e9df0553a8d57d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Freeway Newspaper Clippings 008 Subject The topic of the resource Freeways Interstate controversies Newspapers Clippings (Books, newspapers, etc.) Description An account of the resource This is a clipping of the front page of the metro area section of the Washington Star (the Sunday Star edition), with a headline that reads "Mayor won't appeal freeway order, awaits final ruling." Image one below the headline reads "the Taylor Street Bridge near Catholic University is only partially demolished and changes are it'll remain that way for a while." Image two reads "residents who held out against the highway builders occupy homes next to boarded-up houses--in this case in Northwest Washington." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Washington Star Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 11, 1968 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Newspapers Language A language of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/65f6cfd0b737885d2bc6f12a15ccbace.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=R6mztQKsW9ksyDy1MhA8NX1exBGfv8hncOlAGSzLX5IgMR0mlVJJY3HBs7rLhIZFvcsK%7E7biAOC7VLfbJLNDEHDT8At5sdpdQluTmmWFz3gj0oYOvHQIEQl-MYAO-lHT7NHgsI8vX3c8MmPRjTGSnjJT%7EWOjZtcDNTxsKXhpWWgiQ5WPZt1iKzCGWn7wARV8vIsu7kDAxK9m7IpR5mNDvPtmw7bID2OfZ-YREqPDnUP8ivv-By8PhB4bgOFAgErzOlSjp1fPgq9KXkgkwXyP7SubHPpCAX2Q-n6s6SC-4A3gjkaps%7EYlLj46DxTzfjHvNoMyK0OwrQ%7EuwbFV-k4YGQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM faf4a04c99eb0eacc0d7d83cc8b6281d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Freeway Newspaper Clippings 009 Subject The topic of the resource Freeways Interstate controversies Newspapers Clippings (Books, newspapers, etc.) Description An account of the resource A newspaper clipping from the Washington Star (Sunday Star edition), which reads "Boyd's non-highway plan for Washington." There is a photograph of Boyd with a caption that says "Secretary Alan S. Boyd." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Washington Star Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 12, 1967 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Newspapers Language A language of the resource English Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Newspaper clippings Subject The topic of the resource Clippings (Books, newspapers, etc.) Newspapers Washington (D.C.) -- Newspapers. Description An account of the resource Various newspaper clippings from DC papers. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Various Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Newspapers Language A language of the resource English Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource District Department of Transportation Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1960s-1970s Freeway Controversy Subject The topic of the resource Freeways Interstate controversies Description An account of the resource Newspaper clippings concerning the 1960s and 1970s debate over building more freeways and interstates in the District. These projects brought much public debate, and more information about them can be found throughout this collection. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Washington Star Washington Daily News Publishing Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960s & 1970s Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Newspapers Language A language of the resource English https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/958b84162a16baefa2107377dd54e5b1.pdf?Expires=1779321600&Signature=KiaoA03ELV1Gx14PLPnFFxb-zXaCtk4Qc28h9vrj5zDTjgnktNMJ7zc2sXQ%7ER4RdttQFe%7EU2dSxyg2UB5t3pVN8LUP6OXN9XytZJN2q9NWCUJLhO6EdEMA0CTPSTgyU7V4RjUmHIQYr9e91z1BMmEI6o2m5hbA8JbSQH-CIEpCw3pUvJrzhcM05ZY-H0GbmuwAdXimv5SFUKKyOTBVJFBI67S1VtMoIbvG98PqziAcv26N8eBl-32hYf0un3et6jnVtFKAkuux-9PLiMjRgl7qA1uSPp2CkOGl8TGRoSARtvbmaHmbnTfoni22zVcgQ67aiKg4kwldCvXKN8UXWUNw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f9ab8eb9810280c4ef68a70a467b0d72 PDF Text Text CIVIL DISTURBANCES I N W A S H I N G T O N , D.C. April 4-8, 1968 A Preliminary Damage Report Prepared by the NATIONAL CAPITAL PLANNING COMMISSION in ., , District of Columbia Government and the Distric of | ! , ^ ™ ^ May 1968. „ Columbia Redevelopment Land Agency A C o ����CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 CITYWIDE SUMMARY OF DAMAGE . . 5 SEVENTH 9 STREET, NORTHWEST FOURTEENTH ... STREET, NORTHWEST 15 H STREET, NORTHEAST 21 O T H E R AREAS OF T H E C I T Y 27 ��INTRODUCTION O n T h u r s d a y n i g h t , A p r i l 4, 1 9 6 8 , f o l l o w i n g the d e a t h of M a r t i n L u t h e r K i n g , a c i v i l d i s t u r b a n c e b e g a n i n W a s h i n g t o n . B e f o r e c a l m r e t u r n e d to the c i t y four d a y s l a t e r , m a n y buildings had s u s t a i n e d heavy damage. T h e p u r p o s e of t h i s r e p o r t i s to s u m m a r i z e the p r e l i m i n a r y e s t i m a t e s of d a m a g e a n d m a k e t h e m r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e to the v a r i o u s D i s t r i c t a n d F e d e r a l a g e n c i e s , c o m m u n i t y g r o u p s and o r g a n i z a t i o n s and i n d i v i d u a l s w h o h a v e a n i n t e r e s t i n the r e b u i l d i n g of the d a m a g e d a r e a s . T h e r e p o r t s u m m a r i z e s the c h a r a c t e r of e x i s t i n g l a n d u s e s a n d z o n i n g i n the t h r e e s e c t i o n s of the c i t y m o s t a f f e c t e d , the l o c a t i o n of the p r o p e r t i e s a f f e c t e d , a n d the e x t e n t of d a m a g e a s r e v e a l e d b y the R e d e v e l o p m e n t L a n d A g e n c y ' s p r e l i m i n a r y f i e l d s u r v e y s on A p r i l 7 a n d 8, a n d s u b s e q u e n t f i e l d c h e c k s by the s t a f f of the N a t i o n a l Capital Planning Commission. It i s h o p e d t h a t t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n w i l l a i d c i t y o f f i c i a l s and c i t i z e n s who a r e w o r k i n g together i n the p r o c e s s of d e v e l o p i n g o b j e c t i v e s , p l a n s , a n d p r o g r a m s f o r r e b u i l d i n g the d a m a g e d a r e a s . 1 ��City-Wide Summary of Damage �P R E L I M I N A R Y E S T I M A T E S O F B U I L D I N G D A M A G E IN T H E D I S T R I C T O F C O L U M B I A * April 9, 1968 Estimated Degree of Damage Items Oto 10% 1. Number of Buildings Damaged 2. Number of Residential Units Damaged 3. Number of Commercial Establishments Damaged a. Occupied b. Vacant 4. Other 5. Estimated Value Damaged** 11 to 50% 50% or More 360 43 62 28 223 212 108 101 7 2 362 342 20 1 439 430 9 5 $1,609,699 $1,126,935 $10,593,922 Total 645 283 909 873 36 8 $13,330,556 *Source: R L A , Initial Field Surveys, April 7 and 8, 1968 * * C o s t estimates were computed from the percentage of damage to the structure multiplied by the estimated value of the buildings. Estimates do not include value of land or inventory on hand at time of civil disturbances. �CITY-WIDE S U M M A R Y OF D A M A G E Extent of Damage The Redevelopment L a n d Agency has e s t i m a t e d that 645 b u i l d i n g s w e r e d a m a g e d d u r i n g four d a y s a n d n i g h t s of c i v i l d i s o r d e r s . A s s h o w n b e l o w , about o n e - t h i r d of the t o t a l w a s e x t e n s i v e l y d a m a g e d — f e w of t h e s e b u i l d i n g s c a n be e c o n o m i c a l l y rehabilitated. Categories a. 0-10% Definition Slight damage - window No. of Bldgs. % of Total 360 55.8% breakage and entering b. 11 - 50% c. Over 50% C o m m e r c i a l buildings were especially h a r d h i t by the b u r n i n g a n d l o o t i n g d u r i n g the d i s o r d e r s . R L A e s t i m a t e d t h a t 909 c o m m e r c i a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w e r e d a m a g e d t h r o u g h o u t the c i t y . A s s h o w n on T a b l e N o . 2, about h a l f of t h e s e s u s t a i n e d o n l y m i n o r d a m a g e , but n e a r l y 40 p e r c e n t of the total w e r e more). Substantial damage - major repairs and rehabilitation needed 62 Extensive damage - Unsalvageable, few if any can be 223 34.6% 645 100.0% e x t e n s i v e l y damaged (50 p e r c e n t or 9.6% economically rehabilitated Totals A n e s t i m a t e d 10 p e r c e n t of the b u i l d i n g s affected w e r e s u b s t a n t i a l l y damaged and need m a j o r r e p a i r s a n d r e h a b i l i t a t i o n . O v e r o n e - h a l f of the damaged buildings suffered slight damage — genera l l y b r o k e n w i n d o w s and looting — and a p p a r e n t l y c o u l d be r e p a i r e d r e l a t i v e l y q u i c k l y at m o d e s t cost. Source: Initial surveys of the D.C. Redevelopment Land Agency, April 7 and 8, 1968. A l t h o u g h the l o o t i n g a n d b u r n i n g w e r e d i r e c t e d p r i m a r i l y at c o m m e r c i a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , the R L A s u r v e y s h o w e d t h a t an e s t i m a t e d t o t a l of 2 8 3 h o u s i n g u n i t s w e r e a l s o d a m a g e d . M o s t of t h e s e w e r e i n burned buildings that contained m i x e d c o m m e r c i a l u s e s and l i v i n g q u a r t e r s . A n e s t i m a t e d 212 h o u s i n g u n i t s — o r about t h r e e - f o u r t h s of the t o t a l — w e r e e x t e n s i v e l y d a m a g e d . M o r e than h a l f of the d a m a g e d h o u s i n g u n i t s w e r e l o c a t e d on S e v e n t h S t r e e t — i n l a r g e p a r t b e c a u s e of the m i x e d c o m m e r c i a l - r e s i d e n t i a l u s e s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h i s �s h o p p i n g a r e a . I n f o r m a t i o n on the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the d a m a g e d h o u s i n g u n i t s o r t h e i r o c c u p a n t s at the t i m e of d i s o r d e r s w a s not o b t a i n e d i n the p r e liminary d a m a g e s u r v e y a n d i s not c u r r e n t l y available. m a t e d t h a t the d a m a g e d p r o p e r t y , e x c l u s i v e of l a n d a n d i n v e n t o r y , w a s v a l u e d at about $ 1 3 . 3 m i l l i o n . O v e r 95 p e r c e n t of t h i s t o t a l w a s c o n c e n t r a t e d i n the S e v e n t h S t r e e t , 14th S t r e e t , a n d H S t r e e t c o r r i d o r s . Although damage w a s scattered o v e r many p a r t s of t h e c i t y , t h r e e c o r r i d o r s — S e v e n t h S t r e e t N W . , 1 4 t h S t r e e t N W . , a n d H S t r e e t N E . ~ took t h e b r u n t of t h e d a m a g e . N e a r l y 50 p e r c e n t of the d a m a g e d b u i l d i n g s w e r e l o c a t e d on S e v e n t h S t r e e t . A b o u t 25 p e r c e n t w e r e on 14th S t r e e t a n d 15 p e r c e n t on H S t r e e t . T h e r e m a i n i n g d a m a g e d b u i l d i n g s w e r e s c a t t e r e d i n the N o r t h w e s t , N o r t h e a s t a n d A l t h o u g h m o s t of t h e d a m a g e d b u i l d i n g s , c o m m e r c i a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s and housing units w e r e l o c a t e d on S e v e n t h S t r e e t , R L A found t h a t a l m o s t o n e - h a l f ( 4 9 . 6 p e r c e n t ) of the t o t a l d a m a g e i n d o l l a r v a l u e w a s on 1 4 t h S t r e e t N W . T h e l o s s e s on S e v e n t h S t r e e t and H S t r e e t r e p r e s e n t e d 32.3 p e r c e n t and 13.5 p e r c e n t , r e s p e c t i v e l y , of the e s t i m a t e d d a m a g e . S o u t h e a s t s e c t i o n s of the c i t y . E stimated Value o f Damage O n the b a s i s of i t s p r e l i m i n a r y s u r v e y of d a m a g e , the R e d e v e l o p m e n t L a n d A g e n c y h a s e s t i - I n a l m o s t a l l c a s e s , the d a m a g e d b u i l d i n g s w e r e m a s o n r y , a n d m o s t w e r e f r o m one to f o u r s t o r i e s in height. T h i s non-frame construction, t y p i c a l of c e n t r a l W a s h i n g t o n , h e l p e d p r e v e n t the s p r e a d of f i r e s to a d j a c e n t r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s . P R E L I M I N A R Y E S T I M A T E S O F BUI LDING D A M A G E - B Y MAJOR IMPACT A R E A S * Estimated Area Buildings Damaged Estimated Commercial Establishments Damaged Number 1. 7th Street NW. 2. 14th Street NW. 3. H Street N E . 4. N. Capitol Street 5. 8th Street S E . 6. Other AreasSurveyed*** 7. Totals % Total Number % Total 263 153 90 31 21 40.7 23.7 13.8 36.7 30.4 4.8 3.5 13.5 334 275 103 34 21 142 100% 909 100% 87 645 11.3 3.7 2.3 15.6 Estimated Estimated Value HU'S Damaged Number 148 80 51 3 1 % Total 52.4 28.4 18.0 0 1.1 0.1 -- 283 100% Damaged** Value % Total 4.3 6.6 1.8 .4 32.3 49.6 13.5 3.0 .1 .1 0.8 0.8 $13.3 100% *Source: Redevelopment Land Agency, Initial Field Surveys, April 7 and 8, 1968 * * C o s t estimates were computed from the percentage of damage to the structure multiplied by the estimated value of the building. Estimates do not include value of land or inventory on hand at time of the disturbance. * * * B a s e d upon incomplete data on scattered looting and window breaking throughout the city. 6 ��Seventh Street NW. �T Y P E O F E S T A B L I S H M E N T S AND E X T E N T O F D A M A G E ON S E V E N T H S T R E E T NW.* Estimate of Damage to Building Use Category Total No. of Establishments Est. No. Damaged %of Total Damaged 010% 1050% 50100% A. N O N R E S I D E N T I A L 1. General Merchandise, Apparel & Furniture 2. Convenience 3. Personal Service 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Restaurant, Entertainment Liquor Stores, Bars, Clubs Automotive Hardware, Paint, Lumber Vacant 9. Other (Industrial & Institutional) 80 34 62 22 18 3 5 25 1 250 Percentage of Total Establishments 100% Percentage of Total Damaged 69 34 42 18 12 -5 20 1 201 80% 51% 100% 68% 82% 67% 17 27 19 11 2 7 0 5 3 2 45 7 18 4 - ~ 4 0 -1 6 0 5 0 9 1 - 86 22 93 -- 34% 100% 80% 100% 100% 8 9.0% 42.8% 10.9% -- 37% ~ 46.3% B. R E S I D E N T I A L 1. Number of Housing Units 2. Percentage of Total Housing Units 314 100.0% -- - Source: NCPC revisions of R L A initial data, based on follow-up field checks, April 10-12, 1968. Uses obtained from Polk's City Directory 1967. 8 112 36% �S E V E N T H S T R E E T NW Of the t h r e e m a j o r c o r r i d o r s , S e v e n t h S t r e e t N W . w a s m o s t h e a v i l y d a m a g e d . A s s h o w n on the L a n d U s e a n d Z o n i n g M a p s , the h i s t o r i c p a t t e r n of development along Seventh S t r e e t h a s been s t r i p c o m m e r c i a l w i t h s i g n i f i c a n t a m o u n t s of m i x e d commercial-residential uses. The buildings along this c o r r i d o r a r e genera l l y c o n s t r u c t e d of m a s o n r y a n d a r e one to f o u r s t o r i e s in height. In most c a s e s , c o m m e r c i a l u s e s o c c u p y the f i r s t f l o o r of m u l t i - s t o r y b u i l d i n g s , w i t h r e s i d e n t i a l u s e s above. T h e r e a r e three different zoning d i s t r i c t s in t h i s s e c t i o n of S e v e n t h S t r e e t N W . , — t w o c o m m e r c i a l zones and a m i x e d c o m m e r c i a l - i n d u s t r i a l zone. The single block between Mount V e r n o n Square and L S t r e e t i s zoned C - 3 - B , p e r m i t t i n g high bulk m a j o r b u s i n e s s and e m p l o y m e n t c e n t e r u s e s . F r o m L S t r e e t n o r t h to R h o d e I s l a n d A v e n u e , the p r o p e r t i e s along Seventh Street a r e z o n e d C - 2 - A — a medium-bulk community business center. North of R o d e I s l a n d A v e n u e , up to F l o r i d a A v e n u e , t h e frontage i s zoned for C - M - l u s e s — a l o w - b u l k , c o m m e r c i a l , light manufacturing district. Extent of Damage The Redevelopment Land Agency surveyed S e v e n t h S t r e e t and G e o r g i a A v e n u e f r o m P e n n s y l v a n i a A v e n u e to P a r k R o a d N W . T h i s s u r v e y s h o w e d t h a t a n e s t i m a t e d 263 b u i l d i n g s w e r e d a m a g e d . T h e m a j o r c o n c e n t r a t i o n of d a m a g e d s t r u c t u r e s w a s i n 9 �the 1 1 - b l o c k a r e a b e t w e e n M t . V e r n o n P l a c e a n d F l o r i d a A v e n u e . E l s e w h e r e i n the S e v e n t h S t r e e t a r e a , the d a m a g e w a s p r i m a r i l y g l a s s b r e a k a g e a n d looting. O n the w e s t s i d e of the s t r e e t w i t h i n the a r e a of c o n c e n t r a t e d d a m a g e , the f r o n t a g e s of two e n t i r e b l o c k s — f r o m T S t r e e t to F l o r i d a A v e n u e and f r o m L to M S t r e e t s — w e r e d e s t r o y e d ; b e t w e e n P a n d Q S t r e e t s , v i r t u a l l y a l l but the c o r n e r s t r u c t u r e s w e r e burned out. O n the e a s t s i d e of the s t r e e t , m o r e t h a n h a l f of the b l o c k f r o n t a g e b e t w e e n N a n d O S t r e e t s w a s d e s t r o y e d and s c a t t e r e d b u r n i n g o c c u r r e d i n the b l o c k s between L and T S t r e e t s . Although n e a r l y twice as many buildings w e r e d e s t r o y e d a l o n g S e v e n t h S t r e e t a s a l o n g 14th S t r e e t , t h e d o l l a r v a l u e of the d a m a g e a p p e a r s to be l e s s . R L A i n i t i a l l y e s t i m a t e d the d a m a g e to b u i l d i n g s a l o n g S e v e n t h S t r e e t at a p p r o x i m a t e l y $ 4 . 3 m i l l i o n . A l o n g 14th S t r e e t , R L A e s t i m a t e d the v a l u e of d a m a g e at $ 6 . 6 m i l l i o n . A b o u t h a l f of t h e h o u s i n g d a m a g e d t h r o u g h out the c i t y d u r i n g the d i s t u r b a n c e s w a s a l o n g the Seventh S t r e e t c o r r i d o r . H e r e t h e r e w a s a high p r o p o r t i o n of m i x e d l a n d u s e s , m o s t t y p i c a l l y one o r two f l o o r s of a p a r t m e n t s a b o v e s t o r e s . W h e n the f i r e s i n g r o u n d - l e v e l s t o r e s w e n t out of c o n t r o l , the a p a r t m e n t s a b o v e w e r e e x t e n s i v e l y d a m a g e d o r d e s t r o y e d . O f the h o u s i n g u n i t s d a m a g e d i n the S e v e n t h S t r e e t a r e a , about 36 p e r c e n t ( 1 1 2 u n i t s ) w e r e total l o s s e s . I n the S e v e n t h S t r e e t c o r r i d o r , the l a r g e r s t o r e s that s p e c i a l i z e d i n f u r n i t u r e , a p p l i a n c e s , and c l o t h i n g w e r e s t r u n g out s o u t h of Q S t r e e t to N e w Y o r k A v e n u e . I n i t s r e v i e w of d a m a g e , the P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n s t a f f e s t i m a t e d t h a t m o r e than h a l f of these g e n e r a l m e r c h a n d i s e s t o r e s w e r e total l o s s e s . S m a l l e r s t o r e s s e r v i n g the n e i g h b o r h o o d tended to c l u s t e r above Rhode I s l a n d A v e n u e and a r o u n d P Street. T h e s e businesses, offering convenience goods o r p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e s , w e r e a f f e c t e d , but not a s s e r i o u s l y a s g e n e r a l m e r c h a n d i s e s t o r e s . About o n e - f o u r t h of a l l p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e s a n d c o n v e n i e n c e goods e s t a b l i s h m e n t s a l o n g S e v e n t h S t r e e t w e r e d e s t r o y e d , w h e r e a s n e a r l y h a l f of a l l l i q u o r s t o r e s , nightclubs, and b a r s s u s t a i n e d e x t e n s i v e damage. On the w h o l e , the g e n e r a l m e r c h a n d i s e s t o r e s a n d the l i q u o r d e a l e r s a p p e a r to h a v e b e e n the m o s t tempting t a r g e t s f o r l o o t e r s and a r s o n i s t s . Summary of Applicable Zoning Regulations District Fredominent Use Density or Bulk Minimum lot Percentage dimensions of lot Width (in Area (in occupancy feet) square feet) R-4 18 Floor area ratio 1,800 60 — 60 1.8 75 Height Stories Feet 3.5 3 Medium density apartment house Medium-high density apartment house Neighborhood shopping. . . — — — — — — — 2.0 — 60 C-3-A Medium bulk major business and employment center — — — 3.0 — 60 C-3-B High bulk major business and employment center — — — 6. 5 — 90 C-M-l Low bulk commercial— light manufacturing — — — 3.0 C-M-2 Medium bulk commercial— light manufacturing — — — 4.0 R-5-B R-5-C C-2 -A 10 — 40 Remarks Apartment house with F A R of 0.9 and conversions to multiple dwelling with 900 square feet of lot per dwelling unit permitted. 60 90 3 — 40 60 Residential use limited to F A R of 1.8 and percentage of lot occupancy of 60. Residential use limited to F A R of 1.8 and percentage of lot accupancy of 60. Residential use limited to F A R of 4.5 and percentage of lot occupancy of 75. Performance standards established; site plan review required. Performance standards established; site plan review required. ������Fourteenth Street NW. �T Y P E O F E S T A B L I S H M E N T S AND E X T E N T O F D A M A G E ON 14TH S T R E E T NW.* Estimate of Damage to Building Use Category Total Est. No. No. of Damaged Establishments % o f 010% 1050% 50100% 91% 76% 48% 82% 92% 42% 15 16 14 12 12 33 3 5 4 2 9 22 20% 25% 6 1 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 T o t a l Damaged A. N O N R E S I D E N T I A L 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. General Merchandise, Apparel & Furniture Convenience Personal Service Restaurant, Entertainment Liquor Stores Automotive Offices Heavy Comercial/lndustrial Other (Institutional & Public) Vacant Subtotals Percentage of Total Establishments Percentage of Total Damaged 66 37 86 27 12 12 60 28 41 22 11 1 3 6 8 2 4 1 0 7 5 11 2 0 7 308 187 -- 70 27 100.0% 60.7 - 22.7% 8.8% 29.2% 100.0% - 37.4% 14.4% 48.1% 207 _ 56 4 1 -- - 100% 5 90 B. R E S I D E N T I A L 1. Number of Housing Units 2. Percentage of Total Housing Units 3. Percentage of Damaged Housing Units 1,083 100.0% -- 19.1% 100.0% - - 33* 3.1% 15.9% 66* 6.1% 31.9% 108 9.9% 52.2% *These figures indicate the number of housing units in buildings that sustained some damage. It is not known if the housing units themselves were damaged. Source: NCPC revisions of R L A initial data, based on follow-up field checks, April 10-12, 1968. Uses obtained from Polk's City Directory 1967. 14 �F O U R T E E N T H S T R E E T NW. T h e 14th S t r e e t a n d P a r k R o a d a r e a , b e t w e e n C o l u m b i a R o a d and Monroe S t r e e t , i s an i m p o r t a n t s h o p p i n g c e n t e r i n the c i t y . R e t a i l s t o r e s h e r e s e r v e both the l o c a l s h o p p i n g n e e d s of a d j a c e n t r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s and a broad a r e a e n c o m p a s s i n g the n o r t h c e n t r a l p a r t of W a s h i n g t o n . F r o m C o l u m b i a R o a d to M o n r o e S t r e e t a n d i n c l u d i n g the h e a r t of the 14th S t r e e t a n d P a r k R o a d s h o p p i n g a r e a , the l a n d i s z o n e d C - 3 - A , a m e d i u m bulk m a j o r b u s i n e s s and e m p l o y m e n t c e n t e r . N o r t h of M o n r o e S t r e e t C - 2 - A z o n i n g c o n t i n u e s . N o r t h of M o n r o e S t r e e t i s a l o o s e l y o r g a n i z e d s t r i p of m i x e d u s e s , w i t h s t o r e s s e r v i n g the l o c a l n e i g h b o r h o o d . S o u t h of C o l u m b i a R o a d , to U S t r e e t , c o m m e r c i a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w i t h a neighborhood orientation are mingled with apartment buildings. M a n y a p a r t m e n t b u i l d i n g s h a v e c o m m e r c i a l u s e s on the g r o u n d f l o o r . T h e r e a r e a l s o s e v e r a l s e r v i c e stations in this a r e a . C o m m e r c i a l establishments in this area v a r y i n h e i g h t f r o m one to t h r e e s t o r i e s . S o m e apartment buildings a r e as high as s i x s t o r i e s . T h e P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n staff studied i n d e t a i l the a r e a a l o n g 14th S t r e e t f r o m F l o r i d a A v e n u e to S p r i n g S t r e e t N W . I n t h i s s e c t i o n t h e r e a r e t h r e e d i f f e r e n t t y p e s of c o m m e r c i a l z o n e s . I n the t w o b l o c k s b e t w e e n F l o r i d a A v e n u e a n d C h a p i n Street, p r o p e r t i e s a r e zoned C - M - 2 , for m e d i u m bulk c o m m e r c i a l - l i g h t manufacturing u s e s . B e tween C h a p i n S t r e e t and C o l u m b i a R o a d i s C - 2 - A z o n i n g — a r e l a t i v e l y n e w z o n i n g c a t e g o r y i n the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a w h i c h p e r m i t s n e i g h b o r h o o d s h o p p i n g on the s t r e e t f l o o r of a p a r t m e n t b u i l d i n g s . 15 �Extent of Damage I t a l l began on 14th S t r e e t a f e w h o u r s a f t e r D r . Martin Luther King was slain in Memphis. T h e f o l l o w i n g d a y the d i s t u r b a n c e s s p r e a d q u i c k l y to o t h e r a r e a s of the c i t y , but t h r o u g h o u t the w e e k e n d 14th S t r e e t c o n t i n u e d to be an i m p o r t a n t t a r g e t . A c c o r d i n g to p r e l i m i n a r y R L A e s t i m a t e s , the v a l u e of the d a m a g e d p r o p e r t y i n t h i s c o r r i d o r a l o n e a c c o u n t e d f o r about h a l f of the c i t y - w i d e t o t a l ($6.6 m i l l i o n f o r 1 4 t h S t r e e t ; $ 1 3 . 3 m i l l i o n c i t y w i d e ) . A l t h o u g h the 1 4 t h S t r e e t a r e a s u s t a i n e d the m o s t d a m a g e i n t e r m s of v a l u e of p r o p e r t y a f f e c t e d , f e w e r b u i l d i n g s w e r e d a m a g e d h e r e t h a n on S e v e n t h S t r e e t . O v e r a l l , t h e t o t a l n u m b e r of b u i l d i n g s a f f e c t e d i n the 14th S t r e e t c o r r i d o r w a s l e s s t h a n a q u a r t e r of the c i t y w i d e t o t a l . A s i n t h e r e s t of t h e c i t y , l o o t i n g a n d b u r n i n g w e r e a i m e d at c o m m e r c i a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . R L A ' s s u r v e y indicated that a p p r o x i m a t e l y 275 b u s i n e s s e s w e r e d a m a g e d along 14th S t r e e t ; n e a r l y h a l f of t h e s e w e r e t o t a l l o s s e s . T h e w o r s t f i r e damage o c c u r r e d in blocks w h e r e there w e r e few r e s i d e n c e s . A l t o g e t h e r , R L A e s t i m a t e d that a p p r o x i m a t e l y 80 r e s i d e n t i a l units w e r e damaged in t h i s a r e a . M o r e t h a n t h r e e - f o u r t h s of t h e s e w e r e i n b u i l d i n g s that w e r e b u r n e d out. P r o p o r t i o n a t e l y , t h e t o t a l of h o u s i n g u n i t s a f f e c t e d w a s about o n e t h i r d of t h e c i t y w i d e t o t a l o f d a m a g e d d w e l l i n g u n i t s . 16 I n t e r m s of l a n d u s e s , c o m m e r c i a l u s e s p r e d o m i n a t e ; but i n c o n t r a s t to S e v e n t h a n d H S t r e e t s , 14th S t r e e t h a s a n u m b e r of l a r g e a p a r t ment b u i l d i n g s . W i t h few e x c e p t i o n s , these buildings w e r e u n t o u c h e d . M o s t of t h o s e t h a t w e r e b u r n e d h a d c o m m e r c i a l u s e s on the g r o u n d f l o o r . M i x e d u s e s a r e not s o p r o m i n e n t on 14th S t r e e t ; h e r e o n l y about one of e v e r y s i x b u i l d i n g s h a s m o r e t h a n one u s e . M o s t of the m i x e d - u s e b u i l d i n g s w e r e between F l o r i d a A v e n u e and H a r v a r d S t r e e t , a n d n o r t h of M o n r o e S t r e e t . T h e s t o r e s i n these blocks w e r e mostly neighborhood-oriented. T h e P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n s t a f f found t h a t of the buildings i n m i x e d use, m o r e than half w e r e d a m a g e d , a n d 2 1 out of 29 w e r e v i r t u a l l y d e s t r o y e d . I n t h e s e 2 1 b u i l d i n g s , h o w e v e r , t h e r e w e r e about 100 residential units. F r o m H a r v a r d to M o n r o e S t r e e t s — t h e m o s t h e a v i l y d a m a g e d p o r t i o n of 14th S t r e e t — the m a j o r i t y of the b u i l d i n g s w e r e s i n g l e - u s e c o m mercial establishments. General merchandise stores a r e c o n c e n t r a t e d between C o l u m b i a and P a r k R o a d s . A b o u t 50 p e r c e n t of t h e s e w e r e b u r n e d out. L i q u o r s t o r e s s u s t a i n e d e x t e n s i v e d a m a g e , too, w i t h about 75 p e r c e n t b u r n e d out. A b o u t h a l f of the p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s a l o n g 14th Street were destroyed. ������H Street NE. �T Y P E O F E S T A B L I S H M E N T S AND E X T E N T O F D A M A G E ON H S T R E E T NE. Estimate of Damage to Buildings Use Category Total Est. No. No. of Damaged Establishments %of Total Damaged 010% 1050% 50100% 4 1 2 0 0 0 NONRESIDENTIAL 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Gen'l. Merchandise Apparel & Furniture Convenience Personal Service Restaurant, Entertainment Liquor Stores Automotive Offices 8. Heavy Commercial/Industrial 9. Other (Inst. & Public) Subtotals Percentage of Total Establishments Percentage of Total Damaged 113 25 83 35 15 29 66 11 17 7 8 4 55% 45% 22% 20% 60% 13% 26 6 14 5 3 46 10 4 2 8% 0 18 3 3 1 1 36 4 1 2 5 1 1 0 0 1 2 374 122 -- 62 7 53 100.0% 31.0% - 15.7% 1.8% 13.5% -- 100.0% -- 50.8% 5.8% 43.4% 20% 16% 3 RESIDENTIAL 1. Number of housing units 2. Percentage of Total Housing Units 3. Percentage of Damaged Housing Units 293 100.0% -- 23 7.8% 100.0% __ -- 10 3.4% 43.5% 1 .3% 4.3% 12 4.1% 52.2% Source: NCPC revisions of R L A initial data, based on follow-up field checks, April 10-12, 1968. Uses obtained from Polk's City Directory 1967 20 �H STREET NE. The H Street N E . business area is a major r e t a i l c e n t e r i n the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a . A s s h o w n on the L a n d U s e a n d Z o n i n g M a p s , c o m m e r c i a l development g e n e r a l l y extends along H Street f r o m S e c o n d S t r e e t to t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n of H S t r e e t w i t h Benning R o a d , B l a d e n s b u r g R o a d , and M a r y l a n d Avenue N E . C o m m e r c i a l uses also extend farther to the e a s t a l o n g B e n n i n g R o a d to 1 9 t h S t r e e t a n d n o r t h along B l a d e n s b u r g R o a d and along M a r y l a n d A v e n u e to 17th S t r e e t . A c c o r d i n g to a s t u d y by R o b e r t G l a d s t o n e a n d A s s o c i a t e s b a s e d on 1 9 6 3 d a t a , * the H S t r e e t a r e a r a n k s s e c o n d to the C e n t r a l B u s i n e s s D i s t r i c t i n t e r m s of f l o o r s p a c e f o r s h o p p e r s g o o d s , a n d t h i r d ( j u s t b e l o w the A n a c o s t i a c e n t e r a t N i c h o l s a n d A l a b a m a A v e n u e S E . ) i n t o t a l v a l u e of r e t a i l s a l e s . T h e H S t r e e t a r e a h a s m o r e than t h r e e t i m e s a s m u c h r e t a i l f l o o r s p a c e a s the 14th S t r e e t a n d P a r k Road a r e a . It also has a considerable number of c o n v e n i e n c e s h o p p i n g a n d p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e s t o r e s o r i e n t e d to t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d . T h e buildings in this a r e a a r e m a s o n r y and r a n g e f r o m one to f o u r s t o r i e s i n h e i g h t . F r o m S e c o n d to 1 5 t h S t r e e t s , the z o n i n g i s C - 2 - A ( n e i g h b o r h o o d s h o p p i n g ) . E a s t of 1 5 t h S t r e e t , e x t e n d i n g n o r t h e a s t a n d s o u t h e a s t to 1 7 t h S t r e e t i n a wedge shape, the zoning i s C - 3 - A , a m e d i u m - b u l k m a j o r b u s i n e s s and employment center d i s t r i c t . I n c o n t r a s t to S e v e n t h a n d 1 4 t h S t r e e t s N W . , H S t r e e t h a s f e w e r m i x e d u s e s , a n d m o s t of t h e s e a r e w e s t of S i x t h S t r e e t . E a s t of S i x t h S t r e e t , m a n y of the c o m m e r c i a l u s e s a r e i n o n e - s t o r y s i n g l e - u s e structures. T h e p r i m a r y s e r v i c e a r e a of c e n t e r i n c l u d e s the s e c t i o n f r o m the a n d s o u t h to the A n a c o s t i a R i v e r , R h o d e I s l a n d A v e n u e a n d the D i s t r i c t the H S t r e e t Capitol, east a n d n o r t h to Line. M a j o r r e t a i l e r s i n the H S t r e e t a r e a i n c l u d e Sears-Roebuck, Super Giant, M c B r i d e ' s and Morton's. •Robert Gladstone and Associates: "Analysis of Retail Concentrations, Washington, D . C . " February 1967. 21 �Extent of Damage I n a s s e s s i n g the d a m a g e a l o n g H S t r e e t , R L A s u r v e y e d the c o r r i d o r bounded by S e c o n d a n d 15th, F and K S t r e e t s , N E . I t s p r e l i m i n a r y e s t i m a t e s s h o w e d t h a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 90 b u i l d i n g s h a d b e e n d a m a g e d (about 14 p e r c e n t of the c i t y w i d e t o t a l of d a m a g e d b u i l d i n g s ) . O f the 9 0 , about h a l f s u s t a i n e d o n l y m i n o r d a m a g e , but n e a r l y a s m a n y w e r e t o t a l l o s s e s . O n l y s i x b u i l d i n g s w e r e i n the m i d d l e r a n g e ( " s u b s t a n t i a l d a m a g e " - 11 t o 4 9 p e r cent). A l o n g H S t r e e t , a s e l s e w h e r e i n the c i t y , c o m m e r c i a l enterprises suffered most heavily. R L A found t h a t about 103 c o m m e r c i a l u n i t s i n the c o r r i d o r w e r e d a m a g e d ( 1 1 p e r c e n t of t h e c i t y w i d e d a m a g e t o t a l ) . H a l f of t h i s n u m b e r w e r e t o t a l l o s s e s ; a n o t h e r 45 p e r c e n t w e r e l o o t e d but not b u r n e d . O f 51 h o u s i n g u n i t s a f f e c t e d , 38 w e r e i n b u i l d i n g s t h a t w e r e d e s t r o y e d . M o s t of the o t h e r s s u s t a i n e d o n l y slight damage ( m o s t l y window breakage). A c c o r d i n g to the R L A p r e l i m i n a r y f i g u r e s , d a m a g e to b u i l d i n g s a l o n g H S t r e e t w a s about $ 1 . 8 m i l l i o n , about 1 3 . 5 p e r c e n t of t h e t o t a l v a l u e of d a m a g e t h r o u g h o u t the c i t y . T h e s t a f f of the P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n r e v i e w e d t h e s e e s t i m a t e s , m a d e f i e l d c h e c k s of the e x t e n t of d a m a g e a n d g a v e f u r t h e r s t u d y to an a r e a bounded b y S e c o n d a n d 19th S t r e e t s . F r o m S e c o n d to 15th S t r e e t s , the s t u d y c o r r i d o r w a s bounded by I a n d G S t r e e t s . E a s t of 1 5 t h S t r e e t , the s e c t i o n bounded by B l a d e n s b u r g R o a d , L S t r e e t , 1 9 t h S t r e e t , and B e n n i n g R o a d w a s i n c l u d e d . T h e m o s t e x t e n s i v e d a m a g e w a s found a l o n g the s o u t h e r n f r o n t a g e of H S t r e e t . A b o u t h a l f of the b l o c k f r o n t a g e f r o m F i f t h to S i x t h S t r e e t s w a s b u r n e d out, a s w e r e a l m o s t a l l of the t w o b l o c k s between E i g h t h and 10th S t r e e t s . T h e b l o c k s between 10th a n d 1 1 t h S t r e e t s s u s t a i n e d m o s t l y m i n o r 22 damage, but the two blocks from 11th to 13th Streets w e r e s e v e r e l y affected. W e s t of F i f t h S t r e e t , a n d a l o n g the n o r t h s i d e of H S t r e e t , l o o t i n g a n d b u r n i n g w e r e not s o c o n c e n t r a t e d . E a s t of 15th S t r e e t , the S e a r s G a r d e n Shop w a s b u r n e d out, a s w a s the A & P c h a i n g r o c e r y on B e n n i n g R o a d . O t h e r l a r g e s t o r e s i n this section sustained only m i n o r damage. T h e Planning C o m m i s s i o n staff s u r v e y found t h a t j u s t o v e r o n e - h a l f of the d a m a g e d c o m mercial establishments were general merchandise, a p p a r e l and f u r n i t u r e s t o r e s . T h e s e w e r e e s p e c i a l l y h a r d h i t , w i t h 66 of 113 s u c h s t o r e s d a m a g e d a n d o v e r h a l f of t h o s e t o t a l l o s s e s . T h e s e c o n d l a r g e s t c a t e g o r y , p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e , h a d a t o t a l of 8 3 e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . H o w e v e r , i n c o n t r a s t to the S e v e n t h a n d 1 4 t h S t r e e t c o r r i d o r s , o n l y 17 p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w e r e damaged and 14 of t h e s e h a d o n l y m i n o r d a m a g e . O f 15 l i q u o r s t o r e s i n the c o r r i d o r , e i g h t w e r e d a m a g e d a n d f i v e w e r e total l o s s e s . F e w e r than h a l f the g r o c e r i e s a n d d r u g s t o r e s ( 1 1 out of 2 5 ) w e r e a f f e c t e d . F o u r of these w e r e destroyed. Of a t o t a l of 2 9 3 r e s i d e n t i a l u n i t s a l o n g the H S t r e e t s u r v e y c o r r i d o r , about 12 w e r e b u r n e d out, a n d a l m o s t a s m a n y s u s t a i n e d s l i g h t d a m a g e . O v e r a l l , h o w e v e r , l e s s t h a n 8 p e r c e n t of the t o t a l h o u s i n g u n i t s i n the c o r r i d o r h a d a n y d a m a g e at all. R L A ' s p r e l i m i n a r y e s t i m a t e of r e s i d e n t i a l d a m a g e along H S t r e e t s h o w e d that 51 housing u n i t s w e r e a f f e c t e d , but s u b s e q u e n t f i e l d c h e c k s r e v e a l e d t h a t t h i s t o t a l w a s h i g h b e c a u s e s o m e of t h e h o u s i n g u n i t s i n d a m a g e d b u i l d i n g s w e r e found to be u n t o u c h e d . I n a l l c a s e s , t h e d a m a g e d h o u s i n g u n i t s w e r e i n b u i l d i n g s u s e d f o r both r e s i d e n t i a l and c o m m e r c i a l p u r p o s e s . ������Other Areas of the City ��O T H E R A R E A S OF T H E C I T Y Outside the t h r e e m a j o r a r e a s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e , s o m e 140 b u i l d i n g s w e r e d a m a g e d , a c c o r d i n g to R L A ' s s u r v e y . T h i s w a s about o n e - f i f t h of the t o t a l n u m b e r of b u i l d i n g s d a m a g e d i n the c i t y . T h e g e n e r a l l o c a t i o n of t h e s e b u i l d i n g s i s s h o w n on the c i t y w i d e m a p . M o s t of t h e d a m a g e o u t s i d e the t h r e e m a j o r a r e a s w a s window breakage and looting. R e l a t i v e l y few b u i l d i n g s w e r e b u r n e d . E v e n s o , m a n y a r e a s of the c i t y w e r e l e f t w i t h i n a d e q u a t e n e i g h b o r h o o d s h o p p i n g f a c i l i t i e s a n d s e r v i c e s a s a r e s u l t of the d i s o r d e r s . A l t o g e t h e r , the v a l u e of the d a m a g e d b u i l d i n g s i n the r e m a i n d e r of the c i t y t o t a l e d $ 5 3 0 , 0 0 0 , l e s s t h a n 5 p e r c e n t of the o v e r a l l c i t y w i d e d a m a g e . M o s t of the d a m a g e d b u i l d i n g s w e r e i n s c a t t e r e d l o c a t i o n s , but the R L A p r e l i m i n a r y s u r v e y d i d s i n g l e out t w o o t h e r a r e a s w i t h s o m e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of d a m a g e , — N o r t h C a p i t o l S t r e e t , and 8th S t r e e t N E and S E . North Capitol Street I n the a r e a bounded by F i r s t S t r e e t N E . , C o n s t i t u t i o n A v e n u e , Second S t r e e t , NW and M i c h igan Avenue, 31 buildings w e r e damaged — nine e x t e n s i v e l y . Only three housing units w e r e affected — a l l i n buildings that w e r e e x t e n s i v e l y damaged. T h e t o t a l v a l u e of the d a m a g e d b u i l d i n g s on N o r t h Capitol Street was $415,000. Eighth Street I n an a r e a bounded by V i r g i n i a A v e n u e S E . , F S t r e e t N E . , and S i x t h and T e n t h S t r e e t s , 21 buildings w e r e damaged. Most had g l a s s breakage and looting. Only t h r e e buildings, containing four c o m m e r c i a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , w e r e burned out. I n the e n t i r e E i g h t h S t r e e t a r e a , o n l y one d w e l l i n g u n i t h a d a n y d a m a g e at a l l , a n d t h i s w a s l i m i t e d to b r o k e n g l a s s . T h e e s t i m a t e d v a l u e of the d a m a g e a l o n g E i g h t h S t r e e t w a s $ 1 0 6 , 0 0 0 . A l m o s t a l l of i t w a s c o n c e n t r a t e d s o u t h of P e n n s y l v a n i a A v e n u e S E . Other Areas In a l l o t h e r a r e a s of the c i t y , t o t a l d a m a g e w a s e s t i m a t e d at $ 1 0 5 , 0 0 0 . B e s i d e s the five c o r r i d o r s dealt with in detail above, R L A a l s o f o u n d d a m a g e a l o n g 14th S t r e e t , n o r t h o f M e r i d i a n P l a c e ( p a r t of t h i s a r e a w a s i n c l u d e d i n the N C P C t o t a l s ) ; G e o r g i a A v e n u e , n o r t h of P a r k R o a d ; F o u r t h S t r e e t N E , f r o m T to B r y a n t S t r e e t s ; R h o d e I s l a n d A v e n u e N E . , f r o m 13th to 1 9 t h S t r e e t s ; N i c h o l s A v e n u e S E . , f r o m G o o d H o p e to M o r r i s R o a d s ; and Good Hope R o a d S E . , f r o m N i c h o l s A v e n u e to 18th S t r e e t . I n a l l of t h e s e s c a t t e r e d a r e a s , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 87 b u i l d i n g s w e r e a f f e c t e d . T w o s u s t a i n e d e x t e n s i v e d a m a g e . A l t o g e t h e r , 11 b u s i n e s s e s w e r e b u r n e d out, a n d about 131 o t h e r s w e r e also affected. 27 �NOTE This report is based on the preliminary RLA field surveys of April 7 and 8, with additional detailed information provided by follow-up field checks by the staff of the National Capital Planning Commission. The estimates of damage were made from exterior surveys of buildings in the areas where damage was concentrated. Estimates of the number of housing and non-residential units in affected buildings were obtained from Polk's City Directory and from Baist's Real Estate Atlas. The RLA staff computed cost estimates from the observed percentage of damage to the structure, multiplied by its estimates of the value of the buildings. Building values were set at 2.5 times the assessed values contained in the D.C. real property inventory for the current year. These are estimates of the cost of building damage only, and not the total value of the real estate in which the damage was located. Also excluded from these estimates are land values and the value of -• inventories on hand at the time of the civil disturbances. In extending the data obtained during the preliminary surveys, no additional attempt was made to refine the estimates and dollar values of building damage. This report is but a first step in the process of rebuilding. Under the direction of the D.C. Government, efforts are now under way to assemble more detailed information in the damaged properties, the characteristics of the commercial establishments and housing units affected, and the relocation or rebuilding needs of the victims of the civil disturbances. When these data are complete, they will form a base for programming reconstruction of the damaged areas. �It is imperative that the citizens, the District of Columbia and Federal Governments, and the Congress of the United States act decisively to make progress in the city. Total commitment from all sectors is essential. Redevelopment funds for homes, businesses, and community facilities must be available on an unprecedented level, comparable to Foreign Aid programs for nations abroad. . From tht: Rrnort of City PubUe H e n - ' - " * o» the Rebuilding ami Recovery D c of Washington. the Civil Disturbance! May 10, I S M PHOTO C R E D I T S : Dick Mowrey, Department of Housing and Urban Development, - cover photo, frontispiece, 2, 5, 9, 27, and all aerial obliques. Capitol Airviews - Fold-out aerials. Washington Post - Page 1 and facing page. CouncU Tom f of April, IMft �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Subject The topic of the resource Riots--Washington (D.C.) Civil disorder Description An account of the resource Please note: This report includes irregularly-sized pages. If the report is not visible, try scrolling to the right or left or using the zoom in (+) or zoom out (-) functions in the PDF viewer window. Title A name given to the resource Civil disturbances in Washington, D.C. : April 4-8, 1968 : a preliminary damage report Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. National Capital Planning Commission District of Columbia. Redevelopment Land Agency Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 1968 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/cc3c1b75094f5609772d36ce0611ede4.pdf?Expires=1779321600&Signature=DDFo5UB-VQ3j8O1ROKblFYIuUKTr4307prqGHor4dgfPrMR7nd%7ESnptKHtfu%7Er-uf5tCG7GCvZBL931hTSEsfPQdOq-oay8xb-QIyMp4ivfHDCL9vkYV1pHgGINT%7EFTxyrWRsll83GqInFSSti0Q8zVbTAZvDwrq953yWhJg5RC0v7caWqvFwLsFolVXFUbqNk2dkhqUVY8G1iDTbzCCSea%7EzXrK1anLsdMOAPHwd0qVqcKkwkeyajSRGUhaTwl6DNoTJo%7ETtEribliAWsMnD%7EaqRuYOXW4KDV0vO%7EZ9-xZY7bFfiY-HXpz%7EAIydjglhjMuu73GlkfOrdB9vKrgyyg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 72c64851ab7341ccda79033c22661fa7 PDF Text Text ; TO Report RETURN TC on Civil Disturbances 3 A D MAl'TIC N ' HJOJft'A' J c f in Washington, D . C . April, 1968 • - �Report on Civil Disturbances i n W a s h i n g t o n , D. C . A p r i l , 1968 ��The following is a compilation of reports and related information regarding the major activities of the District of Columbia Government during the c i v i l disturbance emergency period starting April 4 and ending April 15, 1968. This booklet was pre- pared at the direction of the Mayor immediately after the emergency as a quick reference to the actions taken by key District Government Departments during that period. Washington, D . C . April 30, 1968 �T h e Government's Policy and F u n c t i o n a l Response �T H E GOVERNMENT'S POLICY AND FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE I m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r t h e s t a r t of t h e d i s t u r b a n c e , t h e M a y o r , D e p u t y M a y o r , D i r e c t o r of P u b l i c S a f e t y , C i t y C o u n c i l C h a i r m a n , C o r p o r a t i o n C o u n s e l , D i r e c t o r of t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f L i c e n s e s and I n s p e c t i o n s a n d o t h e r k e y o f f i c i a l s t o o k i m m e d i a t e a c t i o n to d i r e c t and c o o r d i n a t e g o v e r n m e n t f u n c t i o n s r e l a t i n g to t h e d i s o r d e r . T h e s e o f f i c i a l s f o r m e d an e x e c u t i v e t e a m that w a s h e a d q u a r t e r e d i n a C o m m a n d P o s t e s t a b l i s h e d i n the O f f i c e o f t h e C h i e f of P o l i c e a t the M u n i c i p a l C e n t e r . T h e y w o r k e d c l o s e l y w i t h t h e D i r e c t o r of P u b l i c S a f e t y , t h e C h i e f of P o l i c e , C y r u s V a n c e , S p e c i a l C o n s u l t a n t t o t h e M a y o r , m i l i t a r y and f e d e r a l o f f i c i a l s and o t h e r s f r o m t h a t v a n t age p o i n t . The Mayor T h e M a y o r a s s u m e d the o v e r a l l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r the f u n c t i o n s of the C i t y d u r i n g the d i s t u r b a n c e . emergency T h e s e a c t i v i t i e s i n the m a i n f e l l into t h e f o l l o w i n g c a t e g o r i e s : 1 . D e c i d i n g p o l i c i e s d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e d i s o r d e r and r e s t o r a t i o n of l a w and o r d e r i n c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h the o f f i c i a l s named above. 2. C o o r d i n a t i n g e f f o r t s to c a r e f o r t h e e m e r g e n c y n e e d s o f c i t i z e n s a f f e c t e d b y the d i s t u r b a n c e s , i n c l u d i n g f o o d , c l o t h i n g and o t h e r n e c e s s i t i e s . shelter, T h i s w a s a c c o m p l i s h e d in �c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h the M e t r o p o l i t a n W a s h i n g t o n U r b a n C o a l i t i o n , t h e H e a l t h and W e l f a r e C o u n c i l of the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l A r e a , t h e U n i t e d P l a n n i n g O r g a n i z a t i o n and o t h e r c i v i c , r e l i g i o u s and business organizations. 3. D i r e c t i n g a c t i o n to r e s t o r e a f f e c t e d a r e a s to f u n c t i o n - i n g c a p a c i t y i n c l u d i n g the p r o v i s i o n of h e a l t h c a r e a n d s a n i t a t i o n p r e c a u t i o n s , c l e a r i n g of d e b r i s and d e m o l i t i o n o f s t r u c t u r e s l e f t i n h a z a r d o u s and u n s a f e c o n d i t i o n by the d i s t u r b a n c e . 4. R e s t o r i n g the e n t i r e c i t y to n o r m a l f u n c t i o n i n g w h i c h i n c l u d e d c i t y - w i d e n e e d s o f p e o p l e , c o n s i d e r a t i o n s of b u s i n e s s a n d c o m m e r c i a l i n t e r e s t s , r e s t o r a t i o n of s c h e d u l e s f o r s a n i t a t i o n , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , h o u s i n g , h e a l t h and w e l f a r e n e e d s , and f l o w of c o m m o d i t i e s and s e r v i c e s to a c c o m m o d a t e the e n t i r e city. D u r i n g the o p e r a t i o n of the E x e c u t i v e t e a m at the C o m m a n d H e a d q u a r t e r s , the M a y o r ' s o f f i c e i n the D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g r e m a i n e d in operation. T h e M a y o r ' s E x e c u t i v e A s s i s t a n t , and s t a f f , w i t h the h e l p of n u m e r o u s v o l u n t e e r s , k e p t the t e l e p h o n e s m a n n e d f r o m 7:00 a . m . e a c h m o r n i n g u n t i l 1:00 a . m . d a i l y u n t i l A p r i l 1 2 . This o p e r a t i o n s e r v e d to g i v e c i t i z e n s s e c u r i t y i n k n o w i n g t h a t t h e y c o u l d s t i l l c a l l the M a y o r ' s o f f i c e and be p r o v i d e d w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n o r be r e f e r r e d to o t h e r o f f i c e s . I n a d d i t i o n to p r o v i d i n g the c i t i z e n r y w i t h �- 3 - i n f o r m a t i o n , the o f f i c e c o o r d i n a t e d t h e s e r v i c e s of m a n y v o l u n t e e r s w h o c a l l e d to d e v o t e t h e i r s e r v i c e s , t o g i v e t h e i r i d e a s and s u g g e s tions. T h e office a l s o handled n u m e r o u s Congressional calls for i n f o r m a t i o n , and i n q u i r i e s w i t h r e s p e c t to c o n d i t i o n s a n d s t a t u s p o r t s , and a v a r i e t y of c o n t a c t s w i t h r e s p e c t to c o n v e n t i o n s , individual arrangements, etc. re- tours, C a l l s f r o m a l l o v e r the c o u n t r y w e r e put t h r o u g h to t h i s o f f i c e . T h e Deputy M a y o r I n a d d i t i o n to a s s i s t i n g the M a y o r i n a v a r i e t y o f p o l i c y d e c i s i o n s a n d r e s t o r a t i v e a c t i v i t i e s , the e f f e c t i v e n e s s a n d f l e x i b i l i t y of t h e n e w g o v e r n m e n t a l o r g a n i z a t i o n w a s d e m o n s t r a t e d d u r i n g the the c r i s i s . T h e M a y o r f u n c t i o n e d p r i m a r i l y i n the e m e r g e n c y a r e a l a t e d to the d i s o r d e r and r e s t o r a t i o n of l a w and o r d e r . re- T h e Deputy M a y o r a s s u m e d d i r e c t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y and l e a d e r s h i p i n c o o r d i n a t i n g a n d c o r r e l a t i n g a c t i v i t i e s of n u m e r o u s d e p a r t m e n t s w i t h s e r v i c e s a n d r e s o u r c e s t h a t had to p r o v i d e e s s e n t i a l s u p p o r t i v e assistance, i n f o r m a t i o n and s e r v i c e s r e l a t e d to the o v e r a l l f u n c t i o n i n g of the c i t y and i t s economy. T h e D e p u t y M a y o r a l s o a c t e d a s l i a i s o n b e t w e e n the M a y o r and f e d e r a l o f f i c i a l s i n r e l a t i o n to s p e c i a l p r o b l e m s of d e m o l i t i o n , insurance, restorations, h o u s i n g and r e s o u r c e f u n d i n g . �- 4 - The Corporation Counsel T h e p r i n c i p a l a c t i v i t i e s of t h e C o r p o r a t i o n C o u n s e l d u r i n g the r e c e n t d i s t u r b a n c e s included the f o l l o w i n g : 1 . S u p e r v i s i n g t h e d r a f t i n g a n d i s s u a n c e of the e i g h t E m e r g e n c y P r o c l a m a t i o n s i s s u e d b e t w e e n A p r i l 5 and A p r i l 1968, 14, r e l a t i n g t o c u r f e w and the s a l e o r p o s s e s s i o n of a l c o h o - lic beverages, 2. g a s o l i n e , f i r e a r m s and a m m u n i t i o n . S u p e r v i s i n g t h e w o r k o f the O f f i c e o f the C o r p o r a - t i o n C o u n s e l i n t h e C o u r t of G e n e r a l S e s s i o n s in p r o c e s s i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 0 0 0 c u r f e w v i o l a t i o n s and d i s o r d e r l y c o n d u c t charges. W i t h the c o o p e r a t i o n of the C h i e f J u d g e of the C o u r t of G e n e r a l S e s s i o n s , c o o r d i n a t i n g the a c t i v i t i e s of d e f e n s e a t t o r n e y s , c o u r t o f f i c i a l s and s u p p o r t i n g prosecutors, personnel. T h i s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n c l u d e d d e v i s i n g and i m p l e m e n t i n g proce- d u r e s f o r the e x p e d i t i o u s p r o c e s s i n g of a r r e s t e d p e r s o n s and p e r s o n a l v i s i t s to d e t e n t i o n f a c i l i t i e s f o r the p u r p o s e of o n - s i g h t i n s p e c t i o n and i n f o r m a t i o n g a t h e r i n g . 3. C o n s u l t i n g w i t h t h e M a y o r c o n c e r n i n g the v a r i e t y o f l e g a l p r o b l e m s and i m p l i c a t i o n s w h i c h t h e c r i s i s s i t u a t i o n created. 4. sions; C o n f e r r i n g w i t h t h e M a y o r on g e n e r a l p o l i c y d e c i - p e r f o r m i n g s p e c i f i c a s s i g n m e n t s at the d i r e c t i o n of the �- 5 - M a y o r and D e p u t y M a y o r . T h e C h a i r m a n o f the C i t y C o u n c i l T h e f u n c t i o n s of t h e C i t y C o u n c i l C h a i r m a n i n c l u d e d : 1 . C o n f e r r i n g w i t h t h e M a y o r and D e p u t y M a y o r d u r - i n g t h e i n i t i a l s t a g e s of d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g r e g a r d i n g t h e t r o o p call up. T h e C o u n c i l C h a i r m a n w a s constantly with C y r u s V a n c e and G e n e r a l H a i n e s a t f i r s t , i n t h e M a y o r ' s o f f i c e , l a t e r i n c o m m u n i c a t i o n s h e a d q u a r t e r s i n R o o m 10 of the C i t y H a l l , a n d t h e n a t the c o m m u n i c a t i o n s h e a d q u a r t e r s i n C h i e f L a y t o n ' s o f f i c e i n the M u n i c i p a l C e n t e r . 2. D u r i n g the s t a y at the c o m m u n i c a t i o n s c e n t e r , the C h a i r m a n w a s c o n s t a n t l y a d v i s e d o f t h e a c t i v i t y t h a t w a s going on a n d h e l p e d b y b r i n g i n g h i s j u d g m e n t to t h o s e m a t t e r s on w h i c h he w a s a p p r o a c h e d f o r a j u d g m e n t . T o u r s of the c i t y and c o n t a c t s w i t h p e o p l e i n t h e c o m m u n i t y h e l p e d h i m add a n o t h e r d i m e n s i o n to t h e d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g p r o c e s s . 3. A s the C h a i r m a n of t h e C i t y C o u n c i l , his presence on t h e s t r e e t s w i t h t h e M a y o r , D e p u t y M a y o r and o t h e r o f f i c i a l s i n f r o n t of the p r e s s , i n d i c a t e d the s u p p o r t of t h e C o u n c i l i n the a c t i o n s that w e r e being t a k e n . Joint television appearances i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e C o u n c i l w a s i n d e e d i n v o l v e d i n the d e c i s i o n - �- 6 m a k i n g p r o c e s s and i t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h i s p o s s i b l y c o u l d h a v e a d d e d s o m e f e e l i n g of s t a b i l i t y t o t h o s e people i n the c o m m u n i t y who think of the C h a i r m a n p e r s o n a l l y , o r a s representative o f the e i g h t o t h e r m e m b e r s o f t h e C o u n c i l a s b e i n g responsible individuals. 4. B y b e i n g at C e n t r a l H e a d q u a r t e r s i t w a s the j o b o f the C o u n c i l C h a i r m a n to i n v o l v e C o u n c i l m e n i n v a r i o u s a c t i v i ties. T h e r e w a s s o m e f i n e w o r k done b y i n d i v i d u a l C o u n c i l m e n i n t h e i r n o r m a l p u r s u i t s of w o r k i n n e i g h b o r h o o d s t h a t t h e y knew best without h i s d i r e c t i o n . Additional feedback f r o m t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s i n t o the d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g p r o c e s s w a s h e l p f u l a s w e l l a s bringing into p l a y t h e i r s p e c i a l a b i l i t i e s w h e r e needed. 5. I m m e d i a t e i n v o l v e m e n t by the C h a i r m a n i n the c a l l t h a t the M a y o r m a d e to t h e U r b a n C o a l i t i o n , w h i c h c a l l i t i s b e l i e v e d w a s one of the m o s t d r a m a t i c a l l y e f f e c t i v e cohesive t h i n g s t h a t w a s done a f t e r the d i s t u r b a n c e w a s s o m e w h a t q u i e t e d . I t w a s f u r t h e r the j o b o f t h e C h a i r m a n to get i n d i v i d u a l C o u n c i l m e m b e r s a s s i g n e d to v a r i o u s e m e r g e n c y c o m m i t t e e s , by the U r b a n C o a l i t i o n , s o m e some led by the D i s t r i c t G o v e r n m e n t i t s e l f , a n d to t r y to c o o r d i n a t e t h o s e e f f o r t s i n w h a t e v e r w a y t h e M a y o r considered best. �- 7 - 6. The Chairman accepted the responsibility of arranging Congressional committee hearings, in order that the A d m i n i s t r a tion would report promptly to C o n g r e s s in regard to the handling of the disturbance. 7. During the tense days of the Martin Luther King funeral, it was the job of the Chairman to c a l l a meeting to r e new the emergency powers delegated to the Mayor under an e a r l y Council Resolution. During this period s e v e r a l meetings of s m a l l groups of Councilmen were held regarding the effectiveness of the emergency powers for a later appraisal and revision in case there should be another emergency. T h e Response of a New Government T h e immediate assumption of a variety of emergency and c r i t i c a l responsibilities by the policy heads of government i s c l e a r l y indicated above. The effectiveness of the new governmental structure to function compatibly and flexibly was tested to a maximum degree during this c r i s i s . The soundness of the new governmental structure was evident in its response capability demonstrated in meeting the needs of our city and its people during the c r i s i s . �P r o c l a m a t i o n s of E m e r g e n c y �PROCLAMATION OF EMERGENCY I , W a l t e r E. Washington, Commissioner o f the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, by v i r t u e o f the f u n c t i o n s t r a n s f e r r e d t o me from the C o u n c i l o f the D i s t r i c t of Columbia by R e s o l u t i o n 68-7 do hereby d e c l a r e and determine t h a t an emergency s i t u a t i o n e x i s t s w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. I base my d e t e r m i n a t i o n the f o l l o w i n g f a c t o r s : t h a t an emergency e x i s t s on 1. The h e a l t h , s a f e t y and w e l l - b e i n g o f persons w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s t h r e a t e n e d or endangered by the e x i s t e n c e o f d i s o r d e r and c i v i l d i s t u r b a n c e w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. 2. The s e c u r e p o s s e s s i o n and use o f p r o p e r t y , and the f r e e e x e r c i s e o f r i g h t s by persons w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s t h r e a t e n e d and endangered by s a i d d i s o r d e r and c i v i l disturbance. 3. The o r d e r l y f u n c t i o n i n g o f the Government o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s i n t e r f e r e d w i t h or d i s r u p t e d or threatened w i t h i n t e r f e r e n c e or d i s r u p t i o n by s a i d d i s o r d e r and c i v i l disturbance. I do hereby order and d i r e c t the f o l l o w i n g emergency r e g u l a t i o n s to be e f f e c t i v e immediately. 1. A curfew i s hereby ordered i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia a t 5:30 p.m. and ending a t 6:30 a.m., d a i l y , u n t i l f u r t h e r n o t i c e . A l l persons o t h e r than law enforcement o f f i c e r s , f i r e m e n , p h y s i c i a n s , n u r s e s , and medical p e r s o n n e l , and employees o f the D. C. Department o f S a n i t a r y �- 2 - E n g i n e e r i n g s h a l l remain o f f the s t r e e t s and away from p u b l i c p l a c e s w i t h i n s a i d a r e a during the p e r i o d o f the curfew. 2. The f o l l o w i n g a c t i v i t i e s i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia a r e hereby p r o h i b i t e d : a. b. The s a l e or d i s p e n s i n g of g a s o l i n e or other inflammable m a t e r i a l s or l i q u i d s except when dispensed and d e l i v e r e d d i r e c t l y i n t o the main and customary tank o f a motor v e h i c l e ; and c. 3. The s a l e or d i s p e n s i n g o f a l c o h o l i c beverages, i n c l u d i n g beer and wine; The s a l e , g i f t or exchange of any f i r e a r m s or ammunition. No person, except law enforcement o f f i c e r s , s h a l l possess or c a r r y f i r e a r m s , ammunition, e x p l o s i v e s , inflammable m a t e r i a l s or l i q u i d s other than i n the main and customary tank o f a motor v e h i c l e , or other dangerous weapons w i t h i n .the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. V i o l a t i o n s of t h i s Proclamation w i l l be punished as misdemeanors. T h i s Proclamation s h a l l be e f f e c t i v e immediately and s h a l l extend u n t i l the Proclamation of the t e r m i n a t i o n of such emergency. " WALTER E. WASHINGTON 7 Commissioner, D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Date and Time i TOeW^Qrder ^ I hereby c e r t i f y t h a t t h i s i s a t r u e and c o r r e c t copy o f a Commissioners i s s u e d on A p r i l &, 1968 OK Op ^?-i>3 Executive' Secretary D i s t r i c t of Columbia �4? 0 PROCLAMATION OF EMERGENCY I , W a l t e r E . Washington, Commissioner o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a , by v i r t u e o f t h e f u n c t i o n s t r a n s f e r r e d to me from t h e C o u n c i l of t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia by R e s o l u t i o n 68-7 do hereby d e c l a r e and d e t e r m i n e t h a t an emergency s i t u a t i o n e x i s t s w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. I b a s e my d e t e r m i n a t i o n t h a t an e x i s t s on t h e f o l l o w i n g f a c t o r s : emergency 1. The h e a l t h , s a f e t y and w e l l - b e i n g of p e r s o n s w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s t h r e a t e n e d o r endangered by t h e e x i s t e n c e of d i s o r d e r and c i v i l d i s t u r b a n c e w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. 2. The s e c u r e p o s s e s s i o n and use of p r o p e r t y , and the f r e e e x e r c i s e o f r i g h t s by p e r s o n s w i t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia i s t h r e a t e n e d and endangered by s a i d d i s o r d e r and c i v i l disturbance. 3. The o r d e r l y f u n c t i o n i n g of t h e Government o f the D i s t r i c t of Columbia i s i n t e r f e r e d w i t h or d i s r u p t e d or t h r e a t e n e d w i t h i n t e r f e r e n c e or d i s r u p t i o n by s a i d d i s o r d e r and c i v i l disturbance. I do h e r e b y o r d e r and d i r e c t the f o l l o w i n g emergency r e g u l a t i o n s to be e f f e c t i v e i m m e d i a t e l y . �1. Paragraph 1 of the P r o c l a m a t i o n o f E m e r g e n c y w h i c h I i s s u e d on A p r i l 5, 1 9 6 8 , i s h e r e b y amended to provide as f o l l o w s : A curfew i s hereby ordered i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia c o m m e n c i n g a t 4:00 P.M. and e n d i n g a t 6:30 A.M., daily, until further notice. A l l persons o t h e r than law enforcement o f f i c e r s , firemen, physicians, nurses, and medical personnel, and e m p l o y e e s o f t h e DoC. Department of S a n i t a r y Engineering s h a l l remain o f f the s t r e e t s and away from p u b l i c places within said area during the period of the curfew. 2. RECEIVED APR k A l l other p r o v i s i o n s of s a i d Proclamation are hereby continued i n f u l l f o r c e and effect. W A L T E R E . WASHINGTON Commissioner, D i s t r i c t of Columbia v OFFICE OF LIE SECR ETAKIAI A p r i l 6, Date and I hereby c e r t i f y t h a t t h i s Order dated A p r i l 6, 1968. 1968 Time is a t r u e and 2:00 P.M. c o r r e c t copy of Executive Secretary D i s t r i c t of Columbia CoMcrissi �PROCLAMATION OF EMERGENCY ---NO. .68-3" f I , W a l t e r E . Washington, Commissioner o f the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, by v i r t u e o f the f u n c t i o n s t r a n s f e r r e d to me from the C o u n c i l o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia by R e s o l u t i o n 68-7 do hereby d e c l a r e and determine t h a t an emergency s i t u a t i o n e x i s t s w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. I base my d e t e r m i n a t i o n the f o l l o w i n g f a c t o r s : t h a t an emergency e x i s t s on 1. The h e a l t h , s a f e t y and w e l l - b e i n g of persons w i t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia i s t h r e a t e n e d or endangered by t h e e x i s t e n c e of d i s o r d e r and c i v i l disturbance w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. 2. The s e c u r e p o s s e s s i o n and use o f p r o p e r t y , and t h e f r e e e x e r c i s e o f r i g h t s by persons w i t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s -threatened and endangered by s a i d d i s o r d e r and c i v i l disturbance. 3. The o r d e r l y f u n c t i o n i n g o f t h e Government o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s i n t e r f e r e d w i t h or d i s r u p t e d or t h r e a t e n e d w i t h i n t e r f e r e n c e or d i s r u p t i o n by s a i d d i s o r d e r and c i v i l disturbance. I do hereby o r d e r and d i r e c t the f o l l o w i n g emergency r e g u l a t i o n s to be e f f e c t i v e i m m e d i a t e l y . �1. P a r a g r a p h 1 o f the P r o c l a m a t i o n of Emergency which I i s s u e d on A p r i l 6, 1968, i s hereby amended to p r o v i d e as f o l l o w s : A c u r f e w i s hereby ordered i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia commencing a t 6:00 p.m. and ending a t 6:30 a.m. d a i l y , u n t i l f u r t h e r n o t i c e . A l l persons o t h e r than law enforcement o f f i c e r s , f i r e m e n , p h y s i c i a n s , n u r s e s , and m e d i c a l p e r s o n n e l , and employees of the D.C. Department of S a n i t a r y E n g i n e e r i n g s h a l l remain o f f the s t r e e t s and away from p u b l i c places w i t h i n s a i d area during the p e r i o d of the c u r f e w . 2. A l l o t h e r p r o v i s i o n s of s a i d P r o c l a m a t i o n a r e hereby c o n t i n u e d i n f u l l f o r c e and e f f e c t . WALTER E. WASHINGTON / j Commissioner, D i s t r i c t o f Columbia RECEIVED or TICE Of THE SECRETARIAT A p r i l 8, 1968 Date and Time 12:45 p.m. �* PROCLAMATION OF EMERCENCY -- "NOV: 68-4-- I , Thomas W. F l e t c h e r , A s s i s t a n t t o the Commissioner of the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, i n the absence from duty o f W a l t e r E. Washington, Commissioner o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, by v i r t u e o f E x e c u t i v e Order No. 11379, dated November 8, 1967, d e s i g n a t i n g o f f i c i a l s to a c t as Commissioner o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, and by v i r t u e o f the f u n c t i o n s t r a n s f e r r e d to s a i d Commissioner from the C o u n c i l o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia by R e s o l u t i o n 68-7 do hereby d e c l a r e and determine t h a t an emergency s i t u a t i o n e x i s t s w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. following I base my d e t e r m i n a t i o n t h a t an emergency e x i s t s on the factors: 1. The h e a l t h , s a f e t y and w e l l - b e i n g of persons w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia i s t h r e a t e n e d or endangered by the e x i s t e n c e o f d i s o r d e r and c i v i l d i s t u r b a n c e w i t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. 2. The s e c u r e p o s s e s s i o n and use o f p r o p e r t y , and the f r e e e x e r c i s e of r i g h t s by persons w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s threatened and endangered by s a i d d i s o r d e r and c i v i l d i s t u r b a n c e . 3. The o r d e r l y f u n c t i o n i n g o f the Government o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s i n t e r f e r e d w i t h or d i s r u p t e d or t h r e a t e n e d w i t h i n t e r f e r e n c e or d i s r u p t i o n by s a i d d i s o r d e r and c i v i l d i s t u r b a n c e . I do hereby order and d i r e c t the f o l l o w i n g emergency r e g u l a t i o n s to be e f f e c t i v e immediately. 1. Paragraph 1 o f the P r o c l a m a t i o n o f Emergency w h i c h was i s s u e d on A p r i l 6, 1968, by W a l t e r E . Washington, Commissioner o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, i s hereby amended to p r o v i d e as f o l l o w s : �PROCLAMATION OF EMERGENCY - 2 - A curfew i s hereby ordered i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia commencing a t 7:00 p.m. and ending a t 5:30 a.m., d a i l y , u n t i l f u r t h e r n o t i c e . A l l persons o t h e r than law enforcement o f f i c e r s , f i r e m e n , p h y s i c i a n s , n u r s e s , and m e d i c a l p e r s o n n e l , and employees o f the D. C. Department of S a n i t a r y E n g i n e e r i n g s h a l l remain o f f the s t r e e t s and away from p u b l i c p l a c e s w i t h i n s a i d a r e a d u r i n g the p e r i o d o f curfew. 2. A l l other p r o v i s i o n s o f s a i d P r o c l a m a t i o n a r e hereby c o n t i n u e d i n f u l l f o r c e and e f f e c t . THOMAS W. FLETCHER A s s i s t a n t t o the Commissioner D i s t r i c t o f Columbia A p r i l 9, 1968 Date and I 11:15 a.m. Time �PROCLAMATION OF EMERGENCY -- KD~63-5~ I , W a l t e r E. Washington, Commissioner of t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, by v i r t u e o f the f u n c t i o n s t r a n s f e r r e d to me from t h e C o u n c i l of the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia by R e s o l u t i o n 68-7 do hereby d e c l a r e and determine t h a t an emergency s i t u a t i o n e x i s t s w i t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. I base my d e t e r m i n a t i o n t h a t an emergency e x i s t s on the following factors: 1. The h e a l t h , s a f e t y and w e l l - b e i n g o f persons w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s t h r e a t e n e d or endangered by the e x i s t e n c e o f d i s o r d e r and c i v i l d i s t u r b a n c e w i t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. 2. The s e c u r e p o s s e s s i o n and use o f p r o p e r t y , and the f r e e e x e r c i s e o f r i g h t s by persons w i t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s t h r e a t e n e d and endangered by s a i d d i s o r d e r and c i v i l d i s t u r b a n c e . 3. The o r d e r l y f u n c t i o n i n g o f the Government o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s i n t e r f e r e d w i t h or d i s r u p t e d or t h r e a t e n e d w i t h i n t e r f e r e n c e or d i s r u p t i o n by s a i d d i s o r d e r and c i v i l d i s t u r b a n c e . I do hereby order and d i r e c t the f o l l o w i n g emergency r e g u l a t i o n s t o be e f f e c t i v e i m m e d i a t e l y . 1. . Paragraph 1 o f the P r o c l a m a t i o n o f Emergency w h i c h I i s s u e d on A p r i l 5, 1968, i s hereby amended t o p r o v i d e as f o l l o w s : A c u r f e w i s hereby ordered i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia commencing a t 10:00 p.m. and ending a t 5:00 a.m., d a i l y , u n t i l f u r t h e r n o t i c e . A l l persons o t h e r than law enforcement o f f i c e r s , f i r e m e n , p h y s i c i a n s , n u r s e s , and m e d i c a l p e r s o n n e l , and employees o f the D. C. Department �PROCLAMATION OF EMERGENCY NG^r-68-5' .of S a n i t a r y E n g i n e e r i n g s h a l l remain o f f the s t r e e t s and away from p u b l i c p l a c e s w i t h i n s a i d a r e a d u r i n g the p e r i o d o f c u r f e w . 2. P a r a g r a p h 2, a , o f t h e P r o c l a m a t i o n o f Emergency w h i c h I i s s u e d on A p r i l 5, 1968, i s hereby amended to provide as f o l l o w s : a. The s a l e or d i s p e n s i n g o f a l c o h o l i c b e v e r a g e s , i n c l u d i n g beer and w i n e , except f o r the f o l l o w i n g c l a s s e s of l i c e n s e e s d u r i n g the hours s p e c i f i e d h e r e i n : (1) C l a s s R e t a i l A - 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. (2) C l a s s R e t a i l B - 10:00 a.m. t o - 9:00 p.m. (3) C l a s s R e t a i l C - 8:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. (4) C l a s s R e t a i l D - 8:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. (5) Wholesale A and Wholesale B: (a) (b) 3. D e l i v e r y permitted to 9:00 p.m. Sale permitted to 9:00 p.m. from 5:00 a.m. from 10:00 a.m. A l l o t h e r p r o v i s i o n s o f s a i d P r o c l a m a t i o n a r e hereby c o n t i n u e d i n f u l l f o r c e and e f f e c t . Commissioner, D i s t r i c t o f Columbia A p r i l 10, 1968 Date and Time 7:30 a.m. �PROCLAMATION OF EMERGENCY I , W a l t e r E. Washington, Commissioner of the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, by v i r t u e o f the f u n c t i o n s t r a n s f e r r e d to me from t h e C o u n c i l o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia by R e s o l u t i o n 68-7 do hereby d e c l a r e and determine t h a t an emergency s i t u a t i o n e x i s t s w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. I base my d e t e r m i n a t i o n t h a t an emergency e x i s t s on the following factors: 1. The h e a l t h , s a f e t y and w e l l - b e i n g o f persons w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s threatened or endangered by t h e e x i s t e n c e o f d i s o r d e r and c i v i l d i s t u r b a n c e w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. 2. The s e c u r e p o s s e s s i o n and use o f p r o p e r t y , and the f r e e e x e r c i s e o f r i g h t s by persons w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s threatened and endangered by s a i d d i s o r d e r and c i v i l d i s t u r b ance. 3. The o r d e r l y f u n c t i o n i n g o f the Government o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s i n t e r f e r e d w i t h or d i s r u p t e d or threatened w i t h i n t e r f e r e n c e or d i s r u p t i o n by s a i d d i s o r d e r and c i v i l d i s t u r b ance. I do hereby order and d i r e c t the f o l l o w i n g emergency r e g u l a t i o n s t o be e f f e c t i v e immediately. 1. Paragraph 1 o f the P r o c l a m a t i o n of Emergency w h i c h I i s s u e d on A p r i l 5, 1968, i s hereby amended t o p r o v i d e as f o l l o w s : A curfew i s hereby ordered i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia commencing a t 12 midnight and �ending a t 4:00 a.m., daily, u n t i l further n o t i c e . A l l persons o t h e r than law enforcement o f f i c e r s , f i r e m e n , p h y s i c i a n s , n u r s e s , and m e d i c a l p e r s o n n e l , and employees of the D. C. Department of S a n i t a r y E n g i n e e r i n g s h a l l remain o f f the s t r e e t s and away from p u b l i c p l a c e s w i t h i n s a i d a r e a d u r i n g the p e r i o d of curfew. Paragraph 2, a, of the P r o c l a m a t i o n of Emergency w h i c h I i s s u e d on A p r i l 5, 1968, i s hereby amended to p r o v i d e as f o l l o w s : a. The s a l e or d i s p e n s i n g of a l c o h o l i c b e v e r a g e s , i n c l u d i n g beer and w i n e , e x c e p t f o r the f o l l o w i n g c l a s s e s of l i c e n s e e s d u r i n g the hours s p e c i f i e d herein: (1) C l a s s R e t a i l A - 10:00 9:00 p.m. a.m. to (2) C l a s s R e t a i l B - 10:00 9:00 p.m. a.m. to (3) C l a s s R e t a i l C - 8:00 11:00 p.m. a.m. to (4) C l a s s R e t a i l D - 8:00 11:00 p.m. a.m. to (5) Wholesale A and Wholesale B: (a) D e l i v e r y permitted 5:00 a.m. to 9:00 from p.m. �- 3 - (b) 3. S a l e permitted from 10:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. A l l other p r o v i s i o n s of s a i d I'roclaitial i o n a n ; hereby coat iiuied i n f u l l f o r c e ant! o f i r c t . WAI.TKK E. WAS ill NO J't),'.' ' Commissioner, D i s t r i c t of Columbia A p r i l 1 1 , 1968 — Date and Time OFFic. r.: j '<:i\i:.i\mX 3:3n p.m. �- 2 - PROCIAMATION OF EMERGENCY (5) 68-274 Wholesale A and Wholesale B: (a) D e l i v e r y p e r m i t t e d from 5:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. (b) S a l e p e r m i t t e d from 10:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. b. c. 3. The s a l e or d i s p e n s i n g o f g a s o l i n e or other inflammable m a t e r i a l s or l i q u i d s e x c e p t when d i s p e n s e d and d e l i v e r e d d i r e c t l y i n t o the main and customary tank o f a motor vehicle. The s a l e , g i f t or exchange o f any f i r e a r m s or ammunition. No person, e x c e p t law enforcement o f f i c e r s , s h a l l p o s s e s s or c a r r y on the p u b l i c s t r e e t s and a l l e y s of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia or i n any p u b l i c p l a c e , f i r e a r m s , ammunition, e x p l o s i v e s , inflammable mater i a l s or l i q u i d s o t h e r than i n the main and customary tank o f a motor v e h i c l e , o r other dangerous weapons w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. V i o l a t i o n s o f t h i s P r o c l a m a t i o n w i l l be punished as misdemeanors. T h i s P r o c l a m a t i o n s h a l l be e f f e c t i v e immediately and s h a l l extend u n t i l the P r o c l a m a t i o n o f the t e r m i n a t i o n of such emergency. • WALTER E. WASHINGTON ' Commissioner, D i s t r i c t o f Columbia " o f f REC3® . F Ct 1"'C A n r i l 12. 1968 Date and Time 10:30 a.m. �68-275 PROCLAMATION OF EMERGENCY I , W a l t e r E. Washington, Commissioner o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, by v i r t u e of the f u n c t i o n s t r a n s f e r r e d to me from the C o u n c i l of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia by R e s o l u t i o n 68-7 do hereby d e c l a r e and determine t h a t an emergency s i t u a t i o n c o n t i n u e s to e x i s t w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. Although r e l a t i v e calm has been r e s t o r e d to the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia s i n c e the P r o c l a m a t i o n s o f Emergency i s s u e d by me on A p r i l 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , and 12, 1968, there i s s u f f i c i e n t danger of the r e c u r r e n c e o f d i s o r d e r i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia endangering the h e a l t h , s a f e t y and w e l l - b e i n g o f persons and the s e c u r e p o s s e s s i o n and use o f p r o p e r t y w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and t h r e a t e n i n g the d i s r u p t i o n o f the o r d e r l y f u n c t i o n i n g o f the Government o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia to n e c e s s i t a t e the c o n t i n u a n c e o f the f o l l o w i n g emergency r e g u l a t i o n s . I do hereby order and d i r e c t the f o l l o w i n g emergency r e g u l a t i o n s to be e f f e c t i v e immediately. 1. The p r o h i b i t i o n on the s a l e or d i s p e n s i n g o f a l c o h o l i c b e v e r a g e s , i n c l u d i n g beer and w i n e , imposed by the Emergency P r o c l a m a t i o n s h e r e t o f o r e i s s u e d by me on A p r i l 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , and 12, 1968, i s hereby t e r m i n a t e d and C l a s s R e t a i l B, C and D l i c e n s e e s may d i s p e n s e and/or s e l l beer and wine on Sunday, A p r i l 14, 1968, d u r i n g the normal hours e s t a b l i s h e d therefor. 2. The f o l l o w i n g a c t i v i t i e s i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia a r e hereby p r o h i b i t e d : a. The s a l e or d i s p e n s i n g o f g a s o l i n e or other inflammable m a t e r i a l s or l i q u i d s except when dispensed and d e l i v e r e d d i r e c t l y i n t o the main and customary tank o f a motor v e h i c l e . �PROCLAMATION OF EMERGENCY b. 3. - 2 - 68-275 The s a l e , g i f t or exchange o f any f i r e arms or ammunition. No person, except law enforcement o f f i c e r s , s h a l l possess o r c a r r y on the p u b l i c s t r e e t s and a l l e y s of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia or i n any p u b l i c p l a c e , f i r e a r m s , ammunition, e x p l o s i v e s , inflammable mater i a l s or l i q u i d s other than i n the main and customary tank o f a motor v e h i c l e , or other dangerous weapons w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. V i o l a t i o n s of t h i s P r o c l a m a t i o n w i l l be punished as misdemeanors. T h i s P r o c l a m a t i o n s h a l l be e f f e c t i v e immediately and s h a l l extend u n t i l the P r o c l a m a t i o n o f the t e r m i n a t i o n o f such emergency. WALTER E. WASHINGTON , Commissioner, D i s t r i c t o f Columbia / A p r i l 14, 1968 -Date and Time 11:00 a.m. �PROCLAMATION OF TERMINATION OF EMERGENCY I , W a l t e r E. Washington, Commissioner o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, h a v i n g e x e r c i s e d the f u n c t i o n s t r a n s f e r r e d to me from the C o u n c i l o f the D i s t r i c t of Columbia by P r o c l a m a t i o n s o f Emergency Nos. 68-259, 68-260, 68-261, 68-263, 68-264, 68-273, 68-274 and 68-275, dated A p r i l 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 1 1 , 12, and 14, 1968, r e s p e c t i v e l y , do hereby d e c l a r e and determine t h a t an emergency s i t u a t i o n no longer e x i s t s w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. I base my d e t e r m i n a t i o n t h a t the emergency ceased to e x i s t on the f o l l o w i n g f a c t o r s : s i t u a t i o n has 1. The h e a l t h , s a f e t y and w e l l - b e i n g of persons w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s no longer t h r e a t e n e d or endangered by the e x i s t e n c e of any d i s o r d e r or c i v i l d i s t u r b a n c e w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. The absence of d i s order i s i n d i c a t e d by the r e d u c t i o n i n the i n c i d e n t s of a r r e s t by the P o l i c e Department from 3,515 on S a t u r d a y , A p r i l 6, 1968, t o 281 on S a t u r d a y , A p r i l 13, 1968, w h i c h f i g u r e , I am a d v i s e d , r e p r e s e n t s a normal number o f a r r e s t s f o r s i m i l a r days i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. 2. The s e c u r e p o s s e s s i o n and use of p r o p e r t y and the f r e e e x e r c i s e o f r i g h t s by persons w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia has been r e s t o r e d , as i n d i c a t e d by the r e d u c t i o n of the i n c i d e n t s of f i r e and v i o l a t i o n s of law to normal. 3. The o r d e r l y f u n c t i o n i n g o f the Government of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia i s no longer i n t e r f e r e d w i t h or d i s r u p t e d or t h r e a t e n e d w i t h i n t e r f e r e n c e or d i s r u p t i o n by any d i s order or c i v i l d i s t u r b a n c e . �- 2 - 4. Although l a r g e numbers of persons have assembled w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia on A p r i l 13 ancl 14, 1968 f o r a t h l e t i c and other e v e n t s , t h e r e have been no i n c i d e n t s of d i s turbance or d i s o r d e r d u r i n g s a i d p e r i o d . 5. Although t h e r e has been a l a r g e number of t o u r i s t s i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia d u r i n g the past few days, no t r o u b l e has been observed and based upon a l l a v a i l a b l e i n f o r mation from o f f i c i a l s o u r c e s , news media and p e r s o n a l i n s p e c t i o n of the p r e v i o u s l y d i s turbed a r e a , I have concluded t h a t law and order has been r e s t o r e d . I do hereby order and d i r e c t t h a t the emergency r e g u l a t i o n s embodied i n P r o c l a m a t i o n s of Emergency Nos . 68-259, 68-260, 68-261, 68-263, 68-264, 68-273, 68-274 and 68-275, h e r e t o f o r e i s s u e d by me, termina te immediatoly. T h i s P r o c l a m a t i o n s h a l l be e f f e c t i v e immediately. WALTER E. WASHINGTON Commissioner, D i s t r i c t of Columbia A p r i l 15, 1968 _ ^ Date and Time lit \j A?H . ..'_/ 1 lj30 p.m. �I �Police �PRELIMINARY ACTION AND STATUS REPORTS RELATING TO THE MAYOR DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC SAFETY AND THE POLICE DEPARTMENT RELATIVE TO APRIL 1968 DISORDERS IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Shortly after 7:00 p . m . , April 4, 1968, public news media reported that Kovorond Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. had been shot and critically injured while in his hotel in Memphis, Tennessee ImmedinL: contacts wore developed between the Mayor's office, police and c i v i l defense units to verify reports of the incident and determine conditions in the city. The prevailing condition was one of shock and dismay. The earliest police reports indicated that a crowd was congregated in the vicinity of Dr. King's Washington Headquarters in the 1400 block of U Street, Northwest, but information was that the mood of the group was also one of shock and dismay rather than of anger. Subsequent information indicates that this analysis was a correct one. In view of this early non-violent attitude of the crowd on U Street, it was the judgment of police officials that it would be unwise to engage in what would likely be a futile and probably an incensing dispersal of the assembly. The best judgment indicated that the course of action would be to alert police units to the hazards of the situation and to attempt to activate reliable intelligence sources and civilian aides to a s s i s t throughout the community. �- 2 - Shortly after 8:00 p.m. , news media reported that Dr. King had died as a result of his wounds . Our intelligence sources inform us that the crowd gathered on U Street, upon hearing these news releases, adopted a collective attitude that stores on U Street and Fourteenth Street should close, out of respect for the death of Dr. King, and that the crowd began moving up Fourteenth Street, asking, or perhaps demanding, that proprietors close their stores. Apparently the store owners willingly complied with these demands, and the mood of the crowd continued to be one of non-violence. However, in the vicinity of Fourteenth and Chapin Streets, the mood of the group changed from one of mourning non-violence to one of anger. At that point, a Safeway store window was broken and the crowd began looting the store. This incident, occurring at about 9:30 p.m. , precipitated the group into a posture of disorder, and shortly thereafter looting began along the line of 14th Street from about U Street, northward, at least to Chapin Street and beyond. We have no precise estimate of the northern limit of looting on 14th Street at that time, but we do know that by about midnight, the length of 14th Street from about U Street to about Monroe Street had been heavily affected by window breaking and looting. Police patrols immediately responding to the area were heavily outnumbered; therefore, the immediate police effort was to attempt to seal off �the area of disorder to keep innocent passers-by out and to confine the disorder to already damaged blocks while reinforcements were summoned and equipped. As police c i v i l disturbance forces were marshalled in sufficient strength for effective action, an effort was made to close the line of 14th Street from U Street northward. This action was an extremely difficult one to accomplish in view of the great number of persons on the street. Police and fire forces working along the line of 14th Street were subjected to a great deal of verbal abuse and were the targets of some thrown m i s s i l e s . Resistance to the clearing operation was difficult to overcome, in view of the buildup of the crowd which involved persons from very young children to very old adults. These persons were walking, running in many directions and many adults were standing in doorways in the area with small children by their s i d e s . Police were in reasonably complete control of the area at about 4:00 a.m on the morning of April 5. By dawn of April 5, it appeared that the situation was relatively well under control, but the police force was placed on a two shift basis with days off and leave cancelled. In the meantime, starting early Friday morning, discussions were held concerning the possible need to c a l l the D . C . National Guard and other troops. Contingency planning was started and Public Safety Director reported to the Pentagon for this planning at about 3:00 a . m . on April 5th. �- 4 The early morning of April 5 was relatively calm and under control. Mayor Washington left for the White House at about 11:00 a . m . for a meeting with the President and c i v i l rights leaders. Murphy accompanied him and met with McGiffert and Christopher. By late morning of April 5, reports indicated that small groups were beginning to assemble at several points along 14th Street. By virtue of the contingency planning and as a first phase of the c a l l - u p , shortly after noon the D . C . National Guard was put in a training status and started moving into the D . C . Armory. Our reports indicate that around noon-time a crowd developed at 14th and U Streets and a rally was started. Shortly after this assembly fires and looting started again along the line of 14th Street. According to intelligence sources, a part of this group moved up to Howard University to join a student rally. About 1:15 to 1:30, fires and looting developed along 7th Street south of Florida Avenue. By early afternoon of April 5, the looting and fires spread along the line of 7th Street, N . W. , from New York Avenue to Florida Avenue and by midafternoon, fires were burning along H Street, N . E . , from 4th Street to 15th Street. Chief Layton and Public Safety Director Murphy were both in the Pentagon at this time discussing contingency plans for the deployment of the D . C . National Guard and federal troops. �At approximately 2:45 p . m . , Director Murphy, General Ralph E . Haines, Task Force Commander, and Deputy Attorney General Warren Christopher commenced an assessment of the situation from the field. Police Chief Layton resumed his command at police headquarters and about 3:50 p . m . all parties advised that the situation was deteriorating and that federal troops were needed to a s s i s t our police in restoring order. Informal requests based on earlier contingency planning were formalized at about 4 p . m . with the President of the United States, and the President immediately signed the necessary Executive Order and Proclamation. By 5:10 p.m. the first troops were on the street after fighting severe traffic congestion. A curfew was placed in effect throughout the city from 5:30 p.m. until 6:30 a . m . April 6. It took a considerable build-up of force to close off the looting, and even as some semblance of order was imposed on the hardest hit areas, other lesser incidents of looting and arson occurred in the southeast and far northeast areas of the city. By late morning of April 6, with military forces fully deployed, the incidence of reported crimes was significantly reduced, but concern among our officials remained because of the large numbers of individuals and vehicles moving about the city generally and in disorder areas specifically. Because of the hazards of this traffic, the beginning of �- 6 - the c u r f e w w a s c h a n g e d f r o m 5 : 3 0 p . m . to 4 : 0 0 p . m . The streets were c l e a r e d a n d r e a s o n a b l y c o m p l e t e o r d e r w a s e s t a b l i s h e d t h r o u g h o u t the c i t y by e a r l y e v e n i n g . A p r i l 7 b r o u g h t a r e l a t i v e l y q u i e t s t a t u s to t h e c i t y , a n d c l e a n - u p o p e r a t i o n s , d e m o l i s h i n g of h a z a r d o u s b u r n e d - o u t b u i l d i n g s a n d c l e a n i n g of s t r e e t s began. T h r o u g h o u t A p r i l 7, o r d e r w a s g e n e r a l l y m a i n t a i n e d and j u d g m e n t w a s r e a c h e d that b u s i n e s s e s , g o v e r n m e n t o f f i c e s , and s c h o o l s c o u l d be o p e n e d on a l i m i t e d h o u r b a s i s on t h e f o l l o w i n g d a y w i t h reasonable safety. On M o n d a y , A p r i l 8 , b u s i n e s s e s t a b l i s h m e n t s w e r e e n c o u r a g e d to o p e n , but w e r e a s k e d to c l o s e a t 4 : 0 0 p . m . Schools w e r e opened, with e a r l y c l o s - i n g s e t a t 1:30 p . m . , a n d F e d e r a l a n d D i s t r i c t g o v e r n m e n t o f f i c e s w e r e o p e n e d , w i t h r e l e a s e of a l l e m p l o y e e s e s t a b l i s h e d a t n i n e t y m i n u t e s p r i o r to r e g u l a r closing times. T h e c u r f e w h o u r f o r A p r i l 8 w a s s e t to b e g i n a t 6:00 p . m . a n d to c o n t i n u e t h r o u g h 6:30 a . m . of the f o l l o w i n g d a y . d i s o r d e r i n the c i t y on A p r i l T h e r e w a s no m a j o r 8. O n A p r i l 9 , the d a y of the f u n e r a l f o r D r . K i n g , b u s i n e s s e s w i t h i n t h e c i t y w e r e e n c o u r a g e d to r e m a i n c l o s e d , s c h o o l s w e r e c l o s e d , n o n - e s s e n t i a l D i s t r i c t g o v e r n m e n t e m p l o y e e s w e r e e x c u s e d f r o m w o r k , a n d the F e d e r a l government established a l i b e r a l annual leave policy. Curfew for April 9 w a s s e t f o r 7:00 p . m . i n s t e a d of 6:00 p . m . , to c o n t i n u e t h r o u g h 5 : 3 0 a . m . , i n s t e a d of 6:30 a . m . of the f o l l o w i n g m o r n i n g . i n c i d e n t s o r p r o b l e m s on A p r i l 9. A g a i n , t h e r e w e r e no m a j o r �Rtt'OM Of- CALLS i <:..' r-OLICi. SERVICE i.'LSL'j.'iLi.i'' to I Y RAPiO DISPATCHED SC GO I CARS M HOUR A! JO BY DAY OF Y/LLK incidents Reported March 3 thru SUNDAY By Hour of P a y Midnight _ MONDAY TUKSDAY A B .-. . 1 A M T A B T A T B! A B T A - - TURDA Y FRIDAY rilURSDAY WKDNKSDAY 9, 1963 A T B A B T 38 J*U T .J§. 31 11 105 36 1U1 39 8 hi 53 11 6k U7 10 57 27 9 36 31 7 AM 53 12 65 18 7 25 25 13 38 21 7 28 26 10 36 22 O AM - 3 AM 51 iu 65 15 18 22 Hi 36 18 6 2h 15 9 21 9 30 U9 22 71 AM Ul" iii 55 16 A 2 18 12 7 19 13 8 21 13 3 16 15 10 25 2U 22 U6 4 AM - 5 AM 30 5 35 7 2 9 16 7 23 h 2 6 12 2 lh 7 h 11 18 11 29 5 AM - 6 AM 18 8 26 8 2 10 11 10 21 8 3 11 3 3 6 7 5 12 16 9 25 - 7 AM 16 10 26 5 5 10 8 8 16 17 6 23 6 2 8 10 5 15 13 11 2U 8 AM 16 10 26 2 9 11 11 9 20 11 6 19 2h 7 31 18 18 36 21 12 33 8 AM - 9 AM 18 9 27 5U lU 68 31 21 52 32 20 52 39 h U3 33 19 52 33 20 53 9 AM - 10 AM 20 16 :6 i*4 12 58 38 17 55 39 15 5U 18 16 3U 1*7 20 67 30 25 55 10 AM 29 ii'i ~hS 33 16 U9 ho Hi 5U h9 17 21 39 2h 63 31 22 53 13 37 37 18 55 31 20 51 U0 11 51 2 1 AM _ 2 3 AM 6 AM - 4 7 AM - - 11 AM 11 AM Noon _ 78 .10. 34 ) PM 15 U9 27 17 Ui 38 11 I»9 2h 29 Noon - 1 3h 77 lU U3 26 16 U2 32 12 hh 31 11 U2 I16 22 68 U3 2h 67 Ul 18 59 . 1 PM - 2 PM 38 20 58 U0 15 55 57 13 70 36 17 53 38 19 57 51* 21* 78 U9 32 81 2 PM - 3 PM 36 17 53 1*5 16 61 21 26 hi 29 29 58 U6 20 66 Ul 30 71 53 28 81 3 PM — 4PM 27 13 ho 19 19 38 32 18 50 51 20 71 21 26 1*7 28 2U 52 29 35 6U 4 PM - 5 PM UO 17 57 52 20 72 82 33 115 58 30 88" 68 28 96 68 30 98 79 30 109 5 PM - 6 PM Uo 16 56 57 29 86 56 13 69 52 28 80 57 88 lh 35 109 58 31 89 6 PM - 7 38 17 55 37 29 66- 39- 29 68 57 21 78 h9 56 27 83 73 19. 92 ,r 63 33 96 60 26 ~86~ 60 39 99 "86 PM 2U 7 3 . U7 18 65 72 23 95 69 20 89 70 23 93 72 20 27 16 1)3 62 30 92 58 28 86 57 26 83 U5 29 3U 15 Iffl 69 23 92 67 27 91* It? 23 70 U2 2U 66 33 36 119 98 1 0 PM - 1 1 PM 37 16 53 37 2? 59 1.3 23 66 Ii5 21 66 I48 17 65 63 Ul 10U ~80~ 11 PM - 26 9 35 ?U 8 32 18 8 26 78 20 98 37 15 52 61 35 96 7 PM _ g p 8 PM - 9 PM 9 PM - 10 M PM Midnight 1203 DAILY TOTALS A — 1157 1271 1261 92 1185 1503 F i g u r e s in this, colun-ii ?hov; the number of ctAta tit service nr.svered by Radio Dtapa+chkrd Scout C u r s 1 C a l l s for s e r v i c e answered by R - i t o Dispatched Scout C a r s Hint R E Q U f R K l ) a Written report T - Hourly tot:i1 of c a l l s foi s e r v i c e thiit were rc&ponded to. 120 36 13U 109 7 5 " ~2h~~ ~97 1 692 that required NO report. B - T u " * �' ' ••• ' R T O f C A L L S F y S P O L I C E S - i - .'• C I - R C i r - C ' f l O t i ) TO c Y RADIO u ; > A l C H t O S C U U r C A K a B Y MOll!< A l i o B Y D A Y Of- - f r t l ;, ,. t b m i , 9 SUNDAY MONDAY TUKSDAY tocEK WEDNESDAY THURSDAY SATURDAY FRIDAY j S i!y U'jur uf Day A n a r A T A 6 69 91 11 102 60 7 67 )i8 16 61 -JAM 7S e M 18 59 3 AM — 4 AM 33 8 hi 11. lil 21 10 31 33 Hi 07 10 IU 2)4 17 9 26 12 32 hh 3? 10 12 . 9 27 36 I18 14 6? 20 23 U3 58 20 78 27 20 1*7 69 22 91 15 70 9 76 1 AM T A T 63 2 A I! T _ T A B '• AM B B A :': 'rtigbl - 1 AM B B i AM r 4 AM - 5 AM 5 AM T - 6 AM 7 6 AM - AM 1 7 AM - 8 AM - 9 AM 9 —10 AM 11 AM 34 ! 19 53 l'r' Noon 30 12 h2 67 U9 22 71 97 17 l l J i 11 95 91 30 121 9 116 81 16 86 87 18 105 AM 8 AM 10 AM - ' 1 AM - \'oon - 1 1 PM PM - 2 PM Hh ?PM - 3 PM 107 3 PH - 4 PM 73 13 4 I'M - 5 PM ll*6 h 150 75 lli S PM - 6 PM 123 7 130 101* 11 115 7 PM 113 h 117 92 2C g 110 G PM 7 PM _ - 8 PM - 9 PM - 10 PM - 11 PM - P M 10 PM 11 111 11 122 91 9 100 21 13!i 21 210 18 228 113 12 201 93 10 169 7h 1*6 Midnight 30 189 15 61 159 156 DAILY TOTALS A - F i g u r e s in this tetunin show the number of c a l l s for .service answered by Radio Dispatched Scout C a r s that required NO lepoR. B - C a l l s for s e r v i c e . uswered by Radio Dispatched Scout C a r s that R E Q U I R E D a Written report T - Hourly totnl of 1 , ! l s for s e r v i c e that were responded to. ?183 118 21 32 hh PM 89 101 79 9 PM 10 18 128 97 27 120 82 11 93 2066 �R E P O R T O r C A L L S r p R P p ! I C E Sfcr-VICE R E S P O N D E D I'O 1 Y 2 RADIO D I S P A T C H E D Incidents Reported SUNDAY April 7 thru 13 1968 By Hour of Dny Midnight - 2 AM - 3 AM 3 AM - 4 10. 71 2 AM B 6', 1 AM 1 AM _ A MONDAY 3 T 7>4 A B 38 _JL?_ A B 77 T "ii" 35 WEDNESDAY T A B 81 !.8 6 !. 39 20 7 T SA l ' U R I ) , \Y FRIDAY THURSDAY A B T 53 6 27 50 Hi A B T 95 73 25 98 10 52 56 10 66 A B T 59 70 25 6U h.2 *> • '' _ 2_ 3t 3 M 31 0 31 16 2 18 22 30 19 6 25 53 15 68 ('• 13 11 T ~ 15 5 h 9 16 20 13 8 21 21 25 1.6 23 3 17 11 1 12 7 10 17 28 10 38 6 h 10 12 It 16 13 2 15 • 12 5 17 6 6 12 u, 9 23 9 - 32 11 lt3 28 AM TUESDAY 21 hi y S C O U T C A R S BY HOUR AND B Y D A Y Of" W E E K 7 2 4 AM - 5 AM % 5 39 11 2 13 15 6 5 AM - 6 AM Hi ? 16 )i 17 21 12 2 17 h 3 7 2ti It 28 11 7 18 21 9 36 Ui 12 56 22 15 37 33 23 12 35 2 7 I T 20 3 23 12 r' 38 20 7 27 16 2 18 62 19 18 37 18 0 18 17 16 12 ho 29 50 79 37 11. 51 29 35 61. 39 16 55 3 12 15 V. 27 71 29 18 hi 29 17 1.6 18 16 3lt 31 16 U7 27 23 50 78 )*6 19 65 27 39 66 1.2 23 65 23 27 50 3lt 21* 58 Ul U8 89 56 131. 51 37 88 65 13 78 37 16 53 26 16 h2 50 21 71 2t2 15 57 52 37 25 62 76 37 113 . 5U 32 86 1.7 28 75 bi 29 70 3h 73 26 72 86 6 AM — 7 AM 10 7 AM - 8 AM 32 8 AM - 9 AM hC 22 9 AM - 1 0 AM 30 12 50 28 10 AM 30 17 hi Noon 69 0 - 1 PM 78 - 11 AM 11 AM — Noon ~lh lh ~ f \ 1 PM - 2 PM 67 17 a. 51 1.1. 95 52 17 69 27 25 2PM - 3PM 7? 13 88 35 15 50 59 a. li.3 1.7 26 73 107 53 31 8I1 29 19 U8 39 19 58 53 27 • 39 1 3 PM — 4PM Ii3 11 5>i 89 18 4 PM - 5 PM 91 16 107 62 28 90 60 16 76 60 30 90 U6 17 63 67 25 92 58 28 5 PM - 6 PM 91 19 110 80 35 115 ~1I9 " 20 ""69 Sh 29 83 56 27 83 7*4 29 103 57 36~" 93 6 PM - 7 PM 86 15- 1 0 1 69 1.3. .11.2. 89. 20. .109 62 27 89 61 2h 85 79 25 101. 58 29 7 PM _ g 98 18 116 78 20 ~~98 86 31 117 66 h2 108 62 29 91 80 30 110 59 27 86 31 111 67 26 113 9h 21 121 83 3 - - l l 7 " 87 3h 121 88 31 119 102 29 131 87 32 PM 80 8 PM - 9 PM 73 Ii 77 80 9 PM - 10 PM 95 11 106 79 11 90 76 13 89 63 25 88 85 29 lilt 75 2h 99 118 8 126 95 2k 119 •3 > . 13 56 ~ 58 26 8U 103 10 113 102 19 121 52 3 55 7U 6 80 89 3 h 105 91 60 25 85 1 0 PM - 1 1 PM 11 PM - Midnight 1 720 DAILY TOTALS 1579 92 1 5U3 101 60 31 1 367 1 U60 A — F i g u r e s in t h i s column show the number of c a l l s for s e r v i c e answered by Radio Dispatched Scnut C a r s that required NO report. B - C a l l s for s e r v i c e answered by Radio Dispatched Scout C a r s that R E Q U I R E D a Written report X — Hourly total of c a l l s for s e r v i c e that were responded to. 3.618 U6 ~67~ 87 119 100 1 671. �R E P O R T O F C A L L S F O R P O L I C E S E R V I C f . K S P O N D E D TO P . Y RADIO D I S P A T C H E D S C O U T C A R S BY HOUR AND B Y D A Y O F W E E K I n c i d e n t s Reported April SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY l l * and 151968 by Hour of Day Midnight - A 62 1 AM 1 AM — 2 B 29. T 91 A B T 36 18 9 B T A B T A B T A B T A B T 51* 36 A SA- f U R D A Y FRIDAY THURSDAY 1*5 AM 79 19 98 AM - 3 AM 55 19 7lt 21 6 27 3 AM - 4 AM hi 10 51 17 8 25 4 AM — 5 AM 39 10 lt9 10 7 17 5 AM - 6 AM lit 9 23 8 7 15 6 AM - 7 AM 9 9 18 12 6 18 7 AM - 8 AM 19 11 30 13 8 21 8 AM — 9 AM 27 11 38 22 20 1*2 9 AM — 1 0 AM 29 26 55 27 17 1*1* 10 AM - 11 AM 29 Ht lt3 31 26 57 11 AM - Noon 35 17 52 1*1 22 63 Noon - 1 PM 33 16 1*9 27 17 1*1* 2 1PM - 2 PM U6 28 71* 1*3 30 73 2 PM - 3 PM 35 13 1*8 1*0 19 59 3 PM - 4 PM UO 23 63 1*9 36 85 4 PM — 5PM 1*7 23 70 63 25 88 5 PM - 6 PM 30 21 51 60 21* 81* 6 PM - 7 PM la 18.. -59. 7 PM _ 8 PM 6lt 22 86 57 26 83 8 PM — 9PM 75 35 110 1*7 36 83 9 PM - 10 PM 65 16 81 57 21 78 1 0 PM - 1 1 PM 65 27 92 51 23 71* 11 PM - 39 2U 63 51* 26 1 80 Midnight 11*68 DAILY TOTALS A — • So, 1*0 . ..90 . • - 131*9 F i g u r e s in t h i s column show the number of c a l l s for s e r v i c e answered by Radio Dispatched Scout C a r s that required NO report. B - C a l l s for s e r v i c e answered by Radio Dispatched Scout C a r s that R E Q U I R E D a Written report T — Hourly total of c a l l s for s e r v i c e that were responded to. �Fire �THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA FIRE DEPARTMENT'S ROLE IN THE CIVIL DISTURBANCES OF APRIL 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, 1968 At 10:50 P . M . on April 4, 19 68 this Department was notified by the Metropolitan Police Department that a large number of persons were gathering in the vicinity of 14th and Belmont Streets, N . W . , and were at that moment becoming disorderly by breaking windows and overturning an automobile. Several seconds later a "Local Alarm" for fire was received by telephone for a fire at 14th and Belmont, presaging the events of the succeeding days. Fire Chief Henry A. Galotta was notified of this disturbance and i m mediately returned to Fire Alarm Headquarters. When evaluation of subsequent alarms indicated that a civil disturbance was in fact occurring. Staff Command Headquarters and Liaison Posts were activated; and, at 11:51 P . M . the Fire Department was notifed that "Plan F " had been implemented. That plan provides for the full mobilization of the Firefighting Division for sustained maximum fire suppression; and i s best described by stating that a transition occurs from a normal 3 working group system to a 2 working group system by recalling to duty the members on day off. This ultimately provides increased operational capabilities by each of the existing 32 Engine Companies (equipped with two pieces of pumping equipment) separating their apparatus to form two separate companies, thereby doubling the total number of companies by utilizing recalled manpower. Truck Company and Rescue Squad complements are increased a l s o . During the period of time from 10:50 P . M . April 4th to 4:22 A . M . on April 5th, there were a total of 18 fires in the city, 7 of which were located close to the site of the original disturbance, i . e . , in the 2400 to 2700 blocks of 14th Street, N . W . , and it i s definitely established that those fires were khe result of said disturbance. After 4:22 A . M . a period of relative calm was present with no new fires reported. On April 5th the Department had completed the preparations under Plan F and had placed additional units in service by manning apparatus normally in reserve. There were a total of 72 independent Engine Companies, 17 Truck Companies, and 13 Battalion Fire Chiefs available for dispatch. April 5th at 12:13 P . M . notice of a fire at 14th and U Streets, N . W . heralded the outbreak of new disturbances which soon ranged from that location north to Park Road, and fires were being started in buildings along this l i n e . A modification of our usual firefighting techniques of complete extinguishment and overhaul for embers was necessary due to the rapidly spreading fire area. We had to permit quick knockdown and containment control to suffice. When �-2hostility of the crowds was directed toward the firefighters in several c a s e s , it deterred arrival on the scene. Eleven fires were burning in this area when the first alarm was received from the Seventh Street N . W . scene at 1:01 P . M . Seventh Street erupted into disturbance and accompanying fires ranging from L Street northward to Florida Avenue. At 3:11 P . M . the first alarm from H Street, N . E . was sounded from the intersection of 10th. From that moment on, fires were being lit rapidly along H Street from 8th to 15th Streets. It was now apparent that with the rate of from 25 to 30 new fires breaking out every hour, fire suppression was beyond the capability of our equipment and manpower. Fires gained considerable headway before being reported, and most buildings were completely involved by the time of arrival of equipment. At 4:30 P . M . assistance from the surrounding communities was requested. The City of Alexandria, and Arlington, Fairfax, Montgomery, and Prince Georges Counties responded with a total of 60 pieces of pumping equipment, 7 aerial ladders, 4 command officers and a gasoline tanker. They were assigned to geographical districts and responded to fires as ordered by the D . C . Fire Alarm Headquarters. The incident rate for new fires continued at about 30 per hour for the next several hours, greatly enlarging the periphery of the three principal fire areas. Hostility toward firefighters was reduced somewhat in all areas, however some fire hoses were cut in two and men were assaulted. Forces were deployed to the fire zones as economically as possible, and extinguishment became increasingly more difficult. The 14th Street locale now extended from S Street north to Otis; 7th Street from New York Avenue north to Florida, skipping several blocks and picking up again on Georgia Avenue from Newton Place to New Hampshire Avenue; H Street from 3rd to 15th Streets, and branching out Bladensburg Road and Bennings Road. Those prime areas were crossed by sub areas of several blocks on each side in some locations. By midnight on the 5th of April there had been approximately 280 d i s patches for reported fires since the disturbance began. The incident rate decreased slightly after t h i s , but it still did not allow complete extinguishment of a fire before the company had to move to yet another. By 7:00 A . M . on April 6th the tactical situation was such that the assistance companies from Maryland and Virginia were released to return to their own communities. At this time there had been 300 fire dispatches, and about 24 were still burning, although under control. Saturday, April 6th, was a story of old fires rekindling as new fires were l i t . New outbreaks in the three prime areas kept those places hazardous. Throughout the day other street locations became involved, but not to the �-3magnitude of the basic three. By 7:00 P . M . there had been a total of 334 f i r e s , plus 206 still smouldering or burning rekindles, for a total of 540 dispatchings. Prince Georges County once again sent six pumping engines into the District to a s s i s t u s , and by midnight the fire control problem was reduced so that those companies were once again released to their own jurisdictions. No additional aid was needed after that point. Sunday, April 7th, revealed a steadily decreasing hourly rate of new fires definitely linked to the c i v i l disturbance. Most of the apparatus dispatches were for flame or smoke visible at the scene of a prior fire. The Fire Department Emergency Ambulance Service, consisting of 11 ambulances, was bolstered by 4 from D . C . Public Health, and 6 from the U . S . Army. During the disturbance period at least 350 persons were transported to hospitals, including 17 District firefighters and 2 firefighters from other Jurisdictions. The firefighters" injuries were not serious. At no time was it necessary to deny a request because no ambulance was available, although selective screening was always exercised to insure transportation for only the seriously i l l and injured. On Monday, April 8th, at 3:00 A . M . , for the first time since the d i s turbance started, the fire dispatch board showed clear - no unit on the street no fires burning. As of 6:00 A . M . , Monday, April 8th, there had been dispatches to 510 initial reports of fire, plus 300 dispatches to rekindles, totalling 810 dispatches thus far during the period of disturbance. It i s estimated that arson i s involved in at least 95% of the reported fires. No extrapolation can be made as to the total number of buildings involved from the total number of dispatches, for in numerous instances there was more than one building involved in a fire situation. There were very few false reports by telephone during the peak fire periods, although several have been received since the sharp decline in new fire situation on Sunday, April 7th. There have been 4 deaths connected with fire since the outbreak began. �THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA FIRE DEPARTMENT'S ROLE IN THE CIVIL DISTURBANCE OF APRIL 4TH THROUGH 9TH, 1968 Supplement Number One to the basic document: The first brief summary of this Department's activities covered the time period from 10:50 P . M . , Thursday, April 4th to 6:00 A . M . , Monday April 8th, 1968. To serve as a starting point; and by way of review; at the end of the period covered a definite and significant diminishment of reported fires was occurring. At that time, there had been 510 dispatches of fire fighting equipment to scenes of initial fire outbreak, and 300 dispatches for reports of rekindled fires. This supplement continues the chronology without amplification of the basic document other than updating certain statistics. In the two hours from 6 to 8 A . M . , April 8th, there were no d i s patches of fire equipment to any alarm. Within the span of time until 12 noon there were 14 new fire situations reported and 4 smoke or flame reports from sites of previous fires Evaluation of the alarms received throughout the daylight hours of Monday indicates that the fire incidents involved mostly trash c a n s , wooded areas, debris, incinerators, e t c . , with only 5 minor house fires occurring. None of the house fires are considered to be related to the c i v i l disturbances, and no fires were reported in merchantile establishments. A very sharp upturn in the number of automobile fires was experienced in this period, and it i s believed that these were intentional destructions. Reports of smoke or flame from prior fire sites continued. Most of these are brought about by deep seated burning within the piles of rubble present at those locations. Apparatus i s always dispatched to take whatever action i s indicated. At 7:00 P . M . , April 8th, statistics relative to fire equipment d i s patches show that there had been 559 initial fire reports, 319 rekindles, totaling 878 dispatches. By midnight these numbers had increased to 583; 324; and 907 respectively. A hindsight review of the calendar day of April 8th i s that the city fire status had returned close to normal; for this Department was now being called upon for collateral services such as children locked i n , food on the stove, and refrigerator l e a k s . It i s noteworthy that during the period of the curfew hours of April 8th - April 9th, there were 19 false alarms received, not far above �- 2 the normal number for such a nighttime period. These false alarms are not included in the total number of apparatus dispatchings for reported fire. Within the period from midnight April 8th - 9th to 2:30 P . M . April 9th, there has been no dispatching for an actual fire occurring within a residence or commercial building, and the number of alarms being received approximate an average day. Our firefighters are now beginning to seek medical attention for minor injuries suffered during the height of the civil disturbance. Thirtysix men have reported injuries (including those transported to hospitals for treatment), and none of them are considered to be serious. There are no members confined to hospitals as the result of injury suffered during this period, but it has been necessary to place 10 men on sick leave as a result of disturbance connected injury. The 3:00 P . M . ,April 9th dispatch statistics for the overall period show 601 initial fire outbreaks, 331 rekindles (smoke or flame), totaling 932. The total reflects all types of alarms, whether disturbance connected or not. Subsequent reports will include totals for false alarms and collateral activity. The Department is participating in surveys to determine the number of buildings which have been involved in fire, categorized as to type and occupancy. Subsequent supplements will include such i n formation as it becomes available. Preliminary reports indicate that at least 37 residence fires occurred as a result of the civil disturbance. These dwellings are not associated in any manner with commercial or industrial establishments, i . e . , apartments over stores. There were 28 additional residences set afire as result of fire spread from the first 37, resulting in a total of 65 dwelling fires. Three of the primary fires are known to have been started with fire bombs. There were two fires at D . C . General Hospital in the Children's Ward, and a fire at Harris School, 53rd and C a l l Place, S . E . , all connected with the civil disturbance o The Department continues in a state of readiness under Plan F , with all apparatus and ambulances manned as outlined in the basic document. �DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA F I R S DEPARTMENT STATISTICAL SUMMARY FOR THE PERIOD OF C I V I L DISTURBANCE OF A P R I L i i t h , 5 t h , 6 t h , 7 t h , 8 t h , 1968 P e r i o d covered - 10:50 P.M., A p r i l ij.th to 6:00 A.M. April 8th T o t a l Alarms - 510 i n i t i a l r e s p o n s e s f o r r e p o r t o f f i r e 300 d i s p a t c h e s f o r r e k i n d l e s , smoke or flame 510 P e r i o d s o f peak r e s o o n s e s - A p r i l April April April T o t a l number of companies District Suburban lith, 5th, 6th 7th Engine 72 60 1 0 : 5 0 P.M. t o [i:00 A.M. A p r i l 1 2 : 1 3 P.M. to 6:00 JS.M. A p r i l - f a i r l y steady response r a t e - decreasing sharply Truck 17 7 Major f i r e a r e a s - Liith S t r e e t from S S t r e e t t o O t i s 7 t h S t r e e t from New York Avenue t o F l o r i d a Avenue H S t r e e t from 3 r d t o 1 5 t h U n i t b l o c k of Hanover S t . , N.W, Wheeler Road and Barnaby S t r e e t , S . J . Minnesota Avenue and S h e r i f f Road, N.E. 15th and F S t r e e t s , N.E. Benning Road from 15th to 1 9 t h S t r e e t s , N.E. B l a d e n s b u r g Road from H to K, N«E« 200 B l o c k of A n a c o s t i a Road, S.^. 5300 B l o c k of E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t C e n t r a l and S o u t h e r n Avenues 913 M S t r e e t , N.W. 600 B l o c k o f Newton S t r e e t , N.W. 700 B l o c k of 8 t h S t r e e t , S.E. 6 l s t and Dix S t r e e t s , N.S. Minnesota Avenue and ^ a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t 16th and New York Avenue, N.E. Injuries to f i r e f i g h t e r s - D.C. perso: n e l - 17 Suburban 2 Number o f deaths r e l a t e d t o f i r e , c i v i l i a n - LL no f i r e f i g h t e r s Misc. O b s e r v a t i o n s covered i n r e p o r t - 95$ of a l l f i r e s s u s p e c t e d a r s o n I n t e r f e r e n c e to f i r e f i g h t e r s from c i v i l i a n s was g r e a t a t s t a r t , and c o n t i n u e d u n t i l troops were a b l e to s e c u r e f i r e a r e a D e f i n i t e r e l a t i o n s h i p between d i s o r d e r l y crowds and number o f f i r e s occurring Emergency Ambulance S e r v i c e t r a n s p o r t e d 350 i n j u r e d to H o s p i t a l Items not covered i n b a s i c report Department has been s e a r c h i n g a r e a s f o r p o s s i b l e v i c t i m s of Tear gas no problem f o r Department was mask equipped,. fire 5th 6th �THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA FIRE DEPARTMENT'S ROLE IN THE CIVIL DISTURBANCE OF APRIL 4TH THROUGH 10TH, 1968 Supplement Number Two to the basic document: The first brief summary of this Department's activities covered the time period from 10:50 P . M . , Thursday, April 4th to 6:00 A . M . , Monday , April 8th, 1968. Supplement Number One to that basic document covered the time period immediately following, and ended at 3:00 P . M . , Tuesday, April 9th, 1968. This supplement continues the chronology until 7:00 A . M . , Wednesday, April 10th, 1968. As indicated at the close of Supplement Number One, the 3:00 P . M . , April 9th statistics for the overall civil disturbance period showed that there had been 601 initial fire outbreaks; 331 rekindles (smoke or flame); a number of false alarms; and several dispatches for miscellaneous services to the public. Evaluation of the first 4 hours of time covered by this summary indicates that most of the dispatches made were for fires occurring in debris at sites of prior burnings; trash and trash cans; brush and wooded areas; and automobiles. The 7:00 P . M . total of dispatches for the overall period was 985, and i s segmented as follows: Initial fire outbreaks 622 Rekindles (smoke-flame) - 337 False alarms 23 Miscellaneous services 3 At 7:45 P . M . , this Department received an intelligence report that indicated the possibility of further disturbance in two areas; Anacostia, and 17th S t . , S . E . from East Capitol Street south to Pennsylvania A v e . ; with the general plan being to create numerous diversionary fire situations in an attempt to draw fire equipment to other areas; blocking traffic into the target area prior to burning; then igniting buildings within the target locale itself. Shorfly after 8:00 P . M . , the Metropolitan Police Department reported a Scout Car stoned in the area of Alabama Avenue and Jasper, S . E . At 8:22 fire equipment was dispatched for fire in the basement of 2727 Jasper Street, and that apparatus was stoned at the scene. Within the next two hours there were 10 dispatches made into S . E . - N . E . areas of the city on the east side of the Anacostia River for 5 small outside fires �- 2 and 5 false alarms. There were no further events in this area which would indicate accomplishment of any plan. There was only one house fire in the city (11:05 P . M . ) and it i s established that it was not disturbance connected. The April 9th-10th midnight dispatch totals for the overall period: Initial fire outbreaks Rekindles (smoke-flame) False alarms Miscellaneous services 640 342 34 4 The midnight to 7:00 A . M . , April 10th period can be described as quiet with no untoward incidents. The 7:00 A . M . Wednesday, April 10th, dispatch totals for the overall period: Initial fire outbreaks Rekindles (smoke-flame) False alarms Miscellaneous services 642 347 37 6 There have been no additional personnel injuries reported. The Department continues in a state of readiness under Plan F . �THE D I S T R I C T OP COLUMBIA F I R E DEPARTMENT'S ROLE IN THE C I V I L DISTURBANCES OP A P R I L liTH THROUGH A P R I L 1 6 t h , 1968 Supplement Number Three t o t h e b a s i c document: The f i r s t b r i e f summary of t h i s Department's a c t i v i t i e s c o v e r e d t h e time p e r i o d from 10:50 P.M., T h u r s d a y , A p r i l Jj-th, t o 6:00 P.M., Monday A p r i l 8 t h , 1968. Supplement Number One t o t h a t document c o v e r e d the time p e r i o d i m m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w i n g , and ended a t 3:00 P.M., Tuesday, A p r i l 9 t h , 1968. Supplement dumber Two c o v e r e d the time p e r i o d immediately f o l l o w i n g ; and ended a t 7:00 A . n . , Wednesday, A p r i l 1 0 t h , 1968* A.M., T h i s f i n a l b r i e f summary c o v e r s the time p e r i o d from 7:00 A p r i l 1 0 t h t o 8:00 A.M., T h u r s d a y , A p r i l 1 8 t h , 1968. As i n d i c a t e d i n t h e p r i o r r e p o r t s , the s h a r p d e c l i n e i n f i r e i n c i d e n t s w h i c h c o u l d be d e f i n i t e l y l i n k e d to c i v i l d i s t u r bance, was i n t e r p r e t e d to mean the end of a peak p e r i o d , and the r e t u r n towards n o r m a l c y . By way of r e v i e w , the 7:00 A . M . A p r i l 10th d i s p a t c h t o t a l s f o r the p r e c e e d i n g o v e r a l l p e r i o d were: I n i t i a l f i r e outbreaks R e k i n d l e s 'smoke-f lame» F a l s e Alarms Miscellaneous Services 6LL2 37 6 C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n of f i r e s o c c u r r i n g d u r i n g the p e r i o d of t h i s r e p o r t would i n c l u d e d e b r i s , t r a s h , a u t o m o b i l e s , house f i r e s , w i t h a s h a r p u p t u r n i n the number of garage and shed i n c i d e n t s . The number of f a l s e a l a r m s a l s o i n c r e a s e d . F i r e s of an u n u s u a l a s p e c t , w h i c h may or may n o t be c o n n e c t e d t o the c i v i l d i s t u r bance a r e n o t e d , by r e a s o n of them f o l l o w i n g the t y p i c a l p a t t e r n . Thursday, A p r i l 11th 1870 7 t h S t r e e t , N.W. 1217 H S t r e e t , N.E. F r i d a y , A p r i l 12th 1838 7 t h S t r e e t , N.W. 6 l s t and D i x S t r e e t s , N.E. At 8:00 A.M., S a t u r d a y , A p r i l 1 3 t h , " P l a n F " was d i s c o n t i n ued, and the f i r e f i g h t i n g d i v i s i o n r e t u r n e d t o t h e normal 3 group work s y s t e m , and r e s e r v e a p p a r a t u s i n s e r v i c e was p l a c e d b a c k i n reserve. The 6I4. s e p a r a t e engine companies were r e u n i t e d t o the o r i g i n a l 32. �The breakdown of d i s p a t c h e s made d u r i n g the p e r i o d of c i v i l d i s t u r b a n c e showed: I n i t i a l f i r e outbreaks R e k i n d l e s 'smoke-flame F a l s e Alarms niscellaneous Services proceeding 872 371 127 2l\. 1 S a t u r d a y , A p r i l 1 3 t h , was c o n s i d e r e d o n l y the f o l l o w i n g u n u s u a l o c c u r r e n c e s : to be " n o r m a l " , w i t h F i r e i n a s t o r e a t l^'OO Independence Avenue, S . E . A second a l a r m f o r a f i r e i n a f u r n i t u r e s t o r e a t 1226 Goodhope Road, S . E . Fire i n a l i n e n room a t Providence Sunday, A p r i l l l | t h , brought 3rd f l o o r i n v o l v e d at Natality occurring in 1 s t f l o o r i n v o l v e d at Monday's u n u s u a l hospital the f o l l o w i n g u n u s u a l f i r e s : 1270 7 t h S t r e e t , N.W. a f i r e a t 820 North C a r o l i n a Avenue, S . E . 1236 7 t h S t r e e t , N.W. f i r e s were: 1 s t and 2nd f l o o r s i n v o l v e d at 3^-l-H G e o r g i a Avenue C i v i l D e f e n s e s u p p l i e s b u r n i n g a t 610 I r v i n g S t r e e t , Tuesday's unusual f i r e s N.W. were: 1 s t f l o o r i n v o l v e d a t 819 II S t r e e t , N.W. L i q u o r s t o r e i n v o l v e d a t 90b P S t r e e t , N.W. Wednesday's u n u s u a l f i r e s were: A second a l a r m f o r a f i r e i n a s t o r e a t 192ii H|.th S t r e e t , N . U . A s t o r a g e shed i n v o l v e d a t Howard U n i v e r s i t y Stadium A gas s t a t i o n f i r e at 1900 1 1 t h S t r e e t , N . U . 1 s t f l o o r i n v o l v e d a t 2263 1 2 t h S t r e e t , N.W. A second a l a r m f o r a f i r e a t S t a n d a r d D r u g , l l t h a n d H S t r e e t s , N.W, Those f i r e s a r e c o n s i d e r e d to be u n u s u a l by r e a s o n of l o c a t i o n , c i r c u m s t a n c e s a t the s c e n e , or o c c u p a n c y . their The t a s k of i n f o r m a t i o n r e t r i e v a l from the f i r e f i g h t i n g u n i t s c o n t i n u e s , w i t h the " m u t u a l a i d " companies s t i l l o u t standing. The F i r e P r e v e n t i o n D i v i s i o n and the Redevelopment Land Agency r e p o r t s a r e b e i n g c r o s s - c h e c k e d w i t h f i r e d i s p a t c h l o g s and company r e s p o n s e r e p o r t s to e l i m i n a t e d u p l i c a t i o n f o r the u l t i m a t e Master Report b e i n g p r e p a r e d . �- 3 P r e l i m i n a r y r e p o r t s i n d i c a t e t h a t a t l e a s t LtfO b u i l d i n g s were i n v o l v e d i n f i r e d u r i n g the peak p e r i o d of the c i v i l d i s t u r b a n c e , w i t h the o c c u p a n c i e s of l i q u o r , c l o t h i n g , and food r e t a i l s a l e s b e i n g h a r d e s t h i t . The t o t a l f i g u r e w i l l no doubt i n c r e a s e when a d d i t i o n a l r e p o r t s a r e made by the suburban c o m p a n i e s . An I n t e r n a l S t a f f Command C r i t i q u e was h e l d a l l day on Monday, A p r i l 8 t h ; w i t h the P i r e C h i e f and D i v i s i o n Heads p a r t i c i p a t i n g ; to r e s o l v e d i f f i c u l t i e s w h i c h have been e n c o u n t e r e d and to s t r e n g t h e n o v e r a l l c a p a b i l i t i e s . A m e e t i n g between the P i r e C h i e f and the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the f i r e department of the s u r r o u n d i n g p o l i t i c a l j u r i s d i c t i o n s was h e l d on Wednesday, A p r i l 1 7 t h to r e v i e w the means and methods employed d u r i n g the p a s t p e r i o d , as w e l l as t o p l a n f o r any f o r t h c o m i n g p e r i o d . Mr. P a t r i c k V . Murphy, D i r e c t o r of P u b l i c S a f e t y , h e l d a Command S t a f f C r i t i q u e a t 2:30 P . M . , Wednesday, A p r i l 1 7 t h , xirhcih was a t t e n d e d by the P i r e C h i e f and a l l D i v i s i o n Heads. A meeting has been s c h e d u l e d w i t h a l l of the F i r e f i g h t i n g D i v i s i o n B a t t a l i o n P i r e C h i e f s to r e v i e w t h e i r o b s e r v a t i o n s and e x p e r i e n c e s d u r i n g the s u b j e c t p e r i o d , and r e c e i v e t h e i r recommendations of what can be e f f e c t e d to update our o p e r a tional plans. These i n t e r i m r e p o r t s w i l l be s u p e r s e d e d by a Master Report w h i c h will be p r e p a r e d when a l l d a t a i s r e c e i v e d , e v a l u a t e d , and c o l l a t e d . ��SYNOPSIS OP S E R V I C E RENDERED TO THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA BY COMMUNITIES OP ADJACENT APRIL 5 t h JURISDICTIONS and APRIL 6 t h , 1968 Purnished by: P i r e Department D i s t r i c t of Columbia �; At k:3U P.i- ., A p r i l 5 t h , i t was a p p a r e n t t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a P i r e Department was g o i n g t o n e e d a s s i s t a n c e i n suppressing t h e threat number o f f i r e s w h i c h were o c c u r r i n g a s a r e s u l t o f trie c i v i l jurisdictions adjacent disturbance. A c a l l went o u t t o t h e to the D i s t r i c t f o r f i r e f i g h t i n g equip- ment and manpower. At 5 s l 2 P.M. t h e f i r s t u n i t was made a v a i l a b l e and r e p o r t e d " r e a d y f o r s e r v i c e " , and was u t i l i z e d of A l e x a n d r i a , immediately. The C i t y A r l i n g t o n C o u n t y , F a i r f a x C o u n t y , Montgomery C o u n t y , and P r i n c e G e o r g e s C o u n t y , r e s p o n d e d t o o u r c a l l by sending a t o t a l of 61 pieces ladder o f pumping e q u i p m e n t , 7 a e r i a l t r u c k s , it command o f f i c e r s , and a f u e l t r u c k , a s l i s t e d . Officers - 1 C i t y of Alexandria Pumpers - 2 A r l i n g t o n County Pumpers - 5 P a i x f a x County Pumpers -12 Montgomery County Pumpers - 2 i | A e r i a l Ladders - k P r i n c e G e o r g e s Coun, Pumpers -18 A e r i a l Ladders - 2 T h o s e u n i t s were a s s i g n e d the c i t y , operating fires not by Aerj a l Ladders - 1 to geographical districts radio r e c e i v e r s operating the D i s t r i c t , within f r o m D.C. F i r e S t a t i o n s , and r e s p o n d i n g t o a s o r d e r e d by t h e D.C. P i r e A l a r m H e a d q u a r t e r s . possessing Officers - 3 & Fuel T r . their Although on t h e f r e q u e n c y used "on t h e a i r " c o / r j n u n i c a t i o n was h a n d l e d s m o o t h l y t h r o u g h t h e C i v i l D e f e n s e open t e l e p h o n e n e t w o r k . F i r e Control and C e n t e r s i n a l l j u r i s d i c t i o n s manned t h i s when r a d i o t r a f f i c was n e c e s s a r y i t was s i m p l y circuit, r e l a y e d by t h e �appropriate j u r i s d i c t i o n a l f i r e The apparatus the D i s t r i c t , was used control center. a t a t o t a l o f 26ii f i r e s w h i l e i n sometimes o p e r a t i n g as p a r t of a T a s k F o r c e , w n i l e a t o t h e r times o p e r a t i n g i n d e p e n d e n t l y . t i o n i n the D i s t r i c t the f i r s t a t 3:30 A.M., The t a c t i c a l situa- A p r i l 6 t h , was s u c h t h a t a s s i s t a n c e companies were r e l e a s e d t o r e t u r n t o t h e i r own communities. By 9:23 A.M., t h e l a s t o f t h e Maryland and V i r g i n i a companies had been so r e l e a s e d . On S a t u r d a y , A p r i l 6 t h , P r i n c e Georges County was a g a i n r e q u e s t e d t o f u r n i s h f i r e f i g h t i n g equipment, and a t 6:00 s i x u n i t s came i n t o t h e c i t y t o b o l s t e r t h e f o r c e . P.M. They r e - mained i n t h e D i s t r i c t u n t i l m i d n i g h t , when t h e y were a l l r e l e a s e d t o r e t u r n t o t h e County. The enabled p r o f i c i e n t s e r v i c e of these f i r e f i g h t i n g the D i s t r i c t to q u e l l the raging f i r e s companies as q u i c k l y as humanly p o s s i b l e , and t h e i r p e r s o n n e l ' s d e d i c a t i o n t o duty was superb. T h e i r p r e s e n c e h e r e d u r i n g t h i s trying p e r i o d w i l l be l o n g remembered. �I �Courts �REPORT OF ARREST PROCEDURES ON AND AFTER APRIL 4, 1968, I N THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Between t h e hours o f noon on Thursday, A p r i l 4, and 4:00 p.m. on Sunday, A p r i l 7, 1968, a t o t a l o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4,200 a r r e s t s were made, 2,100 o f these were f o r curfew v i o l a t i o n s , 900 f o r l o o t i n g , 700 f o r d i s o r d e r l y conduct and t h e b a l a n c e f o r other o f f e n s e s . P r i s o n e r s were taken to t h e c e l l b l o c k s o f t h e f o u r t e e n p r e c i n c t s , t h e Court o f G e n e r a l S e s s i o n s and t h e U.S. D i s t r i c t Court, w i t h r e s e r v e f a c i l i t i e s a t Occoquan, V i r g i n i a . By 4:00 p.m. on S a t u r d a y , A p r i l 6, a t which time somewhat l e s s than 3,000 a r r e s t s had been made, i t was obvious t h a t the combined d e t e n t i o n f a c i l i t i e s o f t h e p r e c i n c t s and t h e c o u r t houses were inadequate to c o n t a i n the p r i s o n e r s . Although t h e Court o f G e n e r a l S e s s i o n s was i n s e s s i o n (and i n f a c t remained throughout i n session t h e n i g h t on F r i d a y , Saturday and Sunday), and D i s t r i c t Court Judges were a v a i l a b l e , a s e r i o u s d e l a y developed i n the prepara t i o n o f n e c e s s a r y c o u r t papers to charge t h e persons a r r e s t e d b e f o r e a judge s i t t i n g i n c o u r t . T h i s r e s u l t e d i n d e t e n t i o n o f p r i s o n e r s who remained unprocessed by Saturday a f t e r n o o n even though they had been a r r e s t e d �- 2 a t noon on Thursday. I n v i e w of the c o n d i t i o n s e x i s t i n g i n the c i t y a t t h a t time, i t was e v i d e n t t h a t even more s e r i o u s c l o g g i n g of d e t e n t i o n f a c i l i t i e s and c o u r t rooms would occur i f some more s u i t a b l e , and l e g a l l y r e q u i r e d , arrangements were not made. As i n d i c a t e d above, a p p r o x i m a t e l y h a l f of the t o t a , a r r e s t s were f o r curfew v i o l a t i o n s . v i o l a t o r s who I t was decided t h a t curfew had spent the n i g h t i n j a i l would be processed under T i t l e 7 of the D.C. persons a r r e s t e d may Omnibus Crime B i l l of 1967, pursuant to which be r e l e a s e d upon the i s s u a n c e of a c i t a t i o n which r e q u i r e s a c o u r t appearance a t a l a t e r date. This policy put i n t o e f f e c t , and by noon on S a t u r d a y , a l l persons who was had been a r r e s t e d f o r curfew v i o l a t i o n s and had been d e t a i n e d over n i g h t , were r e l e a s e d , s u b j e c t to l a t e r c o u r t appearance. Persons a r r e s t e d f o r d i s o r d e r l y conduct and f o r drunk o f f e n s e s ( p r o s e c u t e d by the D i s t r i c t of Columbia) were processed i n ordinary course. On Sunday, a l l p r i s o n e r s a r r e s t e d on t h e s e charges had been p r o c e s s e d through the c o u r t by 4:00 p.m. A c o n t i n u i n g problem p e r s i s t e d f o r persons a r r e s t e d f o r b u r g l a r y and o t h e r f e l o n y and misdemeanor o f f e n s e s which a r e p r o s e c u t e d i n the name of the U n i t e d S t a t e s . I n order f o r c r i m i n a l i n f o r m a t i o n s to be prepared i n t h e s e c a s e s , i t i s n e c e s s a r y f o r a r r e s t i n g o f f i c e r s to prepare r e a s o n a b l y d e t a i l e d statements of f a c t s s e t t i n g f o r t h the �- 3 elements o f the o f f e n s e charged as w e l l as the n a t u r e o f the a r r e s t s . S i n c e many o f the o f f i c e r s i n v o l v e d i n such a r r e s t s were u r g e n t l y needed on the s t r e e t s to p r o t e c t l i v e s and p r o p e r t y and prevent f u r t h e r l o o t i n g , i t was i m p o s s i b l e f o r them to be i n t h e f i e l d at and, the same time, i n the p r e c i n c t s or c o u r t houses f o r the purpose of p r e p a r i n g c o u r t papers. Determined e f f o r t s were made to r e q u i r e a r r e s t i n g o f f i c e r s to prepare c o u r t papers a f t e r they were r e l e a s e d from duty so t h a t b u r g l a r y and o t h e r s e r i o u s o f f e n s e s could be presented i n c o u r t . By 4:00 p.m. persons on Sunday a f t e r n o o n , the t o t a l number of i n d e t e n t i o n had been reduced from approximately 400, and these p r i s o n e r s were processed w i t h those a r r e s t e d a f t e r 4:00 p.m., morning. As of 8:00 a.m. 1,550 to through the c o u r t s , together d u r i n g Sunday n i g h t and Monday on Monday, A p r i l 8, 450 persons were i n detention for processing. When the c a p a c i t y of prearraignment detention facilities i n the p r e c i n c t s and c o u r t houses were f i l l e d , p r i s o n e r s were t r a n s f e r r e d at the time of a r r e s t to Occoquan. T h i s occurred with greatest frequency on Saturday n i g h t , a t which time 700 p r i s o n e r s were i n d e t e n t i o n a t that f a c i l i t y . T h i s number had been reduced to zero by 4:00 p.m. Sunday; the f a c i l i t y was a v a i l a b l e on Sunday n i g h t f o r o v e r f l o w . on �-4- A s of 8:00 a . m . Monday morning, 5,400 a r r e s t s had been made, 4,950 prisoners had been processed by the Police Department or through the courts, and 450 persons remained in detention. By 8:00 a . m . Tuesday morning, the total number of a r r e s t s had r i s e n to 6,306 or an increase of approximately 890 since the previous morning. Of the total number of a r r e s t s during that 24 hour period, 696 were for curfew violation. By 12:00 noon, A p r i l 9, 1968, only 6 prisoners were s t i l l in detention in the various police precincts. At that time no prisoners were being detained in the U . S . D i s t r i c t C o u r t , the D. C . Court of General S e s s i o n s or at Occoquan. T h u s , virtually a l l of the a r r e s t e e s from Monday night and Tuesday morning had been arraigned in the court or had been released by the police on citations by 12:00 noon Tuesday. Washington, D. C . A p r i l 9, 1968 �Form DJ-1«0 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT Mernorcmdim TO : The Attorney General The Deputy Attorney General DEPARTMENT OF J U S T I C E DATE: A p r i l 11, 1968 FROMC : Daniel J . F r e e d , Director 9' Office of C r i m i n a l Justice SUBJECT: D . C . C i v i l D i s o r d e r - - A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of Justice Between Saturday, A p r i l 6 and Tuesday, A p r i l 9, 1968, a central information center was conceived, set up and operated at the D . C , Court of General Sessions to perform three basic functions: (1) to a s c e r t a i n the location of persons known or presumed to have been a r r e s t e d , ( 2 ) to a s s i s t citizens having questions about the operations of the court p r o c e s s , and ( 3 ) to expedite the processing of c r i m i n a l cases by identifying and attempting to overcome delays or obstructions in the administration of j u s t i c e . The center was devised by three volunteer government attorneys-Steven Waldhorn (HUD), L e e Saterfield ( E E O C ) and me, and was staffed at various times by nearly 50 attorneys, law and divinity students and miscellaneous r e c r u i t s . Its central location and battery of telephones and desks in Room 101 of the Court of General Sessions Criminal Division building was made possible by Chief Judge Harold H . Greene. Its ready a c c e s s to information from various court offices and the precincts, c e l l blocks, j a i l and Occoquan about prisoners and procedures was derived from authorizations by Deputy Mayor F l e t c h e r , Chief Layton, United States M a r s h a l Moore, United States Attorney B r e s s , Corporation Counsel Duncan and the Bureau of P r i s o n s . In the course of four days, the center responded to more than 1000 requests, and helped solve numerous vexing problems relating to a r r e s t e d person?, their attorneys and police and. court procedure. As indicated in the P_qs_t, its operation tended to instill a measure of order and confidence in the system and to relieve tension in an atmosphere that sometimes bordered on chaos. �- 2 Many other persons devoted long hours over this hectic weekend to the task of improving both the administration and appearance of justice at General S e s s i o n s . The information center represented but one source of manpower for such efforts. It did, however, tend to provide a focal • point at which experience was assembled and a precedent established that may usefully be included in the contingency plan for this and other communities for the future. Out of the experience w i l l undoubtedly also come some significant improvements in the every day administration of justice at the Court of General S e s s i o n s , To capitalize on the experience we are (1) Compiling a description of the procedures by which the information center operated, so as to enable its prompt r e v i v a l should the occasion ever a r i s e . Representatives f r o m a l l local law schools w i l l soon meet to establish a standby organization to man it, and (2) Compiling a l i s t of proposals for improved police, court and detention center procedures to overcome difficulties encountered this time. T h e r e is no doubt that the officers and agencies of law enforcement, the bar and the c r i m i n a l process responded magnificently during this period of s t r e s s . There is also no doubt that the ordeal proved again that there is no " s y s t e m " of justice as such, no organized scheme by which its operation can be continuously monitored and adjusted to meet the intertwined needs of prosecution, defense and efficient court a d ministration. A central control point to keep track of what is happening to people, procedures and papers and to respond promptly to breakdowns as they appear is c r u c i a l in time6 of emergency, and in peace time as w e l l . It is a l e s s o n many people learned much about since A p r i l 6, and an experience which ought not be wasted now that the c r i s i s has subsided. P l e a s e let me know how we can a s s i s t you in applying this experience in the days ahead. �Citizen Information �TO: FROM: RE: Thomas W. F l e t c h e r , Deputy Mayor Robert A. R o g e r s , Management A n a l y s t , E x e c u t i v e O f f i c e of the Mayor Summary of A c t i v i t y - D. C . C i t i z e n I n f o r m a t i o n Telephone Answering S e r v i c e S i n c e 5:30 p.m. A p r i l 6, 1968, c i t i z e n s i n t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Area have been a b l e t o c a l l 629-3872 f o r i n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n g emergency s e r v i c e s through t h e above-mentioned service. telephone The p r i m a r y purpose of t h e s e r v i c e i s to r e f e r and i n f o r m people of t h e a v a i l a b l e r e s o u r c e s which have been activated during the present As of 2 : 0 0 a . m . A p r i l received; 6, emergency. 1968, a p p r o x i m a t e l y 650 c a l l s were 90% of t h e s e c a l l s were from people to v o l u n t e e r t h e i r personal s e r v i c e s , legal service. food, clothing, shelter, The r e m a i n i n g 10% were r e q u e s t s 149 m e d i c a l and f o r food and s h e l t e r and g e n e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n w h i c h ranged from how to l o c a t e missing persons, a v a i l a b i l i t y of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n how to c o m p l a i n , " w i s h to t a l k , " and g e n e r a l civil service, curfew, inquires regarding disorder. As of 11:30 p . m . A p r i l 7, were r e c e i v e d , 1968, a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2,800 n i n e t y p e r c e n t were s p e c i f i c r e q u e s t s the a v a i l a b i l i t y of f o o d , calls regarding c l o t h i n g and s h e l t e r . Arrangements f o r t h i s o p e r a t i o n were c o o r d i n a t e d through the C o u n c i l o f Human R e l a t i o n s and t h e Highway Department f o r u s e of their "Emergency Snow Removal" t e l e p h o n e s y s t e m . Nine t e l e p h o n e l i n e s have been named on a 24-hour b a s i s by a p p r o x i m a t e l y (60) v o l u n t e e r s which have i n c l u d e d Nuns and B r o t h e r s Catholic University. from sixty �-2- We a n t i c i p a t e many of t h e s e more than 3 , 0 0 0 i n f o r m a t i o n a l c a l l s inquiries will p r o b a b l y be about the today, emergency r e l i e f p r o p o s a l s mentioned by the Mayor's Urban C o a l i t i o n Committee. We hope to be a b l e to s t a r t p h a s i n g out s e r v i c e on A p r i l 9, A meeting w i l l 1968. be s c h e d u l e d w i t h the D i r e c t o r of C i t i z e n s Information Service whether h i s agency the future. CC. Ben L a c y this (private organization) can handle s u c h t e l e p h o n e to the determine inquiries in �To: From: Re: Thomas W. F l e t c h e r , Deputy Mayor Robert A. Rogers, Management A n a l y s t E x e c u t i v e O f f i c e o f the Mayor Summary o f A c t i v i t y D.C. C i t i z e n I n f o r m a t i o n Telephone Answering S e r v i c e 5:30 p.m. 6:00 a.m. A p r i l 6, 1968 A p r i l 7, 1968 Received approximately 650 telephone c a l l s . 9 0 % were from c i t i z e n s who were v o l u n t e e r i n g t h e i r p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e s , food, c l o t h i n g , and s h e l t e r . 10% were c a l l s r e q u e s t i n g a s s i s t a n c e to o b t a i n food, c l o t h i n g , s h e l t e r , and g e n e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n g the d i s t u r b a n c e . 6:00 a.m. 6:00 a.m. A p r i l 7, 1968 A p r i l 8, 1968 Received approximately 3250 telephone c a l l s . 60% were from c i t i z e n s r e q u e s t i n g food, c l o t h i n g , and s h e l t e r . 30% were g e n e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n a l c a l l s r e g a r d i n g curfew, t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c l o s i n g o f b u s i n e s s and governemnt o f f i c e s , l o c a t i o n o f a r r e s t e d p e r s o n s , damage i n f o r m a t i o n , e t c . 5% o f t h e s e i n q u i r e s were need f o r non-emergency medical a s s i s t a n c e , persons who j u s t wanted to t a l k , and numerous o t h e r m i s c e l l a n e o u s i n q u i r i e s . The remaining 5% were from o t h e r emergency a g e n c i e s and food d i s t r i b u t i o n c e n t e r s . 6?00 am. 3:00 pm. A p r i l 8, 1968 A p r i l 9, 1968 Received approximately 1400 telephone c a l l s . 80% were food and c l o t h i n g i n q u i r i e s . 10% were from o t h e r agencies and food d i s t r i b u t i o n c e n t e r s . 10% were m i s c e l l a n e o u s phone i n q u i r i e s p e r t a i n i n g to curfew, l e g a l s e r v i c e s and l o c a t i o n o f p r i s o n e r s . Over 60 persons have v o l u n t e e r e d t h e i r s e r v i c e s to m a i n t a i n C i t i z e n I n f o r m a t i o n t e l ephones on a 24 hour b a s i s s i n c e A p r i l 6, 1968. T h i s s e r v i c e has been r e s p o n s i b l e f o r c o o r d i n a t i o n many of the emergency food and c l o t h i n g c e n t e r s throughout the c i t y . We a r e c u r r e n t l y u t i l i z i n g a " T e r m i t r a c k L o c a t o r System" which now p e r m i t s us to l o c a t e v o l u n t e e r s f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n c e n t e r s , s p e c i a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n request and o t h e r e s s e n t i a l s e r v i c e s needed during t h i s emergency^. ��Sanitation �PUBLIC WORKS JOURNAL / FRIDAY 5 April 1968 12:30 A.M. Upon r e q u e s t from Mr. Dugas, Mr. P e r r y s t a r t e d m o b i l i z i n g s a n i t a t i o n crews t o c l e a n up s t r e e t s and s i d e w a l k s i n the a r e a where d i s t u r b a n c e was t a k i n g place 4:40 A.M. Mr. P e r r y r e c e i v e d c l e a r a n c e from P o l i c e t o s t a r t c l e a n u p on 1 4 t h S t r e e t , G e o r g i a Avenue and 7 t h S t r e e t . F i n i s h e d c l e a n u p by 10 A.M. 1:00 P.M. Due t o u n u s u a l amount o f P o l i c e a c t i v i t y on 14th S t r e e t and 7 t h S t r e e t , Mr. H a r t l e y opened the Highway Dept. Communication C e n t e r and s t a r t e d p l o t t i n g r e p o r t s o f f i r e s , l o o t i n g and l a r g e crowds. 7 radio-equipped traffic s u r v e i l l a n c e c a r s were on the s t r e e t r e p o r t i n g t r a f f i c c o n d i t i o n s , d e t o u r s , f i r e s and i n c i d e n t s . The Mayor's O f f i c e was a d v i s e d a s r e p o r t s came i n . 2:00 P.M. C l e a n u p crews from Highways and S a n i t a r y E n g i n e e r i n g were put on s t a n d - b y a w a i t i n g P o l i c e c l e a r a n c e t o e n t e r d i s turbed a r e a s . 3:30 P.M. E v e n i n g r u s h hour s t a r t e d about 1 hour e a r l y and c o n d i t i o n s were v e r y heavy u n t i l 5:30 P.M. 5:15 P.M. A f t e r c o n s u l t i n g w i t h Mr. A v e r y o f WMATC and Mr. Fox o f D.C. T r a n s i t , r a d i o and T.V. s t a t i o n s were n o t i f i e d b u s s e r v i c e would s t o p a t 6:30 P.M. e x c e p t f o r A,B&W s h u t t l e t o Pentagon. 5:30 P.M. Upon r e q u e s t from Mr. Sims, U.S. S e c r e t S e r v i c e , S a n i t a r y E n g i n e e r i n g e r e c t e d c a b l e s a l o n g s i d e w a l k on b o t h s i d e s o f P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue i n f r o n t o f White House. 8:30 P.M. Standby c l e a n u p crews were d i s m i s s e d a r e a s were s t i l l n o t s a f e . SATURDAY 3:00 A.M. 6 April traffic since P o l i c e advised 1968 T r a f f i c s u r v e i l l a n c e crews were d i s p a t c h e d t o s u r v e y s t r e e t c o n d i t i o n s and r e p o r t a r e a s n e e d i n g c l e a n u p . �-25:00 A.M. C l e a n u p a s s i g n m e n t s were d i v i d e d between Highways and Sanitary Engineering. P o l i c e i n d i c a t e d work c o u l d s t a r t i n most a r e a s by 8 A.M. 7:00 A.M. B u i l d i n g I n s p e c t i o n from L & I s t a r t e d c h e c k i n g f i r e damaged b u i l d i n g s and i n d i c a t i n g t h o s e n e e d i n g immediate dem o l i t i o n work. 8:00 A.M. S t r e e t and s i d e w a l k c l e a n u p s t a r t e d w i t h t o t a l o f 270 men, 80 t r u c k s , 7 s w e e p e r s , 7 f l u s h e r s and 5 f r o n t l o a d e r s . T h i s work c o n t i n u e d t h r o u g h t h e d a y . By 4 P.M., a l l s t r e e t s were c l e a r e x c e p t upper 1 4 t h S t . and upper 7 t h S t . where f i r e f i g h t i n g and P o l i c e a c t i o n p r e v e n t e d c l e a n u p . 10:30 A.M. Upon r e q u e s t from L & I , Highways a r r a n g e d t o t r a n s p o r t 2 d o z e r s f o r a commercial w r e c k i n g company i n o r d e r t o s t a r t d e m o l i t i o n o f dangerous f i r e damaged b u i l d i n g s . 11:00 A.M. Upon r e q u e s t o f Deputy C h i e f C o v e l l o f MPD, Highways s e t up t r a f f i c c o u n t i n g s t a t i o n s a t 5 major e n t r a n c e s t o t h e District. H o u r l y t r a f f i c r e p o r t s were f u r n i s h e d MPD u n t i l 7 P.M. 11:00 A.M. Water s e r v i c e crews were a c t i v e a l l day c u t t i n g o f f damaged w a t e r l i n e s i n f i r e damaged b u i l d i n g s . Mr. J a c k s o n c o o r d i n a t e d w i t h t h e Corps o f E n g i n e e r s t o i n s u r e no w a t e r s h o r t a g e d e v e l o p e d . Water u s a g e was above normal due t o f i r e f i g h t i n g u s e b u t no w a t e r s u p p l y problems developed. 12:00 A.M. U t i l i t y crews from PEPCO and Washington Gas L i g h t Co. cont i n u e t o work i n f i r e damaged a r e a s . 4:00 P.M. A f t e r c o o r d i n a t i n g w i t h WMATC and D.C. T r a n s i t , announcements on bus s e r v i c e were made t h r o u g h r a d i o and T.V. s t a tions. S e r v i c e was c u r t a i l e d a t 5:30 P.M. and s t o p p e d a t 7 P.M. 4:00 P.M. Cleanup c r e w s were s e n t home. SUNDAY 3:30 A.M. 7 A p r i l 1968 T r a f f i c s u r v e i l l a n c e crews made a s t r e e t s u r v e y t o d e t e r mine a r e a s n e e d i n g c l e a n u p . �-3- 7:00 A.M. C l e a n u p work s t a r t e d w i t h 310 men, 102 t r u c k s , 7 f l u s h e r s , 8 s w e e p e r s and 11 f r o n t l o a d e r s . 7:00 A.M. T r a f f i c c o u n t i n g was resumed a t 5 s t a t i o n s w i t h r e g u l a r r e p o r t s t o MPD. 7:00 A.M. L & I c o n t i n u e d t o i n s p e c t and i d e n t i f y l o c a t i o n s where f i r e damaged b u i l d i n g s r e q u i r e d d e m o l i t i o n . 12:00 A.M. Traffic tions. c o u n t i n g s t a t i o n s were expanded t o 10 l o c a - 4:00 P.M. Bus s e r v i c e d e t e r m i n a t i o n s were made and t h e n e c e s s a r y announcements made. 4:30 P.M. C l e a n u p c r e w s were s e n t home. A l l s t r e e t s were c l e a r but d e m o l i t i o n work was c o n t i n u i n g on 7 t h S t . 5:00 P.M. A f t e r c o n s u l t i n g w i t h MPD, d e c i s i o n was made t o open a l l s t r e e t s f o r morning r u s h hour e x c e p t 7 t h S t . between New Y o r k and F l o r i d a Avenues where d e m o l i t i o n o f dangerous b u i l d i n g s was under way. News media were n o t i f i e d . ��Schools �PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF THE D I S T R I C T OF COLUMBIA Franklin Administration Building T h i r t e e n t h and K S t r e e t s , N. W. Washington, D. C. 20005 CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS RELATING TO C I V I L DISORDER T h u r s d a y , A p r i l 4, 1968 L e a r n i n g o f Dr. K i n g ' s a s s a s s i n a t i o n communication w i t h t h e D. C. Government was e s t a b l i s h e d At 1:30 a.m. (Friday), Mayor Washington and Mr. immediately. t h e S u p e r i n t e n d e n t t a l k e d on t h e t e l e p h o n e w i t h P a t r i c k Murphy, D i r e c t o r o f P u b l i c S a f e t y . was agreement t h a t p u b l i c s c h o o l s s h o u l d be opened on F r i d a y . a g r e e d t o t e l e p h o n e t h e S u p e r i n t e n d e n t p r i o r t o 6:00 a.m. There The Mayor i f circumstances s h o u l d d i c t a t e c l o s i n g of s c h o o l s . Friday, April 5, 1968 The S u p e r i n t e n d e n t ' s s t a f f met a t 8:00 a.m. day. to formulate plans f o r the Communication was e s t a b l i s h e d w i t h t h e Mayor's o f f i c e on a c o n t i n u i n g basis. The c e n t r a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n was i n c o n t i n u o u s t e l e p h o n e communication w i t h p r i n c i p a l s of secondary s c h o o l s . Two all s t a t e m e n t s were p r e p a r e d by t h e S u p e r i n t e n d e n t and communicated t o p r i n c i p a l s v i a a t e l e p h o n e f a n - o u t and d i s t r i b u t e d t o news media: ( 1 ) T r i b u t e t o Dr. M a r t i n L u t h e r K i n g , J r . ( 2 ) S c h o o l o p e r a t i o n a l p l a n f o r t h e day: - announcement i n e a c h s c h o o l of t h e t r a g i c d e a t h of Dr. K i n g - a p p r o p r i a t e a s s e m b l i e s o r programs p a y i n g t r i b u t e t o Dr. K i n g were e n c o u r a g e d �- 2 - encouragement o f s t u d e n t s t o adhere of n o n - v i o l e n c e and t o remain t o Dr. K i n g ' s philosophy o f f the s t r e e t s during the a f t e r n o o n and e v e n i n g - a l l a f t e r - s c h o o l and e v e n i n g a c t i v i t i e s were postponed - D. C. T e a c h e r s C o l l e g e c l o s e d a t 11:00 a.m. ( 3 ) Mr. W i l l i a m H a l l o f SNCC t e l e p h o n e d the Superintendent twice i n t h e morning and demanded t h a t a l l s c h o o l s be c l o s e d so t h a t p u p i l s c o u l d a t t e n d memorial s e r v i c e s . i n d i v i d u a l s c h o o l s and Reverend H e w l e t t , He a l s o telephoned P r e s i d e n t of the Board o f E d u c a t i o n . ( 4 ) The S u p e r i n t e n d e n t Teachers met w i t h t h e P r e s i d e n t o f t h e Washington Union who s a i d t h a t s e v e r a l t e a c h e r s r e q u e s t e d t h e s c h o o l s be c l o s e d t o p e r m i t services. that t e a c h e r s t o a t t e n d memorial T h i s r e p r e s e n t e d t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h e Union l e a d e r - ship. ( 5 ) P r e s i d e n t o f t h e Board o f E d u c a t i o n c a l l e d a m e e t i n g o f t h e Board a t noon. - Board took a c t i o n t o s u p p o r t tendent i n keeping the p o s i t i o n of the Superin- s c h o o l s open b u t a u t h o r i z e d t h e c l o s i n g of any s c h o o l s a t t h e d i s c r e t i o n o f t h e S u p e r i n t e n d e n t . - S c h o o l s t o be c l o s e d on t h e day o f t h e f u n e r a l . (6) Shortly a f t e r 11:00 a.m. a r e q u e s t from t h e P o l i c e Department t o not p e r m i t p u p i l s i n s c h o o l s near l e a v e f o r l u n c h was made. 14th S t r e e t area t o ( T h i s was not p o s s i b l e . ) �- 3 - (7) The t e n s e n e s s increase. at (8) A d e c i s i o n was made t o d i s m i s s s c h o o l s 1:30 p.m. on a s t a g g e r e d Deputy S u p e r i n t e n d e n t visited (9) i n t h e s e n i o r and j u n i o r h i g h s c h o o l s tended t o Assistant starting basis. Henley and A s s o c i a t e S u p e r i n t e n d e n t Nickens t h e Cardozo a r e a s c h o o l s i n t h e morning. Superintendent Rhodes met w i t h s t u d e n t s e n i o r high s c h o o l s a t Roosevelt High S c h o o l . l e a d e r s of a l l Student leaders r e t u r n e d t o t h e i r s c h o o l s t o e n c o u r a g e memorial s e r v i c e s t o be h e l d , i f not done so a l r e a d y , and make a s p e c i a l e f f o r t t o explain to students t h e i r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y ( 1 0 ) I n n o v a t i v e team i n t h e Model School c l a s s e s where needed and v i s i t e d (11) A s s o c i a t e Superintendent i n the evening. D i v i s i o n was used to cover schools. Koontz and A s s i s t a n t Superintendent Rhodes were i n c o n s t a n t communication w i t h t h e p r i n c i p a l s . ( 1 2 ) S e v e r a l months ago a r r a n g e m e n t s had been made w i t h t h e Corps o f Engineers to u t i l i z e school f a c i l i t i e s for m i l i t a r y troops. S e v e r a l weeks ago a r r a n g e m e n t s were made w i t h t h e l o c a l Department t o u t i l i z e a telephone i n each f i v e h i g h s c h o o l s and t o have f o r emergency p u r p o s e s . Police installed Several requests were made by t h e m i l i t a r y f o r u s e o f s c h o o l s , a l l of which were honored. �- 4 - Over The Weekend - S a t u r d a y , A p r i l 1. Continuous in 2. 6 and Sunday, A p r i l 7, 1968 communication w i t h Mayor's o f f i c e by t e l e p h o n e and person. Met a l l r e q u e s t s o f m i l i t a r y f o r u s e of s c h o o l f a c i l i t i e s . Monday, A p r i l 8 1968 t At t h e r e q u e s t of t h e m i l i t a r y , t h e i n t e r i o r and lights will i n a l l s c h o o l b u i l d i n g s remained c o n t i n u e d u r i n g t h e emergency. exterior on a i l ,ixr^liL. i'his Appropriate school personnel were p r e s e n t i n t h e b u i d l i n g s d u r i n g t h e n i g h t . Tuesday, A p r i l 9, 1968 S c h o o l s were c l o s e d i n memorary of Dr. Wednesday, A p r i l 10, 1. King. 1968 Announced t o a l l s c h o o l s and news media t h a t e v e n i n g s c h o o l s would be c l o s e d t h e r e m a i n d e r of t h e week. The D. C. Teachers C o l l e g e E v e n i n g Program, t h e STAY Program a t S p i n g a r n , t h e REACH Program, t h e Extended Program w i l l Day Program, and t h e TWILIGHT c l o s e one hour b e f o r e t h e c u r f e w when t h e time i s announced. 2. N o t i c e s e n t t o a l l s c h o o l s to encourage open d i s c u s s i o n ol Lucent e v e n t s and to i n c o r p o r a t e i n me curriculum at a l l l e v e l s i n f o r m a t i o n about Dr. M a r t i n L u t h e r K i n g and the the C i v i l R i g h t s movement. 3. A s s i g n e d r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of m e e t i n g c l o t h i n g , food, transportation and o t h e r s o c i a l needs of p u p i l s t o t h e S c h o o l Urban S e r v i c e under t h e d i r e c t i o n o f Mrs. M a r g u e r i t e C. 4. Seldon. F r e e Lunch w i l l be p r o v i d e d a l l needy y o u n g s t e r s . Corps, �- 5 - General 1. Comments A l l school personnel cooperated i n a magnificent fashion during the v a r i o u s c r i s e s . 2. A s e r i o u s problem i n communication taken immediately to c o r r e c t i t . e x i s t e d and s t e p s s h o u l d be The a d m i n i s t r a t i o n was s e r i o u s l y hampered i n m a i n t a i n i n g communication w i t h t h e Mayor's O f f i c e , t h e s c h o o l s , t h e m i l i t a r y , and t h e p a r e n t s b e c a u s e o f t h e i n a b i l i t y to o b t a i n f r e e telephone lines. I t i s absolutely essential t h a t t h e a d m i n i s t r a t o r s be g i v e n p e r m i s s i o n t o h a v e i n t h e i r homes t e l e p h o n e installed l i n e s t h a t c a n be open a t a l l t i m e s . F u r t h e r , C l o s e d C i r c u i t T e l e v i s i o n s h o u l d be i n s t a l l e d in a l l s c h o o l s so t h a t i n time o f c r i s e s , s c h o o l s may be c o n t a c t e d immediately. C l o s e d C i r c u i t T e l e v i s i o n would a l s o have many educational benefits that a r e lacking a t the present W i l l i a m R. Manning A p r i l 10, 1968 time. �PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF THE D I S T R I C T OF COLUMBIA Franklin Administration Building Washington, D. C. 20005 A p r i l 10, 1968 N E W S Evening Center, w i l l R E L E A S E S c h o o l s , i n c l u d i n g t h e Armstrong A d u l t n o t be open t h e r e s t o f t h e week. * * * * * * * * The D. C. T e a c h e r s C o l l e g e E v e n i n g Program, t h e STAY Program a t S p i n g a r n , t h e REACH Program, t h e E x t e n d e d Day Program and t h e TWILIGHT Program w i l l c l o s e one hour b e f o r e t h e c u r f e w when t h e time i s announced. W i l l i a m R. Manning Superintendent of Schools �Youth Programs �D.C.-44 May 1967 Memorandum vernment m Go of the District of Columbia Department, Agency, Office: TO: Mayor Walter E . Washington FROM: James L . Jones, Director Youth Programs Unit SUBJECT: Executive Office Seven-Day Easter Vacation Programs Date: April 24, 1968 The c i v i l disturbances occurred between April 5 and April 10. Immediately following these disturbances (on April 11) Easter vacation began for the school children of the District of Columbia. In complying with your request, the Youth Programs Unit developed a recreational activity program that provided meaningful activities for a l l children and youth who were out of school for the Easter Holidays. This recreational program provided the children and youth of the District of Columbia the opportunity to participate in meaningful recreational activities as opposed to engaging in delinquent acts. Through the cooperative efforts of public and private agencies, the Youth Programs Unit was able to develop a 7-day program that provided activities for a great many of the children and youth during their vacation. Specific programs are outlined in the attached articles. It is conceivable that such a program acted as a deterrent factor in reducing further c i v i l disturbances on the part of youth in the District of Columbia. Attachments �news release P u b l i c Affaire O f f i c e , D i s t r i c t of Columbia Government • District Building, Room 528 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE 629-2577 -2706 April 24, 1968 A n a l l - s t a r p a c k a g e of e n t e r t a i n e r s w i l l p a r t i c i p a t e i n a t r i b u t e to D r . M a r t i n L u t h e r K i n g , S u n d a y a t the S y l v a n T h e a t r e on the g r o u n d s of the W a s h i n g t o n M o n u m e n t . The Peace". s h o w , f r o m 2 to 7 p . m • > i s t i t l e d " A n O f f e r i n g of L o v e a n d I t w i l l f e a t u r e p e r f o r m e r s i n the f i e l d s of j a z z , f o l k m u s i c , r o c k and r o l l and blues and g o s p e l . The jazz figure. s h o w w a s a r r a n g e d by T o n y T a y l o r , a w e l l k n o w n W a s h i n g t o n L o c a l 1 6 1 - 7 1 0 of the m u s i c i a n s u n i o n i s c o o p e r a t i n g . I t ' s a r e a l o p p o r t u n i t y f o r the p e o p l e a n d the e n t e r t a i n e r s c o m e t o g e t h e r i n a t r i b u t e to the l a t e D r . K i n g , " T a y l o r s t a t e d . of the e n t e r t a i n e r s a r e d o n a t i n g t h e i r t i m e . and s e n t t h e i r r e g r e t s . to "All S o m e c o u l d not m a k e i t F o r e x a m p l e , B i l l C o s b y w i r e d m e t h a t he w i l l be d o i n g the s a m e t h i n g i n D e t r o i t S u n d a y . " The s h o w i s p a r t of M a y o r W a l t e r E . W a s h i n g t o n ' s E a s t e r v a c a - tion p r o g r a m aimed p r i m a r i l y at youths. T h e m a y o r ' s new youth u n i t , h e a d e d b y J a m e s J o n e s , d e s i g n e d the p r o g r a m s , w h i c h r a n g e d f r o m p i c n i c s and boat r i d e s to f r e e m o v i e s and a t e l e v i s i o n show f e a t u r i n g J a m e s B r o w n , r h y t h m and blues s i n g e r . �-2Among those scheduled to appear in the show are The S i d e w i n d e r s , the New Breed avant garde quartet, the Colemaneers gospel s i n g e r s , Hines, Hines and Dad vaudeville act, and the New World S i n g e r s . �news Public A f f a i r s Office, D i s t r i c t of Columbia Government release V District Building, Room 528 629-2577 April 13, -2706 1968 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE Mayor Walter E . Washington today announced a special program of activities for District youngsters during the Easter vacation period ending April 22. James; Jones, director of the city's Youth Program Unit, developed the program with the cooperation of the City Council, Board of Education, Recreation Department, Commissioner's Youth Council and the Metropolitan Washington Board of Trade. Jones praised Board of Trade President William Calomiris for delivering about 60 per cent of the resources brought to the program from outside the government. Jones said City Council Chairman John Hechinger, Councilman Stanley Anderson and other Council members are also deeply involved in the program's planning. Activities include p i c n i c s , Potomac River cruises, dancing and hiking as well as free roller skating and at least one trip to a Senators' baseball game. �-2- At the same time Mayor Washington said that the Department of Public Welfare has delivered a total of 8,019 tons of food—supplied by the Mayor's Emergency Food Committee—to distribution centers since the start of the disturbances. This i s enough for 1,637,750 meals. The Department i s stepping up its c r i s i s assistance program for needy c i t i z e n s . This includes cash grants for the payment of rent, utilities and other n e c e s s i t i e s . The Department also has some funds available to help citizens purchase basic items of clothing and furniture in cases in which the Salvation Army's supply has been exhausted. In addition, the Department i s offering cash grants for the purchase of food stamps. To find the nearest assistance center, citizens may call 347-7757 24 hours a day. Mayor Washington also said the District Government intends to move ahead quickly to rebuild the damaged sections of the city. He empha- sized that there w i l l be full citizen participation in planning for the reconstruction, particularly by citizens directly affected by the disturbances . The Mayor already has met with representatives of insurance associations and independent insurance companies to urge them to settle claims as quickly as possible to help individuals and businesses �-3recover their l o s s e s . Here i s a list of the Easter vacation activities arranged so far: — Skating parties at the America on Wheels rink at 16th Street and Kalorama Road, N . W. , for a total of 1,000 through Friday. youths Monday Passes were donated by the rink. —Passes for 1,000 youths to Monday's 1:30 p . m . Washington Senator's Baseball Game with the Oakland Athletics at D . C . Stadium. — L i v e entertainment at two recreation centers each day from the D . C . Recreation Department's showmobile. —Free movies at 2 8 recreation centers and the D . C . Boy's Club every night starting at 7 o'clock, followed by dancing to live music. —Fashion shows sponsored by Woodward and Lothrop, McBride's, Lansburgh's on Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday at 15 recreation —Picnics for 1,000 at various picnic areas. centers. youths who w i l l be broken up into 7 groups The free food was arranged by Council Chairman John W . Hechinger. The D . C . Recreation Department is providing sports equipment. —A cruise down the Potomac River to Marshall Hall which w i l l include live entertainment, sodas. Monday. This i s for 2 ,000 dancing and free hot dogs and youths from 10:00 a . m . to 1:00 p.m., �-4—Free rides on the Tidal Basin swan boats for 250 youngsters from 10:00 a . m . to noon Monday. — Hiking under supervision of Boy Scouts from various recreation centers throughout the city. Arrangements also are being made to give inner city children free airplane rides, for military bands to give concerts in public housing projects and for a large show to be given by professional entertainers. Details of these are to be announced later. Details of these are to be announced later. At 10:30 p . m . Monday, a special 2 1/2 hour television show taped in Boston will be shown on WTTG featuring James Brown, well-known entertainer. Mayor Washington and other city officials w i l l appear on the program. The Department of Sanitary Engineering w i l l provide the Mayor's Youth Unit with a radio-eouipped vehicle in order that coordination and communications can be maintained. Mr. Elwood Jackson of the Department of Sanitary Engineering w i l l coordinate this particular aspect of the program. �I v ii £J £ o c J / w ii a U C J i BUd k 1 n QC]« 3 «Ti os' Easter Vacation Is Set The D.C. School Department is p r o v i d i n g personnel, record will be initiated from a number players, buses and drivers, mov- of the recreation department An unprecedented Easter va• '• ie projectors, screens and opera- centers. cation program fnr District tors, and school auditoriums for youngsters has been launched by SHOWMOBILE some of the programs. The RovMayor Walter E . Washington's A variety of live entertaining Leaders program, and Comyouth programs unit. missioner's Youth Council also ment and music for dancing will More than 250 volunteers atbe provided by the Recreation is taking an active part. tended a day-long District BuildThe activities arranged so far Department's mobile stage. It ing meeting yesterday to organwill be located at the following are: — ize activities for the program. recreation centers: The wide-ranging activities were R O L L E R SKATING Monday: Bancroft, at 13th and organized in two days in the wake of last week's rioting here. Passes for 1,000 youngsters! Newton Streets NW, 1:30 to 3:30 and free use of skates are being p.m., and Emory, Georgia AveJames Jones, director of the provided by the American on nue and Madison Street N ' 5 to W, youth programs unit, organized the program without funds but! Wheels Rink at 16th Street and I 7 p.m. with the cooperation of District | Kalorama Road NW, for use! Tuesday: Potomac Gardens, agencies and private organiza-l from 2 to 5 p.m. and 7:30 to 11; 13th and G Streets S E , 1:30 to tions, particularly the Metropoli-i p.m. tomorrow through Friday. | 3:30 p.m. and Barry Farms, 1230 Youths will be selected at recre-i Sumner Road S E , 5 to 7 p.m. tan Washington Board of Trade. ation centers and transported to • The activities include roller Wednesday: Lamond, Kansas] and from the rink. skating parties, hikes, live enterAvenue and Tuckerman Street! tainment, fashion shows, free N E , 1:30 to 3:30 p.m., and Park) B A S E B A L L GAME movies, dancing, picnics, boat View, Warder Street and PrinceFree tickets for 1,000 young-; rides, band concerts, and a free ton Place NW, 5 to 7 p.m. trip to a Washington Senators, stcrs have been provided for to-1 Thursdav: Sherwood, 10th and! morrow's 1:30 p.m. Washington ball game tomorrow for some of Senators baseball game at D. C. \ G Streets NE, 1:30 to 3:30 p.m., ] the youths. For these special Stadium. The tickets were ac- and Spingarn, 26th Street and] events, the recreation centers quired by the* Board of Trade Benning Road N E , 5 to 7 p.m. will choose specific youngsters Friday: Kenilworth Courts, j from the baseball club. Youths tf - tend. program promises to keep: will be transported from recrea- j 45C0 Quarles St. NE, 1:30 to 3:30; attwe thousands of District; tion centers to and from the p.m., and Watts Branch, 62nd: game. and Banks Streets NE, 5 to 7! youths who are out of school for p.m. Easter vacation until April 23. j RECREATION CENTERS Saturday: Woodland Terrace, Program Ordered Thursday The D' C. Recreation Depart- ,2310 Ainger Place S E , 1:30 to Mayor Washington ordered the ment's L'.2 playgrounds and rec- '3:30 p.m., and Valley Green, \ 1100 Valley Ave. N E , 5 to 7 p.m. crash program put together at 4; p.m. Thursday, and Jones and reation centers will be open' I Monday, April 21; Capper, 5th his staff have been working ever; throughout the vacation period.' ] and K Streets SW, 1:30 to 3:30 since to formulate it. The 104 centers with lights will ; p.m. and Greenleaf, 2nd and N William Calomiris, board of! remain open until 10 p.m. and, Streets SW, 5 to 7 p.m. trade president, was a key fig- i the others will close at dusk. FASHION SHOWS ure in the planning, arranging Baseball, track and field, bas-! for free baseball tickets, boat Fashion Etiquette for the ketball, touch football, soccer,! rides, and food. Young, for teen-age girls, will be tennis, softball, coed volleyball, | Also active were D.C. Recreapresented in cooperation with tion Director Joseph Cole, Coun- badminton, paddle tennis, horsethree District d e p a r t m e n t cilman Stanley Anderson, City shoes, shuffleboard and other | stores. The schedule is as folCouncil Chairman John W. •facilities will be available. I n j lows: Hechinger, and Mrs. Diana Jo- door activities including pool' Tuesday, Woodward and Lothsephson, who is Jones' assistant rop will give shows at Francis shooting, table tennis, arts and! in the youth unit. Recreation Center, 24th and N Jones urged interested persons crafts, music and drama also! Streets NW, at 2 p.m.; Banneker to volunteer throughout the week will be provided. Recreation Center, Georgia Aveto help in the programs, and nue and Euclid Street NW, 4 HIKES said he would be willing to disp.m., and Rabaut School, North cuss any new proposals for acThe Boy Scouts of America See RECREATION, Page D-5 tivities. He said he hope to plan to supervise hikes which bring a carnival into the city and perhaps let youth have a role in operating it By RONALD SARRO Star S u i t Writer 1 : 1 ( ( 1 �Licenses and I n s p e c t i o n s �D.C.-44 May 1967 Memorandum TO: • Government of the District of Columbia Mr. Thomas W. F l e t c h e r Deputy Mayor FROM: J U l i a n R . Dugas SUBJECT: Department, Licenses & Inspections Agency. Office: Date: Director A p r i l 9, 1968 Damage E v a l u a t i o n and Work Done by t h e Department of L i c e n s e s and I n s p e c t i o n s p r e c i p i t a t e d by t h e C i v i l Disorders i n the D i s t r i c t . T h i s o f f i c e began a c t i v e l y p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n t h e c l e a n u p of t h e c i t y a t 6:00 A . M . S a t u r d a y , A p r i l 6 . I o r d e r e d a team of i n s p e c t o r s t o make an immediate s u r v e y of damage t o h a r d e s t h i t areas. I t was d e c i d e d t h a t c e r t a i n s t r u c t u r e s , as a r e s u l t of t h e f i r e s , r e p r e s e n t a d i s t i n c t t h r e a t t o p u b l i c l i f e and property. By v i r t u e of t h e a u t h o r i t y g i v e n t h e Department i n A r t i c l e 1 3 , S e c t i o n 3 - 1 7 6 , P a r a g r a p h ( b ) , "Emergency M e a s u r e s " t h e i n s p e c t o r s engaged l o c a l c o n t r a c t o r s t o commence t a k i n g down t h e a f f e c t e d s t r u c t u r e s . As a r e s u l t of t h e s e emergency m e a s u r e s , w h i c h began A p r i l 6 and ended a t 4 P . M . on A p r i l 8, t h e f o l l o w i n g r e s o u r c e s were expended i n an attempt t o p r o v i d e p r o t e c t i o n and r e l a t i v e s a f e t y f o r p e o p l e i n t h e a r e a s . Please be a d v i s e d t h a t o n l y t h o s e b u i l d i n g s t h a t p r e s e n t e d imminent danger were d e m o l i s h e d . T h e r e a r e o t h e r s w h i c h r e m a i n s t a n d i n g t h a t s h o u l d be d e s t r o y e d i n t h e v e r y n e a r f u t u r e . Buildings T h e r e were a p p r o x i m a t e l y 120 b u i l d i n g s e i t h e r p a r t i a l l y or t o t a l l y t a k e n down. Most of t h e s t r u c t u r e s had commercial e s t a b l i s h m e n t s on t h e ground f l o o r and i t i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t n o t more t h a n 80 i n h a b i t e d apartment u n i t s above, were i n v o l v e d . Resources 1. Inspection Division The D i v i s i o n i n s p e c t o r s p r o v i d e d a t o t a l of 470 man-hours t o s u r v e y i n g u n s a f e b u i l d i n g s and s u p e r v i s i n g d e m o l i t i o n teams. �2. 2 - Contractors The c o n t r a c t o r s u t i l i z e d v a r i o u s t y p e s of heavy equipment required f o r demolition, i n c l u d i n g motorized cranes, f r o n t end l o a d e r s , dump and f u e l t r u c k s and v a r i o u s p e r s o n n e l and s u p p o r t equipment. I t i s estimated t h a t the c o s t to the Department f o r t h i s work w i l l be i n t h e neighborhood of $15,000 t o $ 2 0 , 0 0 0 . Department employees a r e e n t i t l e d t o o v e r t i m e pay of a p p r o x i m a t e l y $ 3 , 3 0 0 . I t i s f e l t t h a t a much c l o s e r l o o k w i l l have t o be made of t h e a f f e c t e d a r e a s , i n t h e v e r y n e a r f u t u r e , and t h i s Department i s r e a d y t o work w i t h o t h e r i n t e r e s t e d a g e n c i e s and departments i n t h e t o t a l r e j u v i n a t i o n of t h e s e a r e a s . �GOVERNMENT O F T H EDISTRICT O F COLUMBIA D E P A R T M E N T O F L I C E N S E S WASHINGTON. ADDRESS 2EPT OP LICENSES OFFICE R t P L Y C. I N S P E C T I O N S 2 0 0 0 4 \ T O : AND O F THtv D. A N ' : INSPECTIONS DIRECTOR A p r i l 9, 1968 L i b e r t y Wrecking & B u i l d i n g M a t e r i a l Co. 2402 Duke S t r e e t Alexandria, V i r g i n i a Dear Mr. G r e e n : The purpose of t h i s l e t t e r i s t o c o n f i r m t h e v e r b a l i n s t r u c t i o n s t o you from t h e Department of L i c e n s e s & I n s p e c t i o n s on A p r i l 6, 1968, t o b r i n g t h e below l i s t e d men and p i e c e s of equipment i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia and t o p l a c e them a t t h e d i s p o s a l of t h i s o f f i c e , t o be moved where d i r e c t e d by t h i s o f f i c e , i n o r d e r t o d e m o l i s h r e m a i n i n g p o r t i o n s of b u i l d i n g s damaged so as t o be dangerous and u n s a f e t o t h e p u b l i c . The equipment, men, m a t e r i a l s , e t c . r e f e r r e d t o above a r e l i s t e d below. 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 2 1 Moto C r a n e , 50 t o n Bucyrus E r i e C r a n e , 50 t o n " " " 30 t o n P & H C r a n e , 30 t o n 977 H L o a d e r s 977 K L o a d e r s P i c k up T r u c k s , 3/4 t o n Tandem Dump T r u c k 6 Wheel Dump T r u c k Fuel Trucks F350 Dump T r u c k 9 4 4 4 1 8 20 drivers loader operators crane operators oilers rigger supervisors laborers �- 2 - T h i s a c t i o n i s t a k e n under a u t h o r i t y of t h e A c t of March 1 , 1899, 30 S t a t . 923, and i s quoted i n p e r t i n e n t p a r t as follows: " P r o v i d e d , however, T h a t i n a c a s e where t h e p u b l i c s a f e t y r e q u i r e s immediate a c t i o n t h e Commissioner may e n t e r upon t h e p r e m i s e s , w i t h s u c h workmen and a s s i s t a n t s as may be n e c e s s a r y , and c a u s e t h e s a i d u n s a f e s t r u c t u r e or e x c a v a t i o n t o be s h o r e d up, t a k e n down, or o t h e r w i s e s e c u r e d without d e l a y . " The equipment, t o g e t h e r w i t h a s s o c i a t e d men, m a t e r i a l s , and t o o l s w i l l be r e l e a s e d t o you upon c o m p l e t i o n of t h e r a z i n g of i m m i n e n t l y dangerous and u n s a f e s t r u c t u r e s , upon t h e d i r e c t i o n of t h e D. C . employee s u p e r v i s i n g t h e work i n each a r e a i n v o l v e d . You a r e r e q u e s t e d , upon c o m p l e t i o n of t h e work t o submit t o t h i s o f f i c e , an a c c o u n t i n g i n d e t a i l , of t h e expenses i n v o l v e d i n t h e o p e r a t i o n , so t h a t payment c a n be arranged. Very t r u l y yours, . c . . . :/ JULIAN R. DUGAS Director �Corrections �•'.1 ,c J.I iii t' MX c u t & t C 0 y 5Tf x K x i » 0 i : SUITE: 300 INDIANA 5oi4 A V C N U F , N W. W A S H I N G T O N OF 1 ,D. C THE DIRECTOR A p r i l 16, 1968 Memorandum t o : Mr. Thomas W. F l e t c h e r Deputy Mayor Subject: Corrections' P a r t i c i p a t i o n i n Disturbance Commencing A p r i l 4, 1968 During t h e d i s t u r b a n c e s which began i n t h e c i t y on A p r i l 4, 1968, t h i s Department had two d i s t i n c t r o l e s : (1) To m a i n t a i n , a s n e a r l y a s p o s s i b l e , normal o p e r a t i o n s of our p r i s o n s d u r i n g a time when p r i s o n e r s were concerned and e m o t i o n a l about e v e n t s i n t h e c i t y ; and ( 2 ) t o p r o v i d e a l l p o s s i b l e a s s i s t a n c e t o o t h e r law enforcement a g e n c i e s i n t h e i r c i t y - w i d e r i o t o p e r a t i o n s ; such a s : a) Detention f a c i l i t i e s a r r e s t e d persons; and s e c u r i t y c o v e r a g e f o r b) Supplemental t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e r v i c e s f o r t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n P o l i c e , t h e U. S. M a r s h a l , and t h e C o u r t s , i n c l u d i n g b u s s e s , v a n s , and d r i v e r s ; c) T r a n s p o r t a t i o n o f d e t a i n e d p e r s o n s between t h e D. C. J a i l and t h e former Workhouse; d) Precinct-type processing f a c i l i t i e s e) Food and c o f f e e s e r v i c e s f o r P o l i c e p e r s o n n e l o p e r a t i n g i n t h e a r e a o f t h e J a i l and t h e Women's D e t e n t i o n C e n t e r ; and f o r the P o l i c e �f) A l l s u p p o r t s e r v i c e s t o t h e F e d e r a l Bureau o f P r i s o n s i n t h e i r o p e r a t i o n o f t h e former Workhouse. Significant Items I n r e v i e w i n g t h e Department's a c t i v i t i e s , i t seems t o us t h a t c e r t a i n e v e n t s a r e worthy o f s p e c i a l mention and consideration. They a r e a s f o l l o w s : 1. The b u i l d - u p o f t e n s i o n among our p r i s o n e r s , espec i a l l y a t t h e P e n i t e n t i a r y and t h e C o r r e c t i o n a l Complex, c u l m i n a t i n g i n d i s o r d e r s and a r s o n , n e c e s s i t a t i n g t h e d i v e r s i o n of c o n s i d e r a b l e numbers o f our employees. A s s i s t a n c e from the F e d e r a l Bureau o f P r i s o n s and t h e U. S. Army was a l s o neededo 2. I n f u t u r e p l a n n i n g , we s e e t h e need f o r more d e f i n i t i v e l i n e s o f a u t h o r i t y and c h a i n s o f command between t h e s e v e r a l a g e n c i e s involvedo For instance, considerable red tape was i n v o l v e d i n our o b t a i n i n g m i l i t a r y a s s i s t a n c e . We were r e f e r r e d b a c k and f o r t h between t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f the Mayor's O f f i c e , t h e U. S. Department o f J u s t i c e , and t h e Army„ We e x p e r i e n c e d s i m i l a r d i f f i c u l t i e s i n a r r a n g i n g f o r the D Co H e a l t h Department t o v a c a t e t h e Workhouse f a c i l i t i e s . 0 3o At no time d u r i n g t h e s e v e r a l days o f d i s o r d e r s were our f a c i l i t i e s f o r d e t e n t i o n o v e r t a x e d . We d i d n o t r e c e i v e our f i r s t commitments from t h e s e d i s o r d e r s u n t i l a p p r o x i m a t e l y t w e n t y - e i g h t hours a f t e r t h e o n s e t of d i s t u r b a n c e s on Thursday evening„ There was another p e r i o d o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y t w e l v e hours on S a t u r d a y , A p r i l 6 t h , when we r e c e i v e d no commitments from t h e c o u r t s , a t a time when we were a d v i s e d t h a t t h e r e were l a r g e numbers o f a r r e s t e e s i n p r e c i n c t s and i n t h e court c e l l blocks. 4. Pertinent Statistics Number C o n f i n e d Types o f V i o l a t i o n s : Curfew Burg., A s s l t . , e t c . Jail 441 7 434 Deten. C t r . 508 398 110 Wkhs. 1,640 Total 2,589 1,586 54 1,991 598 �On the s e v e r a l a t t a c h e d pages i s a l o g of our activities „ —--^ K e n n e t r V L . Hardy DirectorX �DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, D. C. LOG OF A C T I V I T I E S Tuesday, A p r i l 2, 1968 1430 - Meeting a t U. S. Department o f J u s t i c e w i t h a l l concerned a g e n c i e s t o develop p l a n s f o r e x p e c t e d A p r i l l 22nd Poor P e o p l e s March. Wednesday, A p r i l 3, 1968 1000 - Meeting o f a l l top Department o f C o r r e c t i o n s o f f i c i a l s t o develop p l a n s f o r A p r i l 22nd. Thursday, A p r i l 4, 1968 A l l Day - P l a n n i n g c o n t i n u o u s l y . hours. 2030 D r a f t completed by 1600 - N o t i f i e d by D. C. O f f i c e o f C i v i l D e f e n s e o f Dr King's death. 0 F r i d a y , A p r i l 5, 1968 0100 - Report o f n o i s e and u n r e s t i n c e l l b l o c k s a t Penitentiary. 0330 - F i e l d Command P o s t a c t i v a t e d a t L o r t o n R e s e r v a t i o n . 0440 - S t a f f c o n f e r e n c e w i t h C i v i l Defense s t a f f - b r i e f i n g . 0500 - I n - c i t y Command P o s t e s t a b l i s h e d i n D i r e c t o r ' s O f f i c e , 0550 - F i v e male C o r r e c t i o n a l O f f i c e r s a s s i g n e d f o r s e c u r i t y a t Women's D e t e n t i o n C e n t e r . 0600 - E x t r a manpower a s s i g n e d t o a l l male i n s t i t u t i o n s i n v i e w o f inmate u n r e s t . �-20845 - Advised to put a l l f l a g s a t half-mast. 0857 - A d v i s e d by C i v i l Defense t h a t P o l i c e e x p e c t disturbances i n c i t y . 1000 - Deputy D i r e c t o r r e c a l l e d from l e a v e i n North C a r o l i n a . A s s o c i a t e D i r e c t o r f o r Community S e r v i c e s r e c a l l e d from New Y o r k C i t y . 1030 - Parole O f f i c e r s sent into r i o t 1130 - P l a n n i n g m e e t i n g w i t h F e d e r a l Bureau o f P r i s o n s to a c t i v a t e Workhouse. 1233 - C i v i l Defense r e p o r t s c o n s i d e r a b l e arson i n c i t y . 1305 - C i v i l Defense r e p o r t s t h a t P o l i c e a r e asking f o r N a t i o n a l Guard. 1400 - Health 1420 - Two b u s s e s 1500 - Deputy D i r e c t o r r e p o r t s to Command 1525 - E x t r a bedding t o Women's 1525 - I n f o r m a t i o n t h a t b u s i n e s s e s a r e c l o s i n g and p e o p l e a d v i s e d t o go home. 1530 - Planned t r a n s f e r o f a l c o h o l i c s from Workhouse. 1545 - Two more b u s s e s 1600 - Began h o u r l y 1655 - C i v i l D e f e n s e a d v i s e s t h r e e companies o f troops are entering c i t y . 1750 - Food p r o v i d e d 1900 - Two more b u s s e s 1900 - A s s o c i a t e D i r e c t o r f o r Community S e r v i c e s a r r i v e s a t Command P o s t from New Y o r k C i t y . major areas. l o o t i n g and Department n o t i f i e d t o e v a c u a t e Workhouse. sent to P o l i c e . Detention Post. Center. and t h r e e v a n s t o P o l i c e . s i t u a t i o n r e p o r t s t o Mayor's O f f i c e . t o C i v i l Defense staff. to P o l i c e . �-3A l l Day - C o n t i n u o u s c o o r d i n a t i o n w i t h Department o f J u s t i c e , C o u r t s , P o l i c e , and H e a l t h Department. S a t u r d a y , A p r i l 6, 1968 0120 - Advised courts 0130 - F i r s t a r r e s t e e s r e c e i v e d a t Women's Center. 0230 - First 0400 - F i f t y additional mattresses 0515 - Twenty-four more a r r e s t e e s t o J a i l . 0603 - Troops a r r i v e a t Workhouse. 0635 - Female employees t r a n s p o r t e d Detention Center. 0810 - P l a n n i n g f o r removal o f Work R e l e a s e from 1010 - E x t r a f i r e extinguishers to J a i l . e x t r a m i l k from A l e x a n d r i a . 1140 - Armed p a t r o l of r e s e r v a t i o n a r e a commenced. 1300 - Workhouse a c t i v a t e d by F e d e r a l Bureau o f P r i s o n s . 1337 - E x t r a t e l e p h o n e s o r d e r e d i n s t a l l e d a t Workhouse. 1345 - L o c a l F i r e Departments p u t on a l e r t . 1430 - D i s t u r b a n c e by t e n p r i s o n e r s a t P e n i t e n t i a r y F e d e r a l Bureau of P r i s o n s provides a s s i s t a n c e . 1457 - Mr. Hardy r e p o r t s Penitentiary. 1545 - Work R e l e a s e moved t o Complex. 1800 - First 2000 - Work R e l e a s e o r d e r e d suspended f o r tomorrow. arrestees a r e i n continuous (52) r e c e i v e d session. Detention at Jail. t o Women's D e t e n t i o n . t o the Women's Jail. Pick-up of s i t u a t i o n under c o n t r o l a t a r r e s t e e s r e c e i v e d a t Workhouse. �-42030 - T r a n s f e r o f a r r e s t e e s from J a i l t o Workhouse. 2300 - D i r e c t o r meets w i t h Mayor. 2350 - Some p r i s o n e r s a t Complex r e f u s e d t o r e t u r n t o t h e i r beds f o r count - they c o m p l i e d a f t e r e x t r a manpower was s e n t t o d o r m i t o r i e s . Sunday, A p r i l 7, 1968 0120 - Attempted s u i c i d e by l o n g - t e r m P e n i t e n t i a r y p r i s o n e r - h o s p i t a l i z e d under s p e c i a l guard a t Complex. 0155 - One thousand e x t r a m a t t r e s s e s 0205 - Transport female employees from Women's 0245 - Releasees from Workhouse t r a n s p o r t e d t o c i t y . 0255 - A d d i t i o n a l troops 0300 - P r i s o n e r w o r k e r s t o Workhouse t o h a n d l e m a t t r e s s e s and s u p p l i e s . 0700 - E x t r a food s u p p l i e s t o Workhouse. 1355 - Releasees 1400 - Attempted s u i c i d e a t Women's D e t e n t i o n transferred to S t . E l i z a b e t h s . 1430 - Releasees from Workhouse t o c i t y . 1530 - Releasees from Workhouse t o J a i l . 1608 - Advised 1630 - Releasees 1715 - Began v e r i f i c a t i o n o f employers who want Work R e l e a s e e s tomorrow. 1945 - Juvenile erroneously to c o u r t . t o Workhouse. Detention. t o Workhouse. t r a n s p o r t e d from Workhouse t o c i t y . to expect Center - 400 c u r f e w v i o l a t o r s . from Workhouse t o J a i l . s e n t t o Workhouse. - r e t u r n e d �-52005 - Releasees from Workhouse to 2100 - T r a n s p o r t of r e l e a s e e s from Workhouse put hourly schedule. Monday, A p r i l 8, city. on an 1968 0130 - Mr 0200 - Mr. Hardy c a l l e d patrols. 0930 - R e p o r t s from p r i s o n e r s o u r c e s t h a t Complex p r i s o n e r s a r e p l a n n i n g a r i o t d u r i n g or j u s t a f t e r Reverend K i n g ' s f u n e r a l tomorrow. E x t r a manpower s c h e d u l e d f o r meal times and o t h e r times of inmate movements. 1045 - Fire i n F u r n i t u r e Repair 1102 - Fire i n F u r n i t u r e Shop under c o n t r o l . 1130 - Orders i s s u e d g i v i n g p r i s o n e r s a " H o l i d a y " tomorrow b e c a u s e of Reverend King's f u n e r a l . A l s o , h a l f - d a y h o l i d a y f o r Wednesday's opening b a l l game announced. 1355 - Days o f f f o r a l l O f f i c e r s c a n c e l l e d f o r Tuesday. 1545 - Arrangements f o r m i l i t a r y to p r o v i d e s e c u r i t y f o r e l e c t r i c a l sub-station. 1830 - P r i s o n e r w o r k e r s p r o v i d e d to h a n d l e s u p p l i e s a t Junior V i l l a g e . 1845 - Fire i n Dormitory #10 a t Complex. 1900 - Fire in Administration Building, 1915 - F i r e i n C l o t h i n g I s s u e B u i l d i n g , Complex F i r e Departments responded. 2000 - F e d e r a l B u r e a u of P r i s o n s to Complexo 2015 - M i l i t a r y a s s i s t a n c e requested 0 Hardy l e a v e s r e s e r v a t i o n . - advises to keep armed p e r i m e t e r Shop a t Complex. Complex. outside sends manpower a s s i s t a n c e from F o r t B e l v o i r . �-62205 - F i r e s under control. 2215 - D e c i s i o n to h o l d e v e n i n g s h i f t o f o f f i c e r s on duty through n i g h t . 2333 - P r i s o n e r e n r o u t e from c i t y t o Workhouse s u f f e r s epileptic seizure. Tuesday, A p r i l 9, 1968 0030 - P l a t o o n a r r i v e s from F o r t B e l v o i r - marched through Complex and p u t on s t a t i o n . 0030 - F a i r f a x County P o l i c e o f f e r 0035 - F e d e r a l Bureau o f P r i s o n s Workhouse. 0113 - Mr. Hardy l e a v e s 0621 - Army p e r s o n n e l r e t u r n s 1000 - A d v i s e d t o e x p e c t s e v e r a l thousand a r r e s t s e x t r a food s u p p l i e s a c q u i r e d . 1045 - A l l p e r s o n n e l o f f duty p l a c e d on stand-by 1100 - S m a l l f i r e i n j a n i t o r c l o s e t a t Youth C e n t e r . More i n f o r m a t i o n o f noon-time r i o t a t Complex. Decision made t o f e e d p r i s o n e r s one d o r m i t o r y a t a time. 1140 - T w e n t y - f i v e P a r o l e O f f i c e r s on stand-by a t r e s e r v a tion. 12 Noon - F o r t B e l v o i r assistance. o f f i c e r s returned to reservation. to F o r t offers military Belvoir. assistance. 1230 - 160 t r o o p s a r r i v e and b i v o u a c i n T r a i n i n g area. 1230 - 100 F e d e r a l 1300 - C o s t s o f f i r e s e s t i m a t e d a t #33,500. 1310 - O f f i c e r s ' days o f f c a n c e l l e d Bureau o f P r i s o n s alert. Center o f f i c e s on stand-by f o r tomorrow. �-71420 - A d v i c e from Deputy Mayor t o t r y t o c o n t r o l r i o t e r s or a r s o n i s t s w i t h t e a r gas and f i n a l l y w i t h shot guns w i t h b i r d s h o t . 1430 - 15 p r i s o n e r s i n P e n i t e n t i a r y r e f u s e c e l l s from r e c r e a t i o n y a r d . 1445 - Additional 1500 - Penitentiary prisoners with Director. 1935 - Emergency g e n e r a t o r s added i n t h e e v e n t o f e l e c t r i c a l sabotage. 2008 - Agreement w i t h m i l i t a r y t o l e a v e tomorrow morning. 2040 - A.CcL.U. l a w y e r s admitted t o Women's D e t e n t i o n Center. 2125 - I n f o r m a t i o n from employee a t F o r t B e l v o i r t h a t Stokely Carmichael f o l l o w e r s w i l l burn three b u s i n e s s i n L o r t o n a r e a b e c a u s e they d i d n o t c l o s e f o r K i n g f u n e r a l - i n f o r m a t i o n p a s s e d on to S t a t e and County P o l i c e . E x t r a r e s e r v a t i o n p a t r o l s posted. 2145 - Mr. Govoni, Department o f J u s t i c e , c a l l e d b r i e f e d on c o n d i t i o n s . to return to bus t o P o l i c e . r e t u r n to c e l l s a f t e r t a l k troops u n t i l Wednesday, A p r i l 10, 1968 0100 - I n - c i t y Command P o s t deactivated. 0530 - Work R e l e a s e U n i t r e t u r n e d 0920 - M i l i t a r y returned 1200 - L a s t o f d e m o n s t r a t o r s t r a n s f e r r e d from Workhouse to J a i l - F e d e r a l Bureau o f P r i s o n s c l o s e s o p e r a t i o n s - Workhouse p l a c e d i n emergency, stand-by status u n t i l further notice. to F o r t t o J a i l , C e l l B l o c k #4. Belvoir. �-81550 Prisoners to Junior V i l l a g e to handle 1752 Fire 1755 L o r t o n V o l u n t e e r F i r e Department a l e r t e d . 2200 F i e l d Command P o s t c l o s e d f o r n i g h t i n Dormitory #7, Complex. supplies, L i t t l e damage. operations Thursday, A p r i l 1 1 , 1968 0030 110 Bureau o f P r i s o n s employees t r a n s p o r t e d t o Dulles Airport. 0824 F o r t B e l v o i r a d v i s e s t h a t t r o o p s w i l l h o l d twohour a l e r t a t F o r t B e l v o i r . 1300 F i r e bomb found i n P r i n t Shop a t Complex. F r i d a y , A p r i l 12, 1968 0900 De-briefing Institute. by two s t a f f members o f B r o o k i n g s 1000 Agreement r e a c h e d w i t h m i l i t a r y t o r e m a i n on two-hour a l e r t through weekend. �Health �D.C.-44 May 1967 Memorandum Government of the District of Columbia Department, Agency, Office: P u b l i c H e a l t h TO: T h o m a s W. F l e t c h e r Deputy M a y o r FROM: M u r r a y G r a n t , M . D . , D . P. 1 D i r e c t o r of P u b l i c H e a l t h SUBJECT: R e p o r t on E m e r g e n c y Health Date: A p r i l 9, L968 Service A t t a c h e d h e r e w i t h i s a r e p o r t on the e m e r g e n c y h e a l t h s e r v i c e p r o g r a m e f f e c t e d d u r i n g the p e r i o d A p r i l 5 - 8, 1968. 1 believe I c a n s u m m a r i z e t h i s s t a t e m e n t b y i n d i c a t i n g that the p l a n n i n g that had a l r e a d y b e e n ongoing i n r e l a t i o n to the p r e p a r a t i o n f o r the A p r i l C a m p - i n w a s v e r y u s e f u l i n s e t t i n g the s t a g e f o r the d e v e l o p m e n t of the p r o g r a m h e r e i n o u t l i n e d a n d i n i n s u r i n g that no i n s u r m o u n t a b l e p r o b l e m s w e r e e n c o u n t e r e d b y the h e a l t h s e r v i c e a c t i v i t y d u r i n g t h i s period A p r i l 5 - 8 . Not o n l y w e r e the p r e p a r a t i o n s a d e q u a t e , i n m y j u d g m e n t , f o r the c a r e of a l l of the e m e r g e n c y s i t u a t i o n w h i c h o c c u r r e d , t h e r e w e r e a m p l e r e s e r v e s a v a i l a b l e to t a k e c a r e of a n a d d i t i o n a l l o a d s h o u l d that h a v e p r o v e n n e c e s s a r y . Attachment MGxb �GOVERNMENT O F T H E DISTRICT D E P A R T M E N T O F W A S H I N G T O N , P U E L I C D . C . OF COLUMBIA H E A L T H orFtcc VF T:.;: 2 0 0 0 1 A p r i l 8, oim-cTOW O F n<iti •-. lis.' 1968 EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICES C I V I L D I S T U R B A N C E , A P R I L 5 - 8, 1968 PRE-PLANNING In anticipation f o r the A p r i l D e m o n s t r a t i o n , D . C . D e p a r t m e n t of P u b l i c H e a l t h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s h a d p r e - p l a n n i n g c o n f e r e n c e s w i t h the M e d i c a l C o m m i t t e e f o r H u m a n R i g h t s of t h e S o u t h e r n L e a d e r s h i p C o n f e r e n c e , the M e d i c a l Society, v o l u n t a r y hospitals, Red C r o s s , F i r e Department E m e r g e n c y Ambulance Service, t h e O f f i c e of C i v i l D e f e n s e , t h e U„ S Public Health Service, D . C N a t i o n a l G u a r d , t h e S u r g e o n of t h e M i l i t a r y D i s t r i c t of W a s h i n g t o n a n d t h e D„ C . P h a r m a c y A s s o c i a t i o n . 0 T h e p r e - p l a n n i n g included the p r o v i s i o n f o r prompt a m b u l a n c e e v a c u a t i o n of c a s u a l t i e s to h o s p i t a l s , t h e o r d e r l y d i s t r i b u t i o n of c a s u a l t i e s to t h e d i f f e r e n t h o s p i t a l s , a d d i t i o n a l r e s o u r c e s of m e d i c a l a n d n u r s i n g p e r s o n n e l a n d e m e r g e n c y m e d i c a l s u p p l i e s to t h e h o s p i t a l s a n d m e d i c a l i n s t a l l a t i o n s , support f o r t h e P o l i c e D e p a r t m e n t b y m e d i c a l o f f i c e r s to e x a m i n e p r i s o n e r s i n the p o l i c e p r e c i n c t stations and o t h e r holding s t a t i o n s , t h e s e t t i n g up of M o b i l e M e d i c a l A i d S t a t i o n s a n d e m e r g e n c y t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of p a t i e n t s a n d m e d i c a l p e r s o n n e l . M E D I C A L & PUBLIC H E A L T H COMMAND POST T h i s w a s a c t i v a t e d i n t h e o f f i c e of t h e D e p u t y D i r e c t o r , F r i d a y m o r n i n g A p r i l 5 and h a s been m a i n t a i n e d i n R o o m 4150 D i s t r i c t M u n i c i p a l C e n t e r c o n t i n u o u s l y . A l i a i s o n M e d i c a l O f f i c e r w a s stationed at L o r t o n C i v i l D e f e n s e H e a d q u a r t e r s , F r i d a y , A p r i l 5 at 9:00 A M a n d night c o v e r a g e w a s supplied by a n o n m e d i c a l o f f i c e r . rn �FIFHD STATIONS None w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d by the D e p a r t m e n t . The M e d i c a l C o m m i t t e e f o r H u m a n [ l i g h t s p r o v i d e d m e d i c a l s e r v i c e at the f o l l o w i n g l o c a tions: C o u r t of G e n e r a l S e s s i o n s , LJ. S. D i s t r i c t C o u r t ; St. Stephens C h u r c h , 16th & N e w t o n S t s . . N. W. ; a n d 1st, 9 t h , 14th and 15th P r e c i n c t S t a t i o n M o u s e s ; and at P r i d e , I n c . M e d i c a l e q u i p m e n t and s u p p l i e s w e r e p r o v i d e d by the D e p a r t m e n t f o r the C o m m i t t e e to D r . P l o t z on S a t u r d a y at 5 : 0 0 P M , to r e p l a c e e x p e n d e d s u p p l i e s of t h e i r o w n and f o r f u t u r e u s e . S e v e r a l hundred p e r s o n s w e r e treated for m i n o r m e d i c a l and s u r g i c a l c o n d i tions. N o e x a c t c o u n t c o u l d be o b t a i n e d , but s e v e r e i n j u r i e s a r e accounted for in hospital f i g u r e s . A r e q u e s t to open the S o u t h w e s t H e a l t h C e n t e r w a s c o n s i d e r e d u s on S u n d a y a f t e r n o o n but a r r a n g e m e n t s w a s m a d e by D r . C . 1250 - 4th St. S. W. to open h i s o f f i c e i n s t e a d . No c a s u a l t i e s seen there. by Booker, were A m b u l a n c e s e r v i c e w a s p r o v i d e d by F i r e D e p a r t m e n t a m b u l a n c e s , a i d e d by f o u r H e a l t h D e p a r t m e n t a m b u l a n c e s on e m e r g e n c y s e r v i c e F r i d a y , S a t u r d a y and S u n d a y . Six A r m y ambulances w e r e used, s t a r t i n g 7:30 P M F r i d a y a n d o p e r a t e d u n t i l 7:00 A M e a c h night, to d a t e . Contact was maintained D i s p a t c her. by the C o m m a n d P o s t w i t h F i r e Department HOSPITALS C o n t a c t w a s m a i n t a i n e d w i t h a l l h o s p i t a l s by phone a t the C o m m a n d PSL C a s u a l t y r e p o r t s w e r e obtained t w i c e a day, Saturday and Sunday. T h e l i s t i n g for eacli hospital is attached. Total reported for disturbance-related c a s u a l t i e s is as follows: Seen -- in hospital e m e r g e n c y A d m i t t e d to h o s p i t a l D e a d on a r r i v a l 2 facilities 1056 83 7 �A l l h o s p i t a l s r e p o r t e d no d i f f i c u l t y i n a t t e n d i n g to p a t i e n t s . The i n f l o w of c a s u a l t i e s w a s g r a d u a l , a n d t h e i n c r e a s e i n p a t i e n t s w a s c o u n t e r - b a l a n c e d b y a d e c r e a s e i n s o m e i n s t a n c e s of n o n - e m e r g e n c y p a t i e n t s o r d i n a r i l y c o m i n g to t h e e m e r g e n c y r o o m s , a n d t h i s w a s g r e a t l y influenced by the c u r f e w . M o s t p h y s i c i a n s w e r e a b l e to get to t h e i r h o s p i t a l d u t i e s , but s o m e w e r e u n a b l e to r e p o r t e a c h e v e n i n g b e c a u s e of l a c k of p u b l i c a n d private transportation. A t Do C . G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l , a d d i t i o n a l n u r s e s w e r e s u p p l i e d b y B u r e a u of P u b l i c H e a l t h N u r s i n g - 20 e a c h d a y a n d n i g h t s h i f t , F r i d a y through Sunday; additional volunteer n u r s e s , M e d i c a l C o m m i t t e e f o r H u m a n R i g h t s ; a n d t h e 115th E v a c u a t i o n H o s p i t a l , D . Co N a t i o n a l G u a r d . No r e q u e s t w a s obtained f o r a d d i t i o n a l p h y s i c i a n s at D . C . G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l , but p h y s i c i a n s c o u l d h a v e b e e n s e n t , i f n e c e s s a r y , from the D e p a r t m e n t , the M e d i c a l Society, and the M e d i c a l C o m m i t t e e for Human Rights. A t t h e Do Co G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l , f o u r s m a l l f i r e s w e r e s e t i n t h e C h i r d r e n s ' B u i l d i n g on S a t u r d a y f r o m a l m o s t 10:00 to 4 : 0 0 P M . T h e s e w e r e a l l controlled. T h e a r s o n i s t w a s not f o u n d a n d t h e r e w e r e no r e c u r r e n c e . A 24-hour watch was maintained, starting 4:00 PM S a t u r d a y through Sunday. A l l but t w o g a t e s w e r e c l o s e d S a t u r d a y a t 5:00 P M , a n d m i l i t a r y p o l i c e g u a r d s w e r e stationed t h e r e at night S a t u r d a y and Sunday, a n d w e r e o b t a i n e d t h r o u g h C a p t a i n H a l e y , 5th P r e c i n c t . 115TH E V A C U A T I O N HOSPITAL T h i s w a s on a standby b a s i s at the A r m o r y . Medical officers a v a i l a b l e to a s s i s t t h e h o s p i t a l s , but w e r e not n e e d e d . were PHARMACIES A l i s t i n g of e s t a b l i s h m e n t s t h a t w e r e o p e n w a s o b t a i n e d d a i l y f r o m P e o p l e s a n d D r u g F a i r a n d w a s m a d e a v a i l a b l e to t h e I n f o r m a t i o n C e n t e r and through this office. 3 �PROBLEMS T h e r e h a v e been m a n y i n d i v i d u a l m e d i c a l h a r d s h i p p r o b l e m s w h i c h h a v e b e e n a d e q u a t e l y h a n d l e d on a n i n d i v i d u a l b a s i s , s u c h a s p a t i e n t s n e e d i n g p r e s c r i p t i o n s f i l l e d , s i c k c h i l d r e n e t c . w h o c o u l d not get s e r v i c e d u e to c l o s e d d r u g s t o r e s a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p r o b l e m s r e s u l t i n g d u r i n g the c u r f e w h o u r s . T h e M e d i c a l C o m m a n d Post h a s been a b l e to t a k e c a r e of a l l p r o b l e m s of a m e d i c a l n a t u r e . T h e r e h a v e b e e n p r o b l e m s of g e t t i n g m e d i c a l p e r s o n n e l to p o s t s of duty, and t h e s e c a s e s w e r e p r o v i d e d H e a l t h D e p a r t m e n t t r a n s p o r t ation. MEDICAL RESOURCES T h e r e s o u r c e s of m e d i c a l p e r s o n n e l and m e d i c a l s u p p l i e s h a v e b e e n m o r e than adequate. I n f a c t t h e r e i s a s i g n i f i c a n t r e s e r v e not c o m m i t t e d to t h e p r e s e n t t i m e . ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ACTIVITIES T h e D . C . D e p a r t m e n t of P u b l i c H e a l t h h a s t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to s u p e r v i s e w a t e r , food, m i l k a n d s e w a g e s a n i t a t i o n to p r o t e c t t h e h e a l t h of t h e p u b l i c . O n A p r i l 6, 1968, e m e r g e n c y f e e d i n g began i n a n u m b e r of l o c a t i o n s i n t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a . A l i s t of t h e s e w a s o b t a i n e d on t h e e v e n i n g of A p r i l 6 t h t h r o u g h t h e C o m m a n d C e n t e r a n d v i s i t s w e r e s c h e d u l e d f o r t h e m o r n i n g of A p r i l 7, 1968. The principal problem e n c o u n t e r e d s e e m e d to be a s h o r t a g e of r e f r i g e r a t i o n c a p a c i t y to m a i n t a i n m i l k and other p e r i s h a b l e s at p r o p e r t e m p e r a t u r e s . Fortu n a t e l y , t h e food d i d not r e m a i n a t t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n c e n t e r s f o r l o n g p e r i o d s of t i m e . Some contributed sandwiches w e r e observed. These, in g e n e r a l , w e r e peanut butter and j e l l y o r s o m e other r e l a t i v e l y s a f e material. I n o n e i n s t a n c e t h e s a n d w i c h e s w e r e l a b e l l e d a s to c o n t e n t , d a t e a n d t i m e of p r e p a r a t i o n , w h i c h a l s o w a s of a s s i s t a n c e i n d e t e r m i n i n g their safety. O n t h e a f t e r n o o n of A p r i l 7, 1968, t w o t e a m s of o b s e r v e r s , e a c h a c c o m p a n i e d b y p o l i c e o f f i c e r s , a s s e s s e d t h e n a t u r e a n d e x t e n t of t h e problem ahead. A l l of t h e a r e a s i n t h e D i s t r i c t w h i c h h a d s u f f e r e d f i r e bomb damage, b u r n i n g o r t e a r gas w e r e v i s i t e d by at l e a s t one of t h e t e a m s . A h i g h p e r c e n t a g e of l i q u o r s t o r e s i n a f f e c t e d a r e a s w e r e damaged and, i n m o s t c a s e s , looted. A n u m b e r of S a f e w a y g r o c e r y stores, Peoples d r u g stores and h a r d w a r e s t o r e s w e r e affected. �T h e N o r t h e r n M a r k e t at 7 t h a n d O S t r e e t s , N o r t h w e s t a n d s o m e o p e n a i r m a r k e t o p e r a t i o n s e l s e w h e r e had been stopped. The Northern M a r k e t h a d b e e n b u r n e d , a n d w a s f u l l of d e b r i s f r o m t h e f i r e a n d w a t e r w h i c h had been u s e d i n a n a t t e m p t to c o n t r o l t h e b u r n i n g , a n d i f f u l l of t e a r g a s . A n y food s t i l l l e f t i n t h e s e b u i l d i n g s i s u n d o u b t e d l y u n f i t f o r u s e a n d n e e d s to be c o n d e m n e d a n d d i s p o s e d of u n d e r t h e s u p e r v i s i o n by the B u r e a u . F o o d i n b u i l d i n g s w h i c h h a v e been c l o s e d m a y , o r m a y not, h a v e b e e n d a m a g e d a n d n e e d s to be e x a m i n e d . F i f t e e n f i e l d p e r s o n n e l of t h e B u r e a u of F o o d a n d D r u g s , t o g e t h e r w i t h s i x S a n i t a r i a n T e c h n i c i a n s f r o m the B u r e a u o f C o m m u n i t y H y g i e n e m a d e v i s i t s on A p r i l 8 t h to o v e r 100 a f f e c t e d e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a , w h i c h w i l l be c a t e g o r i z e d f o r a p p r o p r i a t e a c t i o n . S i x a d d i t i o n a l p e r s o n n e l of t h e B u r e a u h a v e b e e n i n v o l v e d w i t h o t h e r aspects. T h e t h r e e F D A i n s p e c t o r s a s s i g n e d to W a s h i n g t o n b y t h e F D A B a l t i m o r e D i s t r i c t o f f i c e h a v e e s t a b l i s h e d t h e i r o p e r a t i o n s i n the o f f i c e s of t h e B u r e a u on o u r s u g g e s t i o n :o t h e D i s t r i c t i n s p e c t o r . C o n t a c t h a s b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d w i t h the B a l t i m o r e D i s t r i c t O f f i c e r i n C h a r g e of M e a t I n s p e c t i o n of the U S D A a n d a r r a n g e m e n t s h a v e been m a d s f o r r e p o r t s to t h e B u r e a u of a n y m e a t b e i n g r e t u r n e d f r o m c h a i n s t o r e s to t h e w a r e h o u s e i n s t a l l a t i o n s w h e r e U S D A i n s p e c t o r s a r e on d u t y . T h e R e g i o n I I I o f f i c e of t h e P H S h a s b e e n r e q u e s t e d b y p h o n e to a s s i s t u s b y a s s i g n i n g p e r s o n n e l . T h e m a n a g e m e n t s of t h e m a j o r g r o c e r y s t o r e a n d d r u g s t o r e c h a i n s h a v e b e e n c o n t a c t e d b y p h o n e a n d i n s t r u c t e d to n o t i f y t h i s o f f i c e p r i o r to m a k i n g a n y a t t e m p t to m o v e food o r d r u g s f r o m a n y of t h e c l o s e d o r b u r n e d out b u i l d i n g s s o t h a t w e m a y p r o v i d e t h e p e r s o n n e l n e e d e d to s u p e r v i s e t h e o p e r a t i o n and a s s u r e t h e p r o p e r d i s p o s a l of t h e merchandise. I n two p l a c e s d e b r i s , i n c l u d i n g food, w a s being r e m o v e d b y p r i v a t e c o n t r a c t o r s u n d e r s u p e r v i s i o n of t h e S a n i t a t i o n D i v i s i o n p e r s o n n e l a n d t h e p o l i c e , a n d b e i n g h a u l e d to t h e s a n i t a r y l a n d f i l l at K e n i l w o r t h . T h e B u r e a u of P u b l i c H e a l t h E n g i n e e r i n g h a s b e e n r e q u e s t e d to a s s i s t i n c o n t r o l l i n g t h e d i s p o s a l of t h e d e b r i s c o n t a i n i n g food. Action contemplated includes: 1. C o m p l e t e i n v e n t o r y of a l l b u i l d i n g s c o n t a i n i n g food o r d r u g o p e r a t i o n s w h i c h h a v e been i n t e r f e r e d w i t h , e i t h e r c l o s e d f o r w h a t e v e r r e a s o n , d a m a g e d by bombs, burned or contaminated with tear gas. 2. C a t e g o r i z a t i o n of t h e p r e m i s e s a. as: s u i t a b l e f o r r e o p e n i n g a f t e r p r o p e r steps h a v e b e e n t a k e n to d i s p o s e of d a m a g e d f o o d , a n d r e p a i r s m a d e to e q u i p m e n t a n d t h e i n t e r i o r s of the p r e m i s e s . 5 �b. p r e m i s e s w h i c h a r e unsuitable for continuing without m a j o r r e p a i r s . c. premises which are completely destroyed p r a c t i c a l l y so. or P r e m i s e s i n the c a t e g o r i e s 2c a n d 2b - R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s w i l l be d r a f t e d f o r the r e v o c a t i o n of e x i s t i n g l i c e n s e s f o r t h e s e food o p e r ations. I n the c a t e g o r y 2a - t h e r e w i l l be v i s i t s a n d s e r v i c e of s u i t a b l e n o t i c e s f o r c o r r e c t i o n s , s e g r e g a t i o n of t h e d a m a g e d food a n d d r u g s , a n d s u p e r v i s i o n p r o v i d e d f o r the d i s p o s a l of the c o n d e m n a b l e food and d r u g s . SUMMARY D u e to the o b e r v a n c e of a l l the o f f i c i a l a g e n c i e s , F e d e r a l a n d D i s t r i c t a n d the c o m m u n i t y g r o u p s a n d o r g a n i z a t i o n s f u l f i l l i n g t h e i r p r e p l a n n i n g c o m m i t m e n t s a n d the d e d i c a t e d m o t i v a t i o n of the p e r s o n n e l i n the p e r f o r m a n c e of t h e i r a s s i g n e d r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s , no m a j o r p r o b l e m s have been encountered. D u e to the e f f i c i e n t o p e r a t i o n of the O f f i c e of C i v i l D e f e n s e e x c e l l e n t e m e r g e n c y c o m m u n i c a t i o n s by the r a d i o n e t w o r k h a s b e e n m a i n t a i n e d . T h e C i v i l Defense C o m m a n d Post has e x e r c i s e d excellent c o m m u n i c a t i o n s and coordination. ATTACHMENTS: #1 #2 inter-agency �HOSPITALS Total Casualties CAFRITZ CASUALTY CHTLDRENS DC GENERAL DOCTORS 16 lull 86 168 Total Admissions 2 16 5 15 0 Total Deaths 0 0 0 7DA O G. WASHINGTON 2U 6 PROVIDENCE 3h 252 3 1 2 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1056 83 7 DA O FREEDMANS 0 320 VETERANS 3 WALTER REED 9 WASHINGTON HOSP. C TOTALS The above l i s t i n g s cover the period to 12:01 A April 8,1968. M Period covered. 12:01 AM. thru 12:00 AM. 14/5/68. 12:01 AM. thru 12:00 AM. I4/6/68. 12:01 AM. thru 12:00 AM. V7/68. attachment # 1 n up to and including a c t i v i t i e s �G O V E R N M E N T O F T H E D E P A R T M E N T D I S T R I C T O F P U B L I C WASHINGTON. D.C. O F C O L U M E I A H E A L T H OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR OF PUP'-IC HEALTH 20001 EMERGENCY H E A L T H S E R V I C E S C I V I L DISTURBANCE ADDENDUM TO S T A T U S R E P O R T - RENDERED T h i s addendum c o v e r s A p r i l 8 t o 1 2 : 0 1 AM, AS C F 1 2 : 0 1 AM, A P R I L 8, 1 9 6 8 the a c t i v i t i e s f o r the period A p r i l 9, 1 9 6 8 . f r o m 1 2 : 0 1 AM M E D I C A L COMMAND P O S T T h e r e h a s b e e n no p r o b l e m s i n r e n d e r i n g prompt m e d i c a l c a r e . Getting nursing personnel to h o s p i t a l s f o r the midnight s h i f t c o n t i n u e s t o be a p r o b l e m due t o l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h e c u r f e w , however emergency t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i s being provided by the individual hospitals. Adequate a c t i o n s were taken f o r a l l m e d i c a l r e q u e s t s r e f e r r e d t o t h e M e d i c a l Command P o s t . ENVIRONMENTAL H E A L T H SANITATION We a r e c o n t i n u i n g t h e s u r v e y o f i n d i v i d u a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s where food o r drugs o r both were s o l d i n order to d e t e r m i n e t h e e x t e n t o f damage a n d t h e n e c e s s a r y a c t i o n t o b e taken. We a r e c o n t i n u i n g t h e s u r v e i l l a n c e o f t h e D e p o t s d i s t r i b u t i n g food to D i s a s t e r V i c t i m s . T h e r e h a s b e e n no c a u s e t o d a t e t o t a k e a n y p u n i t i v e a c t i o n i n order to p r o t e c t the p u b l i c h e a l t h , as a l l persons concerned a r e cooperating f u l l y w i t h the Department. We r e q u e s t e d r e s t o r a t i o n o f g u a r d s a t E m b a s s y D a i r y t o a l l a y f e a r on t h e p a r t o f t h e e m p l o y e e s a n d a s s u r e p r o t e c t i o n o f the m i l k supply. Prompt a s c t i o n was r e c e i v e d . HOSPITALS C a s u a l t i e s reported by h o s p i t a l s f o r the period A p r i l 8 t h t o 1 2 : 0 1 AM, A p r i l 9, 1 9 6 8 : TOTAL CAFRITZ CASUALTY . CHILDRENS CASUALTIES 0 13 14 from 1 2 : 0 1 AM ADMISSIONS DEATHS 0 7 0 0 0 0 �TOTAL CASUALTIES DC GENERAL DQCTORS FREEDMENS G . WASHINGTON PROVIDENCE VETERANS WALTER REED WASHINGTON HOSP. CENTER TOTALS ADMISSIONS DEATHS 21 0 15 0 6 0 12 28 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 109 9 0 �| p r\\ GOVERNMENT O F T H E DISTRICT D E P A R T M E N T O F P U B L I C O F COLUMBIA H E A L T H OFFICE WASHINGTON. D. C . 2000, EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICES CIVIL DISTURBANCE, APRIL 10, 1968 D, R E C OF T H E T O R OF PUBLIC April 10, 1968 ADDENDUM T STATUS REPORT - RENDERED AS OF 12:01 A.M.,APRTL 10,1968 O This addendum covers the a c t i v i t i e s for the period from 12:01 A.M. April 9 to 12:01 A.M., April 10, 1968. MEDICAL C M A D POST O MN A l l requests were given prompt service. There were no problems with ambulance evacuations to hospitals; prompt treatment given by hospitals. There i s s t i l l the problem of furnishing transportation of nurses to hospitals for the midnight s h i f t due to the influence of the curfew. Emergency transportation i s being handled by the individual hospitals. EMERGENCY CENTERS Medical supplies were sent the emergency centers as requested. Public Health nurses are maintaining contact with emergency centers and are rendering nursing assistance by informing persons of health resources available to them. Also, Public Health nurses are assisting patients by making arrangements for them to go to the applicable health resource facility. FOOD AND DRUG SANITATION On April 8 and 9, 1968, v i s i t s were made to 527 premises housing food and drug businesses. Of these, 129 are out of business because they are either burned out completely, are so badly damaged that they w i l l be out of business u n t i l completely renovated and re-equipped, or had gone out of business before the disturbance. Thirty-nine are closed and have moderate to extensive damage and, i n most cases, must be cleared of tear gas, cleaned and cleared of debris and have equipment renovated or replaced; while 97 were closed and barricaded and could not be completely evaluated. Eighty-three were closed and appeared to be undamaged; another 179 were open and were either undamaged or had suffered only minor damage, which had been immediately repaired. Almost no work was i n progress on April 9 to remove and dispose of damaged food stocks from closed and burned out premises, although t h i s had begun on April 7, 1968. Emergency food distribution f a c i l i t i e s , numbering 3U, were v i s i t e d at l e a s t once on either April 7, 8, or 9} evaluated as to potential food protection problems and provided with advisory service. FORM 2 - D P H C REV. 10-34 HEALTH �ADDENDUM TO STATUS REPORT - RENDERED AS OF 12:01 A.M. APRIL 10, 1968 -2FCX)D AND DRUG SANITATION (Concluded) .Twenty-nine persons participated i n this a c t i v i t y on April 9, including twenty-one from the Bureau of Food and Drugs, four from other Bureaus and four from the Food and Drug Administration. MLLK SANITATION There were some interruptions i n normal milk handling operations i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, p r i n c i p a l l y i n the milk distribution procedures, during the disturbances commencing April ii, 1968. Now, the eight milk plants, which process approximately 225,000 gallons of milk for the Metropolitan area are returning to normal practices. Sealtest, Alexandria, A i r l e y and Hadley operated almost normally on Tuesday, April 9. Sealtest packaged li,000 half gallons of milk for emergency supply purposes on Monday afternoon, April 8. Safeway, Thompson's, Embassy and High's did not receive or process milk on Tuesday. Approximately 70,000 gallons of D.C. approved milk was stored at L a u r e l , Maryland, under our supervision on Tuesday, A p r i l 9, and i s being moved into normal processing channels today. O f f i c i a l s from each of the eight milk plants have reported today that normal processing and distribution procedures are being followed. A l l schools w i l l be closed for Easter holidays, beginning Friday, A p r i l 12. Supermarkets w i l l be closed Monday, April 15 (normal Union holiday). W do not now anticipate any immediate problems with the normal receive ing, processing and distribution of milk i n the area. HOSPITAL CASUALTIES REPORT Cafritz Memorial Casualty Childrens D.C. General Doctors Freedraen' s George Washington Providence Veterans nalter Reed Washington Hospital Center TOTALS NO DEATHS. TOTAL CASUALTIES 0 9 15 6 0 6 0 5 0 2 8 51 ADMISSIONS 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 �GOVERNMENT O F T H E DISTRICT O F COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT O F PUBLIC HEALTH WASHINGTON. D. C April 11, 1968 20001 OFFICE DIRECTOR OF THE OF PUBLIC KMEAGENCY HEALTH SERVICES CIVIL DISTURBANCE, APRIL 11, 1968 ADDENDUM TO STATUS REPORT - RENDERED AS OF 12;01 A.M. .APRIL 11,1968 This addendum covers the a c t i v i t i e s for the period from 12:01 A.M. April 10 to 12:01 A.M., April 1 1 , 1968. M 1 S D T C M . COMMAND POST The Medical Command Post continues to be manned on a "watch basis" with access to medical direction i f such should be needed. W have e been informed by some of the hospitals that they are s t i l l treating casualties whicL are related to the c i v i l disturbances. Such casualties happened during the weekend; treatment i s being sought on a daily basis for minor cuts, i n some cases, with resulting infection which require medical treatment. Evacuation by ambulance i s more than adequate so we have been able to release the s i x Army ambulances today. No requests for services have been received by the Command Post during the l a s t 2ii hours. EMERGENCY CENTERS VISITED APRIL 8, 1968 Shaw Information Center - Public Health nurses v i s i t e d this Center Wednesday, April 10, 1968. The Center has provided services for approximately 2,000 persons from the time of i t s opening on Friday, April 5, 1968. Services provided include food, assistance for s o c i a l services, assistance for housing and limited health service. There are no provisions for lodging. There i s a physician on c a l l 2h hours a day from the Medical Committee on Human Rights and there was a volunteer nurse assigned for the day of the v i s i t . A seminarian from S t . Joseph Seminary i s stationed at the Center on a 214hour a day basis throughout the night and he assesses any needs of persons requesting services; other volunteers leave at approximatel y 5 p.m. There were no apparent unsanitary conditions. A Public Health nurse was assigned during the day hours to a s s i s t in assessing the health needs of persons coming to the center and also to a s s i s t with referrals to a variety of community agencies. A l i s t of other Centers v i s i t e d i s attached. HEALTH �ADDENDUM TO STATUS REPORT - RENDERED AS OF 12:01 A»M.,APRIL 11, 1968 EMERGENCY CENTERS (concl'd) -2- Sacred Heart Relief Center - 16th & Park Road, NW, Signs were posted to give direction to those entering, e . g . , "Child Care Center," "Clothing," "Health Service," "Food Service," e t c . Many people within the community had volunteered for service, others have brought food and clothing and there seemed to be ample for a l l needing help. About 500 people were served since the Center opened April 5. Sisters from this church or nearby churches registered persons and directed them to the areas of ohe Center that could f i l l their needs. Sleeping quarters for about 30 persons were set up i n an adjacent roomj about 20 people stayed Saturday night and 10 on Sunday night. Health serv i ces were provided by volunteer physicians and nurses i n the community. Three doctors were on c a l l but had treated only 11 patients for the following: abrasions - h; exposure - 6; epileptic seizure - 1 . Nursing s i s t e r s volunteered and were assigned around the clock. Supp l i e s were either purchased by the church or some were received as contributions. Sanitary conditions were good. St.Stephens Relief Center - 16th & Newton Sts.,NW. There seemed to be many more volunteers than recipients of the services which i n cluded food, clothing, f i r s t aid and sleeping quarters. Sisters and Brothers from various parishes and people from other communities were ample i n number. Nurses from the Poor Peoples Campaign group of Montgomery County manned the f i r s t aid unit and a physician from this group was on c a l l . There have been very few people needing first aid. The main need expressed by the volunteers was for more foodj however, two large trucks drew up before the door before the Public Health nurses l e f t . �ADDENDUM TO STATUS REPORT - RENDERED AS OF 12:01 A.M., APRIL 11, 1968 -3FOOD A D DRUG SANITATION N V i s i t s were made on April 10, 1968 to 105 premises which had housed food and drug businesses affected by the disturbance. Of those involved, Ik were found out of business; an additional 3 were closed and had suffered some damage but were not out of business; 12 were closed and appeared to be undamaged; while another 1*3 ware open and were either undamaged or had suffered only minor damage which had been immediately repaired; and 13 had broken windows and were open. Work i s i n progress to remove and dispose of damaged food stock from 9 closed and burned out premises. A l l personnel, 2k i n a l l , of the Bureau of Food and Drugs are on duty and i n volved i n this a c t i v i t y . No assistance was received from the Bureau of Community Hygiene or the Food and Drug Administration. WATER SUPPLY SERVICES A block by block survey of the r i o t areas was conducted by the Water Operations Division, Department of Sanitary Engineering, A p r i l 8, 1968. Wherever water was found running within a building, water was shut off, i n these instances,and also i n badly damaged and vandalized buildings where i t appeared there would be no occupancy for some time. Water meters outside damaged buildings we ^ removed; Sanitary Engineering personnel did not go into dangerous buildings to remove meters. " C a l l - i n s " regarding running water are now being handled expeditiously by Sanitary Engineering. A l l f i r e hydrants i n the affected areas were checked for damage and proper operation. 1 A survey of the water supply system, serving the r i o t damaged areas,conducted April 10, 1968 by the Water Quality Control Division,disclosed "free" chlorine residuals ranging from 0.5 ppm to 1.0 ppm. A total of lil locations were checked for chlorine residual i n the affected areas and at 21 of these locations bacteriological samples were taken and submitted to the laboratory. Results of the bacteriological examinations on these samples w i l l not be available before April 12, 1968. HOSPITAL CASUALTIES REPORT Cafritz Memorial Casualty Childrens D.C.General Doctors Freedmen s George Washington Providence Veterans Walter Reed Washington Hospital Center TOTAL CASUALTIES 1 TOTALS N DEATHS O 1 Attachment - Listing 1 9 6 15 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 w ADMISSIONS 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 �Attachment 1 EMEBBBNCY CENTERS A p r i l 11, 1968 C t : - r C e n t e r s V i s i t e d By P u b l i c ilea 1th Nurses From D i s t r i c t Kursir.g O f f i c e . S t a f f n u r s e s from D i s t r i c t 6A N u r s i n g C e n t e r s l i s t e d be Low on 4/8/63 and o f f e r e d 6A O f f i c e v i s i t e d the a s s i s t a n c e as necessary; 1. Emergency S h e l t e r 1115 - 8 t h S t . , N.W. S e r v i c e O f f e r e d : No s e r v i c e s p r o v i d e d a t c e n t e r 2. Immaculate C o n c e p t i o n 8 t h and N S t r e e t s , N. W. S e r v i c e s O f f e r e d : Made r e f e r r a l s t o o t h e r agencies 3. F i d e s Neighborhood House 1554 - 8 t h S t . , N. W. S e r v i c e O f f e r e d : D i s p e n s e d food a t s p e c i f i e d time o n l y 4. U. P. 0. C e n t e r #1 1507 - 9 t h S t . , N. W. S e r v i c e Offered: Dispensed food Shaw I n f o r m a t i o n C e n t e r 913 P S t . , N.W. S e r v i c e O f f e r e d : Dispensed food 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. F e l l o w s h i p House 945 L St., N. W. S e r v i c e O f f e r e d : Hot staples meals o n l y New B e t h e l B a p t i s t Church 9 t h and S S t . , N. W. S e r v i c e Offered: Dispensed food Vermont Avenue B a p t i s t C h u r c h 12th S t . and Vermont Ave., N. , . W S e r v i c e O f f e r e d : No s e r v i c e p r o v i d e d a t Metropolitan B a p t i s t Church 12th and R S t r e e t s , N. W. S e r v i c e O f f e r e d : Food s t o r a g e and Center • • collection center 10. L i n c o l n Temple 11th and R S t r e e t s , N. W. S e r v i c e O f f e r e d : Food and c l o t h i n g t o p u b l i c 11. J o h n Wesley M e t h o d i s t Church 14th and C o r c o r a n S t s . , N. W. Service Offered: C o l l e c t i o n center only �EMERGENCY CENTERS (Concl'd) 12. 13. 14. Lutheran P l a c e - - L u t h e r a n Church 12th S t . and Vermont Ave., N. W. S e r v i c e O f f e r e d : Food and Temporary h o u s i n g public Northwest S e t t l e m e n t House 469 Ridge S t . , N.i W. S e r v i c e s O f f e r e d : Used c l o t h i n g Urban League New J e r s e y Ave. & N S t s . , N. Service Offered: Closed only W. 15. T h i r d B a p t i s t Church 5 t h and Q S t s . , N. W. S e r v i c e s O f f e r e d : Food, c l o t h i n g and . l i m i t e d bedding 16. F i r s t R i s i n g Mt. Z i o n B a p t i s t C h u r c h 6 t h and N S t r e e t s , N, W. S e r v i c e O f f e r e d : Food and c l o t h i n g 17. House of P r a y e r . 6 t h & M S t s . , N. W. S e r v i c e O f f e r e d : No s e r v i c e s p r o v i d e d a t 13. 19. and to S t . Stephens B a p t i s t C h u r c h M S t . a t 6h S t . , N. W. S e r v i c e O f f e r e d : No S e r v i c e s Center' provided G a l b r a i t h P r e s b y t e r i a n Church 6 t h and L S t r e e t s , N. W. S e r v i c e O f f e r e d : No s e r v i c e p r o v i d e d a t Center On A p r i l 9, 1968, a i l o f the above C e n t e r s e x c e p t #3, #4, #5, #7 ifl6 were open and s e r v i n g the p u b l i c w i t h same r e s o u r c e s as b e f o r e . �GOVERNMENT O F T H E DISTRICT O F DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC COLUMBIA HEALTH OFFICE W A S H I N G T O N , D. C . 2 0 0 0 1 DIRECTOR OFT H E OF PUBLIC April 12, 1968 EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICES CIVIL DISTURBANCE, APRIL 12, 1968 ADDENDUM TO STATUS REPORT - RENDERED AS OF 12:01 A.M., APRIL 12, 1968 This addendum covers the a c t i v i t i e s for the period from 12:01 A.M. April 11 to 12:01 A.M., April 12, 1968. MEDICAL C M A D POST O MN The Medical Command Post continues to be manned on a"watch b a s i s . " The "watch basis" w i l l be discontinued Friday, April 12, 1968. No requests have been received by the Command Post i n the l a s t 2h hours. FOOD, DRUG AND MILK SANITATION The Bureau of Food & Drugs continues with a c t i v i t i e s related to the sanitation of food, drug and milk operations affected by the recent disturbances. Fifteen establishments were found damaged and b a r r i caded, requiring a high p r i o r i t y follow-up, and U8 establishments were found open and operating as usual. Work i s s t i l l i n progress to remove and dispose of damaged food stock from U2 closed and burned premises. To date, 7k0 food and drug operations have been surveyed, with 169 being closed and out of business. Normal receiving, processing and distribution of milk i n the area continues. HOSPITAL CASUALTIES REPORT TOTAL CASUALTIES Cafritz Memorial Casualty Childrens D.C. General Doctors Freedmen s George Washington Providence Veterans Walter Reed Washington Hospital Center TOTALS N DEATHS O 1 0 2 2 3 0 7 0 2 0 0 0 16 ADMISSIONS 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 HEALTH �ADDENDUM TO STATUS REPORT - RENDERED AS OF 12:01 A.M. APRIL 12, -2EMERGENCY CENTERS No special events insofar as Public Health nursing i s concerned. 1968 �GOVERNMENT O F T H EDISTRICT D E P A R T M E N T O F WASHINGTON. P U B L I C D . C O F COLUMBIA H E A L T H 20001 OFFICE OF T H t D I R E C T O R O F PUBLIC HEALTH April 15, 1968 EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICES CIVIL DISTURBANCE, APRIL 15, 1968 ADDENDUM TO STATUS REPORT - RENDERED AS OF 12:01 A.M., APRIL 15, 1968 This addendum covers the a c t i v i t i e s for the period from 12:01 A.M. April 12 to 12:01 A.M., April 15, 1968. MEDICAL C M A D POST OMN The Medical Command Post was deactivated Friday, April 12, 1968. No requests nad been received by the Command Post i n the 2U-hour period prior to discontinuance. Supplies and k i t s for emergency medical service have been returned to their storage areas. FOOD AND DRUGS On April 12 and 13, 1968, v i s i t s were made to 191 premises where food and drug businesses had been housed prior to the c i v i l disturbances. There were found 19 out of business; k which had suffered slight damage but which were open for business; 5U which f e l t they were ready for reopening and needed reinspection; 6 which were cleaning and/or repairing; 15 which were s t i l l barricaded and could not be evaluated; and 2 establishments which had suffered moderate to extensive damage and which require a high-priority follow-up. Three v i s i t s were for the purpose of monitoring the sanitary disposal of damaged food at the Kenilworth f i l l , and 1 for monitoring the transfer of liquor from a store to a warehouse preparatory to a salvage operation. Eighty-one food operations suffered no damage and were open as usual, while 6 were closed although they suffered no damage. Twenty-six Bureau personnel were on duty on April 12, together with two persons from the Food and Drug Administration, five from the Bureau of Community Hygiene and four from the Bureau of Public Health Engineering. On Saturday, April 13, sixteen Bureau personnel were on duty and p a r t i c i pating i n this a c t i v i t y -- II4 full-time. There was no a c t i v i t y on April 1U, 1968. Many of the buildings that were damaged during theCivil Disturbances remain as p i l e s of rubble on what i s now unimproved vacant land. I t i s my understanding that the Department of Licenses and Inspections i s supervising the abatement of dangerous conditions which exist on some of these FORM 2-D P H C R E V . 10-54 �ADDENDUM TO STATUS REPORT - RENDERED AS OF 12;Q1 A.M., APRIL 1$, 1968 -2FOOD AND DRUGS (CX)NCL'D.) properties and that the Department of Sanitary Engineering i s clearing public space. A number of the damaged buildings ware food establishments and, i n addition to the rubble, many of them contained quantities of food which, unless removed from the premises, w i l l decay and give rise to odors. This material w i l l also provide breeding places for numerous insects, particularly f l i e s , and w i l l provide food for rodents. Steps should be i n i t i a t e d i n the very near future for the removal of debris from a l l of the damaged building s i t e s as well as those that were previously food establishments. I recognize the need to provide the owners of the businesses and of the real property time to assess their damages and discuss these matters with representatives of the involved insurance companies. How soon the Department of Public Health should move affirmatively by issuing orders on the responsible businesses for the abatement of nuisances i s a matter which must be decided by the Admini s t r a t i o n of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Government. Their early decision i s needed. Any assistance that you can give i n obtaining instructions i n these matters w i l l be appreciated. �GOVERNMENT O F T H E DISTRICT D E P A R T M E N T O F P U B L I C O F COLUMBIA H E A L T H & ™ WASHINGTON. April D.C. 20001 OFFICE OF T H E DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC 18, 1968 EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICES CIVIL DISTURBANCE, APRIL 5 TO 12, 1968 " ADDENDUM TO STATUS REPORT HOSPITAL CASUALTIES REPORT Attached i s a l i s t i n g of casualties treated and released or admitted to area hospitals as a r e s u l t of the c i v i l disturbance i n Washington, D . C , April 5 to 12, 1968. Tha totals are given by diagnostic breakdown, reported to us by tho a r e a hospitals. r > I t should be noted that the total casualty l i s t i n g for Freedmen's Hospital i s through Midnight April 7, 1968. The hospital could not release the figures for the total diagnostic breakdown, due to a d i s crepancy i n the number of patients seen i n their emergency room during the c i v i l disorder. The hospital w i l l contact us with the t o t a l number as soon as this error i n patient count i s corrected. Seven persons ware received dead on a r r i v a l at D . C . General Hospital; one DOA was received at Casualty Hospital and, i n addition, one D A O was sent d i r e c t l y to the D.C. Morgue, according to information received from D.C. General Hospital. 1 Attachment HEALTH �Laceration Other Sprains Other Illness Refused treatment or no treatment indicated 19 0 0 26 45 0 3 11 1 11 18 2 3 48 0 0 30 17 52 2 4 16 0 0 G 0 Q 0 0 3 • 0 0 Abrasion Concusoion Burns 0 Hemotoma, Contusion 3 Fracture 29 Gun Shot Wound 11 Tear Gassed 0 CAFRITZ 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 CASUALTY 5 4 2 3 2 2 4 1 57 CHILDRENS 3 0 1 3 10 4 1 0 D.C. 5 10 7 12 27 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GENERAL DOCTORS C-CRGE WASHINGTON 0 PRCVIDENCI 2 STCRANS -SHINGTO" :3NTE? 1 0 i 10 3 1 3 10 ° l - 20 ' i ° 0 0 0 0 2 4 7 1 0 i j DOA Laceration Head & Face 0 Laceration Leg 0 Laceration Hand, arm 0 0 HOSPITAL £ 1C ( 33 B • 0 U W 0 0 0 2 3 0 33 0 5 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 , ____ 0 0 ' Plus 1 merges casa— not through r%g±s-rar 0 : . o 0 0 0 0 | 13 ' 17 27 11 4 0 0 130 0 2 16 47 0 0 | - i i 2 o j : ; o 0 1 0 1 1 1 7 0 0 12 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 252 0 0 0 0 Casualties 27 32 ! 29 37 67 18 10 5 121 178 8 Admissions 2 20 17 20 0 0 4 1 5 8 WALTER REZD r ."REDMANS ~ j 9 deaths 111 336 23 15S 42 15 3 11 o 1 I 1 — The above f i g u r e s c o v e r t h e p e r i o d from A p r i l 4 , 1968 m i d n i g h t through A p r i l 12', 1968 m i d n i g h t . 1202 casual! . a s 107 admitted ��Welfare �Form PW-OD-507 Memorandum D.C. D E P A R T M E N T O F PUBLIC W E L F A R E TO THE HONORABLE THOMAS W. FLETCHER Deputy Mayor f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia FROM WINIFRED G. THOMPSON Director SUBJECT: ROLE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE DURING C I V I L DISTURBANCE DATE: A P R I L 9 J 1 9 6 8 During t h e summer o f 1967, t h e Department o f P u b l i c W e l f a r e developed a D i s o r d e r P l a n p r o v i d i n g f o r mass f e e d i n g and housing o f f a m i l i e s , or c h i l d r e n , who might be d i s l o c a t e d during a c i v i l d i s t u r b a n c e . I t was i m p o s s i b l e t o put t h e P l a n i n t o e f f e c t on F r i d a y , A p r i l 5, 1968", when t h e d i s t u r b a n c e began i n Washington. Communications broke down so t h a t c o n t a c t i n g i n d i v i d u a l s t o a c t i v a t e t h e D i s o r d e r P l a n was impossible. The Department d i d t a k e t h e f o l l o w i n g a c t i o n when i t became apparent the d i s o r d e r was s e r i o u s : (1) Prepared f o r emergency s h e l t e r f o r a t o t a l o f 150 persons a t t h e F a m i l y Emergency S h e l t e r , t h e C a m i l l e B. Hayes T r a i n i n g Center and t h e M u n i c i p a l Lodging House. (2) A l e r t e d Department s t a f f i n key Department programs such a s C r i s i s A s s i s t a n c e , Family Emergency S e r v i c e s , C h i l d W e l f a r e S e r v i c e s , Food Stamp Program and r e g u l a r P u b l i c A s s i s t a n c e t o stand by so t h a t these s e r v i c e s would be a v a i l a b l e when needed. O f f i c e s p r o v i d i n g t h e above W e l f a r e s e r v i c e s were t o remain open d u r i n g the e n t i r e emergency, i n c l u d i n g evenings and weekends u n l e s s r e l i e v e d . (3) E s t a b l i s h e d a c o n t r o l c e n t e r f o r t h e e n t i r e Department of P u b l i c W e l f a r e a t Department Headquarters and manned the c e n t e r around the c l o c k . P r o v i d i n g food on a mass d i s t r i b u t i o n b a s i s became t h e major c o n t r i b u t i o n during t h e e a r l y days o f t h e d i s o r d e r . The Department drew from i t s food i n v e n t o r y i n t h e warehouses o f D.C. V i l l a g e and C h i l d r e n ' s Center t o p r o v i d e n e c e s s a r y food s t u f f s u n t i l o t h e r r e s o u r c e s could be tapped. The i n v e n t o r i e s i n t h e s e two l o c a t i o n s were adequate t o feed a p p r o x i mately 5,000 persons f o r a week. The i n v e n t o r y o f t h e Department was supplemented through a generous supply o f s u r p l u s food from t h e U.S. Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e and through g i f t s from i n t e r e s t e d i n d i v i d u a l s . The c h a i n food s t o r e s , p r i n c i p a l l y Safeway and G a i n t , donated thousands (Continued) Buy U.S. Savings Bonds Regularly on the Payroll Savings Flan P-891 �- 2 of l o a v e s of bread and o n e - h a l f g a l l o n s of m i l k . Other b u s i n e s s concerns such as the C r u s t y P i e Bakery a l s o made food s t u f f s a v a i l a b l e . The s t a f f and equipment of the Department was supplemented by v o l u n t e e r s and t r u c k s from many b u s i n e s s o r g a n i z a t i o n s throughout the c i t y . The D i r e c t o r worked a c t i v e l y w i t h the Urban C o a l i t i o n Food Committee where the p l a n was developed to d i s t r i b u t e food to 35 d i s t r i b u t i o n p o i n t s throughout the c i t y . I n order to p r o v i d e the q u a n t i t y of food needed i n these 35 l o c a t i o n s , i t was n e c e s s a r y f o r the Department to o r g a n i z e the warehouses a t D.C. V i l l a g e and C h i l d r e n ' s Center on a 24-hour b a s i s to d i s t r i b u t e food. Arrangements were made w i t h GSA ( G e n e r a l S e r v i c e s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ) t o r e p l e n i s h the i n v e n t o r y d u r i n g n i g h t hours i n order to have the r e s e r v e needed to f u r n i s h needed food to the d i s t r i b u t i o n c e n t e r s d u r i n g the d a y l i g h t hours not covered by the curfew. S t a t i s t i c s on the q u a n t i t y of food d e l i v e r e d a r e as f o l l o w s : conservative estimates.) S a t u r d a y , A p r i l 6, 1968 through Tuesday, A p r i l 9, 1968 Tonnage 449 Meals $258,000 are a t 6:00 P.M. 898,000 l b s . 344,000 Costs or tons (These Computed a t 75c per meal — d o e s not i n c l u d e l a b o r and r e l a t e d costs— The e s c a l a t i o n of food s t u f f s d e l i v e r e d to d i s t r i b u t i o n p o i n t s f o r meals from S a t u r d a y , A p r i l 6 t h . through Tuesday, A p r i l 9 t h , i s shown by the following chart: Saturday Sunday Monday Tuesday 45,000 50,000 83,000 158,000 meals d e l i v e r e d II II II II 11 1! The S a l v a t i o n Army agreed to accept r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r c o l l e c t i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n of c l o t h i n g and f u r n i t u r e . The Department of P u b l i c W e l f a r e w i l l supplement t h e i r s t a f f w i t h v o l u n t e e r s and Department s t a f f to c a r r y out t h i s program. There appears to be an adequate supply of donated c l o t h i n g . I n a d d i t i o n , P u b l i c W e l f a r e i s deeply i n v o l v e d i n w o r k i n g w i t h the Housing Committee w i t h i n the Urban C o a l i t i o n . E f f e c t i v e , Tuesday, A p r i l 9, the Department's I n t a k e G e n e r a l i s t s have been a s s i g n e d to a t o t a l of f o u r c e n t e r s e s t a b l i s h e d by the Housing Committee to p r o v i d e s h e l t e r to persons rendered homeless. The I n t a k e G e n e r a l i s t s w i l l meet the f i n a n c i a l needs of such persons r e f e r r e d to t h e s e c e n t e r s through our C r i s i s A s s i s t a n c e , (Continued) �- 3 F a m i l y Emergency S e r v i c e s , and P u b l i c A s s i s t a n c e Programs. We a l s o e x p e c t t h a t a s t h e p l a n s f o r t h e d i s b u r s e m e n t o f monies d e p o s i t e d i n t h e Emergency Fund a r e f i n a l i z e d , t h e Department w i l l be w o r k i n g c l o s e l y w i t h i t s own C r i s i s A s s i s t a n c e programs i n m e e t i n g t h e c r i s i s needs o f p e r s o n s a f f e c t e d by t h e d i s o r d e r . I t goes w i t h o u t s a y i n g t h a t t h e Department's r e s o u r c e s have b e e n , and w i l l c o n t i n u e t o b e , f u l l y t a x e d by t h e demands f o r s e r v i c e and a s s i s t a n c e . The t r y i n g e x p e r i e n c e w h i c h a l l o f us a r e now g o i n g t h r o u g h i s more t h a n compensated by t h e s e l f l e s s d e d i c a t i o n o f t h e Mayor, h i s s t a f f , and t h e Department o f P u b l i c W e l f a r e employees who have r a l l i e d and g i v e n u n s t i n t i n g l y o f t h e i r t i m e and e n e r g y . ( M i s s ) WINIFRED G. THOMPSON Director ��Highways �TRANSPORTATION - TRAFFIC On F r i d a y , a s a r e s u l t of t h e r i s i n g a m o u n t of d i s o r d e r i n the c i t y , p e o p l e b e g a n l e a v i n g w o r k a s e a r l y a s 1:00 p. m. a n d b y 3:00 p. m. , n o r m a l r u s h hour volumes had been exceeded. A t 3:00 p.m. , t h e t r a f f i c s i g n a l s y s t e m w a s s w i t c h e d to i t s e v e n i n g program. Due, h o w e v e r , to t h e s u d d e n e x o d u s ; t h e f a c t t h a t f i x e d no l e f t t u r n r e s t r i c t i o n s c o u l d not be c h a n g e d to m e e t the new t i m i n g ; t h e i n a b i l i t y of P o l i c e to r e m o v e p a r k e d c a r s f r o m c u r b l a n e s f o r t h e e a r l i e r r u s h hour; t h e f a c t t h a t 7th, 13th a n d 14th S t r e e t s , N. W. w e r e sub- s t a n t i a l l y c l o s e d t o t r a f f i c b e c a u s e of t h e d i s o r d e r s t h e r e b y t h r o w i n g a d d e d v o l u m e s to o t h e r o v e r l o a d e d r o u t e s ; b e c a u s e b u s e s h a d n o t b e e n r e p r o g r a m m e d to m e e t the new t i m i n g (D. C. o f f i c i a l s h a d r e f r a i n e d f r o m r e c o m m e n d i n g e a r l y d i s m i s s a l i n a n e f f o r t to m i n i m i z e p a n i c ) , a n d t h e f a c t that P o l i c e n o r m a l l y a s s i g n e d to t r a f f i c c o n t r o l d u r i n g e m e r g e n c i e s c o u l d not be s p a r e d f r o m c r i m e d u t i e s , p r o d u c e d t r a f f i c j a m s of m o n u mental proportions. D e l a y s of one a n d o n e - h a l f h o u r s w e r e e x p e r i e n c e d i n c r o s s i n g Potomac bridges. B u s e s w e r e t i e d up w i t h t h e r e s u l t m a n y p a t r o n s �- 2 gave up waiting, crossed bridges on foot and then hitchhiked. Except for the unusual delay, however, the return from work was handled in good order. Vehicles were stoned on 13th and 14th Streets during this period and later at 6:00 p . m . , bricks and other debris were dropped on vehicles traveling Kenilworth Avenue E x p r e s s w a y from the pedestrian overpasses. Traffic cleared up at 5:30 p. m. Curfew was imposed at 5:30 p. m. i and bus service was phased out at 6:30 p. m. (see attached notice). Saturday, bus service was at 85% of normal level, but patronage was extremely light. On Saturday, Police requested a cordon counting screen be set up on a l l main arteries during daylight hours. A screen of ten stations was established and counts for each 30-minute interval were taken and results were furnished Police forces. Information indicated travel was 30% below normal (compared with a s i m i l a r Saturday of the previous year). Inbound traffic continued 25% lighter than normal on Sunday and 10% on Monday. Cordon screens were established each day. Results disclosed no other r e a l significant developments. Bus service was curtailed pursuant to curfew requirements as detailed on attached daily announcements. �- 3 As a result of the one and one-half hour early dismissal on Monday evening, signal programs were modified accordingly, but principally because of lack of staggering at quitting time, a second one hour traffic jam occurred that w a s , however, less severe than that of Friday. 14th Street between Thomas Circle and Park Road, N . W . ; 7th Street N . W . between Now York Avenue and Florida Avenue, and H Street, N . E . between 2nd and 15th Streets were closed to traffic on Friday and remained closed through Saturday and Sunday to expedite fire fighting and cleanup. 14th Street and H Street were reopened before rush hour on Monday and I expect 7th Street will be reopened Tuesday. The traffic signal centralized control system worked w e l l . Our highway officials generally feel that the results achieved on transportation and traffic matters were satisfactory, recognizing the difficult conditions that prevailed at the time. �LaP/vRIKiNT O F HIGHWAYS AND T R A F F I C , D. C. Sinerguncy Communications C a n t e r '.niiouncement t o P u b l i c Media F r i d a y , \ p r i l 5, 1 J6d - 4:30 p. m. George lransit . v t r y , Chairman ot t h e <a6hlngton M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a Commission ha6 announced t h a t on recommendation o f I ' . C. i r a n s l L and i n v i e w o f t h e c u r f e w imposed, bus s e r v i c e w i l l t e r m i n a t e d e f f e c t i v e t » : J O p.m. w i t h t h e l a s t town a t t h a t the time. buses l e a v i n g I t l a expected s e r v i c e w i l l l i f t i n g o i t h e Cv»rfew a t 0:30 a.m. be down- be resumed w i t h �D E P A R T M E N T O F HIGHWAYS AND T R A F F I C Emergency Communications Center A n n o u n c e m e n t to P u b l i c M e d i a U P I Hot L i n e A p r i l 6. 1968 • 4 : 3 0 p. m . R a d i o Station Hot L i n e WMAL I n v i e w of the c u r f e w D . C. T r a n s i t has determined, a p p r o v a l of W M A T C to c u r t a i l s e r v i c e s s t a r t i n g a t 5 p . m . to s u s p e n d a l l b u s s e r v i c e s a f t e r 6 : 3 0 p . m . with and this evening. W V L . M w i l l m a i n t a i n s e r v i c e i n V i r g i n i a but w i l l t e r m i n a t e a l l l i n e s a t R o s s l y n C i r c l e a f t e r 6:30 WMA 5 : 3 0 p. m . p.m. w i l l c o n t i n u e s e r v i c e to a n d f r o m D i s t r i c t u n t i ; and w i l l then suspend a l l s e r v i c e s . ABfcW w i l l maintain its normal service in Virginia. only D. C. s e r v i c e w i l l be a l i m i t e d s h u t t l e o p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n i t s t e r m i n a l a t 12th a n d P e n n s y l v a n i a A v e n u e , Pentagon. The N. \V. a n d the �D E P A R T M E N T OF HIGHWAYS AND T R A F F I C Emergency Communication* Center A n n o u n c e m e n t to P u b l i c M e d i a U P I Hot L i n e A p r i l 7, 196* - 4:30 p.m. Radio Hot L i n e WMAL I n v i e w of t h e c u r f e w D . C . T r a n s i t h a s a g a i n d e t e r m i n e d , w i t h a p p r o v a l of W M A T C , to e x t e n d s e r v i c e s s t a r t i n g a t 5 p . m . a n d to s u s p e n d a l l b u s s e r v i c e s a f t e r 6:30 p . m . this evening. A B I t W w i l l s u s p e n d a l l b u s s e r v i c e a f t e r 7:30 p.m. trVVfeM w i l l m a i n t a i n S u n d a y n i g h t s e r v i c e i n V i r g i n i a b u t w i l l t e r m i n a t e a t R o s s l y n C i r c l e a f t e r 6 : 3 0 p. m . WMA w i l l continue s e r v i c e to and f r o m D i s t r i c t until p. m . a n d w i l l t h e n s u s p e n d a l l s e r v i c e s . 5:30 �D E P A R T V E N T O F HIGHWAY? AND T R A F F I C Emergency C on i muni cation* Canter Announcement to I- ublic Media A p r i i 8, 1968 - 3: it p. n . Washington Metropolitan A r e a T r a n s i t Commission officials have ust announced that in viev. of the 6:00 p. m . curfew, beginning at 6:30 p . m . this evening a . l D . C . T r a n s i t bas service will be terminated. The WVlcM Company w i l l maintain its normal nighttime service in Virginia. p.m. However, a l l other service w i l l terminate after 6:00 at Ri>sslyn C i r c e . The f> hit A Company w i i l terminate a l l service al 6:30 p . m . The A B t ? Company w i l l continue service between the D i s t r i c t v and Virginia until / p. rr. After 7 p . m . A B i Y wiil run only its shuttle V line between 12th and Pennsylvania Avenue, N. and the Pentagon. A l l nighttime service in Virginia wiil operate as usual. �D E P A R T M E N T OF HIGHWAYS AND T R A F F I C Emergency Communication* Center A n n o u n c e m e n t to P u b l i c M e d i a U P I Hot L i n e A p r i l 8, 1968 - 12:30 p . m . R a d i o Hot L i n e WMAL WPGC WAVA D u e to the n i n e t y m i n u t e e a r l y d i s m i s s a l of a l l F e d e r a l a n d D. C. Government employees, a n d the 4 : 0 0 p . m . b u s i n e s s e s i n the d o w n t o w n a r e a , the D. c l o s i n g of a l l C . D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s a n d T r a f f i c h a s a n n o u n c e d t h a t i t s a f t e r n o o n outbound t r a f f i c s i g n a l s e q u e n c e w i l l go i n t o e f f e c t a t 2 : 3 0 p . m . r a t h e r t h a n the n o r m a l tine of 4 : 0 0 p. m . T h e P a r k P o l i c e h a v e a l s o a n n o u n c e d that R o c k C r e e k P a r k w a y w i i l b e m a d e o n e - w a y outbound b e g i n n i n g a t 2 : 3 0 p . m . A v e n u e to 2 4 t h a n d C a l v e r t S t r e e t s , N. from Virginia W. T h i s e a r l i e r than usual s i g n a l coordination change, together with t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of R o c k C r e e k P a r k w a y a s o n e - w a y , a r e t h e o n l y modifications scheduled i n this afternoon's t r a f f i c control regulation p l a n , e x c e p t f o r a f e w " N o L e f t T u r n " s i g n s w h i c h w i l l be i l l u m i n a t e d i n the D o w n t o w n A r e a . lane operations, T h u s , peak p e r i o d o n e - w a y s t r e e t and r e v e r s i b l e a s w e l l a s p a r k i n g r e g u l a t i o n s w i l l not go i n t o e f f e c t u n t i l the u s u a l 4 : 0 0 p. m . time. Washington Metropolitan A r e a T r a n s i t C o m m i s s i o n o f f i c i a l s h a v e s a i d t h a t b u s s c h e d u l e s h a v e b e e n f u l l y m o d i f i e d to a c c o m m o d a t e the e a r l i e r d i s m i s s a l t i m e . �DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS AND TRAFFIC, D. C. Emergency Communications C e n t e r Announcement t o P u b l i c Media A p r i l 7, 1968 - 8:45 p . m. UPI Hot L i n e s R a d i o Hot Lines-WMAL Washington P o s t The Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c h a s announced 7th S t r e e t , N. W., N. W. w i l l will between F l o r i d a Avenue and New Y o r k Avenue, remain c l o s e d t o a l l t r a f f i c u n t i l a t l e a s t NOON tomorrow; by w h i c h time i t i s e x p e c t e d t h a t have removed that 12:00 razing operations the hazard of f r e e standing, fire-damaged walks. Highway Department o f f i c i a l s a d v i s e inbound G e o r g i a Avenue m o t o r i s t s t o u s e F l o r i d a a v e n u e , New J e r s e y Avenue and 3 r d S t r e e t , N. W. t o r e a c h t h e B u s i n e s s District. During t h e time 7 t h S t r e e t will I s c l o s e d , a l l D . C. T r a n s i t b u s e s be r e r o u t e d t o 6 t h S t r e e t , N. W. All o t h e r major s t r e e t s w i l l be open t o t r a f f i c as usual. �D E P A R T M E N T OF HIGHWAYS AND T R A F F I C Emergency Communications Center A n n o u n c e m e n t to P u b l i c M e d i a A p r i l 9. 1968 - 3 : 3 0 p . m . UPI Washington Metropolitan A r e a T r a n s i t C o m m i s s i o n officials h a v e j u s t a n n o u n c e d t h a t i n v i e w of t h i s e v e n i n g ' s 7 : 0 0 p . m . a l l D. C . T r a n s i t bus s e r v i c e w i l l be t e r m i n a t e d at 7:30 curfew, p.m. T h e WVfeM Company w i l l maintain i t s n o r m a l nighttime s e r v i c e in Virginia. However, a l l s e r v i c e a f t e r 7:30 p . m . w i l l terminate at Rosslyn Circle. T h e W M k A Company w i l l t e r m i n a t e a l l s e r v i c e at 7:00 p.m. T h e A B f c W C o m p a n y w i l l c o n t i n u e s e r v i c e b e t w e e n the D i s t r i c t and V i r g i n i a until 8 p . m . After 8 p.m. ABfcW w i l l run only i t s shuttle l i n e b e t w e e n 12th a n d P e n n s y l v a n i a A v e n u e , N. W. and the Pentagon. A l l nighttime s e r v i c e i n V i r g i n i a w i l l operate a s u s u a l . M o r n i n g bus s e r v i c e w i l l begin at 5:30 a . m . D. by a l l companies. C . T r a n s i t b u s e s w i l l be b a c k on 7 t h S t r e e t , N . N e w Y o r k a n d F l o r i d a A v e n u e i n the morning. W. between �D E P A R T M E N T OF HIGHWAYS AND T R A F F I C Emergency Communications Center A n n o u n c e m e n t to P u b l i c M e d i a A p r i l 10, 1968 - 3 : 3 5 p . m . U P I Hot L i n e Washington Metropolitan A r e a T r a n s i t C o m m i s s i o n o f f i c i a l s h a v e j u s t a n n o u n c e d t h a t i n v i e w of t o n i g h t ' s 10:00 p . m . D. curfew, a l l C . T r a n s i t b u s s e r v i c e w i l l be t e r m i n a t e d a t 10:30 p . m . T h e WVfeM company w i l l maintain i t s n o r m a l nighttime s e r v i c e i n Virginia. H o w e v e r , a l l o t h e r s e r v i c e w i l l t e r m i n a t e a f t e r 10:00 p . m . at R o s s l y n C i r c l e . T h e W M & A C o m p a n y w i l l t e r m i n a t e a l l s e r v i c e a t 10:00 p . m . T h e A B 8 t W C o m p a n y w i l l c o n t i n u e s e r v i c e b e t w e e n the D i s t r i c t a n d V i r g i n i a u n t i l 11:00 p . m . A f t e r 11:00 p . m . A B & C w i l l operate only i t s s h u t t l e l i n e w h i c h p r o v i d e s s e r v i c e b e t w e e n 12th a n d P e n n s y l v a n i a A v e n u e , N. W. and the Pentagon. A l l nighttime s e r v i c e i n V i r g i n i a w i l l operate a s usual. A l l b u s s e r v i c e w i l l be r e s u m e d t o m o r r o w m o r n i n g i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e l i f t i n g of the c u r f e w . ��Urban Coalition �METROPOLITAN WASHINGTON URBAN COALITION Chairman WALTER F. McARDLE Exec. V i c * Chairman FRANK E. W A L l , JR. Vice Chairmen FREDERICK A. BABSON REV. DAVID EATON T H E O D O R E R. H A G A N S , J R . PATRICK CARDINAL O'BOYLE STERLING TUCKER J. C . TURNER Secretary DR ISAAC FRANCK Treasurer WILLIAM CALOMIRIS Chairman's Address 2319 M St., N . W . Washington, D. C . 20037 333-4900 Exec. Vice Chairman's Address Mr. Thomas Fletcher Deputy Mayor D i s t r i c t Building Washington, D. C. Dear Tom: 1111 C o n n . A v e . , N . W . Washington, D. C . 20036 333-1714 Here i s the short resume of what the Washington Urban C o a l i t i o n has become involved i n i n the l a s t several days. I have attempted to make t h i s as short as I could, consistent w i t h your wishes. I am also enclosing the l e t t e r which Mrs. E l i z a b e t h Sarpy of the D. C. Health and Welfare Council sent me yesterday morning. This might w e l l serve as a dramatic example of what i s being done o v e r a l l . As you know, we haven't even formally organized our group, but we have matured quickly. IBM has loaned us Frank Wall as Executive Vice Chairman. As Chairman of the Washington Chapter of the National Conference of C h r i s t i a n s and Jews, I have "appropriated" Don S u l l i v a n , the Director of that group, as another arm. I n s p i t e of a l l t h i s kind of confused s t a t e , the great people of t h i s community have r a l l i e d i n a magnificent way. Congratulations t o you and a l l your guys. You are c e r t a i n l y doing a s u p e r l a t i v e job. I t shows what people working with people can do. Walter F. McArdle Chairman �The Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Urban C o a l i t i o n which had been encouraged by Mayor W a l t e r Washington i n i t s f o r m a t i v e when he appointed an ad hoc o f f i c e r s on March 1 0 t h . stage committee to o r g a n i z e i t , named i t s I n l e s s t h a n f o u r weeks the organization composed of b u s i n e s s , l a b o r , r e l i g i o u s , c i v i l r i g h t s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s and l o c a l governments q u i c k l y came to t h e f o r e to a i d Mayor W a l t e r Washington and h i s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n f o l l o w i n g the outbreaks b e g i n n i n g on Thursday, A p r i l 4 t h . The C o a l i t i o n s e t up immediate c o n t a c t and then met s e v e r a l hours w i t h the Mayor and h i s key o f f i c i a l s on A p r i l 6 t h and a g a i n on Sunday A p r i l 7 t h . i t produced 25 community l e a d e r s who problems which f a c e d the D i s t r i c t . for Saturday, A f t e r the f i r s t meeting could b r i n g e x p e r t i s e to the I t had more i n r e s e r v e but t h i s was the working group f o r t h e i n i t i a l problems. W i t h the Mayor and h i s s t a f f a d e t e r m i n a t i o n problem a r e a s of top urgency and p r i o r i t i e s was made. of the T h i s co- a l e s c i n g of e x i s t i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n a l l f i e l d s of r e l e v a n c y important. We was sought the p o o l i n g of t a l e n t s of p r o f e s s i o n a l s i n the v a r i o u s f i e l d s i n which help was needed to produce q u i c k results. Behind t h i s group was a m y r i a d of p r o f e s s i o n a l and trad a s s o c i a t i o n s such as the Board of Trade. Committees were appointed and immediately went to work i n the f o l l o w i n g a r e a s . 1. Food - A committee of Joseph Danzansky, P r e s i d e n t of G i a n t Food S t o r e s a c t i n g w i t h B a s i l Winsted, V i c e P r e s i d e n t and D i v i s i o n Manager of Safeway S t o r e s and C. W i l l i a m M a r t i n , P r e s i d e n t of P e p s i - C o l a Company �j o i n e d w i t h t h e p u b l i c and v o l u n t e e r groups which had a l r e a d y s t a r t e d work i n t h e a r e a s of c o l l e c t i o n s o f food. Miss W i n i f r e d G. Thompson t h e D i r e c t o r o f t h e D.C. W e l f a r e Department and Reverend Geno B a r o n i and Reverend P h i l l i p N e w e l l , who had a l r e a d y performed yeoman s e r v i c e i n g e t t i n g t h i s v i t a l a r e a o f food a c c u m u l a t i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n i n o p e r a t i o n the committee. served with W i t h i n a m a t t e r of an hour or more master p l a n s had been l a i d f o r t h e a c c u m u l a t i o n of food s t u f f s and t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n t o stores not burned out and t o emergency d i s t r i b u t i o n c e n t e r s . These e f f o r t s were added t o t h e v o l u n t e e r plus services, t h o s e of t h e government, l o c a l and f e d e r a l agencies. T h i s a l s o i n v o l v e d s u r p l u s food from t h e A g r i c u l t u r e Department and W e l f a r e s t o r a g e c e n t e r s . Quickly t r a n s - p o r t a t i o n and t h e p r o t e c t i o n needed f o r t h a t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n t h e c r i t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f food was provided f o r . The p l a n s continue t o be r e f i n e d i n t h e l i g h t o f t h e e x p e r i e n c e i n implementing t h e program and a r e moving alor; j w i t h r e l i g i o u s and c h a r i t y groups opening t h e i r centers f o r t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f food on an emergency b a s i s and opening o f t h e normal s t o r e s a s t h e s e could be Housing - achieved. Again i n a m a t t e r o f immediate a c t i o n , S t e r l i n g Tucker o f t h e Urban League a s s i s t e d by W i l l i a m �C a l o m i r i s , P r e s i d e n t o f t h e Board o f Trade, moved q u i c k l y i n t o t h e breach and a housing r e l o c a t i o n o p e r a t i o n began. 913 Three c e n t e r s were opened a t "P" S t r e e t , N.W., 1438 "U" S t r e e t , N.W. 1326 F l o r i d a Avenue, N.E. for and Arrangements were made f a m i l i e s t o i n s p e c t housing u n i t s t h a t would be a v a i l a b l e . The Washington Board of R e a l t o r s q u i c k l y made a s u r v e y and produced a l i s t of more t h a n 200 housing u n i t s t h a t could be a v a i l a b l e . Meantime, c o o r d i n a t i n g w i t h t h e D i s t r i c t officials who a g a i n had been doing an e x c e l l e n t j o b , p r o v i s i o n s were made f o r f a m i l i e s t o be q u a r t e r e d i n a r e a s such as church h a l l s arid s i m i l a r facilities. The committee, working w i t h U.P.O. whose C h i e f , W i l e y B r a n t o n put h i s s t a f f a t t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of t h e comm i t t e e , found t h a t t h e l o c a l government's e f f o r t s were moving q u i c k l y . the picture. N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Housing e n t e r e d i n t o Thomas Appleby, E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r o f R.L.A. gave h i s support and t h a t of h i s s t a f f . A s i g n i f i c a n t i t e m i s t h a t arrangements were made through the W e l f a r e Department f o r one month's r e n t t o be p a i d where i t was n e c e s s a r y t o be advanced s i n c e many of those d i s p o s s e s s e d had a l r e a d y p a i d t h e c u r r e n t month's r e n t and were not p o s s e s s e d of t h e cash t o produce an a d d i t i o n a l month's r e n t a t t h i s time. 3. Emergency Employment Committee - I t was s e t up w i t h Horace R. Holmes, t h e D i s t r i c t Government's Manpower �Coordinator and H. C a r l M o u l t r i e of t h e N.A.A.C.P. moving i n to o r g a n i z e the group. A c e n t r a l job development c e n t e r has been e s t a b l i s h e d a t 1000 S t r e e t , N.W. wibh "U" f i v e job placement c e n t e r s spread throughout t h e a r e a s c o n s i d e r e d most s t r a t e g i c . ; B e f o r e 5 00 p.m. of t h e f i r s t day more than 700 jobs had been phoned i n and e f f o r t s were proceeding to l i n k the people w i t h t h e proper j o b s i n v o l v e d . The c e n t e r s a r e being s t a f f e d by workers from U.S.E.S., U.P.O., O.I.C. and t h e Urban League and o t h e r s . The Board of Trade a g a i n c o n t i n u e s to p l a y an important p a r t i n t h i s , h e l p i n g to p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n on j o b s and u r g i n g b u s i n e s s e s to get i n t o t h e program. Along w i t h t h i s t h e Chamber of Commerce, l o c a l b u s i n e s s men g e n e r a l l y , the unions and the governmental a g e n c i e s a r e being i n t e g r a t e d i n t o the o p e r a t i o n f o r s e c u r i n g job openings. The Board of Trade's "Job O p p o r t u n i t i e s and t h e B u s i n e s s S e c t i o n " (JOBS) program has been pushed up from i t s s t a r t i n g p o i n t two weeks hence i n order to move t h e whole o p e r a t i o n i n t o h i g h gear a s qufckly as p o s s i b l e a l s o i n c l u d i n g The Board's Summer Employment and O p p o r t u n i t i e s programs. Job Other t r a d e and p r o f e s s i o n a l a s s o c i a t i o n s a r e a i d i n g i n many ways. k. Emergency Cash Fund - A committee o p e r a t i n g through t h e H e a l t h and W e l f a r e C o u n c i l and headed by F l a x i e �P i n k e t t met and completed i t s job v e r y q u i c k l y . It determined t h e s t a n d a r d s under which i t would o p e r a t e , including the c r i t e r i a f o r those e l i g i b ^ l j f o r funds. I t s e t up more t h a n twenty d i s t r i b u t i o n p o i n t s f o r funds through e l e v e n q u a l i f i e d c h a r i t a b l e a g e n c i e s . The funds w i l l be used f o r t h e a l l e v i a t i o n of human d i s t r e s s and s u f f e r i n g i n a case of people who been burned out, i n j u r e d or l o s t t h e i r j o b s . have Funds w i l l not be s u p p l i e d i n l i e u of s e r v i c e s or goods which can o t h e r w i s e be secured through t h e o t h e r pro= grams i n v o l v e d . the A d a i l y a c c o u n t i n g w i l l be made of a p p l i c a n t s , a d d r e s s e s of a p p l i c a n t s , number of p e r s o n s and/or dependents b e n e f i t i n g from disbursement, amount of disbursement and s p e c i f i c purpose f o r d i s bursement. There w i l l a l s o be a check t o v a l i d a t e r e c i p i e n t s t o make s u r e t h a t disbursements a r e not being duplicated. W h i l e t h i s program was announced o n l y on Sunday evening, by Tuesday morning more t h a n ' $40,000.00 had been c o l l e c t e d . Every i n d i c a t i o n i s t h a t c o n s i d e r a b l y more w i l l be forthcoming. Another meeting i s being h e l d today a t 2:00 P.M. the between Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Urban C o a l i t i o n and t h e Mayor and h i s s t a f f t o determine i n what o t h e r a r e a s t h e C o a l i t i o n may be of help. I t i s a l r e a d y apparent t h a t t h e s w i f t a c t i o n s t a k e n and the e x e c u t i o n of programs c o u l d o n l y have been a c h i e v e d by m a r s h a l l i n g the t o t a l f o r c e s of o r g a n i z a t i o n s a l r e a d y f u n c t i o n i n g i n each of �6. t h e f i e l d s i n which a c t i o n h a s t a k e n p l a c e . I t i s e v i d e n t too t h a t such c o n s t r u c t i v e a c t i o n o n l y could have been b u i l t on s o l i d f o u n d a t i o n s o f t h e D.C. Government o p e r a t i o n s and t h e h i g h e s t c o o r d i n a t i o n o f a l l p a r t i e s concerned. The C o a l i t i o n s t a n d s ready t o work w i t h t h e Mayor and h i s a i d e s i n t h i s emergency c o n d i t i o n a s long a s t h e h e l p i s required. I t w i l l then have an on-going program t o c a r r y out i t s b a s i c purpose which i s t o make an e f f o r t t o f a s h i o n a new p o l i t i c a l , s o c i a l , economic and moral c l i m a t e t o break t h e v i c i o u s c y c l e of the ghetto. Much, much more h a s been done than could p o s s i b l y be put on paper i n such a s h o r t p e r i o d o f time. S u f f i c e i t t o say t h a t t h e r a l l y i n g o f many groups i n t o a coo r d i n a t e d e f f o r t h a s been an e x p e r i e n c e unique i n t h e a n n a l s o f t h i s metropolitan area. T h i s i s a unique landmark o f people working w i t h people. W a l t e r F. McArdle, Chairman M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington Urban C o a l i t i o n A p r i l 10, 1968 �^J^)istrict of- (Columbia HEALTH AND 95 WELFARE C O U N C I L M Street, S . W . , W a s h i n g t o n , April D. C . 20024 - 554-1333 9, 1968 Mr. W a l t e r McArdle 2319 M S t r e e t , N. W. Washington, D. C. Dear Mr. McArdle: F o l l o w i n g our telephone c o n v e r s a t i o n o f t h i s morning, I wanted to send you a copy o f the way i n which t h e funds o f the HWC Emergency Fund w i l l be d i s b u r s e d . At l a s t count the t o t a l o f t h e fund was $39,500 w i t h money, o f c o u r s e , c o n t i n u i n g to come i n . My b e s t w i s h e s , Sincerely, (Mrs.) E l i z a b e t h Glenn Sarpy Director �HEALTH AND WELFARE COUNCIL of the <J\!ational (Capital <zs^lrca 95 M Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20024 — 554 1333 A p r i l 8, 1968 HWC EMERGENCY FUND CRITERIA 1. Funds w i l l be used f o r t h e a l l e v i a t i o n o f human d i s t r e s s and s u f f e r i n g to meet the immediate needs o f i n d i v i d u a l s and f a m i l i e s caused by and r e l a t e d to the c i v i l disorder. i n j u r e d and t h o s e who l o s t t h e i r T h i s means people who were burned o u t , jobs. 2. Funds w i l l be used f o r emergency and immediate needs w h i c h cannot be met through t h e Department o f P u b l i c W e l f a r e o r o t h e r r e s o u r c e s . Some examples a r e ; A. S u p p l i e s f o r t h e h e a l t h and c a r e o f c h i l d r e n . (Sterilizer and baby b o t t l e s . ) B. S p e c i a l m e d i c i n e s and equipment f o r d i a b e t i c , a r t h r i t i c , h e a r t p a t i e n t s and o t h e r s h a v i n g h e a l t h problems. C. Funds f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o c l i n i c s and t o employment. D. Rent and u t i l i t i e s i n e x c e p t i o n a l c a s e s w h i c h cannot be p a i d by t h e Department o f P u b l i c W e l f a r e and w h i c h i s not otherwise a v a i l a b l e . E. Moving and s t o r a g e o f p o s s e s s i o n s . F. Food f o r s p e c i a l h e a l t h d i e t s and o t h e r purposes, w h i c h i s not a v a i l a b l e from o t h e r s o u r c e s . Sluiring in �- 2 3. Funds w i l l be disbursed by responsible voluntary agencies after persons are interviewed to ascertain their individual and verified needs. 4. None of the funds are to be used for regular-agency operations. Agencies w i l l meet usual and normal requests for assistance from their H C allocations and other resources. W APPROACH 1 . The action required to a s s i s t those in need should be taken promptly and on a f l e x i b l e b a s i s . 2. Reliance w i l l be placed on the good judgment of the s o c i a l workers who w i l l be a s s i s t i n g those in need. 3 . Agencies w i l l be in close communication with the Department of Public Welfare and other public services to assure that these voluntary and supplemental funds are used for needs which cannot be met through other resources. �HEALTH A N D WELFARE of tlie <yVational COUNCIL C^apital <z/$rea 95 M Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20024 — 554 1333 A p r i l 9, 1968 i MEMORANDUM TO: Agencies A s s i s t i n g i n D i s t r i b u t i o n of HWC Emergency Fund Money FROM: E l i z a b e t h G. Sarpy SUBJECT: HWC Emergency Fund Mrs. P i n k e t t and I a r e most a p p r e c i a t i v e of your w i l l i n g n e s s to cooperate i n the d i s t r i b u t i o n of the HWC Emergency Fund. As was explained to you a t the meeting on A p r i l 8, money contributed to the HWC Emergency Fund w i l l be used to a l l e v i a t e the human d i s t r e s s , of i n d i v i d u a l s a f f e c t e d by the c i v i l d i s o r d e r here i n Washington. We are looking to you to i n t e r v i e w persons requesting help and a l l o c a t e funds to them on the b a s i s of the nature and extent of t h e i r emergency needs r e s u l t i n g from being burned out, being i n j u r e d , or l o s i n g jobs. Requests may be f o r emergency medical needs, t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , c l o t h i n g or any other need preventing the i n d i v i d u a l from beginning a r e t u r n to normal l i v i n g . The money w i l l not be used f o r food, because of the food d i s t r i b u t i o n being conducted by the churches, nor f o r any other needs where resources are already a v a i l a b l e . A copy of the d e t a i l e d c r i t e r i a to be applied to a l l requests i s attached. I n order that we can gauge the magnitude of the need f o r emergency funds, i t i s important that we have a d a i l y report on requests approved. The type of report which w i l l be required and i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r preparing i t accompany t h i s memorandum. H V3 Sharing £ in [ G; �of C^olumLia HEALTH A N D WELFARE C O U N C I L 9 5 M Street, S . W . , W a s h i n g t o n , D. C . 20024 - 554-1333 April 8, 1968 EMERGENCY FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE CENTERS AGENCY EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR ADDRESS Barney Neighborhood House Mr. Joseph T . Altopiedi 3118 16th S t . N.W. AD .2-135** Catholic Charities Monsignor Leo J . Coady 1710 N S t . , N.W. ST 3-058.1 Christ Child Settlement House Hiss Doris M. Adams 608 Massachusetts Ave., N. E . 546-1500 Family & Child Services Mr. John G. Theban 929 L Street, N.W. 232-6510 Friendship House Mr. Robert T . Adams 619 D Street, N.W. .547-8880 Northwest Settlement House Mr. Eugene B. Mundle 448 Ridge St.,N.W. 638-4736 Salvation Army Brigadier W.R.H. Goodier 503 E . S t . , N.W. EX 3-1831 Southeast Neighborhood House Mr. James Speight 2263 Mt. View P I , S. E . 582-7700 Travelers Aid Miss Catherine C. Hiatt 1015 12th St.,N.W. 347-0101 12th Street C. Thomas Weaver O 1816 13th St.,N.W. H 2-1051' Sterling Tucker -C2G Ord G * . , 1J.W. Urban League (YMCA) TEL. NO. �April 8, 1968 REPORTING ON DISBURSEMENT OF HWC EMERGENCY FUND I t i s g o i n g t o be e s s e n t i a l t o have a d a i l y r e p o r t from a l l a g e n c i e s making d i s b u r s e m e n t s from t h e HWC Emergency Fund. T h e s e f u n d s * a r e t o be used e x c l u s i v e l y t o meet emergency needs o f p e r s o n s a f f e c t e d by t h e r e c e n t c i v i l d i s o r d e r i n W a s h i n g t o n . None o f t h e money i s t o be u s e d f o r r e g u l a r agency o p e r a t i o n s . A g e n c i e s a r e e x p e c t e d t o meet t h e u s u a l and normal r e q u e s t f o r assistance from t h e i r r e g u l a r HWC a l l o c a t i o n s and o t h e r r e s o u r c e s . F o r e a c h c a s e w h i c h q u a l i f i e s f o r emergency f i n a n c i a l i n f o r m a t i o n w i l l be r e q u i r e d : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. assistance, the following Name o f a p p l i c a n t Address of a p p l i c a n t Number o f p e r s o n s and/or d e p e n d e n t s b e n e f i t t i n g from d i s b u r s e m e n t Amount o f d i s b u r s e m e n t S p e c i f i c purpose f o r disbursement A g e n c i e s a r e r e q u e s t e d t o make t h e i r d a i l y r e p o r t s on a f o r m a t s i m i l a r shown i n t h e a t t a c h m e n t t o t h i s memorandum. Two c o p i e s s h o u l d to that be s e n t t o Mrs. E l i z a b e t h G. S a r p y Regional D i r e c t o r D. C. H e a l t h and W e l f a r e 95 M S t . , S. W. W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. 20024 Regional Council I t s h o u l d be d i s p a t c h e d n o t l a t e r t h a n 10 a.m. e a c h morning c o v e r i n g c a s e s p r o c e s s e d t h e p r e v i o u s d a y . I t i s s u g g e s t e d t h e agency keep a copy o f e a c h r e p o r t i n t h e e v e n t t h a t any need f o r r e v i e v ; a r i s e s . The d a t e c o v e r e d by t h e r e p o r t s h o u l d be e n t e r e d i n t h e upper r i g h t hand c o r n e r . I f more t h a n one page i s needed, t h e page c o u n t - 1 o f 3, 2 o f 3, e t c . s h o u l d be n o t e d below t h e d a t e . The r e p o r t s h o u l d tative. be s i g n e d by t h e a g e n c y e x e c u t i v e o r h i s a u t h o r i z e d represen- ��FOOD DISTRIBUTION C E N T E R S NORTHEAST: Christ Child Settlement House 60S Massachusetts Avenue 546-1500 St. Benedict's DeMoor-Fr. Moloney 320 - 21st Street L I . 4-6555 Keller-Lutheran Church 9th Street & Maryland Avenue 544-0769 123 - 11th Street 547-0410 547-1508 Faith Tabernacle Church 300 A Street 422-2336 547-1616 Far Northeast Community Center 624 Division Avenue 397-1104 Metropolitan Community Aid Council 49th & Grant Streets 399-6333 Douglas Memorial Methodist Church 11th & H Streets I I . 7-9561 Near Northeast Community Improvement Center 1326 Florida Avenue 547*7202 Holy Name School 1217 West Virginia Avenue L I . 6-0614 546-2626 St. Joseph's - F r . Gillcn 313 - 2nd Street L I . 7-1223 Mt. Mori ah Baptist Church (Rev. R. G. Williams, Pastor) 1636 E a s t Capitol Street g39Ht345- New Samaritan Baptist Church (Rev. Harrison, Pastor) 6246 - 8th Street 802-6795 Dominican Fathers Community Center ( F r . William Kane) 6 �FOOD DISTRIBUTION C E N T E R S NORTHWEST: Central Presbyterian Church 1470 Irving Street AD. 4-031* New Bethel Baptist Church (Rev. Walter E . Fauntroy, Pastor) 9th & S Streets CO. 5-0666 DU. 7-3517 fellowship House 945 L Street 462-5631 RLA 913 P Street 382-7434 ix Third Baptist Church 5th & Que Streets DE. 2-8610 AD. 2-9306' < St. Mary's Church 5th & G Streets ME. F i r s t Rising Mt. Zion Baptist Church 606 N Street AD. 2-4480 UPO Center #1 1507 - 9th Street 659-1100 UPO Center #2 1368 Euclid Street 659-1100 Our Lady of Perpetual Help 1600 Morris Road 583- 9852 584- 4999 Chase, Inc. 3511 .'heeler Road 561-6500 544-2434 2 01-A - H Street 544-2511 544-2510 I l e l J Ofl'lL^ (Study- 6-3250 SOUTHEAST: SOUTHWEST: Southwest Community House NOTE: Above information received from Mr. Cobb, Red Cross, April 8, 1968, 9 p.m. �FOOD DISTRIBUTION CENTERS NORTHEAST: Atonement House 1330 G Street 396-5212 15th Street Presbyterian Church 15th & R Streets 234-0300 St. Stephen & Incarnation Church 16th & Newton Streets 265-1511 Calvary Methodist Church 1459 Columbia Road D E . 2-3422 Lincoln Temple 11th & R Streets 387-6724 August an fi Church New Hampshire Avenue & V Sts 584-0469 St. Paul & Augustine Parish Hall 1419 V Street 387-3596 Sacred Heart School 16th Street 8 Park Road c CO. 5-4828 Luther Place Lutheran Church 12th Street 8t Vermont Avenue 667-1377 12th Street Y. M C A. 1816 - 12th Street 232-7761 St. Martin's Church 1900 North Capitol Street DI. 7-3666 St. Aloysius North Capitol 8 Eye Streets c 737-9650 St. Peters 313 - 2nd Street U . 7-1431 Friendship House 619 D Street 547-8880 St. Phillips 2027 Nichols Avenue 582-6767 Holy Comforter 15th Street 8c East Capitol L I . 7-7556 Church of the Reformation 212 East Capitol L I . 3-5455 NORTHWEST: SOUTHEAST: NOTE: Above information received from Mr. Cobb, Red Cross, April 8, 1968, 9 p.m. �islricl of d^oltimLia HEALTH AND 9 5 M Strecl, S. W., WELFARE C O U N C I ! W a s h i n g t o n , D. C . 20024 - 554-1333 A p r i l 9, For f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n , c o n t a c t 1968 K a r l N o r d l i n g a t 554-1333 o r 683-1374 FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE The H e a l t h and W e l f a r e C o u n c i l , a t the r e q u e s t o f t h e Urban C o a l i t i o n , has a r r a n g e d f o r HWC a g e n c i e s a t 22 l o c a t i o n s t o i n t e r v i e w p e r s o n s w i t h emer- gency f i n a n c i a l needs a r i s i n g from t h e c i v i l d i s o r d e r and a l l o c a t e funds t h a t have been c o n t r i b u t e d by c i t i z e n s from throughout t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Area. HWC i s both c o l l e c t i n g and c o o r d i n a t i n g t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e emer- gency funds a t t h e r e q u e s t o f t h e Urban C o a l i t i o n . The a g e n c i e s , w h i c h w i l l be open d a i l y u n t i l c u r f e w , a r e : Barney Neighborhood House, 3118 16th S t . , N. W. (AD 2-1354) Catholic C h a r i t i e s , 1710 N S t . , N. W. (ST 3-0581) C h r i s t C h i l d S e t t l e m e n t House, 608 M a s s a c h u s e t t s Ave., N. E. (546-1500) F r i e n d s h i p House, 619 D S t r e e t , M. W. (547-8880) Northwest S e t t l e m e n t House, 448 Ridge S t r e e t , N. W. S a l v a t i o n Army, 503 E S t r e e t , N. W., (638-4736) (EX 3-1881) Southeast Neighborhood House, 2263 Mt. View P I . , S.E. T r a v e l e r s A i d , 1015 12th S t . , N. W. 12th Street (582-7700) (347-0101) YMCA , 1816 - l ? t h S t . , N. W. (HO 2-1054) (more) A REGIONAL H E A L T H UNIT A N D OF THE W E L F A R E C O U N C I L H V3 € Sharing in [ C ! \ �- 2Washington Urban League 626 - 3rd Street, N. W. (737-8600) Family and Child Services: 929 L Street, N. W. (232-6510) Near Northeast - - 1809 Penning Road, N. E . (397-2400) Far Northeast — 700 51st S t . , N. E . (397-1700, 397-1701, 397-1702) Urban League — 1302 New Jersey Ave., N. W. (332-4673, 332-4674, 332-4675) Southwest Center — 1251-A Carrollsburg Place, S.W. (544-1707, 544-1708) Friendship Center — 1347 Pennsylvania Ave., S . E . (544-1820, 5441821, 544-1822) Southeast Center — 1218 U Street, S . E . (583-3200, 583-3201, 583-3202) Cardoza #1 — 1302 New Jersey Ave., N. W. (667-6133) Cardozo #2 — 1341 Clifton S t . , M. W. (265-0796, 265-0797) Cardoza #3 — 3500 14th S t . , N. W. (DU 7-7200) The funds w i l l be used for emergency and immediate needs grov/ing out of the c i v i l disorder that cannot be met through the Department of Public Welfare or other resources, such as supplies for the health and care of children, special medicines, storage of possessions, and transportation to c l i n i c s and jobs. Trained, professional s t a f f members w i l l decide the amount of money each individual should receive on the basis of the nature and extent of his problems. The fund had grown to $39,500 by Tuesday as a result of a surge of contributions ranging from $1 to $10,000, from persons living in both the D i s t r i c t and the suburbs. �P e r s o n s w i s h i n g t o c o n t r i b u t e s h o u l d make o u t t h e i r c h e c k s t o Emergency Fund" and m a i l them t o HWC W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. Emergency Fund, c/o'Postmaster, "HWC �Damage Estimate �"M S T R I C T O F C O L U M B I A R E D E V E L O P M E N T L A N D A G E N C Y 1 4 2 0 N E W Y O R K A V E N U E . N. W. W A S H I N G T O N . April D. C. 2C-OOS 9, 1968 H o n o r a b l e Thomas W. F l e t c h e r Deputy Mayor D i s t r i c t BuildingW a s h i n g t o n , D. C. 20004 D e a r Tom: RLA s t a f f h a s p r e p a r e d t h e f o l l o w i n g p r e l i m i n a r y e s t i m a t e s o f damage t o b u i l d i n g s f r o m t h e s t a r t o f c i v i l d i s t u r b a n c e s on T h u r s d a y , A p r i l 4, 1968 t h r o u g h noon on A p r i l 8, 1 9 6 8 : Estimated Real Property Damage No. o f B u i l d i n g s Damaged o r D e s t r o y e d No. o f H o u s i n g U n i t s Damaged o r D e s t r o y e d . . . No. o f C o m m e r c i a l E s t a b l i s h m e n t s Damaged o r Destroyed No. o f P u b l i c and I n s t i t u t i o n a l E s t a b l i s h m e n t s Damaged o r D e s t r o y e d Estimated Cost o f Damage 645 283 909 8 $13,330,556 T h e s e e s t i m a t e s a r e b a s e d on e x t e r i o r s u r v e y s o f b u i l d i n g s i n t h e a r e a s where damage was c o n c e n t r a t e d . I n addition,i t i s t h e i n f o r m e d g u e s s o f o u r e n g i n e e r s t h a t s c a t t e r e d damage o u t s i d e o f t h e s e a r e a s w o u l d n o t e x c e e d 1 5 % o f t h e above totals. The c o s t e s t i m a t e s a r e computed f r o m t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f damage t o t h e s t r u c t u r e , a s d e t e r m i n e d by o u r s t a f f e n g i n e e r s and a r c h i t e c t s , m u l t i p l i e d by o u r e s t i m a t e o f t h e v a l u e o f t h e buildings. B u i l d i n g v a l u e s were s e t a t 2.5 t i m e s t h e a s s e s s e d v a l u e c o n t a i n e d i n t h e D. C. R e a l P r o p e r t y I n v e n t o r y f o r t h e current year. I t s h o u l d be made c l e a r t h a t t h e s e a r e e s t i m a t e s o f t h e c o s t o f damage o n l y , and n o t t h e t o t a l v a l u e o f r e a l e s t a t e i n w h i c h t h e damage was l o c a t e d . E s t i m a t e s o f t h e number o f h o u s i n g and n o n - r e s i d e n t i a l u n i t s i n damaged b u i l d i n g s w e r e o b t a i n e d f r o m P o l k ' s C i t y D i r e c t o r y and f r o m B a i s t ' s Real Estate Atlas. N E V I L L E JOHN JOHN JOHN MILLER. CHAIRMAN J . GUNTHER, VICE 5 C R O C K E R W. HECH1NGER THOMAS APPLEOY. CHAIRMAN E X E C U T I V E DIRECTOR �- 2 The e s t i m a t e s of r e a l p r o p e r t y damage do not i n c l u d e the v a l u e of h o u s e h o l d e f f e c t s , equipment, or.commercial inventory. T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n i s not r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e i n the D i s t r i c t Computer Data Bank. I am, t h e r e f o r e , turning our r e c o r d s over to the D i s t r i c t so t h a t the d a t a on p e r s o n a l p r o p e r t y may be c o m p i l e d . C o r r i d o r s of damage i n each of of b u i l d i n g s were sheet for general 1. C o n c e n t r a t e d Damage - Our e s t i m a t e s of the a r e a s i n w h i c h l a r g e concentrations damaged a r e as f o l l o w s (See a t t a c h e d boundary d e s c r i p t i o n s ) : 14th S t r e e t N Corridor W No. of B u i l d i n g s Damaged No. of R e s i d e n t i a l U n i t s Damaged No. of Commercial E s t a b l i s h m e n t s Damaged . No. of P u b l i c and I n s t i t u t i o n a l E s t a b l i s h m e n t s Damaged E s t i m a t e d C o s t of Damage 2. 7th Street-Georgia 153 80 275 3 $6,647,119 Avenue N C o r r i d o r W No. of B u i l d i n g s Damaged No. of R e s i d e n t i a l U n i t s Damaged No. of Commercial E s t a b l i s h m e n t s Damaged . No. of P u b l i c and I n s t i t u t i o n a l E s t a b l i s h m e n t s Damaged E s t i m a t e d C o s t of Damage 3. North C a p i t o l S t r e e t 263 148 334 5 $4,257,216 Corridor No. of B u i l d i n g s Damaged No. of R e s i d e n t i a l U n i t s Damaged No. of Commercial E s t a b l i s h m e n t s Damaged . No. of P u b l i c and I n s t i t u t i o n a l E s t a b l i s h m e n t s Damaged E s t i m a t e d Cost of Damage 31 3 34 None $ 415,376 �4. H S t r e e t NE C o r r i d o r No. of B u i l d i n g s Damaged . . No. of R e s i d e n t i a l U n i t s Damaged . . . . No. of Commercial E s t a b l i s h m e n t s Damaged No. of P u b l i c and I n s t i t u t i o n a l E s t a b l i s h m e n t s Damaged E s t i m a t e d Cost of Damage 5. 90 51 103 None $1,799,326 8 t h S t r e e t NE and SE C o r r i d o r No. of B u i l d i n g s Damaged No. of R e s i d e n t i a l U n i t s Damaged . . . . No. of Commercial E s t a b l i s h m e n t s Damaged No. of P u b l i c and I n s t i t u t i o n a l E s t a b l i s h m e n t s Damaged E s t i m a t e d Cost of Damage 6. Other S m a l l e r C o r r i d o r s 21 1 21 None $ 106,000 Surveyed No. of B u i l d i n g s Damaged No. of R e s i d e n t i a l U n i t s Damaged . . . . No. of Commercial E s t a b l i s h m e n t s Damaged No. of P u b l i c and I n s t i t u t i o n a l E s t a b l i s h m e n t s Damaged E s t i m a t e d C o s t of Damage E x t e n t of B u i l d i n g Damage - F o r purposes r e p o r t ^ damage was c a t e g o r i z e d as f o l l o w s : S l i g h t Damage 87 0 142 None $ of 105,519 this (0 - 10%) T y p i c a l l y , b u i l d i n g s i n t h i s category suffered breakage "of windows and e n t r a n c e s i n ground f l o o r commercial e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . No. No. No. No. of of of of Buildings Commercial E s t a b l i s h m e n t s Residential Units P u b l i c and I n s t i t u t i o n a l E s t i m a t e d Cost of Damage 360 439 43 5 $1,609,699 �_ 4 S u b s t a n t i a l Damage (11 - 4 9 % ) T y p i c a l l y , t h e s e b u i l d i n g s s u s t a i n e d damage, by f i r e o r o t h e r c a u s e s , t o t h e ground f l o o r and one or more u p p e r f l o o r s , b u t had upper f l o o r s w h i c h w e r e n o t damaged. T h e s e a r e t h e b u i l d i n g s r e q u i r i n g m a j o r r e p a i r s w h i c h a r e t h e most l i k e l y candidates for r e h a b i l i t a t i o n . No. No. No. No. of of of of 62 108 208 2 Buildings Commercial E s t a b l i s h m e n t s Residential Units P u b l i c and I n s t i t u t i o n a l Estimated $1,126,935 C o s t o f Damage E x t e n s i v e Damage ( 5 0 % o r more) T y p i c a l l y , these b u i l d i n g s a r e e x t e n s i v e l y damaged by f i r e on b o t h t h e ground f l o o r and u p p e r f l o o r s , including buildings e n t i r e l y destroyed. Few, i f a n y , o f t h e s e b u i l d i n g s w i l l be c a p a b l e o f economic rehabilitation. For purposes of t h i s report, therefore, a l l b u i l d i n g s w i t h 5 0 % o r more damage a r e c o n s i d e r e d total losses. No. No. No. No. of of of of Estimated Itemized for 223 362 212 1 Buildings Commercial E s t a b l i s h m e n t s Residential Units P u b l i c and I n s t i t u t i o n a l $10,593,922 C o s t o f Damage Estimates T h e a t t a c h e d t a b l e shows t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l a l l o f t h e e s t i m a t e s summarized above. breakdown We a r e a l s o e n c l o s i n g a map o f t h e m a j o r c o r r i d o r s . A w o r k i n g map s h o w i n g t h e e x t e n t o f damage t o e a c h b u i l d i n g h a s been prepared. A d d i t i o n a l c o p i e s o f t h i s a r e now b e i n g d r a f t e d by t h e NCPC s t a f f . Regards. Sincerely, Attachments �Attachment BOUNDARIES OF CORRIDORS OF CONCENTRATED DAMAGE 14th Street N Corridor W South - P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue East - 10th & Sherman North - M e r i d i a n P l a c e West - 16th S t r e e t 7th S t r e e t - G e o r g i a Avenue N C o r r i d o r W South - P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue New J e r s e y Avenue & Second East - McMillan R e s v r . North - Park Road West - 10th & Sherman North C a p i t o l S t r e e t Corridor South - C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue East - F i r s t Street North - Michigan Avenue West - F o u r t h , New J e r s e y & Second H S t r e e t NE C o r r i d o r South East North West - F Street Fifteenth Street K Street Second S t r e e t E i g h t h S t r e e t NE & SE C o r r i d o r South East North West - Other A r e a s - V i r g i n i a Avenue Tenth S t r e e t F Street Sixth Street Surveyed 14th S t r e e t , North of M e r i d i a n P l a c e G e o r g i a Avenue, North of Park Road 4th S t r e e t NE, T S t r e e t to B r y a n t S t r e e t Rhode I s l a n d Avenue NE, 13th to 19th S t r e e t s N i c h o l s Avenue S E , Good Hope Road to M o r r i s Road Good Hope Road, S E , N i c h o l s Avenue to 18th S t r e e t �REAL PROPERTY TOTAL DAMAGE ESTIMATE TOTAL • '"ISA SQUARE ESTIMATE 0 10% 11 DAMAGE B to 50% 50% C or MORE TOTAL BLDGS. NO. R E S . UNITS DAMAGED COMMERCIAL ESTAB. DAMAGED OCCUPIED VACANT OTHER VALUE DAMAGED 62 223 645 43 DAMAGED NO. 360 28 212 283 439 108 362 909 430 ioi 342 873 9 7 20 36 5 NO. ESTIMATED A to OF 2 1 8 $1,609,699 $1, 126,935 ~ $13,593,922 -$I ! I 1 1 1 1 1 3"; "3307556 �REAL iA FOURTEEN SQUARE STREET NW PROPERTY DAMAGE ESTIMATE CORRIDOR ALL ESTIMATE A DAMAGE OF B C or I MORE~ _ T 0 T A L ' 0 t o 10% NO. BLDGS. NO. RES. NO. COMMERCIAL 83 UNITS DAMAGED ESTAB. DAMAGED OCCUPIED VACANT 59 153 7 65 80 122 25 128 275 119 23 123 265 3 2 5 "3 OTHER ESTIMATED 11 8 DAMAGED 11 t o 50% VALUE DAMAGED $852,907 ~ j TJ $395,212 ' 50% — -To-: 0 $5,399,000 1 $6 6 4 7 , 1 1 9 �REAL PROPERTY DAMAGE ESTIMATE «JA SEVENTH STREET-GEORGIA SQUARE AVENUE NW CORRIDOR ALL ESTIMATE A 0 t o 10% NO. BLDGS. DAMAGED NO. R E S . UNITS DAMAGED • NO. COMMERCIAL ESTAB. DAMAGED OCCUPIED VACANT OTHER OF B C 1 1 to 5 0 % DAMAGE 5 0 % or MORE a TOTAL 118 36 109 263 23 19 106 148 119 58 157 334 115 53 142 310 4 5 15 24 2 2 1 5 ESTIMATED VALUE DAMAGED 1 $388,522 $288,547 $3,580,147 ^4,257,216 �REAL PROPERTY DAMAGE E S T I M A T E ' -\A NORTH C A P I T O L S T R E E T r SQUARE CORRIDOR ALL ESTIMATE A B 0 t o 10% NO. BLDGS. DAMAGED OCCUPIED C ~ 1 5 0 % o r MORE TOTAL 6 9 31 0 0 3 3 17 6 11 34 16 6 11 33 1 0 0 1 VACANT ESTIMATED VALUE DAMAGED 11 t o 5 0 % DAMAGE 16 NO. R E S . U N I T S DAMAGED NO. COMMERCIAL E S T A B . DAMAGED OF $31,900 $159,226 $224,250 $415,3'' �REAL EA H STREET SQUARE NE PROPERTY DAMAGE ESTIMATE CORRIDOR ALL ESTIMATE 0 NO. BLDGS. DAMAGED NO. RES. NO. COMMERCIAL UNITS 10% DAMAGED VACANT 50% " 50% C or MORE TOTAL 6 41 90 2 38 51 46 6 51 103 46 6 51 103 0 0 $220,276 VALUE B to 11 OCCUPIED ESTIMATED 11 DAMAGE 43 DAMAGED ESTAB. A to OF DAMAGED $275,275 $1,303,775 $ 1,799,:;26 �£I!Mi PROPERTY DAMAGE ESTIMATE • :A » EIGHTH STREET NE/SE CORRIDOR SQUARE A l l ESTIMATE OF DAMAGE A B C 18 0 3 21 1 0 0 1 17 0 4 21 16 0 4 20 1 0 0 1 0 t o 1 0 % L I t o 5 0 % 5 0 % o r MORE NO. BLDGS. DAMAGED NO. RE S . UNITS DAMAGED NO. COMMERCIAL ESTAB. DAMAGED OCCUPIED TOTAL VACANT ESTIMATED VALUE DAMAGED $40,250 - 0 - $65,750 $ 1 0 6 , 0 )G �REAL PROPERTY DAMAGE E S T I M A T E t A - OTIIiSU AiiBAS SUxiV^YED SQUARE - ALL ESTIMATE OF B A DAMAGE C 0 t o 10% 11 t o 50% 50% o r MORE NO. BLDGS. DAMAGED NO. R E S . U N I T S DAMAGED NO. COMMERCIAL E S T A B . DAMAGED OCCUPIED 82 TOTAL 3 2 87 0 0 0 0 110 13 11 142 lie 13 11 142 VACANT 0 0 0 0 OTHSit 0 0 0 0 ? STTMATED VALUE DAMAGED . 375,844 $ 8,675 3 21,000 $105,519 �Rebuilding �REBUILDING The District Government is taking quick action to begin the task of rebuilding the parts of the city destroyed or damaged during the disturbances. This action includes: 1. Assessing the damage (See RLA report) 2. Determining what plan should guide the rebuilding process: a. Whether the property should be rebuilt "as w a s " or b. Whether the areas affected should be redeveloped completely under a new concept 3. Determining what Federal assistance can be made available to facilitate the rebuilding, such a s : a. HUD funds for demolition of unsafe buildings, construction of additional low-rent apartment buildings, rent supplements and for moderate-income housing under the 221 (d)(3) program b. SBA 30-year mortgages at 3% c . EDA 90% "soft" loans, 50% loans for public works and some technical assistance money for economic development 4. Ensuring that there is citizen participation in the policy-making process , particularly by those citizens directly affected by the decisions . 5. Taking immediate steps to persuade insurance companies to honor claims as expeditiously as possible to aid individuals and businesses 6. Exploring what kinds of legislation may be necessary to give the District Government additional tools with which to tackle the rebuilding task. ��Statements Mayor and M r . V a n c e �• •• - ' 0120 A p r i l 6, I968 Mayor Washington: And as you w e l l know, t h e d i s t u r b a n c e d e s t r u c t i o n i n some a r e a s . 8th Street, p r i n c i p a l l y . We has caused c o n s i d e r a b l e t r a v e l e d 7th U S t r e e t and S t r e e t were h e a v i l y damaged by f i r e and f r o m . t h e _ s t o r e s t h a t had a r e h o p e f u l t h a t the of the conditions I am has cautious and looting. our own s i t u a t i o n therefore and be l i f t e d Saturday. a t 6:30 The AM H e c h i n g e r , who council, I am h o p e f u l however. citizens. I hope t o remain c u r f e w t h a t went i n t o e f f e c t a t 5:30 The result i s head of the c i t y To t h a t e x t e n t , we are c o n t i n u i n g i n t h e morning. could Vance i s here and made an o t h e r r e s t r i c t i o n s t h a t w i l l go i n t o e f f e c t on F r i d a y and e f f e c t on S a t u r d a y . 15th f i r e s were c o n t a i n e d . i s s e t t l i n g down as the t o t h e w e l f a r e o f our duly prepared. As f a r as we observation, t h a t we observed f i r s t Hand. i n respect Street S t r e e t s , as we t r a v e l e d them, something t o say w i t h h i s o b s e r v a t i o n . cautious 7th S t r e e t from Union S t a t i o n a l r e a d y been damaged by f i r e s . independent check, along w i t h Mr. and who and There w e r e s p o r a d i c i n c i d e n t s of l o o t i n g , mostly a s c e r t a i n from most of the f i r e m e n and We S t r e e t , 14th S t r e e t N.W. 14th S t r e e t were h e a v i l y h i t and from F S t r e e t , North F l o r i d a Avenue, and 8 t h appeared t o be q u i t e calm. damage and our curfew i t w i l l be in on F r i d a y will c u r f e w w i l l resume at 5:30 FM on .Tomorrow_morning the f o l l o w i n g r e s t r i c t i o n s w i l l c o n t i n u e u n t i l further notice. No l i q u o r w i l l be s o l d , no g a s o l i n e w i l l be sold other than t h a t w h i c h i s d i s p e n s e d d i r e c t l y i n t o the t a n k s o f motor v e h i c l e s , no or ammunition w i l l be sold. firearms �I v i s i t e d w h i l e out i n the_ D i s t r i c t one o f t h e emergency c e n t e r s which was S t - S t e v e n s I n c a r n a t i o n Church where I viewed a number o f f a m i l i e s l i v i n g i n a q u a r t e r o f t h e c h u r c h and r e c e i v i n g food and f i r s t a i d . I examined the needs o f a number o f f a m i l i e s . As t h e r e s u l t o f t h a t e x p e r i e n c e , " i t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e p r i n c i p a l problem i n the e f f e c t e d a r e a s , the h e a v i l y e f f e c t e d a r e a s ^ w i l l be food and housing. Arrangements are now b e i n g made f o r emergency food through our Welfare Department and though private sources. dispense A l i s t o f emergency c e n t e r s t h a t w i l l be a b l e t o food and o f f e r o t h e r h e l p t o f a m i l i e s v/ho have s u f f e r e d a s a r e s u l t o f t h i s t r a g i c i n c i d e n t w i l l be made tomorrow. arrangements We w i l l a l s o announce w h i c h have been made though our H e a l t h Department , i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e Red C r o s s , t o a d m i n i s t e r t o whatever h e a l t h needs a r i s e and they w i l l be a c c e s s e d h o u r l y and w i l l be a d m i n i s t e r e d t o as t h e y a r e needed. I n t h e 3 a r e a s t h a t I r e f e r r e d to; 14th, 7 t h and 8 t h St;we w i l l have on t h e s t r e e t i n the morning our s a n i t a r y engineering department and we a r e h o p e f u l t h a t we w i l l be a b l e t o c l e a r the s t r e e t s of the d e b r i s . I would urge t h a t people who do n o t have emergencies t o try t o manage n o t t o t r a v e l i n t h e p a r t i c u l a r a r e a s and seek other r o u t e s i n order t o a l l o w t h e equipment t o c l e a n and respond t o t h e area. I how would l i k e t o c a l l on t h e c i t i z e n s t o cooperate us i n t h i s e f f o r t on the l i n e s I have i n d i c a t e d and t h a t with connection I would l i k e to g i v e you a s e p a r a t e r e p o r t and o b s e r v a t i o n and t h e n c a l l ' f o r t h a t y o u might have * w h i c h we can handle a t t h i s time, ~ by" c a l l i n g upon Mr. Cyrus Vance who..has come t o t h e c i t y a t my r e q u e s t to a i d with . • _ and a s s i s t / t h e g r e a t e x p e r i e n c e - which he has had i n t h i s a r e a i n c i t i e s t h a t have had t h i s problem b e f o r e . members o f the p r e s s question I'm s u r e t h a t t h e r e a r e t h a t would l i k e t o get h i s r e a c t i o n from f i r s t _han/ t �Mr Vance; The mayor i n d i c a t e d chat Mr. Hechinger and I made a i n s p e c t i o n t o u r o f the c i t y , we j u s t r e t u r n e d a few minutes ago, Vh ^ a l s o c o v e r e d the a r e a s ox" t h e c i t y v/hich were 'aoavily h i t . Vie went up 14.th S t r e e t all t h e way down 7th S t r e e t , c o v e r i n g the 8th S t r e e t a r e a . We stopped and t a l k e d w i t h f i r e companies, p o l i c e and w i t h the f e d e r a l t r o o p s of t h e n a t i o n a l g u a r d . to be under c o n t r o l . The s i t u a t i o n i n a l l o f these a r e a s The f i r e s w h i c h were appeared turning quite h e a v i l y when I came t o the c i t y e a r l y t h i s a f t e r n o o n a l l appeared to be under c o n t r o l and we were i n f o r m e d by f i r e m e n on t h e scene t h a t they t h e y had t h i n g s under c o n t r o l . felt I n t h i s connection, I might mention, t h a t i t was v e r y i m p r e s s i v e to s e e n o t only t h e r e g u l a r c i t y fire o f f i c i a l : . - , but the v o l u n t e e r f i r e departments which had come i n from many s u r r o u n d i n g communities working s i d e by s i d e w i t h t h e r e g u l a r f i r e m e n h e r e i n the d i s t r i c t . We t a l k e d w i t h t h e p o l i c e and w i t h the f e d e r a l troops and n a t i o n a l guard were informed the c o o p e r a t i o n among them was e x c e l l e n t and were a l s o informed t h a t the s i t u a t i o n appeared to be q u i e t i n g down and a s o f t h e moment appears to be i n hand. I s i n c e r e l y hope t h a t everyone w i l l co-operate i n every way to brir.3 the c i t y back to normal a s r a p i d l y a s p o s s i b l e . all I have a s a r e s u l t o f my i n s p e c t i o n . Mayor, I t h i n k t h a t i s I w i l l be happy tu answer any questions., Question: I s t h e r e any evidence' o f s n i p i n g Mr. Vance?' Mr. Vance: I heard one r e p o r t o f an a l l i e d had no c o n f i r m a t i o n o f t h a t . s n i p i n g i n c i d e n t but have T h a t i s t h e only r e p o r t o f an a l l e g e d s n i p i n g t h a t I have h e a r d . Question: Do you think. F e d e r a l Troops w i l l be moving c u t t h e r e ? �Mr. Vance: Question: Mr. Vance: but F e d e r a l t r o o p s w i l l be h e r e tomorrow morning i n t h e c i t y . I s t h e 82nd A i r b o r n e going t o be used a t a l l ? One b r i g a d e o f t h e 82nd A i r b o r n e w i l l be i n Washington tomorrow, i t w i l l be h e l d i n r e s e r v e . Question: I s i t h e r e now? Mr. Vance: I t i s arriving Question: Mr. Vance: Question: Mr. Vance: Question: now. About how many men? A p p r o x i m a t e l y 2000; 2600. A r r i v i n g a t Andrews? At Andrews. What about t h e M a r i n e s . Are t h e y s t a n d i n g by i n r e s e r v e t o move i n ? Mr. Vance: We w i l l , I b e l i e v e m a i n t a i n t h e p r e s e n t deployment. The Mayor and t w i l l t a l k w i t h G e n e r a l H a i n e s a f t e r we l e a v e our meeting w i t h you and w i l l d e t e r m i n e what t h e deployment w i l l be Question: tomorrow. Mr. Vance a s h o r t time ago a r e p o r t e r r e t u r n e d from A n a c o s t i a and s a i d t h e r e were s e v e r e f i r e s on Goodhope Road S.E. and Alabama Avenue S.E Did any o f you go i n t o t h a t a r e a ? Mr. Vance: No I d i d not get t o A n a c o s t i a . Mayor Washington: The l a s t r e p o r t I had was t h a t the s i t u a t i o n appeared t o be under c o n t r o l but I d i d not observe t h i s m y s e l f . Question: there. We were t o l d a l l day t h a t t h e r e was nothing b e i n g d e s t r o y e d over Mr*. Vance when d i d a l l t h i s happen i n A n a c o s t i a ? Mayor Washington: I don't know. We r e c e i v e d from people t h a t I had r e p o r t i n d i r e c t l y on t h a t , and I can check w i t h our l i a i s o n , i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e r e were s p o r a d i c i n c i d e n t s over t h e r e around 3 o ' c l o c k . We r e c e i v e d some word t h a t Wheeler Road had some b u r n i n g and l o o t i n g - Goodhope Road had some. not t r a v e l there. We d i d On t h e b a s i s o f r e p o r t s w h i c h we confirmed t h e a r e , o f c o u r s e , w i l l be under w a t c h . . �I t was not nearly -jo severe a.: t h e a r e a on t h i s aid-.- of the r i v e r ? Question: Mayor Washington: Question: No. Mayor can you give us an idea chronologically of when the troop a were c a l l e d or when they were f i r at on the street? Mayor Washington: may. Well I can't quite give you that at t h i s time. Mar. Murphy I t ' s a matter of requesting i n terms of times and sequence a c t u a l l y involves several people and I wouldn't l i k e t o p i n i t down i n time except t o s a y e a r l y i n the afternoon. Question: Answer: How many confirmed are there a i r ? Mr. Vance i s working on that and w i l l give you an answer on i t . • Question: Answer: in-.-ri Are there any deaths? There are four confirmed deaths i n the l a s t two days. One death took place on Thursday, three took place on Friday, as a r e s u l t o f r i o t a c t i v i t y . I a l s o understand t h a t there was a fourth death on Friday but that was a r e s u l t o f a holdup and not aa a r e s u l t of the r i o t . Question: Can you underline those for us s i r ? Answer: I cannot j u s t have those several figures at t h i s time. Questions: Do you have the names, do you have the circumstances surrounding? Mr. Vance: I don't have the circumstances here, as soon as we can get them we w i l l ; w e ' l l get them to you. I j u s t simply don't have them. Question: How would you compare rate o f destruction and personal i n j u r y t o your r e c o l l e c t i o n of Detroit? Answer: The rate of d e s t r u c t i o n was considerably l e s s here than i t was i n Detroit during a comparable period. The number of deaths i s much smaller. The number of f i r e s i s much smaller than i t was i n - D e t r o i t . Question: Mr. Vance: What i s the t o t a l number of f i r e s reported? I do not have them. �Question: Mr. Vance: Question: Has t h e r e been any d e a t h s a s a r e s u l t o f them? Not t o my knowledge. What k i n d o f t r o u b l e was i t i n A n a c o s t i a ; what was t h e n a t u r e of i t ; was i t l o o t i n g or f i r e s or what? Mr. Vance: I do not have t h e f a c t s . Mayor Washington: T a l k t o t h e Mayor. I t r i e d t o i n d i c a t e i t was t h e same k i n d o f q u i c k a c t i o n , w h i c h was l o o t i n g and f i r e s . But i t wasn't too bad on t h e r e p o r t , by t h e r e p o r t we now have.;. I t r i e d t o make a p o i n t , t h a t we r e l y on our i n f o r m a t i o n and f a c t f i n d e r s and guard our i n f o r m a t i o n i n r e s p e c t t o the n a t u r e o f i t . We knew t h a t t h e r e were h e a v i l y h i t a r e a s or a r e a s we had t o t a k e s p e c i a l p r e c a u t i o n s . We take s p e c i a l p r e c a u t i o n s throughout t h e e n t i r e c i t y and h e r e we had a number of problems t h a t had t o be worked out r a t h e r immediately more s e r i o u s i n a l l t h e r e p o r t s we had. because t h e y were the �Question: Mr. Mayor does t h a t mean t h e s i t u a t i o n i s not under c o n t r o l a t t h i s time? Answer: I wouldn't s a y t h a t . I t h i n k t h a t i t ' s got t o be e n t i r e l y e l i m i n a t e d b e f o r e I want t o s a y t h a t i t i s i n t h a t c o n d i t i o n , i t i s i n that p o s s i b i l i t y . W s t i l l have f i r e s and we s t i l l have some l o o t i n g . e Question: As upon t h e t r o o p s t h a t have been sent i n t o t h e s t r e e t s , what s p e c i f i c a l l y a r e t h e y a l l o w e d t o do and not a l l o w e d t o do? Answer: Question: I am not i n a p o s i t i o n t o respond t o t h a t r i g h t now. You r e f e r r e d t o t h i s s i t u a t i o n a s a m a t t e r , can you c h a r a c t e r i z e t h i s f u r t h e r , i s i t a r i o t , i s i t a d i s o r d e r , what i s i t ? Answer: W e l l I would r a t h e r not t r y t o c h a r a c t e r i z e i t . I t h i n k you. can p r e t t y w e l l see what i t i s . Question: Answer: Who decided t o c a l l i n t h e t r o o p s ? A d e c i s i o n was made on t h e b a s i s o f Mr. Murphy and m y s e l f and C h i e f L a y t o n and o t h e r s who had checked t h e s i t u a t i o n . �6 A p r i l - 11:25 P r e s s B r i e f i n g by Mr. Ben L a c y f o r Metro P o l i c e Q. A. (couldn't . i- ''.- hear) We hope e v e n u t a l l y t o g e t someone f o r you i n a v e r y o f f i c i a l c a p a c i t y but I don't who i t would be. Q. (couldn't hear) A. None t h a t I know o f . Q. I s t h e 6,000 f i g u r e c o r r e c t ? A. We a r e n o t p u t t i n g out a f i g u r e o f t r o o p s , i t s i n a s t a t e o f f l u x . We can get you a f i g u r e on t r o o p s l a t e r . VJithout t r y i n g t o over emphacize i t r e p o r t s t h a t t h e r e i s i n c r e a s e d a c t i v i t y i n l o o t i n g a r e confirmed e s s e n t u a l l y there i s increased looting a c t i v i t y . Q. When, today? . . Right Q. I n what A. I c a n ' t t e l l what a r e a s , j u s t i n g e n e r a l . Q. • Do you have any f i r e f i g u r e s ? A. I don't have any f i r e f i g u r e s a t t h i s p o i n t but t h e main t h i n g t h a t i s i n c r e a s i n g i s t h e l o o t i n g . A p p a r e n t l y people a r e -coming back t o l o o t t h e s t o r e s t o g e t more. Q. I s t h e Mayor l e a v i n g t h e a r e a A. The Mayor i s u p s t a i r s now g e t t i n g h i m s e l f b r i e f e d . Q. Can you t e l l us about t h e s i t u a t i o n i n g e n e r a l , i s i t - g e t t i n g - b e t t e r ? i s i t g e t t i n g worse. A.i I t remains s e r i o u s . now. areas? tonight? �Q. D i d t h e l o o t i n g i n c r e a s e w i t h i n t h e hour? A. I t ' s been going on a l l morning. Q. I s i t more s e r i o u s t h e n y e s t e r d a y ? A. As you know t h i n g s were q u i e t d u r i n g t h e n i g h t . T h i n g s were and s t i l l a r e r e l a t i v e l y under c o n t r o l . But t h i s morning l o o t i n g a c t i v i t y i s i n c r e a s i n g a f t e r a p e r i o d o f r e l a t i v e l y calm and a l u l l l a s t n i g h t . Q. I t has i n c r e a s e d . (couldn't hear) A. I t ' s my u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t i t s not m a i n l y new a r e a s b u t a r e a s t h a t have been l o o t e d b e f o r e , w i t h people going back t o t h o s e a r e a s . Q. Do you have any a r r e s t f i g u r e s t h a t a r e b e i n g made? A. I have an a r r e s t f i g u r e as o f 10:00 a.m., 2,123, we hope t o g e t more new f i g u r e s f o r you. Q. Are those f i g u r e s f o r a l l A. A l l r i o t connected. Q. What about i n j u r i e s ? A. The i n j u r e d f i g u r e t h a t I have i s 734. Q. As o f 10:00 a.m. ' A. areas? No, as o f 8:00 a.m. Q. Deaths (couldn't hear) A. Death remains r i o t connected. Q. You're not c o u n t i n g t h e men t h a t were wounded? A. No. (Was n o t c l e a r ) �3 Q. There was another f a t a l i t y in A. There was a suicide and a robbery but I'm referring only to r i o t connected. Q. . How many Army troops are in the area now? A. W are not putting out a figure on that now because i t ' s in a state of e flux, there were some figures given l a s t night but these changed and we are trying to arrive at a firm figure to release now. Q. I s there more being brought in? A. You know that a l i t t l e while ago I announced that the 82nd Airborne i s being deployed. I was not able to give you any figures on that and I s t i l l am not. Q. Are any provisions being made for these people who's grocery stores are being knocked out? A. I can't go into specifics on the program I can't t e l l you where people can go but we are setting up food dispersing centers. I understand the clergy in the c i t y are setting up food distributing points in the churches. Q. Who's setting up the food for persons in the area? A. I talked to several clergy who said their churches were very active in t h i s . Q, How many homeless? A. I don't know. Q. Has the area of looting increased somewhat or i s i t the same areas (couldn't hear) A. The intensidy has increased. Q. A. robbery? (couldn't hear) * Not sharply, I would say sharply i t s increased after a period of relative calm during the night> �Q. At t h e same l e v e l i t was? A. I r e a l l y c a n ' t a c c u r a t e l y compare. . Q. What a r e the main a r e a s t h a t we arc r e c e i v i n g reports of increased looting? A. They a r e the same g e n e r a l a r e a s where the i n t e n s i v e l o o t i n g has a l r e a d y t a k e n p l a c e as I s a i d a p p a r e n t l y people a r e going hack t o c o n t i n u e doing l o o t i n g t o s t o r e s t h a t have a l r e a d y been l o o t e d . Q. reports (couldn't hear) A. T h e r e have been some s c a t t e r e d r e p o r t s t h a t I have h e a r d on the as you have, but I have n o t h i n g d e f i n i t e . Q. I s the l e v e l of snipping A. I d i d n ' t know t h a t t h e r e was Q. Do you have any r e p o r t o f A. .No going radio off? a l e v e l of snipping. (couldn't hear) I don't Q. I s t h e r e any p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t a d a y l i g h t curfew w i l l be put i n t o A. Anything i s p o s s i b l e . Q. The A. As f a r as I know we a r e s t a y i n g w i t h our p r e s e n t LACY. w i t h our p r e s e n t p o s t u r e the p r e s e n t curfew. r a d i o s a r e s a y i n g you Q. c a n ' t get i n t o the (couldn't District? No, They a r e deployed s t r a t e g i c a l l y a c c o r d i n g t o the s i t u a t i o n . a m i l i t a r y command w h i c h s w i t c h them were t h e y a r e needed. Q. Mr. Lacy, Does anyone have an s p e c i f i c s we a r e s t a y i n g hear) A. Ben effect? They a r e under which I can r e l a y t o get anf'ers? �t • 6 A p r i l - 1200 iioon P r e s s B r i e f i n g by Mr. G i l b e r t G i m b a l , P u b l i c A f f a i r s D i r e c t o r T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n i s i n r e s p o n s e to s e v e r a l i n q u i r i e s that have been made by m e m b e r s of the p r e s s f i r s t r e g a r d s to the p r o c e s s of the p r o g r e s s of the cleaning up p r o g r a m of the D i s t r i c t ' s D e p a r t m e n t of S a n i t a r y Engineering. The cleanup s t a r t e d today about 8:00 a.m. , the f o r c e n u m b e r e d about 200 men w i t h c r e w s f r o m the D e p a r t m e n t of S a n i t a r y E n g i n e e r i n g and Highways and Traffic. About 4 0 t r u c k s a r c being employed plus about 6 to 8 sweeper v e h i c l e s and 5 f l u s h i n g t r u c k s . T h e a r e a s to be c l e a r e d w e r e s u r v e y e d during the night and e a r l y m o r n i n g b e f o r e the c r e w s w e r e o r d e r e d into action, the p r i m a r y a r e a s w e r e i n the downtown s e c t i o n on 11th, 7th, 14th s t r e e t s N. W. and H S t r e e t N. E. T h e cleanup i n the downtown a r e a i s n e a r l y complete. The c r e w s a r e now w o r k i n g i n the A n a c o s t i a a r e a , their t a s k s include towing c a r s away, some of w h i c h w e r e burned, sweeping up g l a s s and getting debris out of the streets. T h e r e h a s been no p r o b l e m of s e c u r i t y for the cleanup c r e w s , co- o r d i n a t i o n w i t h the p o l i c e h a s been constant and they operate under police supervision. No incidents have been reported. i s r e q u e s t e d to p e r m i t the cleanup to continue. T h e cooperation of a l l c i t i z e n s A dangerous s i t u a t i o n e x i s t s at the scene of some burned out buildings i n some c a s e s w a l l s a r e l e f t standing i n a v e r y p r e c a r i o u s condition. S u r v e y s a r e i n p r o g r e s s to p e r m i t w o r k i n g c r e w s to t a c k l e t h i s problem.. A l l p e r s o n s a r e cautioned to avoid such a r e a s . We have been a s k e d what a r e the c u r r e n t F e d e r a l T r o o p and National G u a r d strength now i m m e d i a t e l y a v a i l a b l e i n the D i s t r i c t to a s s i s t c i v i l i a n o f f i c i a l s i n maintaining proximately l a w and o r d e r . Our l a t e s t r e p o r t s show that there a r e ap- 8 0 0 0 troops i n Washington for this purpose. With r e g a r d to the status of the police f o r c e s 2,885 manned police force h a s been put on 12 hour �shifts, 8:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. , 8:00 p.m. to 8:00 a.m. , but there i s some overlap. A l l clays off have boon cancelled.As of 12:30 p. m. today there v/crc about 1400 men on duty. D u r i n g the peak p e r i o d l a s t night and e a r l y this m o r n i n g , 17 00 w e r e on duty, about the same number should be on duty toT h e strength of the f o r c e i s 2,885 men, this is 214 under the authorized night. strength. T h e c i v i l disturbance unit h a s between 3 00 and 400 men on the s t r e e t at a l l t i m e s . T h i s i s included i n the total number on the street. A n i n q u i r y h a s been made w i t h r e g a r d to what i s the l e v e l of sniping a c t i v i t y . T h e r e have been i s o l a t e d r e p o r t s , only two c o n f i r m e d , sniping incidents. One i n the a r e a of F i f t h and N S t r e e t s N . W. and the other near 8th and D S t r e e t s N. W. We have no r e p o r t s of any i n j u r i e s . The two c o n f i r m e d r e p o r t s w e r e today to m y knowledge. Q. Where there a r r e s t s ? A. Not to my knowledge. Q. H a s anyone been i n j u r e d by any sniping a c t i v i t y ? A. Y\ c haven't any r e p o r t of i n j u r y by any sniping a c t i v i t y . T I n q u i r i e s made with r e g a r d to the c u r f e w s . The curfew h a s been imposed by the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, and i s designed to keep the s t r e e t s c l e a r during the s p e c i f i e d hours 5:30 p.m. persons. - 6:30 a.m. and should be s t r i c t l y o b s e r v e d by a l l I t h a s come to the attention of D i s t r i c t o f f i c i a l s that r e p o r t s have been made stating that p a s s e s m a y be i s s u e d to p e r s o n s who need to be on the s t r e e t s during c u r f e w h o u r s , such r e p o r t s a r e i n c o r r e c t , no p a s s e s a r e to bo i s s u e d , only a u t h o r i z e d p e r s o n s exempted under the c u r f e w regulation �m a y be on the s t r e e t s during the c u r f e w h o u r s , except p e r s o n s going to and f r o m w o r k w i l l be p e r m i t t e d to do so and l a w enforcement o f f i c e r s have been i n s t r u c t e d to u s e t h e i r good judgment i n this r e g a r d . Q. A r e t h e r e any police downtown w i t h b u l l horns t e l l i n g people that the c i t y i s off l i m i t s or anything l i k e that? A. Not to my knowledge. F r a n k l y , Gentlemen, I would l i k e to gather up i n f o r m a t i o n w i t h r e s p o n s e to s e v e r a l i n q u i r i e s i n addition to these and I'm t r y i n g to gather more. Q. I s 8th & D S t r e e t s N. W . c o n s i d e r e d a downtown a r e a ? ; A. 8th & D S t r e e t s N . W . i s c o n s i d e r e d a downtown a r e a . Q. Do you have any details ? A. I have no d e t a i l s . Mr. G i l b e r t G i m b a l r e p o r t e d at 2:20 p.m. tha.t new c u r f e w hours would go into effect beginning at 4:00 p.m. today and l a s t i n g u n t i l 6:3 0 a.m. Sunday. �A — i l 6 - 1620 B r i e f i n g by Colonel Geoi-ge C r e e l , A s s i s t a n t Chief of Information for Department of the Army. Press I have j u s t passed out t o you the i n s t r u c t i o n s that have been given to a l l our troops i n the Washington area. I i n v i t e your a t t e n t i o n to paragraph G of these i n s t r u c t i o n s which w i l l a f t e r a number of questions that you have r a i s e d r e garding apprehension and detaining of people by m i l i t a r y personnel. I should l i k e t o emphasize to you that these i n s t r u c t i o n s are c a r r i e d by each s o l d i e r and there has been a great deal of command emphasis on the part of General Hanes and General M i l l e y to make sure t h a t each s o l d i e r understands what he i s to do. Q. A. When were the troops giver, these i n s t r u c t i o n s ? These i n s t r u c t i o n s are part the hands of troops instructions,- they are p a r t p o i n t i s , when they a r r i v e d been i n Q. A. of our standing operation procedure they have f o r quite seme t i m e T h e y came here with thes of our t r a i n i n g . They were not issued, the on the scene. I f the troops l a s t night were ignoring paragraph G, as some of them were with regard to g i v i n g reporters access to areas, what makes you b e l i e v e t h a t they might not need t h e i r memories refreshed about paragraph G and the other paragraphs? a l l I can say i s that they have been given i n s t r u c t i o n s . a l l I have for now. Well, That i s �MAYOR WASHINGTON'S PRESS BRIEFING - SATURDAY EVENING A P R I L 6, 1968 LADIES AND GENTLEMEN'' AND CITIZENS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. : I 'M DELIGHTED TO BE ABLE TO REPORT THAT AT THIS TIME THE SITUATION WITH RESPECT TO OUR CITY I S IN MUCH BETTER SHAPE THAN IT WAS LAST NIGHT. POLICE CALLS ARE DOWN. THIS TIME. THERE ARE N MAJOR FIRES REPORTED AT O THE INCIDENT RATE HAS S O N A D W W R TREND. HW O N AD THE STREETS ARE'CALM, BASED ON OUR REPORTS FROM THE TROOPS, POLICE AND OUR DEPUTY MAYOR, W O HAS BEEN OUT IN THE STREETS FOR THE PAST T O HOURS. AND H W WE ARE HAPPY TO SAY THAT THE STREETS ARE CALM AT THIS TIME. IT IS A LITTLE TO EARLY TO PREDICT WITHIN ANY CERTAINTY WHAT MAY JMPPEN THE REST OF THE NIGHT. BUT WE ARE HOPEFUL WE CAN RETAIN OUR POSITION. AND I WANTED TO MAKE THIS REPORT TO OUR CITIZENS. THERE HAS BEEN SOME QUESTION RAISED AND I WOULD LIKE VERY MUCH TO CLARIFY THE POSITION WITH RESPECT TO THE TROOPS. THE FINAL REQUEST FOR TROOPS WERE MADE ABOUT k P.M. ON FRIDAY, APRIL 5TH. PRIOR TO THAT TIME, STARTING LATE THURSDAY, SHORTLY WITHIN T O OR THREE HOURS AFTER THE W TRAGIC DEATH OF DOCTOR KING, AND MOVING MONDAY MORNING THROUGHOUT THE EARLY HOURS, DISCUSSIONS WERE HELD CONCERNING THE POSSIBLE NEED TO CALL THE D.C. NATIONAL GUARD AND OTHER TROOPS, AND AS A RESULT OF THAT CONTINGENCE PLANNING WAS STARTED WITH THE GUARD. AT ABOUT 3 THESE DISCUSSIONS CONTINUED ON THE CONTINGENCY PLANNING, ABOUT 3 P.M. LEAVING FROM THE PENTAGON, DIRECTOR MURPHY, GENERAL HAINES, AND DEPUTY ATTORNEY GENERAL WARREN CHRISTOPHER MADE A FINAL ASSESSMENT, FROM THE FIELD, AND I MIGHT SAY THAT AT 12:30 THAT DAY, THE FIRST PHASE OF THE CALL ON THE D.C. �NATIONAL GUARD WAS MADE AND THEY WERE PUT O FEDERAL STATUS AT MY N REQUEST. AT 3 P.M. THAT DAY, DIRECTOR MURPHY AND GENERAL HAINES AND AS I POINTED OUT WARREN CHRISTOPHER MADE A FINAL ASSESSMENT FROM THE FIELD AND CHIEF LAYTON MADE HIS FINAL ASSESSMENT FROM POLICE COMMUNICATIONS AT HEADQUARTERS AND AT k P.M. I MADE THE FORMAL REQUEST TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, THAT FEDERAL TROOPS BE EMPLOYED AS PROMPTLY AS POSSIBLE. BY 5:10 O FRIDAY, THE FIRST TROOPS WERE ON THE STREETS, AFTER N FIGHTING OUR HEAVY TRAFFIC. I WOULD LIKE TO SAY ONE W R WHICH HAS BEEN ASKED WITH RESPECT TO CARE OD FOR FAMILIES. M N OF OUR FAMILIES HAVE BEEN VICTIMIZED AND AT THIS TIME AY WORKING UNDER THE COORDINATION OF THE D.C. WELFARE DEPARTMENT, WE CAN REPORT THAT SOME 5,000 PEOPLE HAVE BEEN GIVEN AID SO FAR. THIS INCLUDES 2,000 BASKETS OF FOOD, DESTRIBUTED BY THE COUNCIL OF CHURCHES, THRU THE FINE COOPERATION AND HELP OF REVEREND WILLIAM WEST OF SAINT STEPHENS AND M N OTHER CHURCHES AND CHURCH LEADERS IN THIS CITY. AY LUNCHES HAVE BEEN SERVED, PLUS A 1,000 FIVE-HUNDRED HOT SANDWICHES, AND SEVERAL KETTLES OF W U TO THE PEOPLE AS THE NEED ARISES. OP THE QUESTION HAS DEVELOPED WITH RESPECT TO ESTIMATE OF DAMAGE SO FAR, AND I MUST INDICATE THAT IT IS SIMPLY NOT BEEN POSSIBLE FOR US TO MAKE THIS ESTIMATE. WE ARE WORKING IN CONNECTION WITH THE SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION TO DETERMINE THAT ESTIMATE. WE WOULD HOPE TO HAVE IT TO YOU JUST AS SOON AS POSSIBLE, BUT I'M SURE THAT YOU CAN RECOGNIZE WITH THE NATURE AND INTENSITY OF OUR EFFORTS TO BRING THE CITY INTO CALM THAT WE HAVE AT THIS POINT, THIS HAS TAKEN PRACTICALLY ALL OF OUR TIME. -2- THERE �AEE SEVERAL QUESTIONS AND OBSERVATIONS WHICH I WOULD LIKE TO ASK OUR SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE, MR. CYRUS VANCE TO HANDLE, QUESTIONS WHICH ARE I K O VERY MUCH ON YOUR MIND, SO I ASK MR. VANCE TO COME FORWARD AT NW THIS TIME. THANK YOU MAYOR. MR. VANCE. AT THIS TIME THERE ARE APPROXIMATELY 11,600 FEDERAL TROOPS AND NATIONAL GUARDSMAN IN THE CITY. I MIGHT SAY I PERSONALLY FEEL THAT IT IS A TREMENDOUS ACHIEVEMENT TO HAVE MOVED ALMOST 12,000 TROOPS WITH THEIR EQUIPMENT, INTO THE CITY IN A SPACE OF LESS THAN 36 HOURS, WHILE AT THE SAME TIME TROOPS WERE BEING MOVED ELSWHERE THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY. WITH RESPECT TO ARRESTS. THE ARRESTS N W STAND AT A FIGURE OF 3,263O I WOULD BEFORE ANSWERING QUESTIONS, MERELY LIKE TO SAY THAT I AM ALSO ENCOURAGED BY THE DIFFERENCE OF THE SITUATION TONIGHT AS COMPARED LAST NIGHT. AS THE MAYOR SAID IT I S TO EARLY TO SAY WHAT THE BALANCE OF THE EVENING WILL BRING, BUT IT IS ENCOURAGING TO SEE THE MARK OF IMPROVEMENT OVER LAST NIGHT. I ' D BE HAPPY TO ANSWER ANY QUESTIONS YOU MAY HAVE, OR YOU MAY WISH TO PUT QUESTIONS TO THE MAYOR OR MR. MURPHY. QUESTION: ANSWER: ANYTHING ON SNIPER FIRE MR. VANCE? I K O OF T O ALLEDGED INCIDENTS OF SNIPER F I R E . NW W QUESTION: ANSWER: TODAY? NO, DURING THE WHOLE TIME, NEITHER OF THOSE INCIDENTS HAVE BEEN CONFIRMED. QUESTION: ANSWER: NOT AUDIBLE. THERE ARE FOUR CONFIRMED DEATHS AS A RESULT OF THE RIOTING. CAN'T GIVE YOU ANY DETAILS, BUT COMMISSIONER MURPHY COULD GIVE YOU THE DETAILS I F YOU LIKE. -3- �QUESTION: MR. VANCE, WE HAD TWO CONFIRMED SNIPERS AT ABOUT 2 O'CLOCK. ALSO THERE WAS ONE ARREST TONIGHT. ANSWER: I HADN'T IffiARD ABOUT TONIGHT NOR HAD I HEARD ABOUT THE OTHER, I F I AM I N ERROR, I APOLOGIZE, BUT I HAD NOT HEARD THAT THERE WERE ANY CONFIRMED SNIPER INCIDENTS. QUESTION: MR. VANCE HOW DOES THE COORDINATION OF THE FEDERAL TROOPS AND NATIONAL GUARDSMEN AND POLICE COMPARE ANSWER: HERE WITH DETROIT LAST SUMMER? LET ME SAY TilAT COORDINATION I FERE I G EXCELLENT. THE TROOPS, BOTH FEDERAL AND NATIONAL GUARD HAVE WORKED VERY CLOSELY AND WITH COMPLETE HARMONY WITH THE POLICE. THE LIAISON HAS BEEN EXCELLENT AND I AM VERY PLEASED AND PROUD TO SEE HOW WELL I T I S WORKING. THE LIAISON WORKED WELL, THE COOPERATION WAS GOOD I N DETROIT AND I DON'T L I K E TO MAKE COMPARISONS BETWEEN THE TWO. QUESTION: AP AND U P I REPORTED THAT THE DISTURBANCES ARE JUST ABOUT OVER. THEY SAY I T WILL BE OVER BY TOMORROW. ANSWER: I PRAY THAT THAT'S THE CASE. QUESTION: ANSWER: DO YOU HAVE ANY PLANS NOW TO REMOVE THE FEDERAL TROOPS. WE HAVE NO PLANS TO REMOVE ANY FEDERAL TROOPS AT THIS TIME. QUESTION: ANSWER: I S THAT YOUR IMPRESSION. NOT AUDIBLE. Y E S , OBVIOUSLY, THERE HAVE BEEN CASES WHERE LOOTERS HAVE NOT BEEN APPREHENDED, BUT LET NO ONE BE MISTAKEN, LOOTING I S NOT AND WILL NOT BE CONDONED OR IGNORED. I N A SITUATION SUCH AS T H I S , GOOD JUDGEMENT I S ESSENTIAL TO SAVE L I V E S AND BRING ABOUT PROMPT END TO LAWLESSNESS AND DISORDER. I N MY OPINION, METROPOLITIAN POLICE, THE FEDERAL TROOPS AND THE NATIONAL GUARD ARE CARRYING OUT THEIR VERY DIFFICULT ASSIGNMENT �EFFECTIVELY AND WITH DISTINCTION. QUESTION: MR. VANCE NOT AUDIBLE. QUESTION REFERRED TO THE MAYOR. MAYOR: YES, I W N TO SAY IN THE BACKGROUND OF THAT QUESTION THAT AT I'M IN PERFECT ACCORD WITH A, AND WE HAVE WORKED JOINTLY O THE MATTER N OF LOOTING AND CERTAINLY IT I S NOT GOING TO BE IGNORED OR CONDONED. THIS OF COURSE, DOES NOT TAKE THE PLACE OF WHAT WE DO TO REHABILITATE AND W A WE DO TO PLAN PROGRAMS. HT CITY ARE A MATTER OF PROGRAMMING. I THINK THE MATTER OF TENSIONS IN THE I THINK THAT THESE ARE MATTERS WHICH WE IN WASHINGTON ARE WELL ADVANCED. WE ARE PLANNING TO OPEN AS M N AY SCHOOLS, AND RECREATION FACILITIES AS POSSIBLE. ADVANCED IN THIS AREA. THE PROGRAM I S WELL WE ARE ABOUT READY TO FUND I T . WE BELIEVE THAT IN THE AREA OF MANPOWER, WE HAVE DEMONSTRATED A N W APPROACH. W E E BELIEVE BY BRINGING IN PROGRAMS THAT DEAL WITH HARD CORE EMPLOYMENTS WHERE AS A MATTER OF FACT THE TRAINING AS IT STARTS WILL BE RELAVENT TO THE SUBSEQUENT EMPLOYMENT. WE WILL OPEN WITHIN A MATTER OF THREE WEEKS THE FIRST CENTER WHICH WILL INVOLVE 1,400 JOBS IN THE AREA OF ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT. PARTICULARLY WITH A STRESS O OWNERSHIP AND EMPLOYMENT N OPPORTUNITIES WHICH WE HAVE EXCELLENT PROGRAMS WHICH I THINK WILL BE FIELDED AND STAGED WITHIN A MATTER OF WEEKS. EMPLOYMENT WE HAVE WELL UNDERWAY. THE WHOLE MATTER OF SUMMER WE EXPECT TO HAVE UPWARD OF 10,000 JOBS, AS A MATTER OF FACT I T ' S CLOSER TO 12,000 AS A RESULT OF COMMTTTMSNT ON THURSDAY, ITSELF. WE THINK THAT A MATTER OF PLANNING TO PREVENT TENSIONS I S NOT SIMPLY A MATTER FOR THE SUMMER. OUR PLANNING I S IN TOTAL FOR THE ENTIRE YEAR INVOLVING BROAD RANGE OF EDUCATION,RECREATION, EMPLOYMENT, �MANPOWER AND OTHER PROGRAMS THAT TRULY WILL SEEK TO MEET TIER NEED AT THE DOOR-STEP OF THE FAMILIES THAT ARE INVOLVED. I THINK THAT ' i ' l ! IT! I S THE ANSWER. QUESTION: O F HOW MR. MAYOR, DO YOU HAVE, OR DOES ANYONE HERE HAVE ANY ESTIMATES MANY PEOPLE HAVE TAKEN PART I N THE DEMONSTRATION I N T H E PAST TiiRiiUi DAYS? ANSWER: WE HAVE SOME FIGURES, BUT I WOULD NOT WISH T O GIVE T H E M TO YOU AT T i l T S T.I.HK, THEIR S T I . I . i , I MEMO PLOTTED AND I UNDERSTAND WE C , v . ' A 3r?i' i V FIGURES WIT NOT ABLE T O l u i L u ON THEM. WE WILL HAVE TifEM FOR Y O U M l O W - J n . UNIJ3SS SOMEONE HERE HAS A RECENT FIGURE. QUESTIONS REFERRED TO M R . VANCE. MR. VANCE, T H E PRESIDENT HAS ORDERED F I V E THOUSAND TROOPS T O QUESTION: CHICAGO, T1CE GOVERNOR O F MARYLAND HAS ALSO ANSWER: NOT AUDIBLE. NO I'VE RECEIVED WORD THAT 5,000 TROOPS HAD B E E N O R D E R E D I N T O DETROIT, BUT' I TOOK NO PART I N THE DECISION, I DO NOT B E L I E V E T i l A T T R O O P . ! HAVE BEEN SENT INTO BALTIMORE, NOR DO I B E L I E V E THAT ANY REQUEST i l A S B ' t i f i i MADE FOR TROOPS. t.'.UESTION: DO YOU KNOW I P MR. 3T0CKLEY CARMICHAEL I S S T I L L I K VULS AND DOES THE GOVERNMENT HAVE ANY POSITION I N H I S REGARD FOR HIS ROLE I K ALL TILTS. ANSWER: I DO NOT KNOW THAT THE GOVERNMENT'S POSITION I S AND I DO NOT KNOW WHETER HE I S I N THE C I T Y OR NOT. QUESTION. ANSWER: NOT AUDIBLE. THERE ARE AT THIS TIME, ABOUT I B E L I E V E 9,000 TROOPS I N THE CITY AND I N ENVIRONMENT. THE RESERVE TROOPS ARE ALSO I N AREAS IMMEDIATELY ADJACENT TO THE C I T Y , BUT T THINK I N THE CONTEXT OF YOTJR QUESTION T H E R E ARE AT THIS POINT APPROXIMATELY L l , 6 0 0 TROOPS I N THE CITY OR ItCCTPXATELY AROUND T T . < �QUESTION: NOT AUDIBLE. NO, I CAN'T MY PARTICIPATION, DID NOT START UNTIL I ARRIVED HERE AT ABOUT 5:30 ON FRIDAY AFTERNOON, AND I SIMPLY DO NOT KNOW WHAT THE ACTUAL TROOPS DEVELOPMENT WERE PRIOR TO THE TIME I ARRIVED. QUESTION: WHAT KIND OF ARRANGEMENTS ARE BEING MADE TO 3I0UAC THESE TROOPS I F THEY HAVE TO SAY ANY EXTENDED PERIOD? ANSWER: THEY ARE BIVOUACED I N TENTS, SOME ARE BIVOUACED I N SCHOOLS, SOME ARE AT PLACES L I K E PORT MYER, FORT MC NAXR, I T VARIES WITH THE PARTICULAR UNIT. QUESTION: MR. VANCE, HAS THE TECHNOLOGY WITH WORKING WITH THE RIOTING IMPROVED SINCE THE LAST TIME YOU WORKED WITH I T ? ANSWER: Y E S , I THINK THE TECHNOLOGY HAS IMPROVED. I THINK THAT LESSONS HAVE BEEN LEARNED AS A RESULT OF THE RIOTS LAST SUMMER. THE POLICE DEPARTMENTS OF THE VARIOUS C I T I E S THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY, AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND THE NATIONAL GUARD OF THE VARIOUS STATES HAVE LEARNED LESSONS FROM THESE RIOTS AND PUT THEM TO EFFECT, BOTH THEIR TRAINING AND THEIR COORDINATION AMONG THE VARIOUS ELEMENTS REQUIRED TO COPE WITH T H E RIOT SITUATION. QUESTION: WOULD YOU SAY THAT INCLUDED A GREAT DEAL MORE RESTRAINT I N THE USE OF F I R E ARMS I N THIS SITUATION THAN I N COMPARISON WITH THE PAST ONES? ANSWER: QUESTION: ANSWER: YES I THINK I T DOES. ARE THERE BULLETS I N THE WEAPONS THAT THEY ARE CARRYING? THE SOLDIERS DO NOT HAVE BULLETS CHAMBERED I N THEIR WEAPONS. THEY HAVE AMMUNITION ON THEM, EVERY ONE OF THEM DOES, BUT I T I S KEPT I N A POUCH ON THE SOLDIER AND I T WILL NOT BE FIRED EXCEPT UPON THE ORDER OF AN OFFICER OR I F THERE I S NOT AN OFFICER ON THE ORDER OF A NON COMMISSIONED �OFFICER. QUESTION: THE NUMBER OF ARRESTS HAVE GROWN SHARPLY, WHAT DID YOU DO DIFFERENTLY TODAY THAT YOU HAD NOT DONE THE PREVIOUS TWO DAYS? ANSWER: SHARP INCREASE I N THE ARRESTS HAVE COME ABOUT LARGELY THE RESULT OF THE LARGE NUMBER OF CURFEW ARRESTS THIS EVENING. I N THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF ^SOMETHING. I GATHER THIS SHARPLEY INCREASED XT. I MIGHT SAY I N TALKING ABOUT ARRESTS I T I S INTERESTING TO MAKE A COMPARISON OF WHAT HAS HAPPENED HERE AND SAY FOR INSTANCE NEWARK. HERE I N A SPACE OF TWO DAYS THERE HAVE BEEN SOME 3,200 WHILE I N NEWARK DURING A F I V E DAY PERIOD THERE WERE 1,510 ARREST. QUESTION. ANSWER: I N AUDIBLE. I CANNOT ANSWER THAT QUESTION, PERHAPS SOMEONE ELSE CAN. I DID NOT HEAR THE QUESTION, I F I T ' S ON JUVENILLES, THE JUVENILLES ARE BEING RELEASED TO PARENTS, SO WE DON'T HAVE ANY ACCURATE TABULATION OF THE NUMBER OF JUVENILLE ARRESTS FOR THIS PERIOD. THE NUMBERS GIVEN BY MR. VANCE 3,200 HUNDRED ARRESTS ARE ADULT ARRESTS. QUESTION: ANSWER: NOT AUDIBLE. SOME HAVE POSTED COLLATERAL, SOME HAVE BEEN PRESENTED I N THE COURT, SOME HAVE BEEN RELEASED ON PERSONAL RECOGNIZANCE, SOME ON BOND, AS THE CASE MAY B E . AND SOME ARE S T I L L BEING DETAINED TO BE PROCESSED THRU THE COURTS AND OUR PRECINTS AND STATION HOUSES AND I N THE CELL BLOCK AT THE COURTS. QUESTION: ANSWER: NOT AUDIBLE. I DON'T HAVE AN EXACT TIME. NOT EARLY I WOULD SAY NOT BEFORE F I V E O'CLOCK I S MY RECOLLECTION. I WOULD NOT SAY THAT WOULD BE AN EXACT TIME. MY RECOLLECTION WOULD BE NOT BEFORE F I V E O'CLOCK. -8- �QUESTION: WERE A L L THE TROOPS HERE AS EAR AS YOU CAN REMEMBER BEFORE F I V E O'CLOCK. ANSWER: THAT'S MY RECOLLECTION. QUESTION: ANSWER: CHIEF WOULD YOU SAY THE CITY I S SECURED. I WOULDN'T CATEGORIZE I T AS BEING SECURE. AS MAYOR WASHINGTON HAS INDICATED AND WE HAVE DISCUSSED THIS EARLIER FROM OUR REVIEW OF THE SITUATION ON THE STREET I T I S VERY CALM. ALMOST NO PEOPLE. THERE ARE VERY FEW PEOPLE MOVING. THE NUMBER OF CALLS FOR POLICE SERVICE OR REPORTS OF VIOLENCE BREAKING OR LOOTING THAT SORT OF THING HAVE BEEN REDUCED TREMENDOUSLY. QUESTION: ANDWER: NOT AUDIBLE. I DOUBT, I WOULD SAY NO, I WOULD SAY THE GREAT MAJORITY THOUGH HAVE BEEN NEGRO. QUESTION: ANSWER: WHY HAS THE ACTION DROPPED. A NUMBER OF THINGS AND YOU HAVE MENTIONED MOST OF THEM. I THINK THE CURFEW AND THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE CURFEW CERTAINLY HAD AN EFFECT. WHEN THE CURFEW WAS PUT INTO EFFECT YESTERDAY I T TOOK A PERIOD OF TIME TO GET THIS INFORMATION OVER TO CITIZENS WHO WERE ALREADY ON THE STREET. TODAY WE HAD AN OPPORTUNITY TO GIVE ADVANCE NOTICE OF THE CURFEW AND BE MORE E F F E C T I V E I N THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THAT CURFEW. THE PRESENCE OF TROOPS I N LARGE NUMBERS ADDED TO THE MANPOWER TO HELP I N THE ENFORCEMENT. SO A L L THOSE ARE FACTORS I N REDUCING THE SITUATION THAT WE HAVE AT THE PRESENT TIME. QUESTION: COULD YOU OR PUBLIC SAFETY DIRECTOR MURPHY GIVE US SOME IDEA OF THE CURFEW SITUATION. WE WERE TOLD THE CURFEW NOT AUDIBLE. HOW LONG DO YOU INTEND TO MAINTAIN THE FOUR O'CLOCK CURFEW. ANSWER: I T S BEEN OUR FEELING SINCE LAST NIGHT THAT THE CURFEW I S A VERY �E F F E C T I V E MECHANISM AND TO GIVE YOU A FEW S T A T I S T I C S THAT SUPPORT THAT FEELING DURING THE TWO HOUR PERIOD FROM 5:30 t o 7:30 P.M. TONIGHT, WHILE WE WERE MAKING 170 CURFEW ARRESTS I T WAS NECESSARY TO MAKE ONLY SEVEN BURGLARY TOO LOOTING ARRESTS I N THE TWO HOUR PERIOD FROM 7:30 t o 9:30, WHILE WE MADE 433 CURFEW ARRESTS I T WAS NECESSARY TO MAKE ONLY 9 BURGLARY TOO LOOTING ARRESTS. WE B E L I E V E THAT THE USE OF THE CURFEW REGULATION HAS BEEN QUITE EFFECTIVE I N PREVENTING LOOTING. QUESTION: WE HEARD SOME COMPLAINTS FROM MERCHANTS THAT THEIR STORES ARE NOT BEING PROPERLY PROTECTED. THEY F E E L THE POLICE WERE ORDERED TO TAKE TO DELICATE A POSITION AND WERE TREATING THE PEOPLE WHO WERE MAKING THE DISTURBANCES WITH K I D GLOVES. ANSWER: WHAT I S YOUR ANSWER TO THAT CHARGE. MY ANSWER TO THAT I S THAT I TAKE PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE DECISION AT SHORTLY AFTER 9 0 CLOCK ON THURSDAY NIGHT TO WITHDRAW SOME 1 OFFICERS FROM THE V I C I N I T Y OF 14TH STREET AND "U" BECAUSE I F E L T THEY WERE PERSONALLY ENDANGERED AND MIGHT FIND I T NECESSARY TO USE FIREARMS TO PROTECT THEMSELVES. I WITHDREW THEM FOR A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME UNTIL WE COULD MOBILIZE SUFFICIENT STRENGTH TO BEGIN THE MOVEMENT INTO THAT AREA AND BEGIN MAKING ARRESTS. QUESTION: MR. VANCE, DO WE KNOW WHETER ANY FEDERAL TROOPS OR FEDERALIZED GUARDS (TROOPERS) HAS HAD TO F I R E A WEAPON OTHER THAN THE ONE'S DISCHARGING GAS. ANSWER: THE BEST INFORMATION I HAVE I S THAT NO FEDERAL TROOPER OR NATIONAL GUARDSMAN HAS FIRED A WEAPON OTHER THAN ONE DISCHARGING GAS. LET ME SAY I WANT TO CORRECT A MIS -STATEMENT I MADE, THE DEPUTY MAYOR POINTED OUT I REFERRED TO TROOPS BEING SENT TO DETROIT, I MEANT TO SAY CHICAGO. QUESTION: ANSWER: THERE WILL BE A CURFEW AGAIN TOMMORROW, WE CAN ASSUME. WITH RESPECT TO THE CURFEW TOMMORROW AND TTME OF I T , WE WILL -10- �BE ASSESSING THIS THRU THE NIGHT I N ORDER TO DETERMINE NOT ONLY THE TIME BUT THE NEED AT THIS POINT FROM WHAT WE CAN S E E THERE WILL B E A CURFEW. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF I T TODAY HAS DEMONSTRATED THAT I T I S A TOOL THAT CAN EFFECTIVELY OPERATE THE PROBLEMS I THINK WE HAVE BEFORE US WHICH WE WANT TO COMPLETELY ASSESS THRU THE EVENING AND THE EARLY MORNING I S ACTUALLY THE TIME WHETHER OR NOT WE'LL GO BACK TO THE 5:30 t o 6:30 WE W I L L HAVE AN EARLY ANNOUNCEMENT, BUT WE EXPECT AT THIS POINT TO HAVE A CURFEW. QUESTION: THE ONLY PROBLEM I S TIME. NOT AUDIBLE. ANSWER: WE WOULD HOPE THAT AS MANY PEOPLE AND WE'RE TAKING DUE COGNIZANCE OF THIS WILL B E ABLE TO GO TO CHURCH AND THE MEMORIAL SERVICE AS POSSIBLE CONSISTENT WITH SAFETY AND WELFARE OF A L L OF THE CITIZENS. WE CERTAINLY WANT TO OBSERVE AND MEMORIALIZE DOCTOR KING TOMMORROW AND I WOULD HOPE THAT AS MANY PEOPLE AS POSSIBLE COULD ATTEND THE SERVICES, AND BEYOND THAT ATTEND CHURCH. QUESTION: ANSWER: NOT AUDIBLE. THE DETAILS CONCERNING THE DEATHS ARE AS FOLLOWS. BEEN A FATALITY I N MORE THAN 24 HOUS. THERE HAS NOT THE S I X DEATHS WHICH ARE L I S T E D AS BEING RELATED I N SOME WAY TO THE RIOT CONSIST OF TWO DEATHS I N WHICH POLICE WERE INVOLVED. THE ONE DEATH CLASSIFIED AS ACCIDENTAL RESULTING FROM THE DISCHARGE OF THE REVOLVER OF AN OFFICER WHO WAS HOLDING LOOTERS AT BAY. THE OTHER DEATS INVOLVED THE USE OF FIREARMS BY AN OFFICER I N PROTECTING HIMSELF. THE OTHER DEATH RELATED TO A F I R E . A PERSON WOUND WITH A THROAT WOUND AND ANOTHER CASE I N WHICH A MAN WAS PRONOUNCED DEAD AT A HOSPITAL I N FAIRFAX, THIS CASE I S S T I L L UNDER INVESTIGATION, WE HAVE NOT BEEN ABLE TO ESTABLISH ALL OF THE DETAILS OF THAT INCIDENT. THERE I S NO EVIDENCE THAT ANY POLICE OFFICER WAS INVOLVED WITHIN THE DISTRICT WITH THE MEN WHO WERE -11- �I N THE AUTOMOBILE I N WHICH THE VICTIM WAS RIDING. QUESTION: ANSWER: NOT AUDIBLE. WE ARE L I S T I N G A TOTAL OF S I X AS BEING RELATED TO THE RIOT. I MENTIONED A PERSON K I L L E D I N A F I R E . THE F I R S T DEATH WAS ON, WAS THE ONE I N WHICH THE GENTLEMAN WAS PRONOUNCED DEAD I N FAIRFAX V I R G I N I A . THE TWO CASES INVOLVING THE POLICE OFFICERS. A MAN WAS K I L L E D BY A C I T I Z E N UNDER CIRCUMSTANCES INDICATING THAT THE VICTIM WAS HOLDING UP THE C I T I Z E N AND A MAN WAS FOUND DEAD WITH A THROAT WOUND. I S THAT S I X , I BELIEVE. QUESTION: ANSWER: NOT AUDIBLE. Y E S , I T WAS I N SOUTHEAST AT PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE. QUESTION: DO YOU UNDERSTAND THIS MAN K I L L E D BY THE C I T I Z E N THAT YOU MENTIONED, I S THIS RELATED TO THE RIOTING OR DID I T JUST SIMPLY OCCUR AT THE SAME TIME. ANSWER: I T OCCURRED DURING THE PERIOD OF THE RIOT BUT I T S RELATIONSHIP TO THE RIOT I S NOT COMPLETE. QUESTION: AND WE WERE TOLD EARLIER TODAY THAT I N THE CASE OF THE THROAT WOUND THERE WAS SOME REASON QUESTIONS: ANSWERS: NOT AUDIBLE. NOT AUDIBLE. NOT AUDIBLE. QUESTION: MR. MAYOR WHAT PLANS HAVE YOU MADE TO REBUILD THE DAMAGE NOT AUDIBLE. ANSWER: I THINK WE'VE COME DOWN TO THE WIRE AND I WANT TO THANK A L L OF YOU FOR BEING PATIENT AND WORKING WITH A VERY DIFFICULT SITUATION AS WE HAVE HAD TO DO I T , WE'RE GETTING A L I T T L E FRAYED, I MEAN BY THAT, T I R E D . BY THE COURSE OF EVENTS WE'RE ON TOP OF THEM WE'RE WORKING TO CALM THE C I T Y . -12- n �WE HAVE SEVERAL PEOPLE W O ARE NOT LOOKING THE SMALL BUSINESS H ADMINISTRATION, SEVERAL FEDERAL AGENCIES THAT ARE WORKING INDEPENDENTLY TO CONSIDER ASPECTS OF REBUILDING. I MUST FRANKLY SAY TO YOU AT THIS TIME THAT OUR GREATEST EFFORT IS IN BRINGING THE CALM THAT EXISTS AT THIS M M N TO THE CITY FAR GREATER THAN REBUILDING WHICH I THINK WILL O ET MOVE EXPEDITIOUSLY AS SOON AS WE CAN BE ASSURED WE'RE AT THAT POINT. I THANK YOU. -13- �7 Mr. k i' •• < A 15 if Gilbert G i m b e l - Public A f f a i r s Officer, Department of Police I have an announcement concerning the curfew. Because of the heavy traffic and the large number of citizens on the streets,a decision has been made to padobiisximpose the same curfew rules which were in effect yesterday. This means the curfew w i l l go into effect at 4:00 p . m . and w i l l remain in effect until 6:30 a. m. tomorrow. A l l other restrictions and prohibi previously announced w i l l continue. �Mr. Hechinger's announcement re S t o r e s Open - 1320 p.m. , A p r i l 7, 1968 Due to the shortage of foodstuffs c a u s e d by the d e s t r u c t i o n of m a n y food s t o r e s s i n c e T h u r s d a y afternoon, S a f e w a y s t o r e s have w i t h great public s p i r i t a g r e e d to open eight s t o r e s n e a r e s t the h a r d e s t hit a r e a s today, Sunday f r o m 1:00 p.m. to curfew. T r e m e n d o u s e f f o r t has gone into bringing p e r s o n n e l to these s t o r e s on Sunday. Adequate police and a r m y protection i s provided. B e f o r e announcing the a d d r e s s e s of those S a f e w a y s t o r e s now open, I would like to p r i a s e the b u s i n e s s community for despite the tremendous l o s s e s that have o c c u r r e d , store o w n e r s and e x e c u t i v e s a r e gathering today to a i d i n w h a t e v e r way possible the innocent v i c t i m s v/ho have been inconvenienced by the d e s t r u c t i o n of s t o r e s providing e s s e n t i a l s e r v i c e s . The M a y o r i s w o r k i n g today with the U r b a n C o a l l i t i o n , w h i c h includes b u s i n e s s l e a d e r s , to the end of a paining r e l i e f to those who s u f f e r e d damage. We a r e m o s t concerned that those who have been damaged know that e v e r y e f f o r t w i l l be bent to q u i c k l y r e t u r n the community to n o r m a l . Again, S a f e w a y s t o r e s at eight l o c a t i o n s w i l l be open today, Sunday, f r o m 1:00 p. m. to curfew. The S a f e w a y s t o r e s open today w i l l be: 12th & F S t r e e t s , N. W . 14th & U S t r e e t s , N. W. 18th & C o l u m b i a Road, N.W. G e o r g i a Avenue & Randolph S t r e e t , N. 6th & 8th S t r e e t s , N. E. 14th & K e n t u c k y Avenue, S. E. Good Hope R o a d & N a y l o r Road, S. E . 4th & M S t r e e t s , S. W. W. The a f o r e m e n t i o n e d Safeway s t o r e s w i l l be open today, Sunday, f r o m 1:00 p.m. to curfew. -END- �Mr. 1 Gimble's Update on S t a t i s t i c s on A r r e s t s , etc. 1400 p.m. , A p r i l 7, 1968 The l a t e s t a r r e s t f i g u r e s as of noon, 4,233 -- total number a r r e s t e d . In the two-hour p e r i o d preceding noon - 33 p e r s o n s w e r e a r r e s t e d . Of the total, 919 w e r e charged with looting and 2, 083 had been charged with curfew v i o l a t i o n s . A s of 12:00 noon, the total number of persons i n j u r e d was 894; of these, 843 w e r e c i t i z e n s -- 33 police w e r e i n j u r e d , 18 f i r e m e n and 4 m i l i t a r y personnel. You've a s k e d whether f e d e r a l offices w i l l be open on Monday, decisions on f e d e r a l o f f i c e s , schools and other governmental operations w i l l be made l a t e r i n the day. We w i l l advise you as soon a s those d e c i s i o n s have been made. We have no other information excepting that the city government p r e v i o u s l y e x p r e s s e d the hope that r e t a i l s t o r e s i n the D i s t r i c t w i l l open for b u s i n e s s on Monday. We w i s h to c l a r i f y the number of deaths involved. T h i s has been made definite that there have been s i x deaths i n connection with the d i s t u r b a n c e s . T h e r e have been two deaths that a r c considered probable or possible i n connection w i t h the disturbances. I n addition to the s i x . In addition, to these eight, there have been three other homicides that haveio connection with the disturbances. Some i n q u i r i e s w e r e made with r e g a r d to an a r e a which y e s t e r d a y had been sealed off to the public and the p r e s s . T h i s i s an a r e a bounded by 6th and 11th S t r e e t s , N. W. , and K and Rhode I s l a n d Avenue, N. W. This a r e a i s s t i l l sealed off for r e a s o n s of public safety and w e l f a r e ; reasons being that this d i s t r i c t i s t e a r i n g down damaged buildings i n the a r e a and it would be unsafe to a l l o w t r a f f i c through there. T h e r e a r e two check points, 11th & P, and 6th & O, where i n c a s e s of emergency p e r s o n s may be allowed to go into the a r e a a f t e r checking. Other questions have been r a i s e d whether P r i n c e George County police have aided D. C. police i n the sniping incident yesterday. We a r e unable to determine f r o m the l i m i t e d information that was given to use on this question, and i f there i s any f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n , we w i l l t r y to run down some m o r e , run kt down further. �One l a s t a n n o u n c e m e n t , W i l l i a m C a l o m i r i s , P r e s i d e n t of M e t r o p o l i t a n W a s h i n g t o n B o a r d of T r a d e , r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e , b u s i n e s s be c o n d u c t e d on a n o r m a l b a s i s t o m o r r o w . A n u m b e r of m a j o r d o w n t o w n r e a l t o r s h a v e i n f o r m e d M r . C a l o m i r i s that t h e y w i l l be open u n t i l 4:00 o ' c l o c k , 4:00 p.m. , t o m o r r o w . T h i s e a r l y c l o s i n g w i l l p e r m i t c u s t o m e r s a n d e m p l o y e e s t o o b s e r v e a n y n e e d f o r l e a v i n g e a r l y of i f the c u r f e w , w h i c h h a s b e e n i m p o s e d t o d a y f o r t h a t t i m e , w h i c h , of c o u r s e , i s s u b j e c t to c h a n g e . T h e c u r f e w o r d e r w h i c h h a s b e e n i s s u e d t o d a y i s to r e m a i n i n e f f e c t u n t i l f u r t h e r n o t i c e . T h u s , the s t o r e s h a v e p l a n n e d to r e m a i n o p e n u n t i l 4:00 o ' c l o c k . I w i s h to p o i n t out that the c u r f e w h o u r w i l l be r e s e t a s t i m e goes on, h o w e v e r , the o f f i c i a l r e g u l a t i o n a d o p t e d t o d a y d o e s c a l l f o r a 4:00 p.m. to 6:30 a.m. curfew until furtheriotice. M r . C a l o m i r i s s t r e s s e d the f i n e c o o p e r a t i o n r e n d e r e d by m o s t b u s i n e s s e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ; two l o c a l o f f i c i a l s d u r i n g t h i s t r o u b l e d w e e k e n d a n d c o m p l i m e n t e d t h o s e a s s i s t i n g a g e n c i e s p r o v i d i n g food, m e d i c a l a i d , a n d h o u s i n g to r e s i d e n t s of s e r i o u s l y a f f e c t e d a r e a s . - END - �Mr. G i m b l c ' s U p d a t e on S t a t i s t i c s ' on A r r e s t s , e t c . 1633 P.M. , A p r i l 7, 1968 A s of 2:00 P. M. t o d a y the t o a l of n u m b e r of p e r s o n s t r e a t e d a t l o c a l h o s p i t a l s f o r i n j u r i e s n u m b e r 929, of t h e s e 866 w e r e c i t i z e n s , 40 w e r e p o l i c e m e n , 18 f i r e m e n , a n d 5 m i l i t a r y p e r s o n n e l . I t i s e s t i m a t e d by p o l i c e , b a s e d on r e p o r t s we've s e e n , that 80 to 9 0 % of a l l p e r s o n s i n j u r e d , h a v e b e e n t r e a t e d and r e l e a s e d w i t h o u t a n y h o s p i t a l i z a t i o n . T h e t o t a l n u m b e r of f i r e s r e p o r t e d a s of 2:50 P. M. t o d a y , a m o u n t e d to 706, no m a j o r new f i r e s w e r e r e p o r t e d today. T h e t o t a l n u m b e r of i n c i d e n t s c a l l e d to p o l i c e , f r o m m i d n i g h t to noon t o d a y a m o u n t e d to 134. A t o t a l of 4,266 p e r s o n s h a v e b e e n a r r e s t e d a s of 2:00 P. M. t o d a y , f r o m the s t a r t of the d i s t r u b a n c e , of t h i s t o t a l , 9 3 3 w e r e c h a r g e d w i t h l o o t i n g . 2, 083 w e r e c h a r g e d w i t h c u r f e w v i o l a t i o n s , 706 h a v e b e e n c h a r g e d w i t h d i s o r d e r l y c o n d u c t a n d the r e m a i n d e r h a v e b e e n c h a r g e d w i t h v a r i o u s other offenses. I n q u r y w a s m a d e e a r l i e r w i t h r e s p e c t to w h a t s t e p s a r e b e i n g t a k e n by the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a G o v e r n m e n t , w i t h r e s p e c t to a n y h e a l t h a n d s a f e t y p r o b l e m s i n the d i s t r u b a n c e a r e a . A t t h i s t i m e the v a r i o u s a p p r o p r i a t e d e p a r t m e n t s a.nd a g e n c i e s of the D i s t r i c t G o v e r n m e n t h a v e t e a m s i n the f i e l d s u r v e y i n g the a r e a s f o r d e t e r m i n a t i o n of w h a t h e a l t h a n d s a f e t y s t e p s m a y be necessary. F u r t h e r r e p o r t s w i l l be c o m i n g to you i n s o m e t i m e . �Statements by Mayor Washington and members o f t h e Urban C o a l i t i o n , 7:12 p.m., A p r i l 7,19'^ Mayor Washington: L a d i e s and Gentlemen and c i t i z e n s , I have e a r l i e r t h i s a f t e r n o o n made a round o f t h e c i t y and from a l l t h e r e p o r t s t h e m a t t e r s were s e t t l i n g down. We were i n t h e a r e a o f h a v i n g a number o f humans problems w i t h r e s p e c t t o people i n need, t h e r e were food problems, problems o f s h e l t e r d e v e l o p i n g I was a b l e t o see some o f those problems we're f a c i n g immediately. Some employment problems. These t o u r s were made p r e p a r a t o r y t o a meeting t o which I have j u s t concluded. I t was c a l l e d by t h e Urban C o a l i t i o n . A group o f d e d i c a t e d c i t i z e n s r e p r e s e n t i n g a l l s e c t o r s o f t h e community who f o r t h e l a s t two days have been p u l l i n g t o g e t h e r a s many r e s o u r c e s a s p o s s i b l e t o t r y and meet t h e human needs t h a t a r e i n v o l v e d i n our c i t y . I am g r a t e f u l f o r t h e f a c t t h a t so many people were a b l e t o go t o church today. G r a t e f u l f o r t h e f a c t t h a t many o f t h e t r o o p s were a b l e t o a t t e n d church s e r v i c e s . Moreover, I am g r a t e f u l f o r t h e f a c t t h a t many o f our c i t i z e n s have been working i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f o t h e r c i t i z e n s and I have some o f them h e r e . That w i l l be r e p o r t i n g t o you on what i s b e e i n g done i n your c i t y and i n our c i t y t o meet t h e food, housing, s h e l t e r , emergency employment and we have even had d i f f i c u l t problems w i t h r e s p e c t to t h e f a c t t h a t people a r e w i t h o u t cash and a committee and a fund i s b e i n g developed f o r t h a t . I would l i k e t o say b e f o r e i n t r o d u c i n g t h e s e c i t i z e n s t h a t I am g r a t e f u l f o r t h e c o o p e r a t i o n o f t h e N a t i o n a l Guard w i t h our p o l i c e i n moving t o r e s t o r e o r d e r . I am a l s o g r a t e f u l f o r t h e f a c t t h a t a t t h e moment a group i s working i n my o f f i c e i n t h e D i s t r i c t b u i l d i n g on what I would c a l l r e b u i l d i n g , a r e b u i l d i n g e f f o r t i n t h e a r e a o f economic development. We have a team i n s t r e e t a l l day t r y i n g to a s s e s s t h e needs t h e r e . T h i s group I b e l i e v e w i l l be r e p o r t i n g tomorrow. I would l i k e t o t h a t t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o i n t r o d u c e t o you Mr. W a l t e r McCardle who i s t h e Chairman o f t h e Urban C o a l i t i o n and from my understanding t h e r e was some g r e a t r e l e v a n c e a t t h i s p o i n t t o l e t t i n g our c i t i z e n s know what they can expect i n terms of emergency s e r v i c e and s e r v i c e t h a t w i l l r e l i e v e human m i s e r i e s t h a t i s a f i e l d i n the s t r e e t s t o n i g h t . I t i s my g r e a t p l e a s u r e t o p r e s e n t t h i s g r e a t c i t i z e n Chairman of t h e Urban C o a l i t i o n Mr. W a l t e r McCardle who w i l l then b r i n g on t h e Committee Chairman and w i l l e x p l a i n t o you how we a r e a t t h i s p o i n t meeting t h e needs. Mr. McCardle. McCardle: On b e h a l f o f t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h e c i t y I w i s h t o commend and t h a n k t h e C o a l i t i o n members f o r t h e i r g r e a t e f f o r t t o r e l i e v e human m i s e r y i n our c i t y i n the a r e a s t h a t have been mentioned: food, housing, emergency employment and t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e cash fund. There have been a g r e a t d e a l o f a d d i t i o n a l e f f o r t s . As I understand i t , t h e D i s t r i c t W e l f a r e Department working w i t h t h e churches i n d i c a t e t h a t 25,000 meals have been served s i n c e 7 a.m. t o 2 p.m. You w i l l see on t h e s t r e e t s o f t h i s c i t y t h e g r e a t e f f o r t o f P r i d e I n c . I l e f t here a t 2 o ' c l o c k i n t h e morning n i g h t - b e f o r e - l a s t and t h e y were s t i l l moving t r u c k s w i t h food, t o make sure t h a t food got t o t h e proper d i s t r i b u t i o n c e n t e r s . Thousands o f people a r e now working i n a v o l u n t e e r e f f o r t and I must say t h a t t h e c a l l s t o e x p l a i n some o f the a r e a s we a r e w o r k i n g i n r e g a r d t o r e l i e v e human misery i s a good, because people want t o know. Gentlemen I would l i k e t o open q u e s t i o n s , i f you w i s h , i n t h e a r e a s we have been working t h i s a f t e r n o o n so t h a t we may f u r t h e r c l a r i f y and i d e n t i f y t h e sources o f h e l p t h a t a r e a v a i l a b l e t o our c i t i z e n s who a r e i n g r e a t need a t t h i s t i m e . Q. Mayor can you t e l l us t h a t t h e s i t u a t i o n l o o k s l i k e r i g h t now. appear t o be under c o n t r o l ? * Do t h i n g s t A. From t h e l a s t r e p o r t s I have, w e ' l l be g e t t i n g some f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n f o r you on t h a t . As you can see, t h e p a s t couple hours I have been t r y i n g t o meet some o f t h e human needs and I ' l l g e t you a r e p o r t , an up-to-date r e p o r t , i n a v e r y s h o r t time on t h e g e n e r a l s i t u a t i o n . I t was under much b e t t e r c o n t r o l when I came t o the microphone. �Q. Mayor Washington do you have any i d e a what tomorrow morning's t r a f f i c f l o w i s going t o be f o r commuters corning i n t o the c i t y ? And what a d v i s e you would g i v e them. A. I would s t r o n g l y urge t h a t the c i t i z e n s coming i n and the c i t i z e n s moving w i t h i n the c i t y f o l l o w t h e i r normal p a t t e r n . We do not expect any g r e a t e r t r a f f i c problem t h a n normal. Many people w i l l not be coming i n t o work f o r a v a r i e t y of reasons. Some w i l l have no j o b s , u n f o r t u n a t e l y , t o come t o . What we expect i s t h a t t h e r e w i l l be a e f f o r t t o m a i n t a i n normal o p e r a t i o n s i n the c i t y tomorrow, the announcements have a l r e a d y been made w i t h r e s p e c t t o t i m e s . The F e d e r a l and D i s t r i c t Government workers w i l l be d i s m i s s e d an hour and h a l f e a r l y on the same staggered b a s i s t h a t t h e y operate on n o r m a l l y and the b u s i n e s s e s t h a t a r e i n normal o p e r a t i o n w i l l c l o s e a t 4 o ' c l o c k and w i l l be, we hope, c l e a r e d by curfew time tomorrow. I f and I would l i k e t o say t h a t the e a r l y assignments t h a t a r e made and the c o r r o l a t i o n of t i m i n g and s c h e d u l i n g have been w e l l worked out w i t h the t r a n s i t company and w i t h other means of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n so t h a t we can indeed get the b e s t p o s s i b l e t r a f f i c f l o w i n t o and out of our c i t y . Q. Mayor w i l l the market a r e a remain closed? A. I cannot g i v e you a t t h i s p o i n t a response on t h a t . Q. Mr. Mayor the s t o r e s a r e c l o s i n g a t k. I would l i k e t o a s k , have t h e y been r e q u e s t e d t o c l o s e a t h or must they a l l c l o s e a t k s i n c e the curfew has been in effect. A. The curfew i s s e t f o r 6, of course t h e r e i s no mandatory problem. We have j u s t been i n meeting w i t h the b u s i n e s s men and t h a t was one of the t h i n g s . We're t r y i n g t o e s t a b l i s h as f a r as p o s s i b l e a normal s i t u a t i o n . And a t the same t i m e , c r e a t e the b e s t p o s s i b l e c o n d i t i o n s f o r h e a l t h and s a f e t y , p a r t i c u l a r l y s a f e t y , and i t s been working out along those l i n e s . Q. Mr. Mayor has the Department of Defense informed us t h a t an a d d i t i o n a l 2,000 t r o o p s have a r r i v e d a t Andrews AFB from F o r t B r a f f a r e t h e s e t r o o p s to be used i n t h i s c i t y . A. I have no i n f o r m a t i o n on i t . Q. Do you have an i n f o r m a t i o n regarding a (unintelligible). A. No s i r , I have no r e c e n t i n f o r m a t i o n , as I i n d i c a t e d on the troop movement, Mr. Vance w i l l supply you w i t h t h a t and G e n e r a l Haines a t a l a t e r t i m e . As I i n d i c a t e i n the p a s t 2 hours from our presence what we have been working on p a r t i c u l a r l y the needs, the human needs of the f a m i l i e s and t h e s e f i n e c i t i z e n s have worked p r e t t y d i l i g e n t l y on t h a t we w i l l be a b l e - t o supply you w i t h a c c u r a t e i n f o r m a t i o n a l o n g the l i n e s of t r o o p movements a t a l a t e r time today. Q. Mr. Mayor what about the l a r g e number of p r i s o n e r s , what about t h e i r h e a l t h and w e l f a r e . » v A. That i s a matter th at i s b e i n g handled v e r y c a r e f u l l y now by both our i n f o r m a t i o n s e r v i c e - . We had some problems e a r l i e r today and the p r i s o n e r s I would �-3- say w i l l a l l be w e l l t a k e a c a r e of by v i r t u e of t h e a c t i o n s t h a t have been t a k e n cumulatively today. Q. (Unintelligible) A. W e l l we have s e v e r a l v o l u n t e e r committees as w e l l as our own department wherever t h e need a r i s e s f o r food and f o r o t h e r needs. welfare Q. Mr. Mayor, can we expect t h a t you and Mr. Vance, although you a r e both t i r e d , we're s u r e , w i l l r e t u r n here f o r a news c o n f e r e n c e on the s i t u a t i o n l a t e r tonight. A. I w i l l not be a b l e t o speak f o r Mr. Vance a t t h i s t i m e . I am h o p e f u l t h a t we can. I am c e r t a i n t h a t w e ' l l get you i n f o r m a t i o n l a t e r as t o whether or not w e ' l l appear. I am not c e r t a i n . I expect a t a l a t e r time t o get back out on the s t r e e t s and see what the s i t u a t i o n i s . Q. Mr. Mayor do you a n t i c i p a t e t h a t t h e r e w i l l be any change i n a c t i v i t y on Tuesday, t h e day t h a t Dr. M a r t i n L u t h e r K i n g i s t o be b u r i e d . A. Q. burned I am not i n p o s i t i o n t o a n t i c i p a t e t h a t f a r ahead on any Mr. out. Mayor has t h e r e been a survey made of how subject. many of the s t o r e s were A. That has not been done.. We had teams out even today making an assessment on t h i s a l o n g w i t h some o f the i n s u r a n c e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . We a r e not a t t h i s p o i n t a b l e t o g i v e a d e f i n i t i v e f i g u r e on t h a t . Q. T o u r i s t s have l e f t t h i s town. work tomorrow. A. Oh W i l l t h e F e d e r a l b u i l d i n g s be open f o r yes. Q. Mr. Mayor, l a s t n i g h t Mr. Murphy used term f o r the f i r s t time I b e l i e v e r i o t d e s c r i b i n g the s i t u a t i o n and i t s e x i s t e n c e here f o r the p a s t two d a y s . Can you say whether or not a r i o t s i t u a t i o n s t i l l e x i s t s . A. I t h i n k we have a c i v i l d i s t u r b a n c e he c o r r e c t e d h i m s e l f q u i c k l y a t t h a t time and manner i n which he was u s i n g t h e - t e r m was not a t t h i s p o i n t . I would c h a r a c t e r i z e i t as a Q. Would you and I don't t h i n k Mr. Murphy, I t h i n k i n d i c a t e d t o you t h a t t h e term the an attempt t o c h a r a c t e r i z e the s i t u a t i o n serious c i v i l disturbance. say s i r whether or not the c i v i l d i s t u r b a n c e i s under c o n t r o l ? A. I t h i n k i t ' s w e l l i n hand. We're s t i l l h a v i n g some problems. I t h i n k i t ' s calm f o r the most p a r t . There i s v e r y good c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h the curfew and I would f e e l t h a t t h a t i s the s i t u a t i o n . .END • �Press Conference ivlayor ashington and April 7, 196-3, 1 ;:03 Cyrus p. m. Aiayor Washington: Vance L.adiei. and Gentlemen, C i t i z e n s of t h e D i s t r i c t e a r l i e r t h i s evening t h a t Mr. Vance a n d I w o u l d t r y to g i v e y o u a n up-to-date progress on m a t t e r s in our city. The i n d i of C o l u m b i a . I indicated c a t i o n s at t h i s p o i n t show c o n t i n u e d p r o g r e s s t o w a r d f u l l r e s t o r a t i o n of law and order in the c i t y of W a s h i n g t o n . c o o p e r a t i o n we are s t a n d i n g and V-e a r e a l l g r a t e f u l f o r t h e g r e a t r e c e i v i n g at this point. o b s e r v i n g our curfew, rumors to t r y a n d s i f t them out, The c i t i z e n s , they a r e u n d e r - t h e y a r e p a y i n g g r e a t a t t e n t i o n to t h e they a r e using our e m e r g e n c y system s e r v i c e , t h e y a r e u s i n g o u r i n f o r m a t i o n s e r v i c e to get i n f o r . i a t i o n , to get accurate information. great, And I v o u i d s a y t h i s i s m a k i n g the difference. The great e f f o r t of o u r citizen..; i n p u l l i n g t o g e t h e r , c o o p e r a t i n g \ i t h c o o p e r a t i n g w i t h e a c h other in this t i m e of strife. the o f f i c i a l s , I will s a y t h i s , that s i n c e 1 appeared before you e a r l i e r , we h a v e f i e l d e d s o m e 3, 000 c a s e s involving h u m a n . m i s e r y . A t t h i s m o m e n t of t i m e , f e l l o w c i t i z e n s , we h a v e o v e r 1, 000 v o l u n t e e r s in the field, b r i n g i n g food, a i d i n g with s h e l t e r p r o b l e m s , a i d i n g with p r o b l e m s of e m p l o y m e n t , b e c a u s e t o m o r r o w i s a w o r k day, a i d i n g w i t h r e q u e s t s for c a s h f u n d s w h e r e t h e f a m i l y i s s i m p l y w i p e d out. I t ' s h a r d . ; ) v e r 1,000 volunteers a r e t h e b a c k b o n e t o n i g h t and f r o m o u r i n d i c a t i o n s f r o m t h e i n f o r m a t i o n c e n t e r , we will h a v e s o m e t h i n g like 5, 000 o r m o r e v o l u n t e e r s i n the s t r e e t tomorrow. I w o u l d l i k e a t t h i s t i m e to a s k Cyrus V a n c e , who h a s b e e n a p p o i n t e d a s o u r s p e c i a l a d v i s o r a n d a s s i s t a n t , to b r i n g y o u up-to-date w i t h r e s p e c t to t h e p r o g r e s s a n d to g i v e y o u f i g u r e s a s of this t i m e . Again I say this c o m m u n i t y a n d t h i s n a t i o n owe a great d e b t of g r a t i t u d e to ivir. V a n c e f o r t h e c o n t i n u e d w o r k h e i s d o i n g to bring o r d e r to o u r c o m m u n i t y . A i r . V a n c e . Mr. Vance: the c i t y a p p e a r s .Ladies and G e n t l e m e n , I c a n r e p o r t that at this h o u r not y e t out of t h e w o o d s , but I am continue. hopeful that the e n c o u r a g i n g D u r i n g t h e d a y t h e r e ..'ere f o u r s n i p i n g i n c i d e n t s , t h e s n i p i n g i n c i d e n t s t h e s n i p e r ,»as a p p r e h e n d e d . incidents was anyone injured. The I n t h r e e of i n c i d e n t r a t e d u r i n g t h e d a y i s do no m a j o r f i r e s b u r n i n g a n d a l l fires a r e now a r r e s t figure i s approximately 4, 300 AFB under control. w i t h s o m e 6 to 700 That i s a l e s s e r figure than yesterday. v i o u s l y a d v i s e d t h a t 2, 000 trend will I n n o n e of t h e s n i p i n g f r o m y e s t e r d a y a n d i t d r o p p e d s h a r p l y d u r i n g the l a s t h o u r . d u r i n g the day. V e are to be e x p e r i e n c i n g a n o t h e r n i g h t of r e l a t i v e c a l m . There The arrests You n are latest being were pre- a d d i t i o n a l t r o o p s w e r e b r o u g h t i n to A n d r e w s a n d h e l d t h e r e d u r i n g the day. T h i s e v a i i n g , t h o s e 2, 000 troops �2 were detached a n d s e n t to B a l t i m o r e . A t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e 2, 0 0 0 troops a r e being brought into A n d r e w s A F B w h i c h h a v e g o n e to B a l t i m o r e . Mr. as replacement new f o r t h e 2, 000 Mayor, that i s the g e n e r a l s i t u a t i o n a s of t h i s h o u r . A r e t h e r e any questions: Question: I s t h e r e a n y p o s s i b i l i t y that you w i l l go to B a l t i m o r e a s the s i t u a t i o n t h e r e d e v e l o p s ? • Answer: No, C uestion: . Answer: t h e r e i s not. S i r , a r e t h e s e t h e f i r s t s n i p i n g i n c i d e n t s of the d a y There f h e r e w e r e four w e r e two c o n f i r m e d 9 sniping incidents yesterday, today. Q u e s t i o n : How l o n g do y o u t h i n k t h e F e d e r a l t r o o p s a r e g o i n g to h a v e to r e m a i n o n d u t y i n W a s h i n g t o n ? A n s w e r : I h a v e no i d e a , but t h e y . v i l l be h e r e a s l o n g a s t h e y a r e required. Question: Answer: Question: W h i c h 2, 000 t r o o p s a r e t h e s e Fort You 0 Where a r e they f r o m 7 Benning. s a y that the ( u n i n t e l l i g i b l e ) . . Answer: V e i l , l e t m e s i m p l y s a y that I a m p l e a s e d w i t h the s p l e n d i d c o o p e r a t i o n w h i c h h a s o b t a i n e d i n this c i t y b e t w e e n the p o l i c e , the N a t i o n a l G u a r d and the F e d e r a l t r o o p s and the P i r e D e p a r t m e n t s . I t h a s b e e n a n o u t s t a n d i n g j o b on t h e p a r t of a l l t h e s e i n d i v i d u a l s a n d we a r e a l l d e e p l y i n t h e i r debt. Q u e s t i o n : M r . V a n c e , s o m e of t h e t r o o p s a r e b i l l e t e d a t h i g h s c h o o l s a r o u n d t h e c i t y . W i l l t h e s e s c h o o l s be a b l e t o o p e n t o m o r r o w 0 Answer: T h e y w i l l be w h e n t h e s c h o o l s o p e n t o m o r r o w . The t h a t w e r e b i l l e t e d t h e r e w i l l be m o v e d out, but t h e y h a v e b e e n i n v i t e d troops by t h e S c h o o l B o a r d to c o n t i n u e to s h a r e s o m e of t h e f a c i l i t i e s w h e n n e c e s s a r y . Question: Answer: W i l l we need additional troops ? I h o p e t h a t t h i s w i l l be s u f f i c i e n t number. �3 Question: Could you give us some more information about the situation i n Baltimore ? Answer: I am sorry. No, I cannot. I a m not up to date on the situation in Baltimore. Question: M r . Vance, do you see any problem on Tuesday with funeral activities ? Answer: 1 am hopeful and I pray that the funeral will be a unifying influence rather than divisive influence. I think everyone owns* this in memory to D r . King. Question: Answer: M r . Vance, with new troops coming in, what unit is this ? This i s a Brigade from Fort Benning. Question: What unit ? Answer: No, X do not know. We'll try to get it to you later. Question: Well, then you'd expect that the F e d e r a l troops will remain here i n force at least through the funeral ? Answer: I would expect so. Question: M r . Vance, you and the Mayor have been on a tour of the city tonight ? Answer: I have been out and I believe the Mayor has been out, y e s . Question: Now we have reports of some incidents of looting. To your knowledge, a r e these new break ins or are these people returning to stores, that previously have been broken into ? Answer: I wish I could answer your question, but I simply do not know with sufficient a c c u r a c y as to whether these are new locations or breaking into places that previously have been broken into. Question: Have you observed any looting ? Answer: I did not. Question: M r . Mayor, will the curfew go through the funeral day? �4. Answer; Vfe' r e not p r e p a r e d to s a y a t t h i s p o i n t , w e a r e a s s e s s i n g t h i s d a i l y . I a m v e r y h o p e f u l t h a t w e ' l l be a b l e to g i v e s o m e r e l i e f i n t h i s a r e a . I n the e v e n t w e c a n m a i n t a i n o u r c u r r e n t p o s i t i o n , I w o u l d l o o k f o r w a r d to g i v i n g s o m e f o r m of r e l i e f , I t h i n k w e h a v e t o a s s e s s i t a t that t i m e , I a m v e r y hopeful that w e ' l l a l l p u l l together and that we w i l l m e m o r i a l i z e D r . K i n g by c o n t i n u i n g o u r e f f o r t to r e s t o r e o r d e r . I a m v e r y s u r e t h a t to m y k n o w l e d g e of h i m a n d w o r k i n g w i t h h i m t h a t t h i s i s w h a t he w o u l d w i s h a n d I a m v e r y h o p e f u l t h a t t h i s w i l l e n a b l e u s to l i f t the c u r f e w to a f a r g r e a t e r d e g r e e t h a n we a r e a t t h i s p o i n t . Question: Mr. M a y o r , a r e y o u t a l k i n g of l i f t i n g the c u r f e w on Tuesday, Answer: Question: I would say even considering Mr. tomorrow. M a y o r w o u l d y o u h a v e a n e s t i m a t e of the d a m a g e costs? A n s w e r : I w o u l d r a t h e r h o l d that b e c a u s e t h i s m a t t e r i s under i n t e n s i v e s t u d y a n d u n d e r s t u d y t o d a y a n d I w o u l d be v e r y h a p p y I t H n k by t o m o r r o w to g i v e y o u a f u l l e r r e p o r t w i t h r e s p e c t to t h i s a s the t e a m s c o m e i n a n d a s w e a s s e s s i t w i t h the i n s u r i n g c o m p a n i e s . Question: M r . M a y o r would you have a n y r e a s s u r i n g w o r d s f o r p a r e n t s w h o m a y be e d r i c e r n e d about s e n d i n g t h e i r c h i l d r e n to s c h o o l ? A n s w e r : Y e s , I w o u l d . I w o u l d hope t h a t t h o s e of u s t h a t a r e t r y i n g a n d I h a v e h a d s o m a n y c a l l s f r o m p a r e n t s t o d a y I h a v e h a n d l e d s o m e of t h e m , h o p i n g t h a t w e w o u l d u s e t o m o r r o w s o p r o f i t a b l e by t a l k i n g about the g o a l s a n d a s p i e a t i o n s of D r . K i n g i n the s c h o o l b u i l d i n g s a n d t h a t the t e a c h e r s w o u l d u s e t h i s a s not o n l y a n e v e n t of h i s t o r y w h e r e t h e y c o u l d r e c i t e a n d m e m o r i a l i s e D r . K i n g a n d h i s g o a l s but t h e y w o u l d a s a r e s u l t of t h i s , w e w o u l d s t r i k e a n e w b a l a n c e a n d a n e w b a l a n c e t h a t w o u l d be m o s t p o o f i t a b l e f o r o u r c i t y i n t e r m s of p u l l i n g i t f u r t h e r t o g e t h e r . And I a m h o p e f u l a n d I j u s t hope t h a t the p a r e n t s w i l l r e m a i n i n t o u c h w i t h u s . W e h a v e a v e r y a c t i v e i n f o r m a t i o n c e n t e r a n d w e w o u l d hope t h a t a l l f a m i l i e s w o u l d f e e l f r e e to p a r t i c i p a t e w i t h u s n o t o n l y i n o p e n i n g the b u s i n e s s e s a n d g e t t i n g b a c k to n o r m a l but by h a v i n g the s c h o o l s open s o t h a t the c h i l d r e n m a y get the b e n e f i t of the e d u c a t i o n . A n d w e m u s t r e m e m b e r t h i s i s w h a t D r . K i n g s p p k e of. H e w a n t e d t h e b e s t i n e d u c a t i o n a n d o p p o r t u n i t y a n d w e b e l i e v e t h a t t h i s i s the b e s t w e c a n m e m o r i a l i s e h i m . fired Q u e s t i o n : M r . V a n c e l a s t n i g h t y o u s a i d t h a t no F e d e r a l t r o o p s h a d their weapons. I s this s t i l l t r u e ? �Answer: T o t h e b e s t of m y k n o w l e d g e t h a t i s s t i l l the c a s e . Q u e s t i o n : M r . V a n c e , we a s k e d l a s t night i f anyone at t h i s t i m e h a s a n y t h i n g to u s e o r e s t i m a t e of h o w m a n y p e r s o n s h a v e t a k e n p a r t i n the d i s t u r b a n c e s a n d w e w e r e t o l d t h a t t h i s w a s b e i n g w o r k e d on. D o you have anything you c a n give u s . A n s w e r : I don't h a v e a n y f i g u r e s at t h i s point. M a y o r W a s h i n g t o n d o e s o r not. Question: I don't know if (Unintelligible) A n s w e r : O f c o u r s e , w e do. Q u e s t i o n : M r . V a n c e , t h e r e a r e 6 m i l i t a r y r e p o r t e d to u s to be i n j u r e d c a n you s a y anything in this a r e a ? A n s w e r : Y e s . One w a s s e r i o u s l y i n j u r e d t o d a y i n a j e e p a c c i d e n t and he i s at Walter Reed Hospital. Q u e s t i o n : M r . V a n c e , y o u h a v e b e e n a s k e d s e v e r a l t i m e s on h o w t h e s e e v e n t s c o m p a r e to D e t r o i t . D i d w e l e a r n a n y t h i n g f r o m D e t r o i t ? A n s w e r ; I t h i n k w e l e a r n e d a n u m b e r of l e s s o n s f r o m the r i o t s i n D e t r o i t a n d e l s e w h e r e t h r o u g h o u t the c o u n t r y d u r i n g the s u m m e r . A n d w e h a v e b e e n a b l e to t a k e a d v a n t a g e of t h o s e l e s s o n s a n d t h e r e b y to b e t t e r cope w i t h the s i t u a t i o n . I r e a l l y f e e l t h a t w e a r e a b l e to do t h i s m u c h b e t t e r b e c a u s e of the e x p e r i e n c e w e h a v e h a d i n the p a s t . Q u e s t i o n : M r . V a n c e w e r e a n y of the s o - c a l l e d n e w r i o t c o n t r o l weapons being u s e d ? A n s w e r : N o , the A r m y d o e s not u s e M a c e . I t u s e s t e a r g a s a n d t e a r gas h a s been u s e d . Q u e s t i o n : M r . V a n c e w h a t w e r e the l e s s o n s y o u l e a r n e d i n D e t r o i t that you could m a k e use i n dealing w i t h this p a r t i c u l a r situation h e r e ? Answer: O h t h e r e a r e a h o s t of l e s s o n s , l e s s o n s w i t h r e s p e c t to c o o r d i n a t i o n b e t w e e n the v a r i o u s l a w e n f o r c e m e n t f o r c e s , l e s s o n s w i t h r e s p e c t to the u s e of f o r c e , l e s s o n s w i t h r e s p e c t to d e a l i n g w i t h people i n t h e c o m m u n i t y , l e s s o n s i n c o p i n g w i t h the d i s t r i b u t i o n of f o o d a n d p r o v i d i n g o t h e r e m e r g e n c y s e r v i c e s , t h e r e a r e h o s t of t h e s e t h a t h a v e b e e n c o v e r e d in many reports. Q u e s t i o n : W h a t a b o u t a r r e s t s ? I t h i n k y o u p o i n t e d out l a s t n i g h t t h a t there w e r e many more a r r e s t s h e r e than there w e r e in Detroit. �6. Answer; That ie correct. Question: I s there a reason behind that, I mean did you decide to be tougher about a r r e s t s later on? Answer: We decided we would a r r e s t everybody who was v i o l a t i n g the law that we could apprehend and we would do that with the minimum force required to get the job done. And that has been done and I commend the police and the soldiers for the great job they have done on that. Thank you very much. - E N D - �P r e s s Conference Mayor Washington Vice Mayor F l e t c h e r Mr. Hechinger M r . Vance 8 A p r i l 1968 23-20 Mayor Washington: ladies and gentlemen of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, I have- a little additional news to report to you and I regard it as a good sign. It was reported last night that we were making progress.,, the city was calm, I wish to say that since I appeared at 8:30 I've made a tour around the city and in the areas that have been affected and in most a r e a s as I toured I found the city calm, I found the city beginning to develop a psychology of rehabilitation. I ' m happy to say that this psychology of rehabilitation is supported by what I have learned from both of the officials reporting, the volunteers reporting and from the c i v i l defense report. I just cannot say what I think of the yeoman effort which the citizens have put to the task of government. I just learned, for instances, that we have distributed to over 35 centers, nearly a million pounds of food since Thursday. I think that this is not only staggering but represents an effort which could not have done without the Government and private interests working hand in hand in concern for fellow man and his city. I noted that this breakdown involved the serving of 185, 700 people by government and private efforts in concert. . And it is refreshing, I think, for you to know that your effort in the street are now beginning to be measured and that we can see an upward trend in the rebuilding. In job placement centers, we have established five centers that will be working �daily to find jobs for people who have been displaced or have lost their jobs as a result of our tragedy. And I would hope that you would a s s i s t us in this effort because up to know, the private sector has been very active and both the U P O , the O I C the E S , these are initials but they represent great effort, working in concert with the private interests of the board of trades have arranged for hundreds of jobs so that the people on this day, Monday, could return and begin to rebuild their lives and provide for their f a m i l i e s . This point I would just in retrospect like to feel that a l l of the citizens of this nation and the country understand that without the great work that the President of the United States has done in this regard, without the great effort that he has made to a s s i s t the citizens of this city, and indeed,' the citizens of the nation, we might still be in a posture where we could not talk about rebuilding. The President answered our call instantly within minutes after we made the call he answered it. The president has been in touch with me on numerous occassions both personally and through White House' efforts saying is there more that we can do, are there things that we can give to the citizens here and I have indicated to him whenever it was n e c e s s a r y that we need one need or another and the President has responded. Responded in light of his understanding And I think that we a l l need to of the needs of the times. know and a l l need to understand that without his help we could not have made the turn toward rebuilding, not only the city in its physical aspects, but the lives of people that have been damanged by virtue of the havoc that was rant. I thank you M r . President, in the interest of a l l people �in this city and in this nation, cause i've been on the firing line and I know what this help has meant. I would like at this time to ask M r . Thomas F l e t c h e r , o u r Deputy Mayor, that has sort of worked inside as I've worked on t h e outside to answer some'of the questions that have been r a i s e d in r e spect to what w e are doing within the city to rebuild. And this involves the physical rebuilding as the other committees work to do the human rebuilding that is n e c e s s a r y at this time. M r . Fletcher: Thank you, M r . Mayor. Mr. Fletcher. A s you said, one of the next jobs w e have to do, and we've started it already, is to begin the rebuilding of Washington, D . C. To that end and meeting was held this afternoon for t w o hours with representatives of private industries, the various F e d e r a l agencies and the D i s t r i c t Government. to do. There are three things we have F i r s t , i s to a s s e s the damage and determine the needs. l i m i n a r y report on that w i l l be ready tomorrow. evening. The p r e - It is being wound up this Second, i s to determine the short range answers in terms of insurance, loand?, rebuilding efforts, The third thing to do i s to determine the long range redevelopment and rebuilding of the D i s t r i c t . Attending the meeting today were representatives of the D i s t r i c t Department of l i c e n s e s , inspections, public works , finance; the F e d e r a l Agencies of S m a l l Business Administration, Economic Development Administration, T h e Departments of Labor, HUD, Commerce, AGW, a l l were there, O E O , U P O , private industry, Board of T r a d e , w e r e a l l present today^to determine what can be done, how quickly it can be done, what efforts can be made to rebuild Washington, D. C. �I'm happy to say that that meeting produced a great deal and more will be done as the days p r o g r e s s . Thank you. Mayor Washington: On the other side of the D i s t r i c t today we were working to shore up some of the needs with respect to our power, emergency power, and others, that would be needed and n e c e s s a r y to continue our effort in terms of protecting the citizens of this c i t y . And in that great effort and side by side with me has worked one of the greatest city council chairman in this nation, and I ' d like to have John indicate what was done on the council today. John Heckenger: Thank you Mayor. I ' d like to reinforce what M r . F l e t c h e r said that the M a y o r ' s concern on the repair of the damange to those who have suffered damage is in concert with his excellent effort that has been made through the agency that he spoke about to try to relieve the innocent v i c t i m s who have been inconvenienced by the destruction of those stores who have provided essential s e r v i c e s . It is unbelievable the .way the business community despite the damages that have occurred, has thrown in their lot and the council is working along in the various committees to help the innocent victims. At the same time, the private sector, through the urban coilition, is working on loans and other rehabilitating factors to get thse businesses back into operation as soon as possible, the I C B O , or in replacement businesses and through The I n n e r - r a c i a l council for business opportunities. There w i l l be an effort to contact each one of these persons that have had �their livelihood taken away from them. And through these efforts it is hoped that there w i l l be an early replacement of both the opportunity for employment a n d the opportunity for those people who have been hurt to get back into meaningful occupations. Thank you very much.' Thank you M r . Heckinger, of course citizens of the city these are on the positive side and these are on the rebuilding side a n d a s you know there are forty sides and we feel that in order to keep you fully advised as we have I must say at this point never in my public life , never i n my experience have I seen a more responsive press and a more responsive media. To a very very difficult situation you have had to pull together you have h a d to do with us': the quick shoring up the quick adjustment t o meet a very difficult situation and I feel that I should say as the mayor of this town that I am appreciative and I should say for the citizens of this city that I am apprec- iative for the p r e s s , radio, and T V that has reported and reported accurately a n d reported well and fast so that you could keep abreast and be a s s u r e d of the condition a s they advanced and p r o g r e s s e d . I would at this time like to call upon Cyrus Vance who will produce for you our nightly duet with respect to the hard figures. M r . Vance. T h a n k you, Walter. L a d i e s and gentlemen, looking ahead to tomorrow I wish to reiterate my prayers for a new sense of unity among a l l our citizens. I j o i n Mayor Washington in the hope that he has expressed e a r l i e r today that a l l of u s w i l l live together in peace and justice. l a w a n d order w i l l be maintained. be a desecration he stood. It is our determination that Violence and lowlessness tomorrow would of the m e m o r y of Doctor King and the principles for which., Today has been another day c£ p r o g r e s s toward the restoration of l a w and order. I a m advised that attendants at schools was almost normal. �I c a n r e p o r t t h a t m o s t c i t i z e n s w e r e a b l e to r e t u r n to t h e i r b u s i n e s s e s . I w i s h to e x p r e s s a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r the c o o p e r a t i o n of the v a s t m a j o r i t y of the c i t i z e n s i n h e l p i n g to r e t u r n the c i t y toward today a s of 10:00 p. m. s t a n d s a t 5, 882. l a v / and o r d e r . The I can say that there j n a j o r f i r e s t o d a y a n d the f e w f i r e s w h i c h a r e now under control. The c i t y i s r e l a t i v e l y c a l m tonight. a r e p o r t f r o m G e n e r a l H a y n e s who a n d who t o u r of the c i t y . I have just received h a s r e p o r t e d to me He i s p r e s e n t l y on a n t h a t the i n c i d e n t r a t e a r e b e l o w t h o s e of l a s t n i g h t a n d t h a t i n s o m e p r e s i n c t s t h e y a r e lower. T h e r e w e r e two s n i p i n g i n c i d e n t s d u r i n g the d a y . i n j u r e d i n these incidents and t r o o p s a r e c o n c e r n e d , we Two burning a r e i s c o m m a n d e r of the m i l i t a r y f o r c e s i n h a s done a n o u t s t a n d i n g j o b . He the a r r e s t s v a s t m a j o r i t y of the a r r e s t s today and d u r i n g l a s t night w e r e f o r c u r f e w v i o l a t i o n s . the c i t y Now T h a t i s to be c o m p a r e d w i t h the f i g u r e of 4,806 a s of t h i s t i m e l a s t night. w e r e no new And one p e r s o n w a s apprehended. inspection slightly considerable No persons were I n so f a r a s h a v e about 14,000 t r o o p s i n the c i t y a n d itsinviron t h o u s a n d of the t r o o p s w h i c h w e r e a t A n d r e w s a r e a t t a c h e d t o d a y a n d s e n t to B a l t i m o r e . T h e y h a v e b e e n r e p l a c e d by 2,000 a d d i t i o n a l t r o o p s w h i c h w e r e f l o w n i n t o the c i t y f r o m F o r t S i l l , O k l a h o m a . l a w a n d o r d e r i s not y e t c o m p l e t e d a n d we w h i c h we h a v e m a d e to d a t e w i l l c o n t i n u e . The t a s k of r e s t o r i n g m u s t r e s o l v e t h a t the p r o g r e s s I w a n t to c o m m e n d the m a y o r a n d a l l o t h e r c i t y o f f i c i a l s f o r the e x t r o r d i n a r y j o b w h i c h I t h i n k t h e y h a v e done i n g e t t i n g the c i t y b a c k on i t s f e e t . I t r e a l l y i s an extrordinary a c c o m p l i s h m e n t a n d t h e y d e s e r v e the g r a t i t u d e of a l l the c i t i z e n s of W a s h i n g t o n a n d of o u r n a t i o n may have. Now we a r e r e a d y to t a k e a n y question's w h i c h a n y of you �Mr. Vance has been asked to comment on reports that trqops have been sent to Lorton. M r . Vance: There is a possible problem at the reformitory. Troops are available and w i l l be sent if they are required. The last report I had before I came up here was that the problem at this moment is not serious but if it should be troops w i l l be there very shortly. What sort of a problem is it at Lorton? M r . Vance: D i s o r d e r within the reformitory. Have there been any f i r e s ? Mr. M r . Vance: I do not know. Vance we understand that four soldiers were injured this afternoon. Do you have any details on that, the nature of the i n j u r i e s , how they were injured, and how s e r i o u s they a r e ? M r . Vance: They were minor injuries. There have been eleven soldiers injured since the s o l d i e r s came into the city. Only one of them was seriously injured and that is the one I reported to you last night where a soldier was injured in a jeep incident . The four today were not serious. Does he have any word on the troops leaving the city. not. M r . Vance: No I do Troops will be kept in the city as long as they are rquired. W i l l the curfew be on tomorrow night? like to answer that question? of curfew. M r . Vance: M r . Mayor would you Mayor Washington: Vfeare a s s e s s i n g the matter As M r . Vance said and I share there is hope that tomorrow would be a day.of p r a t e r , that we would turn our hearts to our problems �of r e b u i l d i n g a n d we w o u l d l i k e to a s s e s the m a t t e r i n t e r m s of the s i t u a t i o n as i t develops. At this p o i n t the n o r m a l c u r f e w a n d curfew conditions w i l l be on . A t the v e r y e a r l i e s t t i m e of a s s e s m e n t we w i l l m a k e a n T r a n s p o r t a t i o n p r o b l e m s i n the c i t y d u r i n g the c u r f e w . We h a v e not r e c e i v e d t h i s problem. announcement. M a y o r Washington: I v/ould be v e r y h a p p y to t a k e i t up w i t h the c h i e f j u s t a s s o o n a s v/e l e a v e the p r e s s c o n f e r e n c e . Question was garbled. thing. M a y o r Washington: Y e s , How i s a fairly interesting T h e y ' v e h a d the c a p a c i t y a l r e a d y , t h e y w e r e w o r k i n g on f o o d c o o r d i n a t i o n p a r t i c u l a r l y w h e r e w e h a d a g r e a t n u m b e r of p e o p l e o f f e r i n g who w e r e good c i t i z e n s w h o w a n t e d to s e e t h a t g*ood got to p e o p l e f r o m t i m e to t i m e . w a s a n o r m a l f u n c t i o n o f the W e l f a r e D e p a r t m e n t . This A n d i t w a s fitting then w i t h t h a t e x i s t i n g f r a m e w o r k that v/e w o u l d b u i l d on i t , t h a t we d i d b u i l d on it. T h e p r o b l e m h a s b e e n g e t t i n g the food i n t o the c e n t e r s a s f a s t a s i t ' s needed and f r a n k l y I m u s t s a y the n e e d v/as o v e r w h e l m i n g i n s o m e c e n t e r s b a s e d on the f a c t t h a t s m a l l c h i l d r e n n e e d e d c e r t a i n c o m m o d i t i e s a n d t h e r e wev.e c e r t a i n s p e c i a l f o o d s t h a t w e r e n e e d e d . I t w a s j u s t a m a t t e r of p u r e movement. I w o u l d b e l i e v e that the c i t i z e n s , a s I r e p o r t e d , w o u l d be i m p r e s s e s to the f a c t t h a t a m i l l i o n p o u n d s of food now h a s b e e n d i s t r i b u t e d a n d i t h a s s e r v e d o v e r 185,000 p e o p l e . We a r e s t i l l t i g h t e n i n g the p r o c e s s . I would a l s o s a y that, i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h the p r o b l e m , s o m e of the food w a s coming i n f r o m o u r s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a s a n d I m u s t t h a n k o u r f r i e n d s i n the s u b u r b a n s c o m m u n i t i e s b e c a u s e w i t h food and clothing they h a v e b e e n m o s t c o o p e r a t i v e . T h e E i r e D e p a r t m e n t , a s I i n d i c a t e d , i n the f i r s t n i g h t h a d o v e r a h u n d r e d �p i e c e s o f e q u i p m e n t i n 38 c o m p a n i e s . We've gotten e x c e l l e n t c o o p e r a t i o n but the p r o b l e m of j u s t m o v e m e n t h a s b e e n the o n l y one that I c o u l d s e e . A s k e d to c o m m e n t on the s u s p e n s i o n of a p o l i c e o f f i c e r on S a t u r d a y f o r r e c e i v i n g s t o l e n goods. on t h i s p r o b l e m . M a y o r Washington: I t w a s r e p o r t e d to m e evening I don't h a v e a l l of the f a c t s ; I'd be v e r y g l a d to get y o u a n i n c i d e n t r e p o r t on i t . C a n y o u g i v e u s a n y d e t a i l s a b o u t the n u m b e r s a n d t y p e s of j o b s t h a t y o u hope t o d e v e l o p ? M a y o r Washington: I c a n not a t t h i s t i m e . t a k i n g r e q u e s t s f r o m p e o p l e who a r e i n n e e d of j o b s . We are A s y o u k n a r the 14th S t r e e t a r e a , the 7 t h S t r e e t a r e a , andthe 8 t h S t r e e t a r e a t h e r e w a s a g r e a t n u m b e r of p e o p l e who w e r e s e r v i n g a s c l e r k s a n d s e r v i n g i n s e m i s k i l l e d capacities a n d w h a t we a r e t r y i n g to do a t t h i s p o i n t i s m a t c h j o b o p p o r t u n i t y w i t h j o b need. T h e e x a c t n u m b e r h a s not b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d . We c r a n k that m a c h i n e r y up i n f u l l f o r c e t o d a y a n d I w o u l d s u s p e c t t h a t t o m o r r o w I w i l l be a b l e to g i v e y o u a f a i r l y good r e p o r t . S i r do y o u h a v e a n y p l a n s to a t t e n d a ( g a r b l e d ) ? w o u l d be m y M a y o r Washington: I t g r e a t p l e a s u r e to do a n d I'm h o p e f u l that the c o n d i t i o n s w o u l d make i tpossible. A t this moment I am w i l l h a v e to a s s e s m y a s s e s s i n g and through the n i g h t I r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s h e r e to the p e o p l e of t h i s c i t y a n d d e t e r m i n a t i o n w i l l h a v e to be m a d e on t h a t b a s i s . Thank you gentlemen. �Joint News S e r v i c e 9 A p r i l 1968 P r e s s Conference - M a y o r Washington, Mr. Vance, Mr. Murphy, F i r e C h i e f Golotta, C h i e f L a y t o n , Mr. F l e t c h e r L a d i e s a n d g e n t l e m e n a n d c i t i z e n s of t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a , l a s t n i g h t I i n d i c a t e d t h a t i f c o n d i t i o n s w o u l d p e r m i t , I w o u l d a t t e n d t h e f u n e r a l of Dr. Martin Luther King. I a m v e r y happy to s a y that a t m y a s s e s s m e n t t h i s m o r n i n g that conditions d i d p e r m i t and I t r a v e l e d w i t h the V i c e P r e s i d e n t t o t h e f u n e r a l , r e p r e s e n t i n g y o u , t h e c i t i z e n s of t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a . T h e n u m e r o u s c a l l s I had f r o m c i t i z e n s i n d i c a t e d that t h i s was fitting and proper and indeed i t was. I would l i k e y o u to know that M a y o r I v a n A l l a n of A t l a n t a , e v e n t h o u g h he h a d 100, 000 pe m l e i n h i s c i t y , c a m e t o t h e a i r p o r t t o g r e e t me. He w a s m o s t h a p p y t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a h a d s e n t a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a t t h i s t i m e , t o h i s c i t y , to p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e f u n e r a l p r o c e e d i n g s . A n d I w o u l d w a y t o y o u c i t i z e n s t h a t i n m y o p i n i o n t h e u l t i m a t e e m b o d i m e n t of w h a t A m e r i c a a n d .'temocracy i s about w a s r e p r e s e n t e d at the E b e n e z e r B a p t i s t C h u r c h i n A t l a n t a today. O u r e m p l o y e e s a n d c i t i z e n s h a v e b e e n c o m p l i m e n t e d on the w a y t h e y h a v e p e r f o r m e d i n the four o r f i v e d a y s i n o u r c r i s i s . B u t I m u s t s a y to you t h a t t h e l i v i n g e x a m p l e of t h e r e s u l t s of t h i s d e d i c a t i o n s e e m e d t o c o m e t h r o u g h to me today. reinforced. I went to A t l a n t a and a m happy to s a y that I w a s I t i s not o f t e n t h a t one u n d e r s t a n d s w h y he g o e s , i t w a s o n l y today that I u n d e r s t o o d the g r e a t l e s s o n and the g r e a t r e i n f o r c e m e n t i n c o u r a g e a n d t h e a b i l i t y t o go f o r v / a r d t h a t I r e c e i v e d f r o m w h a t I s a w , b e c a u s e b e f o r e m e w a s t r u l y t h e m e m o r y of a g r e a t m a n who h a d f a l l e n but whos^i m e m o r y a n d whose d r e s m w o u l d l i v e on. I hope t h a t y o u w i l l �j o i n me i n t h i s r e d e d i c a t i o n and t h i s r e c o n s t r u c t i o n of o u r c i t y to the point t h a t i t m a k e s the m o d e l and i t m a k e s the d r e a m t h a t a l l of u s h a v e f o r A m e r i c a n and o u r D e m o c r a c y . way of l i f e w h i c h I now i t i s the o n l y w a y to j o i n w i t h me, rededicate a l l people. know. t h a t we The r e i n f o r c e m e n t was I t i s not o n l y w o r k a b l e but i t i s r i g h t . c a n a c h i e v e i n the d a y s a h e a d . I u r g e a l l of y o u to u n i t e w i t h me yourselves i n the d e m o c r a t i c to a p r o p o s i t i o n I u r g e a l l of to of j u s t i c e , e q u a l i t y and p r o g r e s s f o r a l l s u r v i v e and m y I h a v e s o m e t h i n g to do w i t h , t h a t a l l m e n h a v e a n o p p o r t u n i t y to s u r v i v e . you and I u r g e a l l of y o u T h i s i s not a s i n g u l a r p r o c e s s w h e r e one m u s t s u r v i v e . the q u e s t i o n of w h e t h e r we And It i s position i s that i n this city, that and a l l w o m e n and a l l c h i l d r e n T h i s i s the l e s s o n and t h i s i s the e n c o u r a g e - m e n t t h a t I got f r o m t o d a y . I r e t u r n e d e a r l y t h i s a f t e r n o o n to f i n d t h a t conditions w e r e improving. And I l e a r n e d to f i n d t h a t the c i t i z e n s of t h i s g r e a t t o w n had d i g n i f i e d the m e m o r y of t h i s g r e a t man, Dr. Martin Luther K i n g , b y k e e p i n g the p e a c e and k e e p i n g t r a n q u i l i t y and k e e p i n g dedication a l i v e and I u r g e y o u to c o n t i n u e i n h i s m e m o r y b e c a u s e t h i s i s the l e s s o n of today. I'm h a p p y to note t h a t we great have indeed maintained c a l m and p e a c e and f r o m a l l r e p o r t s , r e p o r t s on a l l s i d e s , f i r e s , i n c i d e n t s , s e e m to be r e a c h i n g a n o r m a l period. t h a t i f the t r e n d s c o n t i n u e , and I a m I n t h i s r e g a r d I w o u l d l i k e to s a y s u r e t h a t i t i s going to c o n t i n u e b e c a u s e y o u a r e g o i n g to s e e t h a t i t c o n t i n u e s , to f u r t h e r r e l a x i n g the c u r f e w t i m e and we're giving some restrictions. consideration The actual d e t a i l s w i l l be a n n o u n c e d e a r l y t o m o r r o w on the c u r f e w t i m e and on a r e a s of r e l a x a t i o n and we we w i l l i s s u e t h e m e a r l y e n o u g h so t h a t you m a k e y o u r p l a n s b a s e d on the c i r c u m s t a n c e s . A l l b u s i n e s s e s and the may govern- �3 m e n t a l a c t i v i t y , s c h o o l s w i l l be r e s u m e d t o m o r r o w on a r e g u l a r b a s i s and we w i s h t h a t t h i s t o w n w o u l d m o v e , not o n l y on the n o r m a l and r e g u l a r b a s i s , but e x c e l l e r a t e i t s e f f o r t s t o w a r d s r e c o n s t r u c t i o n of i t s p h y s i c a l and of i t s human components. w i l l f o r g i v e me me I've t a k e n a l i t t l e l o n g e r t o n i g h t and I hope t h a t y o u but I b e l i e v e t h a t the s t r e n g t h t h a t I g a i n e d t o d a y w i l l to s e r v e y o u a l l the b e t t and I'm g r a t i f i e d t h a t t h i s t o w n w a s permit a b l e to h o l d i t s e l f h i g h i n the e s t e e m of the n a t i o n by i t s p e r f o r m a n c e . P l e a s e continue. A t t h i s t i m e I w o u l d l i k e to i n t r o d u c e the m a n who has b e e n by m y s i d e s i n c e t h e e a r l i e s t t i m e on T h u r s d a y , F r i d a y , Mr. V a n c e , who w i l l i n d e e d go down, I t h i n k , i n the h e a r t s of the c i t i z e n s os t h i s t o w n and the c i t i z e n s of t h e n a t i o n a s one who we h a s g i v e n h i s a l l so t h a t could r e s t o r e o r d e r and peace i n our town and i n our nation. s a y t h a t we owe Cyrus Again I h i m the h i g h e s t debt of g r a t i t u d e , t h i s g r e a t A m e r i c a n , t h i s great citizen, C y r u s Vance. ( V a n c e ) T h a n k you v e r y m u c h Mr. t o n i g h t c a n be v e r y b r i e f . h a s h a d a q u i e t day. The Mayor. L a d i e s and g e n t l e m e n my A s M a y o r Washington has told yo i, s i t u a t i o n i s c a l m at t h i s h o u r . Washington T h e c i t y s e e m s to be m o v i n g a t a n e x c e l l e r a t e d p a c e t o w a r d s the r e s t o r a t i o n of l a w a n d D u r i n g daylight h o u r s p o l i c e - i n c i lent r a t e was c o n t i n u e s we report essentially normal. order. If this w i l l be a b l e s h o r t l y to b e g i n d i s c u s s i o n s and p l a n n i n g f o r the o r d e r l y w i t h d r a w a l of t r o o p s . I w a n t a g a i n to e x p r e s s m y a p p r e c i a t i o n and a d m i r a t i o n f o r the o u t s t a n d i n g w o r k of t h e p o l i c e , f i r e m e n , the F e d e r a l t r o o p s , and the N a t i o n a l G u a r d , and I p a r t i c u l a r l y w a n t to t h a n k General Yaines, D i r e c t o r Murphy, P o l i c e Chief Layton, F i r e Chief Colotta for t h e i r outstanding l e a d e r s h i p and t e a m w o r k . We a r e a l l deeply i n t h e i r �debt. D i r e c t o r M u r p h y now h a s a r e p o r t to m a k e to the c i t i z e n s . ( M u r p h y ) T h a n k you. Many commendatory statements have been made i n r e c e n t d a y s about o u r b r a v e and dedicated f i r e f i g h t e r s and policemen. Tonight I would e s p e c i a l l y l i k e to thank our courageous f i r e f i g h t e r s and C h i e f H e n r y C o l o t t a w h o h a s d i r e c t e d o p e r a t i o n s d u r i n g the p a s t f i v e d a y s . I'm e n c o u r a g e d t h a t t h e l e v e l of a c t i v i t i e s t o n i g h t a r e n o r m a l a n d p e r m i t s C h i e f Colotta to j o i n w i t h u s h e r e at police headquarters. Our firefighters r e p e a t e d l y d i s r e g a r d e d t h e i r o w n s a f e t y i n o r d e r t o p r o t e c t the p e o p l e a n d t h e p r o p e r t y of t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a . O u r c i t i z e n s on t h e i r p a r t p r o v i d e d g r e a t a s s i s t a n c e t o t h e o f f i c e r s a n d m e n of t h e d e p a r t m e n t i n p r o v i d i n g food a n d d r i n k , a s w e l l a s m a n n i n g h o s e s a n d p r o v i d i n g o t h e r assistance. I n a d d i t i o n t o the h e r o i c e f f o r t s of o u r o w n f i r e f i g h t e r s , many c o m p a n i e s of f i r e f i g h t e r s f r o m a d j o i n i n g c o m m u n i t i e s c a m e i n t o the c i t y and r e n d e r e d a s s i s t a n c e without w h i c h our t a s k would have been m u c h m o r e d i f f i c u l t , i t not i m p o s s i b l e . I w o u l d l i k e to a s k F i r e C h i e f H e n r y C o l o t t a to m a k e a b r i e f r e p o r t on the a c t i v i t i e s of h i s o w n d e p a r t m e n t a n d t h e d e p a r t m e n t s that c a m e to our a s s i s t a n c e . (Colotta) Thank you Mr. Murphy. Chief Colotta. T h e l a s t f i g u r e s that I have indicated t h a t the d e p a r t m e n t i s g e t t i n g b a c k t o n o r m a l o p e r a t i o n s i n s o f a r a s t h e responses a r e concerned, t h e t y p e s of f i r e s a r e t h e s m a l l i n s i g n i f i c a n t t r a s h , abandoned automobiles f i r e s and f a l s e a l a r m s a r e beginning to p i c k up w h i c h i n d i c a t e s a r e t u r n t o n o r m a l . A n d I c e r t a i n l y would l i k e to take t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o p e r s o n a l l y t h a n k t h e f i r e m e n f r o m the n e i g h b o r i n g communities f o r the outstanding s e r v i c e s and a s s i s t a n c e that they r e n d e r e d to u s d u r i n g these emergencies. I t w a s a m a z i n g , t h e r e s p o n s e , f r o m the c o o r d i n a t o r s �5 of t h e s e v a r i o u s c o m m u n i t i e s w h e n I m a d e m y a p p e a l f o r a s s i s t a n c e . E v e r y o n e a n s w e r e d without hesitation. w a n t a n d w h e r e do y o u w a n t t h e m ? C h i e f , how m a n y u n i t s do y o u A f t e r t h e y w e r e r e t u r n e d t o t h e i r own c o m m u n i t i e s t h e n e x t e v e n i n g I r e c e i v e d m a n y c - T l s f r o m the coordinators a g a i n , C h i e f , we h a v e o u r u n i t s r e a d y i n the e v e n t y o u n e e d t h e m , do not h e s i t a t e , we a r e p r e p a r e d t o s e n d t h e m i n t a s k f o r c e , not of one, b u t m a n y a t one t i m e . A n d I do w a n t t o e x p r e s s m y t h a n k s a n d a p p r e c i a t i o n to the c o o r d i n a t o r s a n d the o t h e r s who m a d e t h i s a s s i s t a n c e p o s s i b l e . T h a n k you. (Washington) Gentlemen we're r e a d y for questions. W h i l e we're getting r e a d y I'd l i k e t o p a y p a r t i c u l a r t r i b u t e t o m y own d e p u t y m a y o r , Tom F l e t c h e r , a n d the C h a i r m a n of o u r c o u n c i l who's b e e n b y m y s i d e , J o h n H e c h i n g e r , C o r p o r a t i o n C o u n c i l , veto's h e r e . Question: Charles Duncan M a y o r , w e u n d e r s t a n d the D C o f f i c i a l s w i l l m e e t t o m o r r o w w i t h S e n a t o r R o b e r t B y r d of W e s t V i r g i n i a , t h e c h a i r m a n of the Appropriation Answer: Subcommittee. This i s true. DC W i l l y o u c o m m e n t on t h a t ? We h a v e b e e n m o v i n g a t s u c h a r a p i d p a c e t h a t t h e c h a i r m a n of the c o u n c i l a n d I f e l t t h a t i t w o u l d be w i s e f o r u s t o a r r a n g e c o n f e r e n c e s w i t h e a c h of the c o m m i t t e e c h a i r m e n , w e e x p e c t , we h a v e a s k e d a n d i t i s on o u r i n i t i a t i v e n o t on t h e i r r e q u e s t , I want to m a k e that e n t i r e l y c l e a r , t h a t upon o u r r e q u e s t we hope t o m e e t w i t h C o n g r e s s m a n Natcher, C o n g r e s s m a n d M c M i l l a n , Senator B y r d and Senator B i b l e . have had c e r t a i n conversations w i t h e a c h of o u r c o n g r e s s i o n a l We leaders. We b e l i e v e t h a t i n the i n t e r e s t of r e b u i l d i n g the c i t y a n d the n e e d s w h i c h w e a r e now a s s e s s i n g t h a t i t w o u l d be i n the i n t e r e s t of o u r c i t y t o m a k e �6 t h e m f u l l y a w a r e of t h e s i t u a t i o n a n d w h a t w e s e e a t t h i s p o i n t w i l l be r e q u i r e d . So I w o u l d l i k e t o m a k e i t i n i f n i t e l y c l e a r t h a t i n no c a s e h a s a m e m b e r of t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i t t e e o r of t h e A p p r o p r i a t i o n s C o m m i t t e e a s k e d u s to come. We h a v e a s k e d t o c o m e i n o r d e r t o r e p o r t t o t h e m a n d I t h i n k t h i s i s i n the b e s t i n t e r e s t of t h e g o v e r n m e n t of t h e D i s t r i c t a n d t h e c i t i z e n s . Question: M a y o r , do y o u e x p e c t t o h a v e t h e N a t i o n a l G u a r d e q u i p m e n t out of t h e s t a d i u m i n t i m e f o r t h e g a m e t o m o r r o w ? Answer: I m i g h t r e p o r t t h a t t h e e q u i p m e n t i s a l r e a d y out. I ' m a d v i s e d b y G e n e r a l H a i n e s t h a t t h i s w a s done s o m e t i m e t h i s e v e n i n g a n d a s f a r a s I k n o w , f r o m w h a t I h e a r a n d r e a d , t h e g a m e w i l l go on. Question: W i l l y o u have e x t r a troops at D C S t a d i u m f o r the game t o m o r r o w ? Answer: I t h i n k t h e m a t t e r of t r o o p d e p l o y m e n t i s s t i l l w i t h M r . V a n c e a n d the G e n e r a l a n d t h e y a r e c o n f e r r i n g on i t . the c i t y . I don't l i k e t o i s o l a t e p a r t s of I t h i n k a l l p a r t s of t h e c i t y w i l l be e q u a l l y p r o t e c t e d . And I would l i k e to r e s p o n d i n that way. Question: Answer: (garbled) A n u m b e r of r e p o r t s a r e u n d e r w a y a s f a r a s s e l e c t i v i t y of l o o t i n g . T h i s i s one I ' m s u r e D e p u t y M a y o r F l e t c h e r a n d C h i e f L a y t o n a n d t h e P u b l i c Safety D i r e c t o r a r e discussing. We w o u l d l i k e t o s a y a t t h i s p o i n g a g r e a t d e a l of i t w a s b y m i n o r s , y o u n g k i d s a n d the a c t u a l s o r t i n g out of i t I ' m s u r e w e ' l l be a b l e t o r e p o r t on v e r y s h o r t l y . P a t do y o u w a n t t o s a y a n y t h i n g f u r t h e r on t h a t . ( M u r p h y ) We h a v e a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n u n d e r w a y , M r . M a y o r , t h a t w i l l j u s t r e l e a s e w h a t e v e r i n f o r m a t i o n that we a r e able to e s t a b l i s h a s soon a s we have it. D o y o u h a v e a n y t h i n g f u r t h e r t o s a y a b o u t t h a t , C h i e f , about w h a t ' s �going on with the investigation? The only other thing I would say would be just to reiterate what we do have in connection with the burglaries that have been charged, investigations going, we have squads specifically assigned to this matter and we w i l l not be able to report anything, of course, specifically until they have concluded their investigation. Question: Answer: Now that it seems to be dying out, what lessons have we learned? I would say that at this poing, which it's a little to early for us to determine just what changes, if any, we would make in the beginning. One of the things that we did do on Thursday evening was to hold over the men who were working the 4-12, the midnight section was coming on and we did c a l l back the men who were working day work, so t h a t we had a l l of the forces available that we could muster at that time and more than that we could not do at that moment. By deploying this number of our police officers we did effect a reduction in the number of incidents at that kind. That held down through the morning and of course as the incidents began to pick up, as M r . Murphy has already reported in an e a r l i e r interview, conferences did take place early F r i d a y morning in preparation for the calling of troops and they were called as incidents developed. But beyond that I think that we would not be able to go predicting that we might do in the future until we've studied it very carefully. (Washington) Let mu just add to that by saying that although we're reporting progress, we are by no means assuming that we're letting down. I thing that the govenment, your government, and the citizens are going to have to stay together in a fairly high degree of cooperation before we can really get to the point where we can begin to relax in terms of our efforts. Now �8 I don't m e a n by t h a t t h a t we haven't m a d e p r o g r e s s . A f f a i r s s e e m to be n o r m a l but we've got a r a t h e r f a n t a s t i c r e b u i l d i n g job and I'm delightes a s a m a t t e r of f a c t , t h a t y o u a l l a r e i n q u i r i n g about p r o c e d u r e s b e c a u s e I w o u l d r e a l l y w a n t to d e t e r m i n e w h a t p r o c e d u r e s we w e r e a b l e to d e v e l o p e i n the c o u r s e of t h i s and a c t u a l l y m a k e a f u l l i n v e s t i g a t i o n and a f u l l s t u d y of t h e m s o t h a t we that may w i l l k n o w r e a l l y w h a t we h i t u s and I f e e l t h a t we s h o u l d do u n d e r the c i r c u m s t a n c e s a r e a l l e n t i t l e d to know. I'm as anxious a s y o u a r e to get t h e m but I j u s t w o u l d not l i k e to g i v e the c o m p l e t e a s s u r a n c e to the c i t i z e n s t h a t w e r e o v e r the h i l l and o v e r the hump. t h i n k we've got a l o n g w a y r e b u i l d i n g a n d we Question: I to go i n b o t h the s u r v e i l l a n c e and the m a t t e r of m u s t s t a y t o g e t h e r u n t i l t h a t j o b i s done. A q u e s t i o n about the 13 1/2 m i l l i o n d o l l a r d a m a g e w h i c h r e c o r d e d by the D i s t r i c t G o v e r n m e n t t h i s a f t e r n o o n . Was was the m a y o r s u r p r i s e d at t h a t f i g u r e ? Answer: I wasn't s u r p r i s e d n e c e s s a r i l y . w i t h at t h i s point i s e s t i m a t e s . I t h i n k t h a t w h a t we T h e s e w e r e the b e s t e s t i m a t e s are dealing b a s e d on a r a t h e r f o r m i d a b l e t e a m going out on a s h o r t ra.-ge to get s o m e a s s e s s m e n t of the d a m a g e . I t h i n k t h a t we a r e g o i n g to h a v e to d i g d e e p e r i n t o t h i s m a t t e r to c o m e up w i t h a f i g u r e t h a t I w o u l d be r e a d y to l i v e w i t h . svy w h e t h e r i t i s good o r h i g h o r low. e s t i m a t e we Tom, (Mr. the b e s t c a n m a k e u n d e r the c i r c u m s t a n c e s w i t h p r o f e s s i o n a l s w o r k i n g . you may w a n t to s a y s o m e t h i n g f u r t h e r about t h a t . Fletcher) Yes, a s s e s s m e n t i t was. t y p e , we I t h i n k that i t i s an e s t i m a t e , I can't Mr. It was M a y o r , I t h i n k we s h o u l d c l a r i f y the t y p e of done q u i t e q u i c k l y . I t was done a l m o s t windshield w e r e d r i v i n g up and d o w n the s t r e e t , by good p r o f e s s i o n a l s , t h e y �know t h e i r business. T h e y did a v e r y s i m p l e thing; they looked a t e a c h lot and the b u i l d i n g s t h a t w e r e on i t to d e t e r m i n e the p e r c e n t a g e of d a m a g e , i . " any, to t h a t b u i l d i n g . T h i r t e e n and a h a l f m i l l i o n d i l a r s i s only t h e i r e v a l u a t i o n of the p h y s i c a l d a m a g e to the r e a l p r o p e r t y . I t h a s nothing to do w i t h i n v e n t o r y o r the p e r s o n a l p r o p e r t y t h a t m a y h a v e b e e n w i t h i n the b u i l d i n g . T h a t , of c o u r s e , t h e r e i s no w a y of a s s e s s i n g a t t h i s t i m e . T h e y u s e d a v e r y s i m p l e s y s t e m , t h e y m a d e a d e t e r m i n a t i o n of the p e r c e n t a g e of d a m a g e , m u l t i p l i e d i t by the a s s e s s m e n t i n t e r m s of i t s actual assessed v a l u e a s d e t e r m i n e d by the D i s t r i c t G o v e r n m e n t . a l l we gave y o u . S i m p l y the a s s e s s e d That's v a l u e , w h i c h d e t e r m i n e s t h e n the r e a l p r o p e r t y v a l u e , m u l t i p l i e d the a s s e s s e d v a l u e out s o t h a t i t w a s m a r k e t v a l u e , took the p e r c e n t a g e of d a m a g e , m u l t i p l i e d t h a t , a d d e d i t up, a n d t h a t c a m e to 13 1/2 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s , j u s t that s i m p l e . It may well be t h a t i t i s l e s s t h a n t h a t , h o p e f u l l y i t ' s l e s s t h a n t h a t , a n d i t m a y unfor- t u n a t e l y i n s o m e c a s e s be m o r e tha i t h a t w h e n y o u f i n a l l y get i n t o a b u i l d i n g t h a t l o o k e d l i k e i t m i g h t be w h o l e a n d f i n d that i t c a n n o t p o s s i b l y be u s e d and h a s to be t o r n down. T h e r e i s a g r e a t d e a l m o r e w o r k t h a t i s going to be done, m u c h m o r e p r e c i s e w o r k w i l l h a v e to be done i n the a s s e s s m e n t . I t ' l l t a k e m o n t h s b e f o r e we c a n g i v e y o u a t r u e v a l u e of the d a m a g e a n d I'm s u r e a l l of y o u k n o w w e ' l l n e v e r g i v e you, t r u e l o s s to t h i s c o m m u n i t y . n e v e r w i l l be a b l e to f i n d , the That figure i s unknown and w i l l a l w a y s be u n k n o w n . Question: Answer: Mr. Vance, what l e s s o n s have been l e a r n e d f r o m Washington? Y e s , I c a n m e n t i o n a few. I t ' s too e a r l y y e t to be a b l e to s i t down a n d h a v e the t i m e to r e f l e c t on a l l of the l e s s o n s l e a r n e d . I think �10 t h a t one of the l e s s o n e l e a r n e d i s the e f f e c t i v e u s e of a n e a r l y c u r f e w . A n o t h e r l e s s o n l e a r n e d i s i n the c o o r d i n a t i o n of p o l i c e a n d in apprehending l o o t e r s . w e r e d e v e l o p e d a s we T h i s a v e r y d i f f i c u l t t a s k but s o m e n e w techniques m o v e d along through this troublesome period, has produced a m u c h m o r e effective handling think a l s o i t was military personnel which of t h i s d i f f i c u l t p r o b l e m . d e m o n s t r a t e d h e r e that c i t y can, d e s p i t e the I tremendous p r e s s u r e s u n d e r w h i c h i t i s s u f f e r i n g , r e s p o n d a s t h i s c i t y d i d to m e e t the e m e r g e n c y n e e d s of i t s c i t i z e n s i n f o o d , h e a l t h , h o u s i n g , a n d t h a t t y p e of activity. and T h i s was o t h e r s , and Mr. m a g n i f i c e n t l y d o n e b y the m a y o r a n d H e c h e n g e r w o r k i n g w i t h the u r b a n c o a l i t i o n . t h i s i s a l e s s o n t h a t s h o u l d be t a k e n to h e a r t a n d c o m m u n i t i e s i t i f s h o u l d be n e c e s s a r y . Question: the d e p u t y m a y o r God I think c a n be u s e d i n o t h e r p r a y t h a t i t w i l l not. F u r t h e r e x p l a n a t i o n a b o u t the l o o t i n g i n W a s h i n g t o n a n d what police did about it. A n s w e r by M r . Vance: T h i s i s a v e r y difficult t a s k and a s e f f e c t i v e l y a s i t c a n w i t h the p e r s o n n e l it has which are available. ! o be : In so doing t h e y m u s t t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t the n e e d to a r r e s t the p e o p l e c o n c e r n e d to do i t w i t h the m i n i m u m f o r c e r e q u i r e d . done but It's a t e r r i b l y difficult task and I think y o u r p o l i c e f o r c e handled i t w e l l . Question: Answer: W h a t a r e the n e w One of the n e w techniques techniques was developed? to s e t up r o v i n g p a t r o l s , super- i m p o s e d o v e r the s t a t i c f o r c e s w h i c h w e r e r e q u i r e d f o r p r o t e c t i o n of particular areas. T h e s e w e r e p a t r o l s c o m p o s e d of m i l i t a r y p o l i c e u n i t s and police w o r k i n g together. T h e s e w e n t t h r o u g h the v a r i o u s p r e c i n c t s and i n s o m e c a s e s w e r e f o l l o w e d by p a t r o l w a g o n s w h i c h p e r m i t t e d the �11 l o o t e r s w h o w e r e d e t a i n e d a n d w h o c a n n o t be a r r e s t e d b u t m u s t be t u r n e d o v e r t o p o l i c e o f f i c e r s t o be q u i c k l y t u r n e d o v e r . T i m e doesn't permit f u r t h e r a m p l i f i c a t i o n o f i t b u t t h i s i s t h e b a s i c e s s e n c e of o n e of t h e s e techniques. Question: Mr. V a n c e , i f things continue the w a y they've gone, w h e n c a n w e l o o k f o r w a r d to s e e i n g W a s h i n g t o n r e l a t i v e l y f r e e o f F e d e r a l t r o o p s ? Answer: A s I said, i " it continues, planning and d i s c u s s i o n s can start shortly. I think that's the l a s t question. Before I close, I should just l i k e t o e x p r e s s t h e g r e a t a p p r e c i a t i o n t h a t I h a v e h a d of t h e p r i v i l e g e of serving under your magnificant m a y o r during these difficult times. you v e r y much. END Thank �Mayor V/ashington's statement A p r i l 10, 1968 U»30 p.m. I c o n f e r r e d w i t h Mr. C y r u s Vance a n d G e n e r a l R a l p h E . J r * , Task Force Commander, e a r l y t h i s a f t e r n o o n . Based hai n e S j on our d i s c u s s i o n , and t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s i t u a t i o n c o n t i n u e s t o improve, Vance h a s r e t u r n e d t o New Y o r k o �Statement MAYOR WALTER E. WASHINGTON April 11, 1968 The curfew today w i l l go into effect at midnight and end at 4 a.m. Liquor by the drink w i l l be sold u n t i l 11 p.m. stores w i l l c l o s e at the normal 9p.m. Package liquor hour. Further r e l a x a t i o n of the r e s t r i c t i o n s were decided on after I received reports that the c i t y has experienced another night of calm. Firearms and gasoline r e s t r i c t i o n s , however, remain i n effect. A l l r e s t r i c t i o n s w i l l continue to be reviewed as the c i t y returns to normal a c t i v i t i e s . �PRESS ADVTSORT A p r i l 11, 1968 Mayor Washington invites members of the press and radio and television reporters to j o i n him i n a briefing and a v i s i t to units of the regular army and D.C. National Guard which have been assisting the D i s t r i c t Government for the past few days* The briefing w i l l be at 1 p.m. i n the 6th floor press room (Room 605U) of the Municipal Center, 300 Indiana Ave., N»W# Buses w i l l transport the party, which w i l l include General Ralph Haines, J r . , the Task Force Commander, and other o f f i c i a l s to several locations where the units have been quartered. The complete itinerary w i l l be announced at the b r i e f i n g . The briefing w i l l include a v i s i t to the Task Force Command Post at the Municipal Center 0 ��Editorials �t E v e n i n g Star �Evening Ctar A p r i l 5, 1968 King's Legacy The bullet that shattered the life of M a r t i n L u t h e r K i n ? has silenced a powerful, eloquent and persuasive a d ' vocale of r a c i a l reason at the moment w h e n he was most needed. T h i s is a time for sorrow. I t is a time for shame. I t is a time for redcrli• cation to those principles of freedom, justice and peace to w h i c h D r . K i n g devoted himself, and for w h i c h his life was forfeit. It is not a time for violence. T h e explosions of anger and anguish t h a t swept jthro 1 c h sr a ft owi_jconi m u 1 nitics tliro«iehoj11. "the. nation, i n c l u d ing, our own, we're perhap.<^^vif.abift, JSTI r e v e 1 y l ii c i ti'<• • 1 i. 0 f" v ini P n r P _ a 1 j £ J o o t ' J m r was a r e n u ! i c i a i ; o n and a desccrri-., tion of the legacy i h a t D r . I-ung^.rnd,. Tried to" leave. *"** * * Now the emotional convulsion of the night has passed. T h e future, the d i f f i cult and dangerous future of relations between the races, must b* faced. I n Memphis, the m a r c h that D r . K i n s was scheduled to lead on Monday apparently will proceed. I n Washington, plans are ; going ahead to assemble the army of the nation's poor, recruited by D r . K i n g , to petition Congress for a n end to poverty. T h e r e can be no avoiding the fact that the potential for violence, already present i n such a confrontation, now has been compounded by the loss of the leader. We are now, all of us. heirs to the dream of America that M a r t i n L u t h e r K i n g followed throughout his life. We must remember that he was a m a n who dedicated himself to a belief i n this nation: who strove to change and to improve the system in w h i c h he lived, not to destroy it. We must urge the Congress to act now 10 erase the final legal indignities that still bar some c i t i zens from a full participation in A m e r i can life. And. we must a l l look deep within our hearts to seek out the festering vestiges of racial distrust, suspicion and fear, and to find the understanding and the forgiveness that will let this society survive. Dr. K i n g ' s voice has been silenced. But we must still heed his words. �Evening S t a r April T h e assassination of the Rev. D r . M a r t i n L u t h e r K i n g , monstrous as that crime was, cannot in any way excuse or explain the massive wave of looting, burning a n d killing w h i c h followed in Washington a n d a dozen or more other cities. Nor is any useful purpose served by trying to offer justifications for the behavior of the mindless ones. T h e thousands of men, women and c h i l d r e n who surged through the streets of the Nation's C a p i t a l stealing and putting the torch to looted stores were not motivated by grief or anguish resulting from the murder of the civil rights leader. T h e y were i n a festive mood, bent upon grabbing what they could while the grabbing was good. A n d the police force, unable to cope with c r i m i n a l activity on s u c h a scale, h a d to stand by in many instances and let the looters have their way. I t should be emphasized at this point t h a t a majority, probably a very large m a j o r i t y , of Washington's Negro comm u n i t y took no part i n the binge. P e r h a p s they heeded the wise counsel of the Rev. Walter F a u n t r o y . I n any event they stayed out of it although many were driven by fire from their homes, victims of a consequence of blind violence. T h e statistics, though preliminary i n nature, tell the story. T h e police, r e i n forced by some 4,000 federal troops and National G u a r d s m e n , w i t h another 2,000 i n reserve, h a d the situation more or less under control by S a t u r d a y morning. T h e r e was still some looting, but for the most part the streets were quiet a n d largely deserted. F i v e people were dead, however, at least 350 had been i n j u r e d , more t h a n 2,000 h a d been arrested a n d 229 fires h a d been counted—a truly infamous chapter in the story of the C a p i t a l City. M u c h of the damage could have been prevented. B y noon on F r i d a y or very shortly thereafter it was obvious that 7, I960 the police could not handle the situation, and they said so. B u T b e c a u s c someone i n official position was unwilling to make the f i r m and prompt decision, at least five hours passed before the first troops appeared on the scene to lend a h a n d . Apparently the lesson of last year's D e troit riot h a d not been learned in W a s h ington. — ... T h e violence and the threats of violence h a d definite anti-white overtones. T h i s , of course, is not surprising. B u t its implications for the future are ominous. Most of the shops and stores that were looted were owned by whites. I n the m a i n , those bearing the "Soul B r o t h e r " insignia were spared. T h e teen-agers who hurled rocks, bottles a n d debris at passing automobiles were careful to select cars occupied by whites as their tar-., gets. A girl student was quoted as saying t h a t D r . K i n g "compromised his life, away . . . I f I ' m non-violent, I ' l l die. I f I ' m violent, I ' l l still die, but I ' l l take a honky w i t h me." T h i s is just a sampling —there was much more of the same. We t h i n k this is ominous for two principal reasons. One is the effect that it is bound to have on the future course of the effort to fully implement the rights of Negroes. T h e extreme militants have been saying in the past and are saying more loudly now that the doctrine of non-violence as preached and practiced by D r . K i n g has demonstrably failed. And they are doing everything i n their power to persuade the K i n g followers that their best hope fpr_thf,_future lies in violence and more violence. T h e y will make some converts, • especially among the younger Negroes. One need only look at the wild disarray on Negro campuses around the country ; to appreciate the danger. T h e B l a c i : �Power advocates were making significant headway in the colleges before the murder of D r . K i n g . T h e y can expect their efforts to be even more successful now. And if responsible, rational leadership is not to be forthcoming from this generation of Ncgrp collegians, what can be expected from the younger groups, especially the dropouts? W h a t wc have been witnessing in Washington and i n other cities across the land have not been race riots. Armed white men have not been shooting it out in the streets with armed Negroes, as in some former years, and wc hope and believe that it will never come to that. But if the level of violence should rise i n the future, one consequence will be inevitable. W h a t remains of the effort to close the gap, to bring white and blacks together in seeking to obtain justice for all, will go down the drain. And that in its t u r n could lead to a n enduring estrangement, the consequences of which, as the President h a s correctly said, " w i l l be nothing less t h a n a catastrophe for our country." T h e merchants of hate will persist i n their attempts to create two Americas — a white America and a black America. I f they should succeed, those who now are taking the hate-whitey line and who may be tempted to follow the Stokely C a r m i c h a c i s a n d the H . R a p Browns should understand two things: One, success for this misguided effort is not inconceivable. Two, if it comes to pass nothing but disaster lies at the end of the hate road -- a disaster for all of us .but most especially for the Negro. T h e second reason for t h i n k i n g that the swelling a n t i - w h i t e attitude is ominous lies in the adverse effect that it will have on the several programs designed to facilitate the emergence of the Negro as a full-fledged member of the A m e r i c a n society. i ! . ; I : i Dr. K i n g h a d been talking in terms of spending some 320 billion a year on cleaning up the ghettos, on the creation of job opportunities for Negroes, on i m proved education, better h e a l t h and the like. • T h i s cost figure probably is not r e a l istic while the war in V i e t n a m continues to consume m a n y billions of dollars — dollars w h i c h are not now being raised by taxes mid the expenditure of w h i c h therefore stimulates a mounting i n f l a tion. Nevertheless, there h a s been, we believe, a growing realization among whites that a significant start should be made i n attacking these problems, Presumably this will be a m a j o r a s pect of the address w h i c h the President intends to deliver Monday evening to a joint session of Congress. T h e legislators, however, have been and will continue to be sensitive to the sentiments of their constituents, 90 percent of whom are white. I t is hardlynecessary to add that Negro violence a n d threats of violence are not calculated to induce the white majority to make the sacrifices that will be needed to put the corrective programs into effect. If there are Negroes who really t h i n k otherwise, they arc sadly mistaken. A n d the final irony, the final tragedy, of D r . King's assassination will come if the hate-filled militants should succeed In destroying everything he stood for and worked for. " -' �Evening Star A p r i l 8, 1968 Now that the looting and the burning have subsided, the question of ^whether to prosecute Stokely Carml[cnael un^er*"the aliti-rfot 'pirovifiorio? the iiistrtctTniv7*cririie"lav/'is fcbliovecj to be receiving high-level attention. Carmichael is reported to have told a street crowd on Thursday night: "Go home and get you a gun and then come back because I got me a gun." There apparently Is only one witness who might be relied upon to testify to this remark. On Friday morning, however, Carmichael said much the same thing at a press conference. Among his several inflammatory statements during theconference was this: The killing of Dr. King "made it a lot easier for a lot of Negroes—they know it's thru to get guns now." Carmichael, we suppose, would contend that his remarks stop short of a specific incitement to riot. 6ut.lt fcems ,tq_us_tha_t_there lsjenouth.evklehco to justify a prosecution. If he should' fce brought to trial and ccquittcd, then the need for a broader anti-riot law will at least have been established. �Evening Star A p r i l 9 , 1968 Trial by Fire it is entirely possible that one of the major false doctrines of the clay—the characterization of the gpliceman as the enemy of 11!e^.eiUvvn —b_s. been_f f £ j " , ec_ "Hyely buried in.thejshes.of Washlngt QflCs,viQ.11 n t. \v e ( 1; en c t _ ; Both the firemen and the police, manning the front lines, battled the madness to the point of total exhaustion,.and acquittedthemselycs with high distinction. But it was the policciriehT From'the" top brass to the rookie, who quite literally held the fate of the city in their hands during the early critical hours. Their courage and thci r di sc 1 p I in e iJ?J.^S!>'?l!XiCrli''HP™f7p.liy an.vwer possible to those _ who preach violence and disc6r-i .and,wh6,'are~de a;cn retift6 the destruction of this community. "The~oruors'given to the pauuimen by their officers calling for firmness and restraint were exactly correct, and were correctly carried out in the face of occal l i 1 r c o sionally extreme provocatlon._Tho.se who, fcj Vfi_c rj ? i el ? e d - J h e „noJj CA/o r. ja c t In jj, t no. sloycJxJ.p_curb j h eject ers should remcm-.. .ber that forcefulCtion.. must_ be a s tempted only when it eanjbe carried out. "For the police to have tried to move against,. ,everv Jneiden t_ o M awbreakin 'before the^ troops., arrived might only' have spread* the violence, the bloodshed i i l i r i .the dep',h.'toll. It must also be remembered that the number of rioters and looters was but a small percentage of the population of the inner city. For the overwhelming majority, the sight of the blue uniforms must have been a reassuring sign that sanity and stability still existed in the midst of chaos. As the task of binding up the community's wounds gets underway, most Washingtonian's will carry with them a clear memory of theJ'nje their metropojltan,.ppliee force was put to the test, and name through magnificently. �Evening S t a r A p r i l 9, 1968 The City's Response The devastation in the streets had hardly begun last week when this community turned to the task of minimizing the suffering and pulling together the pieces of the broken city. By Saturday, under the extraordinary program organized bygrea churches, temporary shelter had been arranged and tons oi"f6od"ana*clothing, much of it cartea by statioii"~wagei'hs**and trucks from the suburbs, had been rushed to the aid of riot victims. ~- By Sunday, the Jjrban Coalition which Mayor Washington so assiduously deveIOp_ed.sgyeral months ago had mobilized public, business, ciyic knd hidivTdual resources sufficiently to announce d e n tailed, active programs to provide~etner"^eiicy food^hous in g. fin a n p j a l a s £ a c £ 'j|jtn and employment guidance. By yesterday ""morning, the extent of the losses was being methodically calculated by teams of engineers in the streets, and back in the offices plans already were being made for the rebuilding job that lies ahead. In a city accustomed to disorganization, slow-paced planning and slower action, this was a remarkable performance. It may be that nothing unifies a people so effectively as human disaster, but .the heartening response of so many diverse individuals and interests during :~the last few days is only one part of the :.'story. The initiation of and the drive for * these efforts canie__dlrectly, in**large[ measure, from. Walter Washington" and his ton^aides^ It was a supefb~exercise of leadership. The s75o111aireouTovatfoil" a c * """ . cordecfthe" mayor, by citizen leaders of . .'the Coaiition.oii Sundav'Twh'n'he a'p• peared before them oil" Ene verge 6f"ex''"haiistion, was"a"t7i'5iftFiulTy'deserved*. The first results of the damage'sur• veys, defining the dimensions of the rebuilding job ahead, became available - today. The existing programs of immediate, ".emergency relief, assuming they are adi equately supported, seem sufficient for the moment. I t appears, for example, that there are enough facitities to rehouse displacees for temporary periods. Mobile units and emergency centers already are functioning to meet other urgent demands in the stricken neighborhoods. There are adequate supplies of food. The much harder test of the resiliency of the District and its citizens will be faced in the long-range job of reconstruction, of restoring permanent homes, of reviving businesses senselessly and ruthlessly wiped out. £i]t_for_a 1 l_,of..the challenge, this task alsojpresents opix>i> Tunities,*bf whieii'tiieDisuict Building is obvioi^slyliwafe. " " " "**^THFi^rs lilready talk, for example, of invoking urban renewal powers, with all their ability to~puir~together federal and local resources, as a framework for restoring the sections of greatest devastation — and to step up the renewal program already under way in the Shaw area. While it is too early to be precise, these efforts might well result in substantial increases in the low-income housing supply if the planning process can be expedited and the plans are imaginatively drawn. The possibilities, as to both residential and commercial properties, most assuredly should be pursued. It is tragic that these efforts will inevitably divert both energies and resources from other demands which already were pressing upon this city, but nothing is to be gained now by lamenting that point. We also hope that no one will let the events of the past week divert them from the ambitious programs to provide permanent jobs for the hard-core unemployed and summer jobs for youths. A commitment to the task of making Washington a model city is more urgent now than ever, and It is a commitment in which we all must join. : �Evening Star A p r i l 11, 1968 Civil Rights Act, The final passage yesterday of the 1968 civil rights bill has been hailed by some as a fitting monument to Dr. Martin Luther King. Others have condemned the vote in ,thc House of Representatives as an act of legislative cowardice, a capitulation to hysteria and a bowing to the demands of the mob. It was, in fact, none of these things. It is possible that the wave of emotionalism that followed the assassination of Dr. King swung a few votes behind the bill. I t is also possible that the violence which, quite literally, cast a pall of smoke over the Capitol dome, stiffened the resistance of a few wavering representatives. But the reason the civil rights bill passed by such impressive margins In both the House and the Senate had little to do with the individual madness of the assassin or the collective madness of the mob. The bill passed because It is, in Its essential provisions, a good bill. It is proper that no citizen should be denied the right to buy or rent a home because of his race. It is proper that any man working to insure constitutional rights for himself or for others should be protected from intimidation and from physical harm. I t is proper that American Indians should finally be singled out for special assistance. 1968 On the other side of the coin, Congress attempted to legislate against those who cross state lines for the purpose of fomenting civil disorders, and against the manufacture, sale or demonstration of guns and incendiary devices intended for use in riots. These provisions, while fully justifiable, will be difficult to enforce because of the required proof of intent. The bill, however, represents another giant step forward. Now only the President's signature Is needed to bring Into being the first federal open housing law in the nation's history. There_shouM be no mistaken belief,^ however** that jthS^^liflStlSlli-^5*iL 'na&^yffilne cssientlai; rjicAJprftblcm, *of"the .da£p'r thatanv.rliscerid.b *of~thT tensions that; , grip our,jpities_3_llL , *folTow.~Tne~Ya^ the_ basic p c b * r i o * " e inner cftyIs stifnaK^Jy 7*T§l~TtF \intoaeTi'eo.TyiSj| p f y ^ n T f i i ^ ^ c ^ a n d s ^ o r ^ t K a j i ^ a h actjof"Congress jinrl^an idealistic fledlca^i^Hy^ne** voters.. I t "d^TiTds~"the""th'Ought; the energy and the money of the government, the business community and the citizen. I t requires time. But until the malignant despair of the ghetto is overcome and until the spreading decay of the inner city is checked, the raw materials for violence and disaster will exist. �Evening Star A p r i l 12, 1968 Pov/ers o: Ihs By Monday night Chief Judge E a r old H. Greene was able to announce that all riot-related arrest cases before the D.C. Court of General Session.- had been processed. That work load amounted to more than 1,850 cases, many involving looting and arson. I t was a notable . achievement, l.nyoIvlng\_as.Jju ,e Green•-* n_urrtT''virtual miracles" of court oroce-. dure. -—— What is one to think, against this background, of the American Civil Liberties Union suit charging that the "administration of justice in the District of Columbia has come to a virtual s t a n d still"? Judge Greene's anger at_,the__ r-harge was entirely justified - . i l r i i H C C . opinion so was the dismissal of the suit by .Chief JudgeCm-ran of the DistricyJoJIrj"" The mere volume of cases handled is of course no accurate measure of justice. The basic complaint of the suit was that large numbers of arrested persons were illegally detained as a result of bond requirements rather than being released immediately on their personal recognizance under terms of the 1066 Bail Reform Act. But let us examine that complaint. The Intent of the Bail Act is to prevent : 1 Ccmi unreasonable detention when suspects are unable to raise money for ball set by the courts. Accordingly, it calls for the release of accused persons on "personal, bond," which means no bond at all, If this action Is justified by three factors: Record of employment, length of residence and family ties. What the court specifically was dealing with in this instance, however, were large numbers of looters and arsonists, many of whom would very probably have gone right back to looting and burning if there had been nothlr.3 to discourage such actions. I n this kind of situation the three factors cited above arc not enough. A fourth.ne:ds to be nnn-^rrrtl^ » p iJU&SA, ft!*"- rU'IP.' ! ; b ? J / L ? ? I z i i ' L X ' L . f the communjt/._ *"We find ft "hard to believe that the courts, in such a crisis, lack the authority to weigh "danger to the community" as a legitimate factor In their decisions. If this assumption is in error, however, now is the time to find out and to change the,Ball Aet^in^a^manner wh ich w nuid_ 5 0c c 1 fica 11 y v r:m ft _ J IvT ^lxlmr_of bond Yn' amoimtoEfficient to. make*susp ec ts "a 11 e a stjhink tv• 1 cc"abbutT R^fr"actTdns while they are at liberty. t �Evening Star A p r i l 15, 1968 Total Irresponsibility An organization called CHANGE met last week ostensibly to discuss responsibility for the looting and burning in the upper Cardozo area and to plan for the future. The meeting soon turned Into an irresponsible shouting match. At the outset suggestions were made for replacing liquor stores with highrise apartments and low-cost housing. Then a spokesman for Build Black said that more black businessmen are needed in the area. "Those lily-white businessmen," he said, "should lend us the money to establish Negro businesses." Reed Scott, president of the Columbia Heights Businessmen's Association, stated that several Negro members of his organization had their businesses burned out. Someone shouted: "They were a colored front" for white owners. Another member of the group had this to offer: "We'll plan this city with gasoline." Scott later told reporters he did not know whether businessmen would want to rebuild their stores in the area. I f this errs, it is on the side of caution. For-ii»ths~sentimcnts expressed, at the _CK ANGK_ meeting reflect the mood_of •the, community, there Js_n,oi^ging_tp. be any~feSuliding—certainly not with white money. �Evening Star A p r i l 16, 1968 Neg/o Leadership Struggle Jected.hto^ndjhlsjias kept him alive." One of the most critical questions A white man, Dr. Lewis killian, head arising In the wake of the assassination of the department of sociology at Florida of Dr. Martin Luther King has to do with State University, a largely white instituthe direction in which the Negro masses tion, doesn't agree. ,will turn now for leadership. Will they choose moderation, extremism or possiHe says that Carmichael at this point bly something in between? Is the obvious candidate to succeed to ? [ Two interesting and sharply conflictNegro leadership. He thinks that a chaling views of this matter are set forth in lenge to Carmichael's leadership potenthe current issue of U.S. News & World tial could come from the Urban League Report. and similar groups, or from well known individual Negroes such as Jimmy One of the comments comes from Brown, recently of the C l e v e l a n d Whitney M. Young Jr., executive director Browns. As of this time, however, Dr. of the National Urban League. Killian seems ready to put his bets on - , Insisting that he is as "militant" as Carmichael's ability to recruit a potent anybody, Young doubts that it is accufollowing among the ideological poor in rate to distinguish Between ImiTfants and moderates. The appropri"iT^dislfm>" the Negro community and among the young intellectuals on the Negro college tlon, he. TnsTsTsT "sTfoTOd^e^i^T^TrTTiurrP campuses. ejs^nTChuirdgrs.** between 'insane arid sane leadership. And he thinks that If Whitney Young presumably was the white community turns away now guilty of intentional exaggeration in his assessment of the part played by the ' from the ghetto people the "5 percent of news media in the rise of Stokely Carmi• the Negroes who riot" might well Inchael, although there doubtless Is some crease. truth in what he says. Any notion that What about Stokely Carmichael as the Carmichaels would go away if they . the Inheritor of the leadership mantle? were ignored, however, is nothing but - The Urban League leader conveys the wishful thinking. They are going to reimpression that the Carmichael brand main with us and they will be a continof leadership Is not the wave of the fuuing threat to our society unless the ture. "His following_right. now," Youn? "moderate" Negro leaders, supported by said, "amounts to about 50_Negroes_and an understanding white community, will jibout_5,0C~0 whTte~repofte'r"s—-newspaper., •television and radio reporters^hey' pa.ve_ make common cause against them and against the conditions on which they created him. There is no organization; thrive. there is no following. They~lia"v'e pro- �Evening Star A p r i l 18, 1968 Daley's h\kk:ke Mayor R i c h a r d J . Daley of Chicago has stirred up a hornet's nest by ordering police to shoot to kill arsonists in any future riots. Daley may deserve to be stung, but not for the reason most of the hornets have i n mind. T h e general tenor of the outcry Is that the mayor is i n h u m a n , that he sets property value above the value of h u m a n life. T h i s line of argument, despite its fine liberal ring, overlooks one basic fact. I n the recent riots, the fires were the major cause of death. And most of the dead — including the Negro baby '.'.ho was burned to death in Chicago when a fire bomb landed in his crib — were innocent victims of the violence. T h e mayor, it seems clear enough, was motivated by exactly the same thing t h a t concerns most of his critics; the preservation of h u m a n life and the quickest possible restoration of order. I f he is in error—and we believe he is—it is not i n his refusal to shrug off the deadly crime of arson. I t is in his belief that the get-tough tactics will result in quicker and less costly suppression of the violence. J)aley's_mistake..lies in t h i n k i n g o_f a riot as simply, a n o t h e r e x a m p l e of c r i m i nal" behavior. I t is n o t l t j s j T n i a n i f e s t - . J tion of "mass disaffection—mass m a d ness, lJHfo*u"fri'i''•"-t' is "hot"an individual" antisocial .act"tlr> C c p i i ^ - W J . : i " ' " ' ' b D l J L i n d i v i d u a l police action. I n trie "opinion of most competent police authority, action such as Mayor • Daley has ordered--particularly his dei 1 mand that police should "shoot to m a l m or cripple" looters—would serve only to spread the violence, the destruction and the bloodshed. T h e proper tactic is to try to prevent the disorder from spreading u n t i l a sufficient show of armed force can be moved into the riot area. T h i s is not to say that either arson or riots arc to be condoned. T h e criminals should be arrested and if necessary force should be used to make the arrests. T h i s assumes, of course, the police ar,e not so overwhelmingly outnumbered that they cannot carry out the arre.it_.Thc one thing wors_c_than police. inaction is a n ineffectual a j / c n W _ t n _ a c t . I t must also be said that the mayor's outburst was appallingly Hl-ttmed._In those cities w h i c h , haveL_Jnst_.passed^ throu°.ii"trie jorgeai.or •••>ilenee. the"?mph'asis must be on c o ^ h n g j e a r s a - i ' " J i . feed" pa-;sionsr"'Da!cy\s_ order .e;i.n_b^ distorted by"the d teclpfe vofj y'otencc.inia "It"virtual declaratiort of wa_rby the "e.s_taJoTishmei).['' oiij.he ghetto. T h e " m a y o r s words"'stand in sharp contrast to the responsible action by Dick Gregory in calling off the planned disruption of the Democratic National Convention, for fear of touching off mass disturbances. Gregory, a militant civil rights activist, said that "as a citizen and as an A m e r i c a n I am not going to be responsible for any violence or any rioting at a l l . " Unfortunately, regardless of good intentions, the same cannot be said of Mayor Daley's " s h o o t - t o - k i l l " command. ; �W a s h i n g t o n Post �Washington Post April 6, 1968 A Time of Tried tf-i-i/ Washington is now being tested—and by tho kind of crisis which has brought turmoil and tragedy to so many American cities. There Is disorder in some portion.-, of th.e Capital. The authorities, however, have ample resources to contain raid control it. The police have conducted themselves with admirable .discipline, restraint, courage and good sense. They now have the support of National Guardsmen and regular United State;, Army troops. The violence that has swept over the city has already done great damage; and the end of it is not in sight. The causes are complex; but there can be no doubt that they arc rooted in many sins of omission and commission, and the account will not be settled simply or soon. The first obligation of every citizen is to obey the law and respect the institution of the authorities. Home is a good place to stay this week-end. The spreading of rumor can only produce panic. Rumor and panic are poor counselors. They deserve to be shunned by everyone of good sense and good will. And it ought to be remembered that Incitement to violence of any kind is as recklessly irresponsible as violence itself. Those whose lot it. is to main'am order must temper firmness with re-'.nint.-While force must, of course, be met.bv,jorce, there is cnoimh in the record of rioting in oilier cities to argue for measu r i n g such force with the utmost care. Fortunately, there are'civilinn le^lers_jvLUloJA.jac.C;.J^l^. .ing in close cooperation v,jtq the Mayor ?.Ld_his aides to br nn m r . r o r m n o n t to the rule of reason.. Calmness, judgment, good will arc ii.o_yuk».p/Thq dayTThese will prevail iinVashington--both to restore order and to undertake the reconciliation that must be the foundation of a healthier future. �Past and Present Washington Fost April 7, 1968 Wounds?,?.^ Now.that violence has exploded in the streets there are plenty of white Americans ready to blame the whole Negro community for the offenses of a small minority of looting incendiaries.' . They have their counterpart in Stokely Carmichael, who indicted the whole white community for the dreadful crime thai took the life of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. In all great criminal matters it is important to find out who is not guilty as well as to discover who is guilty. The millions of sober, decent, lawabiding and patriotic Negroes of this country are not guilty of the violence in the ghetto. And the ' millions of sober, decent, law-abiding and patriotic white, people who have loved and respected Martin Luther King did not kill him. We must rise above the racial generalizations that are the first symptoms of racist sickness and prejudice. To the racists in both communities we must repeat Burke's warning: "You cannot indict a whole people." It is easier to forgive the Negro than it is the white man for this kind of racism. Generations of white discrimination and injustice have fixed in the minds of Negroes an image that will not be erased until long after all the manifestations of racial intolerance have been removed. It is no small price that a people must pay for more than a century of indifference and indignity. We will have to pay it in installments that will be exacted year by year, long after white people have dealt fairly and honorably with the Negro. White people are going to have to be prepared for this long historical interval of probation. Millions of unremembercd acts of hate and cruelty and perversity explain this psychology. We must not expect it • to disappear, even when the offenses that occasioned it are gone—and they are yet far from banished. The wounds from this grim past, and the wounds of this grim present, will not be healed by the hates that have been engendered, by dangerous generalizations that put forward racial concepts of guilt, that condemn whole racial communities in their entirety. If ever they are healed it will be by love and not by hate; by love that recognizes individual character and scorns collective blame; by affection that respects the human qualities that are no matter of race or appearance; by a humanity that makes us deal mercifully v.ith weakness, forgivingly with wrongdoing and patiently with the waywardness of all God's children. What we attempt in this spirit will avail something toward diminishing the wrongs of past and present; nothing that we undertake without this spirit will succeed. Let the fearful crime at Memphis and the- terrible violence in our streets turn us not to h.'Tcd; let them turn us instead toward love and understanding horn out of the misery and anguish of the human condition and nurtured by a hope and determination to better the lot of all the family of man so that one day we may look back upon these days as the bid old times before the Nation -was reborn. • . �Washington Post A p r i l 8, 1968 There has been terrible property damage—but relatively few deaths. .There have been many more arrests in two days than were made in Detroit or Newark last summer over considerably Jonger period^ of r i o t " " : but by early Sunday morning, no soldier had fired anything more lethal than a tear-gas cannister and sniping had yet to .break out on a serious scale. Stokely Carmichael, who was preaching revolution and inciting violence at the beginning, was still at large but very little in evidence although he remains a difficult problem. So Far, Well Done It is not yet over, this trauma that has seized our city. Wc now know, if we did not know before, how dry the tinder is and how susceptible to almost any random spark. The violence may yet get worse before; it dies away, or die away and suddenly reignitc. So it is perhaps a little early for flat and final judgments on the authorities who have struggled so long and so hard these past days to maintain order and deal with disFor this policy of force, tempered with restraint, order—^hvyjorJVajn)^ a price is obviously paid. It must be reckoned in Fletcher, Safety Director Patrick Muroliv. Chief the blind eye turned to open law-breaking, in the of Police John Layton, Mr. Cyrus Vance, the police, $10 million or more of property damage, in the the firemen, the Guardsmen, the Federal troops small shopkeepers wiped out, in the sometimes and the Justice Department. capricious arrest for burglary of some looters while . But it is not too soon for an interim judgment others were ignored. Justice must nov/ be temon their performance or for some tentative conpered, even while it is meted out to those who clusions about their general philosophy and basic broke the law—and, in any case, it should be meted strategy. On balance, the first judgment has to out with a minimum of delay. And the burden of be that they have so far served this city handrepairing the damage must be shared. For the bursomely. And they have done so in large part be- ' den of responsibility does not lie narrowly, with a cause thev have set the right premiums and fixed relatively few lawbreakers and still less w-ith their „ h right prioritieste victims. It lies broadly with a city and a society Human life has been valued ahead of propertywhich has ignored for too long the urgeavt needs There has been a conscious effort, on the part of which gave rise, however indirectly and irgationaTf^ the forces of law and order, to avoid the provocand irresponsibly, to violence. ative, incendiary act. Fires have been lit, literally, Even for the immediate repairs, the price will but few sparks have been struck, figuratively, by be high. And some may be tempted, with the benefit of hindsight, to question whether there need the authorities. Force has been brought to bcar have been so high a price if the crisis had somehow but with restraint. If looting was countenanced been handled differently at the start. Adready the and law-breaking condoned by failure to crack second-guessing has begun. Should mcre troop's down hard at the very outset, the pressure has have been brought in faster? Should Stokelv Carbeen progressively tightened with the arrival of michael have been locked up ri:'nt awa-v? Should, nearly 12,000 troops and with a steady increase looting have teen more vigorously suppressed? in arrests to clear the streets of the worst troubleWe will never know. But those who would secmakers. ' ond-guess must consider all the possiMe consequences, and not simply those they would have preferred. Thev must wonder whether eui^k and massive force might not have provoked stLiil greater violence, more use of guns, a far greatar loss of life and at least as much looting and argon and"* ilarVij.^c to nnmertv. When all the alternatives and the imponderables are weighed, it is less easy to find fault with the performance of hanE pressed officials who do not have the luxury of */ second 1 f J St/ess. ——— .... �Washington Post A p r i l 10, 1968 The basic lesson to be learned from these recent experiences, however, is tirat no normal system _ **oTnandling arrested persons can cope with the number's arrested during a time of c i v i l " d l s ^ c r . The complaint of the American Civil Liberties Union that "the administration of justice in the"This"had"been demonstrated previously in ""other cities and recommendations to avoid it were made District of Columbia has coine to a virtual standstill" because of the riot does not stand up. Nor by the Kerner Commission. T h e District sjjffered_ because these recommendations__were noTlaEen m does the allegation that there has been a wholesale deprivation of the civil rights of those arrested "heart promptly, by those in pgjJl'.oni^LJlH.L ! !^ _ during the last few days. It is fair to fault the men There is~no use to assess individual blame for this charged with administering justice in the District because there is plenty to go around. The gross for failing to profit in advance from what had been confusion that arose in the process of justice grew learned previously in other cities. But, given this out of the points at which the various agencies— lack of foresight, the accomplishments of the judges the police, the U.S. marshal's office, the District of the Court ofGencrai*"Sessions and of the Kun~~ Attorney's office, the Court and the bar—rubbed jJLld^ojvolunTcor" lawyers si7nTeT^io ay'^night was" against each other. There was no plan_to_me.sh_ remarkably good. their operations into a smooThly flowing j y s h u n Justice During a Crisis'^** 1 1 0 v r Between 10 a m Friday and 9 3 _ . . Monday, j T F i t was s u ^ e n l y ' c m i t r o n t e d ' ^ i t h handling I M P .. :Qpm _the court was in almost continuous session. During ~ persons rather than t l ^ n o n m i l ^ f H o J [ O n . Having""learned first hand that the existing systhat time, 1869 persons a'ppeared before a judge Each was told of his rights, assigned a lawyer, and tem of processing arrested persons is incapable of meeting such an emergency, I h e . j e v e l a n t ^ f f i c b l s . had bail setT*"/Ts~nuniT"felony and serious misdea^meanor cases were initTaTed**as~are rmrmaUy ided" jiow have an obligation to_deyise a_ncw system^ in six week's. Undoubtedly, there~were ndscarrilTg'es" that is capable. The*firstjtep is to arrange a ceiv" tralized booking "operation sn._tli.at it_will_ be pos-_ "ot^justice. Some persons were Arrested and jailed "sible to kno'w umat'is happening. Not "only"' were* who should not have been. Some persons are still "the court proceedings badly delayed because susin jail because the bonds set in their cases are unpects and the charges against them were widely reasonably high. But what is most noteworthy about separated but, until dozens of volunteers pitched the last few days is that thc_rje;hts of so many have in to help the Court, no system existed that could pj£n_fully_protedejj~For thTs7,thTlrj'"v o\vveTa^reaT tell anxious friends and relatives where suspects deal of gFa'tiTude to the judges, particularly Judge were and what was happening to them. The second_ fcreenej and^fojhe lawyers, particularly those who step is to arrange physical facilities canable_or "do not practice criminal Taw regularly. Tiandling" the great nunibTrT"of people involved!" ' It may well be that the judges, at least some of The Court of General "Sessions probably needTnew* them, departed from the spirit of the Bail Reform buildings anyway but its limited space severely Act in setting bond. But they, like the city, were complicated the speedy administration of justice confronted with a crisis and they met it as best in recent days. they could. If their original plan to review each case Within a day or so had been physically posIf the District should again have a disturbance sible, their initial decisions would not have created of this kind, there will be no excuse for a system the hardships they have in some cases. Now that of justice that faltered as much as the existing one the worst is past, they must complete that review did over" the weekend. Bnt-Pivcn_ the system's immediately. . shortcomings., j n a n y _of those involved in it per-" v r "formed magnificently and'the "i^cor'd*"esmoiI*sl7crT*_ 1>y tile'Court Qfycncr^Sc.ssions..farjitiijiasses tjiat _ "compiledin any other city which has faced .si mi I ar _ "problems in terms of "both the quality and quantity *oT""fusfice^ _ """" �Washington Post A p r i l 12, 1968 Reconstruction Washington has a reconstruction job on its hands release .many of those found guilty of dj;siroy)ng in human as well as in material terms. Perhaps the .property* or Tooling or_receiving stolen property^ two can be combined. There is a vast amount of on condition that thev volunteer to work for__,a_ hard physical work to be done in clearing the specif ied_period at. ..clearing and_c1eanin_L.wpJthe rubble and restoring the wrecked, gutted, burned devastation for" which thejrjhared responsibility.^, buildings that are the grim reminders of Wash- "*~Sbme~drt^ would work ington's fearful convulsion. At the same time, there full time at reconstruction tasks; others, with reguis a problem involved in dealing with the 1200 to lar jobs elsewhere, might serve extra hours at 1400 persons arrested in Washington during the night or on weekends. They ought to be paid for past weekend for serious offenses — looting, re- whatever work they do, although on a modest ceiving stolen property, destroying property and scale in order to avoid putting a premium on looteven, in a few instances, arson or assaulting an ing in any future crisis; and their participation officer. ought to be strictly on their own volition, in order These are grave crimes. Looting is a form of to avoid any implication of forced labor. burglary and can be punished under the law by CM a prison sentence as long as 15 years. But the typiThe assumption behind this suggestion is that cal person arrested during the disorder is not a many of the wrongdoers would welcome a chance typical burglar. Jlany, if not niost^of^the_dcfenil_; to make amends; and their willingness to do so ants taken into custo'dy^haci jobs, families,,firm. would find a welcome and a response in the comHome addresses and ao criminal records. Some of munity. In this connection, we endorse a prothem engaged in crime, perhaps, because they posal put forward recently by_William_Raspberry were caught up in the excitement of a mass hys- , pMhisjne wspaper^th at. loo ters_be. given a "chance" teria. Some, in weakness, succumbed to a tempta- to return their ill-gotten goods withno_ questions tion to get something for nothing in a time and in asked and"no~"peh;dtio¥"i6^ response*to an atmosphere when everybody else seemed to be c"d7r-ciciicer"'lFe almoin dealing""with"''alf "tiiese"" doing the same thing. people ought to be not so much to punish as to Tosubject these people to prison sentences^, save — and in doing so to restore the shattered sense of community. wojrldJjc,jn~n^ \hem".J^ It would be difficult, undoubtedly, to harness a hone: arid the comm»'rnTty'ltself wouid bo Jbg"P_ffl^ thousand or so persons with varied skills in a reer. It is clear, however, that their offenses .camnot. construction undertaking of this sort. But the re^ e ' l g r i o r e d ' an*i «hoitfdrBol3"? glossed„over. To sourcefulness of local and Federal authorities in treat what they did as anything iess than a serious undertakings such as PRim^and VISTA, ought crime might well be to encourage repetition and to be equal to such a challenge. Sorne_ valuable even aggravation of the same sort of conduct if vocational .j£ajnjng__anfl. mnnnwvjor^rehabilitalii.)!^ disorder should again strike the community at some mlg^.vt_3vc.H_conie out of.the process.JJuQnbsMni; future time. It would be wise, we think, to look nortflnt_n.LnU_hi-Q'U for some constructive middle ground between j^iyi g_wn)ngdoer5 a change to make amendsh.r blind retribution and corrupting tolerance. •their wrongdoing* an"d~giviiigT^ whole a clwncif t b " * s " o ^ ^ annreLet us suggest, with a full recognition of the ad- ^ciate both their contritiou and Uicjr c.-!»:.Ciiy for ministrative and technical difficulties that would J-'DM ,iri'ciioiii rotifer'Urm"*de;;niic\i<>h'.''' Tlie acceptance of respoiuiohiiy'and the offer be entailed, an alternative course for dealing with of reparation would have benefits, we believe, for these culprits when they have been fairly tried and found guilty. Judges have power to put con- the guilty and for their victims alike. The comvicted perjons on probation and to fix conditions munity's real aim and interest must lie not in refor the probation period. .Would j t j r o t he JtosjWe, crimination but in reconstruction — alike of the on a deliberate and selective*basis, of course, to Substance and of the spirit of the community. n ; u r n ri J �Washington Post A p r i l Mi, 1968 Strong Man if.iriZ "If we arc obliged to ael in memory of Dr. King," Rep. Joe! I'.'oyhill said Wednesday in the House debate on the civil rights bill, 'then I submit that the next time a policeman or fireman,' or an innocent citizen, is slain in a riot caused by agitators, tins House is obligated to pass legislation, as another memorial to the dead, making it mandatory that, all police, i v u w i i . d Cu;.rJs:r.'.n and militiamen shoot to kill each and every looter or rioter henceforth." Mr. Broyhill must have had some sense of the enormity of this nonsequitur, some awareness of the moral pcrversitv of what he proposed because he went on at once to s;y, " I propose nothing of the sort, Mr.. Speaker. But I do want to point out that what is justice in life or death for one, if America means what I think it means, is justice in life or death for any other citizen of this land." What, then, teas Mr. Broyhill proposing? This is, even if devoid of any point or purpose._vcry jigly and very dang^rousjalk in.a city which has J_car"rTeT"c"noiigh'7rom the errorsj5n.djragedjes_qf .other cities. „t o_rr[ ra i \T from wa nton_i nd j sc r i' nip io. shooting by its law-cnfm;ceiuent, officers. Kj.l.ing looters, oiy suspf-ctedJ.op.tjiis, without trii»T__vitU: ffl'.t so much, as a., drumhead court, may_h; .ftis. fying to -Mr. Broyhiil's idea of_justice or his concept ot^vjiat A:rieric.a__ciuaiis;byt it .is.jikciv_to be"costly in propeitv a$__weMa.i.Jife;—evoking more recklessness and violence aiui^ars.w,. and ah ootin^ Jn.rpprw.aJ. Nothing mon* need be said of Mr. Broyhiil's statement than that it was characteristic of him. : , i �Washington Post A p r i l 16, 1968 Riot Without Racism Now that the city has quieted down, it may be useful to reflect on how the rioting here differed from what other cities have experienced. Out of these differences can glow an understanding of some of the basic strengths of the Washington area. The recent disturbances here were marked by the relative absence of personal violence, of ppen racial hostility In confrontations between" .whites an"j*~bl'acks, and of snarling defiance of police and soldiers. There were instances of all three, of course, but these never reached the scale they did in Detroit and Newark last •ummer or even in Baltimore during the same few days. The relative absence of these things, which by their very nature make a riot even worse and make the wounds it creates more difficult to heal, probably grew out of two distinct sets of facts. .The first is the tactics adopted by the District's law-enforcement petsonnel for dealing with civil "disorders and the second is the fundamental 'nature Of the city and those whTlive in it. ~ jfre__ctecision._mada' months ago by ii"? police, not to meet looters w.tn**"anger ancTi'irepower*, served to avoid tho escalation in violence that other cities have experienced. Nothing stimulates terror and personal violence" more in a riot than shooting and nothing stimulates shooting more than terror and personal violence. All remained at a minimum here because there was no triggering incident. The riot grew from anger at an event that occurred elsewhere, not from anger at provocative police actions, as was the case in Newark and Detroit. Beyond this, however, is the nature of the city. The fact that a majority of its residents are Negroes in itself helped to dampen any racial overtones that might hive arisen. It is easy in most cities for an antiminority anger to spring up when a riot erupts in a minority ghetto. But in a city where the rioters are obviously only a small part of their race, the nonrioters, white "and black, have a common b6nd in' tneir qesife for peace. Thus, the area's reaction was more of sorrow than of anger and tiie initial reaction of a vast majority of its residents was first to seek personal safety and then to help those innocent bystanders who had borne the brunt of the destruction. - Helping to blunt the racial overtones that could bave accompanfea^tmTriot was the, pro-civil righti stance long adopted by the District's government^ by most of its citizens^anrt hv many of tlm snh-, urban areas. The factsthat Mayor Washington I s a Negro and that the President, who is in fact .the District's governor, is an ardent supporter of civil rights removed officialdom from its customary role as the target of the rioters. Indeed, Mayor Washington's stature in both the Negro and whitj communities and careful handling of the situation dampened its explosiveness. """Reacting with all this is the absence from the city of the sharp economic competition for jobs that has often been at the heart of racial animosity. Washington is basically a white-collar community. It lacks the heavy industry in which competition between Negroes and whites has often Inspired racial anger. There is no ethnic white group that takes to the streets to protect its economic status. In neighboring Baltimore, for example, tho juxtaposition of poor whites and poor Negroes seeking the same jobs and the same housing has added to the intensity of the strifes. As a result, no great chasm has developed between the vast majority of whites and the Negroes. There have been few incidents of racial anger upon which Negro revolutionaries can focus. Among them, the ones who called for violence are now confronted with the question of what they, their followers and the city have gained. The answer they must give, if they are honest, is that tfoy have failed to develop the violent, militant,., black unity they sought. In-; stead, the recent violence in the streets .encouraged cooperation between the vast majority, of the two races._ ThtThnundnrjes that separate the community and indeed the boundaries that separate city from suburbs dissolved The area became one great citv united.t" ""t d w the on looters and arsonists and to help ease the suffering o f the innocentThe District ftas been spared most of the ugly racism that riots have aroused in other cities. The tasks of repairing the damage and of eliminating the inequities of life in the ghetto have thus been greatly eased. J t �There is a certain waul of imagination on the part of ordinarily imiranc and decent persons-Mayor Daley of Chicago, for example—wlio glibly demand that tha police shoot to kill anyone they suppose to he guilty ol arson. Tlmy do not really think of what a police pistol bullet docs when it. strikes human flesh—of the shattered bone, the torn ligaments and muscles, the ripped entrails, the blood seeping into tho street. In the case of arsonists-- winch, is to say in the case of persons suspected, though not tried or convicted by any court, of setting fires in the course of a general public disorder—the Chicago Mayor instructed the police of his city to "shoot to kill." In the case of alleged looters, he forbearingly ordered policemen to "shoot to maim or cripple." The Mayor's is a common reaction, of course. Many merchants and other citizens, outraged by the wanton destruction and lawlessness of the recent rioting, have denounced police restraint in the use of deadly weapons. One can understand and forgive their hyperbole when they say, unthinkingly, that the rioters ought to be killed out of hand; they do not re,al!v mean what they say and, fortunately in any case, they do not have the authority and responsibility to make their wild words effective. Mayor Daley's order i_ as wicked and dangerous as it is callous and cruel. There were lessons to be learned from the reckless conduct of police and National Guardsmen in Newark and Detroit last year and earlier in the terrible devastation of the Watts district in Los Angeles. Those lessons, carefully studied by the Kcrner Commission, were set forth in its report. They demonstrated indisputably that shooting begets shooting, that ruthlessncss by public authorities leads to uncontrollable frenzy on the part of rioters—that, in short, unbridled violence by the officers of the law produces unbridled violence by the mob multiplying the damage to property as well as the loss of lite. .Those lessons were given_thcir. first real_aoplication by fho.._p_i_£?_and Feder?.J_troops_ injthe_ recent Washington disturbance. Tj^_resnU_was ^that order was restored_fa__mg£;?..speedily than if the city had been turno(__jn*c_-a.J?'''^-'^rii'tni _Kar1~as"~~flie"T;'urnil»_£and lootjnS„ were, _they_ wen» __»rJ ss7risaslrous than thVy might have been Jiad ^he forces of law and_ord' r._loq __their, rtiscipljn^ and seit^ntrol.. Pflifco.i.;eiUj»HL. PJdiers._sa.ve_l properly bysa\ina J>vc-'_ Even more important,,, perhaps, .th .jr. restraint laid tligioundation for.rp'tonn^a sense of community^ Blacks and whites must live together "in Washington; and they must live together in Chicago, too. Their hope of do'ng so will be a great deal better if they can avoid race hatred and a feeling on the part of one race that its lives are considered cheap by the other. Mayor Daley may seem a transient strong m-.n to the victims of burning and loc'teg in Chicago. Eut he has propos'-d a course winch can l ad only to perpetual guerrilla warfare hi Chic*go. Retaliation and vengeance for wrongdoing may seem very gratifying; but in the end they may prov«; intolerably expensive. _ I t . i s more Kon.iiilca<, as wf-11 xx iviiYi'P h i u >' to iwvil t'i.-n r.i <i.-.si,•<••>/ p a c n ��Cleveland Plain Deal ��# APRIL ^ j p | | PLAIN D ^ I | i y NEWBPA^L.'R SUNDAY Kiots bhow Washington Has Strong Civic Leader LA. Tmifs/Wo^hinolon Pnst Sfti'vir* WASHINGTON Three days of civil disorders in the nation's capital made one thing clear: Washington does indeed have a mayor, even though there is no such office in the municipal government. Disorders in other cities have often left a stain on the political career of the executive officer. But Walter E . Washington emerged from the experience here with enhanced prestige and no small degree of respect even in white suburbia. Washington, who will be 53 tomorrow, took over the city job only last September. A presidential appointee— technically, he holds the title of commissioner rather than mayor-hp has a divided constituency, lie must answer to the White House which appointed him. More important, he must answer to congress which votes on the city hudgel. THE CONGRESSIONAL committees dealing with the District of Columbia budget are dominated by Southerners. They take a hard look at any programs smacking of frills for a capital city of 800.000 more than SoT* Negro. Washington himself a Negro, does not have to account to voters. But he is a buffer between the people and congress. The disorders proved how effective a buffer Washington can be. Many in the city, both black and white, credit his nightly appearances on television with helping to dampen the violence which disrupted the tranquility of a city that, except for the disorder, would have been observing its annual Cherry Blossom Festival. Washington had a lot going for him. He had wholehearted White House hacking as the U.S. capital, Washington is a symbol and a showplace. President Johnson obviously felt he could afford violence here even less than in jther cities. MORE THAN thai, i Mayor Washington had his RUT. AGAIN surprisingly, the metropolitan police department emerged from last week's disorders with an enhanced image in the black ghetto "1 never thought I'd say anything nice about the police here," one middleclass Negro government executive said. "But I was out on the streets and I think the police were great." How much that stemmed from the mayor's orders to police to avoid excessive force cannot be accurately determined. Some hardliners here and in Congress W l e E. W s i g o atr ahntn bitterly criticize the police for not acting more quickly own personality and sincer- and more forcefully to stem ity, backed by knowledge ol the disorders. the city's problems gained Neighboring Virginia and in the past six months by communities repeated sidewalk tours and Maryland during 25, earlier jears with seethed with the usual the national capital housing rumors during the capital's authority, which builds and troubles. Gangs of armed supervises low-rent housing Negroes, were reported enroute to almost every bedin Washington He benefited, too. from room community. But Mayor Washington a presidential reorganization of the city govern- made it a point to tour the ment last year which made troubled areas, then to reone commissioner the city's port on the evening news leader instead of the pre- shows from the district's vious system ol three com- "city hall." and his reports, calm, factual, coming from missioners. Early this year the mayor a man obviously fatigued had a direct confrontation but obviously in touch with with the city's police depart- what was going on, were delivered with a direct sincerment. The upshot was that his ity that was reassuring Washington didn't downliberal public safety director, Patric V. Murphy, grade what was going on in demoted the city's police his city; he did put it into chief following a shooting factual context. spree by three drunken poSuburbia's image of irrelicemen. sponsible black hordes When the rioting came, the district was balanced in there was no question but part by the image of the that Mayor Washington and Negro executive on the telehis regime controlled the vision screen; calm, hardpolice department. In past working, patient, factual, reboth by his years, there was always minding presence and by his words doubt. Despite the city's Negro of the fact that although the bulk of the Negro communmajority—93'r of the school pupils are black—the police ity was not participating in department is 80'r white. the disorders, at the same Many recruits come from time, all the communities nearby Southern states, or were somehow involved and small towns with the built- had to become involved. That may have been one in small-town racial attitudes of the nearby border of the real gains from the area. Few Negroes in capital's tragedy. If so. it Washington have ever resulted from the mayor's viewed the police as any- efforts more than any other thing but natural enemies. single cause. ��Washington Examiner ��Washington Examiner A p r i l 12-lli, 1968 The funeral is over. Dr. M<rrtin Luther King's last resting place It a white marble crypt Inscribed with a refrain from an old slave song: "Free at last, frea at last, "Thank God Almighty, I'm frea at l-.st." Freedom has been the l.~:lc tiia.na of ell tho tributes rendered to the late Dr. Kin j . What we wish to stress in *,hec3 troubled days is the fro vJom from fear. No one can deny ihei sSnca th9 assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, fear has gripped cur nation. It was the fear of physical violence, o? looting and arson. It was e racial fear. A fear that tendod to divlia out' nation on the color line. A fear that paralyzed our authorities end led our police to turn its back on looters and arsonists. Violence was the most unfitting tribute to Dr. Martin Luthor King. "He has been to the n; "unir.Jn top and his eyes have scan the Glory," said the Rev. Ronald English in tha opening prayer during yesterday's funoral. Wo rejoice that he saw the Glory and not the hell that broke loosa In cur notion after his death. We have not the slightest doubt that Dr. Martin Luther King would have condemned, with all the strength that his voice could gather, the use of fores c~~inst ell dictates of common sense. "The field Is the world; tho j,»cJ esad ore the children of the Kingdom, but the weeds are tha children of the wicked one. The enemy that sowed them is the devil; the harvest is the end of the world, and the reaps.*! are the angels." So said St. Matthew (13:38-39), but we cannot but wonder what the an gals could reap from the wicked ones that hsva been roaming the streets of our cities. A l l our public officials hove sworn to keep law and order. However, during the recent disturbances, some of them rfscidad that it was best to close their eyas. Creole the window, and make off with the color T V set, with the case of liquor, tl.o beer, the dress, the coat and the shoes! No matter how much w-i re .-.|t tjie osyssinntion of Dr. Martin Luther King, we cannrt—ijprfnr nny cinrumrt^jice—cyee With tho attitude token ' v » r f our authorities. The foundations of our count."/ : .\'i:d orcii.". *r' :'r-i jet thorn crumble, our nation will low its ;~ 10 civiii/iuicT. ': �Washington Examiner A p r i l 1 2 - l h , 1968 Last weekend was supposed to be the climax of the Cherry Biossoni Festival. Instead it became the weekend we stopped saying "It can't happen here." It was a week of tears for many. Those who loved Martin Luther King wept. A few rioted. The black racists blamed King's death on Whitey. The white racists blamed every Negro for the rioting. 1 explain it. There were signs of decency and hope. The city coujdbe^tjiajTld^ ^od^*a^~Tompassionate man- The police and fire departments performed admirably. The family and friends of Dr. King brought credit upon themselves and the man they loved. The politicians, in an election year, behaved with restraint and good sense. The President continued to walk a diffi.The news bulletins, the sirens, the broken glass, the flames, the troops-it was not a cult road in search of peace. week of reconciliation. Perhaps a new dawn is breaking. But we Or perhaps, after it is all over, it will be. have learned that we cannot pretend everyPerhaos the scene that will last the longest is thing is all right in Washington, or in the swaying whites and blacks singing, "We America, or in the world. Each of us must be velvet and steel, shall overcome." King is dead. His assassination and near compassion and firmness. elevation to sainthood brought forth flashes of Jesus Christ, Ghandi, and John.Fitzs'.nald Kennedy. Some said thy/ couldn't understand why ail the fuss shout -1 N-xjro B.'ipUst preac'isr, If they didn't understu.ul, you couiitn't Each of us must make it our persr" ' re-yo.'iiibility to care. Discrimination • ir public ;'o!ic/. It is now up to c : ' u s. And '.vn all, a: a nation, hwe I; wp ar.d miles to sp before we s\s.o\i. ! : �Vifashington Exaiuirter A p r i l 19-21, 1968 V / V / L l Vij7 J i V ^ L i Li ; J v i : J From the magazins U.S. News & World Report (Wretched Excess Department): "WASHINGTON—Negro m o b s t e r r o r i z e d t h en a t i o n ' s capital, burning, looting, beating whites, attacking police and firemen and threatening wholesale slaughter. Fear and hatred stalked the city." ��Washington Informer ��Washington Informer A p r i l 17, 1968 Week of April 11, thru April 17, 1968 Let's Talk By C. 17. Belarli . Several weeks ago, the average Washingtonian felt the chances for Riots or Civil Disorders w e r e somewhat dismal. Several times however, we came very close. As a example, last week, an Incident Involving a guard employed by Peoples Drug Store, located at the conerer of 14th & You Sts., and a youth almost caused a disturbance. A l Williams, a member of o u r staff, was on the scene and acted as a buffer which at least did some good. Last Thursday, D r . Martin Luther King w a s killed by an assassin's bullet. The word reached 14th & You Sts., N. W. and the rest is now history. From my observations, I cannot honestly .term., this as_a.Riot for^ It was not the casejjfJBlack_agalnst.White but".rather youths againstJ^us'in e s s^s^irTothe_r yvo£ds^X-Conside^r^tjojia ve been a CONSUMERS' JJEfiELLlQN For the record I do not condone the""actions oFThe" looters but ' a survey of businesses destroyed especially some i n the 7th Street a r e a a r e known to have victimized ghetto residents. Several weeks ago, one of o u r dallies did a series on practices of some of these stores. Immediatea action should have been taken to remedy these practices. A strong Consumers Board must be established to solve these problems. Now unfortunately, countless numbers of innocent people have had to suffer. Some businesses that are truly equal opportunity employers were destroyed. As in all cases however, the good must suffer with the b a d . It is my hopes that this Consumers Rebellion will pull both races closer together. Until all people living under the United States flag will be called and treated as an AMERICAN, we can expect these events to occur. As Martin Luther King puts it *Black and White together, we shall overcome." ��New York Times ��New Y o r k T i n e s — A p r i l 6, 1968 . . and the Looters . Disorders burst out in parts of New York City following the assassination of Dr. King, as they rocked the nation's capital, where President Johnson declared an emergency; Detroit, where Governor Romney called out the National Guard, and Boston, Philadelphia, Raleigh and other centers. In New York, Mayor Lindsay has responded to the unrest with courage and restraint. But while obviously repression is no cure for the sickness of the slums, it is equally obvious that preservation of order and enforcement of the law are essential. In some troubled sections of New York yesterday there was flagrant looting while policemen merely looked on. At one intersection, jammed with traffic and with looters happily passing goods through tho smashed windows of a clothing store, policemen efficiently directed the traffic whilo Ignoring the looting. There must not be any police overreactlon to violence but there must not be,siich_po.!pable underreaction to it either. To condone lawbreaking is to encourage it. �Nev; Y o r k Times — A p r i l 17, 1968 Chaos Avoided... How hard it will be to walk the razor's edge between too much force and too little in the police response to urban riots has been underscored by the "shoot to k i l l " orders against arsonists just issued by Mayor Daley of Chicago. He calls for determined use of firepower by the police and Federal troops as the only right answer to disorders of the kind that scarred his own city and scores of others after the slaying of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King. We share Mayor Lindsay's conviction that adoption of the Daley prescription here or anywhere else would "turn disorder into chaos." The experience of New York, Washington and most other metropolitan centers, including Chicago itself, in the nightmare of the last two weeks indicates the wisdom of a policy based on the massing of law-enforcement personnel to stop violent and illegal acts with as little shooting as possible. Had the police been quicker on the trigger, the, almost certain r e s ! t j £ j ^ e £ y r i t y would have been a mucrTlohger and bloodier periodof street warfare—^ one in.whic h .res id en t.s^LthS-g 1' ims wou iri_h aye rrj a de_ greater use of guns,JlP.rrie^a.d^^ weapons and spr_ead__the trail of_dca.th_over wider areas. There would have been no hope for the de facto partnership that existed widely between municipal authorities and black activists in defusing the violence. u j w i And an indiscriminate hail of lead would have cut down many law officers and volunteer peacemakers, just as surely as it would lawbreakers and disrupters. That lesson already had emerged from last summer's upsets; it prompted the strong warning by the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders that minor incidents could be escalated into disasters through police overreaction. - �Jw Y o r k Times — A p r i l 18, I960 After the L s ' e k n otWeed Not since the Civil War has this country experienced an epidemic of domestic violence so widespread as it was this weekend. The looters and arsonists who rampaged through the streets of WasjTingJtoiijjChicago and other cities disgraced the memory of Dr. Martin Luther King and mocked the principles for which he stood. These criminals burned down their neighbors' homes and ransacked the stores serving the black ghettos, thus victimizing thousands of Negroes who were left homeless or deprived of normal facilities for obtaining food and other necessities. But it is important for all Americans to understand that it was only an infinitesimal minority of this nation's Negroes who participated in this mindless debauch. For every Stokely Carmichael seeking to fan the flames of destruction, there were hundreds of thousands of Negroes who worked hard and effectively to cool passions and to prevent or to end violence. Grim as was this lost weekend, it would have been unimaginably more dreadful if it had not been for the massive contribution of responsible Negroes—acting in the spirit of Dr. King's life work—to the maintenance of law and order. The great majority of this country's black people stood aloof from or actively resisted the forces of anarchy that sought to capture the American Negro community these past few days. This is eloquent testimony that, despite past setbacks and disappointments, the majority still believes America's democratic institutions can and will satisfy the justified demands of the' Negro people. In the wake of Dr. King's martyrdom and its painful immediate consequences, the imperative task is to make these hopes reality. The need is for quick passage of legislation which will insure full civil rights, including open housing, for American Negroes. There must also be legislation appropriating the large sums required for a realistic attack on the unemployment, bad housing, semi-literacy and other ills afflicting millions in the ghettos. Congress bears the heaviest share of the responsibility and opportunity, but the legislatures of the states—from New York to California—whose cities are caught in today's great urban crisis must also act rapidly. No one who has lived through the past few days can have any doubts about the alternative if the surviving hope and faith are betrayed once again. ��Daily News ��Daily Nev/s April 5, 1968 I T was nearly 203 y e a r s ago that T o m P a i n e wrote: " T h e s e are the times that try men's souls . . . " Those, too, were days of revolution in America. Today, here and now, the mood of revolt is all around us, in a l most every stratum of society, in al- most e v e r y age group. Indeed, we have come perilously close to the brink of national disaster. T h e foul assassination of D r . M a r t i n L u t h e r K i n g could he the trigger to explode the A m e r i c a n D r e a m forever. That d r e a m was D r . K i n g ' s , as well as the F o u n d i n g F a t h e r s ' . He spoke of it movingly and often. No one would deny that the d r e a m has not been completely fulfilled. M a n ' s d r e a m s seldom a r e , and from this comes the continued striving that sets h i m above the apes and a little lower than the angels. D r . K i n g was tha apostle of nonviolence in the long battle for c i v i l rights. l i e was appalled when others evilly w a r p e d his philosophy into selfa s s u m e d license to loot and burn and destroy. A s a l l the world knows, D r . K i n g planned to lead a m a r c h of the "poor and d i s i n h e r i t e d " to Washington within a few w e e k s . He pledged himself to the p r i n c i p l e that the m a r c h would be non-violent. But there is this inescapable fact: He was unable to prevent certain elements from exploding into violence in M e m p h i s the oilier day. One must a s s u m e that there are those who professed to follow D r . K i n g , but seemed — and still s e e m — bound to destroy what lie aimed to build. In one of his last exhortations, D r . K i n g referred to the j u d i c i a l injunction forbidding a n e w demonstration in M e m p h i s . He said that he had read that in this country "people have the right to a s s e m b l e . " He was quoting the Constitution's B i l l of R i g h t s . T h r u what must have been an unintentional oversight, D r . K i n g misquoted. The phrase r e a d s : " C o n g r e s s shall m a k e no law . . . abridging . . . the right of the people peaceably to assemble . . " T h e important word is " p e a c e a b l y . " We fervently hope that the M a r c h on Washington — without D r . K i n g ' s m o r a l leadership - will not become a tragic stain upon his m e m o r y . T ^ a ^ J i ' g h t ' s , ^sporadic depredations here certainly were notTn liis"m7age. ~ F o r a s the fc^ F r e d Shuttlcsworlh, an early associate of D r . K i n g , said so eloquently last night: " W e dedicated ourselves and hoped A m e r i c a would accept non-violence as a w a y of life . . . D r . K i n g believed as a l l A m e r i c a n s believe that we should and. we can and we must overcome the seeds of hatted, of m a l i c e and of violence" T h i s , then, is M a r t i n L u t h e r K i n g ' s epitaph an I his legacy. Not, please God, the words of J u l i u s Hobson: " T h e whole concept of non-violence died with h i m . " Washington has known m a n y " m a r c h e s " in its nearly two centuries of history. Tints far it lias s u r v i v e d , to the benefit of a l l . I n the days to come, let no m a n , white or black, do further violence to this city which symbolizes "the last best hope of e a r t h . " �D a i l y News April 1968 The King Assassii i s i i o n If the murderer were opposed to Dr. DR. MARTIN L U T H E R KING was a King's cause, his act will impel it to leader who preached non-violence, the prosper more than ever. No cause is passive resistance and the eternal perever diminished by the loss of its leadsistence of the late Mahatma Gandhi of , er; his very loss repairs the gap created India. by his departure. lYet the c a u s e he championed — If the assassin were after Dr. King equalism for American Negroes — was personally, for whatever motive, his act a:natural breeder of emotions, as so many of the great public issues have was a frightful disservice to the counbeen. While the cause had the sympathy try. He has succeeded in enflaming tenoi] understanding of the overriding ma- sions (as today's news amply demonstrates). He has stained the nation in j o r i t y of Americans, it unavoidably the eyes of much of the world — for Dr. dre> into both sides of the arena the King, a Nobel Peace Prize winner, was f a n a t i c s , the extremists, the hatethe most noted of all civil rights leadmongers. ers. Thus it was that Dr. King, the evangelist of peaceful processes, was cut down And^the, aspa'sln.. j?grhans_ worst of by the force he scorned — the violence all, has given stature^ojnpse other Ja£ of extremism. inaues w o . , . "^ura.Jbaljv. bTirn?T h, c ^ " ; I n the history of classic causes, this "Among" those to \\honTlJr.''King"was "a often has been the story. But in an en- symbol of peace, the message of violightened America, in a day of modera- lence now will seem less extreme. tion and at a moment of high progress Bigots, no matter what direction their for Dr. King's cause, it is bewildering blindness has taken them, have caused and senseless that the witlessness of the all the notable martyrdoms of history. dark ages should be repeated. Tolerant men, whatever their dissent As President Johnson said when he from a cause, do not resort to assassiheard the news, nothing is gained by nation — and may the clay yet come such wanton vengeance. . when that tolerance is universal! �Daily Nov,'s April 6, 1968 The Face of the City I T would be easy to give up on brotherhood in this unhappy city and nation today if we were not convinced thai along with all the agony of the Negro's struggle for full and equal civil rights, and despite the sickening loss of property and self respect in these past few hours, a companion revolution has been quietly taking place in the hearts of men. It is well to remind ourselves again of the progress made. For every barricade put up between men, hundreds have been taken down. Searching the faces of young looters yesterday afternoon, we h o p e d we would not see a friend — so stinging was the shame we felt for all these failures, theirs and ours. And in the faces of friends and fellow workers, white and black, we saw an unspoken affirmation of the bridges we have built across this gulf in recent years. Good friends, feeling the same sense of outrage and compassion and loss. Good friends when friends were needed most. The death of Martin Luther King in Memphis demanded the best in all of us. It brought out some of the worst. O Certainly violence done in his or any other name does violence to his memory, betraying everything for which he stood. Thousands of us felt grief for Dr. King, but there was no grief for him in the streets, only greed and mindless plundering. Instead of new anxieties and disorders, we need wisdom today, and affectionate regard for one another. Cool heads. Warm hearts. This is a good time to remember that the true measure of manhood lies not in the ability to destroy but in the capacity to love and create. And that there can be no civil rights for anybody, black or white; no safety for anybody, black or white; no hope of progress toward equal opportunity for anybody, black orjivhite. untjljirder js_ restored, and law prevails. Why law did not prevaTf'here yesterday, despite the most elaborate planning and despite the heroic efforts of police and firemen and what . . a well .my have been too mgch restraint is a nut £ hbn~tliat will torment l i s 'all iinUTj'hle answer isTumToTITffs'c'ity' and its £eople nnisTTTbT 'sWfeF^iY^mT. o �Daily News A p r i l 8, 1968 tions, j t h e discipline of _the_ policemen were m a n y reasons w h y the ami tire men w a s ahnost SeyonVifcfief. D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a ' s m u n i c i p a l gavernment should have been reorganized, T h e s e past days here have seen a and w h y Walter E . Washington should mere handful oi fatalities.JJjTtjght well have become its m a y o r . B u t whan it have been o t h e r w U e ^ In\tead.__.t|iejj happened, no one could have foreseen dav^Jnav^ s??nJh?LJ:o.tal or'.partial .de.3; the events of the past few d a y s , and, truetion _pf hundrgds of businesses ami consequently, n o . m \ n _ c x i l 1 h a v e k u a v / : i jdw;'Jiiagg. h o w m u c h a l l of u s in tins ctty_ w a i i H owjvff XIL? V.?£i. ^I .irgaj " a,, t o . * >?-£.''•* tgftiL The financial losses, when we know > TH.KRG a J! T ^for_the fact that Watt?r"*K, Was,hip.gttKl. the final reckoning, will be staggering. _ _ w a s i n clfalge... But, even now, there a r e those who On S a t u r d a y , this newspaper won- would perhaps have h a d it otherwise. dered w l ; y the c a l l for troops to assist T h e y would, now that the violence is the w e a r i e d D . C . police department past, rather have seen more deaths and was deferred so long. J ^ h j l j l a v , . y an rot less economic loss. be laid at M a v o r W.a >11.'wJ dajj\_ We hope that those who feel so will b o c s tli3~troop3 a r r i v e d , they were used sensibly and with effect. G i v e n those re-examine their feelings. troops, M a y o r Washington w a s a h l ? reOn the other hand, m a n y who took organize an operation at containment tliat now apparenciv h3.\_j)ro»ghj„ t b ^ part in the looting thought they did so — if, in fact, they r e a l l y know w h y they ro7>ting~ana' arson to a s u p . did it — because of economic deprivaAt this moment, Washingtonians — tion. H o w , then, do they add it a l l up and A m e r i c a n s e v e r y w h e r e — rn'.'?t pay now, beyond the fact that some of them tribute to the palicemyg a n ! f i r e m e n , . have ill-begotten clothes and liquor and .whose p i l a r i s , mi r;;.2_jnt<t dittic'jlt television sets? Does the gutting of "of o r ii e r s an I c i r c u m s t a n c j 3 , were stores improve their economic state? m o r e than e x e m o 1 a r y . ' i f i ? v _ w e r e Does the disappearance of a place of heroes, j i l i s i r order-, v.:-re, n-a matto" employment improve their economic what the [>rowjca!i>:i: Don't sirot!"~Ta state? T h e s e p e o p l e , too, must re. , Those wh:> saw s>uve O l these provoca- examine their thinking. m in 1 �AS2 t ^ M d l And then, there are the many Negroes of providing housing for the families in this city who have spoken out elo- IfiiiaTclmr^ quently against what ha3 h a p p e n e d ' JEgJhis program, all of us must..bend here. They are not "leaders", nor are they "Uncle Toms." They are h a r d - every effort. working, respectable people, with a true Washington has lived thru a Blitz of sense of their own dignity. In the final its own making. It is our duty to make a analysis, they are the real losers in all new start — now for the immediate : of this. They are the ones who saw, with needs, and, in the days to come, toward Dr. Martin Luther King, the light at tha the long-term fulfillments that have end of the tunnel, who saw his dream been put off too long. crystal clear. We hope they will not lose What is needed now is nothing short that dream, nor the sight of that light. of a massive effort to provide better Now, in this Holy Week, parts of this schools, truly equal employment opporcity are a repugnant shambles. Other tunities, decent housing and an end to parts of the city greeted this special unfairness of every sort directed at any season in an eerie, unwholesome si- citizen. It v/ill require money, in huge lence. amounts, much of which will have to be It was, in both instances, in both parts obtained from Congress, which holds of the city, not unlike any morning in such a grip on our city. But if the comLondon during the great Blitz. The les- munity demands it, it will be forthcomson we in Washington can learn from ing, even from these reluctant men. that experience of the people of London, But, more than money will be needed. is as simple as it is difficult. What is truly essential is a solemn comIt is just this: Get about the business mitment by the entire community to abolish, once and for all, every form of of going on from here! discrimination. J&ejm^jE^ad^fr^^ Meanwhile, however, the main effort •goa|it ion..a re embarked nnftaAiv'O'trs >n ofjcie • n in ^ t u ^ ^ f J e S ? ing^the jigqd y; of .must be, as it was a century ago, and > ^ Tinding ioh.s for the people v/uos? piao?3. by whatever means, "to bind up the naot employment have been burned out; tion's wounds . . ." m i �D a i l y News A p r i l 8 , 1968 While Washington Burnacl I F the autliorities persist in viewing fiddled, our citizens, white and black these riots primarily in terms of black alike, were denied the equal protection vs. white, this certainly threatens to be of the law to which all citizens should feel entitled. another long, hot summer. The mobsters couldn't have cared less Here last week, as in Detroit last year, officialdom h e s i t a t e d to take about Dr. King, alive or dead. They viocharge when a relatively small band of lated every decency for which He stood, young, black h o o d l u m s sacked and seizing upon his death as an excuse to burned large sections of the capital. steal and destroy. Those of Dr. King's Troops to reinforce beleagured police race who sincerely mourned him werwere available within a few minutes en't out screaming in the streets. They ride. When they finally arrived the loot- were in church, if they dared to leave ing was stopped. But the call was de- their homes. layed for fatal hours while the criminal No one denies gross injustices contingangs, believing themselves immune ue to exist and that Negro slum dwellfrom restraint, spread destruction. ers are the outstanding victims. But evIf there was any good reason for this ery bit of destruction lessens the redelay, beyond a hand-wringing lack of sources available for reform by just decision in high places, it must have that much. The millions in property been fear that this was a general Negro losses in one day in Washington are the uprising in resentment against the as- equivalent of thousands of school teachers, hundreds of homes. sassination of Dr. Martin Luther King. The prime civil right of any citizen, Any such idea is a gross libel on predominantly Negro Washington and on black or white, is security in his life and Negro citizens generally. It is evidence property. Until this right can be esof a lingering, unconscious race preju- tablished, the chance of eradicating dice to which even some Negro spokes- the slums is dim. men are not immune — an assumption The only way to stop_a riot is by supethat a black skin somehow sets a person rior force, promnt |y_.a o T » i j j £ g £ j j Ir pji apart as different in kind from his white *oT the, cause for ..which law bror-l-grs neighbors. Teign to be rioting. Mugged, the Negro bleeds. Burned JThis is.a_hard lesson which, as exPilDi out, he is homeless. While officialdom ence here jntUcatfsTjs;j^fnijg^rynprt �D a i l y News A p r i l 10, 1968 •Unanswered Riot Question T H E R E has been a variety of excuses mentjofficials shouldn't t r v j o stop^a* for failure to preserve order in Ameri- jmob_jfroiyi burning^dnwn voy» houve for can cities. Those of Attorney General fear of injuring the arsonists. But skip Qamsey Clark as to the riots in the Dis- that. The record is that people get killed trict are a iJorna s TSi Ii e"a"s"i; it j~cdi ne. in the heat of riot. The killing stops, or "Look at the deaths." advised Mr. doesn't even start, when authorities Clark. "Very few deaths compared to move in firmly to enforce the law. what could have been expected under ^Fjcsjraint" merely^ „fi'~S ' '^/.' \ the circumstances." Hie riots to snrcril. "; ;"',! j n « out How many deaths could be accepted ofjjttle oiu-sTTiiis restraint, annaifgirtlv as permi.->siable, "under the circum- jfi prpmritjk jn_~r e e n• \)ua or ;r:justice stances?" The troops, when finally they anu ojL'iCt'tconcern tor puhhc sentiment were called, got the disorder under con- in '1 e N v i 6 cemmumty. " " '* trol without firing a shot. Think that one over. The slum dwell" I think the police acted firmly here: ers are the first and principal victims of I think they acted fairly hire; 1 think these disorders. Thousands of them are they did a good job," Mr. Clark said. being fed and clothed today at relief We agree with that, heartily. No- centers. where has there been any criticism of Docs it make any ser.se to assume police. J^ut-they were hopelessly out-.these poor people wanted their homes qurnbcred.-UDtil, _finallv. after tec many and small possessions burned, their hours of_ Indecision, the "tro6ps~\venT sources of food destroyed, their jobs Tjn^hjjp! sent up in smoke? What little they had Mr. Clark was asked whether the na- was lost because the autliorities failed tion is willing to accept unlimited prop- to protect them, thus piling neglect on erty damage because "we don't want top of injustice. to inflict any deaths upon the looters Attorney General Clark replies to al) and rioters." Mr. Clark replied: the questions save the main one: "That is not the issue. I don't think we Why was the looting and turning persuffered unlimited property d a m a g e mitted to spread, practically without here. The property damage here would hindrance, for nearly 24 hours before be a very small fraction of the property troops were called in from across the damage at Watts or the property dam- river? age at Detroit." iX,'Ji?Lh»ye..ye ?ot here? A Govern• He seems to argue that law enforce- ment or an alibi iactoTPT""""" 1 I i ,,; 0: ry ,;r , ! l �Daily News A p r i l 17, 1968 IShoot to Kill' M Y O R DALEY'S stern orders to Chicago police on riot duty will raise hackles in some quarters, but his objective is the least the law-abiding citizens are entitled to expect from their city authorities. ^Police restraint has been prom [.ted, Jn most cases. by the idea that_ Negro ^res i de n t sjri^ jjene r a l ^ y ^ a n ea^s t^g n uj£jngly sympathetic with tl^jjiobs. This j s pure hoax, I n great majority, the dead are Negroes and the burned homes Mr. Daley's orders were to "sf,oot to .are Negro homes.. k i l l " arsonists caught in the act and to "shoot to maim" escaping looters. Whitney Young, director of the Na' "An arsonist," he said, "is a murder- tional Urban League, aptly nailed that er and should be shot right on the spot." one when he said the rioters were "deThe arsonist certainly is a potential stroying their own neighborhoods and murderer, as in the case of the 11- killing their own people." m o n t h -o 1 d Chicago baby burned to It is quite possible that Mayor Daley death in its crib by a fire bomb. The is over-reacting and that he will cool it .trouble, of course, is_whQ_Js_ to sav. who is "an arsonist in the heat of rjot> in time. There is, we think, a middle j n g r is one_pofic.o£i7*n" to he 'prose- ground between ""deadly Torce" and 'the paralysis ..of" coTnnleTe restraint.. cutor, judge, jury — and executioner? _TJne"'c"ajv't argue* with Mayor Daley's Actually, the death toll in the recent stated objective: disorders included a minority of burners and looters shot in the act by police. "We've got to face up to this question And all or most of them would have es- — not with brutality and not with cruel caped that fate if they had submitted to ideas, but with some kind of discipline. arrest when they were caught. If we don't, we won't have any governSmoke inhalation by men, women and ment." Without civil order, enforced imparchildren trapped in these deliberately .iet fires was the most frequent cause of tially on the criminal element, there' . eeaths. can be no civil rights for anyone. , 1 M �Afro-American �Washington April Afro - American 1 3 , 1968 Riots And The Law We must join with other Washingtonlans in expressing relief that fatalities were relatively low during the civil disturbance here a l t h o u g h we condemn the taking of even one life if circumstances show it was unwarranted. fincla reason covering individual motivation oi participants. Because of the advent of television, today's youngsters are more acutely aware in their daily lives of the disparity of the living standards between the races than were their elders at a similar age, even where the poverty The fact that the list of fatalities level of the two generations has been was kept to a minimum indicates the the same. authorities mav have )e.-"-riPd m m a While this is a consideration, a .yahiable lPs<:rm<j jn riot m H t r o l j : i n c e _the tragedies which left a tol'l"~oT" ' great many persons arrested had no previous record and are adults. These Ltleath m i t f i wake"Tn .."mnrjv cities may have reacted in sincere outrage throughout the country \-v-r s u m m e r . over the senseless slaying of Dr. It was .evident that Mavor Walter King. Washington ana ins a u g u r s ' ctoTTTjThere is no question that some simper a t e 1 y ..K&n Q I fiT*m i I i t a r T ' a iTT 1 p o i ice ly seized the opportunity to steal dinner restraint in the liope that tne " what they could not afford to buy and lawlessness would run its course with made no pretext that they were as little damage as possible. avenging D r . King's death. Consequently, advocates of violence A teenager said, "We know Dr. must not be overly optimistic by this King wouldn't want us to do this. I exhibition of restraint and assume don't know why we're doing it but that the lawless element will be peryou know, some of us are iggy." mitted to run rampant with immunAnother stated, " I think it's awful ity, looting, burning and endangering what we've been doing but it can't be the lives and property of innocent helped. None of it is going to bring people who take no part in the disMartin Luther King back but I ' m not turbances. sorry about a g-d d - n thing." In the interest of saving lives, we N o b o d y l i k e s carnage and Hope our.,.yp'ith do not c o m e to the_ bloodshed. The hard working, in•jonclusibn that riots ,1]-A p i - m r s n n r l dustrious, law abiding citb:"ns who iilfljgiins which lined_ojir s t r e e t s are seek to earn a living and educate ^lavthings^ their children, are also losers. Looters and arsonists, generally, Most of those out of work (not out •eemed to have no clear idea of why of b"siness) are colored. So are those they reacted with violence to news of who were made homeless by the arDr. Martin Luther King's death. sonists. To observers, it seemed to be a .Everybody lost in this tragic devasblind outpouring of pent-up frustrataiion hrr/iiise spirits F'.opie " c o u l d n t . tion* of long standing. There is no h,-ip a n t i n g i £ g y " �r rj rj rj n rj [] rj fj n ��[J � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Report on civil disturbances in Washington, D.C. Subject The topic of the resource Riots--Washington (D.C.) Civil disorder Description An account of the resource Please note: This report includes irregularly-sized pages. If the report is not visible, try scrolling to the right or left or using the zoom in (+) or zoom out (-) functions in the PDF viewer window. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Government of the District of Columbia Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 1968 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DDOT Historical Reports & Other Documents Subject The topic of the resource Transportation--Research--United States Transportation--Planning Description An account of the resource District Department of Transportation's historical reports and other documents. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource District Department of Transportation Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 1968 Civil Disorder Subject The topic of the resource Riots--Washington (D.C.) Civil disorder Description An account of the resource Documents relating to the 1968 civil disorder, which occurred after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. and following a wave of other instances of urban civil unrest in 1967. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Various Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/536889793767b2e1874375cf207dd80c.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=EfpenIkjn%7ENqirv3J6ZTvLOPzxzZ8WwSwWTfugCNyRIY8zHIDDpfxXnd4vUEx1nyDntD0ZNUpUauuLEThkpIUurHRJBRqXI7B5y1pD49uD%7EqDvmbs0DjZPcZLUo8KEgFqgFo%7EdOXN-YGEfEu4ctoEAvoX99u6v3x2IrRB7CEOoFh8JTPQsE3zgL5Cx47oxzV7OTbXr3wOg05rDZkO0AmGj7btWa2IV%7Ed2nUx7pqBhdcWKYJY9QF84RQ0WNek4nk8e5Y0tvrRaf7EkR9cnGYZOYQvDGAeia42bX-t1kcWujfAv3i0vNUf7zD8I8Upm%7EFWxh9D5wjX-d%7EyHwza%7E%7EZ2bg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 06715232d00250e33bda4dd86c536761 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Airports 001 Subject The topic of the resource Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport. Airports Taxicabs Description An account of the resource A view of the drop-off/pick-up area at Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, with cars and taxis visible in the background Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Unknown Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DC Buildings, Churches, and Landmarks Subject The topic of the resource Libraries Buildings Monuments Description An account of the resource Photos of various buildings, landmarks, and monuments in DC. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource District Department of Transportation Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Airports Subject The topic of the resource Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport. Airports Description An account of the resource Photos of Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport, and other local airports. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/24c947ac1ed616eb7c29f35c69963b61.pdf?Expires=1779321600&Signature=uYK-0rwM4k8sZfEj40AEjWyX2zXcMMFS1-u1%7Eq5cO0bQX4eTBo74kHe9s61L%7EsRQFNgvwavTrhPD2ho8Ycq30zXJG51wy4plLp0m4FttVs7W2D2PSgoed4hT%7EQkgXz2nOxHPnEL4iiUrT1yl780E%7EzgMF8G%7EknRARK8OAImO6Fa6m-8TDRBdYUiequECgtRsuB--u7vlz2Os930V5YY7ngLraJT8usdFsfUs3-xJLOOUlC%7Ewtsuev1MT8nOOhjjCxieyZToV05-UQx91ZGZZbKyrcufTxzYzUjuaY7Qpg%7EE6Oj4ZwX9YQTUvKvn2-GplX5N5GLJFRd2uAb70HDl2OQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM a953b62ac39e3492bcc8b59fe368d865 PDF Text Text IMPROVING PROGRAM PERFORMANCE REPORT F O R FISCAL Y E A R 1977 January, 1978 District of Columbia Government Executive Office of the Mayor Office of Budget and Management Systems Resource Management Improvements Division �Walter E. Washington Mayor Julian R. Dugas City Administrator Office of Budget and Management Systems Comer S. Coppie, Director Department of Corrections Delbert C. Jackson, Department of Economic Development James W. Hill, Director Department of Environmental Services Herbert L. Tucker, Director Department of Finance and Revenue Kenneth Back, Director Fire Department Burton W. Johnson, Chief Department of General Services Sam D. Starobin, Director Department of Housing and Community Development Lorenzo W. Jacobs, Jr., Director Department of Human Resources Albert P. Russo, Director Department of Manpower Thomas A. Wilkins, Director Metropolitan Police Department Maurice J. Cu/linane, Chief Department of Recreation William H. Rumsey, Director Department of Transportation Douglas N. Schneider, Jr., Director Director �DEPARTMENT O F TRANSPORTATION Developing a balanced transportation system to meet the needs of Washington, D . C , is the goal of the Department of Transportation (DOT). The Department provides transportation-related services which include: maintaining streets, bridges, and sidewalks; caring for all street-line trees, small parks, and landscaped areas; maintaining and operating traffic control devices; testing and licensing vehicle operators; inspecting and registering all vehicles; maintaining and planning public and metered parking facilities; maintaining and operating the street lighting system; planning and administering a bicycle network; and planning, promoting, and coordinating transportation with the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. addition, the system provides a more effective tool for evaluating team work performance, by providing data on actual times to complete each phase of a survey work assignment. DOT has two other major projects underway to improve the quality and efficiency of transportation services: • The Comprehensive Parking Enforcement and Administrative Adjudication of Minor Traffic Offenses project is designed to improve traffic movement, to better conditions for economic growth in commercial areas, and to provide safer streets for motorists and pedestrians. A joint effort of DOT, the Metropolitan Police Department, Superior Court, Corporation Counsel, and OBMS, the project proposes a comprehensive program to discourage illegal parking through civilian ticket writing, increased towing and impounding operations, and expanded booting activities. The project would also remove minor traffic offenses from the Superior Court, thereby freeing judicial resources for more serious law enforcement tasks. Legislation to implement this proposal was presented to City Council on July 21, 1977. When all elements are enacted and implemented, the program is expected to net the City $13 million annually in increased revenues. Two major DOT improvement projects were completed in Parking Meter and Central Motor Pool operations during F Y 77. In the Parking Meter project, revenue collections in F Y 77 reached $2.8 million — double what they were in F Y 75, with the help of a new collection and management control system. In the Central Motor Pool project, per passenger costs for transporting City employees by shuttle bus were cut in half, while ridership more than doubled as a result of implementing a new three-route transit system. These improvement projects, conducted with OBMS assistance, are discussed in more detail in subsequent sections. Also during F Y 77, new management controls and procedures were implemented in the Highway Location Survey program, which performs the engineering surveys needed for roads, bridges, and other projects. A work order system, instituted by a joint DOT-OBMS task force, is used to assign and monitor progress on all survey jobs. Information provided by the new system, specifying the nature of the survey work required and the estimated time for completion, strengthens program management's capacity to schedule the work of survey teams. In • The Motor Vehicle Control project is working to install work scheduling and methods improvements which will reduce motor vehicle inspection and registration waiting times and achieve a more efficient use of the workforce. Current project efforts are aimed at implementing the Staggered Motor Vehicle Registration Act of 1976, which gave the Mayor the authority to spread motor vehicle registration dates throughout the year. 5 �collection, coin counting, and meter maintenance. Because responsibility for the system's operation was divided between DOT and the Department of Finance and Revenue ( D F R ) , staff from those agencies were assigned to the project along with technical assistance staff from OBMS. After a detailed study of the District's parking meter system, parking meter management practices of six major cities, and coin handling and collection procedures of several private companies, the project team made a series of recommendations, all of which were implemented by September, 1977. These improvements included: Nine DOT programs were monitored by PMS during F Y 77. Detailed discussions of performance trends, as well as program improvements, follow. PARKING OPERATIONS Parking meter revenues have more than doubled in the last two fiscal years, so that in F Y 77 collections totaled $2.8 million (see Figure 01). In addition, the percentage of meters out-of-order on any day has decreased from 10% to 1 % , while maintenance crew productivity has risen 19% in the past year. These dramatic gains occurred primarily as a result of improvements installed by an interagency project team charged with redesigning parking meter operations. The City's parking meter system not only generates needed revenues for the District, but also facilitates improved traffic flow and increased business activity. The project to improve parking meter operations began in January, 1976, after a management review identified opportunities for further maximizing revenue yields and for improving management practices in the areas of rate structure, coin • Parking meter management responsibilities consolidated. Collection, counting, and maintenance responsibilities, which were previously handled by three different organizational units located in DOT and D F R , were placed under the direction of a parking administrator in DOT. This step was taken to provide the needed coordination, control, and accountability for these functions. As an added control measure, a new unit was established under the administrator with the responsibility for ensuring that all Figure 01 I N C R E A S E IN P A R K I N G M E T E R R E V E N U E 4.0 6 �could be radio-dispatched to fix them. In addition to rebuilding meters, the repair shop began a program of cleaning, adjusting, and changing worn-out parts of all meters in the City. Meters are brought in by repair teams on a regular schedule which will allow all meters to receive preventive maintenance every three years.A one-hour per meter work standard was established for preventive maintenance activities, and, as seen in Figure 02, progress has been made in reaching that goal. The time required to service a meter declined from 1.6 hours in the Second Quarter of F Y 77 to 1.3 hours in the Fourth Quarter, a 19% improvement in productivity. Furthermore, the number of meters malfunctioning has been reduced 90% so that on any given day only 100 out of the City's 10,700 meters are out of order. parking meter vault keys are stored securely and accounted for at all times. Keys are kept in a secured room in a safe to which only two persons have access. Security has been further enhanced by the establishment of a four-person security unit reporting to the Deputy Director of DOT and responsible for ensuring compliance with upgraded security procedures in collections, coin counting, and meter maintenance. The unit's activities include putting marked coins in meters and collection canisters and making certain that they are returned through the coin counting operation. • Collection system redesigned and collection responsibilities contracted out. Under the new system, the City is divided into 59 collection routes, as opposed to 10 routes under the old system. Because the number of meters per route now averages 170, compared to 1,000 meters in the old system, it is possible to pinpoint revenue changes to small areas of the City so that security measures can be concentrated where needed. Moreover, collection canisters are now sealed and tagged by route number so that revenue yields for each route can be counted separately. As a result, DOT recently detected a motorist using slugs instead of coins in certain meters in one neighborhood and was able to refer the situation for successful police action. The security and efficiency of collections were further enhanced when DOT contracted out the collecting function to a private armored car company, effective October 1, 1976. To assure that proper security is maintained during the collection process, procedures were specified in the contract, including the requirement that the company remain in constant radio contact with the DOT security unit and that its employees wear uniforms and photo identification cards. Collections supervisors sign the keys out at the beginning of each day and return them at the end of the day. Collection routes are randomly assigned from day to day, and meter vault locks are changed periodically for added control. • Parking meter equipment and facilities upgraded. To enhance security and efficiency of collection operations, 8,000 new meter vault locks were installed, and new collection canisters and carts were purchased. Moreover, the project team designed a more secure facility for the coin counting function, including locked-door access, television monitoring equipment, and one-way glass observation windows. Additionally, employees are required to wear pocketless uniforms. The purchase of a high-speed coin counter has doubled the speed at which coins Figure 02 LESS TIME EXPENDED PER PARKING METER SERVICED 2.0 • Standard meter maintenance procedures established. The project reorganized meter inspection and repair functions and established a new preventive maintenance program. The field repair crew was divided into three teams, each responsible for inspecting 3,000-4,000 meters in a specified area of the City each week. Meter mechanisms were outfitted with new devices to signal meter malfunctioning, and the teams were given responsibility for making repairs on the spot or replacing meters with rebuilt ones from the repair shop. As an added measure, the collection contractor was also instructed to report out-of-order meters so that repair teams 7 �PERMIT CONTROL can be counted. Repair shop layout was also improved, with separate and secure areas for servicing, cleaning, and storing meters. The time citizens must wait for an appointment to take the road test portion of their driver's license examination continued to be the focus of management attention in the Permit Control program. This program issues District of Columbia operator's permits to residents who pass both written examinations and road tests. The former tests an applicant's knowledge of D . C . traffic laws, and the latter, driving ability. This program also administers the District's Point System to ensure that D . C . driver's permits are retained only by competent and safe drivers. The Point System provides for a driver's permit to be revoked after a driver has been cited for an excessive number of driver violations. After PMS data identified that waiting time for a road test appointment had increased from an average of 20 working days during the first three quarters of F Y 76 to 31 days during the Fourth Quarter and 33 days during the Transition Quarter (see Figure 03), DOT management transferred three employees to the Permit Control program. The number of road test examiners went from 10 to 13, and, as a result, waiting time decreased by 16% to an average of 26 days during the First Quarter of F Y 77. However, due to attrition, the number of road test examiners had dropped back to 10 by the end of F Y 77. As this attrition occurred, waiting time again increased gradually to 42 days by the Fourth Quarter of F Y 77. • Parking meter management information system implemented. This system, consisting of seven separate reports, is designed to transmit revenue collection and productivity information to various managers and to provide an early warning device to identify any operational or security problems which may arise so that timely action can be taken. Revenue yields are projected for each route and actual collections reported by route on a daily and monthly basis. Other reports document the location and type of meter malfunctions, productivity in the repair shop, and changes in the meter locations. Data provided by this system, implemented in August, 1977, have already prompted DOT to shift the location of meters from low-yield to high-yield areas where commercial activity would benefit by greater parking turnover. The changes made in parking meter operations have been documented in a draft operations manual due to be printed in January, 1978. This manual will contain all operational procedures and forms used in the system to ensure that the improvements made do not deteriorate over time. With these operational changes, DOT expects that parking meter revenues for F Y 78 will reach $3.4 million, 2 1 % above F Y 77 revenues and 162% above revenues in F Y 75 before improvements were made. Figure 03 A V E R A G E W A I T I N G T I M E FOR ROAD T E S T APPOINTMENTS 8 �passenger trip have been cut in half since an improved and expanded three-route system was initiated in April, 1977, (see Figures 04 and 05). In addition, drivers' productive time has been increased 14%, while expensive, centrally dispatched pool car service has been eliminated in the downtown area served by the shuttle bus routes. These improvements were the results of a productivity project effort begun in F Y 76 and completed this year. The Central Motor Pool has been providing transportation services since 1972 to D . C . employees who must visit other offices in the course of their work. Prior to the project, these services included: Waiting time is a concern in this program because a learner's permit is valid for only 60 calendar days. Fifty-nine calendar days are consumed when a prospective new driver has to wait 42 working days for a road test appointment. Thus, if waiting time remains this high, some applicants may have only one chance to pass their road tests before the expiration of their learner's permits. This issue is presently being investigated by a special task force reviewing the organizational structure and procedures of all motor vehicle services, including Permit Control. In the meantime, to prevent waiting time from increasing further, program management will continue to redeploy any available staff on a temporary basis. • A shuttle bus system which operated five vans on a one-way circular route between 12 major District offices in the downtown area. • A fleet of 14 radio-equipped pool cars which were centrally dispatched upon request. • About 20 cars which were available to employees on a first-come, first-served basis for "drive-yourself" service. Because of the high cost of the Motor Pool and frequent complaints concerning the reliability of the shuttle bus system and the availability of centrally dispatched cars, the Director of DOT requested OBMS assistance for a joint team effort to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of D . C . employee transportation. The project team found that the shuttle bus system transported about 53,000 persons in F Y 75, only 211 per working day. Some of the reasons for the low usage included: • Mechanical breakdowns caused nearly 20% of the runs to be cancelled; • The one-way route made round-trips inconvenient; and • Buses stopped running before the end of the workday. Similar analysis showed that 47,000 persons were transported by the centrally dispatched cars in F Y 75, at an average per passenger cost of $4.80. Like the shuttle bus service, these cars were underused. The number of passengers per car was only 10 to 15 per day, compared to private taxicabs which transport about 30 persons per day. Most of this underusage was determined to be inherent in the operations of the centrally dispatched car system. Because a limited population was served and transportation was provided to offices located throughout the District, drivers logged many hours deadheading from field offices to the downtown area or vice versa. At the same time, the limited fleet of cars could not handle peak demand periods which caused Motor Pool dispatchers to turn down nearly 20% of the requests for service. Misuse of the service was also a problem. Although centrally dispatched cars were not supposed to be used for trips totally within the MOTOR V E H I C L E CONTROL Decreasing citizens' waiting time and increasing worker productivity are the objectives of a special project team which is working to improve vehicle registration and inspection operations. While administratively separate, both operations are affected by the March 31st expiration date for license tags. The Motor Vehicle Registration operation processes new registrations for vehicles throughout the year and registration renewals—90% of the workload—during the six-week tag rush period. To handle the large volume of renewals, the Department hires temporary staff and redirects staff from vehicle inspection operations. For example, during the F Y 77 tag rush, DOT issued some 240,000 registrations, which required the use of $11,800 for overtime and temporary staff and the redirection of 27 employees from the inspection operation. The Motor Vehicle Inspection operation conducts periodic safety inspections of public and private vehicles. In F Y 77, 242,672 such vehicles were inspected. As noted above, during the annual license tag renewal period, inspection personnel are redirected to registration processing. This redirection occurs by closing one of the two inspection stations. The Staggered Motor Vehicle Registration Act of 1976 was introduced by the Mayor and enacted by Council to enable DOT to spread the vehicle registration workload evenly throughout the year as one way of improving both registration and inspection operations. This and other alternatives will be evaluated during F Y 78 on the bases of administrative feasibility, probable impact on the public, and cost. D O T plans to select one method for implementation during the 1979 registration renewal period. CENTRAL MOTOR POOL Ridership on the D.C. Government employee shuttle bus has more than doubled and costs per 9 �area served by the shuttle bus, the project team estimated that 25% to 30% of these car trips could have been made by shuttle bus. Another 10% of the trips were between buildings served by the shuttle bus and a cluster of buildings not far from the bus route. In contrast to the shuttle bus and centrally dispatched car systems, the cost of the drive-yourself fleet was low. Drive-yourself cars were signed out to authorized users at the beginning of each workday, usually for the entire day. Because the total cost of operating the service averaged less than $4.00 per vehicle-day, the project team focused attention on the shuttle bus and centrally dispatched car services. Following the analysis of existing operations, alternative transportation systems for the downtown area were identified and evaluated. These alternatives included using mass transportation and improving the shuttle bus system. For transportation needs outside the downtown area, mass transportation, taxicabs, and increased use of drive-yourself vehicles were considered as alternatives. The proposed alternatives were compared on the bases of cost, travel time, feasibility, and ease of administrative control. As a result of this analysis, the project team determined that the existing shuttle bus system could be expanded and improved significantly, thereby increasing ridership, lowering per passenger costs, minimizing travel time, and creating an operation which could be easily managed. Exclusive dependence on mass transportation was ruled out, because more travel time would be consumed since Metrobuses do not make direct door-to-door service between most City offices. Also, there was no administratively feasible way to control the cost of using public buses. To improve and expand shuttle bus services, the project team designed three new routes which came within one block of 16 major District office buildings in the downtown area while avoiding heavily trafficked streets and intersections with long lights. Each route was labeled by a color code: red, green, or blue, for ease of identification. Shuttle bus scheduling was also revised. The hours of service were extended to cover all of the normal working day, and buses were scheduled about 15 minutes apart, while drivers were not required to drive more than an hour without a break. The following benefits were achieved with the implementation of new routes and schedules in April, 1977: • Ridership during the last six months is up by over 6,000 passengers per month to 10,894 in September, 1977. • Costs per passenger trip have declined from an average of $2.86 during the first half of F Y 77 to $1.45 in the second half. • Maximum employee travel time has been reduced from 35 to 30 minutes, while four more District office buildings are covered than previously. Figure 05 REDUCED SHUTTLE BUS COST PER PASSENGER TRIP 4.00 Figure 04 INCREASED SHUTTLE BUS USAGE 10 �• Drivers are scheduled to drive during 85% of their working day, a 14% increase over the previous schedule. • Management of the operation is improved and simplified, because no lunch-time replacements are needed for drivers and each driver stays with one bus and is held accountable for its condition. spraying season prevented the program from meeting targets in these areas. In fact, 1,004 fewer trees were planted and 13,615 fewer trees were sprayed than planned. The Trees and Landscaping program is responsible for maintaining more than 100,000 trees, approximately 700 acres of landscaped public area along freeways, and 162 small park areas at street intersections. While all work related to tree trimming and spraying is carried out by departmental forces, some tree planting is contracted out to private companies. To obtain a comprehensive picture of this program in F Y 78, PMS will monitor tree maintenance and landscaping efforts by both DOT and outside contractors. PMS data on tree planting will include the number of trees planted by departmental forces and by contractors and the average number of manhours per tree planted by departmental forces. Productivity data on contractor tree planting is already available from the contract process. Departmental tree maintenance operations will also be measured through PMS in terms of the average number of trees sprayed per manhour and the average manhours per tree trimmed. In addition to the new route design and schedule, DOT obtained eight new 12-passenger vans for the system. They were brightly painted, air-conditioned, and color-coded as to route. The entire system was marketed through a full-page, multi-color centerfold in the District employees' newspaper. Three thousand copies of the centerfold were printed and distributed on the buses. Drivers were trained on specific routes and briefed on the entire system so that they could inform riders about any aspect of the new system's operation. Moreover, color-coded signs were installed at all bus stops, and bus route maps were posted in D . C . office buildings near each stop. The team determined that an expanded shuttle bus service would decrease, but not eliminate, the need for centrally dispatched cars, which were used throughout the District. As a result of the new shuttle bus service, the number of employees requiring centrally dispatched cars was expected to be only 28,000 per year, 40% fewer than the 47,000 previously transported. Several alternative ways of serving these 28,000 passengers were considered. Exclusive reliance on mass transportation was ruled out, because service to Government offices outside downtown was not sufficiently frequent or direct to meet District employees' needs. Increasing the number of drive-yourself vehicles was determined to be impractical because of parking, administrative, and control problems. Therefore, a reduced centrally dispatched car service has been maintained. As of the end of F Y 77, the number of full time drivers had been reduced from 12 to six. Three drivers were needed as full time shuttle bus operators in the expanded system, two voluntarily resigned, and one was reassigned to more productive work. S T R E E T MAINTENANCE During FY 77, a system for rating street surface conditions was designed and tested. Carried out as part of the Neighborhood Services Improvement Project, described elsewhere in this volume, the procedure involves an observer's sitting in a slowlymoving vehicle, monitoring what the vehicle passes over, and writing down standard codes for various kinds of surface defects: cracks, potholes, bumps, or dips. Data from these observations are then analyzed so that each street can be rated as well maintained, less well maintained, and poorly maintained. The system was tested in four different parts of the City in February and March, 1977, and produced reliable ratings of street surface conditions which could be used to direct Street Maintenance crews to areas where asphalt repair work most needs to be done. The system would be most useful for identifying problems in residential areas, where complaints now are the chief source of information. One rating could be made in the spring to check the extent of winter damage from freezing and thawing, and another rating might be made in the autumn to determine what had been achieved in repair and resurfacing over the course of the warm weather work season. These and other potential uses of a street surface rating system will be developed and reviewed jointly by DOT and OBMS personnel in F Y 78. In addition to these efforts, the project team developed a set of performance measures and implemented monthly and quarterly reporting through PMS. Monitoring will assure that the Motor Pool continues to provide effective employee transportation at reduced costs. T R E E S AND LANDSCAPING Measures being added to PMS will monitor the output and productivity of DOT staff and outside contractors. The Trees and Landscaping program planted 1,996 new trees, sprayed 41,385 trees, and trimmed 9,715 trees during F Y 77. Below freezing temperatures in the height of the tree planting and To monitor DOT street maintenance productivity, four new performance measures were developed and tested in F Y 77. Previously, PMS had monitored only permanent street repair and resurfacing work, which 11 �is contracted out to private companies by DOT. Data showed that, as a result of the priority placed on completing needed permanent repairs, 54,326 square yards of road surface were patched, 50% more than target and 58% more than in F Y 76. As a result of development work in F Y 77, the productivity of DOT's in-house street maintenance crews will be measured in F Y 78. The DOT labor force of 94 asphalt workers is responsible for emergency and temporary repairs to streets prior to permanent repair and for all repairs to alleys and sidewalks. The new measures will provide productivity data on the number of manhours per ton of asphalt used for repairs and the total cost per ton of asphalt used for repairs. This information will greatly improve management's ability to plan, schedule, and monitor its street maintenance labor force and to compare productivity with that of similar jurisdictions. kilowatt-hours of energy, resulting in annual savings of $50,000 in energy costs and another $225,000 in maintenance costs. The safety and security of pedestrians and motorists will not be adversely affected by this conservation program. The program started in late F Y 77 and is expected to be completed in F Y 78. Figure 06 INCREASE IN S T R E E T LIGHTING COSTS 8 STREET LIGHTING During FY 77, DOT management started a comprehensive re-engineering program for optimum spacing and location of street lights. DOT has primary responsibility for planning and coordinating the street lighting activities so as to provide an acceptable standard of light in the District. DOT contracts with the Potomac Electric Power Company ( P E P C O ) to provide the energy and maintenance services needed for lights on District streets and highways. In January, 1970, DOT initiated a high-intensity street lighting program as a nighttime crime deterrent measure. At that time, the goal was to convert a large number of mercury vapor and incandescent lights to sodium vapor. The situation did not permit DOT engineers to undertake a comprehensive re-engineering program for optimum pole spacing and location, since it would have involved extensive and time-consuming reconstruction work. In addition, the program was carried out at a time when energy consumption was not a major cost factor. Thus, high-intensity sodium vapor lamps replaced the lower intensity mercury vapor and incandescent lamps on a one-to-one basis. The result was high-intensity lamps spaced closer than necessary for adequate lighting. As Figure 06 shows, street lighting costs have increased from $2.9 million in 1970 to $7.9 million in 1976, an increase of 172%. The higher costs are basically the result of four rate increases and higher maintenance costs for the new sodium vapor lights. In F Y 77, DOT developed an energy conservation program in cooperation with the Metropolitan Police Department and citizen groups. Some 2,070 lights were identified as nonessential street lights, primarily in nonresidential areas. It was determined that removing these lights could save 2.5 million SIGNS AND MARKINGS In FY 77, the Signs and Markings program painted 723 miles of traffic lane markings, 16% more than in FY 76, because fewer program resources were directed toward Bicentennial-related activities. The program is responsible for painting pavement markings; operating a sign shop to fabricate traffic, street designation, and special signs; and installing the signs. During F Y 76, the miles of traffic lane markings painted had declined 15%, because as many as 8 people—19% of total staff resources— were directed to producing and installing signs related to the Bicentennial celebration. Once these activities lessened, the program was able to resume its normal level of production in painting pavement markings. In F Y 78, productivity measures in pavement marking will be explored. Measurement of the number of lane miles which can be painted per manhour would be useful for scheduling the workload. 12 �TRAFFIC SIGNALS Figure 07 INCREASE IN T R A F F I C SIGNAL MALFUNCTIONS Plans will be developed for an improved preventive maintenance program to reverse the upward trends in traffic signal malfunctions and downtime. The Traffic Signals program, which is responsible for 24-hour, 7 day-a-week, emergency repair and maintenance service for all traffic signals and controls, reported 8,554 signal malfunctions in F Y 77, 20% more than in F Y 76 and 49% more than in F Y 75 (see Figure 07). With a larger number of signals needing repair, the amount of time a traffic signal remained out-of-order after the malfunction was reported increased 20% between F Y 76 and F Y 77, from 61 to 75 minutes (see Figure 08). The continued increase in emergency repair calls can be attributed to aging equipment, lack of preventive maintenance, and severe winter weather conditions during F Y 77. The preventive maintenance program will require checking and servicing traffic signals and controls in the field on a regular basis, rather than waiting until a malfunction is reported. When the program is fully implemented, it is expected to increase greatly the reliability of traffic signals, resulting in improved safety of pedestrians and motorists. Figure 08 I N C R E A S E IN A V E R A G E DOWNTIME FOR T R A F F I C S I G N A L M A L F U N C T I O N S 13 �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Improving program performance : Report for fiscal year 1977 Subject The topic of the resource District of Columbia. Department of Transportation Description An account of the resource Pages excerpted from larger report. Full report unavailable within collection. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Executive Office of the Mayor. Office of Budget and Management Systems. Resource Management Improvements Division Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 1978 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/1fb65bf34ec471292534daff65912c57.pdf?Expires=1779321600&Signature=veeUrSi2-9rpy5-RSbvynLdtJlb8BQUG98lG6cV%7ETOBQqZaQ3XVr0T3nrVWfIaJ6X7swk-wI8AaVN0OXt%7Ews4obfu3QeCMEdRgT2tjtkPC8DDwnijPPhXNAbu3DTUXrZtOTBMojycfROClj4-y%7E4gLpkutR3ztxCSCdu2MPAnDleyW7MEgmD5W1af5SfOqDn-1LQQEjPQEdLgrzJ%7EwrLFa99J65L%7ERTJC0bsiCj42A-9zg1R-IWMCq6xA3nCJWxjLac0YaZg4K0oDQ9d4dQh5YqjCR98A9kSblDbi-SKjAlw3n2G1miQKIFDJDWGKHCTem4yIac2fIJHr8AwKVtdAQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8ae078acfc8b975268625642112b5f2b PDF Text Text THE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: A BRIEF HISTORICAL OVERVIEW The District of Columbia Department of Transportation (DDOT) became an executive branch cabinet department by a 2002 act of the Council of the District of Columbia [ DC Law 14-137: May 21, 2002] pursuant to recommendations of a mayoral task force. DDOT is managed by a "Director," who is nominated by the mayor and confirmed with the advice and consent of the Council. Historically, except for the years 1975-1984, when a District Department of Transportation was extant, transportation functions and responsibility were administered by operational units under larger departments, such as Public Works, and were carried out by "Directors of Highways and Traffic" reporting to the Governor of the District of Columbia (1871-1874), and later by the "Engineer Commissioner" (1874-1967). The organizational structure, functions, programs, and responsibilities of DDOT are specified in the Code of the District of Columbia at Title 50: 921.0192.37. Overall, DDOT is responsible for the planning, design, construction and maintenance of 1,100 miles of streets, interstate highways and parkways, 241 bridges, 1600 miles of sidewalk, 453 miles of alleys, and 144, 000 street trees. Additionally, a summary overview of DDOT programs and responsibilities includes the development and management of bicycle policies and pedestrian safety programs. DDOT also is responsible for the coordination of snow removal operations and the management of a District-wide parking program in conjunction with the Department of Public Works. Another function of DDOT involves the development of studies on the operation of private and commercial vehicles and the mass transit requirements of District residents, including regular updating of an overall "Intermodal State Transportation Plan." DDOT coordinates policy with the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA). The DDOT Director and staff act as a liaison between WMATA and the District of Columbia government. WMATA operates the local bus and rapid rail transit systems. DDOT also has major management responsibilities regarding space permit requests to ensure that transportation services are maintained and the infrastructure restored after public projects or commercial developments are completed. Beginning in 2005, DDOT initiated an archival program to locate, restore, preserve, and catalog thousands of documents, plans, maps and photographs stored in various locations. DDOT in FY2009 carried out its responsibilities with a budget of $396.6 million and a work force of 925 authorized positions. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Department of Transportation of the District of Columbia : A Brief Historical Overview Subject The topic of the resource District Department of Transportation Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/7e1b7e82cfd8a11371f51c4c501c876a.pdf?Expires=1779321600&Signature=KSES7ekOAiqx38m36NpQfEPXtebZsJ1yKWwtc1%7Ecc2%7EnBoq7O9GKJ0yWWozdLsLzUm2J8pDiup7XmDrPx1FnHdrj9FLmXXk0lvdAuOVqIrwHKhHAIJ0R23SvWQmiLMRuyOPBsF5fSkttpDc6Xuy89uAwHZHtbuFlZ8mpAVAVpM5AGoyurVWV164DPvfCsNNGFHjnDf9UftmBpUHB8tVrkcXvKAR20rObHlIZ%7Evu4z8-4Iw5huhoMakVCbR2AOBmmlCy5-comImfsVNhSmaXv7HqGaDNhyCwIIoGRpyEa2vWIIofEeKLkI2yM2Gwk-jT4It3ZDeXxa57%7E2LPkBSeCqA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 01e7a78248375783ee7705c721f70103 PDF Text Text Moneme, Emeka (DDOT) T rom: Jent: To: Cc: Subject: Tangherlini, Dan (DDOT) Tuesday, May 21, 2002 1:10 PM DDOT/Personnel; DDOT/MANAGERS DPW/Personnel; DPW/DDOT/DMV - OCFO We Are Now the Department of Transportation We Are Now the Department of Transportation I am enormously proud and pleased to announce that today, May 21, 2002, the District Division of Transportation is no longer; we are now the Department of Transportation, the cabinet-level agency that is charged by the Mayor, the City Council and the citizens of the District of Columbia with guarding and improving the city's transportation system. On this important day, I want to take note of some of our major accomplishments over the last two years and look forward to what we need to do, both in the short and long term. We have many achievements we can be proud of. With the support of the Mayor and Council and funds from the Congress, we repaved over 1,500 blocks of neighborhood streets all over the District in the last two years improving neighborhood road quality by 15-percent. During that time we also started the performance-based contract for our National Highways; resurfaced stretches of South Capitol Street and New York Avenue with minimal traffic disruption; and we have cut the number of structurally deficient bridges down to half the national average. And we have just completed the long-standing project to widen the New York Avenue bridges at South Dakota Avenue, NE. Two years ago, uncontrolled utility cuts had reached a crisis stage, ruining our streets and disrupting travel across the city. Now, our current management program, while still undergoing improvements, is a model for der jurisdictions. Accomplishments in other areas are no less important. These include the increase in output of our sign shop; our safety program for pedestrians, work zones and schools; a renewed emphasis on neighborhood traffic calming; the start of building an intelligent traffic management system; the revitalization of our bicycle and traffic planning capabilities; increasing the funds and personnel to start restoring the District's tree canopy; and the establishment of our Neighborhood Infrastructure Maintenance Officers (NIMOs) to inspect our public space and transportation infrastructure. We have doubled our street and bridge maintenance staff and cut pothole response time from nine to less than three days. Many of these improvements came together as we launched The Georgetown Project, the simultaneous rebuilding of the major utility and streetscape infrastructure in close cooperation with businesses and residents to minimize disruption in this very busy, 24-hour community. We have also built our capacity to respond to emergencies. This includes dealing with the effects of severe weather, particularly on trees, and traffic accidents. Our response to the attacks of September 11 was notable. Working with other District, federal and neighboring agencies, we dealt with the completely unexpected demands of having to empty the downtown area in record time under totally unforeseen circumstances. But we have not settled for "pretty good." In striving for excellence, DDOT has worked hard on cooperative planning with Maryland and Virginia to deal with such contingencies as well as the myriad other regional transportation issues. This planning paid-off when DDOT led the effort that included the Departments of Public Works and Consumer and Regulatory Affairs and the Emergency Management Agency, to reach out to our neighbors in need by sending equipment and personnel to La Plata, MD to help it recover from the recent tornado. "Tiile our accomplishments are real and many, we have many challenges ahead. We must continue to rebuild streets, highways and bridges and support systems. However, even this is not enough; we have still larger „vs. These include helping to implement the Mayor's Anacostia Waterfront Initiative; bringing streetcars and other forms of light rail to the District while improving present-day bus service; strengthening our bid for the 2012 Olympics; reducing congestion and improving mobility; and renewing New York Avenue and other gateways. l �We have also invested in our staff through expanded training and we have brought in new talent, including a new chief engineer, a new state forester, a new chief technology officer and a new deputy director to implement :he Anacostia Waterfront Initiative. I want to thank Mayor Anthony Williams for his encouragement and support. This was necessary for our successes as we moved to becoming a department. The members of the City Council, particularly Councilmember Carol Schwartz, chair of the public works committee, have also been invaluable partners and we look forward to their continued backing and advice. I know that all of the members of the Department of Transportation will continue the hard and creative work that will make this department a model transportation agency for the nation and I look forward to working with all of you as we increase transportation safety, enhance infrastructure stewardship and improve mobility. Let's roll. 2 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource We Are Now the Department of Transportation Subject The topic of the resource District Department of Transportation Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Dan Tangherlini, Director, District Department of Transportation, 2002-2006 District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 21, 2002 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/0fe0916a0e30d9c95e5392db1a16b833.pdf?Expires=1779321600&Signature=EB31jURJb7O50jsEjU-GcD8QtY8pxS8m0OUg70PG-D69qZJSu6BPjXg8y9ZQ9upML%7EjztS1sJnL4jLku1CiuKgYn1yJKF1Ib6IqNbnflOZPz3ehYzgRfloVviz-cj%7E9%7EvaQzRw3aTvt9qHjJPMoZI3KKKK2b2G-c7Q8TJUHRvDCJpYWxSh0bA4N-Rqo3xS9Kbe2zgKxw7AUyVor-Cs7GuXk6-o5arF-eLZg439R8StT4c0kqnuEtybI4W33ErqahdVCVHX%7E2L3j6pR%7EiU9zb7rYP93OM4glcJ-Qn6QZaZBlvM92MXTbLxYMcEzQdUsqamseKnClxHFUmFBfUvoQIgw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f5bf1763e34a0e744206687f312767da PDF Text Text DOUGLAS N. SCHNEIDER, DIRECTOR Department of Transportation District of Columbia 1975-1982 In September 1974, Mayor Walter E . Washington sent a reorganization plan to the Council of the District of Columbia to crate a Department of Transportation. The Council had 60 days after submission of the plan to enact a resolution of disapproval. Such action was not forthcoming, and the plan became effective. Schneider, who was involved for over a year in the planning of the new department, had been appointed acting director in July 1974 and was subsequently confirmed by the Council as the first director of the department. In 1979, newly elected Mayor Marion Barry reappointed Schneider as director of the department. When Schneider submitted his resignation in August 1980, Mayor Barry accepted "with reluctance." After five years as director, Schneider said he was leaving to seek "a change to a new environment and a different working environment." In a statement issued by the Mayor, Barry had high praise for Schneider: "Doug Schneider has brought to his position a sincere and strong commitment to provide for the changing transportation needs of all District residents. He has consistently improved the management of virtually every aspect of our transportation service program. I am sorry to lose him, but I feel he is leaving behind a department which is operating well and which is continuing to improve itself." Schneider's resignation cleared the way for Mayor Barry to begin implementing a plan for a "super department" which would include the Department of Transportation. Such a department had been under study for six months by a District government task force chaired by Carroll B . Harvey, director of the D. C. Department of General Services. Transportation programs and services under the plan would become, by 1983, part of a new Department of Public Works. Director Schneider presided over a Department of Transportation responsible for transit planning, street and highway construction and maintenance, the licensing of motor vehicles, the promulgation of traffic regulations and parking enforcement. His accomplishments included becoming the first transportation department director in the Country to successfully divert federal highway funds for rapid-rail public transit construction. Schneider was able to redirect nearly $2 billion in funds available for freeways and other road building projects in the District of Columbia. Schneider opposed the introduction of right turn on red until he was forced to accept it by federal mandate. He then proceeded to act to protect the safety of pedestrians in an urban traffic environment by posting "No Turn on Red" signs at four out of five signalled intersections in the District. �2 Ever a supporter of public transit over car commuting, Schneider was one of the first transportation directors in the Nation to reserve curb lanes on major routes for buses. He also vigorously advocated low fares on public transit, contending that low rates were necessary to compete with automobile commuters whom he once described as "over-privileged, oversubsidized and over-pampered." During his administration, Schneider infuriated suburban commuters by returning 13 Street, NW to two-way traffic. It had become a one-way rush hour freeway, according to residents, and Schneider justified his action at the time by observing that "our streets really belong to our neighborhoods." th An aggressive policy of parking enforcement was initiated during Schneider's tenure. The "Denver Boot" was introduced to force parking scofflaws to pay past due fines and obey parking regulations. During his tenure as transportation director, Schneider commuted by bus to his office from his Glover Park home. He encouraged President Jimmy Carter to revoke the subsidy for federal workers parking in downtown Washington. President Ronald Reagan restored the subsidy in 1981. After leaving District government service, Schneider became a transportation consultant. In 1986, he moved to Denver to head the transportation division of that city's department of public works. In Denver he bought a car, after many years of not owning one. A native of Lincoln, Nebraska, Schneider was born in 1932. He moved to the District in 1958 after receiving a B A in Political Science from Johns Hopkins University and a law degree from the University of Michigan. Prior to his District government service, Schneider was a staff attorney with the U . S. Department of Transportation and had been executive director of the Washington Metropolitan Transit Commission. In 1987, Schneider moved to Bellevue, Washington, where he continued his career as a transportation consultant. He died in Bellevue on January 29, 1991. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Douglas N. Schneider, Director, Department of Transportation,District of Columbia (1975-1982) Subject The topic of the resource Schneider, Douglas N. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DDOT Historical Reports & Other Documents Subject The topic of the resource Transportation--Research--United States Transportation--Planning Description An account of the resource District Department of Transportation's historical reports and other documents. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource District Department of Transportation Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource History of DDOT & Its Predecessors Subject The topic of the resource District Department of Transportation District of Columbia. Department of Transportation District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District of Columbia. Department of Public Works District of Columbia. Department of Highways Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Various Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/1bf245461e47fc8f0434753b3bb878b0.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=Gce60TbrJnoNfK5RHKlPWhHp1xXSCER1EFgiaZpr-KyvVigKkKKdjm7cGdyrdLbaMr0kGQmb7CrDTCdjpcfLpyeakflrEwCmAj-e3qdbZpvIhVK7p3c0nZL%7E7mtpgpzx25-SeBBOo8TLOx84YYLVXwEoG0FJIbyY0GggSfE-eigrO9%7EyUS0ea-5VWaatrL2bZ14Vs-RjNqX2mabZaHJAAHl8a7MVzLMHuezeFGzWoYfOJTNxebY2QomEZUdD-RnQZkmPfI1DcDNPpgEzrnULLv90ApYAIgpE-KWpLuyufI-fpL9gXf%7E9SXIKk0JP8KoJF-PBzvx-gGCd9aT5bBwwRA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 1e2cdc9624da3f265f3faefef9a8b086 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hotels 001 Subject The topic of the resource Hotels Streetscapes (Urban design) Fourteenth Street (Washington, D.C.) K Street (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource This is a view of the Ambassador Hotel shortly before its demolition. It stood on the southwest corner of 14th Street and K Street in northwest DC, and opened in 1929. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Circa 1980 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The description and year information with this photograph was crowd-sourced from the group Old Time DC on Facebook. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DC Buildings, Churches, and Landmarks Subject The topic of the resource Libraries Buildings Monuments Description An account of the resource Photos of various buildings, landmarks, and monuments in DC. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource District Department of Transportation Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hotels Subject The topic of the resource Hotels Description An account of the resource Photographs of various hotels in DC. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Hotels https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/cbcc6bd36f72fe21da91244ce16e77c0.pdf?Expires=1779321600&Signature=tRhdfO%7EqGDGMbWzExYbgbs-sw7POTk6uJE-KeUhweRoTCbSYUUlRoBvHBZj79oh1ZPqB1WRuHTZYP5%7EZmInQQhzsYOTh9TcftsHr6-TGCnoaXBCREb03NMdNp-Du4WAHz4GZpZR3787XaFwrW6GSD6l1Z8eWYNq3GYuy7OgIPJNyCMFqNwx03KSKt07LB7D-OSpfl3glN6xANCH%7Ev8gbpGUkQsEExvMKiZlSEczh2FBhp28WwqDVv7ijGr0fX9lzi8q80Ww%7EQnUUScmXKjv2LG2D0NNtQ2g%7EiH3AnD79I-I8vVHfSSYS9llUJIFNMoEwAiO96YB88m4umSQbTSswbQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM bd4b6d04a74968c51cbee2bba3222702 PDF Text Text April 8, 1963 AN EVALUATION by the BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA of the ? R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S FOR TRANSPORTATION in the N A T I O N A L CAPITAL REGION by the N A T I O N A L CAPITAL T R A N S P O R T A T I O N A G E N C Y NOVEMBER 1, 1962 �April ft 1963 0 U J AN EVALUATION by the BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA of the R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S in the N A T I O N A L NATIONAL F O R TRANSPORTATION R E G I O N by the CAPITAL TRANSPORTATION AGENCY NOVEMBER 1, 1962 CAPITAL �T_A_ B L, _ E _ C _ F_ C _ 0 _ N _ T _ E_ N T S FOREWORD iv SUMMARY vi I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. APPENDIX 1 PLANNING THE ROLE OF NCTA HIGHWAY THE NCTA THE 32 HIGHWAYS PLAN TRANSIT 41 PLAN 60 68 COST CONCLUSIONS 81 RECOMMENDATIONS 89 "A" - COMMENTS BY T H E JOINT TRANSPORTATION COMMISSION ON T H E R E P O R T O F T H E NATIONAL CAPITAL TRANSPORTATION AGENCY ( f o l l o w i n g page 92) APPENDIX I. T H R E E SISTERS BRIDGE REPORT document) i (A separate �E X H I B I T S Following Page Caption Figure Number 2 National Transportation Indices i n R e l a t i o n to E c o n o m i c 1 Growth National Median F a m i l y Income, Passenger Consumer 3 & 4 Car Registrations, Price 6 7 8 Transportation Trends in (Transit) Total Daily P e r s o n Capital 8 Metro- (Auto) politan Toronto 5 & 6 Trips Metro8 - National 12 Area P e r c e n t b y M o d e of T o t a l I n c r e a s e i n Daily P e r s o n T r i p s between 9 10 and Index Transportation Trends in politan Toronto 6 1980 F o r e c a s t - A . Washington M. Standard Statistical Area 1955 a n d Peak 1980 12 13 Hour Metropolitan - M o d e of Transportation to a n d f r o m W o r k v e r s u s F a m i l y Income 21 11 T y p i c a l Modal Split C u r v e 23 12 Modal Split 23 12a A c t u a l U s e of T r a n s i t F a c i l i t i e s f r o m Curve to I 9 6 0 a n d E s t i m a t e d to 1 9 8 0 13 Travel Cost - Volume Alternate 14 15 Functions Traffic Facility NCTA Recommended System Comparison 1901 Chicago for 37 Designs F r e e w a y and of R e c o m m e n d e d Parkway 43 Rapid Transit 45 Systems 16 24 S i x - L a n e Interstate F r e e w a y along Eastern 48 Avenue ii Number �Figure 17 Number Caption P o r t i o n of F i g u r e 4, N C T A Volume 18 Following Page Appendix, V 51 Typical Freeway Traffic Volume Approach- ing Downtown 18a 52 Shirley Highway Traffic Downtown - A . M . 19 22 52 Appendix 52 V Newspaper Item: C a l l e d Too 21 Approaching Hour P o r t i o n o f F i g u r e 4, N C T A Volume 20 Peak Virginia Beltway 54 Typical Inner Loop F r e e w a y Systems for Combined Facility 56 T r a v e l and Investment C o s t NCTA Traffic 57 Recommended R a i l S y s t e m and MTS 62 System A v e r a g e Population Transit 26 for A l t e r n a t e Re- Designs R a i l Dominant 25 - Report NCTA l a t e d to V o l u m e 24 55 The E x p r e s s Street S y s t e m and Alternate f r o m B l a i r and Stein A s s o c i a t e s ' 23 Section Narrow Density along R a i l Rapid Routes 6 4 Population per Square Mile f r o m Downtown for S e l e c t e d R a i l R a p i d T r a n s i t R o u t e s iii 64 Number �F O R _ E _W_ 0_ R D I n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h S e c t i o n 2 0 4 ( g ) of t h e N a t i o n a l Capital T r a n s p o r t a t i o n A c t of 1960s t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency- s u b m i t t e d to t h e P r e s i d e n t of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a r e p o r t e n t i t l e d , m e n d a t i o n s for T r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n the National C a p i t a l R e g i o n , Organization", dated November "Recom- F i n a n c e and 1, 1 9 6 2 . B y l e t t e r of N o v e m b e r 2 0 , 1 9 6 2 , t h e B u r e a u of t h e B u d g e t a n - n o u n c e d r e c e i p t of t h i s r e p o r t a n d a d v i s e d of t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s d e s i r e that t h e B o a r d of C o m m i s s i o n e r s of t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a s u b m i t p r i o r to t r a n s m i t t a l of t h e r e p o r t t o t h e The recommendations ber 1, Congress. contained i n the N C T A r e p o r t of Novem- 1 9 6 2 , w i l l h a v e f a r - r e a c h i n g i m p a c t u p o n t h e f u t u r e of t h e Capital Region. The transportation system recommended w o u l d i n v o l v e a n e x p e n d i t u r e of $ 1 . 6 b i l l i o n . upon land u s e s and v a l u e s . w h e r e they work, downtown a r e a , National in this report It w i l l h a v e a m a j o r effect T h e p r o p o s a l w i l l affect w h e r e people l i v e , a n d h o w t h e y t r a v e l to a n d f r o m w o r k . The proposed s y s t e m w i l l h a v e s i g n i f i c a n t effects upon the future d e v e l o p m e n t tions, comments of t h e t h e l o c a t i o n of g o v e r n m e n t a l a g e n c i e s a n d o t h e r i n s t a l l a - a n d t h e s t a t u r e a n d v i t a l i t y of t h e e n t i r e m e t r o p o l i t a n B e c a u s e of t h e i m p a c t of t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m region. recom- m e n d e d by the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n A g e n c y upon the people, the p r o g r a m s , a n d t h e f i n a n c i a l r e s o u r c e s of t h e D i s t r i c t of iv Columbia �a n d the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n , t h e B o a r d of C o m m i s s i o n e r s of t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a h a s u n d e r t a k e n a n e x t e n s i v e s t u d y a n d of t h e p r o p o s a l s evaluation c o n t a i n e d i n the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n A g e n c y r e p o r t of N o v e m b e r 1, 1 9 6 2 . T h e r e p o r t t h a t f o l l o w s r e p r e s e n t s t h e r e s u l t s of s u c h s t u d i e s a n d t h e B o a r d of C o m m i s s i o n e r s ' a p p r o a c h to a s o l u t i o n f o r t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of p e o p l e a n d g o o d s i n t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a a n d t h e politan area. v metro- �S U M M A R Y T h e B o a r d of C o m m i s s i o n e r s ' e v a l u a t i o n of t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency report is s u m m a r i z e d below: I. T H E NATIONAL, CAPITAL TRANSPORTATION AGENCY PROPOSES AN INADEQUATE HIGHWAY (a) SYSTEM: T h e N C T A r e p o r t e s t i m a t e s a p p r o x i m a t e l y the s a m e n u m b e r of d a i l y p e r s o n t r i p s ( 5 , 7 5 8 , 0 0 0 ) w o u l d b e made i n the r e g i o n i n 1980 a s w a s e s t i m a t e d u n d e r the M T S P l a n of 1 9 5 9 ( 6 , 0 7 0 , 0 0 0 ) . (b) T h e N C T A r e p o r t e s t i m a t e s t h a t t h e s a m e n u m b e r of p e r s o n t r i p s i n t h e r e g i o n w o u l d b e a s s i g n e d to h i g h w a y s as w a s e s t i m a t e d u n d e r t h e M T S P l a n of 1 9 5 9 . (c) T h e r e d u c e d h i g h w a y s y s t e m , on w h i c h N C T A proposes to e x p e n d a p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e - t h i r d l e s s m o n e y t h a n u n d e r c t h e M T S P l a n of 1 9 5 9 , w o u l d b e e x p e c t e d to h a n d l e t h e s a m e v o l u m e of t r a f f i c . (d) T h e d e s i g n a n d c o n t i n u i t y f e a t u r e s of t h e N C T A highway p r o p o s a l s p r e c l u d e m a x i m u m p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n the F e d e r a l I n t e r s t a t e H i g h w a y P r o g r a m a n d j e o p a r d i z e t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a ' s c a p a b i l i t y to f i n a n c e t h o s e r o u t e s o n w h i c h t h e r is m u t u a l a g r e e m e n t , e.g., c o m p l e t i o n of t h e I n n e r Potomac River Freeway, Loop. vi and �(e) The N C T A r e p o r t h a s not j u s t i f i e d e l i m i n a t i o n of vital highway projects such as the T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e , the N o r t h L e g of t h e I n n e r L o o p b u i l t t o I n t e r s t a t e s t a n d a r d s , a n d a n E a s t L e g w e s t of the A n a c o s t i a II, T H E NATIONAL C A P I T A L TRANSPORTATION A G E N C Y HAS P R O P O S E D A T R A N S I T S Y S T E M T H A T IS NOT (a) F U L L Y SUPPORTED: T h e f o r e c a s t i n g technique u s e d by N C T A for is questionable d e t e r m i n i n g t h e n u m b e r of p e o p l e t h a t w i l l u s e transit. Upon this technique, safety factor, depends t r a v e l by t r a n s i t and by (b) River. and without a rail reasonable t h e e s t i m a t e s of t h e n u m b e r s to auto. T h e B o a r d of C o m m i s s i o n e r s q u e s t i o n s w h e t h e r sufficient c o n s i d e r a t i o n h a s b e e n g i v e n to t h e t r a n s i t a l t e r n a t i v e s specifically greater between THERE 1959. A R E U N R E S O L V E D P R O B L E M S IN T H E N C T A P R O P O S A L S ORGANIZATION (a) flexibility and a m o r e realistic balance e x p r e s s b u s e s and r a i l t r a n s i t a s p r o p o s e d i n the M T S P l a n of III. -- AND FOR FINANCE: T h e f i s c a l s o u n d n e s s i s a m a t t e r of c o n c e r n . The a b i l i t y of a d e f i c i t h a s not b e e n c l e a r l y d e a l t w i t h . probThere i s no d e t e r m i n a t i o n of w h o w o u l d m a k e u p a d e f i c i t a n d h o w . (b) T h e r o l e a n d d e s t i n y of t h e p r i v a t e t r a n s i t e n t r e p r e n e u r h a v e not been e s t a b l i s h e d i n the N C T A report. Nor have the r e g u l a t o r y functions and r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s i n p r i v a t e public transportation been delineated. and �IV. IMPROVED COORDINATION IS N E C E S S A R Y F O R R E S P O N S I B L E T R A N S P O R T A T I O N P L A N N I N G IN T H E N A T I O N A L CAPITAL REGION: (a) C o o r d i n a t e d planning m o r e i n keeping with the s p i r i t a n d i n t e n t of t h e C o n g r e s s i o n a l m a n d a t e s i n P u b l i c 86-669, J u l y 14, I960, Law would have a c c e l e r a t e d c o n - s i d e r a b l y t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of a b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m with l e s s c o n t r o v e r s y and m o r e V. SUMMARY A. agreement. RECOMMENDATIONS: HIGHWAYS The c u r r e n t highway programs V i r g i n i a and M a r y l a n d , Roads, of t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia, a s a p p r o v e d by t h e U . S . B u r e a u of P u b l i c s h o u l d c o n t i n u e to a d v a n c e a s r a p i d l y a s f u n d s become available. B. TRANSIT (1) The commuter railroad proposals of t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n A g e n c y s h o u l d be i n i t i a t e d a s e a r l y a s p o s s i b l e c o n c u r r e n t w i t h d e s i g n of t h e d o w n t o w n loop. A t t h e s a m e t i m e , t h e u s e of e x i s t i n g r a i l s subway for r a p i d t r a n s i t should be i n i t i a t e d . (2) S t u d i e s of a m o r e r e a l i s t i c b a l a n c e b e t w e e n r a i l a n d ex- p r e s s b u s r a p i d t r a n s i t a s p r o p o s e d i n t h e M T S P l a n of 1959 s h o u l d b e c o n t i n u e d . (3) S u b s e q u e n t to a b o v e , i n i t i a t e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e subway. viii downtown �(4) R a p i d t r a n s i t e x t e n s i o n t h r o u g h the n o r t h w e s t appears to b e t h e l o g i c a l n e x t s t e p . Other t r a n s i t route locations and p r i o r i t i e s r e q u i r e m o r e C. O R G A N I Z A T I O N AND corridor study. FINANCE T h e B o a r d of C o m m i s s i o n e r s s u b s c r i b e s to t h e mendations (1) of t h e J o i n t T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C o m m i s s i o n . recom- (1) C o m m e n t s by the J o i n t T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C o m m i s s i o n on the R e p o r t of t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n A g e n c y ix �I. A. P L A N N I N G PHILOSOPHY OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING 1. 2. Examples o f Coordinated 3. B, The Need f o r C o o r d i n a t i o n The NCTA Approach Planning PAST TRENDS AND FUTURE PROJECTIONS 1, 2, Toronto: 3, C, N a t i o n a l E x p e r i e n c e i n Urban Areas F u t u r e Economic V a r i a b l e s A Case i n P o i n t THE TOTAL TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM; A PERSPECTIVE 1. 2. Peak Hour v s . D a i l y Movements 3. D. T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Demands Level of Service THE TRAFFIC FORECASTING TECHNIQUE 1. 2. Assumptions 3. Eo Description R e l i a b i l i t y of R e s u l t s A BALANCED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 1. Definition 2. E x p e r i e n c e i n Chicago 3. Alternatives 1 �I. A. P L A N N I N G PHILOSOPHY OF URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING 1. The Need f o r C o o r d i n a t i o n A p u b l i c works p r o j e c t r e q u i r i n g a long-range commitment and h a v i n g a f a r - r e a c h i n g impact upon the people, programs, f i n a n c i a l r e s o u r c e s and f u t u r e development o f a r a p i d l y growing urban a r e a , must r e f l e c t the highest, degree of c o o r d i n a t i o n s i b l e public agencies. and agreement among respon- E q u a l l y , any p u b l i c agency recommending a p l a n of such magnitude has the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r comprehensive e x p l o r a t i o n of r e a s o n a b l e a l t e r n a t i v e s or combinations o f a l t e r n a t i v e s to i n s u r e an optimum s o l u t i o n . I n urban t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g these p r i n c i p l e s a r e import a n t because the commitment o f f i n a n c i n g and f i x e d p l a n t i s not d e t e r mined by t a n g i b l e s c i e n t i f i c measurement. Instead, conclusions are developed from f o r e c a s t s and assumptions about f u t u r e human b e h a v i o r , a most u n p r e d i c t a b l e phenomenon. Transportation f o r e c a s t i n g i s an e v o l v i n g i n n o v a t i o n a l nique i n w h i c h new methods and changes a r e i n t r o d u c e d constantly. techThes f a c t o r s , p l u s the i n c r e a s i n g dependence upon the e l e c t r o n i c computer a s a f o r e c a s t i n g t o o l , underscore the need f o r a p p l i c a t i o n o f mature exper ence and judgment, and p r a c t i c a l l o g i c and p e r s p e c t i v e , to assumptions and a p p l i c a t i o n s o f d a t a and methods. The r e s u l t s from the computer a r e as good a s the judgment and e x p e r i e n c e a p p l i e d to the i n p u t d a t a . Close c o o r d i n a t i o n and agreement r e f l e c t i n g judgment and e x p e r i e n c e of r e s p o n s i b l e p u b l i c a g e n c i e s , imperative are i f the f i n a l p l a n i s to meet the t o t a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs �and d e s i r e s of the community. Without the b e n e f i t of c l o s e c o o p e r a t i o n and agreement on the i n p u t assumptions and subsequent "judgment" a d j u s t m e n t s , the "checks and b a l a n c e s " p r o c e s s so v i t a l to comprehensive urban t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g would be e l i m i n a t e d . The f i n a l p l a n would r e f l e c t o n l y the t h i n k i n g and c o n t r o l o f the d e v e l o p i n g agency. 2. Examples of Coordinated P l a n n i n g R e c o g n i z i n g t h i s need f o r c o o r d i n a t i o n , most comprehensive urban t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s t u d i e s today a r e conducted on a c o o p e r a t i v e b a s i s , a t p o l i c y and t e c h n i c a l l e v e l s , i n v o l v i n g l o c a l a g e n c i e s , S t a t e highway departments, mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n t e r e s t s , and F e d e r a l a g e n c i e s . For example, the P e n n - J e r s e y T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study i n the P h i l a d e l p h i a a r e a , s t a r t e d i n 1959 and c o v e r i n g an a r e a o f 400 square m i l e s , has a p o l i c y committee on which n i n e l o c a l a g e n c i e s , two S t a t e highway departments and the Bureau of P u b l i c Roads a r e r e p r e s e n t e d . The Chicago A r e a T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study, one of the l a r g e s t and most comprehensive s t u d i e s undertaken to d a t e , c o v e r s a m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a w i t h a p o p u l a t i o n o f seven m i l l i o n people. I t s T e c h n i c a l Committee i n c l u d e s the subway engineer o f the c i t y of Chicago, two e n g i n e e r s from the Chicago T r a n s i t A u t h o r i t y , and r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the I l l i n o i s Divi- s i o n of Highways, the Cook County and DuPage County Highway Departments and the Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads. The 1959 Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S u r v e y f o r the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Region was the product of f o u r y e a r s of study and development by o f f i c i a l s of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, the S t a t e s of Maryland and V i r g i n i a , c o u n t i e s , s e v e r a l c i t i e s and F e d e r a l a g e n c i e s . five The p l a n r e f l e c t e d the most advanced t e c h n i q u e s and t a l e n t s o f e x p e r t s i n the f i e l d s o f c i t y �p l a n n i n g and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . The Congress o f the U n i t e d S t a t e s recogn i z e d t h i s r e p o r t a s "one o f the most e x h a u s t i v e s t u d i e s o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs ever made i n any American c i t y " . I n a statement o f o b j e c t i v e s r e f l e c t i n g the degree o f c o o r d i - n a t i o n i n the Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Survey, the f o l l o w i n g p o i n t s were made" I n order t h a t Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n s f o r the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Region be f u l l y comprehensive, i t i s n e c e s s a r y t h a t f u l l c o n s i d e r a t i o n be g i v e n to expressways, freeways, parkways, and highways, planned and t o be c o n s t r u c t e d i n the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Region between the y e a r s 1955 and 1980. To accomplish t h i s o b j e c t i v e , i t i s e s s e n t i a l t h a t highway p l a n n i n g be f u l l y c o o r d i n a t e d w i t h the s e p a r a t e Highway Departments i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and the S t a t e s of Maryland and V i r g i n i a , a s may be r e l a t e d t o the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Region."(2) I t was a l s o agreed f o r the Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Survey that d e s i g n p l a n s and c o s t e s t i m a t e s f o r highways would be e s t a b l i s h e d by h a v i n g the s e p a r a t e highway departments, the c o n s u l t a n t engineer and the s u r v e y s t a f f "agree upon standards f o r d e s i g n and l o c a t i o n and u n i t p r i c e f o r determining 3. cost estimates." v ' The NCTA Approach By not u s i n g t h e a d v i c e and e x p e r i e n c e o f the r e g i o n a l highway departments i n e v a l u a t i n g i n p u t assumptions and d e t e r m i n i n g alternative t r a n s p o r t a t i o n systems to be t e s t e d , the NCTA has f o l l o w e d a procedure c o n t r a r y t o a l l modern urban t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s t u d i e s i n terms o f c o o r d i nated and c o o p e r a t i v e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y a t the p o l i c y , t e c h n i c a l and a d v i s o r y levels. Through imput assumptions and adjustments, and s e l e c t i o n o f (1) Senate Report No„ 1631, 86th Congress 2nd S e s s i o n , (2) Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Survey, N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Region - O b j e c t i v e s , December 14, 1956. 4 �r o u t e s and systems, the NCTA has developed a s o l u t i o n which shows a l l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n demands and c a p a c i t i e s i n "balance". any system can be "balanced" standards Under such c o n t r o l from the m e c h a n i c a l computer although of s e r v i c e w i l l v a r y . Without agreement and acceptance of the t o t a l t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t i n g procedure, i n c l u d i n g i n p u t assumptions and a p p l i c a t i o n s , r o u t e s and systems, by a l l r e s p o n s i b l e the r e s u l t a n t s o l u t i o n w i l l be s u b j e c t to The agencies, question. Board of Commissioners i s concerned because the approach taken by the NCTA i s a t v a r i a n c e w i t h the i n t e n t of S e c t i o n 9 of the F e d e r a l - A i d Highway A c t of 1962, which s t a t e s t h a t ; " A f t e r J u l y 1, 1965, the S e c r e t a r y ' o f Commerce s h a l l not approve any program f o r p r o j e c t s i n any urban a r e a of more than 50,000 p o p u l a t i o n u n l e s s he f i n d s t h a t such p r o j e c t s a r e based upon a c o n t i n u i n g comprehensive t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g process c a r r i e d on c o o p e r a t i v e l y by S t a t e s and l o c a l communities ." U n l e s s an improved t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g process ated i n the Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Area, the F e d e r a l - A i d of the highway programs of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, and is initi- eligibility those programs of Maryland and V i r g i n i a w i t h i n the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Region, may be i n jeopardy. B„ PAST TRENDS AND 1. FUTURE PROJECTIONS National Experience One i n Urban A r e a s of the r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of any urban t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n - n i n g agency i s the c o n s i d e r a t i o n of p a s t trends i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , s i n c e they r e f l e c t i n f a c t u a l terms, the d e s i r e s and c h o i c e s of individuals, as a guide to what they might do under assumed c o n d i t i o n s i n the f u t u r e . The NCTA r e p o r t f o r e c a s t s t h a t l o n g - e s t a b l i s h e d trends of human behavior can be reversed. �During the p e r i o d t i o n i n the n a t i o n i n c r e a s e d 1 3 8 7 a . On from 1 9 4 0 to 1 9 6 0 , total vehicle V e h i c l e m i l e s of t r a v e l 1287o. the o t h e r hand, s i n c e the end a steady d e c l i n e i n t r a n s i t r i d e r s . of World War registraincreased I I , there has been T h i s comparison of trends i c a l l y i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g u r e 1 , F i g u r e 2 , and i s graph- Table I . A c l e a r e v a l u a t i o n of these t r e n d s was developed i n a recent Highway R e s e a r c h Board paper which s t a t e d : "Important c o n c l u s i o n s can be drawn from d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s of r e c e n t changes i n t r a v e l b e h a v i o r . " F i r s t , the d e c l i n e i n use of mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s and the r i s e i n the use of the automobile are p a r a l l e l phenomena r a t h e r than cause and e f f e c t . Mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n patronage has not d e c l i n e d because automobile use has i n c r e a s e d . The d e c l i n e of one and the i n c r e a s e of the o t h e r r e s u l t from a common cause, the changes i n form and s t r u c t u r e of the m e t r o p o l i s . These changes, i n t u r n , a r e l i n k e d to advancing technology of power, product i o n , communication and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . "Second, common c a r r i e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and p r i v a t e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a r e not p r o p e r l y to be c o n s i d e r e d as simple alternatives. Each has i t s a p p r o p r i a t e r o l e to p l a y i n s e r v i n g the t r a v e l requirements of the m e t r o p o l i s . For t r a v e l volumes t h a t a r e c o n c e n t r a t e d , i n both space and time, l i k e rush-hour t r a v e l to the CBD, p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e r v e s b e s t and has a n a t u r a l dominance. For t r a v e l t h a t i s d i s p e r s e d , e i t h e r over a m u l t i t u d e of paths or over many hours of the day, p r i v a t e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i s the p r i n c i p l e mode. For most t r i p s i n t h i s c a t e g o r y the t r a v e l e r has no other p r a c t i c a b l e choice."(3) With t h i s p e r s p e c t i v e , portation planners i t becomes i m p e r a t i v e t h a t urban t r a n s - r e c o g n i z e the need to p r o v i d e an adequate l e v e l of s e r v i c e f o r a l l of the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n demands of a m e t r o p o l i t a n i n c l u d i n g the movement of both people and goods, i n terms of area, efficiency, economy, f l e x i b i l i t y , c a p a c i t y and p u b l i c d e s i r e . (3) M e t r o p o l i t a n Growth and T r a v e l P a t t e r n s by F r a n k W. H e r r i n g , Deputy D i r e c t o r f o r Comprehensive P l a n n i n g , The P o r t of New York A u t h o r i t y . Highway R e s e a r c h Board, 1 9 6 1 . 6 ��figure Z �T A B L E P o p u l a t i o n & R a p i d 1 9 4 0 R E G I O N A L C i t y & P O P U L A T I O N N u m b e r Y e a r 7» N e w - P a s s e n g e r 1 9 4 0 T r i p T r e n d s 1 9 6 0 T R E N D S C h a n g e o f I T r a n s i t R A P I D T o t a l ( i n T r i p s 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ) % T R A N S I T C h a n g e o f T R E N D S T r i p s / C a p i t a 1 9 4 0 % C h a n g e o f 1 9 4 0 Y o r k - - - 1 9 4 0 8 , 7 0 6 , 9 1 7 1 9 5 0 9 , 5 5 5 , 9 4 3 9 . 8 1 , 6 5 8 . 7 - 1 0 . 0 1 7 3 . 6 - 1 8 . 0 1 9 6 0 1 0 , 6 9 4 , 6 3 3 2 2 . 8 1 , 3 4 4 . 4 - 2 7 . 1 1 2 5 . 7 - 4 0 . 6 1 9 4 0 4 , 5 6 9 , 6 4 3 1 9 5 0 5 , 1 7 7 , 8 6 8 1 3 . 3 1 1 0 . 0 1 9 6 0 6 , 2 2 0 , 9 1 3 3 6 . 1 1 1 1 . 7 1 , 8 4 3 . 0 2 1 1 . 7 C h i c a g o - 1 2 3 . 0 - 2 6 . 9 - - 1 0 . 6 2 1 . 2 - 2 1 . 2 - 9 . 2 1 8 . 0 - 3 3 . 1 - 2 9 . 4 - 3 0 . 7 4 . 4 P h i l a d e l p h i a - 1 9 4 0 1 9 5 0 3 , 6 7 1 , 0 4 8 1 4 . 7 1 1 2 . 6 1 9 . 8 1 9 6 0 S o u r c e : 3 , 1 9 9 , 6 3 7 4 , 3 4 2 , 8 9 7 3 5 . 7 7 5 . 0 - 2 0 . 2 C e n s u s R e p o r t s a n d A m e r i c a n T r a n s i t 9 4 . 0 A s s o c i a t i o n 1 7 = 3 - 4 1 . 2 �2. Toronto: A Case i n P o i n t The NCTA r e p o r t r e f e r s t o the Toronto subway system a s an o u t s t a n d i n g example o f a modern, e f f i c i e n t and a t t r a c t i v e r a p i d transit facility. The graphs shown a s F i g u r e s 3 through 6 i l l u s t r a t e Toronto's e x p e r i e n c e w i t h a t o t a l t r a n s i t system o f b u s s e s , s t r e e t c a r s , and i t s p a r t i a l r a i l subway system. Between 1955 and 1961 c a r r e g i s t r a t i o n i n Toronto i n c r e a s e d about 407», The number o f t r a n s i t f a r e s decreased 16%. I n a r e a p p r a i s a l o f i t s t o t a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs, the Toronto T r a n s i t Commission has s t a t e d ; "Where subways a r e h i g h l y important f o r the r a p i d movement o f people i n the c e n t r a l p o r t i o n o f t h i s l a r g e urban community, adequate p r o v i s i o n f o r r a p i d bus movement on the s u r f a c e i s a l s o v e r y i m p o r t a n t . Lanes devoted e x c l u s i v e l y to bus movement, e i t h e r on expressways or a s e x t e n s i o n s to the subway system, w i l l permit the r a p i d movement o f l a r g e numbers o f persons a t h i g h speeds throughout M e t r o p o l i t a n Toronto w i t h minimum use o f s t r e e t space and a t minimum c o s t . These bus f a c i l i t i e s may, i n some c a s e s , be a p r i v a t e roadway o r median s t r i p i n the middle o f a d i v i d e d expressway, or may be a s i n g l e r e s e r v e d l a n e , on a highway or s t r e e t . T h e r e f o r e , by the use o f funds devoted i n the proper p r o p o r t i o n s t o the c r e a t i o n o f highway, bus l i n e and subway f a c i l i t i e s , the t o t a l c o s t f o r these f a c i l i t i e s c a n be kept a t a minimum."(4) T h i s e x p r e s s i o n based on e x p e r i e n c e prompts the Board o f Commissioners t o q u e s t i o n whether the NCTA p r o p o s a l s r e f l e c t p r o p e r l y experience i n other areas. C a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n must be g i v e n t o t h i s point. (4) 1961 Annual Report o f the Toronto T r a n s i t 8 Commission. �TRANSPORTATION METROPOLITAN T R E N D S IN TORONTO (AUTO ) S0i/£C£: LETTER PATE I? FE&. 15, J 963 TRANSPORTATION TORONTO PLANNING PIVlSION, &OAR,P FROM PIRECTOR, METROPOLITAN figure _4. �6 0 U A M M U A L e&PORT, TOeOKITO T £ A N a i T £0MMI€>6ION figure J B _ �3. F u t u r e Economic V a r i a b l e s t S i n c e f u t u r e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n requirements w i l l be i n t i m a t e l y l i n k e d w i t h f u t u r e economic growth, the urban t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n e r must r e c o g n i z e and The a n t i c i p a t e the f o r c e s t h a t w i l l shape these r e q u i r e m e n t s . f o l l o w i n g d i s c u s s i o n o u t l i n e s these f o r c e s and illustrates the impact of f u t u r e economic v a r i a b l e s upon t r a n s p o r t a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s . " C h i e f among the f o r c e s t h a t w i l l shape f u t u r e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n requirements a r e a changing i n d u s t r i a l mix, an i n c r e a s e d d i s c r e t i o n a r y element i n people's budgets, and the complementary n a t u r e of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . "With r e g a r d to the f i r s t of these -- the changing product-mix of our economy -- s e v e r a l p o i n t s should be made. F i r s t , as our economy grows, the l a b o r and c a p i t a l component of our output i n c r e a s e s r e l a t i v e to the r a w - m a t e r i a l i n p u t ; and s i n c e l a b o r and c a p i t a l a r e mobile, i n d u s t r y i s f i n d i n g i t l e s s and l e s s n e c e s s a r y to be t i e d to p a r t i c u l a r geographic a r e a s . T h i s t r e n d i s a c c e l e r a t e d by the f a c t t h a t our t r a n s p o r t a t i o n systems now p r o v i d e us w i t h good a c c e s s to most a r e a s . Consequently, we can expect t h a t i n d u s t r y w i l l become more mobile, and t h a t i t w i l l l o c a t e c l o s e r to i t s markets r a t h e r than to i t s sources of raw m a t e r i a l s . T h i s change w i l l be a major f a c t o r t h a t must be taken i n t o account i n p l a n n i n g f o r new t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s . "A second a s p e c t of the changing product-mix i s t h a t as our incomes have gone up, we have i n c r e a s e d our demand f o r s e r v i c e s more than f o r goods. That i s , we now buy r e l a t i v e l y more packaging along w i t h our foods, more p e r s o n a l s e r v i c e s , more r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s , and the l i k e . These s e r v i c e a c t i v i t i e s tend to be consumer-oriented and t h e r e f o r e h i g h l y r e l a t e d to r e s i d e n t i a l p a t t e r n s . "A s h o r t but r e v e a l i n g way to summarize these developments i s to p o i n t out t h a t both of these t r e n d s i n the product mix of our economy l e a d us to expect t h a t employment p a t t e r n s w i l l be much more h i g h l y d i s p e r s e d than they have been i n the p a s t . The impact of t h i s on journey-to-work p a t t e r n s i s c l e a r . " R e f e r r i n g to consumer p r e f e r e n c e s , i t i s c l e a r t h a t r i s i n g per c a p i t a income i s making q u a l i t y of s e r v i c e more and (5) A b s t r a c t s from "The Demand f o r T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S e r v i c e s i n a Growing Economy" by C h a r l e s J , Zwick, p r e s e n t e d to the 42nd Annual Meeting of the Highway R e s e a r c h Board, Washington, D.C., J a n u a r y 9, 1963. 9 �more i m p o r t a n t . Today t h e r e i s l e s s need f o r us t o seek the minimum c o s t method o f moving people; r a t h e r , we have to a n t i c i p a t e which i s the most d e s i r a b l e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system g i v e n people's wants and d e s i r e s . "From t h e evidence t o date, we may conclude t h a t most Americans want h i g h e r q u a l i t y i n t h e i r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n systems, i n t h a t they a r e w i l l i n g to pay f o r such advantage as p r i v a c y , f l e x i b i l i t y , and t i m e - s a v i n g . I n the 1 9 3 0 ' s consumers a l l o c a t e d about 9 p e r c e n t o f t h e i r t o t a l expendit u r e s t o t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ; i n the l a t e 5 0 ' s -- w i t h h i g h e r p e r c a p i t a income -- they a l l o c a t e d 1 2 p e r c e n t . "A T h i r d major f o r c e ... i s t h e complementary nature of transportation. I n a r e l a t i v e l y advanced economy l i k e t h a t o f the U n i t e d S t a t e s , people a r e buying goods which by t h e i r v e r y n a t u r e i n c r e a s e the demand f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e r v i c e s . C h i e f among these i s i n d i v i d u a l home ownership ... c e r t a i n l y one o f the s t r o n g e s t d e s i r e s and g o a l s o f our s o c i e t y . I n 1 9 0 0 , 3 5 7 o o f the U.S. p o p u l a t i o n owned homes, while 6 5 7 o rented. By 1 9 5 7 , 6 0 7 o of the p o p u l a t i o n owned homes. I f we look a t the 1 9 5 7 d a t a by income groups, we note t h a t over 8 3 7 > o f the f a m i l i e s w i t h incomes above $ 1 0 , 0 0 0 owned homes i n 1 9 5 7 . I n s h o r t , home ownership has i n c r e a s e d r a p i d l y and w i l l probably continue t o do so as our s o c i e t y becomes w e a l t h i e r . Among o t h e r t h i n g s , t h i s d e s i r e leads t o a low d e n s i t y r e s i d e n t i a l p a t t e r n . Low-density r e s i d e n t i a l p a t t e r n s mean, i n t u r n , t h a t the demand f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e r v i c e s goes up and the mode o f t r a v e l w i l l probably change. One of the c h a l l e n g e s c o n f r o n t i n g us today i s how t o p r o v i d e an e f f i c i e n t p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system i n the f a c e o f low r e s i d e n t i a l d e n s i t i e s and more d i s p e r s e d employment. " A l s o , the demand f o r r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s i s growing r a p i d l y . S h o r t e r work weeks and h i g h e r incomes a l l o w f a m i l i e s t o spend s i g n i f i c a n t l y more on r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s which a g a i n may r e q u i r e new t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s , " The above d i s c u s s i o n c o n t r a s t s the i m p l i c a t i o n s o f f u t u r e econo mic development w i t h the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n proposed by the NCTA, i n which the highway and e x p r e s s bus elements so v i t a l t o these r e c o g n i z e d t r e n d s a r e s u b o r d i n a t e d t o the f i x e d r a i l t r a n s i t element. C. THE TOTAL TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM: 1. Transportation A PERSPECTIVE Demands A comprehensive t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n should p r o v i d e a n adequate 1 0 �l e v e l o f s e r v i c e f o r a l l o f the v a r i o u s d i f f e r i n g t r a n s p o r t a t i o n demands of the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Region, Peak hour r a d i a l movement t o and from work i s o n l y one o f the many t r a n s p o r t a t i o n demands, i n c l u d i n g n o n - r a d i a l peak movement, o f f peak movement, t o u r i s t t r a v e l , movement o f goods and weekend t r a v e l . Many o f these demands can o n l y be s e r v e d by highways. By s u b o r d i n a t i n g a l l o t h e r demands t o t h e s i n g l e demand o f peak hour r a d i a l work movement, and by f a i l i n g t o r e c o g n i z e the highway network a s the backbone o f any urban t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system, the NCTA has produced a p l a n which i s unbalanced i n terms o f p r o v i d i n g equal and adequate s e r v i c e t o a l l u s e r s of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s , 2, Peak Hour v s , D a i l y Movements A r e a l i s t i c p e r s p e c t i v e o f t h e t o t a l demands on t h e r e g i o n a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system can be developed by c o n s i d e r i n g the t o t a l trip d e s i r e s i n a 24-hour weekday. In the 25-year p e r i o d from 1955 to 1980, t r i p s w i l l i n c r e a s e from a p p r o x i m a t e l y t o t a l d a i l y person 3,135 000'^^ t o 5,758,000 ^ \ s The NCTA f o r e c a s t s t h a t , o f t h e 1980 person t r i p s , 757,000 ^ handled by t h e i r proposed r a i l systems. w i l l be t r a n s i t , commuter r a i l and e x p r e s s bus The r e s t , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 m i l l i o n t r i p s , i n c l u d i n g some unde- termined number o f t r i p s by l o c a l bus, were a s s i g n e d t o t h e highway and street system. (6) "Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Survey - T r a f f i c E n g i n e e r i n g Study" by Wilbur S m i t h and A s s o c i a t e s , 1956. P. 86, Table XXVI, (7) NCTA Appendix V o l . I l l , P, 37, Table 8. (8) 1980 - 756,697 NCTA Appendix V o l . V P, 2 9 Table I V - 1 1955 - 640,000 Op c i t ( 6 ) 1955 T r a n s i t T r i p s Diff, 116,697 E s t i m a t e d I n c r e a s e i n T r a n s i t T r i p s , s 11 A B | s �Thus, a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 1 7 , 0 0 0 o f the e s t i m a t e d i n c r e a s e i n t r a v e l from 1 9 5 5 t o 1 9 8 0 would be s e r v e d by the proposed r a i l r a i l and e x p r e s s bus system. for t h i s period. t r a n s i t , commuter This represents 4%7> of the t o t a l I n o t h e r words more than 957o increase o f the i n c r e a s e i n t r i p s made by r e s i d e n t s o f the r e g i o n i n t h i s 2 5 - y e a r p e r i o d w i l l be c a r r i e d on t h e highway and s t r e e t system, a c c o r d i n g t o the NCTA e s t i m a t e . These r e l a t i o n s h i p s a r e i l l u s t r a t e d i n F i g u r e s 7 and 8 . During t h e peak hour, the p e r i o d o f the day p r o v i d i n g the greatest j u s t i f i c a t i o n for r a i l including r a i l t r a n s i t , the proposed t r a n s i t system, t r a n s i t , commuter r a i l and e x p r e s s and l o c a l bus, i s expected t o p r o v i d e s e r v i c e f o r about t o t a l peak hour load o f (9) 6 6 0 , 0 0 0 ^ 1 0 ) 1 5 9 , 0 0 0 ^ ^ trips. t r i p s , or 2 4 7 . o f the Seventy-six percent or 5 0 1 , 0 0 0 From NCTA 1 9 8 0 F o r e c a s t t r a n s i t t r i p s by purpose. T o t a l t r a n s i t t r i p s , i n c l u d i n g bus, 1 5 9 , 0 0 0 , Average o f F o r e c a s t "A" & "B" T r a n s i t D i s t r i b u t i o n Loadings - Systems 1 2 3 - B and 1 2 1 - B . Sector 0 Non-Sector 0 Total Transit Trips 1 9 8 0 6 3 , 8 0 9 1 6 2 , 4 9 9 9 8 , 6 9 1 F o r e c a s t B System 1 2 1 - B 6 1 , 2 5 9 1 5 5 , 6 1 0 9 4 , 3 5 1 F o r e c a s t A System 1 2 3 - B 1 5 9 , 0 5 4 Average 1 9 8 0 Morning Peak Hoar T r i p Composition Washington, D.C. (A) (B) (C) (D) Total Daily Conversion Peak Hour Peak Hour T r a n s i t Factors Trips T r i p Purpose Trips Trips 1 1 0 , 0 0 0 697„ Work 2 , 1 1 6 , 0 0 0 0 , 2 2 1 7 4 6 9 H 7 6 1 4 , 0 0 0 0 . 2 3 3 3 1 4 3 , 2 4 6 4 3 , 0 0 0 277=, School 0 . 0 2 4 2 Non Home Based 7 5 1 , 0 0 0 1 8 , 1 7 4 5 5 3 , 5 0 0 1 6 , 4 3 9 Miscellaneous 0 . 0 2 9 7 > 6 , 0 0 0 47o Social-Rec. 8 5 7 , 5 0 0 0 . 0 0 8 5 7 , 2 8 9 1 Shopping 8 6 6 , 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 6 8 5 , 8 8 9 , J a S 6 6 0 , 1 5 4 1 5 9 , 0 0 0 1 0 0 7 , (A) Appendix Volume I I I , T a b l e 8 , P. 3 7 (average o f P l a n s A & B) (B) Appendix Volume I I I , T a b l e 9 , P. 4 7 (both d i r e c t i o n s added) (C) C = A x B (D) See ( 9 ) Above. Note to ( 9 ) and ( 1 0 ) NCTA e s t i m a t e s t h a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 7 7 , should be added to ( 9 ) f o r i n t r a z o n a l t r a n s i t t r i p s . However, ( 1 0 ) Column ( C ) would a l s o have t o be i n c r e a s e d s i m i l a r l y f o r a l l i n t r a z o n a l t r i p s , both auto and t r a n s i t . Thus the o v e r - a l l percentage c a r r i e d by t r a n s i t would not be a f f e c t e d . 12 ��Pf/?C£NT Bl/MODf Of£07/11 7A/£££A5 /A/ DMV Pf£>SOA/ ££/PS £935 fO /980 A/4776>/V4<L CMP/774L AB£4 �of these person t r i p s w i l l use the high\?ay system i n the peak hour. Figure 9 i l l u s t r a t e s this relationship. 660,000 peak hour t r i p s a r e t o S e c t o r 0. s e r v e 60% or 97,000 o f t h i s t o t a l . Approximately 25% o f the NCTA e s t i m a t e s t h a t i t w i l l The r e m a i n i n g e s t i m a t e d peak hour (9) transit t r i p s , or 62,000. a r e non-downtown o r i e n t e d . C e r t a i n l y a highway system which s e r v e s the overwhelming m a j o r i t y of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n demands i n the r e g i o n , i n c l u d i n g the major p o r t i o n o f peak hour t r a v e l , should p r o v i d e a h i g h l e v e l of s e r v i c e t o its users. 3. Level of Service A t o t a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system, r e f l e c t i n g the needs and d e s i r e s o f the community, should p r o v i d e c o n v e n i e n t , f r e e - f l o w i n g traffic f o r a l l types o f t r i p s , i n c l u d i n g t r a n s i t , auto and t r u c k s , even d u r i n g the normal peak hour. The NCTA c l a i m s t h a t i t s program w i l l p r o v i d e a f r e e c h o i c e of a l t e r n a t i v e modes o f t r a v e l . Choice c a n be f r e e but not comparable, are g i v e n equal weight i n terms o f r e l a t i v e unless alternatives comfort, convenience, speed and c o s t . While p l a n n i n g a f r e e - f l o w i n g and c o n v e n i e n t r a p i d transit system, the NCTA has p e n a l i z e d the highway system by c a u s i n g h i g h e r than a c c e p t a b l e l e v e l s o f c o n g e s t i o n and, c o r r e s p o n d i n g l y , lower than n o r m a l l y accepted d e s i g n s t a n d a r d s . For example, d e s i g n c a p a c i t i e s i n the range o f 1700 a r e used i n s t e a d o f the accepted 1500 v e h i c l e s p e r lane p e r hour. I n i t s November 1 , 1962 Report, the NCTA "questioned t h e (9) See p r e v i o u s page 1 3 �wot/see s �assumption o f the 1959 P l a n t h a t c e n t r a l a r e a freeways would c a r r y o n l y 1500 v e h i c l e s p e r l a n e p e r hour and p l a c e our c a p a c i t y a t a more (11) r e a l i s t i c 1700 v e h i c l e s p e r l a n e p e r hour.' What i s r e f e r r e d t o by t h e NCTA a s an assumption i s the d e s i g n s t a n d a r d acknowledged by the American A s s o c i a t i o n o f S t a t e Highway O f f i c i a l s , I t i s an accepted n a t i o n a l p o l i c y i n the d e s i g n o f urban f r e e w a y s . The d a t a , r e a s o n i n g and a n a l y s i s t h a t l e d t o the use o f 1500 passenger v e h i c l e s per l a n e per hour a s the p r a c t i c a l , or d e s i g n c a p a c i t y , a r e c a r e f u l l y documented i n the Highway C a p a c i t y Manual, an accepted p u b l i c a t i o n o f the Highway R e s e a r c h Board. To i n c r e a s e t h i s n a t i o n a l s t a n d a r d f o r the c e n t r a l a r e a of Washington, D.C., thereby a c c e p t i n g a lower l e v e l of s e r v i c e on the freeway system i n t h i s a r e a , much o f which i s on the N a t i o n a l System o f I n t e r s t a t e and Defense Highways, c o n f l i c t s w i t h t h e d e s i g n s t a n d a r d s adopted by AASHO f o r t h e N a t i o n a l System o f I n t e r s t a t e and Defense Highways. Lane d e s i g n c a p a c i t y i s not the o n l y c r i t e r i o n r e q u i r e d f o r good e n g i n e e r i n g d e s i g n o f an urban freeway. During peak p e r i o d s opera- t i n g c o n d i t i o n s on urban freeways a r e dependent upon t h e c a p a c i t i e s o f p o t e n t i a l b o t t l e n e c k s , which g e n e r a l l y occur at: i n t e r c h a n g e s where t r a f f i c i s added t o the main l i n e o f the freeway without adding a d d i t i o n a l l a n e s . By assuming h i g h e r l a n e c a p a c i t i e s i n the c e n t r a l a r e a o f Washington where i n t e r c h a n g e s occur f r e q u e n t l y , the NCTA has i n c r e a s e d the prob a b i l i t y o f c o n g e s t i o n and o v e r l o a d i n g a t t h e h e a r t o f the freeway network, A p r i m a r y f u n c t i o n o f a freeway i s t o p r o v i d e f o r the s a f e movement o f people and goods. (11) With c o n t r o l o f a c c e s s and o t h e r modern NCTA Report, November 1 , 1962, Page 25, Paragraph 2. �design f e a t u r e s b u i l t i n t o f r e e w a y s , many of the u n d e r l y i n g causes a c c i d e n t s on a r t e r i a l s t r e e t s a r e e l i m i n a t e d . A c c i d e n t and r a t e s on freeways a r e l e s s than o n e - h a l f as g r e a t as on of fatality arterial streets. Research by the Bureau of P u b l i c Roads has shown t h a t a c c i d e n t r a t e s on the Pentagon Network, a freeway system, a r e much h i g h e r during both morning and a f t e r n o o n peak hours as compared to day or e a r l y evening. Congestion on p o r t i o n s c f the Pentagon Network develops when volumes a r e 1500 to 1600 v e h i c l e s per l a n e per hour because of a c c e s s p o i n t s and c o n s i d e r a b l e weaving. g e s t i o n and o v e r l o a d i n g frequent The r e s e a r c h shows t h a t con- ( a t volumes above 1500 v e h i c l e s per lane per (12) h o u r ) , a r e not conducive to a h i g h l e v e l of s a f e o p e r a t i o n s . Traffic f l o w s a r e not c o n s t a n t but surge p e r i o d i c a l l y . peak f i v e minute flow i n the d e s i g n hour i s the c r i t i c a l volume. peak f i v e minute flow may flow. v a r y from 1.1 to 1.5 I t i s another of the many reasons The This time t h a t of the h o u r l y f o r the 1500 v e h i c l e s per lane per hour d e s i g n c a p a c i t y f i g u r e . D. THE TRAFFIC FORECASTING TECHNIQUE 1. Description The r e s u l t s and c o n c l u s i o n s developed f o r any t r a f f i c fore- c a s t i n g procedure a r e only as good as the judgment and e x p e r i e n c e to the i n p u t d a t a . T h i s p o i n t was noted by the t r a f f i c c o n s u l t a n t to the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency i n h i s i n i t i a l (12) applied feasibility Bureau of P u b l i c Roads Report,1962, e n t i t l e d "Pentagon T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study." 15 �report, which s t a t e d , " I t i s the assumptions i n h e r e n t i n d a t a f e d i n t o these computerized models which w i l l determine which, i f any, t r a v e l mode i s f a v o r e d i n the r e s u l t s . " The procedure employed by the NCTA i s d e s c r i b e d i n the append i c e s o f t h e November 1 , 1962 R e p o r t , and w i l l n o t be r e p e a t e d here., However, i t i s a p p r o p r i a t e t o note a g a i n t h a t t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t i n g i n i t s p r e s e n t stage o f development i s an e v o l v i n g i n n c v a t i o n a l technique i n which new procedures and methods a r e i n t r o d u c e d c o n s t a n t l y and o l d ones a r e d i s c a r d e d . I t i s , however, most important t o c o n s i d e r v e r y the carefully assumptions used i n the procedure and the r e l i a b i l i t y o f the r e s u l t s , s i n c e the NCTA i s proposing a l a r g e p u b l i c works p r o j e c t , based on conc l u s i o n s reached by the Agency which r e f l e c t u n i l a t e r a l control, unproved t e c h n i q u e s , and optimism o f the Agency. 2. Assumptions The t r a n s i t f o r e c a s t developed by the NCTA was b u i l t on an e m p i r i c a l pyramiding o f a l a r g e number o f u n t e s t e d assumptions. I f the assumptions b a l a n c e i n terms o f f a v o r i n g n e i t h e r one nor the o t h e r mode of t r a v e l , a r e a s o n a b l e case c a n be made f o r t h e r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e results. I f , however, t h e assumptions i n h e r e n t l y f a v o r one mode o f t r a v e l , then the c o n c l u s i o n s based on these assumptions must be q u e s t i o n e d The f o l l o w i n g d i s c u s s i o n o f s p e c i f i c of assumptions i n d i c a t e s t h a t one mode t r a v e l h a s been f a v o r e d by the NCTA i n d e v e l o p i n g i t s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n plan. (13) C o n v e r s e l y the t r a f f i c demand on the a l t e r n a t i v e mode ( t h e highway F e a s i b i l i t y A n a l y s i s o f T r a f f i c F o r e c a s t i n g Techniques f o r t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency, T r a f f i c R e s e a r c h C o r p o r a t i o n J a n u a r y 12, 1962. 16 �system) i s u n d e r e s t i m a t e d . (a) A c c o r d i n g t o t h e NCTA 3 over 43,000, or 27% o f the peak (14) hour t r a n s i t t r i p s , a r e school t r i p s . S i n c e the modal s p l i t model was not developed t o handle school t r i p s (home-based), the NCTA assumed the f o l l o w i n g ; 1. School t r i p s w i t h e i t h e r end or both ends i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia or t h e C i t y o f A l e x a n d r i a were a s s i g n e d t o the t r a n s i t system. 2. No school t r i p s , e i t h e r by bus or p r i v a t e c a r , were a s s i g n e d t o t h e highway network. The r e a s o n s f o r t h e s e c r i t e r i a a r e not, c l e a r . of school t r a v e l do not appear t o f i t the r a d i a l plan. Patterns transit E x a m i n a t i o n o f crowded p a r k i n g l o t s and n e i g h - boring s t r e e t s a t our l o c a l u n i v e r s i t i e s and h i g h s c h o o l s , and r e c o g n i t i o n o f the many t r i p s by auto to drop o f f and p i c k up s m a l l c h i l d r e n a t our grade s c h o o l s , seem to conf l i c t w i t h t h e assumptions o f the NCTA. trips area significant S i n c e the s c h o o l p o r t i o n o f t h e e s t i m a t e d A.M. peak hour t r a n s i t t r i p s , the impact o f a l e s s e r percentage o f these t r i p s on t r a n s i t may be s i g n i f i c a n t . (b) The NCTA has used the A.M. peak hour f o r purposes o f d e t e r m i n i n g the e x t e n t o f the highway network. applying appropriate conversion factors, Yet s by developed by t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads from the 1955 0 & D (14) From NCTA 1980 F o r e c a s t , t r a n s i t t r i p s by purpose - Average o f F o r e c a s t s A and B. T o t a l t r a n s i t t r i p s i n c l u d i n g bus 159,000. School t r a n s i t t r i p s i n c l u d i n g bus 43,000- 17 �d a t a , t o the t o t a l d a l l y t r i p s e s t i m a t e d by the NCTA i t c a n be determined t h a t t h e r e a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 7 4 8 , 0 0 0 ( 1 5 ) t o t a l t r i p s i n the P.M. peak hour. This i s 8 8 s 0 0 0 , ( 1 0 ) or 1 3 7 o , more t h a n the t o t a l 6 6 0 , 0 0 0 t r i p s developed f o r the A.M. peak hour. T h i s would i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e t o t a l demands on the highway network i n the P.M. peak hour a r e g r e a t e r . However, a d e t a i l e d e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h i s demand i s not apparent i n the NCTA r e p o r t , (c) The two automobile c o s t s c o n s i d e r e d i n the c o s t r a t i o , w h i c h i s a v a r i a b l e i n the computation, a r e p a r k i n g f e e s and o u t - o f - p o c k e t c a r o p e r a t i n g expense ( g a s o l i n e p l u s o i l change and l u b r i c a t i o n ) . P a r k i n g f e e s i n the down- town zones were e s t i m a t e d by NCTA t o i n c r e a s e by 6 0 7 , over (15) 1 9 8 0 A f t e r n o o n Peak Hour T r i p Composition, Washington, D.C„ T r i p Purpose Work School Non-Home Base Miscellaneous Social-Rec. Shopping (B) Conversion Factors (A) Total Daily Trips 2 , 1 1 6 , 0 0 0 . 2 1 3 3 (C) Peak Hour Trips 4 5 1 , 3 4 3 6 1 4 , 0 0 0 . 0 4 2 1 7 5 1 , 0 0 0 . 1 3 7 9 1 0 3 , 5 6 3 5 5 3 , 5 0 0 . 0 7 7 0 4 2 , 6 2 0 8 5 7 , 5 0 0 . 0 5 3 7 4 6 8 6 6 , 0 0 0 . 0 9 1 0 7 8 , 8 0 6 2 5 , 8 4 9 s 0 4 8 7 4 8 , 2 2 9 (A) NCTA Appendix Volume I I I , T a b l e 8 , p. 3 7 (Average o f P l a n s A & B) (B) Peak P e r i o d T r i p F a c t o r s By D i r e c t i o n a l Purpose o f T r i p f o r Washington, D.C. - I n t e r i m Report - U„S. Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads August 2 7 , 1 9 6 2 . (C) (A) x ( B ) (10) See page 1 2 . 1 8 �present fees. As i n d i c a t e d l a t e r i n t h i s r e p o r t p a r k i n g f e e s and time to park a c a r and w a l k to d e s t i n a t i o n have a major i n f l u e n c e on NCTA's e s t i m a t e of the number of transit riders. T h i s i n c r e a s e was used i n the modal s p l i t w h i l e other economic i n d i c e s - income, t r a n s i t g a s o l i n e and o i l p r i c e s - were h e l d a t the p r e s e n t fare, level. S i n c e the p a r k i n g p o l i c y of the downtown a r e a i s uncert a i n , the e f f e c t of u s i n g the 607„ i n c r e a s e i s q u e s t i o n able. Furthermore, i n d e v e l o p i n g between o i l change and l a t e these c o s t s . the model, 1,000 miles l u b r i c a t i o n were used to c a l c u - T h i s same f i g u r e was used f o r 1980 i n f a c e of r e c e n t improvements which a l l o w many thousands of m i l e s between o i l changes and l u b r i c a t i o n s . While a d m i t t e d l y a minor assumption, i t i s a minor assumption w h i c h tends to f a v o r one mode of t r a v e l . assumptions a r e added up, f i n a l c o n c l u s i o n s may be When a l l such the r e s u l t a n t impact on the significant. The median income per worker i s one o f the f i v e f a c t o r s used by the modal s p l i t technique. The NCTA assumed a c o n s t a n t median income to the y e a r 1980, although the geographic d i s t r i b u t i o n of incomes about t h i s median was changed. The F e d e r a l employees i n t h i s r e g i o n a l r e a d y have been granted a s u b s t a n t i a l pay i n c r e a s e over the incomes used by the NCTA i n the p r e p a r a t i o n of t h i s r e p o r t , A person i n the GS-1 C i v i l Service C l a s s i f i c a t i o n already r e c e i v e s an income i n e x c e s s of the s a l a r y range i n the 19 �lowest c a t e g o r y used by NCTA. T h i s would i n d i c a t e t h a t t r a n s i t usage was c o n s i d e r e d to be based s o l e l y upon r e l a t i v e income r a t h e r than upon a b s o l u t e sent trends dollars, i n d i c a t e that disposable income. Pre- income, i n c o n s t a n t w i l l i n c r e a s e between now and 1980. Several t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s t u d i e s have taken t h i s f a c t o r i n t o cons i d e r a t i o n i n t h e i r estimates of future t r a v e l . by the Bureau of P u b l i c Roads and o t h e r s increased Studies indicate that income produces i n c r e a s e d auto ownership and to date, a t l e a s t , an i n c r e a s e d dependence upon the automobile f o r most types o f t r a v e l . This increased ence upon the automobile w i l l r e s u l t depend- i n a corresponding decrease i n dependence upon o t h e r modes o f t r a v e l . f o l l o w i n g d a t a , from " F a m i l y Income l s The 1957," a p u b l i - c a t i o n o f the Washington Board o f Trade, Economic Development Commission, g i v e the r e c e n t trend i n median f a m i l y income f o r D.C., i t s suburbs, and f o r the urban a r e a a s a whole. TABLE I I 1956 $4,900 1955 $4,748 1949 $3,800 1947 $3,836 Increase 1947 - 56 28 p e r c e n t Suburbs 6,773 6,551 5,109 4,639 46 p e r c e n t Urban Area 5,878 5,622 4,357 4,162 41 p e r c e n t D. C. For the Washington SMSA, median f a m i l y income rose from $4,262 i n 1949 to $7,577 i n 1959, an i n c r e a s e o f about 787« a c c o r d i n g to U.S. Census data. 20 �F i g u r e 10 g r a p h i c a l l y i l l u s t r a t e s the r e l a t i o n s h i p between median f a m i l y income and mode o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n to p l a c e of work by census t r a c t s f o r workers r e s i d i n g i n the Washington SMSA. F o r example, about 68% o f the workers w i t h a median f a m i l y income o f $7,000 used p r i v a t e automobiles to commute to and from work and about 78% o f the workers w i t h a median f a m i l y income o f $10,000 used p r i v a t e automobiles to commute t o and from work. F u r t h e r e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e 1960 census d a t a r e v e a l s t h a t the median f a m i l y income f o r : ( 1 ) Montgomery County was $9317 and 82 p e r c e n t o f the workers used automobiles to commute to and from work, ( 2 ) F a i r f a x County was $8607 and 82 p e r c e n t o f the workers used automobiles to commute to and from work, and ( 3 ) P r i n c e Georges County was $7471 and 80 p e r c e n t o f t h e workers used automobiles to commute to and from work. F i g u r e 1 shows t h a t auto r e g i s t r a t i o n has i n c r e a s e d a s the g r o s s n a t i o n a l product has i n c r e a s e d . Similarly, median f a m i l y incomes have i n c r e a s e d a s the g r o s s n a t i o n a l product has i n c r e a s e d . ( ^ ) (e) The p o r t i o n o f combined a u t o - t r a n s i t t r i p s ( t r i p s i n which both the auto and p u b l i c t r a n s i t a r e used) made by auto were never a s s i g n e d to the highway network. The bus p o r t i o n o f t r a n s i t t r i p s were not a s s i g n e d t o t h e highway network. (16) Y e t , the GSA F e d e r a l Employee P a r k i n g Study used U.S. Census o f P o p u l a t i o n and Housing o f 1960. 21 �WASHINGTON, S M S A MODE OF TRANSPORTATION TO AND FROM WORK VS MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME 1959 (DURING CENSUS WEEK, I 9 6 0 ) MEDIAN FAMILY REF: U.S. C E N S U S IN COME" BY T R A C T OF P O P U L A T I O N P H C (I) N O - 1 6 6 AND H O U S I N G , ( D . G - M D - " VA. ) I960 FIGOBB 10 �by the NCTA p o i n t s out t h a t o f 88,600 employees working i n the downtown a r e a , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4700, over 5 7 o , used and bus a s t h e mode of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . auto I t i s reasonable to assume t h a t s i n c e bus stops today a r e much c l o s e r than rail t r a n s i t s t a t i o n s w i l l be under the NCTA p l a n , many more combination t r i p s can be expected i n the f u t u r e . The impact o f these a d d i t i o n a l t r i p s on the highway system should have been i n c l u d e d . 3. R e l i a b i l i t y of Results The procedure developed by the NCTA f o r d e t e r m i n i n g the modal s p l i t c o n s i s t s o f the p r e p a r a t i o n o f d i v e r s i o n c u r v e s which e x p r e s s t h a t p o r t i o n o f t o t a l t r i p s t h a t c a n be expected t o t r a v e l by p u b l i c t r a n s i t . The d a t a from the s u r v e y s used f o r d i v e r s i o n curve development c o u l d not c o n t a i n the f u l l range o f c o n d i t i o n s expected i n 1980 w i t h a r a p i d system. sary. E x t r a p o l a t i o n s o f the c u r v e s developed transit f o r Washington were neces- To p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n uppn which t o base these e x t r a p o l a t i o n s , d a t a from other c i t i e s , e s p e c i a l l y Toronto, were used a s a source. Of the 80 d i v e r s i o n c u r v e s used f o r work t r i p s i n the morning peak hour, 34 were developed w i t h o u t any s p e c i f i c d a t a o b t a i n e d from Washington, but were e s t a b l i s h e d from r e l a t i o n s h i p s f o r other c i t i e s and from the conf i g u r a t i o n o f the o t h e r 46 c u r v e s . The a v a i l a b l e Washington d a t a r e l a t e s o n l y to s h o r t p o r t i o n s of those 46 c u r v e s , g e n e r a l l y i n the range o f TTR o f 1.2 t o 2.0 (TTR t r a v e l time r a t i o , t o t a l time by t r a n s i t d i v i d e d by t o t a l time by a u t o ) . (17) F e d e r a l Employee P a r k i n g and T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Survey, Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a , G e n e r a l S e r v i c e s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , 1962, Volume I , Page 10. 22 �For TTR's o f 1 or l e s s ( t r a n s i t f a s t e r than auto) the c u r v e s were e x t r a p o l a t e d , or extended, 11. i n a c u r v e d path, a s shown i n F i g u r e T h i s e x t r a p o l a t e d s e c t i o n would i n d i c a t e a h i g h e r use o f t r a n s i t i f a s t r a i g h t l i n e e x t e n s i o n were used. than I n the c r i t i c a l ranges a s t r a i g h t l i n e e x t e n s i o n or a d i f f e r e n t curved p a t h would be a s l o g i c a l a s the curved p a t h chosen. As used i n the modal s p l i t procedure, the NCTA c u r v e s g i v e a h i g h e r e s t i m a t e o f t r a n s i t usage than would a s t r a i g h t line extrapolation. An o b s e r v a t i o n i s w a r r a n t e d r e l a t i n g t o the r e a s o n a b l e n e s s o f the NCTA modal s p l i t c u r v e s a s p r e s e n t e d i n the November 1 , r e p o r t . F i g u r e 1 2 i s taken from page 5 8 o f t h a t r e p o r t . i n t h i s case 887o T h i s f i g u r e shows t h a t o f the t r a v e l e r s i n the low income b r a c k e t would choose t r a n s i t where t r a v e l times a r e e q u a l . However 707= o f the t r a v e l e r s would c o n t i n u e t o choose t r a n s i t f o r a r a t i o o f 5 , t h a t i s , i f t r a n s i t t r a v e l time were 5 times longer than auto. by NCTA r e s u l t s i n t h e assignment The a p p l i c a t i o n o f the c u r v e s o f person t r i p s t o t r a n s i t t h a t might r e q u i r e 2 1 / 2 hours even though t h a t same person t r i p might be made i n 3 0 minutes by p r i v a t e auto. I t i s d i f f i c u l t to t e s t the a b i l i t y o f the e x t r a p o l a t e d p o r t i o n s o f the c u r v e s t o produce a r e a l i s t i c modal s p l i t . The Washington Metro- p o l i t a n Region i s a unique and complex urban a r e a w i t h unusual mental and o r g a n i z a t i o n a l i n t e r - r e l a t i o n s h i p s . govern- I n such a community, which h a s grown i n an a u t o - o r i e n t e d manner, i t i s q u e s t i o n a b l e t h a t t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f o t h e r m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s can be used a s more than a rough i n d i c a t i o n t o measure t h e c h o i c e o f the c i t i z e n s o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Region., l e t alone p r e d i c t what t h e i r c h o i c e w i l l be i n the f u t u r e . 23 �T Y P I C A L MODAL S P L I T CURVE Ref. NCTA Appendix, Vol.111 pg. 62,fig. 10 and pg. 6 4 , f i g . II figureJ! �0 1 RATIO: REF. A 2 TRANSIT NCTA TIME REPORT DIVIDED TO T H E BY PRESIDENT, 6 AUTO TIME NOV. I, 1 9 6 2 6 , /, PAGE58.FlG.20 f i g u r e \Z �These modal s p l i t r e l a t i o n s h i p s a s r e p r e s e n t e d on the c u r v e s , a r e assumed by NCTA t o remain c o n s t a n t through time, t h a t i s , 1955 r e l a t i o n s h i p s a r e used to p r e d i c t 1980 t r a v e l h a b i t s . Less sophis- t i c a t e d , but no doubt r a t i o n a l p r e d i c t i o n s o f t r a n s i t usage have been made b e f o r e . F i g u r e 12-a shows how f o u r e s t i m a t e s made i n 1916, 1927, 1930 and 1937 i n the Chicago m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a have w i d e l y missed the mark. S e v e r a l t e s t s t o determine the r e a s o n a b l e n e s s o f the r e s u l t s o f the t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t i n g procedure were and a c c u r a c y undertaken j o i n t l y by the NCTA, the Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study and the Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads. The f i r s t t e s t attempted t o compare the known v a l u e s r e s u l t i n g from t h e 1955 O r i g i n and D e s t i n a t i o n Survey w i t h those e s t i m a t e d by the NCTA procedure. T h i s t e s t would e v a l u a t e the a b i l i t y o f the modal s p l i t program t o reproduce a known h i s t o r i c a l event. T h i s same event was a s i g n i f i c a n t f a c t o r i n the development o f the modal s p l i t c u r v e s . There i s no way t o prove t h a t i t would r e l a t e d i r e c t l y to the a b i l i t y o f the program t o p r e d i c t f u t u r e e v e n t s . The f o l l o w i n g t a b l e shows the a c t u a l 1955 t r a n s i t t r i p s , those e s t i m a t e d by the model f o r 1955, and the p e r c e n t d i f f e r e n c e o f the model from the a c t u a l number o f t r i p s . Sector 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 A c t u a l 1955 Model 9,612 5,181 9,318 24,570 10,274 6,569 10,612 6,421 5,981 10,375 4,498 8,571 26,307 11,303 6,791 10,926 5,063 4,628 24 Transit Trips Percent Difference + 7.9 - 13,2 - 8.0 + 7.1 + 10.0 + 3.4 + 3.0 - 21.1 - 22.6 �ACTUAL USE OF TRANSIT VARIOUS FACILITIES FROM PROJECTIONS OF 1901 TO ESTIMATED I960 USE AND ESTIMATED CHICAGO TO 1980, COMPARED WITH F I G U R E I2A �Of the n i n e s e c t o r s checked, two show an e r r o r i n e x c e s s of 57o. 207 o i n the number o f t r a n s i t t r i p s . Two have an e r r o r l e s s than Thus, we may conclude t h a t even though the model was c a l i b r a t e d by the d a t a used f o r t e s t i n g purposes, i t i s o n l y moderately r e l i a b l e i n r e p r o d u c i n g the a c t u a l number o f t r i p s i n s e c t o r s . The j o i n t v e n t u r e a l s o a p p l i e d a number o f s e n s i t i v i t y t e s t s t o the NCTA r e s u l t s , u s i n g the same morning peak hour work t r i p s and the i d e n t i c a l model used by the NCTA i n d e v e l o p i n g the 1 9 8 0 esti- mates. I n the f i r s t s e t o f t e s t s , a s i n g l e f a c t o r was changed i n each t e s t . A l l o t h e r f a c t o r s remained a s e s t i m a t e d by the NCTA. R e s u l t s were compared w i t h the t r a n s i t t r i p s e s t a b l i s h e d by the NCTA a s t h e i r f i n a l e s t i m a t e s o f the work t r i p s by t r a n s i t i n 1 9 8 0 a s shown below. Number o f Transit Trips Change P e r c e n t Change From Base Data A. I n c r e a s e income by 5 0 percent 1 0 3 , 2 6 5 - 4 . 5 B. F a r e s i n c r e a s e d by 1 5 cents 1 0 2 , 7 3 1 - 5 . 0 C F a r e s doubled 9 9 , 7 5 2 - 7 . 8 D. I n c r e a s e w a i t and t r a n s f e r time on t r a n s i t by 5 0 p e r c e n t 9 1 , 8 6 4 - 1 5 . 1 Reduce t r a n s i t speeds by 9 3 , 2 4 9 - 1 3 . 8 E . 1 / 3 These t e s t s i n d i c a t e t h a t the model i s r e l a t i v e l y to income and a change i n t h e f a r e s t r u c t u r e . insensitive Resistance factors f o r bus and s t r e e t c a r o p e r a t i o n a r e commonly accepted a s a d e c l i n e o f 1 / 3 7 , i n passengers f o r each 1 7 , i n c r e a s e i n f a r e s . f a r e s would v a r y from a 6 0 7 o The 1 5 c e n t s i n c r e a s e i n f a r e i n c r e a s e i n the t e n m i l e square t o 3 0 7 , 2 5 �i n the band c e n t e r e d on the b e l t w a y . I f the same s t a n d a r d were a p p l i e d to t r a n s i t , a 15 c e n t s i n c r e a s e i n f a r e s c o u l d be expected to decrease r i d e r s h i p by 10 to 207,. Doubling f a r e s would, under t h i s s t a n d a r d , reduce r i d e r s h i p by 337, i n s t e a d of the 7.87. d e r i v e d from the model. By c o n t r a s t , the model i s r e l a t i v e l y s e n s i t i v e to t r a n s i t headways and speeds. I t appears from the r e s u l t s of the s e n s i t i v i t y t e s t s and v i s u a l e x a m i n a t i o n of the modal s p l i t c u r v e s t h a t , along w i t h the t r a v e l time r a t i o s , the l e v e l of s e r v i c e f a c t o r i s the most c r i t i c a l element i n d e t e r m i n i n g the modal c h o i c e . The l e v e l of s e r v i c e f o r both t r a n s i t and auto t r a v e l i s determined by summing up those p o r t i o n s of t r a v e l time not a c t u a l l y i n motion i n a v e h i c l e . w a i t i n g times- These a r e the w a l k i n g and For the most p a r t these a r e s m a l l increments of time and not e a s i l y determined. An under- or o v e r - e s t i m a t e of one or two minutes of w a l k i n g and w a i t i n g time could m a t e r i a l l y a f f e c t the f o r e cast. S e n s i t i v i t y t e s t s of the c u r v e s by the U n i t e d S t a t e s Bureau of P u b l i c Roads show t h a t the c u r v e s a r e e x t r e m e l y s e n s i t i v e to the time, u s u a l l y r e f e r r e d to as the w a l k i n g time, from where a person p a r k s h i s c a r to h i s o f f i c e . The U. S. Bureau of P u b l i c Roads u s i n g the NCTA f o r e c a s t i n g t e c h n i q u e s found t h a t a one-block i n c r e a s e i n w a l k i n g d i s tance would t h e o r e t i c a l l y i n c r e a s e a r e a wide t r a n s i t usage by 327=. r e s u l t appears to be u n r e a l i s t i c . This I t does not appear l o g i c a l t h a t the Amer i c a n p u b l i c a t t a c h e s such a s i g n i f i c a n c e to the r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l time t h a t i s a f f e c t e d i n t h i s approach. The s e n s i t i v i t y of the model was f u r t h e r t e s t e d by more than one f a c t o r a t a time by s e l e c t e d groupings variables; 26 changing among the f o l l o w i n g �1. 2. 3. 4. Time Time Cost Auto r e q u i r e d t o park a v e h i c l e r e q u i r e d to w a l k from p a r k i n g a r e a t o d e s t i n a t i o n of parking speeds The r e s u l t s o f these t e s t s a r e a s f o l l o w s : Number o f Transit Trips Change F. G. H„ P e r c e n t Change From Base Data Use 1955 time to park c a r and walk to d e s t i n a t i o n 90,308 - 16.5 Use 1955 p a r k i n g c o s t s and 1955 time t o park c a r and w a l k t o destination 76,133 - 29.6 Auto speeds i n c r e a s e d by 1/3 p a r k i n g c o s t s decreased by 1/3 w a l k times from p a r k i n g p l a c e t o d e s t i n a t i o n decreased by 1/3 80,571 - 25.5 I t i s c l e a r t h a t modest changes i n these v a r i a b l e s can m a t e r i a l l y a f f e c t the e s t i m a t e d volume o f t r a n s i t traffic. These t e s t s i n d i c a t e t h a t i f t h e a c t u a l c o n d i t i o n s i n 1980 w i t h r e s p e c t t o p a r k i n g c o s t s , w a i t and walk times, t r a n s f e r times and t r a v e l times on the t r a n s i t and highway system v a r y from the assumptions made by the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency, s u b s t a n t i a l changes i n the e s t i m a t e o f the d i v i s i o n o f t r i p s by mode o f t r a v e l may r e s u l t . I n t h i s connection, t h e r e appears t o be no i n d i c a t i o n t h a t a " f a c t o r o f s a f e t y " h a s been i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e NCTA e s t i m a t e s . Rather i t seems t h a t most assumptions a r e o p t i m i s t i c i n s o f a r a s t r a n s i t travel i s concerned. T h e r e f o r e , s e r i o u s q u e s t i o n s must be r a i s e d a s t o the adequacy o f the highway f a c i l i t i e s a s proposed, s i n c e even a modest reduct i o n i n the e s t i m a t e o f t r a n s i t d i v e r s i o n would tend immediately l o a d the underdesigned NCTA highway system. t o over- �To develop an independent a p p r a i s a l of the r e l i a b i l i t y and s e n s i t i v i t y of the NCTA r e s u l t s , the f i r m of Thompson, Ramo Wooldridge, Inc., was asked to r e v i e w a number of the NCTA appendices from the stand p o i n t of s t a t i s t i c a l r e l i a b i l i t y and t r a f f i c i m p l i c a t i o n s . This firm i s c u r r e n t l y engaged i n a t r a f f i c s i m u l a t i o n s i g n a l study f o r the D i s t r i c t . of Columbia to develop a t r a f f i c s i m u l a t i o n computer model to o p t i m i z e t r a f f i c movement through a t r a f f i c s i g n a l system. q u a l i f i e d i n the a r e a of t r a f f i c e n g i n e e r i n g and The f i r m i s h i g h l y forecasting. I n summarizing t h e i r a n a l y s i s , Thompson, Ramo Wooldridge, I n c . made the f o l l o w i n g o b s e r v a t i o n s * (a) "The highway system planned by NCTA appears to be inadequate i n t h a t c a p a c i t i e s of the v a r i o u s c o r r i d o r s do not c o n t a i n adequate s a f e t y f a c t o r s to cover a c t u a l p r e d i c t e d demands on some c o r r i d o r s , nor the i n c r e a s e d demands which may not have been p r e d i c t e d by v i r t u e of i n h e r e n t e r r o r s i n the f o r e c a s t i n g p r o c e s s . (b) "The s t a t i s t i c a l procedures used i n the develop ment of the modal s p l i t model a r e , i n many c a s e s , r e l a t i v e l y i n f o r m a l . Because of the wide v a r i a t i o n of sample s i z e s , the v a r i a b i l i t y and non-homogeneity of the d a t a , and methods of c u r v e f i t t i n g used, i t i s d i f f i c u l t to e s t i m a t e the s t a n d a r d error. (c) "Because of the NCTA's s e l e c t i o n of highway o p e r a t i n g speeds i t appears l i k e l y t h a t the t r a v e l times by auto were such as to b i a s the modal s p l i t to g i v e unduly low percentages f o r auto t r a v e l . (d) " I n the development of the modal s p l i t t h e r e appears to have been no attempt to q u a n t i f y the e f f e c t of c a p t i v e r i d e r s , e i t h e r by t r a n s i t or "by auto, under e x i s t i n g c o n d i t i o n s and to p r o j e c t these phenomena f o r a p p l i c a t i o n to the s p l i t on the proposed p l a n . " 28 �E. A BALANCED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 1. Definition The NCTA c l a i m s t o s t r i k e a sound b a l a n c e between highways and mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . the A p p a r e n t l y the " b a l a n c e " c r i t e r i a used by NCTA i s proposed e x p e n d i t u r e o f s i m i l a r sums o f money on f i x e d t r a n s i t and on highways. However, a g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d d e f i n i t i o n o f a " b a l a n c e d " system i s one which matches t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s t o the demonstrated t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs o f an urban a r e a . Another d e f i n i t i o n i s t h a t a " b a l a n c e d " system p r o v i d e s an adequate l e v e l o f s e r v i c e f o r a l l o f the v a r i o u s , d i f f e r i n g demands o f an urban a r e a . 2. E x p e r i e n c e i n Chicago The Chicago A r e a T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study, one o f the l a r g e s t and most comprehensive u n d e r t a k e n to d a t e , has developed a r e p o r t t h a t i n c l u d e s both t r a n s i t and highway recommendations. The Chicago study found t h a t t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f the t r i p s i n the m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a a r e by automobile. p r o p o r t i o n w i l l r i s e to 85 p e r c e n t . I t e s t i m a t e s t h a t by 1980 t h i s To meet t h i s demand, the study p r o - poses the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f 230 m i l e s o f freeways i n a d d i t i o n to the 290 m i l e s a l r e a d y completed or scheduled f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n . sit Additional tran- f a c i l i t i e s a r e i n c l u d e d i n the proposed p l a n ; however, these f a c i l i - t i e s comprise about 6.6 percent, o f the c o s t . The proposed t r a n s i t system e x t e n s i o n s i n c l u d e e x p r e s s bus, suburban bus, and suburban r a i l r o a d l i t i e s along w i t h rapid t r a n s i t . faci- The Chicago r e p o r t r e c o g n i z e d t h a t e x p r e s s bus s e r v i c e c a n be scheduled w i t h v e r y l i t t l e r i s k on e x p r e s s w a y s . T r a v e l p r o j e c t i o n s i n d i c a t e t h a t i n 1980, bus s e r v i c e s w i l l c a r r y a g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n o f t r a n s i t passenger m i l e s than r a p i d 29 transit. �3. Alternatives Based on e x p e r i e n c e i n Toronto and Chicago, c a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n should be g i v e n to the p r o p o r t i o n of funds to be a l l o c a t e d f o r the v a r i o u s forms of mass t r a n s i t . The NCTA has not r e v e a l e d any comprehensive study of v a r y i n g combinations of bus and r a i l t r a n s i t i n i t s report. The Agency has not r e l e a s e d any evidence t o date t o i n d i c a t e t h a t a thorough study of the p o t e n t i a l of buses f o r mass t r a n s i t has been made, although many reasons f o r c o n s i d e r i n g the use of buses, i n terms of flexibility and economy, have been advanced r e c e n t l y . The NCTA p l a n p r o v i d e s 52 m i l e s of e x p r e s s bus o p e r a t i o n s on freeway and parkway a t a c o s t of a p p r o x i m a t e l y $4 m i l l i o n , and 98 m i l e s of r a p i d t r a n s i t and commuter r a i l f a c i l i t i e s a t a c o s t of a p p r o x i m a t e l y $788 (19) million. While many other f a c t o r s a r e i n v o l v e d , p a r t i c u l a r l y the problem of downtown d i s t r i b u t i o n , r e c e n t r e p o r t s and the e x p e r i e n c e of Chicago would i n d i c a t e s t r o n g reason to c o n s i d e r the p o s s i b i l i t y o f g r e a t e r use o f buses on r a d i a l freeways. I n a r e c e n t paper presented t o the Highway Research Board, the author, i n d i s c u s s i n g the p o i n t a t which the q u e s t i o n of more freeways or r a i l transit i s raised, states "At such a time, b e f o r e g i v i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n to s i n k i n g new c a p i t a l i n f i x e d l i n e a r i n f l e x i b l e r a i l f a c i l i t i e s , those urban a r e a s should f i r s t c o n s i d e r the f e a s i b i l i t y of b r i n g i n g i n t o being p u b l i c l y a c c e p t a b l e e x p r e s s bus r o u t e s between suburbs and t h e i r CBD's, p a r t i c u l a r l y where such r o u t e s f a n out over 180 degrees or more from t h e i r CBD's." ( 2 0 ) (19) NCTA Report of November 1 , 1962, (20) "The Urban Passenger T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Problem". Nathan C h e r n i a c k , Economist, The P o r t of New York A u t h o r i t y , Highway Research Board, 1961. 30 Page 32 and 49. �The importance of t h i s c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s confirmed by a r e c e n t a r t i c l e i n T r a f f i c Quarterly, networks, which comparing f i x e d v s . f l e x i b l e transit states: " I f we compare a new f i x e d t r a n s i t f a c i l i t y ( r a i l , subway, m o n o r a i l , e t c . ) w i t h a new f l e x i b l e f a c i l i t y (bus o p e r a t i o n over an e x p r e s s w a y ) , we can make the f o l l o w i n g statements : 1. " F i r s t C o s t : The f i r s t c o s t , p u b l i c and p r i v a t e , of an expressway and bus equipment i s g e n e r a l l y lower than t h a t of a f i x e d t r a n s i t f a c i l i t y . 2. " A m o r t i z a t i o n P e r i o d ; I t i s g e n e r a l l y much s h o r t e r f o r expressways and buses than f o r a f i x e d f a c i l i t y , due to lower f i r s t c o s t s and the s h o r t e r time r e q u i r e d to r e c a p t u r e them f o r expressways ( u t i l i z a t i o n of c a p a c i t y has a d e f i n i t e e f f e c t here and i s d i s c u s s e d more f u l l y b e l o w ) . 3. " S a l v a g e V a l u e ; The s a l v a g e v a l u e of a r a i l f a c i l i t y , a t any time i n i t s economic l i f e , i s e x c e e d i n g l y low. T h i s i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h the e x p e r i e n c e of other h i g h l y s p e c i a l i z e d i n d u s t r i e s where the market f o r p h y s i c a l p l a n t and equipment i s v e r y l i m i t e d . Buses, on the other hand, can be used on any type of s t r e e t or road, and the expressway, i t s e l f , can s e r v e passenger c a r s and t r u c k s . I n the extreme case of t o t a l o b s o l e s cence of the expressway, the s a l v a g e v a l u e would be reduced t o the r e s a l e v a l u e of the r i g h t - o f - w a y . S i n c e urban expressway r i g h t - o f - w a y c o n s t i t u t e s a l a r g e p o r t i o n of the f i r s t c o s t of an expressway, the s a l v a g e v a l u e should be r e l a t i v e l y h i g h . 4. " U t i l i z a t i o n of C a p a c i t y : The i n h e r e n t f l e x i b i l i t y of bus o p e r a t i o n enables the bus t o be u t i l i z e d on s u r f a c e s t r e e t s on r e g u l a r and i r r e g u l a r t r i p s d u r i n g o f f - p e a k h o u r s , w h i l e the f i x e d system i s bound to the same path and pick-up and d i s c h a r g e p o i n t s . I d e a l l y , an expressway can be designed to operate a t or near i t s v e h i c u l a r c a p a c i t y f o r a l a r g e p a r t of the day by v a r y i n g the percentage of buses o p e r a t i n g on i t a t d i f f e r e n t times." (21) "Modern Expressways and P u b l i c T r a n s p o r t a t i o n " by John J . H e i e r and David M. G l a n c y , T r a f f i c Q u a r t e r l y , J a n u a r y 1963. 31 �T H E R O L E O F H I G H W A Y S A. PERSPECTIVE B. CRITERIA C. BENEFITS D. FINANCING 32 �I I . A . T H_E_R_0 L E _ O F _ H I G H W A Y S PERSPECTIVE Before d i s c u s s i n g the N C T A highway proposals p o r t a n t to c o n s i d e r t h e r o l e of h i g h w a y s in d e t a i l , it i s i m - in u r b a n a r e a s f r o m the b r o a d per- s p e c t i v e of N a t i o n a l i m p a c t a n d e x e c u t i v e a n d l e g i s l a t i v e i n t e n t . B y t h e F e d e r a l - A i d H i g h w a y A c t of 1 9 5 6 , t h e C o n g r e s s enacted i n t o l a w t h e l a r g e s t p e a c e - t i m e p u b l i c w o r k s p r o g r a m i n t h e h i s t o r y of t h e world. T h e N a t i o n a l S y s t e m of I n t e r s t a t e a n d D e f e n s e Highways i s o n e of t h e p r i n c i p a l f o u n d a t i o n s t o n e s f o r t h e e c o n o m i c g r o w t h of t h e c o u n t r y , i n c l u d i n g the e n l a r g e m e n t of o u r i n d u s t r i a l p a c e , N a t i o n a l r e s o u r c e s a n d t h e r e v i t a l i z a t i o n of o u r the d e v e l o p m e n t of o u r cities. W i t h t h e F e d e r a l - A i d H i g h w a y A c t of 1 9 6 1 s the P r e s i d e n t and the C o n g r e s s u n d e r s c o r e d t h e v i t a l i m p o r t a n c e of c o m p l e t i n g t h i s s y s t e m within a reasonable t i m e by expanding a u t h o r i z a t i o n s a n d e m p h a s i z i n g the e l e m e n t of N a t i o n a l D e f e n s e , and r e t a l i a t o r y weapons, i n w h i c h the c a p a c i t y for m o v i n g military supplies, and m a n p o w e r with defensive speed and p r e c i s i o n , gains i n c r e a s i n g importance each day. T h e u r b a n e x t e n s i o n s of t h e I n t e r s t a t e S y s t e m a r e v i t a l l i n k s i n the N a t i o n a l n e t w o r k . In the P r e s i d e n t ' s m e s s a g e to t h e C o n g r e s s on (1) " T h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S y s t e m of t h e N a t i o n " , h e s t a t e d : " H i g h w a y s a r e a n i n s t r u m e n t a l p a r t of a n y c o o r d i n a t e d u r b a n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n , a n d m u s t be a n i n t e g r a l p a r t (1) House Document No. .384, 8 7 t h C o n g r e s s , 33 2d S e s s i o n , A p r i l 5, 1962. �of a n y c o m p r e h e n s i v e c o m m u n i t y plan." On F e b r u a r y 28, development 1963, in a statement before the Subcommittee on H o u s i n g of t h e S e n a t e C o m m i t t e e o n B a n k i n g a n d C u r r e n c y , w i t h r e s p e c t to The Urban T r a n s p o r t a t i o n A c t of 1963 ( S . Robert C . Weaver, 6 and S . 917, 88th C o n g r e s s ) , Housing and H o m e F i n a n c e A d m i n i s t r a t o r "The transportation requirements panding u r b a n a r e a s have been, be, of o u r r a p i d l y ex- a n d w i l l c o n t i n u e to m e t l a r g e l y by i m p r o v e d h i g h w a y n e t w o r k s private automobiles. stated: However, and t h e s e a l o n e a r e not s u f f i c i e n t to m e e t t h e p r e s e n t , let alone future, p o r t a t i o n n e e d s of o u r c i t i e s . Mass transportation is also needed. trans- P e r s o n s w h o c a n n o t a f f o r d to d r i v e , or a r e u n a b l e to do s o , n e e d m a s s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s at a l l t i m e s . prefer Also, m a n y p e r s o n s owning p r i v a t e c a r s to u s e m a s s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n for c e r t a i n t r i p s , particularly commuter travel." T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t f u n c t i o n s of t h e G o v e r n m e n t of t h e U n i t e d States, executive, legislative, j u d i c i a l and m i l i t a r y , a r e c e n t r a l i z e d , t r o l l e d a n d d i r e c t e d w i t h i n the u r b a n b o u n d a r i e s Capital Region. known as the con- National T h e p u b l i c o f f i c i a l s r e s p o n s i b l e for t h e s e f u n c t i o n s l i v e , w o r k and t r a v e l in this metropolitan a r e a . m e n t that generate t r a n s p o r t a t i o n demands T h e v i t a l f u n c t i o n s of on a 2 4 - h o u r , Govern- top-priority basis c a n n o t a n d m u s t not be d e l a y e d o r p e n a l i z e d by a l i m i t e d a n d i n a d e q u a t e high- way facility. F o r these reasons, it i s i m p o r t a n t that the Washington A r e a be p r o v i d e d w i t h a h i g h w a y s y s t e m offering t e r m s of s a f e t y , efficiency, a h i g h l e v e l of s e r v i c e i n flexibility and capacity. 34 Metropolitan �R e c o g n i t i o n of t h i s n e e d f o r h i g h q u a l i t y h i g h w a y f a c i l i t i e s i s i m p l i c i t i n the F e d e r a l - A i d a p p o r t i o n m e n t s For example, in f i s c a l year to t h e D i s t r i c t of 1963, approximately $35 m i l l i o n , Columbia. almost 8 8 % of t h e t o t a l a p p o r t i o n m e n t to t h e D i s t r i c t i s e a r m a r k e d f o r t h e I n t e r state S y s t e m . With such a mandate, of C o l u m b i a , the H i g h w a y D e p a r t m e n t s and the neighboring of t h e D i s t r i c t States, have an obligation and r e s p o n s i - b i l i t y to g e a r t h e i r r e s o u r c e s a n d a b i l i t i e s to t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l p o s s i b l e provide a highway s y s t e m consistent with these National requirements to and obligations. Under d a t e of J a n u a r y 3 0 , 1 9 6 3 , t h e A d m i n i s t r a t o r of t h e U . B u r e a u of P u b l i c R o a d s a d d r e s s e d a l e t t e r to t h e D i r e c t o r of t h e m e n t of H i g h w a y s and T r a f f i c , S. Depart- D . C . , which stated: " T h e S t a t e s s h a r e w i t h the B u r e a u the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to c a r r y out t h i s ( C o m p l e t i o n of t h e I n t e r s t a t e S y s t e m by 1972} a s w e l l a s o t h e r p r o v i s i o n s of t h e 1 9 5 6 F e d e r a l Aid Highway Act. " " O u r r e c o r d s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a o b l i g a t e d 5 8 . 3 p e r c e n t of i t s I n t e r s t a t e these obligations has apportionments; c o v e r 2 2 . 8 p e r c e n t of t h e t o t a l e s t i - m a t e d c o s t of t h e s y s t e m . g r a m for developing A greatly accelerated pro- the s y s t e m m u s t be i n i t i a t e d a n d s u s t a i n e d i f t h e s y s t e m i s to b e c o m p l e t e d on s c h e d u l e . " Thus, one b r a n c h of the F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t , in accordance with the s c h e d u l e e s t a b l i s h e d i n the F e d e r a l - A i d H i g h w a y A c t , is urging D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a to " g r e a t l y a c c e l e r a t e " i t s I n t e r s t a t e H i g h w a y gram. Another F e d e r a l Agency, the N C T A , 35 the Pro- u r g e d d e f e r r a l of k e y p r o j e c t s �that effectively stopped the h i g h w a y c o m p l e t i o n of i t s s t u d i e s , planning B. program, for a y e a r p r i o r and h a s now a d v a n c e d u n a c c e p t a b l e to highway proposals. CRITERIA The geometric state and Defense d e s i g n s t a n d a r d s f o r t h e N a t i o n a l S y s t e m of I n t e r - Highways (2) provide that: " T h e N a t i o n a l S y s t e m of I n t e r s t a t e a n d D e f e n s e i s the m o s t i m p o r t a n t i n the U n i t e d S t a t e s . Highways It c a r r i e s m o r e traffic per m i l e than any other c o m p a r a b l e s y s t e m and i n c l u d e s the r o a d s of g r e a t e s t s i g n i f i c a n c e the e c o n o m i c w e l f a r e and defense highways of t h e N a t i o n . system. of t h e T o t h i s end they m u s t be Nation's designed w i t h c o n t r o l of a c c e s s to i n s u r e t h e i r s a f e t y , manence to The of t h i s s y s t e m m u s t b e d e s i g n e d i n k e e p i n g w i t h t h e i r i m p o r t a n c e a s the b a c k b o n e highway national per- a n d u t i l i t y a n d w i t h f l e x i b i l i t y to p r o v i d e possible future for expansion." " I n t e r s t a t e h i g h w a y s s h a l l b e d e s i g n e d to s e r v e s a f e l y a n d e f f i c i e n t l y t h e v o l u m e s of p a s s e n g e r v e h i c l e s , b u s e s , and t r u c k s , including t r a c t o r - t r a i l e r and s e m i - t r a i l e r combinations and corresponding m i l i t a r y equipment, e s t i m a t e d to b e t h a t w h i c h w i l l e x i s t i n 1 9 7 5 , i n c l u d i n g a t t r a c t e d , g e n e r a t e d , a n d d e v e l o p e d t r a f f i c on t h e b a s i s that the e n t i r e s y s t e m i s c o m p l e t e d . " " O n a l l s e c t i o n s of t h e I n t e r s t a t e S y s t e m ' , a c c e s s s h a l l b e c o n t r o l l e d by a c q u i r i n g a c c e s s r i g h t s o u t r i g h t p r i o r to c o n s t r u c t i o n o r b y t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of f r o n t a g e r o a d s , both. or C o n t r o l of a c c e s s i s r e q u i r e d f o r a l l s e c t i o n s of the I n t e r s t a t e S y s t e m . " T h e N a t i o n a l S y s t e m of I n t e r s t a t e a n d D e f e n s e t i n u o u s i n t e g r a t e d n e t w o r k of t h e Highways is a con- Nation' s most heavily travelled routes, l i n k i n g the c o u n t r y ' s m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s a n d s e r v i n g the n a t i o n a l defense (2) A d o p t e d b y t h e A m e r i c a n A s s o c i a t i o n of S t a t e H i g h w a y O f f i c i a l s , 1956 - a p p r o v e d b y t h e B u r e a u of P u b l i c R o a d s , 36 J u l y 17, 1956. July 12, �i n t i m e of e m e r g e n c y . T h e s y s t e m s e r v e s v e h i c l e d r i v e r s and goods m o v e m e n t o v e r long d i s t a n c e s b e t w e e n cities, and c a r r i e s traffic within u r b a n a r e a s a s c l o s e a s p o s s i b l e to t h e i r f i n a l d e s t i n a t i o n . T h e o b j e c t i v e of t h e f r e e w a y p r o g r a m i n t h e N a t i o n a l Capital R e g i o n i s to r e l i e v e c o n g e s t i o n o n o u r l o c a l s t r e e t s b y p r o v i d i n g a n i n t e g r a t e d s y s t e m of f r e e w a y s w i t h t h e c a p a c i t y to m o v e e f f i c i e n t l y not o n l y t h o s e v e h i c l e s t r a v e l l i n g t h r o u g h the area, such safely and metropolitan but a l s o t h o s e v e h i c l e s m o v i n g p e o p l e w i t h i n the m e t r o p o l i t a n a n d f u r n i s h i n g s e r v i c e s a n d g o o d s s o n e c e s s a r y to a r a p i d l y g r o w i n g community. E a c h p o r t i o n of t h e f r e e w a y a n d h i g h w a y t h e s y s t e m i s to f u n c t i o n C. area urban s y s t e m i s v i t a l if efficiently. BENEFITS T h e n e e d for a f r e e - f l o w i n g , g r a m is obvious streets, efficient and continuous freeway in today's congestion. We pay for inadequate roads i n t e n s i o n , i n c o n v e n i e n c e , a c c i d e n t s , t i m e and gasoline a n d i n t h e p r i c e s of e v e r y t h i n g w e b u y a n d s e l l . Figure proand wasted, 13 i l l u s t r a t e s t h e (3) h i g h c o s t of i n a d e q u a t e existing freeways roads as traffic volumes i n c r e a s e . S t u d i e s of s h o w t h a t i n s o m e c a s e s t h e i r c o s t i s b a l a n c e d out b y (4) m o t o r i s t s ' s a v i n g s i n l e s s t h a n 10 y e a r s . (3) Figure 1 3 , S o u r c e - R e p o r t o n Q u a l i t y of T r a f f i c S e r v i c e , C h i c a g o T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study, way R e s e a r c h (4) p r e s e n t e d a t t h e 4 1 s t A n n u a l M e e t i n g of t h e 19. High- Board. A n n u a l R e p o r t of t h e U . Page Area S . B u r e a u of P u b l i c R o a d s f o r F i s c a l Y e a r 1962, �FIGURE 13-TRAVEL COST-VOLUME FUNCTIONS FOR ALTERNATE TRAFFIC FACILITY DESIGNS �T h e s a f e t y f e a t u r e s of t i i e N a t i o n a l I n t e r s t a t e S y s t e m w i l l s a v e a t least 5,000 lives a year. A c c i d e n t r a t e s on f r e e w a y s h a l f of t h e r a t e o n o t h e r r o a d s w i t h c o m p a r a b l e a r e l e s s than one- traffic. Interstate routes go i n t o a n d t h r o u g h o u r l a r g e u r b a n c o m m u n i t i e s , b y - p a s s i n g c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t s , r e l i e v i n g congestion and speeding c o m m u t e r s shoppers from suburbs. The N C T A d e t r i m e n t a l effects advantages and r e p o r t a d v a n c e s opinions c o n c e r n i n g the s o - c a l l e d of f r e e w a y s on u r b a n a r e a s . It d o e s n o t m e n t i o n a n y and benefits that have been gained f r o m u r b a n f r e e w a y s , as i m p r o v e d property v a l u e s , stimulated urban renewal, d u s t r i a l and r e s i d e n t i a l development, and a greater such accelerated in- r e t u r n on i n v e s t m e n t as compared with congested city s t r e e t s . T h e S o u t h w e s t U r b a n R e n e w a l A r e a i n t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a i s a n e x c e l l e n t e x a m p l e of a t o t a l r e v i t a l i z a t i o n p l a n i n w h i c h f r e e w a y s b e c o m e an i n t e g r a t e d e l e m e n t i n the r e n e w a l p r o c e s s , carefully have balanced a n d i n t e r w o v e n w i t h o t h e r c o m m u n i t y f a c i l i t i e s to a c h i e v e a t t r a c t i v e n e s s , freedom of m o v e m e n t , convenience and I n t e r m s of l a n d u s e , approximately for economy. i n 1 7 9 0 , t h e y e a r of t h e L ' E n f a n t P l a n , 3 , 6 0 0 of t h e 6 , 100 a c r e s i n t h e o r i g i n a l c i t y w e r e reserved s t r e e t s and a l l e y s , or a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 9 % . I n 1950, the a r e a that w a s l a t e r the S o u t h w e s t U r b a n Renewal A r e a h a d 2 6 6 a c r e s i n s t r e e t s a n d a l l e y s o u t of a t o t a l 5 5 2 a c r e s , or 48.2%. free- way, Today, under urban r e n e w a l , a n d after p r o v i d i n g for the t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r s t r e e t s a n d a l l e y s h a v e b e e n r e d u c e d to 2 2 9 38 �acres, a r e d u c t i o n of a l m o s t 15% in land a r e a r e q u i r e d for p o s e s a n d r e p r e s e n t i n g o n l y 4 1 % of t h e g r o s s area, such pur- a s c o m p a r e d to t h e 4 8 . 2 % in 1950. T h e e s t i m a t e of a s s e s s a b l e p r o p e r t y a t t h e c o m p l e t i o n of t h e p r o j e c t i n 1965 i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y proximately project, $144 m i l l i o n . This compares with ap- $ 2 4 m i l l i o n i n 1 9 5 8 a t t h e i n i t i a t i o n of t h e u r b a n renewal indicating a s i x - f o l d i n c r e a s e in tax revenue within a short p e r i o d of s e v e n y e a r s . m a n y d e t r i m e n t a l effects T h e S o u t h w e s t F r e e w a y h a s not p r o d u c e d c i t e d i n the N C T A report. T o provide an i m p r o v e d tax b a s e and i m p r o v e d facilities, the relocation the 1961 F e d e r a l - A i d H i g h w a y A c t h a s g r e a t l y liberalized the c o n d i t i o n s u n d e r w h i c h a i r r i g h t s m a y be d e v e l o p e d for either p r i - v a t e or public p u r p o s e s highways. For example, C i t y of N e w on the r i g h t s - o f - w a y for I n t e r s t a t e i n 1 9 5 8 , t h e B u r e a u of P u b l i c R o a d s c o o p e r a t e d w i t h t h e Y o r k i n a r r a n g i n g f o r a p p r o p r i a t i o n of a t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l a r e a for the new a p p r o a c h e s to t h e G e o r g e W a s h i n g t o n Bridge, t h e a i r r i g h t s to t h e c i t y f o r a p l a n n e d h o u s i n g d e v e l o p m e n t . expressway a i r r i g h t s w e r e s o l d at a u c t i o n i n I 9 6 0 for a t a n i n v e s t m e n t of a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h r e e t i m e s t h e v a l u e of t h e p r o p e r t i e s particular area. These $1,065,000. A p a r t m e n t h o u s e s a r e b e i n g b u i l t t h e r e to a c c o m m o d a t e families, leaving a thousand $19.6 million -- over o r i g i n a l l y a c q u i r e d in this T h e c i t y w i l l h a v e a h i g h e r tax r e t u r n than b e f o r e the h o u s e s i n p l a c e w e r e t o r n down for the e x p r e s s w a y . s e c u r e t h e s e s a m e u s e s of a i r rights. 39 Washington can �D. FINANCING The F e d e r a l - A i d highway p r o g r a m operates Its c o s t i s paid e n t i r e l y by highway u s e r s . basis. on a p a y - a s - y o u - g o No r e v e n u e s f r o m eral taxes, s u c h as the i n c o m e tax, a r e u s e d to f i n a n c e F e d e r a l A i d highways. T h e F e d e r a l t a x on m o t o r f u e l a n d c e r t a i n o t h e r for highway-re- l a t e d t a x e s go i n t o a H i g h w a y T r u s t F u n d w h i c h p r o v i d e s t h e m o n e y t h e F e d e r a l - A i d p a y m e n t s to t h e S t a t e s . gen- for T h e a n n u a l a m o u n t s of F e d e r a l - A i d a u t h o r i z e d to t h e S t a t e s a r e s e t b y C o n g r e s s , but the l a w requires t h a t t h e y b e m a i n t a i n e d i n c o n f o r m i t y w i t h t h e r e v e n u e s a c c r u i n g to t h e Highway T r u s t Fund. T h e funds thus m a d e a v a i l a b l e a n n u a l l y a r e t i o n e d a m o n g t h e S t a t e s a c c o r d i n g to m e t h o d s T h e s e funds p r e s c r i b e d by appor- law. a r e u s e d to f i n a n c e 9 0 % of t h e c o s t of e a c h I n t e r - state project undertaken. I n t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a , the r e m a i n i n g 10% of t h e c o s t i s f i n a n c e d out of t h e H i g h w a y F u n d , w h i c h i s d e r i v e d f r o m gasoline taxes, r e g i s t r a t i o n and inspection fees, a s s e s s m e n t s and other h i g h w a y - r e l a t e d permit fees, special sources. A y e a r l y b u d g e t i s p r e p a r e d b y t h e D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s Traffic, and b a s e d on a n t i c i p a t e d h i g h w a y fund r e v e n u e s for that p a r t i c u l a r fiscal year, a n d t h e n s u b m i t t e d to the C o n g r e s s f o r p r o j e c t a p p r o v a l a c t u a l a p p r o p r i a t i o n of t h e f u n d s a s Thus, and requested. t h e h i g h w a y p r o g r a m i n t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a , in effect, r e c e i v e s C o n g r e s s i o n a l a p p r o v a l t w i c e ; f i r s t , w i t h t h e a u t h o r i z a t i o n of the F e d e r a l - A i d apportionments; of D . D.C. C . matching and, funds. 40 secondly, w i t h the appropriation �III. THE NCTA HIGHWAY PLAN A. THE HIGHWAY SYSTEM B. THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM PROPOSED BY NCTA C. THE NCTA REPORT AND THE 1959 HIGHWAY PLAN D. THE HIGHWAY SYSTEM AND TRANSIT RIDERS E. THE NATIONAL CAPITAL TRANSPORTATION AGENCY RECOMMENDED SYSTEM AND A M , PEAK HOUR VOLUMES .. F. FORT DRIVE AND THE NCTA INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM G. FIGURE 4 - PAGE 16 NCTA APPENDIX V H„ THE POTOMAC RIVER CROSSINGS I. THE SITUATION I N THE NORTH CENTRAL AREA OF WASHINGTON J. THE SITUATION I N THE EAST CENTRAL WASHINGTON AREA K. HIGHWAY CAPACITY AND RESPONSIBILITY L. THE DOWNTOWN FREEWAY SYSTEM 41 �III. A. THE HIGHWAY THE NCTA HIGHWAY PLAN SYSTEM; The highway system proposed by NCTA i s d i s c u s s e d on Pages 4 2 , 43 44, 45 and 46 o f t h e r e p o r t o f November 1 , 1962. The d i s c u s s i o n i n t h e f i r s t paragraph under t h e t i t l e "The Highway System" and Map " J " ( o p p o s i t e Page 4 2 ) uses terms i n t e r c h a n g e a b l y so t h a t i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o determine p r e c i s e l y the point of the discussion. F o r example, t h e f i r s t sentence r e f e r s t o f r e e w a y s and e x p r e s s parkways ( u n d e r s c o r i n g s u p p l i e d ) open t o t r a f f i c , but Map " J " does not show any " e x p r e s s parkways." The same map shows an " e x p r e s s s t r e e t system" i n l i e u o f t h e North L e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop. Map " J " a l s o shows, by l e g e n d , an expressway or improved major a r t e r i a l on Alabama Avenue, from S u i t l a n d Parkway t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y 13th S t r e e t , S„ E . , and e x t e n d i n g w e s t e r l y v i a P o r t l a n d S t r e e t t o t h e A n a c o s t i a Freeway. F u r t h e r m o r e , the map shows t h a t t h e expressway legend a p p l i e s to E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t , from a p p r o x i m a t e l y 17th S t r e e t , S. E. and N. E. e a s t e r l y a c r o s s t h e E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t B r i d g e t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia L i n e ; North C a p i t o l S t r e e t , from a p p r o x i m a t e l y M S t r e e t to M i s s o u r i Avenue and New York Avenue, from a p p r o x i m a t e l y F i r s t S t r e e t , N. W. t o South Dakota Avenue. The terms "Other Freeways and Parkways", " E x p r e s s w a y s and Improved Major A r t e r i a l s " and "Other A r t e r i a l s " a s used i n t h e legend, seem to be a m i x t u r e o f v a r i o u s t h i n g s . Rock Creek Parkway, as shown on t h i s map, would be j u s t t h a t , w i t h no i n t e r s e c t i o n s a t grade and w i t h s e r v i c e presumably a v a i l a b l e o n l y f o r passenger c a r s . The o t h e r f i v e streets presumably would be a v a i l a b l e t o a l l t r a f f i c , w i t h numerous i n t e r s e c t i o n s 42 �at grade, c o n t r o l l e d by t r a f f i c lights. I n normal highway p a r l a n c e , t h e term "expressway" means a d i v i d e d a r t e r i a l highway f o r through traffic w i t h f u l l o r p a r t i a l c o n t r o l o f a c c e s s and g e n e r a l l y w i t h grade s e p a r a t i o n s at intersections. The term "expressway" would, t h e r e f o r e , not a p p l y t o t h e l a t t e r f i v e s t r e e t s mentioned p r e v i o u s l y , w i t h o u t major a l t e r a t i o n and con- struction. At t h e top o f Page 4 3 , t h e NCTA Report s a y s t h a t when c e r t a i n n o n - d e l i n e a t e d freeways and parkways a r e opened t o t r a f f i c , and when Others a r e completed which a r e p r e s e n t l y under c o n s t r u c t i o n o r committed, the r e g i o n w i l l have " a 205-mile freeway system," I n c o m p i l i n g t h i s sum- mary, t h e Agency a p p a r e n t l y h a s mixed expressways and s u r f a c e s t r e e t s w i t h freeways. B. THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM PROPOSED BY NCTA: In the f i r s t f u l l paragraph a t t h e top o f Page 43 o f t h e NCTA Report o f November 1 , 1962, t h e r e appears t h e f o l l o w i n g sentence: i n c l u d e s a c o n t i n u o u s i n t e r s t a t e highway to the system." t h e freeway system proposed by the NCTA. " I t The word " i t " r e f e r s There i s no i n d i c a t i o n i n r e p o r t t h a t t h e Agency c o n f e r r e d w i t h any o f t h e S t a t e Highway Depart- ments t o determine whether t h e I n t e r s t a t e Highway System i s a c c e p t a b l e t o such departments, as r e q u i r e d by t h e F e d e r a l - A i d Highway l e g i s l a t i o n , o r whether t h e freeway system proposed by t h e NCTA would be a c c e p t a b l e t o t h e U. S. Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads a s a p a r t o f t h e N a t i o n a l System o f I n t e r state Highways. There f o l l o w s as F i g u r e No. 14, a map i d e n t i f i e d as "Map G" which i s t a k e n from Page 21 o f t h e NCTA Report. Map "G" a s d u p l i c a t e d h e r e shows o n l y t h e f r e e w a y s and parkways i n c l u d e d i n t h e NCTA Report. 43 �N C T A R E C O M M E N D E D F R E E W A Y and P A R K W A Y S Y S T E M for the W A S H I N G T O N METROPOLITAN A R E A Ref. N C T A R e p o r t to t h e P r e s i d e n t , N o v e m b e r I, 1 9 6 2 M a p G, p g. 2 I figured. �I t does not show r a i l t r a n s i t , commuter r a i l r o a d s or bus r o u t e s on f r e e ways. the The legend d e l i n e a t e s the I n t e r s t a t e Highway System proposed by NCTA. A p p a r e n t l y , the NCTA proposes one I n t e r s t a t e Route approaching the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia from V i r g i n i a a c r o s s the 14th S t r e e t B r i d g e s and a second I n t e r s t a t e Route approaching the C i t y a c r o s s the Theodore v e l t Bridge. Roose- T r a f f i c f o l l o w i n g these two i n t e r s t a t e r o u t e s would be "doubled up" and cause c o n g e s t i o n on the Southwest Freeway. The NCTA i s not p r o p o s i n g t h a t t h e I n t e r s t a t e should c r o s s the Potomac R i v e r on Key Bridge. I f the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s not b u i l t and the I n t e r s t a t e System does not c r o s s the Potomac R i v e r on Key B r i d g e , t h e r e i s no p r a c t i c a b l e and a c c e p t a b l e method c u r r e n t l y f o r f i n a n c i n g the Potomac R i v e r Freeway. Such a change i n f i n a n c i n g would c o s t t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia an a d d i t i o n a l $25 m i l l i o n o f l o c a l funds. Approaching the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia from the n o r t h and n o r t h e a s t , the NCTA concept combines two s i x - l a n e I n t e r s t a t e Routes and 1-95) i n t o one freeway. (I-70-S T h i s w i l l r e q u i r e d e t a i l e d study, b u t p r e - s e n t s no i n s u p e r a b l e o b s t a c l e s . The p l a n n i n g thus f a r by the Highway Departments f o r 1-95 and I-70-S h a s contemplated an e i g h t - l a n e freeway on each o f t h e s e f a c i l i t i e s . While t h e concept o f a c o n t i n u o u s i n t e r s t a t e highway system a s proposed by the NCTA i n c l u d e s c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h o t h e r r o u t e s i n the s t r i c t sense, i t l a c k s a c c e p t a b l e c o n t i n u i t y from the s t a n d p o i n t o f i n d i r e c t n e s s i n s u f f i c i e n t c a p a c i t y , and i n f e r i o r s e r v i c e . I t v i o l a t e s fundamental p r i n c i p l e s by combining major r o u t e s f o r s e r i o u s l a n e imbalance. 44 �C. THE NCTA REPORT AND THE 1959 HIGHWAY PLAN: The second f u l l paragraph on Page 43 o f t h e November 1 , 1962 Report o f t h e NCTA, i n c l u d e s t h e f o l l o w i n g sentence: of t h e 1959 highway p l a n remain unchanged." to u n d e r s t a n d . "The k e y f e a t u r e s This conclusion i s d i f f i c u l t The I n n e r Loop concept i s changed; b r i d g e c a p a c i t y over the Potomac i s reduced; i n t e r s t a t e t r a f f i c i s c o n c e n t r a t e d i n t h e "T" a t the C a p i t o l ; and important r o u t e s a r e combined a t l e s s e r c a p a c i t y i n t h e heart of the region. highways major. O n e - t h i r d o f t h e e s t i m a t e d c o s t o f the MTS planned i s eliminated - mostly i n the D i s t r i c t . A l l o f t h e s e changes a r e The "key" f e a t u r e s a r e changed. The NCTA Report a l s o c o n t a i n s a statement on Page 43 t o t h e e f f e c t t h a t "From a dozen p o i n t s along t h e B e l t w a y , r a d i a l expressways l e a d inward to s e r v e t h e suburbs and t h e D i s t r i c t . " The statement t h a t t h e r e w i l l e x i s t " a dozen r a d i a l e x p r e s s w a y s " l e a d i n g i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s misleading. Under t h e NCTA concept o f freeway p l a n n i n g , t h e " t w e l v e " would be combined and reduced t o f i v e by t h e time they get t o t h e downtown a r e a . D„ THE HIGHWAY SYSTEM AND TRANSIT RIDERS: The statement i n c l u d e d i n t h e t h i r d paragraph on Page 43 o f t h e NCTA R e p o r t , t o t h e e f f e c t t h a t t h e highway system proposed by t h e Agency r e f l e c t s g r e a t e r patronage o f t h e proposed new t r a n s i t system, does not r e f l e c t the t o t a l picture. U s i n g t h e Agency's own e s t i m a t e s , w h i l e i t s t r a n s i t system would c o s t f o r t y p e r c e n t more money, i t would c a r r y t h e same number o f r i d e r s d a i l y as t h e t r a n s i t system proposed under t h e 1959 plan„ (See F i g u r e No. 15) The t r a n s i t system proposed f o r 1980, throughout t h e e n t i r e r e g i o n , would c a r r y o n l y 117,000 more person t r i p s per day than d i d t h e t r a n s i t 45 �COMPARISON RECOMMENDED NCTA RAPID T R A N S I T S Y S T E M S a 1959 MTS a COST Ref; I • NCTA NOVEMBER OF I PLANS RIDERS R E P O R T - page XVI 2-1959 MTS TRANSPORTATION PLAN-page 7 3• NCTA APPENDIX VOLUME V — page 29 4 1959 MTS TRANSPORTATION PLAN-page 51 5- I -r 3 6 2-^4 figure J5 �system i n 1955. to While t h i s i n c r e a s e i s i m p o r t a n t , i t should be compared t h e s u b s t a n t i a l i n c r e a s e o f t r i p s on highways between 1955 and 1980. The number o f t r i p s on highways would i n c r e a s e by 2,500,000 a c c o r d i n g t o the NCTA f i g u r e s . E. THE NATIONAL CAPITAL TRANSPORTATION AGENCY RECOMMENDED SYSTEM AND A. M. PEAK HOUR VOLUMES: Improving a r t e r i a l s t r e e t s i s n e c e s s a r y a s an a d j u n c t t o a p r o p e r l y i n t e g r a t e d system, but i t i s t h e l e a s t d e s i r a b l e s o l u t i o n o f t h e major highway problem i n terms o f c o s t f o r s e r v i c e p r o v i d e d . Appendix V, o f t h e NCTA Report shows c e r t a i n between T a b l e I I - 3 o f t h e appendix Report o f NCTA. inconsistencies and Map " J " o f t h e 1 November 1962 F o r example, T a b l e I I - 3 shows t h a t Mt„ O l i v e t Road, 17th S t r e e t and K e n d a l l S t r e e t i n n o r t h e a s t and s o u t h e a s t Washington would be an expressway. NCTA does not u s e t h e term"expressway" d e f i n i t i o n p r e v i o u s l y r e f e r r e d t o i n t h i s chapter. i n consonance w i t h t h e On these s t r e e t s , each l a n e would be expected t o c a r r y a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1,350 v e h i c l e s p e r hour. ( T h i s does not appear a s an expressway on Map " J " . ) I n t h e event t h i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f T a b l e I I - 3 i s c o r r e c t , and the Mt. O l i v e t Road, 17th S t r e e t and K e n d a l l S t r e e t f a c i l i t y i s expected to c a r r y 1,350 v e h i c l e s per hour, i t should be r e c o g n i z e d t h a t t h i s volume i s w i t h i n 10 p e r c e n t o f t h e p r a c t i c a l c a p a c i t y f o r a freeway l a n e . There i s no i n d i c a t i o n i n t h e r e p o r t a s t o how t h e s e s t r e e t s would be c o n v e r t e d i n t o e s s e n t i a l l y a freeway f a c i l i t y . ( I n c o n f e r e n c e s on 13 March 1963, NCTA agreed t h a t a freeway f a c i l i t y i s needed.) T a b l e I I - 3 and Map V J " show Rock Creek Parkway, i n c l u d i n g e x t e n s i o n s t o t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f P o r t e r S t r e e t w i t h C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue, and 46 �n o r t h e a s t e r l y from t h e Zoo t o 16th S t r e e t and P i n e y Branch Road a s an e x pressway. The N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e h a s under c o n s t r u c t i o n a two-lane t u n n e l t o by-pass t h e N a t i o n a l Z o o l o g i c a l Park. A p p a r e n t l y , the N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e does n o t now propose a f o u r - l a n e t u n n e l or a f o u r - l a n e parkway to t i e i n w i t h t h e P o r t e r S t r e e t p r o j e c t and w i t h t h e P i n e y Branch Parkway. N e i t h e r does t h e r e c o r d show t h a t t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e i s w i l l i n g t o use t h e s e p a r t i c u l a r f a c i l i t i e s a s four l a n e s o f expressway i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e peak f l o w . T a b l e I I - 3 l i s t s Sousa B r i d g e , South C a p i t o l S t r e e t B r i d g e , and Memorial B r i d g e a s expressway f a c i l i t i e s . Map " J " . Sousa B r i d g e does n o t show on A p p a r e n t l y t h e Agency d i d not c o n s i d e r P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue on e i t h e r s i d e o f Sousa B r i d g e a s an expressway. I t i s doubtful that i t l o g i - c a l l y c a n be p o s t u l a t e d t h a t a b r i d g e i t s e l f can be an expressway or somet h i n g e l s e w i t h o u t proper c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e approaches. Furthermore, T a b l e I I - 3 shows Memorial B r i d g e a s f o u r l a n e s o f expressway i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e peak-hour f l o w . As i n d i c a t e d i n t h e p o r t i o n o f t h i s r e p o r t d e a l i n g w i t h t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , p l a n s o f t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e and o t h e r a g e n c i e s f o r t h e treatment o f t h e a r e a i n the v i c i n i t y o f L i n c o l n Memorial w i l l reduce t h e D i s t r i c t approaches t o Memorial B r i d g e t o t h e p o i n t where the p r a c t i c a l c a p a c i t y w i l l be t h r e e l a n e s w i t h t o t a l c a p a c i t y o f about 3,600 v e h i c l e s p e r hour i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e peak f l o w r a t h e r than 6,000 v e h i c l e s a s assumed by t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency. The f o r e g o i n g paragraphs t r e a t f o u r p a r t i c u l a r p o i n t s o f concern i n Table I I - 3 . F. A n a l y s i s o f other q u e s t i o n a b l e a r e a s w i l l continue. FORT DRIVE AND THE NCTA INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM: According t o Table No. I I - 5 on Page 18 o f Appendix V o f t h e NCTA 47 �R e p o r t , t h e NCTA proposes a s i x - l a n e I n t e r s t a t e freeway between a p p r o x i - m a t e l y t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f Deane Avenue and K e n i l w o r t h Avenue, n o r t h and n o r t h w e s t e r l y t o an i n t e r s e c t i o n w i t h I n t e r s t a t e Route 95 i n the v i c i n i t y of S a r g e n t Road ( F o r t D r i v e ) . Under d a t e o f J u l y 30, 1962, t h e D i r e c t o r o f the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, t r a n s m i t t e d a memorandum dated May 2, 1962, to the D i r e c t o r , Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c , D. C„ , which o u t l i n e d c l e a r l y the p o l i c y o f t h e NCPC a t t h a t time w i t h r e s p e c t t o F o r t D r i v e , Two p o i n t s covered i n t h i s correspondence a r e ( 1 ) t h a t under no c i r c u m s t a n c e s would F o r t D r i v e be developed t o p r o v i d e more than 4 l a n e s , and ( 2 ) F o r t D r i v e would not become p a r t o f t h e I n t e r s t a t e system and would not be d e s i g n a t e d as a t r u c k r o u t e . There i s a t t a c h e d F i g u r e No. 16_ which shows t h e p r e s e n t w i d t h o f the r i g h t - o f - w a y f o r F o r t D r i v e i n the v i c i n i t y o f Michigan Avenue. Super- imposed on t h i s drawing i s a concept f o r a p r o p e r l y designed s i x - l a n e freeway. S u b s t a n t i a l a d d i t i o n a l r i g h t - o f - w a y would be r e q u i r e d t o accommodate such a facility„ Any I n t e r s t a t e freeway would c l e a r l y v i o l a t e t h e a b o v e - i n d i c a t e d p o l i c y p o s i t i o n o f t h e NCPC. G. FIGURE 4 - PAGE 16, NCTA APPENDIX V: The NCTA a n a l y s i s d e a l s p r i m a r i l y w i t h t h e A.M. peak hour t r a n s - p o r t a t i o n problem. I t does not f o l l o w , a s i n d i c a t e d e l s e w h e r e i n t h i s r e - port, that the hypothesis o f t h e Agency w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t r i p s t o be made by highways i n 1980 w i l l m a t e r i a l i z e . (1) There i s no r e c o g n i t i o n i n t h e r e p o r t See Map " J " NCTA November 1 , 1962 r e p o r t . 48 �S I X L A N E I N T E R S T A T E F R E E W A Y A L 0 N G E A S T E R N A V E N U E figure 16 �t h a t by the Agency's own f i g u r e s , the number of d a i l y highway t r i p s i n the r e g i o n w i l l p r a c t i c a l l y double between now and 1980. I t logically follows t h a t the m a t e r i a l segments of the highway system, w i t h a r e l a t i v e l y i n c r e a s e i n f r e e w a y s as proposed by NCTA, cannot r e a s o n a b l y and handle t w i c e as many d a i l y t r i p s i n 1980. Sundays, and on h o l i d a y s . adequately There are a l r e a d y numerous troublesome " s p o t s " throughout the r e g i o n d u r i n g on S a t u r d a y s , small s e v e r a l hours of the The number of " s p o t s " day, increases w i t h day-to-day growth i n t r a f f i c volumes. I t i s easy to name a few of these a r e a s which a l r e a d y restrict traffic flow during e f f i c i e n c y of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . such p e r i o d s , severely and which unduly impair the A few such a r e a s which can be c i t e d a r e Seven C o r n e r s and B a i l e y ' s C r o s s r o a d s i n V i r g i n i a , V i e r s M i l l Road, Univ e r s i t y B o u l e v a r d and G e o r g i a Avenue i n Montgomery County, and New Avenue and Hampshire U n i v e r s i t y Boulevard i n P r i n c e Georges County, as w e l l as v a r i o u s s e c t i o n s of downtown Washington, i n c l u d i n g the i n t e r s e c t i o n of K S t r e e t C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue, N. W., the C a p i t o l H i l l a r e a , and P e n n s y l v a n i a and Avenue, The Agency tends to d i s m i s s the presence of these " s p o t s " on Page 4 of the NCTA R s p o r t of November 1 , 1962, c o n g e s t i o n w i t h i n the downtown a r e a and s t a t i n g "Except f o r c h r o n i c traffic at i s o l a t e d points outside, e x i s t i n g t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s a r e adequate f o r the r e m a i n i n g 20 hours of the The Agency, on Page 6 of i t s r e p o r t of November 1 , 1962, also states: "Except f o r the downtown a r e a and i t s approaches, t h e r e a r e o n l y a few p o i n t s where l a r g e numbers of v e h i c l e s converge d u r i n g the peak hours to c r e a t e s e r i o u s c o n g e s t i o n . Congestion at these i s o l a t e d p o i n t s can be r e l i e v e d by ( a ) improving e x i s t i n g a r t e r i a l and c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l s t r e e t s , ( b ) a t t r a c t i n g to p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n many of the people who want to go downtown, and ( c ) c o n s t r u c t i n g f o r people who want to go e l s e w h e r e l a t e r a l or c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l highways t h a t do not cut through b u i l t - u p a r e a s . A highway c i r c l i n g the a r e a w i l l be completed i n 1964. Other road improvements to speed t r a f f i c f l o w s i n the suburbs a r e recommended by the Agency." 49 day. 1 �T r a f f i c Volumes Shown on F i g u r e 4 - Page 16, NCTA Appendix V The assumptions, t h e programming, t h e p r o d u c t i o n f i g u r e s , and t h e h a n d - b a l a n c i n g , o f t h e computer i . e . , t h e adjustment based on judgment, o f f i g u r e s produced by t h e computer, i n c i d e n t t o t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f F i g u r e 4, were done by NCTA a f t e r t h e j o i n t computer e f f o r t by t h e NCTA and the Washi n g t o n M e t r o p o l i t a n Area T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study group. been made a v a i l a b l e concerning p a r t s o f t h i s system. I n f o r m a t i o n h a s not t h e b a s i s f o r "hand-balancing" on v a r i o u s No knowledge i s a t hand which e x p l a i n s some o f t h e arrangements o f t h e t r a f f i c volumes shown on F i g u r e 4. are confined to three points: The comments h e r e ( 1 ) the c e n t r a l area bridges across the Potomac R i v e r ; ( 2 ) t h e s i t u a t i o n i n t h e n o r t h - c e n t r a l a r e a o f Washington; and H. ( 3 ) t h e s i t u a t i o n i n t h e e a s t - c e n t r a l Washington a r e a . THE POTOMAC RIVER CROSSINGS: (2) That p o r t i o n o f t h i s r e p o r t e n t i t l e d "The Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e " d e a l s i n some d e t a i l w i t h r i v e r c r o s s i n g s . On Page 27 o f t h e November 1 s t Report o f NCTA, t h e Agency e s t i m a t e d t h a t the t o t a l number o f v e h i c l e s c r o s s i n g t h e Potomac R i v e r on t h e c e n t r a l a r e a b r i d g e s i n 1980 would be 21,500. F i g u r e 4, Page 16 o f Appendix V i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e Agency c o r r e c t e d i t s e s t i m a t e t o 19,600 peak-hour c r o s s i n g s i n 1977. the c e n t r a l b r i d g e s i n 1962 c a r r i e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y I f we r e c o g n i z e that 16,000 v e h i c l e s i n t h e peak-hour, then t h e Agency contemplates a growth o f 19,600 minus 16,000 or 3,600 v e h i c l e s i n t h e n e x t 15 y e a r s . (2) Appendix I 50 T h i s i s an average annual growth o f �a p p r o x i m a t e l y 240 v e h i c l e s per hour p e r y e a r d u r i n g t h e n e x t 15 y e a r s . D u r i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e l a s t 20 y e a r s , t h e r e h a s been an average i n c r e a s e i n t r a f f i c a c r o s s t h e Potomac R i v e r o f 10,000 v e h i c l e s p e r day per y e a r , or a p p r o x i m a t e l y 600 v e h i c l e s d u r i n g t h e peak hour each y e a r i n t h e dominant direction. I f t h i s a n a l y s i s o f t h e f i g u r e s r e l e a s e d by t h e Agency i s c o r r e c t , t h e r a t e o f i n c r e a s e i n t h e peak-hour t r a f f i c f l o w i n one d i r e c t i o n d u r i n g t h e n e x t 15 y e a r s would be l e s s than o n e - h a l f o f what i t h a s been f o r t h e p a s t 20 y e a r s . I. THE SITUATION I N THE NORTH CENTRAL AREA OF WASHINGTON: F i g u r e No„ 17 shows a p o r t i o n o f F i g u r e 4 from Page 16 o f Appendix V. T h i s e x h i b i t i n d i c a t e s t h a t the volume o f t r a f f i c on t h e one freeway, Route I - 7 0 - S , proposed by NCTA t o s e r v e a l l o f n o r t h - c e n t r a l Montgomery County and n o r t h - c e n t r a l Washington, would c a r r y a p p r o x i m a t e l y v e h i c l e s i n t h e A„M 0 peak hour i n 1977. 10,000 ( T h i s i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e same amount o f t r a f f i c t h a t t h e Agency e s t i m a t e s would u s e Cabin John B r i d g e . ) Such a freeway i n n o r t h - c e n t r a l Washington would be r e q u i r e d t o s e r v e t h e n o r t h e r l y p a r t o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia; i t must s e r v e S i l v e r S p r i n g , K e n s i n g t o n , Wheaton and R o c k v i l l e a r e a s , a s w e l l a s a r e a s y e t t o be developed on t o t h e n o r t h i n Montgomery County. A s i d e from t h e r e l a t i v e l y low volume a s s i g n e d t o t h e freeway, t h e Agency's t r a f f i c assignment shows t h a t a p a r t of t h i s t r a f f i c would be d i v e r t e d t o T h i r t e e n t h S t r e e t and another p a r t t o G e o r g i a Avenue a s an a c c e s s t o t h e downtown a r e a and t h a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y oneh a l f o f t h e t r a f f i c inbound d u r i n g such peak hour i n 1977 would remain on the freeway a s i t approaches t h e c i t y . T h i s assumption d i r e c t l y v i o l a t e s e x p e r i e n c e w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o the u s e o f other major a r t e r i a l s i n t h i s a r e a 51 �PORTION OF FIGURE 4, NCTA APPENDIX VOL.Y fiaureiL �at the present metropolitan time and w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e e x p e r i e n c e areas. approach t h e h e a r t o f a m e t r o p o l i t a n J„ i n other F o r example, F i g u r e Nos„ 18 and 18a, d e p i c t g r a p h i c a l l y the i n c r e a s e i n t r a f f i c volumes a l r e a d y e x p e r i e n c e d t r a f f i c experience on freeways area. on freeways a s they F i g u r e 18a i l l u s t r a t e s a c t u a l on S h i r l e y Highway. THE SITUATION IN THE EAST CENTRAL WASHINGTON AREA: F i g u r e No. 19 i s an i n s e t showing a p o r t i o n o f F i g u r e 4 taken from Page 16, Appendix V i n t h e e a s t c e n t r a l Washington a r e a . and t h e i n s e t shows a f a c i l i t y extending d i r e c t i o n which a p p a r e n t l y Figure 4 i n a s o u t h e a s t e r l y and s o u t h e r l y i s t h e same as Mt. O l i v e t - 17th S t r e e t , N„ E. and S. E. and K e n d a l l S t r e e t as l i s t e d i n T a b l e I I - 3 and showing two l a n e s o f expressway i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e peak hour flow. A c c o r d i n g t o Table I I - 3 and making an assumption which seems t o apply elsewhere w i t h reference to l a n e c a p a c i t y on a r t e r i a l s i n T a b l e I I - 3 , i t appears t h a t NCTA assumes t h a t the Mt. O l i v e t - 17th S t r e e t and K e n d a l l S t r e e t f a c i l i t y both i n t h e T a b l e and i n F i g u r e 4 l i k e l y would have a c a p a c i t y i n t h e order o f 1350 v e h i c l e s per lane. A t no p l a c e i n t h e Report i s i t suggested or i n d i c a t e d how t h i s much c a p a c i t y would be provided on t h e s e s t r e e t s . A study o f t h e f l o w diagram r e f l e c t e d i n F i g u r e 4 suggests t h a t i n order t o a v o i d p u t t i n g the E a s t L e g o f t h e freeway west o f t h e A n a c o s t i a R i v e r t h e Agency h a s done several things. As l i s t e d e l s e w h e r e i n t h i s r e p o r t , i t i s proposing a 6-lane I n t e r s t a t e Highway along F o r t D r i v e which i s i n d i r e c t c o n f l i c t w i t h t h e i n d i c a t e d p o l i c y o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission a s l a t e a s J u l y 30, 1962. R o u t i n g t r a f f i c from n o r t h c e n t r a l Washington on I n t e r s t a t e 95 i n t h i s manner a l s o seems t o cause a number o f v e h i c l e s t o c r o s s t h e Anac o s t i a R i v e r t w i c e ; once on t h e F o r t D r i v e e x t e n s i o n and a g a i n on Benning 52 �T Y P I C A L F E E E W A Y T K A F F I C V O L U M E A P P e < 7 A O I I K I G P 0 W N T 0 W N Ref HOUSTON METROPOLITAN AREA T R A F F I C S U R V E Y - p a g e 19, f i g . C figure. 1®l �SHIRLEY HIGHWAY TRAFFIC APPROACHING DOWNTOWN AM PEAK HOUR PENTAGON AREA. TRANSPORTATION S T U D Y - D E C , 1961 VA.DEPT. OF H I G H W A Y S T R A F F I C C O U N T S f i g u r e 16a �F iG 19 PORTION OF FIGURE4, NCTA APPENDIX VOL.Y �Road, E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t , P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue, or presumably on the 11th S t r e e t S. E. B r i d g e s . I n some of these c a s e s ramps a r e not a v a i l a b l e t o p r o v i d e t h i s s e r v i c e and s u b s t a n t i a l r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f K e n i l w o r t h Avenue and A n a c o s t i a Freeway would be r e q u i r e d t o accommodate t h i s c i r c u i t o u s service. H i s t o r i c a l l y , the E a s t Leg s i n c e 1957 was l o c a t e d along the 10th and 11th S t r e e t S. E. and N. E. c o r r i d o r u n t i l l a s t y e a r when e x c e p t i o n was t a k e n to t h i s l o c a t i o n . During the ensuing months n e g o t i a t i o n s have been underway w i t h the v i e w to p o s s i b l y l o c a t i n g the E a s t Leg of the I n n e r Loop along the w e s t e r l y bank of the A n a c o s t i a R i v e r p a r t i c u l a r l y from about P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue, S. E., to a p p r o x i m a t e l y Road, N. E. the e x t e n s i o n of Mt. Such a l o c a t i o n does have s e v e r a l advantages. s e r i o u s l y a f f e c t housing. I t would l e s s I t would p r o v i d e easy a c c e s s t o the Stadium a r e a i n which the D i s t r i c t of Columbia has a major i n t e r e s t . ble Olivet I t would be p o s s i - t o p r o v i d e ramps to Sousa and E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t B r i d g e s . While i t l a c k s some d i r e c t n e s s , i t i s a c c e p t a b l e i n terms of good p l a n n i n g . With r e f e r e n c e t o park a r e a s , the p l a n does not c o n f l i c t w i t h the r e c e n t concept for changing Kingman Lake and the r i v e r f r o n t i n t h i s a r e a . has r o u g h l y 65 a c r e s i n t h i s g e n e r a l a r e a . The NPS now By r e - a l i g n i n g the w e s t e r l y bank o f the A n a c o s t i a R i v e r and by f i l l i n g , the park a r e a can be i n c r e a s e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 507 a f t e r p r o v i d i n g the n e c e s s a r y r i g h t - o f - w a y f o r the freeway along this location. facility o With c a r e f u l a t t e n t i o n to d e s i g n and l a n d s c a p i n g , the can be a c r e d i t a b l e a s s e t to the appearance of the a r e a i n terms of proper r e l a t i o n s h i p t o the r e m a i n i n g park and to the g e n e r a l environment ing the Stadium. who would use the f a c i l i t y each surround- I t w i l l be a p l e a s a n t e x p e r i e n c e f o r thousands o f people day. 53 �K. HIGHWAY CAPACITY AND F i g u r e No. RESPONSIBILITY: 20 i s an a r t i c l e from one o f the Washington newspapers under date o f F e b r u a r y 10, 1963, which i n d i c a t e s t h a t the G e n e r a l Accounting O f f i c e i s c r i t i c a l o f the d e s i g n o f c e r t a i n p o r t i o n s o f the B e l t w a y i n nearby V i r g i n i a . Under the laws o f the S t a t e o f Maryland and the Commonwealth of V i r g i n i a and under the laws o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia the s t a t e highway departments have the p r i m a r y r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f each j u r i s d i c t i o n ' s r e s p e c t i v e highway programs, p a r t i c u l a r l y as they r e l a t e to major f r e e w a y s and highways. S i m i l a r l y , the f e d e r a l l e g i s l a t i o n which d e a l s w i t h the F e d e r a l - A i d Highway Program i n c l u d i n g t h e I n t e r s t a t e highway n e t work r e p o s e s the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r f e d e r a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i n the U. S. Bure au of P u b l i c Roads» The law under which the Bureau a d m i n i s t e r s the program s p e c i f i c a l l y r e q u i r e d t h a t the Bureau s h a l l cooperate w i t h the s t a t e highway departments i n each o f t h e s t a t e s . I n the p a s t when c r i t i c i s m was made of highway programs, i t was c l e a r t h a t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y r e s t e d w i t h the U. S. Bureau of P u b l i c Roads a t the f e d e r a l l e v e l and w i t h s t a t e highway departments. The NCTA has no r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r d e t e r m i n i n g whether major b r i d g e s a r e to be b u i l t , how many l a n e s s h a l l be put i n a f r e e w a y , the l o c a t i o n o f f r e e w a y s , ramps and interchanges. Such r e s p o n s i b i l i t y c l e a r l y remains " w i t h the government a g e n c i e s h a v i n g j u r i s d i c t i o n t h e r e o f " by the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Act L. o f 1960. THE DOWNTOWN FREEWAY SYSTEM: The freeway scheme proposed by NCTA i n the downtown a r e a i s a reduced concept t h a t w i l l not a d e q u a t e l y s e r v e highway needs i n 1980. 54 �T H E WASHINGTON Feb. 10, POST 1963 Va. Beltway Section Called Too Narrow 8 Lanes Needed W i t h i n 1 2 Years, G A O Report Says By Willard Clopton Btaff Reporter Half the Virginia por- t i o n of the C a p i t a l B e l t w a y w i l l not be w i d e e n o u g h c a r r y t h e a m o u n t of expected now, 12 y e a r s the from Government counting Office to traffic Ac- reported yesterday. Virginia's of the 22-mile Beltway was segment designed to be six l a n e s w i d e , b u t 11.6 miles of it should be made e i g h t l a n e s to h a n d l e the traffic anticipated watchdog Without lanes, T h e Wa&hLntton Post The heavy black line locates the Capital Beltway, the rush-hour of the In agency 1975, the a d d i t i o n a l agency traffic Beltway the said. two Indicated, along will be very including sections m a r k e d A and B w h i c h a Government heavy, movement report construtced and p a s s i n g w i l l be i m p o s s i b l e . However, Virginia Highway . Commissioner H. H. Harris s a i d the S t a t e h a s a c q u i r e d a d d i t i o n a l right-of-way along the B e l t w a y a n d c a n a d d on the e x t r a Janes w h e n a n d if they are needed. T h e G A O s a i d the s i x - l a n e w i d t h w a s c h o s e n o n the b a s i s of t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t s m a d e by V i r g i n i a i n 1957. The forecasts were revised upwards i n 1960 but by t h a t t i m e m u c h of the p r o j e c t w a s u n d e r c o n t r a c t , it s a i d . yesterday said were not being sufficiently wide. F I G U R E 2 0 w i l l be parts slow M o r e t h a n h a l f of the V i r g i n i a s e c t i o n of the B e l t w a y , b e i n g b u i l t at a cost of about $57 m i l l i o n , now is open to t r a f f i c a n d the e n t i r e p r o j e c t is s c h e d u l e d for completion by the e n d of the y e a r . M a r y l a n d is e x p e c t e d to c o m p l e t e its 42-mile s e g m e n t by the m i d d l e of 1964. A c c o r d i n g to G A O , the F e d e r a l B u r e a u of P u b l i c R o a d s , w h i c h is p a y i n g n i n e - t e n t h s of the cost of the B e l t w a y , w a s " n o t d i s t u r b e d " at the difference between the 1957 a n d 1960 t r a f f i c p r o j e c t i o n s e v e n though the increase along s o m e s t r e t c h e s of the B e l t w a y w a s as m u c h a s o n e - t h i r d higher. "The Bureau advised . . . that, a l t h o u g h the e s t i m a t e d 1975 traffic v o l u m e s a r e above d e s i g n c a p a c i t y , t h e y are w e l l b e l o w the possible c a p a c i t y of the f a c i l i t y , " the r e p o r t s a i d . T h e G A O w e n t o n to c i t e a p o l i c y s t a t e m e n t of the A m e r i c a n A s s o c i a t i o n of S t a t e H i g h way Officials which defines d e s i g n c a p a c i t y as the n u m b e r of v e h i c l e s p e r l a n e t h a t c a n move "freely and safely" and the p o s s i b l e c a p a c i t y a s the a m o u n t t h a t c a n be h a n d l e d under "unsatisfactory operating conditions." T h e l a t t e r , s a y s the A s s o c i a tion, " i s possible of a t t a i n m e n t only with high density, slow and uniform operation, and i n a b i l i t y to pass. I t s h o u l d not be considered a basis for design." " I t w o u l d a p p e a r , " the G A O report concluded, "that the p o t e n t i a l i n a d e q u a c y of a 57million-dollar uncompleted I n terstate highway facility s h o u l d be of c o n s i d e r a b l e c o n c e r n to the B u r e a u a n d the State . . . " T h e r e v i s e d traffic f o r e c a s t s for the C a p i t a l B e l t w a y i n d i cate t h a t the a d e q u a c y of the p r e s e n t d e s i g n . . . is at l e a s t questionable." �B a s i c a l l y , i t l a c k s important p a r t s o f t h e loop concept which p l a n n i n g a g e n c i e s and t h e v a r i o u s highway departments a c r o s s the l a n d have found n e c e s s a r y t o c o l l e c t and d i s t r i b u t e t r a f f i c i n , near and through t h e c o r e s of major m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s . There i s a t t a c h e d F i g u r e No. 21_ which shows examples o f t h e I n n e r Loop p l a n concept a p p l i e d or being c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e urban a r e a s o f D e t r o i t , P h i l a d e l p h i a , C l e v e l a n d , Boston, Columbus and a s proposed i n Washington, D. C. The Agency p l a n s u b s t i t u t e s an " e x p r e s s s t r e e t system" freeway along t h e n o r t h w e s t e r l y p o r t i o n o f t h e I n n e r Loop. for a The Agency em- (3) ployed a c o n s u l t a n t ^ ' t o e x p l o r e the p o s s i b l e d e s i g n and l o c a t i o n o f an e x p r e s s s t r e e t system f o r t h e c o r r i d o r between t h e Potomac Freeway-Inner Loop I n t e r c h a n g e , near 27th and K S t r e e t s , N. W,, and t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f F l o r i d a Avenue and New York Avenue, t o s e r v e between 2500 and 3500 v e h i c l e s i n t h e peak hour i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e major flow. the t r a f f i c requirement The assumption t h a t on t h i s p o r t i o n o f t h e loop would be i n t h e order o f t h i s magnitude was made b e f o r e t h e t r a f f i c needs were developed. The approach used by t h e Agency i n t h i s case i n t e l l i n g i t s cons u l t a n t how many v e h i c l e s t h e f a c i l i t y should s e r v e i s a t v a r i a n c e w i t h the approach recommended by t h e highway departments i n modern-day highway planning. From time-to-time t h e highway departments have prepared p o l i c y s t a t e m e n t s , p u b l i c a t i o n s and other l i t e r a t u r e f o r use by t h e s t a t e s i n p l a n n i n g , d e s i g n i n g and c o n s t r u c t i o n o f highways. I n 1957 t h e American A s s o c i a t i o n o f S t a t e Highway O f f i c i a l s i s s u e d "A P o l i c y on A r t e r i a l Highways (3) An E x p r e s s S t r e e t System f o r t h e North C o r r i d o r o f t h e I n n e r Loop by B l a i r and S t e i n A s s o c i a t e s , P l a n n e r s , Washington, D. C. 5 5 �CLEVELAND COLUMBUS PHILADELPHIA WASHINGTON, D. C. Proposed DETROIT BOSTON TYPICAL INNER LOOP FREEWAY SYSTEMS THE ABOVE DIAGRAMS ARE OF COMPARABLE SCALES, AND THEY ARE SHOWN TO ILLUSTRATE A DESIGN CONCEPT. r i n u r a 9\ �i n Urban A r e a s . " On Page 6 i s the f o l l o w i n g paragraph: " T r a f f i c : The a n t i c i p a t e d t r a f f i c i s a major c o n t r o l , A d e c i s i o n should be reached d u r i n g e a r l y p l a n n i n g stages as t o the type o f s e r v i c e to be p r o v i d e d , hence t h i s type of highway needed. The volume o f t r a f f i c t o be s e r v e d i s the d e s i g n load which l a r g e l y determines the type o f highway r e q u i r e d , w h i l e the g e n e r a l d e s i r e l i n e s o f t r a f f i c from 0-D d a t a , i n d i c a t e a p r e f e r r e d location," T h e r e f o r e , the highway departments endeavor t o a s c e r t a i n or e s t i m a t e the volume of t r a f f i c t o be s e r v e d i n p l a n n i n g highway p r o j e c t s . I n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h i s p o l i c y , the highway departments c o l l e c t i w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o p r e s e n t t r a f f i c use. data They accumulate d a t a w i t h r e f - erence to p o p u l a t i o n ; they study e x i s t i n g and proposed l a n d use p l a n s ; and, they study r e t a i l r e g i o n under study. s a l e s f o r an index as t o p o s s i b l e a c t i v i t y i n t h e C o l l e c t i v e l y , these t h i n g s a r e a n a l y z e d to d e l i n e - ate what the highway departments c a l l t r a f f i c d e s i r e l i n e s f o r the p r e s e n t and f o r some d e s i g n year i n the f u t u r e . Thus„ t h e highway departments a r e a t t e m p t i n g t o a s c e r t a i n the d e s i r e o f the American c i t i z e n to use h i s car r a t h e r than p l a c i n g an a r b i t r a r y c e i l i n g on t h e number of v e h i c l e s t h a t might be p e r m i t t e d t o use any p a r t i c u l a r facility. There i s a t t a c h e d F i g u r e No. 22_ which i s a map taken from the c o n s u l t a n t ' s r e p o r t t o the NCTA. T h i s map i n d i c a t e s t h a t the c o n s u l t a n t recommended a highway f a c i l i t y e s s e n t i a l l y along t h e l o c a t i o n p r e v i o u s l y recommended by the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c . I t i s important i n t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f the c o n s u l t a n t ' s recommended de- s i g n to r e c a l l t h a t he was f u r n i s h e d t h e t r a f f i c volume by NCTA. In his c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f a l t e r n a t e p l a n s t o s e r v e t h i s volume, the c o n s u l t a n t proposed a s i x - l a n e " J u n i o r Expressway" and K S t r e e t s , N. W., to a p p r o x i m a t e l y from the i n t e r c h a n g e near 2 1 s t and S S t r e e t s , N. W„ 27th The r e - p o r t submitted by t h e c o n s u l t a n t does not i n c l u d e d e f i n i t e dimensions w i t h 5 6 �THE EXPRESS STREET SYSTEM s c a l e i a feet O N E - W A Y A L T E R N A T I V E F O R S E C T I O N IT p i q u e t %2. Brf- SCNE-STEIN - Uoz.ru Leg Stwy Mars*? * 4 �r e f e r e n c e to w i d t h o f l a n e s , w i d t h o f median, w i d t h o f s h o u l d e r s , s i g h t d i s t a n c e , and other m a t t e r s which v i t a l l y a f f e c t t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f any highway. However, i t appears from t h e c r o s s - s e c t i o n drawings on Pages 20 and 22, and t h e n a r r a t i v e on Page 20, t h a t t h e proposed " J u n i o r E x p r e s s w a y " would have dimensions which would d r a s t i c a l l y a f f e c t traffic flow. Squeezing dimensions f o r t h e sake o f r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l economies incident to i n i t i a l construction v i t a l l y a f f e c t s e f f i c i e n c y of t r a f f i c f l o w and the q u a l i t y o f s e r v i c e provided by p r o j e c t s from t h e day they a r e opened t o some i n d e f i n i t e time i n t h e f u t u r e . Over t h e y e a r s a l l k i n d s and combinations o f f a c i l i t i e s have been c o n s t r u c t e d i n v a r i o u s a r e a s i n c l u d i n g " J u n i o r Expressways." metropolitan There i s a t t a c h e d F i g u r e No. 23_ which i n c l u d e s some i n t e r e s t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n r e c e n t l y r e p o r t e d to t h e F o r t y f i r s t Annual Meeting o f t h e Highway Research Board, i n a paper e n t i t l e d " Q u a l i t y o f T r a f f i c S e r v i c e - Chicago Area T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study." This f i g u r e g r a p h i c a l l y r e f l e c t s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p i n c o s t per v e h i c l e m i l e f o r v a r i o u s k i n d s o f f a c i l i t i e s c a r r y i n g v a r i o u s volumes o f t r a f f i c . The " J u n i o r Expressway" a t grade i s v e r y c o s t l y per v e h i c l e m i l e f o r t h e volume o f t r a f f i c t h a t can be s e r v e d o f any o f t h e f a c i l i t i e s l i s t e d . The improved a r t e r i a l w i t h through t r a f f i c l a n e s s e p a r a t e d , which a p p a r e n t l y would be i n c l u d e d i n t h e median p o r t i o n o f t h e North L e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop, i s a l s o expensive f o r t h e s e r v i c e provided. From 21st and S S t r e e t s , N. W. to a p p r o x i m a t e l y N, W,, t h e c o n s u l t a n t recommended a " b o u l e v a r d " would r e q u i r e approximately termini, 5 t h and S S t r e e t s , type o f improvement. 110 f e e t o f a d d i t i o n a l r i g h t - o f - w a y This between The c o n s u l t a n t would p r o v i d e grade s e p a r a t i o n s t r u c t u r e s t o c a r r y 1 3 t h and 16th S t r e e t s , N. W. , under t h e proposed b o u l e v a r d . 57 Presumably, �COMBINED ALTERNATE TRAFFIC FIGURE 2 3 TRAVEL AND INVESTMENT FACILITY DESIGNS Ref. QUALITY OF T R A F F I C S E R V I C E - COST RELATED TO VOLUME Chicago Area Transportation Study Presented At 41 st. Annual Meeting HIGHWAY R E S E A R C H BOARD FOR �o t h e r i n t e r s e c t i o n s would be c o n t r o l l e d by t r a f f i c l i g h t s . a l s o considered N. W. The c o n s u l t a n t t h e p o s s i b l e u s e o f one-way s t r e e t s on R and S S t r e e t s , On Page 28 o f t h e r e p o r t , he o u t l i n e s t h e reasons the one-way s t r e e t i d e a . for dismissing H i s comments a r e a s f o l l o w s : "The economy o f t h e one-way a l t e r n a t i v e f o r S e c t i o n I I must be compared w i t h t h e u n d e s i r a b l e e f f e c t s t h e system would have on t h e r e s i d e n t s o f t h e a r e a and t h e a d j a c e n t p r o p e r t i e s . Those l i v i n g i n t h e b l o c k s between t h e oneway p a i r would s u f f e r t h e g r e a t e s t h a r d s h i p s . They would be caught i n a s e a o f t r a f f i c . Not o n l y would they be annoyed by n o i s e and c o n g e s t i o n , but t h e n e c e s s i t y o f u s i n g a l l f o u r l a n e s f o r through t r a f f i c would d e p r i v e them o f r e a s o n a b l e s e r v i c e and a c c e s s t o t h e i r p r o p e r t i e s and b u s i n e s s e s . " "The one-way system i s p u r e l y a t e c h n i c a l s o l u t i o n , and i t lacks the potential for creating a v i s u a l l y s a t i s f y i n g environment. The heavy one-way t r a f f i c w i t h i n a minimum r i g h t - o f - w a y would, i n f a c t , d e t r a c t from t h e appearance of the r e s i d e n t i a l b l o c k s . " " T h i s a l t e r n a t i v e would not s t i m u l a t e redevelopment or t h e up-grading o f t h e a d j a c e n t p r o p e r t i e s . On t h e c o n t r a r y , i t s impact would tend t o d e f l a t e p r o p e r t y v a l u e s and a c c e l e r a t e t h e p h y s i c a l d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f t h e a r e a . The funds, saved by s u b s t i t u t i n g t h e low c o s t one-way system f o r t h e b o u l e v a r d , may be more than o f f s e t by t h e d e c l i n e i n t h e a r e a ' s p r o p e r t y v a l u e s , and t h e i n c r e a s e d s e r v i c e s t h a t a r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y r e q u i r e d by d e t e r i o r a t i n g a r e a s . " The c o n s u l t a n t ' s comments i n t h e f i r s t above-quoted paragraph concerning i s opposite u n d e s i r a b l e e f f e c t s o f t h e one-way s t r e e t s on t h e r e s i d e n t s , t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n by t h e NCTA. On Page 43 o f t h e NCTA R e p o r t , the t h i r d sentence o f t h e paragraph e n t i t l e d "Downtown Freeway System" states: "However, t h e North L e g o f t h e p r e v i o u s l y proposed loop i s r e p l a c e d by an e x p r e s s s t r e e t system t h a t would p r o v i d e adequately for t r a f f i c r e q u i r e m e n t s and a t t h e same time p r e s e r v e d e s i r a b l e neighborhood c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and f i t i n w i t h any f u t u r e p l a n s f o r neighborhood improvement " ? (underscoring supplied) T h i s i s not a t y p i c a l one-way o p e r a t i o n because t h e " J u n i o r Expressway" would f u n n e l heavy volumes o f 58 �t r a f f i c onto t h e p a r t i c u l a r p a i r o f s t r e e t s i n v o l v e d i n t h i s case. From 5 t h and S S t r e e t s , N. W. , and more o r l e s s p a r a l l e l i n g F l o r i d a Avenue t o New York Avenue, the c o n s u l t a n t a g a i n proposed a s i x lane "Junior Expressway". With r e f e r e n c e to t h e above s e c t i o n s N. W., from 27th and K S t r e e t s , t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f F l o r i d a Avenue and New Y o r k Avenue, t h e NCTA recommended a " f o u r - l a n e e x p r e s s s t r e e t system" (Page 17, Appendix V ) . We do not know f o r c e r t a i n what the Agency means by an " e x p r e s s s t r e e t system". ducing the p r a c t i c a b l e I t would, however, have t h e e f f e c t o f r e - t r a f f i c capacity Loop from about 6,000 v e h i c l e s on t h i s p o r t i o n o f t h e I n n e r t o 1,600 t o 2,400 v e h i c l e s i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of major flow d u r i n g t h e peak hour. 59 �IV. THE NCTA TRANSIT PLAN A. REASONS FOR CONCERN B. COMPARISON WITH THE MTS PLAN C. COMPARATIVE DENSITIES D. PERFORMANCE ESTIMATES E. REVENUE ESTIMATES 3 60 �IV. A. THE NCTA TRANSIT PLAN REASONS FOR CONCERN While s u p p o r t i n g the concept of a r a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t facility as an i n t e g r a l p a r t of a comprehensive, adequate and w e l l - b a l a n c e d urban t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system, the Board of Commissioners must n e v e r t h e l e s s e x p r e s s c o n c e r n over the dominant and o p t i m i s t i c use of r a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t , the l i m i t e d use of e x p r e s s bus t r a n s i t , and the r e d u c t i o n i n highway f a c i l i t i e s implicit i n the NCTA p r o p o s a l s . I n v i e w of the p o s s i b i l i t y of accumulated e r r o r i n the p r e d i c t i o n of a modal s p l i t t o t r a n s i t , a s d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t i o n I of t h i s r e p o r t , l o g i c would seem t o d i c t a t e a more f l e x i b l e highway network to provide an adequate l e v e l of s e r v i c e should the f a v o r a b l e t r a n s i t dictions f a i l to materialize. This i s particularly pre- t r u e s i n c e even the o p t i m i s t i c t r a n s i t p i c t u r e f o r e c a s t by NCTA would s e r v e o n l y 4%% of the i n c r e a s e d t r i p s between 1955 and 1980. See F i g u r e 8. I n s t e a d , the NCTA has chosen t o propose a highway system which would provide an inadequate l e v e l of s e r v i c e even i f a l l of t h e i r pre- d i c t i o n s and assumptions proved t o be c o r r e c t . Even though t h e NCTA assumes t h a t a l l of t h e t r a n s i t system c o s t s w i l l be p a i d from f a r e box, the Board of Commissioners i s concerned about the f i n a n c i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Region, should these f o r e c a s t s prove t o be o v e r s t a t e d . The Bureau of the Census r e c e n t l y r e p o r t e d t h a t i n the 190 major m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s of the N a t i o n only 1/3 of the suburban workers commute to t h e C e n t r a l C i t y . T h e r e f o r e , t r i p s t o the C e n t r a l C i t y a r e only a p a r t of the t o t a l work t r i p s . 61 �B. COMPARISON WITH THE MTS PLAN R e f e r r i n g once a g a i n t o the NCTA proposal for a "balanced" t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system, t h e r e i s s i m i l a r i t y i n c o s t , mileage and l a y o u t between t h e NCTA r a i l t r a n s i t system and the h y p o t h e t i c a l r a i l dominant t r a n s i t system c o n s i d e r e d Survey of 1959. as an a l t e r n a t i v e i n the Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n F i g u r e 24 i l l u s t r a t e s t h i s relationship. The Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Survey of 1959 r e j e c t e d t h i s rail- dominant system i n f a v o r of i t s recommended balanced t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system of highways, e x p r e s s b u s , and r a i l t r a n s i t The MTS study gave these reasons facilities. f o r r e j e c t i n g the r a i l transit p l a n , not u n l i k e the p l a n c u r r e n t l y proposed by the NCTA. "The Washington area does not provide t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of r e s i d e n t i a l development or downtown employment needed t o j u s t i f y an e x t e n s i v e r a i l system, w i t h i t s l a r g e c a p i t a l c o s t . The suburban p o p u l a t i o n i s d i s persed over wide a r e a s a t low d e n s i t i e s , and there a r e few h e a v i l y populated c o r r i d o r s t o provide the heavy passenger volumes n e c e s s a r y f o r economical o p e r a t i o n s , such a s a r e to be found i n other c i t i e s where s e t t l e m e n t has f o l l o w e d r a i l l i n e s or topography has channeled growth. The p a t t e r n of l o w - d e n s i t y development promises t o c o n t i n u e , s i n c e most of the r e g i o n ' s r e s i d e n t s p r e f e r t o l i v e i n suburban developments of s i n g l e - f a m i l y homes. Where development i s a t a low d e n s i t y , e x p r e s s t r a n s i t s e r v i c e l o s e s much of i t s time advantage over the p r i v a t e automobile, s i n c e most persons must spend a c o n s i d e r a b l e amount of time i n t r a v e l l i n g to the t r a n s i t s t a t i o n s . " "Another f a c t o r t h a t l i m i t s the number of t r i p s t h a t c a n be a t t r a c t e d t o e x p r e s s t r a n s i t i s t h e l a r g e prop o r t i o n of t r i p s t h a t do not b e g i n or end i n the downtown a r e a ; these cannot be served w e l l by p u b l i c t r a n s i t . " "For these r e a s o n s , even the i n t r o d u c t i o n of e x t e n s i v e r a i l t r a n s i t s e r v i c e would not e l i m i n a t e the need f o r a g r e a t l y expanded highway network." ( 1 ) (1) Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Survey - 1959, Page 46. 62 �MILES NCTA MTS RECOMMENDED RAIL DOMINANT RAIL SYSTEM SYSTEM Figure 98 77 1 24 COST (Millions) $788 876 �C. COMPARATIVE DENSITIES The N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency a s s e r t s i n support o f i t s r a i l t r a n s i t system t h a t the Washington a r e a r a n k s h i g h e r i n suburban d e n s i t i e s than do c i t i e s h a v i n g a r a i l system. transit However, i n those c i t i e s h a v i n g mass t r a n s i t , i t i s the c e n t e r c i t y and not t h e suburbs t h a t provide the b a s i c support for r a i l t r a n s i t . A more v a l i d comparison o f d e n s i t y might be t h a t o f d e n s i t i e s along the e x i s t i n g r o u t e s i n other c i t i e s a s compared t o t h e proposed r o u t e s i n t h e Washington a r e a . A comparison o f p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y i s made along exist- ing r a i l t r a n s i t r o u t e s i n Toronto, C l e v e l a n d and P h i l a d e l p h i a and one o f the proposed Washington r o u t e s . The S i l v e r Spring- R o c k v i l l e r o u t e i s s e l e c t e d f o r t h i s comparison s i n c e i t r e p r e s e n t s one o f t h e more dense suburban a r e a s and t h e t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t i n d i c a t e s i t t o be one o f t h e h e a v i e s t demand r o u t e s . D e n s i t i e s along each o f t h e s e l e c t e d t r a n s i t r o u t e s a r e on a census t r a c t b a s i s u s i n g 1960 d a t a . (1961 f o r T o r o n t o ) . The p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y measurement s were made from t h e outer boundary of the downtown a r e a t o t h e t e r m i n a l o f each o f t h e r a i l facilities. 63 transit �T a b l e I I I and F i g u r e s 25 and 26 i n d i c a t e how t h e proposed S i l v e r SpriagR o c k v i l l e l i n e compares w i t h o t h e r r o u t e s . T h i s comparison shows t h a t d e n s i t i e s a l o n g the Washington r o u t e a r e c o n s i d e r a b l y l e s s than those along e x i s t i n g t r a n s i t r o u t e s i n t h e o t h e r c i t i e s . TABLE I I I POPULATION DENSITY ALONG SELECTED RAIL RAPID TRANSIT ROUTES Name o f Route City Length o f Route Highest Average Density Density ( p e r s . p e r . s q .mi.) ( p e r s . p e r . s q .mi.) Philadelphia N. Broad S t r e e t 6.0 m i . 67,000 35,800 Cleveland West S t r e e t 6.5 m i . 24,000 16,800 Toronto Yonge S t r e e t 3.3 m i . 35 100 16,300 Cleveland E a s t Side 7.5 m i . 34,300 13,600 Washington S i l v e r Spring Rockville 13.0 m i . 25 900 9,300 s 3 D. PERFORMANCE ESTIMATES The NCTA proposes t h a t " o v e r - a l l speeds, i n c l u d i n g station s t o p s , w i l l average between 45 and 50 m i l e s per hour between t h e suburbs (2) and downtown." v ' Without c h a l l e n g i n g t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a t t a i n i n g such speeds under i d e a l c o n d i t i o n s , t h e Board o f Commissioners i s nevertheless aware o f t h e p a s t e x p e r i e n c e o f o t h e r r a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t system. For example, t h e Toronto Subway System, t h e newest i n North America, a v e r a g e s s l i g h t l y under 16 m i l e s per hour. the f a s t e s t known,averages 20 m i l e s per hour. System a v e r a g e s 16 m i l e s per hour. The Chicago System, The New York Subway �AVERAGE POPULATION DENSITY ALONG RAIL RAPID TRANSIT ROUTES figure 2J5 �figure 26. �The NCTA r e p o r t s t a t e s t h a t the 83 m i l e r a i l system w i l l c o n t a i n 65 s t a t i o n s throughout the r e g i o n , of w h i c h 30 are i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. I t i s d i f f i c u l t t o understand how t r a i n s c a n average 45 m i l e s per hour when t h e d i s t a n c e s between stops average between one and two m i l e s . These speed assumptions a s i n d i c a t e d on Page 26 a r e v e r y s e n s i t i v e components of t h e modal s p l i t c u r v e s used to determine t h e p o t e n t i a l t r a n s i t load. F u r t h e r m o r e , l o c a l bus systems a r e not s p e l l e d out i n terms of scope, o p e r a t i o n and f i n a n c i n g . The Board of Commissioners i s concerned about s e r v i c e t o our people, due t o s p a r s i t y o f s t a t i o n s . D. C. T r a n s i t now has over 3,000 bus s t o p s i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia alone. E. REVENUE ESTIMATES I n Volume V of the Appendices, the NCTA expands the e s t i m a t e d 1980 morning one-way peak hour t r a n s i t t r a f f i c by a f a c t o r t o o b t a i n the e s t i m a t e d f u l l weekday t r a f f i c . The r e s u l t a n t f i g u r e i s then e x - panded by another f a c t o r t o o b t a i n an e s t i m a t e of the annual t r a n s i t (3) traffic. Some d i s c u s s i o n of these e x p a n s i o n f a c t o r s i s i n o r d e r . The NCTA uses a d i v i s o r of .135 t o expand the 1980 peak hour inbound r a p i d t r a n s i t patronage t o a t o t a l d a i l y r i d e r s h i p . We have been unable t o a s c e r t a i n the f a c t u a l b a s i s f o r t h i s d i v i s o r . The NCTA uses an a n n u a l i z a t i o n f a c t o r of 299.6 t o develop t h e i r annual t r a f f i c e s t i m a t e f o r 1980. T h i s f a c t o r assumes t h a t t h e r e w i l l be no decrease i n weekend and h o l i d a y t r a n s i t r i d e r s h i p d u r i n g the (3) n e x t two decades. Appendix V t o November R e p o r t , Page 29, T a b l e I V - 1 . 65 �T h i s assumption i s c o n t r a r y t o p a s t e x p e r i e n c e , a s the number of e q u i v a l e n t workdays has been d e c r e a s i n g . The e s t a b l i s h e d t r e n d towards more l e i s u r e time i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h i s drop may c o n t i n u e . I f a s h o r t e r workweek i s e s t a b l i s h e d , or i f a p p r o p r i a t e c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s g i v e n t o the f a c t t h a t most school t r i p s occur during an 183 day s c h o o l y e a r , a s opposed t o the 253 work day y e a r used by NCTA, the impact on t h i s f a c t o r and t h e r e s u l t a n t revenues would be drastic. To i l l u s t r a t e the p o t e n t i a l d e f i c i t i m p l i c a t i o n s r e s u l t i n g from the use of lower f a c t o r s , T a b l e I V shows the r e s u l t s of subs t i t u t i n g 0.15 f o r the expansion f a c t o r t o d a i l y t r a f f i c and 290 days f o r the a n n u a l i z a t i o n f a c t o r . TABLE IV ANNUAL TRANSIT PASSENGERS Exclusive 86,965 .15 580,000 Annual Traffic (Weekday X 290) (1,000) 168,300 From E x p r e s s Bus 15,981 .20 79,905 23,180 R a i l Commuter 6,468 .25 25,872 7,500 E x p r e s s Bus ( E x c l u s i v e ) 1,347 .20 6,735 1,950 692,512 200,850 Rapid Transit 1980 AM One-Way Peak Hour Traffic Estimated F u l l Work Expansion Day Traffic Factor T h i s would reduce 1980 annual passengers by a p p r o x i m a t e l y 11.5 p e r c e n t or revenue by $9,000,000 l e s s than t h a t shown i n Table V I - 1 , Page 68 of the NCTA r e p o r t . 66 �A r e d u c t i o n of $9,000,000 i n e s t i m a t e d revenues from 1975 per y e a r t o y e a r 2000 would produce a d e f i c i t of $225,000,000 i n f i n a n c i n g the system from the f a r e box. An a d d i t i o n a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n r e g a r d i n g the revenue e s t i m a t e p e r t a i n s to the school t r i p s . I t appears t h a t a l l s c h o o l t r i p s were e s t i m a t e d a t a f l a t 25<? f a r e . proposed s i n g l e zone f a r e . t r i p s , as i s now Any transit T h i s i s the same as the r e d u c t i o n i n the f a r e f o r s c h o o l the c a s e , would f u r t h e r decrease e s t i m a t e as p r e s e n t e d by NCTA. 67 the revenue �V. T H E C O S T A. THE COST OF THE TRANSIT SYSTEM B„ THE COST OF THE HIGHWAY SYSTEM C. THE COST OF THE HIGHWAY SYSTEM TO THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA D. DISPLACEMENT ESTIMATES 68 �V. T H E C O S T One o f t h e a s s e r t i o n s used by t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency i n i t s p r o p o s a l s f o r t h e NCTA t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system i s t h a t t h e Agency's plan w i l l cost $ 3 6 7 million l e s s than the MTS p l a n o f the t r a n s i t system w i l l be s e l f - s u p p o r t i n g . Whether c o r r e c t depends upon: 1 9 5 9 . Another i s t h a t these assertions are ( 1 ) whether t h e e s t i m a t e d c o s t o f the proposed subway and r a i l system i s r e a s o n a b l y c o r r e c t ; ( 2 ) whether t h e e s t i m a t e d c o s t o f t h e reduced highway system i s r e a s o n a b l y c o r r e c t ; and ( 3 ) whether people i n t h i s a r e a w i l l not f o l l o w n a t i o n a l t r e n d s and w i l l u s e t h e t r a n s i t system i n t h e numbers e s t i m a t e d by NCTA so a s t o produce r e v e n u e a d e q u a t e t o f i n a n c e t h e system. A. THE COST OF THE TRANSIT SYSTEM On Page 7 6 o f Appendix V under C a p i t a l O u t l a y s t h e NCTA e s t i m a t e s the e x p r e s s t r a n s i t system proposed i n 1 9 5 9 to cost $ 5 2 2 million. on Page 7 1 o f t h e 1 9 5 9 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n e s t i m a t e s t h e e x p r e s s system, $56^ i n c l u d i n g parking f a c i l i t i e s a t express t r a n s i t s t a t i o n s , million. (The v a r i a t i o n Table 2 0 transit to cost i s a r e e s t i m a t e by NCTA.) The r e f e r e n c e d n a r - r a t i v e on Page 7 6 f u r t h e r e s t i m a t e s t h e c o s t o f t h e NCTA t r a n s i t system a s $ 7 9 3 million. There have been i n s u f f i c i e n t d a t a and i n s u f f i c i e n t time t o make a thorough check o f t h e e s t i m a t e . relate The comments o f f e r e d here a r e g e n e r a l and t o c o n t i n g e n c i e s and i n t e r e s t during c o n s t r u c t i o n . C O N T I N G E N C I E S T a b l e I I I on Page 4 1 o f Volume I o f t h e Appendices i n d i c a t e s t h a t approximately 1 0 7 » has been a l l o w e d f o r e n g i n e e r i n g and 1 0 7 o f o r m i s c e l l a n e o u s 69 �contingencies. Ten p e r c e n t for miscellaneous contingencies i sa generally accepted r u l e on major c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o j e c t s where c o n t r a c t p l a n s and s p e c i f i c a tions are available. Experience i n t h e Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c has d i c t a t e d the use o f 2 5 to 3 5 percent for for o v e r - a l l engineering complex highway p r o j e c t s estimated where u t i l i t i e s , and c o n t i n g e n c i e s from p r e l i m i n a r y p l a n s . s p e c i a l b u i l d i n g supports, I n subway work and underground water a r e problems and where r e l a t i v e l y l i m i t e d b o r i n g s have been made a v a i l a b l e and analyzed and i n t h e absence o f d e t a i l e d p l a n s and s p e c i f i c a t i o n s , i t i s probable t h a t t h e c o n t i n g e n c y i t e m should a t l e a s t be i n t h e same range. I n f o r m a l i n f o r m a t i o n has been made a v a i l a b l e t o the e f f e c t t h a t K a i s e r Engineering i n i n i t i a l l y preparing an e n g i n e e r i n g r e p o r t i n c l u d i n g an e s t i m a t e on a p a r t o f t h e subway system had recommended 3 0 % f o r contingencies e x c l u s i v e of engineering, on Page ftl may w e l l i n c r e a s e from the t o t a l c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t from miscellaneous Consequently, t h e contingency column $ 6 1 , 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 to $677,100,000 to $184,700,000, thereby.raising $ 8 0 0 , 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 . INTEREST DURING CONSTRUCTION A r e v i e w o f t h e Agency's c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t s i n d i c a t e t h a t the i n t e r e s t on money borrowed t o f i n a n c e c o n s t r u c t i o n has been omitted from t h e t o t a l construction cost. I t i s the general p r a c t i c e i n the engineering p r o f e s s i o n t o add from 5 % t o 1 0 7 o f o r f i n a n c i n g and i n t e r e s t t o cover i n t e r e s t c o s t d u r i n g T h i s c o s t i s added t o other c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t s t o a r r i v e a t a t o t a l construction. construc- tion cost. I t i s f e l t t h a t a c o n s e r v a t i v e f i g u r e o f 5 % should be added t o t h e Agency's c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t t o cover t h i s c o n t i n g e n c y . 70 T h i s f i g u r e i s on t h e �low s i d e on t h e s u p p o s i t i o n t h a t t h e Agency may r e c e i v e some government subs i d y i n i t s i n i t i a l c o n s t r u c t i o n phase. Using t h e 5% f a c t o r would i n c r e a s e t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t by $40 million. I n p r e p a r i n g t h e f i n a n c i a l p l a n o f o p e r a t i o n , t h e Agency has e s t i m a t e d g r o s s revenues under c e r t a i n assumptions, but t h e f i n a n c i a l p l a n s p r e s e n t e d do not t a k e i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n any arrangements t o meet d e f i c i t operations. Sound f i n a n c i a l p r a c t i c e d i c t a t e s t h a t t h i s type o f contingency should be p r o v i d e d f o r i n i t s p l a n . A s i g n i f i c a n t statement made by t h e f i n a n c i a l c o n s u l t a n t t o t h e e f f e c t t h a t "without e i t h e r a F e d e r a l guarantee o r t a x exemption, even a t a 6% r a t e , i n our o p i n i o n , t h e s a l e o f any s i z e a b l e b l o c k o f bonds i n t h e p r i v a t e money market would be e x c e e d i n g l y d i f f i c u l t , i f not i m p o s s i b l e " i n d i c a t e s s u f f i c i e n t concern over t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a d e f i c i t t h a t t h a t contingency should be provided f o r i n the f i n a n c i a l plan. SUMMARY OF TRANSIT COST Summarizing t h e above f i g u r e s t h e t o t a l e s t i m a t e d c o s t o f t h e t r a n s i t system may w e l l be i n c r e a s e d from $793 m i l l i o n t o $957 m i l l i o n . B. THE COST 'OF THE HIGHWAY SYSTEM On Page 77 o f Appendix V, t h e Agency s t a t e s t h a t "The t o t a l capital o u t l a y s f o r highways thus come t o $1,408 m i l l i o n f o r the 1959 p l a n and t o $826 m i l l i o n f o r t h e NCTA p l a n . " T a b l e V-2 on Page 78 o f Appendix V r e f l e c t s t h e Agency's e s t i m a t e s o f highway c a p i t a l c o s t s t o complete t h e MTS and NCTA systems. The t o t a l f i g u r e s a t t h e bottom o f T a b l e V-2 i n d i c a t e a d i f f e r e n c e i n c o s t s o f t h e highway 71 �systems o f $583 m i l l i o n . The d i f f e r e n c e i n e s t i m a t e d c o s t s o f t h e two systems i s l a r g e l y c o n c e n t r a t e d i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. The f o l l o w i n g p r o j e c t s i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia account f o r a major s h a r e , five 74% o f the d i f f e r e n c e i n c o s t s o f the two highway systems. D i f f e r e n c e i n Cost MTS- NCTA (Millions) Project (1) Northwest Route (MTS 70-S) $ 84.0 (2) North C e n t r a l Route 95 57.3 (3) E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t Complex 54.0 (4) Intermediate 77.6 (5) I n n e r Loop Loop 155.5 $ 428.4 P r o j e c t No. 1 ( t h e proposed freeway i n Northwest Washington) has been i n d i s p u t e l i t e r a l l y from the day t h a t i t was added t o the MTS Highway P l a n i n t h e summer o f 1959. Under t h e p r e s e n t F e d e r a l A i d Highway L e g i s l a t i o n t h e r e i s l i t t l e p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t a freeway i n Northwest Washington and one i n North C e n t r a l Washington c o u l d both be f i n a n c e d Funds. w i t h I n t e r s t a t e Highway I n v i e w o f t h e i s s u e t h a t has e x i s t e d w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o the r o u t e i n Northwest Washington and t h e f a c t t h a t g r e a t e r p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y and t h e r e f o r e need e x i s t i n North C e n t r a l Washington, the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia has taken the p o s i t i o n t h a t the North C e n t r a l r o u t e should be g i v e n h i g h e r Therefore, and priority. t h e r e i s no f i n a n c i n g i n s i g h t f o r a freeway i n Northwest Washington c o n s e q u e n t l y t h i s p r o j e c t i s not i n c l u d e d The same c o n c l u s i o n i n a foreseeable applies with reference E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t Complex). 72 f u t u r e program. t o P r o j e c t No. 3 (The �A f i r m d e c i s i o n has not y e t been made w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o p l a n n i n g a l l o f the freeway i n North C e n t r a l Washington. A study i s about to g e t underway t o determine the r o u t e s f o r I-70-S and 1-95 from a p p r o x i m a t e l y the I n t e r m e d i a t e Loop n o r t h e r l y to the C a p i t a l Beltway. However, i r r e s p e c t i v e of t h e r e s u l t s o f t h a t study, the two f a c i l i t i e s , p r o p e r l y designed estimated t r a f f i c , f o r the can, i f n e c e s s a r y , be combined between the I n t e r m e d i a t e Loop and the I n n e r Loop. Combining these two f a c i l i t i e s , s a v i n g s would be reduced by a p p r o x i m a t e l y $54.1 the a l l e g e d million. S e c t i o n s o f the I n t e r m e d i a t e Loop a r e not i n c l u d e d i n the highway program o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia except f o r t h a t p o r t i o n from about 1 4 t h S t r e e t and M i l i t a r y Road, N.W., East Capitol Street. e a s t e r l y , s o u t h e a s t e r l y , and s o u t h e r l y t o T h e r e f o r e o n l y t h i s p o r t i o n o f the I n t e r m e d i a t e Loop should be charged t o the Highway Program o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i n the f o r e s e e a b l e f u t u r e and the a l l e g e d s a v i n g s i n t h i s i n s t a n c e does not apply. P r i m a r i l y because o f the r e l o c a t i o n problem along the 11th S t r e e t , 5. E. and N.E. s e c t i o n o f the I n n e r Loop the P l a n n i n g Commission on December 6, 1962, withdrew a p p r o v a l o f the 11th S t r e e t alignment f o r the E a s t L e g o f the I n n e r Loop. A subcommittee o f the C o o r d i n a t i n g Committee o f the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission i s c u r r e n t l y s t u d y i n g the p o s s i b i l i t y o f r e l o c a t i n g the E a s t Leg o f the I n n e r Loop along the west bank or t h e e a s t bank o f the Anacostia River. I n t h e event i t proves p r a c t i c a l and f e a s i b l e t o r e l o c a t e the E a s t Leg o f t h e I n n e r Loop along the r i v e r and r e l a t e d adjustments to t h e I n n e r Loop, i t i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t a s a v i n g s o f about $35.1 a r e made million would be r e a l i z e d , The a p p l i c a t i o n o f the above n a r r a t i v e and f i g u r e s i n d i c a t e s t h a t the highway p l a n now v i s u a l i z e d a s p r a c t i c a b l e o f accomplishment and f i n a n c i n g by t h e D i s t r i c t , would reduce the d i f f e r e n c e between D i s t r i c t p l a n s and the 73 �NCTA p l a n t o $117.1 m i l l i o n i n s t e a d o f $428.4 m i l l i o n , a s i l l u s t r a t e d by t h e following tabulation. Difference i n Cost MTS-NCTA (Millions) Projects Difference i n Cost MTS-DC (Millions) Present Estimated Difference i n Cost NCTA-DC (Millions) $ — (1) Northwest Route (MTS 70-S) $ 84.0 (2) North C e n t r a l Route 95 57.3 54.1 (3) E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t Complex 54.0 54.0 (4) Intermediate 77.6 83.5 — 5.9 (5) I n n e r Loop 155.5 35.1 120.4 Loop $ 428.4 $ 84.0 3.2 $ 310.7 $ 117.7 REGIONAL ARTERIAL IMPROVEMENTS The Agency h a s o u t l i n e d i n i t s r e p o r t many r e g i o n a l a r t e r i a l improvements - r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f A r l i n g t o n B o u l e v a r d , an enlarged Little Falls Park- way, W i s c o n s i n Avenue, among o t h e r s - which w i l l e v i d e n t l y r e q u i r e many grade s e p a r a t i o n s , ramps, and improvements o f p a r a l l e l s t r e e t s , have n o t been d e t a i l e d i n t h e r e p o r t - The c o s t s f o r these There i s no i n d i c a t i o n t h a t t h e c o s t s o r a c c e p t a b i l i t y o f these improvements have been d i s c u s s e d w i t h t h e highway depart ments o f Maryland and V i r g i n i a . THE COST OF THE HIGHWAY SYSTEM TO THE DISTRICT One other c o s t f a c t o r i s not apparent i n t h e NCTA c o s t estimates. Under the Agency p l a n many s t r e e t s would r e q u i r e major improvements such a s r e p a v i n g , w i d e n i n g , and c h a n n e l i z a t i o n t o c a r r y t h e i n c r e a s e d t r a f f i c volumes. The a d d i t i o n a l c o s t o f these improvements h a s not been d e t a i l e d by NCTA, but i t would reduce t h e gap i n t o t a l c o s t s o f t h e two highway p l a n s . 74 �C. THE COST OF THE HIGHWAY SYSTEM TO THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA I n summary, t h e highway p l a n proposed by t h e NCTA f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, a s e s t i m a t e d by the D i s t r i c t , would c o s t a p p r o x i m a t e l y m i l l i o n w i t h $83.3 m i l l i o n t o be f i n a n c e d by the D i s t r i c t . $433.1 The Highway P l a n proposed by the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia would c o s t an e s t i m a t e d $490.6 m i l l i o n w i t h $82.4 m i l l i o n t o be f i n a n c e d by t h e D i s t r i c t . ing I n o t h e r words, by spend- some $1.4 m i l l i o n l e s s than r e q u i r e d under NCTA p r o p o s a l s , the D i s t r i c t can p r o v i d e t h e highway c a p a c i t y n e c e s s a r y t o move s a f e l y and e f f i c i e n t l y t h e t r a f f i c volumes f o r e c a s t f o r 1975. T h i s i s a s r e q u i r e d by the 1956 Highway Act e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e N a t i o n a l System o f I n t e r s t a t e and Defense Highways. E i t h e r p l a n may r e q u i r e a d d i t i o n s i n f u t u r e y e a r s . However, i t appears t h a t t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f a d d i t i o n a l c o n s t r u c t i o n by 1930 i s more l i k e l y under t h e NCTA p l a n than under the D i s t r i c t Program, s i n c e t h e NCTA p l a n prov i d e s an o b v i o u s l y l e s s complete highway system w i t h a lower s t a n d a r d o f s e r v i c e to t h e automotive p u b l i c . I n any c a s e , a d d i t i o n s t o t h e Highway Program i n t h e D i s t r i c t w i l l r e q u i r e much a d d i t i o n a l study. The programs o u t l i n e d above will r e q u i r e the a s s e t s o f t h e D i s t r i c t which w i l l be a v a i l a b l e f o r many y e a r s , p e r m i t t i n g the time n e c e s s a r y f o r study b e f o r e t h e programs c a n begin. D. DISPLACEMENT ESTIMATES The NCTA e s t i m a t e o f displacement w i t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i n t h e i r r e p o r t o f November 1 , 1962, i n d i c a t e s t h a t under t h e i r p r o p o s a l , a c o n s i d e r a b l e r e d u c t i o n i n p e r s o n displacement ever, d e t a i l e d examination and t a x l o s s would r e s u l t . shows t h a t t h e displacement How- e s t i m a t e s do not r e f l e c t the p i c t u r e f o r c u r r e n t D i s t r i c t p l a n s f o r the f o l l o w i n g r e a s o n s : 1. As was t h e case i n t h e c o s t e s t i m a t e , t h e comparison was made between t h e NCTA p r o p o s a l s and t h e MTS p l a n . 75 A major share o f t h e displacement �on the MTS p l a n r e s u l t e d from p r o j e c t s not b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d by the Highway Department f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n . 2. The r i g h t of-way e s t i m a t e s were not based upon p r e l i m i n a r y p l a n s , i n c l u d i n g i n t e r c h a n g e l a y o u t s , but r a t h e r upon a r b i t r a r i l y assumed locations. right- I n s e v e r a l c a s e s i t was assumed by NCTA t h a t e x i s t i n g of-way would be s u f f i c i e n t t o accommodate t h e i r proposed improvements. 3, The d i s p l a c e m e n t e s t i m a t e s o f NCTA do not i n c l u d e any d i s - placement w i t h i n the o r i g i n a l l y proposed N.W. Urban Renewal A r e a , nor w i t h i n the a r e a f o r w h i c h p l a n s a r e b e i n g p r e p a r e d by the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Downtown Committee, I n c . I n order t o p l a c e the d i s p l a c e m e n t f o r e c a s t s i n a more comparable l i g h t , we have made a comparison o f the NCTA highway p r o p o s a l s w i t h the c u r r e n t l y proposed highway p l a n f o r the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. (Table V ) . T h i s comparison a l l o w s f o r a l l the assumptions made by NCTA i n t h e i r estimate. Where the r o u t e s a r e s i m i l a r , the NCTA e s t i m a t e s a r e used. PERSON DISPLACEMENT ESTIMATES T h i s comparison i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e highway d i s p l a c e m e n t o f the NCTA system would be 4,330 persons a s compared w i t h 12,360 persons under the Highway Department proposed p l a n . The p r o p o s a l t o combine the North C e n t r a l f a c i l i t y and 1-95 on a common a l i g n m e n t a l o n g the B & 0 R a i l r o a d would reduce the d i s p l a c e m e n t o f the Highway Department p l a n t o 7,970 persons. ^ Thus, i t c a n be concluded t h a t w h i l e the NCTA system ( D a study i s to be conducted t o determine the recommended l o c a t i o n o f the N o r t h - C e n t r a l Freeway. T h i s study w i l l i n c l u d e the p o s s i b l e combination of the two r o u t e s and w i l l compare i t t o t h e a l t e r n a t i v e o f the s e p a r a t e r o u t e f o r t h e N o r t h - C e n t r a l Freeway. I n c l u d e d w i l l be an a n a l y s i s o f the impact on t h e l o c a l neighborhoods and the impact on the road u s e r s . 76 �TABLE V ESTIMATE OF PERSON DISPLACEMENT ALTERNATIVE HIGHWAY PLANS DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA PROJECT 1. D.C. DEPT. OF HIGHWAYS & TRAFFIC PROPOSED SYSTEM I n n e r Loop North Leg East Leg (Incl.modified I n t e r c h a n g e C) Southeast Freeway Center L e g 2. NCTA PROPOSALS 550* 1690* 400 490 2640 490 _ * - * Other Routes Connection I n t e r c h a n g e C to 1 1 t h S t . B r i d g e Potomac R i v e r Freeway N o r t h - C e n t r a l Freeway 1-95 No. C a p i t o l S t . E x t . A n a c o s t i a Freeway I n t e r m e d i a t e Loop 30 0 370 2240 100 0 150 30 0 5080 2240 0 4330 12360 (370)** (2460)** (100)** 190 (7970)** * E s t i m a t e s do not i n c l u d e displacement w i t h i n o r i g i n a l l y proposed N. W. Urban Renewal Area or t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Downtown Committee p l a n n i n g a r e a . * * R e f l e c t s r e v i s e d displacement e s t i m a t e i f 1-95 and N o r t h - C e n t r a l Freeway a r e combined i n t o a s i n g l e c o r r i d o r along t h e B&O R a i l r o a d , 77 �would reduce t h e highway p l a n d i s p l a c e m e n t , t h e r e d u c t i o n i s not n e a r l y as g r e a t a s i n d i c a t e d i n t h e NCTA r e p o r t . E s t i m a t e s o f both the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency and the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia r e f l e c t a n t i c i p a t e d displacement period. T h i s would mean an average displacement over a ten y e a r o f 433 persons p e r annum by t h e NCTA p r o p o s a l and 1,236 ( 7 9 7 ) persons p e r annum by t h e D i s t r i c t Highway Department. The f a c t o r o f 2.9 persons p e r d w e l l i n g u n i t a s assumed by NCTA i n t h e i r a n a l y s i s , would mean t h e displacement o f 150 f a m i l i e s under the NCTA p r o p o s a l and 425 (275) f a m i l i e s p e r annum under the D i s t r i c t Highway Department proposal. T h i s i n d i c a t e s a l s o t h a t the displacement problem can be met over a p e r i o d o f time and r e q u i r e s t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f r e a l i s t i c p r i o r i t i e s and sound p r o j e c t phasing. The most r e c e n t D i s t r i c t Government f o r e c a s t , c o v e r i n g F i s c a l 1963-67, e s t i m a t e s an o v e r a l l displacement of approximately Years 8,200 f a m i l i e s f o r a l l governmental programs except Highways, or a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1,600 f a m i l i e s per annum. I n a d d i t i o n , i t must be kept i n mind t h a t t h e e s t i m a t e s o f d i s p l a c e ment f o r t h e NCTA p r o p o s a l s a r e n o t based on p r e l i m i n a r y p l a n s , but r a t h e r upon assumed r i g h t - o f - w a y r e q u i r e m e n t s . F i n a l determination of right-of-way r e q u i r e - ments c o u l d i n c r e a s e t h e NCTA d i s p l a c e m e n t s by a c o n s i d e r a b l e amount. Specific i n s t a n c e s where t h e NCTA e s t i m a t e s appear low a r e : 1. North Leg C o r r i d o r The NCTA e s t i m a t e o f displacement for this section i s based upon t h e adoption o f t h e one-way s t r e e t scheme u s i n g R and S S t r e e t s . The d r a s t i c impact o f t h i s p a r t i c u l a r scheme on t h e neighborhood, and e s p e c i a l l y on those r e s i d e n t s remaining between R and S S t r e e t s , was d i s c u s s e d p r e v i o u s l y i n S e c t i o n 78 III. �2o The e s t i m a t e f o r t h e combined 1-95 and t h e I n t e r m e d i a t e Loop s e c t i o n along F o r t D r i v e assumes t h e w i d t h o f F o r t D r i v e would be s u f f i c i e n t and no a d d i t i o n a l r i g h t - o f - w a y would be required. The same i s t r u e f o r t h e i r e s t i m a t e Of t h e l o c a l s t r e e t connections from t h e I n t e r m e d i a t e Loop west o f North C a p i t o l S t r e e t , t h a t t h e alignment Drive. wou'Id f o l l o w e x i s t i n g F o r t No p r e l i m i n a r y p l a n s were developed t o prove out these assumptions. I t i s v e r y u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e complex type arrange- ment r e q u i r e d f o r t h e 1-95 I n t e r m e d i a t e Loop arrangement proposed by NCTA can be accommodated w i t h i n t h e l i m i t s o f F o r t D r i v e . 3. The NCTA p r o p o s a l f o r K e n i l w o r t h Avenue and A n a c o s t i a Freeway assumes t h e widening can be accomplished w i t h i n the present r i g h t - o f - w a y and t h e NCTA e s t i m a t e s do n o t i n c l u d e any d i s p l a c e ment. Due t o t h e l i m i t e d r i g h t - o f - w a y e x i s t i n g a t s e v e r a l l o c a t i o n s , and t h e complex i n t e r c h a n g e requirements resulting from t h e widening, numerous p r o p e r t i e s must be a c q u i r e d w i t h r e s u l t i n g displacement. However, s i n c e no p l a n s have been developed f o r t h i s proposed widening, the displacements cannot be e s t i m a t e d w i t h any degree o f a c c u r a c y . THE REHOUSING OF DISPLACED FAMILIES The Board o f Commissioners b e l i e v e s t h a t t h e displacement problem as p r e s e n t e d by both NCTA and t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia can be r e s o l v e d through p o s i t i v e programs. The Board h a s approved d r a f t l e g i s l a t i o n f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a c e n t r a l r e l o c a t i o n s e r v i c e t o a s s i s t i n t h e rehousing o f f a m i l i e s d i s p l a c e d by a l l governmental a c t i o n s . 79 �C i t i z e n o r g a n i z a t i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y the r e a l e s t a t e boards, have been urged to h e l p p r o v i d e s i t e s and sponsors f o r moderate r e n t a l r e l o c a t i o n housing. The Board of Commissioners i s c o o p e r a t i n g w i t h the C a p i t a l Housing A u t h o r i t y National to a c c e l e r a t e the c o n s t r u c t i o n of much-needed p u b l i c housing i n the D i s t r i c t , w i t h g r e a t e r emphasis on u n i t s i z e s q u i r e d to take c a r e of the l a r g e r f a m i l i e s and a l s o supported the A u t h o r i t y grant the e l d e r l y . re- The Board has i n i t s s u c c e s s f u l a p p l i c a t i o n s f o r demonstration funds to t e s t the f e a s i b i l i t y both of l e a s i n g and a c q u i r i n g s i n g l e family residences f o r the l a r g e r f a m i l i e s . A l s o , i t has been g e n e r a l l y agreed t h a t f u t u r e T i t l e I urban renewal p r o j e c t s i n the D i s t r i c t must p r o v i d e a f a i r s h a r e of p u b l i c housing and p r i v a t e moderate r e n t a l u n i t s . The Community Renewal Program s t u d i e s , now underway, a r e expected to develop p o s i t i v e g u i d e l i n e s f o r h a n d l i n g f u t u r e f a m i l y r e l o c a t i o n and establishment of a housing inventory. 30 the �V I . C O N C L U S I O N S A. GENERAL B. HIGHWAYS C. MASS T R A N S I T D. T H E M T S P L A N O F 1959 A N D N C T A P L A N O F 1962 E. FINANCING AND F. D I S P L A C E M E N T AND 81 THE ORGANIZATION TAX LOSS �V I . A. C O N C L U S I O N S GENERAL T h e B o a r d of C o m m i s s i o n e r s of t h e D i s t r i c t of h a s r e v i e w e d the N o v e m b e r Columbia 1 , 1 9 6 2 r e p o r t to t h e P r e s i d e n t b y t h e Capital Transportation Agency, i n c l u d i n g the s i x a p p e n d i c e s studies and data supporting s u c h r e p o r t and It i s t h e p u r p o s e National and the l i m i t e d appendices. of t h e B o a r d of C o m m i s s i o n e r s of t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a to e s t a b l i s h a b a s i s p r e d i c a t e d o n p a s t t r e n d s , and the best e s t i m a t e s a v a i l a b l e , f r o m which a justified position may d e r i v e d f o r t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of t h e f u t u r e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n f o r D i s t r i c t of facts, be the Columbia. T h e B o a r d o f C o m m i s s i o n e r s of t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia is c o n c e r n e d that c e r t a i n s t u d i e s w h i c h w e r e a p p a r e n t l y u s e d by the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n A g e n c y i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of i t s p l a n h a v e n o t b e e n m a d e a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e i n f o r m a t i o n of t h e B o a r d of Commis- sioners , B. HIGHWAYS T h e B o a r d of C o m m i s s i o n e r s of t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia is c o n c e r n e d about c o m p l i a n c e w i t h F e d e r a l - A i d H i g h w a y l e g i s l a t i o n i n l i g h t of t h e N C T A highway proposals. The F e d e r a l - A i d Highway legis- l a t i o n r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e s t a n d a r d s u s e d f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e I n t e r s t a t e H i g h w a y S y s t e m " s h a l l be a d e q u a t e to a c c o m m o d a t e 82 the t y p e s and �v o l u m e s of t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t f o r t h e y e a r 1 9 7 5 . " The National Capital Transportation Agency appears to h a v e p l a n n e d the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m w i t h a planning t e c h n i q u e that r a i s e s m a n y q u e s t i o n s a s to t h e v a l i d i t y of i t s f o r e c a s t s . It h a s changed highway standards from n o r m a l p r a c t i c e . T h e B o a r d of C o m m i s s i o n e r s of t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a finds, a s i d e f r o m the t e c h n i q u e u s e d by the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency, i n p r e p a r i n g i t s e s t i m a t e s , that the b a s i c p l a n n i n g p r o c e d u r e used v a r i e s f r o m t h e p r i n c i p l e s s p e l l e d out i n t h e F e d e r a l - A i d H i g h w a y l e g i s l a tion. Despite ^omeiiiterpretations to t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e B o a r d of C o m m i s s i o n e r s of t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a c o n s i d e r s t h a t S e c t i o n 2 0 5 ( a ) of P u b l i c L a w 8 6 - 6 6 9 , 8 6 t h C o n g r e s s , language which c l e a r l y reposes a p p r o v e d J u l y 14, I 9 6 0 , i n t h e S t a t e a n d D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a w a y D e p a r t m e n t s the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y a n d a u t h o r i t y for l o c a t i o n , construction, contains a n d o p e r a t i o n of f r e e w a y s , High- design, parkways and other a r t e r i a l highway facilities. C. MASS TRANSIT T h e B o a r d of C o m m i s s i o n e r s of t h e D i s t r i c t of s u p p o r t s t h e p r o p o s i t i o n t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a n e e d s mass transit. Columbia improved T h e B o a r d e n d o r s e s the p h i l o s o p h y that both b u s e s and r a i l t r a n s i t s h o u l d b e b l e n d e d s e n s i b l y a n d p r a c t i c a b l y to m e e t t h e m a s s 83 �t r a n s i t r e q u i r e m e n t s now a n d i n the f u t u r e . O n the b a s i s of the d a t a t h u s f a r m a d e a v a i l a b l e , the B o a r d of C o m m i s s i o n e r s of the D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a i s not y e t c o n v i n c e d t h a t the m a s s t r a n s i t p l a n p r o p o s e d b y the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n A g e n c y r e p r e s e n t s the o p t i m u m b l e n d i n g of f i x e d r a i l t r a n s i t a n d b u s e s i n t e r m s of i n i t i a l c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t s , s e r v i c e a b i l i t y , a d a p t a b i l i t y to t e c h n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e s , u s e f u l n e s s , a n d f l e x i b i l i t y to a d j u s t f o r f u t u r e m a j o r g r o w t h i n v a r i o u s p a r t s o f the r e g i o n . f o u r y e a r s ago, T h e B o a r d r e c a l l s that a s late a s a n exhaustive study r e c o m m e n d e d a subway s y s t e m , e s t i - m a t e d to c o s t about $476 m i l l i o n . A t that t i m e i t w a s e s t i m a t e d that t h e r e w e r e o n l y t w o m a j o r c o r r i d o r s (one i n n o r t h - c e n t r a l W a s h i n g t o n , a n d one i n n o r t h w e s t W a s h i n g t o n ) w i t h e x t e n s i o n s s o u t h e a s t e r l y to A n a c o s t i a a n d t o Alexandria, Virginia, w h e r e population densities w e r e sufficiently great or e s t i m a t e d to b e c o m e s u f f i c i e n t l y g r e a t to w a r r a n t f i x e d r a i l t r a n s i t . The way s t u d i e s t o date i n d i c a t e t h a t the g r e a t e s t n e e d f o r a s u b - s y s t e m a p p e a r s to be i n the d o w n t o w n a r e a . A l l the d a t a w h i c h h a v e b e e n m a d e a v a i l a b l e i n the M T S R e p o r t , i n t h e N C T A R e p o r t , a n d i n the report by Meyer, K a i n and Wohl ( i n d i c a t e t h a t i t w o u l d be m u c h c h e a p e r a n d t h a t a s u i t a b l e s t a n d a r d o f s e r v i c e f o r m o s t c o r r i d o r s c a n be p r o v i d e d by b u s u n t i l the v e h i c l e s r e a c h the h e a r t of the c i t y , be a p p r o p r i a t e t h a t the i n i t i a l e x p e n d i t u r e s Therefore s i t would f o r a r a i l t r a n s i t s y s t e m be con- f i n e d to the u s e of e x i s t i n g r a i l s y s t e m s t h r o u g h t h e a r e a , p l u s a loop s u b way s y s t e m i n the d o w n t o w n a r e a . 84 �No 1962, evidence i s i n c l u d e d in the N C T A o r i n the a p p e n d i c e s , p r o j e c t i o n s by t h e A g e n c y riders. that s a t i s f a c t o r i l y p r o v e s with reference figures its t a s k . Actually, on w h i c h t h e A g e n c y could h o w m a n y p e o p l e m i g h t u s e a p a r t i c u l a r m o d e of t r a n s p o r t . g a p s i n the data w e r e f i l l e d i n by e x t r a p o l a t i o n s curves w h i c h h a v e no p r o o f in practice. the effort very postulate Significant so-called modal-split T h e a p p l i c a t i o n of s u c h c u r v e s w o u l d a s s i g n p e o p l e to t r a n s i t i n c e r t a i n c a s e s w h i c h a p p e a r unreasonable. S e n s i t i v i t y t e s t s of t h e c u r v e s s h o w t h a t t h e c u r v e s a r e d u l y s e n s i t i v e to t h e t i m e , u s u a l l y r e f e r r e d to a s t h e w a l k i n g t i m e , where D. a p e r s o n p a r k s h i s c a r to h i s T H E MTS P L A N OF from 1959 A N D THE NCTA PLAN OF 1962 1 4 . 3 m i l e s of s u b w a y a n d 2 0 . 1 m i l e s of f i x e d r a i l t r a n s i t i n o p e n c u t , a t a t o t a l e s t i m a t e d of $ 4 7 6 m i l l i o n , a n d t h e e x p r e s s b u s s y s t e m p r o p o s e d i n e i g h t cost corridors e s t i m a t e d to c o s t $ 8 8 m i l l i o n , f o r a t o t a l c o s t of $ 5 6 4 m i l l i o n . figures i n c l u d e d p a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s at e x p r e s s The N C T A h a s p r o p o s e d 19 m i l e s of s u b w a y , a n d 15 m i l e s of c o m m u t e r 64 m i l e s or along of exist- t r a i n t r a n s i t on e x i s t i n g r a i l r o a d t r a c k s , a t a t o t a l e s t i m a t e d c o s t of $ 7 9 3 m i l l i o n . 85 These transit stations. f i x e d r a i l t r a n s i t i n o p e n c u t , i n t h e m e d i a n s of f r e e w a y s , ing r a i l r o a d r i g h t s - o f - w a y , un- office. T h e M T S P l a n of 1 9 5 9 r e c o m m e n d e d was 1, of t r a n s i t d i d not m a k e a s i n c e r e as a guide in undertaking l i m i t e d r e l i a b l e data w e r e a v a i l a b l e or c o n f i r m s to e s t i m a t e d n u m b e r T h i s i s not to s a y t h a t t h e A g e n c y to p r e p a r e r e p o r t of N o v e m b e r �NCTA's p r o p o s a l would cost forty percent m o r e money, its estimates. the N C T A A s indicated elsewhere in this report, e s t i m a t e s would c a r r y the s a m e n u m b e r a c c o r d i n g to subh s y s t e m by of r i d e r s p e r day a s t h a t e s t i m a t e d u n d e r t h e M T S P l a n of 1 9 5 9 . W h i l e the 1959 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n w a s c o n s i d e r e d i n the N C T A r e p o r t of N o v e m b e r 1, 1 9 6 2 , t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a believes t h a t t h e B o a r d d o e s n o t y e t h a v e a t i t s d i s p o s a l n e c e s s a r y d a t a to c o m p a r e t h e m e r i t s of t h e M T S P l a n of 1959 a n d t h e N C T A adequately P l a n of 1 9 6 2 , a s to t r a n s i t . E. FINANCING AND ORGANIZATION T h e B o a r d of C o m m i s s i o n e r s of t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia b e l i e v e s t h a t t h e r e i s a s e r i o u s q u e s t i o n a s t o t h e r e l i a b i l i t y of t h e m a t e s b y t h e N C T A w i t h r e f e r e n c e to p r o b a b l e n u m b e r and, consequently, expected esti- of t r a n s i t r i d e r s , revenue. T h e B o a r d of C o m m i s s i o n e r s t h u s f a r h a s b e e n u n a b l e to find a c l e a r - c u t i n d i c a t i o n i n the N C T A d o c u m e n t s that any p r o v i s i o n t h a n p a y m e n t by the F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t i s m a d e for that m a y o c c u r . Therefore ( covering the a n d the I n t e r s t a t e C o m p a c t s h o u l d b e a r i n m i n d the p o s s i b i l i t y probability, deficits i f a n y p a r t of t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n a r e a l i t y , and if the s y s t e m i n v o l v e s I n t e r s t a t e o p e r a t i o n s , 8 becomes Congress i f not the t h a t t h e f i n a n c i n g of t h e s y s t e m m a y r e q u i r e c o n t i n u i n g s i d i e s i n the y e a r s ahead. 86 other sub- �With reference to o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d f i n a n c e , Commissioners s u b s c r i b e s to t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s Transportation the B o a r d of Commission, F. D I S P L A C E M E N T AND TAX m a d e by the Joint LOSS T h e F e d e r a l - A i d H i g h w a y A c t of 1962 p r o v i d e s A i d funds m a y p a r t i c i p a t e i n f i n a n c i n g a p r o p e r p r o p o r t i o n that F e d e r a l - of c o s t s of l o c a t i o n p a y m e n t s a s m a y be m a d e by a S t a t e H i g h w a y D e p a r t m e n t certain limitations. T h e B o a r d of C o m m i s s i o n e r s h a s drafted and w i l l r e q u e s t the C o n g r e s s t h e u s e of f u n d s a v a i l a b l e to t h e D e p a r t m e n t for paying the D i s t r i c t ' s a p p r o p r i a t e penses. As indicated elsewhere C h a p t e r V, "Costs", contemplated of p e r s o n s authorizing and T r a f f i c , s h a r e of n e c e s s a r y r e l o c a t i o n in this report, and p a r t i c u l a r l y D.C. ex- under of t h e D i s t r i c t of d i s p l a c e d by the h i g h w a y Columbia Columbia and f r e e w a y i n the y e a r s i m m e d i a t e l y a h e a d w i l l r a n g e in the o r d e r 8 , 0 0 0 to a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 2 , 0 0 0 dependent study in the n o r t h - c e n t r a l c o r r i d o r . P l a n of 1 9 5 9 , a n u m b e r of projected notes a m u c h greater of f r e e w a y s plan i n c l u d e d in the dis- MTS of w h i c h a r e not i n t h e c u r r e n t a n d f o r e s e e a b l e of t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a . m a t e d by the N C T A u p o n t h e r e s u l t s of t h e The N C T A p l a c e m e n t f i g u r e b a s e d on the n u m b e r programs of H i g h w a y s t h e B o a r d of C o m m i s s i o n e r s finds that the n u m b e r within of t h e D i s t r i c t of to e n a c t l e g i s l a t i o n re- The number for t h e i r p l a n a p p e a r s The N C T A reference to b e esti- conservative. to t a x l o s s d o e s n o t a p p e a r s i v e . While tax loss is a most s e r i o u s m a t t e r , 87 of d i s p l a c e e s t h e B o a r d of impres- Commissioners �of the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a m u s t r e c o g n i z e t h a t i n o r d e r to m o d e r n i z e a n d i m p r o v e t h e c i t y , i t s o m e t i m e s i s n e c e s s a r y to e x p e c t a t e m p o r a r y t a x l o s s i n o r d e r to r e a l i z e s u b s e q u e n t a n d l o n g - t i m e t a x g a i n s , o r to p r e v e n t other t a x l o s s e s resulting f r o m congestion and decay. The B o a r d of C o m m i s s i o n e r s of t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a i s i m p r e s s e d w i t h the fact that i n the Southwest U r b a n R e n e w a l A r e a , a f t e r p r o v i d i n g f o r the f r e e w a y , and through m o d e r n i z e d l a n d u s e planning, plus u r b a n r e n e w a l , t h e t a x b a s e i n s o m e 552 a c r e s of t h e c i t y w i l l be i n c r e a s e d approximately s i x times. 88 �V I I , R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S A. HIGHWAYS B. TRANSIT C, ORGANIZATION AND D. COORDINATION 89 FINANCE �VII. A. R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S HIGHWAYS T h e B o a r d of C o m m i s s i o n e r s of t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a r e c o m m e n d s that the h i g h w a y p r o g r a m , a s p r o p o s e d by the H i g h w a y Dep a r t m e n t s o f M a r y l a n d , V i r g i n i a , a n d the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a , a p p r o v e d b y t h e U. S. B u r e a u of P u b l i c R o a d s , p r o c e e d f o r t h w i t h , a n d t h a t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n be a d v a n c e d a s r a p i d l y a s funds b e c o m e a v a i l a b l e . t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o j e c t s i n t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a : This includes The Three Sisters Bridg t h e P o t o m a c R i v e r F r e e w a y ; t h e I n n e r L o o p a n d E a s t L e g ; s e g m e n t s of t h e Intermediate L o o p ; t h e N o r t h e a s t F r e e w a y ( 1 - 9 5 ) ; a n d , c o n t i n u a t i o n of s t u d y on t h e N o r t h - C e n t r a l F r e e w a y B. (I-70-S). TRANSIT T h e B o a r d of C o m m i s s i o n e r s o f t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a u n - e q u i v o c a l l y s u p p o r t s t h e p r o p o s i t i o n t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a n e e d s improved mass transit. P h a s e (1) I t r e c o m m e n d s that: (a) Congress appropriate to i n i t i a t e : the n e c e s s a r y (1) a c o m m u t e r r a i l r o a d s e r v i c e , on t r a c k s of the P e n n s y l v a n i a ham, funds R a i l r o a d to L a n - M a r y l a n d ; ( 2 ) r a i l t r a n s i t o n t r a c k s of the B a l t i m o r e a n d Ohio R a i l r o a d to R o c k v i l l e , M a r y l a n d , a n d o n t r a c k s of t h e R i c h m o n d , Fredericksburg 90 a n d P o t o m a c R a i l r o a d to the �v i c i n i t y of S p r i n g f i e l d , of a d o w n t o w n V i r g i n i a ; a n d (3) subway loop providing design connections at the U n i o n S t a t i o n . (b) T h a t d o w n t o w n b u s s e r v i c e be p r o v i d e d from U n i o n S t a t i o n p e n d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e town subway. Possibly, down- the c u r r e n t M a s s Trans- portation Demonstration P r o j e c t providing i n t e r n a l c i r c u l a t i o n i n the downtown m e a n s of a m i n a t u r e b u s , s u p p l e m e n t the downtown (c) a r e a by or bus t r a i n , subway may system. T h a t c a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n be g i v e n i n the d e s i g n of t h e t r a n s i t s u b w a y i n t h e Downtown L o o p to p r o v i d e c o o r d i n a t i o n w i t h e x p r e s s (d) for buses. T h a t t h e N C T A w o r k w i t h t h e S t a t e s of V i r g i n i a a n d M a r y l a n d i n t h e d e s i g n of I n t e r s t a t e Highway 66 i n V i r g i n i a a n d 1 - 9 5 to a n d i n M a r y l a n d to p r o v i d e the d e s i g n f l e x i b i l i t y p e r m i t t i n g n e c e s s a r y l a t e r i n c o r p o r a t i o n of m a s s t r a n s i t f a c i l ities . Phase (2) (a) S u b j e c t to t h e d e s i g n of t h e s u b w a y l o o p a n d s t u d i e s of t h e d o w n t o w n b u s c i r c u l a t i o n , i n i t i a t e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e d o w n t o w n subway l o o p a n d c o n n e c t i o n s to U n i o n S t a t i o n . 91 �(b) Evaluate transportation alternatives, p r i n c i p a l l y g r e a t e r u s e of e x p r e s s a s p r o v i d e d for i n the M T S (c) buses, study. I n i t i a t e d e s i g n of a s u b w a y l i n k to t h e w e s t s e c t i o n w h i c h i s the one s e c t o r Northwithout f r e e w a y or r a i l s e r v i c e a n d w i t h a d e n s i t y that might support r a i l t r a n s i t . C. ORGANIZATION AND FINANCE T h e B o a r d of C o m m i s s i o n e r s s u b s c r i b e s to t h e and finance recommendations D. m a d e by the Joint T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C o m m i s s i o n ! ^ COORDINATION T h e B o a r d of C o m m i s s i o n e r s r e c o m m e n d s that the p l a n n i n g of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a g i v e m o r e to t h e s t a t u t o r y r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of t h e S t a t e s of V i r g i n i a , D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a , Congress J u l y 14, (1) organization future consideration Maryland, a n d the a n d b e m o r e i n k e e p i n g w i t h t h e s p i r i t a n d i n t e n t of a s o u t l i n e d i n S e c t i o n 2 0 4 ( g ) of P u b l i c L a w 8 6 - 6 6 9 , approved I960. C o m m e n t s b y J o i n t T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C o m m i s s i o n o n t h e R e p o r t of t h e National Capital Transportation 92 Agency �APPENDIX A COMMENTS BY JOINT TRANSPORTATION COMMISSION ON THE REPORT OF THE NATIONAL CAPITAL TRANSPORTATION AGENCY �COMMENTS BY JOINT TRANSPORTATION COMMISSION ON THE REPORT OF THE NATIONAL CAPITAL TRANSPORTATION AGENCY » The J o i n t T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Commission (Commission) i s c u r r e n t l y engaged i n a c t i v e d e l i b e r a t i o n s f o r the negotiation compact for transportation f a c i l i t i e s Washington and, t h e r e f o r e , r e p o r t on mass t r a n s i t . o f an i n t e r s t a t e f o r the metropolitan area of i s d i r e c t l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e NCTA The n e g o t i a t i o n s o f t h e Commission are being c o n d u c t e d i n conformance w i t h t h e a u t h o r i z a t i o n o f C o n g r e s s in T i t l e I I I of the National 86-669, 74 S t a t . 5 3 7 ) . Capital Transportation This Act provides recent contained A c t o f 1960 (P.L. f o r t h e appointment by t h e P r e s i d e n t o f a F e d e r a l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e compact nogotiations. The Commission the i s a body composed o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s from S t a t e s o f Maryland, V i r g i n i a , and t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, created by l e g i s l a t i v e enactment t o study t h e adequacy o f p a s s e n g e r - c a r r i e r facilities and s e r v i c e s i n t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a . Commission was f i r s t The e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1954 (Maryland-House J o i n t t i o n 12, approved A p r i l 2, 1954; V i r g i n i a - H o u s e Resolu- J o i n t R e s o l u t i o n 77, approved March 22, 1954; and D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a - R e s o l u t i o n Board of C o m m i s s i o n e r s (Order 54-2065, September The Commission 27, 1 9 5 4 ) . i s composed o f n i n e members, c o n s i s t i n g o f t h r e e members e a c h from Maryland, V i r g i n i a , and t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. I n M a r y l a n d and V i r g i n i a , one member i s a p p o i n t e d by t h e S p e a k e r o f t h e House o f D e l e g a t e s and a second member by t h e P r e s i dent o f t h e S e n a t e . I n Maryland, t h e t h i r d member o f t h a t Delegation �is a p p o i n t e d by t h e P u b l i c S e r v i c e Commission from one o f i t s mem- b e r s and, i n V i r g i n i a , t h e t h i r d D e l e g a t e i s a p p o i n t e d by t h e S t a t e C o r p o r a t i o n Commission from one o f i t s members. The members from t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia c o n s i s t o f two members o f t h e Board o f Commissioners and a member o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission. S i n c e i t s c r e a t i o n i n 1954, t h e J o i n t T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Commiss i o n a c t i v e l y h a s p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e e v o l u t i o n and development o f t h e program f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a o f Washington. Members o f t h i s Commission s e r v e d on t h e J o i n t S t e e r i n g Committee f o r t h e Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S u r v e y , conducted by t h e N a t i o n a l Capital P l a n n i n g Commission and N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n a l P l a n n i n g C o u n c i l from 1955 t o 1959. The Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S u r v e y p r o d u c e d t h e T r a n s - p o r t a t i o n P l a n , N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Region, i n 1959. The Commission n e g o t i a t e d t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a T r a n s i t R e g u l a t i o n Compact, w h i c h was adopted by V i r g i n i a i n 1958 (Chap. 627, 1958 A c t s o f Assembly o f V i r g i n i a ) , by Maryland i n 1959 (Chap. 613, A c t s o f G e n e r a l Assembly o f Maryland 1 9 5 9 ) , and by t h e Board o f Commissioners o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia by R e s o l u t i o n adopted December 22, 1960, and t h e c o n s e n t o f C o n g r e s s was g r a n t e d on September 15, 1960 ( P . L . 86-794, 74 S t a t . 1 0 3 1 ) . S i n c e March 22, 1961, a s p r e s c r i b e d by law, t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a T r a n s i t Commission, c r e a t e d by t h a t Compact, h a s been e x e r c i s i n g jurisdic- t i o n o v e r p r i v a t e t r a n s i t companies w i t h i n t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a , w h i c h i s c o m p r i s e d o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, P r i n c e �George's and Montgomery C o u n t i e s , Counties, Maryland, and A r l i n g t o n and F a i r f a x V i r g i n i a , and F a l l s Church, A l e x a n d r i a in Virginia, and F a i r f a x C i t y and r e c e n t l y extended t o i n c l u d e t h e D u l l e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l Airport. Through i t s members on t h e S t e e r i n g Committee, t h e Commiss i o n cooperated w i t h other a g e n c i e s o f government i n t h e f o r m u l a t i o n o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n A c t o f 1960 ( A c t ) , w h i c h c r e a t e d t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency. That A c t ( T i t l e I I I ) au- t h o r i z e s t h e S t a t e s and t h e Board o f Commissioners o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia t o n e g o t i a t e tion an i n t e r s t a t e compact f o r a r e g i o n a l t r a n s p o r t a - system. Encouraged by t h i s C o n g r e s s i o n a l s i o n h a s been engaged, p u r s u a n t a u t h o r i z a t i o n , t h e Commis- to the enabling l e g i s l a t i o n of the p a r t i c i p a t i n g Governments, i n n e g o t i a t i n g an i n t e r s t a t e compact t o c r e a t e an o r g a n i z a t i o n , i n w h i c h t h e S t a t e s and t h e i r p o l i t i c a l d i v i s i o n s located i n the Metropolitan and A r e a , t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, t h e F e d e r a l Government w i l l p a r t i c i p a t e , t o p r o v i d e transportation f a c i l i t i e s . sub- regional S u b s t a n t i a l p r o g r e s s h a s been made i n t h o s e n e g o t i a t i o n s , and i t i s e x p e c t e d t h a t t h e Commission w i l l con- summate i t s n e g o t i a t i o n s and produce an i n t e r s t a t e compact f o r s u b mission t o t h e l e g i s l a t u r e s o f Maryland and V i r g i n i a , o f Columbia, and t h e C o n g r e s s . the D i s t r i c t �Scope o f Comments The n e g o t i a t i o n s o f t h e Commission t o d a t e p r i m a r i l y have been c o n c e r n e d w i t h m a t t e r s o f o r g a n i z a t i o n and f i n a n c e , r a t h e r t h a n system design and o p e r a t i n g p r o j e c t i o n s . T h i s i s n o t t o s a y t h a t t h e Commission i s unconcerned matters o f system design contrary and t h e f o r m u l a t i o n with o f the other p l a n s . The i s q u i t e t h e c a s e , s i n c e i t i s contemplated t h a t when t h e I n t e r s t a t e Compact Agency comes i n t o b e i n g i t w i l l t a k e o v e r t h e work o f NCTA. I t needs t o be s a i d t h a t t h e Commission h a s n o t been c o n - s u l t e d by NCTA on system d e s i g n o r i n t h e f o r m u l a t i o n plans. o f any o f i t s Such c o n s u l t a t i o n , however, would appear t o be d e s i r a b l e , i f not n e c e s s a r y , t o a s s u r e t h a t a f i n a l program w i l l be a c c e p t a b l e t o the p o l i t i c a l s u b d i v i s i o n s o f t h e area, t o t h e r e s p e c t i v e b o d i e s o f t h e compact p a r t i e s , legislative and which w i l l n o t be m a t e r i a l l y a f f e c t e d by t h e s u c c e s s i o n o f an I n t e r s t a t e Compact Agency. Form o f O r g a n i z a t i o n The among o t h e r NCTA R e p o r t p r o p o s e s t h a t i t be a u t h o r i z e d by C o n g r e s s , t h i n g s , t o b e g i n c o n s t r u c t i o n on t h e subway system i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and t h a t b e f o r e completion o f t h e i n i t i a l t i o n o f t h a t system, a F e d e r a l c o r p o r a t i o n sede t h e Agency. should por- be c r e a t e d t o s u p e r - The R e p o r t , t h e r e f o r e , c o n t e m p l a t e s t h a t t h e Agency c r e a t e d by i n t e r s t a t e compact would t a k e o v e r from t h e Federal corporation and n o t from t h e NCTA. I t a p p e a r s t o t h e Commis- s i o n , however, t h a t t h e Compact Agency s h o u l d succeed d i r e c t l y to �t h e NCTA and t h a t a F e d e r a l c o r p o r a t i o n s h o u l d be u t i l i z e d after i ti s clearly apparent only t h a t a s u i t a b l e i n t e r s t a t e compact c a n not be c r e a t e d . It s h o u l d be p o i n t e d o u t t h a t i n t h e c h a p t e r on Organiza- t i o n i n Appendix V I ( p . 1 0 7 ) , t h e NCTA s u g g e s t s t h a t i t i s a s u i t a b l e organization f o r handling the transportation p r o j e c t u n t i l ment o f a c t u a l o p e r a t i o n s . with the apparently commence- The Commission, however, does n o t agree i n c o n s i s t e n t p r o p o s a l p r e s e n t e d by NCTA i n i t s Recommendations r e l e a s e d on November 1 , t h a t " B e f o r e completion of t h e i n i t i a l p o r t i o n o f t h e system, a F e d e r a l c o r p o r a t i o n s h o u l d be c r e a t e d t o supersede t h e agency, . . . (p. 8 7 ) . Since r a i l ser- v i c e i s n o t p l a n n e d t o commence u n t i l 1968, a t t h e e a r l i e s t , t h e n e g o t i a t i o n o f an i n t e r s t a t e compact w i l l n o t d e l a y commencement o f operations. As i n d i c a t e d above, t h e Commission e x p e c t s t h a t by t h e end o f 1963, i t w i l l have a v a i l a b l e a p r o p o s e d i n t e r s t a t e compact f o r p r e s e n t a t i o n t o t h e S t a t e s and t o t h e C o n g r e s s f o r l e g i s l a t i v e action. Under t h i s s c h e d u l e , a l l l e g i s l a t i v e a c t i o n c o u l d be com- p l e t e d d u r i n g 1965. T h i s would l e a v e ample t i m e f o r any l i t i g a t i o n , particularly i n Virginia, to t e s t the l e g a l i t y of the f i n a n c i a l a s p e c t s o f p a r t i c i p a t i o n by n o n - f e d e r a l u n i t s o f Government. The l e g i s l a t i v e h i s t o r y of the transportation p r o j e c t d i s c l o s e s t h a t an I n t e r s t a t e Compact Agency i s t h e p r e f e r r e d form of organization. T h i s was t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f b o t h t h e T r a n s p o r t a - t i o n P l a n o f 1959 and Of t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n A c t �- 6 - o f 1960. In Title I I I o f t h a t A c t , t h e i n t e n t o f C o n g r e s s was s t a t e d t o be: ". . . T o promote and encourage t h e s o l u t i o n o f problems o f a r e g i o n a l c h a r a c t e r i n the n a t i o n a l c a p i t a l region by means o f an i n t e r s t a t e compact e n t e r e d i n t o by t h e s t a t e o f Maryland, t h e Commonw e a l t h o f V i r g i n i a , and t h e Board o f Commissioners o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, w i t h t h e c o n s e n t o f C o n g r e s s ... ." The l e g i s l a t i o n f u r t h e r d i r e c t e d t h a t a f t e r Maryland and V i r g i n i a have approved s u c h a Compact, " . . . t h e P r e s i d e n t s h a l l submit t o t h e C o n g r e s s s u c h recommendations a s may be necessary or d e s i r a b l e to t r a n s f e r to such o r g a n i z a t i o n s u c h r e a l and p e r s o n a l p r o p e r t y , p e r s o n n e l , r e c o r d s , o t h e r a s s e t s and l i a b i l i t i e s as a r e a p p r o p r i a t e i n o r d e r t h a t s u c h o r g a n i z a t i o n may assume t h e f u n c t i o n s and d u t i e s o f t h e agency." The p r o v i s i o n o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n facilities C a p i t a l R e g i o n s h o u l d be h a n d l e d on a c o o p e r a t i v e ment o f F i n d i n g s Capital Transportation and P o l i c y ( s e c . 102). T h i s i s made A c t o f 1960 i n t h e S t a t e - Regional transportation compasses a r e a s o f i n t e r e s t and g o v e r n m e n t a l a c t i v i t i e s b e i n g p e r f o r m e d by f o u r l e v e l s o f government; County and C i t y . governmental r e l a t i o n s . to handling en- presently namely, F e d e r a l , The p l a c i n g o f t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n regional basis, therefore, National b a s i s by t h e S t a t e s , t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and t h e F e d e r a l Government. c l e a r i n the National for the State, f u n c t i o n on a c r e a t e s s i g n i f i c a n t problems o f i n t e r - The i n t e r s t a t e compact r e g i o n a l problems i n v o l v i n g m u l t i p l e i s uniquely l e v e l s of adapted government. �A F e d e r a l agency, on t h e o t h e r hand, r e g a r d l e s s o f i t s type, pre-empt t h e a r e a o f problems i n v o l v e d and u n i t s o f government i n p e r f o r m a n c e o f the A c o u p l e o f examples may o f t h e problem o f I n t e r - g o v e r n m e n t a l regional transportation f a c i l i t i e s , supersede the would local functions. s u f f i c e t o h i g h l i g h t the relations. The nature development o f p a r t i c u l a r l y as i t r e l a t e s t o d e s i g n o f t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m and t h e l o c a t i o n o f facilities, n e c e s s a r i l y w i l l have a p r o f o u n d e f f e c t on t h e development o f v a r i o u s communities i n the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n . planning i s s u c h a s i g n i f i c a n t element o f g e n e r a l planning t h a t the planning is the the Transportation comprehensive f u n c t i o n f o r s p e c i f i c communities, w h i c h a f u n c t i o n o f l o c a l government, would be c o m p l e t e l y u n l e s s the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n planning i s sympathetically frustrated approached from t h e s t a n d p o i n t of c o o r d i n a t i n g t r a n s p o r t a t i o n planning l o c a l planning. i n t e r s t a t e compact agency i n h e r e n t l y would p r o - An v i d e a g r e a t e r degree o f r e s p o n s i v e n e s s and t o t h e p l a n s and needs o f t h e l o c a l a r e a s and would i n s u l a t e t h e F e d e r a l Government from be- coming d i r e c t l y i n v o l v e d i n a m a t t e r as p u r e l y l o c a l a s community planning. An example o f a n o t h e r i n t e r - g o v e r n m e n t a l r e l a t i o n s prob- lem w h i c h h i g h l i g h t s t h e advantages o f an i n t e r s t a t e compact i s t h e c o o r d i n a t i o n o f t h e p r i v a t e l y owned t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m s and public f a c i l i t i e s . C o m p e t i t i o n between t h e two would be i n t o l e r a b l e and types of the systems e a c h must f u n c t i o n as an i n t e g r a t e d p a r t �o f a whole s y s t e m w i t h c o m p a t i b l e r a t e s and s e r v i c e s . of r e g u l a t i n g The f u n c t i o n t h e p r i v a t e l y owned t r a n s i t s y s t e m s i s now performed by t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a T r a n s i t Commission which i s a creature (WMATC), o f t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a T r a n s i t R e g u l a t i o n Compact between Maryland, V i r g i n i a and t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. pattern This regulation ofprivate t r a n s i t follows the t r a d i t i o n a l and WMATC e x e r c i s e s j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r s e r v i c e and r a t e s . The n e c e s s a r y r e a l i g n m e n t o f t h e p a t t e r n o f s e r v i c e performed by p r i v a t e companies, and t h e o t h e r arrangements w h i c h may be r e q u i r e d i n o r d e r t o accommodate p u b l i c and p r i v a t e f a c i l i t i e s , would have t o be made by o r d e r s i s s u e d by WMATC. requirements o f administrative d e l e g a t e d t o t h e Commission. Such o r d e r s must conform t o t h e law and may not exceed t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n I t i s d o u b t f u l under p r e s e n t law t h a t c o m p e t i t i o n from p u b l i c f a c i l i t i e s would c o n s t i t u t e an adequate b a s i s for WMATC t o r e v o k e t h e c e r t i f i c a t e o f any p r i v a t e c a r r i e r a competing s e r v i c e rendering (Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a T r a n s i t R e g u l a - t i o n Compact, 74 S t a t . 1031, T i t l e I I , A r t i c l e X I I , §4(g)). A s u b s t a n t i a l C o n s t i t u t i o n a l q u e s t i o n a l s o i s p r e s e n t e d a s t o whether t h e S t a t e s , even by amendment o f t h e compact, Federal could delegate t o a agency t h e power t o e s t a b l i s h a d i v i s i o n o f s e r v i c e between p u b l i c and p r i v a t e f a c i l i t i e s w h i c h would be e n f o r c i b l e by t h e regulatory commission. On t h e o t h e r hand, i f t h e p u b l i c a r e owned by an i n t e r s t a t e compact agency, t h e n e c e s s a r y t i o n o f t h e p u b l i c and p r i v a t e f a c i l i t i e s compact facilities accommoda- c o u l d be a c c o m p l i s h e d by �- 9 - l e g i s l a t i o n a t the State l e v e l . I ti s , therefore, entirely possible t h a t t h e u t i l i z a t i o n o f a F e d e r a l Agency n e c e s s a r i l y may t e n d t o wards t h e e l i m i n a t i o n o f t h e p r i v a t e operators. Plan of Financing Before r e t u r n i n g t o a c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e proposed p l a n o f f i n a n c i n g , a matter having a b a s i c bearing t i o n t o be adopted must be p r e s e n t e d . upon t h e form o f o r g a n i z a - The NCTA R e p o r t seems t o i n d i - c a t e , without e x p r e s s l y so s t a t i n g , t h a t i t s proposed p l a n o f f i n a n c i n g i s recommended o n l y f o r a F e d e r a l agency, and t h a t an e n t i r e l y d i f - f e r e n t p l a n o f f i n a n c i n g would be r e q u i r e d f o r a compact agency. Thus, ( p . 85) t h e Recommendations r e l e a s e d on November 1 , 1962, state» " I f a compact agency i s t o assume r e a l f i n a n c i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e system a t an e a r l y d a t e and r e l i e v e t h e F e d e r a l Government o f i t s o b l i g a t i o n s , i t must be equipped w i t h power t o s e c u r e funds, i n a d d i t i o n t o system revenues, as s e c u r i t y f o r i t s f i n a n c i n g and o p e r a t i o n s ." Neither the e q u i t i e s nor t h e r e a l i t i e s of the s i t u a t i o n j u s t i f y or p e r m i t t h i s p o s i t i o n ; n o r does i t r e f l e c t C o n g r e s s i o n a l I n §204(g) o f t h e N a t i o n a l 1960, w h i c h d i r e c t e d NCTA t o c o n s i d e r respect to organization vided a standard policy. C a p i t a l Transportation Act of and make recommendations with and f i n a n c i a l a r r a n g e m e n t s , t h e C o n g r e s s p r o - or guideline f o rthe plan of financing, as follows: " P r o v i d e d , T h a t any recommendations s u b m i t t e d by t h e Agency s h a l l p r o v i d e a s f a r as p o s s i b l e f o r t h e payment o f a l l c o s t s �- 10 - by p e r s o n s u s i n g o r b e n e f i t i n g from r e g i o n a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s and s e r v i c e s , and s h a l l p r o v i d e f o r t h e e q u i t a b l e s h a r i n g o f any r e m a i n i n g c o s t s among t h e f e d e r a l . S t a t e , and l o c a l governments." (Emphasis supplied) Although t h e standard " e q u i t a b l e s h a r i n g " may encompass d i f f e r e n t p l a n s o f f i n a n c i n g f o r a F e d e r a l o r a compact agency, i t would n o t seem t h a t s u c h p l a n s s h o u l d be m a t e r i a l l y d i f f e r e n t . The r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to provide t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e r v i c e s and t h e f i n a n c i a l c a p a c i t i e s o f t h e v a r i o u s governments c o n c e r n e d t o do so do n o t v a r y w i t h t h e form o f o r g a n i z a t i o n u t i l i z e d t o p r o v i d e portation f a c i l i t i e s . the regional trans- Under any form o f o r g a n i z a t i o n , the Federal government, w h i c h w i l l be r e q u i r e d t o f u r n i s h t h e b u l k o f t h e c o n s truction capital, stantial control. and pact at least i n i t i a l l y , must r e t a i n an element o f sub- T h i s does not, however, r e q u i r e a F e d e r a l agency t h e r e q u i s i t e c o n t r o l may be a s s u r e d t h r o u g h an i n t e r s t a t e comagency i n w h i c h t h e F e d e r a l government p a r t i c i p a t e s . In the b r i e f i n t e r v a l s i n c e r e c e i v i n g t h e appendices to s u p p o r t t h e NCTA R e p o r t , t h e r e h a s n o t been s u f f i c i e n t time t h o r o u g h l y t o examine a l l t h e elements o f t h e f i n a n c i n g p l a n , and t h e assump- t i o n s on w h i c h i t i s b a s e d , o r t o p e r m i t t h e Commission t o a p p r a i s e t h e a c c e p t a b i l i t y o f t h e p l a n t o t h e S t a t e s and l o c a l a g e n c i e s o f government. The Commission r e c o g n i z e s t h a t Plan I I I contemplates t h e s m a l l e s t burden on t h e F e d e r a l government, even though s u c h P l a n i n v o l v e s an i n c r e a s e i n t h e t o t a l e q u i t y i n v e s t m e n t o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y �- 11 - $60,000,000 o v e r P l a n u . that Plan I I I and i s f e a s i b l e , a s proposed, only n e t revenue e s t i m a t e s The The Commission p o i n t s out, i f t h e c a p i t a l budget are r e a l i z e d . NCTA R e p o r t s t a t e s t h a t p u b l i c f i n a n c i n g w i l l n o t be a v a i l a b l e to provide f o r costs of construction period. however, The n e c e s s a r y during the construction corollary to t h i s fact i s that construction monies must be p r o v i d e d by t h e p a r t i c i p a t i n g governments. While i t may be p o s s i b l e f o r t h e u n i t s o f l o c a l governments i n t h e a r e a t o p r o vide t h e i r share o f the equity construction, capital (grants) during the period of i t would e q u a l l y seem c l e a r t h a t s u c h governments do not have t h e c a p a c i t y t o provide, e i t h e r temporarily monies t o c o v e r t h e e n t i r e c o s t o f c o n s t r u c t i o n . o n l y by t h e F e d e r a l government. o r permanently, T h i s c a n be done Such an arrangement, moreover, a p p e a r s t o r e f l e c t a rough a p p r o x i m a t i o n o f t h e r e l a t i v e governmental r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s f o r the p r o j e c t . By f a r t h e g r e a t e r p o r t i o n o f c o s t s a r e t o c o v e r f a c i l i t i e s t o be l o c a t e d w i t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. Under t r a d i t i o n a l methods o f government f i n a n c i n g o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n facilities, l o c a t i o n o f f a c i l i t i e s h a s determined r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r financing. The p r o p o s e d p l a n o f f i n a n c i n g would appear and sound i n conforming t o t h i s e s t a b l i s h e d p r i n c i p l e . realistic (See NCTA Recommendations, p . 8 1 ) . The p l a n o f f i n a n c i n g contemplates t h a t the system g e n e r a t e adequate r e v e n u e s t o meet i t s o p e r a t i n g depreciation, and t o r e t i r e a l l d e b t . costs, will including The f e a s i b i l i t y o f t h i s plan �depends upon whether t h e e s t i m a t e s f o r c o s t s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n and operating projections are r e a l i z e d . I t i s t o be e x p e c t e d t h a t t h e s e e s t i m a t e s w i l l come i n f o r c l o s e s c r u t i n y i n t h e h e a r i n g s before the Congressional Committees and t h e Commission w i l l want to r e a p p r a i s e those estimates i n the l i g h t of that record. The f i n a n c i n g p l a n makes no p r o v i s i o n f o r m e e t i n g any d e f i c i t s w h i c h may be e x p e r i e n c e d budgets. i n the construction or operating I n s u c h a l o n g term p r o j e c t , t h e e s t i m a t e s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n a r e s u b j e c t t o changes due t o u n p r e d i c t a b l e v a r i a t i o n s i n the p r i c e s o f l a b o r , m a t e r i a l and equipment and t h e n e t r e v e n u e p r o j e c t i o n s a r e s u b j e c t even t o a g r e a t e r v a r i e t y o f complex f a c t o r s , none o f w h i c h may be p r e d i c t e d w i t h any c e r t a i n t y . estimates Under t h e b e s t o f circumstances, f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n o f m a j o r p r o j e c t s f r e q u e n t l y a r e n o t borne o u t by a c t u a l e x p e r i e n c e and D u l l e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t may be c i t e d a s a r e c e n t example i n t h i s a r e a . An i n t e r s t a t e compact would n o t be f e a s i b l e u n l e s s t h e p l a n o f f i n a n c i n g d e a l t s p e c i f i c a l l y the p o s s i b l e problem o f d e f i c i t s . for the non-federal commitment, I t would be e x t r e m e l y with difficult, p a r t i c i p a t i n g governments t o make an open-end a s would be r e q u i r e d by t h e NCTA p l a n , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n v i e w o f t h e l a r g e amounts w h i c h may be i n v o l v e d . �F i n a n c i a l P a r t i c i p a t i o n by Non-Federal U n i t s o f Government The NCTA R e p o r t c o n t a i n s Constitution a comprehensive a n a l y s i s o f t h e and c a s e l a w o f Maryland and V i r g i n i a b e a r i n g on f i n a n - c i a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n by t h o s e S t a t e s i n the financing o f t h e compact and F i n a n c e , Chap. I I ) . problems and i t would and t h e i r p o l i t i c a l agency subdivisions (Appendix V o l . V I / O r g a n i z a t i o n The Commission has also researched these appear t h a t t h e r e l e v a n t C o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r o - v i s i o n s and p r e c e d e n t s have been i d e n t i f i e d . I n l i g h t o f t h e NCTA R e p o r t , i t i s c l e a r t h a t b o t h NCTA and t h i s Commission agree t h a t l a w f u l arrangements, i n one o r more d i f f e r e n t ways, c a n be developed t o p r o v i d e n o n - f e d e r a l s u p p o r t f o r the p l a n o f f i n a n c i n g a p p e a r s , however, a s proposed by NCTA. t h a t NCTA t a k e s (Appendix V I , p . 6 6 ) . I t the position that the plan of finan- c i n g p r o p o s e d by i t would n o t be a v a i l a b l e i f t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p r o j e c t were developed by a compact to be b a s e d on p o l i c y r a t h e r agency. This position than C o n s t i t u t i o n a l o r l e g a l appears considera- tions . The s u b s t a n t i a l l e g a l q u e s t i o n s , t h e r e f o r e , only i f the plan of financing f o r a compact are presented agency i s m a t e r i a l l y d i f f e r e n t from t h e p l a n proposed by NCTA and t h e S t a t e s l o c a l subdivisions ponsibility tem. are required for financing and t h e i r t o assume t h e r o l e o f p r i m a r y r e s - the construction T h e s e l e g a l q u e s t i o n s , however, and o p e r a t i o n o f t h e s y s - w e l l may be o f academic �- 14 - i n t e r e s t only. The more b a s i c i s s u e i s whether t h e N a t i o n a l Region, w i t h i t s n o n - i n d u s t r i a l the National economy o r i e n t e d Capital to the business of Government, h a s t h e economic c a p a c i t y t o assume t h e burden o f p r i m a r y f i n a n c i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . With r e s p e c t t o t h e p o l i c y i s s u e , any p l a n o f f i n a n c i n g which i n c o r p o r a t e s the standard o f "equitable §204(g) o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Transportation sharing" set forth i n A c t o f 1960, must o f n e c e s s i t y r e f l e c t t h e r e l a t i v e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f t h e F e d e r a l and local governments. impact on P r i v a t e T r a n s i t One National of the p o l i c y considerations Capital Transportation Industry s e t f o r t h i n §102 o f t h e A c t o f 1960 i s ". . . making f u l l u s e o f p r i v a t e e n t e r p r i s e whenever a p p r o p r i a t e . . . ." I t does n o t appear t h a t t h e NCTA R e p o r t h a s f u l l y p r e s e n t e d t h i s i s s u e o r made recommendations w i t h r e s p e c t t o i t . The requires NCTA R e p o r t s t a t e s t h a t t h e p r o p o s e d t r a n s i t s u b s t a n t i a l b u s o p e r a t i o n s and p r o v i d e s t h a t t h i s be p e r f o r m e d by t h e p r i v a t e companies. e x p r e s s and f e e d e r bus s e r v i c e s . system service This service includes both Except f o r t h e statement t h a t sub- s i d i e s a r e p r o p o s e d t o o p e r a t o r s f o r s e r v i c e s t h a t may be u n p r o f i t a b l e , w h i c h i t i s e s t i m a t e d would amount t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y $7,500,000 i n t h e y e a r 1980, t h e r e i s no development o r d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h t h e e x i s t i n g p r i v a t e c a r r i e r s would be a f f e c t e d by t h e p r o posed plan. �- 15 - An a n a l y s i s o f t h e a p p e n d i c e s , however, p r o v i d e s some essential information. The p r o j e c t i o n s i n d i c a t e t h a t by t h e y e a r 1980 t o t a l e x p r e s s bus p a s s e n g e r s a r e e s t i m a t e d a t n o t i n e x c e s s o f 28,100,000 (App. V, T a b l e I V - 1 0 and 11) and f e e d e r bus p a s s e n g e r s a r e e s t i m a t e d a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 60,000,000 p a s s e n g e r s by 1980. (App. V, T a b l e I V - 1 7 , f t n t s 3 and 4 ) . T h i s would i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e t o t a l p a s s e n g e r s c a r r i e d by bus i n t h e new system would be a p p r o x i m a t e l y 88,000,000 i n 1980. By comparison, t h e t o t a l p a s s e n g e r s c a r r i e d d u r i n g 1961 by a l l o f t h e p r i v a t e t r a n s i t companies s u b j e c t t o t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n o f t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington A r e a T r a n s i t Commission aggregated approximately 209,000,000, i n c l u d i n g 37,000,000 c a r r i e d by t h e r a i l approximately f a c i l i t i e s by D. C. T r a n s i t System. The t o t a l p a s s e n g e r r e v e n u e s f o r t h o s e companies t o t a l e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y $37,700,000 f o r 1961. The comparable f i g u r e f o r bus r e v e n u e s by 1980 i s n o t a s c e r t a i n a b l e from t h e R e p o r t , s i n c e no i n formation i s given with respect bus o p e r a t i o n s . t o t h e p a s s e n g e r r e v e n u e s from f e e d e r The R e p o r t e s t i m a t e s t h a t p a s s e n g e r r e v e n u e s from e x p r e s s bus o p e r a t i o n s w i l l t o t a l a p p r o x i m a t e l y $4,700,000 by 1980 (App. V, T a b l e I V - 1 8 ) and a s u b s i d y payment t o f e e d e r bus o p e r a t o r s i n t h e amount o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y $7,500,000 i s p r o v i d e d . T h e s e two s o u r c e s o f revenue f o r the p r i v a t e operators t o t a l approxi- m a t e l y $12,000,000, w h i c h must be compared w i t h t h e t o t a l passenger revenues f o r the p r i v a t e operators i n t h e a r e a o f approximately $37,700,000 i n 1 9 6 1 . The R e p o r t does n o t i n d i c a t e how much o f �- 16 - t h e d i f f e r e n c e o f $25,000,000 may be a c c o u n t e d f o r by f e e d e r b u s revenues. Without more i n f o r m a t i o n , i t i s not p o s s i b l e d e f i n i t e l y to conclude t h a t the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n p r e s e n t s lem from t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f t h e p r i v a t e o p e r a t o r s . however, a s i g n i f i c a n t probI t would seem, t h a t i t would be w e l l f o r t h e Agency t o p r e s e n t whatever s t u d i e s , f a c t s o r a s s u m p t i o n s i t h a s , o r h a s made, a s a s t a r t i n g point vate t o a s c e r t a i n whether t h e r e i s a problem w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e p r i t r a n s i t companies, and, i f s o , t h e n a t u r e and magnitude o f t h a t problem. Undoubtedly, t h e p r i v a t e o p e r a t o r s w i l l make known t h e i r p o s i t i o n a t an a p p r o p r i a t e time and i t would f a c i l i t a t e the considera t i o n o f t h i s problem t o have t h e f u l l a s s i s t a n c e o f t h e Agency. I n v i e w o f t h e f a c t t h a t under t h e Agency p l a n t h e r e be a s u b s t a n t i a l c u r t a i l m e n t would i n t h e scope o f p r i v a t e o p e r a t i o n s , full a t t e n t i o n s h o u l d be d i r e c t e d t o t h e development o f s a t i s f a c t o r y arrangements t o keep t h e p r i v a t e segment o f t h e s y s t e m i n a s t a t e of necessary economic w e l l b e i n g . co-existence o f t h e p r i v a t e and p u b l i c f a c i l i t i e s then s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n provisions I f s u i t a b l e arrangements f o r t h e are not f e a s i b l e , must be g i v e n t o t h e making o f f o r the protection w h a t e v e r t h o s e r i g h t s may b e . of the r i g h t s of the p r i v a t e operation. investors, T h i s problem c a n n o t be d e f e r r e d t o o l o n g , f o r i t s h o u l d be r e s o l v e d p r i o r t o t h e t i m e p u b l i c go i n t o necessary facilities �- 17 - M e c h a n i c s F o r C o o r d i n a t i n g S e r v i c e By P r i v a t e and P u b l i c F a c i l i t i e s It i s c l e a r t h a t the proposed p u b l i c f a c i l i t i e s will n e c e s s i t a t e major r e v i s i o n s i n t h e p a t t e r n o f s e r v i c e p r e s e n t l y formed by p r i v a t e o p e r a t o r s , facilities per- i f c o m p e t i t i o n between p u b l i c and p r i v a t e i s t o be a v o i d e d . I t i s c l e a r t h a t t h e R e p o r t does n o t contemplate such competition, s i n c e i t a s s i g n s the f u n c t i o n o f p r o v i d i n g bus s e r v i c e t o t h e p r i v a t e t r a n s i t companies. The p l a n , however, makes no p r o p o s a l s w i t h r e s p e c t t o the p r o c e d u r e s t o be u s e d i n l e g a l l y e f f e c t u a t i n g t h e change i n t h e patterns o f s e r v i c e o f t h e v a r i o u s p r i v a t e companies and t h e d i v i s i o n o f t h e a v a i l a b l e market among t h o s e companies. i n an e a r l i e r p o r t i o n o f these equitable As i n d i c a t e d Comments, t h e r e g u l a t i o n o f t h e s e r - v i c e and r a t e s o f t h e p r i v a t e t r a n s i t companies i s under t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n o f t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a T r a n s i t Commission. the l a w a d m i n i s t e r e d by t h a t Commission, Under a c e r t i f i c a t e may be r e - voked, i n t h e d i s c r e t i o n o f t h e Commission, on a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e holder thereof. I f t h e Agency, o r any s u c c e s s o r Federal organization, worked o u t a p l a n o f s e r v i c e s a t i s f a c t o r y t o a l l o f t h e p r i v a t e companies, s u c h companies c o u l d for the necessary ever, it i n i t i a t e p r o c e e d i n g s b e f o r e t h e WMATC comprehensive r e o r i e n t a t i o n o f s e r v i c e . the matter i s not s u s c e p t i b l e t o such voluntary i s extremely doubtful, I f , how- arrangements, a s s t a t e d above, t h a t under p r e s e n t law, WMATC would have t h e power i n v o l u n t a r i l y t o r e v o k e a c e r t i f i c a t e by a p r i v a t e company i n o r d e r t o a v o i d held competition with s e r v i c e to �- 18 - be p e r f o r m e d by t h e p u b l i c Under our facilities. F e d e r a l s y s t e m o f government, the rearrangement o f the s e r v i c e a r e a s o f the p r i v a t e companies c o u l d be a c c o m p l i s h e d on an i n v o l u n t a r y b a s i s o n l y organizations are agencies Federal structure. i f both the r e g u l a t o r y the p r o p r i e t a r y o f governments a t the same l e v e l i n t h e I t does not e i t h e r the Congress i t s e l f and seem, a s a m a t t e r o f law, that o r a F e d e r a l agency c r e a t e d by i t , c o u l d p r e s c r i b e a d i v i s i o n o f the a v a i l a b l e market between the p r i v a t e t r a n s i t companies w h i c h would be b i n d i n g Commission, under e s t a b l i s h e d s t a n d a r d s governed by t h e law w h i c h i t a d m i n i s t e r s in a hearing. on WMATC. The orders of that o f a d m i n i s t r a t i v e law, a r e and by t h e f a c t s developed I f the p r o p r i e t a r y agency, on t h e o t h e r hand, were c r e a t e d by i n t e r s t a t e compact, t h e l e g i s l a t i o n by the S t a t e s c r e a t i n g t h e p r o p r i e t a r y agency c o u l d d e l e g a t e j o i n t l y t o t h a t agency and t h e WMATC, o r t o the WMATC i f i t were named a s the p r o p r i e t a r y the a u t h o r i t y t o d e v e l o p a P l a n o f S e r v i c e and such a c t i o n with r e s p e c t t o the outstanding vate c a r r i e r s a s may be n e c e s s a r y operation. Conversely, to put agency, d i r e c t WMATC t o t a k e c e r t i f i c a t e s o f the pri- that Plan o f Service into t h e r e q u i s i t e c o o r d i n a t i o n may be accom- p l i s h e d i f t h e p r o p r i e t a r y and t h e r e g u l a t o r y c r e a t u r e s o f t h e F e d e r a l government. agency were b o t h I t does not seem, however, t h a t t h e s u b s t a n t i a l r e a r r a n g e m e n t o f t h e s e r v i c e p e r f o r m e d by t h e p r i v a t e c a r r i e r s can be a c c o m p l i s h e d i f one F e d e r a l and the other State. o f t h e two a g e n c i e s is �- 19 - T h i s i s one o f t h e problems which, up t o t h i s p o i n t , h a s led to the conclusion proprietary that the ultimate form o f o r g a n i z a t i o n agency s h o u l d be an i n t e r s t a t e compact. NCTA p r o p o s a l s that operations f o r the I n view o f the o f t h e p u b l i c f a c i l i t i e s may be com- menced by a F e d e r a l c o r p o r a t i o n , t h i s problem o f a d m i n i s t r a t i v e l a w comes t o t h e s u r f a c e and r e q u i r e s c a r e f u l consideration. �n n o o n n � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Recommendations for the transportation in the National Capital Region Subject The topic of the resource Transportation--planning--Washington (D.C.) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Capital Transportation Agency Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource District of Columbia. Board of Commissioners Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 8, 1963 November 1, 1962 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/e6e9f0b83f55fba0a067791d93e50261.pdf?Expires=1779321600&Signature=bJEPlv5XlpgigEw37puIKQRSoBO7%7E1NzQeBDHW73EPqcVjqNMOz9z2oVVGclZjVQLMPW8VgpBXgu2rf9Kcv6NrovzI8kdy-56XjzZqe8bXgGzsEP7IbQFYg653rc1zPKzoH-icPHFzik4K42tf%7EDZ5Z142iPoD967AwjVNf4ojdA4Y2caHFpM2mucBIWYnDeVIsiKT-n0olHaxoAeB%7EMK5aA%7E0CtS2YOx4l5069iLMBuVxIZ-hq0CHzwEm1FAJCdXEndIuzq6gJYrSh9u4CrOb54n5n08b90-Fx8m44Iox4MEr0CVfr3ivpw4nJUx4XTaO6k5BW3yi3jOPw5e8QD5g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM d09ef002d1e86a2d332373569ea58580 PDF Text Text GOVERNMENT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA EXECUTIVE OFFICE Public Hearing, I n Re: DESfGN - INTERSTATE ROUTE 26*6 Washington, D, C. December 14, 1970 WARD & PAUL 410 F I R S T S T R E E T , S. E . WASHINGTON, D. C. 20003 (202) 544-6000 �C O N T E N T S STATEMENT OF; PAGE Thomas F, A i r i s , D i r e c t o r of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c 7 t S D i s t r i c t Right-of-Way 1 Engineer, |t D, D. H a r r i s , Road Design E n g i n e e r , V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways 17 Jf » ' 20 A« K. Hunsberger, D i r e c t o r of E n g i n e e r i n g , V i r g i n i a Department c f Highways 23 Andrew W. Johnson, R e p r e s e n t i n g t h e Washington, D. C., Area Trucking Association Robert T. L a r n e r , R e p r e s e n t i n g t h e Y e l l o w Cab Company L o u i s W. P r e n t i s s , Chairman, A d v i s o r y Board, D. C. D i v i s u i b i f AAA i Of * D. 28 C , Inc. 35 • 37 George F r a i n , Businessmen A f f e c t e d S e v e r e l y by t h e Yearly Action Plans, I n c ; — Accompanied by — David S u t h e r l a n d , Delegate, V i r g i n i a State Legislature 41 Edward MacClane, Citizen, 1530 T S t r e e t , Northwest, Washington, D. C. 53 Norman W. Worthington, Representing the A r l i n g t o n Chamber o f Commerce 55 A d m i r a l 0 . S„ C o l c l o u g h , Downtown P r o g r e s s 56 �C O N T E N T S (Continued) STATEMENT OF: PAGE W i l l i a m Buchanan,, Foggy Bottom A s s o c a i t i o n 61 C l i v e DuVal, V i r g i n i a S t a t e Delegate, Representing himself as a c i t i z e n , and h i s c o n s t i t u e n t s 68 Kenneth J , Kennedy., Citizen 71 L e s l i e Logan, Arlingtonians for Preservation o f t h e Potomac P a l i s a d e s 77 AFTERNOON SESSION — Paqe 78 90 Harold E„ W i r t h John s., Winder, J x » Executive Director^ Metropolitan C o a l i t i o n For C l e a n A i r f Washington 95 \ C h a r l e s Majer„ Dulles International Airport Development Commission 107 John F. Grimm j, V i c e President,, T r a f f i c , , .O B o y l e Tank L i n e s 112 John Motte, P r e s i d e n t , B r o o k l a n d Area C o o r d i n a t i o g 116 1 D 0 Council 120 L . Chaney Arthur H„ F a w c e t t , 122 Jr.« Thomas P„ M c L a c h l e n , T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee,; M e t r o p o l i t a n Board o f Trade Washington 126 Sammie A Abbott,, Emergency Committed on t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C r i s i s 129 James 0 Granum N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l S e c t i o n ^ American S o c i e t y o f C i v i l Engineers 144 0 o B �C O N T E N T S , (Cont "d) PAGE . W i l l i a m i<o S c a e i e r , On b e h a l f o f t h e Ka lorarra C i t i z e n s 154 Association Mrs. V a l e r i e B. K i t c h e n s 159 M r s . L o r r a i n e M. N y e , C i t i z e n 163 James B . S u l l i v a n , P h . D . T e c h n i c a l A d v i s o r y Committee, M e t r o p o l i t a n 164 Washington C o a l i t i o n f o r C l e a n A i r H e n r y 3. B r a d f o r d , on b e h a l f o f Mo E s e k i e l , the N O r t h F o x h a l l Road Private Association 174 Citizen 177 T :v.: u: j.k .-valder f on b e h a l f Earth of George A l d e r s o n , F r i e n d s of the Addams, President, Dupont C i r c l e C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n 178 Nicholas A . J o h n w. G i l l , Washington Board of Realtors "\ 181 188 Lorna B. Hutchings, for Mrs. Clarence A. Salisbury, ( North H i g h l a n d C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n r Peter of A r l i n g t o n Floros, F a i r f a x C o u n t y C h a m g e r of C o m m e r c e a n d t h e N o r t h e r n V i r g i n i a B o a r d of R e a l t o r s EVENING SESSION Robert K e n n a n Dr. C. Weadell Dr. 191 C. Michael 202) 202 Hogan Daniel Michael (p. 196 223 239 Hogan 240 �C O N T E N T S (Cont'd) STATEMENT OF: PAGE Wendall D a n i e l 249 C h a r l e s E„ Haas 252 F r a n k M. Capezzera 256 Helen 263 Leavitt T y r r e l l V . Brooke / 269 Maurice A. D a v i s 278 Joan K n i g h t 282 E l d r i d g e V, P a r k s 287 Richard Longstreth 290 John C a r t e r 303 �GOVERNMENT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA EXECUTIVE OFFICE P u b l i c Hearing, I n Res : « DESIGN - INTERSTATE ROUTE 2S6 ; • Auditorium Department o f Commerce 14th S t r e e t Washington, D. C. Monday, December 14, 1970 The a b o v e - e n t i t l e d m a t t e r came on f o r h e a r i n g purs u a n t t o n o t i c e , a t 10:00 a.m., JULIAN R. DUGAS, D i r e c t o r , D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Department o f Economic presiding, BEFORE: JULIAN R, DUGAS Development, �P M R . DUGASJ K O C E E D O G S Good morning, Ladies and gentlemen. This hearing i s c a l l e d to order. Dugas, D i r e c t o r I am J u l i a n R. of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Department of Economic Development. I have been designated by the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and the Commonwealth of V i r g i n i a t o p r e s i d e a t t h i s Design P u b l i c Hearing. The purpose of t h i s hearing i s to c o n s i d e r alter- n a t i v e designs f o r proposed I n t e r s t a t e Route 266 between a p o i n t near the i n t e r s e c t i o n of Canal Road and MacArthur Boulevard i n Washington, D. C., and a c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e proposed I n t e r s t a t e Route 66 n e a r Lorcom Lane i n A r l i n g t o n County, Virginia,, i n c l u d i n g a proposed bridge a c r o s s t h a Potomac R i v e r i n the v i c i n i t y o f Three S i s t e r s I s l a n d s . Since the proposed p r o j e c t i n v o l v e s two j u r i s d i c t i o n s , the hearing i s being h e l d j o i n t l y by t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Department of Highways and T r a f f i c and S t a t e Highway Commission of the Commonwealth o f V i r g i n i a . Authorization f o r my s e r v i n g as Hearing O f f i c e r i s c o n t a i n e d i n two s e p a r a t e o r d e r s , c o p i e s of which w i l l now be made a p a r t o f t h i s record o r w i l l be furnished a t t h e e a r l i e s t p o s s i b l e moment for inclusion therein. T h i s design hearing i s b e i n g h e l d a s a r e s u l t o f t h e d e c i s i o n o f United States D i s t r i c t Court Judge John J . S i r i c a i n the case of D. C. Federation o f C i v i l A s s o c i a t i o n s , I n c . �3 vs. V o l p e , C i v i l A c t i o n No. 2821-69. Judge S i r i c a has r u l e d t h a t t h i s h e a r i n g be conducted i n accordance w i t h t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f T i t l e 2 3 , U. S. Code, S e c t i o n 128, and P o l i c y and y r o c e d u r e Memorandum 2C-8 i s s u e d by t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n on J a n u a r y 14, 1969. N o t i f i c a t i o n o f t h i s h e a r i n g was p u b l i s h e d i n l o c a l and r e g i o n a l newspapers — The Washington D a i l y News, The Washington P o s t , The E v e n i n g and Sunday S t r a r , t h e Georgetown Spectator, and t h e Northern V i r g i n i a Sun. A copy o f t h e l e g a l n o t i c e , a c e r t i f i e d l i s t o f t h e newspapers t h a t c a r r i e d t h e n o t i c e , and s p e c i f i c p u b l i c a t i o n d a t e s w i l l be e n t e r e d i n t o the r e c o r d a t t h i s p o i n t o r w i l l be f u r n i s h e d f o r such i n c l u s i o n a t t h e e a r l i e s t p o s s i b l e moment. N o t i f i c a t i o n of t h i s h e a r i n g was accomplished a l s o through d i r e c t m a i l i n g s of the n o t i c e t o o t h e r l o c a l news media; t o p r o f e s s i o n a l and c i v i c a s s o c i a t i o n s , t o government a g e n c i e s , and t o i n d i v i d u a l s thought t o have an i n t e r e s t i n t h e p r o j e c t . An u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e purpose o f t h i s d e s i g n heea-ing i s important t o i t s e f f e c t i v e n e s s . P o l i c y and Procedure Memorandum 20-8, r e f e r r e d t o p r e v i o u s l y , s t a t e s t h a t a Highway Design P u b l i c Hearing i s a p u b l i c h e a r i n g 1. that: I s h e l d a f t e r t h e r o u t e l o c a t i o n h a s been ap- proved, b u t b e f o r e t h e S t a t e Highway Department i s committed to a s p e c i f i c design proposal; 2. I s h e l d t o ensure t h a t an o p p o r t u n i t y i s �4 afforded f o r e f f e c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n by i n t e r e s t e d persons in the process of determining the s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n and major design f e a t u r e s o f a Federal-Aid highway; and 3, Provides a p u b l i c forum t h a t affords a f u l l opportunity for presenting views on major highway design f e a t u r e s , i n c l u d i n g the s o c i a l , economic, environmental, and other e f f e c t s o f a l t e r n a t e designs. A booklet e n t i t l e d , "1-266 Design Hearing Informatior has been prepared d e s c r i b i n g the a l t e r n a t i v e designs being proposed by the Highway Depcirtraent. This booklet, which has been made a v a i l a b l e t o the p u b l i c , i s a l s c being made a p a r t of t h i s record. The designs s e t f o r t h i n t h i s booklet, as w e l l as any a d d i t i o n a l designs t h a t may be proposed by any of you, a r e appropriate f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n a t t h i s hearing. r :: complete my statement s e t t i n g forth tae • manner i n which I expect t h i s hearing t o proceed, representat i v e s o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Department of Highways and T r a f f i c and the V i r g i n i a Department of Highways w i l l elaborate on t h e i r proposed designs. A f t e r they complete t h e i r presen- t a t i o n s , the i n d i v i d u a l s responding t o the n o t i c e of t h i s j o i n t design p u b l i c hearing w i l l be given an opportunity to present t h e i r views,followed by others who wish t o be heard. As provided f o r i n the hearing n o t i c e , a witness l i s t has been prepared from names submitted to both the Executive S e c r e t a r y , O f f i c e of the Commissioner, D. C., and �5 the V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways D i s t r i c t Engineer. The names o f persons and o r g a n i s a t i o n s were placed on the l i s t i n the order t h a t they were r e c e i v e dfaythese o f f i c i a l s . c a l l f o r w i t n e s s e s from the D i s t r i c t I will o f Columbia and V i r g i n i a alternately. Written statements may be submitted f o r i n c l u s i o n i n the r e c o r d on o r before Monday, December 28, 1970, e.t 5:00 p.m. Such statements w i l l be r e c e i v e d by e i t h e r the Executive S e c r e t a r y t o the Commissionar of the D i s t r i c t Room 528 o f the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, i n B u i l d i n g o r the V i r g i n i a Department of Highways D i s t r i c t E n g i n e e r i n Culpeper, V i r g i n i a . A stenographic record i s being made of t h i s proceeding. Copies Of the t r a n s c r i p t may be purchased from the r e p o r t e r , whose name and address w i l l be f u r n i s h e d to you upon demand. We v i l l i r e c e s s f o r lunch a t 12:30 p.m., and resume the hearing a t 1:30 p.m., and r e c e s s f o r dinner a t 5;0C p.m., and resume the hearing a t 7:00 p.m. Adjournment f o r the day w i l l be approximately 12:00 o'clock midnight unless the hearing i s completed p r i o r t o t h a t time. completed I f the hearing i s not today, we w i l l resume the hearing tomorrow morning at 10:00 a.m., not i n t h i s b u i l d i n g , but i n the Departmental Auditorium i n the Department of Labor B u i l d i n g a t 14th and C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue, Northwest. able t o us tomorrow«. The room w i l l not be a v a i l - �6 Your views a r e e a r n e s t l y s o l i c i t e d i n t h i s public hearing, and they w i l l be considered p r i o r to r e a c h i n g any f i n a l determination i n the matter. Additionally, a l l i n f o r - mation developed i n support of any proposed d e s i g n w i l l , upon request, be made a v a i l a b l e to i n t e r e s t e d persons f o r p u b l i c i n s p e c t i o n and copying p r i o r t o t h e a p p r o v a l of a desigr. f o r the bridge to be submitted t o t h e o f f i c e o f t h e Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n . A l l of us are aware of t h e f a c t t h a t t h i s p r o j e c t has been the s u b j e c t of much c o n t r o v e r s y f o r a c o n s i d e r a b l e period of time. on the matter. There a r e many who have v e r y s t r o n g f e e l i n g s However, as I s t a t e d a t t h e b e g i n n i n g , this hearing i s . b e i n g conducted p u r s u a n t t o Judge S i r i c a ' s decision,. Although i t i s not my r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o make a d e c i s i o n a s t o the type of s t r u c t u r e that i s t o be b u i l t , i t i s my r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o see to i t t h a t t h i s h e a r i n g i s conducted i n a f a i r , o r d e r l y , and e f f i c i e n t manner. responsible officials Only i n t h i s way w i l l t h e have a complete and a c c u r a t e r e c o r d upon w h i c h to base t h e i r d e c i s i o n . The f i r s t w i t n e s s i s Mr. Thomas F . A i r i s , D i r e c t o r , D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c . A i r i s w i l l i n t r o d u c e any a s s i s t a n t s him. Mr. who may be accompanying �7 STATEMENT OF THOMAS F. A I R I S , DIRECTOR OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS AND TRAFFIC MR. A I R I S : Thank you, Mr. Dugaa. L a d l e d and Gentlemen, I em Thomas F. A i r i s , D i r e c t o r o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c , I hope t h a t I can be as i n f o r m a t i v e as p o s s i b l e i n d e s c r i b i n g t o you two major items o f i n t e r e s t : 1) Design f e a t u r e s o f proposed I n t e r s t a t e Route 266 and 2) t h e r o l e t h a t w i t n e s s e s a t t h i s h e a r i n g have i n t h e d e c i s i o n p r o c e s s b e f o r e us. Because 2,360 f e e t o f t h e proposed p r o j e c t a r e i n Virginia and 1,532 f e e t a r e i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, t h e D„ C. Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c and t h e V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways have s h a r e d t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o p r o mote p u b l i c understanding hearing. and t o conduct t h i s d e s i g n p u b l i c We b e l i e v e t h e d i s s e m i n a t i o n o f i n f o r m a t i o n through our s e v e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n c e n t e r s d u r i n g t h e p a s t f o u r weeks has b e e n w e l l r e v i e w e d and we s i n c e r e l y hope t h a t i t has p r o v i d e d c i t i z e n s w i t h a b e t t e r base f o r d e v e l o p i n g comments. My d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e p r o j e c t w i l l be b r i e f i n view o f the: a v a i l a b i l i t y o f d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n i n advance. At t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f my remarks, I will introduce t h r e e o f f i c i a l s o f t h e V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways who w i l l present a d d i t i o n a l information. Now, Mr.. Dugas, a t t h i s p o i n t I have a note here �8 t h a t we are going to have four s l i d e s . we w i l l use them. I f not, we w i l l use the d i s p l a y s . I n t e r s t a t e Route 266 — everyone see theit? I f these are a v a i l a b l e , S l i d e 1 , please,, Can T h i s w i l l be very b r i e f on t h i s s l i d e up here. I n t e r s t a t e Route 266 i s a l i n k i n the N a t i o n a l System of I n t e r s t a t e and Defense Highways e x t e n d i n g from i n A r l i n g t o n County, V i r g i n i a , near Lorcum Lane t o t h e 1-66 1-66 Interchange i n Washington, D„ C., n e a r t h e mouth o f Rock Creek. The major design f e a t u r e s and s p e c i f i c alignment of the p o r t i o n of 1-266 between 1-66 i n V i r g i n i a and a p o i n t n e a r the i n t e r s e c t i o n of Canal Road and MacArthur B o u l e v a r d i n Washington, D. C., a r e t h e s u b j e c t s f o r d i s c u s s i o n a t t h i s d e s i g n hearing. T h i s p a r t o f 1-266 B r i d g e on the Potomac R i v a r . the i n c l u d e s t h e Three S i s t e r s The U. S. Government approved l o c a t i o n of t h i s r o u t e i n V i r g i n i a and t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia on August 29, 1968,and September 2 1 , 1966, r e s p e c tively. The complete f a c i l i t y w i l l , o f c o u r s e , a l l o w v e h i c l e s e n t e r i n g and l e a v i n g t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia t o remain on a continuous I n t e r s t a t e freeway. S l i d e 2, p l e a s e . I n V i r g i n i a , Eastbound d r i v e r s would have t h e c h o i c a o f e x i s t i n g onto t h e George Washington Memorial Parkway down r i v e r or continuing i n t o Washington, D. C« heading Eastbouad �9 Spout Run t r a f f i c merges with 1-266 t r a f f i c , and westbound 1-2 36 t r a f f i c can, i n turn, e x i t and continue westbound on the Spout Rip. Parkway. S l i d e 3, p l e a s e . As p r e s e n t l y proposed, no connections between 1-266 . '. ' . : " • ". "j ' •• « • - :••. , s t r e e t s are contemplated. with the proposed P a l i s a d e s Parkway a r e e n v i s i o n e d . Conneetioni Your views on these aspects of 1-266 a r e welcome, b u t no f i n a l dec i s i o n w i l l be made regarding the Potomac R i v e r Freeway u n t i l a design p u b l i c hearing f o r t h i s p o r t i o n o f 1-266 i s h e l d . I n other words, any approval of t h e approach t o t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge w i l l be s u b j e c t t o r e v i s i o n subsequent t o t h e Potomac R i v e r Freeway H e a r i n g . One of the more c o n s e r v a t i v e t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t s f o r 1-266 was the b a s i s f o r t h e s i x l a n e s proposed today n o t w i t h - standing any o t h e r p o s s i b l e d e s i g n o p t i o n s . We propose continuous shoulders, a c c e l e r a t i o n and d e c e l e r a t i o n l a n e s , grades, c l e a r a n c e s and d e s i g n speeds t o meet o r exceed a l l a p p l i c a b l e standards o f the I n t e r s t a t e System, t h a t i s , f o r urban areas. These design f e a t u r e s , a s w e l l a s d e s i g n o p t i o n s , and t h e economic, s o c i o l o g i c a l and e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o t h e p r o j e c t a r e p r e s e n t e d i n d e t a i l i n t h e 1-266 Design H e a r i n g I n f o r m a t i o n B o o l k e t p u b l i s h e d by t h e D. C. and V i r g i n i a Highway Departments. From among v a r i o u s a l t e r n a t i v e s s t u d i e d , we a r e �presenting The two design configurations for consideration. a l t e r n a t e s i n v o l v e d i f f e r e n c e s i n appearance, shape, p i e r s m a t e r i a l , and c o s t of the 1„630-foot long major s t r u c t u r e t h a t would b r i d g e the Goerge Washington Parkway, Potomac R i v e r , C & 0 C a n e l and C a n a l Road. These d i f f e r e n c e s a r e s p e l l e d out i n d e t a i l i n the i n f o r m a t i o n How, may booklet. I have the n e x t s l i d e . B r i e f l y , t h e t h r e e - s p a n s t r u c t u r e would r e s t on r i v e r p i e r s , c o n s i s t o f p r e s t r e s s e d c o n c r e t e a r c h e s and two cost $32.3 m i l l i o n t o c o n s t r u c t , t o g e t h e r w i t h approaches. Next s l i d e , please. The s i x - s p a n s t r u c t u r e t h a t i s c o n t a i n e d as a.i a l t e r n a t i v e would be supported by t h r e e r i v e r p i e r s , c o n s i s t o f s t e e l box g i r d e r s , and an e s t i m a t e d 25.1 million. c o s t , t o g e t h e r w i t h the approaches, The a r t i s t ' s renderings i n d i c a t e the d i f f e r e n c e i n s i z e and shape o f the two Next s l i d e , designs. please. I w i l l p o i n t out t h a t the a r c h b r i d g e d e s i g n evaluated by the F i n e A r t s Commission i n 1967 t i c a l l y endorsed. lanes — both Roadway dimensions — and was enthusias- x^idth and number o f and t h e pavement h e i g h t above w a t e r a r e the sane f o r bridges* The s t r u c t u r a l soundness o f long p r e s t r e s s e d c r e t e spans has been quesioned. indicate a Whereas, e n g i n e e r i n g span o f t h e magnitude under c o n s i d e r a t i o n conanalyses can be �11 b u i l t w i t h an adequate margin o f s a f e t y , we w i l l c o n f i r m the s t r u c t u r a l soundness through model t e s t i n g b e f o r e a p p r o v a l of such a s t r u c t u r e w i l l be sought. The house l i g h t s , p l e a s e . The s o c i a l , e c o n o m i c 1-256 and e n v i r o n m e n t a l deserve the utmost c o n s i d e r a t i o n . e f f e c t s of Our g o a l i s t o shape the d e s i g n of t h i s f a c i l i t y by whatever manner i s needed t o a s s u r e the p r e s e r v a t i o n o f t h e l o c a l e . i s i n tune w i t h c o n s e r v a t i o n e f f o r t s . We b e l i e v e the p r o j e c t E v e r y square f o o t o f l a n d under the j u r i s d i c t i o n o f t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e u t i l i z e d f o r -this f a c i l i t y w i l l be r e p l a c e d w i t h l a n d t h a t , i n our judgment, w i l l e i t h e r b e n e f i t e x i s t i n g p a r k s e s t a b l i s h new park a r e a s — or not i n a c c e s s i b l e s l i v e r s — whole a r e a s t h a t can t r u l y perform as animal h a b i t a t s and human recreation sites. Glover-Archbold Park i s untouched by 1-266. More- o v e r , as e x p l a i n e d i n the i n f o r m a t i o n b o o k l e t , n a t u r a l and h i s t o r i c s i t e s i n p r o x i m i t y t o the proposed p r o j e c t w i l l purposely be avoided p h y s i c a l l y and p r o t e c t e d f u n c t i o n a l l y , t h i s p a r t i c u l a r s e c t i o n o f 1-266 family or business. We w i l l not d i s p l a c e a s i n g l e person, can f i n d no evidence o f any govern- m e n t a l o r p r i v a t e i n s t i t u t i o n b e i n g j e o p a r d i z e d by the p r o j e c t . The s a f e t y and economic b e n e f i t s t o be afforded u s e r s o f t h i s f a c i l i t y a r e by v i r t u e o f highway d e s i g n t h a t p e r m i t s u n i n t e r r u p t e d , r e l a t i v e l y f a s t t r a f f i c f l o w s and avoids �12 the h a z a r d s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h d r i v e w a y s , i n t e r s e c t i o n s , p e d e s t r i a n s , u n d i v i d e d l a n e s and the o t h e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t y p i c a l s t r e e t design. Both b r i d g e a l t e r n a t i v e s a r e e n g i n e e r e d t o p e r m i t s i m u l t a n e o u s c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the much-needed sewer i n t e r ceptor U n a i n Washington, D. C. Ijiterceptor. region's T h a t i s the Dulles T h i s improvement w i l l markedly improve the: c a p a b i l i t y t o reduce p o l l u t i o n o f the Potomac R i v e r . We a r e as aware o f the a i r p o l l u t i o n dangers o f motor v e h i c l e s as i s the most vehement s u p p o r t e r of "Ban Automobile" movement. the Both Departments b e l i e v e i n s t r a t e g i e s Isich w i l l e l i m i n a t e a l l p o t e n t i a l t h r e a t s t o humans, animals and f l o r a posed by a i r c o n t a m i n a t i o n from motor v e h i c l e s . We, t h e r e f o r e , can o n l y support p l a n s t h a t w i l l a t t a c k problem i n t o t a l — anything the l e s s i s u n f a i r t o the p u b l i c . Our p o l i c y as e v o l v e d so f a r i n c l u d e s s e v e r a l f a c e t s . 1. E m i s s i o n c o n t r o l s a t the F e d e r a l Vehicles operating level. i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia V i r g i n i a a r e from e v e r y S t a t e o f the N a t i o n . The 1971 and Air Q u a l i t y Control B i l l w i l l r e q u i r e engine exhausts t h a t are v i r t u a l l y p o l l u t i o n - f r e e by 1975. We s t r o n g l y urge passage and enforcement o f t h i s h i g h l y n e c e s s a r y 2. legislation. Commuters on p u b l i c t r a n s i t , , T u r n i n g the t i d e t o p u b l i c t r a n s i t w i l l have p o s i t i v e beneficial effects — fewer automobiles i n motion, l e s s �13 a m i s s i o n s whatever the p u r i t y , and more e f f i c i e n t use fi:ced f a c i l i t i e s . The have t a k e n l e a d e r s h i p of D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and V i r g i n i a both r o l e s i n t h i s e f f o r t as e v i d e n c e d r e c e n t l y by the d e v e l o p i n g S h i r l e y Highway Busway s e r v i c e . I might a l s o add that I personally have t e s t i f i e d b e f o r e WMATA i n t h e i r subway s o l u t i o n . 3. Highway d e s i g n t h a t w i l l minimize exposure t o p o l l u t i o n concentration. Because some time w i l l e l a p s e b e f o r e vehicle pollution i s non-existent, facilities like 1-266 c e r t a i n l y must i n c o r p o r a t e s h o r t - r a n g e s a f e g u a r d s t o human health. D i f f u s i o n o f t a i l - p i p e p o l l u t a n t s e m i t t e d on t h i s f a c i l i t y w i l l be f a c i l i t a t e d by n a t u r a l v e n t i l a t i o n . Recent e x a m i n a t i o n o f a i r q u a l i t y on s i m i l a r r o u t e s i n the Washington a r e a i n d i c a t e s r u s h hour counts of 5 PPM million — o f carbon monoxide and — that i s , parts .4 o f a p a r t per m i l l i o n of hydrocarbons a t 50 f e a t from the edge o f pavement. The a t r u s h hour would be 1.7 per of hydrocarbons and 20 PPM count of carbon monoxide. Moreover, our e x a m i n a t i o n p o i n t s up t h a pollution abatement b e n e f i t s o f h i g h e r , more u n i f o r m speeds o f on wide r i g h t s of way vehicles as opposed t o stop-and-go o p e r a t i o n s on built-up streets. I might add t h a t i n t h e s e s u r v e y s we have made which are s t i l l continuing, the PPM g e t s up as h i g h as 35 part �14 per m i l l i o n when v e h i c l e s are s t a l l e d and such as on the s t r e e t operation and the stop-and-co type of movement i s i n defect. Two f e a t u r e s of the proposed f a c i l i t y w i l l a t t e n u a t e noises produced by motor v e h i c l e s . the V i r g i n i a The depressed p r o f i l e o f approach and the e l e v a t e d c h a r a c t e r o f t h e bridge, according to Highway Reserach Board f i n d i n g s , w i l l reduce noise l e v e l s a t nearby p o i n t s . The h i g h e s t t h e o r e t i c a l noise l e v e l s produced on the f a c i l i t y w i l l be dissipatesd t o acceptable l e v e l s a t the residence n e a r e s t s t h e f a c i l i t y based on criteria published by the Highway Research Board. As s t a t e d i n the i n f o r m a t i o n b o o k l e t , t h e n e g l i g i b l e amounts of v e h i c l e d r i p p i n g s c o n t a i n e d i n roadway r u n - o f f s w i l l not threaten the d e p o l l u t i o n o f t h e Potomac R i v e r . Drainage from the p r o j e c t , n e v e r t h e l e s s , w i l l not p e r p e r m i t t e d to e n t e r the C & O C a n a l . Our purpose f o r c o n d u c t i n g t h i s Design H e a r i n g b e a r s repeating. This hearing i s b e i n g h e l d t o i n s u r e you an oppor- tunity to p a r t i c i p a t e i n the process o f determining the s p e c i f i c alignment and major d e s i g n f e a t u r e s o f ona o f two s e c t i o n s o f 1-266. Your comments, c i t i z e n comments, w i l l be s t u d i e d a3.ong w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n g a i n e d through other s o u r c e s i n j u d g - i n g what design s h o u l d be pursued from t h i s p o i n t o n t The Departments w i l l p u b l i s h newspaper announcements of the design f i n a l l y s e l e c t e d f o r submittal t o t h e F e d e r a l �15 Government f o r i t s r e i e w and a p p r o v a l . v Your testimony be e s p e c i a l l y u s e f u l i f y o u r r e a s o n s a r e c i t e d why will e i t h e r of the d e s i g n s we have p r e s e n t e d a r e f a v o r e d o r r e j e c t e d f e e l f r e e t o o f f e r y o u r own Please d e s i g n a l t e r n a t i v e s and e x p l a i n , i f possible,how the economic, s o c i a l and environmental o f the f a c i l i t y w i l l be impacts altered. I n c l o s i n g , I w i l l touch on s e v e r a l m a t t e r s cated i n the l e g a l n o t i c e f o r t h i s hearing. The indi- Federal-Aid R e l o c a t i o n Program i s not a p p l i c a b l e t o t h i s p r o j e c t i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia because f a m i l y o r b u s i n e s s r e l o c a t i o n i s unnecessary on t h i s p a r t i c u l a r p r o j e c t . D e t a i l s o f the p r o - gram, however, a r e c o n t a i n e d i n the p u b l i c a t i o n s , " R e l o c a t i o n I n f o r m a t i o n f o r R e s i d e n t s L o c a t e d on Highv/ay P r o j e c t s i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia" and ^ R e l o c a t i o n Guide f o r B u s i n e s s e s and N o n p r o f i t O r g a n i z a t i o n s L o c a t e d on Highway P r o j e c t s i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia." T h e s e p u b l i c e i t i o n s were made a v a i l a b l e a t our i n f o r m a t i o n c e n t e r s . C o n s t r u c t i o n o f 1-266 A i d funds approximating w i l l be f i n a n c e d w i t h F e d e r a l - 90 p e r c e n t o f the p r o j e c t c o s t . The source f o r t h e remainder i s f u e l t a x and r e g i s t r a t i o n f e e s r a i s e d by t h e two j u r i s d i c t i o n s . F u e l t a x e s , i n c i d e n t a l l y , are l e v i e d on p u r c h a s e r s w i t h o u t r e g a r d t o r e s i d e n c e so t h a t the l o c a l s h a r e a c t u a l l y c o n s i s t s o f m u l t i - j u r i s d i c t i o n aid,, o t h e r words, no l o c a l g e n e r a l funds w i l l be used on In this s t r u c t u r e , o n l y money r a i s e d from user t a x e s , as i s the case �16 wt. h a l l o t h e r s t r e e t improvements i n t h e D i s t r i c t . Bscu s e p r i v a t e p r o p e r t i e s a r e n o t i n v o l v e d , c o n s t r u c t i o n o f 1-266 c o u l d commence once t r a n s f e r agreements a r e n e g o t i a t e d w i t h t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e . Our l a t e s t estimate o f a construction timetable i n d i c a t e s t h a t a bridge and t h e V i r g i n i a and D. C. approaches c o u l d be under c o n s t r u c t i o n i n time t o complete t h e p r o j e c t i n 1975, w h i c h , o f course i s w e l l ahead o f t h e •— i s a y e a r ahead o f t h e 1976 Centennial. The F e d e r a l Highweiy A d m i n i s t r a t i o n p a r t i c i p a t e s i n t h e c o s t o f highway c o n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and V i r g i n i a i f the. r o u t e i s on t h e o f f i c i a l l y designated I n t e r s t a t e System o r on t h e F e d e r a l - A i d P r i m a r y o r Secondary system. The p l a n n i n g , d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n o f such r o u t e s i s i n i t i a t e d by V i r g i n i a and t h e D i s t r i c t — F e d e r a l Government The must r e v i e w and approve a c t i o n s proposed b e f o r e g r a n t - i n - a i d may be extended. be 90 p e r c e n t F e d e r a l on 1-266. The g r a n t - i n - a i d w i l l No f u r t h e r a c t i o n may o c c u r on t h i s r o u t e u n t i l V i r g i n i a and t h e D i s t r i c t submit a recommended d e s i g n t o t h e F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n and t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n a c c e p t s trie arecommendation; Now, a t t h i s p o i n t , Mr. Dagas, Mr. Chairman, I w i l l c a l l on Mr. H. M. Snead, D i s t r i c t Right-of-way E n g i n e e r , o f t h e V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways, t o e x p l a i n t h e r e l o c a t i o n program f o r highway d i s p l a c e e s i n V i r g i n i a . F o l l o w i n g Mr. �17 Snead w i l l be two more gentlemen from t h e V i r g i n i a Department. Highway I w i l l i n t r o d u c e them r i g h t now so as t o s a v e time. Mr. D. D. H a r r i s w i l l be t h e second s p e a k e r , a Road Design E n g i n e e r f o r t h e V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways, and he w i l l r e l a t e now a s h o r t s t a t e m e n t -•- w i l l secondly a short statement theVirginia relate regarding the design features of p o r t i o n o f 1-266. L a s t l y , f o r V i r g i n i a , w i l l be Mr. A. K. Hunsberger, D i r e c t o r o f E n g i n e e r i n g f o r t h e V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways. Thank you v e r y much. MR. DUGAS; Mr. Snead. STATEMENT OF H. M. SNEAD, DISTRICT RIGHTOF-WAY ENGINEER, VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS MR. SNEAD: Thank you, Mr. Dugas. Mr. Chairman, my name i s Henry M. Snead, J r . I am D i s t r i c t Right-of-Way E n g i n e e r f o r t h e Culpeper D i s t r i c t Right-of-Way D i v i s i o n o f t h e V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways. Displacement o f f a m i l i e s o r b u s i n e s s e s i s not anticipated because o f t h i s p r o j e c t . However, f o r . y o u r i n f o r - m a t i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g i s a b r i e f s t a t e m e n t as t o the relocation of systems program o f t h e V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways. The V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways f u r n i s h e s r e location a d v i s o r y s e r v i c e and makes payments t o a l l d i s p l a c e d �18 i n d i v i d u a l s * b u s i n e s s concerns, i-.IX'..:•. n o n - p r o f i t organ- i s a t i o n s , and farm o p e r a t o r s b e i n g d i s p l a c e d due t o the a c q u i s i t i o n o r c l e a r a n c e o f r i g h t s o f way by c o n s t r u c t i o n of a project. A l l persons a f f e c t e d by c o n s t r u c t i o n a r e a d v i s e d l e t t e r o f the s e r v i c e s and payments to which they may entitled. by le The s e r v i c e s i n c l u d e the f o l l o w i n g . 1. Relocation Assistance. I n p r o v i d i n g r e l o c a t i o n a s s i s t a n c e our o f f i c e maint a i n s c u r r e n t l i s t s o f homes f o r r e n t o r f o r s a l e / i n d i c a t i n g the l o c a t i o n , s a l e p r i c e or monthly r e n t a l , e t c e t e r a . Information i s a l s o maintained concerning substitute f a c i l - i t i e s a v a i l a b l e through r e a l t y boards. F e d e r a l Housing a g e n c i e s , chambers o f commerce, w e l f a r e agn c i e s , and so 2. on. R e l o c a t i o n Payments. Moving c o s t s . When the S t a t e o b t a i n s p o s s e s s i o n of p r o p e r t i e s , t h o s e b e i n g d i s p l a c e d a r e e l i g i b l e f o r amoving c o s t alloxvance. T h i s allowance may be based on a f i x e d per- rcom s c h e d u l e , o r a c t u a l expenses i n c u r r e d . Replacement Housing Payments. A d i s p l a c e d owner-occupant may be e l i g i b l e f o r a supplementary payment p r o v i d e d he has a c t u a l l y owned and o c c u p i e d t h e e x i s t i n g f a c i l i t y f o r not l e s s than one year immediately p r i o r t o t h e i n i t i a t i o n o f the n e g o t i a t i o n s i f t h e amount f o r which t h e S t a t e a p p l i e s t h e d w e l l i n g i s l e s s �19 t h a n t h e average p r i c e o f t h e d w e l l i n g which i s , ( a ) o t h e r w i s e comparable t o t h e d w e l l i n g taken? (b) adequate t o accommodate the d i s p e r s e d owner and i s d e c e n t , s a f e and sanitary? ( c ) a v a i l a b l e on t h e p r i v a t e market and r e a s o n a b l y a c c e s s i b l e t o p u b l i c s e r v i c e s and p l a c e s o f employment. I n no i n s t a n c e w i l l t h i s payment exceed A d i s p e r s e d owner-occupant $5,000. who i s n o t e l i g i b l e f o r payment because he has n o t a c t u a l l y owned and o c c u p i e d h i s d w e l l i n g for a t l e a s t one y e a r may be e n t i t l e d t o payment o f a r e n t supplement o r f o r a down payment on t h e purchase o f a r e p l a c e ment f a c i l i t y . T h i s payment i n no i n s t a c e w i l l exceed $1500. A t e n a n t may be e l i g i b l e f o r t h e supplemental payment t o enable him t o r e n t o r purchase s u b s t i t u t e housing. For one t o be e l i g i b l e f o r t h i s payment, he must have o c c u p i e d t h e e x i s t i n g f a c i l i t y f o r a t l e a s t 90 days p r i o r t o the i n i t i a t i o n of negotiations. T h i s payment i n no i n s t a n c e W i l l exceed $.1500. I n c i d e n t a l payments. Any a f f e c t e d owner may be e l i g i b l e t o r e c e i v e payment f o r t h e r e a s o n a b l e and n e c e s s a r y i n c i d e n t a l expenses i n c u r r e d i n t r a n s f e r r i n g .the p r o p e r t y t o the Commonwealth o f V i r g i n i a such as p e n a l t i e s f o r prepayment of mortgages, t r a n s f e r f e e s , e t c e t e r a . I n t h e e v e n t the Department and t h e d i s p l a c e d person a r e unable t o agree upon the amount o f t h e supplementary payment, t h e d i s p l a c e d person �20 may r e q u e s t r e v i e w by t h e Department o r he may p e t i t i o n t h e Court t o determine t h e amount due. I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e above, s m a l l b u s i n e s s e s b e i n g d i s p l a c e d by highway c o n s t r u c t i o n have a s s i s t a n c e a v a i l a b l e t o them under t h e S m a l l B u s i n e s s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . I f there a r e any q u e s t i o n s i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f r i g h t s o f way o r t h e r e l o c a t i o n a d v i s o r y program, p l e a s e c o n t a c t t h e D i s t r i c t Right-of-Way E n g i n e e r o f t h e V i r g i n i a Department c f Highways whose o f f i c e f o r t h i s D i s t r i c t i s l o c a t e d i n Culpeper, V i r g i n i a . I might add a t t h i s time t h a t I have a v a i l a b l e h e r e today o u r r i g h t - o f - w a y pamphlets by t h e V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways w h i c h gives a d d i t i o n a l information i n connection w i t h o u r a c q u i s i t i o n program and o u r r e l o c a t i o n a s s i s t a n c e program. Thank you v e r y much. Mr. Dugas. Thank you, Mr. Snead. Mr. H a r r i s . STATEMENT OF D. D. HARRIS, ROAD DESIGN ENGINEER, VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS MR. HARRIS: Thank you, Mr. A i r i s and Mr. Chairman. L a d i e s and Gentlemen, I am D. D. H a r r i s , Road Design E n g i n e e r , V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways, l o c a t e d i n t h e C e n t r a l O f f i c e , Richmond, V i r g i n i a . An agreement was e n t e r e d on May 2 5 , 1966, between t h e �21 N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e , D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, and t h e Commissioner o f t h e V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways f o r a new Potomac Pdver c r o s s i n g j u s t westward o f t h e Three S i s t e r s I s l a n d s , u t i l i z i n g an approach through t h e Spout Run c o r r i d o r . I n March 1968, t h e V i r g i n i a G e n e r a l Assembly adopted a r e s o l u t i o n e x p r e s s i n g formally i t s d e s i r e f o r a prompt a u t h o r i z a t i o n f o r t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . Subsequent a c t i o n by out Highway Commission on August 1 5 , 1 9 6 8 , approved t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s l o c a t i o n and was f o l l o w e d w i t h t h e t h e n Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads approving t h e l o c a t i o n on August: 2 9 , 1968. As Mr. A i r i s p r e v i o u s l y s t a t e d , t h i s i s a j o i n t h e a r i n g c o v e r i n g t h e approaches and t h e s t r u c t u r e on trie V i r g i n i a s i d e o f t h e Potomac R i v e r . I r e f e r you t o t h e Mosaic, w h i c h i s on a s c a l e of a p p r o x i m a t e l y one i n c h e q u a l i n g 100 feet. You w i l l note t h a t the V i r g i n i a approach b e g i n s n e a r t h e p o i n t where proposed I n t e r s t a t e Route 66 p a s s e s over Spout Run Parkway i n trie v i c i n i t y o f Lorcom Lane. Eastbound I n t e r s t a t e Route 266 and marges w i t h r e l o c a t e d eastbound swings beneath 1-66 Spout Run Parkway w e s t o f Uhle S t r e e t , t h e n c o n t i n u e s t o t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e w h i l e a f f o r d i n g a c c e s s t o t h e George Washington Parkway. Memorial Westbound I n t e r s t a t e 2 6 6 , a f t e r c r o s s i n g t h e Three S i s t e r s s t r u c t u r e , merges w i t h t h e westbound lanes of 1-66 �22 and p r o v i d e s a c c e s s t o westbound Spout Run Parkway j u s t west o f Uhle S t r e e t . The Department has p r o v i d e d f o r h i k i n g and biking t r a i l s i n the p r o j e - t w h i c h w i l l c o n s t i t u t e network of trails from Sycamore S t r e e t i n the Western P a r t of A r l i n g t o n County t o the George Washington Memorial Parkway. The p r o j e c t will i n c l u d e replacement o f t h e o l d Uhle S t r e c i t s t r u c t u r e w i t h a modern s t r u c t u r e t h a t i n c l u d e s a s i d e w a l k of the w e s t s i d e . The pavemsnt d e s i g n w i l l be c o n t i n u o u s l y pavement w i t h o u t t r a n s v e r s e j o i n t s . included r e i n f o r c e d concrete Also, l i g h t i n g w i l l be as p a r t o f the p r o j e c t . I n k e e p i n g w i t h t h e agreements w i t h A r 1 i n g t o n County, t h e d e s i g n o f the approaches was closely knitted into the v a l l e y s e t t i n g 30 as t o r e t a i n the n a t u r a l beauty and e x i s t i n g landscaping. A l l n e c e s s a r y r i g h t - o f - w a y i s p r e s e n t l y i n the j u r i s d i c t i o n o f the N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e . Replacement park l a n d s w i l l be a c q u i r e d by t h e F e d e r a l Government a t p r o j e c t expense. Upgrading o f the Uhle S t r e e t c o n n e c t i o n t o meet A r l i n g t o n County's Master P l a n w i l l i n v o l v e a s m a l l amount of r i g h t o f way acquisition. A l t e r n a t i v e d e s i g n s have been d i s c u s s e d design hearing information brochure. i n the T h i s brochure 1-266 was a v a i l a b l e t o the p u b l i c a t the f o l l o w i n g l o c a t i o n s i n V i r g i n i a Highway D i s t r i c t O f f i c e i n Culpeper, V i r g i n i a , the Highway �23 Residency O f f i c e , F a i r f a x , V i r g i n i a ; A r l i n g t o n County T r a n s p o r t a t i o n O f f i c e , A r l i n g t o n County C o u r t House, A r l i n g t o n County C e n t r a l L i b r a r y , 1015 N. Quincy Street.. The e s t i m a t e d c o s t o f t h e V i r g i n i a p o r t i o n o f t h e p r o j e c t i s e s t i m a t e d a t $7,400,000. Replacement park l a n d s a r e e s t i m a t e d a t $2 m i l l i o n . E n g i n e e r i n g , $400,000 f o r t h e V i r g i n i a approaches. Because t h e V i r g i n i a - D . C . p o l i t i c a l boundary i s a t t h e w e s t shore o f t h e Potomac, a c o s t o f t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s s t r u c t u r e w i l l be s h a r e d by t h e two j u r i s d i c t i o n s . I might add t h a t d e t a i l d e s i g n p l a n s a r e a v a i l a b l e i n t h i s auditorium f o r public inspection. Thank, l a d i e s and gentleman. MR. DUGAS: Mr. Hunsberger. STATEMENT OF A. K, HUNSBERGER, DIRECTOR OF ENGINEERING, VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS MR. HUNSBERGER: Mr. Chairman, L a d i e s and Gentlemen, Mr. A i r i s , my name i s A u s t i n K. Hunsberger, D i r e c t o r o f E n g i n e e r i n g i n t h e V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways. I would f i r s t l i k e t o s a y t h a t the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Department o f Highways and t h e Department o f Highways o f V i r g i n i a have worked v e r y c l o s e l y i n t h e c o r r e l a t i o n o f t h i s v e r y l a r g e e n g i n e e r i n g p r o j e c t f o r t h i s proposed I n t e r s t a t e Highway facility. Mr. Chairman, I have today a communication t h a t I �24 would l i k e to read i n t o the record of t h i s I n t e r s t a t e Route 266 Design P u b l i c Hearing which i s being held j o i n t l y w i t h the D i s t r i c t of Columbia today. T h i s communication i s d a t e d December 1, 1970, and addressed to t h e Honorable Douglas B . F u g a t e , Department of Highways, Richmond, V i r g i n i a , and I quote s "We, t h e u n d e r s i g n e d members o f t h e Congress from the Commonwealth of V i r g i n i a , b e l i e v e t h a t c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and t h e c o n n e c t i n g I n t e r s t a t e 266 s p u r i n V i r g i n i a i s e s s e n t i a l i f t h e Washington m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a i s to have an adequate, b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system, and i t s h o u l d proceed w i t h o u t a d d i t i o n a l d e l a y . "The Highv/ay Department o f V i r g i n i a and t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia, t h e former U n i t e d S t a t e s Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads, and the p r e s e n t U n i t e d S t a t e s Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n have c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e d t h a t t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t s p o i n t t o an overwhelming need f o r a b r i d g e o v e r t h e Potomac R i v e r i n the Three S i s t e r s a r e a . "Such a c l e a r l y demonstrated need l e d t o t h e i n c l u s i o n o f t h e b r i d g e and I n t e r s t a t e 266 as p a r t s o f t h e i n t e r s t a t e highway system i n 1960. I n subsequent y e a r s i t has become i n c r e a s i n g l y e v i d e n t t h a t t h i s bridge-and-highway f a c i l i t y i s a must, i f t h e needs o f a l l t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h e Commonwealth o f V i r g i n i a — and e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e l i v i n g i n the a r e a s a d j a c e n t t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia — a r e t o be �25 ctdequately served. The well-known present t r a f f i c congestion i n t h i s area i s expensive to V i r g i n i a motorists, and i t adds s u b s t a n t i a l l y to the Costs i n the d e l i v e r y o f goods w i t h i n t h i s area. " I n March of 1968., the General Assembly of V i r g i n i a adopted the attached r e s o l u t i o n , expressing i t s d e s i r e f o r a prompt a u t h o r i z a t i o n of the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and p o i n t ing out t h a t the a d d i t i o n a l Potomac R i v e r c r o s s i n g i n t h e "Three S i s t e r s a r e a a s a p a r t o f t h e i n t e r s t a t e system was a b a s i c f a c t o r i n t h e d e c i s i o n t h a t I n t e r s t a t e 66 would provide a s a t i s f a c t o r y c o n n e c t i o n between Washington and the D u l l e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t . I f t h e b r i d g e i s not con- s t r u c t e d , Dulles t r a f f i c w i l l f i n d t h e Potomac c r o s s i n g a bottleneck so s e v e r e as t o s u b s t a n t i a l l y n u l l i f y the h i g h - speed, l i m i t e d - a c c e s s c o n n e c t i o n between Washington and the airport. " I t s h o u l d a l s o be borne i n mind t h a t i n 1968 the Congress o f the U n i t e d S t a t e s s p e c i f i c a l l y e x p r e s s e d i t s d e s i r e t h a t t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e be c o n s t r u c t e d promptly. " I t i s , of course, imperative t h a t environmental v a l u e s r e c e i v e c a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n t h e d e s i g n and cons t r u c t i o n o f t h e b r i d g e and t h e c o n n e c t i n g spur r o u t e . We f e e l t h a t t h e r e i s s u f f i c i e n t concern and competence i n t h e V i r g i n i a and D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Highway Departments and t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o a s s u r e f u l l �26 c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e s e v a l u e s , and we r e i t e r a t e our d e s i r e t h a t t h e s e p r o j e c t s move f o r w a r d w i t h o u t f u r t h e r d e l a y . " T h i s communication i f s i g n e d by Harry F«. B y r d , W i l l i a m Spong, U n i t e d S t a t e s S e n a t o r s from V i r g i n i a ; Wiitkins M. A b b i t t , J o e l T, B r o y h i l l , R i c h a r d H. P o f f , Thomas N<, Downing, John O. H a r s h , J r . , David E . S a t t e r f i e l d , t h e 3d, W i l l i a m C. Wamplsr, W i l l i a m L. S c o t t , G. W i l l i a m W h i t e h u r s t , and W. C. (Dan) D a n i e l , Congressmen from t h e S t a t e o f V i r g i n i a . Mr. Chairman, I have t h r e e c o p i e s o f t h i s communic a t i o n I would l i k e t o make a p a r t o f t h e o f f i c i a l r e c o r d o f t h e h e a r i n g , along w i t h the c o p i e s o f t h e r e s o l u t i o n p a s s e d by t h e G e n e r a l Assembly o f V i r g i n i a as r e f e r r e d t o i n t h i s communication. MR. DUGAS: They w i l l be r e c e i v e d . May we have those copies. P l e a s e mark them as — I ask t h e R e p o r t e r t o e n t e r them i n t o t h e r e c o r d a t t h i s time. (House J o i n t R e s o l u t i o n No. 168,. a b o v e - r e f e r r e d t o , follows:) M e m o r i a l i z i n g t h e members o f t h e d e l e g a t i o n t o the Congress o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s from V i r g i n i a t o a s s u r e t h e prompt a u t h o r i s a t i o n o f t h e proposed Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e a c r o s s t h e Potcmac R i v e r . O f f e r e d March 6, 1968 �27 P a t r o n -*• Mr. D a n i e l , W. C. R e f e r r e d t o the Committee on F e d e r a l Relations Whereas, the U n i t e d S t a t e s Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n i s c o n s i d e r i n g d i s a p p r o v a l o f the proposed Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e a c r o s s the Potomac R i v e r c o n n e c t i n g A r l i n g t o n County and the D i s t r i c t o f Columbic\ a r e a ; and Wheras, t h i s b r i d g e i s an e s s e n t i a l p a r t of I n t e r s t a t e Route 266; and Whereas, p l a n n i n g way f o r t h i s c r o s s i n g has been under- s i n c e June t h i r t y , n i n e t e e n hundred s i x t y , when I n t e r s t a t e 266 w i t h a b r i d g e a c r o s s the Potomac was t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads; f i r s t approved by and Whereas, a l l t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t s made by responsible highway a u t h o r i t i e s i n d i c a t e an overwhelming need f o r a b r i d g e o v e r the Potomac i n the Three S i s t e r s a r e a ; and Whereas, the i n t e r s t a t e p l a n f o r Northern V i r g i n i a i s e n t i r e l y compatible w i t h proposed mass t r a n s i t facilities i n t h a t a r e a , and i s v i t a l t o a s s u r e an adequate, b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system; and Whereas, d e s i g n a t i o n of an a d d i t i o n a l Potomac R i v e r c r o s s i n g i n the Three S i s t e r s a r e a as a s t a t e system was p a r t o f the inter- a b a s i c f a c t o r i n the d e c i s i n n t t h a t I n t e r s t a t e 66 v/ould p r o v i d e a s a t i s f a c t o r y c o n n e c t i o n between �28 Washington and the D u l l e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t a c c e s s road; and Whereas, t h e V i r g i n i a Department; o f Highways has wor worked c l o s e l y w i t h F e d e r a l , r e g i o n a l and l o c a l a g e n c i e s i n d e v e l o p i n g p l a n s f o r the proposed r i v e r c r o s s i n g and s t a t e connection," now, inter- t h e r e f o r e , be i t R e s o l v e d by t h e House o f D e l e g a t e s , the Senate concurring, T h a t the G e n e r a l Assembly o f V i r g i n i a urges t h a t V i r g i n i a members o f the Congress o f the U n i t e d S t a t e s e x e r t a l l p o s s i b l e e f f o r t s t o a s s u r e the prompt a u t h o r i s a t i o n f o r c a r r y i n g out p l a n s o r i g i n a l l y approved by f e d e r a l a u t h o r i t i e s i n n i n e t e e n hundred s i x t y t o c o n s t r u c t t h e s e i n t e g r a l segments of t h e i n t e r s t a t e highway system. The c l e r k o f the House o f D e l e g a t e s i s d i r e c t e d t o send t o each member of the V i r g i n i a delegation t o t h e Congress o f the U n i t e d S t a t e s a copy of t h i s resolution. MR. w i l l be Mr. D. C., DUGAS: Andrew W. Area Trucking Nov/, the f i r s t o f the p u b l i c Johnson, r e p r e s e n t i n g the Washing i o n , Association. STATEMENT OF ANDREW W. THE witnesses WASHINGTON, D.C., JOHNSON, REPRESENTING AREA TRUCKING ASSOCIATION MR. JOHNSON: Thank you, Mr. My name i s Andrew W. Chairman. Johnson, Managing D i r e c t o r of �29 of the Washington, D. C., o f f i c e s a t 1616 Area Trucking A s s o c i a t i o n , with P S t r e e t , Northwest, i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. I appear today on behalf of t h i s A s s o c i a t i o n express our i n t e r e s t and to concern on the m a t t e r b e f o r e you, s p e c i f i c a l l y the d e s i g n p u b l i c h e a r i n g on t h a t p o r t i o n of I n t e r s t a t e Route 266 which i n c l u d e s t h e Potomac R i v e r c r o s s i n g near the Three S i s t e r s I s l a n d s , and t o c o n t r i b u t e what i n f o r mation I can to help the d u l y a u t h o r i z e d o f f i c i a l s reach j u s t i f i a b l e d e c i s i o n s on t h e d e s i g n o f t h i s i m p o r t a n t i n t e r s t a t e highway segment. Although t h e term "Design H e a r i n g s " may have numerous meanings, i t i s our u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t t h i s procedure i s i n t e r p r e t e d r a t h e r b r o a d l y so as t o i n c l u d e a l l such e f f e c t s that a r e r e l e v a n t and a p p l i c a b l e t o the p a r t i c u l a r l o c a t i o n o r d e s i g n under c o n s i d e r a t i o n . Accordingly, although we do not i n t e n d t o d i s c u s s a l l the r e l e v a n t a s p e c t s o f the p r o j e c t , t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l items which need t o be re-emphasized i n this regard. Contrary t o what may be a g e n e r a l b e l i e f , a highway t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t y such as the one under d i s c u s s i o n i s not designed or b u i l t f o r a s i n g l e purpose or use. I ti s , i n s t e a d , p l a n n e d , d e s i g n e d , and b u i l t so as t o e f f i c i e n t l y s a t i s f y a multitude o f d i f f e r e n t uses., a l l o f which r e l a t e to the b u s i n e s s , r e c r e a t i o n a l , and s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s o£ the �30 area being served. S i n c e t h e p r o j e c t under d i s c u s s i o n is a designated p a r t o f t h e N a t i o n a l System o f I n t e r s t a t e and Defense Highways, and I emphasize and re-emphasize t h a t word "Defense", i t does, o f c o u r s e , have a f u n c t i o n o t h e r t h a n i t s l o c a l u t i l i t y . T h i s f a c t o r s has p l a y e d a p a r t i n b r i n g i n g t h i s p r o j e c t i n t o b e i n g , and i s n o t i g n o r e d i n t h e d e s i g n c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . I n f a c t , Defense c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a r e a p a r t o f t h e c r i t e r i a which e s t a b l i s h e d t h e r o u t e and which i n f l u e n c e d t h e t e c h n i c a l d e s i g n features. I n a s i m i l a r v e i n , modern highway unique b e n e f i t s f o r a community. f a c i l i t i e s have o t h e r I n many i n s t a n c e s , modern highways c a n speed f i r e - f i g h t i n g equipment t o t h e scene o f a b l a z e . I n p a r t i c u l a r , i n i n s t n a c e s o f major f i r e emergencies, where f i r e companies may need t o t r a v e l l o n g e r d i s t a n c e s t o come t o t h e a i d o f o t h e r l o c a l f i r e - f i g h t e r s , t h e a b i l i t y t o move on a l i m i t e d a c c e s s f a c i l i t y such as t h a t i n c o r p o r a t i n g t h i s p r o j e c t c a n s a v e many v a l u a b l e m i n u t e s . I n this parti- c u l a r i n s t a n c e , a t l e a s t one o f t h e f i r e s t a t i o n s l o c a t e d i n t h e v i c i n i t y i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia would be able t o u t i l i z e t h e f a c i l i t y i f an emergency c a l l came from nearby p o r t i o n s o f Northern V i r g i n i a . Emergency s e r v i c e s o f a l l s o r t s , o f c o u r s e , c a n become more r e s p o n s i v e t o needs a l o n g such a highway f a c i l i t y , and thus provide quicker s e r v i c e . Ambulances, p o l i c e v e h i c l e s , �p u b l i c s e r v i c e v e h i c l e s , and o t h e r s u t i l i z e the s u p e r i o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n made p o s s i b l e by modern highways. I n our view, t h e r e a r e a number of about the r o l e o f a freeway misunderstandings i n an urban a r e a , particularly w i t h r e s p e c t t o the frequency emphasis p l a c e d on i t s use as a commuter f a c i l i t y , , I t i s t r u e t h a t the morning and evening t r a f f i c loads a r e o f t e n the p e r i o d s o f h e a v i e s t t r a v e l , they a r e c e r t a i n l y d not the o n l y important use. but In fact, u r i n g the 24-hour c y c l e , commuter peak hour t r a v e l may range about 35 p e r c e n t o f the t o t a l on f a c i l i t i e s i n t h i s a r e a . I t i s our understanding t h a t h i s f a c i l i t y has been planned v/ith the e x p e c t a t i o n t h a t the proposed r a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t system w i l l be making i t s maximum p o t e n t i a l c o n t r i b u t i o n t o the r e d u c t i o n o f peak t r a f f i c l o a d s . Thus, the f a c i l i t y r e p r e s e n t s the minimum which can be c o n s t r u c t e d t o handle the p r e s e n t and growing t r a f f i c and must be considered i n t h i s r e g a r d as a complement t o the r a i l t r a n s i t system. G e n e r a l l y i g n o r e d i s the s u b j e c t on goods movement i n an urban a r e a , and the dependence o f the e n t i r e urban a r e a upon t h i s n e c e s s a r y transportation. No c i t y o r urban a r e a can s u r v i v e w i t h o u t the many t r u c k s e r v i c e s which are prov i d e d t o i t s c i t i z e n s , b u s i n e s s , and i n s t i t u t i o n s . These embrace the w i d e s t range o f s e r v i c e s and the movement of materials — from waste paper t o the most s o p h i s t i c a t e d of e l e c t r o n i c computers. i\s a s m a l l example of the d i v e r s e �h i g h w a y t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e r v i c e , APOLLO 1 1 c a p s u l e will arrive h e r e i n W a s h i n g t o n l a t e r t h i s week a s p a r t o f a n a t i o n w i d e tour of t h i s h i s t o r i c v e h i c l e which i s being transported as a p u b l i c s e r v i c e by t h e t r u c k i n g i n d u s t r y o v e r much o f t h e n a t i o n a l s y s t e m o f I n t e r s t a t e and Defense Highways. Nor end be point a r e t h e s e u r b a n t r a c k i n g movements s i m p l y t h e o f long-haul t r u c k i n g a c t i v i t i e s which can l o g i c a l l y d i v e r t e d t o some o t h e r mode. m a t t e r hw The r e v e r s e i s t h e c a s e . No goods w h i c h come i n t o o r l e a v e a n u r b a n a r e a may e v e n t u a l l y t r a v e l , they w i l l almost always reach the f i n a l d e s t i n a t i o n by some f o r m o f h i g h w a y v e h i c l e . Modern h i g h w a y in t h i s context achieving facilities a r e extremely important f o r the simple reason t h a t they help i n e f f i c i e n t e q u i p m e n t a n d l a b o r u t i l i z a t i o n fos: a l l who n e e d t r u c k t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . make t e n d e l i v e r i e s real efficiencies I fa d e l i v e r y v e h i c l e can a day, i n s t e a d o f , s a y , s i x o r seven, very h a v e b e e n a c c o m p l i s h e d a n d t h e community benefits. The point i s that there modern highv/ay f a c i l i t i e s the i s a broad u t i l i z a t i o n o f and i t i s i n a c c u r a t e to single out commuting a s p e c t a s b e i n g t h e s o l e j u s t i f y i n g f a c t o r , a s some h a v e done, represents This p r o j e c t i s evidence o f t h i s f a c t as i t a highway f a c i l i t y w h i c h must be b u i l t t o h a n d l e t h e b r o a d r a n g e o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n demand t h a t t h e commuter oriented rail t r a n s i t f c i c i l i t y c a n n o t accommodate. �There a r e many a d d i t i o n a l comments which might be o f f e r e d i n t h i s d e s i g n h e a r i n g , b u t we b e l i e v e t h a t t h e comprehensive p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s which has advanced t h i s p r o j e c t has d e l v e d i n t o them a d e q u a t e l y . We n o t e , however, t h a t what a r e termed " s o c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s " a r e sometimes advanced f o r t h e purpose o f s t o p p i n g o r a l t e r i n g proposed highway p r o j e c t s . We a r e i n agreement t h a t proper highway d e s i g n , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n an urban a r e a , needs t o c o n s i d e r t h e s e many f a c t o r s although some a r e presently hard to quantify. There a r e o t h e r s , however, which have v e e n q u a n t i f i e d and which speak s t r o n g l y f o r t h e p r o v i s i o n o f modern highway facilities. Highway s a f e t y i s an e x t r e m e l y i m p o r t a n t s o c i a l consideration! and t h e s u p e r i o r i t y o f p r o p e r l y designed f r e e - ways o v e r highway d e s i g n s o f 20 y e a r s ago i s marked, nation- w i d e , t h e death r a t e on t h e i n t e r s t a t e system i s o n l y o n e - h a l f ltat on t h e o l d e r t y p e highways, and as t h e s t a n d a r d s a r e continuously developed t h e r a t e may be depressed even f u r t h e r . The p r o v i s i o n o f j o b s i s a l s o an i m p o r t a n t s o c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n , and t h e r e a r e few b u s i n e s s e s or i n s t i t u t i o n s i n t h i s c i t y which do n o t b e n e f i t from highway t r a n s p o r t a t i o n services. B u s i n e s s means j o b s . Highway t r a n s p o r t a t i o n means jobs and i n 1969 t h e t r u c k i n g i n d u s t r y i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia p r o v i d e d jobs f o r o v e r 15,000 people, w i t h an estimated p a y r o l l o f $120,382,000 and a t a x payment o f �34 %6,609,000. Now, i n a d d i t i o n , I would l i k e , i f I may monent, to d e p a r t from my w r i t t e n t s s t i m o n y for a and p o i n t cut these stmmlar s t a t i s t i c s i n the nearby j u r i s d i c t i o n s o f Maryland and V i r g i n i a . Employment i n the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n Maryland t o t a l e d 121,600 and i n our S t a t e of V i r g i n i a , 179,100. I n M a r y l a n d , the wages were $820 m i l l i o n , and V i r g i n i a , $1,114,000. And field in t a x payments i n the S t a t e of Maryland, $78 m i l l i o n , and i n the S t a t e o f V i r g i n i a , $130 million. No v i a b l e economic community s h o u l d be u n j u s t l y p e n a l i z e d by choking o f f i t s l i f e b l o o d o f h i g h w a y transporta- tion. I n f a c t , w i t h the p r e s e n t mobile s o c i e t y , good highway access i s more i m p o r t a n t t o e s t a b l i s h e d urban a r e a s t h a n e v e r before. As an o b s e r v o r o f the highway scene i n the community f o r many y e a r s , we r e c o g n i z e the wide range of i n t e r e s t s and concerns which have been e x p r e s s e d r e g a r d i n g t h i s highway project. planning We b e l i e v e t h a t the comprehensive a nd the subsequent e n g i n e e r i n g process, d e c i s i o n s have l e d t o a p r o - j e c t e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t y of which the a r e a w i l l be proud. The a r c h i t e c t u r a l b r i d g e d e s i g n f a v o r e d by the F i n e A r t s Commission, t h a t o f the t h r e e - s p a n a l t e r n a t i v e , appears t o f i t i n t o the l a n d s c a p e and i s the one we s h o u l d be adopted, even a t the e s t i m a t e d beli.eve a d d i t i o n a l cost, o f �35 o v e r $7 m i l l i o n . T h i s i s not. viewed as an e x o r b i t a n t f i g u r e f o r a b r i d g e which w i l l s e r v e f o r many decades and which t h e s e e x p e r t s have p r a i s e d as worthy o f our monumental c i t y . Our i n d u s t r y s u p p o r t s the c o n s t r u c t i o n needed f a c i l i t y and recommends i t s e a r l y this completion. Mr. Dugas, thank you v e r y much f o r t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y to p r e s e n t our v i e w s . MR. DUGAS: Thank you v a r y much, Mr. Johnson, f o r your very h e l p f u l testimony. Now, Mr. Robert T. L e r n e r , r e p r e s e n t i n g the Y e l l o w Cab Company o f D. C., I n c . ,• w i l l be our n e x t s p e a k e r . STATEMENT OF ROBERT T. LE33NER, REPRESENTING THE YELLOW CAB COMPANY OF D. C., MR. LERNER: INC. Good morning. Mr. Hearing Examiner, my name i s Robert. L e r n e r . I am the P r e s i d e n t o f t h e Y e l l o w Cab Company o f Washington, D. C« I thank you f o r t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o appear b e f o r 2 you. What i s a Design Hearing? knew. A t f i r s t I thought I A h e a r i n g , t h e purpose o f which i s t o ensure the d e s i g n of an approved f a c i l i t y , and e y e - p l e a s i n g t o t h e c i t i z e n s . A f t e r r e a d i n g the b o o k l e t p u b l i s h e d by the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and V i r g i n i a Highway Departments, I find that perhaps t h e r e i s a l i t t l e more t h a n j u s t the eye t o p l e a s e . However, i t i s q u i t e important t o me t h a t the t e s t i m o n y those people who can show r e a l and l e g i t i m i a t e of economic o r �36 s o c i a l i n t e r e s t i n a p r o j e c t s h o u l d be g i v e n s e r i o u s consideration. Our concern a t Y e l l o w Cab i s t o e n s u r e both t h e smooth, s a f e and e x p e d i t i o u s f l o w o f o u r cabs and p a s s e n g e r s , b u t n o t a t t h e expense o f l e g i t i m a t e s o c i a l o r e c o l o g i c a l ations. Because t h e d e s i g n c r i t e r i a calls m i l e s p e r hour, our concern f o r e x p e d i t i o u s consider- f o r a speed o f 50 movement wiJ.l be served. With r e s p e c t t o o u r concern f o r s a f e t y , i t i s quite; obvious t h a t t h e proposed f a c i l i t y w i l l o f f e r many i m p o r t a n t f e a t u r e s , i n c l u d i n g c o n c r e t e median b a r r i e r s , wide shoulders, and i n n o v a t i v e l i g h t i n g . I t i s a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t t o note t h a t DOT w i l l be announcing v e r y soon t h a t 1970 produced a downturn i n t h e n a t i o n a l t r a f f i c s a f e t y deaths. T h i s improved s a f e t y on t h e i n t e r s t a t e highway program was a major c o n t r i b u t i n g f a c t o r I w i s h t o g i v e my p r a i s e both t o t h e F e d e r a l and S t a t e highway o f f i c i a l s who have p l a y e d an i m p o r t a n t and c o n s t r u c - t i v e r o l e i n c o n s t r u c t i n g S t a t e highways. Because t h e b r i d g e w i l l t r a v e r s e a p a r t i c u l a r l y s c e n i c a r e a , i t i s good t o know t h a t h i s t o r i c landmarks and p u b l i c r e c r e a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s have been g i v e n a h i g h p r i o r i t y of c o n s i d e r a t i o n . Keeping t h e r i g h t s o f way i n a n a t u r a l s t a t e i s a f e a t u r e I s t r o n g l y support. Being somewhat f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e workings o f t h e �37 i n t e r n a l combustion e n g i n e , I can a s s u r e you o f one s i m p l e e n g i n e e r i n g p r i n c i p l e , t h a t t h e f a s t e r a v e h i c l e moves and t h e more c o n s i s t e n t i t s speed, t h e lower t h e p o l l u t i o n l e v e l . I n my o p i n i o n , w i t h t h e opening o f t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , a i r p o l l u t i o n i n t h e Potomac V a l l e y w i l l a c t u a l l y be reduced? Why? P l a i n and s i m p l e . The b r i d g e s h o u l d t a k e some o f t h e l o a d from Key B r i d g e which moves a t a slow s t o p - a n d - s t a r t pace and t h e r e f o r e a c c o r d i n g l y causes a r e l a t i v e l y h i g h degree o f a i r p o l l u t i o n . I n c l o s i n g , and a d d r e s s i n g m y s e l f t o t h e b r i d g e as i t w i l l p r e s e n t i t s e l f t o t h e community, I must y i e l d a t l e a s t i n p a r t t o t h e Chairman o f t h e F i n e A r t s Commission who s t r o n g l y endorsed t h e t h r e e - s p a n c o n c r e t e b r i d g e . I f i n d the long span o v e r t h e w a t e r a t t r a c t i v e and a l s o c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f those who use t h e r i v e r f o r 3;ecreational a c t i v i t i e s . • Thank you. MR. BUGAS: Thank you. Our n e x t w i t n e s s w i l l be L o u i s W. P r e n t i s s , o f t h e A d v i s o r y Board o f D. C. D i v i s i o n o f AAA. General Prentiss. STATEMENT CF LOUIS W. PRENTISS, CHAIRMAN, ADVISORY BOARD, D. C. DIVISION OF AAA MR. PRENTISS: Prentiss. Mr. Chairman, My name i s L o u i s I am a n a t i v e o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and s t i l l r e s i d e i n Northwest Washington. I was privi3.eged t o s e r v e a s �38 the E n g i n e e r Commissioner o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i n 1953-1954. of My appearance a t t h e s e h e a r i n g s i s i n t h e e a p a c i t Chairman o f t h e A d v i s o r y Board t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i n 1953-1954. My appearance a t t h e s e h e a r i n g s i s i n t h e c a p a c i t y o f Chairman o f t h e A d v i s o r y Board t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia D i v i s i o n o f t h e American Automobile A s s o c i a t i o n . T h i s Board has p r e v i o u s l y t e s t i f i e d i n s u p p o r t o f a b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system f o r t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Region embracing: 1. A network o f f r e e w a y s and b r i d g e s w i t h adequate parking f a c i l i t i e s . 2. A system o f e x p r e s s bus r o u t e s u t i l i s i n g 3. A system o f r a p i d r e a l t r a n s i t free- ways . lines. The p r o j e c t b e i n g d i s c u s s e d today i s a most imp o r t a n t l i n k i n t h e N a t i o n a l System o f I n t e r s t a t e and Defense Highways. I n t e r s t a t e 26G w i l l g r e a t l y enhance t h e s a f e t y and e f f i c i e n c y w i t h which m o t o r i s t s have ghe r i g h t t o move t o and from t h e N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l t o suburban V i r g i n i a and p o i n t s w e s t , p a r t i c u l a r l y D u l l e s A i r p o r t w h i c h was planned and cons t r u c t e d on t h e assumption t h a t t h i s b r i d g e woule be b u i l t . T h i s d i r e c t r o u t e i n t o and o u t o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia w i l l c e r t a i n l y enhance t o u r i s m and commerce i n t h e c i t y , w h i l e a t t h e same tiraa r e l i e v i n g r e s i d e n t i a l s t r e e t s and o t h e r l o c a l t h o r o u g h f a r e s o f much c o n g e s t i o n which e x i s t s �39 today, p a r t i c u l a r l y during morning and evening peak, hours. The c r i e s of " a i r p o l l u t i o n " are, i n f a c t , w e l l answered with the c o n s t r u c t i o n of such a freeway, Autoiaobiles w i l l be able to move between the D i s t r i c t and V i r g i n i a on 1-266 more q u i c k l y and smoothly, thereby e m i t t i n g l e s s auto- mobile p o l l u t a n t s , as opposed to the huge amount o f p o l l u t i o n caused by s t a l l e d and slow-moving t r a f f i c along p r e s e n t corridors. P o l l u t i o n r e d u c t i o n and neighborhood change a r e important c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . B u t , however i m p o r t a n t they may be, such considerations are not the i n t e n d e d purposes o f t h e s e hearings. I t was our u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t t h e purpose o f t h i s h e a r i n g i s t o conform to a judge's d e c i s i o n r e q u i r i n g t h a t aa p u b l i c hearing be h e l d f o r t h e purpose o f d i s c u s s i n g t h e des i g n o f t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and as a r e s u l t of that, d e c i s i o n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia was r e q u i r e d t o s t o p cons t r u c t i o n on the bridge t h a t was underway. th T h e r e f o r e , we feel the i m p o r t a n t s u b j e c t t o be d i s c u s s e d i s t h a t o f d e s i g n and t l i a t t h e r e i s no need f o r f u r t h e r d i s c u s s i o n as t o l o c a t i o n o r t h e d e s i r a b i l i t y of the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . We b e l i e v e t h a t the m a t t e r o f d e s i g n s h o u l d be left to t h e t r u l y q u a l i f i e d e x p e r t c o n s u l t a n t s on d e s i g n and t o the F i n e A r t s Commission. The record i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e F i n e A r t s Commission has already taken a p o s i t i o n on the d e s i g n o f t h i s �40 facility. We hope t h e h e a r i n g o f f i c e r w i l l e n t e r t a i n o n l y testimony t h a t p e r t a i n s t o b r i d g e d e s i g n . I n c l o s i n g , Mr. Chairman, i f testimony concerning other than bridge design i s admitted, I r e s p e c t f u l l y request the o p p o r t u n i t y t o f i l e a d d i t i o n a l comments a f t e r t h e h e a r i n g s are t e r m i n a t e d and a s k t h a t such comments be recorded as p a r t of our o f f i c i a l statement. Thank you v e r y much. MR. DUGAS: Thank you, G e n e r a l . Our n e x t w i t n e s s w i l l be W i l l i a m Buchanan, r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e Foggy Bottom A s s o c i a t i o n . MR. KENNEDY: I would a p p r e c i a t e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o make a s t a t e m e n t i n MR. DUGAS: Mr. Kennedy, y o u a r e appearing i n s t e a d of Mr. Buchanan? I s Mr. Buchanan i n t h e house? I s Mr. Buchanan i n the house? Mr. W i l l i a m Buchanan. (No response.) Mr. George F r a i n i s t h e n e x t w i t n e s s . VOICE: I a s k p e r m i s s i o n f o r Mr. Kennedy t o speak. MR. DUGAS: sir. Mr. F r a i n . The C h a i r r e c o g n i z e s y o u , �41 STATEMENT OF GEORGE FRAIN, BUSINESSMEN AFFECTED SEVERELY BY THE YEARLY ACTION PLANS, INC.; ACCOMPANIED EY DAVID SUTHERLAND, DELEGATE, VIRGINIA STATE LEGISLATURE MR. FRAIN: With me t h i s morning i s David S u t h e r l a n d , a Delegate o f t h e S V i r g i n i a S t a t e L e g i s l a t u r e and t h e a t t o r n e y f o r our o r g a n i z a t i o n . MR. DUGAS: Who w i l l speak on b e h a l f o f your organ- ization? MR.FRAIN: I will. Mr. S u t h e r l a n d — we have a p r e p a r e d s t a t e m e n t and Mr. S u t h e r l a n d w i l l make a — will answer any q u e s t i o n s and add a comment o r so a t t h e end,. MR. DUGAS: You may MR. SUTHERLAND: • I may s a y my c o - c o u n s e l f o r t h e Businessmen i s Mr. N i c h o l a s Adams. I am appearing a s a t t o r n e y . Mr. Adams w i l l be a d d r e s s i n g t h e H e a r i n g O f f i c e r l a t e r on behalf of the Citizens Association. MR. DUGAS: You may proceed. MR. FRAIN: Mr. Chairman, we p r o t e s t t h e absence o f the C i t y C o u n c i l and Mayor Washington, from t h e s e h e a r i n g s . (Applause.) MR. FRAIN: T h i s d e s i g n h e a r i n g s h o u l d be postponed (1) u n t i l a f i n a l j u d i c i a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n i s made i n t h e pending Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e l a w s u i t , D. C. F e d e r a t i o n o f C i v i c �42 A s s o c i a t i o n s versus Volpe, and (2) u n t i l the c o r r i d o r p u b l i c h e a r i n g r e q u i r e d by the U. S. Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P o l i c y and Procedure Memorandum 20-8, dated J a n u a r y 14, 1969, has been h e l d f o r the e n t i r e I n t e r s t a t e Highway p r o j e c t i n V i r g i n i a d e s i g n a t e d I n t e r s t a t e 66, the C a p i t a l B e l t w a y — between I n t e r s t a t e 495 — and t h e Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e . Our o r g a n i s a t i o n , c a l l e d BASYAP f o r s h o r t , i s composed of l o c a l businessmen and c i t i z e n s , i t i s c i t y - w i d e , i t i n c l u d e s Black businessmen and managers, C h i n e s e , and o t h e r r a c i a l , r e l i g i o u s , and e t h n i c members. Times and t h e Washington The New D a i l y News have r e c e n t l y York given n a t i o n a l a t t e n t i o n to our f i g h t t o a v o i d d i s p l a c e m e n t by t h e F e d e r a l l y funded b u l l d o z e r s , t h e Times on November 29, the News on December 3 r d . ! We d c n t have a token Negro l i k e t h e Board o f Trade d i d when they brought George Hayes i n t o t h e membership. We a r e t r y i n g t o f i l l a v o i d l e f t when t h e Board o f T r a d e , Downtown P r o g r e s s , and t h e F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l began d e v e l o p i n g , promoting, and/or s u p p o r t i n g programs designed t o d i s p l a c e s m a l l businessmen t o a i d s p e c u l a t o r s and promoters, and b i l l i o n a i r e s . The Downtown Urban Renewal P l a n i s freeway-andp a r k i n g o r i e n t e d ? i t was designed and promoted by Downtown P r o g r e s s , t h e F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l , t h e RLA, t h e NCPC,, and i t i s supported by t h e Board o f T r a d e , though i t w i l l d i s p l a c e �hundreds of i t s members,if not thousands. Chairman John L. McMillan s a i d i n A p r i l of t h i s year, a f t e r the Downtown Second Y e a r A c t i o n Plan was approved by the NCPC, t h a t downtown urban r e n e w a l w i l l " d i s p l a c e about t w e n t y - f i v e hundred businesses." We care, even i f t h e C i t y Government doesn't. On December 1 1 , 1970, t h e Washington P o s t , on i t s f r o n t page, reported t h a t : "The U„ S. Court o f Appeals o r d e r e d t h e U. S. D i s t r i c t C o u r t y e s t e r d a y to r e h e a r a s u i t brought by owners of s m a l l businesses t r y i n g t o b l o c k urban r e n e w a l p l a n s i n t h e downtown area . . . Y e s t e r d a y ' s o r d e r was a v i c t o r y f o r the 126 s m a l l b u s i n e s s owners and o f f i c e r e n t e r s who have been t r y i n g to prevent t h e redevelopment agency from b u y i n g up t h e l a n d around subway stops where t h e i r s t o r e s a r e l o c a t e d . " MR. DUGAS: Mr. F r a i n , I don't want t o i n t e r r u p t MR. FRAIN: You a r e t a k i n g my t i m e . So, from t h e day we began t o o r g a n i z e back on A p r i l 2 1 , t h i s y e a r , we r e c o g n i z e d t h a t we were f i g h t i n g a freewaya n d - p a r k i n g o r i e n t e d p l a n , and t h a t t h e same groups which were r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the Second Y e a r A c t i o n P l a n and t h e Downtown Urban Renewal P l a n were t h e p r i n c i p a l b a c k e r s o f f r e e w a y s , the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway, and the s o - c a l l e d " B l a c k m a i l Amendment" t o c u t o f f F e d e r a l funds t o the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia u n t i l t h e highways were b u i l t . The Washington Magazine, May, 1968, had a major a r t i c l e on t h e �e f f o r t s of t h e F e d e r a l C i t y Council and Downtown Progress t t i e the freeways and Metro together so t h a t the c i t y would have to take both. We submit t h i s a r t i c l e herewith. (The a r t i c l e above-referred t o , f o l l o w s : ) �APPENDIX D . . Wiihlngton Migazlnt, Inc.. 1218 Connecticut Avenufr, NW MAY 1968 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Wtshington. D.C. 20036. Mayor Washington is pressured bv the highway lobby O n top of this, the. Mayor knows that if Congress legislates to force the freeway program through, at least part of the veneer of District government will be stripped away. Federal City Council Redeveloping the Southwest was a pet project of Philip Graham, the late publisher of the Post and the original guiding spirit of the Federal Citv Council. A blue-ribbon, tax-free lobbying group, the council is composed of Important People like bank presidents, realtors, and Cabinet members bo have most of the money and ,>)wcr in the city. Stephen Ailes, a former Secretary of the A r m y and a highly respected lawyer, is its president. T h e council is a positive-thinking organization. It is almost never against anything constructive, but back in I960 it did oppose the planned Northwest Freeway in the Wisconsin Avenue Corridor. Savagely attacked bv everyone throughout the length and breadth of Wisconsin Avenue for the havoc it would wreak—it would have meant, for instance, lopping off part o f the Chevy Chase Club's golf course—the Northwest Freeway vanished in the language of the National Capital Transportation A c t of 1960 which said that no freeway more than two lanes wide could be built west of I2th Street, N . W . , for five years. (Judge H o w a r d Smith, then chairman of the District Committee, said he had never received so much mail in s life since the antiviviscctionist T h e Federal City Council said of the Northwest Freeway, as the Emergency Committee and all freeway opponents say today, that it was nsclcss to build it until after the subtly was built, in order to give mass transit a fair trial. O f the members (called trustees) of the council, less than half live in the District, all of them west of Rock Creek Park. T h e rest live in the suburbs. General Louis W . Prentiss, a former Engineer Commissioner of D . C , is vice president of project planning, and dominates the council's transportation policy. H e also has interests in the AAA, which belongs to the 1 lighway Users Conference, is assistant treasurer of the Board of Trade, and just recently retired from another job as executive vice president of the American Roadbuildcrs Association. T h e General's sister is married to Ben McKelway, chairman of the editorial board of the Star, which, like the Post, believes freeways arc irresistible. All in all, the Federal City Council is vitally concerned with proper planning principles as they apply to transportation, but urban development is its real enthusiasm, and G . Yates Cook, executive director, its most active political ingredient. Tearing down and rebuilding the city to turn it into a showplacc is an expensive and fortune-making undertaking, and Cook promotes construction money for whatever new projects the planners and architects can envision to set beside the frcewav. closed, nighttime hearing before the subcommittee on the District of the House Committee on Appropriations, chaired by Representative William Natchcr (see section on Congress). Natcher was impressed, and decided that the freeway cause could best be advanced by withholding subway appropriations from Walter J . McCartcr's Transit Authority until McCartcr, a member of the Planning Commission, saw the light and changed his freeway vote from no construction to yes construction. Duke managed another vote-swinging deal with George Hartzog, the head of the N a tional Pirk Service, and those two, combined with alternates' votes, sitting in for absciH members, caused the NCPC to reverse itself 6-5 and e >mc out in favor of the entire freeway program. Soon after, Rivard and G e n eral Prentiss' son, William Clark Prentiss, got jobs with the Highway Department, Rivard as chief planning engineer, and Prentiss as an assistant engineering commissioner to Duke. He and the council, who generally manage to avoid newspaper publicitv. good or bad, surfaced briefly like a spouting whale in April 1966, when the pro-freeway forces were confronted with one of their worst crises, the A . D . Little Report. T h e sole dissenting survey, the Little Report, was a big blast at the entire highway program. It noted that "large segments of the community oppose freeways," questioned the underlying assumptions, statistical data, and forecasting techniques of freeway planning, and strongly recommended an agonizing reappraisal of the entire program before "massive irrevocable commitments" were made. Engineer Commissioner Charles Duke (a trustee of the Federal City Council), who had selected the Little organization, was quoted in the papers as saving, " I am in a state of shock." T h e two local citizen members of the National Capital Planning Commission, Mrs. James H . R o w c , Jr., the chairman, and D r . G . Franklin Edwards, both nay-voters, were outmaneuvered by Duke, N i t c h c r , and Cook. Months later, in Aoril 1967, after the creation of the Department of Transportation, Mrs. R o w c took her case to Secretary Boyd, pointing out that the lav,' creating the department charges the Secretary with caring for the humanistic factors of highway development. Boyd's reaction— dumping T h r e e Sisters for the present —was all the anti-frccway people could have hoprd for. T h e Federal City Council was in a state of shock, too, but it pulled itself together and acted. Clearly, the entire history of freeway planning indicated that the answer to one report was another, refuting the findings of the first. T h e District Commissioners had already endorsed the Little Report's recommendations, and the National Capital Planning Commission (of which Duke was also a member), without whose approval of the freeway plan no construction could begin, was in favor of the Little Report, too. T i m e was slipping away. Fortunately, it was budget-hearing time again on the Hill. Yates Cook hired Lloyd Rivard, then employed by the Automotive Safety Foundation, to prepare a second report, along with two former Highway Department officials, Harold Aitkcn and Douglas Prinklcy. Duke, Cook, and Rivard took the report over to Congress, to a Like Secrctarv Bovd, Mrs. R o w c believes in limited frccvavs. "They can be tamed to fit in with the city, rather than having the city fit around them," she said. " T h c v have been stopped in San Francisco, on the Embarcadero; in N e w Orleans on the waterfront; N e w Y o r k is cha'lciging the latest freeway proposal; so arc Atlanta, Milwaukee, Nashville. Minneapolis; and the handsomer the citv, the more opposition there is to it. At the hearing on the Three Sisters, all the evidence was against it, but thev went ahead with it anywav. T h i s is the way to destroy the city. It's a question of what you want the city to be in the future. T h e r e has to be varicrv, and you have to have good public transportation. If the whole citv looked like Foggy Bottom and the Southwest, we would have lost the city's soul." Downtown Progress In pursuit of its higher goals of revitalizing the city and raising the tax base by reversing the flight to suburbia, the Federal City Council in I960, �put its head together with the National Capital Planning Commission and came up with Downtown Progress, a technical planning agency privately financed !>v the department stores, hanks, and business groups. At prcsenr, it's working on three studies and acting as general advisor to the R e development Land Agency's "Down- . 'town Feasibility Survey" for a fee of fifty thousand dollars (spread out over two to three years). "Our job," says Knox Banner, Downtown Progress' executive director, "is to get others to do things —to get public agencies to do things we think appropriate for the community. Our technique is to do responsible studies which lead to whatever the proper conclusion is, and persuade those in authority to take the necessary steps. W e initiate action." Downtown Progress initiated the new downtown central library, developed the concept of the National Visitors Center, and did a number of air-rights studies for housing and commercial buildings along the Center L e g Freeway. W i t h the assurance of the technician who has all of the facts and figures at his fingertips. Downtown Progress is convinced that viost (not all) of the opposition to freeways would disappear if the District government could provide decent housing to replace the displaced. Downtown Progress stands for exactly that. Progress equals growth, and without freeways there can be neither. T h e argument goes like this: As the region grows, more suburban people drive in. T h e freeway (including the Inner Loop around downtown), in its function as a bypass, helps the downtown area by getting traffic off the local streets, making it easier to get around. For drivers, it's faster, more convenient, and less costly in time, which, as everyone knows, is money. N o r will the freeway, specifically 1-95, the Maine-Florida road, create truck traffic, as charged by its opponents. T h e trucks that have to come in are going to come in anyway. At least they won't be roaring through residential areas. If they have no destination inside the beltway, they will circle the city and continue south on the Virginia side. It's a lot faster to go around (even if it's longer) than to go slowly through a couple of interchanges. "The trade-off," said Melvin L e vine, planning director of Downtown Progress, "is a residential area with through traffic on the streets and congestion, or a freeway removing through traffic from local streets. Without growth, more things will move out to the suburbs, resulting in higher taxes for the poor, the very people who arc fighting freeways." Also, unlike the subway, it's a userpay system, and isn't a burden on the local tax base. T h e whole package produces more building, more business, more visitors, more sales, and more employment, especially in construction. Downtown Progress thinks subways arc essential and we ought to get going on them immediately, but they have their own set of figures showing that the system is unbalanced now in favor of mass transit. "We would like to see the highest percentage of people using rail," said Banner, "but the facts are different. W e ' d be tickled if it could be ninety percent, but people make individual chokes. T h e y choose not to walk io the bus stop and then get off a n i walk agan. In our affluent society, it is convenience rather than cost that matters." If a majority is going to insist on driving despite the subway, then t i e problem is parking, and the solutior. to that is the Tydings Bill, another source of friction between the proand anti-forces. T h e bill would set up an autonomous Municipal Parking Authority, with the power of eminent domain to create parking places. T h e garages themselves would be a p-ivate enterprise effort, with regulated rates. The lineup on the Tydings Bill is roughly the same as that on freeways. T h e Federal City Council and Downtown Progress are all for it. T h e primary antagonistic response is ro the eminent domain clause which could result in condemnation of more businesses, homes, a i d parks, to accommodate, and ihercfori invite, more cars. �45 MR. FRAIN: T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n was updated by the Washington P o s t , December 1 1 , 1970, when i t r e p o r t e d t h a t "Washington b u s i n e s s l e a d e r s j o i n e d t o g e t h e r y e s t e r d a y t o g i v e s t r o n g new p u b l i c support f o r t h e e n t i r e system o f proposed freeways f o r Washington, i n c l u d i n g the embattled C e n t r a l Freeway. North 1 The businessmen c a l l e d on P r e s i d e n t Nixon, ' and we want'to s e p a r a t e o u r s e l v e s from t h i s p o s i t i o n o f the s e l f - s e r v i n g businessmen, we want t o go t o t h e community on t i i i s and w i t h our A r l i n g t o n i a n s and Mr. Mathi&s, and Congressman Gude. "The businessman c a l l e d on P r e s i d e n t Nixon t o b r i n e o f f i c i a l s who city cire opposed t o some freeway psrojects t o g e t h e r w i t h C o n g r e s s i o n a l freeway advocates differences . . . to r e s o l v e long-standing The businessmen s a i d they support both the p e n d i n g House v e r s i o n o f t h e Highway A c t of 1970, which would r e q u i r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the f r e e w a y s , and a r i d e r p l a c e d i n t h e D. C. Revenue B i l l November 23 t h a t would w i t h h o l d m i l l i o n i n c i t y revenues u n t i l i t complies $15 f u l l y w i t h the p r e s e n t and pending highway l e g i s l a t i o n . " The P o s t added t h a t t h e s e B i g B u s i n e s s l e a d e r s "blamed the mayor and the c i t y government f o r s t a l l i n g freeqay b u i l d i n g here." i s designed on We oppose such a c o n f e r e n c e , which t o put a d d i t i o n a l p r e s s u r e s on Mayor Washington, t h e C i t y Council,, and o t h e r s t o f o r c e them t o cave i n t o the demands o f the highway b i g b u s i n e s s l o b b y i s t s . The Post �46 reported that: "The businessman, r e p r e s e n t i n g hundreds o f b u s i n e s s l e a d e r s i n t h e D i s t r i c t , were convened by M i l e s L. Colean of the Federal C i t y Council . . . Present, a t y e s t e r d a y ' s p r e s s conference were Y a t e s Cook, E x e c u t i v e V i c e P r s i d e n t o f t h e F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l ? R i c h a r d E . S t e e n , Knox Banner and Robert Gray, o f f i c e r s o f t h e Downtown P r o g r e s s ; John W. Gill o f t h e Washington Board o f R e a l t o r s ; Thomas P. McLachlen and f 1 - v e ' ; Ccen o f the M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington Board o f Trade; \„l,. Theodore R. Kagans, J r . , V i c e P r e s i d e n t o f the. D. C. Chamber o f Commerce; Thornton W. Owen o f t h e D. C . S a v i n g s and Loan League, and John D. Thompson o f V i j o n R e a l t y Company. s a i d t h e group c o u l d n o t be c o n s i d e r e d a highway Galean lobby." 1 We a s k , why c a n t t h e s e groups he c o n s i d e r e d a highway lobby? The P o s t r e p o r t o f z h e i r meeting, and t h e i r s e l f - s e r v i n g c l a i m t h a t they a r e noc a highway lobby, i s i n cluded as p a r t o f our testimony. We i n c l u d e o t h e r newspaper and magasine items which make no bones about t h e f a c t t h a t they a r e a 3.obby; f o r i n s t a n c e , a B a l t i m o r e News-American a r t i c l e o f August 2 2 , 1968, xdiich i s t i t l e d "Highway LobbyR a i s e s K i t t y f o r F a l l o n Campaign" and which l i s t s t h e Washington Board o f T r a d e , paid t h e F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l . Then t h e r e i s t h e May 1963 a r t i c l e by t h e Washington Magazine which s a y s t h e F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l i s a "blue-ribbon t a x - f r e e l o b b y i n g group , . . o f t h e members ( c a l l e d t r u s t e e s �47 o f t h e C o u n c i l , l e s s t h a n h a l f l i v e i n the D i s t r i c t , a l l o f thera w e s t o f Rock Creek Park. The r e s t l i v e i n t h e suburbs." So, most o f the highway l o b b y i s t s a r e s u b u r b a n i t e s , and we ask, what duty does 'die C i t y owe t o s u b u r b a n - o r i e n t e d made up o f s u b u r b a n i t e s ? groups We i n v i t e everyone who i s opposed t o f r e e w a y s , the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , t h e North Centred Freeway, and who a r e m o r a l l y outraged by ' B l a c k m a i l Amendments" designed t o d e s t r o y t h e D i s t r i c t Government, t o j o i n w i t h us i n demd d i n g t h a t t h e I R S and t h e D. C. Government t e r m i n a t e the t a x - d e d u c t i b l e s t a t u s o f t h e s e b i g b u s i n e s s highway and parking lobbies. Why,and With what j u s t i f i c a t i o n , does t h e D i s t r i c t Government concur and . c o n s p i r e w i t h t h e I R S b l a t a n t s e l f interest-serving l o b b y i n g groups a t a x - d e d u c t i b l e s t a t u s denie t o a l l o t h e r s , i n c l u d i n g t h e opponents o f t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway, and t h i s infamous " B l a c k m a i l " amendment? I t i s n ' t f a i r t o t h e r e s t of the c i t i z e n s t o r e q u i r e them t o pay f o r such h i g h - p r i c e d w e l l h e e l e d freeway l o b b y i s t s , f o r t h e i r e x p e n s i v e o f f i c e s , and t h e i r l a r g e expense accounts. L e t t h e s e b i g b u s i n e s s highway l o b b y i s t s pay f o r t h e i r own s t a f f s , f o r M i l e s , Knox, and Y a t e s , and t h e i r secretaries, and t h e i r o f f i c e s , themselves. Senator Muskie i s t o h o l d h e a r i n g s on t a x r e f o r m s , Ralph Nader i s going t o o r g a n i z e tine t a x p a y e r s , t h e P o s t — �48 December 13 —• y e s t e r d a y r e p o r t e d t h a t the average homeowner i n V i - g i n i a and Maryland suburban a r e a s " s u b s i d i z e s c e r t a i n undertakes country c l u b s . " We w i l l urge Senator Muskie and Ralph Nader t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e t a x - d e d u c t i b l e s t a t u s o f the F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l and Downtown Progress.- and the 3 c a r d of T r a d e , e t c e t e r a , i f , as seems l i k e l y , the D i s t r i c t Government f a i l s to take c o r r e c t i v e steps a t t h i s time. Conclusions: S m a l l businessmen overwhelmingly oppose t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge. We demand an immediate t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e t a x d e d u c t i b l e s t a t u s o f t h e F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l , Downtown P r o g r e s s , and the Board of Trade, and o t h e r groups l o b b y i n g f o r t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , t h e f u l l highway program, p a r k i n g a u t h o r i t i e s , and t h e s c - c a l l e d " B l a c k m a i l Amendment" which would c r i p p l e and d e s t r o y the D. C. Government. We a r e f o r (1) a commuter r a i l r o a d program u s i n g the e x i s t i n g 230 m i l e s o f t r a c k between Germantown, Maryland, and Manassas, V i r g i n i a , and B a l t i m o r e , Maryland, and Virginia; Quantico, (2) p u t t i n g the r a i l r o a d t r a c k s back on the Washington and Old Dominion R a i l r o a d L i n e ; (applause) (3) e x p r e s s buses and e x c l u s i v e bus l a n e s ; ( 4 ) f r i n g e p a r k i n g way out i n the suburbs l i k e John Heckinger c a l l e d f o r two y e a r s ago, and n o t h i n g has been done about i t , not one t h i n g . We want t h i s a l l t i e d i n w i t h commuter, bus cind �49 railroad — w i t h commuter r a i l r o a d and commuter bus programs, and we want t o p o i n t out t h a t DOT S e c r e t a r y Voipe and 6 S A A d m i n i s t r a t o r K u n z i g have natives — shown an i n t e r e s t i n t h e s e a l t e r - b u t t h e D i s t r i c t Government h a s n o t . We urge Mayor Washington, Reverend J e r r y Moore, C i t y C o u n c i l Chairman G i l b e r t Hahn, and o t h e r s t o i m m e d i a t e l y move t o implement t h e s e a l t e r n a t i v e s t o t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and t h e 1 - 6 6 and t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway, e t c e t e r a , e t c e t e r a , e t c e t e r a , and we i n v i t e people everywhere t o j o i n i n t h i s tiling. "Now, f i n a l l y , I want t o c a l l your a t t e n t i o n to a Washington P o s t E d i t o r i a l t h i s morning w i t h which we completely concur, and I want t o r e a d one paragraph from i t . "As l o n g as e i g h t y e a r s ago. S e c t i o n J'24 o f t h e 1962 Highway A c t c a l l e d f o r *a c o n t i n u o u s , c o o r d i n a t e d ^ co-^nrehensive t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s ' i n m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s t h a t i s t o c o n s i d e r a l l means o f moving people and goods r a t h e r t h a n j u s t c a r s and t r u c k s . I t i s a l s o t o con- s i d e r l o c a l w i s h e s and needs and o r d e r l y , o v e r a l l urban development. The S t a t e highway departments have a l l but i g n o r e d t h i s requirements S e c t i o n 134 "is largely a fiction,' s a i d M i c h a e l C a f f e r t y , t h e A c t i n g A s s i s t a n t S e c r e t a r y of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r Environment and Urban Systems, a month o r so ago, 'because p l a n n i n g i s dominated by a v a i l a b i l i t y c f funds f o r highway programs . . . C i t i z e n groups and �50 committees seen t o have had l i t t l e impact . . . [and] encironmental f a c t o r s p l a y l i t t l e p a r t i n the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n planning process.' "Four y e a r s l a t e r , i n S e c t i o n 4 ( f ) o f the 19(6 Highway A c t , Congress s p e c i f i c a l l y p r o h i b i t e d use o f any l a n d from a p u b l i c p a r k , r e c r e a t i o n a r e a , w i l d l i f e and w a t e r fowl refuge, or h i s t o r i c s i t e , ' u n l e s s t h e r e i s no and prudent a l t e r n a t i v e t o the use o f such l a n d . * quirement, t o o , appears t o be w i d e l y i g n o r e d . feasible This re- The Supreme Court has agreed t o r e v i e w l o w e r c o u r t d e c i s i o n s i n the case o f proposed highways through Overton P a r k i n Memphis and B r a c k e n r i d g e P a r k i n San Antonio. I n t h e end, however, we cannot l e t l a w y e r s and judges p l a n dnd d e s i g n our "Yet, p l a n and d e s i g n i t we must., environment. Thre i s ample e v i d e n c e t h a t the more i m a g i n a t i v e a r c h i t e c t s , p l a n n e r s , and d e s i g n e r s i n t h i s c o u n t r y can make even a freeway an a s s e t r a t h e r than a d i s r u p t i v e e y e s o r e . Brooklyn-Queens Expressway The surjerb d e s i g n of the a t B r o o k l y n Heights i n New York C i t y i s one famous example. "We t h e r e f o r e hope t h a t t h e angry c i t i z e n s o f A r l i n g t o n and e l s e w h e r e " — D i s t r i c t o f Columbia — ers I suppose t h i s i n c l u d e s the " w i l l f i n a l l y f o r c e t h e highway b u i l d - t o obey t h e l a w , pack up t h e i r disingenuous e n g i n e e r i n g schemes and come back w i t h new p l a n s and d e s i g n s t h a t we l i v e w i t h and perhaps even be proud o f * " can �51 I think t h i s i s a great e d i t o r i a l from the Post. I want t o say we include as p a r t o f our statement the v i e w s of the Hoxiorable ?red Schwengel anc. the Honorable Richcird D. McCarthy i n opposing S e c t i o n 129 o f the F e d e r a l Highway A c t Of 1970. We a l s o include the statement on the D i s t r i c t of Columbia from the Senate Report Ho. 91-1254, 9 1 s t Congress, 2nd S e s s i o n , on the F e d e r a l Aid-Highway Act o f 1970, and i n a d d i t i o n t o newspaper a r t i c l e s and magazines which I r e f e r r e d t c , We include the s t a t e m e n t by Senator C h a r l e s Mathias on the D. C. highway i s s u e , and Washington a r e a highway p o l i c y , from t h e Congressional ik -r-y::.'.:a-1 /: follow:) Record o f December 9, 1970. , B , and c t o Mr, F r a i n ' s s t a t e m e n t , �Appendix A~l THE WASHINGTON POST Criticize Mayor, Ask NkeiiVAkI By Philip A. McCombs Wnfilnston Post Btalf Writer Washington's b u s i n e s s leaders joined together yesterday to give strong new public support for the entire system of proposed freeways for Washington, including the embattled North Central Freeway. The businessmen called onj President Nixon to bring city | officials who are opposed to I some freeway project* 1/>-| gether with congressional j freeway advocates to resolve j their long-standing difier-1 ences. ... • ', I They blamed the mayor and j the .city government for stall-1 hn; on freeway building here arid thus threatening congressional funding of subway money and other city revenue* The mayor's office hf.'d BO comment yesterday on the charge. ' "" The businessmen, representing -hundreds of business leaders \n the District, were convened by Miles L . Colean .of the Federal City Council. Tue Board of Trade, Board of Realtors, D. C . Chamber of Commerce, and Washington Savings and Loan League were also among those represented. They acted yesterday after it had been learned that » compromise may be reached pV Capitol Hill that would Belay a congressional order to .build the North CentraVFre* wh?i*l least another year. : THE WASHINGTON POST g g Friday, Dec. I I , 1970 The businessmen predicted j that Washington would "die" economically within a decade unless all the freeways are built, and said inner-city reslder.*".v would bfe *th* primary viciims. "We« would like th,a President - to do what he did a year ago," Colean said. "That is. call together the people downtown and on the Hill and come to-an. understanding so that :•• can be*iruilt and subway funds released." •'. ' ? Thb businessmen said they supr.ort both the pending House version of the Kiejiway Act of 1970, which would require construction of the freeways, and a rider placed in the D.C. revenue bill Nov. 23 (hit would withhold $15 million in city revenue until it complies fully with present and pending highway legislation. . Sources on Capitol K i l l reported yesterday that a possible compromise on the House bill, now In a Joint SenateHouse Conference Committee, could stall the construction of North Central for another year while additional studies are made. : President Nixon's support for building the controversial Three Sisters Bridge last year forced the mayor and City j Council to go ahead with the bridge despite widespread community opposition. (Con6tructidn has now been suspended by a court order.) That action also freed money that permitted work to get underway on the city's subway system. Rep. William H. Natcher. (D-Ky.), chairman of the D.C. Appropriations Subcommittee, had been holding up the funds until the roadwork began. • The House Appropriations Committee, at. Catcher's re< quest, is now refusing to grant $34,2 million to continue building the subway system until the city complies with present highway legislation. r Bee F R E E W A Y , B8, C o l 1 TOTEx I n thin news report the Washington Post c a l l s attention to the "unseen government" which dictates the highway, parking, and urban renewal programs i n D. C„ Friday, Dec. I I , 1970 Freeways Poshed by' .Merchants FREEWAY, From B l The bus.nessmen were all members o)' the Joint CommO* tee on Transportation, which has been actively supporting both subways and /veaways for Washington since the mid1950s. It had not made a public plea for more freeways for «ome time, however, and had never criticized the mayor. Present at'yesterday's press conference were Yates Cook, executive vice president of the Federal City Council; Richard E . Steen, Knox Banner and Robert Gray, officers of Downtown Progress; John W. Gill of the Washington Board of Realtors; Thomas P. HcLachlen end Charles Coon of the Metropolitan Washington Board of Tr&de; Theodore R. Kagans Jr., vice president of the D.C. Chamber of Comme*ce; Thornton W. Owen of the D.C. Savings and Loan.league, imd John D. Thompson of Yijon Realty Company. - . -,' g Colean gald the group could not ba considered « highway lobby. Most of the men talked; of a "balanced transportation aystem," a phrase used by President N t a m wlien he brought pressure on the D.C. government' to get started on freeways y e a r . • j? Thompson a•' housing consultant, prepared a recent study saying that 85 families would bo displaced by the proposed North Central Freeway. He said a freeway plan for the city could only go forward in conjunction with preparation of adequate housing for displaced persons. Others present at the conference agreed. Thompson said Interviews with families who would be displaced by the freeway revealed that they don't mind moving If they can live nearby and if adequate housing is ready. . . .- �Appendix B S19774 WASHINGTON AREA HIGHWAY POLICY Mr. M A T i n A S . Mr. President. I would like to reiterate today my belief that Congress should not try to dictate highay policy for the Washington metropolitan area^ I strongly support the provisions of 6. 4410, the Senate version of the 1970 Federal-Aid Highway Act, relating to freeway construction in the District of Columbia. S. 4418 does not require the District government to build any particular freeways. O n the contrary, the bill would repeal section 23 of the 1968 Federal-Aid Highway Act. the section which directed the District government to build the Three Sisters Bridge and to atudy the North Central Freeway and cither proposed roads. Section 23 represented the type of congressional Intervention in local highway matters which would not be tolerated by the voters of any State. We cannot ever repair the damage this section has done to sensible planning and sound transportation development. R e peal of section 23, however, would be at least symbolically a step toward congressional self-restraint. ' '" • CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — SENATE On the same grounds I am opposed to any new legislative efforts to direct, require or compel the District government to build the North Central Freeway or any other specific highways. The entire Federal-aid highway program lias been based on the principle that decisions about spcclflo roads and routes should be made by the individual States. The District bf Columbia should not be an exception to tills rule. I am particularly concerned about continuing cflorts to hold the Metro system hostage to freeway construction. Metro is urgently needed. I t is the first alternative to choking automobile congestion i n the Washington area, and represents an unprecedented degree of regional cooperation and a massive regional financial commitment. Congress has repeatedly approved the Federal share of this vital project. I will continue to do everything I can to secure the local funds for the Metro system, free of any strings, ties, or conditions. Mr..President, the transportation problems of the Washington area are very cciraslex. Concerned citizens and elected officials in the Maryland suburbs are currently reevaluating their own transportation needs and priorities, and the future of the Maryland connector to the proposed North Central Freeway is now very much In doubt. Given this situation, the North Central Freeway—if constructed at all—could turn out to be useless to use. Congress should not bulldoze any freeways through tho Nation's Capital. Rather, we should give full support to the mass transit system which the people of the region so clearly need and want, and should encourage the kind of coordinate i planning which can bring a regions 1 resolution of the region's highway need*. DISTRICT O F COLUMBIA Opposite i s page 1 1 from Senate Report No. 91-125U, 9 1 s t Congress, 2d S e s s i o n , en the F e d e r a l - A i d Highway Act o f 1970. T h i s p o s i t i o n wag l a t e r adopted by the Senate of the U n i t e d S t a t e s — we de not b e l i e v e there was any o p p o s i t i o n t o t h i s recorded a t any time. On October 2, 1970 i t was unanimously adopted by the U.S. Senate. December 9, 1970 11 The committee recommends the repeal of section 23 of the FederalAid Highway Act of 1968. Section 23 mandates the construction of certain segments of tho Interstate System in the District of Columbia. That action was a departure from the traditional Federal-State relationship which has been the principal characteristic of the Federalaid program during its more than 50 years of operation. Basic to the Federal-aid highway program is its reliance on local decisions with regard to planning and execution of projects, including those on the Interstate System. Federal-aid highway law define:- the District of Columbia as a State, and gives to the officials of the District responsibility for initiating projects. The responsibility of the P'ederal Government is approval of such plans, review of their implementation, and reimbursement of the Federal share of the costs of construction. Local initiative and execution are essential. By adopting section 23 of the 1968 act, the Congress directly interceded in this process. The section effectively superseded local responsibility and initiative in the District of Columbia, and could create a precedent for similar action with rospoct to highway controversies in the several States. Section 23 has resulted in confusion and conflicts in interprote.tion. Court action has stopped construction of two projects required by soction 23, tho Threo Sistors Bridge and the east leg of the inner loop. Tho committee emphasizes that the ropoal of the section would neithor initiato nor halt any specific highway project. It would not affoct lawful actions taken pursuant to soction 23 during the time it was in efFoct, nor is it intended to reverse any local decision properly made with respect to highways and bridges. It would simply remove tho uncertain effects of section 23 and make, clear that tho District of Columbia has tho same prerogatives respecting highway construction enjoyed by any State. It is essential that Federal-aid highway law not direct the construction of specific highway segments or bridges in any State. The elimination of section 23 would remove the Congress from involvement in local decisions which rightly belong to the citizens of tho District of Columbia, tlioir responsible officials, and tho Department of Transportation. �APPWUXX. C Highway Lobby Raises Tttaredsy, Augtut 22, 1968 i t 1 ikitty for F a l l a l (u~aiti l C7 Council's members are Individ- Rental In helping persuade that Donnelly had any conncc-l By FRANK DeFILIPPO Washington special inters.; uals end companies represent- (Donnelly to help raise money tion with the committee or the I jp, representln gthe nation's ing all businesses connected for Fallon because "they arc fund-raising event. Similarly. | to state! multi - billion dollar highway with the highway construction bid friends," and Donnelly said McNeal r e f u s e d — he agreed because "Fallon hits whether Prentiss was connected! construction industry, has raised industry. a sizable campaign kitty to r j a Treasurer of the "National >?en good for the state and the in any way with the road-building Industry. sure the retention of Maryland Cosrcnlttee to Re-elect Fallon" industry." Both Prentiss and MeNeal' Rep. George H. Fallon as chair- Is retired Army Maj. Gen. The parallel Bay Bridge, for man of the House Public Woriis Louis Prentiss, who until re- sample, which will yield declined to make nvnilahle lists j Committee. | cently was executive vice pres- Greiner about £5 million in en- of contributors or Invitation mailing lists. ident of the. American Road Calling itself the "National Builders Association. Although gineering fees, was authorized Prentiss Mid the list was in under legislation processed by Committee to Re-elect George he retired from the post earlier the possession of Burton F . Fallon," the alliance of rocp this year, Prentiss is retained Fallon's committer. Miller, his successor as execubuilding interests includes con- under contract as the associaW H E N Rep. Clarence P . tive vice president of the Arnertractors, builders, engineers, tion's special consultant and Long (D., Second! attacked the iean Road Builders; Association. products manufacturers, sup- regularly attends its board bridge project and Greiner last Miller was out of town and pliers and lobbyists. . Tr.c-c-tinss. " V e e r , Fallon inserted a written unavailable 'or comment. The Recently It raised about efense of Donnelly and Grein- general explained that the inC O N T A C T E D at his Reho$15,0000 at a Washington testiIr'i Integrity into the Congres- vitation and solicitation lists monial for Fallon. Its 520-i- beth B e a c h summer home, sional Record. had been prepaivd by his own tieket subscribers mainly weifa Prentiss ecknowledged that he association and the Washington businessmen vitally concerned IS cc-signator on a special bank j Donnelly's siRnsture was af- Board of Trade, the D. C. Road ... over the billions in highway ccount holding the Fallon fixed to a letter circulated Builders and the Federal City consulting engineers Council. projects that pass through fcje funds raised by the roads in- tj.mong across the nation to cm-ourf.ge dustry. Congressman's committee. Chairrn anV of the national contributions to Fallon's camE S T I M A T E S VARY on the A copy of the letter of t committee for Fallon's re-elecnumber of persons who attendlicitatlon by Tht News Ameri- tion is Baltimore businessman paign. Contacted at his Baltimore ed the testimonial. McNtal esti-; can told its recipients bluntly Kdward J . McNeal, forme staff In I * t "the suggested level of con- director of the Congressman's office, Donnelly said he did not mated the gathering at actually write the letter but au- 400, Fallon sail the crowd wasj at.on is a bloc of 10 tickets.'' Fallon fund-raiser was hold Public Works Committee. A thorized the committee to use iihout 300 ano Prentiss stnledi precisely that there were "260j Aug. 15 at Washington's May- former member of the Mary- his namt. It said, In part: land House of Delegates, Mc"Thorughout this quarter present." flower Hotel. i Neal now is vice president of century of service, Cong. Fallon j Fallon said he has not yet TWO W E E K S ago. Fallon the Maryland Retail Merchants has always been known as a "received a report" on exactly I was listed at one of Congress' Association, friend of the consulting engi- how much money was raised. I largest recipients of campaign McNeal wts asked why neer and always has had a very The Congressman deserirxd contributions from the Ameri- Congressman from the Fourth!sympathetic ear to the prob- the gathering as "some personi.l can Truckers Association, which Dlstrict in Baltimore needed a 1cm* In the highway field andj friends who are well connecttt' also has a vital Interest in the nationwide committee to work public works . . . with variou. kinds of organizanation's highways. for his re-election. He replied: "Your participation in this tions." . A veteren of 25 years in Con- i "We needed a nationwide event will he of significant help MeNeal raid the guests were gress, Fallon faces the stiffest •committee because when you're In assuring the re-elecltnt: of "l>enple in all kinds of induschallenge for re-election of his in Congress as long as George,f««W' " . * ! ! ^ 2 L \ * „ £ tries" who are rnneerned witi career from State Sen. J . ,Fallon you have f r i e n d s that you will be with us, in the "mammoth Federal proj' Joseph Curran J r . (D., Third). person or In spirit. ects'' Fallon's committer hanHo became Public Works Com- throughout the country and the 'programs he's involved In bene- .'Tickets are available on the dles. mittee chairman in 1964, when hauls of one tlcekt for each .V>0 Explaining why he approachhis predecessor, Bronx political fit people in other areas." The suggested ed Donnell yabout parlici);titu Another Marylander deeply contribution. boas William Buckley, was defeated for re-election in New Involved In raising funds for level of contribution is a bloc in the fund raising drive. JWc Ne;i| said, "As a major consultYork City's reformist upheaval. Fallon is Edward J . Donnelly, or 10 tickets . . ." senior partner in the J . E . THE LETTER designated ing engineer, he's concerned The committee raising road Greiner Co., the firm of con, with a great number of rejects Industry dollars for Fallon's sulting engineers that does vir- Donnelly an "chairman, group | across the country." re-election Is under the general tually all the state's highway 1." which he explained to mean | McNeal refused to disclose direction of the American Road and bridge design and engineer- • hat he was responsible for soliciting among his own pro- who originally conceived the Builders Association, the indus- ing work. fessional group. He said each I idea to form the committee he v'a representative link with . McNeal said he was Instru- allied branch of the road build- i heads. -pltol Hill. ing Industry hRd ils own chairIt supervised the organ I ra .man and croup number. tlon of the fund-raiser along The letter listed a return adwith other Industry groups—the dress of "P. O. Box 7127. BenWashington Board of Trade. jamin Franklin Station. Wash» D. C . Road Builders and ington. D. C. 20044." j Federal City Council. The In a phone conversation with \ Fallon, the congressman denied ( tV ; F , , 0 h f 4 W t �52 MR. FRAIN: Thank you ve:ry much, Mr. Dugas. MR. SUTHERI ND: b r i d g e and t h e r e l a t e d MR. DUGAS: Mr. Dugas, i f I c a n sura up, t h i s —— Would you s t a t e y o u r name. MR* SUTHERLAND: My name i s S u t h e r l a n d — S - u - t - h - e - r - l - a n-d; D a v i d A., McLean, Counsel t o t h e Businessmen. MR. DUGAS: F o r what businessmen? MR. SUTHERLANDs the E a r l y Action P l a n s . Businessmen A f f e c t e d . S e v e r e l y by George F r a i n h a s made t h e speech. I f I may sum up, t h i s b r i d g e and t h e r e l a t e d highway f a c i l i t i e s , 1-66 and e t h e r s , a r e n o t a d e s i g n f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n but p a r t o f a design t o e l i m i n a t e the small community. business The s m a l l businessmen I r e p r e s e n t t h i s morning the s m a l l b u s i n e s s e s whose p r o p e r t i e s have y e t t o be t a k e n i n Arlington. A d e s i g n t o l a y down cement on p a r t s o f t h e e n v i r o n ment, and those c i t i z e n s o f F a i r f a x , Loudoun, and P r i n c e W i l l i a m s c o u n t i e s who have been so l e t down i n t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a r e a s h o u l d be aware t h a t t h e r e i s no p r e s e n t p l a n t o connect I~66 through t o t h i s massive b r i d g e a r e a , o n l y a p l a n t o spend §8 m i l l i o n p a v i n g a l i t t l e s p o t i n A r l i n g t o n which goes from nowhere t o nowhere. Mr.Dugas, t h e q u e s t i o n o f whether a new l o c a t i o n h e a r i n g must be h e l d i s p r e s e n t l y under c o n s i d e r a t i o n by t h e �53 Court o f Appeals and we t h i n k i t i s o u t o f o r d e r f o r t h e s e t w i n highway departments t o h o l d a h e a r i n g on a narrow question o f design before the b a s i c question o f whether t h i s whole v a s t s t r u c t u r e i s needed. Thank you. MR. DUGAS: Thank y o u . Edward MacClane, a c i t i z e n , o f Washington, D . C. STATEMENT OF EDWARD MAC CLANE, C I T I Z E N , 1530 T STREET, NORTHWEST, WASHINGTON, D. C. MR. LiAC CLANE: Mr. Chairman, L e d i e s and Gentlemen, I am Edward J . MacClane, p a s t P r e s i d e n t , D. C. F e d e r a t i o n o f C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s , I n c . , Midway C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n , and Chairman o f t h e C i t y P l a n n i n g Committee o f t h e F e d e r a t i o n . F o r t h e f i r s t time i n t e n y e a r s J. am n o t r e p r e s e n t i n g any o r g a n i s a t i o n b u t appearing h e r e a s a D i s t r i c t taxpayer and a l e g a l r e s i d e n t o f the S t a t e o : New J e r s e y , concerned o v e r l e g i s l a t i o n t h a t would f o r c e t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia t o b u i l d the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , North C e n t r a l Freeway, and o t h e r freeways w i t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. I have opposed t h i s freeway program s i n c e t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e s i x t i e s and today ny o p p o s i t i o n i s stronger t h a n e v e r due t o t h e c r i t i c a l f i n a n c i a l p o s i t i o n o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. I s t r o n g l y support the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e suit)way system, i t does seem t o me t o be t h e h e i g h t o f f i n a n c i a l �irresponsibility t o attempt t o b u i l d a subway system and a huge freeway network a t the same t i m e . I hope t h a t t h e Congress W i l l re-examine i t s p o s i t i o n and t h a t t h e proposed l e g i s l a t i o n t o f o r c e on t h e D i s t r i c t t h e unwanted freeway w i l l be r e j e c t e d . I an f o r w a r d i n g a copy o f t h i s s t a t e m e n t t o S e n a t o r s Case and W i l l i a m s o f New J e r s e y and Congressman Char.les Sandman who r e p r e s e n t s Cape May County, and u r g i n g them t o vote against t h i s legislation. I want t o s a y i n c o n n e c t i n w i t h t h e f i n a n c i a l con- d i t i o n o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia t h a t r e c e n t l y I h e a r d a budget o f f i c e r o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia s t a t e that, i n F e b r u a r y t h e r e would be no money t o r e p a i r t h e s t r e e t s D i s t r i c t o f Columbia* i n the I don't see how w i t h a l l t h e needs t h a t we have i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia t h a t the c i t y can be i n v o l v e d both i n a subway system and a freeway program, I certainly and hope t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h i s c i t y , as w e l l as the c i t i z e n s o f Maryland and V i r g i n i a , , w i l l b i n d t o g e t h e r and see t h a t t h i s freeway program i s e l i m i n a t e d . Thank you. (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: Norman W. Worthington o f t h e A r l i n g t o n Chamber o f Commerce. W i l l i a m K. S c h e i r e r . Mr. Worthington. I'm s o r r y . �55 STATEMENT 01; NORMAN W. WORTHINGTON, REPRESENTING THE ARLINGTON CHAMBER OF COMMERCE MR. WORTHINGTON: I would l i k e t o r e a d t h e r e s o l u t i o n which was p a s s e d by t h e Board o f D i r e c t o r s f o r t h e A r l i n g t o n Chamber o f Comrnsrce November 13, 1970. "That t h e Board o f D i r e c t o r s o f the A r l i n g t o n Chamber o f Commerce r e a f f i r m s i t s s u p p o r t o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n and proposed d e s i g n o f I n t e r s t a t e 216 through A r l i n g t o n County and the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, i n c o r p o r a t i n g t h e Three-Span a l t e r n a t e design." MR. DUGAS: Thank you v e r y much, Mr. Worthington. A copy o f t h i s r e s o l u t i o n w i l l be e n t e r e d i n t o t h e r e c o r d . Mr. S c h e i r e r ? . MR. BUCHANAN: Buchanan. William I was s c h e d u l e d a t 11:25* MR. DUGAS: of You c a l l e d my name e a r l i e r . Mr. Buchanan, I w i l l c a l l you a f t e r a l l the witnesses MR. BUCHANAN: MR. DUGAS: I am here on t i m e . That i s a l l r i g h t , s i r , I am conducting the h e a r i n g . 1 VOICE ; Be i s on t i m e , man. MR. DUGAS: VOICE;; a c e r t a i n time. Mr. S c h e i r e r . He i s on t i m e . He was t o l d t o come here a t �MR. DUGAS % VOICEs Mr. S c h e i r e r . You a r e a phony. MR. DUGAS: Mr. S c h e i r e r MR. BUCHANAN? 11:25 You a r e a s phony s s h e l l . This i s ridiculous. I am here a t and t h a t i s t h e time I am l i s t e d t o be h e r e . I want t o t e s t i f y f o r my A s s o c i a t i o n * MR. DUGAS: Would y o u be s e a t e d . MR. BUCHANAN: MR. DUGAS: VOICE: No. I treat t o t e s t i f y . W i l l you be s e a t e d . You a r e r u n n i n g a h a l f - h o u r ahead. MR. SUTHERLAND. Mr. Dugis, i f y o u a r e n o t going t o a l l o w people t o speak when they a r e — — VOICE: I am MR. DUGASs VOICE: P l e a s e be s e a t e d . I am s t a n d i n g up,. You a r e running a h a l f - hour ahead. -VOICE: Go look f o r crime i n t h e s t r e e t s . MR. DUGAS: VOICE: Can we have o r d e r , p l e a s e . Get t h e s e men away from me. ADMIRAL 0. S. COLCLOUGH, DOWNTOWN PROGRESS ADMIRAL COLCLOUGH: Mr.Chairman, Mr. Dugas, we a p p r e c i a t e v e r y much t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o appear b e f o r e you i n support o f t h e three-span a l t e r n a t i v e VOICES: Can't h e a r . MR. DUGAS: Can't h e a r . A r e t h e mikes on? �57 ADMIRAL COLCLOUGHJ We a p p r e c i a t e v e r y much t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o appear b e f o r e you i n support o f t h e t h r e e - s p a n a l t e r n a t i v e d e s i g n f o r t h e proposed Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . My name i s 0. S. C o l c l o u g h . I am Chairman o f t h e E x e c u t i v e Committee o f t h e Board o f D i r e c t o r s o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Downtown Committee, I n c . , Downtown P r o g r e s s , a nonp r o f i t c o r p o r a t i o n formed and supported by Washington b u s i n e s s and c i v i c l e a d e r s t o undertake r e s e a r c h on e d u e a t i o n a and ing informational a c t i v i t i e s with the objective of r e v i t a l i z Downtown Washington between t h e White House and t h e Capitol. Downtown P r o g r e s s h a s devoted c o n s i d e r a b l e energy d u r i n g i t s t e n y e a r s o f a c t i v i t y t o i n c r e a s i n g comraurity understanding o f t h e need f o r a complete t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system t o s e r v e t h e Nation's Capital. We have c o n t i n u o u s l y supported t h e concept o f a t o t a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system t o s e r v e t h e r e g i o n , t h e c i t y and downtown. Elements o f t h i s t o t a l trans- p o r t a t i o n system i n c l u d e r a p i d r a i l t r a n s i t , t h e subway, w i t h an a p p r o p r i a t e f e e d e r bits system, freeways w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e improvements t o i t s e x i s t i n g s t r e e t systems, and p a r k i n g . We a r e c o n v i n c e d t h a t tho Metre System now under c o n s t r u c t i o n a l o n g G S t r e e t i n Downtown w i l l be a major p o s i t i v e f a c t o r f o r downtown r e v i t a l i z a t i o n . We a r e e q u a l l y c o n v i n c e d t h a t i t cannot do t h e - e n t i r e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n job by itself, �53 The Washington Metro a r e a t r a n s i t a u t h o r i t y r i d e r s ' p r o j e c t i o n i n d i c a t e t h a t by 1990, e v e n w i t h a completed Metro, 39 p e r c e n t o f t h e people t r a v e l i n g t o downtown Washington d u r i n g peak hours w i l l be u s i n g automobiles. Furthermore, i n 1900, more t h a n 30 p e r c e n t o f a l l i n d i v i d u a l t r i p s i n M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington d u r i n g a 24-hour day w i l l be made i n automobiles. Consequently, we need both an e f f e c t i v e freeway system and an e f f e c t i v e t r a n s i t system t o i n s u r e n e c e s s a r y a c c e s s i b i l i t y t o and from downtown and t o p r o v i d e t r a f f i c i r e l i e f f o r the i n n e r c i t y . The t o t a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system i s needed i f downtown Washington i s t o c o n t i n u e as a major t a x resouce and as a major c e n t e r o f employment f o r the c i t y as w e l l as f o r t h e region. More t h a n 90,000 persons a r e employed i n downtown a t present. Downtown c o n t a i n s t h e l a r g e s t s i n g l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of employment and r e t a i l goods and s e r v i c e s i n M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington. To m a i n t a i n and s t r e n g t h e n t h i s c o n c e n t r a t i o n , and i t must be m a i n t a i n e d and s t r e n g t h e n e d f o r t h e s o c i a l and economic h e a l t h o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, a t o t a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system i s e s s e n t i a l . I have p r e s e n t e d t h i s i n t r o d u c t o r y K i c i t e r i a l because we b e l i e v e t h a t t h e p r o v i s i o n o f a b a s i c freeway system o f which t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s an i m p o r t a n t , i n t e g r a l part i s one o f t h e number o f p u b l i c a c t i o n s t h a t must be t a k e n t o �59 s t r e n g t h e n t h e economy o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia because e i t h e r o f t h e two Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e d e s i g n a l t e r n a t i v e s b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d would h e l p a c h i e v e t h i s v i t a l purpose. Our s p e c i f i c s u p p o r t f o r t h e t h r e e - s p a n a l t e r n a t i v e based on aesthetic considerations. Downtown P r o g r e s s concurs i n the statement r e g a r d i n g t h i s t h r e e - s p a n d e s i g n by t h e Chairman of t h e Commission o f F i n e A r t s , who "We s a i d , and I quote: f e e l your d e s i g n e r had performed b r i l l i a n t l y in c r e a t i n g a d e s i g n f o r one o f t h e most i m p o r t a n t s c e n i c s i g h t s around t h e C a p i t a l . I t s s i m p l i c i t y and i t s d a r i n g both a r e v e r y commendable c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . , ! I n a d d i t i o n , we applaud t h e f a c t t h a t a b r i d g e a t t h i s l o c a t i o n w i l l c o n t r i b u t e t o o t h e r i m p o r t a n t community development o b j e c t i v e s by l e a v i n g a wide expanse a t w a t e r level f r e e from o b s t r u c t i o n * f o r the b e n e f i t o f r e c r e a t i o n a l use o f the r i v e r , h e l p i n g t o enable a d d i t i o n a l r e c r e a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s to be provided,, h e l p i n g t o a c q u i r e an i m p o r t a n t h i s t o r i c h e l p i n g t o c o n s e r v e the n a t u r a l environment site, of the a r e a , h e l p i n g t o reduce a i r and n o i s e p o l l u t i o n and not t o i n c r e a s e w a t e r p o l l u t i o n , p r o v i d i n g improved a c c e s s t o community f a c i l i t i e s such as h o s p i t a l s and u n i v e r s i t i e s * improving a c c e s s t o D u l l e s A i r p o r t and e s p e c i a l l y by c r e a t i n g no dis- placement o f f a m i l i e s o r businesses<• I t i s our u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t p r e l i m i n a r y t e s t 3 �60 i n d i c a t e t h e t h r e e - s p a n a l t e r n a t i v e t o be s t r u c t u r a l l y s a f e . On t h i s b a s i s , t h e Downtown P r o g r e s s recommends t h a t the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e t h r e e - s p a n a l t e r n a t e proceed. By such a c t i o n , t h e p r o s p e c t s f o r downtown and t o t a l c i t y revitaliza- t i o n c a n be improved and, a t t h e same t i m e , a b r i d g e a s a t t r a c t i v e a s i t i s f u n c t i o n a l c a n be c o n s t r u c t e d . Thank you, s i r . MR.DUGAS: Thank you, s i r . Our n e x t w i t n e s s w i l l be t h e Honorable C l i v e DuVal o f t h e House o f Delegates o f V i r g i n i a . MR. SUTHERLAND: On b e h a l f o f my c o l l e a g u e i n t h e G e n e r a l Assembly, I would l i k e t o r e p e a t my p r o t e s t i n t h e r e c o r d o f c a l l i n g people b e f o r e t h e i r time announced. MR. DUGAS: We w i l l now h e a r from Mr. W i l l i a m Buchanan, Foggy Bottom A s s c e l a t i o n . (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: VOICE: say, And o n l y Mr. Buchanan, p l e a s e . You haven't even heard what he i s going t o Dugas. MR. DUGAS: Mr. Buchanan* w i l l you come f o r w a r d and : bes ; i f j , MR. BUCHANAN: MR. DUGAS: VOICE: T h i s i s a phony. He i s going t o t e s t i f y w i t h me, s i r . Mi~. Buchanan, you a r e t o t e s t i f y How do you know? What tine h e l l i s t h i s ? You haven't even h e a r d what he i s going t o �61 say and you make a r u l i n g . MR. DUGAS: We w i l l g e t t o you, Dugas. Mr. Buchanan. STATEMENT OF WILLIAM BUCHANAN, FOGGY BOTTOM ASSOCIATION MR. BUCHANAN: Mr. E x a m i n e r , i s t h i s mike on? Mr. Chairman, I would l i k e t o s t a r t o f f f i r s t by p r o t e s t i n g t h e f a c t t h a t y o u a r e h e a r i n g t h i s and we do n o t have t h e C i t y o f f i c i a l s h e a r i n g t h i s , and t h e r e i s no o r e h e r e who c a n make a d e c i s i o n f o r t h e c i t i z e n s o f Washington,. D. C. I am W i l l i a m Buchanan. Foggy Bottom A s s o c i a t i o n . I am t e s t i f y i n g f o r t h e The Foggy Bottom A s s o c i a t i o n opposes c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e r e g a r d l e s s of design. Perhaps no community h a s been s o h e a v i l y f r e e w a y e d and a r t e r i a l e d and„ t h e r e f o r e , p o l l u t e d as Foggy Bottom. VOICE: Am I under a r r e s t , Mr. Dugas? Am I under arrest? MR. DUGAS: Would you proceed, Mr. Buchanan. MR„ BUCHANAN: Long ago, L e w i s Mumford had t h i s t o say about t h e i n t e r s t a t e system: " I n 1958 when t h e American people through t h e i r Congress v o t e d a l i t t l e w h i l e ago, 1 3 5 7 , f o r a $26 b i l l i o n highway program,the most c h a r i t a b l e t h i n g t o assume about t h i s a c t i o n i s t h a t they hadn't t h e f a i n t e s t n o t i o n o f what they were doing. f i n d out.• W i t h i n t h e n e x t 15 y e a r s they w i l l d o u b t l e s s �62 By t h a t time i t w i l l be too l a t e to c o r r e c t a l l the damage to our c i t i e s and our countryside, not l e a s t to the e f f i c i e n t organization of industry as and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , t h i s i l l - c o n c e i v e d and preposterously unbalanced program w i l l have brought. We know what he meant. Foggy Bottom has l o s t f o u r b l o c k s of housing i n c l u d i n g the h i s t o r i c P e t e r Hand House where George Washington used t o stay when he came t o Washington, t o the a p p e t i t e of the i n n e r voracious loop. We have seen more c a r s w i t h no end to congestion. Speaking of the i n t e r s e c t i o n , speaking o f t h i s b r i d g e , A l a n S* Boyd i n 1967 s a i d , " I t i s my judgment t h a t the c o n s t r u c t i o n a t t h i s time s i m p l y w i l l t r a n s f e r a growing traffic jam from the V i r g i n i a s i d e of the Potomac t o the interchange a t 26th and K", Two days ago and t h a t i s Foggy Bottom. I r e c e i v e d i n the m a i l from the O f f i c e of the S e c r e t a r y o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n the f o l l o w i n g communication: "The Department o f T r a n s p o r a t i o n today announced the a v a i l a b i l i t y of a s p e c i a l report, p r e p a r e d by the C i t i z e n s A d v i s o r y Committee on T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Q u a l i t y f o r t h e S e c r e t a r y o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , John A. V o l p e . " The r e p o r t c a l l e d urban t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n c r i s i s , not j u s t a problem" and s t a t e d that "the "a g r a v e United S t a t e s can no l o n g e r a f f o r d the l u x u r y o f one i n d i v i d u a l �occupying 100 square f e e t o r more o f highway o r s t r e e t s i t t i n g i n an automobile." The r e p o r t urged t h a t t h e Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i c seek r e a l i s t i c and i m a g i n a t i v e s o l u t i o n s by t a k i n g i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n both e x i s t i n g technology and long-range development. I a s k you i f t h i s 1950 s o l u t i o n i s e i t h e r r e a l i s t i c or i m a g i n a t i v e . A f a v o r i t e o f freeway b u i l d e r s i s t h e argument about s a f e t y and t h i s b r i d g e i s no e x c e p t i o n . Freeways be- cause o f t h e i r b e t t e r e n g i n e e r i n g a r e s a f e r t h a n c o n v e n t i o n a l roads and t h e r e f o r e more f r e e w a y s mean f e w s r a c c i d e n t s . Now, they a r e c o r r e c t t h a t a c c i d e n t s p e r m i l e t r a v e l e d a r e loweron f r e e w a y s , b u t i t i s those l o n g expanses o f speedy c o n c r e t e t h a t l u r e U 3 i n t o making t r i p s we would not o t h e r w i s e make and f o r l o n g e r d i s t a n c e s t h a n what we f o r m e r l y had d r i v e n . F u r t h e r m o r e , a t t h e b e g i n n i n g and end o f t h e s e t r i p s we do much, perhaps most o f our t r a v e l i n g on thost; o l d e r and most "dangerous" roads. By t h e i r f r u i t s y e s h a l l know them. The r e s u l t i s t h a t between 1960 and 1969 a n n u a l auto mileage jumped from 588 b i l l i o n m i l e s t o 1,016,000,000 m i l e s , and t h i s was accompanied by an i n c r e a s e i n highway deaths from 38,O0C t o 56,000. How, i f t h e s e roads a r e s o s a f e , why t h e n d i d t h e head o f t h e Highway Lobby, Mr. Harry K e l t z e r , Chairman o f t h e �64 Board o f D i r e c t o r s o f t h e Highway Users F e d e r a t i o n for Safety and M o b i l i t y , say i n h i s speech b e f o r e t h a t o r g a n i s a t i o n i n A p r i l o f 1970, "The v i o l e n c e en o u r highways today i s by f a r t h e l e a d i n g c a t e g o r y o f v i o l e n c e i n American l i f e . l i f e , h e a l t h and p r o p e r t y f r o ? t r a f f i c a c c i d e n t s Losses i n exceed by 1 0 - t o - l t h e t o t a l s from a l l o t h e r k i n d s o f v i o l e n c e combined." How many freeways i s i t going t o t a k e t o c o r r e c t that? I would l i k e t o c a l l your a t t e n t i o n t o t h e Quayle p o l l , t h e s o - c a l l e d Quayle p o l l , which a c t u a l l y was made i t was n e v e r r e l e a s e d t o t h e p u b l i c and i t was p u r p o r t e d t o t e l l us t h a t everybody wanted f r e e w a y s . Now, t h e f a c t o f t h e m a t t e r i s t h a t t h e r e i s a methodological e r r o r i n t h i s p o l l . was I t h i n k an honest attempt made i n t h i s p o l l b u t t h e r e i s a m e t h o d o l o g i c a l e r r o r and t h a t i s t h a t they d i d n o t i n c l u d e buses,and most Washingtonians who do n o t u s e a u t o m o b i l e s , and probably most o f u s , a r e n o t a t t u n e d t o t h e concept o f b u s e s . The q u e s t i o n was, p o r t a t i o n improvement'? "What i s t h e most needed t r a n s - F i f t y - t w o percent s a i d rapid rail, 25 p e r c e n t f r e e w a y s , 23 p e r c e n t downtown p a r k i n g , b u t no mention i s made o f buses and t h e c o n f u s i o n i s obvious when you t u r n t o t h e n e x t page i n t h i s p o l l and s e e l e a s t needed t r a n s p o r t a t i o n improvement, xnore f r e e w a y s , 50 p e r c e n t ? more downtown p a r k i n g , 37 p e r c e n t ; new r a p i d r a i l , 13 p e r c e n t . �65 O b v i o u s l y , people haven't been g i v e n o p t i o n s t h a t t hey understand. A few months a f t e r t h e Quayie p o l l we come out w i t h 7 t h e p r e l i m i n a r y r e p o r t on a p o l l t a k e n by the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Region T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n n i n g Board o f the C o u n c i l o f Governments. T h i s was r e l e a s e d i n September o f 19 59. They asked a s e r i e s o f q u e s t i o n s i n t h e e n t i r e M e t r o p o l i t a n Area. " I n r e g a r d t o improvement o f the zone s i t u a t i o n f o r Washington, respondents r a t e d improvement as f o l l o w s : build a subway system, 20 p e r c e n t ? improve downtown p a r k i n g , 13 p e r c e n t ? improve e x i s t i n g major s t r e e t s , 14 p e r c e n t ; b u i l d more f r e e w a y s , 9 p e r c e n t . " The s i g n i f i c a n t e x c e p t i o n t o t h i s o c c u r r e d i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia where r e s i d e n t s downgraded a l l o f the above r e a s o n s , i n c l u d i n g subways, i n f a v o r o f improved bus service. The Quayie p o l l n e v e r addressed i t s e l f t o t h a t q u e s t i o n and t h a t i s why i f you don't g i v e people c h o i c e s , they don't know what t o p i c k . On November 14, 1969, a referendum was h e l d i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h the School Board e l e c t i o n . Twelve thousand people v o t e d and by a 5-1/2-to-1 margin they v o t e d t h a t they d i d not want the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e o r i t s c o n n e c t i n g roads. As t o a e s t h e t i c s , t h i s br;.dge i s no doubt a work o f �a r t b u t one cannot s e p a r a t e function. a r t from p r o p e r l o c a t i o n and We would t h e r e f o r e suggest t h a t s i n c e t h i s b r i d g e i s t o be b u i l t a l l e g e d l y t o s e r v e D a l l e s A i r p o r t t h a t i t be b u i l t on t h e ground o f t h e A i r p o r t as perhaps t h e p e d e s t r i a n ' s right. (Applause.) MR. BUCHAKANs And s o we a s k you n o t t o b u i l d t h i s s o l u t i o n t o 19S0 problems. this T h i s dagger i n our c i t y ' s heart, hypodermic o f b i l i o u s p o i s o n s , those bomb c r a t e r s l i n e d end t o end c a l l e d t h e North Freeway, t h i s speculator-trucker- c c n t r a c t o r p a r a d i s e w i l l drop our c i t y t o Dante's Seventh Level of H e l l . I would l i k e t o r e a d on t h e s u b j e c t o f h e l l from a book c a l l e d " T h i s i s t h e American E a r t h " , by A n s e l Adams and Nancy N e w h a l l . " H e l l we a r e b u i l d i n g h e r e on e a r t h . Headlong, h e e d l e s s , we r u s h t o pour i n t o a i r and w a t e r p o i s o n s and p o l l u t i o n s u n t i l dense choking p a l l s o f smog l i e o v e r c i t i e s and r i v e r s r u n b l a c k and f o u l . "To b u i l d highways h y p n o t i c i n t h e i r monotony, l o o p i n g and t w i s t i n g through c i t i e s , e n t a n g l i n g i n danger, n o i s e , fumes, communities once c i t a d e l s o f home, s t r a n g l i n g the c o u n t r y s i d e s , c u t t i n g the f l o w o f -water, t h e r o o t s o f t r e e s , the p a t h s o f w i l d l i f e and o f w i n d , merely t o b e a r us g l a z e d w i t h speed, s e e i n g o n l y t h e r o a d . " �Thank you. (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: Mr. S c h e i r e r , W i l l i a m K„ S c h e i r e r . (No r e s p o n s e . ) MR. DUGAS: R e p r e s e n t a t i v e DuVal. STATEMENT OF CLIVE DU VAL,, VIRGINIA STATE DELEGATE, REPRESENTING HIMSELF AS A C I T I Z E N , AND H I S CONSTITUENTS MR. DU VAL: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I am s o r r y t o be h e r e l a t e , although I t h i n k I am h a l f an hour ahead o f my s c h e d u l e d time f o r appearance. MR. DUGAS: Y e s . We a r e doing a l i t t l e b e t t e r than we thought. MR. DU VAL: My name i s C l i v e L . DuVal, 2d, o f McLean, V i r g i n i a . I am a S t a t e Delegate r e p r e s e n t i n g trie F a i r f a x - F a i l s Church a r e a o f Northern V i r g i n i a , and sevex*al y e a r s ago I was t h e Democratic nominee f o r Congress from V i r g i n i a ' s nearby 10th D i s t r i c t . Although t h i s i s b i l l e d as a " d e s i g n " h e a r i n g on proposed I n t e r s t a t e Route 266 c r o s s i n g t h e Potomac on a b r i d g e a t t h e Three S i s t e r s s i t e , i t i s n e v e r too l a t e t o save t a x p a y e r s t h e many m i l l i o n s o f d o l l a r s t h a t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h i s u n n e c e s s a r y highway and b r i d g e w i l l cost. I oppose t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f 1-266 and t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e because t h i s would c l e a r l y amount, i n my �63 judgment,, t o b u i l d i n g a b r i d g e and i t s approaches a t t h e wrong time and t h e wrong p l a c e . (Applause.) MR, DU VALs F i r s t o f a l l , i t i s impossible t o demonstrate t h a t such a b r i d g e i s n o t r e a l l y needed u n t i l after the two Metro subway c r o s s i n g s planned a t R o s s l y n and 1 4 t h S t r e e t , p l u s t h e r a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h them i n N o r t h e r n V i r g i n i a , a r e c o n s t r u c t e d and i n o p e r a t i o n . C e r t a i n l y many V i r g i n i a n s who now commute t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia by automobile a r e going t o s h i f t t o r a i l . Not o n l y w i l l t h i s d e c r e a s e automobile t r a f f i c c r o s s i n g s o f the Potomac, b u t t h e new p a t t e r n o f t r a f f i c c r o s s i n g s t h a t w i l l emerge may w e l l show t h a t any new b r i d g e needed s h o u l d be l o c a t e d , a s a p r e v i o u s S e c r e t a r y of Transportation o u t , a t an e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n — pointed probably downstream below t h e 1 4 t h S t r e e t b r i d g e s . My p o s i t i o n i s s i m p l y t h a t i t i s premature a t t h i s time t o proceed w i t h t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and approaches, when f u t u r e r a i l v r o s s i n g s o f t h e Potomac may w e l l postpone t h e need f o r such a b r i d g e f o r many y e a r s o r i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e - r i d g e s h o u l d be b u i l t a t an entirely different location. F u r t h e r , t h e Three S i s t e r s s i t e i s a s c e n i c a l l y b e a u t i f u l a r e a o f t h e R i v e r , which h a s remained s u r p r i s i n g l y unchanged s i n c e c o l o n i a l t i m e s . A b r i d g e a t t h i s s i t e , no �69 m a t t e r how w e l l d e s i g n e d , would not o n l y d e s t r o y t h i s s c e n i e v i s t a o f t h e Potomac, but t h e b r i d g e approaches on both the V i r g i n i a and D i s t r i c t s h o r e s would occupy and d e s t r o y i m p o r t a n t open space and parkway l a n d s . I hope t h i s h e a r i n g w i l l the l s o g i v e due weight to f a c t t h a t c i t i z e n s groups on both s i d e s o f t h e Potcmac have been almost unanimously opposed t o the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a b r i d g e a t t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s s i t e , as a t t e s t e d by t h e r e c o r d of t h e p u b l i c h e a r i n g s on t h e p r o j e c t h e l d i n 1964. Furthermore, o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f I n t e r s t a t e Route 66 i n V i r g i n i a w i t h i n t h e B e l t w a y — 1-495 w i t h 'which I-2S6 would connect i n A l d i n g t o n — and growing. — i s intense As a s t a t e l e g i s l a t o r , I have asked t h e Governor o f V i r g i n i a and i t s Highway Commissioner t o h o l d a new L o c a t i o n R e a r i n g on 1-66 because o f t h e d r a s t i c a l l y changed c i r c u m s t a n c e s and t h e new l e g a l r e q u i r e m e n t s i n e f f e c t since a l o c a t i o n h e a r i n g was h e l d f o r 1-66 back i n 1958. Of c o u r s e , i f , a f t e r a new 1-66 l o c a t i o n h e a r i n g , i t i s d e c i d e d t o s h i f t the l o c a t i o n o f t h i s superhighway o r not to b u i l d i t a t a l l w i t h i n t h e B e l t w a y , the b a s i s f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f 1-266 and t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , i . e . , t o handle p a r t o f t h e automobile t r a f f i c f l o w i n g on 1-66 the D i s t r i c t , towards would v a n i s h e n t i r e l y Even i f i t i s u l t i m a t e l y d e c i d e d t o proceed w i t h 1-66 as now p l a n n e d , t r a f f i c u s i n g t h i s highway c o u l d be �70 accommodated w i t h o u t t h e 1-266 r i v e r crossing: f o r one t h i n g , t h e I n t e r i o r Department has i n t h e p a s t i n d i c a t e d i t s w i l l i n g n e s s , as p a r t o f a q u i d pro quo f o r e l i m i n a t i o n o f the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , t o remove the r e s t r i c t i o n on t r u c k use o f t h e Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e — which l i m i t a t i o n , was o n e of the primary reasons o r i g i n a l l y puc of forth to j u s t i f y adding a new b r i d g e a t the Three S i s t e r s L o c a t i o n . I f a v o r upgrading t o i n t e r s t a t e standards the J e f f e r s o n D a v i s Highway, so t h a t Route 66 t r u c k and o t h e r t r a f f i c can c r o s s i n t o the D i s t r i c t i n t h e mid-town a r e a by t h e 14th S t r e e t B r i d g e s — downstream — and any new b r i d g e c o n s t r u c t e d as w e l l as by t h e Key and t h e Theodore R o o s e v e l t Bridges. I n c o n c l u s i o n , I urge the Highway Departments o f the D i s t r i c t and o f V i r g i n i a t o do e v e r y t h i n g p o s s i b l e t o a v o i d f o r c i n g upon the c i t i z e n s on both s i d e s o f t h e Potomac a c o s t l y b r i d g e and approaches which a r e unwanted and would be most d e s t r u c t i v e o f t h e environment. At best i t i s c l e a r l y premature t o proceed w i t h c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the Three Sisters Bridges; a t worst, a bridge a t t h i s location i s e n t i r e l y unnecessary. Thank you v e r y much. (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: Mr. (No response.) Scheirer. Mr. W i l l i a m K. S c h e i r e r . �71 MR. DUGAS: L e t ' s t a k e a ten-minute recess i n o r d e r t o g i v e Mr. S c h e i r e r an o p p o r t u n i t y t o g e t h e r e . (Whereupon, t h e r e was a s h o r t r e c e s s . ) MR. DUGAS: The h e a r i n g w i l l come t o o r d e r . Mr. W i l l i a m K. S c h e i r e r o f t h e Kalorama C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n . Mr. S c h e i r e r . The C h a i r r e c o g n i z e s Mr. Kenneth J . Kennedy. STATEMENT OP KENNETH J . KENNEDY, CITIZEN MR. KENNEDY: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Mr.Chairman, I a p p r e c i a t e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r your p e r m i t t i n g me t o speak a t t h i s h e a r i n g t h i s morning. I speak as a c i t i z e n and a s a c a n d i d a t e f o r non-voting d e l e g a t e f o r the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. I a p p r e c i a t e your c o n s i d e r a t i o n . I w i s h t o s t a t e t h a t I do n o t w a i v e any l e g a l r i g h t s o r a c t i o n s t h a t I might t a k e i n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e b r i d g e a t any time i n t h e f u t u r e . The Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e i.s a symbol o f t h e supposed p o w e r l e s s n e s s o f D i s t r i c t o f Columbia c i t i z e n s . S i s t e r s Bridge i s not j u s t a bridge. The Three I t i s i nreality a b a t t l e g r o u n d between t h e C i t y o f Washington and t h e Congress of the United S t a t e s . The d e t a i l s o f t h e e n g i n e e r i n g d e s i g n o f t h i s b r i d g e a r e o f no i n t e r e s t t o most o f t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h i s c i t y , f o r t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h e c i t y have demonstrated time and time a g a i n t h a t they oppose n o t o n l y t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e �72 b r i d g e b u t a l s o oppose t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f any p a r t o f t h e i l l e g a l and h a t e d freeway system f o r which t h i s b r i d g e has become a symbol* We oppose i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n i n any form. Congress i s a t t e m p t i n g once a g a i n t o f o r c e us t o b u i l d t h e b r i d g e a n d t h e freeway system by w i t h h o l d i n g funds which a r e needed t o b u i l d t h e Metro because t h e y s a y t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s o b s t r u c t i o n i s t . Of c o u r s e , they s a y t h a t we w i l l do e v e r y t h i n g t h a t t h e highway l o b b y i n g Congressmen want when they c a n have our money f o r Metro. However, we do have some o f o u r own v a l u e s . S i n c e t h e v a l u e s do n o t c o i n c i d e w i t h t h e v a l u e s o f t h e s e Congressmen, t h e y would impose upon us and c a l l us o b s t r u c t i o n ists. We a r e human b e i n g s . We are c i t i z e n s . We a r e guaranteed under t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n t h a t no one s h a l l make o r e n f o r c e any l a w t h a t s h a l l a b r i d g e t h e p r i v i l e g e s o f t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s n o r s h a l l any S t a t e d e p r i v e any person o f l i f e , l i b e r t y , o r p r o p e r t y w i t h o u t due p r o c e s s o f law, n o r deny t o any person t h e e q u a l p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e l a w . There a r e 50 S t a t e s w i t h 50 s e p a r a t e highway departments. Act, Under t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f t h e I n t e r s t a t e Highway t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s e x p l i c i t l y d e s i g n a t e d , a t l e a s t i n t h e I n t e r s t a t e Highway Program, y e s , e x p l i c i t l y designated a S t a t e . So t h e r e a r e 5 1 Highway Departments. �73 Now, I don't s e e Congress t e l l i n g t h e o t h e r 50 S t a t e s and t h e i r highway departments what t o do. Why s h o u l d t h e y t e l l us what t o do? I s t h e r e something d i f f e r e n t about the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia? W e l l , o f course t h e r e i s . B u t we mustn't shrug our s h o u l d e r s and s a y i t i s because t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s the o n l y S t a t e w i t h o u t home r u l e and t h a t i t i s t h e r e f o r e n o t the same as o t h e r S t a t e s i n r e g a r d t o being a b l e t o make i t s own d e c i s i o n s . Of c o u r s e , i t i s t r u e w i t h a l o t o f d e c i s i o n s b u t not w i t h highway d e c i s i o n s . We have o u r own highway department and o u r own p l a n n i n g body, t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, o u r own C i t y C o u n c i l and Mayor, and t h i s C i t y C o u n c i l and Mayor have power t o decide what roads we w i l l b u i l d , what roads we w i l l n o t build,, and i f t h e r e i s any h e s i t a n c y on t h e i r p a r t t o r e c o g n i z e t h i s f a c t o f l a w , a s i t i s s t a t e d i n T i t l e 7 o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Code, U. S. C o u r t s o f Appeals have a s s u r e d them n o t o n l y t h e r i g h t o f t h i s power b u t they indeed have reminded them o f t h e o b l i g a t i o n t o t h e i r F e d e r a l c i t i z e n s t h a t t h e y and o n l y t h e y , they Mayor an t h e C o u n c i l , a r e t h e ones t o e x e r c i s e t h i s r i g h t . See Court o f Appeals d e c i s i o n , F e b r u a r y 15, 1568. I t i s n o t a q u e s t i o n o f nc home r u l e a s some people would have y o u b e l i e v e . I t i s simply a questionsof c o n g r e s s i o n a l e x t o r t i o n and b l a c k m a i l . B u t what h a s happened �t o t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g i n our city? W e l l , t o put i t q u i t e s i m p l y , t h e r e h a s n ' t been any. L e t us remember t r a n s p o r t a t i o n j u s t doesn't mean g e t t i n g from one place to another. A highly respected and C r i s i s , " October 3, 1965, journal, "Christianity reminds us t h a t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n can become an i n s t r u m e n t f o r j u s t i c e or i n j u s t i c e , a means of opportunity or f r u s t r a t i o n , r e l e a s i n g t h o s e who i f we a mechanism f o r c o n f i n i n g l i v e i n t h e g h e t t o , and h e r e we a r e r e a l l y s e r i o u s about t r a n s p o r t a t i o n please consider the f o l l o w i n g or are r e a l l y planning, proposals. I c a l l f o r t h e r e s u r r e c t i o n o f the A r t h u r D„ Little R e p o r t , i t s r e - e v a l u a t i o n and i t s p o s s i b l e use as a guide f o r f u t u r e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g i n the N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l . I c a l l f o r p u t t i n g an end t o the burden o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n on the motor c a r and the t r u c k . I do n o t , as. some c r i t i c s might t h i n k , advocate complete a b o l i t i o n of the a u t o mobile a t t h i s t i m e , I b e l i e v e i t has i t s p l a c e . But we a l r e a d y have i n the C i t y o f Washington g i v e n o v e r more than o n e - t h i r d o f our p r e c i o u s l a n d f o r i t s use and s t o r a g e . I see no r e a s o n f o r adding more. I c a l l f o r the e x p l o r a t i o n o f o t h e r forms o f moving goods i n t o and throughout the c i t y . piggy-back t r u c k t r a i l e r s , For example, use transported i n t o the c i t y by t h e n d i s t r i b u t e d through the c i t y by l o c a l t r u c k s and me an 3. of rail, other — �75 I c a l l f o r the exploration of a m u l t i - f a c e t p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system w i t h one f a r e , w i t h each p a r t b e i n g a b l e t o supplement and complement t h e o t h e r s . i s a long-time i n v e s t m e n t . Such a system I t s h o u l d be o r g a n i c and dynamic. I t s h o u l d l e n d i t s e l f t o new r e f i n e m e n t s and e x t e n s i v e growth as opposed t o a s t a t i c system such as f r e e w a y s , i n c a p a b l e o f r e f i n e m e n t and growth. I see t h a t such a system would i n c l u d e r a p i d transit. rail The Metro system f o r Washington i s a t the moment unacceptable. I t i s n o t r e a l l y designed t o s e r v e a l l o f the people, o n l y some, and i t s f u n d i n g •— now s a i d t o be a b l e t o c o s t a3 much a s $4 b i l l i o n — shows t h a t i t i s planned t o f a i l . I see t h a t such a system would i n c l u d e bus s e r v i c e w i t h dimensions p r o v i d i n g as both complement and supplement t o the r a p i d r a i l 3ystam e x p r e s s f e e d e r and loop c a p a b i l i t i e s . I see t h a t such a system would i n c l u d e p e d e s t r i a n a m e n i t i e s , moving s i d e w a l k s and the l i k e , b i c y c l i n g opport u n i t i e s and, y e s , t h e w h e r e w i t h a l even t o w a l k . Such a system would, o f c o u r s e , be owned by t h e people, o p e r a t e d through t h e i r government. The f e e s f o r t h e use o f p u b l i c t r a n s i t s h o u l d be minimal i f not f r e e , are facilities Stockholm and o t h e r c i t i e s c o n s i d e r i n g i t , I understand. In any c a s e , t h e r e s h o u l d be o n l y one f e e w i t h u n l i m i t e d t r a n s f e r p r i v i l e g e s f o r a l l mobile f a c i l i t i e s . ' �76 How would a l l t h i s be funded? There seems t o be u n l i m i t e d funds f o r freeways and a l l i e d s u b s t a n c e s . Why n o t c h a n n e l t h e s e moneys t o t h e p l a c e where they a r e r e a l l y needed? Indeed, why n o t u s e o u r money and o u r know-how t o b u i l d and o p e r a t e d e s p e r a t e l y needed p u b l i c t r a n s i t systems which c a n s e r v e a l l t h e people? Why do we c o n t i n u e t o use o u r money and know-hew t o b u i l d i n our c i t i e s freeways that t r a n s p o r t t h e r i c h a t the expense o f t h e poor? I am u n a l t e r a b l y opposed t o any system such a s t h e s u b j e c t o f t h i s h e a r i n g , such a s t h e c o n d i t i o n o f s u b s i d i e s f o r t h e r i c h , f r e e e n t e r p r i s e f o r t h e poor. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: Thank y o u . M r . W i l l i a m K. S c h e i r e r . VOICE: evidently. Mr. Dugas, Mr. S c h e i r e r had an emergency He i s n o t a t home and he i s n o t h e r e . He w i l l come and speak f o r t h e D. C. F e d e r a t i o n o f C i t i z e n s . We would l i k e when he comes i f he would speak. MR. DUGAS: We have about 20 minutes b e f o r e t h e luncheon break i s s c h e d u l e d . I wonder i f t h e r e i s anyone among you who vrould l i k e t o appear. Come r i g h t down, s i r . I d i d n ' t g e t your name. �77 STATEMENT OF LESLIE LOGA^NI, ARLINGTONIANS FOR PRESERVATION OF THE MR. LOGAN: POTOMAC PALISADES My n£ime i s L e s l i e Logan, gentleman. I am L e s l i e Logan, 2523 North 23rd Road, A r l i n g t o n , V i r g i n i a , President of Arlingtonians f o r P r e s e r v a t i o n of the Potomac P a l i s a d e s . I challenge the l e g a l i t y of today's h e a r i n g , as stated i n the P o l i c y and Procedure Memorandum i s s u e d under the authority of the F e d e r a l - A i d Highway A c t the Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n A c t , paragraph 4, b., and "A 'highway design p u b l i c h e a r i n g * i s a p u b l i c h e a r i n g t h a t : " ( 1 ) I s held a f t e r t h e r o u t e l o c a t i o n has been approved, but before the S t a t e highway department i s committed to a s p e c i f i c d e s i g n p r o p o s a l ; " ( 2 ) I s h e l d t o ensure t h a t an o p p o r t u n i t y i s a f f o r d e d f o r e f f e c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n by i n t e r e s t e d persons i n the p r o c e s s of d e t e r m i n i n g the s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n and major d e s i g n features of a F e d e r a l - a i d highway ..." The Memorandum a l s o s t a t e s , paragraph 8, b., ( 1 ) , t h a t " p u b l i c h e a r i n g s a r e t o be h e l d a t a p l a c e and g e n e r a l l y c o n v e n i e n t f o r persons tine a f f e c t e d by t h e proposed undertaking." C a l l i n g t h i s h e a r i n g f o r 10:00 v i o l a t i o n of t h i s p r o v i s i o n . a f f e c t e d by the 1-266 a.m. today i s a c l e a r Many hundred people d i r e c t l y p r o j e c t and many hundred p u b l i c - s p i r i t e d �78 c i t i z e n s cannot a f f o r d or are not able to leave t h e i r jobs on a workday Monday, or a workday Tuesday., or a workday Wednesday, e t c e t e r a . sponsors. One must q u e s t i o n the motives of the To a f f o r d f u l l p u b l i c p a r t i c i p a t i o n , t h i s h e a r i n g should have been s e t f o r Saturdays or s e v e r a l weekday evenings (Applause.} MR. LOGAN: Furthermore, the maps and drawings you have made a v a i l a b l e f o r p u b l i c i n s p e c t i o n make i m p o s s i b l e citizen participation in this hearing. full Replete w i t h t e c h n i c a l v e r b i a g e and a b b r e v i a t i o n s , fussy and incomplete, they a r e not e n l i g h t e n i n g , but c o n f u s i n g to the g e n e r a l p u b l i c . They a r e o b v i o u s l y designed f o r e n g i n e e r s o r mind r e a d e r s . As I have a l r e a d y quoted, t h e F e d e r a l Highway A c t r e q u i r e s t h a t the d e s i g n p u b l i c h e a r i n g be h e l d a f t e r the corridor p u b l i c hearing. I t defines a c o r r i d o r public hearing as a p u b l i c h e a r i n g t h a t " ( 1 ) I s h e l d b e f o r e the r o u t e l o c a t i o n i s approved and b e f o r e t h e S t a t e highway department i s committed t o a s p e c i f i c proposal; " ( 2 ) I s h e l d to ensure t h a t an o p p o r t u n i t y i s a f f o r d e d f o r e f f e c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n by i n t e r e s t e d persons i n the p r o c e s s o f d e t e r m i n i n g t h e need f o r , and t h e l o c a t i o n o f , a F e d e r a l - a i d highway . . . " (Paragraph 4, a r Policy and Procedure Memorandum. 20-8, Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads. Gentlemen, we have not y e t had a c o r r i d o r p u b l i c �79 h e a r i n g as so d e f i n e d . A t t h e 1964 h e a r i n g which you r e f e r t o as t h e c o r r i d o r - l o c a t i o n h e a r i n g , t h e w i t n e s s e s were c a t e g o r i c a l l y r e q u e s t e d t o r e f r a i n from d i s c u s s i n g t h e need for this project. The c i t i z e n s were t o l d t h a t the highway a u t h o r i t i e s had e s t a b l i s h e d t h e need and t h a t c i t i z e n d i s c u s s i o n o f whether o r not t h e p r o j e c t was j u s t i f i e d was not r e l e v a n t and would n o t be t a k e n i n t o consideration. This design hearing, t h e r e f o r e , i s i l l e g a l f o r i t d oes n o t f o l l o w a c o r r i d o r - l o c a t i o n h e a r i n g a t which t h e p u b l i c h e l p e d determine t h e need. Nor does i t f o l l o w a c o r r i d o r - l o c a t i o n h e a r i n g i n which t h e r e was " e f f e c t i v e " p a r t i c i p a t i o n by i n t e r e s t e d persons. I n t h e 1964 p u b l i c h e a r i n g , c i t i z e n w i t n e s s e s almost unanimously opposed t h e p r o j e c t . c i t i z e n opposition, I n spite of t h i s c l e a r t h e highway people approved t h e p r o j e c t . A p o s i t i o n breakdown o f t h e w i t n e s s e s a t t h i s hearing i s submitted f o r the record. (The i n f o r m a t i o n above-referred to, follows:) �ARLINGTONIANS FOR PRESERVATION POST ARLINGTON, OF THE POTOMAC PALISADES B O X 335 VIRGINIA 22210 Telephone: 525-4932 L E S L I E LOCAN President ALLAN D . HENRY JOINT P U B L I C HEARING RE: PROPOSED INTERSTATE ice President „ J W A K D MARTIN Treasurer HIGHWAY PROJECT ROUTE 266 GOVERNMENT OF T H E ROBERT N. H I S L O P Secretary D I S T R I C T OF C O L U M B I A AND T H E C O M M O N W E A L T H WASHINGTON, BEFORE: OF VIRGINIA D . C , NOVEMBER 24, 1964 M r . C . W . Kestner, D i s t r i c t Engineer V i r g i n i a Department of H i g h w a y s and C o l . John A . I s r a e l s o n , Hearing Officer D . C . Board of Commissioners F o l l o w i n g i s a "position" breakdown of testimony and statements included i n the 533-page printed record of the above h e a r i n g . E L E C T E D O F F I C I A L BODIES FOR Route 1-266 & Bridge A G A I N S T Any Route 1-266 & Bridge Arlington County Board Democratic C e n t r a l Committee of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia APPOINTED O F F I C I A L BODIES C o m m i s s i o n e r ' s Planning & Urban Renewal Advisory Council Arlington County C u l t u r a l Heritage C o m m i s s i o n Arlington County School Board F a i r f a x County Planning Staff Washington Metropolitan Area Traffic & Highway Board Washington Metropolitan Area T r a n s i t C o m m i s s i o n ( 1 of 6 ) O T H E R �APPOINTED O F F I C I A L S FOR Route 1-266 & Bridge A G A I N S T , Any Route 1-266 & Bridge O T H E R Arlington County Manager* C I V I C PLANNING GROUPS C i t i z e n s T r a n s i t Improvement Association ( D . C . ) Committee of 100 on the Federal C i t y Northwest Committee for Transportation Planning ( D . C . ) Washington Planning & Housing A s s o c i a t i o n C I T I Z E N S ASSOCIATIONS AND C I T I Z E N S ASSOCIATION FEDERATIONS Arlington County C i v i c Federation Arlingtonians for Preservation of the Potomac P a l i s a d e s C a p i t o l View C i v i c A s s n . Georgetown C a n a l & Riverside Council 'request further study) (D.C.) C a t h e d r a l H e i g h t - C l e v e l a n d Park Citizens Association ( D . C . ) C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n of Georgetown D . C . Federation of C i v i c A s s n s . Federation of C i t i z e n s A s s n s . of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia * = Recommendations of County Manager contained i n h i s memorandum of November 6, 1964 (pp. 4 8 7 - 4 9 2 ) were unanimously r e j e c t e d by Arlington County Board on November 14, 1964. See page 4 3 . ( 2 of 6 ) �FOR Route 1-266 & Bridge A G A I N S T Any Route 1-266 •& Bridge O T H E R Inter-Federation C o u n c i l of the Greater Washington Metropolitan Area (mistakenly identified i n "Contents" p . D , a s "Arlington County C i v i c Federation) North F o x h a l l Road A s s n . (D.C.) North Highlands C i t i z e n s A s s n . ( A r l . ) Northwest C o u n c i l of C i t i z e n s Associations ( D . C . ) Palisades Citizens A s s n . (D.C.) Parkway C i t i z e n s A s s n . ( A r l . ) Riverwood C i t i z e n s A s s n . (mistakenly identified i n "Contents" p . C , a s "Arlington C i t i z e n s A s s n . " ) Shepherd Park C i t i z e n s A s s n . (D.C.) CHURCHES Cherrydale Methodist Church ( A r l . ) S t . Andrew's E p i s c o p a l Church ( A r l . ) PARENT-TEACHER ASSOCIATIONS \ Arlington County C o u n c i l of PTA's PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS D . C . Society of Profess i o n a l Engineers Washington Metropolitan Chapter American Institute of Architects Washington Section of the Institute of Traffic Engineers ( 3 of 6 ) Woodmont School PTA ( A r l . ) i n opposition to Plan I I I �CONSERVATION FOR Route 1-266 & Bridge A G A I N S T Any Route 1-266 & Bridge Audubon N a t u r a l i s t Society of C e n t r a l A t l a n t i c States SPORTS AND RECREATION C o a c h of W a s h i n g t o n - L e e High School ( A r l . ) , Rowing Team and Potomac Boat C l u b Washington Rowing A s s o c i a t i o n TRADE ASSOCIATIONS, LABOR & BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS, E T C . Arlington Chamber of Commerce Northeast B u s i n e s s m e n ' s A s s n . Inc. (D.C.) Arlington Junior Chamber of Commerce Automotive Trade A s s n . N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Area D . C . Advisory Board of the AAA D i s t r i c t of Columbia Trucking A s s o c i a t i o n F a i r f a x County Chamber of Commerce Greater Washington C e n t r a l Labor C o u n c i l , A F L - C I O Greater Washington S e r v i c e Station A s s o c i a t i o n Joint Committee on Transportation for Metropolitan Washington ( 4 of 6 ) O T H E R �FOR Koute 1-266 & Bridge A G A I N S T Any Route 1-266 & Bridge O T FI E R Northern Virginia Advisory oard of the American Automobile A s s o c i a t i o n * N Washington Representatives of Rubber & T i r e Manufacturers FIRMS Airport Transport, I n c . E a s t e r n Greyhound L i n e s Trailways-Safeway Trails, Inc. INDIVIDUALS T r . Paul J . C l a f f e y M r s . D a v i d Ferguson M r . & M r s . E . Kendrick M r s . I s a b e l C . Moore Christian H . Nelson M r s . R . A . Patterson I r v i n g C . Root (representing h i m s e l f and 8 others) Leonard Wheat M r s . L . T . Day M r s . Rose W . G o r z k o w s k i J . H . Heckman A l l a n D . Henry Robert Hershman Robert N . H i slop Hon. Frank Horton ( U . S . Congressman) W . B . Flussey M r s . Katherine Knox Sidney T . Mathews M r . & M r s . Dwight F . Rettie John N . Ruffner Edith R . Saul Ambassador & M r s . W m . Witman Karl G . Sorg (representing owners of 3 buildings i n R o s s l y n i n opposition to Plan I ) PETITIONS Signatures of approximately 670 i n d i v i d u a l s r e s i d i n g or working i n proposed Route 1-266 area ( A r l . ) pp. 339 - 367 * = A member of the Northern Virginia C l u b of the AAA challenged t h i s position b e c a u s e membership w a s not p o l l e d , page 7 1 . ( 5 of 6 ) �PETITIONS ( C O N ' T . ) FOR Route 1-266 & Bridge A G A I N S T Any Route 1-266 & Bridge OTHER Signatures of 26 i n d i v i d u a l r e s i d e n t s ( D . C . ) pp. 460-462 HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT O F F I C I A L S & THEIR CONTRACT CONSULTANTS T . F . A i r i s , Director Department of H i g h w a y s and T r a f f i c , D . C . A . A . G r a n t , C h i e f Engineer Office of Planning & Programm i n g s , Department of H i g h w a y s & Traffic, D . C . Elmer K . Timby, Partner Howard, N e e d l e s , Tammen 6c Bergendoff, Consultant Engineers (engaged by D . C . & V a . Highway Departments, d i s c u s s e d h i s f i r m ' s " L o c a t i o n Studies Interstate Route 266") M I S C E L L A N E O U S STATEMENTS V. J . Perricelli U . S . Army Corps of E n g i n e e r s , r e l o c a t i o n of u t i l i t i e s (This person merely pointed out need for r e l o c a t i o n of watei. pipes under r i v e r i f Plan I w a s s e l e c t e d . ) Father T . Byron Collins, S . J . Georgetown U n i v e r s i t H . M . Snead, Jr. Virginia Highway Department (The purpose of t h i s .person's statement w a s to put i n the record and to acquaint those present w i t h the general procedure for a c q u i s i t i o n of rights of w a y for h i g h w a y s . ) ( 6 of 6 ) �80 MR. LOGAN: An e a r l i e r p u b l i c h e a r i n g on 1-266 h e l d by t h e V i r g i n i a Highway Department i n 1962 a l s o made a f a r c e of the p r i n c i p l e of the p u b l i c hearing. I n h i s J u l y 2, 1962, r e p o r t o f t h e h e a r i n g , D i s t r i c t E n g i n e e r C. W.Kestner admitted t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y opposed t h e p r o j e c t . He s a i d : "The m a j o r i t y o f t h e people a t t h e h e a r i n g were opposed t o t h i s p r o j e c t due t o damage t o t h e i r property and some f e a r e d damage t o t h e P a l i s a d e s . " I n s p i t e o f t h i s , he recommended a p p r o v a l o f t h e project. T h i s e v i d e n c e o f a r b i t r a r y a p p r o v a l o f t h e 1-266 p r o j e c t i n s p i t e o f overwhelming t e s t i m o n y o f c i t i z e n s i n opposition t o i t shows a c l e a r v i o l a t i o n o f t h e purpose o f t h e p u b l i c h e a r i n g as d e f i n e d and a s r e a f f i r m e d by t h e r e c e n t d e c i s i o n o f t h e U. S. F e d e r a l Court o f Appeals which l e d t o suspending c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge. The d e c i s i o n s t a t e s t h a t p u b l i c h e a r i n g provisions o f t h e F e d e r a l - A i d Highway A c t were e n a c t e d " . . . t o make sure t h a t State planning o f f i c i a l s a r e apprised o f the nature and depth o f l o c a l r e s i d e n t s ' f e e l i n g s about t h e wisdom o f a p a r t i c u l a r p r o j e c t " and t h a t " . . . t h e s i m i l a r i t i e s between v o t i n g ad the public hearing are strong. The purposes and the e f f e c t o f a h e a r i n g may be t h e same a s those o f a v o t e . " Gentlemen, i n 1962 and 1964 t h e people v o t e d a g a i n s t 1-266. E i t h e r r e v o k e y o u r d e c i s i o n o r g i v e us a new �corridor-location hearing. But t h e r e a r e a d d i t i o n a l c o m p e l l i n g reasons why you must h o l d a new c o r r i d o r - l o c a t i o n h e a r i n g . The P o l i c y and Procedure Memorandum o f t h e U. S. Department o f Transportation which d i r e c t s t h e implementation o f t h e F e d e r a l - A i d Highway A c t s t a t e s under Paragraph 6, Hearing Requirements, t h a t : "a. Both a c o r r i d o r p u b l i c h e a r i n g and a d e s i g n p u b l i c h e a r i n g must be h e l d , o r an o p p o r t u n i t y a f f o r d e d those h e a r i n g s , w i t h r e s p e c t project t o each F e d e r a l - a i d for highway that: " ( 1 ) I s on a new l o c a t i o n ; o r " ( 2 ) Would have a s u b s t a n t i a l l y d i f f e r e n t s o c i a l , economic o r e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t ; o r " ( 3 ) Would e s s e n t i a l l y change t h e l a y o u t o r f u n c t i o n o f c o n n e c t i n g roads o r s t r e e t s . I n 1964, three s i t e s f o r t h i s i n t e r s t a t e r i v e r i n g were t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e c o r r i d o r - l o c c i t i o n h e a r i n g s . cross The d e s i g n s we a r e supposed t o d i s c u s s today a r e a t none c f t h e s e sites. The d e s i g n s a r e , i n f a c t , "on a new l o c a t i o n . " T h e r e f o r e , under Paragraph 6 a (1) o f t h e Memorandum implementing t h e law, a new c o r r i d o r - l o c a t i o n h e a r i n g i s required. T h i s requirement h a s bean e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e U. S. F e d e r a l C o u r t o f Appeals which determined t h a t because t h e b r i d g e now under d i s c u s s i o n i s s e v e r a l hundred f e e t away from even t h e c l o s e s t s i t e i n t h e 1964 h e a r i n g s new c o r r i d o r - �82 l o c a t i o n h e a r i n g s s h o u l d be h e l d on t h e b a s i s o f a change i n site. As now p l a n n e d by t h e highway departments, t h e b r i d g e and i t s c o n n e c t i o n s on both s i d e s o f t h e r i v e r a r e d i f f e r e n t and w i l l have d i f f e r e n t cUid d e f i n i t e e f f e c t s on c o n n e c t i n g roads and s t r e e t s i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and A r l i n g t o n t h a n t h o s e o f t h e 1964 p l a n s . For i n s t a n c e , t h e 1964 p l a n s showed d i r e c t connec- t i o n s w i t h l o c a l s t r e e t s i n Northwest Washington. The p r e s e n t p l a n s show no a c c e s s from Northwest Washington e x c e p t from the P a l i s a d e s Parkway an no e x i t i n t o Northwest Washington u n t i l K Street. On t h e A r l i n g t o n s i d e , today's p l a n s f o r 1-266 show Spout Run Parkway swallowed up by t h e i n t e r s t a t e highway r e s u l t i n g i n a s i t u a t i o n t h a t f o r c e s l o c a l t r a f f i c en r o u t e to George Washington P a r k way i n t o a dangerous t h r e e - l a n e c r o s s - o v e r i n some 600 f e e t . I n t h e 1964 p l a n s , Spout Run Parkway was r e t a i n e d as a d i r e c t r o u t e f o r l o c a l t r a f f i c t o t h e George Washington Parkway. I n 1964, Lee Highway was shown as a f o u r - l a n e highway a t t h e u j u n c t u r e o f 1-66 and 1-266; t o d a y ' s p l a n s show i t w i l l be s i x l a n e s w i d e , i n c r e a s i n g t o e i g h t l a n e s a s i t moves e a s t ward. Not o n l y a r e t h e p l a n s wo s e e today d i f f e r e n t and d i f f e r e n t i n t h e i r e f f e c t on l o c a l roads and s t r e e t s t h a n those �83 p r e s e n t e d t o us a t t h e 1964 h e a r i n g s , but t h e 1964 hearings c o u l d n o t , because t h e y d i d not e x i s t , c o n s i d e r two v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t changes r e l e v a n t t o l o c a l t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s . Since 1964, the B e l t w a y has removed much o f t h e t r a f f i c l o a d from l o c a l s t r e e t s and the mass r a p i d t r a n s i t system — then o n l y a dream, i s now subway — under c o n s t r u c t i o n . There i s no q u e s t i o n but t h a t t h e subway w i l l change l o c a l t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s i n a y e t unknown manner i n a d d i t i o n t o removing thousands o f automobiles from our streets. The p r o j e c t s e t b e f o r e us today i s so d i f f e r e n t than any s e t b e f o r e us i n 1964 t h a t i t "would e s s e n t i a l l y change t h e l a y o u t o r f u n c t i o n o f c o n n e c t i n g roads o r s t r e e t s " under Paragraph law, a new and 6 a (3) o f the Memorandum implementing t h e corridor-location hearing i s required. I n t h e 1954 h e a r i n g s t h e highway departments gave no c o n s i d e r a t i o n a t a l l to the already e x i s t i n g metropolitan a r e a problem o f automotive-caused a i r p o l l u t i o n , nor t o n o i s e pollution. S i n c e t h e n , t h e s e problems have mushroomed t o a crucial poin Now, i n 1970, and i n t h e y e a r s ahead, a i r and noise p o l l u t i o n must be a prime, c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n highway p l a n n i n g . More highways i n v i t e more c a r s and more c a r s generate more pollution. What community can s u r v i v e o v e r 20 l a n e s o f c a r s spewing t h e i r poisonous e x h a u s t s and pounding out t h e i r bodyand m i n d - t o r t u r i n g n o i s e ? �84 P h y s i c i a n s , s c i e n t i s t s , economists,aagronomists, the Congress and t h e P r e s i d e n t r e c o g n i z e t h a t we now f a c e a l a s t c h o i c e between l i f e and death. Y e t , as r e c e n t l y as June 1970,the F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t o r , admitted under oath — F r a n c i s G. T u r n e r , page 852, C i v i l A c t i o n No. 2821-69, U. S. D i s t r i c t Court f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia — standards e x i s t f o r determining s a f e o r unsafe t h a t no concentrations o f a i r p o l l u t i o n on t h e highways. Objective made. a i r and r.oise p o l l u t i o n s t u d i e s must be Unfounded, g e n e r a l s t a t e m e n t s such a s you g i v e us on page 13 o f y o u r l a t e s t p u b l i c a t i o n t o t h e e f f e c t t h a t 1-266 "should" decrease a i r p o l l u t i o n a r e i r r e s p o n s i b l e . (Applause. These s t u d i e s must be made and openly r e v e a l e d t o t h e s c i e n t i f i c community and t o t h e p u b l i c and f u l l y d i s c u s s e d with them b e f o r e a highway i s approved. A i r and n o i s e p o l l u t i o n were n o t r e c o g n i z e d a s problems i n 1964. health. Therefore, I n 1970, we know t h e i r e f f e c t on p u b l i c under Paragraph 6 a (2) o f t h e Memorandum implementing t h e lav?, a new c o r r i d o r - l o c a t i o n h e a r i n g i s re- el i r e d . Paragraph 138, Federal-Aid declared Preservation o f Parklands, Highway A c t o f 1968, states: of the " I t i s hereby t o be t h e n a t i o n a l p o l i c y chat s p e c i a l e f f o r t should be made t o p r e s e r v e t h e n a t u r a l beauty o f t h e c o u n t r y s i d e and p u b l i c park and r e c r e a t i o n l a n d s , w i l d l i f e and w a t e r f o w l �r e f u g e s , and h i s t o r i c sites." The highway departments a r e t h u s now o b l i g a t e d by law t o p r o t e c t our p a r k l a n d s , an o b l i g a t i o n which was not s h a r p l y d e f i n e d to them i n 1964. complex would e r a s e 31.6 The Three S i s t e r s so Bridge a c r e s o f n a t i o n a l p a r k l a n d on the V i r g i n i a s i d e a l o n e and, a d d i t i o n a l l y , i t would i m p a i r ecolog- i c a l l y and a e s t h e t i c a l l y a l l the renuiining acreage of Spout Run Parkway. The V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways proposes to " r e p l a c e " the 31.6 a c r e s i t would t a k e f o r 1-266 acres of land elsewhere. Spout Run Parkway was with 31,6 c r e a t e d as n a t i o n a l p a r k l a n d by a s p e c i a l ACt o f Congress, the CapperCramton A c t o f 1930, which s e t a s i d e t h e s e V i r g i n i a shores of the Potomac as " r e q u i s i t e t o the comprehensive p a r k , parkway and playground system o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l . " Note t h a t i t was " r e q u i s i t e " t o the system i n I s i t l e s s r e q u i r e d i n 1970? 1930. T h i s n a t i o n a l p a r k l a n d i n the Potomac Gorge, a few m i l e s from the C a p i t o l and the White House, r i c h i n h i s t o r i c a l , n a t u r a l and a e s t h e t i c v a l u e c<mnot be r e p l a c e d . There i s no l a n d anywhere t h a t can r e p l a c e the unique q u a l i t y o f t h i s t h a t would be t a k e n by the 1-266 F u r t h e r m o r e , no m a t t e r how projects. even o r uneven the t r a d e , the S e c r e t a r y o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n and the S e c r e t a r y o f the I n t e r i o r cannot b a r t e r t h i s n a t i o n a l p a r k l a n d a r e a which c r e a t e d by the Capper-Crarr.ton Act. was The Capper-Cramton A c t o f �86 1930 must be r e p e a l e d o r amended by t h e Congress b e f o r e t h e V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways i s p e r m i t t e d square i n c h o f t h i s n a t i o n a l p a r k l a n d t o use one for i t s interstate highway. The commitment o f t h e S e c r e t a r y o f t h e I n t e r i o r t o preserve t h i s a r e a i s e v i d e n t i n t h e p o l i c y paper e n t i t l e d "Statement o f t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e Regarding t h e P r e s e r v a t i o n and P r o t e c t i o n o f t h e A e s t h e t i c Q u a l i t i e s o f t h e Potomac R i v e r Gorge" i s s u e d i n 1962 by t h e Department o f t h e Interior. I r e a d from i t : "... Here a r e combined h i s t o r i c a l s i t e s , scenic v i e w s , s c i e n t i f i c a r e a s , and r e c r e a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s which a r e unique i n t h i s c o u n t r y . Few a r e a s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s combine so many h i s t o r i c a l monuments i n so s m a l l a d i s t r i c t as t h e Potomac R i v e r V a l l e y i n t h e Washington r e g i o n , because o f P r e s i d e n t Washington's i n t i m a t e a s s o c i a t i o n s w i t h t h e s e lands and because o f t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l on the banks o f t h e Potomac." The p o l i c y paper goes on t o p o i n t out t h e long t r a d i t i o n of protection of t h e a r e a by t h e Congress, even p r i o r t o t h e 1930 Capper-Cramton A c t . I t quotes from t h e famous McMillan Commission r e p o r t o f 1901: "The beauty o f t h e s c e n e r y along t h e route o f t h i s proposed noble r i v e r s i d e improvement i s so r a r e and, i n t h e �37 minds o f t h e Commission, o f s o g r e a t v a l u e n o t o n l y t o a l l Wcishington b u t t o a l l v i s i t o r s , American and f o r e i g n , t h a t i t s h o u l d be safeguarded i n e v e r y way." The paper a l s o quotes George Washington, who s a i d i n 1786: "Nothing i n my o p i n i o n would c o n t r i b u t e more t o t h e w e l f a r e o f t h e s e S t a t e s t h a n t h e p r o p e r management o f our l a n d s , and n o t h i n g i n t h i s S t a t e o f V i r g i n i a 3eems t o be l e s s understood.• The p o l i c y statement "... concludes as f o l l o w s : The n e e d l e s s i r r e s p o n s i b l e s a c r i f i c e o f openness and n a t u r a l beauty i s n o t j u s t a d i m i n i s h i n g r e c r e a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t y , b u t something o f more s i g n i f i c a n t and l a s t i n g importance, area. e s p e c i a l l y i n the National C a p i t a l I n t e l l i g e n t l a n d p l a n n i n g now w i l l determine t o a l a r g e degree t h e c h a r a c t e r , beauty and p l e a s a n t n e s s o f t h e human environment, and t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l a s w e l l as p h y s i c a l h e a l t h o f o u r people o f coming g e n e r a t i o n s . " S i n c e 1962, no S e c r e t a r y o f t h e I n t e r i o r has r e s c i n d e d , r e p e a l e d o r even amended t h i 3 p o l i c y . Indeed, a s r e c e n t l y a s A p r i l 1969, t h e S e c r e t a r y o f t h e I n t e r i o r i s s u e d this statement: " T h i s [Potomac] r i v e r , more t h a n any o t h e r , i s an v. • h i s t o r i c p a r t o f American t r a d i t i o n . " I t i s a monstrous a c t o f t h e highway people t o �p r e s s u r e and push t h e I n t e r i o r Department i n t o a p o s i t i o n contrary to i t s policy. F i n a l l y , gentlemen, l e t ' s g e t t o t h e c o r e o f t h e matter. What k i n d o f highv/ay departments a r e you? What k i n d o f highv/ay departments a r e you t h a t c i t i z e n s must go t o c o u r t t o f o r c e you t o h o l d t h i s d e s i g n hearing which, according t o the law — (applause) — under which you f u n c t i o n , you a r e r e q u i r e d t o h o l d b e f o r e you s t a r t construction of the bridge? What k i n d o f highway department a r e you t h a t s t a r t e d c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a b r i d g e which a c c o r d i n g t o t h e Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads D i v i s i o n E n g i n e e r , Mr. H a l l , i s u n s a f e ? What k i n d o f p u b l i c o f f i c i a l s a r e you t h a t push ahead w i t h t h i s p r o j e c t , spending our money r i g h t and l e f t , when t h e whole m a t t e r o f v/hether o r n o t t h e r e s h a l l be a Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s under c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e h i g h e r courts o f our land? (Applause.) What k i n d o f p u b l i c o f f i c i a l s a r e you t h a t still i n s i s t on a Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e when i t s r a i s o n d ' e t r e h a s been emoved now t h a t t r u c k s a r e p e r m i t t e d on t h e Theodore Roosevelt Bridge? The S e c r e t a r y o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , Mr. John Volpe, s t a t e d on June 1 2 , 1970, i n t h e U. S. D i s t r i c t Court f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia — C i v i l A c t i o n No. 2821-69, page 766 — �89 t h a t t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e was n o t e s s e n t i a l t o an i n t e g r a t e d n a t i o n a l system o f highways. I f t h i s p r o j e c t i s not e s s e n t i a l t o t h e i n t e r s t a t e system, i t cannot be b u i l t w i t h 90 p e r c e n t F e d e r a l f i n a n c i n g . I f t h i s p r o j e c t i s not e s s e n t i a l , i t s h o u l d be dropped. MR. DUGAS: s a i d i n my opening T L e t me r e s t a t e j u s t one t h i n g t h a t was statement. The r e c o r d i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r case w i l l remain open u n t i l December 28 f o r statements from any e x p e r t on any o f t h e f a c t o r s upon which t h e p u b l i c i s g i v e n t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o comment. I n o t h e r words, i f t h e r e a r e e x p e r t s on n o i s e and a i r and w a t e r p o l l u t i o n o r any o f t h e o t h e r environmental f a c t o r s , t h a t many o f t h e p u b l i c f e e l t h a t they have no e x p e r t i s e t o t e s t i f y on p e r s o n a l l y , t h e r e c o r d w i l l remain open f o r them t o f u r n i s h f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f t h e highway d i r e c t o r s concerned t h e a d v i c e o f t h e s e p a r t i c u l a r e x p e r t s on these p a r t i c u l a r matters. I t h i n k t h i s i s an a p p r o p r i a t e time f o r us t o t a k e our luncheon r e c e s s , and we w i l l reconvene a t 25 minutes o f 2:00. (Whereupon, a t 12:35 p.m., the public hearing i n the a b o v e - e n t i t l e d m a t t e r was r e c e s s e d , t o reconvene a t 1:35 p.m., t h i s same day.) �1:15 p.m. . ; would l i k e t o a g a i n s a y t h a t t h e r e c o r d v . i l l remain open i n t h i s c a s e u n t i l December 28 f o r t h e r e c e i p t o f any f u r t h e r statements f o r i n c l u s i o n i n the t r a n s c r i p t of these proceed- i n g s , and t h i s w i l l g i v e t h e p u b l i c an o p p o r t u n i t y t o comment jj r e g a r d i n g t h e d e s i g n o f t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and t h e abutments on t h e V i r g i n i a and t h e D i s t r i c t Our f i r s t Harold E c sides. w i t n e s s i n t h e a f t e r n o o n s e s s i o n i s Mr. Worth. STATEMENT OF HAROLD E . WIRTH, CITIZEN — £515 EAST BEXHILL DRIVE, KENSINGTON, MARYLAND MR. WIRTH: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. My name i s H a r o l d W i r t h , and I am s p e a k i n g a s a c i t i z e n o f t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a i n s u p p o r t o f t h e d e s i g n concept o f t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s Bridge,, I feel that the D„ C„ Highway Department and t h e V i r g i n i a Highway Department I s h o u l d be commended f o r t h e e x c e l l e n t p r o p o s a l s t h e y have p r e s e n t e d today„ I n r e v i e w i n g t h e i n f o r m a t i o n p r o v i d e d by t h e highway departments„ and w i t h t h e thought i n mind t h a t t h e F i n e A r t s j Commission h a s a l r e a d y g i v e n s u p p o r t and a p p r o v a l t o t h e T h r e e I Span A l t e r n a t e D e s i g n , I would l i k e t o add my s u p p o r t f o r t h i s �p a r t i c u l a r bridge* C a p i t a l and o f the I f e e l t h a t the t h r e e i s designed to e s t h e t i c a l l y f i t i n t o the a s s i s t you i n making e s t h e t i c comparisons r e s e a r c h e d through s e v e r a l p u b l i c a t i o n s Road F e d e r a t i o n t h a t t o you, MR current i s s u e of PyGAS: 0 as a p a r t o f the of submit MR. of the received and for by t h e way, the this is a I n t e r n a t i o n a l Rord F e d e r a t i o n , I t i s an which group, consultant international organization, from e v e r y c o u n t r y i n the You entered I should l i k e to c a l l your p a r t i c u l a r Chairman* i s the Highway t r a n s p o r t a t i o n 0 Quarterly,," They w i l l be r e f e r r e d t o was "WorId Highways" United H a t i o n s cover committee.) WIRTH: to sir„ front record. f i l e s o f the T h e r e ace two 0 on page 1 9 0 22o t h e r e a r c o v e r page 524 You to the and its f r e e worlds w i l l n o t e , s i r , s t a r t i n g on page 18 of a bridge under c o n s t r u c t i o n .And issue the "Highway u s e r Thank you, (The m a t e r i a l members a r e international I would l i k e t o s h o u l d a l s o l i k e t o submit t o you p i c t u r e o f the publication I sir„ I attention of t h e t o come up w i t h the November 1965 "World Highways," t h e i r p u b l i c a t i o n . , e character localityo To Mr span a l t e r n a t e i s 3 the s e e a n o t h e r one picture completed o t h e r b e a u t i f u l s t r u c t u r e s on w i l l show you f i v e more. page �Prom an e s t h e t i c p o i n t o f v i e w , i n my must g r a n t you, s i r ^ what one man humble o p i n i o n considers beauty e l s e might n o t c o n s i d e r as s u c h — but B r i d g e f r o m P e r t h , A u s t r a l i a might be the *— and soraeonfe P e r t h Narrows t h e o n l y one which c o u l d compare t o t h e e s t h e t i c c h a r a c t e r o f t h e b r i d g e b e i n g t o you f o l k s here Nov/, I presented today, speaking to p o l l u t i o n , I note w i t h interest t h a t p r o v i s i o n s have been made f o r n o i s e a b a t e m e n t by p l a c i n g the a p p r o a c h t o t h e b r i d g e w i t h i n t h e n a t u r a l v a l l e y c r e a t e d b y Soput Run« I would a l s o l i k e t o comment t h a t n o i s e level w o u l d a p p e a r t o be h i g h e r f r o m v e h i c l e s t h a t a r e s t a c k e d bumper t o bumper r a t h e r t h a n t h o s e w h i c h Of c o u r s e , my its are allowed a point here i s t h a t the bridge I n t e r s t a t e d e s i g n w o u l d a l l o w f o r f a s t and transportation* You f f free through efficient know w h a t t h e t r a f f i c s i t u a t i o n i s a t the ruch hour at t h a t p o i n t Also up currently i t s h o u l d be n o t e d p that exhaust pollution, w h i c h w o u l d be h i g h e r i n bumper-to-bumper t r a f f i c w o u l d l e s s i f the v e h i c l e s were a b l e t o pass o v e r t h e be facility w i t h o u t tie-up„ Mr, Chairman, I would l i k e t o speak o b j e c t i v e l y t h i s p o i n t , b e c a u s e I know e x a c t l y w h a t h a o p e n s when a o r h i g h w a y i s b u i l t on stilts„ b l o c k s o f 495 freeway I happen t o l i v e w i t h i n the c a p i t a l Beltway*. And through on two no f a u l t of �• ashington — - had n o t been b u i l t — b u t t h e y h a d t o go through Rock C r e e k Park r i g h t s o u t h o f my home. a highway o n s t i l t s * And t o do s o t h e y had t o b u i l d The n o i s e l e v e l i s r a t h e r t e r r i f i c i c a u s e o'~ t h e w o n d e r f u l d e s i g n concept 0 t h a t t h e Maryland r o a d e n g i n e e r s have done by b u i l d i n g t h i s r o a d , t h e s o u t h e r n a p p r o a c h t o t h e b r i d g e through Spout R u n , and s i n k i n g i t i n t o a v a l l e y , i t w i l l make t h i s highway almost In silent. r e f e r e n c e t o s a f e t y , I f e e l t h a t t h e U«* S . Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , t h r o u g h i t s r e s e a r c h f a c i l i t i e s , h a s made i t p l a i n l y e v i d e n t t h a t t h e I n t e r s t a t e d e s i g n f o r a g i v e n highv/ay f a c i l i t y h a s proven t o be a s u b s t a n t i a l factor i n the r e d u c t i o n of t r a f f i c accidents.. Mr. C h a i r m a n 3 I think thst the structure i n question would p r o v i d e t h e p e o p l e o f t h i s a r e a and t h e N a t i o n w i t h a modern and h i g h l y s a f e f a c i l i t y . I note w i t h i n t e r e s t those s a f e t y f e a t u r e s t h a t have been proposed f o r t h e b r i d g e , s u c h a s i l l u m i n a t i o n , t h e median b a r r i e r and t h e f u l l s h o u l d e r s u These d e s i g n f e a t u r e s a p p a r e n t l y would make t h i s b r i d g e one o f t h e most modern i n terms o f s a f e t y i n t h e Washington a r e a o f Washington. As a u s e r o f t h e h i g h w a y s , I f e e l t h a t a f a c i l i t y a s proposed h a s a s u b s t a n t i a l impact upon t h e economies o f t h e �• a t a x p a y i n g highway u s e r , I f e e l t h a t my u s e r t a x e s s h o u l d be a l l o c a t e d t o pay for f a c i l i t i e s s u c h a s t h i s w h i c h w i l l make t r a v e l easier f o r m y s e l f and m i l l i o n s o f o t h e r s l i k e me„ B e f o r e r e t i r e m e n t l a s t y e a r I appeared h e a r i n g s on t h e proposed f r e e w a y s ; as a matter a t numerous f o r the metropolitan area, o f f a c t , from t h e y e a r 1956 up t o t h e p r e s e n t h e a r i n g s j, and I have s t a t e d on numerous o c c a s i o n s t h a t t h e I n t e r s t a t e System s h o u l d be completed through the i n t e r e s t o f n a t i o n a l d e f e n s e . Washington i n I t s h o u l d be o b s e r v e d that t h i s proposed l i n k t o t h e I n t e r s t a t e Highway 66 and t h e h i g h way systems o f t h e D i s t r i c t w i l l provide y e t another link i n t h i s N a t i o n a l Defense System, and t h a t t h e proposed d e s i g n f o r t h i s s y s t e m would be s u c h a s t o meet t h e I n t e r s t a t e standards„ As a f i n a l thought„ I would l i k e t o t o u c h f o r a minute on t h e C o u n c i l o f Governments I n f o r m a t i o n Report j 32 | 0 Number T h i s r e p o r t d e a l t w i t h employment f o r e c a s t and c e n t e r s i n t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a , and i t l a i d a g r e a t d e a l o f emphasis on t h e Washington c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t i growth i n t h e N o r t h e r n V i r g i n i a as w e l l as p r o j e c t e d Area. My p o i n t h e r e i s t h a t a n o t h e r b r i d g e a c r o s s t h e Potomac and one t h a t i s d e s i g n e d t o handle a substantial quantity of t r a f f i c w i l l a l l o w f o r g r e a t e r m o b i l i t y o f t h e populace from �As an a s i d e comment, Mr. Chairman, I j u s t from Rome, I t a l y , returned Rome h a s t r a f f i c problems somewhat s i m i l a r t o Washington, although t h e i r t r a f f i c count i s n o t n e a r l y as great as ours. But I made a count„ are t e n bridges. Across t h e T i b e r t h e r e Across t h e Potomac t h e r e a r e p r e s e n t l y six,;, I do n o t t h i n k one more would be t o o much f o r t h e t r a f f i c c a p i t a l of the world. T h e r e f o r e , Mr. Chairman, Z urge t h a t t h e Highway Department be a l l o w e d t o resume i t s c o n s t r u d t i o n o f t h i s f a c i l i t y , and t h a t t h e t h r e e span a l t e r n a t e be t h e proposed design. I thank you„ MR. DUGAS: Mr« John Thank you, s i r . Winder. STATEMENT OF JOHN S. WINDER, J R . , EXELUTIVE DIRECTOR, METROPOLITAN WASHINGTON COALITION FOR CLEAN A I R Mr u Winder. Thank you, s i r . Mr„ Chairman, my name i s John S„ Winder, Jr„„ and I am the E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r o f t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington C o a l i t i o n f o r Clean A i r . I appreciate t h i s opportunity t o once a g a i n b r i n g t o your a t t e n t i o n t h e i n t e n s e i n t e r e s t s and concerns o f t h e members o f t h i s c i t i z e n s 0 organization As you a r e aware, t h e MWCCA i s a c i t i z e n s 9 u coalition �jj 96 r e p r e s e n t i n g o v e r 75 o r g a n i z a t i o n s and hundreds o f i n d i v i d u a l I members from throughout t h e Washington m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a , and i s a f f i l i a t e d w i t h t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia T u b e r c u l o s i s and Respiratory Disease Association. We a r e f u l l y committed t o a p o l i c y o f c i t i z e n a c t i o n and c i t i z e n e d u c a t i o n f o r t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n and improvement o f t h e a i r q u a l i t y i n our N a t i o n a l Capital area, Department once a g a i n , wa s t r o n g l y urge .the D. C. Highway t o respond t o , and r e f l e c t , t h i s growing citizen concern. Although t h e D. C. Department o f Highways and T r a f f i has r e c o g n i z e d t h a t " P o l l u t i o n comes from a v a r i e t y o f s o u r c e s 9 t h e r e i s no q u e s t i o n t h a t t h e motor v e h i c l e c o n t r i b u t e s by f a r the major p r o p o r t i o n o f a i r p o l l u t a n t s throughout t h e c o u n t r y . "The normal o p e r a t i o n o f a g a s o l i n e combustion engine r e s u l t s i n e m i s s i o n and d i s p e r s i o n o f s i g n i f i c a n t amounts o f contaminants i n t o t h e atmosphere. These contaminants i n c l u d e carbon monoxide, which i s i t s e l f t o x i c , and a v a r i e t y o f o t h e r substances which f u r t h e r r e a c t w i t h s u n l i g h t i n the production o f photochemical smog. A l s o produced by t h e i n t e r n a l combustion engine i s a v a r i e t y o f h i g h l y r e a c t i v e hydrocarbon b y - p r o d u c t s , some o f w h i a r e t o x i c and o t h e r s o f which undergo r e a c t i o n s t o form t o x i c products. N i t r o g e n o x i d e s a r e a l s o formed by t h e r e a c t i o n between a t m o s p h e r i c oxygen and a t m o s p h e r i c n i t r o g e n . These contaminants account f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 6 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o x i c �s u b s t a n c e s produced by an average automobile Autmobiles cause, i n a d d i t i o n , today s i g n i f i c a n t eoncen- { r a t i o n s o f ozone, l e a d , a s b e s t o s , n i t r o g e n d i o x i d e , and o t h e r t o x i c substances. N e a r l y l o 2 m i l l i o n tons o f slow o x i d i z i n g , h a r m f u l carbon monoxide.were e m i t t e d i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i n 1968, and t h i s f i g u r e amounts t o 5o p e r c e n t b y weight o f a l l major a i r p o l l u t a n t emissions f o r that y e a r . I n a d d i t i o n , the i n t e r n a l combustion engine c o n t r i b u t e s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 58 per cent o f this total CO. T r a n s p o r t a t i o n s o u r c e s c o n t r i b u t e d n e a r l y 93 p e r c e n t o f t h e carbon monoxide i n t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a , and r o u g h l y lCO p e r cent o f t h e CO e m i t t e d by motor v e h i c l e s emanates from the automobile 0 The b u r n i n g o f f u e l by motor v e h i c l e s i s a l s o the l a r g e s t s i n g l e source o f hydrocarbons (72 per c e n t of t h e t o t a l ) and n i t r o g e n o x i d e s (.33 per c e n t o f t h e t o t a l ) „ Further,, mobile s o u r c e s account f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 18 per c e n t o f t h e t o t a l area-wide p a r t i c u l a t e emissions,. F i g u r e s compiled by the U n i t e d S t a t e s P u b l i c H e a l t h S e r v i c e i n d i c a t e t h a t i n 1965, t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s o u r c e s e m i t t e d n e a r l y 350,000 tons o f carbon monoxide i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia a i r and o v e r 1,200,000 tons o f CO throughout t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a i n one y e a r u Motor v e h i c l e s c o n t r i b u t e d hydrocarbons t o our a i r i n amounts o f o v e r 64,000 tons i n D* C. and n e a r l y 2 2 5 , 0 0 0 �98 tons throughout the a r e a per y e a r 0 O v e r 15,000 t o n s o f n i t r o g e n o x i d e s i n t h e D i s t r i c t and o v e r 51,000 t o n s o f n i t r o gen o x i d e s t h r o u g h o u t t h e a r e a w e r e e m i t t e d b y m o t o r v e h i c l e s in 19656 I n a d d i t i o n , i n t h i s same y e a r , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s o u r c e e m i t t e d n e a r l y 2,000 t o n s o f p a r t i c u l a t e 6,000 t o n s o f p a r t i c u l a t e s o v e r t h i s T h i s massive motor v e h i c l e s i n D. C. and o v e r area„ cloud of d a i l y p o l l u t a n t s created by i n t h e D > Co m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a i s f u r t h e r i n t e n s < f i e d by the n a t u r a l c l i m a t o l o g y o f the r e g i o n i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e D, C a air area suffers 0 Statistics f r o m t h e p e r i o d s o f extrem'e s t a g n a t i o n , l a s t i n g f o r a b o u t 5 days,, o n c e e v e r y y e a r i n August through O c t o b e r , and e v e r y o t h e r y e a r i n May through December. One o f t h e most h a r m f u l o f a l l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o r i e n t e d p o l l u t a n t s i s carbon varying effects, monoxide including f a t a l i t i e s , ( and most o f i t s are well documented I n c r e a s e d i n t a k e s o f CO c a n c a u s e h e a d a c h e s , i n s o m n i a , fatigue, i r r i t a b i l i t y , c lassitudcb i m p a i r m e n t o f memory, c o n f u s i o n , d i z z i n e s s , mood d i s t u r b a n c e s , c a r d i a n symptoms, d i g e s t i v e d i s t u r b a n c e s , d i a r r h e a , h y p e r h y d r o s i s , t h i r s t , and i m p a i r e d p e r f o r m a n c e on s u c h t e s t s a s t h e a b i l i t y t o do a r i t h m e t i c " S e n s i t i v e sub-groups o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n , such as c h i l d r e n , t h e e l d e r l y , people w i t h c h r o n i c lung d i s e a s e s a s empysema, b r o n c h i t i s , a s t h m a , and p e o p l e w i t h such congestive h e a r t f a i l u r e , a r e more s e n s i t i v e t o t h i s o o l l u t a n t t h a n a r e �•xg body o f if carbon monoxide of — coronary heart atherosclerosis disease," The r e l a t i o n s h i p o f ambient CO l e v e l s w i t h f a t a l t r a f f i c a c c i d e n t s , as w e l l as w i t h a c c i d e n t s i n g e n e r a l , has a l s o been identified. In a d d i t i o n , the F e d e r a l A i r Q u a l i t y C r i t e r i a f o r c a r b o n monoxide i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e t i m e - i n t e r v a l judgment o f norismokers i s n o t a b l y i m p a i r e d a f t e r 90 minute e x p o s u r e s t o 50 p a r t s p e r m i l l i o n o f CO o r a f t e r 8 o r more h o u r s e x p o s u r e s t o o n l y 10*15 ppm carbon monoxide„ R e c o g n i z i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l danger t o t h e p u b l i c h e a l t h ) and w e l f a r e , t h e New Y o r k C i t y Department of A i r Resources conducted a s t u d y o f t h e a i r p o l l u t i o n e f f e c t s o f t h e proposed Lower Manhattan E x p r e s s w a y , As a r e s u l t o f t h i s New York s u r v e y , w h i c h p r e d i c t e d carbon monoxide l e v e l s o f 30O ppm City and h i g h e r , t h e p r o p o s a l f o r a freeway through a h e a v i l y populated a r e a was r e j e c t e d a s a h a z a r d t o h e a l t h . A l s o i n Rev/ York C i t y , a t r a g i c f a i l u r e o f comprehen-' s i v e p l a n n i n g h a s been r e c o g n i z e d i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e George Washington B r i d g e p r o j e c t and t h e a i r r i g h t s o v e r I n t e r s t a t e 95\ F o u r 3o<~story apartment b u i l d i n g s have been c o n s t r u c t e d o v e r t h i s freeway* and c a r b o n monoxide l e v e l s measured on t h e t o p f l o o r s o f t h e s e b u i l d i n g s have been found as h i g h a s t h e h a z a r d o u s �100 rush-hour l e v e l s o f downtown Manhattan a t s t r e e t l e v e l s a tragedy Such can and must be a v e r t e d i n the Washington metro- politan area. notwithstanding massive r e s e a r c h , v e r y l i t t l e r e a r p r o g r e s s has been made w i t h the development o f auto p o l l u t i o n control. The P r e s i d e n t ' s S c i e n c e Advisor has r e c e n t l y r e p o r t e d that: :, There i s s t r o n g e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e use o f F e d e r a l s t a n d a r d s geared t o c o n t r o l l i n g the i n t e r n a l combustion engine w i l l not r e s u l t i n the d r a s t i c i n r o a d s on problem needed t o s a f e g u a r d p u b l i c h e a l t h . the At b e s t , the e f f e c t o f p r e s e n t F e d e r a l s t a n d a r d s w i l l be t o postpone i n time t h e upward growth o f p o l l u t i o n l e v e l s r a t h e r than t o reverse the trend ... These c o n t r o l s / a r e / f a r .less than adequate t o cope w i t h a problem a l r e a d y w e l l out o f hand ... There i s no g u a r a n t e e t h a t t h e degree o f c o n t r o l t h a t i s p o s s i b l e w i t h the i n t e r n a l combusion engine w i l l be adequate beyond r e a s o n a b l e ... The problem i s a l r e a d y l^ounds. The e f f e c t s o f p r e s e n t c o n t r o l d e v i c e s a r e f u r t h e r d i m i n i s h e d hy t h e continuously i n c r e a s i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n of mobiles i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia 4 l o o automobiles per square m i l e 0 o t h e r c i t y i n the auto- a c o n c e n t r a t i o n of n e a r l y which exceeds t h a t of any country. The c r i t i c a l need f o r a t r u l y b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n �j system i n the National c a p i t a l region There i s no q u e s t i o n t o t a l number o f a c t u r e vehicles D i s t r i c t of of t o x i c a i r p o l l u t a n t s . concentrations I t i s also clear that t h i s " l o c a l p l a n n i n g objectives„" sistencies past the two months* t h e proposed detrimental f o l l o w i n g two illustrate this 1 incon conclusion* Federal A i r Quality Act, during the j u r i s d i c t i o n s of V i r g i n i a , Maryland, pollutants — c o n t r o l of t h r e e major j u r i s d i c t i o n s are required Plans —- a s e t of regulations e n f o r c e the photo- D u r i n g t h e n e x t s i x months, each of three The automobile-related c a r b o n m o n o x i d e , h y d r o c a r b o n s , and chemical oxidants. a i r pollutant and t o promulgate these Implementation programs d e s i g n e d t o implemen standards. a i r p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l a g e n c i e s a r e now considerin s u c h m e a s u r e s as a u t o i n s p e c t i o n p r o g r a m s , mass t r a n s i t , traffic control. considerations T r a f f i c control w i l l , to reduce the i n the urban a r e a , the i of course, and involve t o t a l number o f motor v e h i c l e s reduction motor v e h i c l e s , t r a f f - c f r e e the and D i s t r i c t o f Columbia have proposed ambient a i r q u a l i t y s t a n d a r d s f o r the and The w i l l adequately serve to P u r s x i a n t t o the o f motor Columbia, w i t h a r e s u l t i n g i n c r e a s e f r e e w a y p r o j e c t i s h i g h l y i n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h , and to* apparent.) t h a t the c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e increase i n the i n the is dramatically of massive concentrations ( p o l l u t i o n - f r e e ) z o n e s , and t o t a l p r o h i b i t i o n o f motor v e h i c l e s d u r i n g periods of perhaps of I �a g e n c i e s w i t h i n t h e same government — t h e proposed Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e would d r a m a t i c a l l y reduce the e f f e c t i v e n e s s of the e f f o r t s o f t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia a i r p o l l u t i o n d i v i s i o n . A second i r o n i c p l a n n i n g i n c o n s i s t e n c y i s r e a d i l y apparent i n t h e proposed renewal development of the h i s t o r i c Georgetown waterfront i n the area of 29th and K S t r e e t s , N. W « . The i n c r e a s e d T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e t r a f f i c w i l l n o t only impose a concentrated cloud of t o x i c a i r p o l l u t a n t s on t h i s and other adjacent areas but the proposed connecting freeways w i l l e f f e c t i v e l y cut o f f p e d e s t r i a n t r a f f i c from the c a n a l and river recreation areas c Also i n terms of r e l o c a t i o n a s s i s t a n c e , i t i s hereby submitted t h a t such considered compensation be provided t o t h o s persons whose homes or businesses are located adjacent t o t h e major a r t e r i e s r e c e i v i n g the motor v e h i c l e t r a f f i c from t h e proposed Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e M I t i s submitted t h a t the D i s t r i c t should a l s o considejc f i n a n c i a l compensation t o those c i t i z e n s unable t o move a s a f e d i s t a n c e from these heavy concentrations o^ motor v e h i c l e s and who t h e r e f o r e w i l l s u f f e r p o t e n t i a l aggravation of emphysema, asthma, myocardial infarct5„on, and many other c r i p p l i n g d i s e a s e P r i o r t o the November e l e c t i o n s , the Metropolitan Washi n g t o n c o a l i t i o n f o r Clean A i r d i s t r i b u t e d an environmental �103 q u e s t i o n n a i r e t o a r e a c a n d i d a t e s f o r U. S„ Congress, identify- i n g a number o f c r i t i c a l e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s s u e s i n t h i s metropolitan area. I t i s h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t t o note t h a t f i v e o f t h e seven C o n g r e s s i o n a l c a n d i d a t e s responding t o t h i s s u r v e y i n d i c a t e d t h e i r o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f Three S i s t e r s Bridge. There appears t o be no q u e s t i o n t h a t u n q u a l i f i e d o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s more t h a n a d e q u a t e l y supported b y c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f t h e d e t r i m e n t a l s o c i a l , economic, and e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s o f t h e B r i d g e , supported by c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e b l a t a n t i n c o n s i s t e n c y between t h e b r i d g e and l o c a l p l a n n i n g o b j e c t i v e s , and supported by t h e v a s t p o t e n t i a l e x p e n d i t u r e s f o r adequate r e l o c a t i o n a s s i s t a n c e . I.n any c a s e , t h e KWCCA hereby submits t h a t t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h i s m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a d e s e r v e no l e s s than complete suspension o f t h e freeway system u n t i l t h e completion o f a comprehensive study's, by a p p r o p r i a t e , q u a l i f i e d e x p e r t s , t o determine t h e measure o f p o t e n t i a l i n c r e a s e d a i r p o l l u t i o n , and t h e r e s u l t i n g h e a l t h e f f e c t s t h a t w i l l be caused by t h i s proposed system. On A p r i l 28, 1970, t h e C o a l i t i o n f o r C l e a n A i r o r i g i n a l l y proposed t h i s e s s e n t i a l s t u d y and urged t h e f o l l o w i n g o f f i c i a l s t o o r d e r i t s immediate i n s t i t u t i o n : of the United S t a t e s ; t h e S e c r e t a r i e s o f t h e Departments o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n and H e a l t h , E d u c a t i o n , and W e l f a r e ; o f Washington? The P r e s i d e c and t h e Chairman o f t h e D a t h e Mayor - Citv Council. �>f t h i s propos; • f o r i n c l u s i o n i n t o t h e r e c o r d of t h i s I n h i s r e p l y of June 4, hearing. 197o, Mayor Washington s t a t e s , i n p a r t , " I am c e r t a i n y o u r suggested a c t i o n s o f conducting a comprehensive s t u d y and (b) postponing freeway c o n s t r u c t i o n a r e based on c o n s i d e r a b l e d e l i b e r a t i o n on p a r t of the C o a l i t i o n . your p r o p o s a l s (a) the I n our o p i n i o n , a q u i c k judgment o f i s not p o s s i b l e o r e q u i t a b l e . " The Mayor, t h e r e f o r e , ordered s. meeting between C o a l i t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s and o f f i c i a l s o f t h e D. C. Highway Department and A i r P o l l u t i o n D i v i s i o n , which was h e l d on 15, I 9 7 o . P u r s u a n t t o t h i s m e e t i n g , the i n f o r m a t i o n July presented t o the Mayor's r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , and a t e c h n i c a l g u i d e l i n e prepared by t h e MWCCA T e c h n i c a l A d v i s o r y Committee f o r t h i s f r e e v / a y - a i r p o l l u t i o n s t u d y , the Mayor°s o f f i c e i s p r e p a r i n g r e p o r t and recommendations f o r the a District. S e c r e t a r y V o l p e ' s r e p l y o f June 19, 197o, s t a t e d , "At t h i s t i m e , i t i s not c l e a r what a i r p o l l u t i o n f a c t o r s s h o u l d be taken i n t o account i n l o c a t i n g and d e s i g n i n g highways, nor i s i t c l e a r what r e l a t i o n s h i p e x i s t s between a i r p o l l u t i o n and highway c o n f i g u r a t i o n . " p o r t i o n i s now Reportedly, t h e Department o f Trans- engaged i n s t u d i e s t o determine t h e s e f a c t o r s . F o r t h e Department of H e a l t h , E d u c a t i o n , and Welfare, Dr. John M i d d l e t o n , Commissioner o f the N a t i o n a l A i r P o l l u t i o n �Massive c i t i z e n support for t h i s c r i t i c a l h a s been r e g i s t e r e d , a s e v i d e n c e d by t h e f o l l o w i n g t i o n s w h i c h have f o r m a l l y e n d o r s e d t h e MWCCA study organiza- proposal: American A s s o c i a t i o n o f U n i v e r s i t y Women, K e n s i n g t o n Branch? Arlingtonians f o r P r e s e r v a t i o n o f t h e Potomac P a l i s a d e s ; L Audubon N a t u r a l i s t S o c i e t y o f t h e C e n t r a l A t l a n t i c S t a t e s ? v.-:-..".nittae of loc on the F e d e r a l C i t y ; Association; D Association; C. T h o r a c i c S o c i e t y ; Q C« Public of the E a r t h ; Jo C, T3 and R inc.; national W i l d l i f e Federation; R„D„ A s s o c i a t i o n , Potmac V a l l e y C o n s e r v a t i o n S i e r r a Club; the W i l d e r n e s s I D„ u Foggy Bottom A s s o c i a t i o n ; I z a a k Walton League o f A m e r i c a ; Audubon S o c i e t y ; Council; Health Emergency Committee on t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Environmental Action, and D» Southeast Crisis; Friends National Potomac TB and Civic Association; Recreation and Society* c o n c l u s i o n , and on t h e b a s i s o f t h e foregoing testimony, i t i s c l e a r t h a t the p o t e n t i a l environmental consequences o f t h e proposed T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e w i l l have a subs t a n t i a l impact on r e l a t e d s o c i a l , and planning economic f a c t o r s , on local o b j e c t i v e s , and on p o t e n t i a l r e l o c a t i o n a s s i s t a n c e . The M e t r o p o l i t a n t herefore, Washington C o a l i t i o n f o r C l e a n A i r , s t r o n g l y u r g e s t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Government t o suspend a l l c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e and �: a compre- I f i n d e e d t h e Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c i s in f a v o r o f a " b a l a n c e d " t r a n s p o r t a t i o n program, something Othejx t h a n a d d i t i o n a l automobiles the b a l a n c e . and roads must be o f f e r e d t o provide I f t h e a l t e r n a t i v e o f an e f f e c t i v e mass transit system i s not o f f e r e d t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h i s a r e a , then t h e Highway Department w i l l c o n t i n u e t o b u i l d more and more r o a d s , and o u r N a t i o n ' s c a p i t a l w i l l become a p a r k i n g l o t . i\nd no one w i l l want t o l i v e h e r e ? no one w i l l want t o work h e r e ? and no one w i l l be a b l e t o b r e a t h e h e r e * Thank y o u . MR. DUGAS: MR. WINDER: of Thank you, Mr. w i n d e r . I would l i k e t o i n s e r t t h e s e a s a p a r t t h e r e c o r d w h i c h I r e f e r r e d t o i n my s t a t e m e n t . MR. DUGAS: Very well. (The m a t e r i a l r e f e r r e d t o f o r i n c l u s i o n i n t h e r e c o r d .'follows:) �STATEMENT OF THE METROPOLITAN WASHINGTON COALITION FOR CLEAN AIR AT MEETING, PURSUANT TO ORDER OF MAYOR WALTER WASHINGTON, BETWEEN D.C. OFFICIALS AND REPRESENTATIVES OF THE f'WCCA, .1ULY 15, 1970 ...a crowded store has no worries about ooina out of business. On the other hand, a store that asphyxiated its customers would indeed have a doubtful future. Alan S. Bovd On behalf of the MWCCA and all those entitled to the f u l l benefit, use, and enjoyment of clean air in the Washington metropolitan area, we hereby most urgently request the District of Columbia Government to (1) order the immediate institution of a comprehensive study, by anoronriate, qualified exoerts, to determine the measure of potential increased a i r pollution, and the resultina health effects, that will be caused by the proposed freeway svstem for the District of Columbia; and (2) suspend all further action on the freeway system, pending the completion of this essential study; and in sunport thereof we sibwit the following: Air Pollution Study (1) Although the D.C. Department of Highways and Traffic has recoqnized that "Pollution comes from a variety of sources,^1 there is no question that the motor vehicle contributes by f a r the major nronortion of air pollutants throughout the country. "The normal oneration of a aasoline combustion engine results in emission and dispersion of significant amounts of contaminants into the atmosphere: These contaminants include carbon monoxide, which is itself METROPOLITAN WASHINGTON COALITION FOR CLEAN AIR 1 7 H MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, N.W., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20036 (202) 234-7100 Allillatod with tho District ol Columbia Tuberculosis end Respiratory Disease Association �'"•'CCA, D . 2 toxic and which further reacts with sunlight and a variety of other substances in the production of photochemical smog. Also produced by the internal combustion engine is a variety of highly reactive hydrocarbon by-nroducts, some of which are toxic and others of which undergo reactions to form toxic products Nitrogen oxides are also formed by the reaction between atmospheric oxygen and atmospheric nitrogen. These contaminants account for approximately 60% of the toxic substances produced by an average automobile today." Automobiles cause, in addition, significant concentrations of ozone, lead, asbestos, nitrogen dioxide, and other toxic substances.^ (2) Nearly 102 million tons of slow oxidizino, harmful carbon monoxide were emitted in the United States in 1968, and this fiaure amounts to 50% bv weight of all major air pollutant emissions for that year. In addition, the internal combustion engine contributes apnroximately 58% of this total CO.j. (3) Transportation sources contributed nearly 98% of the carbon monoxide in the metropolitan area, and roughly 100*of the CO emitted bv motor vehicles emanctes from the automobile. The burning of fuel bv motor vehicles is also the largest singls source of hydrocarbons (72% of the total) and nitrooen oxides (38% of the total). Further, mobile sources account for approximately 18% of the total area-wide particulate emissions.^ Figures compiled by the United States Public Health Service indicate that in 1965, transportation sources emitted nearly 350,nno tons of carbon monoxide into the District of Columbia air and over 1,200,000 tons of CO throughout the metropolitan area.^ Motor vehicles contributed hydrocarbons to our air in amounts of over 64,000 tons in D.C. and nearlv 225,000 tons �fTICCA p. 3 throughout the area par year. Over 15,000 tons of nitronen oxides in the District and over 51,000 tons of nitrogen oxides throughout the area were emitted by motor vehicles in i965. q In addition, in this same year transportation sources emitted nearly 2,000 tons of particulates in O.C. and over 6,000 tons of particulates over this area.^ • • (4) This massive cloud of daily pollutants created bv motor vehicles in the D.C. metropolitan area is further intensified by the natural climatology of the region. Statistics indicate that the D.C. area suffers from periods of extreme air stagnation, lasting for about 5 days, once every year in Auqust - October and every other year in Hay - December.,, (5) One of the most harmful of all transportation-oriented pollutants is carbon monoxide, and most of its varying effects, including fatality, are well -documented. Increased intakes of CO can cause headaches, insomnia, lassitude, fatigue, irritability, impairment of memory, confusion, dizziness, mood disturbances, cardiac symptoms, diqestive disturbances, diarrhea, hyoerhvdrosis, thirst, and impaired performance on such tests as the ability to do arithmetic.^ "Sensitive subgroups of the population, such as children, ';he elderly, people with chronic lung diseases such as emphysema, bronchitis, asthma, anc people with congestive heart failure, are more sensitive to this pollutant than are other groups in the population. There is a cirowinn body of evidence to suggest that increased levels of carhon monoxide Play an important role in tie development of atherosclerosis—coronary heart disease.1' The relationship of ambient CO levels with fatal traffic accidents, as well as with ~accidents in general, has also been identified. In addition, the Federal Air Quality Criteria for carbon monoxide indicate that the time-interval judgement of non-smokers is notably impaired after 90 �MWCCA p.4 minute exposures to 50 parts per million CO or after 8 or more hours exposures to only 10-15 pom carbon monoxide.,r ' . lb (6) Recognizing the potential danger to the public health and welfare, the New York City Department of Air Resources conducted a study of the air pollution effects of the proposed Lower Manhattan Exnressway. As a result of this New York City survey, which predicted carbon monoxide levels of 300 ppm and higher, the proposal for a freeway through a heavily populated area was rejected as a hazard to health.^ (7) The New York City study clearly demonstrates the economic as well as technological feasibility of the air pollution and health analysis requested herein by the Coalition for Clean Air. In addition, the Bureau of Public Roads, in cooperation with NAPCA/HEW, has provided funds for an additional highway air pollution study in New York City. In a recent letter to the Coalition for Clean Air, DOT Secretary Volpe stated that "The results of this study should provide some helpful insights for highway location and design. " 1 7 No more critical time for e similar study in our National Capital area will be presented. Suspension of_ D.C, Freeways, Pending Air Pollution Study (8) Also in New York City, a tragic failure of comprehensive planninci has been recognized in connection with the Georoe Washington Bridge project and the air rights over Interstate 95. Four 30-story apartment buildings have been constructed over this freeway, and carbon monoxide levels measured on the top floors of these buildings have been found as hioh as the hazardous rush-hour levels in downtown Manhattan at street level. Such a traoedv can and must be averted in the Washinoton area. �HWCCA o. 5 (9) Transportation Secretary -lohn Volpe has admitted, in recent correspondence to the flJCCA, that "At this time, it is not clear what air pollution factors should be taken into account in locatino and designing highways, nor is it clear what relationships exist between air pollution and highway configuration."^ At the very least, on. the basis of this admission, the answers to these critical questions must be obtained before we commence a potentially dangerous experimentation with the Washington environment. (10) Transportation planners, urban planners, and ecoloaists alike sneak today in the language of "balanced" svstems. The broader ecolooical approach is increasingly reflected in federal legislation, Executive Orders, and moi:t recently, in a proposal to establish a new Department of Environmental Protection. The D.C. Department of Highways and Traffic has at least articulated this concern: "By the mid-fifties, one point had become clearly evident: The District and its metropolitan area require a balanced transportation system of all modes of transportation."^ Since tho mid-fifties, however, there has been little progress in this area in terms of advanced pollution control devices for automobiles, alternate methods of transportation, or even in "environmentallydesigned" highways. (11) Notwithstanding massive research, very little real progress has been made with the development of auto pollution control. The President's Science Advisor has recently reported that, There is strong evidence that the use of Federal standards geared to controllinn the internal combustion enoine will not result in the drastic inroads on the problem needed to safeguard public health. At best, the effect of present Federal standards will be to postpone in time the uoward growth of pollution levels rather than to reverse the trend These controls /are/ far less than adequate to cone with a problem already well out of hand There is no nuarantee �flWCCA P. 6 that the degree of control that is nossible v/ith the internal combustion enaine will be adequate The problem is already beyond reasonable bounds .„ 20 The effects of present control devices are'further diminished by the continuously increasing concentration of automobiles in the District of Columbiaa. concentration of nearly 4,100 automobiles ner square milo-which exceeds that of any other city in the country. The critical need for a truly balanced transportation system in the National Caoital region is dramatically apparent. Conclusion (12) Based upon the foregoing, the f<WCCA hereby requests that the District of Columbia Government order the institution of a comprehensive air pollution study of the D.C. freeway system and the suspension of that system, pending the completion of the study. (13) The aforementioned study should concentrate on the District system, with anpronriate Considerations for the entire metropolitan area. Such a study should also hypothesize the minimum and maximum potential levels of vehicle air Pollution controls. (14) The Coalition for Clean Air proposals embodied herein have been endorsed by the following organizations: Audubon Naturalist Society of the Central Atlantic States, Environmental Action, Inc., Friends of the Earth, Izaak Walton League of America, National Audubon Society, National Wildlife Federation, the Sierra Club, and the Wilderness Society, also the D.C. Public Health Association, D.C. Thoracic Society, D.C. TB and RD Association, Southeast Civic Association, Committee of 100 on the Federal City, Arlingtonians for Preservation of the Potomac Palisades, Emergency Committee on the Transportation Crisis, and the Potomac Valley Conservation and Recreation Council. �KWCCA D . 7 "Quality of the Urban Environment: The Federal Role", a working paper recently prepared by the Urban Institute, appropriately concludes: Preventing damage, rather than the nresent policy of waiting until pollution or destruction is evident before acting, will be mandatory to achieve environmental enhancement.21 ! # / # John S. Winder, Jr. Executive Director MHCCA �f'HCCA n, 8 FOOTNOTES 1 Alan S. Boyd, "Mass Transnortation in the Future," Proceedings: The Third National Conference on Air Pollution, U.S. Department of H.E.W., P.H.S., Washington, D . C , 1966, p. 106. 2 D.C. Department of Highways and Traffic, "Recommendations for a Freeway in the Northern Sector and Related Policy", Washinnton, D . C , January, 1970, p. 24. ILJL' Federation v. Volpe, Civil Action No 2821-69, U.S. District Court for D . C , Affidavit of Cal Conn, November 25, 1969, n. 3; also footnote #1, "Present Approach to Control of rotor Vehicle Exhaust Emissions," B.W. Bogan. 3 4 Ibid., Cal Cohn Affidavit, pp. 5-7. 5 "Air Duality Criteria for Carbon Monoxide, Summary and Conclusions, USDHEW/PHS, Washington;1 D . C , March, 1970, p. 10-1. 6 "Washington, D . C , Metropolitan Area Air Pollution Abatement Activity," U.S. Department of H.E.W., P.M.S., Cincinnati, Ohio, November, 1967, o. 91. 7 "Report For Consultation on the Washinnton, D.C National Capital Interstate Air Ouality Control Region" U.S. Department of H.E.W., P.H.S., Washington, D . C , July, 1968, p. 51. 8 "Abatement Activity", OP cit, n. 75. 9 Ibid, p. 62. 10 "Report for Consultation", OP_. cit, p. 52. 11 See footnote #6, p. 11. 12 Effects of Chronic Exposure to Low Levels of Carbon Monoxide on Human Health, Behavior, and Performance, National Academy of Sciences, "Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Carbon Monoxide," Bertram D. Dinman, Washington, D . C , 1969, p. 25. 13 See footnote #3, p. 5; see also footnote - n2. 14 See foov.note #12, P . 53. 15 See footnote #5. j 16 "An Estimate of Vehicular Air Pollution Potential At the Proposed Lower Manhattan Expressway in New York City", Air Resources, New York City, November, 1968. �f'WCCA p. 9 17 Letter from Secretary of Trapsnortation John A. Voloe to Dr. Patrick J. Doyle and John S. Hinder, Jr., June 19, 1970, n. 2. 18 Ibid., n . 1 19 See footnote #2, p. 11. 20 The Progressive, William Steif, "The Auto and the Air, Why the Birds Cough", (The Progressive, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin), Volume 34, Number 4, Anril, 1970, n . 50. 21 Elizabeth H. Haskell, "Quality of the Urban Environment: The Federal Role", Working Paoer, The Urban Institute, Washington, D.C., M av, 1970, n . 71. �M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington C o a l i t i o n f o r C l e a n A i r GUIDELINES FOR AIR POLLUTION STUDY o f PROPOSED FREEWAY SYSTEM f o r DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA August 4, 1970 Dr. P a t r i c k J . Doyle Chairman, MWCCA Dr. D a n i e l F i s h e r Chairman, T e c h n i c a l A d v i s o r y Committee John S. Winder, J r . E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r , MWCCA Mr. James S u l l i v a n A d v i s o r , MWCCA �I. Re: MWCCA Request f o r A i r P o l l u t i o n Study o f D.C. Freeways A. N a t i o n a l E n v i r o n m e n t a l P o l i c y Act ( P L 91-190) R e q u i r e s a study o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l impact o f any f e d e r a l l y funded a c t i o n : . . . i n c l u d e i n ... major F e d e r a l a c t i o n s s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t i n g t h e q u a l i t y o f the environment, a detailed statement by the r e s p o n s i b l e o f f i c i a l on -1. E n v i r o n m e n t a l impact o f t h e proposed a c t i o n 2. Any a d v e r s e e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s which c o u l d not be a v o i d e d should p r o p o s a l s be implemented 3. A l t e r n a t i v e s t o the proposed a c t i o n 4. R e l a t i o n s h i p between s h o r t terra uses o f man's environment and long term B. rcaintanance and enhancement ( T i t l e I , S e c 1 0 2 ) PPM 20-0, DOT " S t a t e Highway Departments s h a l l c o n s i d e r s o c i a l , eccnomic, and environmental e f f e c t s before submission o f requests f o r l o c a t i o n or d e s i g n a p p r o v a l . " #9 " S o c i a l , economic and e n v i r o n m e n t 1 e f f e c t s ... i n c l u d e s . . . n o i s e , a i r and water p o l l u t i o n " #4 II. MACRO STUDY Model: F o r c a l c u l a t i n g environment impact o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n on macro s c a l e - ( F o r e n t i r e D.C. metro a r e a ) METROPOLITAN WASHINGTON COALITION FOR CLEAN AIR 1714 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE. N.W., WASHINGTON. D C . 2003G (202) 234-7100 Attainted with tho District ot Columbia Tubciculosis and Bospiiutory Disease Association �P x = t o t a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f given p o l l u t a n t due t o t r a n s p o r t a t i o n P A whero = c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f p o l l u t a n t due to automobile p M = c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f p o l l u t a n t due to mass t r a n s i t F o r AUTOS : X A ~ p a s s e n g e r n i l e s i n auto day Y A - Qraris o f n o l l u t a n t passenger m i l e K i s measure o f d i f f u s i o n due to wind, atmosphere s t a b i l i t y , etc, F o r MASS TRANSIT (with equivalent definitions) I f X-f i s d e f i n e d as t o t a l passenger m i l e s XAI? i s d e f i n e d as f r a c t i o n grams p o l l u t a n t p e r day produced by automobile and of p a s s e n g e r m i l e s by auto grams p o l l u t a n t per day produced by mass t r a n s i t As we w i s h t o determine t h e change i n p o l l u t i o n w i t h time t h e most r e l e v a n t way t o p r e s e n t would be as a r a t i o o f P-j- 1985/P T 1970 �Model C a l c u l a t i o n s 1. Traffic ( F o r P r e s e n t and volumes, p r e s e n t and f u t u r e X^ Auto (year) (vehicle Future) 1964 15,000,000 1985 mi./day) X,j ( b u s ) : (200,000 p a s s . :> 5 mi./day) 12,000,000 1970 (1.5 p a s s . / v e h i . ) (passenger miles/day) * 24,000,000 23,000,000 C a l c u l a t i n g - Y* and Y;.; - ( p o l l u t a n t / p a s s . ) : Pollutant 1,000,000 ** Buses Autos (>y ,\ \ CO HC NOv * ** 56 7 2.8 80 11 4 C a l c u l a t i n g f u t u r e CO HEW/PHS, J u n e , 1967 Compilation fitjV. Ml. 1 1.0 4 8 .02 .08 .16 e m i s s i o n s and c o n c e n t r a t i o n s from Urban T r a f f i c o f a i r p o l l u t i o n e m i s s i o n f a c t o r s , K/iPCA Data, �Tons Ala}/ by no11utant f o x Pollutant Autos (P ) A CO 1350 HC 170 NOx 60 1580 2£L D.C. 1970 Buses . (PM) % p T 99.987a 0.02 .002;s 99.5 1.0 .5 97 % % 2.0 3.0 3% % �Sample c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r a i r p o l l u t i o n p o t e n t i a l o f v a r i o u s models f o r f u t u r e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s (198.5) A. P o s s i b l e models Model I emission and - No change i n a u t o t o bus r a t i o (X p) A ; no controls no f r e e w a y s b u i l t . A-,. = 24,000,000 x 1.5 = 36,000,000 S i n c e t h e o n l y change from 1970 t o 1985 would be X j ( P a s s , m i l e s ) , t h e v a l u e s f o r each p o l l u t a n t would i n c r e a s e a c c o r d i n g l y - 60%. 40% e f f e c t i v e , Model I I - No change i n a u t o : bus r a t i o ; e m i s s i o n c o n x r o l s and no f r e e w a y s . The e m i s s i o n c o n t r o l s would j u s t keep us a t t h e 1970 l e v e l . c Model I I I - No change i n X p ; o r y ' s ; f r e e w a y s (25 m i l e s ) A a re b u i l t . ( i n B a l t i m o r e , i t was p r o j e c t e d that 100,000 v e h i c l e s / d a y would u s e a 3+3 f r e e w a y . F o r 25 m i l e s , t h a t i s 2,500,000 v e h i c l e m i l e s , X I . 5 p a s s / v e h i c l e 3,600,000 pass, m i l e s . Most p l a n n e r s agree t h a t upon opening most f r e e w a y s a r e congested, and c i t y c o n g e s t i o n i s not r e l i e v e d ; i . e . t h e r e i s an inducement o f t r a f f i c f l o w i n t o c i t y a s r e s u l t o f f r e e w a y ) 8 T h e r e f o r e X. , f o r model 3 i s 10% g r e a t e r -' would i n c r e a s e by 70:1 o v e r 1970 v a l u e . than f o r model I , and p o l l u t a n t s / d a y Model I V - Model I I I w i t h e m i s s i o n c o n t r o l s would r e q u i r e 4 5% of f ec t i v c em i s s i o n t o remain a t 1970 l e v e l c o n t r o l s .. .Need b e t t e r p o l l u t i o n control devices freeways. 85 Model V emission c o n t r o l s - - X^p i s reduced t o 0.50, - r y , -7 r no f r e e w a y s b u i l t , no ~7 �-o- For lie: [(.5)(7) + .1 - (.5)(.1)1 f3.S + ,05\ 30,000,000 126 asr P Ifo A + 1 2 6 tons/day 1 . 8 tons/day 36,000,000 [ ( . 5 ) (2.8) NOx Pj\ = PM - + .2 - (.5) .2 \ 50 tons/day 3 . 6 tons/day Hodel V I - A l l " t r a n s p o r t a t i o n by bus X CO HC NOx " ^ r A F = 0 6 . 7 2 tons/day 3 . 6 tons/day 7 . 2 tons/day 1 1 . 5 2 tons/day Model 7 1 1 Model V I I I - total Xao = . 5 ; -X p A = .5; reduced by 45%, Ya reduced by 45%, no f r e e w a y s freeways constructed What a r c t h e P r e s e n t l e v e l s o f each o f t h e s e p o l l u t a n t s , and a r e they presently a t a safe level? Knowing p r e s e n t ambient l e v e l s , and assuming no change i n m e t e r o l o g y , and knowing p r o j e c t e d change i n p o l l u t a n t e m i s s i o n s f o r each model, the f u t u r e ambient l e v e l s can be c a l c u l a t e d f o r each model. �-7Summary o f P o l l u t i o n P o t e n t i a l f o r Each Model For Auto CO Model (Pollutant (tons)/day) Total ( P o l l u t a n t ( t o n s )/day) ( P o 1 1 u t a n t ( t o n s ) / day) 02 1350 Present Buses 1350.02 No cbange(Model I ) 2000 .03 2000.03 40% C o n t r o l s ( I I ) 1350 .03 1350.03 Freeway 2200 ..03 2200.03 Freeway + 4 5 % C o n t r o l s ( I V ) 1350 .03 1350.0 3 5055 Buses no c o n t r o l s no F r e e w a y s ( V ) 1000 .36 1000.36 0 .72 .72 50% Buses 45% . Control ( V I I ) 550 .36 . 550.36 Freeways 50% B u s e s 45% Control 600 .36 600.36 (III ) 100% Buses (VI) (VIII) Economic c o n s i d e r a t i o n s s h o u l d a l s o be used to d e c i d e on a model, See B a l t i m o r e f a c t sheet. �-8- Study e f f e c t o f each segment of freeway on the immediate environment MICRO STUDY ( S e c New B. Any 1. Adverse Environmental York or B a l t i m o r e s t u d i e s ) Effects Once the f u t u r e l e v e l f o r each p o l l u t a n t has been p r o j e c t e d as d e s c r i b e d above, we can a s s e s s the p o s s i b l e a d v e r s e e f f e c t s . These should c o n s i d e r f o l l o w i n g , * (a) E f f e c t s on h e a l t h f l ) E f f e c t s on e x p e r i m e n t a l a n i m a l s o f a c u t e exposure to high or c h r o n i c exposure to low l e v e l s i n range to be considered (2) (b) Epidemiological E f f e c t s on s t u d i e s to a s s e s s e f f e c t s on human h e a l t h Vegetation Ozone and NCy i n .05 to .1 ppm parks - cherry trees (c) E f f e c t s on m a t e r i a l s such as rubber c r a c k i n g due (d) range c a u s e p l a n t damage - Aesthetic to oxidants effects e f f e c t s on v i s i b i l i t y and i n c i d e n t s u n l i g h t C. " A l t e r n a t i v e s to the proposed a c t i o n " 1. Assess the a i r p o l l u t i o n p o t e n t i a l o f ' ( a ) S e v e r a l designs and l o c a t i o n s o f t h e proposed f r e e w a y ( b ) A l t e r n a t i v e s to f r e e w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n - i e . d e c r e a s e d automobile use d e n s i t y to be r e p l a c e d by i n c r e a s e d bus s e r v i c e , f o r m i n g e x c l u s i v e bus l a n e s on secondary a r t e r i e s . D. L o g i s t i c s of study ,1. 2. (COG, D.C. Plan) Composition of study group - c o n s i s t o f i n f o r m e d e x p e r t s i n f i e l d s of medical s c i e n c e s , mcterology, a i r p o l l u t i o n engineering, highway c o n s t r u c t i o n and c i t y p l a n n i n g , p l u s c i t i z e n s and government r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . Time c o u r s e - Study must be complete b e f o r e September d e a d l i n e , and p r e s e n t freeway c o n s t r u c t i o n must be suspended w h i l e study i s i n progress. �I ip no r i a n t Sources F o r m i c r o study - f o r s p e c i f i c serpents l a 2. E s t i m a t i o n o f a i r p o l l u t i o n p o t e n t i a l f o r lower Manhattan Freeway P o l l u t i o n impact o f B a l t o . Freeway - by Design Concept Team Macro Study - P o l l u t i o n impact on D.C. a r e a o f F r e e w a y s , o_owth r a t e e t c . projected 1. C a l c u l a t i o n f u t u r e carbon monoxide e m i s s i o n s and c o n c e n t r a t i o n s from urban t r a f f i c d a t a - e n v i r o n m e n t a l h e a l t h s e r i e s a i r p o l l u t i o n , NAPCA 2. " C e n t r a l Potomac R i v e r a r e a T r a f f i c and P l a n n i n g Study" Aug. 13, 1965 Clarlceson E n g i n e e r i n g Company. 3. " T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n n i n g i n D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, 1955 t o 1965; a r e v i e w and c r i t i q u e " March 2 2 , 1965 by A r t h u r D. L i t t l e Company 4. P o l i c i e s and P r i n c i p l e s f o r a t r a n s p o r t a t i o n System f o r t h e N a t i o n ' s C a p i t o l "Dec. 1 1 , 1968" (Approved by D.C. C o u n c i l ) N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Planning Assoc. En v i ronm en t a 1 Jxms c t 1. NAPCA r e v i e w on CO and IIC f o r c r i t e r i a of a i r standards �/'4 DEPARTMENT O F HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND W E L F A R E OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY W A S H I N G T O N , D . C . 20201 JUL 1 ? 1 3 7 0 Dr. P a t r i c k J . Doyle, Chairman M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington C o a l i t i o n for Clean A i r 1714 M a s s a c h u s e t t s A v e n u e , NW. W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. 20036 Dear D r . D o y l e : T h a n k y o u f o r y o u r l e t t e r o f A p r i l 28 r e q u e s t i n g t h a t t h i s Department i n s t i t u t e a comprehensive study o f t h e a i r p o l l u t i o n p o t e n t i a l o f t h eproposed D i s t r i c t o f Columbia freeway system. I h a v e a s h e d D r . J o h n T. M i d d l e t o n , C o m m i s s i o n e r o f the N a t i o n a l A i r P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , t o determine t h e t e c h n i c a l f e a s i b i l i t y o f such a study. Please f e e l assured t h a t he w i l l as p o s s i b l e o f h i s f i n d i n g s . for i n f o r m y o u a s soon H e a l t h and S c i e n t i f i c { Affairs �T I I E DI S T B1C T 0 F COL U M D I A V/AITER E WASHINGTON Mayor-Commissioner WA S I I ] X G T 0 X, D.C. 2 0 0 0 4 AUG 3 1970 Mr . John S. Wind er, J r . Executive Director Metropolitan Washington C o a l i t i o n for Clean A i r 1714 Massachusetts Avenue, N. W. Washington, D. C. 20036 Dear Mr. Winder: I r e f e r to your l e t t e r of J u l y 17, 1970 concerning a request for a f u r t h e r meeting to discuss the a i r p o l l u t i o n action program proposed by the Metropolitan Washington C o a l i t i o n f o r Clean A i r . Subsequent to the i n i t i a l meeting with your group and D i s t r i c t representatives on J u l y 15, 1970, I have asked the appropriate D i s t r i c t Departments to prepare a report and recommendations f o r the D i s t r i c t with respect to a program to combat a i r p o l l u t i o n . When I have received t h e i r reports which I understand w i l l be f i n a l i z e d by August 7, 1970, we w i l l then be i n a p o s i t i o n to continue our discussions with members of the C o a l i t i o n . Every e f f o r t w i l l be made to e s t a b l i s h a future meeting a t an e a r l y date. Meanwhile, your continued contact w i t h appropriate D i s t r i c t agencies on the matter of a i r p o l l u t i o n abatement i s encouraged. S i n c e r e l y yours, �GOVERNMENT O F T H E DISTRICT O F COLUMBIA EXECUTIVE OFFICE W A S H I N G T O N . D. C . W A L T E R E. 20004 WASHINGTON MAYOR-COMMISSIONER I. . D r . P a t r i c k J . Doyle, C h a i r m a n M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington C o a l i t i o n for Clean A i r 1714 M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue, N. W. Washington, D. C. 20036 D e a r D r . Doyle: I w i s h to thank you and M r . J o h n S. W i n d e r , J r . , E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r of the M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington C o a l i t i o n for C l e a n A i r , for y o u r v e r y kind l e t t e r of A p r i l 28, 1970. The C o a l i t i o n i s to be commended for i t s efforts to r e s t o r e our atm o s p h e r e to i t s n a t u r a l state. I a m confident that only through the joint efforts and cooperation of p r i v a t e o r g a n i z a t i o n s , i n d i v i d u a l s , b u s i n e s s f i r m s and g o v e r n m e n t a l agencies can an a s s a u l t on p o l l u tion be s u c c e s s f u l l y waged. P l e a s e be a s s u r e d that i t i s the goal of the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a G o v e r n m e n t not only to prevent f u r t h e r d e t e r i o r a t i o n of the e n v i r o n m e n t , but to i m p r o v i n g i t as w e l l . I a m c e r t a i n your suggested actions of (a) conducting a c o m p r e h e n s i v e study and (b) postponing f r e e w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n a r e based on c o n s i d e r able d e l i b e r a t i o n on the p a r t of the C o a l i t i o n . I n our opinion, a quick judgment of y o u r p r o p o s a l s i s not possible or equitable. With y o u r consent, t h e r e f o r e , further d i s c u s s i o n a.ppears to be a l o g i c a l approach at t h i s point. M r . T h o m a s F . A i r i s , D i r e c t o r , Department of H i g h w a y s and T r a f f i c , has been i n f o r m e d of m y intention to pursue y o u r p r o p o s a l s . A t m y request, he w i l l contact y o u r offices to a r r a n g e for a meeting between C o a l i t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s and Department o f f i c i a l s . I w i l l await M r . A i r i s ' r e p o r t of the r e s u l t s of h i s contacts w i t h y o u . A p r e l i m i n a r y study of p r e s e n t and future a i r pollution and i t s r e l a t i o n ship to t r a f f i c growth i n Washington, D. C . w a s c a r r i e d out by the National Center f o r A i r P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l of the B u r e a u of D i s e a s e �D r . P a t r i c k J . Doyle, C h a i r m a n M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington C o a l i t i o n for C l e a n A i r Page T w o P r e v e n t i o n and E n v i r o n m e n t a l C o n t r o l , P u b l i c H e a l t h S e r v i c e , U . S. Department of H e a l t h , E d u c a t i o n and W e l f a r e . T h e r e p o r t of this study w a s published i n 1967, and i s contained i n C a l c u l a t i n g F u t u r e C a r b o n Monoxide E m i s s i o n s and Concentrations f r o m U r b a n T r a f f i c Data. S e l e c t e d pages a r e enclosed for y o u r use and i n f o r m a t i o n . In t h i s study, conditions i n 1964 w e r e c o m p a r e d to those f o r e c a s t for 1985 w i t h the f r e e w a y network i n operation. Conditions i n 1985 w e r e f o r e c a s t f o r two different s i t u a t i o n s : (a) w i t h no c a r b o n monoxide e m i s s i o n controls on motor v e h i c l e s ; and (b) w i t h c o n t r o l s on motor v e h i c l e s w h i c h would r e m o v e fifty p e r c e n t of the c a r b o n monoxide e m i s s i o n s . I t i s understood that as e a r l y as the 1971 m o d e l y e a r , motor v e h i c l e standards w i l l e l i m i n a t e seventy percent of the carbon monoxide. T h i s study, of c o u r s e , i s of a somewhat p r e l i m i n a r y nature and i s r e s t r i c t e d to one pollutant. N e v e r t h e l e s s , i t does r e p r e s e n t an attempt to place dimensions on future pollution l e v e l s . M o r e i n c l u s i v e study of the pollution effects of f r e e w a y s does r a i s e other questions. F o r e x a m p l e , would the study be l i m i t e d to the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a or the e n t i r e M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a , and what l e v e l s of v e h i c l e a i r pollution c o n t r o l s would be hypothesized? A g a i n , y o u r i n t e n s i v e i n t e r e s t i n the s e r i o u s m a t t e r of a i r pollution i s deeply a p p r e c i a t e d . Sincerely yours, Waiter E . Washington Mayor Enclosure �AT-*' 'i \% THE SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION — WASHINGTON, D.C. 20500 June 1 9 , 19 70 Dr. P a t r i c k J . Doyle, Chairman, and Mr. John S. Winder, J r . , Executive Director Metropolitan Washington C o a l i t i o n for Clean A i r 1714 Massachusetts Avenue, N. W. Washington, D. C. 20036 Dear Dr. Doyle and Mr. Winder: Thank you f o r your l e t t e r dated A p r i l 28, 1970, expressing concern about the p o t e n t i a l a i r p o l l u t i o n impact of the proposed freeway system f o r the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. You have requested that system be suspended and p o t e n t i a l impact on our of Transportation does a l l work c u r r e n t l y underway on the freeway that no new work be commenced u n t i l the system's a i r and health can be determined. The Department not b e l i e v e such a d r a s t i c action i s warranted. The Department does e s t a b l i s h guidelines and c r i t e r i a under which the Federal-aid highway program i s c a r r i e d out. Section 128(a) of T i t l e 23 and P o l i c y and Procedure Memorandum (PPM) 20-8, which you c i t e d , have established l e g i s l a t i v e and p o l i c y requirements f o r implementing the Federal-aid highway program. These requirements provide guidelines f o r s e l e c t i o n of the best o v e r a l l l o c a t i o n and design. The requirement i n PPM 20-8 f o r considering s o c i a l , economic and environmental e f f e c t s i s provided to a f f o r d a l l i n t e r e s t e d organizations and agencies an opportunity to express t h e i r views before the Department approves a p a r t i c u l a r route or design. The l i s t i s not meant to be e x c l u s i v e nor does i t i n d i c a t e that each e f f e c t considered must be ' given equal weight. At t h i s time, i t i s not c l e a r what a i r p o l l u t i o n f a c t o r s should be taken into account i n l o c a t i n g and designing highways, nor i s i t c l e a r what r e l a t i o n s h i p s e x i s t between a i r p o l l u t i o n and highway configuration. Past HEW studies have shown that i n d i v i d u a l v e h i c l e s emit up to 75 percent l e s s carbon monoxide on f r e e l y flowing freeways than on crowded c i t y s t r e e t s . �2 This i s not to i n d i c a t e that the Department of Transportation does not recognize a i r p o l l u t i o n as one of the Nation's most serious environmental problems. The Department of Transportation, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, other government agencies, and the automobile and f u e l i n d u s t r i e s are focusing greater amounts of time, money, and e f f o r t toward s o l v i n g the a i r p o l l u t i o n problem. Some s i g n i f i c a n t achievements have already been made. Data prepared by the National A i r P o l l u t i o n Control Administration (NAPCA) i n d i c a t e that v e h i c l e s produced between 1967 and 1969 emit only 34 percent of the hydrocarbons and 46 percent of the carbon monoxide which the pre-1967 v e h i c l e s emitted. Projections f o r the 1970 models i n d i c a t e reductions to 22 percent and 30 percent r e s p e c t i v e l y of the pre-1967 q u a n t i t i e s . Projected evaporation f o r 1970 models i s 18 percent of the pre-1967 q u a n t i t i e s . Further reductions are planned f o r the 1975 models, and l i m i t s f o r oxides of nitrogen are planned f o r the 1973 models. The i n d u s t r i e s are working hard to develop unleaded f u e l s and engines which can use them. I n addition, e f f o r t s are underway to develop c a t a l y t i c mufflers and other improved devices to reduce p o l l u t i o n . Various types of low-emission propulsion systems are being i n v e s t i g a t e d for possible use i n motor v e h i c l e s . We maintain that the greatest p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r success i n c o n t r o l l i n g a i r p o l l u t i o n w i l l r e s u l t from these types of e f f o r t s which w i l l control the source of the emissions. However, we are a c t i v e l y engaged i n studies which seek to determine means to reduce p o l l u t i o n or i t s e f f e c t s through the l o c a t i o n and design of highways. The Bureau of P u b l i c Roads i s c u r r e n t l y processing a research proposal which w i l l i n v e s t i g a t e possible i n d i r e c t methods to reduce a i r p o l l u t i o n through changes i n highway operation and other urban a c t i v i t i e s . Another contract i s i n the process of being awarded to develop a technique f o r scrubbing polluted a i r i n v e h i c u l a r tunnels. I f t h i s e f f o r t proves s u c c e s s f u l , i t may become possible to extend the technique to open-air s t r e e t s and highways. The Bureau of P u b l i c Roads, i n cooperation w i t h the National A i r P o l l u t i o n Control Administration, has provided funds f o r a highway a i r p o l l u t i o n study i n New York C i t y . The purpose of the study i s to determine the e f f e c t s of varying t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and highway configurations upon ambient a i r q u a l i t y . P o l l u t i o n l e v e l s w i l l be measured at selected h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l distances from s t r e e t l e v e l , as w e l l as i n nearby b u i l d i n g s . The r e s u l t s of t h i s study should provide some h e l p f u l i n s i g h t s f o r highway l o c a t i o n and design. I n addition, we have provided t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e to the National A i r P o l l u t i o n Control Administration i n the preparation of a f i v e - y e a r research and development plan f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of the r e l a t i o n s h i p s between urban and transportation planning and the a i r p o l l u t i o n problem. �3 Your s e n s i t i v i t y to these important environmental considerations i s very much appreciated. Although we are not i n a p o s i t i o n to comply with your s p e c i f i c request, we want to emphasize that the Department i s taking steps to develop a b e t t e r understanding of highway design and l o c a t i o n i n r e l a t i o n to a i r p o l l u t i o n . I am sure that you are also aware of my f e e l i n g s about the need f o r balanced transportation systems, as evidenced by my support f o r the Washington Metro System. Again, thank you f o r your l e t t e r . to i t . We regret the delay i n responding Sincerely, Acting Sep/pe/ary �A p r i l 28, 1970 The H o n o r a b l e W a l t e r E . Washington D i s t r i c t Building Room 520 1 4 t h & E S t r e e t s , N.W. Washington, D.C. 20004 Dear Mayor W a s h i n g t o n : On b e h a l f o f t h e more t h a n s e v e n t y o r g a n i z a t i o n s a n d t h o u s a n d s o f i n d i v i d u a l s who t o g e t h e r c o m p r i s e t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington C o a l i t i o n f o r C l e a n A i r , an o r g a n i z a t i o n d e d i c a t e d t o t h e e l i m i n a t i o n of a i r p o l l u t i o n and the p r e s e r v a t i o n and c o n s e r v a t i o n of c l e a n a i r f o r t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington a r e a , we hereby most u r g e n t l y r e q u e s t t h a t you o r d e r t h e immediate i n s t i t u t i o n o f a c o m p r e h e n s i v e s t u d y , by a p p r o p r i a t e , q u a l i f i e d e x p e r t s , t o d e t e r m i n e t h e measure o f p o t e n t i a l i n c r e a s e d a i r p o l l u t i o n , and t h e r e s u l t i n g h e a l t h e f f e c t s , t h a t w i l l b e c a u s e d by t h e p r o p o s e d f r e e w a y s y s t e m f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a . We h e r e b y r e q u e s t , i n a d d i t i o n , t h a t f u r t h e r a c t i o n on the freeway system be suspended u n t i l t h e completion o f t h i s e s s e n t i a l study. The C o u r t o f A p p e a l s f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a h a s now made i t c l e a r t h a t t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f T i t l e 23 o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Code a p p l y t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia a s w e l l a s e l s e w h e r e . S e c t i o n 1 2 8 ( a ) ox T i t l e 23 r e q u i r e s t h a t b e f o r e f e d e r a l l y - f u n d e d highway s y s t e m s a r e c o n s t r u c t e d , a p p r o p r i a t e o f f i c i a l s c o n s i d e r t h e i r "impact on t h e e n v i r o n m e n t " . I n a d d i t i o n , P o l i c y a n d P r o c e d u r e Memorandum 20-8 o f t h e B u r e a u o f P u b l i c Roads, p u b l i s h e d i n t h e F e d e r a l R e g i s t s r on J a n u a r y 17, 1969, a n d a l s o h e l d a p p l i c a b l e t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia by t h e C o u r t o f A p p e a l s , e x p l i c i t l y s t a t e s t h a t t h e "highway d e s i g n p u b l i c h e a r i n g " t h a t i s r e q u i r e d by t h a t Memorandum b e f o r e c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o c e e d s s h a l l a d d r e s s i t s e l f t o t h e " s o c i a l , economic and environmental e f f e c t s " of t h e proposed highways, and d e f i n e s " e n v i r o r i e n t a l e f f e c t s " t o i n c l u d e t h e e f f e c t s o f " n o i s e , a i r and water p o l l u t i o n " . To o u r knowledge, no h e a r i n g o f any t y p e h a s e v e r a d d r e s s e d i t s e l f t o t h e a i r p o l l u t i o n e f f e c t s o f t h e p r o p o s e d D.C. highway s y s t e m , and no s t u d y h a s e v e r c o l l e c t e d t h e n e c e s s a r y d a t a upon w h i c h a n i n f o r m e d a n a l y s i s o f t h e p r o b l e m must b e b a s e d . We submit t h a t no a d d i t i o n a l s h o u l d b e commenced, a n d a l l u n t i l t h e system's p o t e n t i a l adequately be determined, a s c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e proposed freeways p r e s e n t work s h o u l d b e s u s p e n d e d , impact on o u r a i r a n d o u r h e a l t h c a n r e q u i r e d by S e c t i o n 128 a n d PPM 2 0 - 8 . (continued) METROPOLITAN WASHINGTON COALITION FOR CLEAN AIR 1714 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, N.W., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20036 •p { (202) 234-7100 Allillated with the District ol Columbia Tuborculosis and Respiratory Disease Association �-2 Our r e q u e s t , moreover, i s b a s e d upon no mere f o r m a l i t y o r t e c h n i c a l procedure of law. The p o t e n t i a l i n c r e a s e o f h a r m f u l p o l l u t a n t s t h a t may r e s u l t from t h e p r o p o s e d f r e e w a y s w i l l endanger l a r g e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f D i s t r i c t c i t i z e n s i n s c h o o l s , h o s p i t a l s , and apartment h o u s e s , p e r s o n s s u f f e r i n g from r e s p i r a t o r y d i s e a s e s , and, p a r t i c u l a r l y , young c h i l d r e n . They d e s e r v e no l e s s t h a n t h e c o m p r e h e n s i v e s t u d y r e q u e s t e d herein. F a c t s a l r e a d y known s u g g e s t t h a t t h e p r o p o s e d f r e e w a y s may w e l l c r e a t e a s e r i o u s h e a l t h h a z a r d . N i n e t y - e i g h t p e r c e n t o f t h e e m i s s i o n s o;f d e a d l y c a r b o n monoxide i n t h i s m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a a r e c o n t r i b u t e d by motor v e h i c l e s . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e s e v e h i c l e s emit h y d r o c a r b o n s , o x i d e s of n i t r o g e n , p a r t i c u l a t e s , and other harmful p o l l u t a n t s . The N a t i o n a l A i r P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n h a s r e c e n t l y r e l e a s e d g u i d e l i n e s f o r c a r b o n monoxide s t a n d a r d s , s e t t i n g a maximum s t a n d a r d o f 10 p a r t s p e r m i l l i o n , above w h i c h h a r m f u l e f f e c t s have been i d e n t i fied. However, c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f c a r b o n monoxide a t 200 t o 400 p a r t s p e r m i l l i o n have been r e c o r d e d on f r e e w a y s d u r i n g r u s h - h o u r t r a f f i c . R e c o g n i z i n g t h e p o t e n t i a l danger t o t h e p u b l i c h e a l t h a n d t h e New Y o r k C i t y Department o f A i r R e s o u r c e s c o n d u c t e d a t h e a i r p o l l u t i o n e f f e c t s o f t h e p r o p o s e d Lower Manhattan As a r e s u l t o f t h i s New Y o r k C i t y s u r v e y , which p r e d i c t e d monoxide l e v e l s o f 300 ppm a n d h i g h e r , t h e p r o p o s a l f o r a t h r o u g h a h e a v i l y p o p u l a t e d a r e a was r e j e c t e d a s a h a z a r d welfare, study o f Expressway. carbon freeway to health. A l s o i n New York C i t y , a t r a g i c f a i l u r e o f c o m p r e h e n s i v e p l a n n i n g has b e e n r e c o g n i z e d i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e George Washington B r i d g e p r o j e c t and t h e a i r r i g h t s over I n t e r s t a t e 9 5 . Four 3 0 - s t o r y apartment b u i l d i n g s have b e e n c o n s t r u c t e d o v e r t h i s f r e e w a y , a n d c a r b o n monoxide l e v e l s measured on t h e t o p f l o o r s o f t h e s e b u i l d i n g s have b e e n f o u n d a s h i g h a s t h e h a z a r d o u s r u s h - h o u r l e v e l s i n downtown Manhattan a t s t r e e t l e v e l . The B u r e a u o f P u b l i c Roads i t s e l f h a s r e c o g n i z e d t h e p o t e n t i a l danger o f h a r m f u l p o l l u t a n t s from motor v e h i c l e s . I t s P o l i c y and Procedure Memorandum 20-8 r e q u i r e s t h e s t a t e s ( a n d t h e D i s t r i c t ) t o c a r e f u l l y consider a i r pollution effects before constructing freeways. Only t h e a i r p o l l u t i o n s t u d y r e q u e s t e d h e r e i n c a n meet t h e o b l i g a t i o n s o f this directive. (continued) �-3- T h e r e i s no q u e s t i o n t h a t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e p r o p o s e d f r e e w a y s y s t e m i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia w i l l r e s u l t i n s u b s t a n t i a l l y i n c r e a s e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f a u t o m o b i l e s and r e s u l t i n g a i r p o l l u t i o n , , T h i s system w i l l c r e a t e c o r r i d o r s of i n t e n s e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of p o l l u t a n t s as w e l l as net i n c r e a s e s of a i r p o l l u t a n t s throughout the m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a . Only a c o m p r e h e n s i v e s t u d y o f t h e t y p e we r e q u e s t w i l l t e l l us how s e r i o u s a h a z a r d t o t h e h e a l t h o f many t h o u s a n d s o f D i s t r i c t c i t i z e n s would r e s u l t i f t h e p r o p o s e d D i s t r i c t f r e e w a y s y s t e m i s b u i l t a s now p l a n n e d . Respectfully yous Dr. P a t r i c k J . Doyle Chairman Executive Requests also-~sent t o : P r e s i d e n t . J R i c h a r d -M. N i x o n S e c r e t a r y John A. V o l p e S e c r e t a r y R o b e r t H* F i n c h C h a i r m a n G i l b e r t Kahn JSW :bh Director �107 DULLES INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT ' jOPMENT COMMISSION MR. MAJER: Mr. Chairman, my narie i s C h a r l e s a member o f and r e p r e s : e n t i n g t h e D u l l e s Majerp J international Air- p o r t Development Commission,, Our commission was e s t a b l i s h e d b y t h e G e n e r a l Assembly o f V i r g i n i a i n 1968, and i t s members a r e a p p o i n t e d by t h e Governor. and I t s purpose i s t o encourage and promote t h e u s e t h e development o f D u l l e s a v i a t i o n and commercial c e n t e r i n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t a s a model f o r t h e "j.et age" f o r t h e g e n e r a l b e n e f i t o f t h e p e o p l e o f t h i s N a t i o n , and t h e p a r t i c u l a r b e n e f i t o f t h e p e o p l e o f t h e Washington m e t r o p o l i t a n area. Y e a r s ago, when a new a i r p o r t f o r t h i s r a p i d l y growi n g a r e a was p l a n n e d and d e s i g n e d , t h e e n g i n e e r s and a r c h i t e c t s . ; weighed many, i f n o t a l l f f o f t h e same c o n s i d e r a t i o n s being d i s c u s s e d h e r e today„ They wanted, f i r s t , a f a c i l i t y t h a t would, be s a f e , comfortable and e f f i c i e n t f o r i t s u s e r s — f i r s t y e a r , b u t f o r many y e a r s not j u s t during the into the future. The p r o b a b l e f u t u r e demand was e s t i m a t e d on t h e o p t i m i s t i c b a s i s t h a t t h e a r e a would grow and p r o s p e r and t h a t t h i s p r o s p e r i t y would be �108 r e f l e c t e d i n added t r a v e l by a l l modes. This p r e d i c t i o n has c e r t a i n l y come t r u e . Secondly,, these planners were keenly aware of the need to l o c a t e and design a f a c i l i t y to minimize adverse e f f e c t on the community i t i s to s e r v e . I s a y "minimise" r a t h e r than " e l i m i n a t e " because there were c i t i z e n s t h e n there are s t i l l some now) step backward; who f e l t t h a t any (and perhaps change was a that the r u r a l s c e n e r y and atmosphere o f Loudoun County should remain untouched 0 This s m a l l group hoped t h a t the need f o r added a i r p o r t c a p a c i t y would somehow go away are s a t i s f i e d , . Q I cannot say t h a t t h e y However, the s i t e s e l e c t e d reduced t o an abso- l u t e minimum the number o f homes 0 farms and b u s i n e s s e s which would be disrupted, j u s t as t h e highway departments o f the D i s t r i c t , Maryland and V i r g i n i a have done i n t h i s c a s e u V i t a l t o the s u c c e s s o f t h i s e f f o r t was c o n s t r u c t i o n of a 16-mile c o n t r o l l e d access highway s o l e l y t o s e r v e t h e l l - i / 2 m i l l i o n a i r p a s s e n g e r s t h a t would be a t t r a c t e d a n n u a l l y by 1980o The D u l l e s Access Highway, a freeway b u i l t t o h i g h s t a n d a r d s o f s a f e t y and c a p a c i t y , was intended t o a s s u r e t h a t t h e customers c o u l d get t o and from t h e a i r p o r t w i t h o u t c l o g g i n g t h e e x i s t i n g l o c a l roads and s t r e e t s and making them l e s s s a f e and d e s i r a b l e f o r l o c a l t r a v e l o To d a t e t h i s has been o n l y p a r t i a l l y s u c c e s s f u l i n t h i s r e s p e c t , and I w i l l r e t u r n t o t h i s p o i n t i n a moment 0 �The t h i r d concern was to b u i l d a f a c i l i t y which would be v i s u a l , as w e l l as a f u n c t i o n a l , a s s e t to the coRurunity.. An a i r p o r t was b y i l t , which, we b e l i e v e , i s an engineering and a r c h i t e c t u r a l monument b e f i t t i n g t h i s , the c a p i t a l C i t y of the world. I t i s c l e a r to rae t h a t the highway departments of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and V i r g i n i a have had t h a t same goal i n mind and t h a t , i n t h i s needed Potomac River Bridge, they have s t r i v e n t o prove t h a t a t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t y , though i t may change nature's appearance, can add t o , r a t h e r than sub- t r a c t from* i t s p h y s i c a l surrounding beauty,, E i t h e r of the proposed designs w i l l be b e a u t i f u l bridges, I understand t h a t , by 1980, over loo,OCO people a day w i l l use t h i s bridge, and from i t enjoy an unexcelled panorama of our b e a u t i f u l c a p i t a l c i t y . T h i s i s important to us because many of these lO0,O0O w i l l be D u l l e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t customers, some seeing Washington for the f i r s t time» L e t me r e t u r n now, 6,000 people who t o a point I made e a r l i e r , , The f l y i n and out of D u l l e s A i r p o r t d a i l y , plus a very large number of employees and v i s i t o r s , must use ground t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o or from t h e i r u l t i m a t e destinations,. Many of these d e s t i n a t i o n s are e a s t o f the Potomac R i v e r i n a l l parts; of Washington and the Maryland suburbs. adequate c r o s s - r i v e r c a p a c i t y was planning il Thus, an assurance of an absolute e s s e n t i a l t o the and u l t i m a t e l o c a t i o n d e c i s i o n . �• • ; » The D u l l e s j -ended n e a r t h e C a p i t a l B e l t w a y , was i n t e n d e d t o c o n n e c t t o 166 and t o t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s and R o o s e v e l t Brictges t o a s s u r e c o n g e s t i o n f r e e acdess t o t h e c e n t r a l c i t y , as w e l l as o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e Maryland and V i r g i n i a s u b u r b s . The p l a n n i n g assumed t h a t a i r p o r t t r a f f i c would s t a y on l i m i t e d a c c e s s r o u t e s and n o t c o n t r i b u t e t o o r s u f f e r from c o n g e s t i o n on e x i s t i n g r o a d s s u c h a s George Washington Parkway, D o l l y Madison B o u l e v a r d , o r C h a i n B r i d g e Road and others„ U n t i l t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n f r e e w a y s y s t e m i s completed including t h i s v i t a l bridge — — t h e r e s i d e n t s o f and v i s i t o r s t o t h i s m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a a r e d e p r i v e d o f adequate service at D u l l e s A i r p o r t and a r e f o r c e d t o f u r t h e r c o n g e s t t h e g r o s s l y overcrowded National Airport. I submit t h a t t h i s a l o n e h a s a f a r g r e a t e r a d v e r s e impact on e n v i r o n m e n t . Our Commission s i n c e r e l y hopes t h a t t h e many d e l a y s t o c o m p l e t i o n o f t h i s system and t h i s b r i d g e a r e n e a r an end f o r both t h e s a k e o f t h e t r a v e l i n g p u b l i c and o f t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h i s community a s w e l l . Thank y o u f o r t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o e x p r e s s t h e s e v i e w s on b e h a l f o f t h e D u l l e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t Development Commission. I w i l l f u r t h e r submit f o r t h e r e c o r d , Mr. c h a i r m a n , a copy o f House J o i n t R e s o l u t i o n Number 168 o f t h e V i r g i n i a �the T h r e e Mro Dugas. Thank you* s i r . I t w i l l be s o Mr. Winder. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. e n t e r ed-o (The r e s o l u t i o n r e f e r r e d t o f o r i n c l u s i o n i n t h e record a t t h i s point follows:) �t H O U S E J O I N T R E S O L U T I O N NO. 168 Memorializing States the members from posed Three Virginia Sisters of the delegation to assure Bridge across to the Congress the prompt of the authorization the Potomac United of the pro- River. Offered March 6, 1968 Patron—Mr. Daniel, W. C. Referred to the Committee on Federal Relations Whereas, the United States Department of Transportation is considering disapproval of the proposed Three Sisters Bridge across the Potomac River connecting Arlington County and the District of Columbia ares; and Whereas, this bridge is an essential part of Interstate Route 2 6 6 ; and Whereas, planning for this crossing has been underway since June thirty, nineteen hundred sixty, when Interstate 2 6 6 with a bridge across the Potomac was first approved by the United States Bureau of Public Roads; and Whereas, all traffic forecasts made by responsible highway authorities indicate an overwhelming need for a bridgs over the Potomac in the Three Sisters area; and Whereas, the interstate plan for Northern Virginia is entirely compatible with proposed mass transit facilities in that area, and is vital to assure an adequate, balanced transportation system; and Whereas, designation of an additional Potomac River crossing in the Three Sisters area as a part of the interstate system was a basic factor in the decision that Interstate 6 6 would provide a satisfactory connection between Washington and the Dulles International Airport access road; and Whereas, the Virginia Department of Highways has worked closely with federal, regional and local agencies in developing plans for the proposed river crossing and interstate connection; now, therefore, be it Resolved by the House of Delegates, the Senate concurrinjr, That the General Assembly of Virginia urges that Virginia members of the Congress of the United States exert all possible efforts to assure the prompt authorization for carrying out plans originally approved by federal authorities in nineteen hundred sixty to construct these integral segments of the inter- �House Joint Resolution No. 168 2 state highway system. The clerk of the House of Delegates is directed to send to each member of the Virginia delegation to the Congress of the United States a copy of this resolution. �112 " • o f t h e o*Boyle • STATEMENT O? JOHN P. GRIMM, V I C E PRESIDENT, TRAFFICE OF ' O'BOYLE TANK LINES, INCORPORATED, WASHINGTON, MR, GRIMM: D. C. Mr. chairman, my name i s John Grimm, and I am V i c e P r e s i d e n t - T r a f f i c c f O*Boyle Tank L i n e s , I n c . , o f Washington, D. C, Speaking both f o r my company and f o r m y s e l f , I v i g o r o u s l y supporr t h e d e s i g n f o r t h e Three Sisters B r i d g e which t h e F i n e A r t s Commission h a s approved and endorsed enthusiastically. Even though t h i s d e s i g n i s somewhat more e x p e n s i v e than t h e a l t e r n a t e p r o p o s a l , I f e e l t h a t i t s e s t h e t i c v a l u e more t h a n j u s t i f i e s i t s h i g h e r c o s t . T h i s v i t a l l i n k between downtown Washington cind V i r g i n i a w i l l c r o s s t h e Potomac i n a p a r t i c u l a r l y scenic area and t h e n a t u r a l beauty o f t h e R i v e r must not be marred b y " j u s t 1 another b r i d g e . ' The p r e s t r e s s e d c o n c r e t e d e s i g n s h o u l d enhance the n a t u r a l beauty o f t h i s a r e a w h i l e a t t h e same time p r o v i d i n g a v i t a l l y needed c o n n e c t i o n . To t h o s e who would q u e s t i o n t h e n e c e s s i t y o f h a v i n g any b r i d g e , I would respond t h a t ~- and my remarks h e r e go t o t h e economic a s p e c t s o f t h e b r i d g e — from my vantage as a T r a f f i c Manager f o r a t r u c k i n g company point i t i s a l l too obvious- t h a t t h e c i t y i t s e l f i s p r e s e n t l y i n a d e q u a t e l y a c c e s s i b l e �1 virtually upported t h e Metro system as a long-range, p a r t i a l s o l u t i o n t o the commuter THE commercial t r a f f i c t o WHICH I r e f e r i s not a t w i c e - a - d a y surge o f automobiles b u t r a t h e r an c l o c k f l o w o f f r e i g h t t o and from the c i t y . around-theWithout this f l o w t h e c i t y would soon d i e , and y e t i t i s s l o w l y b e i n g s t r a n g l e d by a combination o f e x p l o d i n g p o p u l a t i o n and i n a d e quate nxgnwaySo. At' t h e p r e s e n t t i m e d e l i v e r i e s t o t h e c i t y a r e h e a v i l j p e n a l i z e d i n terms o f t h e f r e i g h t charges a s s e s s e d t o t h e shipp>: o f t h e s e goods. These h i g h e r f r e i g h t charges a r e n e c e s s i t a t e d by t h e h i g h c o s t i n v o l v e d i n g o i n g t o and from t h e downtown area. This high cost i s d i r e c t l y attributable to delays encountered because o f t h e l a c k o f an adequate freewajr system. The a d d i t i o n a l c o s t o f s h i p p i n g f r e i g h t t o t h e c i t y ii n e c e s s a r i l y passed along by t h e s h i p p e r i n t h e e v e n t u a l s a l e p r i c e o f t h e s e goods. T h e r e f o r e , the p r i c e of t h i s inadequate s y s t e m i s b e i n g p a i d on a d a i l y b a s i s by t h e r e s i d e n t s o f t h e c i t y who e v e n t u a l l y purchase t h e s e goods. This i s true i n s p i t e o f t h e f a c t t h a t t h e money t o b u i l d an adequate system h a s long ago been c o l l e c t e d from t h o s e who propose t o use t h e �: highways have n o t •The proposed b r i d g e endangers no houses, t h r e a t e n s no s c h o o l s , d i v i d e s no neighborhoods, would enhance t h e b e a u t y o f t h e a r e a , and i s v i t a l l y needed by t h o s e , such a s my company who s e r v e t h e c i t y around t h e c l o c > . Those who oppose t h e b r i d g e i n any form do s o f o r reasons which a r e i l l o g i c a l and c o n t r a r y t o t h e needs o f t h e city itself. Much h a s been s a i d about t h e s t r a n g u l a t i o n which i s o c c u r r i n g i n t h e downtown area,, B u s i n e s s e s and governmental a g e n c i e s prove t h e t r u t h o f t h e s e s t a t e m e n t s d a i l y as t h e y move i n e v e r i n c r e a s i n g numbers t o t h e suburbs t o a v o i d t h i s STRAGULATION. With e v e r y new move t o t h e suburbs, a g r e a t hue and c r u i s r a i s e d about t h e j o b s t h a t a r e l o s t by t h e i n n e r - c i t y residents,, Quite f r e q u e n t l y these complaints are heard from t h e v e r y people who on o t h e r o c c a s i o n s oppose t h i s b r i d g e and a l l o t h e r highways. These c o n t r a d i c t o r y p o s i t i o n s n e c e s s a r i l y r a i s e q u e s t i o n s about t h e t r u e i n t e n t i o n s o f t h o s e who b l i n d l y oppose a l l highway c o n s t r u c t i o n 0 I f t h e i r main concern i s t r u l y f o r t h e r e s i d e n t s o f t h e c i t y , and i f t h e y have even t h e most s i m p l e a p p r e c i a t i o n o f t h e economic f a c t s o f l i f e , t h e y would s u p p o r t , not oppose. �day t h a t goes by w i t h o u t t h e s t e p b e i n g t a k e n i s another day i n which t h e r e s i d e n t s o f t h e c i t y pay f o r i t s absence. Thank y o u , Mr, Chairman, Mr, Dugas, Thank you, s i r . Our n e x t w i t n e s s i s Mr. M a r t i n L , S e h n i d e r who r e p r e s e n t s t h e Committee on D u l l e s . He has asked t h a t h i s statement be s u b m i t t e d f o r t h e r e c o r d i n l i e u o f t e s t i m o n y , (The the statement o f Mr, S e h n i d e r f o r i n c l u s i o n i n record a t t h i s point follows:) �DRAFT - CCR TESTIMONY ON My - 12/11/70 166 name i s M a r t i n S e h n i d e r and I represent on D u l l e s , a c i t i z e n s ' o r g a n i z a t i o n the Committee concerned w i t h good a i r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e r v i c e f o r t h i s growing r e g i o n . p r i m a r y i n t e r e s t i s D u l l e s A i r p o r t , we Although are e q u a l l y our involved w i t h the e n t i r e i n t e g r a t e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system of the community. The proposed Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s an e s s e n t i a l l i n k i n the m e t r o p o l i t a n freeway system w h i c h was one of the s i g n i f i c a n t r e a s o n s f o r the a i r p c r t development i n Loudon County. An a i r p o r t simply s e r v i c e between i t and cannot f u n c t i o n w i t h o u t adequate road the community. Most t r a v e l e r s a t D u l l e s A i r p o r t use automobiles or cabs for t h e i r ground t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e r v i c e . d e s t i n a t i o n s are widely spread through the community. four a r r i v i n g passengers i s destined One-third are destined Maryland suburbs. T h i s i s because t h e i r f o r the remainder of D. I n t o t a l , over t w o - t h i r d s Thus, adequate and C. and i t s healthy Our the of a l l D u l l e s their final s a f e b r i d g e c a p a c i t y has s i g n i f i c a n c e to D u l l e s A i r p o r t and in f o r downtown Washington. p a s s e n g e r s must c r o s s the Potomac R i v e r to r e a c h destination. One vital to those o f us concerned w i t h growth. Committee b e l i e v e s t h a t Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e w i l l make an e s s e n t i a l c o n t r i b u t i o n to t h a t needed c a p a c i t y and do i t i n �- 2 - a way t h a t w i l l have p o s i t i v e s o c i a l , economic and e n v i r o n m e n t a l b e n e f i t s f o r t h e community a s a whole. the D. C. and V i r g i n i a We b e l i e v e that Highway Departments should be commended f o r t h e s e n s i t i v e d e s i g n s w h i c h they have proposed and t h e a t t e n t i o n w h i c h they have p a i d t o n o i s e abatement, s c e n i c p r e s e r v a t i o n , and t h e improvement o f r e c r e a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s . I t i salso significant home o r b u s i n e s s t h a t , as I u n d e r s t a n d i t , n o t a s i n g l e w i l l be d i s p l a c e d by t h e b r i d g e o r t h e approaches w i t h i n t h i s p r o j e c t l i m i t s . I doubt t h a t t h e r e i s another l o c a t i o n w i t h i n t h e B e l t w a y where t h i s needed b r i d g e c o u l d be p l a c e d w i t h so l i t t l e d i s r u p t i o n t o t h e n a t u r a l or man-made surroundings. I would l i k e t o c l o s e by r e i t e r a t i n g the v i t a l importance of t h i s b r i d g e t o D u l l e s A i r p o r t and, through i t , t o t h e e n t i r e community. D u l l e s i s s i t u a t e d 26 m i l e s from t h e c e n t e r o f Washington. T h i s d i s t a n c e p r o t e c t s t h e community from many o f t h e annoyances of a i r t r a f f i c overhead. To g a i n t h i s b e n e f i t , however, and s t i l l operate a f u n c t i o n a l a i r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e r v i c e , the d i s advantage o f d i s t a n c e must be compensated by e c o n o m i c a l , speed, and " r e l i a b l e ground t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . high- R a i l f a c i l i t i e s may someday be a b l e t o e c o n o m i c a l l y s e r v e t h i s need. For the f o r e - s e e a b l e f u t u r e , however, t h i s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n must be by �- 3 - limousine, p r i v a t e c a r , t r u c k and bus -- and these require highways and b r i d g e s . We b e l i e v e and that t h i s hearing i n t o t h e s o c i a l , economic e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s o f the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e must consider t h e t o t a l p i c t u r e and t h e p o t e n t i a l b e n e f i t s t o t h t o t a l community. I n t h i s view, the b r i d g e i s c l e a r l y an a s s e t and i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n s h o u l d go f o r w a r d promptly. �. I have had a r e q u e s t t o he heard from Mr, Motte• Mr. Motte, would you come f o r w a r d , p l e a s e . We s h a l l be g l a d t o h e a r from you a t t h i s t i m e , s i r . STATEMENT OF JOHN MOTTE, PRESIDENT OF THE BROOKLAND AREA COORDINATING COUNCIL MR, MOTTE: Mr, Dugas, Thank you* Mr* Chairman, Would you g i v e us your f u l l name, please, Mr. Motte. MR. MOTttEt Mr. Chairman, my name i s John M o t t e v • I am P r e s i d e n t o f t h e B r o o k l a n d A r e a C o o r d i n a t i n g C o u n c i l , The B r o o k l a n d A r e a C o o r d i n a t i n g C o u n c i l , a c o u n c i l o f t w e n t y - t h r e e member o r g a n i z a t i o n s o f t h e B r o o k l a n d community, t a k e p a r t i c u l a r e x c e p t i o n and h e r e b y f i l e o b j e c t i o n t o t h i s hearing f o r the following reasons. The m a t t e r o f t h e need, l o c a t i o n and d e s i g n o f t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s s t i l l a t t h i s time under t h e purview of the c o u r t s . And t h e c o u r t s ? d e c i s i o n s have n o t y e t been handed down. Therefore i t i s considered by us t h a t a design h e a r i n g on t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e h a s no v a l i d i t y a t t h i s time 0 I t i s considered t h a t t h i s hearing i s a specious �t o t h e court;- of ';>: D i s t r i c t ,a*. Secondly, ,x :/:>\i<:\ t h i s h e a r i n g i s b e i n g conducted i n a form w h i c h h a s been r e j e c t e d by t h e c o u r t s as improper, i n v a l i d and i l l e g a l a i n i t s o p i n i o n on t h e D i s t r i c t highway p l a n w h i c h t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Court o f Appeals handed down i n F e b r u a r y 1963, way thcit c o u r t h e l d t h a t h e a r i n g s on a l l a s p e c t s o f t h e h i g h - p l a n must be h e l d i n t h e presence o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. o f and by the Commissioner T h i s h e a r i n g i s not b e i n g so h e l d , and i s c o n s i d e r e d a d e l i b e r a t e attempt by t h e Commissioner o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia t o f o r c e i t s c i t i z e n s t o assume the xnidue burden o f r e t u r n i n g t o t h e courts,, F o r t h e s e reasons the B r o o k l a n d A r e a C o o r d i n a t i n g Council joins i t s v o i c e t o t h e v o i c e s o f o t h e r s who have objected to t h i s hearing. Having f i l e d t h i s o b j e c t i o n , I submit t h e f o l l o w i n g concerns w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e m a t t e r a t hand. Mr. Chairman, t h e d e s i g n o f t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s cannot be d i s c u s s e d i n i t s own vacuum. Bridge The d e s i g n o f t h e bridgo i s r e l a t e d d i r e c t l y t o t h e d e s i g n s o f t h e roadways connected to the bridge. The d e s i g n o f t h e b r i d g e i s p a r t and p a r c e l o f t h e d e s i g n s b e h i n d t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Department o f Highways, Major Highways program, and t h a t p l a n has been j r e j e c t e d by t h e Ms.tional c a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, t h e �11 Commissxoner, and 'ciie C i cy ^oun^--L*o 1.0 permit- Qeoign*^ oy become s u c c e s s f u l i s t o support a c t i o n s h e l d i l l e g a l i n c o u r t s , v o t i n g down by t h e c i t i z e n s by a 19 t o 1 margine, and r e j e c t e d by the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission and the D. C. C i t y C o u n c i l on two s e p a r a t e Mr. occasions. chairman, u n l e s s t h i s meeting addresses itself t o the d e s i r e s o f t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and i t s c o u n c i l as opposed t o the d e s i g n s o f the highway lobby and the D* C v Department o f Highways, aided and a b e t t e d by the Commissioner's o f f i c e , and t h e c o r p o r a t i o n C o u n c i l , t h i s meeting cooperates i n f o r c i n g on c i t i z e n s i n j u s t i c e s t h e y have t i m e and a g a i n opposed. Mr. Chairman, the Brookland Area coordinating Council m a i n t a i n s i t s p o s i t i o n as b e i n g u n a l t e r a b l y oppoosd t o any more gateways t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, and i t m a i n t a i n s i t s o p p o s i t i o n t o any more major roadways w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. U n t i l mass r a p i d t r a n s i t i s i n o p e r a t i o n , t h e r e must be no more cement e n t r i e s i n t o t h e Nation's Capital. Thank you. Mr. Dugas. Perhaps t h i s i s a good time f o r me to r e a d an e x c e r p t from t h e memoranda op-'nion o f Judge S i r i c a , i n o r d e r t h a t we w i l l u n d e r s t a n d what the p o s i t i o n o f t h e H e a r i n g Examiner i s i n t h i s c a s e . And I quote him: " I t s h o u l d be emphasized t h a t t h e q u e s t i o n before �t h i s c o u r t i s a l i m i t e d one, i . e . , have t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and t h e Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n complied w i t h t h e a p p l i c a b l e p r o v i s i o n s o f T i t l e 23. i t i s not f o r t h i s c o u r t o r f o r any c o u r t t o d e c i d e whether a b r i d g e a c r o s s t h e Potomac i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e T h r e e Sisters i s l a n d i s needed, or i f t h e b r i d g e as p r e s e n t l y planned i s a w o r t h w h i l e p r o j e c t w h i c h w i l l be f o r t h e b e n e f i t o r t o t h e d e t r i m e n t o f t h e l o c a l community,, The policy c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f whether t o b u i l d t h i s b r i d g e o r any o f t h e d i s p u t e d segments o f t h e i n t e r s t a t e system i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia have been a i r e d o v e r and o v e r a g a i n through t h e y e a r s t h i s time, 0 They a r e not b e f o r e t h i s c o u r t a t congress i n t h e 18(58 Act has s e t t l e d t h e q u e s t i o n w i t h i t s conmiahd t h a t t h e b r i d g e s h o u l d be built« Now, we have j u s t a few minutes b e f o r e our n e x t w i t n e s s i s scheduled t o appear. I wonder i f Mr. Tom P. McLachlen i s i n t h e hou.se 0 I f he i s not h e r e , we w i l l j u s t t a k e a s h o r t b r e a k , about a f i v e - m i n u t e b r e a k , t o g i v e Mr c McLachlen a chance t o be h e r e We w i l l r e c e s s u n t i l 2:2o. (At t h i s p o i n t i n t h e h e a r i n g a s h o r t r e c e s s was taken,) MR. Mr. Salem, Mr. Dug AS: I wonder i f e i t h e r Mr. Chaney o r Mr<, FAwcett Wickstead, i s i n t h e room? �120 ave your ' ti; Mr. Len, Mr. Chaney i s Number 22 on our l i s t t a k e n o u t o f order. STATEMENT OF D. L . CHANEY, 1057 NATIONAL PRESS BUILDING, WASHINGTON, MR. CHA1TSY.: D. C. Mr. Chairman, l a d i e s and gentlemen, I a p p r e c i a t e v e r y much t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o be h e r e today. And I want t o s t a t e t h a t I t h o r o u g h l y endorse t h e d e s i g n o f t h e Thr=e S i s t e r s B r i d g e a s proposed, and I am i n f a v o r o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i s n b e i n g undertaken a t t h e e a r l i e s t p o s s i b l e moment a s an important l i n k toward completion o f t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n i n t e r s t a t e highway program, t h i s need i s d e f i n i t e and u r g e n t . Most o f my comments h e r e today a r e p r i m a r i l y i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e d e s i g n , as I understand t h a t i s t h e main purpose t o r t h i s h e a r i n g . And I want t o s t a t e t h a t t h e s t r u c t u c a ] d e s i g n , w h i c h c o n s i s t s o f long span p r e s t r e s s e d c o n c r e t e , i s an e x c e l l e n t s o l u t i o n f o r t h i s l o c a t i o n . I t h a s t h e advantage o f o n l y two p i e r s w i d e l y spaced, w h i c h l e a v e t h e main r i v e r • c h a n n e l c o m p l e t e l y f r e e o f o b s t r u c t i o n and p r o v i d e an open view of t h e r i v e r . Of e q u a l m e r i t i s t h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l t r e a t m e n t . s t u d y o f t h e model — and i f anyone h a s n o t seen t h e model I t h i n k t h e y s h o u l d look a t i t - r r e a d i l y shows t h a t t h e A �scape s i n c e t h e e a r l i e s t c i v i l i s a t i o n s . Not o n l y a r e t h e y a u s e f u l u t i l i t y , b u t when p r o p e r l y designed t h e y become p o i n t s of i n t e r e s t Which c o n t r i b u t e a t t r a c t i v e l y t o a c i t y ' s p e r s o n a l i t y and t o i t s l i v i n g a r t . Although t h e r e a r e no d e s i g n s o f t h e same magnitude of t h e Three S i s t e r s proposal e x i s t i n g i n t h i s a r e a , s t r u c t u r e s o f s i m i l a r s i z e and d e s i g n have b e e n used s u c c e s s f u l l y e l s e where. . - .:': ' yr-.~r..:~. : " : y . . L a r a been spent working w i t h c o n c r e t e d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n , i n c l u d i n g prestressed concrete. And I do n o t h e s i t a t e t o recommend t h e d e s i g n now i n q u e s t i o n . I might add t h a t I have no b u s i n e s s o r f i n a n c i a l i n t e r e s t o f any k i n d i n t h e d e s i g n o r c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h i s bridge. I t e s t i f y s i m p l y a s a l o c a l c i t i z e n who f e e l s t h a t t h e r e i s r e a l and u r g e n t need f o r t h i s s t r u c t u r e and f o r t h e completion o f t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n highway s y s t e m . And t h e p o i n t t h a t I would l i k e t o make, which i s n o t o f t e n mentioned, i s t h a t t h e Congress i n 1956 passed t h e i n t e r s t a t e Highway A c t and l e v i e d a t a x a g a i n s t e v e r y highway u s e r i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e J . Arc! to t a x e s have been c o l l e c t e d s i n c e t h a t time and w i l l be c o l l e c t e d f o r t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f t h i s i n t e r s t a t e continue system. And t h i s b r i d g e and i t s accompanying highways a r e a p a r t o f �: h e r e i t i s t ' .el • t h e product f o r which t h e y a r e b e i n g taxed« And I would l i k e t o g i v e icy h e a r t y endorsement b o t h t o t h e d e s i g n and f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n and completion o f t h e MR. DUGAS: Thank you, M:. Chaney. Mr. F a w c e t t i s o u r n e x t wxtnessj, You may proceed, s i r , STATEMENT OF ARTHUR H. FAWCETT, J R . , A RESIDENT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLOMBIA * A CITY PLANNER AND A MEMBER OF T H E POTOMAC BOAT CLUB MR. FAWCETT: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Hy name i s A r t h u r H. F a w c e t t . t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. I am a r e s i d e n t o f I am a c i t y p l a n n e r . But i n t h i s case I am t e s t i f y i n g a s p r e s i d e n t o f t h e Potomac Boat Coub, 3530 Water S t r e e t , Northwest, i n the D i s t r i c t . My statement i n b e h a l f o f t h e Boat Club i s v e r y l i m i t e d i n scope, t h i s i s , a s t o t h e d e s i g n o f t h e b r i d g e . And I am s u r e o t h e r s p e a k e r s i n t h i s h e a r i n g w i l l c o v e r o t h e r aspects q u i t e s u f f i c i e n t l y . I n A p r i l 1969 a two thousand meter Olympic l e n g t h r a c e c o u r s e was l a i d o u t on t h e r i v e r by t h e Coast Geodetic �& 13 •£ vC~fo xXllLS JLTCIOO OO'Ll.a oCQiCS GlDOU.C c l CTQelXV"CG3T O 3 . IttXXG >ve W i s c o n s i n Avenue where t h e r e i s a l a r g e a r e a which we hope can be used r ' f r o n t i s developed. Another r a c e course l a i d down a number o f y e a r s ago s t a r t s somewhere f u r t h e r up t h e r i v e r and f i n i s h e s a t t h e Potomac Boat Club. These r a c e c o u r s e s a r e aenong t h e b e s t n a t u r a l rov/ing c o u r s e s i n t h i s c o u n t r y , and perhaps i n t h e world. They a r e used n o t o n l y by t h e Potomac B o a t c l u b but by Georgetown, George Washington and Howard u n i v e r s i t i e s , J . E . B . S t u a r t , Washington and L e e , Yorktown and P o r t Hunt High S c h o o l s , and b y l a r g e numbers o f v i s i t i n g crews. I n a d d i t i o n , crews from C o r n e l l , Brown and other northern u n i v e r s i t i e s often p r a c t i c e here during t h e i r s p r i n g v a c a t i o n because o f t h e s u p e r i o r c o l d weather c o n d i t i o n s i, The C h e r r y Blossom R e g e t t a held, on t h e new r a c e c o u r s s e v e r y s p r i n g i s one o f t h e l a r g e s t rowing r e g a t t a s i n t h e Unite; S t a t e s i n terms o f numbers o f crews and people p a r t i c i p a t i n g . I n t o t a l , many hundreds o f yourg men b e n e f i t from t h e h i g h q u a l i t y o f t h e rowing c o n d i t i o n s on t h e Potomac R i v e r every year. One o f t h e few h a n d i c a p s , i n f a c t h a z a r d s , o f t h e s e c o u r s e s i s t h e p r e s e n c e o f Key B r i d g e w i t h i t s numerous abutments i n t h e r i v e r . Many crews a r e s t e e r e d by one of �aer t l i an a L a i danger t o moving b o a t s , e s p e c i a l l y i n r a c e s . fast- To p l a c e a d d i t i o n a l h a z a r d s i n t h e r i v e r a t another p a r t o f the rowing course would be j a s e r i o u s blow t o c o n t i n u i n g j River. rowing a c t i v i t y on t h e Potomac Furthermore* the c e n t e r abutment o f t h e s o - c a l l e d • s i x span a l t e r n a t i v e would so r e s t r i c t t h e space a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e r a c e c o u r s e i n t h a t a r e a t h a t a t l e a s t two n e c e s s a r y s i x lane c o u r s e would be lost. We lanes of the t h e r e f o r e most u r g e n t l y r e q u e s t t h a t i r a b r i d g e xs n e c e s s a r y i n t h i s l o c a t i o n , t h a t the d e s i g n w h i c h spans as much o f the r i v e r as p o s s i b l e used. The be t h r e e span a l t e r n a t i v e tfhich, as we understand i t , i s the o n l y one approved by the, F i n e A r t s Commission, does t h i s . T h e r e f o r e we r e q u e s t t h a t i f a b r i d g e i s b u i l t t h a t i t have a c l e a r span a t l e a s t as wide as t h a t of t h e t h r e e span a l t e r n a t i v e I t may be t h a t t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e i s somewhat more e x p e n s i v e , but i t i s worth n o t i n g t h a t the c i t y o f New Y o r k 3pent more t h a n a m i l l i o n d o l l a r s t o dredge o u t a man-made rowing c o u r s e w h i c h i s i n many r e s p e c t s not as good as t h i s The one. r e c r e a t i o n b e n e f i t s c l e a r l y outweigh t h e use an i n f e r i o r b r i d g e d e s i g n . Now, the Boat c l u b w i l l be s u b m i t t i n g a written s t a t e m e n t i n more d e t a i l w i t h i n t h e n e x t . t e n d a y s . Thank you. of �Mr. F a w c e t t , f o r When we r e c e i v e your w r i t t e n , ststei&ent w i l l .. (The p r e p a r e d statement o f Mr. F a w c e t t f o r i n s e r t i o n i n the record at t h i s point follows:) (COMMITTEE INSERT:) will �126 at t h i s time, .. . LAS P. MCLACHLEN REPRESENTING THE TRANSPORTATION COMMITTEE, METROPOLITAN WASHINGTON BOARD OF TRADE MR MCLACHLEN: Mr. Chairman, I am Thomas P. McLachlen, r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e Board o f T r a d e . f The Metropoj-3-tan Washxngton Board o f T r a d e , r e p — r e s e n i n g some 5000 b u s i n e s s members h a s been concerned usith t h e l o c a t i o n , d e s i g n and a e s t h e t i c v a l u e o f major p u b l i c works p r o j e c t s i n our N a t i o n a l c a p i t a l f o r 81 y e a r s . We b e l i e v e t h a t t h e proposed d e s i g n f o r t h e t h r e e span b r i d g e t o c a r r y »-266 a c r o s s t h e Potomac R i v e r i s t h e most aesthetically p l e a s i n g and a t t r a c t i v e b r i d g e d e s i g n we have seen. We q u i t e agree w i t h t h e judgment o f t h e F i n e A r t s Commission i n t h i s matter. I n a d d i t i o n , we t h i n k t h e a l t e r n a t e s i x - s p a n b r i d g e proposed would be a v e r y a c c e p t a b l e second c h o i c e . Either d e s i g n w i t h t h e i r low s i l h o u e t t e s and unencumbered l i n e s meld a d m i r a b l y w i t h t h e s u r r o u n d i n g will terrain. Some mention h a s teen made o f t h e s a f e t y f a c t o r i n t h e d e s i g n o f t h e t h r e e - s p a n b r i d g e proposed. As a businessman, I c a n o n l y e x p r e s s t h e v i e w t h a t we f e e l c o n f i d e n t t h e Department o f T r a f f i c and Highways would n o t contemplate b u i l d i n g a s t r u c t u r e �bhe Govern- ment of the D i s t r i c t and t h e S t a t e o f V i r g i n i a r e g a r d i n g this elenient o f the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n f o r M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington, We are f a v o r a b l y impressed w i t h t h e c a r e f u l p r e p a r a t i o n has o b v i o u s l y gone i n t o t h i s p r o j e c t . We that agree i n p a r t i c u l a r w i t h the s e c t i o n s t i t l e d " F a s t , S a f e and E f f i c i e n t T r a n s p o r t a t i o n " and "Employment and Economic A c t i v i t y " which c l e a r l y u n d e r s c o r e s the e s s e n t i a l economic value o f t h e p r o j e c t t o consumers, employers and employees. We would add t h a t the l a r g e s t p r i v a t e economic gener a t o r i n our c i t y i s t h e t o u r i s t and c o n v e n t i o n b u s i n e s s . i t i s p r o j e c t e d t h a t the p r e s e n t a n n u a l r a t e of Sinc|a 17 m i l l i o n v i s i t o r s w i l l double or even t r i p l e o v e r t h e n e x t s e v e r a l y e a r s , t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and i t s connectors w i l l g r e a t l y a i d i n r e l i e v i n g t h e t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n which i s so e v i d e n t on both s i d e s of concentrated business t h e Potomac R i v e r i n our highly and monumental a r e a s . A t the time P r e s i d e n t Eisenhower s e l e c t e d the of Dulles I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t , the construction of a bridge a t t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s i s l a n d s s i t e was determining the a i r p o r t location,. a major c o n s i d e r a t i o n I t was A i r p o r t a r e a and the c i t y c e n t e r , t h i s I l k '••-66 i s essential. in obvious even t h e n t h a t S>r a v i a b l e economic r e l a t i o n s h i p t o e x i s t between t h e to site Dulles a c r o s s t h e Potomac i t w i l l be a key f a c t o r i n d e v e l o p i n g �.128 Gateway t o t h e U n i t e d 9 I t a i r and space o r i e n t e d i n d u s t r y i n t o t h e economics o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia„ i n reviewing t h e matter o f t h e environmental impact o f t h e b r i d g e and i t s c o n n e c t o r s upon i t s immediate surroundingj we agree t h a t adequate p r o v i s i o n s should be made t o minimize i t ) I t . i s our . judgment t h a t t h e c o n t i n u i n g growth o f t r a f f i c i n t h i s area without the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the bridge w i l l s e r v e t o maximize t h e a d v e r s e e f f e c t s o f c o n g e s t i o n and pollution, I d i r e c t yom~ a t t e n t i o n t o p o p u l a t i o n f i g u r e p r o j e c t i o n s f o r t h e a r e a s w i t h which t h e h e a r i n g i s concerned. The I97o p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e V i r g i n i a suburbs o f M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington i s 964,3oo, W i t h i n o n l y t h r e e decades, i t i s e x p e c t e d t o be over 3 m i l l i o n I A r l i n g t o n County w i t h a 1970 p o p u l a t i o n o f 189$ 700 s h o u l d grown t o 420,000 i n t h e same p e r i o d . We a l l r e c o g n i z e t h e problems a l r e a d y b e f o r e u s i n 1970 i n v o l v i n g c o n g e s t i o n , p o l l u t i o n , and movement o f goods. I t appears obvious t o u s t h a t b y t h e y e a r 2000, when t h e popula t i o n i n t h e a r e a we a r e concerned w i t h today w i l l have i n c r e a s e d by more t h a n 100 p e r c e n t , t h a t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h i s b r i d g e w i l l c l e a r l y have been demonstrated t o be a n e c e s s a r y undert a k i n g t o minimize c o n g e s t i o n and promote t h e economic develop-] ment o f Northern Virginia, �'nment f o r the d a r e and i m a g i n a t i o n e x e r c i s e d i n i t s p l a n n i n g . Thank you v e r y much, s i r . MR, DUGAS; ,Thank y o u , s i r . Mr. WZCKS iieac,? i (NO r e s p o n s e . ) MR. DUGAS: H r . Robert j . Salem, r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e Northern V i r g i n i a Board o f R e a l t o r s . I s he h e r e ? (No r e s p o n s e . ) MR. DUGAS: i s Mr. James 0 . Granum p r e s e n t i n t h e h e a r i n g room? (No r e s p o n s e . ) MR.. DUGAS: We have e x h a u s t e d o u r l i s t o f w i t n e s s e s . I wonder i f t h e r e i s someone i n t h e room now who would d e s i r e t o speak who i s n o t p r e v i o u s l y l i s t e d on o u r agenda? I f s o , w i l l you s t a n d and come f o r w a r d . Mr*.--Abbott, come f o r w a r d , s i r * STATEMENT OF SAMMIE A. ABBOTT, EMERGENCY COMMITTED ON THE TRANSPORTATION C R I S I S . MR. ABBOTT: Mr* Chairman, Mr. H e a r i n g O f f i c e r — o r as t h e c a s e may b e , Mr. former H e a r i n g Examiner,, t a k e your �13 0 t h i n k i s going t o be your undoing. You were warned e a r l y l a s t week i n a l e t t e r t o each member o f the c o u n c i l and t h e mayor —* t o which t h e y had not t h e c o u r t e s y o f r e p l y t o us — we r a i s e d t h i s p r e c i s e p o i n t , o b j e c t i n g t o t h e f a c t t h a t c i t i z e n s , members o f t h e g r e a t s i l e n t m a j o r i t y , i f you p l e a s e , t h a t have t o work f o r a l i v i n g , have t o p e n a l i z e theraselves f i n a n c i a l l y i n o r d e r get here. And i f you a r e r e a l l y i n t e r e s t e d i n a s c e r t a i n i n g t h e v i e w s o f t h e c i t i z e n s on t h i s m a t t e r vou 'would have them i n the e v e n i n g s , way. t h e r e was schedul as t h e y d i d i n V i r g i n i a . I n t h i 3 v e r y h a l l , I t h i n k i t was 1964, to i n the s p r i n g of a h e a r i n g , s o - c a l l e d , on the North C e n t r a l F r e e T h a t was b e f o r e t h e y r e d e c o r a t e d this place. And at t h a t time I c a l l e d t h e r o l l on t h e t h r e e absentee commssioners f o r t h e D i s t r i c t , T o b r i n e r , Duncan and Duke.. answer the r o l l c a l l . And They d i d not i n t h e subsequent l a w s u i t one o f t h e p o i n t s r u l e d i n our f a v o r when t h e y o v e r r u l e d — y o u r i n f o r m a t i o n , Mr. Holtzhoff — for Dugas, a judgment a t t h e lower l e v e l , t h e y h e l d t h a t we were r i g h t , t h a t t h o s e who are empowered t o s e t and make d e c i s i o n s must a t t e n d t h e h e a r i n g s . And we a r e now r e l a p s i n g t o t h e o l d commissioner form o f g o v e r n ment through absentee h e a r i n g e x a m i n e r s . Therefore, f o r the record, i n order t o a s s i s t l i t i g a t i o n t h a t we a r e going t o i n s t i t u t e on t h i s the particular �131 »s l o n e r Absent. Councilman Halm? Absent, .i. i u cicei . j e r r y Moore? S t a n l e y Anderson? Mr. Robinson, who has was h e r e e a r l i e r t h i s morning and left. Daugherty? Veasey? Haywood? L e t t h e r e c o r d show t h a t e v e r y one o f t h e s e i s absent. And i n t h e i r p l a c e s i t s a man who has no a u t h o r i t y whatsoever by law f o r conducting t h i s p a r t i c u l a r h e a r i n g . D, C. Code T i t l e V I I , Chapters 1 t o 6, i n t h e R e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e Government, when t h e powers ware t r a n s f e r r e d by Congress from t h e o l d commissioner form fro t h e presen mayor and c o u n c i l , v e s t e d t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n t h e mayor and council. And t h e y c o u l d not d e l e g a t e t h i s as t h e y have done. We have r e c e i v e d no answer from t h e mayor. look i n t h e newspaper — We had I am s o r r y The S t a r and The Post d i d not r e p o r t t h e p r e s s c o n f e r e n c e o r f o i l o w u p ex* t h i s — but i n to �LI eh p r o p e r f o r t h e mayor o r c o u n c i l t o appear, s i n c e i t was m e r e l y a design here. J u l i a n Dugas, head o f t h e Mayor's Economic Development o f f i c e , h a s been named h e a r i n g examiner," Now, Mr, Dugas, you have never y o u r s e l f attended a single hearing Columbia, on any o f t h e road problems i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f You cannot name one minute o f time when you p e r s o n a l l y s a t i n a s a s p e c t a t o r o r anywhere w i t h i n t h e h a l l when s u c h a d i s c u s s i o n was under way. You have not t h e s l i g h e s t competence t o recommend you f o r t h i s j o b , l e t a l o n e t h e absence o f any l e g a l power t o s i t t h e r e . F u r t h e r m o r e , you do n o t even know t h e meaning o f an i n t e r s t a t e f r e e w a y . And a t t h i s t i m e I would l i k e t o a s k you t o g i v e us a c r i t e r i a . What i s t h e speed l i m i t , how many lanes are involved, e t cetera? o r , a s chairman o f t i e Mayor's Economic Development Committee, look a t t h a t map b e h i n d you and t e l l me, s i r , were you p r i v y t o any d i s c u s s i o n s o f where t h a t r o a d i 3 g o i n g t o go t h a t c o n n e c t s o f f t h e b r i d g e ? You see i t p o i n t e d up a t C S t r e e t , don't you? You know v e r y w e l l a t some l e v e l o f d i s c u s s i o n s you must have t a k e n p a r t t h a t t h e people t h a t you h e a r d h e r e t o d a y , t h e s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t s i n t h e F e d e r a l c i t y C o u n c i l , t h e Board o f T r a d e , e t c e t e r a , have opposed any c o n n e c t o r road coming o f f t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e w h i c h would go t h r o u g h K S t r e e t , you know t h a t , don't y o u , a s head o f t h e Mayor's Economic �Development Committee? Where i s t h a t road going t o go? You.are o k a y i n g t h e b r i d g e when you do not have t h e g u t s as c i t y o f f i c i a l s t o come out and s a y t h a t t h i s road i s headed f o r the b l a c k community on U Street, and i t w i l l t a k e a whole b l o c k between S and 0. The mayor and the c o u n c i l , when we r a i s e d t h i s about a y e a r and a h a l f ago*, denied t h a t t h e road was to go up t h e r e * going But i n t h e subsequent h e a r i n g s i n J a n u a r y o f b o t h IS'3'9 and 197o« I remember t h e h e a r i n g s i n t h e C i t y . C o u n c i l , t h e y p o i n t e d out t h a t the b u s i n e s s community opposed a n y t h i n g on K S t r e e t , and i t i s a l l b u i l t up, i t i s a l r e a d y developed, i t cannot be d i s r u p t e d , L and M were d i s c u s s e d by someone as b e i n g t h e s i t e s o f one-way t u n n e l s . I t was r u l e d out, of course. So the o n l y way you can b r i n g t h a t t r a f f i c a c r o s s t h e b r i d g e , connect i t w i t h t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway on 195 would be t o c u t through t h a t o l d p l a n , which i s s t i l l i n e x i s t e n c e — and t h e y do not have t h e g u t s t o come out and t e l l t h e people about i t - r i g h t through u S t r e e t I n t h e b l a c k community, And Congrees i t s e l f , by not e v e n i n g mentioning i t i n the l e g i s l a t i o n t r y i n g t o f o r c e the freeways, i s h e s i t a n t upon t h e m a t t e r . Mr. Grimm — Tank Lanes — what an a p p r o p r i a t e name — from o*Boyle i s t h e author o f t h e l e t t e r which was s e c r e t l y - w r i t t e n t o Nixon w h i c h vie unearthed and exposed a y e a r ago �b e f o r e trio c o u r t i n August !So9, brougivc one fcne t a c t 'cnati L s t r i c t o f Columbia was t h e f e a r o f a r e p e t i t i o n o f t h e e v e n t s o f A p r i l 1968 when a good s h a r e o f Washington went up i n f l a m e s . out And he p o i n t e d t h a t t h e c a r r o t and s t i c k approach would have t o be used, t h a t c e r t a i n concessions would have t o be made. And what were those c o n c e s s i o n s ? o v e r t h e f r e e w a y s which would d i s p l a c e them. P u t t i n g people That i s the economic development t h a t i s i n mind f o r t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h e District. The f r e e w a y s l o c a t i o n , once t h e b r i d g e i s b u i l t , h a s t o go up U S t r e e t , because t h e development, a s you s e e , t a k i n g p l a c e i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s c o n c e n t r a t e d a l l t h e way up C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue out toward t h e n o r t h e r n end o f t h e F e d e r a l c i t y boundary. And what b e t t e r g e o g r a p h i c a l b a r r i e r t o serve the place of the o l d r a i l r o a d t r a c k s or a r i v e r a s a l i n e o r demarcation t h a r a freeway as wide as t h e n o r t h l e g would b e ? T h a t i s t h e economic development, t o b r i n g t h e h i g h r i s e commercial a l l up through DuPont C i r c l e , and squeeze t h e b l a c k people o u t o f Corcoran and o t h e r s t r e e t s , shove them a l l out. As we can see i n t h e p l a n now t h e y a r e demanding h i g h r i s e l u x u r y apartments b e f o r e any low c o s t c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r poor people can be undertaken. Speaking o f economic development, Mr, Dugas, a r e you �f a m i l i a r w i t h the Weatherford Report? took y o u r g l a s s e s o f I c o u l d t e l l . you a r e awake o r n o t . Yes o r no? I f you I cannot t e l l now whether The Weatherford Report was o r d e r e d by the Highway R e s e a r c h Board and t h e n b u r i e d . John Hechinger, t o h i s c r e d i t as c o u n c i l chairman., f i n a l l y r e s u r r e c t e d it, a l t h o u g h we had t a l k e d about i t from t h e time i t came o u t . We found o u t , not i n t h e l o c a l p r e s s , b u t i n The New Tlaes of i t s York existence. Based upon s t u d i e s i n D e t r o i t , B u f f a l o and o t h e r urban a r e a s , whore f r e e w a y s were c o n s t r u c t e d t o t h e downtown areas, i n o r d e r , supposedly, t o r e v i v e a d e c a y i n g and moribund b u s i n e s s , t h e o p p o s i t e e f f e c t became t r u e , t h a t t h e s e f r e e ways f a c i l i a t e d and speeded t h e d e p a r t u r e o f downtown b u y e r s t o t h e o u t l y i n g suburbs and shopping d i s t r i c t s , because t h e r e was no w a y w h a t s o e v e r f o r downtown b u s i n e s s t o compete w i t h t h e suburban shopping c e n t e r s . You do n o t have t h e p h y s i c a l space. And sorrebody e a r l i e r spoke about o n e - t h i r d o f D. c. b e i n g devoted t o t h e movement and s t o r a g e o f c a r s . f i g u r e i s wrong. This I t i s t w o - t h i r d devoted t o t h e movement and s t o r a g e o f c a r s , p a r k i n g l o t s and roads and a l l e y s — none o f w h i c h i s t a x a b l e , Mr. Dugas. The o t h e r t h i n g , a s a p e r s o n r e s p o n s i b l e t o s t o p t h e exodus o f b u s i n e s s from t h e D i s t r i c t , t o s t o p t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f c r y s t a l c i t y and F a l k l a n d , w h i c h a r e drawing o f f j o b a f t e r �• • result i n t h e f l y i n g o f thousands o f j o b s , and hundreds o f b u s i n e s s e s , which have t o r e l o c a t e o u t i n t h e s u b u r b s . All o f t h i s s t u f f we p u t o u t b e f o r e , t o go i n t o i t now. I am not going But you a r e not t h e man t o s i t h e r e . You ought t o g e t up and w a l k o u t . We a r e n o t t e s t i f y i n g on t h e m e r i t s o f t h i s t h i n g , fve a r e i n che c o u r c s on "cne matter, J u s t l e t me f o r your e d u c a t i o n , not b e i n g a l a w y e r l i k e you a r e , p o i n t o u t t o you, when you took t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o g i v e us a l i t t l e l e c t u r e and r e a d us an e x c e r p t from Judge S i r i c a ' a d e c i s i o n , you f a i l e d e n t i r e l y t o note t h a t judges at t h a t l e v e l a r e o f t e n o v e r r u l e d by judges i n t h e Court o f Appeals and t h e Supreme C o u r t , higher courts, And t h a t i s why we have t h e s e YOU do not seem t o know t h a t , H o l t z h o f f broke t h e r e c o r d f o r b e i n g o v e r r u l e d . And I t h i n k S i r i c a i s on h i s way. Because what d i d S i r i c a say? F i r s t o f a l l , l e t me t e l l you t h i s i s why t h i s i s being h e l d h e r s , i t i s funny t h a t Mr, A i r i s h e r e i s r e p r e s e n t e d by a s u r r o g a t e — D i d y s u know t h a t ? the c i t y i s a l s o i n t h e Court o f Appeals Y e s , they a r e s a y i n g t h a t t h i s p a r t i c u l a r hearing i s not necessary. So i f you a r e i n t « e c o u r t , o t h e r .. t h a n t h e r e i s a m a l i c i o u s r e a s o n t o keep t h e c o u r t ' b u s y , , �137 La not n e c e s s a r y . c o u n c i l d i d n o t know i t . I t r i e d t o f i n d out — and our o r g a n i z a t i o n / t h e Emergency Committee on t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c r i s i s , checked w i t h a l l departments o f t h e c i t y t o f i n d oixt who i n t h e Department a u t h o r i s e d a f i l i n g o f a c r o s s a p p e a l . The C i t y C o u n c i l d i d n o t know a damn t h i n g about i t . So t h e r e f o r e i f t h i s h e a r i n g i s n o t n e c e s s a r y , why aire you h o l d i n g i t ? You must be c o v e r i n g up something l i k e t h e prove4bi£:l c a t . How, t h e judge ~~ you s e e , we a r e c h e c k i n g a l l o f t h i s s t u f f i n i n a h i g h e r c o u r t —- t h e judge s a i d t h e r e was no p o l i t i c a l p r e s s u r e whatsoever i n t h e d e c i s i o n o f t h e c i t y C o u n c i l on August 9, 1969 t o r e v e r s e i t s e l f on t h e T h r e e S i s t e r Bridge, a f t e r they h r d held extensive hearings i n t h e neighborhoods, t h e f i r s t t i m e t h e y e v e r u p h e l d t h e r e g u l a t i o n on t h e i n t e r s t a t e freeway h e a r i n g s , i n J a n u a r y . — e i g h t months l a t e r — they r e v e r s e d Nine months l a t e r themselves,, Now, t h i s i s a v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g t h i n g . thesmelves ings. They r e v e r s e d a f t e r K l u c z y n s k i and t h e House Committee h e l d h e a r - B i g b u s i n e s s p r e s s u r e , t h e F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l , which you saw h e r e t o d a y , s p e c i a l l y b y spokesmen who d i d n o t have t h e g u t s enough t o g i v e t h e i r f i n a n c i a l connections connections or business and a r e l i s t e d h e r e i n t h e r e c o r d a s c i t i z e n s , l i k e Mr. W i r t h — a r e y o u , Mr. w i r t h , s t i l l connected w i t h t h e F i r e s t o n e T y r e and Goodyear a s you were b e f o r e ? You a r e �- Or Mr. Majer* D u l l e s A i r p o r t Development. Back i n t h a t A p r i l 1968 h e a r i n g I h e a r d a q u e s t i o n b e i n g asked o f G e n e r a l yuesada — you i n World War where a r e you, g e n e r a l ? II, I s e r v e d under I r e s p e c t e d you t h e n . I do not any more, because you. have t e s t i f i e d a t t h a t A p r i l 1968 h e a r i n g t h a t i n the planning f o r which Quesada was r e s p o n s i b l e — t h a t t h e r e was a b s o l u t e l y no p r o v i s i o n made f o r mass t r a n s i t i n t h e movement o f people from D u l l e s A i r p o r t t o t h e D i s t r i c t . So t h e y have planned t h e mess. And now t h e y want another mess, b u r y i n g t h e c i t y , cover o v e r t h e Potomac, which would l e a d t o complete dependence upon the automobile L.A. s t y l e , i n o r d e r t o make up f o r t h e i r l a c k o f f o r e s i g h t i n t h e p l a n n i n g and b u i l d i n g o f D u l l e s A i r p o r t . S i r i c a s a i d t h e r e was s u b s t a n t i a l q u e s t i o n s about p o l i t i c a l pressure. at all. How, j But e x a m i n a t i o n on h i s p a r t showed none t h o s e o f us t h a t were t h e r e t h a t day and were not h u s t l e d o f f t o j a i l l a t e r had a chan<:e t o look a t i t on I TV, and a l s o t o read t h e s t a t e m e n t s o f t h e c o u n c i l members. ' Eahn had t e a r s i n h i s e y e s , he s a i d . all night, S t e r l i n g Tucker y e l d e l l p u b l i c l y admitted t h a t i t was p r e s s u r e t h a t f o r c e d h i s change o f v o t e . f o r Congress, o r cried political Even t o d a y p running nonvoting d e l e g a t e , Mr. Y e l d e l l e x p l a i n s h i s �i voce a s one o f p o l i t i c a l n e c e s s i t y — I t o "pressure." chance t h e word " n e c e s s i t f y " We met enough w i t h Mr* Washington on' t h i s | m a t t e r t o know t h a t t h e o n l y r e a s o n t h a t t h e c o u n c i l v o t e on August 9 was changed was because Congress Was t w i s t i n g ariifs, withholding $105 m i l l i o n F e d e r a l payment t o t h e D i s t r i c t . The B r o y h i l l - A d a m s amendment, t h e y a r e r e p e a t i n g t h e same k i n d o f t a c t i c t h i s y e a r and w i l l r e p e a t i t ad i n f i n i t u m u n t i l t h e r e a r e people i n p o l i t i c a l power i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia t h a t have t h e g u t s t o s a y , t o h e l l w i t h your b l a c k m a i l o r w h i t e m a i l , we a r e h o t g o i n g t o s t a n d f o r i t * Now, h e r e i s what S i r i c a s a i d . I read t h a t d e c i s i o n . You d i d n o t r e a d t h e whole d e c i s i o n , because i f you r e a d i t you would have quoted t h a t p a r t , Mr. Dugas. S i r i c a goes t o g r e a t l e n g t h t o p o i n t o u t t h a t i n the p o l i t i c a l system i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s We have a g i v e - a n d t a k e means o f coming about t o p o l i t i c a l d e c i s i o n s , g i v e - a n d take. And he s a y s t h a t t h e r e was p l e n t y o f g i v e - a n d - t a k e between.the C i t y c o u n c i l o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and Congress, t h a t t h e y were e q u a l , e q u a l , e q u a l p o l i t i c a l b o d i e s , and t h a t t h e d e c i s i o n made b y t h e c o u n c i l r e v e r s i n g i t s v o t e came about through t h e e x e r c i s e o f t r a d i t i o n a l g i v e and-take p o l i c i e s . Now, we a r e g o i n g t o c o u r t on t h a t . and t a k e . T h a t was n o t gives I s t h e C i t y C o u n c i l o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, appointed a s i t i s , r e f u s i n g a l w a y s t o t a k e up t h e baton t h a t �140 They a r c regarded a s a s t a t e , and t h e y do have hope r u l e on t h i s s u b j e c t And t h e y r e f u s e d t o accept t h i s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , they a r e n o t h e r e And t h a t i s wh today. T h i s i s not equal p o l i t i c a l pressure being d i s c u s s e d and weighed between two b o d i e s . How, V o l p e . He goes i n t h e q u e s t i o n o f V o l p e , was p o l i t i c a l p r e s s u r e b e i n g p u t on t h e Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n judge S i r i c a , a s an example, had me s c r a t c h i n g what h a i r t had o f f my head. little He s a i d t h a t Mr, Volpe i s an e x - p e r i e n c e d , b i g c o n t r a c t o r , and i s w e l l a b l e t o t a k e c a r e o f himself i n r e s i s t i n g pressure. it. And n o t o n l y T h a t i s t h e way S i r i c a looked a t t h a t , b u t he i s h i g h l y competent because he took some e n g i n e e r i n g d e s i g n c o u r s e s i n n i g h t school*, T h e r e i s no doubt whatsoever t h a t t h e o n l y t h i n g b r i n g i n g t h i s b r i d g e h e r e f o r d i s c u s s i o n , o r any road whatsoeve:. i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia , i s a s a r e s u l t o f t h e p r e s s u r e from t h e v e r y t o p , from t h e t i m e Nixon took h i s h e l i c o p t e r r i d e , and b e f o r e t h a t , and b e f o r e t h a t . p o l i t i c a l pressure, and show me — lative assistant chief flunky — There i s nothing but Mr. Dugas h e r e , h i s l e g i s - show me where i n any o f t h e s e b i l l s any c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s g i v e n t o p o l i t i c a l q u e s t i o n s i n a r r i v i n g a t these d e c i s i o n s . So why a l l o f t h i s hoopla about d e s i g n i n g e v e r y t h i n g WJien i n f a c t there; i s no o t h e r r e a s o n why we a r e h e r e today? �I am going t o be through* because t h i s i s s i c k e n i n g t o me, I am t e s t i f y i n g now s o t h a t I c a n e a t ray supper, I would n o t be a b l e t o o t h e r w i s e — Mr. McLachlen t a l k e d .about t h e b r i d g e b e i n g n e c e s s a r y t o r e l i e v e c o n g e s t i o n on b o t h s i d e s o f t h e river. Mr. McLachlen, a r e y o u h e a r y e t ? i f you are., t e l l me e x a c t l y where i n t h i s c o u n t r y y o u r s o l u t i o n h a s proven correct„ ' One road h a s l e d t o another r o a d . L o s Angeles proves it. When t h e y r a n o u t o f l a n d l a t t e r l y , when t h e c i t i z e n s f a i l e d t o scop and o b j e c t t o i t , when t h e r e l i a n c e was put upon t h e auto: ;:a: : t r a n n i t went dOMR the d r a i n • t h e y lorst whatever \ v i a b l e mass t r a n s i t system t h e y h a d . And t h e y s t a r t e d t o s t a c k up and t r i p l e - d e c k t h e i r f r e e w a y s . Name me, t h e n , where your s o l u t i o n h a s proven t o be o t h e r t h a n i l l u s o r y . You cannot do i t , Furthermore, name me one p l a c e i n t h e c o u n t r y which has had i t s b u s i n e s s r e v i v e d . The whole movement t o t h e suburbs h a s been made p o s s i b l e by t h e e x i s t e n c e and t h e f r e e range o f t h e automobile,* So you had b e t t e r i n your own b u s i n e s s s t a r t b r a n c h banks l i k e t h e o t h e r s do* business. They a r e n o t l o s i n g t h e i r They went where t h e p o p u l a t i o n i s . more complex t h a n t h a t . of the c i t y . And The problem i s And a l l you would do i s l o s e t h e r e s t You would l o s s t h e r e s t o f t h e b u s i n e s s e s . f u r t h e r m o r e , i f y o u looked a t The S t a r — t o o bad more p e o j l e do n e t r e a d i t , because e v e r y once i n a w h i l e . • J'f" �t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n page* t h e t o p h a l f , Sunday, showed t h e m i x i n g bowl. Twenty-six l i n e s , And t h a t i 3 not p r e d i c a t e d upon moving t h e p o p u l a t i o n i n t h e y e a r 20*30* I f a l l your f i g u r e s a r e c o r r e c t about t h e p o p u l a t i o n growth, t h e n , man, t h a t i s going t o be expanded t o a 72 l a n e m i x i n g bowl. There i s no oclier s o i u c x o n uo che aucomoioiie i n che urr>an a r e a s , you e i t h e r move people through mass t r a n s i t o r you move t h e c a r s aid move *cne people o u t , b u r y them, o r s t i c k x.hem o v e r t h e freeways, £>o a l l we a r e doing h e r e today i s o b j e c t i n g t o you s i t t i n g i n t h e c h a i r , t h e f a c t t h a t t h e c o u n c i l i s not p r e s e n t . T h i s h e a r i n g i s phony from b e g i n n i n g t o end. "would have packed t h e p l a c e and r u n you o u t . t o t h e c o u r t s on i t . We a r e g o i n g There w i l l be no f r e e w a y s b u i l t s oever i n the D i s t r i c t , what- We a r e g o i n g t o s t o p them, a s we have s a i d b e f o r e , by any means n e c e s s a r y . w h i t e on t h i s issu.e i s growing. economic l i n e s . o t h e r w i s e we The u n i t y o f b l a c k and I t c u t s a c r o s s c l a s s and The h a n w r i t i n g i s on t h e w a l l . The Supreme Court o n l y has Monday, Mr. Dugas, overruled judges. They u p h e l d t h e C o u r t o f Appeals i n New York and stopped t h e Hudson R i v e r expressway f o r e v e r . The Lower Manhattan e x p r e s s w a y , on t h e board f o r f o r t y y e a r s , h a s been b u r i e d . They had h e a r i n g s and g r a n t e d temporary injunctions �te movement o f the young people — t h o s e o f us t h a t a r e going t o f i g h t t o > defend t h e r i g h t t o b r e a t h e a r e going t o s t o p t h i s f r e e w a y . So t h i s h e a r i n g i s n o t h i n g , I r e p e a t , b u t a f a r c e . And i f you attempt t o proceed, t o u s e i t t o l e g a l i z e your p r o cedure i n b u i l d i n g t h e b r i d g e , we w i l l t a k e t h i s whole t h i n g to court. F i n a l l y , i s t h e r e anybody h e r e i n t h e audience t h a t i s i n t e r e s t e d i n b u y i n g one b i l l i o n one hundred thousand d o l l a r s o f h o l e s i n t h e Potomac R i v e r ? Because t h e y a r e going t o s t a y t h e r e u n l e s s t h e y a r e used f o r something e l s e b e s i d e s a f r e e w a y . How, a r e t h e r e any q u e s t i o n s from Mr. Dubas o r t h o s e eminent gentlemen on t h e l e f t Who n e v e r seem t o have a n y t h i n g to say? T h e r e s h o u l d be an a d v e r s a r y system h e r e . the cops and t r i e d t o s t o p me. He c a l l e d I do n o t s e e how a parson w i t h any f e e l i n g o r u n d e r s t a n d i n g can s i t s t i l l and h e a r garbage. E v e r y o t h e r phase o f government o p e r a t i o n s — S e n a t e l e v e l o r any l e v e l —• u t i l i z e s an a d v e r s a r y system, j except t h i s . And I r e c a l l q u e s t i o n s asked o f Mr. A i r i s I b y c o u n c i l members where h e d i d n o t h a v r t h e answer, and he j promised t o b r i n g back t h e a n s w e r s , and n e v e r d i d . So I am open t o y o u r q u e s t i o n s , •. MR. A I R I S : » No q u e s t i o n s from me. �ard i t b e f o r e . 1 can t e l l t h a t b y t h e i n c r e a s e i n t h e w r i n k l e s on your f o r e h e a d , t h e droop o f y o u r e a r s , and t h e attempted e n v i r o n m e n t a l growing o f o f new e y e b & l l s i n y o u r f o r e h e a d , Mr. Dugas Thank you, Mr. Abbott. a Has Mr. W i c k s t e a d come i n y e t from t h e V i r g i n i a Motor V e h i c l e c o n f e r e n c e ? (No r e s p o n s e . ) MR. DUGAS:. Mr. Salem o f t h e Northern V i r g i n i a Board o f R e a l t o r s . i s Mr. James o. Granum i n t h e house? STATEMENT OF JAMES O. GRANUM, APEARING ON BEHALF OF THE NATIONAL CAPITAL SECTION OF TUB, AMERICAN SOCIETY OF C I V I L ENGINEERS MR. GRANUM: May I p r o c e e d , Mr. Chairman? MR. DUGAS: You may proceed, s i r . MR. GRANUM: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. My name i s James Granum, a p p e a r i n g h e r e today on b e h a l f o f t h e N a t i o n a l c a p i t a l S e c t i o n o f t h e American S o c i e t y of C i v i l Engineers. I am a R e g i s t e r e d P r o f e s s i o n a l E n g i n e e r i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and am c u r r e n t l y P r e s i d e n t o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l S e c t i o n , ASCE S an o r g a n i s a t i o n o f a p p r o x i m a t e ! �145 2,500 l o c a l citizens« a l l o f whom a r e c i v i l e n g i n e e r s . The matter before t h i s hearing has strong underlying t e c h n i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n v o l v i n g c i v i l e n g i n e e r i n g and t h e r e f o r e our \oice s h o u l d be heard and c u r p o s i t i o n c l e a r l y e s t a b l i s h e d f o r the b e n e f i t o f t h e p u b l i c , a s w e l l a s f o r t h o s e who must make the d e c i s i o n s f o r t h e government a g e n c i e s o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and V i r g i n i a . The American S o c i e t y o f C i v i l E n g i n e e r s , o f which we form a p a r t , i s t h e o l d e s t e n g i n e e r i n g o r g a n i s a t i o n i n t h e c o u n t r y , w i t h membership i n e x c e s s o f 65,000. I t s members corns from a l l segments o f society,, and r e p r e s e n t t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l corps o f c i v i l e n g i n e e r s i n p r i v a t e p r a c t i c e , government, and industry. To f o s t e r p r o f e s s i o n a l development, t h e American S o c i e t y o f c i v i l E n g i n e e r s h a s o r g a n i s e d a number o f t e c h n i c a l d i v i s i o n s embracing t h e v a r i o u s segments o f c i v i l engineering. These t e c h n i c a l d i v i s i o n s a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r e n s u r i n g t h a t t h e mem?oership i s a p p r i s e d o f t h e l a t e s t ; most up-to-date a c t i v i t i e s in areas o f s p e c i a l i s e d p r a c t i c e , i n c l u d i n g t r a n s p o r t a t i o n planning, urban planning, environmental engineering, s t r u c t u r a l d e s i g n , and highway and b r i d g e design. T h u s , t h e S o c i e t y and i t s members a r e w e l l q u a l i f i e d t o t e s t i f y on t h e m a t t e r b e f o r e t h i s h e a r i n g and t o speak a u t h o r i t a t i v e l y on t h e c i v i l e n g i n e e r i n g a s p e c t s . The f o l l o w i n g t e s t i m o n y r e p r e s e n t s t h e N a t i o n a l �ngineering, < • civil affairs. S i n c e t h i s i s a highway d e s i g n p u b l i c h e a r i n g , our t e s t i m o n y today w i l l be p r i m a r i l y d i r e c t e d toward t h e desigjn f e a t u r e s ' o f t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . But before addressing s p e c i f i c remarks t o t h e d e s i g n a s p e c t s , t h e N a t i o n a l c a p i t a l S e c t i o n o f t h e ASCE w i s h e s t o r e s t a t e i t s endorsement o f t h e T'hree s i s t e r s B r i d g e as a much needed, v i t a ' l i n k i n t h e - i n t e r s t a t e Highway system c o n n e c t i n g V i r g i n i a and t h e D i s t r i c t . We b e l i e v e i t i s e s s e n t i a l t h a t a modern comprehensive t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system be e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h e Washington - m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a t o s e r v e t h e p r e s e n t needs and p r o v i d e f o r f u t u r e development, A complete and f u n c t i o n i n g system t h a t combines a l l f e a s i b l e modes o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n w i l l be o f g r e a t b e n e f i t , both s o c i a l and economic, t o t h i s a r e a . I t will p r o v i d e g r e a t e r a c c e s s i b i l i t y and ease o f t r a v e l f o r t h e 2,5 m i l l i o n r e s i d e n t s and t h e 15 m i l l i o n v i s i t o r s , a s w e l l a s f o r goods and s e r v i c e s . A comprehensive b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system c r e a t e c o n d i t i o n s conducive will t o t h e h e a l t h y economic growth o f t h e a r e a and t h e r e f o r e s e r v e our r a p i d l y expanding m e t r o p o l i t a n p o p u l a t i o n w h i c h i s e s t i m a t e d t o double w i t h i n t h e n e x t years. twenty. W i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e s e b a s i c r e q u i r e m e n t s , we submit �:ur p o s i t i o n ti t h e D i s t r i O-C 0o3„uiitoia and Mecropoli'can Washington a s e x p r e s s e d xn A p r i l 1969, and w h i c h remains our p o s i t ion « T h a t i s an attachment t o t h i s s t a t e m e n t , Mr. Chairman* Mr, Dugas. We w i l l i n c l u d e t h a t i n t h e r e c o r d at t h i s point. Mr, Granura, (The Thank y o u , s i r , attachment t o Mr, Granum's statement f o r i n c l u s i o n i n the record a t t h i s point follows:) �/V7 THE TRANSPORTATION CRISIS IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA AND METROPOLITAN WASHINGTON INTRODUCTION .. The American Society o f Civil Engineers is a National professional organization o f some 65,000 engineers. T h e National Capital Section o f the Society has 2,500 members living and working throughout the National Capital Region. Many o f the Section's members are practicing professionals in the field o f transportation planning, design, and construction, involving all modes of travel. T h e N a t i o n a l Capital Section has testified before Congress and other groups concerring matters affecting the overall transportation system in the National Capital Area. Because o f its strong sense o f moral and professioiial responsibility to the metropolitan community, the National Capital Section has prepared t h i s major position paper on the transportation crisis in the District o f Columbia and Metropolitan Washington. T h e paper identifies and discusses the transportation problems and needs o f the Washington Metropolitan Area and offers several specific recommendations for resolving the current transportation crisis. THE PROBLEM Serving all the transportation needs o f a rapidly growing, complex metropolitan area requires the highest level o f cooperation and understanding among local units o f government and the various organizations and agencies responsible f o approving and implementing transportation plans. T h i s is particularly true in the National Capital Region because o f the unique geo-political differences ih.it characterize the area and the numerous federal, state and local agencies, many w i t h conflicting objectives, that have r e s p o n s i b i l i t y for transportation development programs. The Federal-Aid Highway A c t o f 1962 laid the g r o u n d w o r k for a metropolitan approach to transportation planning by requiring major urban areas to undertake a comprehensive, cooperative, continuing urban transportation planning process. The comprehensive character o f the planning process has been interpreted to require r " .. .. that the economic, population and land use elements be included; that estimates be made o f the future demands for all modes o f transportation both public and private lor both persons and goods; 'Bureau of Public Roads Instructional Memorandum 50-2-63. .. that terminal and transfer facilities and traffic control systems be included in the inventories and analyses; and that the entire area within which the forces o f development are interrelated and which is expected to be urbanized within the forecast period be included."* Cooperation has been construed to mean that each jurisdiction having authority and responsibility for actions o f regionwidc significance should have appropriate voice in the transportation planning process. The transportation crisis in Metropolitan Washington has been precipitated by a lack o f dialogue and understanding between center city and suburban jurisdictions on the total transportation needs o f the National Capital Region. T h e situation has been aggravated by a number of social and political concerns and expressions that have tended to obscure some o f the fundamental technical end economic warrants for transportation facilities essential to orderly metropolitan growth and development. The major thoroughfare plan adopted by the National Capital Planning Commission on December 11, 1968, and approved by the District o f Columbia C i t y Council on December 12, 1968, was developed outside o f the comprehensive, cooperative transportation planning process required by the Federal-Aid Highway A c t o f 1962. There were no meaningful discussions with suburban c o u n t e r p a r t on the regional implications o f the plan, such as the impact on center city and suburban growth, employment and housing opportunities, and economic development patterns; and the impact cn the planned regional rail rapid transit system, including route and station locations and costs, feeder accessibility to transit stations, and the viability o f the transit system to meet total radial travel demands. A s a result, because rail rapid transit a n d highways cannot be separated i n a comprehensive metropolitan transportation system, the regional rail rapid transit program may be in jeopardy. Without a d e q u a t e h i g h w a y s a n d r a p i d transit, the Washington Metropolitan Area cannot grow and prosper in a manner befitting the National Capital and in the best interest of all residents o f this metropolitan community. This is the problem that greatly concerns the National Capital Section o f the American Society o f Civil Engineers and should concern every citizen in the Region. �THE NEED It is essential that a modem, comprehensive transportation system be established in Washington to serve the present needs and provide for the future development of the Nation's Capital. A complete and functioning system that combines all feasible modes o f transportation will be o f great benefit, both social and economic, to the Washington Metropolitan Area. It will give its 2.5 million residents and the 15 million yearly visitors, as well as goods and services, greater accessibility and ease o f travel. It w i l l thus create conditions conducive to the healthy economic growth in the community. T h i s is essential to serve our rapidly expanding metropolitan population which is estimated to double within the next twenty years. C u r r e n t l y , a l l m a j o r arterials experience twice-daily traffic congestion and delay that is increasingly worsening. Furthermore, Metropolitan Washington is one of the fastest growing areas in the Nation. A l l indicators forecast a transportation crisis for the area unless steps are taken now to provide for the growing demands of the community. PLANNING Much time and many millions o f dollars have been spent by the several agencies responsible for planning the transportation system for the District of Columbia. I n most cases the time and money spent has been redundant to the extent that the conclusions reached in each o f the studies have been concordan,'. There is cause to be war}' o f inadequate planning: the consequences are obvious and frequently tragic. J u s t as important, however less obvious, are the results o f over-planning. Maintenance o f the status quo is the least controversial course available. One method o f holding down the controversy, and avoid decision making, is to restudy a problem. It is evident that this alternative has been abused. T h e time has come to face the problems o f the future as they pertain to the transportation crisis in the Metropolitan Washington Area. In 1950, the National Capital Park and Planning Commission ( w h i c h became the National Capital P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n in 1952) prepared a comprehensive plan of parkways and freeways for the region. T h i s has served as a guide for most o f the highway planning to date with much o f the proposed system constructed including the Capital Beltway, Anacostia F r e e w a y , Baltimore-Washington Parkway, George Washington Memorial P a r k w a y and segments o f the Inner L o o p . In 1952, the newly created National Capital P l a n n i n g Commission was charged with the preparation of a comprehensive regional transportation plan involving highway and mass transit. T h e results o f this study were adopted by the Commission in 1959 and are referred to as the 1959 Transportation Plan or the Mass Transportation Survey. In 1960, Congress created the National Capital Transportation Agency whose task it was to develop the m a s s transportation phase o f the 1959 Transportation Plan. I t reported to the Congress in 1962, recommending an 83-mile regional network of rail rapid transit w i t h 23 miles of the system in the District. Because o f the cost, the Congress requested a restudy resulting in a 1965 report recommending a 25-mile basic system, most of which was in the District. T h i s system received C o n g r e s s i o n a l approval. T h i s agency included freeway planning as well as mass transit planning in its 1962 report which precipatated a major c o n t r o v e r s y over transportation planning and freeway c o n s t r u c t i o n in the District which continues to this day. A brief summary of transportation planning here will serve to illustrate the adverse effects o f delay and indecision in terms of ever-mounting costs o f traffic congestion. The controversy prompted a Presidential request in 1963 that certain portions of the proposed freeway system be rcstudied. T h i s resulted in the creation o f a Policy Advisory Committee to the Board of Commissioners and a number o f studies of the proposed freeway network. Essentially, all freeway construction and planning was halted during this period. T h e P . A . C . , in 1966, made the recommendation that certain segments of the planned system be completed and that other segments be relocated or rcstudied as to location and type of construction (i.e., tunnel vs. surface). These recommendations were accepted by the President and w o r k again commenced on the freeway system. Modern transportation planning for the District of Columbia began shortly after World War I I in 1946 when a freeway plan for the city was developed. In 19-17, the first designation of the Interstate System was made which consisted o f approximately 16 miles o f roadway within the city. M e a n w h i l e , v a r i o u s citizen's organizations continued their efforts to delay the freeway program. In 1968, the U . S . C o u r t of Appeals, after review o f the citizens suit and on the basis o f an 1893 law, ordered an injunction against the construction o f several major freeway segments. �This action virtually s t o p p e d all freeway construction and planning. In the meantime, rail rapid transit planning was continued by N C T A , which was succeeded in 1967 by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority. The m o s t recent Federal action affecting transportation planning was taken by the Congress with the passage o f the Federal-Aid Highway A c t of 1968, which directs the District of Columbia to proceed immediately with its planned Interstate System. Immediate construction is required on the c o n t r o v e r s i a l Three Sisters Bridge across the Potomac, the Potomac River F r e e w a y , the Center Leg and a portion of the East L e g . Other elements of the system must be studied or under construction within 18 months. However, the major thoroughfare plan approved by the D . C . City Council on December 1 2 , 1968, disregards the specific directions of the Congress, eliminating the Three Sisters Bridge and further study of the N o r t h Central Freeway. Meanwhile, Congress has held back funds for construction of the 25-mile basic rail rapid transit system in the District o f Columbia, and the future of the regional rail rapid transit svstem, adopted in March, 1968 and supported by bond referenda in November. 1968, is uncertain. T h i s brief summary of transporation planning and delay in the District of Columbia covers 22 years during which time more than 20 million dollars have been spent on studies alone. Less than 10 miles o f the freeway system have been constructed and placed in operation. None o f the rail rapid transit system has been constructed. RECOMMENDATIONS The National Capital Section o f the American Society o f Civil Engineers urges serious consideration o f the following recommendations: ignated agency for carrying out comprehensive, cooperative planning. While any local jurisdiction has the right to establish its own transportation policy goals and objectives, it is essential to the growth and well-being of the entire metropolitan community to understand and evaluate the regional implications of local decisions and to insure that alternatives have not been overlooked that might better serve the total transportation needs o f the region while still respecting local planning policies. (2) T H E D I S T R I C T O F COLUMBIA S H O U L D U N I F Y I T S TRANSPORTATION RESPONSIBILITIES UNDER ONE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION. T h i s arrangement would contribute to the achievement o f a more comprehensive understanding o f and approach to the transportation needs at both the local and regional levels and could greatly improve the District's capability to evaluate total transportation needs at both the local and regional levels, and to more effectively utilize all of its transportation resources — automobiles, taxis, buses, rail rapid transit, commuter rail, airline, parking and terminal facilities — to satisfy the community's growing travel demands. (3) W O R K S H O U L D B E G I N I M M E D I A T E L Y ON T H E CONSTRUCTION O F T H E R A I L R A P I D T R A N S I T S Y S T E M I N T H E DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA AND. A T THE V E R Y L E A S T , THOSE E L E M E N T S OF T H E MAJOR THOROUGHFARE PLAN A P P R O V E D B Y T H E D.C. C I T Y COUNCIL T H A T A R E CONSISTENT WITH PREV I O U S H I G H W A Y PLANNING PROPOSALS, SUCH AS T H E C E N T E R L E G , POTOMAC R I V E R F R E E W A Y AND T H E SOUTH L E G . (1) C U R R E N T A N D F U T U R E T R A N S P O R T A TION PROPOSALS SHOULD B E DEVELOPED AND E V A L U A T E D THROUGH T H E COMPREHENSIVE, COOPERATIVE URBAN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING PROCESS R E Q U I R E D BY T H E F E D E R A L - A I D H I G H W A Y A C T O F 1962. T h i s is necessary to insure the orderly construction of transportation facilities. In the implementation of these highway facilities, design options should be kept open wherever possible to allow for connections to other transportation facilities that arc needed and developed through the comprehensive, cooperative transportation planning process for the National Capital Region. Continued unilateral local planning of transportation systems having regional significance and impact can only further delay the construction o f needed transportation facilities and aggravate center c i t y / suburban relationships. T h e National Capital Region Transportation Planning Board is the officially des- (4) P L A N N I N G A N D D E S I G N T E C H N I Q U E S S U C H AS E Q U I T A B L E RELOCATION P A Y M E N T S A N D H O U S I N G A S S I S T A N C E , T i lE J O I N T D E V E L O P M E N T CONCEPT USING A I R R I G H T S , T H E MULTIDISCIPLINARY �P L A N N I N G T E A M CONCEPT, TUNNELING AND LANDSCAPING SHOULD B E UTILIZED. AND ECONOMIC F A C T O R S , JUDGMENTS AND E X P E R I E N C E WHEN MAKING MAJOR T R A N S P O R T A T I O N DECISIONS. These techniques have been developed in recent years lo minimize the impact of transportation facilities on homes and businesses and to insure that such facilities are properly integrated into the total urban development pattern. Utilization of these techniques whenever possible in current and future transportation planning activities will help provide the National Capital Region with a transportation system that will be o f benefit to all o f its citizens. Major transportation decisions in complex urban areas are based on a mixture of professional, technical, political, social and emotional factors and influences, and at any given point in time different weights arc given to these different elements. Although p o l i t i c a l and emotional influences necessarily play an impoitant part in the decision p r o c e s s , professional, technical and economic factors, judgments and experiences have been developed over many years. T h e y need to be considered in determining the overall needs and adequacies o f transportation facilities. (5) M O R E C O N S I D E R A T I O N S H O U L D B E GIVEN TO PROFESSIONAL, TECHNICAL Prepared by: T h e National Capital Section American Society of Civil Engineers A p r i l - 1G69 D. A. Giampaoli, President 1957 E Street, N.W. Washington, D. C. 20006 Telephone: 393-2040 �important economic and governmental a r e a s w h i c h l i e on e i t h e r side o f t h e r i v e r . Steady p r o g r e s s h a s been made i n p r o v i d i n g e s s e n t i a . ! r i v e r c r o s s i n g s , b u t t h e s e have n o t been sufficient t o p r o v i d e adequate s e r v i c e d u r i n g heavy t r a f f i c p e r i o d s . I n c r e a s e i n t r a f f i c demand r e s u l t i n g from t h e r e l a t e d growth • f a c t o r s h a s more t h a n k e p t pace w i t h t h e c a p a c i t y o f t h e added facilities. The " T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n , N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Region" C1959) and t h e subsequent r e p o r t * "h P l a n f o r t h e Y e a r 2ooo, the nation's C a p i t a l " ( 1 9 6 1 ) , px'epared by t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, a r e t h e s o u r c e s f o r t h e t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s and b a s i s f o r t h e t r a f f i c p r o j e c t i o n s which determine t h e needs of t h e r e g i o n . I n t h e development o f those and c o n t i n u i n g traffic p r o j e c t i o n s , f u l l c o n s i d e r a t i o n h a s been g i v e n t o t h e accepted p r i n c i p l e t h a t * i n t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Region, t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problera can be s o l v e d o n l y by t h e development o f a balanced s y s t e m o f highway and mass t r a n s i t f a c i l i t i e s . In t h e f o r e c a s t i n g p r o c e s s , i t i s t h e r e f o r e assumed t h a t t h e expected person t r a v e l l o a d would s p l i t i n t o two c a t e g o r i e s -~ t h o s e u s i n g p r i v a t e v e h i c l e s and those u s i n g mass t r a n s i t . Even w i t h l i b e r a l e s t i m a t e s f o r t h e mass t r a n s i t usage, t h e demand f o r movement b y motor v e h i c l e w i l l be heavy and r e q u i r e s �• • • - w i t h adequate l i n k s t o and w i t h i n t h e c e n t r a l c i t y , t o e n s u r e j for t h e f u t u r e a v i a b l e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a w i t h a s t r o n g core i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. • The need f o r an a d d i t i o n a l major highway c r o s s i n g o f the Potomac R i v e r between Chain B r i d g e and Theodore R o o s e v e l t i s l a n d has long been r e c o g n i z e d . r now I n t h i s g e n e r a l are?i, t r a f f i c c r o s s e s t h e Potomac on t h e F r a n c i s S c o t t Key B r i d g e w h i c h o p e r a t e s i n a h i g h l y congested c o n d i t i o n d u r i n g peak h o u r s . Furthermore, f o r e c a s t s f o r t h e y e a r 1985 indicate that t r a f f i c demand w i l l be more t h a n double t h e c a p a c i t y o f Key Bridge, The a d d i t i o n a l r i v e r C r o s s i n g , d e s i g n a t e d 1-266, w i l l r e l i e v e t h e t r a f f i c a t Key B r i d g d , and the new b r i d g e and approaches w i l l be a f a r more e f f i c i e n t d e s i g n f o r smooth f l o w o f t r a f f i c * } Kid w i l l reduce a i r p o l l u t i o n caused by t h e stop-and-go o p e r a t i o n o f t r a f f i c on Key The new connecting 1-66 Bridge. s t r u c t u r e w i l l a l s o provide a d i r e c t c r o s s i n g , i n V i r g i n i a w i t h t h e Potomac Freeway i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. We urge t h a t f i n a l d e s i g n g i v e full e n g i n e e r i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n t o a proper b a l a n c e o f approc:ch t r a f f i c c a p a c i t y w i t h t h a t o f t h e b r i d g e , and t o means o f m a i n t a i n i n g f r e e f l o w o f t r a f f i c through r e v e r s i b l e l a n e s o f other future modifications. The b r o c h u r e e n t i t l e d "1-266 Design Hearing information" �> We conclis designs a r e t e c h n i c a l l y f e a s i b l e , although the N a t i o n a l Capitajl S e c t i o n h a s n o t checked t h e d e t a i l e d d e s i g n c a l c u l a t i o n s , we do n o t c o n s i d e r such a check n e c e s s a r y t o a s s e s s f e a s i b i l i t y , s i n c e a s c o n c e p t u a l l y e n v i s i o n e d , we f i n d no insurmountable e n g i n e e r i n g problems from t h e s t a n d p o i n t s o f t r a f f i c or o f highway and b r i d g e engineering design. F o r p u b l i c s a f e t y , o b v i o u s l y t h e s e l e c t e d b r i d g e must Ise designed w i t h t h e a p p r o p r i a t e l o a d i n g and t o meet t h e e s t a b l i s h e d s t a n d a r d s o f e n g i n e e r i n g p r a c t i c e and r e l a t e d of s a f e t y . factors Moreover, e q u a l c a r e must be e x e r c i s e d d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d o f c o n s t r u c t i o n t o ensure t h a t t h e d e s i g n i s p r e c i s e l y c a r r i e d out. However, t h e b e s t a s s u r a n c e o f adequate d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n i s s e l e c t i o n o f e x p e r i e n c e d and q u a l i f i e d e n g i n e e r s f o r d e s i g n , and a competent b u i l d e r f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n . The N a t i o n a l c a p i t a l S e c t i o n f i n d s no reason t o q u e s t i o n t h e q u a l i f i c a t i o n s o f t h e f i r m s or p e r s o n n e l i n v o l v e d t o d a t e p I n r e g a r d t o t h e three«=>sp?n p r e s t r e s s e d c o n c r e t e b r i d g e , t h e r e has been some doubt e x p r e s s e d c o n c e r n i n g t h e long c e n t e r span. I f s e l e c t e d f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n < t h i s span would form t%e > l o n g e s t b r i d g e o f i t s t y o s i n %h*> world„ We do not f i n d this i n t i m i d a t i n g j s i n c e s i m i l a r b r i d g e s o f n e a r l y e q u a l l e n g t h have a l r e a d y been c o n s t r u c t e d i n Europe (and t h e r e i s a l i s t t o t h i s statement) attached and a r e s a t i s f a c t o r i l y h a n d l i n g l a r g e t r a f f i c �r i d g e s have been c< 1.949, and t h e r e a r e no r e a s o n s t o doubt t h e a b i l i t y o f our cons t r u c t i o n i n d u s t r y t o b u i l d t h e l o n g e s t span p r e s t r e s s e d b r i d g e here; From an e n v i r o n m e n t a l e n g i n e e r i n g s t a n d p o i n t , we s t u d i e d t h e probable e f f e c t s o f t h e a l t e r n a t i v e b r i d g e s on a i r p o l l u t i o n , w a t e r p o l l u t i o n and n o i r e l e v e l s which might be Vie found no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e e n v i r o n 1 generated. | mental e f f e c t s r e s u l t i n g from t h e a l t e r n a t i v e d e s i g n s , and t h e r e f o r e conclude t h a t a i r , n o i s e , and water p o l l u t i o n should not be c o n s i d e r e d as f a c t o r s i n r e a c h i n g a d e c i s i o n on t h e most s u i t a b l e c h o i c e between t h e two a l t e r n a t i v e d e s i g n s , A similar c o n c l u s i o n would apply t o any o t h e r open deck b r i d g e , b u i l t c use t h e same s i t e , h a v i n g s i m i l a r l e n g t h , w i d t h , road bed, and characteristics. The American S o c i e t y o f C i v i l E n g i n e e r s i s a s deeply concerned as any segment o f s o c i e t y about s o c i a l and e n v i r o n m e n t a l consequences. Our members a r e pledged, i n t h e p u b l i c i n t e r e s t t o g i v e c a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n t o such a s p e c t s o f proposed develdp- ments, along w i t h o t h e r c o s t s and b e n e f i t s t o t h e community a t large 6 a s w e l l as t o l i m i t e d segments. For t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s o f d e s i g n under c o n s i d e r a t i o n , we f i n d t h a t t h e s o c i a l f a c t o r s a r e t h e same f o r o t h e r d e s i g n . Ho r e s i d e n c e s o r b u s i n e s s e s a r e d i s p l a c e d . Parkland t r a d e - o f f s �s o c i a l c o s t s and b e n e f i t s j hoi >:' However, i t should be remembered t h a t t h e r e i s a s u b s t a n t i a l s o c i a l and economic c o s t i n d e l a y o f a needed p r o j e c t , o r i n doing nothing,, s i n c e i n a c t i o n r e s u l t s i n economic s t a g n a t i o n and decay* The continued v i a b i l i t y o f t h e community demands t h a t d e c i s i o n s be made and implemented* As f o r a e s t h e t i c s , t h e Commission o f F i n e A r t s has spoken v e r y f a v o r a b l y i n g r a n t i n g i t s a p p r o v a l o f t h e 75o~foot p r e s t r e s s e d concrete bridge. We support t h e Commission°s view f o r we f e e l t h a t t h e long span b r i d g e h a s c l e a n , simple lines, a nd b d a u t i f u l i y complements t h e m u l t i p l e a r c h Key B r i d g e downs t r e a m , a s w e l l a s t h e a r c h b r i d g e along t h e George Washington Parkway o v e r Spout Run, Moreover, t h e l o n g , s i n g l e span o v e r t h e Potomac does no damage t o t h e Three S i s t e r s I s l a n d s p r o v i d e s c opportunity f o r continued maximum use o f the r i v e r f o r r e c r e a t i o n a l b o a t i n g , and from t h e w a t e r s i d e forms an e x c e p t i o n a l l y a t t r a c t i v e gateway t o t h e P a l i s a d e s a r e a upstream. I t i s , we b e l i e v e i n keeping w i t h t h e g e n e r a l v i s u a l theme o f t h e Nation°s c a p i t a l , In conclusion, the National C a p i t a l Section o f the American S o c i e t y o f C i v i l E n g i n e e r s supports e a r l y c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , and recommends t h e long-span p r e s t r e s s e d c o n c r e t e b r i d g e as an a p p r o p r i a t e s o l u t i o n t o t h i s p r e s s i n g need. �• statement* " P r e s t r e s s e d c o n c r e t e Bridges,•* f o r i n c l u s i o n i n :he r e c o r i a Mr. Dugas* Thank you, Mr* Granum* We w i l l p l a c e Lt i n t h e r e c o r d a t t h i s p o i n t * (The l i s t r e f e r r e d t o " P r e s t r e s s e d c o n c r e t e follows:) . , Bridges" • • �JS-3 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGES 1949 - F i r s t major p r e s t r e s s e d c o n c r e t e g i r d e r , i n U. S., Walnut Lane, P h i l a d e l p h i a , P e n n s y l v a n i a - 308 f t . ; 160 f t . c e n t e r span, 74 f t . s i d e spans, p o s t e n s i o n e d . 1946 - L u z a n c y B r i d g e , Marne R i v e r , F r a n c e - 245 f t . Postensioned g i r d e r . span, 1950 t o 1965 - Over 300 p r e s t r e s s e d c o n c r e t e b r i d g e s w i t h spans i n e x c e s s o f 250 f t . were b u i l t i n Europe. Source: J o u r n a l o f t h e P r e s t r e s s e d C o n c r e t e I n s t i t u t e , F e b r u a r y 1965. 1963 - B e n d o r f B r i d g e , R h i n e R i v e r near Coblenz, Gernmany P o s t e n s i o n e d , box g i r d e r by c a n t i l e v e r method, 682 f t , span. 1966 - L a k e M a r i c a b o B r i d g e , V e n e z u e l a - 780 f t . span, P r e s t r e s s e d c o n c r e t e w i t h s t a y s ; many o t h e r spans and cuaseway. 1966 - E a s t e r n S c h e l d t , N e t h e r l a n d s - 55 spans o f 300 f t . e a c h , p r e s t r e s s e d box g i r d e r u s i n g c a n t i l e v e r method. �I w < MR. A I R I S : I know you a r e a p r o f e s s i o n a l e n g i n e e r of some o u t s t a n d i n g c a p a b i l i t y , Mr. Granum, and I knot* apparent i y from your s t a t e m e n t t h a t you have looked i n t o t h i s problem o f bridge design pretty c a r e f u l l y . As a p r o f e s s i o n a l e n g i n e e r would you have any qualms about going ahead i f you were i n t h e Highway Department°s p o s i t i o n , about going ahead w i t h t h i s p r e s t r e s s e d c o n c r e t e b r i d g e even though not many o f them a r e b u i l t i n the United S t a t e s ? MR.: GRANUM: No, s i r . MR. A I R I S : Thank y o u . MR. DUGAS: Thank you, Mr. Granum. I wonder i f e i t h e r Mr. W i c k s t e a d o r Mr. Salem have come i n t o t h e room? (No r e s p o n s e . ) MR. DUGAS: Or Mr. S c h e i r e r ? STATEMENT OP WILLIAM K. SCHEIER ON BEHALF OF KALORAMA CITIZENS ASSOCIATION AND CHAIRMAN OF THE FEDERATION OF CITIZENS ASSOCIATIONS MR. SCHEIRER: My name i s W i l l i a m R. S c h e i e r . I am not o n l y t e s t i f y i n g f o r t h e Kalorama C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n , b u t �\-... V" t i <-* *• oil t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e s u i t . v o t e t o j o i n such'a s u i t . . I t v o t e d by a two t o one So I t h i n k i t makes the F e d e r a t i o n ' s p o s i t i o n p r e t t y c l e a r about t h e b r i d g e . F i r s t i would l i k e t o note the absence o f any member o f the C i t y C o u n c i l here t o d a y . This i s especially puzzling, s i n c e t h e h e a r i n g i s supposed t o c o n s i d e r not o n l y the d e s i g n o f the b r i d g e but t h e s o c i a l and economic e f f e c t s o f the b r i d g e , And w h i l e one might be a b l e t o t a k e t h e p o s i t i o n t h a t t h e C i t y C o u n c i l s h o u l d not be i n t e r e s t e d i n such d e t a i l as the d e s i g n , c e r t a i n l y i t s h o u l d be i n t e r e s t e d i n the s o c i a l and economic e f f e c t s o f t h e bridge6 One contemplated cannot h e l p but f e e l t h a t t h e C i t y C o u n c i l , h a v i n g t h e o r d e r s i n c e 1969, j u s t does not want t o have anything t o do w i t h t h e m a t t e r . I w i l l note t h a t t h e s u b j e c t o f the h e a r i n g i s j u s t on 1-266 from Route 66 t o T h i r t i e t h and K t as I understand i t , I would l i k e t o p o i n t out t h a t a l t h o u g h I am not an e n g i n e e r , i t would seem t h a t a d e s i g n o f t h a t l e n g t h would a f f e c t t h e d e s i g n o f t h e Potomac R i v e r f r e e w a y , a t l e a s t t h e i n t e r c h a n g e s , md a l s o the d e s i g n o f 66, and t h a t i t would seem v e r y d i f f i c u l t to held design hdarings i n i s o l a t i o n . As f o r the d e s i g n o f t h e b r i d g e , the F e d e r a l f e e l s �the b e s t d e s i g n would foe a b l a n k sheet, o f paper, w i t h n o t h i n g any more f r e e w a y s i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia4 I t h i n k t h e b e s t way t o put t h i s i s t o go back t o the F r i d a y e v e n i n g r u s h hour about t h r e e weeks ago, when t h e r e was a l i g h t r a i n , And as WMAL s a i d , t h e t r a f f i c downtown was at an a b s o l u t e s t a n d s t i l l , I can vouch f o r t h i s . I t took lie an hour t o g e t from T w e l f t h and M a s s a c h u s e t t s t o Rhode Island, We a r e going t o see more and more o f t h a t i f we build; more f r e e w a y s . I t i s going t o g e t even worse, I e x p e c t t o h e a r from t h e p l a n n e r s i n t h e Highway Department more and more o f t h e f o l l o w i n g k i n d o f t a l k , Yes<, we do have t o o many c a r s downtown, wh*»t we need t o do i s put l a r g e p a r k i n g garages a t t h e e x i t s o f t h e f r e e w a y s znd l i m i t downtown t o t a x i c a b s and m i n i - b u s e s and t h i n g s l i k e t h a t u Once t h a t argument i s made, I t h i n k t h e f r e e w a y can be demonstrated to be i l l — a d v i s e d on t h e ground o f e f f i c i e n c y . Because i f you have p a r k i n g garages a t t h e e x i t s , i t makes much mora sense t o put p a r k i n g garages a t t h e e n t r a n c e s , because t h e l a n d i s cheap there*, and t h e p o p u l a t i o n i s more d i s p e r s e d ^ and t h e r e f o r e t h e garages w i l l n o t be s o o b j e c t i o n a b l e . Of c o u r s e , you have t h e problem, how do you g e t t h e people i n i n t h a t e v e n t ? the r a t e o f 1,3 But i n s t e a d o f p u t t i n g them i n a t p e r v e h i c l e , put them on a b u s , a t r a i n , a t �:ly t and o n l y So I t h i n k on the ground o f e f f i c i e n c y a l o n e , u n l e s s y ou can demonstrate t h a t t h e freeway system i s i n f e r i o r t o a J mass t r a n s i t system, once you can see thait t h e r e i s too much t r a f f i c downtown — - a n d I t h i n k i t would be v e r y d i f f i c u l t these Says t o m a i n t a i n t h a t downtown could t a k e much more t r a f f i c than i t has. o f c o u r s e , t h e freeways have o t h e r d i s a d v a n t a g e s They cause p o l l u t i o n , and t h e y d i v i d e up neighborhoods. too. And in an a r c h i t e c t u r a l and e s t h e t i c sense t h e y opress t h e c i t y . But I am aware t h a t t h e Highway Department i s h a l f a s t e p ahead o f t h a t l i n e o f r e a s o n i n g . I n the h e a r i n g on t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway i t was m a i n t a i n e d t h a t t h e purpose o f t h e freeway was not r u s h hour t r i p s but r e c r e a t i o n a l and shopping irips. F i r s t o f a l l , you c o u l d not p r o h i b i t any freeway from b e i n t used d u r i n g t h e r u s h h o u r s . And s e c o n d l y , d u r i n g the Monday r u s h hours you can move around t h i s town p r e t t y e a s i l y . And t o b u i l d a f a c i l i t y , a freeway l i k e t h a t , f o r t h e purpose o f s a v i n g a few minutes o f f non-rush hour t r i p s h a r d l y seems 'worth t h e e x p e n d i t u r e and t h e d e s t r u c t i o n . Now, o f c o u r s e , t h e reason we a r e h e r e today i s not because anybody wants t h e b r i d g e , but because c e r t a i n p r e s s u r e s were a p p l i e d from C a p i t a l H i l l , and t h e C i t y C o u n c i l voted i n August 1959 t o t u r n around and approve the b r i d g e . I have heard two arguments from v a r i o u s councilmen �idge by t h e y had no choice,„ But I t h i n k t h i s r e a s o n i n g i s f a l l a c i o u s ; ! because i f they had nc c h o i c e * t h e n i t d i d n o t m a t t e r what t h e y would do, and then i t d i d n o t m a t t e r whether t h e y v o t e d a t a l l . So t h e y d i d not I f t h e y had t o t a k e t h e v o t e i t had some meaning, and i f i t had some meaning i t d i d not mean t h e y had t o b l i n d l y f o l l o w what happened on c a p i t a l Bill* And t h i s p o i n t h a s been documented i n t h e d e c i s i o n o f S k e l l y Wright i n the court of Appeals. fundamental He h e l d t h a t r i g h t s cannot be v i o l a t e d by economic r e g u l a t i o n w i t h o u t adequate p r o t e c t i o n t o t h e p u b l i c . And a form o f t h a t protection i s these hearings* Another form o f t h a t p r o t e c t i o n would be a v o t e by the C i t y C o u n c i l . The second argument t h a t h a s been advanced i s t h a t i t was n e c e s s a r y t o approve t h e b r i d g e i n o r d e r t o f r e e t h e f i r s t y e a r subway f u n d s . T h i s , I t h i n k , h a s been a more common argument. B u t I t h i n k i t should be p o i n t e d o u t i n p u b l i c t h a t t h e i r argument means t h a t t h e person advancing t h e argument i s w i l l i n g t o b u i l d t h e e n t i r e freeway system i n o r d e r t o g e t t h e subway system* Because nobody c a n be s o n a i v e , a s was p o i n t e d o u t �cl L- i*6 t— X l t i G ^. I-iO.w- Q C V C o 0. . L C I JOG S O J_CiIL v © -So *C. O C f l JLXIIC ClicL i_ J. V S ling t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , And o f course t h a t i s e x a c t l y t h e way i t t u r n e d o u t , t o get t h e second y e a r subway money c e r t a i n people i n Congress d e s i r e t h a t you do something e l s e who 0 So anyone advancds t h i s argument i s s a y i n g t h a t t h e y a r e w i l l i n g t o b u i l d t h e e n t i r e .freeway system i n order t o g e t the subway I f e e l t h i s would be a d i s a s t e r f o r the C i t y , We would be p r o v i d i n g an e f f i c i e n t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n underground w h i l e s i m p l y d e s t r o y i n g the s u r f a c e . I n c l o s i n g , Mr, Dugas, I would l i k e t o s a y t h a t my presence h e r e today does not i n any way i n d i c a t e t h a t I f e e l t h a t a d e s i g n h e a r i n g i s proper o r l e g a l a t t h i s t i m e , MR, DUGAS: B e f o r e we t a k e our 3:3o b r e a k I wonder i f Mr, Wickstead o r Mr, Salem have come i n t o t h e room? I f n o t , we w i l l t a k e one more p a r t i c i p a n t , and then we w i l l t a k e about t e n m i n u t e s , Mrs, V a l e r i e B, K i t c h e n s , STATEMENT OF MRS. VALERIE B. KITCHENS, OF ARLINGTON, MRS. KITCHENS: in Arlington, Virginia. VIRGINIA I am j u s t a p r i v a t e c i t i z e n , I l i v e My name i s V a l e r i e K i t c h e n s , and I would l i k e t o r e g i s t e r my o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e d e s i g n s now proposed f o r t h e B r i d g e known a s Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , and t o a l l d e s i g n �I wish t o r o s s t h e Potoma R i v e r i n t h e a r e a o f t h e Three S i s t e r s i s l a n d s and Spout Run. I t i s my f i r m c o n v i c t i o n t h a t any b r i d g e i n t h i s a r e a would do i r r e p a r a b l e e s t h e t i c harm t o t h e Potomac R i v e r P a l i s a d e s , and t o t h e lo\-ely wooded a r e a now a d j a c e n t t o SpoUt Run and t h e Spout Run Parkway. Any b r i d g e , no m a t t e r what i t s d e s i g n , would a l s o have h a r m f u l e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s on t h e a r e a because i t would encourage i n c r e a s e d t r a f f i c i n t h e form o f p r i v a t e automobiles through t h i s a r e a , and t h i s i n t u r n would l e a d t o i n c r e a s e d a i r pollution. Furthermore, t h e b u i l d i n g o f t h i s b r i d g e and i t s approaches a l s o would r e q u i r e t h e t a k i n g o f a d d i t i o n a l homes i n Arlington — which we i n A r l i n g t o n who w i s h t o p r e s e r v e our residential':'neighborhoods oppose — a3 w e l l as t h e t a k i n g o f some o f t h e p r e c i o u s l i t t l e p a r k l a n d we now have; a t a time wheh t h e v a l u e o f p a r k l a n d and open space h a s become s o i m p o r t a n t , ajrr highway p r o j e c t w h i c h would reduce e x i s t i n g p a r k l a n d i s i n t o l e r able. I n t h i s c o n t e x t , I w i s h t o e x p r e s s my concern t h a t s h o u l d any d e s i g n be approved and t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e builjfc* t h e b r i d g e w i l l p o i n t l i k e an arrow aimed a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e Giover~Archbold Park? highway p l a n n e r s and l o b b y i s t s undoubtedly would soon s t a r t working on p l a n s t o put an expressway through �• B b e i n g designed t o ease I f s o , would i t do more t o s o l v e t r a f f i c problems than d i d "the b u i l d i n g o f t h e Theodore Rooseve3t Bridge? or would another b r i d g e merely encourage more people t o t r a v e l t o and from work s i n g l y i n t h e i r own ing and evening r u s h h o u r s , t h e r e b y i n c r e a s i n g r a t h e r than decreasing t r a f f i c If. c a r s d u r i n g morn- congestion? No m a t t e r how many b r i d g e s a r e c o n s t r u c t e d , a l l t r a f f i c e n t e r i n g t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia d u r i n g morning r u s h hours and heading f o r t h e same g e n e r a l l o c a t i o n must e v e n t u a l l y come t o g e t h e r , and t h e s e c a r s must compete f o r a r e l a t i v e l y number o f p a r k i n g p l a c e s . limited The g r e a t e r the number o f c a r s e n t e r i n g town-, t h e more a r e a s where t r a f f i c must merge, and t h e g r e a t e r the c o m p e t i t i o n f o r p a r k i n g p l a c e s , t h e g r e a t e r the r i s k o f a c c i d e n t s w i l l become. The m e n t a l i t y which can o f f e r o n l y t h e s o l u t i o n " b u i l d another b r i d g e " t o t h e problems o f c o n g e s t i o n i s o b s o l e t e and traffic inflexible. T h e r e i s an a l t e r n a t i v e t o d e s i g n i n g and b u i l d i n g any b r i d g e a c r o s s t h e Three S i s t e r s i s l a n d s as now proposed. This a l t e r n a t i v e i s t o b u i l d a r a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t system which would p a s s through a t u n n e l under t h e Potomac R i v e r , p r e s e r v e t h e Potomac P a l i s a d e s and Spout Run a r e a parkland,- and reduce ~ c o n g e s t i o n and a i r p o l l u t i o n i n t h e A r l i n g t o n - D . C. a r e a . d i v e r t i n g t h e funds a l l o c a t e d f o r b r i d g e c o n s t r u c t i o n t o By �162 c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e r a i l r a p i d , t r a n s i t system, moreover, t h e t a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t system c o u l d be b u i l t and put i n t o o p e r a t i o n much f a s t e r t h a n now planned. Proper p l a n n i n g o f e x p r e s s bus s e r v i c e t o and from r a i l t r a n s i t s t a t i o n s , and f r i n g p a r k i n g a r e a s where n e c e s s a r y , s h o u l d do much more t o reduce c o n g e s t i o n than another traffic bridge. I n c o n c l u s i o n , I oppose a l l d e s i g n s f o r t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and urge t h a t new r o u t e h e a r i n g s be scheduled b e f o r e any b r i d g e i s b u i l t . Thank y o u . Mr. Dugas. Thank you v e r y much. We w i l l t a k e a ten-minute break a t t h i s time b e f o r e t a k i n g our next w i t n e s s . (At t h i s p o i n t i n t h e h e a r i n g a s h o r t r e c e s s was taken.) �163 AFTERNOON SESSION 3:50 Mr. Dugas. p.m. The h e a r i n g w i l l be resumed. Mrs. L o r r a i n e M. Nye. STATEMENT OF MRS. LORRAINE M. NYE, C I T I Z E N , 3611 T STREET, N. W., WASHINGTON, P. C. Mrs. Nye. p r o p e r t y owner, I am h e r e a s a wageowner, t a x p a y e r , a a member o f t h e B u r l e i g h C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a - t i o n , a d a i l y commuter from t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia t o V i r g i n i a , a c o n s e r v a t i o n i s t , and l a s t b u t n o t l e a s t , as a c i t i z e n , a c i t i z e n who i s t i r e d o f b e i n g pushed around by v e s t e d i n t e r e s t groups and h a v i n g t h e r i g h t s t h a t t h e Cons t i t u t i o n guarantees t o u s . I am not going t o t a k e up your time by r e p e a t i n g t h e many good arguments t h a t have been made here t h i s a f t e r n o o n f o r opposing t h e d e s i g n s , a l l d e s i g n s , any d e s i g n s f o r Three S i s t e r s Bridge. I would l i k e t o conclude s i m p l y by s a y i n g we oppose a l l d e s i g n s and we urge t h a t t h e funds d e s i g n a t e d f o r t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e be used i n s t e a d t o c o n s t r u c t a r a p i d transit system. Thank you. (Applause.) Mr. Dugas. Thank you, Madam. Mr. James B. S u l l i v a n , M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington �164 C o a l i t i o n f o r Clean A i r . STATEMENT OF JAMES B. SULLIVAN, TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE, METROPOLITAN WASHINGTON COALITION FOR CLEAN A I R MR. S u l l i v a n . I would f i r s t l i k e t o e x p r e s s my d i s - appointment t h a t t h e Mayor and C i t y C o u n c i l don't see f i t t o j c i us today a t t h e h e a r i n g . My name i s James B. S u l l i v a n . I l i v e a t 2125 Obser- v a t o r y P l a c e i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and I am on t h e t e c h n i c a l a d v i s o r y committee f o r t h e xMetropolitan Washington C o a l i t i o n f o r Clean A i r . My e d u c a t i o n l i e s i n t h e f i e l d o f meteorology and oceanography, h a v i n g r e c e i v e d my Ph.D from t h e M a s s a c h u s e t t s I n s t i t u t e o f Technology. My undergraduate t r a i n - i n g was i n C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g and i n c l u d e d some s t u d y o f h i g h way p l a n n i n g . I am t e s t i f y i n g today t o urge t h e governments o f t h e D i s t i i c t o f Columbia and V i r g i n i a t o f u l f i l l t h e i r legal r e s p o n s i b i l i t y and suspend c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e u n t i l an adequate s t u d y i s completed which w i l l determine the b r i d g e ' s impact on t h e a i r , n o i s e and w a t e r p o l l u t i o n i n t h i s r e g i o n and t h e e f f e c t o f t h a t p o l l u t i o n on t h e p u b l i c ' s health. The importance o f such a s t u d y cannot be q u e s t i o n e d . P r e s e n t p o l l u t a n t l e v e l s i n Washington and i t s suburbs a r e �165 a l r e a d y g r e a t e r than t h o s e a t which t o x i c e f f e c t s i n humans have been measured. They c o n t r i b u t e t o the r i s i n g incidence of c h r o n i c r e s p i r a t o r y d i s e a s e s such as lung c a n c e r , b r o n c h i t i s emphysema, and asthma. They a g g r a v a t e h e a r t d i s o r d e r s i m p a i r p h y s i o l o g i c a l f u n c t i o n s such as v i s i o n and time. and response A study by the P u b l i c H e a l t h S e r v i c e shows t h a t such l e v e l s w i l l i n c r e a s e by two and t h r e e hundred p e r c e n t i n the n e x t f i f t e e n y e a r s w i t h the g r e a t e s t i n c r e a s e s t a k i n g p l a c e i n the o u t s k i r t s o f Washington. C a l c u l a t i o n s done by Dr. D a n i e l F i s h e r o f the C o a l i t i o n s t e c h n i c a l a d v i s o r y committee and m y s e l f i n d i c a t e t h a t , even i f no freeways are b u i l t , h a l f o f t h e people today u s i n g automobiles w i l l have t o s w i t c h t o mass t r a n s i t i f we a r e j u s t t o p r e v e n t an i n c r e a s e i n the present unhealthy l e v e l s of p o l l u t i o n . T h i s p o l l u t i o n t h r e a t has been t o t a l l y ignored those r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e proposed D. C. freeway system. noted by the C o u n c i l on E n v i r o n m e n t a l by As i s Q u a l i t y ' s F i r s t Annual Report, t h i s t h r e a t has a r i s e n l a r g e l y from the n e g l e c t of environmental c o n s i d e r a t i o n s by the F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a - t i o n and the s t a t e highway departments. T h i s n e g l e c t has been spawned by an overshadowing emphasis on c o s t s and feasibility. engineering The Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e u n f o r t u n a t e l y , f i t s mold p e r f e c t l y . , The n a t i o n a l E n v i r o n m e n t a l J a n u a r y of 1970, P o l i c y A c t passed i n seeks t o r e d i r e c t t h e s e m i s p l a c e d eaonomic the �166 i n c e n t i v e s by a b a s i c r e f o r m i n t h e way our s o c i e t y l o o k s a t problems and makes d e c i s i o n s . S e c t i o n 102 o f t h e A c t r e q u i r e s t h a t "a d e t a i l e d s t a t e m e n t by t h e r e s p o n s i b l e o f f i c i a l on ( i ) the e n v i r o n m e n t a l impact o f t h e proposed a c t i o n ( i i ) any a d v e r s e e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s which cannot be avoided s h o u l d the p r o p o s a l be implemented, ( i i i ) a l t e r n a t i v e s t o t h e proposed a c t i o n , ( i v ) t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between l o c a l s h o r t term uses o f man'3 environment and t h e maintenance o f long-term p r o d u c t i v i t y , and ( v ) any i r r e v e r s i b l e and i r r e t r i e v a b l e commitments o f r e s o u r c e s which wou3.d be i n v o l v e d i n t h e proposed a c t i o n should i t be implemented." The r e g u l a t i o n s d e f i n i n g t h i s h e a r i n g a l s o c a l l f o r such a d e t a i l e d assessment. P o l i c y and Procedure memorandum 20-3, Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , " r e q u e i r e s S t a t e highway departments t o c o n s i d e r f u l l y a wide range o f f a c t o r s i n d e t e r m i n i n g highway l o c a t i o n s and highway de'signs." the i\mong " s o c i a l , economic and e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s " which must be d i s c u s s e d a r e " n o i s e , and a i r and w a t e r p o l l u t i o n . " T h i s e n v i r o n m e n t a l impact has n o t been a s s e s s e d f o r t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e o r f o r any p a r t o f t h e D . C. n e t . work. F o r t h e sake o f t h e r e s i d e n t s o f M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington,, i t must be completed b e f o r e b r i d g e c o n s t r u c t i o n goes any f u r t h e r Furthermore, t h e study cannot be done i n a p r o forma way a s have o t h e r highway s t u d i e s . The f o l l o w i n g m i s l e a d i n g and d i s t o r t e d s t a t e m e n t s which a r e c o n t i n u a l l y used by highway �167 proponents a r e n o t a c c e p t a b l e under any v a l i d e n g i n e e r i n g standardo of These quotes have been t a k e n from t h e Department T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ' s 102 s t a t e m e n t r e q u i r e d under t h e E n v i r o n - mental P o l i c y 7ict t o fee C o u n c i l on E n v i r o n m e n t a l Q u a l i t y , and they p e r t a i n t o t h e F e d e r a l A i d Highway A c t o f 1970. The s t a t e ments have been used r e p e a t e d l y t o s e l l highways: (1) "the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f new h i g l w a y s o r major improvement o f e x i s t i n g highways s i g n i f i c a n t l y d e c r e a s e s congestion ' T h i s s t a t e m e n t a v o i d s t h e c r u c i a l and accepted f a c t t h a t new freeway c o n s t r u c t i o n c r e a t e s more t r a f f i c . This cre- a t i o n e f f e c t i s p r i m a r i l y caused by t h e n e g l e c t o f t h e e x t e r n a l s o c i a l c o s t s o f p o l l u t i o n and c o n g e s t i o n . Highways u s e r s a r e not r e q u i r e d t o pay f o r t h e f u l l c o s t o f t h e i r automobile and hence, " o v e r u s e " t h e highways. trip, I n urban a r e a s , new and improved highways have promoted t h e use o f p e r s o n a l v e h i c l e s to the such a degree t h a t t h e s e unpaid s o c i a l c o s t s o f t e n s u r p a s s economic g e n e f i t s d e r i v e d . T h i s e f f e c t i s demonstrated by a Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads s t u d y which shows a seven p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e i n t r a f f i c i n a " c o r r i d o r " when a new s e c t i o n o f I n t e r s t a t e System freeway i s opened i n t h a t c o r r i d o r . (2) "Because o f t h e d e c r e a s e d c o n g e s t i o n and i n c r e a s speeds r e s u l t i n g from new highways and improved highways, t h e t o t a l amount o f a i r p o l l u t a n t s e m i t t e d by motor v e h i c l e s �160 t r a v e l i n g on such highways i s s u b s t a n t i a l l y reduced. . . for example, one study showed t h a t carbon monoxide generated per v e h i c l e m i l e i s o n l y 0.11 pounds on e x p r e s s w a y s , compered t o 0.27 pounds on l o c a l s t r e e t s and 0.42 District 1-266 streets." pounds on C e n t r a l B u s i n e s s These arguments a r e a l l on page 13 o f your design hearing information. i n a d i f f e r e n t maimer. The same arguments, worded T h a t l a s t one i s worded i n your pamphle a s s a y i n g t h a t t r a f f i c volume and speed a r e i n v e r s e l y r e l a t e d as they e f f e c t a i r p o l l u t i o n . As v e h i c u l a r speed i n c r e a s e s and becomes u n i f o r m , t h e r e i s d e c r e a s e on p o l l u t i o n e m i s s i o n s per mile traveled. Thus, the p o l l u t i o n e f f e c t o f i n c r e a s e d t r a f f i c volumes can be o f f s e t by h i g h e r and more u n i f o r m speeds. T h a t i s a m i s l e a d i n g statement f o r v a r i o u s r e a s o n s : (a) I t assumes decreased c o n g e s t i o n . They i n c r e a s e c o n g e s t i o n because o f the i n c r e a s e d demand e f f e c t . (b) I t s t a t e s t h a t new and improved highways r e s u l t i n i n c r e a s e d speeds. I n urban a r e a s , t h i s a s s e r t i o n i s unfoundei S i n c e highways dump t r a f f i c i n downtown a r e a s , i t i s h i g h l y u n l i k e l y t h a t decreased c o n g e s t i o n and i n c r e a s e d speeds w i l l r e s u l t i n these areas; (c) While i t i s t r u e t h a t carbon monoxise e m i s s i o n s d e c r e a s e w i t h i n c r e a s i n g speed and u n i f o r m i t y o f engina oper- a t i o n , o t h e r p o l l u t a n t s l i k e smog forming o x i d e s o f n i t r o g e n and lead increase; (d) Highways encourage d r i v i n g i n t o t h e i n n e r c i t i e s �169 t h i s i n c r e a s e i n t h e t o t a l number o f c a r s o f f s e t s t h e advantage of any h i g h e r speeds and i t s e f f e c t on hydro-carbon and carbon monoxide p o l l u t i o n . The n e x t argument t h a t i s used b} highway proponents, which i s m i s l e a d i n g , i s t h a t : (3) "new and improved highways w i l l p r o v i d e g r e a t e r m o b i l i t y t o more people." I s s u e i s t a k e n w i t h t h e s t a t e m e n t t h a t new and improved highways w i l l p r o v i d e g r e a t e r m o b i l i t y t o more people. The White House Conference on C i v i l R i g h t s r e p o r t e d i n 1966 t h a t i n t h e Watts a r e a i n Los Angeles " t r a n s p o r t a t i o n d i f f i c u l t i e s d i s c o u r a g e j o b s e e k e r s and impose u n f a i r c o s t s on w o r k e r s l e a s t a b l e t o meet them." These d i f f i c u l t i e s , were a c o n t r i b u t i n g f a c t o r t o t h e 1964 r i o t s , which a r e caused by over-emphasis on highways a s t h e major mode o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n coupled w i t h t h e f a c t t h a t a c c e s s t o t h e use o f an automobile i s l i m i t e d among t h e poor. F o r t h e s e people, highways mean decreased r a t h e r than increased m o b i l i t y . of We o f t e n hear c r i e s "white men's roads through b l a c k men's homes." (4) "improved highways p r o v i d e s u b s t a n t i a l l y g r e a t e r s a f e t y p e r v e h i c l e m i l e t h a n o l d e r highways." I t i s t r u e t h a t "per v e h i c l e m i l e , " improved highways p r o v i d e s u b s t a n t i a l l y g r e a t e r s a f e t y t h a n o l d e r highways. What i s i g n o r e d h e r e a r e t h e s a f e t y e f f e c t s o f t h e c o n g e s t i o n induced by t h e economics o f t h e Highway T r u s t Fund and t h e r e s u l t a n t �1 0 7 decay o f mass t r a n s i t systems. A balanced t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system would g r e a t l y reduce t h e carnage on o u r highways. (5) " p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l d e v i c e s w i l l s o l v e t h e auto e m i s s i o n s problems". T h i s i s a l s o c o n t a i n e d i n your pamphlet, on page 13. I t s a y s , " p o l l u t i o n e m i s s i o n s from 1969 model automobiles so equipped a r e reduced by a s much a s 40 p e r c e n t from e a r l i e r levels." Recent d i s c l o s u r e s by t h e N a t i o n a l A i r P o l l u t i o n Control Administration i n d i c a t e t h a t between 75 and 80 p e r c e n t of t h e s o - c a l l e d c o n t r o l l e d v e h i c l e s on t h e road f a i l e d t o meet t h e low f e d e r a l s t a n d a r d s . Experience has shown t h a t t h e t a c k - o n technology r e q u i r e s c o n s t a n t i n s p e c t i o n and maintenance and degrades q u i c k l y a f t e r p u r c h a s e . I n c l o s i n g , I a g a i n urge t h e D i s t r i c t and t h e S t a t e ol V i r g i n i a t o i n i t i a t e immediately a comprehensive e n v i r o n m e n t a l impact study ; f o r t h e e n t i r e proposed D. C. and V i r g i n i a f r e e way network i n c l u d i n g t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . I n the i n t e r e s of h e a l t h and t h e q u a l i t y o f our l i v e s , no c o n s t r u c t i o n should b e g i n on t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e o r any o t h e r highway p r o j e c t u n t i l t h e s t u d y i s completed. As P o l i c y and Procedure Memorandum i n t h e Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , 50-9 s t a t e s , and t h i s l e g a l l y d e f i n e s t h e transportation planning process, i t says: " C i t i z e n p a r t i c i p a t i o n i s needed a t a l l s t a g e s o f the p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s b e g i n n i n g w i t h t h e s p e l l i n g o u t o f g o a l s �171 and o b j e c t i v e s and e x t e n d i n g through t h e c h o i c e between l i n e s o f coiruuunication should be e s t a b l i s h e d and m a i n t a i n e d which w i l l not o n l y seek t h e v i e w o f t h o s e a f f e c t e d by proposed programs but demonstrate v t o them i n ways t ~ " «nderstand t h a t t h e i r v i e w s r e c e i v e f u l l and s i n c e r e c o n s i d e r a t i o n , " h i s may w e l l r e q u i r e t h e a g g r e s s i v e use o f newspapers, r a d i o and v i s i o n i n a d d i t i o n t o p u b l i c meetings and o r g a n i z e d tele- citizens committees." Toward t h i s end the M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington C o a l i t i o n f o r C l e a n A i r has submitted g u i d e l i n e s f o r an a i r p o l l u t i o n study and w i s h e s t o a s s i s t i n a c o n t i n u i n g way i n t h e p l a n n i n g and e x e c u t i o n o f t h e f u l l environment ately study t h a t i s so desper- needed. I w i s h t o add t h a t my t e s t i m o n y today i n no way cates t h a t I think these design hearings are c i t h e r legal indior proper a t t h i s t i m e . Thank you. (Applause.) Mr. Dugas. I wonder i f you would be good enough t o l e t us reproduce your Mr. statement? Sullivan. The o n l y r e a s o n I d i d n ' t was because I c o u l d n ' t f i n d a Xerox. Mr. Dugas. We have t h a t f a c i l i t y . have i t f o r t h e r e c o r d . i t reproduced I would l i k e t o The E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y h e r e w i l l and g e t i t back t o you, i f you have a few get minutes �172 Mr. S u l l i v a n . A t t h i s t i m e , may I ask i f t h e r e a r e any q u e s t i o n s on t h e g u i d e l i n e s t h a t we submitted on August 4 t o t h e Highway Department on t h e A i r P o l l u t i o n Study? Mr. Dugas. Mr. Airis. Mr. A i r i s . Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I am f a m i l i a r w i t h your g u i d e l i n e s and, as you know, the Department i s now, a s I mentioned e a r l i e r t h i s morning you may n o t have been h e r e — doing a c o n s i d e r a b l e — amount o f s u r v e y s i n t h a t v e i n r i g h t now. Now, we have some q u e s t i o n s a s t o t h e v a l i d i t y o f some o f your S o c i e t y ' s p o l i c i e s , b u t g e n e r a l l y we consider a i r p o l l u t i o n t o be one o f t h e s e r i o u s problems. I was c u r i o u s — you a r e f a m i l i a r , I am s u r e , w i t h t h e l e g i s l a t i o n t h a t i s i n t h e Congress r i g h t now on c l e a n i n g up t h e motor V e h i c l e — and I was c u r i o s a s t o what your a t t i - tude was toward i t o r t h e a t t i t u d e o f your S o c i e t y . Mr. S u l l i v a n . My a t t i t u d e , I t h i n k , i s t h e same a s a s c i e n t i s t * I t a l k e d t o i n t h e Department o f Transportation, who s a i d he d i d n ' t t h i n k we were going t o have any motor v e h i c l e s i n 1975, because t h o s e t a c k - o n d e v i c e s don't work and i f we keep going w i t h o u t t h e t a c k - o n d e v i c e s we w i l l a l l be suffocated. I b e l i e v e the only r a t i o n a l s o l u t i o n t o the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problem i s a s h i f t toward mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and an opening up o f t h e t r u s t fund i n t o a t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t r u s t �173 fund or t o put i t back i n t o t h e g e n e r a l revenue f o r funding along w i t h e d u c a t i o n and o t h e r s o c i a l p r o j e c t s . T h a t , coupled w i t h a development o f an a l t e r n a t i v e t o t h e i n t e r n a l combustion e n g i n e , which doesn't seem l i k e l y by t h e auto i n d u s t r y i n t h e next f i v e years. Mr. A i r e s . W e l l , i s your S o c i e t y i n f a v o r t h e l e g i s - l a t i o n t h a t i s under c o n s i d e r a t i o n ? Mrs. S u l l i v a n . We a r e i n f a v o r o f t h e s t r i c t o r s t a n d a r d s , t h e 90 p e r c e n t r e d u c t i o n i n e m i s s i o n s . Mr. A i r e s . I see. Mr. Dugas. Mr. S u l l i v a n , j u s t one more t h i n g . Have you f i n i s h e d ? Mr. A i r e s . I have f i n i s h e d , thank you. Mr. Dugas. O u t s i d e o f t h e membership i n your c o a l i t i c a r e you f a m i l i a r w i t h o t h e r c o n s u l t a n t s who may be o f some a i d t o t h e departments h e r e concerned, t o study the problems as posed by you? Mr. S u l l i v a n . Mr. Dugas. Y e s , I am. Would you be good enough t o f u r n i s h t h a t l i s t t o t h e Department, so we w i l l l a v e i t a v a i l a b l e t o u s , those sources. Mr. S u l l i v a n . Yes, I w i l l . I have a l s o p r e p a r e d an e x t e n s i o n o f t h e g u i d e l i n e s , am p r e p a r i n g an e x t e n s i o n o f the g u i d e l i n e s t h a t we s u b m i t t e d i n August, and I would l i k e t o both submit t h o s e t o you and t o g e t some feedback on them. �174 Mr. Dugas. I would c e r t a i n l y be d e l i g h t e d i f you would make t h e a d d i t i o n s t o the g u i d e l i n e s as p a r t o f the ing record. us. And hear- you have u n t i l December 23 t o get t h e n i n t o We ifould a p p r e c i a t e i t v e r y much. Thank you. (Applause.) Mr. Dugas. I s Mr. Henry B r a d f o r d h e r e ? STATEMENT OF HENRY BRADFORD, NORTH FOXHALL ROAD ASSOCIATION. Mr. Bradford. Mr. Chairman and l a d i e s and gentle- men. I r e p r e s e n t the North F o x h a l l Road A s s o c i a t i o n i n the District. At t h e end o f November, I l e f t f o r a t r i p abroad, d i d n ' t t h i n k I would be back h e r e , so I w r o t e a l e t t e r . , a f t e r d i s c u s s i n g t h i s w i t h members o f the A s s o c i a t i o n . I would l i k e t o r e a d the l e t t e r b r i e f l y and s i n c e I am f o r t u n a t e enough t o be h e r e , j u s t make a few comments a f t e r t h a t . I t was addressed t o the Honorable W a l t e r Washington, and dated November 29. "Dear Mr. Mayor: " T h i s l e t t e r concerns the h e a r i n g t o be h e l d on December 12 i n r e g a r d t o the d e s i g n of the Three S i s t e r s Bridge Your f e l l o w c i t i z e n s o f t h i s A s s o c i a t i o n long fought a g a i n s t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e on the b a s i s , p r i m a r i l y t h a t i t was u n n e c e s s a r y and unduly c o n s t l y to b u i l d such a b r i d g e a t t h i s p o i n t f o r t h e purpose o f b r i n g i n g �175 commercial t r a f f i c v i a Route 66 i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia a t a l o v e l y and u n s p o i l e d p u r e l y r e s i d e n t i a l s e c t i o n o f t h e city. We s t i l l f e e l t h a t way and have not changed our o p i n i o n i n any way. B u t t h e d e c i s i o n seems t o have been t a k e n d e s p i t e t h e w i s h e s o f t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h i s a r e a o f Washington. We would, however, a p p r e c i a t e your p u t t i n g t h i s on t h e r e c o r d f o r t h e above h e a r i n g . lettei S i n c e t h e d e c i s i o n has been t a k e n , we do w i s h t o e n t e r a p l e a t h a t t h e d e s i g n o f t h e b r i d g e cind i t s D. C. approaches should be approved' so a s t o (Aji Giiarantee t h e a b s o l u t e minimum change o r d i s t u r - bance t o t h i s l o v e l y , n a t i o n a l a r e a ; (B) Should m a i n t a i n and p r e s e r v e t h e a t t r a c t i v e one- f a m i l y homes which c h a r a c t e r i z e t h i s l o v e l y f o r e s t e d a r e a o f the D i s t r i c t ; (C) Should p r e s e r v e t h e c u r r e n t h i g h t a x b a s i s o f t h i s a r e a f o r t h e D i s t r i c t and n o t debase i t by i g n o r i n g ( a ) and (b) above and r e d u c i n g i t s v a l u e . I n o t h e r words, t o a c h i e v e t h e above, t h e d e s i g n o f the b r i d g e when i t r e a c h e s t h e D i s t r i c t shore should t u r n immediately e a s t w i t h i t s roadbed and approaches and proceed e a s t , going underground a t t h e f i r s t opportunity." There i s another sentence t h a t ends " v e r y r e s p e c t f u l l y Kenry B. B r a d f o r d , North F o x h a l l Road A s s o c i a t i o n . " My comments a r e addressed more a t t h e f a c t t h a t I am now aware t h a t I am h e r e , we a r e n o t supposed t o d i s c u s s t h e �176 D i s t r i c t s i d e o f t h i s , t h a t the d e s i g n concerns o n l y the bridge and the V i r g i n i a s i d e . T h i s i s a l i t t l e b i t l i k e a s k i n g an a i r c r a f t e n g i n e e r t o come an look a t an a i r c r a f t w i t h one engine. And we have looked a t t h i s a g a i n and decided t h a t a i r c r a f t w i t h one wing do not f l y , and t h a t we can h a r d l y approve a d e s i g n which comes from nowhere and l e a d s t o nowhere, when we don't know what t h e D i s t r i c t s i d e o f t h e appro2ches a r e going t o be. I have heard from t h e t e s t i m o n y t h i s morning t h a t i t i s not going t o be a b l e t o go underground, i t won't go i n t o K and L S t r e e t s . I t ' s q u i t e c l e a r l y e i t h e r going t o go up through G l o v e r A r c h b a l d P a r k o r up through F o x h a l l Road o r o t h e r a r e a s l i k e t h i s , and i t w i l l r e s u l t i n r e d u c i n g the t a x base o f t h e D i s t r i c t even f u r t h e r i f t h i s i s done. I n f i n a l summary, I would s i m p l y l i k e t o add here t h a t t h e d e s i g n being incomplete and going nowhere, although we f i n d t h e b r i d g e i t s e l f a e s t h e t i c a l l y a c c e p t a b l e , should be p a r t o f a t o t a l system o f a road t h a t goes from one p o i n t t o another and we cannot c o n s i d e r i t out o f c o n t e x t . Secondly, I do agree w i t h a number o f comments t h a t s p e a k e r s have made, t h a t i n c r e a s e d highways w i l l i n c r e a s e t h e problem. T h i s i s not t h e s o l u t i o n . I t i s more l i k e l y t o l e a d people t o go out o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and do shopping i n t h e suburbs their and b r i n g people i n . A f t e r a l l , when t h e y come i n , t h e r e i s a b s o l u t e l y no p l a c e t o go, p a r k i n g i s �p r o h i b i t i v e , you a r e l u c k y i f you get your c a r back w i t h o u t dents i n doors and f e n d e r s , and i t w i l l not a c h i e v e t h e purpose F i n a l l y , we have heard a g r e a t d e a l about balanced transportation. I s a y "balanced" i n q u e s t i o n marks because i t seems t o me t h a t a l l o f t h e b a l a n c e i s on t h e highway s i d e o f t h e f e n c e and what we s h o u l d do t o a c h i e v e a b a l a n c e i s t o have some mass t r a n s i t and a b e t t e r b u s i n g system f i r s t and then when we have a c e r t a i n b a l a n c e , we should i n a l l honesty look a t the highway s e c t i o n o f t h i s a g a i n . But i f we c o n c e n t r a t e o n l y on t h e highways, t h e way we seem t o be doing, i t i s a n y t h i n g but b a l a n c e d . Thank you. (Applause.) Mr. Dugas. Mr. Thank you. Ezekiel. STATEMENT OF M. E Z E K I E L , PRIVATE CITIZEN Mr. Ezekiel. Mr. Chairman. as a seasoned commuter who I am speaking solely has had a g r e a t d e a l o f e x p e r i e n c e t r a v e l i n g over v a r i o u s roads t o get t o downtown Washington, e x p e c i a l l y t h o s e from up t h e r i v e r and the c r o s s i n g i n t o Maryland. I n my own e x p e r i e n c e , I found t h a t one o f t h e b i g g e s t b o t t l e n e c k s i n t r y i n g t o g e t i n t o Downtown Washington from the extreme n o r t h w e s t e r n p a r t o f the c i t y — F o x h a l l Road —• what i s t h e p o i n t wher �178 VOICE: Can you d r i v e ? MR. E Z E K I E L : Yes, s i r , I drive. — MacArthur Boule- v a r d and W h i t e h a l l Road a l l come t o g e t h e r a t one i n t e r s e c t i o n and from t h e r e on, t h e t r a f f i c j u s t c r a w l s f o r m i l e s u n t i l i t d i s s i p a t e s i t s e l f down W h i t e h u r s t Parkway. Now, what i s proposed i s t o b r i n g i n f u r t h e r a road a c r o s s t h e r i v e r a t t h a t p r e c i s e p o i n t which i s a l r e a d y comp l e t e l y boxed up i n t h e t r a f f i c e v e r y morning on t h e way t o work d e s p i t e some s t a g g e r i n g hours o f government employees i n t h e government a g e n c i e s . Without o f f e r i n g any a u t h o r i t y a s a road e x p e r t , b u t merely a s an e x p e r t i n t r y i n g t o g e t downtown t o work through t h e a r e a you a r e t a l k i n g about, I c a n s i m p l y s a y t h a t p u t t i n g i n t h i s new b r i d g e a t t h e p o i n t i n d i c a t e d would j u s t make what i s a l r e a d y a v e r y b a d l y t r a f f i c jammed a r e a probably one o f t h e g r e a t e s t t r a f f i c jams i n a l l Washington. Now, I don't know what t h e a l t e r n a t i v e i s , e x c e p t not to b u i l d a bridge a t t h a t point. Thank you. (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: Thank you, s i r . Mr. George A l d e r s o n STATEMENT OF BRENT BLACKWELDER, ON BEHALF OF GEORGE ALDERSON, FRIENDS OF THE EARTH MRo BLACKWELDER: I am B r e n t B l a c k w e l d e r , t a k i n g Mr. �179 Alderson's place. I would l i k e t o r e a d t h e statement t h a t we prepared. I am B r e n t Blackwelder, representing Friends of the E a r t h and i t s i n t e r n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n o f 9000 members comm i t t e d t o t h e r e s t o r a t i o n , p r e s e r v a t i o n and r a t i o n a l use o f the eaglesphere. Our Washington o f f i c e i s a t 917-15th S t r e e t , Nort.i west. Friends of the E a r t h joined with other organizations i n an amicus c u r i a e b r i e f i n t h e l i t i g a t i o n t h a t l e d t o t h i s hearing. F r i e n d s of the E a r t h f i n d the p r o j e c t completely unacceptable. The Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s an u n n e c e s s a r y , d e s t r u c t i v e p r o j e c t t h a t would s e r v e a s a j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r f u r t h e r unnecessary d e s t r u c t i v e p r o j e c t s , i n s t e a d of helping us t o c u r t a i l t r a f f i c f l o w i n t o downtown Washington where we have enough c a r s a l r e a d y . The b r i d g e would promote more unneces s a r y t r a f f i c w i t h t h i s a t t e n d a n t a i r p o l l u t i o n and crowding o f downtown s t r e e t s . The b r i d g e a l s o would d e f a c e one o f t h e c i t y ' s most a t t r a c t i v e scenes where t h e Potomac e n t e r s t h e c i t y and t h u s promote f u r t h e r d i s r e g a r d f o r the n a t u r a l environment o f Washington. bottleneck B u i l d i n g a b r i d g e h e r e would o n l y move t h e t r a f f i c somewhere e l s e and then t h e highway b u i l d e r s would come back w i t h another freeway p r o p o s a l t o e l i m i n a t e t h a t one, and i n t h e p r o c e s s wipe out more o f t h e c i t y . �180 We don't have t o s u r r e n d e r rational, to this self-perpetuating Although c a r s too o f t e n appear t o be running our c i t y , people, not c a r s a r e supposed t o be making t h e d e c i s i o n s . I t i s time t o t a k e f i r m a c t i o n t o p r e v e n t t r a f f i c load from i n c r e a s i n g i n t o Washington. The f i r s t s t e p should be not t o b u i l d t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . We a r e a l r e a d y f a r behind t h e Europeans i n b u i l d i n g e f f i c i e n t mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n systems. A d e c i s i o n t o c o n t i n u e w i t h t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e w i l l be a r e a l s e t b a c k f o r a l l o f t h o s e who a r e concerned w i t h t h e development o f more e f f e c t i v e and economical means o f t r a n s portation. People d r i v e c a r s because t h e r e i s a l a c k o f e f f i c i e n t mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n t h e c i t y . We a r e r a p i d l y running o u t o f space f o r more highways u n l e s s we s t a r t t o r o u t e expressways through our a l l t o few parks. T h i n g s w i l l n e v e r g e t any b e t t e r u n t i l we break o u t o f t h i s v i c i o u s c y c l e by r e f u s i n g t o b u i l d more highways and t u r n i n g our e n e r g i e s s i t systems. i n s t e a d t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f mass t r a n - Then t h e s i t u a t i o n w i l l begin t o improve. People t h e n w i l l s t o p d r i v i n g downtown, p r e f e r r i n g t o use mass t r a n s i t because i t w i l l c o s t l e s s , w i l l not i n v o l v e p a r k i n g problems and w i l l be much q u i c k e r i n t h e rush-hour p e r i o d . The problem o f a i r p o l l u t i o n i s becoming more c r i t i c a each y e a r and w i l l c o n t i n u e t o do so u n l e s s we can c u t down on t h e number o f automobiles i n our c i t i e s . Automobiles produce some 60 t o 80 p e r c e n t o f t h e urban a i r p o l l u t i o n . Mass t r a n s i t �181 systems would enable us t o make s i g n i f i c a n t headway i n our e f f o r t s t o combat a i r p o l l u t i o n . L e t me conclude by g i v i n g some s t a t i s t i c s on t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e automobile a s compared w i t h t h e t r a i n and bus. The t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o r r i d o r , one highway l a n e wide, c a n c a r r y a maximum o f 3600 p a s s e n g e r s p e r hour, g i v e n t h e s t a n d a r d c o n d i t i o n s o f 65 m i l e s p e r hour p e r v e h i c l e , 1.5 people p e r c a r , which i s t h e e s t i m a t e d average t h a t we have coming i n and 140 f o o t space i n between v e h i c l e s . Under t h e s e same c o n d i t i o n s , t h e n , f o r b u s e s , h a l f - f i l l e d w i t h people, buses w i l l carry 60,000 passengers p e r hour, 17 t i m e s a s many a s t h e automobile. And t h i s i s a g a i n h a l f - f i l l e d buses. H a l f - f i l l e d t r a i n s can t r a n s p o r t 42,000 p e r hoar, 12 t i m e s t h e number handled by t h e car. How long can we go on s l o w l y s t r a n g l i n g o u r s e l v e s t o death w i t h more and more b r i d g e s and highways, when o t h e r alternatives are available to us? T h a t i s t h e end o f t h i s s t a t e m e n t . (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: Thank y o u , s i r . Mr. N i c h o l a s A. Addams, Dupont C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n ; " STATEMENT OF NICHOLAS A. ADDAMS, PRESIDENT, DUPONT CIRCLE CITIZENS ASSOCIATION MR. ADDAMS: Mr. Chairman, members o f t h e Committee. My name i s N i c h o l a s Addams. As an i n d i v i d u a l , I am a p r a c t i c i n g �182 a t t o r n e y i n Washington, not h e r e r e p r e s e n t i n g a c l i e n t . h e r e today i n my I am c a p a c i t y as P r e s i d e n t o f the Dupont C i r c l e Citizens Association. We have been a l l o t e d 15 minutes by y o u r program, but the hour i s l a t e , you have l i s t e n e d t o many s p e a k e r s . not t a k e t h e f u l l 15 m i n u t e s . We will I w i l l make a few remarks and t h e n t u r n t h e microphone o v e r t o Mr. Brown, who i s the; A s s o c i - a t i o n ' s Chairman on Highways and C i t y P l a n n i n g , i s a l s o a raembe o f the Highway and C i t y P l a n n i n g Committee f o r the Federation of C i t i z e n s Association. Our A s s o c i a t i o n has a p p r o x i m a t e l y 150 f a m i l y membership. Most f a m i l i e s h a v i n g more t h a n one member, I hcive a s i z a b l e number o f r e s i d e n t s , p r i n c i p a l l y i n t h e Dupont C i r c l e area. We f i r s t would l i k e t o lodge an o f f i c i a l t o t h i s h e a r i n g being conducted a t a l l . protest As you w e l l know, the Court of Appeals has under advisement a s u i t t o determine the l e g a l i t y i n t h e f i r s t i n s t a n c e whether the b r i d g e s h o u l d be b u i l t at a l l . Second, t h e Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n has h e l d i t s c o r r i d o r h e a r i n g y e t , which i t was almost a y e a r suggested be held ago. T h i r d , we note w i t h d i s p l e a s u r e , w i t h a l l due t o Mr. not respect Dugas, t h a t the C i t y C o u n c i l has not seen f i t t o send one o f i t s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s t o t h i s v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t At t h e o u t s e t , we hearing. say t h a t no d e s i g n o f t h i s b r i d g e �133 can i n any way s o l v e t h e ecology problem, t h e n o i s e problem, t h e a i r p o l l u t i o n problem, t h e t a k i n g o f r e s i d e n t i a l and busine-' p r o p e r t y problem. Whose proper? i e s w i l l be t a k e n ? d e n t s , i t w i l l n o t be t h e b i g businessmen, K S t r e e t , I understand. I t w i l l be t h e r e s i i t w i l l n o t go down I t w i l l n o t go down L S t r e e t , meaning t h e roads t h a t connect t o t h i s b r i d g e . I n o t i c e d on your map you have l i t t l e g r e y l i n e s which s a y " f u t u r e h e a r i n g s . " Those l i t t l e grey l i n e s , I under- s t a n d now go through G l o v e r P a r k and w i l l come o u t someplace o t h e r t h a n K and L S t r e e t when they g e t p a s t t h e p a r k . t h a t means my neighborhood, gentlemen. Well, My neighborhood. The Dupont C i r c l e a r e a , composed p r i n c i p a l l y o f r e s i d e n t s and specie'! purpose s m a l l b u s i n e s s e s . We o b j e c t t o t h i s c o n t i n u e d w h o l e s a l e removal o f r e s i d e n t i a l and s m a l l b u s i n e s s p r o p e r t y t o p a c i f y o r b e n e f i t the h i g h w a y - f r e e w a y - p a r k i n g l o t lobby and t h e i r support. There i s no doubt i n v e r y few people's minds, t h a t t h i s i s t h e o b j e c t of c o n t i n u e d road b u i l d i n g i n t h e f a c t o f almost unanimous c i t i z e n opposition. I say c i t i z e n opposition. Those who support t h e highways and f r e e w a y s a r e n o t those l i v i n g i n t h e p a t h s o f them o r e f f e c t e d l a t e r a l l y t h e r e b y . We note t h a t t h e r e i s no j u s t i f i c a t i o n i n terms o f density f o r t h i s bridge. The Teddy R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e , t h e l a s t time I h e a r d , was about 50 o r 60 p e r c e n t used. I n o t h e r words, �184 i t had a c a p a c i t y o f 30 o r 40 p a r c e n t more s t i l l available. I n t h i s e r a o f emphasis on mass t r a n s i t , i n terms o f buses, subways, w a l k i n g , i f you w i l l , c i c y c l i n g f o r those who l i v e c l o s e enough, i t i s uncomprehensible t h a t t h e people i n terms o f t h e government push f o r w a r d w i t h such a b r i d g e . They ignore t h e demands o f t h e c i t i z e n s whom they a r e supposed t o r e p r e s e n t . I r e f e r , Mr. Dugas, e s p e c i a l l y t o t h e C i t y C o u n c i l ' s statement on p a r k i n g l o t s . in On June 20, 1960, i t was r e p o r t e d t h e Evening S t a r , t h e C i t y C o u n c i l came o u t i n f a v o r o f de-emphasizing p a r k i n g i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, by imposing heavy l e v y s on a l l day p a r k e r s who a r e n o t shoppers, meaning t h e b u s i n e s s commuter. I t i s i n t o l e r a b l e t h a t t h e C i t y C o u n c i l ' s own viewp o i n t s on p a r k i n g a r e h o t adhered t o . And a b r i d g e o f t h i s n a t u r e w i l l o n l y compound t h e v i c i o u s c i r c l e — more c a r s , more p a r k i n g l o t s j t h e r e f o r e we need more highways t o g e t more c a r s i n , t o g e t more p a r k i n g . An' unended c i r c l e . I w i l l c l o s e w i t h t h e s e l a s t few remarks r e l a t i v e t o t h e Honorable Congressman J o e l B r o y h i l l . You a l l r e a d i n t h e paper t h a t he r e c e n t l y withdrew h i s r i d e r t o t h e D. C, Emergency A p p r o p r i a t i o n Measure, t o withdraw any requirement highways. about b u i l d i n I c a n ' t b e l i e v e t h a t Mr. B r o y h i l l , who has supported highways f o r so l o n g , h a s suddenly seen t h e l i g h t . What, i s s i g n i f i c a n t i n t h i s i s t h a t he r e p r e s e n t s t h e c i t i z e n s o f A r l i n g t o n and t h e c i t i z e n s o f A r l i n g t o n had been �185 v o c a l a g a i n s t 1-66, which c o n n e c t s w i t h 1-266, whatever i t i s , and c o n n e c t s w i t h t h i s b r i d g e . Mr. B r o y h i l l has a g r e a t r e p u - tation f o r representing h i s constituency. I have no doubt when i t g e t s down t o t h e n i t t y - g r i t t y o f i t , Mr. B r o y h i l l w i l l come out a g a i n s t 1-66. Now, I would l i k e t o t u r n t h e microphone ov«;r t o Mr. Brown, w i t h t h e Chairman's p e r m i s s i o n . MR. A I R I 3 : Mr. Chairman, would i t be p o s s i b l e f o r ae t o M A K E one comment? i hd t h a t i s t h a t t h e r i g h t - o f - w a y o f the G l o v e r Archbold Parkways has been q u i t e a long time ago turned over t o the Park S e r v i c e . right-of-xtfay. I t i s n o t l o n g e r highway I t would p r e c l u d e any development up through the p a r k . MR. ADDAMS: Does i t p r e c l u d e development above K o r L S t r e e t i n t o Dupont C i r c l e a r e a ? MR. A I R I S : As f o r t h a t , t h a t i s a long way from t h i s p r o j e c t , and would be t h e s u b j e c t o f whatever i s going t o happen e a s t o f 23rd S t r e e t . MR. ADDAMS: I t h i n k t h e c i t i z e n s o f V i r g i n i a and t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h e D i s t r i c t have q u i t e c l e a r l y s a i d we don't want any more highways, we a r e t i r e d o f h a v i n g them r u n through o u r c i t i e s and our r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s . We a r e w i l l i n g t o l i v e w i t h a s t a n d s t i l l on t h e highway c o n s t r u c t i o n and t a k e t h e consequent Perhaps such a s t a n d would f o r c e o u r f e d e r a l and l o c a l p l a n n e r s t o emphasize mass t r a n s i t . �136 MR. AIRES: My p o i n t was, I wanted t o be s u r e t h a t you understood t h a t r i g h t - o f - w a y i n G l o v e r Park i s no longer highway r i g h t - o f - w a y . MR. ADDAMS: I understand that. STATEMENT OF P H I L I P J . BROWN, DUPONT CIRCLE CITIZENS ASSOCIATION MR. BROWN: My name i s P h i l i p J . Brown. 3901 C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue, Northwest. Circle Citizens Association. I liveat I belong t o t h e Dupont My f a m i l y has been i n t h i s a r e a f o r many y e a r s , own c o n s i d e r a b l e p r o p e r t y i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, being t a x e d around $60,000 a y e a r . Mr. P r e n t i s s was i n here t h i s morning, Mr. l e w i s P r e n t i s s , who i s t h e — Three A ' s . I t h i n k today he t e s t i f i e d f o r t h e He c o u l d have t e s t i f i e d a s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S e c r e t a r for the Federal City Council. He c o u l d have a l s o t e s t i f i e d a s a former member o f t h e N a t i o n a l R o a d b u i l d i n g A s s o c i a t i o n , he c o u l d have a l s o t e s t i f i e d a s a fund r a i s e r f o r campaign funds f o r t h e chairman o f t h e P u b l i c Works Committee. He c o u l d have a l s o t e s t i f i e d f o r t h e Washington Board o f Trade's Committee. Trajisportati And he s a i d t h i s morning t h a t t h e o n l y t h i n g we were supposed t o t a l k about here today was t h a t y e l l o w p i e c e o f s t u f f going over t h e w a t e r . T h a t i s a l l Mr. A i r i s wants t o t a l k about, i s t h e y e l l o w p i e c e going over t h e w a t e r . But t h e b r i d g e going over t h e w a t e r i s t o t a l l y �187 nonacceptable t o t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia becaus t h e road has t o go somewhere, what a r e t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s ? Take t h e G l o v e r Archbold Parkway a g a i n . Run t h e n o r t h l e g of the i n n e r loop through F l o r i d a Avenue* T e a r up K and L and M Street, Run an e x p r e s s highway down E S t r e e t and t u r n i t i n t o t h e P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue P l a n . Then t o park a c a r , we need a m u n i c i p a l p a r k i n g a i i t h o r i t y , w i t h t h e power o f eminent domain. And l i k e t h B r o y h i l l B i l l , and a $50 m i l l i o n low o v e r r a n fund t o take: i t o f f t h e i r t a x r o l l , t o p r o v i d e n i c k e l and dime p a r k i n g f o r commuters. We want t o s t r o n g l y p r o t e s t , and Mr. Dugas i s a r i g h t hand t o t h e Mayor, I w i s h he would t a k e t h i s back t o t h e Mayor, i f t h e s e groups l i k e t h e F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l , Downtown P r o g r e s s Board o f T r a d e , w i t h t a x exempt s t a t u s , t h e same s t a t u s t h a t t h e I n t e r n a l Revenue took away from t h e S i e r r a Club f o r l o b b y i n g a g a i n s t f r e e w a y s , we want t o a s k t h e D i s t r i c t and the Internal Revnue t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e l o b b y i n g by t a x exempt s t a t u s groups,, that i t i s i l l e g a l . A statement was made i n the paper t h e o t h e r day o f M i l e s Colean, F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l ; Knox Banner,Downtown Progres £ates Cook, t h e whole bunch o f them, s t a n d i n g up and Congress on thti b l a c k m a i l i s s u e . urging T h i s i s lobbying, a c t i v e l o b b y i n g , and we p r o t e s t t h i s as c i t i z e n s o f D i s t r i c t o f Columbi We cannot compete w i t h o r g a n i s a t i o n s t h a t a r e i i b l e t o r a i s e m i l l i o n s o f d o l l a r s through c h i s t a x exempt s t i t t u s , who are �183 r e a l l y lobbying f o r these roads. I t h i n k i n t h e f u t u r e , as Mr. Nader says,, t h i s i s going t o become t h e i s s u e . Now, the r e a s o n we have been t a l k i n g about t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e h e r e t o d a y , o r t h e d e s i g n o f i t o r whatever, i s because o f t h e s e groups, r i g h t i n h e r e . Our Washington News doesn't r e p o r t i t , t h e y a r e a f r a i d t o r e p o r t i t , I guess o r th-ay t o t h e groups. The B a l t i m o r e News American, t h e s e men who i n here t e s t i f y i n g h e r e today were t h e men who for are r a i s e d the monej t h e P u b l i c Works Committee t h a t f o r c e d t h a t b r i d g e on t h i s c i t y , t h a t unwanted b r i d g e . We p r o t e s t t h i s s t r o n g l y . That i s a l l I have t o s a y . (Applause.) MR. DUGJiS: Thank you, Mr. Brown. Mr. John W. G i l l , Washington Board of R e a l t o r s . STATEMENT OP JOHN W. G I L L , WASHINGTON BOARD OF REALTORS MR. man GILL: Mr. Chairman. I am John W. G i l l , C h a i r - o f the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee o f t h e Washington Board o f Realtors. The Washington Board o f R e a l t o r s does not p u r p o r t t o be e x p e r t i n b r i d g e d e s i g n but the members have c o n f i d e n c e i n t h e e n g i n e e r s who have been engaged i n d e s i g n i n g the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and i t s approach r o a d s . The Washington Board o f R e i l t o r s b e l i e v e s t h a t the t h r e e span, p r e - s t r e s s e d c o n c r e t e b r i d g e , from an a e s t h e t i c �189 s t a n d p o i n t , i s s u p e r i o r t o t h e s i x - s p a n s t e e l box g i r d e r bridge I t i s our u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t the F i n e A r t s Comraissior and the M e t r o p o l i t a n C o u n c i l o f Governments have a l s o g i v e n t h e i r approval to the three-span bridge. The q u e s t i o n o f whether o r not t h i s type o f b r i d g e d i s f e a s i b l e from an e n g i n e e r i n g s t a n d p o i n t has been r a i s e d . T h i s b r i d g e i s almost an e x a c t r e p l i c a o f t h e Bendorf Bridge over t h e R h i n e R i v e r near F r a n k f o r t , Germany. The s t r u c t u r a l e n g i n e e r who was engaged f o r t h i s b r i d g e i s P a u l W e i d l i n g e r who best i n h i s f i e l d . i s w o r l d reknowned as one o f t h e The a r c h i t e c t u r a l f i r m o f Howard, Needles, Tammen and Bergendoff a r e among the b e s t a r c h i t e c t u r a l e n g i n eers i n the United S t a t e s . The Washington Board o f R e a l t o r s f e e l s c o n f i d e n t t h a t t h e e n g i n e e r s and a r c h i t e c t s who have been employed t o d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t t h i s b r i d g e a r e h i g h l y q u a l i f i e d and we f e e l t h a t , i n f a c t , the t h r e e - s p a n b r i d g e w i l l p r o v i d e a f a s t , ^ a f e and e f f i c i e n t l i n k between t h e S t a t e o f V i r g i n i a and t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. I n t h e e v e n t o f a n a t i o n a l emergency, t h i s b r i d g e would p r o v i d e a much-needed c o n n e c t i o n between t h e two juris- dictions. The M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a o f Washington, D. C. i s one economic u n i t , but t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s s u f f e r i n g s e r i o u s l y and c e r t a i n l y one o f t h e r e a s o n s i s t h a t we have a poor t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system. The r e s i d e n t s o f t h e i n n e r c i t y �are c u r r e n t l y experiencing a h i g h unemployment r a t i o and yet t h e r e i s a s h o r t a g e of l a b o r i n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g suburbs. It i s the o p i n i o n o f the Washington Board of R e a l t o r s t h a t i f t h i s b r i d g e were b u i l t the economic w e l l - b e i n g o f both V i r g i n i a and Washington, D. C. w i l l be improved. Much has been s a i d abour a i r p o l l u t i o n and the automobile i n t h i s a r e a . There i s no q u e s t i o n t h a t t h e automobile i s a major a i r p o l l u t e r h e r e , but t h e answer i s not t o do away w i t h the automobile; t h e answer i s t o make an automobile which emits f a r l e s s p o l l u t a n t s . along in The F e d e r a l Government i s w e l l i t s program t o r e q u i r e t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r s o f a l l auto- mobiles t o produce c a r s which emit l e s s p o l l u t a n t s . i s done t h e problem w i l l be g r e a t l y reduced. be s a i d f o r mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . progressing slowly. When t h i s Something should As you know, the Metro i s Mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n can never take care of the t o t a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs f o r the M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a the D i s t r i c t o f 'Columbia. of What the Washington Board of Realtor;; has c o n s i s t e n t l y proposed i s a b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system. The Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s an i n t e g r a l p a r t of t h i s b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system. The Board o f R e a l t o r s i s v e r y s e n s i t i v e t o the v i e w s of t h e r e s i d e n t s i n t h e a r e a of the proposed Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and i t has c a r e f u l l y s t u d i e d the d e s i g n o f the approach roads i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and b e l i e v e s t h a t the e n g i n e e r s have done an e x c e l l e n t job w i t h t h e s e approach roads as shown �of the t o t a l " t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs f o r the M e t r o p o l i t a n of the D i s t r i c t of olumbia. area What the Washington Board of R e a l t o r s has c o n s i s t e n t l y proposed i s a b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n • system. The T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s an i n t e g r a l p a r t of this balanced t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system. The B a r d of R e a l t o r s i s v e r y s e n s i t i v e to the v i e w s of the 0 in residents the a r e a of t h e proposed T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e and i t has c a r e f u l l y s t u d i e d the d e s i g n of the approach roads i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and b e l i e v e s t h a t the e n g i n e e r s have done an e x c e l l e n t job w i t h these approach roads as shown i n F i g u r e 2 of Page 3 of the Highway department booklet. We a r e concerned however, t h a t n e v e r i n the f u t u r e s h o u l d t r a f f i c from the T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e be f e d i n t o the a r e a s t o the * ' ..." n o r t h i n c l u d i n g f o x h a l l V i l l a g e , Wesley ^ e i g h t s , ^ r i n g ^ a l l e y American U n i v e r s i t y P a r k . 1-266 We f e e l f u r t h e r , t h a t , by p u t t i n g Route i n t o a t u n n e l , as d e s c r i b e d , i s an e x c e l l e n t i d e a and t h a t i t w i l l g r e a t l y r e l i e v e t h e c o n g e s t i o n which now Georgetoi^n. suggestion. *he and exist3 feel in r e - l o c a t . i o n of C a n a l Roa'd appears to be a sound •- x �191 i n F i g u r e 2 o f Page 3 o f t h e Highway Department bookley. a r e concerned, however, t h a t n e v e r i n t h e f u t u r e should We traffic from the t h r e e s i s t e r s b r i d g e be f e d i n t o t h e a r e a s t o t h e n o r t h i n c l u d i n g F o x h a l l V i l l a g e , Wesley H e i g h t s , S p r i n g and American U n i v e r s i t y P a r k . We f e e l f u r t h e r , t h a t by p u t t i n g Route 1-266 i n t o a t u n n e l , a s d e s c r i b e d , i s and Valley an e x c e l l e n t i d e a f e e l t h a t i t w i l l g r e a t l y r e l i e v e t h e c o n g e s t i o n which now e x i s t s i n Georgetown. The r e l o c a t i o n o f C a n a l Road appears t o be a sound s u g g e s t i o n . By t u n n e l i n g , through Georgetown, w i l l g r e a t l y reduce t h e n o i s e f a c t o r . I n summary, on b e h a l f o f t h e Washington Board o f R e a l t o r s , I would l i k e t o s a y t h a t t h e t h r e e - s p a n c o n c r e t e b r i d g e i s g r e a t l y f a v o r e d by t h e Board. pre-stressed The a c c e s s roads a s proposed f o r t h e D i s t r i c t ' s s i d e i n F i g u r e 2 o f t h e Highway Departments f o l d e r appears t o be v e r y s a t i s f a c t o r y . F i n a l l y , t h e Board f e e l s t h a t the completion o f t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e w i l l h e l p t o r e v e r s e t h e downward economic t r e n d which e x i s t s i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia today. I thc.nk y o u . MR. DUGAS: Mrs. Thank you, Mr. G i l l . Salisbury. STATEMENT OF MRS. LORNA B. HUTCHINGS, FOR MRS. CLARENCE A SALISBURY, NORTH HIGHLAND CITIZENS ASSOCIATION OF ARLINGTON. MRS. HUTCHINGS: Gentlemen, b e f o r e I s t a r t , I w i s h �192 t h a t t h e highway people had p l a c e d t h e 14 l a n e s o f 66 t o c o n t i on toward Rosislyn. 66 s t o p s on t h e map. I w i l l l e t you p u t them i n your mind where I f you j u s t t a k e a s l i g h t c u r v e and go t o R o s s l y n , t h e r e w i l l be 14 l a n e s i n t h e r e a s t h e highways a r e proposed.now. Now, our c i v i c a s s o c i a t i o n a r e a i s w i t h i n t h i s a r e a . I w i l l g i v e my statement. The P r e s i d e n t o f t h e North Highlands C i t i z e n s Associ a t i o n , Mrs. Marion S a l i s b u r y , has a u t h o r i z e d me, Mrs. L o r n a B. H a t c h i n g s , t o make t h i s p r e s e n t a t i o n on b e h a l f o f our C i t i z e n s Association. The n o r t h boundary o f our community i s Spout Run and George Washington Parkway from C l e v e l a n d S t r e e t t o North Oak S t r e e t w h i c h i s t h e a r e a j u s t above Key B r i d g e . old established r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a which i s c l o s e i n . We a r e an I have l i v e d h e r e f o r o v e r 30 y e a r s and my f a m i l y was r a i s e d h e r e . We have t h i r d and f o u r t h g e n e r a t i o n s growing up i n o u r neighborhood. There i s much h i s t o r y i n c l u d i n g t h e o l d e s t house i n A r l i n g t o n , t h e Dawson-Bailey house, which has been p r e s e r v e d by t h e County i n i t s r e c r e a t i o n and P a r k s program. c o n s i d e r t h i s a r e a t h e beginning Potomac R i v e r . We a l s o of the Palisades of the These P a l i s a d e s a r e one o f t h e few c l o s e i n n a t u r a l b e a u t i e s o f t h e a r e a and a t p r e s e n t , N a t i o n a l P a r k l a n d . Spout Run i s a p a r t o f t h e P a l i s a d e s and i s N a t i o n a l P a r k l a n d w h i c h we b e l i e v e should be p r e s e r v e d i n i t s n a t u r a l s t a t e . The North H i g h l a n d s Citizens* A s s o c i a t i o n opposed �19 3 t h e b u i l d i n g o f t h e Three S i s t e r s ' B r i d g e and the a c c e s s road i n November 1964, The A r l i n g t o n County Board a l s o opposed thesb p r o j e c t s a t t h a t time. We b e l i e v e t h e r e a s o n s we o f f e r e d them a r e s t r o n g e r today t h a n t h e y were t h e n . We have s i n c e had the Highway A c t o f 1968 and t h e Procedures and P o l i c i e s Memorandum o f 1968 a s new laws and policies. 3 r i e f l y , our r e a s o n s a r e : L. The b r i d g e a t t h i s l o c a t i o n r u i n s t h i s a r e a o f the Potomac R i v e r as a r e c r e a t i o n a l and s p o r t s a r e a . The rowing crews o f s e v e r a l h i g h s c h o o l s and c o l l e g e s w i l l be d e p r i v e d o f t h i s p r a c t i c e and meet a r e a . enjoy these waters. Small water c r a f t users a l s o Although t h e s i n g l e span which has been approved by t h e F i n e A r t s Commission a l l o w s f o r b e t t e r use of t h e w a t e r s t h a n t h e double span d e s i g n o f f e r e d by t h e highway department, we s t i l l m a i n t a i n a b r i d g e i n t h i s a r e a i s not i n harmony w i t h t h e beauty use o f t h e P a l i s a d e s and r i v e r and should not be b u i l t . 2. The need f o r t h e b r i d g e should be r e s t u d i e d . New f a c t s a r e b e i n g d i s c l o s e d a s t o where people l i v e and work. The government has r e l o c a t e d many o f i t s a g e n c i e s and i n t h e suburbs,, facilities! With t h e opening up o f t h e B e l t w a y , t h e r e i s much more employment i n the suburbs. A r e c e n t s u r v e y i n Mont- gomery County d i s c l o s e d t h a t 70 p e r c e n t o f the l a b o r f o r c e i n Montgomery County work i n Montgomery County. This trend i n A r l i n g t o n and F a i r f a x C o u n t i e s i s becoming more and more �194 evident. We don't have an e x a c t f i g u r e i n A r l i n g t o n , but i t i s way o v e r 50 p e r c e n t l i v e and work i n A r l i n g t o n . c r o s s t h e r i v e r t o come t o work anymore. They don't And I u n d e r s t a n d i n F a i r f a x County, i t i s around 50 p e r c e n t . T h e r e f o r e we q u e s t i o n t h e need f o r a d d i t i o n a l l a n e s o f automobile and t r u c k t r a f f i c a c r o s s the Potomac R i v e r and i n t o the inner c i t y . A f t e r Metro has gone i n t o s e r v i c e , i t w i l l t r a n s p o r t many more commuters more r a p i d l y and e f f i c i e n t l y t h a n a d d i t i o n a l l a n e s o f p r i v a t e carecommuters and t a k e f a r less land. 3. The a i r and n o i s e p o l l u t i o n o f our p u r e l y resi- d e n t i a l a r e a has not been p r o p e r l y c o n s i d e r e d and r e s e a r c h e d . I f t h e highway departments proceed t o b u i l d t h e highways as p r e s e n t e d t o us t h i s f a l l . Our neighborhood w i l l have 14 l a n e s o f Lee Highway and 1-66 a s our south boundary and a t l e a s t 8 l a n e s o f Spout Run and 1-266 a s our n o r t h boundary. These two m a s s i v e highway systems w i l l be a p p r o x i m a t e l y one f o u r t h o f a mile apart. And you can s e e , i t i s j u s t one long bloc};. We w i l l be i n t h i s narrow s t r i p o f l a n d The l r l a n e s o f Lee Highway and 166 a s planned i s d e f i n i t e l y a p o t e n t i a l h e a l t h t h r e a t t o our community. There i s no doubt but t h a t t h e n a t i o n a l l e v e l o f carbon monoxide, a i r and n o i s e p o l l u t i o n w i l l be exceeded. Then add t h e a d d i t i o n a l 8 l a n e s t o our n o r t h , o f Spout Run and t h e a c c e s s road t o Three S i s t e r ' s B r i d g e , spewing more carbon monoxide and n o i s e . �I question whether the t r e e s t h a t might be saved d u r i n g s t r u c t i o n could s u r v i v e i n t h i s atmosphere t o say n o t h i n g o f the h e a l t h of the r e s i d e n t s o f t h e a r e a . No one has us what t h e n o i s e p o l l u t i o n would be i n d e c i b e l s w i t h me, con- f informed but imagine i f you w i l l , the n o i s e coming from each s i d e , 14 t o the s o u t h and i n a q u a r t e r o f a m i l e another 8 o r 10, lanes It would be l i k e l i v i n g w i t h i n ^ a b i g bass drum. 4. t r a t e , and We r e q u e s t the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e x p e r t s t o concen- I mean c o n c e n t r a t e and study — on t h e b a l a n c i n g of our t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system t o p r o v i d e f o r the movement o f people and not c a r s . As our p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e s t h i s w i l l become more and more n e c e s s a r y environmental aspect. and We i m p o r t a n t from the s o c i a l and t h e r e f o r e oppose t h i s b r i d g e and i t s a c c e s s r o a d u n t i l a t l e a s t a f t e r Metro has been i n operation and an improved p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system has been put into e f f e c t t o handle t h e movement o f people t o and from work during r u s h hours and not c a r s . Thank you f o r t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o t e l l you c i t i z e n s f e e l about more b r i d g e s and I would l i k e t o add, how highways. I am S e c r e t a r y o f the Inzer F e d e r a t i o n C o u n c i l o f C i t i z e n s , which i s composed o f the f e d e r a t i o n s i n the M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a . T h a t i s the eight Arlington, A l e x a n d r i a , F a i r f a x County, P r i n c e W i l l i a m , P r i n c e George, Montgomery and t h e two D. C. f e d e r a t i o n s . The i n t e r - f e d e r a t i o n c o u n c i l took a c t i o n l a s t month t o oppose both o f the North �196 C e n t r a l and Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , and a l l i n t e r s t a t e highways t h a t would come i n t o t h e i n n e r c i t y beyond t h e b e l t w a y . (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: Mr. Donald A Cook o f t h e F a i r f a x County Chamber o f Commerce. STATEMENT OF PETER FLOROS, FAIRFAX COUNTY CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND THE NORTI.ERN VIRGINIA BOARD OF REALTORS. MR. FLOROS: Mr. Chairman, I r e p r e s e n t two bodies today, t h e N o r t h e r n V i r g i n i a Board o f R e a l t o r s and t h e F a i r f a x County Cahmber o f Commerces, i f I might address m y s e l f i n t h a t manner. Mr. Chairman, members o f t h e Highway Department. name i s P e t e F l o r o s . My I am h e r e a s t h e spokesman f o r t h e F a i r f a x County Chamber o f Commerce and t h e Northern V i r g i n i a Board o f R e a l t o r s . I am here t o p r e s e n t t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n ' s v i e w s on t h e designed p r o p o s a l s f o r 1-266 through A r l i n g t o n County and t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, and on t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge. Both o f t h e s e t o d i e s a r e p u b l i c s e r v i c e o r g a n i z a t i o n s . The F a i r f a x County Chamber o f Commerce r e p r e s e n t s o v e r 660 business and p r o f e s s i o n a l people and employment c e n t e r s . The Northern V i r g i n i a Board o f R e a l t o r s r e p r e s e n t s n e a r l y 1800 persons engaged i n t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l p r a c t i c e o f m a r k e t i n g real estate. �197 We support t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n and t h e proposed d e s i g n of t h e 1-266 through A r l i n g t o n County and t h e d D i s t r i c t o f » biumbia, incorporated concrete i n a l t e r n a t e three-span pre-strassed b r i d g e d e s i g n s , which I b e l i e v e you s e e r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e e x h i b i t on t h e t o p o f t h e t r i p o d . Our support o f t h e design proposals i s based on t h e f a c t t h a t e v e r y e f f o r t appears t o have been made t o p r o t e c t and m a i n t a i n t h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e s u r r o u n d i n g s t e r r a i n and t h a t a minimum o f l a n d t a k i n g i s t h u s i n v o l v e d . Wo d e s t r u c t i o n o r a l t e r a t i o n o f e x i s t i n g neighborhoods w i l l t a k e p l a c e , and t h e replacement o f t h e Y u l e S t r e e t B r i d g e i n A r l i n g t o n w i t h a modern s t r u c t u r e i s an improvement t h a t w i l l c o n t i n u e t o connect neighborhoods and enhance t h e a r e a . Our f u r t h e r s u p p o r t , l a d i e s and gentlement i s based on t h e f a c t t h a t prime c o n s i d e r a t i o n has been g i v e n t o t h e p r o t e c t i o n and p r e s e r v a t i o n o f t h e h e a v i l y wooded i n t h e Spout Run a r e a . parklands We a r e impressed t h a t p r o v i s i o n s have been made f o r i n c r e a s e d u t i l i z a t i o n by t h e p u b l i c o f t h i s r e c r e a t i o n a r e a by t h e i n c l u s i o n o f h i k i n g and b i k i n g along p o r t i o n s o f t h e h i g h w a y s 1 trails r i g h t o f way. F u r t h e r , t h a t t h i s t i e s i n w i t h A r l i n g t o n County's master plan f o r n a r V c open spacer:. W A a r e pleased, too, t h a t an i t e m o f h i s t o r i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e which i s now i n p r i v a t e hands w i l l become p a r t o f t h e p u b l i c domain s i n c e t h e designed proposals c a l l f o r t h e t r a n s f e r o f F o r t Smith, a h i s t o r i c a l lane �mark, ho p u b l i c ownership. I n t h i s r e g a r d , p l e a s u r e h a s been e x p r e s s e d by many i n our organizations t h a t t h e Potomac P a l i s a d e s w i l l be p r e - s e r v e d and t h a t t h e r e w i l l be no a l t e r a t i o n t o t h e B&O Canal, which i s a n a t i o n a l monument enjoyed by both v i s i t o r s and area r e s i d e n t s . No comment, i t i s f e l t i s n e c e s s a r y on p u b l i c s e r v i c e or p r i v a t e p u b l i c i n s t i t u t i o n s , s i n c e i t i s apparent from t h e d e s i g n p r o p o s a l s t h a t no c h u r c h e s , s c h o o l s , f i r e s t a t i o n s , o r o t h e r s i m i l a r p u b l i c i n s t i t u t i o n " , and s e r v i c e s w i l l be d i s r u p t e d or i n v o l v e d i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h i s p r o j e c t . Prime c o n c e r n , however, has been addressed t o t h e d e s i g n c h a r a c t e r o f t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . The F a i r f a x County Chamber o f Commerce and t h e Northern V i r g i n i a Board o f R e a l t o r s s t r o n g l y endorse t h e t h r e e ^ s p a n , p r e - s t r e s s e d a l t e r n a t e bridge design. concrete T h i s dndorsement i s based on t h e a e s t h e t i c beauty o f t h e s t r u c t u r e , inasmuch a s i t i s f a r more graceful i n appearance t h a n t h e o t h e r s i x span proposal. T h i s d e s i g n , which has r e c e i v e d t h e e n t h u s i a s t i c b l e s s i n g s o f the f i n e a r t s commission, p r o v i d e s f o r a sweeping view o f t h e Potomac and p r e s e r v e s the Three S i s t e r s t h e c h a r a c t e r and t h e n a t u r a l beauty o f items. I t a l s o p r o v i d e s a more p i c t u r e s q u e the Nation's C a p i t o l . Butlnot engineeringly entrance, worthy i n c o n f l i c t with t h e s u r r o u n d i n g n a t u r a l s e t t i n g s and/or t e r r a i n . �199 We have a l s o c o n s i d e r e d , l a d i e s and gentlemen, the d e s i g n s from a s a f e t y f a c t o r i n r e g a r d s t o the r e c r e a t i o n a l use o f the. r i v e r . The e l i m i n a t i o n of t h e c e n t e r p i e r does away w i t h t h e p o t e n t i a l navigeition h a z a r d f o r those u s i n g the Potomac f o r i n d i v i d u a l r e l a x a t i o n or, f o r c o m p e t i t i v e s p o r t s , such as i n t e r s c h o l a s t i c and c o l l e g i a t e crew r a c i n g , and out t h a t Georgetown U n i v e r s i t y i s my We any way I might p o i n t alumni. f e e l t h a t i t does not o b s t r u c t o r i n t e r f e r e i n w i t h t h e Three S i s t e r s I s l a n d p r e v i o u s l y r e f e r r e d t o On the b a s i s of t h e s e d e s i g n c r i t e r i a p r e s e n t a t i o n , County Chamber and the Northern V i r g i n i a Board o f the F a i r f a x Realtors s t r o n g l y urges a p p r o v a l o f t h e proposed p r o j e c t , e s p e c i a l l y the t h r e e - s p a n a l t e r n a t e b r i d g e c r o s s i n g the Potomac and the l e t t i n g of c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n t r a c t s a t the e a r l i e s t p o s s i b l e May time we comment i n a d d i t i o n t h a t not o n l y does a l l N o r t h e r n V i r g i n i a have a s t a k e i n the completion of the undert a k i n g , but t h a t t h e c i t i z e n s o f t i e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia have a l s o much t o g a i n when t h e p r o j e c t i s completed. Time and agai t h e r e s i d e n t s o f t h e D i s t r i c t and o f A r l i n g t o n County have strongly voiced t h e i r c o m p l a i n t s o v e r the n o i s e generated by t h e heavy a i r t r a f f i c c r e a t e d by the i n c r e a s e d use o f Airport. National R e l i e f can o n l y come from b e t t e r u t i l i z a t i o n o f the Dulles International Airport. But r a p i d a c c e s s t o t h e f a c i l i t y i s t i e d up t o the �200 completion of 1-66 and 1-266 and the Three S i s t e r s Bridge. Inasmuch as the t i e - i n o f the D u l l e s a c c e s s highway i s a f e a t u r e of t h e o v e r a l l e n g i n e e r i n g of t h i s i m p o r t a n t segment o f t h e i n t e r s t a t e highway system, i n c r e a s e d usage of D u l l e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t can b r i n g about b e t t e r scheduling w h i c h i n t u r n w i l l e l i m i n a t e t h e need f o r c i t i z e n s t o nake use o f the p r e s e n t l y overcrowded roadway network which now takes them t o Washington N a t i o n a l A i r p o r t , The d i s p e r s a l o f governmental i n s t a l l a t i o n s and s e v e r a l employment c e n t e r s now makes t h i s p o r t i o n o f the s t a t e system a two-way s t r e e t . of inter- Not o n l y w i l l i t a l l o w suburban r e s i d e n t s t o r e a c h t h e i r p l a c e s of employment i n the c e n t r a l c i t y , but i t w i l l a l s o a l l o w i n h a b i t a n t s t o r e a c h the employmen complexes now l o c a t e d or b e i n g planned t o be l o c a t e d i n the suburban r e g i o n s . The e v e n u t a l opening o f t h i s b r i d g e and highway w i l l p r o v i d e this r e l i e f from the p r e s e n t l y o v e r l y congested highways, and; reduce not o n l y t r a f f i c time but r e l a t e d c o s t s . I t i s a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t i t w i l l r e s u l t i n a dramatic i n the accident r a t e of t h i s region. reduction Much i s a t stake., too, on f a c t o r s o f o r d e r l y development. From the i n c e p t i o n o f the p l a n n i n g much o f F a i r f a x County's long range p l a n n i n g for this project, and programs f o r economic development have c e n t e r e d around t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h i s highway. P u b l i c w e l f a r e a l s o i s h e a v i l y dependent i n t h i s r e g a r d on an expanded economy and t a x base, which c o u l d result �201 form p o t e n t i a l new o f 1-66, employment c e n t e r s along the u l t i m a t e r o u t e and the r e s u l t a n t a v a i l a b i l i t y of jobs c l o s e r t o the p l a c e s o f employment and r e s i d e n c e s o f our 1-266 citizens. and the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e a r e an i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f t h i s o v e r a l l highway p l a n . A g a i n , on b e h a l f o f t h e F a i r f a x County Chamber of Commerce, i t s o v e r 660 b u s i n e s s e and p r o f e s s i o n a l p e o p l e , and employment c e n t e r s t h a t i t r e p r e s e n t s , we would urge you l a d i e s and gentlemen f o r an e a r l y a p p r o v a l o f t h e p r o p o s a l p l u s t h e i n c l u s i o n o f any new designs, i d e a s and technology t h a t c o u l d f u r t h e r p r o t e c t and enhance our environment. Thank you. MR. DUGAS: Thank you. I b e l i e v e t h a t concludes our agenda f o r t h i s of oui hearing. We w i l l now w i l l be resumed a t 7:00 o'clock (Whereupon, a t 5:00 for dinner.) break f o r d i n n e r . The portion hearing t h i s evening i n t h i s place. o'clock p.m., the h e a r i n g recesse �202 THE HEARING WAS CALLED TO ORDER AT APPROXIMATELY 7$00 p.m., 14 December 1970, by t h e Hearing O f f i c e r ? and the f o l l o w i n g proceedings were r e c o r d e d : HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: order* The Hearing w i l l come t o Our f i r s t w i t n e s s f o r t h e e v e n i n g s e s s i o n w i l l be Dr.. Co M i c h a e l Hogan, r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e Committee of 100 on the Federal City. Dr e Hogan? WHEREUPON, MRo ROBERT KENNAN, APPROACHED THE MICROPHONE AND PROCEEDED ON TO T E S T I F Y AS FOLLOWS: MR. KENNAN: Mr. Chairman, my name i s Robert Kennan u I am a member of t h e Board of T r u s t e e s of t h e Committee of 100, and w i t h your p e r m i s s i o n I s h a l l i n t r o d u c e Dr. Hogan and make a few remarks of my own before I do s o . c I am t h e Chairman of t h e Committee of 1 0 0 s Subcommittee , I and D r a Hogan a r e p r e s e n t i n g t e s t i m o n y t h i s e v e n i n g f o r the Committee of 100 on t h e F e d e r a l C i t y , a c i t y wide c i v i c p l a n n i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n , founded i n 1924 c The Committee of 100 on t h e F e d e r a l C i t y opposes c o n s t r u c t i o n of the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , Mr. Hearing O f f i c e r , the P o l i c y and Procedure Memorandum, 20-8, under which these h e a r i n g s a r e being h e l d , r e q u i r e c e r t a i n highway o f f i c i a l s t o be p r e s e n t a t t h e H e a r i n g , t o be r e s p o n s i v e t o q u e s t i o n s which may a r i s e . �202-A I have not been here so f a r today, Mr., H e a r i n g , s o may I a s k you t o i d e n t i f y whose those gentleman a r e ( p o i n t i n g t o s e v e r a l persons s e a t e d i n t h e f r o n t of the audience and t o the r i g h t of t h e H e a r i n g O f f i c e r and t h e r e p o r t e r K HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Mr. Thomas F . A i r i s , D i r e c t o r , Department of Highways and T r a f f i c , D i s t r i c t of Columbia? Mr. H e M. Snead, D i s t r i c t Right-of-way E n g i n e e r f o r the S t a t e of V i r g i n i a ; Mr. D. D. H a r r i s , Road Design E n g i n e e r , f o r t h e S t a t e of V i r g i n i a ; and Mr. A. K, Hunsberger„ of E n g i n e e r i n g MR 0 i n the S t a t e of V i r g i n i a . KENNAN: Mr. Hunsberger, a r e you ( p o i n t i n g ^ ? MR. HUNSBERGER: MR„ KENNAN j Yes, s i r . Thank you v e r y much, Mr. H e a r i n g O f f i c e r . HEARING OFFICER DUGASi you* sir Director Mr. H a r r i s i s s i t t i n g behind 0 MRo KENNAN: Thank you v e r y much HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: c Mr„ H a r r i s , would you mind coming down now, coming down t o the t a b l e and j u s t p u l l up this chair 0 (Mr. H a r r i s assurred a s e a t a t t h e t a b l e w i t h the above-mentioned p e r s o n n e l ) MRo KENNAN: Mr« H e a r i n g O f f i c e r , the Committee of 100 on the F e d e r a l C i t y b e l i e v e s t h a t t h i s h e a r i n g postponedo should be The Chairman of t h e Committee wrote t o Mayor Washington on November 3 0 t h , s t a t i n g t h e reasons why we t h i n k �i t should be postponed. you u A copy of t h a t l e t t e r was s e n t t o I should l i k e t o i n t r o d u c e a copy of the l e t t e r the r e c o r d a t t h i s time 0 HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: I t may be so i n t r o d u c e d . W i l l t h i s be one of a s e r i e s of e x h i b i t s , MR„ KENNAN: into Y e s , i t w i l l , Mr HEARING OFFICER DUGASs t sir? Hearing Officer. As EXHIBIT NUMBER 1 f o r the Committee of 100. MRo. KENNAN: Thank you. There won't be many. (A COPY OF THE ABOVE-MENTIONED LETTER I S ATTACHED TO THIS RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS.) MR. KENNAN: As the l e t t e r i n d i c a t e s , we b e l i e v e the h e a r i n g should be postponed u n t i l t h e c o u r t s have i s s u e d a f i n a l d e c i s i o n i n t h e s o - c a l l e d Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e laws u i t t h a t i s p r e s e n t l y pending before t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Court of Appeals f o r t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia C i r c u i t . The i s s u e s t o be decided by the c o u r t may make t h i s d e s i g n h e a r i n g unnecessary. Indeed i t may r e s u l t i n a d e c i s i o n not t o b u i l d the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e or t o b u i l d i t a t a d i f f e r e n t location. U n t i l t h e c o u r t has r e s o l v e d those i s s u e s , we t h i n k t h i s h e a r i n g s h o u l d not go f o r w a r d . I t i s an u n n e c e s s a r y waste of t a x p a y e r ' s money and t i m e . I n a d d i t i o n , i t appears t h a t a l o c a t i o n h e a r i n g i s n e c e s s a r y on 1-66 i n V i r g i n i a , a f a c i l i t y i n t o which t h e southern p o r t i o n of t h e road under h e a r i n g t o n i g h t w i l l connects A t t h i s p o i n t , I should l i k e t o a s k Mr,, �COMMITTEE 13 0 7 N E W OF 100 ON HAMPSHIRE AVENUE, FOUNDED THE FEDERAL WASHINGTON, CI TY D .C. 2 003 6 1923 November 30, 1970 The Honorable W a l t e r E . Washington Mayor-Commissioner, D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Room 520, D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g 14th & S S t s . , N. W . Washington, D. C. 20004 Re: J o i n t Design'Public Hearing Proposed I n t e r s t a t e 266 Dear Mayor Washington: On November 13, 1970, t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia D e p a r t ment o f Highways and T r a f f i c and t h e S t a t e Highway Commission of t h e Commonwealth o f V i r g i n i a p u b l i s h e d a n o t i c e o f a " J o i n t D e s i g n P u b l i c H e a r i n g " on t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e p o r t i o n o f proposed I n t e r s t a t e 266. The n o t i c e s t a t e d t h a t t h e h e a r i n g w i l l be h e l d a t t h e Department o f Commerce A u d i t o r i u m on December 14, 1970 " i n accordance with. T i t l e 23, U. S. Code, S e c t i o n 128 and U. S. Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P o l i c y and Procedure Memorandum 20-8 dated J a n u a r y 14, 1969." I am w r i t i n g on b e h a l f o f t h e Committee o f 100 on t h e F e d e r a l C i t y to urge you t o postpone t h e h e a r i n g . The h e a r i n g should bo postponed (1) u n t i l a . f i n a l j u d i c i a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n i s made i n t h e pending Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e l a w s u i t , D.C. F e d e r a t i o n o f C i v i c A s s ' n s . v . V o l p e , and (2) u n t i l t h e c o r r i d o r p u b l i c h e a r i n g r e q u i r e d by PB3 20-8 h a s been h e l d f o r t h e e n t i r e I n t e r s t a t e Highway p r o j e c t i n V i r g i n i a d e s i g n a t e d I n t e r s t a t e 66, between I n t e r s t a t e 495 ( t h e " C a p i t a l B e l t w a y " ) and Theodore R o o s e v e l t Bridge,. As you know, t h e Committee o f 100 i s a p l a i n t i f f i n the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e l a w s u i t . Among o t h e r t h i n g s , t h e p l a i n t i f f s have a l l e g e d t h a t a c o r r i d o r p u b l i c h e a r i n g on 1-266, i n c l u d i n g t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e , i s r e q u i r e d by PPM 20-8 and t h a t t h e S e c r e t a r y o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n h a s n o t D E D I C A T E D TO MAKING WASHINGTON A GREAT O F F I C E R S NATION'S CAPITAL A N D A B E T T E R PLACE TO L I V E & T R U S T E E S C R O S V I NOR CHAPMAN, F A I A, Chairman M R S . H E R B E R T P E C K F A I . E S , Asst. Secretary M R S . GERHARD A. Gr.su. L DAVIDSANDERS C L A R K , Vice Chairman P E T E R S. CRAIG KOIURI M. K E N N A N , J R . J \ M E S G. D E A N E , Vice Chairman H O N . H U G H S. C U M M I N G . JR. MRS. JAMES H . R O W E , J R . C H A R M S CARROLL MORGAN, Vice Chairman Coi.. ROBERT F . EVANS, U S A (Ret.) DAVID N . Y E R K F S . F A l A MRS. DAVID E . F I N L I . Y VANCE HOOD, Secretary-Treasurer K. Arm. Ni ILL PHILLIPS, USN (Ret.), Chairman Emeritus *?*J �- 2 - g i v e n the a p p r o v a l s r e a u i r e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h a t p r o j e c t by S e c t i o n s 134 and 138 of t h e F e d e r a l - A i d Highway Act of 1956, a s amended. The l a v ; s u i t i s now b e f o r e t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Court of Appeals f o r t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia C i r c u i t , and t h e c o u r t w i l l decide t h e s e i s s u e s i n the near f u t u r e . As a r e s u l t of t h e c o u r t ' s d e c i s i o n , t h e l o c a t i o n of 1-266 may be r e c o n s i d e r e d and changed, or i t may be decided not t o c o n s t r u c t I-266 a t a l l . I n any e v e n t , i f t h e c o u r t h o l d s t h a t a c o r r i d o r h e a r i n g must be h e l d i t would be n e c e s s a r y t o h o l d a new d e s i g n h e a r i n g . With the Three S i s t e r s Bridge l a w s u i t i n i t s present posture, h o l d i n g the j o i n t d e s i g n h e a r i n g on December 14 w i l l be f u t i l e and u s e l e s s , r e q u i r i n g an u n n e c e s s a r y e x p e n d i t u r e of time and money by governmental o f f i c i a l s and persons wanting to t e s t i f y . A p u b l i c h e a r i n g on t h e d e s i g n o f p a r t of 1-66 i n V i r g i n i a from the C a p i t a l B e l t w a y t o Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e was h e l d on September 29, 1970 and a p p a r e n t l y w i l l be c o n t i n u e d on December 7, 1970. The most r e c e n t p r e v i o u s p u b l i c h e a r i n g on 1-66 was h e l d i n October, 1958. PPM 20-8 r e q u i r e s t h a t "[A] c o r r i d o r p u b l i c h e a r i n g . . . must be h e l d , or an o p p o r t u n i t y a f f o r d e d . . . w i t h r e s p e c t t o each F e d e r a l - a i d highway p r o j e c t t h a t . . . would have a s u b s t a n t i a l l y d i f f e r e n t s o c i a l , economic or e n v i r o n m e n t a l effect. ..." ( S e c t i o n 6a.) 1-66 as proposed today would o b v i o u s l y have s u b s t a n t i a l l y d i f f e r e n t s o c i a l , economic and e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s t h a n 1-66 as proposed i n 1958. PPM 20-8 t h e r e f o r e appears t o r e q u i r e a c o r r i d o r p u b l i c h e a r i n g on 1-66. I f such a h e a r i n g i s not h e l d i t i s l i k e l y t h a t t h e r e w i l l be l i t i g a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g 1-66. The l o c a t i o n of 1-66 i n V i r g i n i a cannot be determined i n advance of a c o r r i d o r p u b l i c h e a r i n g . Such a h e a r i n g must be h e l d "before the r o u t e l o c a t i o n i s approved and b e f o r e the S t a t e highway denartment I s committed t o a s p e c i f i c p r o p o s a l , " " a n a t h e purpose of such a h e a r i n g i s "to ensure t h a t an o p p o r t u n i t y I s a f f o r d e d f o r e f f e c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n ... i n t h e p r o c e s s i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e need f o r , and the l o c a t i o n o f , a F e d e r a l - a i d highway.'' ( S e c t i o n 4 a . ; emphasis addedT) As a r e s u l t of t h e h e a r i n g , t h e V i r g i n i a Highway Commission may decide t h a t 1-66 i s not needed or t h a t another l o c a t i o n i s p r e f e r r e d . Another l o c a t i o n f o r 1-66, of c o u r s e , would a f f e c t the need and l o c a t i o n f o r 1-266. B e f o r e a c o r r i d o r p u b l i c h e a r i n g i s h e l d on 1-66 i n V i r g i n i a , h o l d i n g the d e s i g n h e a r i n g on 1-266 would be f u t i l e and u s e l e s s . �- 3 - I f a p u b l i c h e a r i n g i s h e l d on t h e s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n and d e s i g n of 1-266, i t s h o u l d i n c l u d e the s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n and d e s i g n of t h e p o r t i o n of 1-266 a l o n g the Georgetown waterfront. The o f f i c i a l n o t i c e f o r the h e a r i n g on December 14 s t a t e s t h a t i t w i l l be conducted "to c o n s i d e r a l t e r n a t i v e d e s i g n s f o r proposed I n t e r s t a t e Route 266 between a p o i n t near the i n t e r s e c t i o n of C a n a l Road and MacArthur B o u l e v a r d "in Wa s h i n g t on - D. C ., and a c o n n e c t i o n With the proposed I n t e r s t a t e Route 66 near Lorcom Lane i n A r l i n g t o n County, V i r g i n i a , i n c l u d i n g a proposed b r i d g e a c r o s s the Potomac R i v e r i n the v i c i n i t y of the Three S i s t e r s I s l a n d s . " (Emphasis added.) The " p o i n t n e a r t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f C a n a l Road and MacArthur B o u l e v a r d i n Washington, D. C." appears t o correspond t o e s t i m a t e s e c t i o n 32 on page 26 of the D i s t r i c t Highway Department's 1970 I n t e r s t a t e Cost E s t i m a t e . The p o r t i o n of 1-266 t h a t i s e x c l u d e d from the h e a r i n g i n c l u d e s the c o n n e c t i o n s and approaches t o the B r i d g e and i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1.2 m i l e s l o n g , between e s t i m a t e s e c t i o n s - B 2 and B4. NO d e t a i l e d d e s i g n i n f o r m a t i o n has been made a v a i l a b l e t o the p u b l i c w i t h r e s p e c t t o the e x c l u d e d p o r t i o n . The e x c l u d e d p o r t i o n i s an i n t e g r a l p a r t of t h e F e d e r a l a i d highway p r o j e c t d e s i g n a t e d " i n t e r s t a t e 266." I t was con s i d e r e c a s p a r t of t h a t highway p r o j e c t a t p r e v i o u s p u b l i c h e a r i n g s on 1-266 i n 1961 and 1964. I n the pending l a w s u i t , Judge S i r i c a r u l e d t h a t the B r i d g e p r o j e c t covered by h i s i n j u n c t i o n i n c l u d e s the c o n n e c t i n g roadways and approaches. There i s no r a t i o n a l b a s i s f o r e x c l u d i n g the a e s i g n of p a r t o f 1-266 from the p u b l i c h e a r i n g on December 14. I f the d e s i g n of p a r t of 1-266 i s e x c l u d e d from the p u b l i c h e a r i n g on December 14, those p r e p a r i n g t e s t i m o n y f o r the h e a r i n g ( i n c l u d i n g the Co/imittee of 100) w i l l be s e r i o u s l y p r e j u d i c e d . I t w i l l be i m p o s s i b l e f o r us t o a d d r e s s o u r s e l v e s t o the economic, s o c i a l and e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s of the d e s i g n of t h e e x c l u d e d p o r t i o n or of 1-266 a s a whole. F u r t h e r m o r e , i f c o n s t r u c t i o n begins on one p o r t i o n of 1-266 b e f o r e a p u b l i c h e a r i n g i s h e l d on the s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n and d e s i g n of the remainder, the s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n and d e s i g n o f t h e remainder becomes, as a p r a c t i c a l m a t t e r , a f a i t a c c o m p l i . The second p u b l i c h e a r i n g would be a meaningless f o r m a l i t y . • F o r example, t h e Committee of 100 on t h e F e d e r a l C i t y h a s urged t h a t the W h i t e h u r s t Freeway be r a z e d and an I n t e r s t a t e highway c o n s t r u c t e d a s a t u n n e l under the Georgetown �_ 4 - w a t e r f r o n t , w i t h c o n n e c t i o n s t o MacArthur B o u l e v a r d and F o x h a l l Road. T h i s p r o p o s a l would r e q u i r e a s u b s t a n t i a l change i n the d e s i g n of 1-266 shown s c h e m a t i c a l l y i n F i g u r e 2 on page 3 of the pamphlet t i t l e d "1-266 Design H e a r i n g I n f o r m a t i o n " and i n t h e maps and models on d i s p l a y i n the D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g . Others may w i s h t o e x p r e s s v i e w s on the adequacy or u t i l i t y of proposed c o n n e c t i o n s between the e x c l u d e d p o r t i o n of 1-266 and l o c a l s t r e e t s i n the D i s t r i c t . Although t h e s e s u g g e s t i o n s might materi a l l y a f f e c t the d e s i g n o f t h e approaches t o Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , d e s i g n i n f o r m a t i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o the e x c l u d e d p o r t i o n or 1-266 i s not now a v a i l a b l e i n s u f f i c i e n t d e t a i l to p e r m i t members of the p u b l i c t o make meaningful suggest ions. For t h e s e r e a s o n s , we urge t h a t t h e p u b l i c h e a r i n g on December 14 be postponed and t h a t any h e a r i n g on the s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n and d e s i g n o f 1-266, i f i t i s h e l d , i n c l u d e t h e s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n and d e s i g n of t h e p o r t i o n of 1-266 a l o n g the Georgetown w a t e r f r o n t . Sincerely yours, Grosvenor Chairman cc: Hon. G i l b e r t Hahn, J r . Members of the D.C. C i t y C o u n c i l Thomas F. A i r i s D. 3. Hope J u l i a n R. Dugas Chapman " • �204 ..iiau , i f : may, Mr. Hearing O f f i c e r , whether the V i r g i n i a , S t a t e Highway Commission contemplates h o l d i n g a l o c a t i o n h e a r i n g on 1-66 from t h e C a p i t a l B e l t w a y t o Theodore R o o s e v e l t Bridge pursuant t o p o l i c y and procedure memorandum number 20-8? MR, HUNSBERGER: I t i o n i f i n f a c t 1 may, sir„ would p r e f e r t o answer t h e quesNo, we do not contemplate hold- i n g a l o c a t i o n h e a r i n g on I n t e r s t a t e Route 66 from t h e B e l t w a y t o t h e Bridge,, MR. iCENNANs And t h i s was "Mr. MRo HUNSBERGER: M . KENNAN % R, MR 0 KEKNAN: 8 That s rights Answering MR. HUNSBERGER: Hunsberger?" the question? That's r i g h t . Thank you. I n addition,, Mr 0 Hearing O f f i c e r , t h e l e t t e r from t h e Committee o f 100 i n d i c a t e s t h a t when design p u b l i c h e a r i n g s a r e h e l d on t h e Three Sisters B r i d g e and c o n n e c t i n g highways t h e y ought t o be h e l d on t h e whole h i g h p r o j e c t d e s i g n a t e d 1-66 from i t s o r i g i n a i n t h e S t a t e of V i r g i n i a t o i t s end i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. T h i s h e a r i n g t o n i g h t i s b e i n g h e l d on a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3/5ths of t h a t roadu The Committee of 100 and o t h e r members of t h e p u b l i c who would l i k e v e r y much t o make d e s i g n sugges- t i o n s about t h e d e s i g n of t h e whole road, s u g g e s t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o t h e e x c l u d e d p o r t i o n t h a t have a b e a r i n g on t h e design of the p o r t i o n i n c l u d e d i n t h e h e a r i n g t h i s e v e n i n g have not had s u f f i c i e n t i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e f o r them t o make t h e k i n d of �205 s u g g e s t i o n s t h a t a r e t r u l y meaningful under t h e a p p l i c a b l e laws and r e g u l a t i o n s ^ The h e a r i n g should cover t h e whole of I«266, p a r t i c u l a r l y s i n c e t h e h e a r i n g on t h e p o r t i o n of 1-266, i s t h e s u b j e c t of t h i s e v e n i n g ' s h e a r i n g , does not even i n c l u d e an E X I T ramp f o r v e h i c l e s t r a v e l i n g from Virginia„ i t does not i n c l u d e an arm ramp f o r v e h i c l e s t r a v e l i n g from t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia t o V i r g i n i a , , As a m a t t e r of fact,, the connection of 1-266 t h a t i s e x c l u d e d from t h i s h e a r i n g w i l l be, i f i t ' s e v e r b u i l t , a m i x i n g bowl t h a t w i l l make the Pentagon m i x i n g bowl look l i k e c h i l d " s p l a y bowl on a r o l l e r c o a s t e r . 0 I t w i l l , i n e f f e c t , be a m i x i n g To e x c l u d e t h i s p o r t i o n of 1-266 from the h e a r i n g a t p r e s e n t i s w h o l l y a r b i t r a r y , and we t h i n k the h e a r i n g should be postponed. There a r e other o b j e c t i o n s t h a t we have t o h o l d i n g t h i s h e a r i n g a t t h i s time. F i r s t , d e s i g n i n f o r m a t i o n on t h i s p r o j e c t * the portion t h a t i s included i n the hearing, i n the form o f t h e 1-266 d e s i g n h e a r i n g pamphlet, was not made a v a i l a b l e t o members of t h e p u b l i c , t o our knowledge, and we checked c a r e f u l l y e a c h day u n t i l November 1 7 t h . According t o my c a l c u l a t i o n s , t h e Highway Departments of V i r g i n i a and t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia a l l o w e d t h i r t y days n o t i c e f o r t h i s h e a r i n g * p l u s Thanksgiving,, The v e r y minimum t h a t could be g i v e n under t h e r e g u l a t i o n . T h i s i s a n i g g a r d l y a t t i t u d e t o p u b l i c p a r t i c i p a t i o n f o r a p r o j e c t of t h i s magni- �20 6 1 j tude i n v o l v i n g many people, a s many people a s i t does, t h e Highway Department s h o u l d s u r e l y have been r e q u i r e d t o g i v e more n o t i c e and t o make t h e d e s i g n i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e t o the p u b l i c f o r a longer p e r i o d of time. Second, t h e n o t i c e and t h e m a t e r i a l s d i s t r i b u t e d t o the p u b l i c were d e f i c i e n t i n not r e f e r r i n g t o t h i s hearing a s a h e a r i n g on t h e s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n and design of t h i s way. high- S e c t i o n s 4-B2 o f P o l i c y and Procedure Memorandum, 20-8, s p e c i f i c a l l y s t a t e s t h a t a s o - c a l l e d design p u b l i c hearing s h a l l r e l a t e t o t h e s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n and d e s i g n of t h e f a c i l i t y Because of t h e e x c l u s i v e r e f e r e n c e t o t h e word "design" i n the n o t i c e s and t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e t o t h e p u b l i c , we t h i n k t h e p u b l i c may w e l l have been m i s l e d into thinking t h a t t h i s h e a r i n g would be l i m i t e d t o design d e t a i l s . T h i r d , w i t h a l l due r e s p e c t , Mr. H e a r i n g O f f i c e r , we b e l i e v e t h a t you should not be c h a i r i n g t h i s hearing., We b e l i e v e t h a t t h e F e d e r a l Highway A c t and t h e r e g u l a t i o n s under t h a t A c t r e q u i r e t h a t persons w i t h r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r making d e c i s i o n s about highway p l a n n i n g , be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r p r e s i d i n g o v e r t h e l o c a t i o n and d e s i g n p u b l i c h e a r i n g s 0 In this p a r t i c u l a r c a s e , t h e persons who s h o u l d be before me t h i s e v e n i n g a r e Mayor-Commissioner Washington and t h e e n t i r e C i t y C o u n c i l , D. C„ C i t y C o u n c i l * F i n a l l y , Mr. Hearing O f f i c e r , t h e P o l i c y and Procedure Memorandum under w h i c h t h i s h e a r i n g i s h e l d s t a t e s �20 7 i n S e c t i o n 3-A2, t h a t t h e S t a t e Highway Department, i n preparing and s e n d i n g p u b l i c n o t i c e of these p u b l i c must t a k e c e r t a i n s t e p s : heetrings T h a t i t must m a i l c o p i e s of i t s n o t i c e s t o c e r t a i n groups and a g e n c i e s , I would request, on b e h a l f o f t h e Committee of 100, Mr, H e a r i n g O f f i c e r that e you a s H e a r i n g O f f i c e r r e q u e s t t h a t t h e V i r g i n i a and D i s t r i c t Highway Departments s u b j e c t f o r t h i s record a d e t a i l e d r e p o r t on t h e i r compliance w i t h t h i s s e c t i o n of P o l i c y and Procedure Jfemorandufu #20-8, S e c t i o n 8-A2. At t h i s p o i n t , X should l i k e t o a s k t h e gentleman on ray l e f t some questions, MR. KENNAN: Mr„ Hunsberger, i s t h e V i r g i n i a Highway Commission committed t o a s p e c i f i c d e s i g n p r o p o s a l f o r t h i s project, 1-266? MR, HUNSBERGER: I t h i n k t h a t i s t h e purpose of t h e p u b l i c h e a r i n g , emd t h a t i s t o d i s c u s s t h e d e s i g n p l a n proposal of t h i s p a r t i c u l a r phase of t h e proposed highway f a c i l i t y . And t h e i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t i s r e c e i v e d a t t h i s h e a r i n g w i l l be c o n s i d e r e d by t h e V i r g i n i a Highway Commission, before making the d e c i s i o n t o form a d e s i g n . MR. KENNAN: I b e l i e v e , and c o r r e c t me i f I am wrong, d i d you s a y t h a t t h e V i r g i n i a S t a t e Highway Commission i s n o t p r e s e n t l y committed t o a s p e c i f i c d e s i g n p r o p o s a l ? MR. HUNSBERGER: MR, KENNAN: That i s t r u e . Mr. A i r i s , i s t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia �208 Committed t o the s p e c i f i c d e s i g n p r o p o s a l f o r 1-266? MR. A I R I S i MR. KENNANt MR« A I R I 3 : MR. KENNAN I MR. A I R I S : you No, Mr. Kennan, not a t t h i s t i m e . I t i s not? No. Mr. H e a r i n g O f f i c e r , sir? F o r purposes of t h e h e a r i n g , of c o u r s e , know t h i s i s t h e purpose of t h e h e a r i n g . MR. KENNANl Mr, H e a r i n g O f f i c e r , I would j u s t l i k e t o r e a d i n t o t h e r e c o r d a p o r t i o n of t h e document entitled, "STATEMENT OF HOJSE MANAGERS," accompanying the conference r e p o r t on t h e 1968 F e d e r a l A i d Highway A c t . I am r e a d i n g from t h e C o n g r e s s i o n a l Record, d a i l y e d i t i o n f o r J u l y 25, 1968, from page H-7606, under a s e c t i o n c a p t i o n e d "Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e - 1-266," and I am q u o t i n g : "THE S P E C I F I C DESIGN FOR THE BRIDGE WAS APPROVED BY THE FINE ARTS COMMISSION ON SEPTEMBER 20, 1967. THE DECISION OF THE FINE ARTS COMMISSION IN T H I S RESPECP SAFEGUARDS THE AESTHETIC VALUES OF CONCERN TO SO MANY AND PRESERVES THE BEAUTY AND RECREATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POTOMAC RIVER. THE DESIGN APPROVED BY THE FINE ARTS COMMISSION SHALL BE CARRIED OUT PREC I S E L Y AS APPROVED WITH RESPECT TO MATERIALS AND ARCHITECTURE," �209 Now, Mr. A i r i s , i s t h e s o - c a l l e d two-span a l t e r n a t i v e b e f o r e us today e s s e n t i a l l y t h e b r i d g e t h a t wa3 approved by the FINE ARTS COMMISSION i n September 1967? MR. A I R I S : The b r i d g e t h a t was d i s p l a y e d on t h e e a s e l c l o s e s t t o you i s t h e b r i d g e t h a t was approved by t h e FINE ARTS COMMISSION g MR. KBNNANt Nov/, h a v i n g heard t h a t statement from t h e House Managers, Mr. A i r i s , a r e you a t i l l of t h e o p i n i o n t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia i s not committed t o a s p e c i f i c design proposal? MR. A I R I S : MR. KENNAN: That i s c o r r e c t . Mr. A i r i s , has t h e sijc-span a l t e r n a t i v e b e f o r e u s t o n i g h t e v e r been approved, by t h e FINE ARTS COMMISSION? MR. A I R I S : MR. KENNAN: No, i t h a s n o t . Mr* H e a r i n g O f f i c e r , I have g i v e n you a number of reasons why t h i s h e a r i n g s h o u l d be "postponed " e On b e h a l f of t h e Committee o f 100, I am now a s k i n g you t o a d j o u r n i t and postpone i t u n t i l , f i r s t , t h e F e d e r a l C o u r t s have i s s u e d a f i n a l d e c i s i o n i n t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge c a s e , u n t i l a l o c a t i o n h e a r i n g i s h e l d on 1-266? and f o r t h e o t h e r r e a s o n s I have g i v e n ; and t o o r d e r t h a t when a d e s i g n h e a r i n g i s h e l d on 1-266 i t w i l l be h e l d on t h e f u l l HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: rest of your presentation., project. You may proceed w i t h t h e �MR. KENNAN: You a r e not going t o postpone t h e r e s t of t h e h e a r i n g ? HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: No, I am not going t o p o s t - pone t h e h e a r i n g . MR. KENNAN: Mr. H e a r i n g O f f i c e r , I have some comments on t h i s pamphlet c a l l e d "1-266 D E S I G N HEARING INFORMATION, " F i r s t , I would l i k e t o submit f o r t h e r e c o r d a l e t t e r w h i c h I wrote t o Mr. A i r i s , and two responses from him. The i n i t i a l r e q u e s t i s made on November 20, and t h a t ' s the date o frayl e t t e r , . on November 2 4 t h . He r e p l i e d t h a t he r e c e i v e d my r e q u e s t And t h e l a t t e r l e t t e r i s a l e t t e r from Mr. A i r i s t o me, d a t e d l a s t T h u r s d a y , w h i c h I have noted on the copy s u b m i t t e d h e r e that i t was "RECEIVED 3 Y (ME) HAND DELIVERY (AT APPROXIMATELY) 12:15 P.M." HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: They may be r e c e i v e d a s E X H I B I T #2 and #3 f o r t h e Committee of 100. T h a t i s , t h e y w i l l be E x h i b i t s # 2 , #3 and #4. (A COPY OF THE ABOVE-MENTIONED LETTERS ARE ATTACHED TO T H I S RECORD OF PROCEEDING.) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: MR. KENNANs You may proceed. Mr. H e a r i n g O f f i c e r , t h e p a r t i a l response t o my q u e s t i o n s t o Mr. A i r i s . F i r s t , i t was d e l i v e r e d r e a l l y t o o l a t e f o r me t o c o m p l e t e l y r e v i e w b e f o r e making my presentation t h i s evening. I r e c o g n i s e t h a t i f I were d e v o t i n g f u l l time t o t h i s e n t e r p r i s e , I might have had an o p p o r t u n i t y �Suite 60Q SEVENTEENTH WASHINGTON, D. STREET, C. November 20, N.W. 2 0 0 0 G 1970 Mr. Thomas F. A i r i s D i r e c t o r , D i s t r i c t of Columbia Department of Highways and T r a f f i c District Building Washington, D. C. 20004 Re: Dear Mr. J o i n t Design Hearing Proposed I n t e r s t a t e 266 Airis: I have r e q u e s t e d p e r m i s s i o n f o r the Committee of 100 on t h e F e d e r a l C i t y t o p r e s e n t t e s t i m o n y a t t h e J o i n t - D e s i g n H e a r i n g on Proposed I n t e r s t a t e 266 on December 14, 1970. I ara w r i t i n g t o you t o r e q u e s t i n f o r m a t i o n so t h a t the Committee of 100 may a d e q u a t e l y p r e p a r e i t s t e s t i m o n y . You may know t h a t t h e pamphlet t i t l e d "1-266 D e s i g n Hearing Information, w h i c h a p p a r e n t l y v/as p r e p a r e d by the f i r m of Howard, N e e d l e s , Tammen & B e r g e n d o f f , was f i r s t made a v a i l a b l e t o the p u b l i c y e s t e r d a y , November 19. The n o t i c e c o n c e r n i n g the h e a r i n g , hov/ever^ conveyed the i m p r e s s i o n t h a t a l l e x p l a n a t o r y m a t e r i a l would be a v a i l a b l e on Monday, November 16. I s h a l l be g r a t e f u l I f you w i l l e x p l a i n why d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e pamphlet was d e l a y e d . 11 I n a d d i t i o n , I w i s h t o i n q u i r e whether the Howard, Needles f i r m was chosen t o p r e p a r e the pamphlet on t h e b a s i s of c o m p e t i t i v e b i d d i n g . I f so, k i n d l y i n d i c a t e t h e names of each p e r s o n or f i r m t h a t s u b m i t t e d a b i d and t h e amount o f each b i d . I f n o t , k i n d l y i n d i c a t e the r e a s o n s why t h e Howard, Needles f i r m was s e l e c t e d t o p r e p a r e t h e pamphlet. I s h a l l be g r a t e f u l i f you w i l l , i n any e v e n t , i n d i c a t e the t o t a l c o s t o f p r e p a r i n g and p r i n t i n g t h e pamphlet. The pamphlet c o n t a i n s on page 8 some r a t h e r e x t r a o r d i n a r y s t a t e m e n t s , the b a s i s f o r w h i c h does not appear e i t h e r i n t h e pamphlet i t s e l f or i n the m a t e r i a l s l i s t e d on the mimeographed document t i t l e d " I n t e r s t a t e 266 P e r t i n e n t Information A v a i l a b l e f o r Public Inspection, and Copying." I s h a l l quote t h e s e s t a t e m e n t s below. K i n d l y p r o v i d e me w i t h the complete documentary b a s i s f o r making e a c h s t a t e m e n t . I f t h e documents a r e v o l uminous or e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y d i f f i c u l t t o copy, k i n d l y V �Mr. Thorns F. A i r i s Page 2 a d v i s e me o f a p l a c e and t i m e f o r me t o examine them t h a t w i l l be c o n v e n i e n t f o r you or y o u r a s s o c i a t e s . The s t a t e ments a r e : 1 . The v a l u e o f t r a v e l t i m e s a v i n g s w h i c h a r e a n t i c i p a t e d t o a c c r u e t o p a s s e n g e r and comm e r c i a l v e h i c l e u s e r s o f t h i s proposed p r o j e c t has been e s t i m a t e d by comparing t r a v e l t i m e s v i a the proposed r o u t e w i t h t h o s e o f t h e f a s t e s t a l t e r n a t i v e r o u t e between t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f Spout Pun • Parkway and Lee Highway and t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n of Key B r i d g e and M S t r e e t . These, u s e r s a v i n g s a r e e s t i mated t o t o t a l more t h a n 50 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s o v e r 20 y e a r s . 2. I n t e r s t a t e highways a l s o produce s a v i n g s i n v e h i c u l a r o p e r a t i n g c o s t s . These i n c l u d e f u e l , . o i l , t i r e s , maintenance and d e p r e c i a t i o n . For t h i s proposed p r o j e c t , u s e r s who would o t h e r w i s e be r o u t e d v i a Lee Highway or Spout Run Parkway, George Washington Parkway and Key B r i d g e , w i l l e x p e r i e n c e s u b s t a n t i a l l y reduced o p e r a t i n g c o s t s t h r o u g h t h e e l i m i n a t i o n of f r e q u e n t speed changes and s t o p - a n d go o p e r a t i o n . These s a v i n g s a r e e s t i m a t e d a t more t h a n 11 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s o v e r 20 y e a r s . 3. The p o t e n t i a l s a f e t y b e n e f i t s o f proposed 1-266 c a n be estima.ted by comparing a v e r a g e a c c i - • dent and f a t a l i t y r a t e s o f s i m i l a r I n t e r s t a t e h i g h ways t o t h o s e o f Lee Kighv. ay and a v a i l a b l e a l t e r n a t e routes. F o r t h e 2 1/4 m i l e s a f f e c t e d , s u c h c o m p a r i sons i n d i c a t e an a n n u a l r e d u c t i o n o f o v e r 200 a c c i d e n t s and one t o tv. o d e a t h s . These r e d u c t i o n s can be d i r e c t l y a t t r i b u t e d t o t h e proposed new I n t e r s t a t e highway segment. r r The pamphlet a l s o s t a t e s on page 8: "The d i r e c t and m u l t i p l y i n g e f f e c t s o f t h e c a p i t a l i n v e s t m e n t f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n would a l s o p r o d u c t a d d i t i o n a l economic benefits." K i n d l y i n d i c a t e what t h e s e " e f f e c t s " a r e , what " a d d i t i o n a l economic b e n e f i t s " would be produced, and t h e e s t i m a t e d d o l l a r amount of e a c h . On page 12, t h e pamphlet r e f e r s t o t a x l o s s e s t o A r l i n g t o n County and s a y s : ' "These t a x l o s s e s , however, V �•Mr. Thomas F . A i r i s Page 3 a r e f a r out-weighed, by t h e i n c r e a s e i n t a x revenues t h a t c a n be expected by v i r t u e o f t h e p r o j e c t ' s impact on t h e r e g i o n ' s economy." K i n d l y i n d i c a t e t h e e s t i m a t e d d o l l a r amount of t h e e x p e c t e d i n c r e a s e and p r e c i s e l y w h i c h t a x revenues a r e r e f e r r e d t o i n t h i s s e n t e n c e . R e f e r e n c e i s made on page 15 o f t h e pamphlet t o t h e a n n u a l r e c u r r i n g c o s t of o p e r a t i o n and m a i n t e n a n c e . K i n d l y i n d i c a t e t h e e s t i m a t e d d o l l a r amount of t h i s a n n u a l c o s t f o r 1-266 d u r i n g the n e x t t w e n t y y e a r s and who w i l l bear t h e c o s t . I n a d d i t i o n , p l e a s e i n d i c a t e the c o s t of any b o r r o w i n g t h a t the D i s t r i c t w i l l have t o u n d e r t a k e or has u n d e r t a k e n t o meet i t s 10$ s h a r e o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t f o r 1-266. I r e c o g n i z e t h a t i t may t a k e some time t o answer t h e s e q u e s t i o n s i n d e t a i l , but I s h o u l d v e r y much a p p r e c i a t e h a v i n g t h e ansv.-ers f a r enough i n advance o f December 14 so t h a t t h e Committee o f 100 w i l l have s u f f i c i e n t time t o p r e p a r e i t s testimony. Very t r u l y yours, R o b e r t M. Kennan, J r . •' / Chairman, Roads Subcommittee Committee o f 100 on t h e F e d e r a l C cc: Mr. D. B. Hope Mr. J u l i a n R. Dugas Hon. G i l b e r t Kahn, J r . �GOVERNMENT O F T H EDISTRICT DEPARTMENT 4 1 5 O F COLUMBIA OF HIGHWAYS AND J2TH STREET, WASHINGTON, D. C. N. TRAFFIC W. 2 0 O 0 4 ADDRESS R L P L Y TO DIRECTOR O F HIGHWAYS AND T R A F F I C Mr. Robert M. Kennan, J r . Chairman, Roads Subcommittee Committee o f 100 on t h e F e d e r a l C i t y 888 S e v e n t e e n t h S t r e e t , N. W. S u i t e 800 Washington, D. C. 20006 Dear Mr. Kennan: T h i s i s w r i t t e n t o acknowledge your l e t t e r o f November 20, 1970 r e g a r d i n g t h e j o i n t D e s i g n H e a r i n g f o r proposed I n t e r s t a t e 266. We w i l l be i n f u r t h e r c o n t a c t w i t h you when t h e d e t a i l e d answers t o your q u e s t i o n s have been assembled. Sincerely yours, r Department T..-F. A I R I S , D i r e c t o r \ J o f Highways and T r a f f i c , D. C. �GOVERNMENT O F TI-IE DEPARTMENT 41D DISTRICT O F OF HIGHWAYS 12TII GTHCET, WASHINGTON, ADonnos DIRECTOR D. AND N. C. COLUMBIA TRAFFIC V/.. 2 0 0 0 4 DEC 1 0 1370 RCPLY TO Or HIGHWAYS A N D T R A F F I C Mr. R o b e r t M. Kennan, J r . Chairman, Roads Subcommittee Committee o f 100 on t h e F e d e r a l CityS u i t e 8000 888 S e v e n t e e n t h S t r e e t , N. W. Washington, D. C. 20006 Re: J o i n t Design Hearing Proposed I n t e r s t a t e 266 Dear Mr. Kennan: We have prepared answers t o the q u e s t i o n s i n your l e t t e r o f November 20, 1970, I hope they w i l l a i d i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f your comments f o r u s e a t t h e 1-266 D e s i g n P u b l i c H e a r i n g . The e x p l a n a t o r y m a t e r i a l r e f e r e n c e d i n t h e newspaper n o t i c e s was a v a i l a b l e b e g i n n i n g F r i d a y , November 1 3 , 1970. The b o o k l e t , 1-266 D e s i g n H e a r i n g I n f o r m a t i o n , was a v a i l a b l e f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n to t h e p u b l i c on Tuesday, November 17, 1970. The Department's c o n s u l t a n t on d e s i g n s f o r t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e — H o w a r d , N e e d l e s , Tammen and B e r g e n d o f f — p r e p a r e d t h e h e a r i n g b o o k l e t a s p a r t o f i t s c o n s u l t i n g agreement. We, t h e r e f o r e , d i d not r e q u e s t o t h e r p r o p o s a l s f o r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i s document. Our b e s t e s t i m a t e o f a c t u a l c o s t s r e l a t i n g t o t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of t h e b o o k l e t ( w r i t i n g , e d i t i n g , e t c . ) i s $25,000. The b e n e f i t s r e f e r r e d t o on page 8 o f t h e b o o k l e t were based on v a r i o u s p a r a m e t e r s and a s s u m p t i o n s . The pariimeters and a s s u m p t i o n s were used i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h s t a n d a r d highway economics p r o c e d u r e s to d e r i v e t h e e s t i m a t e d b e n e f i t s . I w i l l l i s t t h e p e r t i n e n t i n p u t s used and a s t a f f member w i l l be happy t o d e s c r i b e t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s i n d e t a i l i f you c a n a r r a n g e a v i s i t t o our o f f i c e a t 415 - 1 2 t h S t r e e t , N. W. (Room 5 1 9 ) . �Mr. Robert M. Kennan, J r . Page Two T r a v e l Time B e n e f i t s 1. 2. V a l u e of time saved a. p a s s e n g e r s ( p e r hour p e r p a s s e n g e r ) b. commercial v e h i c l e ( p e r h o u r ) $3.00 5.56 Hours saved ( a n n u a l ) a. p a s s e n g e r v e h i c l e s . b. commercial v e h i c l e s 846,000 29,700 3. T r a v e l speed, 1-265 (mph) 50 4. T r a v e l speed, Lee Highway (mph) 10 Safety Benefits • 1. 2. 3. 4. Death r a t e , Lee Highway, p e r 100 m i l l i o n v e h i c l e m i l e s , (1968) A c c i d e n t r a t e , Lee Highway, p e r 100 m i l l i o n v e h i c l e m i l e s , (1968) Death r a t e , V i r g i n i a urban I n t e r s t a t e , per 100 m i l l i o n v e h i c l e m i l e s (1968) A c c i d e n t r a t e , p e r 100 m i l l i o n v e h i c l e m i l e s I n t e r s t a t e , urban , P a r t i a l l y c o n t r o l l e d a c c e s s , urban 10.2 1,220 ' 3.57 189 496 Operation Benefits. 1. 2. 3. P a s s e n g e r v e h i c l e o p e r a t i n g c o s t p e r 1000 m i l e s At 10 mph ( d o l l a r s ) At 50 mph ( d o l l a r s ) T r u c k o p e r a t i n g c o s t p e r 1000 m i l e s At 10 mph ( d o l l a r s ) At 50 mph ( d o l l a r s ) Percent Trucks 44.93 36.53 127.00 102.70 5 �Mr. Robert M. Kennan, J r . Page Three A. 5. 6. Speed change c o s t , between 10 mph per 1000 c y c l e s ( d o l l a r s ) Passenger v e h i c l e s Trucks and s t o p , Speed change c y c l e s , f o u r l a n e u n d i v i d e d highways per v e h i c l e m i l e s Sr.ops and i d l i n g Average time per stop ( s e c o n d s ) . . . Average c o s t per 1000 hours i d l i n g passenger v e h i c l e s , ( d o l l a r s ) Average c o s t per 1000 hours i d l i n g tracks (dollars) $1.84 13.84 3 15 114 215 A l l b e n e f i t s were c a l c u l a t e d w i t h r e s p e c t to a twenty y e a r time p e r i o d (1970-1990) and to an a n n u a l t r a f f i c growth r a t e of 2.75 p e r c e n t . Whereas our t r a f f i c p r e d i c t i o n s range between a h i g h and low f o r e c a s t , t h e b e n e f i t s on page 8 were based on the l o w e r t r a f f i c p r o j e c t i o n . The " m u l t i p l i e r " e f f e c t of p u b l i c i n v e s t m e n t i s a n o t i o n w h i c h i s g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d by contemporary e c o n o m i s t s . N e o - c l a s s i c a l economic a n a l y s i s shows t h a t a n e t i n v e s t m e n t c a u s e s a secondary e x p a n s i o n i n income and p r o d u c t i o n over and above the p r i m a r y i n v e s t m e n t . Although an e n d l e s s c h a i n of secondary r e s p e n d i n g i s s e t up, i t i s a d w i n d l i n g c h a i n . We e x p e c t t h a t a major p o r t i o n of the c o s t of 1-266 would be spent cn m a t e r i a l s and s e r v i c e s s u p p l i e d by the Washington m e t r o p o l i t a n area. I t i s not p o s s i b l e to i d e n t i f y p r e c i s e l y the " e f f e c t s " of such e x p e n d i t u r e s and c o n s e q u e n t l y we have not attempted to q u a n t i f y the monetary g a i n s i n t h e r e g i o n . The o f f s e t t i n g of t a x l o s s e s r e f e r r e d to on page 12 were based on the e f f e c t improved a c c e s s i b i l i t y has on p r o p e r t y v a l u e s . According to r e s e a r c h r e p o r t e d by t h e Highway R e s e a r c h Board, the p r i c e s of homes c o r r e l a t e w i t h d r i v i n g t i m e s to the c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t i n Washington, D. C. At t h a t t i m e , a minute l e s s of d r i v i n g time was found to be e q u i v a l e n t to a $65.00 premium i n the p r i c e of houses. The r e s u l t i n g i n c r e a s e d a s s e s s m e n t s on p r o p e r t y were t h e b a s i s f o r assuming o f f s e t t i n g t a x r e v e n u e s . We have not attempted to q u a n t i f y the e x p e c t e d t a x i n c r e a s e s because they a r e s u b j e c t to a h o s t of o t h e r p u b l i c and p r i v a t e d e c i s i o n s t h a t would need to be c o n j e c t u r e d . The maintenance and o p e r a t i n g c o s t s of highway f a c i l i t i e s , even though c o n s t r u c t e d w i t h F e d e r a l a s s i s t a n c e , a r e n e v e r t h e l e s s , the �Mr-. Robert M. Kennan, J r . Page Four r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. These c o s t s a r e not t r u l y borne by D. C. r e s i d e n t s a l o n e because f u e l t a x e s a r e l e v i e d on p u r c h a s e r s w i t h o u t r e g a r d to p l a c e of r e s i d e n c e . The a v e r a g e a n n u a l maintenance c o s t of the 1-266 p r o j e c t i s e s t i m a t e d to be $37,000 a t 1970 p r i c e s . Assuming t h a t those c o s t s c o n t i n u e t o r i s e i n t h e f u t u r e , we a n t i c i p a t e t h a t by 1990 t h e $37,000 w i l l have doubled. T h i s c o s t i s d e r i v e d from r e c o r d s f o r comparable f a c i l i t i e s . Borrowed funds a r e u t i l i z e d f o r roadway c o n s t r u c t i o n , a l t h o u g h t h e s e funds a r e s e t up to f i n a n c e a n n u a l programs r a t h e r t h a n i n d i v i d u a l p r o j e c t s . At p r e s e n t , t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia i s a u t h o r i z e d to borrow up t o $85,000,000 f o r highway c o n s t r u c t i o n . The c o s t of b o r r o w i n g has been a t a r a t e o f 7 1/4 p e r c e n t per y e a r r e c e n t l y . I s i n c e r e l y hope t h e s e answers to your q u e s t i o n s a r e adequate f o r your p u r p o s e s . P l e a s e c o n t a c t t h e O f f i c e o f P l a n n i n g and Programming by phone (629-3492) o r i n p e r s o n (Room 519) f o r any desired c l a r i f i c a t i o n . Department of Highways and T r a f f i c , D. C. �2 11 t o g e t i n touch w i t h Mr 0 A i r i s ' people some time a f t e r n o o n l a s t Thursday before I presented testimony t h i s evening. The p r e s s u r e of my f u l l - t i m e o c c u p a t i o n made t h i s i m p o s s i b l e * HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: May I suggest t h a t t h e r e c o r d w i l l remain open i n t h i s case u n t i l t h e 28th of December, and any o t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t you may want t o p l a c e i n t h e r e c o r d beyond your t e s t i m o n y t o n i g h t , w i l l be a l l o w e d , s i r . NR. KB1MAN$ Thank you, Mr. H e a r i n g O f f i c e r . a p p r e c i a t e b e i n g reminded o f t h a t . Mr, A i r i s 6 I The p a r t i a l answers i n l e t t e r of December 1 0 t h , 1970 I t h i n k p r e t t y much speak f o r t h e m s e l v e s . He gave me some f i g u r e s t o support the e x t r a o r d i n a r y s t a t e m e n t s on page 8 of t h i s pamphlet w i t h r e s p e c t t o t r a v e l time b e n e f i t s * s a f e t y b e n e f i t s , and operation benefits. I n l o o k i n g a t t h i s l e t t e r , Mr. H e a r i n g O f f i c e r , I t h i n k t h a t i t j u s t m i g h t — e x c e p t i n g a l o t o f , a s Mr. A i r i s put i t , a s s u m p t i o n s — e x c e p t i n g those assumptions i t j u s t might be b a r e l y p o s s i b l e t o c o n c e i v e of some of t h e s e b e n e f i t s , i f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and t h e S t a t e o f V i r g i n i a suddenly d i c t a t e d t h a t highway t r a f f i c c o u l d n o t i n c r e a s e from what i t i s today over t h e n e x t 20 y e a r s . You w i l l n o t e , f o r example, t h a t t h e t r a v e l speed assumed i s 50 m i l e s an hour. i s g r e a t on a t h e o r e t i c a l b a s i s . Well, t h i s But you know and I know, Mr. H e a r i n g O f f i c e r , t h a t t h i s i s n ' t t h e way i t works out* i n urban highways. These assumptions i g n o r e two e s s e n t i a l f a c t s �212 t h a t have r e p o r t e d h i s t o r i c a l l y time and time a g a i n . First, as an urban f r e e w a y i s b u i l t i t a t t r a c t s more motor v e h i c l e s t o u.3e i t r a t h e r t h a n a l t e r n a t i v e modes of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . Second, t h e persons who a r e u s i n g those motor v e h i c l e s make longer t r i p s . The f a c t of t h e matter i s t h a t a s a r e s u l t of t h e s e two f a c t s , urban f r e e w a y s soon become a3 congested a s the a r t e r i a l s t r e e t s t h e y were designed t o c l e a r . T h i s 50-mile-per-hour assumption i s l u d i c r o u s . I a s k e d Mr. A i r i s a f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n about a statement on page 12 of t h e 1-266 Design H e a r i n g I n f o r m a t i o n pamphlet. The pamphlet r e f e r r e d t o t a x l o s s e s t o A r l i n g t o n County, and said: "THESE TAX LOSSES, HOWEVER, ARE FAR OUTWEIGHED BY THE INCREASE IN TAX REVENUES THAT CAN BE EXPECTED BY VIRTUE OF THE PROJECT'S IMPACT ON THE REGION'S ECONOMY." I asked Mr. A i r i s t o k i n d l y i n d i c a t e t h e e s t i m a t e d d o l l a r amount o f t h e e x p e c t e d i n c r e a s e and p r e c i s e l y which t a x revenues were r e f e r r e d to,. He answered t h a t t h e statement was based on t h e e f f e c t o f improved a c c e s s i b i l i t y on p r o p e r t y v a l u e s , and he r e f e r r e d t o c highway r e s e a r c h board's s t u d y s c o n c l u s i o n t h a t p r i c e s o f homes c o r r e l a t e w i t h d r i v i n g time t o the c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t i n t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Area. Indeed, he s a i d , t h a t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e Highway R e s e a r c h Board t h e r e ' s a $65.00 per minute of d r i v i n g time premium on �homes,, As I understand i t , t h i s means t h a t the c l o s e r you get t o t h e c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t the more y c u r p r o p e r t y v a l u e s i n c r e a s e t o an e x t e n t of $65.00 per minute of d r i v i n g t ime. I suggest t o you, Mr. H e a r i n g O f f i c e r , t h a t i f t h i s i s s o , the most e x p e n s i v e home i n the a r e a should be l o c a t e d i n the Shaw Urban Renewal Area and not out i n Potomac. Maryland 5 I t s j u s t ridiculous„ I a l s o a s k e d Mr. A i r i s about some f i g u r e s r e l a t i n g t o a statement b u r i e d i n the back of the pamphlet about a n n u a l upkeep. Ho f i g u r e s were mentioned i n the pamphlet. pamphlet s i m p l y s a y s : two t y p e s . The Cost expended f o r h i g h w a y s — t h e r e a r e F i r s t , the c a p i t a l c o s t of c o n s t r u c t i o n and properly acquisition. o p e r a t i o n and Second,, t h e a n n u a l r e c u r r i n g c o s t of maintenance. W e l l , i f Mr. A i r i s " response i s c o r r e c t no wonder t h e y d i d n ' t mention any c o s t and maintenance. f s p e c i f i c a l l y , about o p e r a t i o n Mr. A i r i s t e l l s me t h a t i t i s e x p e c t e d t h a t the a n n u a l upkeep on 2.4 m i l e s of 1-266 w i l l be $37,000 per y e a r , and t h a t t h a t f i g u r e would double o v e r the n e x t 20 y e a r s based on 1970 p r i c e s . How i f I have f i g u r e d t h i s correctly, and I am t h e f i r s t t o concede t h a t I am not a mathematician, t h i 3 e q u a l l e d the t o t a l o u t l a y over 20 y e a r s , w i t h o u t c o u n t i n g any i n t e r e s t t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1.1 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s . I n my v i e w , t h i s c o s t i s not reimbursed from the f e d e r a l government. e �2 14 T h i s comes out of the D i s t r i c t Highway Fund, which b r i n g s trie t o t h e D i s t r i c t Highway Department. I would l i k e t o submit f i n a l l y one document f o r the r e c o r d , Mr. H e a r i n g O f f i c e r . T h i s i s an a r t i c l e from the Washington P o s t , d a t d November 2 8 t h , 1970, q u o t i n g Mr. A i r i s , as s a y i n g t h a t the Highway Fund i s i n bad shape and t h e r e i s n ' t s u f f i c i e n t money a p p a r e n t l y or may not be t o make b a d l y needed r e p a i r s t o our roads and streets. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: I t w i l l be a d m i t t e d a s E X H I B I T #5. {A COPY OF THE ABOVE-MENTIONED DOCUMENT I S ATTACHED TO THIS RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS.) MRo KENNAN: A3 a m a t t e r of f a c t , the D i s t r i c t Highway Fund i n t o w h i c h our gas t a x goes and i n t o w h i c h v e h i c l e r e g i s t r a t i o n f e e s go, i s almost bankrupt. The House of R e p ? r e s e n t a t i v c s passed on a revenue b i l l today t h a t does not i n c r e a s e t h e gas t a x and does not p r o v i d e any a d d i t i o n a l borrowing a u t h o r i t y f o r the Highway Fund. In fact, 85.2 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s i s a l r e a d y o b l i g a t e d on major highway cons t r u c t i o n and major highway maintenance the items s t r e e t s i n the c i t y today i s a shame. f a c t , I thought 0 The s t a t e of As a m a t t e r of I p r o b a b l y would be d e l a y e d i n g e t t i n g here because on my way down h e r e , d r i v i n g down P a r k Road I encounter* the Thomas F. A i r i s Memorial Pot Hole. a t C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y on m i l i t a r y r o a d . My w i f e d r i v e s t o work And, Mr. DeGast t h a t ��2 15 s t r e e t i s mads hazardous because of t h e presence from Georgia Avenue t o North C a p i t o l S t r e e t , o f t h e Leonard DeGast R u t s . D e s p i t e t h e overemployment i n t h e D. C. Highway Department t h e r e a r e probably enough s i z e a b l e pot h o l e s on our s t r e e t s to memorialize e v e r y s i n g l e one s e v e r a l t i m e s over. We s i m p l y c a n ' t a f f o r d t h e maintenance c o s t of t h i s highway. F i n a l l y , Mr* H e a r i n g O f f i c e r , I would l i k e t o a s k Mr. A i r i s one o r two more q u e s t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o t h e s a f e t y of t h e Three-Span a l t e r n a t i v e . Officer. to I was a s t o n i s h e d , Mr. Hearing Mr,, A i r i s t o l d me t h a t t h i s pamphlet c o s t $25,000.00 produce ( s i c ) . Of course 1 0 % of t h a t o n l y came from t h e D i s t r i c t Highway F u n d — $ 2 5 0 0 . 0 0 . was Not once i n t h i s pamphlet i t pointed out t h a t s e r i o u s doubts had been r a i s e d about the s a f e t y , t h e s t r u c t u r a l s a f e t y of one of these a l t e r n a t i v e s * I would l i k e t o read f i r s t a memorandum from Mr. T u r n e r , a F e d e r a l Highway a d m i n i s t r a t o r , and Mr. S c h o f f e r , t h e R e g i o n a l F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t o r . I t i s s e t out i n f u l l , i n the D i s t r i c t Court - of August 3, i n t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge cas2 0 I t appears a t 315 FedSup, Page 792. And then I w i l l . a s k Mr. A i r i s some q u e s t i o n s . "In Mr. T u r n e r s a y s : our Memorandum of September 6, 1968* we r e q u e s t e d t h a t a comprehensive f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d y be made f o r t h e proposed d e s i g n which would t a k e i n t o a f f e c t t h e c u r v a t u r e of t h e end spans and skew of t h e abutments. We a r e �2 16 s t i l l concerned t h a t t h e combination of t h e adverse geometry of t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e , t h e u n c o n v e n t i o n a l d e s i g n d e t a i l , t h e extreme l a c k o f d e s i g n e x p e r i e n c e i n a s t r u c t u r e of t h i s type and t h e complete absence of t h i s p a r t i c u l a r construction experience i n t h i s c o u n t r y make t h e u n d e r t a k i n g e x t r e m e l y hazardous and f r a u g h t w i t h danger,, To t h e b e s t of our knowledge v e r y l i t t l e has been accomplished t o a l l e v i a t e t h i s concern." T h i s i s a memorandum of March 1970. He goes on i n t h i s memorandum, Mr. H e a r i n g O f f i c e r , t o quote from S e c t i o n 109 of t h e F e d e r a l A i d Highway A c t , and then goes on t o s a y j "At a meeting a t my o f f i c e on March 20, 1970 an agreement was made w i t h Mr. T. F. A i r i s , D i r e c t o r , Department of Highways and T r a f f i c , t h a t a f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d y would be i n i t i a t e d t o determine t h e proper s e c t i o n design f o r the b r i d g e c cross- I n addition t o t h e d e s i g n proposed by the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, one o r more of a c o n v e n t i o n a l c r o s s - s e c t i o n would be i n c l u d e d i n t h e investigation. As a second phase of t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n , i t was agreed t h a t a s c a l e modelof t h e s e c t i o n determined t o provide t h e �217 optimum of e n g i n e e r i n g i n aesthetic properties would be c o n s t r u c t e d a t a s c a l e of about 1 / I 5 t h f o r t h e purpose of load t e s t i n g i n order t o v e r i f y t h e v a r i o u s d e s i g n assumptions t h a t must be made by t h e d e s i g n e r . However, t h e model t e s t i n g phase w i l l not be s t a r t e d u n t i l t h i s o f f i c e i s s a t i s f i e d that the cross section t o be t e s t e d w i l l provide s a f e t y , d u r a b i l i t y and economy of maintenance t h a t i s r e q u i r e d by S e c t i o n 109 of T i t l e 23." Mr. A i r i s , h a s t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia Department of Highways and T r a f f i c e v e r undertaken a f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d y of t h e k i n d mentioned i n t h i s memorandum? MR. A I R I S : Well, f i r s t , l e t me a s k you t h i s . Is t h a t a l e t t e r t o me? MR. KENNAN: t o Mr. S c h o f f e r . and T h i s i s a memorandum from Mr. T u r n e r The language contained r e l a y e d t o you, a s I understand it„ here was paraphrased i n a l e t t e r from Mr. H a l l , dated A p r i l 2, 1970. MR. A I R I S : W e l l , i n answer t o your q u e s t i o n , we have undertaken model t e s t s , and l a t e r a f t e r Mr. T u r n e r wrote t h a t memorandum he s a i d - Judge S i r i c a « t h a t when t h e b r i d g e ~ was b u i l t would be t h e s a f e s t b r i d g e t h a t was e v e r MR. KENNAN: built. The D i s t r i c t Department of Highways has undertaken s c a l e model t e s t s ? �218 MR. AIRIS: MR, KENNAN: MR. AIRIS: MRo KENNAN: MRo A I R I S : Yes, indeed,, Has one been c o n s t r u c t e d ? Which, the model? S c a l e model? Yes. We perceive preliminary r e s u l t s on some f e a t u r e s of i t , but i t i s not y e t completed. MR. KENNAN: completed, Mr. When, do you e s t i m a t e , i t w i l l be Airis? MR. A I R I S : W e l l , I don't r e a l l y know,, I w i l l have t o "hunt" out the answer f o r you, but i t i s not i n the next week or so. MR. I t s t i l l a l i t t l e time away. KENNAN: Are you s a t i s f i e d , Mr. A i r i s , t h a t the s a f e t y of the Three Span A l t e r n a t e can be determined before these t e s t s a r e completed? MR. AIRIS: Oh, certainly Q T h i s i s a mountain out of a mole h i l l , because u n t i l you get your f i n a l e n g i n e e r i n g d e s i g n worked and finished, no one c o u l d s a y f o r s a r e , u n t i l t h a t i s done, t h a t any b r i d g e i s proper. But when the d e s i g n i s complete, i f something shows up i n the m o d e l — a n d t h i s i s the purpose, of c o u r s e , of the model a s I am sure you know, Mr. Kennan, t o v e r i f y your d e s i g n c r i t e r i a t h a t you cranked i n t o i t , and a s soon a s the i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e model becomes a v a i l a b l e , i f i t i s not r i g h t we send i t back, you simply go back and r e c i r c u l a t e your d e s i g n a g a i n and come up w i t h the c o r r e c t c r i t e r i a . T h a t ' s the purpose. I don't t h i n k t h e r e �219 i s a n y q u e s t i o n a t a l l about t h e s a f e t y of the b r i d g e . are questioning i t . You We should t a k e i t a s i d e and look i t over r e a l c a r e f u l l y and l e t you t a l k t o our d e s i g n e r s . MR. KENNAN: contentious, Mr. A i r i s , I don't want t o appear I am s i m p l y t r y i n g t o e s t a b l i s h f o r t h i s r e c o r d what t h e s t a t u s of your work i s . MR. A I R I S : I understand. I understand. You must r e c o g n i z e t h a t we went through c o n s i d e r a b l e d i f f i c u l t y and expense* i f I may s a y so, t o produce t h e i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t i s c o l l e c t e d i n t h e o p i n i o n here and t h a t I j u s t r e a d , and i t i s f o r t h i s reason t h a t I am r a i s i n g the p o i n t . I t h i n k , i f you w i l l bear w i t h me, Mr. Hearing O f f i c e r , you s a i d , j u s t now, t h a t u n t i l f i n a l design work i s completed you can't be s u r e about t h e s a f e t y of a n y t h i n g . MR. A I R I S : No, I d i d n ' t s a y t h a t a t a l l . MR. KENNANi I am s o r r y . Perhaps I misunderstood you. MR. A I R I S s I t h i n k you d i d . MR. KENNAN: W e l l , what d i d you s a y , Mr. A i r i s ? MR. A I R I S : I s a i d t h a t u n t i l the model t e s t s a r e complete your design c r i t e r i a i s not i n i t s f i n a l s t a g e ; and u n t i l you g e t your d e s i g n c r i t e r i a , t h e number of b a r s , t h e space i n t o the b a r s , t h e space i n your r e i n f o r c e m e n t , t h e t e n s i o n r e i n f o r c e m e n t worked out and t e s t e d , you don"t have your d e s i g n completed 0 Now, a s t o the s a f e t y of t h e b r i d g e , i t �220 can be made a s s a f e a s any other b r i d g e . We a l l a g r e e , i n t h e Department, a s you w e l l know, i t h a s b u i l t a l o t of b r i d g e s around t h e Potomac and the A n a c o s t i a R i v e r here and other p l a c e s here i n the D i s t r i c t . MR. KESHANt MR 0 AIRIS: MR. KENNANt W e l l , Mr. A i r i s ? L e t me f i n i s h , w i l l you? Oh, I am s o r r y , I thought you were through. MR. A I R I S : And u n t i l you have f i n i s h e d your d e s i g n on anyone of t h o s e , an e n g i n e e r can't s a y w i t h a hundred degree c e r t a i n t y t h a t the d e s i g n i s complete, but a s f o r the s a f e t y of t h e b r i d g e , c e r t a i n l y i t ' s s a f e . The de- s i g n e r s w i l l perform and g a t t h e proper c r i t e r i a i n i t , and t h i s bridge w i l l be s a f e . MR. KENNAN: Mr. A i r i s , I suppose t h a t we c o u l d s t a y here a l l e v e n i n g c h a t t i n g about t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . I j u s t want t o make c l e a r t h a t i n my u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e 3-Span a l t e r n a t i v e t h a t i s b e f o r e us t o n i g h t i s a n o v e l p r o j e c t s a p r e - s t r e s s , c o n c r e t e bridge of t h i s l e n g t h has not y e t been b u i l t anywhere i n t h e w o r l d and i t i s v e r y d i f f i c u l t , f o r t h a t r e a s o n , f o r me t o understand why t h e Department's e x p e r i e n c e w i t h out b r i d g e s a c r o s s t h e Potomac a r e r e a l l y h a v i n g a b e a r i n g on t h i s p a r t i c u l a r b r i d g e . Hearing O f f i c e r , i t i s t h i s : I f I may add one word, Mr. I looked around b e f o r e I came up t o t h e podium a t some of t h e statements t h a t were made t h i s �221 morning by r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the b u s i n e s s community here i n Washington, and t h e y read l i k e a — of p r a i s e — f o r our highway department, Mr„ / v i r i s and h i s a s s o c i a t e s , I would like t o s a y p u b l i c l y , Mr. Hearing O f f i c e r , t h a t I w h o l e h e a r t e d l y disagree w i t h the statements. I t h i n k t h a t t h e Highway Depart- ment has done those businessmen a s w e l l a s t h e l a r g e m a j o r i t y of c i t i z e n s i n t h i s c i t y , a grave d i s s e r v i c e , , by t h e a t t e n t i o n t h a t t h e y hcive paid I n t e r s t a t e Highways over a l l other a s p e c t s of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n t h e community. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: I would l i k e t o i n t r o d u c e — May I j u s t i n t e r r u p t you j u s t long enough t o suggest t h a t i f you can get t h e statement of James O. Granum, N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l S e c t i o n of C i v i l Engineers,, MR. KENNAN: Officer. f American S o c i e t y I t may be of some i n t e r e s t t o you» Thank you. I s h a l l do t h a t , Mr. Hearing I should a l s o point out„ I suppose; i n defense, t h a t a v e r y l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n of t h e members of t h e American Academy of C i v i l E n g i n e e r s a r e employed by S t a t e and F e d e r a l Highway Departments a c r o s s t h e c o u n t r y . I c o n s i d e r t h a t not t o be an e n t i r e l y o b j e c t i v e s o u r c e . I should l i k e t o i n t r o d u c e , Mr. Hearing O f f i c e r , HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: — Where would you g e t t h e bridge b u i l d e r s from i f you don't c o n s i d e r these people o b j e c t i v e ? I mean, f o r my own i n f o r m a t i o n I am c u r i o u s . MR. KENNAN: engineers. W e l l , Mr. Dugas, t h e b r i d g e b u i l d e r s a r e That°s v e r y t r u e . I was a d d r e s s i n g myself t o some- �222 t h i n g c o m p l e t e l y d i f f e r e n t , and t h a t i s an a p p r a i s a l of t h e p u b l i c s e r v i c e rendered by t h e Highway Department i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia. Now what I am s a y i n g i s t h a t i n my view t h e S o c i e t y of C i v i l E n g i n e e r s a r e not q u a l i f i e d , not n e a r l y a s q u a l i f i e d a s everyday c i t i z e n s i n t h i s c i t y , t o analyze t h e work t h a t h a s been done b y t h e Highway Department THE AUDIENCE: 0 (applause) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS I L e t me be heard o u t . I am .sure t h e members of t h e p u b l i c understand you, b u t I am not sure t h a t I do. MR. KENNAN: W e l l , I want t o make sure t h a t you do, Mr. H e a r i n g O f f i c e r , s o I w i l l bear w i t h you. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: thing: May I a s k you j u s t one A r e you s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h e c i t i z e n s of t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia perhaps have more e x p e r t i s e i n s a f e t y f a c t o r s r e l a t i n g t o b r i d g e s than do t h e members of the American S o c i e t y of C i v i l Engineers? MR. KENNAN: loaded q u e s t i o n , Mr. H e a r i n g O f f i c e r , I c o n s i d e r t h a t a first. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: MR. KENNAN: Yes, s i r , i t i s . L e t me s a y t h a t , i n d e f e n s e , no, I don*t t h i n k t h a t a person who i s not t r a i n e d a s an e n g i n e e r , who doesn't have some e n g i n e e r i n g engineering question decisions e x p e r t i s e can make t e c h n i c a l about s a f e t y , but when i t comes t o the of h a v i n g s a f e s t r e e t s and whether f r e e w a y s a s �223 d i s t i n g u i s h e d from o t h e r forms of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a r e more l i k e l y t o a c h i e v e s a f e s t r e e t s , then I t h i n k the people's vo i c e sh ou I d r u l e . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: MR. KENNAN: Hogan a t t h i s t i m e . I understand. Nov;, I would l i k e t o i n t r o d u c e Dr. Dr fc C. M i c h a e l Hogan i s Manager, E n v i r o n m e n t a l Program f o r E n v i r o n m e n t a l Systems L a b o r a t o r y , a d i v i s i o n o f E S L INCORPORATED, Sunnyvale, California. Dr. Hogan has come a long way t o be w i t h us t h i s e v e n i n g . We a r e pleased and proud t o have him a v a i l a b l e a t t h i s h e a r i n g ^ Mr. Hearing O f f i c e r , a t t h e c o n c l u s i o n of h i s p r e s e n t a t i o n I s h a l l f o r m a l l y make t h e r e q u e s t of you a g a i n , and I a s k t h a t I be r e c o g n i z e d t h e n . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Dr. Hogan? WHEREUPON, DR. C. MICHAEL HOGAN, Committee o f 100 on t h e F e d e r a l C i t y , approached the podium and t e s t i f i e d , i n substance, as f o l l o w s : DR. HOGAN* My name i s C. M i c h a e l Hogan. ESL I n - c o r p o r a t e d has been r e t a i n e d by t h e Committee of 100 on The F e d e r a l C i t y t o provide t e s t i m o n y on t h e expected environmental impact of p o r t i o n s o f t h e proposed 1-266 highway,. E S L i n c o r p o r a t e d i n S u n n y v a l e , C a l i f o r n i a i s a r e s e a r c h and development c o r p o r a t i o n , which has been i n e x i s t e n c e a p p r o x i m a t e l y seven y e a r s . We have on our s t a f f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 190 p r o - �224 f e s s i o n a l s t a f f members,, most of whom a r e e n g i n e e r s , s c i e n t i s t s and mathematicians. The E n v i r o n m e n t a l Systems L a b o r a t o r y of E S L i s engaged i n an e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n a l y s i s , s p e c i a l i z i n g i n the p r e d i c t i o n and m o n i t o r i n g of a i r and n o i s e p o l l u t i o n . We a r e and i n t h e r e c e n t past have been engaged i n v a r i o u s analysers f o r both p r i v a t e o r g a n i z a t i o n s and government. I n p a r t i c u l a r , on December 7 t h , 1970 E S L presented f i n d i n g s f o r t h e proposed 1-66 highway through environmental p a r t s of A r l i n g t o n County. My own background i s i n p h y s i c s , h a v i n g r e c e i v e d degrees from P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r s i t y and S t a n f o r d U n i v e r s i t y . I h o l d an a d d i t i o n a l p o s i t i o n a t p r e s e n t a s F a c u l t y Member of Santa C l a r a U n i v e r s i t y i n C a l i f o r n i a . The p r i n c i p l e r e s u l t s of t h e E S L i n v e s t i g a t i o n today are: (1) I n s u f f i c i e n t data h a s been made p u b l i c r e g a r d i n g the d e t a i l e d d e s i g n of t h e proposed 1-266 highway. t i c u l a r no thorough assessment I n par- can be made of t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l impact o f t h e 1-266 Potomac C r o s s i n g (Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e ) w i t h o u t d e t a i l e d d e s i g n s of t h e highway segments and ramps t h a t connect t o t h a t b r i d g e . (2) A p r e l i m i n a r y e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n a l y s i s has been conducted t o p r e d i c t carbon monoxide and sound l e v e l s near the proposed 1-266 highway a s i t passes over t h e Potomac r i v e r bank a r e a on t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia side., The r e s u l t s �225 show t h a t t h e r e i s a p o t e n t i a l t h r e a t t o the community h e a l t h i n park and o t h e r a r e a s up t o a t l e a s t s e v e r a l hundred f e e t from the highway,, (3) Based upon the p r e l i m i n a r y e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n a l y s i s E S L deems i t i m p e r a t i v e t o conduct a more d e t a i l e d s t u d y of the e n v i r o n m e n t a l any d e s i g n p l a n s a r e impact of the proposed 1-266 before confirmed. I s h a l l e l a b o r a t e on each of these t h r e e p o i n t s in succession: I n performing a meaningful environmental a n a l y s i s i n w h i c h one not merely g e n e r a t e s numbers but tries t o a c c e s s the r e a l impact of any p r o j e c t upon community h e a l t h and w e l l - b e i n g one needs r e l i a b l e and a c c u r a t e data about the proposed p r o j e c t . I n p a r t i c u l a r , E S L has conducted an a n a l y s i s of the n o i s e and a i r p o l l u t i o n e f f e c t of the 1-266 highway and has sought data which has not been a v a i l a b l e t o SSL f o r making t h i s type of a n a l y s i s . To e l a b o r a t e and become somewhat t e c h n i c a l , I s t a t e t h a t i n the p r e d i c t i o n of n o i s e p o l l u t i o n one needs t o know the d e t a i l e d geometry of the roadway w i t h r e s p e c t t o the community. One needs t o know the placement of v a r i o u s o b j e c t s , b u i l d i n g s and the s t r u c t u r e of the t e r r a i n because of the complex n a t u r e of a c o u s t i c propagation. One a l s o needs t o know a d e t a i l e d i n v e n t o r y of the sound sources — t h a t i s , d e t a i l e d e s t i m a t e s of not o n l y the number of v e h i c l e s c r o s s i n g i n one day but the number of v e h i c l e s by hour and the v e h i c l e mix broken down i n t o automobiles and �226 t r u c k s , p r e f e r a b l y t r u c k s broken down i n t o g a s o l i n e powered. the and d i e s e l One a l s o needs t o know t h e d e t a i l e d meteorology of region. Much of t h i s E S L h a s been a b l e t o o b t a i n through Department of Commerce c h a n n e l s . S i m i l a r l y * i n p r e d i c t i n g a i r p o l l u t i o n impact upon the community one a l s o needs t o know t h e d e t a i l e d geometry of t h e roadway w i t h r e s p e c t t o the surrounding area, the meteorology and a d e t a i l e d e m i s s i o n inventory. A l l o f t h e s e t h i n g s , of c o u r s e , a r e u l t i m a t e l y imp o r t a n t because i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o know t h e e x a c t placement of t h e roadway r e l a t i v e t o people who a r e t h e r e c i p i e n t s of the e n v i r o n m e n t a l impact. Now I should l i k e t o d i s c u s s b r i e f l y t h e philosophy of t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l c a l c u l a t i o n s t h a t were performed i n order t h a t t h e somewhat t e c h n i c a l n a t u r e of t h e r e s u l t s not be m i s leading i n a n y way. The p h i l o s o p h y of t h e p r e d i c t i o n s of t h e a i r n o i s e p o l l u t i o n was, a s I s a i d e a r l i e r , not merely t o g e n e r a t e numbers r e l a t i n g t o t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s but t o generate numbers w h i c h r e l a t e i n t i m a t e l y t o t h e people t h a t must bear those e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s . So t h a t i n our v e r y u n i t s of measurement, our v e r y mode o f c a l c u l a t i o n , we i n c o r p o r a t e t h i s type of p r i n c i p l e . I n p a r t i c u l a r , when we c a l c u l a t e n o i s e e f f e c t s , t h e u n i t s of measurement a r e r e f e r r e d t o t h e r e a s t h e DVA S c a l e . The DVA S c a l e i s a commonly used s c a l e by a c o u s t i c a l s c i e n t i s t s t o r a t e r e l a t i v e i n t e n s i t y of �227 sounds v I w i l l make some comments on the that scale a l i t t l e later. The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of u n i t used i n the prediction of a i r p o l l u t i o n i s p a r t s per m i l l i o n of c o n c e n t r a t i o n . This measure i s e x t r e m e l y important because the human s u b j e c t s whom a r e a f f e c t e d by the a i r p o l l u t i o n a c t u a l l y e x p e r i e n c e a i r p o l l u t i o n a t t h e i r own l o c a t i o n , and, the t h e r e f o r e , becomes somewhat unimportant what the a c t u a l tonnages of e m i s s i o n s a r e and much more important what the c o n c e n t r a t i o n p o l l u t a n t carbon monoxide a r e a t the I s h a l l now a n a l y s i s t h a t ESL has l o c a t i o n of a person. r e v i e w the p r e l i m i n a r y performed. We of a environmental have i n v e s t i g a t e d the impact of a i r and n o i s e p o l l u t i o n upon the s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a of 1-266. We f i n d that there i s s i g n i f i c a n t environmental impact i n both a i r and n o i s e p o l l u t i o n which w i l l be i n the d e t a i l e d s t a t e m e n t s and interpretation that elaborated follow. I t i s v e r y important t o note a t t h i s point the r a t h e r c o n s e r v a t i v e assumption t h a t went i n t o t h e s e p r e d i c t i o n s . That i s , ESL addressed c a s e s t h a t were m e a n i n g f u l enough t o be con- s i d e r e d but d i d not address the c a s e s t h a t would l e a d t o most s e v e r e or extreme p o l l u t i o n e p i s o d e s . the In p a r t i c u l a r , i n order t o c a l c u l a t e n o i s e e f f e c t s , the model used assumed o n l y one passing v e h i c l e , a t r u c k , so t h a t the e f f e c t s of other automobiles or other n o i s e s o u r c e s — f o r example, a i r c r a f t are c o m p l e t e l y ignored i n t h i s a n a l y s i s i n order t o g i v e a cons e r v a t i v e e s t i m a t e about the e n v i r o n m e n t a l impact. I shall now �228 d i s p l a y a s l i d e showing the r e l a t i v e n o i s e annoyances on the dBA s c a l e . F i g u r e 2. • The s c a l e i s prepared so t h a t the r e s u l t s t h a t f o l l o w can be i n t e r p r e t e d i n terms of reference sound l e v e l s t h a t we o r d i n a r i l y a r e accustomed t o hearing,, On the r i g h t h a n d s i d e , one sees opposite the v a r i s dBA l e v e l s representative s i t u a t i o n s w h i c h a r e t y p i c a l of those dBA levels. So t h a t we see a t the lower extreme 20 dBA i s r e p r e s e n t e d a s a sound s t u d i o f o r e x t r e m e l y q u i t e c o n d i t i o n s . 50 dBA i s a moderate type of n o i s e e n c l o s u r e t h a t one would encounter i n a normal b u s i n e s s o f f i c e . 90 dBA on the upper extreme i s t h a t l e v e l of n o i s e t h a t would be e x p e r i e n c e d a few f e e t away from a Jack-Hammer out on a c i t y s t r e e t . On the l e f t h a n d s i d e we s e v e r a l l e v e l s not r e l a t e d t o s p e c i f i c n o i s e s o u r c e s but r e l a t e d t o comments t h a t a r e a v a i l a b l e on the n o i s e . s see the 0 point t h a t s chosen t o be t h e t h r e s h o l d We see a t the extreme t o p one has the t h r e s h o l d i s induced by the sound l e v e l . made from 40 t o 75 dBA. Intermediate of We hearing. of pain w h i c h comments a r e We have v a r i o u s comments, some a r e HUD DESIRABLE - a s f a r as n o i s e l e v e l s r e c e n t l y e s t a b l i s h e d . The upper b a r around 75 dBA i n d i c a t e s the point a t w h i c h o c c a s i o n n o i s e s a t t h i s l e v e l w i l l v e r y l i k e l y cause community reaction. T h i s p a r t i c u l a r somewhat o b j e c t i v e remark i s docu- mented i n the paper "CAN NOISE RADIATION FROM HIGHWAYS BE REDUCED BY DESIGN?" a S t a t e of C a l i f o r n i a p u b l i c a t i o n . With �2 29 reference sound l e v e l s i n mind I s h a l l now demonstrate some r e s u l t s of computer c o m p i l a t i o n s w h i c h ESL has made p r e d i c t i n g the n o i s e exposure i n the g e n e r a l v i c i n i t y of the proposed on the D i s t r i c t of Columbia s i d e . i l l u s t r a t e s an e l e v a t e d The 1-266 s c h e m a t i c drawing roadway w i t h a t r u c k going by« The contour l i n e s through the Diagram ( F i g u r e 1„) r e p r e s e n t places of e q u a l i n t e n s i t y , e q u a l sound i n t e n s i t y throughout the One has a v e r b a l s c a l e r e p r e s e n t i n g any p a r t i c u l a r o b s e r v e r i s from the base l e v e l . field. the number of f e e t t h a t the h o r i z o n t a l a x i s the d i s t a n c e t h a t one One i s from the has on source, the v e h i c l e . As we can see, up t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y 230 the roadway one has s i g n i f i c a n t n o i s e l e v e l s . s t a n d a r d s l i d e of a moment ago, we f e e t from Referring to our see t h a t most of t h e s e l e v e l s - w i l l generate what i s r e f e r r e d t o between vacuum c l e a n e r and jackhammer ( F i g u r e 2 . ) . a r e above some of the HUD We a l s o see t h a t the l e v e l s n o i s e l e v e l recommendations and we a l s o see t h a t the l e v e l s a r e g e n e r a l l y above t h a t l i k e l y t o produce community c o m p l a i n t s . I should i n d i c a t e , although i t c a n ' t be shown e n t i r e l y on t h i s s l i d e , t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t n o i s e l e v e l p e r s i s t s out beyond 300 s u b j e c t i v e measure and how s i g n i f i c a n t up t o 1000 f e e t , and depending on one's much n o i s e he can t o l e r a t e , may be feet. S i m i l a r l y , we w i l l look a t now f o r carbon monoxide ( F i g u r e 3.) E S L has a s e t of s t a n d a r d s predicted the likely �230 carbon monoxide exposure of the same 1-266 and i n order t o i n t e r p r e t t h e s e r e s u l t s we of t h e s e r e f e r e n c e on the r i g h t h a n d are reported road v i c i n i t y , should f o l l o w some l e v e l s i n d i c a t e d i n a soot. s i d e , one We see l i s t s several t y p i c a l f a c t s that i n the l i t e r a t u r e . Most of t h e s e e f f e c t s have been demonstrated o n l y i n t h e i r s t a t i s t i c a l o c c u r r e n c e h e a l t h e f f e c t s due to pollution are. p a r t s per m i l l i o n carbon monoxide may l o g i c a l e f f e c t upon human b e i n g s . One l e v e l s around 30 p a r t s per m i l l i o n may e f f e c t upon people. the r i g h t h a n d again, One ( as most s e e s as low as 8 have an observed physio- sees t h a t more extreme have a considerable I t ' s i n t e r e s t i n g t o note the bottom of s i d e of the s l i d e - t h a t the average ambient carbon monoxide c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n urban U n i t e d S t a t e s , I s t r e s s i s an average over many p a r t s of the c i t y . This What we a r e l o o k i n g a t a r e the a c u t e e f f e c t s t h a t measures around m e a n i n g f u l and c o n s i d e r a b l e p o r t i o n s of the roadway; i n the g e n e r a l a r e a of 4 t o 6 p a r t s per m i l l i o n of carbon monoxide i s a l s o estimated t o be the c u r r e n t D i s t r i c t of Columbia type average carbon monoxide c o n c e n t r a t i o n a l t h o u g h no really r e l i a b l e data e x i s t s s i n c e not enough m o n i t o r i n g p o s i t i o n s a r e a v a i l a b l e throughout the D i s t r i c t of Columbia t o v e r i f y t h a t k i n d of l e v e l . On the l e f t h a n d s i d e , one of important g u i d e l i n e s . The a g a i n s e e s a couple 10 p a r t s per m i l l i o n g u i d e l i n e i s important because i t r e p r e s e n t s the N a t i o n a l A i r P o l l u t i o n Control Administration's r e c e n t l y adopted g u i d e l i n e s . Around �231 f i v e p a r t s per m i l l i o n should be, o r t h e f i v e t o s i x p a r t s per m i l l i o n a r e t h e proposed Washington, D„ C. g u i d e l i n e s f o r carbon monoxide. I should mention t h a t t h e N a t i o n a l A i r P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n h a s a l s o gone on r e c o r d a s i n d i c a t i n g 5 p a r t s per m i l l i o n o f carbon monoxide would be a d e s i r a b l e l e v e l t o l i f t t h e carbon monoxide c o n c e n t r a t i o n . We see up n e a r t h e upper l e f t h a n d c o r n e r a couple of extreme carbon monoxide c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w h i c h have been measured near, r e s p e c t i v e l y . Hew York C i t y and Los Angeles Freeway i n t e r change s I w i l l p r e s e n t some of t h e E S L f i n d i n g s on p r e d i c t e d carbon monoxide c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n t h e v i c i n i t y of 1-26. r e c a l l the indicated levels i n t h i s s l i d e . before Please I should mention i n t e r p r e t i n g t h e s l i d e i t s e l f some o f t h e important assumptions t h a t went i n t o t h e c o m p i l a t i o n s w h i c h were v e r y conservative. The m e t e o r o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s , one speed of 5 m i l e s per hour and s t a b i l i t y c l a s s a r e such t h a t t h e y w i l l be encountered 3 0 % of t h e time i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia a r e a . T h a t i s t o s a y , 3 0 % of t h e t i m e , i n t h e morning r u s h hour, one w i l l a c t u a l l y experience values. carbon monoxide l e v e l s above t h e s e Sometimes c o n s i d e r a b l y above t h e s e v a l u e s . The c a l - c u l a t i o n s a l s o assume t h a t e v e r y v e h i c l e on t h e roadway i s equipped w i t h 1974 a i r p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l e m i s s i o n devices. Whether o r not t h e v e h i c l e s i n 1974 w i l l a c t u a l l y have those d e v i c e s remains somewhat p r o b l e m a t i c , but i n order t o present �2 32 a c o n s e r v a t i v e e s t i m a t e we assumed t h a t type of equipment. We a l s o assumed t h a t t h e speed of a l l v e h i c l e s on t h e roadways, 50 m i l e s per hour - a g a i n a c o n s e r v a t i v e assumption - i n t h e sense t h a t .reduced v e h i c l e speeds w h i c h a r e sometimes a c e r t a i n t y w i l l t e n d t o i n c r e a s e t h e modal c a l c u l a t i o n s o f c a r bon monoxide. Now t o i n t e r p r e t t h e s l i d e . (See T a b l e 1.) We have made c a l c u l a t i o n s f o r f o u r r e p r e s e n t a t i v e from t h e roadway. distances The roadway i s i l l u s t r a t e d a g a i n a s t h e e l e v a t e d v e h i c l e goes by (See F i g u r e 3.) The c a l c u l a t i o n , I must p o i n t out, was made f o r t h e e n t i r e p r o j e c t e d s t r e a m of t r a f f i c n o t j u s t one v e h i c l e . The c a l c u l a t i o n s t h a t were made f o r t h r e e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e t y p e s : 0 f e e t ground l e v e l ; 5 f e e t , approximately the height and 13 f e e t (See F i g u r e 3.3 of a human o b s e r v e r s head? The c a l c u l a t i o n s were made, a s summarized h e r e , f o r 4 d i s t a n c e s from the roadway and a r e thus presented i n the red. One s e e s t h a t i n t h e ground l e v e l v i c i n i t y a t 0 - 5 feet concentration of 7 t o 10 p a r t s per m i l l i o n o f carbon monoxide a r e seen t o occur. We can compare t h i s then w i t h t h e e a r l i e r s l i d e t h a t showed us t h a t 10 p a r t s per m i l l i o n i s t h e d e s i r e d - t h e proposed N a t i o n a l A i r Pollution Control Administration guideline. So t h a t t h e s e l e v e l s i n d i c a t i n g r o u t i n e o c c u r r e n c e s o f carbon monoxide a r e right a t that level. We can be a s s u r e d , then, that the l e v e l s t h a t w i l l d e r i v e from t h i s roadway c o n f i g u r a t i o n w i l l be above the proposed Washington, D c C. g u i d e l i n e ; above t h e d e s i r a b l e �N a t i o n a l A i r P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n g u i d e l i n e , and many t i m e s when one h a s wind v e l o c i t i e s such a s 1 or 2 m i l e s per hour - w i l l r e a c h i n t o t h e 20 t o 30 p a r t s per m i l l i o n range i n d i c a t e d t o be t y p i c a l o f Los Angeles and New York C i t y , major freeway i n t e r c h a n g e s , now, and w h i c h were s u f f i - c i e n t t o cause prominent damage i n human beings., Let me quote from t h e Design Hearing Information, page 9 : "THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA AND THE SURROUNDING METROPOLITAN AREA REPRESENT A NATIONAL HISTORIC TRUST . " Indeed t h e r e a r e man/ n a t i o n a l monuments i n t h i s particular a r e a and one can see f o r h i m s e l f what some o f t h e t y p i c a l e nvironmental f a c t s would be, not o n l y from t h e people i n t h i s a r e a but t h e s i g h t s o f t h i s n a t i o n a l h i s t o r i c t r u s t . B e f o r e a more s p e c i f i c a n a l y s i s can be made f o r any one o f t h e s i t e s , one would have t o have more d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n i s now a v a i l a b l e on t h e d e s i g n o f t h e roadway. than I should a l s o l i k e t o p o i n t out s e v e r a l comments i n t h e Design Hearing I n f o r m a t i o n , page 13, w h i c h a r e s o p a t e n t l y u n o b j e c t i v e t h a t t h e y should be brought f o r p u b l i c n o t i c e . One statement r e a d s , and I quote, "THE FINDINGS ALSO CONFIRM THAT ADDITIONAL REDUCTION OF NOISE I S GAINED FROM HIGH DENSITY TREE PLANTINGS ALONG THE RIGHT-OF-WAY." �234 The use of t r e e p l a n t i n g s a l o n g roadways has f o r some time been d i s p e l l e d a s reasonable means of n o i s e reduction. I m e r e l y r e f e r t o a document c i t e d e a r l i e r f o r d e t a i l s of t h i s a n a l y s i s and a more e x t e n s i v e b i b l i o g r a p h y , - t h e paper, "CAN NOISE RADIATION FROM HIGHWAYS 3 E REDUCED BY DESIGN?" By. r e f e r r i n g t o s e v e r a l well-known e x p e r i m e n t s , v e r y s m a l l n o i s e r e d u c t i o n can be a c h i e v e d by h i g h d e n s i t y t r e e p l a n t i n g s , and t h i s statement I f i n d t o be e x t r e m e l y m i s l e a d i n g t o a person who i s not v e r s e d i n a c o u s t i c propagation. The second statement I quote from the DESIGN HEARING 1 INFORMATION, ! "RELATIVELY FEW NOISE g SINCE PEOPLE WILL A L L RESIDENCES OR MORE FROM THE BE AFFECTED ARE 150 B Y FEET PAVEMENT." A g a i n , o b j e c t i v e evidence h a s shown on the n o i s e contour p r e d i c t i o n s , i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h i s i s a m i s l e a d i n g statement s i n c e s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l s of n o i s e w i l l extend w e l l beyond 1 5 0 f e e t beyond the roadway. The t h i r d comment I quote from the DESIGN HEARING INFORMATION s t a t e s t h a t : "THE MOST E F F E C T I V E CONTROL OF N O I S E I S AT THE SOURCE . " I v/ould l i k e t o expand one sentence on t h a t which i s not mentioned i n the DESIGN HEARING INFORMATION a s an a l t e r n a t i v e , , t h a t one way t o c o n t r o l n o i s e a t t h e source i s �2 35 t o e l i m i n a t e t h e highway. THE AUDIENCE: 24R HOGAN: 0 t h i r d p o i n t , which (applause) I should now l i k e t o e l a b o r a t e on t h e I mentioned i n t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n and t h a t i s more d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s t h a t E S L deems should occur i n order t o a s s e s s t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l impact on t h e a r e a s u r r o u n d i n g I~'2S5„ There a r e s e v e r a l t a s k s t h a t one needs t o perform and I w i l l t r y t o be somewhat s p e c i f i c about t h e s e t a s k s . these w i l l be e n t e r e d i n t o t h e r e c o r d when I f i n i s h Some of reading from them. I n p a r t i c u l a r , i n order t o c a l c u l a t e n o i s e l e v e l s i n the d e t a i l e d way t h a t t h e y should be one needs t o a c q u i r e det a i l e d drawings of t h e proposed roadway and a d j o i n i n g t e r r a i n , including a l l alternate designs. One needs s e c o n d l y t o a c q u i r e a d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e m e t e o r o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e a r e a around t h e Three Sisters site. One need t h i r d l y t o a c q u i r e t h e t r a f f i c expected f o r t h e Three S i s t e r s And statistics site. l a s t l y , one needs t o use t h e e x i s t i n g n o i s e p r e - d i c t i o n model t o c a l c u l a t e t h e n o i s e l e v e l s t h a t can be expecte i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e proposed 1-266 near t h e Potomac C r o s s i n g F o r a through a i r p o l l u t i o n a n a l y s i s on merely one s u b s t a n c e , carbon monoxide, i t i s recommended t h a t a s t u d y i n c l u d i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r e c a s t , be conducted. �236 One, c o n s t r u c t a s t a t i s t i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e wind f i e l d a t t h e proposed Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e Two, site. a c q u i r e a v a i l a b l e data of CO c o n c e n t r a t i o n s f o r an e l e v a t e d roadway t h a t has s i m i l a r mean wind c o n d i t i o n s , a i r t u r b u l e n c e and t r a f f i c burden, a s t h e proposed Three Sisters B r i d g e site„ T h r e e , t e s t e x i s t i n g d i f f u s i o n models a g a i n s t t h e data a c q u i r e d i n t a s k two, t o determine which model w i l l b e s t p r e d i c t CO c o n c e n t r a t i o n s near t h e Three S i s t e r s site. F o u r , a p p l y t h e b e s t d i f f u s i o n model t o g e t h e r w i t h the s t a t i s t i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e wind f i e l d t o p r e d i c t CO c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a t t h e Three S i s t e r s site. I n order t o i n d i c a t e what would be i n v o l v e d i n such an a n a l y s i s I merely s t a t e t h a t t h e s c i e n t i f i c t o o l s f o r performing such an a n a l y s i s e x i s t . You have seen an example of t h e i r r e s u l t s t o n i g h t . E S L s o e s t i m a t e s an approximate c o s t of such a more complete e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n a l y s i s t o be $50,000. A g a i n , I would l i k e t o summarize t h e t h r e e p r i n c i p l e f i n d i n g s t h a t E S L h a s i n i t s e n v i r o n m e n t a l impact a n a l y s i s . I n s u f f i c i e n t d a t a h a s been made p u b l i c i n order t o make a d e t a i l e d e n v i r o n m e n t a l type a n a l y s i s . Two, a p r e l i m i n a r y e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n a l y s i s has been conducted and i t has been found t h a t t h e r e i s a s i g n i f i c a n t p o t e n t i a l t h r e a t t o t h e conmunity°s h e a l t h , i n park and other �a r e a s up t o a t l e a s t s e v e r a l hundred f e e t from t h e highway. T h r e e , based on t h e p r e l i m i n a r y e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n a l y s i s E S L recommends a more d e t a i l e d s t u d y i n order t o a s s e s s t h e a c t u a l e n v i r o n m e n t a l impact of t h e proposed 2-266. I now e n t e r i n t o t h e r e c o r d , a b r i e f summary of the C A P A B I L I T I E S & F A C I L I T I E S o f t h e E n v i r o n m e n t a l Systems L a b o r a t o r y of E S L I n c o r p o r a t e d ; and I e n t e r i n t o t h e r e c o r d a summary O f t h e ENVIRONMENTAL FINDINGS FOR THE PROPOSED 1-266 HIGHWAY AT THE PTOMAC RIVER CROSSING performed by E S L . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: E x h i b i t s #6 and #7. Thank you f They w i l l be a d m i t t e d a s Doctor. May we have them. (THE ABOVE MENTIONED E X H I B I T S ARE ATTACHED TO THIS RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS.) MR. KENNANt Mr. H e a r i n g O f f i c e r , I am s u r e t h a t you must have been impressed a s I was by Dr. Hogan°s t e s t i m o n y * On t h e b a s i s o f the t e s t i m o n y he h a s presented h e r e , we of the Committee of 100 on t h e F e d e r a l C i t y r e q u e s t and urge t h a t t h e Highway Departments of t h e D i s t r i c t and V i r g i n i a h o l d a new design h e a r i n g of 1-266, a f t e r t h e n e c e s s a r y f o r e c a s t datai have been prepared and d i s t r i b u t e d t o t h e p u b l i c , and a f t e r a d e t a i l e d an e n v i r o n m e n t a l impact a n a l y s i s h a s been und e r t a k e n of t h e k i n d Dr. Hogan has suggested f o r t h e whole of the highway p r o j e c t d e s i g n a t e d 1-266. We t h i n k t h a t t h i s a t a minimum i s r e q u i r e d by T i t l e 23 of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Code, S e c t i o n 1 2 8 ( a ) , by t h e P o l i c y and Procedure memorandum 20-8, �ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS FINDINGS FOR THE PROPOSED 1266 HIGHWAY AT THE POTOMAC RIVER CROSSING C. Michael Hogan Leda C. Patmore Harry Seidman Richard J . Venti December 11, 1970 \ E S L INCORPORATED ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS LABORATORY 495 Java Drive Sunnyvale, California 940S6 i �E N V I R O N M E N T A L ANALYSIS FINDINGS FOR THE PROPOSED 1266 HIGHWAY A T T H E POTOMAC R I V E R CROSSING JL. INTRODUCTION. E S L Incorporated has been retained by the Committee of 100 on The Federal City to provide testimony on the expected environmental impact of portions of the proposed 1266 highway. The principal results of the E S L investigations to date are: (1) Insufficient data has been made public regarding the detailed design of the proposed 1266 highway. In particular no thorough assessment can be made of the environmental impact of the 1266 Potomac Crossing (Three Sisters Bridge) without detailed designs of the highway segments and ramps that connect to that bridge. (2) A preliminary environmental analysis has been conducted to predict carbon monoxide and sound levels near the proposed 1266 highway as it passes over the Potomac r i v e r bank area on the District of Columbia side. The results show that there is a potential threat to the community health in park and other areas up to at least several hundred feet from the highway. (3) \ Based on the preliminary environmental analysis E S L deems it imperative to conduct a more detailed study of the environments! impact of the proposed 1266 before any design plans are confirmed. Details of the above three points are given in the following sections. �2. DESIGN FEATURES OF 1266 REQUIRED FOR AN ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS. There is a large quantity of data needed to make a valid study of the environmental impact of the proposed Three Sisters Bridge. Much of this data is not available at this time. Not only is the design of the bridge itself important, but details are needed on the. roadway on either side of the bridge. One must know exactly where these roadways are to be located so that the interaction between the roadway and surrounding terrain can be calculated. In studying a i r pollution, the calculations of turbulence patterns are dependent on this interaction. Similarly in noise studies one must know what the surrounding terrain looks like in order to account for reflection and diffraction of the sound waves. The length, width, and height of the roadway are also very important, as is the design of any supporting structure that might be present. pollutants are dispersed. A l l of these effect the way the F o r example, if the ramps leading to the bridge are built on solid structures one can expect eddy effects along the supporting structure. In the case of noise studies it is important to be able to define exactly whe re the sources are. I f the roadway shapes either upward or downward it can affect both a i r and noise pollution. F o r example, trucks going up an incline tend to be noisier than trucks driving on flat t e r r a i n . Details of the expected traffic burden are also needed. One has to know how many vehicles are to be expected in order to do any calculations. One needs to know not only the number of vehicles, but also what types of vehicles that are expected and in •what proportions. 2 �2. — Continued. In summary, to make a meaningful study of a i r or noise pollution, specific details of the roadway must.be known. This includes the exact location of the roadway, the design of supporting strudtures, the dimensions of any traffic b a r r i e r s , the type of surface that w i l l be used, and the design and location of any adjoining range. Also one must have detailed contours of the terrain surrounding the proposed roadway. Finally one needs to have detailed traffic statistics. These statistics must contain the absolute number of vehicles predicted, and the m i x of c a r s , gasoline trucks, diesel trucks, and buses expected. One must have figures on how the speed of the vehicles w i l l vary and whether the vehicles w i l l be accelerating, decelerating or moving smoothly. A l l these statistics should be given not only in terms of average load, but also in terms of peak loads and for other times of interest such as late evening. �3. PRELIMINARY ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS. A simplified model was used for the preliminary estimates of noise levels. This was necessitated by the fact that the data need^for running an actual case was not available. The model used consists of a single truck located on a 20' roadway,, It was assumed that the truck was in the outside lane and travelling at a speed of 50 mph. A noise level of 93 dBA measured at 25' from the truck was used. The predicted noise contours are shown in Figure 1. '• Figure 2 can be used to relate these figures to sound levels normally heard. Also the noise levels should be compared to standards shown in this figure. In spite of the lack of definitive design data, some preliminary estimates of carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations were made. The roadway was considered to be an elevated line source, at a height of thirteen feet from the ground, with a maximum hourly oa—way- traffic burden of 9, 000 cars per hour and an-avenge hourly one-way traffic of.^56© cars per hour. The CO emission rate used, per car, was 23 grams/' mile, which represents 1974 standards for a car travelling 50 miles per hour. The wind speed was taken as five miles per hour, yielding CO concentrations which are actually exceeded 30% of the time (when wind speeds are less than 5 miles per hour). The air turbulence was considered to be moderately stable. •.. . \ Projected CO concentrations were computed for various distances from the roadway, at ground level and heights of five and thirteen feet. These figures are given in Table 1 and are illustrated in Figure 3. For purposes of comparison, note that harmful effects from CO have been observed at concentrations 8 parts per million (ppm); that present NAPCA guidelines for maximum eight-hour CO concentrations �Figure 1. Predicted Noise Levels in the Vicinity of Proposed 1266. The Area Shown is the District of Columbia Side of the Proposed Three Sisters Bridge. �Figure 2. Reference Sound Levels Measured in dBA �Figure 3. Carbon Monoxide Concentrations in FPM in the Vicinity ofI2G6 Near the Potomac River Crossing. �— Continued. are 10 ppm, and that proposed Washington, D. C. guidelines call for eventual restric tion to 5 ppm (see Figure 4). Table 1. Distance from Roadway (ft) Ground Level Concentration (ppm) 200 8 9 15 250 10 10 13 300 10 10 11 400 11 9 10 600 10 9 8 5' Concentration - 13' Concentration - I 8 �PHYSIOLOGIC STRESS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR PATIENTS IMPAIRED PSYCHOMOTOR E F F E C T S IN NORMAL SUBJECTS MAXIMUM HOURLY CONCENTRATION NEAR NYC EXPRESSWAY INTERCHANGE MAXIMUM HOURLY CONCENTRATION NEAR LOS ANGELES FREEWAY INTERCHANGE REPFESENT NAPCA GUIDELINES IMPAIRED TIME-INTERVAL DISCRIMINATION IN NONSMOKING SUBJECTS PRODUCED BY 1 CAR*, AT 15 MPH PROBABILITY OF INCREASED F A T A L I T Y IN MYO-CARDIAL PATIENTS PROPOSED WASHINGTON, D. C. GUIDELINES PRODUCED BY 1 CAR*, AT 50 MPH \ AVERAGE AMBIENT CO CONCENTRATIONS IN URBAN U.S. I I *With 1974 standards emission control; without diffusion. This is equivalent to a car travelling through an unventcd tunnel 6 feet high and 6 feet wide. Figure 4. CO Concentrations Related to Health and to Current Measurements and Guidelines 9 �4. PROPOSED STUDY. Based upon the preliminary environmental analysis, E S L deems it imperative to conduct a more detailed study to analyze the impact that 1266 w i l l have on the environment. There are two distinct areas that should be studied in more detail. F i r s t one must determine what noise levels the surrounding area w i l l be subject to. Second one should study how the a i r quality of the surrounding area w i l l be affected. The noise levels near the proposed roadway ai'e dependent upon the detailed design of the roadway, the traffic statistics, the meteorological conditions and the nearby terrain and buildings. The noise study proposed in a more detailed environmental analysis consists of four tasks. (1) Acquire detailed drawings of the proposed roadway and adjoining terrain, including a l l alternate designs. (2) Acquire a detailed description of the meteorological conditions in the area around the Three Sisters site. (3) Acquire the traffic statistics expected for the Three Sisters site. (4) Use the existing noise prediction model to calculate the noise levels that can be expected in the vicinity of the proposed 1266 near the Potomac Crossing. \ A i r pollution resulting from vehicular traffic on a roadway is a function of the local meteorological conditions, geographical features and physical characteristics of the roadway. 10 �4. — Continued. Of primary importance in air pollution prediction models is the statistical description of the wind structure in the area of interest. Such a description should include hourly estimates of the mean wind together with the standard deviations of the lateral and vertical wind directions. In order to obtain reliable estimates of carbon monoxide concentrations which would result from the proposed Three Sisters Bridge, it is recommended that a study i n cluding the following four tasks be conducted: (1) Construct a statistical description of the wind field at the proposed Three Sisters Bridge site. (2) Acquire available data of CO concentrations for an elevated roadway that has s i m i l a r mean wind conditions, a i r turbulence and traffic burden, as the Three Sisters Bridge site. (3) Test existing diffusion models against the data acquired in task two, to determine which model w i l l best predict CO concentrations near the Three Sisters site. (4) Apply the best diffusion model together with the statistical description of the wind field to predict CO concentrations at the Three Sisters site. \ Utilizing existing meteorological data collected by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, it would be possible to formulate a statistical description of the wind field that would be adequate for a i r pollution predictions. To predict concentrations near the roadway, the effects of the roadway on the near wind field 11 �4. — Continued.' should be considered. Published studies of wind runnel simulations may be applicable in estimating perturbation effects of the roadway. There are several diffusion models that may be used to predict CO concentrations from an elevated roadway. Because of the complexity of turbulent diffusion i i is not a p r i o r i clear what magnitude of random e r r o r s and biases i s to be expected, nor is it obvious from theoretical considerations which model is most accurate. To provide a basis for model selection, it is necessary to use available experimental data. After determining the best model for the test site, the corresponding standard deviation of prediction e r r o r s , and the perturbed wind field at the proposed Three Sisters site, it would be possible to make reliable estimates of the probable carbon monoxide concentrations due to the Three Sisters roadway. E S L Incorporated estimates that a sufficiently complete environmental impact analysis could be conducted for the 1266 Potomac Crossing within a period of s i x months at a cost of approximately $50,000. 12 �CAPABILITIES & FACILITIES The Environmental Systems Laboratory is a skilled interdisciplinary group engaged in modeling, simulation, and systems analysis of some of the features of the environment most crucial to supporting man himself. In addi- tion products are emerging from the Laboratory which enable the remote monitoring of environmental data and which offer the hope of dispersing fog and removing the particulates from industrial stack effluents. Environmental Telemetry and Multiple Sensing. A system for remote collection of environmental data has been developed, fabricated, and operated successfully. This economical system allows s i - multaneous monitoring of a number of unmanned distant sensing stations. The present stations lie up to 300 miles away from the E S L computer center in Sunnyvale, to which the digital data stream is transmitted in real time. The remote stations may be activated by commands from the central E S L computer center; in turn an operator can monitor the environmental data r e turning from the sensors in real time. The operator can then send com- mands to the distant sensors to change gain, sampling rate, or apply c a l i bration signals. The data flows directly into the E S L IBM 360/44 computer for preprocessing and the generation of a compact magnetic tape for future use. Extracting information from multiple sensors which only indirectly monitor an environmental quantity is a challenging task. Examples of this are s i - multaneous sensing of several gaseous pollutants and remote measurements E N V I R O N M E N T A L S Y S T E M S L A B O R A T O R Y �of temperature lapse rate in the lower atmosphere. We have developed computer codes to aid the selection of sensors and the design of such s y s tems. In addition sensitivity analyses are provided to determine the validity of the inferred data. Urban Noise Prediction. The trend of generally rising urban noise levels exacerbated by the proliferation of the automobile has presented a somewhat new problem for urban planners. We have developed a computer model of urban noise propagation which predicts noise contour maps for different emission sources, urban geometries, and meteorological conditions. Such a tool can be very valuable for urban planners to evaluate alternative designs in order to minimize the aggregate noise in an urban area. This field is a good example of the interdisciplinary strength in our Laboratory, for an understanding of urban meteorology is essential to the prediction of noise pollution. Thermal Pollution. The growing power demands of a highly industrialized society create s:.de effects of potential harm to the environment. One form of thermal pollution occurs when natural waters are used to cool an industrial facility, returning heated water hazardous to indigenous water species. We have developed means of simulating this process on the digital computer so that planners may intelligently select design options to reduce the receiving waters to an acceptable temperature. A thorough analysis involves the proper choices of cooling towers, ponds, operating cycle, and heated water injection. We are also pursuing a statistical analysis in order to take into account the meteorological factors involved. 2 �Meteorology and A i r Pollution. Weather prediction has acquired a new urgency with the awareness of the tonnage of pollutants continually injected into the a i r . We are developing models and computer tools for the forecasting of thermal inversions and dispersal power of the atmosphere which allow the assessment of the harm of that pollution. We are also examining the prediction of the complex chain of events creating photochemical smog as well as long term geophysical effects such as the buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Aerosol Dynamics. Both natural aerosols such as warm fog and man-made aerosols such as particulates are prominent features of the environment. We are develop- ing models of aerosol dynamics to allow a further understanding of some of their complicated properties. In addition we are evolving systems which may be useful in dispersing warm fog on a large scale as well as systems for the source control of particulate emissions. Population Dynamics and Ecosystems. Environmental effects are of interest primarily as they effect the human population and natural ecological structure. Consequently we have made innovations in the modeling.and simulation of ecosystems in order to predict the effects of toxic substances, oxygen reduction, breeding area deprivation » and other environmental factors. A natural extension of this work has been to establish the maximum sustainable harvest of a natural resource. Also strategies for pest control should always be evaluated in terms of a model which considers effects upon the total ecology. Finally, human population dynamics are being simulated in order to cope with the effects of world food supply, aid to underdeveloped countries, and alternate birth control strategies. 3 �Facilities. The Laboratory is contained i n E S L ' s 65,000 square foot main building which consists of offices and equipment development laboratory space. On site an IBM 360/44 computer serves the scientific and business computing needs. This computer has a memory augmented to 384K bytes. In addition an I B M 1130 computer is located on site for scientific computing of smaller scale. A variety of computer peripherals such as high speed printers, 4Model 2314 disc packs, plotter, cathode ray display, and remote terminals permit efficient exploitation of the computers by our programming staff. In addition there are a variety of special purpose digital interfaces as well as over $1 million worth of laboratory capital equipment for development purposes. The E S L research libraries contain more than 9,000 technical documents and subscribe to about 250 technical periodicals. A full time staff of four librarians is maintained because of the importance of obtaining materials in a timely fashion. �2 38 because we need t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n suggestions i n order t o make t h e k i n d of on major d e s i g n f e a t u r e s c a l l e d f o r by t h a t regula- t i o n , and we t h i n k i t i s a l s o c a l l e d f o r by D. C. Code, S e c t i o n s 7-115, 7-109, and 7-122, w h i c h r e q u i r e f o r a l l h i g h ways i n t h e D i s t r i c t , p u b l i c h e a r i n g s , a f t e r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of d e t a i l e d p l a n s t h a t show p r e c i s e l y and a c c u r a t e l y t h e impact e a c h highway w i l l have on a d j o i n i n g property,, That completes t h e statement of t h e Committee of 100 on t h e F e d e r a l City, THE AUDIENCEt (applause) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: A SPECTATOR: know why a l l these Thank you, Mr. Kennan. Mr. H e a r i n g O f f i c e r , I would l i k e t o l i g h t s a r e on when t h e TV p i c t u r e cameras a r e n ' t on. SAM ABBOTT: way Who i s t h a t group over t h e r e by t h e ( p o i n t i n g to a crew on s t a g e ) ? I d e n t i f y them. A SPECTATOR: I can°t see a n y t h i n g . A SPECTATOR: What group i s t h a t over t h e r e , F.B. I . , or Highway Department? SAM ABBOTT: Who a r e you? HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: May we have Mr. Wendell Daniel. SAM ABBOTT: What i s t h e group over t h e r e ? why do we have t o have these A SPECTATOR: And lights? Do we have t o be s u b j e c t e d t o these �239 lights like this? SAM ABBOTT: Who a r e you? I would l i k e t o know, who a r e you? L e t ' s have your i d e n t i f i c a t i o n . A CREWMAN ON THE STAGE: You come up here and I w i l l show i t t o you. SAM ABBOTT: A SPECTATOR: T e l l me now, who a r e you? Speak up. "What" g i v e s you t h e r i g h t t o s t a n d up and make s p e c i a l s t a t e m e n t s . SAM ABBOTT: Who a r e you ( i n d i c a t i n g t h e crew on stage)? HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: O f f i c e r , c o u l d I get some order back t h e r e , p l e a s e . SAM ABBOTT: Who a r e you w i t h ? HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Mr. D a n i e l s ? Mr. D a n i e l s ? WHEREUPON, WENDELL DANIEL, SOUTH MANOR NEIGHBORHOOD ASSOCIATION, APPROACHED THE PODIUM AND T E S T I F I E D , I N SUBSTANCE MR. DANIEL: ff AS FOLLOWS: I must o b j e c t . I t h i n k the l i g h t s a r e a l i t t l e bright also. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Mr. D a n i e l e Mr. A i r i s h a s s a i d t h a t he would l i k e t o a s k one o r two q u e s t i o n s Hogan. of D r . D o c t o r , would you be a v a i l a b l e t o answer some q u e s t i o n s of Mr. A i r i s ? DR. HOGAN: C e r t a i n l y . �240 WHEREUPON, DR. Co MICHAEL HOGAN COMMITTEE OF 100 ON THE FEDERAL C I T Y , APPROACHED THE PODIUM AND T E S T I F I E D , I N SUBSTANCE, AS FOLLOWS: MR. A I R I S s Mr. Chairman, may I go ahead? HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: You may go ahead. MRo A I R I S : Thank y o u MR D o c t o r , I am Mr. A i r i s , and I am t h e C AIRIS: D l o c a l Highway D i r e c t o r f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, and t h i s i s Mr. Hunsberger, r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e Highway Department o f Virginia. I am impressed w i t h your p r e s e n t a t i o n . a couple of q u e s t i o n s . I do have F i r s t , i n your s u b m i t t a l a r e t h e r e d e t a i l e d a r i t h m e t i c t o back up your s t a t e m e n t s ? DR. HOGAN: We have s u b m i t t e d i n our summary a l l o f the numbers t h a t went i n t o t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s . We have not subm i t t e d d e t a i l e d a r i t h m e t i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s , p a r t i a l l y because most of t h e d e t a i l e d c a l c u l a t i o n s were performed on computer codes and t h e r e f o r e no r e c o r d e x i s t s o f t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s . MR. A I R I S : W e l l * you must have some k e y ? DR. HOGAN: Y e s . MR. A I R I S s Could you f u r n i s h t h a t t o u s ? DR. HOGAN: We s h a l l make e v e r y e f f o r t t o get t h a t data i n t o the record. MR. A I R I S : Very w e l l . Good. Number one, what t e s t s d i d you make i n t h i s a r e a , f i e l d t e s t s I mean, t o back �241 up t h i s t h e o r y ? DR. HOGAN: I am g l a d t h a t you asked t h i s because I had f o r g o t t e n t o make a point e a r l i e r . t h i s regard. 1 I t s important i n A l l o f t h e n o i s e models t h a t we have prepared have been v a l i d a t e d u s i n g S t a t e o f C a l i f o r n i a D i v s i o n of Highways e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a , and t h i s a s you a r e i m p l y i n g i n your q u e s t i o n s i s e x t r e m e l y important i n t h e use of a n y n o i s e p r e d i c t i o n t o have a thorough f i e l d a n a l y s i s t o support these c a l c u l a t i o n s . We have a v a i l a b l e m a t e r i a l t h a t shows the s u b s t a n t i a t i o n and v a l i d a t i o n by t h e f i e l d measurements, by t h e S t a t e o f C a l i f o r n i a . MR. A I R I S : I n the D i s t r i c t here? DR. HOGAN: The f i e l d t e s t s were made i n t h e S t a t e of C a l i f o r n i a . MR. A I R I S : Not i n t h e D i s t r i c t ? DR. HOGAN: There were no t e s t s made i n t h e D i s t r i c t . MR. A I R I S : A l l right. T h i s i s " n o i s e " t h a t you a r e t a l k i n g about, t h e n o i s e t e s t s ? DR. HOGAN: Y e s . MR. A I R I S : A l l right. Now l e t me a s k you t h i s : a r e t h e r e a n y s u p p o r t i n g d a t a on t h e f i e l d t e s t s i n t h e D i s t r i c t on your t h e o r y f o r carbon monoxide? MR. KEENAN: Hogan? Do you understand t h e q u e s t i o n . D r . I t i s a l i t t l e u n c l e a r t o me. DR„ HOGAN: I t i s somewhat u n c l e a r t o me. �242 MR 0 AIRISs I w i l l rephrase i t a g a i n e Mr. Kennan. Have you any t e s t s , f i e l d t e s t s , i n t h e D i s t r i c t on your carbon monoxide d i s t r i b u t i o n from roadway output? DR. HOGAN: W e l l * we made use of a l l t h e a v a i l a b l e e x p e r i m e n t a l data on t h e f i e l d measurements o f carbon monoxide. MR. A I R I S : You d i d n o t ? DR. HOGAN: No, E S L d i d not make any. MR. A I R I S : A l l right. last thing: Thank you. Nov;, j u s t one I wanted t o p o i n t out t h a t we have done con- s i d e r a b l e f i e l d t e s t i n g here and a r e s t i l l doing i t , a s I pointed out i n my opening s t a t e m e n t . your f i n d i n g s on t h i s . DR. HOGAN: And I c a n ' t reproduce I would j u s t l i k e you t o know t h a t . Could I make a comment on t h a t p o i n t ? I t h i n k t h a t ' s v e r y important. T h a t i t i s v i r t u a l l y im- p o s s i b l e t o s i m u l a t e b y f i e l d t e s t s alone t h e e f f e c t s o f carbon monoxide c o n c e n t r a t i o n s because t h e roadway t r a f f i c of t h e proposed roadway i s s o much g r e a t e r than a n y t h i n g t h a t e x i s t s now and i s c e r t a i n l y d i f f e r e n t from a n y t h i n g t h a t e x i s t s now. T h e r e f o r e , E S L s e e s t h e n e c e s s i t y t o employ a p r e d i c t e d t o o l which h a s been based upon p r o j e c t i n g non v a l i d a t e d e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a and models i n t o s i t u a t i o n s f o r w h i c h somewhat incomplete d a t a a s i n a n y n o n - e x i s t i n g roadway occurs. MR. A I R I S : out? Y e s , d o c t o r , but don't you check them You don't j u s t g i v e t h e o r y . You check them out, don't �you? The f i e l d t e s t s - t h e models? DR. HOGAN: validated. That's correct. The p r i n c i p l e point The models have been I am making i s t h a t i t i s im- p o s s i b l e t o make f i e l d e x p e r i m e n t s t h a t e x a c t l y r e p l i c a t e t h e r e s u l t s we have presented now because t h e 1-266 roadway does not e x i s t and t h e r e i s no way t o e x p e r i m e n t a l l y simulate the flow o f t r a f f i c t h a t we would e x p e c t on t h a t roadway. We have done a n a n a l y s i s based upon e x p e r i m e n t a l e v i d e n c e and t h e o r y t h e o r e t i c a l p r o j e c t s t h a t can be made, based upon e x i s t i n g data. MR. A I R I S : e q u a l loads o r g r e a t e r DR. HOGAN: for We have many o t h e r roadways t h a t c a r r y loads. Right. And t h e model h a s been v a l i d a t e d such roadways. MR. A I R I S : With f i e l d testing? DR. HOGAN: Y e s . MR. A I R I S : With f i e l d testing? DR. HOGAN: Y e s . MR. A I R I S : May I see them? I mean when you send them i n would you send them i n f o r t h e r e c o r d p l e a s e . I would l i k e t o see those because our r e c o r d of f i e l d t e s t i n g c a n ' t d u p l i c a t e a n y t h i n g t h a t you come up w i t h . MR. KENNAN: object t o t h i s . Mr. H e a r i n g O f f i c e r , I would have t o I t h i n k i t i s p e r f e c t l y l e g i t i m a t e f o r Mr. A i r i s t o d i r e c t a few q u e s t i o n s t o Dr. Hogan. I think �2 44 i t ' s not l e g i t i m a t e f o r him t o argue w i t h Dr„ Hogan. MR. A I R I S : I don't i n t e n d t o , Mr. Kennan. were a few simple q u e s t i o n s . and Those I am not a l a w y e r but you a r e , I couldn't d i r e c t a cross-examination i f I t r i e d . But I think this i s relevant. DR. HOGAM: W e l l , I t h i n k i t i s v e r y important t o comment on t h i s l a s t p o i n t : d a t a was p r e s e n t e d . The h e a r t of o t h e r e x p e r i m e n t a l I n p a r t i c u l a r , we saw on one s l i d e results of carbon monoxide measurements a t two freeway i n t e r c h a n g e s , w h i c h t h e s p e c i f i c p o i n t made i n t h a t s l i d e i s t h a t l e v e l s exceeding 10 p a r t s per m i l l i o n — i n f a c t , i n t h i s case up t o 2 0 ppm a r e known t o occur i n e x p e r i m e n t a l s i t u a t i o n s . So t h a t those a r e two s p e c i f i c p i e c e s of evidence we have i n t r o d u c e d t o show t h i s k i n d o f l e v e l i s , i n f a c t , encountered^ i n parts of t h e environment w h i c h a r e not p l e a s a n t . MR. A I R I S : culari", My p o i n t was, I wanted t o add p a r t i - i f you had any f i e l d t e s t s i n t h i s a r e a on your carbon monoxide computation based on f i e l d t e s t s , i n t h i s area . 0 DRo HOGAN: I would t h i n k t h e answer i s we make use of a l l f i e l d t e s t s t h a t were known to us taken i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia, which i n c l u d e s c o n s i d e r a b l e p u b l i c h e a l t h s e r v i c e data a l l of which we took i n t o account i n making t h e p r o j e c t i o n . MR. A I R I S : B u t you d i d not have t o t a k e any y o u r s e l f ? �245 DR n HOGAN: I p e r s o n a l l y d i d not t a k e any. MR. A I R I S : DR. HOGAN: the I mean your company. E S L d i d not t a k e any s p e c i a l t e s t s i n District. MR. HUNSBERGER: Dr. Hogan, i n your a n a l y s i s you used 30 ppms and r a t e d i t by t h e d i s t a n c e as a r e d u c i n g d e n s i t y of ppms. from t h e roadway I s t h i s from an a c t u a l a n a l y s i s t h a t you have made? DR. HOGAN: question. I am s o r r y , I am not f o l l o w i n g your Now, I t h i n k you used 30 ppms a s a guide i n your s l i d e , am I c o r r e c t ? DR. HOGAN: W e l l , what t h e s l i d e meant t o show i s t h a t t h e r e a r e many danger p o i n t s , and 30 ppms i s not t h e o n l y danger p o i n t . T h a t was one a t w h i c h one s p e c i f i c p h y s i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t seemed t o o c c u r . MR. HUNSBERGER: DR. HOGAN: T h a t was one maximum t h a t you had? I b e l i e v e t h a t was t h e maximum. MR. HUNSBERGER: Now, and you have r a t e d t h i s a l o n g i n a k i n d of s c a l e o f ppm t h a t you g e t f u r t h e r from t h e roadway, I b e l i e v e your s l i d e a l s o i n d i c a t e d t h a t about 500 f e e t from the roadway would be a danger i n your ppm. q u a n t i t y . Am I c o r r e c t i n t h i s » 500 - I b e l i e v e < 7 p a r t s p e r m i l l i o n a r e » oh-<-«at 500 f e e t ? DR. HOGAN: 500 f e e t . Y e s , 7 p a r t s p e r m i l l i o n a r e shown a t �246 MR. HUNSBERGER: T h i s i s based on 30 ppm a t the roadway? DR 0 HOGAN: No, t h i s i s i n c o r r e c t Q T h i s i s based upon t h e p r o j e c t e d f l o w of t r a f f i c , no assumption. MR. HUNSBERGER: at W e l l , what d i d you base t h i s on the beginning. DR. HOGAN: The s p e c i f i c assumptions a r e l i s t e d i n the t e s t i m o n y we have e n t e r e d i n t h e r e c o r d , and I can « w e l l , • r t h e y a r e based on a maximum h o u r l y two-way t r a f f i c burden of 9,000 c a r s per hour, which I b e l i e v e a r e o f f i c i a l f i g u r e s f o r t h i s s e c t i o n of t h e roadway. District The carbon monoxide e m i s s i o n r a t e s a r e 23 grams per m i l e , w h i c h r e p r e s e n t s 1974 e m i s s i o n s t a n d a r d s f o r a c a r t r a v e l l i n g 50 m i l e s per hour; and t h e wind speed and other m e t e o r o l o g i c a l f a c t o r s a r e a s indicated. MR, HUNSBERGER: What ppm does t h i s g i v e you a t roadway s u r f a c e ? DR. HOGAN: 3 We d i d n t e x p l i c i t l y c a l c u l a t e t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t t h e roadway s u r f a c e . F o r one r e a s o n , t h e r e s u l t s a r e e x c e e d i n g l y h i g h a t t h e roadway i t s e l f . Another, the p r e d i c t i o n models a r e not thought t o be r e l i a b l e f o r p r e d i c t i n g a t t h e roadway MR 0 itself. HUNSBERGER: T h a t ' s t h e p o i n t t h a t I am making. T h a t t h i s i s not a d e f i n i t e s c i e n c e t h a t we a r e t a l k i n g about. I know of c o n d i t i o n s and s t u d i e s t h a t have been made whe e �247 the a c t u a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n was 100 ppm a t the motoring l e v e l , and a t 160 f e e t from the roadway t h e y d i s s i p a t e d u n t i l wasn't any. So, f o r t h a t r e a s o n , I was c e n t r a t i o n a t roadway l e v e l and a s k i n g about your con- s t i l l containing m i l l i o n a t 500 f e e t from the roadway,, there 7 parts per So t h i s i n d i c a t e s from the s t u d i e s t h a t have been made t h a t t h i s i s not a d e f i n i t e s c i e n c e and t h a t one making the d e t e r m i n a t i o n , and under the 0 worse c o n d i t i o n s , c e r t a i n l y c o u l d n t s a y a t a p a r t i c u l a r point t h a t a d i s t a n c e from the roadway would i n d i c a t e a h a z a r d t o the community a t t h a t p a r t i c u l a r a r e a , MRo KEENAN: Mr H e a r i n g O f f i c e r , may D I say f o r MTo Hogan i n a n s w e r i n g , t h a t as I understand i t the record w i l l be open f o r 10 days a f t e r the h e a r i n g I take closes. i t the gentleman from the V i r g i n i a i s f r e e t o submit any b u t t a l or e v i d e n c e t h a t he w i s h e s t o , and during that i t can be re- submitted period. MRo HUNSBERGERs t h i n g s p e c i f i c , Mr. I t wasn't my Chairman,,, i t was point t o submit any- j u s t one point t h a t I wanted t o make f o r those t h a t a r e i n attendance and t h a t a r e l i s t e n i n g , who f o r those might get the idea t h a t t h i s i s a d e f i n i t e s c i e n c e - one which we can put our f i n g e r on - the e x a c t amount of a r e a danger a s compared w i t h an a r e a t h a t i s not dangerous. DR. HOGAN: W e l l * t e c h n o l o g y upon w h i c h we I t h i n k many a r e a s of contemporary r e l y d a i l y f o r h e a l t h and w e l l b e i n g �248 a r e b a s e d upon what you would p r o b a b l y under t h e same d e f i n i t i o n call inexact sciences. record I t h i n k Mr. Kennan p o i n t e d out t h e i s open f o r your s u b m i t t a l o f a n y a d d i t i o n a l evidence., We have s u b m i t t e d s c i e n t i f i c t e s t i m o n y w h i c h we b e l i e v e t o be relevant t o the case. We t h i n k i t s p e a k s f o r i t s e l f and we don't t h i n k t h a t a n y c o n c l u s i o n science being exact such a s the nature o r i n e x a c t s h o u l d be a l l o w e d of t h e t o prejudice the t e s t i m o n y , b u t we would v e r y happy t o see a d d i t i o n a l testimony rendered by the D i s t r i c t we o r by a n y o t h e r body b e c a u s e f e e l t h a t i t i s important t o b r i n g a l l p o s s i b l e light on t h i s MR 0 scientific question,, AIRIS: Mr. Chairman, we c e r t a i n l y would be g l a d t o l i s t e n t o the doctor. I f he would submit h i s d e t a i l e d computations i t would be q u i t e helpfulo DR. HOGANs Thank you. MR And a s I u n d e r s t a n d i t , he i s going t o 0 do AIRIS: thato HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Now, b e f o r e we go f u r t h e r , a r e a l l t h e l i g h t s t h a t a r e p r e s e n t l y on a b s o l u t e l y for t h e b e n e f i t o f t h e media and t h e c because i f not, let s c u t them o f f . necessary p r e s s and photographers* I f we don°t need them let's c u t them off„ PERSON FROM THE PRESSs O f f i c e r , we were p r e p a r e d f o r Mr w a i t i n g f o r him G Mr. Chairman - Mr e c Hearing W e n d e l l D a n i e l , and we were �249 HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: this Mr. D a n i e l , I u n d e r s t a n d i s f o r your b e n e f i t , s i r . WHEREUPON, MR. WENDELL DANIEL, SOUTH MANOR NEIGHBORHOOD ASSOCIATED, APPROACHED THE PODIUM AND TESTIFIED,. IN SUBSTANCE, AS FOLLOWS : MRo DANIEL: W e l l , I found my way h e r e , and t h e r e i s a s m a l l l i g h t here ( i n d i c a t i n g on t h e podium). THE AUDIENCE: MR. DANIEL: (laughter) I f you w i s h t o , you may t u r n them o f f . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: a moment t o 3.et Mr. Kennan Can you b e a r w i t h u s j u s t get h i s m a t e r i a l . (ALL THE E X H I B I T S WERE GIVEN TO THE REPORTER TO BE ATTACHED TO THE RECORD.) A SPECTATOR: What h a s t h e l i g h t got t o do w i t h Mr* D a n i e l , I would l i k e t o know? I w i s h you would, c u t t h e l i g h t s o f f , I am g e t t i n g a headache. A SPECTATOR: this Do we need t h e media, o r do t h e y need hearing? HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: I would s u g g e s t t h a t W e l l , t h a t makes i t p u b l i c o i f you a r e b o t h e r e d by t h e l i g h t you move down a b i t o r move back a b i t , and we w i l l that take about two o r t h r e e m i n u t e s f o r you t o make t h e a d j u s t m e n t out of t h e l i g h t s i f t h e y a r e b o t h e r i n g you. (THE LIGHTS WERE ADJUSTED) �HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: T h e r e i s p l e n t y of space toward t h e front„ You may proceed-, Mr. D a n i e l . PERSON FROM THE PRESS: Mr. Chairman, i f t h e a u d i e n c e f e e l s t h a t t h e r e s h o u l d be no p r e s s perhaps t h e y s h o u l d vote on i t . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: MR. DANIEL: appearing here Association. Mr. D a n i e l ? My name i s W e n d e l l A„ D a n i e l and I am i n b e h a l f of t h e South Manor Neighborhood Our a s s o c i a t i o n c o v e r s some 70 s q u a r e blocks i n t h e n o r t h c e n t r a l a r e a o f D. C. and we r e p r e s e n t some 1500 families. T h i s month marks some f o u r and o n e - h a l f y e a r s of a c t i v e i n v o l v e m e n t b y our a s s o c i a t i o n i n t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems of t h e c i t y . We were among t h e o r i g i n a l p a r t y - p l a i n t i f f s i n t h e l a ^ s u i t t o block c o n s t r u c t i o n of those f r e e w a y segments approved by t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission i n 1966. plaintiffs i n the p r e s e n t s u i t c o n c e r n i n g We a r e a l s o t h e proposed T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e w h i c h i s t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e s e h e a r i n g s , and we s t a n d ready, i n d i v i d u a l l y or i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h other t o c h a l l e n g e i n t h e c o u r t s a n y attempt t o b u i l d t h i s groups, bridge b a s e d upon t h e premise t h a t t h e s e h e a r i n g s s a t i s f y t h e p r o c e d u r a l requirements of t h e D 0 C. and F e d e r a l S t a t u t e s . We v i e w t h e s e p r o c e e d i n g s e f f o r t t o circumvent a s a complete f a r c e and a n the l e g a l requirements and t h e d e m o c r a t i c �251 processo Nonetheless, we are prepared d e s i g n t h a t i s a c c e p t a b l e t o u s , and i f t h e D„ C all t o o f f e r an perhaps t o o t h e r groups, government i s w i l l i n g t o s t a r t anew and 0 of t h e l e g a l l y , p r e s c r i b e d p r o c e d u r e s any new alternate b r i d g e o r roadway Our follow required in approving e p l a n c a l l s f o r a r i v e r c r o s s i n g j u s t n o r t h of Theodore R o o s e v e l t i s l a n d t o c o i n c i d e w i t h t h e Metro l i n e Rosslyr, V i r g i n i a , , Both roadways a r e t o be to contained i n a double-decked t u n n e l under t h e Potomac R i v e r bed w i t h t h e a u t o roadway on t h e upper d e c k G A c c e s s t o and e g r e s s from t h i s r i v e r c r o s s i n g on the D D Co s i d e would be p r o v i d e d by t h e s e c t i o n of Route n o r t h of t h e " E " s t r e e t e x p r e s s w a y and t h e George Washington Memorial Parkway on t h e V i r g i n i a s i d e by e The t u n n e l would under V i r g i n i a Avenue, proceed westward under t h e r i v e r and s u r f a c e on t h e V i r g i n i a A c t , but we design are c We believe that this of t h e 1968 bed plan F e d e r a l A i d Highway h a s t e n t o add t h a t t h e a d o p t i o n i s unacceptable pass s i d e j u s t e a s t of t h e George Washington Memorial Parkway s a t i s f i e s the requirements 695 of t h i s o r u n t i l a l l legally prescribed any procedures followed,, I n c l o s i n g , we would l i k e t o r e g i s t e r our o b j e c t i o n s t o t h e form and n a t u r e of t h e s e hearings,, and we want i t c l e a r l y understood t h a t our a p p e a r a n c e h e r e an endorsement of t h e v a l i d i t y of t h e s e i n no way c o n s t i t u t e s proceedings,, �252 THE AUDIENCE: (applause) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Before you go, d i d you have something f u r t h e r ? MR. DANIEL: question. Before I l e a v e , I would l i k e t o a s k one I would l i k e t o know t o whom I am s p e a k i n g other t h a n Mr. Dugas and t h e s c h o o l k i d ( i n d i c a t i n g t h e r e p o r t e r ) . The l a d y on t h e l e f t , who i s s h e ? HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: MR 0 DANIEL: She i s our c l e r k . So, i n e f f e c t , t h e r e i s o n l y one h e a r i n g officer? HEARING OFFICER DUGASs THE AUDIENCE: That i s correct. (applause) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Mr Hass? 0 WHEREUPON, MR« CHARLES E CITIZEN ff 3727 J o c e l y n S t r e e t , N. W , Q APPROACHED THE PODIUM AND T E S T I F I E D , 0 HAAS, Washington, D . C., t IN SUBSTANCE, AS FOLLOWS: MR. HAAS: I would l i k e t o make two comments ing the s o c i a l , economic, m a i n l y - e n v i r o n m e n t a l concern- considerations beyond w h i c h t h e u s u a l e n g i n e e r i n g , economic computations i n t h e d e s i g n of b r i d g e s and highways i n v o l v e i s a kind of s e l f i s h t h i n g , a k i n d of s e l f i s h Concerning bridge. 0 The f i r s t one personal things t h e 1-266 c r o s s i n g - t h e design,, it°s an a u t o m o b i l e The immediate e f f e c t o f b u i l d i n g t h i s c r o s s i n g i n t o the D i s t r i c t o r o f a n y dumper f r e e w a y i s t o induce more and �253 more people i n t o t h e c i t y i n t h e i r own a u t o m o b i l e s and t h i s has been and w i l l c o n t i n u e t o be d i s a s t r o u s , , THE AUDIENCE: MR. HAAS: (applause) The f l u c t u a t i o n o f D. C. - t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia - d e c l i n e s . Why? Because i t becomes more and more u n h e a l t h y u n b e a r a b l e t o l i v e h e r e . resident. I say that as a And I mean t h e i n a b i l i t y t o g e t around t h e c i t y , t o w a l k from 1 3 t h and P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue up t o 1 3 t h and K S t r e e t * w i t h o u t b e i n g h i t by a c a r , w i t h o u t w a i t i n g f o r 7 t r a f f i c l i g h t s , w i t h o u t feeing a b l e t o b r e a t h e . I l i v e about 7 m i l e 3 from ray work, w h i c h i s a t 7 t h and D Southwest and I commute on D„ C. T r a n s i t e v e r y d a y . I n the afternoon, i t t a k e s 50 t o 55 m i n u t e s t o make t h e t r i p from my work t o ray home i n t h e D i s t r i c t , w h i c h i s about an a v e r a g e speed of about 7 m i l e s an hour. This i s utterly ridiculous. I spend about two h o u r s a day on t h e bus commuting 14 m i l e s , f o r .$80, and C o n g r e s s and t h e D i s t r i c t fit o f Columbia Highway Department s e e t o spend $35 m i l l i o n t o b r i n g more automobiles,, more commuters i n t h e i r own a u t o m o b i l e s , i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia. T h i s means t h a t commuters, s a y , 20 m i l e s out o f V i r g i n i a s u p p o s e d l y c a n t r a v e l t o t h e D i s t r i c t a t l e s s time t h a n i t t a k e s ma t o g e t down t o my work. T h i s i s g r o s s l y un- f a i r t o t h e o t h e r D. C. r e s i d e n t s - and me - b o t h now and i n the future, i f this crossing i s built. The a u t o m o b i l e t r a f f i c g e n e r a t e d downtown w i l l a n o t h e r h a l f hour onto ray d a i l y commute, �2 54 For this r e a s o n , people have moved from t h e c i t y and i s p r o b a b l y why my f a m i l y w i l l a l s o move. Instead of b u i l d i n g t h i s highway, t h e c i t y must a g g r e s s i v e l y attempt t o reduce the number of a u t o m o b i l e s s e d u c e d i n t o t h e c i t y by r e d u c i n g downtown p a r k i n g . And i t i s r e a l l y h a r d t o b e l i e v e , a l l t h e knowledge we have todeiy about t h e environment of downtown c i t i e s , r i g h t n e x t door o r a c r o s s t h e s t r e e t next t o the D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g where t h e C o a s t Guard B u i l d i n g was, t h e C o a s t Guard B u i l d i n g was r e p l a c e d b y a b l a c k t o p p a r k i n g l o t . I have worked f o r t h e C o a s t Guard, and what a g r e a t p l a c e i t would be t o go out and e a t l u n c h where t h a t lot i s r i g h t now parking c The second t h i n g t o be done i s t o r e s t r i c t t h e a u t o m o b i l e s from downtown s t r e e t s ? and t h e t h i r d t h i n g i s not b u i l d a n y more g a t e w a y s . THE AUDIENCE; MR. HAAS: (applause) The economy o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia u n l i k e o t h e r l a r g e c i t i e s does n o t depend on a g r e a t or b u s i n e s s e n v i r o n m e n t people t o d r i v e t o t h e i r Q industrial To u s e t h i s argument - t h e need f o r b u s i n e s s e s and s t o r e s - i s a phony argument^, I b e l i e v e . The b u s i n e s s o f downtown D i s t r i c t the F e d e r a l Government. o f Columbia i s The s e c o n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l t h i n g t h a t I would l i k e t o do, I would l i k e i f p o s s i b l e t o show a movie. �235 and t h e movie minutes. i s s e t up and r e a d y t o go. I t i s about 10 I t i s b y M a r s h a l l Mc....« and i t i s e n t i t l e d , "THE BURNING WOOD," and i t c o n c e r n s t h e S p e o . o Expressway i n T o r o n t o , Canada. (AT T H I S POINT THE MOVIE WAS THE AUDIENCE: MR. HAAS: SHOWN) (applause) I don't t h i n k I can add a n y t h i n g . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Thank you v e r y much, Mr. HaaSo MR. AIRIS: Mr. H e a r i n g O f f i c e r , c o u l d I a s k him one a b o r t q u e s t i o n . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: MR. here i n D e AIRIS: Mr. Haas? Mr. Haas, I am t h e l o c a l Highway D i r e c t o r C. THE AUDIENCE: MR. AIRIS: (applause) ( l o u d comments) I would l i k e t o j u s t a s k you, i f I were t o s a y t h a t you have a n a l l y i n y o u r l o c a l Highway Department i n a d v o c a t i n g p r o p e r c o n t r o l o f p a r k i n g i n downtown, and t h a t your l o c a l Highway Department was a l e a d i n g exponent i n a t t e m p t i n g t o p r e v e n t t h e u s e o f t h e C o a s t Guard s i t e f o r p a r k i n g r a t h e r t h a n a bus s t a t i o n , THE AUDIENCE: MR. HAAS: would you b e l i e v e that? (laughter) I would b e l i e v e i t b u t I s t i l l name i n t h e b a c k of t h i s document THE AUDIENCE: (indicating). ( l a u g h t e r and a p p l a u s e ) s e e your �256 HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: right? Mr. C a p e z z e r a , i s t h a t Mr. C a p a z z e r a . WHEREUPON, MRo FRANK M CAPEZZERA, e APPROACHED THE PODIUM AND T E S T I F I E D , IN SUBSTANCE, AS FOLLOWS: MRo CAPEZZERA: Yes, s i r . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: May we have a copy f o r t h e r e c o r d and f o r t h e r e p o r t e r h e r e . Would you p r o c e e d , Mr. C a p e z z e r a . MR. CAPEZZERA: Surely. (LOUD COMMENTS FROM AUDIENCE) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: MR. CAPEZZERA: Proceed,, Mr. Capezzera,, My name i s F r a n k M. C a p e z z e r a . r e p r e s e n t The G r e a t e r ~ W a s h i n g t o n I n c . , known a l s o a s GASP, w h i c h A l l i a n c e t o Stop I Pollution, i s t h e E n v i r o n m e n t a l Law S o c i e t y o f The George Washington U n i v e r s i t y Law S c h o o l . GASP i s funded and s t a f f e d by law s t u d e n t s o f t h a t Lav/ S c h o o l drawn t o g e t h e r by a m u t u a l c o n c e r n f o r t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n o f t h e e n vironment and a d e s i r e t o e f f e c t t h e c e s s a t i o n o f p o l l u t i o n of a l l k i n d s . The o r g a n i z a t i o n i s d e d i c a t e d t o u s i n g t h e law t o s r e g a i n and m a i n t a i n t h e p u b l i c s r i g h t t o a c l e a n , n a t u r a l and balanced environment. GASP i s o f f i c i a l l y and p u b l i c a l l y a g a i n s t t h e T h r e e �257 Sisters B r i d g e P r o j e c t and r e l a t e d highways and n e i t h e r o f f e r s nor a c c e p t s an a . l t e r n a t e highway plan. THE A U D I E N C E i (applause) MRo C A P E Z Z E R A : We f i r s t c a l l a t t e n t i o n t o t h e con- s e q u e n c e s o f buildi.ng t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e and t h e r e l a t e d f r e e w a y s a s p r e s c r i b e d by H.R. 16000, none o f w h i c h would be b e n e f i c i a l t o t h e people o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia,, the o u t l y i n g suburban p o p u l a t i o n The results and t h e n a t i o n a s a whole. o f highway c o n s t r u c t i o n a t t h e p r e s e n t a c t i v i t y which threatens environmental catastrophe perhaps t o o o b v i o u s f o r t h o s e g o v e r n m e n t a l directly time, an a r e obvious, e representatives responsible. Simply s t a t e d , more highways encourage more c a r s ; more a i r and n o i s e p o l l u t i o n ; l e s s land f o r r e c r e a t i o n ; land f o r housing, desperately needed; i n c r e a s i n g less traffic problems i n a c i t y w i t h t h e h i g h e s t number of a u t o m o b i l e s p e r square mile, and p r e c i o u s i n which t o park automobiles,, Of c o u r s e , few a r e a s these t h e i n c r e a s e d volume o f a u t o m o b i l e s , i n e v i t a b l e i f new highway c o r r i d o r s a r e c r e a t e d , w i l l demand f o r more p a r k i n g raise a f a c i l i t i e s , ? w h i c h cannot be f u r n i s h e d without t h e f u r t h e r d e s t r u c t i o n of a q u a l i t y e x i s t e n c e p o t e n t i a l l y possible w i t h i n the nation*s capital* still More a u t o s entering the c i t y w i l l subsidize the presently i n t o l e r a b l e levels o f a i r p o l l u t i o n existent» President Dr 0 P a t r i c k J . Doyle, o f t h e American H e a l t h F o u n d a t i o n , and Chairman o f �2 58 t h e Department of Community M e d i c i n e & I n t e r n a t i o n a l Health., Georgetown U n i v e r s i t y of M e d i c i n e h a s said: Motor v e h i c l e s e m i t o v e r 350,000 t o n s c a r b o n monoxide i n t o our D y e a r and C. a r e a a i t would be a t r a v e s t y of p u b l i c i n t e r e s t t o proceed w i t h t h e s t r u c t i o n of a s y s t e m w h i c h may of every the con- greatly i n c r e a s e t h e d e t e r i o r a t i o n of our environ- ment w i t h o u t c a r e f u l l y c a l c u l a t i n g a l l of the effects o Our organisation notes the c o r p o r a t e e n t i t i e s of t h e a r e a ' s the proposed highway s y s t e r a G s u p p o r t w h i c h the business community l e n d Their rationale i s that r o a d m i l e a g e would i n c r e a s e t r a v e l t o u r b a n shopping ties, lower t h e t i e s and (The c o s t of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n question, an contains an u l t i m a t e "two-way s t r e e t . " facilitate parking. communities i n the The loccili- consumer,; misconception.) Urban d w e l l e r s o u t l y i n g shopping a r e a s Without and of a l l s o c i o - economic backgrounds w i l l be e n c o u r a g e d t o p a t r o n i z e b u r g e o n i n g suburban and increased on t o t h e i n c r e s e d highway s y s t e m means l i t e r a l l y figuratively a the in e f f o r t s to trend today i s c l e a r , that business i n t e r i o r of l a r g e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s b e i n g abandoned a s v i r t u a l l y i n a c c e s s i b l e due i n g l a c k of urban mass t r a n s i t . to of w h o l e s a l e commodi- t h u s would p a s s s u b s t a n t i a l s a v i n g s postulation larger t o the are frighten- Urban s h o p p i n g a r e a s w i t h i n the �259 c i t y , w h i l e 6onetimes one o r two m i l e s o r a f r a c t i o n from p r i v a t e homes, cannot be r e a c h e d w i t h o u t g r e a t thereof difficulty b y auto* w h i c h i s t h e o v e r w h e l m i n g l y predominant means of transit. The answer t o t h e problem i s c e r t a i n l y not more h i g h ways w h i c h encourage v i r t u a l t r a f f i c stoppage w i t h i n t h e c i t y and mass exodus away from i t s shopping a r e a s . The c h o k i n g of t h e g r e a t American c i t y i s not m e r e l y a t m o s p h e r i c when more p r i v a t e v e h i c l e s a r e brought i n , b u t a l s o economic GASP does not i m p l y t h a t highway development must be c u r t a i l e d t o i m p r i s o n c i t y d w e l l e r s , but r a t h e r t o allow inner mobility s t i l l are p o s s i b l e i f mass t r a n s i t i n s t i t u t e d i n t h e a l t e r n a t i v e t o more highways„ We have t o u c h e d b r i e f l y on t h e p h y s i c a l , t a l and economic r a m i f i c a t i o n s of unchecked highway but systems environmenproliferatici perhaps t h e most i m p o r t a n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s t h a t of p e o p l e 0 Growth and p r o g r e s s can become no more t h a n c a n c e r i f t h e w e l f a r e and o p i n i o n s o f t h e p o p u l a r m a j o r i t y a r e p l a c e d i n a p o s i t i o n s u b s e r v i e n t t o t e n y e a r o l d b l u e p r i n t s and b l i n d s y s t e m s p u r p o r t i n g t o o f f e r s o l u t i o n s , but a c t u a l l y f a i l i n g t o a d d r e s s t h e r e a l i t i e s of i n u n d a t i n g a s p h a l t and p o i s o n e d a i r A recent p o l l i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Q reveals an overwhelming o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e proposed highway and b r i d g e plan. U n t i l r e c e n t l y , p o p u l a r opinion ha3 been i g n o r e d o r g i v e n t o k e n consideration» An example of t h e f l a g r a n t disregard �2 f o r an informed p u b l i c i n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e Three 60 Sisters B r i d g e i s t h e long and b i t t e r c o n f l i c t between t h o s e who r e quested as t h e i r l e g a l r i g h t , p u b l i c h e a r i n g s on t h e p r o j e c t and t h o s e who sought obscure t o i g n o r e t h e i r o p i n i o n , f o r v a r i o u s and reasons. The reasoning. opponents of t h e B r i d g e do not o f f e r They w i l l no l o n g e r lament obscure t h e l o s s of homes, c l e a n a i r , p a r k s and t o l e r a b l e n o i s e l e v e l s ? t h e y w i l l them and t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r i g h t s and freedoms t h a t enhance. they The homes t h e North C e n t r a l F r e e w a y w i l l t a k e r e - p o r t e d l y come t o 223, and i t w i l l d i s p l a c e The retain l o s t housing 121 s m a l l b u s i n e s s e s i s low income h o u s i n g and v i r t u a l l y irreplace- able a t the present time. Proponents of t h e highway complex abhor t h e t h r e a t s of non-support and d i s a f f i l i a t i o n w i t h governmental and agencies c h a n n e l s by a Washington p o p u l a t i o n t h a t n e i t h e r wants t h e highway s y s t e m n o r can s u r v i v e i t i f i t i s i n s t i t u t e d and t h e highway s u p p o r t s l a b e l s u c h a t t i t u d e s a s blackmail,, They f a i l t o r e a l i z e t h a t t h e f u n c t i o n o f a g e n c y i s t o c a r r y out t h e w i l l of t h e p e o p l e . U l t i m a t e l y , f a i l u r e t o heed t h e p o p u l a r o p i n i o n by t a k i n g r e f u g e i n o u t d a t e d s t a t i s t i c s and a n c i e n t e f f i c a c y s t u d i e s and t h e l i k e , , c o n s t i t u t e s a b r e a c h of p u b l i c t r u s t which p r e c l u d e s p u b l i c f a i t h and s u p p o r t . We m a i n t a i n t h a t t h e a t t i t u d e s o f t h e B r i d g e and highway s u p p o r t e r s a r e not a result of mere c o r r u p t i o n and d i s i n t e r e s t — these a t t i t u d e s �261 a r e born dangers i n ignorance 0 No person a p p r i s e d of t h e m u l t i p l e of t h e B r i d g e , c o u l d s u p p o r t i t under a n y c i r c u m s t a n c e s Once a g a i n we c a n w e i g h t h e l o s s of p a r k l a n d s * n a t u r a . formations, h i s t o r i c a l s i t e s , c l e a n a i r , v i s u a l beauty, a b l e n o i s e l e v e l s , d e c e n t urban and d w e l l i n g s , community toler- integrity p r i d e and when i n t e g r a t e d t h e y r e p r e s e n t t h e l o s s of a viable existence While i n the Washington-metropolitan area. human b e i n g s c a n adapt t o changing surround- i n g s , s u c h accommodation i s n o t w i t h o u t an i n t o l e r a b l e price. One t h i n g i s c e r t a i n , t h e y cannot b r e a t h e poisoned a i r . They s u f f e r p s y c h o l o g i c a l trauma beyond measure when i n s i d i o u s l y i n s u l t a t e d by c o n c r e t e and removed from n a t u r e . P r e s i d e n t Nixon, when r e f e r r i n g t o p o l l u t i o n of a l l k i n d s and s p e c i f i c a l l y t o automobile pollution said, u n l e s s we s t a r t moving on i t now.. . b e l i e v e me, we w i l l n o t have an o p p o r t u n i t y t o do i t l a t e r . c o ment i s n o t an empty one. " The P r e s i d e n t ' s s t a t e - GASP i s n o t a r g u i n g an " i s s u e " , i n t h e c u r r e n t p o l i t i c a l jargon,, r a t h e r GASP i s c a l l i n g f o r a c u r e for a d i s e a s e which and human e x i s t e n c e o it i suniversal. i s e p i d e m i c and t e r m i n a l t o s o c i e t a l harmony The c u r e i s a v a i l a b l e and t h e market f o r T h a t c u r e , t h e d e l i b e r a t e and immediate c e s s a t i o n of e n v i r o n m e n t a l p o l l u t i o n from a l l c o n t r i b u t i n g s o u r c e s must be implemented. What a r e t h e e l e m e n t s n e c e s s a r y t o e f f e c t t h e c u r e ? I n l a r g e measure t h e e l e m e n t s a r e t h o s e t r a d i t i o n a l l y v e n e r a t e d �262 by the American p e o p l e . of courage on the on a l l l e v e l s . business First, the c u r e r e q u i r e s a m a s s i v e dose p a r t of e l e c t e d and The area appointed public trustees of a p p l i c a t i o n w i l l be a g a i n s t lobbies,,, f a r removed from t h e real national Such a p p l i c a t i o n w i l l s e r v e t o s u p p o r t and private welfare. implement p u b l i c opinbn t h u s f o s t e r i n g r e a l r a t h e r t h a n r h e t o r i c a l a t t a c k s on e n v i r o n m e n t a l d e s t r u c t i o n . the wisdom of a r e a l i s t i c a p p r o a c h . that they are realistic, Second, t h e cure requires Highway s u p p o r t e r s a l l e g e GASP d i s a g r e e s . Highways w i l l not s e r v e a p o p u l a t i o n r e n d e r e d i n f i r m by a d e b i l i t a t i n g e n v i r o n ment? highways w i l l h e l p c r e a t e t h a t e n v i r o n m e n t . The The President and we time t o meet the has f e e l he i s correct. i m m e d i a t e l y and preservations emotional. said that challenge 10 y e a r s from now The would a s s e r t t h a t t h e of the latters c which others A m a s s i v e and n a t i o n a l a p p r o a c h t o a u t o m o b i l e and d e s t r u c t i o n and be u n s e t t l i n g and late, built 0 arguments a r e our environment. r e l e v a n t and c to real the immediate change i n highway p r o l i f e r a t i o n , t o d i s i n t e g r a t i o n of l i f e - s t y l e u n c o m f o r t a b l e t o be however, w i l l a l l o w day. choose t o i g n o r e o r r e f u s e t o examine, t h r o u g h f e a r or i g n o r a n c e . resource w i l l be t o o Greater-Washington A l l i a n c e our emotion i s s o u n d l y b a s e d on f a c t s facts very c r i t i c s of e n v i r o n m e n t a l Stop P o l l u t i o n a r e e m o t i o n a l about s a v i n g But —this Mass t r a n s i t s y s t e m s must be intelligently. Indeed, we i s now survival. sure. The new Growth s p i r a l s , g r o s s will approach,? national �2 63 p r o d u c t s , p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s and p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y do not e x i s t w i t h o u t people who a r e h e a l t h y v i t a l and i n t e l l i g e n t , , Our people need c l e a n a i r and w a t e r , n a t u r a l beauty, a r e a s f o r r e c r e a t i o n and e s t h e t i c harmony w i t h t h e i r w o r l d . The c r i e s of p o s s i b l e doom no l o n g e r form an a l a r m i s t , M a l t h u s i a n d i r g e ? t h e s e c r i e s beckon u s a l l i n a d i r e c t i o n where we may save t h a t w h i c h i s w o r t h l i v i n g f o r i n America and on our E a r t h . T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e must n o t be b u i l t . THE AUDIENCES The Thank you. (applause) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Miss L e a v i t t ? Mrs. L e a v i t t ? WHEREUPON, MRS. HELEN LEAVITT, APPROACHED T I E MICROPHONE AND T E S T I F I E D , IN SUBSTANCE, AS FOLLOWS: MRS. LEAVITT: I wore h i g h h e e l s on t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t I would be a t t h e r i g h t e v e r y o n e h e a r me? Okay. l e v e l o f t h e microphone. Can My name i s H e l e n L e a v i t t , and I l i v e a t 1807 1 9 t h S t r e e t , N. W „ , Washington, D. C., and I have l i v e d t h e r e f o r 9 y e a r s now. District I have been a r e s i d e n t of t h e of Columbia f o r 12 y e a r s . I became a S t u d e n t of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n and p a r t i c u l a r l y highway t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a s a r e s u l t o f my home b e i n g l o c a t e d i n t h e p a t h o f t h e North Leg of t h e I n n e r Loop. I r e c e n t l y wrote a book on t h e now e n t i r e s u b j e c t of t h e F e d e r a l Highway Program, "SUPER-HIGHWAY - SUPER—HOAX. " entitled I would l i k e t o b e g i n , Mr. Dugas, �Gentlemen, members of t h e P r e s s , and t h e a u d i e n c e , by s a y i n g that I f e e l t h a t we a r e a l l i n s u l t e d t o n i g h t a t t h i s h e a r i n g . The v e r y f a c t t h a t we have t o come t o t h i s h e a r i n g I t h i n k i s i n s u l t i n g t o e v e r y person i n t h i s room, THE A U D I E N C E ! MRS. LEAVITT : as (applause) I am i n c l u d i n g proponents of t h e bridgcp w e l l a s opponents, and a l s o highway ing a t my l e f t . s f ^ i c i a i s who a r e s i t t - I s a y t h i s b e c a u s e we have had overwhelming o p p o s i t i o n t o t h i s b r i d g e s i n c e b e f o r e 1964. We have had hearing, a f t e r hearing, a f t e r hearing. C i t i z e n s from V i r g i n i a and t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, and even Maryland, have come i n , and o b j e c t e d t o b u i l d i n g t h i s b r i d g e . Now I would l i k e t o s a y t h a t I r e a l i z e t h a t t h e two gentlemen - you gentlemen - d i d n o t o r d e r t h i s p r o j e c t . c r e a l i z e , Mr. Dugas, you d i d n t o r d e r i t e i t h e r . a I But I am l i t t l e b i t shocked t o look a t t h e r o s t e r of w i t n e s s e s t o f i n d t h a t t h e people who d i d o r d e r i t a r e n o t h e r e t o t e s t i f y , and I i n c l u d e t h e p a r t i c u l a r congressmen, s u c h a s b i g John K l y s i n s k i from C h i c a g o ? George F o w l e r , o u r f i n e n e i g h b o r i n B a l t i m o r e ? W i l l i a m Kramer from F l o r i d a y ? E d Edmonston from Oklahoma. that I would l i k e f o r t h e s e Congressmen, interested i n the D i s t r i c t i f they a r e of Columbia t h a t t h e y would o r d e r t h e s e f r e e w a y p r o j e c t s b u i l t , t h a t t h e y come h e r e and t e s t i f y so before the p u b l i c . THE AUDIENCE: (applause) �265 MRS. LEAVITTz T h e y were s o i n t e r e s t e d i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r p r o j e c t , the T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e and f r e e w a y s t h a t w i l l be t o b r e a k t h e i r own connected w i t h house r u l e 3 and S t a t e s i n o r d e r t o ram l y D. C and t h e C o n g r e s s of the And why? t o what i s happening Because a s J o e l T„ Broyhill t h e C o n g r e s s , must t h e F e d e r a l i n t e r e s t of t h e D i s t r i c t we United t h i s through^ t h e y d e f i e d overwhelming- i n A r l i n g t o n keeps t e l l i n g u s , we, why attendant i t , t h a t t h e y were w i l l i n g V i r g i n i a c i t i z e n opposition t o our C a p i t o l C i t y . the protect of Columbia, and that's c a n ' t have Home Ru3.e. W e l l , do you t h i n k i t i s i n the b e s t F e d e r a l Government t o e n g u l f our monument i n an C o n c r e t e , parked a u t o m o b i l e s , p a r k i n g don"t. i n t e r e s t of l o t s , and island the of pollution? I I don't t h i n k t h e s e gentlemen have thought about what they are doing. T h i s p a s t summer an Monument and described i n s p e c t o r examined t h e Washington i t as a f i z z i n g a l k a s e l t z e r as a result of the a i r p o l l u t i o n t h a t i s e a t i n g away a t t h e g r a n i t e on Monument. ment, but Do you want t h a t t o happen, not t o our Now, lungs Mr. g o n l y t o the monu- t o our c h i l d r e n ' s l u n g s ? you Airis, can check my the I think figures. not. I got them from your o f f i c e t h i s morning. THE MRS. I AUDIENCE: LEAVITT: have t a l k e d t o him. (laughter) Mr. Now A i r i s has been v e r y c o o p e r a t e when e v e r y d a y 555,000 a u t o m o b i l e s e n t e r �266 the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, a c c o r d i n g t o your f i g u r e s , Mr. and some of t h e s e you gave me may have even i n c r e a s e d a t t h i s p o i n t . t h a t one m i l l i o n , back i n J u n e I presume t h e y 0 E a c h day t h a t means one hundred and t e n thousand motor v e h i c l e s c r o s s the D i s t r i c t L i n e , e i t h e r coming i n or going Your o f f i c e t h i s a f t e r n o o n t o l d me s t r u c t i o n o f the T h r e e i n the N a t i o n ' s t h a t the contotal Does t h i s make Capit°l, w h i c h i s a l r e a d y e n g u l f e d f r e e w a y s j whose c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t — ? out. S i s t e r s B r i d g e w i l l add an average of n i n e t y - f i v e thousand more t r i p s per day. sense Airis, i s already in inundated S i x t y p e r c e n t of our downtown most p r e c i o u s p r o p e r t y i s a l r e a d y devoted t o t h e moving and s t o r a g e of a u t o m o b i l e s . Now s e v e r a l people d i s c u s s e d p o l l u t i o n h e r e t o n i g h t and t h i s noon. T h i s gentlemen r a i s e d the q u e s t i o n of how had been done i n t h e a r e a of p o l l u t i o n . t h e HEW Well, much r e s e a r c h i f you read c r i t e r i a s t a n d a r d s you w i l l f i n d t h a t t h e y have q u i t e a b i t of m e d i c a l e v i d e n c e a s t o t h e damaging e f f e c t s of monoxide p a r t i c u l a r l y , and them w i t h me. standard. But HEW of Columbia and 9 p a r t s per m i l l i o n p a r t s . an abatement c o n f e r e n c e you i n t e r e s t i n g reading. I don't have i s recommending a h e a l t h and s a f e t y Carbon Monoxide had t h e r e was carbon I can g i v e you t h o s e r e f e r e n c e s . I would be g l a d t o p r o v i d e them f o r the r e c o r d . i n 1967, after- can g e t t h e c o n f e r e n c e Three here i n the report. Now District I t i s very s e p a r a t e p o l l u t i o n c o u n t s were t a k e n on t h r e e s e p a r a t e major a r t e r i a l s i n the c i t y . You might �267 i n t e r e s t e d t o know 66 p a r t s of carbon be i n evidence t h a t a f i v e minute maximum l e v e l of monoxide per m i l l i o n p a r t s was on S h i r l e y Highway« recommended s a f e s t a n d a r d i n my A g a i n , I s a y , the i s 9? t h i s i s 66. I n downtown D. neighborhood, w h i c h i s around Dupont C i r c l e and K Street, I found t o around i n t h a t a r e a the maximum 5 minute l e v e l r e a c h e d t h i n k Dr. Hogan c o u l d g i v e you dose. The reading on C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue from Dupont C i r c l e t o Chevy Chase Circle 56 p a r t s , per m i l l i o n p a r t s . Now I o c o c c a o , the V i c e P r e s i d e n t of the Ford Company i n September of t h i s y e a r s t a t e d , w i t h the technology and air standards. man. Now I am s u r e t h a t Henry F o r d - 1976 i s an i n t e r n a l combustion and a c c e p t the f a c t t h a t we the p o l l u t i o n l e v e l . honorable entitled, "ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY." last August 1970. sentence begins t o be a b l e t o produce I brought a l o n g t o n i g h t a book of the C o u n c i l on E n v i r o n m e n t a l Congress, The f i r s t annual report Q u a l i t y , t r a n s m i t t e d t o the You w i l l f i n d on page 77, the "The c l e a n up l e t us s t o p a r g u i n g about i t and a r e not going Now to clean I i n t e n d t o t a k e h i s word f o r i t . They cannot the Motor present the p r e s e n t r a t e a t w h i c h t h e y a r e a b l e advance t h e y w i l l not be a b l e t o meet the 1975 in 93. some i n t e r e s t i n g d e s c r i p t i o n s on what c o u l d happen t o you w i t h a prolonged was C., very d a t a on p r e s e n t l e v e l of p o l l u t i o n our urban e n v i r o n m e n t , the projecte"d i n c r e a s e i n urban traffic i n the y e a r s ahead and the performance of p o l l u t i o n �268 c o n t r o l s y s t e m s under a c t u a l d r i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s make i t c l e a r t h a t even a p p l y i n g s t r i c t e r s t a n d a r d s i n 1975 w i l l o n l y p r o long the downward c u r v e i n v e h i c l e e m i s s i o n s u n t i l the middle of 1980s. because A f t e r t h a t , carbon monoxide l e v e l s w i l l a g a i n r i s e of the s h e e r number of a u t o m o b i l e s on the roads and highways, mobiles? Do we want t o p r o v i d e t h e highways No. It This w i l l f o r these auto- o n l y i n c r e a s e our p o l l u t i o n problems. i s a l s o i n t e r e s t i n g t o note t h a t S e c r e t a r y of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Volpe r e c e n t l y a d d r e s s e d the American Associa- t i o n - American T r a n s i t A s s o c i a t i o n , and he commented t o t h e s e gentlemen that i t was time f o r them t o g e a r up t o p r e p a r e f o r p r o v i d i n g a l t e r n a t i v e forms of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , l o o k i n g f o r w a r d t o the day when the automobile would be banned. I find i t v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g t h a t S e c r e t a r y Volpe has not t a k e n a p o s i t i o n of the T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e , w h i c h would s u p p o r t t h e s t a t e m e n t he made t o the t r a n s i t officials. I t h i n k the t r a n s i t o f f i c i a l s a r e t r y i n g t o p r o v i d e us w i t h a l t e r n a t i v e forms of transportation. into U n f o r t u n a t e l y , a l l of our f u n d i n g i s going highways. L e t ' s get back t o the highway t r u s t f i n d Mr. fund. V o l p e ' s s t a t e m e n t t o be somewhat i n a c c u r a t e . a c t i o n s do not conform t o h i s words, and So, I His I would l i k e t o see him and I would l i k e t o see a l s o P r e s i d e n t Nixon t o t a k e an interest i n the D i s t r i c t r a t h e r t h a n t o hop in a helicopter w i t h S e c r e t a r y Volpe and f l y around the c i t y and comment, a s he �269 did; a s t h e y p a s s e d t h e m i s s i n g bowl and S h i r l e y Highway t h e P r e s i d e n t commented, "Ummph, I am g l a d I don°t have t o d r i v e t o work„" I n ' 7 2 he may n o t , THE AUDIENCE: (applause) MRSo LEAVITT: I w i l l j u s t make one o t h e r comment i n c l o s i n g , and t h a t i s t o quote Congressman Ed Edmonston of Oklahoma, who voted on t h e 1 9 7 0 Highway A c t f o r a l l of the p r o v i s i o n s f o r highway c o n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e D i s t r i c t Columbia. One of us who live of t h e Congressmen who i n the D i s t r i c t of i s i n sympathy w i t h those got up on the f l o o r of t h e House and s a i d , and I am p a r a p h r a s i n g now, t h a t t h e r e was overwhelming o p p o s i t i o n t o b u i l d i n g t h e s e f r e e w a y s . I t was u n f a i r of the C o n g r e s s t o ram them down t h e t h r o a t s of t h e r e s i d e n t s of t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia. r e p l i e d t o t h i s , and I quote„ Congressman Edmonston " I f t h e r e i s a d e c i s i o n made w i t h r e g a r d t o highways i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia t h a t local people i n the c i t y do- not approve of i t i s c e r t a i n l y no unique experience." happened I w i l l g u a r a n t e e t h e gentleman t h a t i t h a s i n dozens and hundreds of c o u n t r i e s and towns, dozens and hundreds of c i t i e s and towns a c r o s s t h e c o u n t r y . i s time t o r e a k o n w i t h t h e f a c t t h a t t h i s it i s tyranny. Thank i s not you. THE AUDIENCE: (applause) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Mr. Brooke? WHEREUPON, MR 0 TYRRELL W. BROOKE, Well, i t democracy, �270 APPROACHED THE MICROPHONE AND T E S T I F I E D , IN SUBSTANCE, AS FOLLOWS: MR. in BROOKE: Vienna, V i r g i n i a . My name i s T y r r e l l W Brooke, I l i v e c I w i s h t o t e s t i f y a s an i n d i v i d u a l , as the former Chairman of a C i t y P l a n n i n g Commission i n Ohio, and as a r e s i d e n t of our m e t r o p o l i t a n Washington a r e a . t e s t i f y because All I l o v e our of us who City. l i v e and work i n or n e a r our C a p i t a l are v i t a l l y affected the v i t a l i t y , h e a l t h concerned first by and a r e g r e a t l y because are a l l part for itsexistence Nation's concerned and w e l f a r e of Washington, D. C.. Washington i s t h e C a p i t a l of c o u n t r y * b e l o n g i n g t o a l l of u s . c a u s e we I wish to We a r e concerned with We are our secondly of a s i n g l e economic u n i t which be- depends on a l i v e l y , h e a l t h y and e c o n o m i c a l l y viable central city. Cities w i t h o t h e r men interaction life. owe t h e i r existence e c o n o m i c a l l y , s o c i a l l y and p r o v i d e s j o b s and get culturally. improves t h e q u a l i t y That of man's A c i t y , i f i t i s t o c o n t i n u e t o e x i s t , must p r o v i d e a c e n t r a l l o c a t i o n which of t o man's need t o i n t e r a c t people. i s e a s i l y accessible A c i t y which people t o g r e a t numbers cannot use because t o i t or move about i n i t w i l l f a i l . The they cannot parks, the s t a d i u m s , t h e symphony h a l l s , the c i r c u s a r e n a s , t h e boxing r i n g s , t h e p a r a d e s , the shops, t h e c i t a d e l s of commerce, the halls of Government — those t h i n g s which h e l p t o s u s t a i n us a l �271 —• e x i s t and because people r e a c t w i t h each have been a b l e t o gee t o g e t h e r , t o a c t other a I f our c i t y p r o v i d e s e a s y a c c e s s and c e n t r a l the work of N a t i o n a l Government can proceed, names i n p o p u l a r e n t e r t a i n m e n t c a n perform location the g r e a t e s t f o r us, sports f i g u r e s c a n t h r i l l u s , symphony o r c h e s t r a s can p l a y f o r u s , workers c a n work and money c a n be s p e n t . easy a c c e s s t o the c i t y cut People a r e what raake a people a r e what i t s a l l a b o u t . people do not have i t w i l l die as s u r e l y as w i l l a plant o f f from i t s s o u r c e s of e n e r g y . city, I f people People people spend money w i t h o t h e r people, react with create jobs f o r e a c h o t h e r -— Washington, D. C., our c i t y , people, i s people. We a r e h e r e t o d a y t o d i s c u s s t h e d e s i g n and l o c a t i o n of a b r i d g e — a b r i d g e of c o n c r e t e and s t e e l b r i d g e w h i c h was c o n c e i v e d perhaps i n t h e mind of man, w i l l be b u i l t by t h e hand of man and w h i c h w i l l be used by man. people, f o r people? our c i t y . A bridge which symbolizes our r e c o g n i t i o n of t h e be s e p a r a t e e m b a t t l e d but a r e i n s t e a d one community of people I support A b r i d g e by a b r i d g e t o u n i t e our community, t o save f a c t t h a t we a r e not and cannot other. but a dependent upon e a c h your p r o p o s a l s and endorse of t h e b r i d g e a s w e l l a s t h e l o c a t i o n chosen A l t h o u g h t h e need f o r people camps the design for i t . t o make our c i t y g r e a t may be s e l f e v i d e n t , t h e need f o r t h e economic v i t a l i t y c r e a t e d by t h e s e people i scritical. People create jobs, jobs provide �272 money, money s u s t a i n s lives. To prevent them from spending l i f e and improves t h e q u a l i t y of our people from u s i n g t h e c i t y and t o p r e v e n t t h e i r money i n the c i t y , s o t h a t t h e c i t y w i t h e r s and c o l l a p s e s , i s a monstrous crime committed a g a i n s t the r e s i d e n t s of t h e c i t y , a g a i n s t t h e i n h a b i t a n t s of t h e r e g i o n and a g a i n s t t h e c i t i z e n s of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s whose c a p i t o l c i t y we h o l d i n t r u s t . Those who would p r e v e n t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h i s b r i d g e r u t h l e s s l y c o n s i g n t h e people death. Perhaps f a c t s of l i f e , of t h i s c i t y t o economic t h e y do s o out of i g n o r a n c e perhaps of t h e economic f o r some s o r t of hope of p r i v a t e g a i n or p e r s o n a l r e c o g n i t i o n , perhaps t h e y oppose t h e b r i d g e b e - cause t h e y want t h e c e n t r a l c i t y t o d i e , hoping somehow t o keep t h e b u s i n e s s and money i n t h e i r own suburbs. SAM ABBOTT: I s t h a t why you l i v e in Fairfax? MR. BROOKE: Whatever t h e c a s e , t h e f a c t s a r e t h a t j o b s , and money, a r e l e a v i n g our c i t y . We have h e a r d tonighto The G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y t o Reston; D a i l y t h e drum r o l l goes on: HEW t o R o c k v i l l e ; Main Navy t o A r l i n g t o n ; that Gartenhaus F u r s t o M a r y l a n d ; TRW t o McLean; American Automobile A s s o c i a tion to Merrifield. E v e r y day b r i n g s a n o t h e r h e a d l i n e , more v a c a n t o f f i c e s p a c e , more "going must not s t a n d i d l y by, we cannot out of b u s i n e s s " s a l e s . insist We on t h e s t a t u s quo, we must change, we must r e a l i z e t h a t Washington i s people and we cannot resist changeexcept a t our p e r i l , we must b u i l d t h e �2 73 r o a d s , the subways, the b i c y c l e p a t h s , the b r i d g e s people use. We must s t o p t e l l i n g ought t o be d o i n g and recognize people what we a t l a s t the Read the Schermer r e p o r t Planning Commission i n June of t h i s y e a r , f e d e r a l j o b s i n GSA city limits'. December 3, An 1970 think NCPC s t a f f s t u d y w h i c h was outside the past e i g h t years. November 27, the on l e a s e s more space l e a s e d space has The the of released i n the V i r g i n i a s u b u r b s t h a n i t does i n the C e n t r a l of Columbia-and t h a t GSA people, Capital o v e r h a l f of c o n t r o l l e d s p a c e a r e now now they power of the p r e p a r e d f o r the N a t i o n a l c l a i m s t h a t the GSA that increased 1970 District 172% Department in of Labor Monthly Report on Employment, comparing employment i n October 1970 and f o r the w i t h October 1969 f o r the D i s t r i c t Region, shows employment i n the d u s t r y down i n the D i s t r i c t , up Wholesale trade i n the sources the i n the suburbs. a l l t e l l the t a x e s , the d i s p o s a b l e ready l i s t is this? drinking e s t a b l i s h - These f i g u r e s and same s t o r y — support f a c i l i t i e s are Why s u b u r b s ; down i n i n d u s t r y i n the D i s t r i c t , s t a b l e i n the suburbs? s t a b l e i n t h e D i s t r i c t e a t i n g and ments, up r e t a i l food i n - i n the s u b u r b s ; s t a b l e i n the i n the D i s t r i c t , up the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of Columbia the others o f f i c e s , the l e a v i n g and w i t h them go income of t h e i r employees and from many stores, their the jobs. C o n v e n t i o n a l wisdom w i l l s u p p l y a of Washington's problems a s l o n g a s your arm everybody has h i s f a v o r i t e s o l u t i o n . and U n d e r l y i n g a l l e l s e i s the �simple t r u t h that t h e y can cil people work, and get t o e a s i l y . This of Government's 1970 spend money, i n p l a c e s i s summed up n i c e l y i n t h e Report "Perspective improvements o v e r t h e t o reduce t r a v e l time from the As a r e s u l t , the economic h e a r t i t t o be of t h e r e g i o n t h a t people use — want a s o c i a l s t i m u l a t i o n , a g r e a t C a p i t a l of a and t h a t change i s i n e v i t a b l e , t h a t s y s t e m we've a l l t a l k e d about i n transportation t a k i n g a c t i o n t o i n s u r e t h a t a l l of modes of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n w i l l a t t a i n our can and do operate efficiently, common c a u s e . f o r people, b r i d g e s a r e f o r people, t o p r o c e e d w i t h the d e s i g n and S i s t e r s B r i d g e a s you can Westgate, f o r our c i t y , we f o r a l l of the methods of C i t i e s are we same t h i n g s By r e c o g n i z i n g provisions urge you the a f i n e place t o l i v e , a place t o earn a l i v i n g , the b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n we suburbs t o downtown Washington, has been eroded,, " of us want the great Nation. these little Reston, T y s o n ' s C o r n e r , Columbia, s o u r c e of c u l t u r a l and cludes l a s t decade have done "Trans- s i g n i f i c a n c e of downtown Washington a s Montgomery M a l l , All Coun- on Growth i n the Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a " w h e r e i n i t i s s t a t e d t h a t portation that I l o c a t i o n of the have planned i t so t h a t , f o r the Three people, Save our City...* HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: minute r e c e s s t o g i v e (BRIEF We a r e going t o t a k e a our r e p o r t e r S l i t t l e RECESS HELD) resto 10 �2 75 (THE HEARING WAS CALLED TO ORDER AT 9:30 14 December 1970.) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Mr. N e a l M a r t i n ? WHEREUPON, MR. NEAL MART IN, APPROACHED THE PODIUM AND T E S T I F I E D , IN SUBSTANCE, AS FOLLOWS: MR„ MART IN: I am Mr. K e a l Mart i n . I am an American U n i v e r s i t y S t u d e n t , s t u d y i n g t o be a k i n d e r g a r d e n t e a c h e r . First of a l l , l e t me be on r e c o r d a s b e i n g t o t a l l y t h i s hearing. I believe i t i s i l l e g a l and immoral. and t h e C i t y C o u n c i l a r e not h e r e l i s t e n i n g s h o u l d be h e r e l i s t e n i n g . against The Mayor and I b e l i e v e t h e y F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e Three Sisters B r i d g e was i l l e g a l l y f o r c e d upon t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia by C o n g r e s s and we have a c o u r t s u i t pending However, when i n s t a n c e s of inhumanity responsibility in t h i s o c c u r i t i s our i s basically d e s i g n s a l l have one t h i n g a farce. The i n common, and t h a t i s they a r e designed t o c a r r y automobiles Columbia. matter. a s human b e i n g s t o s t a n d up a g a i n s t them, and instance, a h e a r i n g w h i c h proposed on t h a t i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t of I would l i k e t o e x p l o r e some of t h e myths w h i c h I cannot b e l i e v e , a s a person of l o g i c and a person of r e a s o n , how t h e y can be p e r p e t u a t e d . easy access." but One of them: "More highways, You know, i t sounds l o g i c a l on t h e s u r f a c e , i t i s my o b s e r v a t i o n when f r e e w a y s a r e b u i l t t h e y attract �276 raore c a r s i n t o an a r e a . jams. I live Of c o u r s e t h e y a t t r a c t more up around C h a i n B r i d g e , and when t h a t George Washington Parkway t h e r e was a d i r t t h r o u g h t h e r e , but now t h a t road I c o u l d has light. A f r e e w a y over s t a t e d t h a t w i l l double i n p o p u l a t i o n soon, a t t r a c t i n g more c a r s i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t , , t h a t t h a t w i l l mean e a s y a c c e s s I doubt s e r i o u s l y I read i n that folder that Highway Department put o u t . "High speed highways w i l l r e - duce e m i s s i o n s t h u s p o l l u t i o n . " And t h a t ' s when a c a r i s moving and not s t a n d i n g less. of t r a f f i c jam, I doubt i f t h e e f f e c t are and t h i s probably t r u e , s t i l l the emissions However, when a c a r i s s t a l l e d stopping a t l i g h t s , will on a b r i d g e because i s any d i f f e r e n t from indeed w i l l happen i f f r e e w a y s built. W e l l , a i r and n o i s e way. p o l l u t i o n w i l l be reduced any- I n 1974 we w i l l have some new c o n t r o l s and maybe we could, you know, l i n e that w i l l and very f o r people. T h e r e i s something t h a t be right l o c a t i o n on t h e Potomac R i v e r , coming from an a r e a w h i c h been a l r e a d y the drive i t i s a paved road I have t o w a i t sometimes an hour t o g e t t h r o u g h t h a t that traffic stop that. t h e f r e e w a y s w i t h s o u n d - p r o o f i n g and But t h e r e i s another kind of p o l l u t i o n , t h a t cannot be s t o p p e d , e x c e p t f o r a c a r t o o n I saw l a s t Sunday w h i c h showed a man d r i v i n g up t o t h e bank and spraying something on h i s c a r t h a t would reduce i t s e l f - t o a t o y - s i z e car, b u t I doubt w e ' l l d i s c o v e r this. And, of c o u r s e , downtown �277 p r o g r e s s and F e d e r a l . C i t y C o u n c i l more p a r k i n g , d e s t r u c t i o n of s m a l l b u s i n e s s e s ; a new up and coming commerce t h a t intended t o destroy, has a s o l u t i o n f o r t h i s : I saw i n t h e a r e a and of c o u r s e , d e s t r o y people l i v e i n ; homes t h a t d e s t r u c t i o n of homes, homes t h a t people w i l l p r o b a b l y be g i v e n a p l a c e above t h e f r e e w a y t o l i v e i n . Okay, a n o t h e r myth: people s h o u l d be induced t o come t o D.C. t o spend money. sounds good, sounds l o g i c a l . fact by t h a t most b u s i n e s s e s people who l i v e o u t s i d e - they Well, that But when you t h i n k about t h e i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia a r e owned t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia and come i n e v e r y day and d r a i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia, j u s t a s a mother c o u n t r y would d r a i n a c o l o n y . I think logically, people s h o u l d remain out of t h e c i t y or a t l e a s t pay some k i n d of t a x f o r t h e u s e of t h e c i t y THE AUDIENCE: MR. MARTIN: you You know, know, I s a y , facilities. (applause) You know, t h e s e "Is this stupidity?" arguments t h a t I don't b e l i e v e I see, so. believe t h a t you people a r e men of i n t e l l i g e n c e . believe i t i s ignorant, transit c a n c a r r y more people i n l e s s time t h a n f r e e w a y s , do and I am s u r e you r e a l i z e you s t i l l want t o b u i l d f r e e w a y s ? one p o s s i b l e $ sign here. reason i s — I don't that rapid I cannot u n d e r s t a n d why that, you s h o u l d have a g r e a t b i g The Highway Department does not make money o f f of subways. "A b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n lot I of f r e e w a y s , l o t s of j o b s , system." That means l o t s of money f o r t h e d e v e l o p e r s �278 MAURICE A. APPROACHED THE MICROPHONE, AND DAVIS, T E S T I F I E D IN SUBSTANCE AS FOLLOWS: MR. DAVIS: Mr. Chairman, a s P r e s i d e n t Brookland C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n our c i t i z e n s of the and I bring greetings association,, organization. I am of on b e h a l f h e r e t o t e s t i f y on I would l i k e t o t a k e t h i s Bridge. First, logical aspects of the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the T h r e e life Some months ago his behalf and Sisters I would l i k e t o make r e f e r e n c e t o the of the of opportunity t o t a l k about the s o c i a l e n v i r o n m e n t , e n v i r o n m e n t a l economic e f f e c t s the socio- of t h i s c i t y t o d a y . J a c k Anderson wrote the s t o r y i n column about the drug problem i n t h i s c i t y . went on t o s a y t h a t the J u s t i c e The column Department knew about a w e l l - known u n d e r w o r l d f i g u r e s e n t t o Washington t o s t e p up the traffic. t h i s and I t seems a s though the J u s t i c e Department knew about t h a t i t became a p a r t y of the second p a r t . i s t o dope up the g r a s s r o o t s , and dope I mean b l a c k The scheme people s p e c i f i c a l l y , of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, t h e r e b y c r e a t i n g apathy, preventing c i t i z e n s ' opposition, a t l e a s t t o s a y that the government c o u l d keep some k i n d of c o n t r o l on the movement. community. Now u l e t s focus our a t t e n t i o n on the opportunity Brookland Where does B r o o k l a n d f i t i n t o t h e t o t a l of our e x i s t e n c e i n t h i s c i t y t o d a y ? t o g i v e you L e t me protest take picture this a b i r d e y e ' s view of B r o o k l a n d . Brooke �279 l a n d i s comprised of m i d d l e - c l a s s t u r e of upper and tional lower income f a m i l i e s , i n s t i t u t i o n s , and a l s o with religious population income f a m i l i e s , some l i g h t organizations coupled w i t h industrial The i n i t s midst. goals planners' The The The item, city c a l l your a t t e n t i o n t o them. c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e T h r e e Sisters of course the North C e n t r a l Freeway. B r o o k l a n d b e i n g the left — of b e i n g B r i d g e , w h i c h s e r v e s a l i n k t o the North C e n t r a l and the b i g g e s t of This i s a c i t i z e n s a r e aware of what the o b j e c t i v e s a r e , and They a r e a s f o l l o w s : ratio compatible t o t h a t of t h e Georgetown community, t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s stable. educa- of t h i s community a r e the c i t i z e n s of t h i s community want t o be v i a b l e and a mix- complexes, i s comprised of about 70 t o 80% b l a c k . r a t h e r unique community. and only biggest prime l a n d possible i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia t h a t c o u l d be assembled f o r the b i g land grabbers. z o n i n g from low provide a feeder N a t u r a l l y , the c i t y wants t o change d e n s i t y to high s y s t e m f o r the density. parking the k i s s and citizens o f t h e s e economic and The of B r o o k l a n d a r e aware environmental i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s that f o r a l l concerned. Most of our a r e r e t i r e d : government employees, s c h o o l t e a c h e r s , policemen, firemen, will f o r the suburban commuter j e o p a r d i z e by c r e a t i n g c h r o n i c d i s c o r d - d i s c o u r s e verse circumstances this subway when i t does come through Brookland? t o provide t e l l style„ Of c o u r s e and other p r o f e s s i o n a l s , and - and ad- residents clerks, non-profess - �i o n a l s , who p l a n t o spend t h e r e s t q u i e t and q u a i n t community. The of t h e i r l i f e t i m e s i n t h e i r freeway w i l l d e s t r o y the covenant t h a t t h e community has e n j o y e d over t h e y e a r s . h a s been s a i d t h a t c o n s t r u c t i o n of the T h r e e S i s t e r s It Bridge w i l l e v e n t u a l l y f o r c e b u i l d i n g t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway. A p r o j e c t t h a t w i l l be f o r c e d down t h e t h r o a t s of b l a c k people^ N e e d l e s s t o s a y , i f B r o o k l a n d was a l l white the c i t y planners would not chose B r o o k l a n d t o b u i l d a f r e e w a y . Brookland c i t i z e n s w i l l not be s a c r i f i c e d f o r t h i s w h i t e man's f o l l y . The l a s t word " f o l l y " - i n c a s e you don't know what i t means, i t means i n Webster t h e s t a t e of b e i n g THE AUDIENCE: MR. DAVIS: "foolish." (applause) Now, I want t o e l a b o r a t e a l i t t l e b i t . L e t ' s s t a t e t h a t the h e a r i n g here tonight i s i l l e g a l . Brook- land C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n i s prepared t o take l e g a l a c t i o n , a g a i n s t t h i s b r i d g e , and a l s o a g a i n s t t h e North C e n t r a l F r e e way. I would l i k e t o e l a b o r a t e a l i t t l e d e s i g n of t h i s b r i d g e . T h i s b r i d g e i s d e s i g n e d t o push b l a c k people out of Washington. Who i s a t f a u l t f o r the white people moving out of W a s h i n g t o n ? are at fault. The w h i t e people themselves They d i d n ^ t want t o l i v e b e s i d e n i g g e r s . what you c a l l u s . Now I had b e t t e r s t o p h e r e because want t o g e t a n g r y b e c a u s e t h a t you may more on t h e b a s i c not l i k e . I might t e l l Oh, j u s t would l i k e t o s a y t h i s : That's I don't you a few more t h i n g s that's a l l right. Oh, yes, I I t has been s a i d t h a t t h e Brook- �281 l a n d C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n was p o o r l y organized,, r i g h t now t h a t B r o o k l a n d THE AUDIENCE; MR. DAVIS: I want t o s a y i s by no means p o o r l y organized. (applause) I j u s t want t o show you t h i s c h a r t . (EXHIBITING A CHART TO THE HEARING OFFICER AND AUDIENCE.) MRi DAVIS: See t h i s organizational chart. I want a l l t h e people t o s e e i t . T h i s i s what r u n s t h e Brookland C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n : 2 1 Committees? 32 s l o t s . A l s o , I am t h e o r g a n i z e r and c o o r d i n a t o r o f t h e Upper N o r t h e a s t and Professional Association. resources t o fight t h i s SAM ABBOTT: MR. DAVIS: There Business a g a i n , we a r e p o o l i n g our freeway. What about t h e 69 homes i n your a r e a ? Oh, y e s , s p e a k i n g about t h e 69 homes. Mayor Washington made a v a i l a b l e two homes f o r our Youth Center. The Highway Department, Mr. A i r i s t h e r e , k i c k e d i n $6,000.00 t o r e n o v a t e p l a y i n g games. t h e s e homes. Somehow o r o t h e r t h e y a r e Not t o o long ago C o n g r e s s i s s u e d a p r e s s r e l e a s e thcit t h e y a r e going North C e n t r a l F r e e w a y . t o force the c i t y t o b u i l d the R i g h t a f t e r t h a t , I was g i v e n a c a l l by a c q u i s i t i o n of t h e D„ C. R e a l E s t a t e Department t o t u r n i n t h e k e y s of t h e s e homes. D r . Henry Robinson made a statement i n t h e news t h a t we d i d n ' t t o u c h base w i t h t h e c i t i z e n s . I am h e r e t o t e l l y o u t h a t we d i d n ' t a p p l y f o r t h e u s e of t h e s e homes; t h e c i t y d i d a l l t h i s . for Well, They made a l l t h e arrangements u s . They t o l d u s t h a t t h e y were g o i n g t o g i v e us t h e s e �homes f o r a community c e n t e r . g e n e r a t i o n gap. gutless,., Well And you a r e t a l k i n g about t h e I want t o t e l l e you, our l e a d e r s a r e And no wonder t h e c h i l d r e n t o d a y , t h e k i d s today, don't have no r e s p e c t f o r them. I want t o t e l l you t h a t i n B r o o k l a n d t h o s e homes w i l l be r e s t o r e d and w i l l be r e t u r n e d t o t h e community and we p l a n t o make t h e c i t y b u i l d u s a community c e n t e r comp a r a b l e t o t h e one on C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue up i n Chevy C h a s e . We o n l y a s k f o r t h e s e homes on a temporary b a s i s ; b u t we i n t e n d t o make t h e c i t y b u i l d u s a community c e n t e r comparable to the o n e — I repeat—comparable Avenue n e a r Chevy Chase Circle. THE AUDIENCE: (applause) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: (No Reverend Lynch? response.) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: (No t o t h e one on C o n n e c t i c u t Mr. John P. C a r t e r ? response.) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Joan Knight? WHEREUPON, JOAN KNIGHT, D. C„ WILDERNESS COMMITTEE, APPROACHED THE PODIUM AND TESTIFIED, IN SUBSTANCE, AS FOLLOWS: MISS KNIGHT: of D„ C. I am J o a n K n i g h t , and I am a citizen I l i v e a t 5846 S h e r r y H i l l P l a c e , N o r t h w e s t . I will not t e s t i f y f o r t h e D. C. W i l d e r n e s s Committee because I have �283 changed my testimony as a r e s u l t and haven't of what I have h e a r d had a chance t o check w i t h the o t h e r s . s t a r t w i t h a s e r i e s of t h r e e questions,, before. here? the first Why Why I want t o have h e a r d them I j u s t want t o e n d o r s e them by a s k i n g them a g a i n . The it. You today i s , who a r e we a r e we t a l k i n g t o Mr. i s n ' t the Mayor h e r e ? Why talking to? Dugas? I don't understand i s n ' t the C i t y C o u n c i l I r e a d the handout thatDCTC p r o v i d e d t h i s morning about l e g a l i t y of who makes the d e c i s i o n s , and t o t a l l y t h a t t h e y s h o u l d be h e r e . enough t o l i s t e n t o us t h e n Why w h i l e the c a s e r e g a r d i n g t h e b r i d g e The V i r g i n i a may me interested will transcript. second q u e s t i o n : I t ' s t o t a l l y beyond I f t h e y a r e not I s e r i o u s l y doubt t h a t t h e y t a k e the t r o u b l e t o r e a d t h e The i t convinced a r e we having is still hearings i n the c o u r t s ? me. third question: Why a r e we d e c i d e not t o go r o u t e 66? h a v i n g h e a r i n g s when I w i s h t o s a y f o r the r e c o r d t h a t t h e f a c t t h a t I have a s t a t e m e n t that I recognize these as l e g a l hearings. r e a s o n s , I p e r s o n a l l y do not t h i n k t h e y a r e I t appears t o me does not mean F o r the above t h r e e legal. t h a t t h e proud f r e e w a y forces in t h i s town a r e t r y i n g t o c r e a t e t h e i m p r e s s i o n from the media t h a t o p p o s i t i o n t o t h i s road i s o n l y the work of a "die-hard" freeway fighters. r e c e n t l y from t e l e v i s i o n and few T h i s i s the impression i n newspapers. I got I don't b e l i e v e i t �2 84 is true. I a l s o r e a l i z e t h a t what a p p e a r s c o u r s e i s g e n e r a t e d by and f i l t e r e d through DCTC sometimes u s e s some l o a d e d w o r d s . them but I t h i n k t h e y have got a p o i n t . big business. Some people of p r o f i t or perhaps like They e x p l a i n e d They p o i n t e d out t h a t t h e y used terminology because don't T h i s morning i n t h e handout t h e y used the words "money m a f i a , " what t h e y meant. i n the media of t h e s e t y p e s of businessmen, that i n the name i n t h e name of s i m u l a t i n g t h e economy, s e e k t o c o n t r o l our l i v e s and our c o u n t r y . I t h i n k t h e y have a point. Meanwhile, a n t i - f r e e w a y c i t i z e n s groups e x p e r i e n c e bitter frustration. Why were t h e TV cameramen t o l d not to photograph t h e group of c i t i z e n s q u i e t l y h o l d i n g s i g n s t o p r o t e s t the bridge a t the s t a r t The time w o r k e r s ; groups opposing of the h e a r i n g s t h i s t h e s e r o a d s do not have full t h e y have no money; t h e y do not have what a r e c a l l e d f r i e n d s i n Congress; t h e y do not have c o n n e c t i o n s i n t h e media; t h e y have no e f f e c t i v e p r o c e s s e s because i s how morning? t h e y cannot r o l e i n d e c i s i o n making o f f e r t r a d e - o f f s or d e a l s . This t h e power groups w i t h v e s t e d i n t e r e s t s a c c o m p l i s h their p o l i t i c a l business* The c i t i z e n s s t a n d o n l y on They s e e t h e b r i d g e a s a moral principle. i s s u e , i t ' s a s simple a s t h a t . The N i x o n - N a t c h e r Memorial " B r i d g e " a c r o s s t h e T h r e e I s l a n d i s opposed by a l l c i t i z e n s . THE AUDIENCE: (applause) Sisters �285 MISS KNIGHT: stand In a l l the I s opposed by a l l c i t i z e n s who s o c i a l and November of 1 9 6 9 , environmental i s s u e s there the c i t i z e n s showed how T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e and involved. they f e l t 8 5 % of n e a r l y 12000 v o t e r s c i t i z e n s referendum. under- in a opposed i t s connecting freeway system. On C. the b a s i s of l o g i c a l o n e , i t i s a b s u r d t o t h i n k t h a t D. C i t i z e n s would a c t u a l l y chose We t o have more c a r s i n t h e i r c i t y . have h e a r d hundreds of p o i n t s made t h a t e x p l a i n e d I want t o add one: We don't want our new f a i l b e c a u s e of l a c k of r i d e r s h i p . i f we encourage commuters t o use design hearing, This that. subway s y s t e m t o i s what may their cars. I want t o make one have been p r e s e n t e d t o the happen Since t h i s i s a comment on the d e s i g n s t h a t us. L e t ' s assume I am a transportation expert. My job i s t o g e t t h e maximum number of people from V i r g i n i a i n t o D. Co d u r i n g r u s h hour. transportation for so t h a t I p r o b a b l y went t o c o l l e g e t o I remember some b a s i c f a c t s . study I know, example, t h a t s t u d i e s have been done showing t h a t t r w i l l transport will. 12 t i m e s the number of people t h a t These s t u d i e s were v e r y realistic. The automobiles assumption made, f o r example, t h a t the t r a i n s were o n l y h a l f - f i l l e d . why a r e n ' t we t r a c k s on it? given a t h i r d design a l t e r n a t i v e , with Better lines to transport t o c l o s e by reading y e t , why don't we commuters now? use existing They a r e t h e r e . something t h a t was s a i d by train rail I want Michael was Then �who a t the present time i s the A c t i n g A s s i s t a n t for Environmental Assistance i s from a DOT i n the tation. This release, it°s j u s t a r e l e a s e . Department of T r a n s p o r - News R e l e a s e . He Charleston, "Our It°s not made the a n n u a l meeting of the N a t i o n a l T r u s t For in Secretary statement a t o f f i c e r e c e i v e s a constant flow in local issues. of transportation experience with these l e t t e r s e s p e c i a l l y thDse o b j e c t i n g to transportation their p r o j e c t s because of a d v e r s e e n v i r o n m e n t a l impact has t h a t the citizens 3 objections g e n e r a l l y w e l l thought out, documented, and then l i s t s been are often w e l l almost always of s e r i o u s s t u d y and processes years t o S e c r e t a r y Volpe to intervene Our an H i s t o r i c Preservation South C a r o l i n a on November 7th of t h i s l e t t e r s appealing He a news deserving comment" suggested c r i t e r i a for transportation t h a t would i n c l u d e citizens "My i s a c c e s s t o the in first criteria meaningful terms. Too i n one often have been p r e s e n t e d w i t h a plan approval. and The t h e n the meaningful system citizens for c r i t i c a l d e c i s i o n s were made c i t i z e n s were p e r m i t t e d t o come i n v o l v e d . planning My second c r i t e r i o n c a l l s befor way. �c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the c i t i z e n s " broadest sense by t h e planner. r e j e c t s a proposal which view i n the I f a planner t h e c i t i z e n s put f o r t h t h e c i t i z e n s a r e e n t i t l e d t o know why i n p l a i n a n d s i m p l e terms and c i t i z e n parti- c i p a t i o n s h o u l d be more t h a n a c o s m e t i c , which i s a f i g h t a f t e r t h e f a c t t o make d e c i s i o n s appear t o have more community p a r t i c i p a t i o n and s u p p o r t . citizen Third, p a r t i c i p a t i o n should s t a r t with the articulation of community g o a l s and v a l u e s and t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p of t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n plan t o these goals. T o me t h i s means t h a t c i t i z e n s have t h e r i g h t t o s u g g e s t t h a t a transportation p r o j e c t s h o u l d be r e a l i g n e d or not b u i l t a t a l l i f i t c o n f l i c t s current with community v a l u e s . " HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: THE AUDIENCE: Thank you. (applause) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Has Mr. P a r k s come i n yet ? MR. PARKS: Yes, s i r . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: sir. We a r e w a i t i n g You a re on t ime. WHEREUPON, MR. ELDRIDGE V. PARKS, f o r you, �238 APPROACHED THE MICROPHONE AND T E S T I F I E D , IN SUBSTANCE, AS F O L L O W S : MRo PARKS: L a d i e s and gentlemen, my name i s E l d r i d g e V. P a r k s and I am a c a n d i d a t e f o r t h e n o n - v o t i n g d e l e g a t e i n Washington, D. C. I r e c e i v e d correspondence from some of t h e committee members a g a i n s t t h e f r e e w a y , t o put i t i n t o my plat- form, opposing t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s Bridge„ As soon a s I r e c e i v e d t h a t c o r r e s p o n d e n c e w i t h t h e people t h a t s I checked around I have been coming i n c o n t a c t w i t h and s o f a r I h a v e n t spoken t o one person t h a t i s i n f a v o r of t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . THE AUDIENCE: ( a p p l a u s e ) MR. the Safeway PARKS: I have been out among t h e people, i n S t o r e s , t h e G i a n t Supermarkets, g e t t i n g my s i g n a t u r e s f o r my p e t i t i o n s t h a t and I am going t o f i l e t o n i g h t , I have t a l k e d t o l i t e r a l l y hundreds of people. No one has e x p r e s s e d a d e s i r e f o r the Three S i s t e r s Bridge. I had a d o c t o r ' s appointment a f u l l hour ahead o f t i m e . have t o make appointments and t h i s Tonight i s why I d i d n ' t g e t h e r e I n o r d e r t o s e e t h e s e d o c t o r s you two months i n advance f o r an eye e x a m i n a t i o n s a t l e a s t f o r my d o c t o r anyway. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: MR. PARKS: I know what you mean. So I j u s t a s k e d him what was h i s o p i n i o n , and he was t o t a l l y a g a i n s t it. knows where i t i s g o i n g t o connect up t o . F o r one r e a s o n , nobody Nobody knows where �289 it°s g o i n g , a t l e a s t I I h a v e n ' t h e a r d t h e t e s t i m o n y today, but don°t t h i n k i t h a s been made c l e a r t o the people of Washing- ton where the t r a f f i c from t h i s b r i d g e i s going t o t h i n k t h i s s h o u l d be e x p l a i n e d . so that I c o u l d do a l i t t l e said before. But I would have t a l k e d t o , and t h i s c So, I I d i d want t o g e t h e r e e a r l y r e s e a r c h t o see j u s t what had been l i k e t o s a y t h a t everybody t h a t i s t h e main p o i n t t h a t no one i s i n f a v o r of i t . And I want t o emphasize, i f I am e l e c t e d a s a non- v o t i n g d e l e g a t e we won't have t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e . from what I And I g a t h e r , t h e y won't. THE AUDIENCE: MR. PARKS: (applause) From what I g a t h e r , the path of the T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e , t h e r o u t e proposed, one of them, would be t o go through K S t r e e t and t h e o t h e r would be through U Street. the people of Washington a r e a g a i n s t avenues. the I don't know w h i c h r o u t e i t w i l l t a k e but I t h i n k And I would s a y t h a t Three S i s t e r s Bridge. t h r o u g h Washington., would i t on both of t h o s e i f I am e l e c t e d we won't have We won't have any more f r e e w a y s I am o r i g i n a l l y from New O r l e a n s , and I l i k e t o s a y t h a t t h e y have a f r e e w a y g o i n g r i g h t down- town t o t h e h e a r t of New monstrosity that i s the u g l i e s t I have e v e r s e e n i n my e n t i r e THE AUDIENCE: MR. O r l e a n s , and t h i s PARKS: life. (applause) I was t h e r e i n October and I h a v e n ' t been back f o r a c o u p l e of y e a r s . Truly, it's good. I can g e t from �290 my house, and I l i v e uptown, f o r t h o s e of you who know New O r l e a n s , and I can go a l l the way out t o G i n T i l l i n g , w h i c h used t o t a k e maybe an hour, I can go t h e r e i n 10 m i n u t e s . But I don't t h i n k we need t h a t k i n d o f p r o g r e s s h e r e i n Washington, and I would s a y t h a t i f t h e people of New O r l e a n s knew what t h e y were g e t t i n g t h e y wouldn't have t h a t , t o o , because t h e y have d e s t r o y e d a b e a u t i f u l s t r e e t C l a y b o u r n e Avenue, downtown. They didn°t t o u c h uptown. c T h i s i s where t h e b i g money was.; They d i d n t t o u c h uptown where I lived. But t h e y touched down- town, t h e poor p e o p l e , and t h e y took a l l of t h e homes. t h e y have now i s a p i e c e of c o n c r e t e t h a t for s i s a b s o l u t e l y good n o t h i n g a s f a r a s I s e e but t o run c a r s up and down and p o l l u t e t h e neighborhood. It s What good f o r t h a t . Bourbon I t ' s f o r t h e b i g b u s i n e s s downtown. People c a n r u n r i g h t i n and r u n r i g h t on S t r e e t ? b u t t h a t ' s o n l y a p a r t of New O r l e a n s . think the c i t y i t s e l f would be n i c e i f t h e y d i d n ' t have m o n s t r o s i t y , and we won't have t h a t e l e c t e d t o Congress. i n Washington I that i f I am Thank you. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: THE AUDIENCE: Thank you. (applause) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Mr. L o n g s t r e t h ? WHEREUPON, MR. RICHARD LONGSTRETH, APPROACHED TEE PODIUM AND T E S T I F I E D , IN SUBSTANCE, AS FOLLOWS: MR. LONGSTRETH: I am R i c h a r d L o n g s t r e t h . I come h e r e �291 r e p r e s e n t i n g myself as a c i t i z e n . out of u n i f o r m but the s y m p a t h i e s I d i d n ' t have time t o get I have t o add t h a t I b r i n g w i t h me t o n i g h t of hundreds of people i n the Pentagon whom I work w i t h , both c i v i l i a n and m i l i t a r y ; both o f f i c e r and en- listed. B e f o r e a c t i v e d u t y I was a s t u d e n t of a r c h i t e c t a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of P e n n s y l v a n i a , from which I am a u t h o r of the f o r t h c o m i n g Philadelphia area. I graduated. s u r v e y on a r c h i t e c t u r e gentlemen v / i i l agree w i t h me, The in the I have spent a good t i m e , a good d e a l of t i m e , i n a c i t y c a l l e d Los A n g e l e s , w h i c h h a s , and the world. And I hope t h e s e probably the b e s t freeways i n • l a y o u t of a c i t y , t h e p h y s i c a l l a y o u t of a c i t y i s i d e a l f o r them. The c l i m a t e i s i d e a l f o r them. There i s h a r d l y any time d u r i n g the y e a r when the c o n d i t i o n s a r e adverse t o freeway d r i v i n g . I t ' s v e r y e a s y , or i t was were a p l e a s u r e . They a r e b e a u t i f u l l y engineered. v e r y e a s y , t o d r i v e on them. They were b e a u t i f u l l y l a n d s c a p e d . h a r d l y aware of Los A n g e l e s , and One i n t h i s room who drove For i n Los A n g e l e s when t h i s v e r y e x p e n s i v e and a t t h e b e g i n n i n g v e r y e f f e c t i v e began t o r e a l l y be f e l t i n the e a r l y s i x t i e s , system or even i n the m i d - s i x t i e s , would f i n d t o get t o any p l a c e i n t h e c i t y r e a l l y quite easy. was o f t e n t i m e s t h e y were v e r y a e s t h e t i c a l l y p l e a s e d w i t h t h e works of e n g i n e e r i n g . t h o s e of you They E v e r y b o d y t r a v e l l e d by f r e e w a y . of you have been back t o Los A n g e l e s was I f any r e c e n t l y or a r e p l a n n i n g t c �292 go back, you a r e g o i n g t o e x p e r i e n c e a shock because t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s h a s d e c r e a s e d i n c r e d i b l y o v e r a p e r i o d of o n l y 3 or 4 y e a r s . And f o r once, t h e y were a p l e a s u r e . a system that c o s t — a n d I have brought no f i g u r e s — a s a m a t t e r of f a c t , this' s p e e c h i s p r e t t y much o f f t h e c u f f . no f i g u r e s , b u t t h i s millions, This i s i s a system that inevitably perhaps b i l l i o n s of d o l l a r s . or 15 y e a r s i t became o b s o l e t e . I brought cost And i n a p e r i o d of 10 Washington, of c o u r s e , i s n e t n e a r l y a s w e l l equipped a s a c i t y f o r a freeway system, a s Los A n g e l e s i s . I t i s not l a i d out l i k e Los A n g e l e s . I t does not measure up i n a n y o f t h e c r i t e r i a t h a t made a f r e e w a y s y s t e m a t one t i m e , i n t h e e a r l y 60s s o s u c c e s s f u l i n Los A n g e l e s , and would not make i t t h a t s u c c e s s f u l i n Washington. And even now, Washington d o e s n ' t have a t h i r d of t h e f r e e w a y s t h a t Los A n g e l e s d i d 10 y e a r s ago. So what we a r e r e a l l y i n g , by b u i l d i n g more f r e e w a y s i n Washington, all say- i s t h a t even i f p l a n s were approved, even f o r t h e t h i n g t h a t was t o go under t h e L i n c o l n Memorial, and t h e n some of t h e T i d a l if a l l Basin, of t h e s e p l a n s were approved tomorrow and c o n s t r u c t i o n s t a r t e d t h e day a f t e r and t h e r e were no d e l a y s and no s t r i f e , maybe i n f i v e y e a r s we c o u l d l o o k f o r w a r d t o what L o s A n g e l e s c i t i z e n r y had 10 y e a r s ago; and maybe 15 y e a r s from now we can have t h e m a r v e l o u s mess t h a t t h e f r e e w a y s y s t e m h a s c a u s e d i n Los A n g e l e s i n Washington. About an h o u r ago Mr. Brooke spoke b e f o r e you a l l . �293 and d e s p i t e h i s i n t e r r u p t i o n s I have t o s a y t h a t I agree w i t h him on a l o t of p o i n t s . c e r t a i n l y for progress. I am t h a t a f r e e w a y p e r p e t u a t e s i t s e l f , and way The i f you b u i l d one you a r e going t o have t o b u i l d more f r e e w a y s , and g c i n g t o have t o b u i l d more f r e e w a y s , and v e r y l o g i c a l argument. Because r a i l r o a d s s t a r t e d , t h a t ' s how r e a l l y how t r a t i o n of people t h i s manner. - free- you a r e i n the a b s t r a c t a after a l l , that°s how the t h e a i r l i n e s s t a r t e d , and t h e c i t i e s grew t h e m s e l v e s . idea Any civilized that's concen- s t a r t e d and began and grew and developed But t h e r e i s a l s o t h e f a c t t h a t in automotive :' ' o r t a t i c n i s the l e a s t e f f e c t i v e means of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n * " And t h e n even though f r e e w a y s might b r i n g about a c e r t a i n amount of e a s y go q u i c k p r o g r e s s , i t i s going t o be s l o w e s t and l e a s t e f f i c i e n t t y p e of p r o g r e s s . Mr. Brooke's s t a t e m e n t would have been v e r y , v e r y t r u t h f u l had he i n j e c t e d r a i l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r highways, because simply a l l he about what a c i t y s h o u l d be i s i n d e e d v e r y , v e r y t r u e . have t o have t h e c e n t e r . said You But the v e r y n a t u r e of a highway, i f it d o e s n ' t t e a r down what the e s s e n c e of a c i t y i s , at l e a s t g o i n g t o be t h e l e a s t e f f i c i e n t means from w h i c h c i t y can c o n t i n u e t o grow and f l o u r i s h . that i s enhanced by a freeway, both suburbs the The it is a type of p r o g r e s s i n the c i t y and i n the t h a t t h e y go t h r o u g h would h o p e f u l l y be t h e type of p r o g r e s s t h a t s o many gentlemen came down h e r e and testified about t h i s morning; t h e r e a l t o r s , t h e businessmen, and what not �294 Yes, indeed, progress. t h a t i s a good and h o p e f u l l y s t a b l e type But more o f t e n t h a n not f r e e w a y s do not s t i m u l a t e this s o r t of t h i n g because t h e y i n j e c t a r t i f i c i a l l y that i s t o t a l l y new a ISO degrees way of something t o any g i v e n r e g i o n and change i t s c h a r a c t e overnight. The e f f e c t ; and i f you study the communities t h a t have gone up around Washington or o t h e r c i t y t o d a y you free any can see t h a t t h e y a r e v e r y much l i k e the g o l d r u s h towns i n t h e mid-west and the f a r - w e s t of the latter p a r t of the l a s t c e n t u r y , w i t h a l l the e v i l s w h i c h went along w i t h t h a t type of raw s p e c u l a t i o n . THE AUDIENCE: (applause) MR. LONGSTRETH: One need o n l y s t u d y t h e s t r i p p e d communities a l o n g 4 ~ l a n e a x i s roads t h a t were b u i l t late 1930s - e a r l y 1940s and 1950s - and t h e s e have become v e r y d e p r e s s e d very short-lived. station, The i n the see t h a t most of a r e a s now. They have been s m a l l s c a l e shopping c e n t e r , gas l i q u o r s t o r e , i n d i v i d u a l s t o r e s , plunked along highways - s o r t of t h i n g - i s d y i n g out v e r y r a p i d l y . l a s t e d 15, 20, maybe 30 y e a r s and The s t r u c t u r e of f r e e w a y now the It i t h a s gone i n t o d e c a y . communities i s v e r y , v e r y similar w i t h one h o r r i f y i n g d i f f e r e n c e , and t h a t i s the amount of l a n d t h a t i s consumed by t h e s e f r e e w a y s , sumed by f r e e w a y s t h a t have been b u i l t i s much, much g r e a t e r and i t ' s not i t ' s a l l over the E a s t e r n Seaboard. t h a t has been con- a l l over the n a t i o n , j u s t around the I t does not cities, just affect �295 blacks. I t does not j u s t a f f e c t w h i t e s . I t i s not simply a f f e c t i n g t h e r i c h o r t h e poor, i t h i t s everybody. f r e e from i t . Nobody i s You c a n buy 5,000 a c r e s 50 m i l e s from t h e c i t y . Many people have done t h i s , had t h e o p p o r t u n i t y , have had t h e money, and a l o t o f people have been q u i t e s u r p r i s e d when a few y e a r s l a t e r a f r e e w a y went i n b a c k o f t h e i r r e t r e a t . No- body had e s c a p e d from t h i s . T h i s i s a d i s c u s s i o n , however, on t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e n o t on f r e e w a y s a s a w h o l e . T r a i n e d a s an a r c h i t e c t and l o o k i n g a t t h e proposed 3 Span P r o p o s a l , I have t o admit it i s a v e r y , v e r y handsome d e s i g n ? b u t e q u a l l y i f n o t more handsome was t h e d e s i g n t h a t was proposed by t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l l famous form g i v e r , Mar... B,..„ f o r a n o f f i c e b u i l d i n g t o be p l a c e d o v e r Grand C e n t r a l S t a t i o n i n New Y o r k . And even i n s u c h a n i m p e r s o n a l l a r g e c i t y a s New York, t h e c i t i z e n r y g o t t o g e t h e r and s a i d , "No e i t ' s a b e a u t i f u l d e s i g n b u t i t i s out of p l a c e h e r e . " THE AUDIENCE: MR, but ton. LONGSTRETH: (applause) I wasn't g o i n g t o b r i n g t h i s up, I don't know how many o f you a r e from o u t s i d e o f WashingI m y s e l f I have had t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o t r a v e l a l l around the c o u n t r y , and i n a number o f v e r y d i s t i n g u i s h e d circles, architectura i n the planning realm, i n the e d u c a t i o n a l realm, i n t h e h i s t o r i c p r e s e r v a t i o n r e a l m , I w i l l have t o admit t h a t t h e Washington F i n e A r t s Commission i s a joke. You b r i n g i t up and �2 96 c i t s a j oke, THE AUDIENCE: (applause) MR. LONGSTRETH: T h i s f e e l i n g h a s been brought about by t h e f a c t t h a t , t h e y have i n s u l t e d and r e j e c t e d p l a n s o f c many o f t h e c o u n t r y s l e a d i n g a r c h i t e c t s , w h i l e r u b b e r stamping enumerable d e s i g n s o f t h e most c r u d e , i m p e r s o n a l n a t u r e , a r e growing around t h e c i t y that Look a t many o f t h e f e d e r a l B s t r u c t u r e s t h a t a r e g o i n g up. Look a t Moscow and you won't s e e v e r y much d i f f e r e n c e . I f you a r e up i n New Y o r k look a t p l a n s t h a t Spear d i d f o r B e r l i n on t h a t b r i g h t day, and t h e y t e r r i b l y much d i f f e r e n t . Albert aren't s I t ' s n o t monumental, i t s n o t c l a s s i c a l because b o t h of t h o s e a d j e c t i v e s have a v e r y , human r e l a t i o n . brought a b o u t . I t ' s one o f t h e c o l d e s t t h i n g s anything that t h a t c o u l d be The P i n e A r t s Commission i s u n f o r t u n a t e l y getting a reputation are acceptable very o f s i m p l y stamping t h o s e p r o j e c t s w h i c h under a m i n i m a l c r i t e r i a and s h y away from i s innovative, t h i n g s t h a t a r e human. I have e r r e d a g a i n , a n y t h i n g t h a t i s c r e a t i v e , and most B u t back t o t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s and I have t o a p o l o g i z e . Bridge. I want t o t u r n your a t t e n t i o n t o t h i 3 b o o k l e t , a l o t o f o t h e r people have, and I want t o p r e f a c e I very t h i s by s a y i n g t h a t when I was i n P h i l a d e l p h i a i n f o r m a l l y fought a g a i n s t a p r o j e c t w h i c h a l s o h a d a very nice booklet. t h e gentlemen h e r e — I am s a y i n g t h i s n o t i n any d i s r e s p e c t t o o f t h e gentlemen who put out t h i s booklet. �297 But I am s i m p l y s a y i n g t h a t a s a n a r c h i t e c t and a s a c i t i z e n I am g e t t i n g t i r e d o f c i t y p l a n n i n g b o o k l e t s and highway b o o k l e t s a n d what n o t t h a t do a n y t h i n g b u t s t i m u l a t e a reader's a b i l i t y t o think. you Because i f you l o o k a t them, i f r e a l l y l o o k a t them, you f i n d t h a t t h e y don't s a y t e r r i b l y much. Back t o t h i 3 v e r y n i c e b o o k l e t i n P h i l a d e l p h i a . I t c a l l e d f o r a redevelopment p l a n o f a s e c t i o n o f t h e c i t y , and when you g o t t w o - t h i r d s o f t h e way through the s i l l y t h i n g you d i s c o v e r e d t h a t t h e o n l y t h i n g t h a t t h e y were going t o r e d e v e l o p was t h a t a good p o r t i o n o f t h e neighborhood was g c i n g t o be wiped o u t f o r a highway. T h a t was t h e o n l y t h i n g ; y e s , t h e y were p l a n n i n g t o p l a n t b u s h e s u n d e r n e a t h but t h a t was t h e purpose of t h e e n t i r e b o o k l e t ; and you o n l y d i s c o v e r e d i t t w o - t h i r d s o f t h e way through looked v e r y c l o s e l y . was t h e highway, simply browsing t h e t h i n g , i f you I t would be v e r y e a s y f o r somebody who through t h e t h i n g t o go t h r o u g h b o o k l e t a t a l l and n o t g e t a n y t h i n g out o f it„ the entire Well, there i s an added i r o n y t o t h i s , a n d a good d e a l o f t r a g e d y because b o o k l e t was on t h e redevelopment o f a s e c t i o n this called: "80OTHWALK," w h i c h happened t o be t h e o l d e s t s e c t i o n o f t h e city„ I t was comprised than any other d i s t r i c t o f more p r e - r e v o l u n t i o n a r y s t r u c t u r e s i n c l u d i n g S o c i e t y H i l l and Independence N a t i o n a l Park. About h a l f o f t h e s e s t r u c t u r e s ware obliterated f o r a freeway. The neighborhood c o n s i s t e d o f v i r t u a l l y all- w h i t e , w o r k i n g c l a s s community o f German and S w e d i s h background, �29S bat i t had i t was block o n l y been t h e r e f o r s e v e r a l hundred y e a r s ; f a i r l y c l o s e k n i t t o t h e degree t h a t moving down the during your l i f e t i m e i s a major e x p e r i e n c e . d i s p l a c e d a l o t of p e o p l e , and quately relocated nonetheless, is there. I have t o go on t h a t a s s u m p t i o n . 0 t h e t h i n g h a s been c o n s t r u c t e d . And, '-iic s t i l l Now freeway But I t hasn°t been p l a c e a t the moment, but i t a l l of a sudden, h o u s e s t h a t a r e a d j a c e n t i t a r e g o i n g up f o r s a l e , one / : v.Xc • The I am q u i t e s u r e t h e y were a d e - u s e d y e t beca.use i t d o e s n ' t go any •• " and to a f t e r a n o t h e r b e i n g boarded up : f o o l i s h enough t o ask, '77hy?" i f I may t u r n your a t t e n t i o n t o t h i s : On pages 9 t h r o u g h 14 a r e a number of g r a p h s showing t h e a r e a t h a t the f r e e w a y i s g o i n g t o go t h r o u g h and t h e y c o v e r a m y r i a d of a s p e c t s of r e a l l y human l i f e . s i t e s ; h i k i n g and P a r k s and biking t r a i l s ; recreation; h i s t o r i c a l s o f o r t h and s o on. But l o o k a l i t t l e b i t c l o s e r : Park R e c r e a t i o n a l and H i s t o r i c S i t e s and Landmarks - n o t i c e t h e r e i s n o t h i n g i n Georgetown. H i k i n g and Biking T r a i l s - t h a t ' s n i c e , they are s t i l l but r e a l l y wanted t o — a n d i f you h i k e and in fact AUDIENCE: MR. LONGSTRETH: good a c c e s s r o u t e , both York. (applause) F i r e Protection. a r e t h r e e f i r e h o u s e s i n t h e a r e a and The I h a v e — y o u can b i k e u n d e r n e a t h t h e West S i d e Highway i n New THE there We see t h a t there a l t h o u g h t h i s might be I don't t h i n k i t ' s a prime a consideration. same t h i n g w i t h e x i s t i n g l a n d - u s e m a t t e r , w h i c h , i f you look �2. 9 at i t v e r y c l o s e l y you w i l l d i s c o v e r t h a t p r o b a b l y h a l f of the a r e a covered i n t h e legend, boundary c o v e r e d by t h e map, i s c o v e r e d h a l f o f t h a t i s t h e Potomac R i v e r . less than of the a r e a w i t h i n the i n t h e legend and about Religous i n s t i t u t i o n s . The o n l y t h i n g t h a t you c a n g e t from t h i s i s t h a t t h e r e a r e a l o t of c h u r c h e s You i n Georgetown. That's very nice. And, E d u c a t i o n . s e e , t h e r e a r e a l o t of e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s both i n Georgetown and i n V i r g i n i a . does t h i s t e l l you? traffic? T h a t ' s v e r y n i c e , t o o . B u t what Where i s t h e r e something o f t h e e x i s t i n g I am n o t a c i t y p l a n n e r . i n t h i s element. B u t t o o o f t e n I have s e e n , and I have c i t i z e n s v a i l over i t often expensive I am n o t a p r o f e s s i o n a l ? seen i n t h e e a s t and i n t h e w e s t , v e r y n i c e , brochures which look l i k e they a r e s e r v i n g the p u b l i c and r e a l l y a r e n o t g e t t i n g down t o what i s g o i n g t o happen. T u r n t o page 5, F i g u r e 7. T h i s i s how i t ' s g o i n g t o look when i t goes t h r o u g h Spout Run. A gentleman e a r l i e r a f t e r n o o n s a i d t h a t Spout Run was a v e r y p i c t u r e s q u e t o Washington. I must admit, i t i s now. this entrance Now t a k e a look a t what t h e p r o p o s a l i s f o r F i g u r e 7, and you s e e t h r o u g h isomet r i c s t h a t a few t h i n g s have v e r y c l e v e r l y been c o v e r e d up. One i s t h a t t h e w e s t bound l a n e o f 1-266 i s about r o u g h l y 2 t o 3 s t o r i e s above w e s t bound l a n e of Spout Run, and t h e d i f f e r e n c e i s made up n o t w i t h p l a n t i n g , n o t w i t h g r a d u a l s l o p e b u t w i t h an i n w a r d s l o p e o f c o n c r e t e . I f you want t o go up a l o n g t h e Chesapeake and Ohio C a n a l you c a n s e e a s i m i l a r i n n o v a t i o n i n �300 highway d e s i g n where t h e r e wasn't enough room t o cram i t i n t o the h i l l s i d e . So, one goe3 out o v e r a n o t h e r . This i s fine i n a c i t y b u t Spout Run i s not a c i t y , and people have got t o det e r m i n e r i g h t now i f t h e y want t o t u r n i t i n t o an urban a r e a why don't t h e y s a y t h a t ? say, "We Why d o e s n ' t somebody come out and want t o put 20 s t o r y o f f i c e b u i l d i n g s a l l o v e r t h e h i g h l a n d s and what n o t ? " vironment l i k e t h a t . A l l r i g h t , t h i s i s f i n e f o r an e n - But i f you want t o k e e p i t i n a s e m i - r u r a l s t a t e you don^t do t h i s . And a g a i n , l o o k a t t h i s background parkway, e a s t b o u n d , and you w i l l s e e t h e same t h i n g : o n l y a one o r two s t o r y c o n c r e t e w a l l a e r i a l view of the p r o j e c t a r e a Q Q F i n a l l y , on page 3, Most of what t r e e s w i t h a l i t t l e b i t of development you s e e a r e on t h e h o r i z o n and a v e r y p i c t u r e s q u e c u r v e w h i c h s a y s I n t e r s t a t e 266 on i t . v e r y n i c e , but who i s g o i n g t o r e a l l y be duped i n t o t h i n k i n g t h a t i s what t h e a r e a i s g o i n g t o l o o k l i k e a f t e r 266 i s c o n s t r u c t e d ? Interstate What a r e t h e a f f e c t s o f t h e highway? J u s t l o o k around you when you t r a v e l n e x t t i m e , j u s t around t h e B e l t w a y and s e e what t h e a f f e c t s a r e b e t t e r environment? grow up w i t h ? That's G travel I s this a I s t h i s t h e s o r t of t h i n g we want t o Do we want t o t u r n t h e c i t y i n t o a n o t h e r s u b u r b ? T h e r e ' s a town on t h e way t o Ocean C i t y , Maryland w h i c h was a l a r g e , growing community f o r about 200 y e a r s . City planners t o o k t h e main s t r e e t and made a m a l l out of i t , w h i c h was nice. very But you ought t o l o o k i n back o f t h e s t o r e s because t h e y �301 completely surrounded i t w i t h parking l o t s . They have t u r n e d a n e n t i r e town i n t o a shopping m a l l t h a t w a s n ' t e v e n p r i v a t e l y controlled. I want t o c l o s e b e c a u s e I have been q u i t e r e s p e c t f u l , and I don"t mean t o be a t a l l . No, dis- I really don't, b e c a u s e t h e r e a r e a l o t o f people on both s i d e s of t h i s t h a t mean v e r y w e l l . C e r t a i n l y Mr. Brooke meant v e r y w e l l , c o u l d not condemn him a s a n e v i l i n t e n t i o n e d you man. I want t o c l o s e by f o c u s i n g on, i f you have t o p o i n t i t t o one man, you w i l l have t o p o i n t t o him who h a s done more i n d e v e l o p i n g t h e o r y of highways than j u s t about anybody e l s e . I n 1940, he was h e r a l d e d by s u c h people a s F r a n k T.. and O t t o and R i c h a r d N... and W a l t e r G . a s form g i v e r s o f t h e c e n t u r y . Oliver one of t h e g r e a t He had c r e a t e d i n New York a s e r i e s o f parkways and p a r k l a n d , w h i c h was a p l e a s u r e t o d r i v e on, i t was a p l e a s u r e t o l o o k a t , and f o r a w h i l e i t worked. A f t e r t h e war, — e x c u s e me, name was Robert Moses. b e f o r e I g e t t o t h a t , t h e man's E v e r y b o d y thought of h i s example, and you f i n d a l o t of parkways a l l over the country t h a t developed b e c a u s e of t h e M e r r i t t Parkway and o t h e r t h i n g s t h a t he was d i r e c t l y or i n d i r e c t l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r . t h e l a n d s c a p e around New He d i d a l o t t o b e a u t i i York. A f t e r t h e Second World War, Mr. Moses began t o do an a b o u t f a c e , w h i c h he h a s on many c a s e 3 o p e n l y a d m i t t e d . The Parkway i 3 o u t , i t ' s no l o n g e r a u s e f u l , f u n c t i o n i n g form o f transportation. Now you go from p o i n t A t o p o i n t B, and p e r - �302 haps Mrs. L e a v i t t c a n c o r r e c t nie. I c a n ' t quote him, b u t a t a c o n f e r e n c e o f urban p l a n n e r s he s a i d t h a t i n o r d e r t o g e t a n y t h i n g done i n t h e c i t y you w i l l have t o h a c k your way througli d t h a n a x , o r words t o t h a t e f f e c t . f o l l o w e d Mr. Moses 1 example. And a g a i n , people have r He s a very, very well-intentioned man and he h a s done a l o t o f good. But i t may come a s a s u r p r i s e , b u t t h e r e a r e no mora sunny days i n New Y o r k . have c e a s e d t o e x i s t . They T h e r e may be one o r two d a y s , i f t h a t , when you c a n s t a n d on t h e t o p o f t h e Empire S t a t e and s e e c l e a r l y down t o t h e B a t t e r y . Building This i svery frightening? t h i s i s v e r y f r i g h t e n i n g because i t a f f e c t s us a l l ; i t affects w h i t e and b l a c k ; i t a f f e c t s r i c h and poor; i t a f f e c t s people who work i n t h e c i t y and commute o u t t o t h e s u b u r b s , o r people who work out i n t h e s u b u r b s and commute i n t o t h e c i t y ; o r people who n e v e r t h e n l e f t t h e c i t y i n t h e i r l i v e s . And i f you t r a v e l a r o u n d M e t r o p o l i t a n New York, i t a f f e c t s people who never l e f t t h e suburbs i n t h e i r l i v e s . I t affects We have h e a r d a l o t o f r h e t o r i c on b o t h s i d e s 0 everybody. I t ' s the easiest t h i n g t o g i v e out b e c a u s e i t makes you p o p u l a r and you want t o be p o p u l a r i n o r d e r t o g e t what you want through t o t h e people t h a t you a r e t a l k i n g t o . So n a t u r a l l y , no m a t t e r what you a r e a f t e r you a r e g o i n g t o u s e r h e t o r i c . b u t how much l o n g e r ? worse. Washington T h a t ' s a l l w e l l and good, Time i s r u n n i n g o u t . i s m i l d compared t o i t , New York i s t h e b u t j u s t how much l o n g e r a r e people g o i n g t o f a l l b a c k on r h e t o r i c b e f o r e t h e y �303 themselves f a l l ? Thank you. THE AUDIENCE: (applause) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Mr 0 John C a r t e r ? WHEREUPON, MRo JOHN CARTER, APPROACHED THE PODIUM AND T E S T I F I E D , IN SUBSTANCE, AS FOLLOWS: MR. CARTER: Good e v e n i n g . I w i l l o n l y take a second b e c a u s e I know i t h a s been a l o n g day a n d I know you gentlemen are t i r e d , and s o am I . l e t me s a y f i r s t , t h e h e a r i n g s have been h e l d on t h e wrong a s s u m p t i o n . We need t h e C i t y C o u n c i l h e r e b u t I am n o t a g a i n s t t h e gentleman who i s s i t t i n g h e r e and I am n o t opposed t o your h e a r i n g . the b r i d g e and f r e e w a y . citizens The i s s u e s a r e around I t h i n k we need t o u n d e r s t a n d t h a t l i v i n g under an o p p r e s s i v e s y s t e m — t h a t i s not people who work f o r t h e s y s t e m , b u t people who m a n i p u l a t e t h e s y s t e m a r e t h e problems. We need t o go b a c k and l o o k a t B r o y h i l l and a l l t h e o t h e r s o and s o s on C a p i t o l H i l l , who a r e c a u s i n g t h e problems f o r u s . So I t h i n k t h a t some o f our p r o t e s t s may have been m i s " d i r e c t e d . Some o f t h e p r o t e s t i s m i s - d i r e c t e d i n t e r m s o f who we t u r n i t on, Washington I t h i n k Mayor i s , you know, j u s t a h a n d l e f o r C a p i t o l H i l l t o oppress t h e c i t i z e n s of t h e D i s t r i c t . I have j u s t a c o u p l e o f l i n e s t o s a y about t h e b r i d g e and f r e e w a y . We do n o t want a n y . To me i t i s n o t a d e s i g n q u e s t i o n ; i t ' s a p l a n q u e s t i o n o f n o t w a n t i n g t h e b r i d g e ; o f n o t w a n t i n g a f r e e w a y ; we w i l l n o t have �b r i d g e ; and we w i l l n o t have a f r e e w a y . can a l m o s t I f i t ' s b u i l t , then I assure that looking a t i t h i s t o r i c a l l y that s o c i e t y i n g e n e r a l and Washington s p e c i f i c a l l y may go up i n t u r m o i l , and u p r o a r and t h a t a n y time t h e homes and l i v e s o f c i t i z e n s o f a n y community a r e d e s t r o y e d t h a t community i s g o i n g t o g e t i n v o l v e d i n what e v e r way t h e y f i n d p o s s i b l e and n e c e s s a r y . I want t o s a y v a r y p l a i n l y now and v e r y c l e a r l y , f o r two y e a r s a g a i n s t t h i s c o n c r e t e V . that t h a t I have fought raonstor have t o do, a s c i t i z e n s , and I f e e l t h a t i s t o decide a r e g o i n g t o j o i n t h e o t h e r s i d e o f t h e i s s u e and l e t t h a t we Broyhill know t h a t t h e c i t y government i s now u n i t e d a g a i n s t i t , and i t i s time f o r a l l o f u s t o s i t down t o g e t h e r and s a y t o t h e s e type o f people t h a t i t ' s h i g h t i m e t o f o r g e t about a d e s i g n h e a r i n g and a d e s i g n s t r a t e g y . The time i s now t o s a y , T h e i r d e s i g n i n g days a r e o v e r . "No more f r e e w a y s and no more b r i d g e s . " Thank you. THE AUDIENCE: (applause) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Our c o n c l u d i n g w i t n e s s i s t h e Reverend John G. Lynch o f S t . P a u l ' s C o l l e g e . the room? The Reverend L y n c h i s s c h e d u l e d I s he i n f o r 10:35. have t o h o l d t h e h e a r i n g open u n t i l t h a t t i m e . I will I f he h a s n o t a p p e a r e d b y t h a t t i m e we w i l l c l o s e f o r t o n i g h t . A SPECTATOR: Reverend L y n c h w i l l n o t be p r e s e n t . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: present. Reverend Lynch w i l l n o t be �305 A SPECTATOR: Hearing i s necessary I would l i k e t o f i n d out a s f a r a s t h e — HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: C o u l d you come t o t h e m i c r o - phone, s i r . A SPECTATOR: No one c a n h e a r h e r e ? HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: THE REPORTER: We need i t f o r t h e r e c o r d . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: A SPECTATOR: W e l l , we need i t . F o r the record here. You need i t f o r t h e r e c o r d ? THE REPORTER: Y e s , A SPECTATOR: You might need i t f o r t h e r e c o r d . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: G i v e u s your name, s i r . WHEREUPON, A SPECTATOR APPROACHED THE MICROPHONE AND PODIUM AND T E S T I F I E D , I N SUBSTANCE, AS FOLLOWS: A SPECTATOR: First b e c a u s e I am n o t t e s t i f y i n g . o f a l l , I s h o u l d n ' t be g i v i n g i t I o n l y have a q u e s t i o n b e c a u s e my t e s t i m o n y w i l l be on Wednesday. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: MR. THOMAS: the sir? Y e s . My name i s F r e d e r i c k H. Thomas. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: MR. THOMAS: May I have your name, Thank you, Mr. Thomas. I would l i k e t o f i n d out whether o r not l a s t few w i t n e s s e s have been r e c o r d e d a s f a r a s t h e r e c o r d o r more t h a n one means o f t r a n s m i t t i n g t h i s r e c o r d h o p e f u l l y t o the Mayor? �306 THE PEPORTER: (To Mr. D u g a s ) : Y e s . H E A R I N G , O F F I C E R DUGAS: MRo THOMAS: The answer t o t h a t The answer t o t h a t i s yes„ a l s o l i k e t o a s k the question, how w i l l t h e s e i s yes. I would p r o c e e d i n g s be p r e s e n t e d t o t h e Mayor and t h e C o u n c i l ? THE REPORTER: E y verbatim HE A. R I N G OFFICER DUGAS: MR. THOMAS: transcript. By v e r b a t i m transcript. And who w i l l do t h i s ? H E A R I N G OFFICER DUGAS: I t w i l l be t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e Mayor and t h e C o u n c i l b y t h e D i r e c t o r , Department o f H i g h ways. MR. THOMAS: As a c i t i z e n o f long r e c o r d , a s f a r a s t h e f r e e w a y i s c o n c e r n e d , I would l i k e t o f i n d o u t i f i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t t h e c i t i z e n s o r some c i t i z e n c o u l d be a p a r t o f t h a t t r a n s a c t i o n ? organization I am Sciying c l e a r l y h e r e t h a t Mr. A i r i s h a s n o t shown a n y r e a l i n t e r e s t i n presenting t e s t i m o n y t o anyone t h a t i s more t h a n pro-highway. l i k e f o r t h e c i t i z e n s t o be r e p r e s e n t e d I would a t w h a t e v e r method t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n i s p a s s e d t o t h e Mayor and t h e C o u n c i l . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: f e r of the t r a n s c r i p t MR. THOMAS: t o read You mean t h e p h y s i c a l t r a n s - t h a t w i l l be p r e p a r e d b y t h e r e p o r t e r ? A r e you t e l l i n g me t h a t t h e y a r e g o i n g this? HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: what t h e y a r e g o i n g t o do, s i r . * don't propose t o t e l l you I am s a y i n g t o you t h a t i t w i l l �307 be g i v e n t o them,, MR. THOMAS: What we a r e 3 a y i n g h e r e i s we a r e w r i t i n g a book t h a t we hope t h e Mayor and t h e C o u n c i l w i l l read. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: MR. THOMAS: I am a s k i n g you a q u e s t i o n . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: sir. T h a f s what you a r e s a y i n g . I don't s p e a k f o r t h e Mayor, I am h e r e o n l y t o r e c e i v e t h e t e s t i m o n y o f t h e c i t i z e n s . I w i l l be d e l i g h t e d t o h e a r a n y t h i n g t h a t you a l o n g w i t h a n y other c i t i z e n has t o say regarding t h i s bridge, t h i s design hearing, these freeways. We a r e g o i n g t o have a f u l l disclosure on a l l m a t t e r s t h a t you a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n a n d t h e y w i l l be t r a n s c r i b e d a n d t h e n t r a n s p o r t e d t o t h e Mayor and t h e C i t y Council. MR. THOMAS: Like a l l s i t u a t i o n s , 3 i r , I asked a q u e s t i o n p u r p o s e l y , a n d you answered v e r y w e l l . Officer, I would e x p e c t you t o t r a n s m i t t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h e Mayor and t h e C o u n c i l . this As t h e Hearing And a s h a s been s t a t e d h e r e b e f o r e , i s why we f e e l t h e s e h e a r i n g s a r e n o t l e g a l , t h a t they have no v a l i d i t y b e c a u s e once a g a i n we a l w a y s l o o k f o r a l e a d e r ; you a r e supposed t o be t h e l e a d e r and t h e H e a r i n g O f f i c e r h e r e , and I would have hoped t h a t you would have t o l d me t h a t you would t r a n s m i t t h a t , s i r . THE AUDIENCE: (applause) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: T h i s h e a r i n g i s new a d j o u r n e d . �308 We w i l l b e g i n tomorrow morning a t 10:00 t h a t t h e new aoiD„, and remember l o c a t i o n i s i n the Departmental Auditorium i n t h e Department of Labor B u i l d i n g a t 14th and C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue. WHS REU PON t THE p.m., HEARING WAS December 14, ADJOURNED AT APPROXIMATELY 11:15 1970. THE FOLLOWING ADDITIONAL STATEMENT WAS FOR THE SUBMITTED RECORD: STATEMENT ON 1 - 2 6 6 AND THROUGH ARLINGTON COUNTY AND THREE S I S T E R S BRIDGE THE D I S T R I C T OF COLUMBIA BEFORE THE D. C. DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS AND TRAFFIC AND THE VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS BY FAIRFAX COUNTY CHAMBER OF COMMERCE December 1 4 , "Mr. 1970 Chairman and Members o f t h e Highway Departments: My name i s Pete 0. F l o r o s , and I am h e r e a s t h e spokesman f o r t h e F a i r f a x County Chamber o f Commerce t o p r e s e n t t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n ' s v i e w s on t h e d e s i g n p r o p o s a l s f o r 1 - 2 6 6 t h r o u g h A r l i n g t o r County and t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, and on t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of the Three S i s t e r s Bridge. "The F a i r f a x County Chamber o f Commerce i s a public s e r v i c e o r g a n i z a t i o n , r e p r e s e n t i n g o v e r 6 6 0 b u s i n e s s and p r o f e s s i o n a l people and employment c e n t e r s . We support the con- s t r u c t i o n of and t h e proposed d e s i g n of 1 - 2 6 6 through A r l i n g t o n County and t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia, incorporating the alternate �309 t h r e e span p r e ~ s t r e 3 s e d Our concrete bridge s u p p o r t of the d e s i g n design. proposals i s b a s e d on f a c t t h a t e v e r y e f f o r t a p p e a r s t o have been made t o and maintain protect t h e c h a r a c t e r of t h e s u r r o u n d i n g t e r r a i n t h a t a minimum of l a n d t a k i n g i s i n v o l v e d . No and disruption o r a l t e r a t i o n of e x i s t i n g neighborhoods w i l l t a k e place t h e r e p l a c e m e n t of t h e U h l e S t r e e t B r i d g e i n A r l i n g t o n a modern s t r u c t u r e , i s an Our with to area. f u r t h e r s u p p o r t i s b a s e d on the f a c t t h a t prime c o n s i d e r a t i o n h a s been g i v e n t o t h e p r o t e c t i o n and preserva- t i o n o f t h e h e a v i l y wooded p a r k l a n d s i n t h e Spout Run We and improvement t h a t w i l l c o n t i n u e c o n n e c t neighborhoods and enhance t h e the area. a r e i m p r e s s e d t h a t p r o v i s i o n s have been made f o r i n c r e a s e d u t i l i z a t i o n by t h e p u b l i c of t h i s r e c r e a t i o n a r e a by t h e inclu- s i o n of h i k i n g and b i k i n g t r a i l s a l o n g p o r t i o n s of t h e highway' right-of-way, and that t h i s t i e s i n with Arlington M a s t e r P l a n f o r P a r k s and t h a t an Open S p a c e s . We County's are pleased, i t e m of h i s t o r i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e w h i c h i s now in private hands, w i l l become p a r t o f t h e p u b l i c domain s i n c e the proposals c a l l f o r t r a n s f e r of P o r t S m i t h , a h i s t o r i c a l mark, t o p u b l i c o w n e r s h i p . expressed w i l l be by many i n our preserved and I n t h i s regard, too, design land- p l e a s u r e h a s been o r g a n i z a t i o n t h a t t h e Potomac P a l i s a d e t h a t t h e r e w i l l be no a l t e r a t i o n t o t h e C&O C a n a l w h i c h i s a n a t i o n a l monument e n j o y e d by b o t h v i s i t o r s and area residents. �310 "No s e r v i c e s and apparent fire comment, i t i s f e l t , i 3 n e c e s s a r y on p u b l i c p u b l i c or p r i v a t e i n s t i t u t i o n s , s i n c e i t i s from t h e d e s i g n p r o p o s a l s t h a t no c h u r c h e s , schools, s t a t i o n s , o r o t h e r s i m i l a r p u b l i c i n s t i t u t i o n s and service^ w i l l be d i s r u p t e d or i n v o l v e d i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e p r o j e c t "Prime c o n c e r n , however, ha3 been a d d r e s s e d s i g n c h a r a c t e r of t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s Bridge. Chamber of Commerce s t r o n g l y e n d o r s e s The to the de- F a i r f a x County t h e t h r e e span p r e - s t r e s s e d concrete a l t e r n a t e bridge design. T h i s endorsement i s ?oased on t h e a e s t h e t i c b e a u t y of t h e s t r u c t u r e , inasmuch a s i t i s f a r moire g r a c e f u l i n a p p e a r a n c e t h a n t h e o t h e r s i x span proposal. T h i s design which has r e c e i v e d the enthusiastic b l e s s i n g s of t h e F i n e A r t s Commission p r o v i d e s f o r a sweeping v i e w of t h e Potomac and beauty of the Three p r e s e r v e s t h e c h a r a c t e r and n a t u r a l Sister3 Islands. I t a l s o p r o v i d e s a more p i c t u r e s q u e e n t r a n c e w o r t h y of t h e N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l and e n g i n e e r i n g l y i n c o n f l i c t with the surrounding and terrain. We i s not natural settings have a l s o c o n s i d e r e d the d e s i g n from a s a f e t y f a c t o r i n r e g a r d t o t h e r e c r e a t i o n a l use of t h e r i v e r . The e l i m i n a t i o n o f t h e c e n t e r p i e r does away w i t h a p o t e n t i a l n a v i g a t i o n a l h a z a r d f o r t h o s e u s i n g t h e Potomac f o r i n d i v i d u a l r e l a x a t i o n or f o r competitive s p o r t s , such as and c o l l e g i a t e crew r a c i n g , and does not o b s t r u c t o r i n any way to. inter-scholastic w i t h the Three Sisters interfere Islands previously referred �311 "On t h e b a s i s of t h e s e d e s i g n criteria presentations, the F a i r f a x County Chamber of Commerce s t r o n g l y u r g e s approval of the proposed p r o j e c t , e s p e c i a l l y t h e t h r e e span a l t e r n a t e bridge c r o s s i n g of t h e Potomac, and the l e t t i n g of construc- t i o n c o n t r a c t s a t the e a r l i e s t p o s s i b l e time. "May we comment, i n a d d i t i o n , t h a t not o n l y does a l l of N o r t h e r n V i r g i n i a have a s t a k e undertaking, i n t h e c o m p l e t i o n of the but t h a t t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia have a l s o much t o g a i n when t h e p r o j e c t i s completed. "Time and a g a i n t h e r e s i d e n t s of t h e D i s t r i c t o f A r l i n g t o n County have s t r o n g l y v o i c e d t h e i r and complaints o v e r the n o i s e g e n e r a t e d by the h e a v y a i r t r a f f i c c r e a t e d i n c r e a s e d use of N a t i o n a l A i r p o r t . R e l i e f can o n l y come from b e t t e r u t i l i s a t i o n of D u l l e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t . a c c e s s t o the and by But rapid f a c i l i t y i s t i e d t o t h e c o m p l e t i o n of 1-66, t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e inasmuch a s t h e t i e - i n of 1-266 the D u l l e s A c c e s s Highway i s a f e a t u r e of t h e o v e r a l l e n g i n e e r i n g of t h i s i m p o r t a n t segment of t h e I n t e r s t a t e Highway System. I n c r e a s e d usage of D u l l e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t can bring about b e t t e r s c h e d u l i n g , w h i c h i n t u r n w i l l e l i m i n a t e t h e f o r c i t i z e n s t o make use of t h e p r e s e n t network l e a d i n g t o Washington N a t i o n a l o v e r l y crowded roadway Airport. D i s p e r s a l of g o v r n m e n t a l i n s t a l l a t i o n s and employment c e n t e r s now need of civil makes t h i s p o r t i o n of t h e I n t e r s t a t e S y s t e m a two-way s t r e e t , not only w i l l i t allow suburban �r e s i d e n t s t o r e a c h t h e i r p l a c e s of employment i n t h e c e n t r a l c i t y , but i t w i l l a l s o allow d i s t r i c t employment complexes now regions provide The 0 eventual l o c a t e d or being l o c a t e d i n the opening of t h i s b r i d g e r e l i e f from t h e p r e s e n t r e d u c e n o t o n l y t r a v e l time and cipated that i t w i l l result a c c i d e n t r a t e of the From t h e i n the region. on f a c t o r s of o r d e r l y develop- i n c e p t i o n of t h e p l a n n i n g f o r t h i s p r o j e c t much and programs f o r around t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of P u b l i c w e l f a r e , a l s o i s h e a v i l y dependent i n t h i s r e g a r d on an expanded economy and r e s u l t from p o t e n t i a l new of 1-66, and i t i s anti- i n a dramatic reduction economic development have c e n t e r e d route suburbs highway w i l l r e l a t e d c o s t s , but o f F a i r f a x C o u n t y ' s l o n g range p l a n n i n g t h i s highway. and the o v e r l y c o n g e s t e d highways, "Much i s a t s t a k e , t o o , ment. inhabitants to reach and the t a x base w h i c h could employment c e n t e r s a l o n g t h e ultimate r e s u l t a n t a v a i l a b i l i t y of jobs c l o s e r t o t h e p l a c e s o f r e s i d e n c e s of our c i t i z e n s . 1-266 and the T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e a r e an i m p o r t a n t p a r t of t h i s o v e r a l l highway p l a n . "Again, on b e h a l f o f t h e F a i r f a x County Chamber of Commerce, i t s o v e r 660 b u s i n e s s and p r o f e s s i o n a l people„ employment c e n t e r s t h a t i t r e p r e s e n t s , we of t h e proposed d e s i g n s and p l u s the technology that could vironment. Thank urge e a r l y i n c l u s i o n of any new approval ideas f u r t h e r p r o t e c t and enhance t h e you." END, OF .FIRST DAY and en- �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Public hearing RE: design-Interstate Route 266 : Monday, December 14, 1970 Subject The topic of the resource Interstate 266 Three Sisters Bridge (Washington, D.C.) Public meetings Description An account of the resource Public hearing RE: design-Interstate Route 266 took place over three days (<a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6205" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Monday, December 14">Monday, December 14</a>; <a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6236" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Tuesday, December 15">Tuesday, December 15</a>, and <a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6173" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Wednesday, December 16">Wednesday, December 16</a>), and also included <span><a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6309" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="statements submitted for the record in lieu of personal appearance">statements submitted for the record in lieu of personal appearance</a>.</span> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ward & Paul District of Columbia. Executive Office Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 14, 1970 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/a50bf2ffa1a754e3acbe90f3234cddab.pdf?Expires=1779321600&Signature=UIiQ5AakYrs9siIEvnkHzOmnCGhkdm63C5KXdJ5yIKQOYAVEVhR89cmPhmrNdkK1u56DmWpbMZ76WmPc64ajnsph-p36ftRAYss4AYAQJx0mGpKxC5WHLWr%7Evbbcs2JidYiHkK6jY90FDB8O%7EVVXAjZaE%7EJ8JfPwjNUR9cqAulP8qu3Gms1BkgmkhadH2eVS9qGf%7EvJ9OL7zhw2tfZ0CgOquKZzpkXl8WsFdVPw0GsU8igcaOE8Q%7EIfMfsE6CkdAG-cxJCJMdzKH7XzgJ3qKC2%7EZpIRwKJmx7Op6Hi1FEY8yY7Q1HDFdNE2DrNJktIqD8-my2KPpteZFAZeqLSsd1A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e7fbcf4c71b361cf897ed0404e7aebc5 PDF Text Text GOVERNMENT OP THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA EXECUTIVE OFFICE Public Hearing, I n Re: ; DESIGN - INTERSTATE ROUTE 266 Tuesday, December 15, 1970 Washington, D. C. WARD & PAUL 410 F I R S T STREET, WASHINGTON, D. C. (202) 544-6000 S. E . 20003 �C O N T E N T S STATEMENT OP: PAGE Reverand Halter Fauntroy, and Mrs. P o l l y Shackleton., Model Inner C i t y Community Organization 317 P o l l y Shackleton., on Behalf of John W. Hechingter, Former Chairman, D. C. Council 328 P o l l y Shackleton 332 James G. Deane^ The Wilderness Society 341 Reverand Channlng P h i l l i p s , D i s t r i c t Democratic C e n t r a l Committee 347 George M i t c h e l l . Citizen 352 Peter S . Craig 354 Reverand Joe L. Gipson, Upper Northeast Group Ministry 407 AFTERNOON SESSION 1[p. 414) Richard Faraday, B u r l e i t h C i t i z e n s Association 414 Charles C a s s e l l . , Member Board of Education 416 James H. Rose, J r . , 425 Citizen Lawrence N. Bloomberg, Palisades C i t i z e n s Association 428 Richard Pardo, Legal Committee, Metropolitan Washington C o a l i t i o n f o r Clean A i r 439 Eugene J . C l i f f o r d , Washington S e c t i o n , I n s t i t u t e of T r a f f i c Engineers 446 Pages at which m a t e r i a l i s to be i n s e r t e d : 46l �C O N T E N T S (Cont'd) PAGE STATEMENT OP: Thomas P. Rooney, Assembly of the F a c u l t y , C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y 453 Angela Rooney, C i t i z e n 459 C h a r l e s L. Waddell, Loudoun County Board of S u p e r v i s o r s 462 n u G e n e r a l E . R. Quesada, President, L*Enfant Plaza Corporation 467 Robert J . S c h a e f f e r , S i e r r a C l u b , Southeast 472 Chapter Edward ¥. R u s s e l l , C i t i z e n 475 Colden F l o r a n c e , M e t r o p o l i t a n Chapter, American I n s t i t u t e of Architects 477 Edvjard R o b e r t s , Potomac League of Montgomery County 480 Werner H. Quasebarth, A t l a s Machine and I r o n Works, I n c . , Arlington, Virginia 481 M. G. "Ted" B r i t t , V i r g i n i a Automobile D e a l e r s 485 Barbara R u s s e l l 490 R i c h a r d M. Wright, E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r , D. C. M e t r o p o l i t a n Subcontractors Association 493 Mrs. H a l Magargle, Audubon N a t u r a l i s t S o c i e t y of the C e n t r a l Atlantic States 495 EVENING SESSION ( p . 499) Mrs. L o u i s e McClenathan 499 Thomas R. R e i d , 509 III �C O N T E N T S (Cont'd) PAGE STATEMENT OP: Merle J . Van Home 516 Dr. C a l Coh, National I n s t i t u t e of Health 522 J o h n i e D. W i l s o n 533 R. W. C u r t i s 537 John George Lynch 559 James L. Govan 565 E m i l a L. Govan 577 Maria W o r r i s , Citizen L o u i s S. C l a p p e r , National W i l d l i f e Federation 589 606 H a r r i e t B. Hubbard 612 J o h n Morton, George Washington U n i v e r s i t y 618 D a n i e l C. L i d d e l l , Emergency Committee on t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C r i s i s 622 John J . C u r t i n , J r . , C u r t i n and Johnson, I n c . 626 Harold 0. M i l l e r , Board o f S u p e r v i s o r s o f F a i r f a x 631 Frank Buck, J r . 638 E l i g a b e t h S. Johnson, League o f Women V o t e r s o f M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington 640 C h a r l e s S. B u t t , J r . Washington Lee High School 642 James C l a r k 649 Bernard L. C a i n , Bookland C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n 651 �D C O N S E N T S STATEMENT OP: F r e d e r i c k Heutte (Cont'd) PAGE 681 �313 GOVERNMENT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA EXECUTIVE OFFICE P u b l i c H e a r i n g , I n Re: : DESIGN - INTERSTATE ROUTE 266 : • Departmental A u d i t o r i u m Department o f Commerce C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue, Northwest 12 t i l and 14 t h S t r e e t s Washington, D. C. Tuesday, December 15, 1970 The a b o v e - e n t i t l e d m a t t e r came on f o r h e a r i n g p u r s u a n t t o n o t i c e , a t 10:00 a.m., JULIAN R. DUGAS, D i r e c t o r , D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Department o f Economic presiding. BEFORE: JULIAN R. DUGAS Development, �314 L !L 92. ^ I L E 2. £ !L £. £ MR. DUGAS: The hearing i s c a l l e d to order. T h i s i s the second day of t h e J o i n t Designed P u b l i c Hearing on Proposed I n t e r s t a t e 266, h e l d by t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Government and the State Highway Commission o f t h e Commonwealth of V i r g i n i a . My name i s J u l i a n R. Dugas and I am t h e D i r e c t o r o f the Department o f Economic Development, D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Government• Mr. Thomas F. A i r i s , t h e D i r e c t o r o f t h e Department of Highways and T r a f f i c o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Government, and Mr. Leonard DeGast, Deputy D i r e c t o r o f t h e Department o f Highways of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia a r e s e a t e d a t my r i g h t a t the t a b l e ; along with Mr. H. M. Snead, t h e D i s t r i c t Right- of-Way Engineer f o r the S t a t e o f V i r g i n i a , and Mr. D. D. H a r r i s , the Road Design E n g i n e e r o f t h e S t a t e o f V i r g i n i a . A l l of these gentlemen a r e a v a i l a b l e t o you f o r t h e purpose o f a n s w e r i n g any i n q u i r i e s t h a t you may have ing t h e s e v e r a l problems as posed i n t h i s regard- hearing. Mr. H a r r i s has asked me t o t e l l you t h a t a s e t o f the d e t a i l e d d e s i g n p l a n s f o r t h e V i r g i n i a approach a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r viewing a t t h e f r o n t o f t h e room. I f you c o n t a c t him, he w i l l be d e l i g h t e d t o show you t h e s e d e t a i l e d plans. Nov;, i n t h i s i n s t a n c e , t h e r e c o r d i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r �315 proceeding w i l l remain open u n t i l December 28, 5:00 the a f t e r n o o n , of you or any and we would welcome any experts upon any p u b l i c i s given the o p p o r t u n i t y p.m. in statements from any of the f a c t o r s upon which the to comment. Among those matters t h a t the p u b l i c must be given the o p p o r t u n i t y to comment, are these: 1. F a s t , safe and e f f i c i e n t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ; I t s e f f e c t on the n a t i o n a l defense; 3. 1 . 5. I t s e f f e c t on economic a c t i v i t y ; I t s e f f e c t on employment; I t s e f f e c t on r e c r e a t i o n and parks; I t s e f f e c t on f i r e p r o t e c t i o n ; B, I t s e f f e c t on a e s t h e t i c s ; 8. I t s e f f e c t on p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s ; 9. I t s e f f e c t on the p u b l i c h e a l t h and s a f e t y ; 10. I t s e f f e c t on r e s i d e n t i a l and neighborhood c h a r a c t e r and l o c a t i o n ; 11. On r e l i g i o u s i n s t i t u t i o n s and p r a c t i c e s ; On the conduct and f i n a n c i n g of government, i n c l u d i n g e f f e c t on l o c a l t a x base and s o c i a l s e r v i c e c o s t s ; 13. On c o n s e r v a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g e r o s i o n , sedimenta- t i o n , w i l d l i f e and g e n e r a l ecology of the area; 14. N a t u r a l and h i s t o r i c landmarks; 15. Noise and a i r and w a t e r p o l l u t i o n ; 16• On p r o p e r t y values ? �316 17. On m u l t i p l e use o f space; 18. On problems o f replacement o f housing; 19. Education, i n c l u d i n g d i s r u p t i o n of school d i s t r i c t operations; 20. .Any displacement o f f a m i l i e s end b u s i n e s s e s ; 21. E n g i n e e r i n g r i g h t s o f way and c o n s t r u c t i o n cost: o f t h e p r o j e c t and r e l a t e d 22. facilities; Maintenance and o p e r a t i n g c o s t o f t h e p r o j e c t and r e l a t e d f a c i l i t i e s ; and 23. O p e r a t i o n and use o f e x i s t i n g highway f a c i l i t i e : and o t h e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f e i c i l i t r e s d u r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n and after completion. Now, these a r e t h e 23 f a c t o r s upon which you as members o f t h e p u b l i c a r e g i v e n t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o comment. And on b e h a l f o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and the S t a t e o f V i r g i n i a , we welcome t h e s e comments. F o r our purpose i n h o l d i n g t h e s e h e a r i n g s i s t o i n s u r e you an o p p o r t u n i t y t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e p r o c e s s o f d e t e r m i n i n g the s p e c i f i c a l i g n ment and major d e s i g n f e a t u r e s o f one o f t h e two s e c t i o n s o f 1-266. Your comments w i l l be s t u d i e d along w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n g a i n e d from o t h e r s o u r c e s r e g a r d i n g what d e s i g n s h o u l d be pursued from t h i s p o i n t on. The Department w i l l make p u b l i c announcements o f d e s i g n s f i n a l l y s e l e c t e d f o r s u b m i t t a l t o t h e governments f o r t h e i r s u b m i t t a l and a p p r o v a l . �317 P e e l f r e e t o o f f e r y o u r own d e s i g n a l t e r n a t i v e and e x p l a i n , i f p o s s i b l e , how the economic, s o c i a l and e n v i r o n mental impacts o f t h e f a c i l i t y w i l l be a l t e r e d . Our f i r s t w i t n e s s f o r t h e morning s e s s i o n w i l l be t h e i Reverend W a i t e r F a u n t r o y . be Mrs. P o l l y S h a c k l e t o n . Along w i t h Reverend Fauntroy will T h i s w i l l be a j o i n t p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e Model I n n e r C i t y Community O r g a n i z a t i o n by Reverend Fauntroy and Mrs. Shackleton. STATEMENT OF REVEREND WALTER FAUNT?*OY AND MRS. POLLY SHACKLETON, MODEL INNER CITY COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION REVEREND FAUNTROY: Thank you, Mr. Dugas. My name i s W a l t e r F a u n t r o y . I am accompanied by Mrs. P o l l y S h a c k l e t o n , d i s t i n g u i s h e d former member o f t h e D. C. C i t y Council,and l i k e w i s e 6; statement from Mr. John Hechinger, d i s t i n g u i s h e d f i r s t Chairman o f t h e C o u n c i l . They, i t o o , w i l l have some remarks f o r t h e r e c o r d . - As y o u know, I was V i c e Chairman o f the D. C. C o u n c i l and Chairman o f i t s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Subcommittee i n December o f 1968 when f t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e Mayor-Commissioner and t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission,we adopted the p o l i c y t h a t a d d i t i o n a l gateways i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia were n o t needed i n o r d e r t o a c h i e v e a b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system, and t h a t such a d d i t i o n a l gateways — Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e — i n c l u d i n g the proposed were n o t i n the b e s t i n t e r e s t s o f t h e �318 D i s t r i c t o f Columbia* That p o s i t i o n e v o l v e d a f t e r numerous s t u d i e s and thorough p u b l i c h e a r i n g s h e l d j o i n t l y by the D. C. C o u n c i l and the N a t i o n a l C a p i t o l P l a n n i n g Commission. R e s i d e n t s from a l l o v e r t h e D i s t r i c t and from both t h e Maryland and t h e V i r g i n i a suburbs t e s t i f i e d overwhelmingly i n o p p o s i t i o n t o the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and o t h e r gateways. They c i t e d t h e enormous s o c i a l c o s t o f new freeways i n the l o s s o f h o i i s i n g , i n t h e d i s r u p t i o n o f neighborhoods and b u s i n e s s e s , i n f u r t h e r c l o g g i n g o f i t s s t r e e t s w i t h automob i l e s , which then r e q u i r e s t i l l more space f o r p a r k i n g . S t u d i e s irade by t h e P l a a n i n g Commission i n d i c a t e d e s p e c i a l l y r e g a r d i n g the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e — — t h a t the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e planned r a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t would amply s a t i s f y t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs a r i s i n g from p o p u l a t i o n employment growth i n t h i s c i t y and t h e r e g i o n . and Those P l a n n i n g Commission s t u d i e s a l s o p o i n t e d out t h a t , f a r from needing s t i l l another freeway i n t o the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia from Northern V i r g i n i a , t h e e x i s t i n g Theodore R o o s e v e l t and Memorial B r i d g e s a t p r e s e n t c a r r y f a r l e s s t r a f f i c d u r i n g r u s h hour t h a n t h e i r c a p a c i t i e s p e r m i t , f o r t h e v e r y b a s i c reason t h a t p r e s e n t s t r e e t networks on both s i d e s o f those b r i d g e s cannot absorb as much t r a f f i c as the b r i d g e s can g e n e r a t e . Mr. In fact, Dugas, I remind you t h a t P l a n n i n g Commission f i g u r e s showed t h a t Memorial B r i d g e c a r r i e s l e s s t r a f f i c now than i n �319 The c o n c l u s i o n i s , then elementary that no d e s i g n of a Three S i s t e r s Bridge can i n c r e a s e the c a p a c i t y o f A r l i n g t o n o r D. C. s t r e e t s to e f f i c i e n t l y c a r r y more t r a f f i c than a t present, and without such i n c r e a s e d c a p a c i t i e s , a Three S i s t e r s Bridge can only f u r t h e r d i s r u p t both t h e community immediately affected — C e n t r a l Business D i s t r i c t Georgetown — as w e l l as t h e itself. Indeed, Mr. Chairman, as a l l who have s t u d i e d t h i s i s s u e know, b u i l d i n g the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e w i l l o n l y s e t up i n e v i t a b l e p r e s s u r e s t o c o n s t r u c t an i n n e r c i t y network of a d d i t i o n a l freeways t o handle t h e new t r a f f i c ; t h u s , i f t h i s bridge i s b u i l t , we can be c e r t a i n t h a t t h e n e x t c a l l s w i l l be f o r a "North Lagg" a c r o s s U S t r e e t o r F l o r i d a Avenue or K S t r e e t i n order to c a r r y t h e over3.oad o f t r a f f i c ing t h i s Bridge. We a l l know t h i s . travel- We know from t h e e x p e r - ience of working i n t h e Shaw Renewal A r e a p a r t i c u l a r l y , t h e r e has been an overwhelming o b j e c t i o n on t h e p a r t o f t h e people of t h a t community o f the proposed North Leg I n t e r l o o p a c r o s s the U Street Corridor. As a m a t t e r o f f a c t , t h e p l a n which h a s been developed by t h e people, approved by t h e C i t y C o u n c i l , and funded by t h e F e d e r a l Government, p r e s e n t l y c a l l e d f o r a number o f houses b e i n g r e h a b i l i t a t e d f o r t h e people who now l i v e i n t h a t community. Across the U S t r e e t Corridor, business �development i s b e i n g planned i n a f a s h i o n t h a t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a North L e g o f t h e I n n e r l o o p coming through Shaw i s n i l . The f a c t i s , t h e people who worked s o h a r d t o p l a n t h e community, who have r e s o u r c e s now a t work t o r e b u i l d j u s t cannot even c o n c e i v e o f o u r responding it, to the pressures i f t h e Three S i n t e r s Bridge., were b u i l t , by a l l o w i n g a freeway through o u r a r e a . Those a r e v e r y s e r i o u s consequences o f t h e b u i l d i n g o f t h i s b r i d g e and we hope you w i l l t a k e their, w i t h t h e seriousness appropriate f o r the issue. L e w i s Mumford, i n h i s book "The C i t y I n H i s t o r y " , s a i d , as f a r back a s 1961, when he formed t h e C i t i z e n s Committee f o r Homes and Highways t o r e a c t t o t h e proposed Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , the North Leg o f t h e I n n e r l o o p and t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway, wrote: " . . . Washington h a s proved a c l a s s i c t e s t i n g s t a t i o n f o r t h e q u e s t i o n o f whether a c i t y d e d i c a t e d wholeh e a r t e d l y t o t r a f f i c c o u l d s u f f i c i e n t l y s u r v i v e f o r any o t h e r purposes * "Already i t i s p l a n i n Washington — and w i l l become p l a i n e r a s t h e c i t y r e c e i v e s t h e i n u n d a t i o n s o f new e x p r e s s ways, which r e c k l e s s l y s p o i l e v e r / view and d e f i l e e v e r y approach t o i t s f i n e s t urban p r o s p e c t s — t h a t when t r a f f i c t a k e s precedence o v e r a l l o t h e r urban f u n c t i o n s , i t can do l o n g e r perform i t s own r o l e , t h a t o f f a c i l i t a t i n g meeting and �321 intercourse. The assumed r i g h t o f t h e p r i v a t e motor c a r t o go t o any p l a c e i n t h e c i t y and park anywhere i s n o t h i n g l e s s than a l i c e n s e to destroy the c i t y ..." I r o n i c a l l y , Mr. Mumford goes on i n h i s book t o i l l u s t r a t e t h a t t h e beauty and a t t r a c t i o n o f Georgetown as a f a v o r e d r e s i d e n t i a l s e c t i o n o f our c i t y was f o s t e r e d i n p a r t because t h e e i v t i c i n g narrow s t r e e t s and compact l a y o u t of i t s "domestic s c a l e " was f r e e o f "grand t r a f f i c avenues, w i t h t h e i r n o i s e and t h e i r poisonous g a s e s . " P h i l l i p G. Hammer, former Chairman o f the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission and an i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y known economic c o n s u l t a n t , has s a i d t h a t a d d i t i o n a l t r a f f i c con:'. .• prove i n j u r i o u s t o downtown r e t a i l b u s i n e s s by .. ' d i s c o u r a g i n g p r o s p e c t i v e shoppers from contending w i t h the i n c r e a s e d i n c o n v e n i e n c e d , expense, and chaos o f inadequate s t r e e t systems and p a r k i n g facilities. I n a d d i t i o n , Mr. Chairman, no d e s i g n elements can p r e v e n t a Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e from c o n t r i b u t i n g t o a f u r t h e r s e r i o u s e s c a l a t i o n o f a i r p o l l u t i o n problems, a l o n g t h e Georgetown W a t e r f r o n t i n p a r t i c u l a r and i n the r e g i o n g e n e r a l l y 7md t h i s a t a time when we a r e b e g i n n i n g t o look f o r w a r d t o an a e s t h e t i c a l l y and c o m m e r c i a l l y h e a l t h y development o f the Georgetwon r i v e r f r o n t . The peop.le o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, b l a c k and v/hite, a f f l u e n t and poor, have c o n s i s t e n t l y opposed t h i s �bridge. They have done s o by e v e r y means a v a i l a b l e t o them: by s p e a k i n g o u t , by p u b l i c a c t i o n , by l e g a l a c t i o n , by demonstrations i n the streets and testimony i n t h e h a l l s o f A t t h i s v e r y moment, hundreds o f c i t i z e n s i n A r l i n g t o n , a t t h e o t h e r end o f t h i s proposed b r i d g e , a r e o r g a n i z i n g and t e s t i f y i n g a g a i n s t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h i s very bridge. They a r e opposed t o t h e damage i t w i l l do t o t h e environment; they r e s i s t t h e n o i s e and a i r p o l l u t i o n i t w i l l generate; they ere t r y i n g t o save t h e housing and s c h o o l s which w i l l be t a k e n f o r 1-65, t h e r o u t e which i s t o f e e d i n t o t h i s bridge. I n f a c t , Mr. Chairman, i f t h e c i t i z e n s o f A r l i n g t o n prevail — and we p r a y they w i l l — 1-66 w i l l n o t be completed, 450 A r l i n g t o n i a n s opposed t h a t freeway i n a r e c e n t p u b l i c h e a r i n g and some 600 p r o t e s t e d i t a t a r e c e n t c i t i z e n s * rally. When t h e r o u t e f o r 1-66 and t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e was p o s t u l a t e d 12 y e a r s ago, we d i d n ' t know what we have s i n c e l e a r n e d about t h e import o f a i r p o l l u t i o n on t h e ecology; we d i d n o t have t h e p r o s p e c t o f mass r a i l t r a n s i t as an a l t e r native. Now we know about a i r p o l l u t i o n and t h e people o f t h i s r e g i o n have overwhelmingly endorsed t h e b u i l d i n g o f a subway. S i m i l a r c i t i z e n s ' opposition has a r i s e n i n the Maryland suburbs. R e p r e s e n t a t i v e Gude from Maryland and many �323 c i t i z e n groups i n Maryland a r e adamantly r e s i s t i n g t h e p r o s p e c t o f a North C e n t r a l Freeway, which they s e e a s both u n n e c e s s a r y and d e t r i m e n t a l t o t h e i r county. The C i t y C o u n c i l h e a r d and heeded t h e peoples* v o i c e i n December 1968. Although i t i s w i d e l y f e l t t h a t t h e C o u n c i l f a l t e r e d i n t h e face o f a r e s u r g e n c e o f t r a d i t i o n a l l y c a l l o u s p r e s s u r e s i n a subsequent a c t i o n , I urge you now t o h h e a r t h e people o f t h e D i s t r i c t and t o s e e t h a t t h e y a r e r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e d e c i s i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge. I n s h o r t , d e s i g n elements cannot f i t t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e where i t does n o t belong. Thank you. MR. DUGAS: Reverend F a u n t r o y , a r e t h e r e any ques- t i o n s t h a t you would l i k e t o a s k o f o u r Highway e x p e r t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y on where t h e t r a f f i c w i l l go once i t g e t s a c r o s s the b r i d g e , i f b u i l t ? REVEREND FAUNTROY: There a r e no q u e s t i o n s which I have n o t a s k e d a thousand t i m e s o v e r t h e p a s t t e n y e a r s , t h e most o f r e c e n t o f which q u a s t i o n s were asked d u r i n g t h e h e a r i n g s by t h e C i t y C o u n c i l . For the record, I should l i k e v e r y much t o ask what we propose t o do a g a i n with the t r a f f i c coming a c r o s s t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , once i t i s i n t o Georgetown and i n t o t h e C i t y , MR. DUGAS: Mr. A i r i s . MR. A I R I S : I would l i k e t o respond t o t h a t , �324 Reverend. The t r a f f i c , as you o b s e r v e on t h e mosaic, w i l l come v i a 1-66 from D u l l e s and 1-66 beyond t h e B e l t w a y , a c r o s s the r i v e r , o r we w i l l go o f f t o t h e r i g h t and thence through R o s s l y n and on down t o t h e e x i s t i n g R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e . But i f i t doe3 come a c r o s s t h i s b r i d g e , which a c t u a l l y a s I unders t a n d i t y o u r q u e s t i o n p e r t a i n s t o , i t w i l l go down t h e Potomac R i v e r Freeway,the l a n e a g e i 3 b a l a n c e d and w i l l n o t go i n t o Georgetown a t a l l . I t w i l l bypass Georgetown. p r i n c i p a l reasons o f t h i s p a r t i c u l a r T h a t i s one o f t h e facility. Then wa w i l l go on down i n t o t h e Potomac R i v e r Freeway, which i s a l r e a d y b u i l t , h a s about f o u r l a n e s i n each d i r e c t i o n , i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f 26th S t r e e t and V i r g i n i a Avenue, or i t w i l l have t h e a l t e r n a t i v e o f coming i n t h e K S t r e e t Expressway and N t o t h e i n n e r c i t y . Now, one o f t h e p r i n c i p a l r e a s o n s f o r t h i s p a r t i c u l a r f a c i l i t y i s a d i r e c t high-speed, good c o n n e c t i o n between t h e i n n e r c i t y and D u l l e s A i r p o r t w i t h o u t which, of course, D u l l e s A i r p o r t cannot be p u t i n t o a c o m p e t i t i v e p o s i t i o n w i t h National. Now, t h a t g e n e r a l l y , i n g e n e r a l i t i e s , i s t h e answer to y o u r q u e s t i o n . I t i s n o t i n t e n d e d a t t h i s h e a r i n g as a s u b j e c t , b u t s i n c e I was asked t h e q u e s t i o n , I thought perhaps I s h o u l d answer i t . ' There a r e o t h e r r e a s o n s , b u t I t h i n k t h a t i s s u f f i c i e n t f o r an answer t o your question,- s i r . �12-A 325 REVEREND FAUNTROY: Mr. Chairman, to Mr. A i r i s , i s the import o f y o u r s t a t e m e n t t h a t t h e b u i l d i n g o f t h e b r i d g e does not n e c e s s i t a t e a North Leg o f t h e I n n e r Loop? MR. A I R I S : We would o n l y b u i l d any f a c i l i t y — w i l l t r y t o g e t r i g h t t o your q u e s t i o n — we would o n l y b u i l d any f a c i l i t y i n what we r e f e r t o a s u s e a b l e segments. o t h e r words, t h e f a c i l i t y I In t h a t we would b u i l d can s t a n d on i t s own f e e t and i t W i l l f u n c t i o n w i t h o u t t h e North Leg, b u t I would have t o add t h a t i t w i l l f u n c t i o n much b e t t e r w i t h some k i n d o f a North- L e g , e i t h e r K S t r e e t o r some o t h e r facility to the north o f K S t r e e t . Now, as you know, t h a t North Leg h a s n o t y e t been f u l l y s t u d i e d and t h e l o c a t i o n o f i t has n o t y e t been n a i l e d down. The C o u n c i l and t h e Mayor, o f c o u r s e , have s a i d i t s h o u l d be K S t r e e t . The most r e c e n t a c t i o n o f t h e C o u n c i l on the North Leg s a i d i t s h o u l d be K S t r e e t o r L o r N o r some street i n that v i c i n i t y . REVEREND FAUNTROY: Y e s , i t i s not going t o be i n Shaw, f o r s u r e . I want t o be v e r y c l e a r , Mr. A i r i s , on what you a r e saying. You a r e s a y i n g t o us t h a t t h e b u i l d i n g o f t h e Three S i s t e r s w i l l n o t r e q u i r e t h e North Leg and from what you t o l d me about t h e e g r e s s on t h e e a s t s i d e o f town, i t w i l l n o t n e c e s s i t a t e a North C e n t r a l Freev/ay? MR. A I R I S : Y e s . I n g e n e r a l , I would answer your �12-B 326 question, "Yes. 11 These f a c i l i t i e s you a r e l c o k i n g a t up h e r e can s t a n d on t h e i r own f e e t . They w i l l , o f c o u r s e , n o t f u n c t i o n t o f u l l usage f o r t h e C i t y u n l e s s t h e r e s t o f t h e I n n e r Loop i s b u i l t . REVEREND FAUNTROY: ment, Mr. Chairman. MR. A I R I S : That i s a c o n t r a d i c t o r y state- Yes and no. W e l l , I can't g i v e you - — REVEREND FAUNTROY: Y e s , they w i l l f u n c t i o n ; no, they w i l l n o t f u n c t i o n . MR. A I R I S : I t w i l l function, but i t w i l l function of course, not t o f u l l e f f i c i e n c y u n t i l the r e s t o f the I n n e r Loop i s b u i l t . REVEREND FAUNTROY: shape t h a t t h e Memorial Bridge Then i t w i l l be i n t h e same and t h e Theodore Roosevelt B r i d g e p r e s e n t l y a r e , f a i l i n g t o f u n c t i o n t o f u l l c a p a c i t y and they w i l l f u n c t i o n t o f u l l c a p a c i t y , I t a k e i t , o n l y when we pave t h e c i t y o v e r w i t h a network o f freeways. I t h i n k , Mr. Chairman, I am s u g j e s t i n g t a t we ought to g i v e s e r i o u s a t t e n t i o n t o what t h e people have s t a t e d , what t h e C o u n c i l and t h e NCPC have a f t e r thorough study conc l u d e d , and what t h e Mayor and t h e C o u n c i l p r e s e n t e d t o t h e Congress i n 196 8; namely, t h a t i f we a r e going t o d e a l w i t h the problem o f D u l l e s , l e t ' s g e t a subway o u t t h e r e . a r e g o i n g t o d e a l w i t h problems o f 1-66, t h e r a p i d I f we transit system h o l d s o u r b e s t hope f o r p r e s e r v i n g t h e q u a l i t y o f l i f e �12-C 327 i n t h e c i t y , w h i l e d e a l i n g on t h e o t h e r hand w i t h t h e n e c e s s i t y t o move people through t h e r e g i o n . MR. A I R I S : Mr. Chairman, I d i d n ' t , o f c o u r s e , i n s t i g a t e the questioning. Reverand, But I t h i n k I should say t h i s , j u s t t o t r y t o c l a r i f y a few p o i n t s . On Memorial Bridge,, t h e reason f o r t h e r e d u c t i o n i n t h e c a p a c i t y t h a t you mention i s t h e f a c t t h a t we and t h e Park S e r v i c e stopped u n b a l a n c i n g a lcine on t h a t b r i d g e some y e a r s ago. That i s t h e r e a s o n , and t h e ony r e a s o n , f o r t h e r e d u c t i o n i n t h e usage o f Memorial B r i d g e . The Pcirk S e r v i c e i n t e n d s e v e n t u a l l y t o use Memorial B r i d g e as a p a r t o f t h e L i n c o l n Memorial Complex and t h e A r l i n g t o n Memorial Cemetery. ing I n o t h e r words, they a r e attempt t o p u t t h e b r i d g e i n i t s monumental usage, f o r which i t was o r i g i n a l l y intended. Now, t h e reason f o r t h e l a c k o f f u l l c a p a c i t y on R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e , although i t i s c a r r y i n g good t r a f f i c a t t h e time, i t w i l l not reach c a p a c i t y u n t i l t h e V i r g i n i a Highway Department b u i l d s i t s segment f a r t h e r than R o s s l y n Circle. And a t t h a t t i m e , o f c o u r s e , i t w i l l b e t t e r i t s usage. Those a r e two o f t h e t i l i n g s I would l i k e t o j u s t add to what h a s a l r e a d y been s a i d h e r e . Thank you. REVEREND FAUNTROY: I would be p l e a s e d f o r Mr. �328 A i r i s t o i n f o r m t h e NCPC s t a f f t h a t the s t a f f o f t h e C o u n c i l o f D, C. found i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h e c o n t r a r y . MR. .AIRIS: I w i l l be v e r y happy t o do s o . MR. DUGAS: Thank you. Mrs. Shackleton. STATEMENT OF MRS. POLLY SHACKLETON ON BEHALF OF JOHN W. HECHINGTER, FORMER CHAIRMAN, D. C. COUNCIL MRS. SHACKLETON: Mr. Dugas, I thank you v e r y much f o r p u t t i n g us on b r i g h t and e a r l y t h i s morning. I have Mr. Hechinger's busiJiess regrets. Unfortunately He had an o l d c o l l e a g u e , c o l l e a g u e , who d i e d and he had t o go t o B a l t i m o r e f o r the f u n e r a l t h i s morning. He r e g r e t t e d v e r y much t h a t he c o u l d n o t be h e r e . He has asked me t o read h i s prepared statement, a f t e r which I w i l l have a few b r i e f remarks o f my own. i s Chairman Hechinger's This statement: "Mr. Dugas: "I a p p r e c i a t e f u l l y t h a t t h i s h e a r i n g has been c a l l e d t o h e a r testimony on s p e c i f i c d e s i g n and e n g i n e e r i n g q u a l i t i e s o f t h e Three S i s :ers B r i d g e . long p a s t when should However, t h e time h a s g i n e e r s alone c a n determine what highways be b u i l t and t h e p a t h t h a t t h e s e roads should t a k e . " I t has been r e c o g n i z e d f o r many y e a r s now by those who a r e concerned about t h e q u a l i t y o f urban l i f e t h a t t h e �12-E 329 I n t e r s t a t e Highway Program has c r e a t e d an awareness o f t h e d i s t r e s s i n g s t a t e o f t h e urban environment which has been s p e c i f i c a l l y e x a c e r b a t e d by t h i s highway program. I t has p u t i n t o f o c u s t h i s m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a t o t h e Three S i s t e r s project. Bridge Through t h e f o c u s i n t h i s m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a on t h e Three S i s t e r s p r o j e c t , t h e p l i g h t o f t h e i n n e r c i t y has become visible. T h e r e f o r e , f o r those o f us who have been s t a n d i n g f a s t a g a i n s t t h e mas3ere c o n s t r u c t i o n t h a t w i l l d e s t r o y t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e c i t y , w i l l be t h a n k f u l t h i s indeterminable debate on t h e highway i s s u e h a s w e l l l e d o f f t h e p l i g h t t h a t exists. "During my time a s Chairman o f t h e C i t y C o u n c i l , we deeiddddon t h e a p p r o v a l o f t h e t r u n k a t e d highway p l a n b u t o n l y a f t e r most e x h a u s t i v e r e s e a r c h and . . . s t u d y . Our c o n t e n t i o n was t h e v e r y s i m p l e and t h e l o g i c a l i d e a we do n o t want i n t h e 1980*s and beyond a t i t l e wave o f a d d i t i o n a l automobiles on t h e a l r e a d y loaded 1970 s t r e e t c a p a c i t y o f our city. We contend t h e r e a r e e x c e l l e n t a l t e r n a t i v e s open t h a t w i l l be p r e f e r a b l e t o h e l p t r y t o manage our t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs. We a r r i v e d a t a thoroughly adequate and b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system t h a t w i l l t a k e c a r e o f t h e growth i n our m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a w i t h o u t any more gateways i n t o t h e c i t y , and t h a t i s w i t h o u t t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge, "Proponents o f more highways argue t h a t by t h e time t h e Metro i s b u i l t , we w i l l be swamped w i t h c a r s and t h e r e �12-F 330 w i l l be no b a l a n c e . B u t what i s f o r g o t t e n i s t h a t i t w i l l t a k e j u s t as long t o complete t h e freeway p a r t o f i t a s i t w i l l t o c o n s t r u c t t h e Metro System. True c o n g e s t i o n will continue t o e x i s t f o r a few y e a r s . " . . . proposed i n o u r p l a n a r e both completed. But t h i s c o n g e s t i o n w i l l p e r s i s t i f t h e v a s t l y more e x t e n s i v e Department o f Highway s o l u t i o n i s adopted, Our highway p l a n s r e c o g n i z e d t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t i s approaching a l i m i t on t h e number o f c a r s -hat can be brought i n t o t h e c i t y and p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t o t h e downtown a r e a . S e v e r a l hundred m i l l i o n d o l l a r s ' worth o f freeway and parkway improvements a r e t h e r e f o r e designed t o improve t h e c o n t i n u i t y and coverage o f the highway networks w i t h o u t b r i n g i n g i n a l a r g e number o f motor v e h i c l e s through new r o u t e s i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t . "Furthermore, t h e s e p r o j e c t s a r e r e a l i s t i c i n t h e sense t h e y i n v o l v e v e r y l i t t l e d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e community. The p l a n s go r i g h t t o t h e h e a r t o f t h e concept o f b a l a n c i n g the c i t y . We w i l l n o t have a b a l a n c e u n t i l we a r e a c t u a l l y o p e r a t i n g t h e subway system. A f t e r t h e subway system i s o p e r a t i n g , t h e r e w i l l be time t o c o n s i d e r o t h e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n improvements, whether i n t h e form o f a d d i t i o n a l highways, r a p i d t r a n s i t o r o t h e r means o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . " I n t h e downtown a r e a o f t h i s c i t y , over h a l f o f t h e l a n d i s t a k e n up by s t r e e t s , p a r k i n g l o t s and p a r k i n g garages. W i t h i n t h e c i t y a s a whole, o v e r 25 p e r c e n t o f t h e l a n d i s now �12-G 331 taken up by roads. approximately Of these, over 1,000 miles of road, 250 miles are i n a r t e r i a l highways, freeways, and express-ways , "The continuous f a l l a c i o u s argument about t h e need f o r a balanced t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system i s demonstrated by t h e f a c t t h a t only the t r u e way t o achieve a b a l a n c e i s t o stop b u i l d i n g roads and f i n i s h t h e Mass T r a n s i t System. In a r r i v i n g a t our d e c i s i o n to p r o v i d e no more gateways i n t o t h e C i t y , we were responding l i k e almost e v e r y o t h e r major c i t y ' s m u n i c i p a l body i n t h i s country., such a s B a l t i m o r e , N a s h v i l l e , San F r a n c i s c o , New O r l e a n s / to mention a few. "The F e d e r a l Highway A c t has been a g r e a t boon t o t h i s country, has connected one g r e a t c i t y t c another. But everywhere i t h i t s t h e c i t y boundary, i t has become a d e s t r o y e r of t h e urban environment. " I t i s my c o n t e n t i o n , f u l l and proper h e a r i n g s have been h e l d on t h e highway p stem f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and t h i s p l a n c a l l s f o r no Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . The r e v e r s a l of t h e C o u n c i l ' s d e c i s i o n t o b u i l d t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge by a l a t e r C o u n c i l was done w i t h o u t f u l l h e a r i n g s and t h e r e f o r e , i n my v i e w , i s i n v a l i d . "The mounting c r i e s o f d e s p e r a t i o n i n o u r suburban communities sxapports t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia C i t y C o u n c i l f o r mass t r a n s p o r a t i o n p l a n n i n g . Therefore, i n conclusion, I c a l l f o r you t o r e j e c t t h e f u r t h e r study o f t h e e n g i n e e r i n g �12-H 332 and d e s i g n q u a l i t i e s o f the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e as i t has been o f f i c i a l l y s t r i c k e n from the Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n under the f u l l procedure o f T i t l e 23 o f the Highway A c t . u T h a t , Hr. Chairman,, concludes Chairman Hechinger's statement. STATEMENT OF MRS. POLLY SHACKLETON MRS. Now, SHACKLETON; as someone who has been long i n v o l v e d i n the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problem of the D i s t r i c t , w i l l add a few comments o f my own. Over the y e a r s , I worked w i t h Reverend w i t h Mrs. I Fauntroy, Rowe,with P e t e r C r a i g , and w i t h many o t h e r s opposing d e s t r u c t i v e freeway programs, and a t t h e same time a l l o f us were pushing v e r y h a r d f o r a subway system.' I s e r v e d as a member o f t h e C o u n c i l ' s Committee, which Reverend Fauntroy s t u d i e s t h a t were made, Reverend Fauntroy fulfilling Transportation s h a r e d , a t the time of the iind a 3 both Chairman Hechinger and have noted,, the C i t y C o u n c i l and NCPC i n t h e i r o b l i g a t i o n s conducted e x t e n s i v e s t u d i e s and h e a r i n g s p r i o r t o i s s u i n g the Landmark Comprehensive T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n i n December, 1968. T h i s f u l f i l l e d the l e g a l requirements and had the f u l l s u p p o r t o f the Mayor, the then S e c r e t a r y o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , Mr. A l l e n Boyd, and of the N a t i o n a l Democratic A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . You may new r e c a l l t h a t a t the opening meeting o f the C i t y C o u n c i l i n November, 1967, Chairman Hechinger s a i d �12-1 333 that the Council, h i s idea o f the functions of the Council, were t h a t t h e C o u n c i l would s e r v e a s t h e h e a r t b e a t o f t h e new government and would r e p r e s e n t t h e people and respond t o t h e needs and a s p i r a t i o n s o f a l l o f t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h e D i s t r i c t . I b e l i e v e t h a t t h a t f i r s t C o u n c i l , which Reverend Fauntroy was t h e V i c e Chairman o f and I s e r v e d on, c a r r i e d o u t t h i s r e s o l v e o f Chairman H e c h i n g e r ' s . And i n t h a t 8-to-0 v o t e f o r t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n , which was j o i n t l y developed w i t h NCPC, I b e l i e v e t h a t they r e a l l y c a r r i e d o u t t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s t o t h e c i t i z e n s of the D i s t r i c t . I n c i d e n t a l l y , on t h a t v o t e , Chairman Nevius abstained. I t was an 8-to-0 v o t e w i t h h i s a b s t a i n i n g . i When under t h e p r e s s u r e a subsequent C o u n c i l r e - v e r s e d t h e d e s i g n by a 6-to-2 v o t e , t h e C i t y C o u n c i l i n my view l o s t i t s s o u l . I t h i n k from t h a t p o i n t on, i t ceased t o be a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e h e a r t b e a t , of the D i s t r i c t . responsible to the c i t i z e n s I t h i n k i t l o s c r e d i b i l i t y and gave t h e appearance o f b e i n g s i m p l y a puppet o r g a n i z a t i o n . I think i t i s most r e g r e t t a b l e t h a t t h a t happened. Furthermore, I r e g r e t t h a t the Council apparently f u r t h e r copped o u t on i t s r e s p o n s i b i l i t y by n o t conducting the h e a r i n g . hearing Whether i t f e e l s , a s some o f us do, t h a t t h i s i s n o t l e g a l l y r e q u i r e d , t h a t may be, b u t i f t h a t i s the case I t h i n k t h e y s h o u l d have so s t a t e d , t h a t they d i d �not f e e l t h a t i t was a l e g a l l y r e q u i r e d h e a r i n g . Otherwise, I t h i n k i t i s the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f the C o u n c i l t o conduct hearings of t h i s nature. They seem t o get i n t o h e a r i n g s on almost e v e r y o t h e r s u b j e c t t h a t comes a l o n g , but when i t comes t o a tough one, I am a f r a i d t h e y have copped out on this one. One o t h e r p o i n t , as I t h i n k Reverend mentioned, how Fauntroy can one conduct a d e s i g n h e a r i n g when one i s n ' t t a l k i n g about where i t i s coming t o and where i t i s going? A f t e r a l l , a p p a r e n t l y , as I b e l i e v e I am c o r r e c t Mr. A i r i s can c o r r e c t me i f I am wrong — — t h a t the going on the e n t r a n c e s o f the b r i d g e and o f f t h e b r i d g e on t h e o t h e r I s i d e --• a r e they i n c l u d e d i n t h i s d e s i g n concept h e r e ? The ramps, t h e e x i t s ? MR. AIRIS; Madam, t h e s e c t i o n s t h a t a r e i n c l u d e d i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r d e s i g n h e a r i n g a r e shown i n y e l l o w on t h a t particular chart. Wow, j u s t t o r e i t e r a t e f o r you, s t a r t i n g a t the D. C. end, i t i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y a t t h e l o c a t i o n o f MacArthur and F o x h a l l , south o f t h a t p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r s e c t i o n , which I am s u r e you a r e f a m i l i a r w i t h . comes up underneath I t c r o s s e s the r i v e r and then t h e p r e s e n t Route 1 Parkway B r i d g e and makes a c o n n e c t i o n w i t h 1-36.» as shown i n y e l l o w on the mosaic. I t i s about 2800 f e e t on t h e V i r g i n i a s i d e and �335 about 1500 f e e t on t h e D i s t r i c t s i d e . MRS. SHACKLETON: How c l o s e on t h e D i s t r i c t s i d e does t h a t go t o the houses i n t h a t Fo>ihall~Macarthur MR. A I R I S : area? How c l o s e t o t h e houses? MRS. SHACKLETON: Y e s . MR. A I R I S : Of c o u r s e , I c o u l d go up and s c a l e i t . I don't have i t i n my memory. I f you would p e r m i t me t o check a minute MRS. SHACKLETON: I j u s t wonder how much t h a t a f f e c t s that p a r t i c u l a r r e s i d e n t i a l area MR. A I R I S : • there. I t would, i n o u r o p i n i o n , have v e r y l i t t l e , i f any, e f f e c t on i t . MRS. SHACKLETON: W e l l , do you t h i n k Mr. DeGast c o u l d f i g u r e o u t , so we c o u l d have j u s t how c l o s e i t does go bo t h e homes i n t h a t area? �536 MR. DE GAST: MR. A I R I S : I t i s i n t h e range o f 200 f e e t . To t h e c l o s e s t house? MR, DE GAST: To t h e c l o s e s t house, MRS. SHACKLETON: How f a r i s t h a t from some p o i n t i n t h e room. MR. A I R I S : I t i s about from h e r e t o t h e o t h e r side of t h e s t r e e t . REVEREND FAUNTROY: MRS. SHACKLETON: Two hundred f e e t ? Two hundred f e e t o r two hundred yards? MR. A I R I S : I would be g l a d t o pace i t out f o r you. I used t o do a l o t o f p a c i n g o u t . it. I f you would l i k e t o s e e I c a n t e l l you what t h e d i s t a n c e i s t o t h e door o u t there. MRS. SHACKLETON: I t i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 70 y a r d s and - REVEREND FAUNTROY: MRS. SHACKLETON: context. W e l l , I guess t h a t p l a c e s i t i n I t i s l e s s t h a n between t h e g o a l p o s t and MR. A I R I S : T h a t i s 300 f e e t , MRS. SHACKLETON: less A f o o t b a l l f i e l d i s 300 f e e t . So, what we a r e t a l k i n g about i s u MR. A I R I S : I t i s about t w o - t h i r d s o f t h a t t o t h e i c l o s e s t house, c l o s e s t b u i l d i n g . �MRS. SHACKLETON: How does i t impinge on t h e Spout Run area over t h e r e ? MR. AIRIS: Now, I would have t o r e f e r t h a t t o ray colleagues i n the V i r g i n i a State Highway Department. probably can give you a b e t t e r answer than I can. They Could one of you? MR. DUGAS: Mr. H a r r i s . MR. HARRIS: Mrs. Shackleton, t h e approaches on t h e V i r g i n i a s i d e , as you know, a r e i n t h e Spout Run Parkway. And looking a t the mosaic, I would s a y t h a t t h e c l o s e s t house —• this s c a l e i s one inch equals 100 f e e t — i t l o o k s around around t200/250 f e e t , l o o k i n g a t t h e mosaic. MRS. SHACKLETON: So t h a t I assume t h a t t h e p o i n t has been brought up about d e s t r u c t i v e n a t u r a l p a r k a r e a s . can one n o t d e s t r o y t h e Spout Run a r e a ? that How What i s t h e w i d t h o f approach? MR. A I R I S : Of t h e bridge? MRS. SIACKLSTON: Of t h e approaches; t o Spout Run. MR. A I R I S : I n Spout Run? MR. HARRIS: W e l l , t h e roadway i s what, Thirty-six. 34 f e e t ? MR.AIRIS: got s h o u l d e r s — T h i r t y - s i x f e e t i n each l a n e and you have t h a t i s another MR. HARRIS: MR. A I R I S : Fifteen feet. The w i d t h where t h e r e a r e no ramps, t h e n , �338 i s i n t h e neighborhood o f 100 f e e t , would you s a y ? MR. HARRIS: About 100 f e e t , r i g h t . MRS. SHACKLETON: So t h a t would be h a r d t o deny t h a t t h a t would n o t e f f e c t i v e l y d e s t r o y t h a t n a t u r a l Spout Run atmosphere? MR. A I R I S : There a r e i n t h e b r o c h u r e some d e t a i l s w i t h dimensions on them, w h i c h g i v e a p r e t t y good i d e a o f t h e details there. MRS. SHACKLETON: So t h a t you f e e l you a r e conforming w i t h a l l o f t h e highway r e g u l a t i o n s , even though you a r e destroying Spout Run? MR. A I R I S : Well, MRS. SHACKLETON: MR. A I R I S : question p o l i c y . I mean, l e t ' s f a c e i t . T h a t i s a "Stop b e a t i n g y o u r w i f e " We t h i n k t h a t i n t h e s e c t i o n t h a t we have under t h i s d e s i g n h e a r i n g , we have done o u r l e v e l b e s t t o p r e s e r v e t h e a e s t h e t i c s o f t h e a r e a and p r e s e r v e t h e a r e a generally. We have t r i e d v e r y h a r d t o . go i n t o some d e t a i l on t h e s e p a r t i c u l a r MR. HARRIS: your q u e s t i o n s , And t h e b o o k l e t does aspects. Mrs. S h a c k l e t o n , i n answer t o some o f we have d e s i g n d e t a i l p l a n s on t h e V i r g i n i a s i d e up f r o n t , t h a t we would be g l a d t o d i s c u s s w i t h you. REVEREND FAUNTROY: Mr.Chairman, I wonder i f I may conclude by s a y i n g i t i s v e r y c l e a r t o me and people a c r o s s t h i s community t h a t t h e r e h a s been no i s s u e i n my memory t h a t �16 339 t h e r e has been no i s s u e i n my memory t h a t has come b e f o r e the people o f t h e c i t y t h a t has had a broader base o f s u p p o r t , a broader r e c o g n i t i o n t h a n t h e p o s i t i o n which t h e people e x p r e s s e d t o t h e C o u n c i l and which we t r a n s l a t e d i n t o p u b l i c p o l i c y and p r a c t i c e two y e a r s ago. I f democracy i s t o be m e a n i n g f u l , i f s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t i n t h e C i t y i s t o be more t h a n an empty p h r a s e , I t h i n k we must r e c o g n i z e t h a t we have h e r e a moral i s s u e . answered by more h e a r i n g s on d e s i g n . by more c a r e f u l t e s t i m o n y . I t cannot be I t cannot be addressed I have c a r e f u l l y t e s t i f i e d , I guess a thousand times o v e r t h e l a s t t e n y e a r s . We have a moral question before us. I t i s a time f o r a c t i o n on the p a r t o f people respond f o r j u s t i c e and r i g h t . D i s t r i c t Government. Highway Department. who I t i s time f o r a c t i o n i n t h e I t i s a time f o r reasoned a c t i o n i n t h e I t i s a time f o r a c t i o n i n t h e Congress. I t i s a time f o r a c t i o n among t h e people of good w i l l i n t h i s community. And t h o s e who s i t back and do n o t h i n g about t h i s c r i s i s a r e i n v i t i n g chaos and d e s p a i r and those who act boldly t o respond t o t h e w i l l o f t h e people, w i l l be r e c o g n i z e d not o n l y r i g h t , b u t reasoned. I c e r t a i n l y hope t h a t out o f t h e s e h e a r i n g s t h e gong w i l l a g a i n be sounded t o t h e people of t h i s community t o respond not s i m p l y t o t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s o f t h e t e c h n i c i a n s , b u t more i m p o r t a n t , t o the w i l l o f t h e people. Not t o l i s t e n �340 t o those whose p u r s u i t o f p r i v a t e power and p r o p e r t y exceeds t h e i r p u b l i c sense o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , b u t t o make democracy m e a n i n g f u l f o r those o f us who have been denied so long i n t h i s c i t y a c c e s s t o t h e command p o s t o f power over our l i v e s . Thank you. (Applause.) MR. DUGASs Thank y o u . MR. A I R I S : Mr. Chairman, c o u l d I j u s t add one s h o r t comment, j u s t t o v e r i f y one p o i n t . Would y o u r group have any f e e l i n g one way o r t h e o t h e r on t h e s t r u c t u r e s t h a t a r e proposed i n t h e a l t e r n a t i v e plan f o r t h i s p a r t i c u l a r design hearing? here. They a r e r i g h t up Would you have f e e l i n g one way o r t h e o t h e r ? REVEREND FAUNTROY: Y e s , we have one f e e l i n g , and t h a t i s t h a t n e i t h e r s h o u l d be approved. No d e s i g n f o r Three S i s t e r s E r i d g e i s f u n c t i o n a l i n terms o f t h e h e a l t h and w e l f a r e o f t h e people. The people o f t h e C i t y s h o u l d be con- s i d e r e d , Mr. Ch a i m a n . MR. DUGAS: Our n e x t w i t n e s s scheduled i s t h e Reverend Channiug P h i l l i p s . MR. STROUD: I am A r t h u r S t r o u d , member o f t h e Democratic C e n t r a l Committee. Mr«. P h i l l i p s h a s bsen d e l a y e d . I would l i k e t o a s k h i s t e s t i m o n y be d e f e r r e d u n t i l other witnesses. MR. DUGAS: Y e s , :4r. S t r o u d . after �18 341 I s Mr.George M i t c h e l l i n the house? (Mo response.) MR. DUGAS; Mr. James G. Deane. STATEMENT OF JAMES G. DEANE, THE WILDERNESS SOCIETY MR. DEANE: I am James G. Deane. I am a s s i s t a n t e d i t o r on t h e s t a f f o f The W i l d e r n e s s Society,, a n a t i o n a l n o n p r o f i t c o n s e r v a t i o n o r g a n i z a t i o n o f some 70,000 members e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1935. The S o c i e t y h a s i t s h e a d q u a r t e r s i n Washington. We b e l i e v e t h e p l a n f o r t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and i t s c o n n e c t i o n s c o n f l i c t s w i t h proper e n v i r o n m e n t a l g o a l s f o r the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l . A fundamental e n v i r o n m e n t a l g o a l f o r E Washington s h o u l d be t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n o f t h e c i t y s beautiful natural setting. strikingly T h i s i n c l u d e s t h e Potomac and A n a c o s t i a R i v e r s and much o f t h e i r s h o r e s , t h e stx-eam v a l l e y p a r k s t h a t e x t e n d i n l a n d from t h e r i v e r s , and t h e r e s t o f Washington' e x c e p t i o n a l park system. Another fundamental e n v i r o n m e n t a l g o a l s h o u l d be t h e r e s t o r a t i o n o f t h e once c l e a r condition o f our a i r . Another fundamental e n v i r o n m e n t a l g o a l s s h o u l d be t h e c u r b i n g o f t h e n o i s e which i s d r a s t i c a l l y e r o d i n g t h e l i v a b i l i t y of t h i s metropolis. Another fundamental environ-r mental g o a s l s h o u l d be t h e c o n s e r v i n g o f t h e l i m i t e d space we inhabit. B u t t h e Three S i s t e r s p l a n seems t o us t o c o l l i d e �.19 head-on w i t h a l l t h e s e g o a l s . The b r i d g e , i t s m a s s i v e approaches, and t h e huge t r a f f i c f l o w s they would c a r r y would i n t r u d e on and b l e m i s h the b e g i n n i n g o f the Potomac Gorge, one o f Washington's n a t u r a l s c e n i c wonders. They would a l s o encroach on the park l a n d s a l o n g both r i v e r s h o r e s and t h r e a t e n d s s t r u c t i o n o f f u r t h e r p a r k Ictfid. The t r a f f i c growth i n v i t e d by the b r i d g e would make our a i r s t i l l d i r t i e r and t h e d i n s t i l l louder arid would preempt s t i l l more o f our s h r i n k i n g l i v i n g space. The b r i d g e would p r e s s f o r w a r d a w a s t e f u l and d e s t r u c t i v e t r e n d , promoting the use o f s t i l l more motor v e h i c l e s when a l r e a d y we s t r u g g l e w i t h an automotive glut. The W i l d e r n e s s S o c i e t y f a v o r s r e v e r s i n g t h i s d e s t r u c t i v e t r e n d by p r o v i d i n g modern mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r t h e Washington m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a . An adequate high-speed rail r a p i d t r a n s i t system w i l l o b v i a t e the need f o r l a y i n g c o u n t l e s s r i v e r s o f new pavement t o p r o v i d e f o r the commuter. Since a high-speed r a i l t r a n s i t l i n e i s t o be t u n n e l e d under the r i v e r near the Three S i s t e r s s i t e , i n a d d i t i o n t o one a t 14th S t r e e t , a Three S i s t e r s automotive c r o s s i n g seems t o us not o n l y n e e d l e s s but s e l f - d e f e a t i n g i n terms o f s e n s i b l e p l a n n i n g and p u b l i c i n v e s t m e n t . We a l s o v e i w t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e p r o j e c t as u n a c c e p t a b l e because o f i t s s p e c i a l t h r e a t t o t h e f u t u r e o f Glover-Archbold Park. G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d P a r k o c c u p i e s a wooded �20 3^3 stream v a l l e y which extends f o r two and o n e - h a l f m i l e s i n t o Northwest Washington. site. The v a l l e y s t a r t s a t t h e Three Sisters The proposed b r i d g e would p o i n t d i r e c t l y up t h i s stream v alley. F o r irany y e a r s , some highway p l a n n e r s have been eager t o c o n s t r u c t an e x p r e s s highway up t h i s p a r k . Some p l a n s have c a l l e d f o r making both t h i s p a r k - i n v a d i n g e x p r e s s way and t h e Three S i s t e r s b r i d g e p a r t o f an I n t e r m e d i a t e Loop Freeway t r a v e r s i n g much o t h e r park l a n d i n both Washington and A r l i n g t o n . I n t h e minds o f some e n g i n e e r s , t h e s e a r e n o t dead proposals. I n f a c t , t h e r e i s e v e r y reason t o e x p e c t , i f a Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e a c t u a l l y i s c o n s t r u c t e d , t h a t i t w i l l q u i c k l y b r i n g a r e v i v a l o f t h e e f f o r t s t o b u i l d a freeway up Glover-Archbold P a r k , v e r y l i k e l y as p a r t o f an I n t e r m e d i a t e Loop. The Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e would a c t u a l l y be a g r e a t dagger p o i n t i n g i n two d i r e c t i o n s — a t Washington and i t s Maryland suburbs on one s i d e o f t h e Potomac, and a t A r l i n g t o n and o t h e r V i r g i n i a communities on t h e o t h e r . The W i l d e r n e s s S o c i e t y t h i n k s t h e Three project i s obsolete, ill-conceived, to t h e environment. Sisters d e s t r u c t i v e , and menacing We t h i n k i t ought t o be dropped. I want t o add t o t h e p r e p a r e d statement a comment about t h e booklet, c a l l e d , * 1-256 Design Hearing I n f o r m a t i o n " �344 t h a t was p r e p a r e d i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h i s h e a r i n g by t h e D i s t r i c t and V i r g i n i a Highway Departments and was made r e f e r ence t o a few moments ago by Mr. A i r i s . There a r e some statements about c o n s e r v a t i o n a e s t h e t i c s , n o i s e , a i r , and w a t e r p o l l u t i o n i n t h i s b o o k l e t , which i n my o p i n i o n bear no resemblance project. t o the f a c t s of t h i s I think these statements a r e u t t e r l y misleading. I t h i n k t h a t t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l and c o n s e r v a t i o n i m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h i s p r o j e c t a r e a l l bad. I t h i n k t h e attempt t o p r e s e n t t h e s e s o c i a l v a l u e s and o b j e c t i v e s a s b e i n g s a t i s f i e d i n any sense i n t h i s b o o k l e t a r e r i d i c u l o u s and I t h i n k t h a t t h e b o o k l e t d e s e r v e s t o be thrown i n t o t h e w a s t e b a s k e t from t h a t s t a n d p o i n t . (Applause.) MR. DEANE: I t h i n k I w i l l submit a f u r t h e r s t a t e - ment f o r t h e r e c o r d , d e a l i n g i n more d e t a i l w i t h what I have j u s t r e f e r r e d to i n t h i s booklet. I t h i n k an even grosser p e r v i s i o n o f t h e o b l i c a t i o n o f Government o f f i c i a l s t o d e a l f r a n k l y and c a n d i d l y w i t h the p r o p o s a l s they a r e p r e s e n t i n g t o t h e p u b l i c i s t h e f a c t t h a t we a r e b e i n g g i v e n a t o r s o , a t r u n k a t e d p i e c e o f a highway t h a t i s b e i n g proposed, o r b r i d g e , o r whatever you want t o c a l l i t . T h i s i s d e s c r i b e d on t h e c o v e r o f t h e b o o k l e t as'1-265 Design Hearing I n f o r m a t i o n . ' understand i t , But as I 1-266 r u n s from 1-66 o v e r t o Rock Creek Park �3^5 and y e t t h e y e l l o w s t r i p on t h a t a e r i a l photograph up t h e r e s t e p s a t t h e bottom o f Glover™Archbold P a r k . We don't have t h e f u l l i n t e r c h a n g e , we don't have the Ptoomac P a v e r Freeway w h i c h runs between t h e p a r k and t h e b r i d g e , up t o Rock Creek P a r k . Why don't we? 1 don't s e e t h a t t h e r e i s any j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r h a v i n g t h i s k i n d o f t o r s o p r e s e n t e d by t h e Highway Departments o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and V i r g i n i a , , i f they s e r i o u s l y a r e t r y i n g t o do something t o comply w i t h t h e law. I don't t h i n k t h i s complies w i t h t h e l a w i n any s e n s e , moral o r otherwise. As a former nes man, b r i d l e a t t h i s k i n d o f travesty. I t h i n k t h i s whole p r o c e e d i n g i s a t r a v e s t y . I t h i n k t h e Highway Departments had t h e i r minds made up long ago t h e y were g o i n g t o b u i l d a Three S i s t e r s I s l a n d B r i d g e , and they don't r e a l l y c a r e whether t h e c i t i z e n s a r e opposed t o it, whether t h e f a c t s c o n t r a d i c t t h e arguments they a r e p r e - senting i n support o f i t . They a r e going t o go ahead w i t h i t anyway. I am h e r e and I hope a l o t o f e t h e r c i t i z e n s a r e going t o be h e r e because we want t o t a k e advantage o f any o p p o r t u n i t y t h a t i s o f f e r e d t o e x p r e s s o u r s e l v e s and s e t f o r t h what we t h i n k t o be i n the public i n t e r e s t s . And t h a t i s what I have attempted t o do on b e h a l f o f t h e W i l d e r n e s s S o c i e t y . I may s a y I have been a r e s i d e n t o f t h e D i s t r i c t f o r �a g r e a t many y e a r s and have been a c t i v e i n c i v i c activities. I became a c t i v e i n highway p l a n s a number o f y e a r s ago because I w r o t e a long r e p o r t f o r t h e E v e n i n g S t a r on t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e s e p l a n s , some o f w h i c h a r e s t i l l dreigging around h e r e . T h i s b r i d g e was n o t a p a r t o f t h e s e r i e s I w r o t e about i n 1952. I t came along t h e f o l l o w i n g y e a r , b u t t h e highway up G l o v e r - A r c h b o l c Parkway was, t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e l o o p , was born about t h a t t i m e . These a r e o b s o l e t e p r o p o s a l s . They were c o n c e i v e d a t t h e t i m e when nobody was t h i n k i n g t h e r e was going t o e v e r be a subway s y s t e m f o r Washington. They wera c o n c e i v e d a t a time when t h e r e a l o b j e c t i v e o f t h e highway p l a n n e r s was t o t r y t o cope w i t h s i m p l y t h e t r a f f i c c r u s h o f t h a t time i n t h e b e s t way they knew how. I g i v e f u l l c r e d i t t o t h e e n g i n e e r s , and some o f them a r e my f r i e n d s , f o r t h e i r attempts t o cope w i t h t h e c o l o s s a l problem. t h e problem worse. B u t I t h i n k t h e i r attempts a r e j u s t making I don't t h i n k t h e r e i s any way o f s o l v i n g t h e highway problems by b u i l d i n g more highways, c r e a t i n g more traffic.^ I n a growing s o c i e t y o f t h i s k i n d , where we have more and more p e o p l e , you c a n ' t s o l v e t h e t r a f f i c problem by c r e a t i n g more t r a f f i c . T h a t r e a l l y i s t h e b a s i c o b j e c t i v e o f Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , t o c r e a t e more t r a f f i c . That i s the o b j e c t i v e of the �p l a n f o r Washington, t o c r e a t e more t r a f f i c . says otherwise i s j u s t misleading I t h i n k i t i s time Anybody who himself. to f o r g e t a l l o f t h i s nonsense and s e t about b u i l d i n g t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s that w i l l s o l v e t h e problem, and I t h i n k t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s a b o m i n a b l e , i s a p r o j e c t t h a t s h o u l d be abandoned and thrown i n t o the ash can. Thank you. (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: Thank you. MR. A I R I S : Mr. Chairman, I wonder, would you mind i f I j u s t asked the w i t n e s s i f he does have any p r e f e r e n c e t o e i t h e r o f t h e s e two t r e a t m e n t s o r any o t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e ? MR. DEANS: No, s i r . MR. EUGAS: The Reverend Channing P h i l l i p s . STATEMENT OF REVEREND CHANNING P H I L L I P S , DISTRICT DEMOCRATIC CENTRAL COMMITTEE REVEREND P H I L L I P S : I appear h e r e today both f o r m y s e l f and f o r t h e D i s t r i c t Democratic C e n t r a l Committee. am h e r e today t o oppose t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e j u s t as I have r e p e a t e d l y I In opposed i t i n t h e l a s t s e v e r a l y e a r s . doing s o , I am c o n f i d a n t t h a t I r e p r e s e n t t h e o v e r 80 p e r c e n t o f D i s t r i c t r e s i d e n t s who a r e Democrats s i n c e D i s t r i c t Democrats v o t e d 93,524 t o 4,986 o r 1 9 - t o - l i n 1968 t o oppose a l l f u r t h e r highway c o n s t r u c t i o n u n l e s s t h e highway was �25 3^8 p r e v i o u s l y approved by a referendum. position That i s p r e c i s e l y my today. The Democratic C e n t r a l Committee f i r s t o f a l l o b j e c t s to t h i s h e a r i n g . We t h i n k i t i s time t h a t t i e D i s t r i c t Government spoke w i t h one v o i c e on f r e e w a y s . i t , the Mayor opposes f r e e i * a y s . As I understand Y e t , Thomas A i r i s , t h e head o f t h e Highway Department,does h i s b e s t t o pave the c i t y o v e r from one end t o the o t h e r . F o r example, t h e Department has d i s t r i b u t e d f o r t h i s h e a r i n g a b o o k l e t named "1-266 Design Hearing I n f o r m a t i o n " which i s t h e most one-sided d e s c r i p t i o n o f the Three Bridge imaginable. Sisters I t h i n k t h a t t h e Mayor s h o u l d t a k e l e a d e r - s h i p o f t h e D i s t r i c t Government on t h i s v i t a l i s s u e , s t o p f r e e c o n s t r u c t i o n and s t o p t h e s e h e a r i n g s . I t i s time, i n other words, f o r the D i s t r i c t Government t o decide once and f o r a l l does i t want t o b u i l d Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and o t h e r freeways or not. There a r e many reasons why proper. t h e s e h e a r i n g s a r e im- F i r s t , , no h e a r i n g s s h o u l d be h e l d pending t h e d e t e r - m i n a t i o n o f t h e C o u r t o f Appeals i n t h e Three S i s t e r s case. Bridge As I e x p e c t you know, I am a p l a i n t i f f i n t h a t case and the D i s t r i c t Court has a l r e a d y h e l d t h a t the Government proceeded i l l e g a l l y . District R a t h e r t h a n t o break the law a g a i n , i t would seem a p p r o p r i a t e f o r t h e D i s t r i c t Government to w a i t u n t i l the c o u r t s complete t h e i r d e t e r m i n a t i o n . �2S Second, new Virginia. c o r r i d o r p u b l i c h e a r i n g s a r e needed i n The l a s t such h e a r i n g was i n 1958. o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n * s own s r u l e s r e q u i r e a new The Department h e a r i n g when the o c i a l , economic o r e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s o f a highway have changed and t h i s i s c l e a r l y t r u e over t h e l a s t 12 y e a r s . T h i r d , t h i s h e a r i n g does not c o n s i d e r t h e highway approach t o Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . I t i s i m p o s s i b l e t o con- s i d e r t h e d e s i g n o f t h e b r i d g e w i t h o u t knowing what t h e D i s t r i c t approach w i l l be. Department i s doing. I t i s c l e a r what the Highway As a l w a y s , i t proposes o n l y one p i e c e o f highway a t a time so opponents w i l l not j o i n t o g e t h e r . And once the B r i d g e i s b u i l t , the approach t o the b r i d g e w i l l be a f a i t accompli. Let me now t u r n t o the m e r i t s o f t h e b r i d g e . I r e g a r d t h e p r o p e r d e s i g n as a b e a u t i f u l r i v e r and t h r e e s m a l l islands. While t h e r i v e r i s not now b e a u t i f u l , we hope t h a t i t w i l l soon be a f t e r we meet the Potomac's s e r i o u s p o l l u t i o n problem. But i.t w i l l n e v e r be b e a u t i f u l i f i t i s paved over by b r i d g e a f t e r b r i d g e a f t e r b r i d g e t o meet the i n s a t i a b l e demand o f t h e automobile. The defense o f t h e b r i d g e i n t h e b o o k l e t i s l i t t l e short of ludicrous. I t s a y s the b r i d g e i s good f o r n a t i o n a l defense but no e x p l a n a t i o n i s g i v e n . I don't know who i s a :tackim. us. I t s a y s t h a t the b r i d g e w i l l s a v e l i v e s . Maybe so �27 350 when compared t o o t h e r highways. B u t i t and a l l o t h e r auto- b o b i l e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i s much more dangerous than t h e subway w i l l be. So you ought t o be comparing i t w i t h r a p i d t r a n s i t * not o t h e r highwasy. I t g i v e s p r e c i s ? f i g u r e s about c o s t b e n e f i t s because o f t r a v e l time saved i n comparison t o o t h e r highways. But a g a i n t h e subx/ay w i l l be r;.uch f a s t e r . I t notes t h e g r e a t economic b e n e f i t from b u i l d i n g the b r i d g e i n employment. B u t j u s t a s many men c o u l d be em- p l o y e d on o t h e r c o n s t r u c t i o n o f much g r e a t e r v a l u e , l i k e s c h o o l s , parks,, and l i b r a r i e s , and housing, t h i n g s people need. I t completely n e g l e c t s t h e f i n a n c i a l and o t h e r c o s t s to t h e p u b l i c o f t h e b r i d g e . What w i l l t h e e f f e c t on a i r p o l l u t i o n be, i n c l u d i n g more c a r s t o t r a v e l t o t h e c i t y . much w i l l t h i s c o s t i n money, i n h e a l t h , i n decent How living? What w i l l be t h e e f f e c t on subway f a r e s i f more persons drive t h e i r own c a r s ? And, f i n a l l y , and most i m p o r t a n t , t h e r e i s no i n d i c a t i o n what w i l l happen t o a l l t h e s e c a r s . What o t h e r freeways w i l l have t o be b u i l t i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i f t h i s bridge i s b u i l t . W i l l t h e North Leg have t o be b u i l t , which w i l l d e s t r o y much of. t h e Adams-Morgan and Shaw a r e a s ? W i l l t h e s e c a r s be handled on e x i s t i n g s t r e e s t which a r e a l r e a d overcrowded, such as W i s c o n s i n Avenue and M S t r e e t ? W i l l more p a r k i n g be needed downtown, which w i l l d e s t r o y e x i s t i n g s m a l l �28 351 businesses? We t h i n k t h e p u b l i c d e s e r v e s a l l t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e s e problems i f any h e a r i n g s a r e t o be m e a n i n g f u l . The D i s t r i c t Government needs t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n i f a d e c i s i o n i s t o be made based on a l l r e l e v a n t f a c t o r s . As i t now stands, t h i s h e a r i n g i s a mere window-dressing w i t h a p r e o r d a i i i e d conclusion. I t s h o u l d be stopped u n t i l a meaningful hearing t o c a r e f u l l y c o n s i d e r t h e numerous s e v e r e problems i n v o l v e d here can be h e l d . V i r t u a l l y no one i n t h e D i s t r i c t wants the Three S i s t e r s Bridge. I t w i l l s i m p l y a t t r a c t t h e c a r s o f more suburban commuters. The o n l y argument f o r i t i s t h a t i t i s t h e o n l y way t o get the subway. bow to t h i s b l a c k m a i l . the b l a c k m a i l e r s But I don't b e l i e v e we can Mien the C i t y C o u n c i l gave i n i n 1969, simply r a i s e d t h e i r p r i c e . I n 1969, i t was the b r i d g e , today they want t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway, tomorrow i t w i l l be the North Leg, on and on and on. But t h i s y e a r no one s u r r e n d e r e d aad i t appears t h a t the e f f o r t t o f o r c e t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway on the D i s t r i c t has been stopped. I hope t h a t t h i s l e s s o n i s remembered by everyone and e s p e c i a l l y t h e D i s t r i c t Government. as I and o t h e r s argued i n 1969 — I, The l e s s o n i s , don't g i v e i n t o b l a c k m a i l . t h e r e f o r e , hope t h a t t h e c i t y w i l l a d j o u r n these h e a r i n g s , make no d e c i s i o n c o n c e r n i n g the d e s i g n o f the b r i d g e u n t i l a f t e r the Court o f Appeals d e c i d e s and a f a i r h e a r i n g �352 can be h e l d , o r b e t t e r y e t , forget t h e whole m i s e r a b l e i d e a . Thank y o u v e r y much. (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: Thank you. MR. AIRIS: Mr. Chairman, Reverend, I assume you would not p r e f e r to express a preference o r any o t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e t o the two t h a t are shown there f o r t h i s p a r t i c u l a r bridge? REVEREND PHILLIPS: MR. AIRIS: Right h e r e REVEREND PHILLIPS: MR. AIRIS: Where are the bridges, s i r ? (indicating). Those a r e bridges? T h a t i s an i d e n t i c a l view t o t h a t con- t a i n e d i n t h e pamphlet. REVEREND PHILLIPS: express a preference. No, s i r , I would p r e f e r not t o My preference i s the r i v e r and the three i s l a n d s . MR. AIRIS: Thank you. MR. DUGAS: Thank you, Reverend P h i l l i p s . Mr. George M i t c h e l l . STATEMENT OP GEORGE MITCHELL, CITIZEN, 1100 SIXTH STREET, NORTHWEST, WASHINGTON, D. C. MR. MITCHELL: Mr. Chairman, l a d i e s and gentlemen. I am George M i t c h e l l , a candidate f o r the D. C. Delegate s e a t , and I , too, oppose the design of t h i s bridge because i t i s designed to do what a l l o f the other highways �30 353 t h a t l e a d i n and o u t o f t h i s c i t y a r e designed t o do. They a r e designed t o g e t those persons i n t h e h i g h economic 3 t r a t s i n and o u t o f t h i s c i t y a t w i l l . We f e e l t h a t t h i s b r i d g e i s j u s t one more i n d i c a t i o n o f one more e f f o r t t o make i t easy f o r people who come i n t o t h e C i t y o f Washington and suck i t f o r a l l i t i s w o r t h , and then r u s h back c u t o f i t a t a g i v e n time a t 5:00 o ' c l o c k i n the evening. So we oppose t h e d e s i g n f o r t h a t purpose. We t a k e t h e p o s i t i o n t h a t i t i s an a f f r o n t t o the peojjle o f t h i s c i t y to have a h e a r i n g a s t o whether t h e d e s i g n i s proper, when t h e p u b l i c and t h e pure s e n t i m e n t o f t h i s c i t y appears t o be t h a t t h e b r i d g e s h o u l d n o t be c o n s t r u c t e d a t a l l . We, t o o , would l i k e t o v o i c e o u r o b j e c t i o n t o t h i s h e a r i n g and s t a t e t h a t we f e e l t h a t i t i s an i l l e g a l h e a r i n g and suggest t h a t t h e proper t h i n g t o do, as h a s been suggested by p r e v i o u s s p e a k e r s , would be t o can t h i s m a t t e r and p u t i t on i c e and f o r g e t i t a l t o g e t h e r . Thank you. (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: Thank y o u , Mr. M i t c h e l l . MR. A I R I S : Mr. Chairman. I would presume, Mr. M i t c h e l l , you would n o t p r e f e r t o e x p r e s s a p r e f e r e n c e f o r t h i s t r e a t m e n t , t h e too t r e a t m e n t s shown, o r any o t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e ? �31 354 MR. MITCHELL: I t a k e t h e same p o s i t i o n t h a t t h e d e s i g n i s o f f e n s i v e t o me, because i t i s designed t o do what has been done t o t h i s c i t y a l l a l o n g , t o t a k e t h e r e s o u r c e s from t h i s c i t y , t o t a k e t h e people who a c t u a l l y make t h e b i g money i n t h i s c i t y back o u t o f i t . We f e e l , t h e c i t i z e n s and t a x p a y e r s o f t h i s s i r , t h a t t h i s money s h o u l d be spent on Seventh s h o u l d be spent on housing i n t h i s c i t y . on r e h a b i l i t a t i n g 1 4 t h S t r e e t . city, Street,i t I t s h o u l d be spent There a r e s o many t h i n g s and so many people who a r e going hungry i n t h e c i t y and t h i s money s h o u l d be spent on t h i n g s o f t h a t s o r t , i n s t e a d o f a b r i d g e Resigned t o g e t t h e commuter i n and o u t o f here ett w i l l . MR. A I R I S : B u t no p r e f e r e n c e t o any p a r t i c u l a r design? MR. MITCHELL: MR. DUGAS: No p r e f e r e n c e . Thank you, Mr.Mitchell. Mr. P e t e r S. C r a i g . STATEMENT OF PETL'R S. CRAIG, C I T I Z E N , 3406 MACOMB STREET, NORTHWEST, WASHINGTON, D. C. MR. CRAIG: L e t me s t a r t a l i t t l e b i t w i t h my q u a l i - f i c a t i o n s , because I do appear here a s an e x p e r t w i t n e s s , a l s o as an i n t e r e s t e d c i t i z e n and a t r u s t e e o f t h e Committe o f 100 on t h e F e d e r a l C i t y . . I am a t r a i n e d economist, h a v i n g majored i n economics and graduated P h i B e t a Cappa from Overland C o l l e g e i n 1950. I �355 am a l s o t r a i n e d as a lawyer, h a v i n g graduated from Yale School i n 1953. s i n c e 1953, Law I have been p r a c t i c i n g law i n Washington p r i m a r i l y i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n lav?. My c l i e n t s have i n c l u d e d American A i r l i n e s , o t h e r a i e l i n e s , t r u c k i n g companies, s hipping companies, t h e Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , r a i l r o a d s . I have r e p r e s e n t e d a l l modes o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . In the c o u r s e of these p r o c e e d i n g s , i t i s i m p o r t a n t always to get a t the u n d e r l y i n g economic p o l i c y assumptions and fore- c a s t i n g needs and d e t e r m i n i n g what t h e l a w y e r s u s u a l l y c a l l the p u b l i c convenience and necessity. Since I 9 6 0 , I have had occasion i n the community i n t e r e s t to be i n t e n s e l y i n t e r e s t e d i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g i n the Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a . time s t u d y i n g I b e l i e v e I s p e n t more the t r a n s p o r a t i o n needs between V i r g i n i a and the D i s t r i c t of Columbia than any o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l , i n c l u d i n g any member of the D i s t r i c t and V i r g i n i a Highway departments. I t e s t i f i e d i n hearings t e s t i f i e d i n hearings i n November, 1961; i n November, 1964; anyone concerned about my and I again I would i n v i t e c r e d e n t i a l s t o compare my testimony t h e r e w i t h what has happened s u b s e q u e n t l y , and they w i l l f i n d and t h i s i s c o n f i r m e d by my E x h i b i t No. 1 which I handed t o — t h a t o f the v a r i o u s f o r e c a s t s t h a t have been made of rush-hour commuting t r a f f i c from V i r g i n i a t o Washington, D. C., only I have come w i t h i n the b a l l park o f a c t u a l t r e n d s , a c t u a l growth patterns. �356 On t h e f i r s t page o f my E x h i b i t No. 1 , I reproduced an e x h i b i t I s u b m i t t e d i n t h e h e a r i n g s i n November, 1964, which c o n s t i t u t e t h e comparison between t h e a c t u a l t r e n d which i s shown by t h e bottom l i n e , which a t t h a t time was f o r a suburban p o p u l a t i o n o f about 625,000 and p r o j e c t e d i n t o f u t u r e y e a r s based upon t h e growth i n Suburban V i r g i n i a p o p u l a t i o n . The numbers a t t h e t o p r e f l e c t t h e Suburban V i r g i n i a P o p u l a t i o n o f A r l i n g t o n , A l e x a n d r i a , F a i r f a x County, C i t y o f F a i r f a x , and F a l l s Church. We have now p a s s e d t h e 100,000 mark on t h a t c h a r t . By t h e Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Survey F o r e c a s t o f 1959, which t h e Highway Department h a s f r e q u e n t l y c i t e d a s a u t h o r i t y f o r t h i s b r i d g e , t h e number o f commuters i n V i r g i n i a through t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia s h o u l d have been o v e r 73,000 by today. I t i s not. I t i s under 50,000. The N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency i n 1962, under mandate from Congress, r e v i e w e d and m o d i f i e d t h e Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S u r v e y f o r e c a s t o f 1959. NCTA was t h e NCTA f o r e c a s t . The l i n e i n d i c a t e d By t h e i r f o r e c a s t , we s h o u l d have today i n e x c e s s o f 53,000 people from V i r g i n i a t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia d u r i n g t h e morning peak hour. We a r e f a r below t h e NCTA's f o r e c a s t . Then i f y o u w i l l n o t i c e t o t h e l e f t , t h a t DCHD, t h a t i s t h e D. C. Highway Department's s o - c a l l e d u p d a t i n g o f t h e NCTA f o r e c a s t , w h i c h was s u b m i t t e d a t t h e h e a r i n g s i n November, �1964. T h i s f o r e c a s t t h a t by t h e y e a r end 1985, o r when t h e Suburban. V i r g i n i a p o p u l a t i o n i n t h i s a r e a exceeded 1.200 m i l l i o n , t h e r e would be 97,000 people a t t h e morning peak hour from V i r g i n i a t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. Mow, i t would save you some time i f I can g e t agreement from t h e D. C. Highway Department through Mr.Leonard DeGast, t h a t t h e 1964 f o r e c a s t s u b m i t t e d a t the l a s t h e a r i n g has now been abandoned by t h e D.C. Highway Department. Can y o u answer t h a t , Mr. DeGast? MR. A I R I S : MR. CRAIG: F o r Mr. DeGast. MR. A I R I S : Highway This i s a question I am s o r r y , i s t h i s a q u e s t i o n t o t h e Department? MR. CRAIG: I t i s a q u e s t i o n t o Mr. DeGast. MR. A I R I S : I would p r e f e r t o handle t h a t , i f i t i s permissible to the Chair. MR. DUGAS: He i s t h e D i r e c t o r o f t h e Department. I suppose he ought t o be a b l e t o speak f o r t h e Department. MR. CRAIG: He c a n speak f o r t h e Department, b u t we had a h e a r i n g b e f o r e Judge S i r i c a . I t i s q u i t e e v i d e n t Mr. A i r i s doesn't know what he i s t a l k i n g about. MR. DUGAS: We ought t o g i v e him t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o be wrong a g a i n . MR. CRAIG: Mr. A i r i s , y o u g i v e an answer and then I would l i k e an answer from Mr. DeGast. �MR. AIRIS: I would p r e f e r to answr t h i s . Mr. DeGast did not t a l k and d i d not t e s t i f y a t the h e a r i n g before Judge S i r i c a . I did. And i f you w i l l bear w i t h me, I will give you an answer to your question. I d i d not r a i s e t h i s i s s u e ; you d i d . So I w i l l t r y to answer you the b e s t I can. I would l i k e to point out t h a t a l l o f your s t a t i s t i c s and I haven't had a chance to study them MR. CRAIG: I don't want t o waste time w i t h a speech, I want a yes or no answer. Are you n o t r e l y i n g on t h e t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t s u b m i t t e d i n t h e November 1964 h e a r i n g s ? MR. A I R I S : I w i l l get t o t h a t point. MR. I xvant a y e s o r no answer. CRAIG: time f o r speeches. MR. AIRIS: I don't have I want t o t e s t i f y . P l e a s e , s i r , you a r e going t o t e s t i f y and i t w i l l j u s t take me about one second. A l l o f your s t a t i s t i c s a r e on the b a s i s o f r u s h hour. Now, I p o i n t e d out i n t h a t t e s t i m o n y b e f o r e Judge S i r i c a , t h a t one of our 14 p o i n t s h e r e on t h e c o n t r o l o f t r a f f i c i n t h e c i t y i s t o attempt t o c u t down p a r k i n g as one of t h e c r i t e r i o n s i n t h e downtown a r e a . work h o u r s . Anomer i s to stagger Now,, by doing those t h i n g s h e r e , i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h e v e r y o t h e r governmental agency, we have i n c r e a s e d t h e r u s h hour t o not a r u s h hour any more. I t i s a rush, period. I t i s not an hour any more o f t h e time o f 1958, i t i s a r u s h �359 Therefore, these s t a t i s t i c s that you have got here are erroneous because the v e h i c l e s t h a t are funneled i n t o the c i t y i n t h i s rush period have to be taken care of. You a r e r e l y i n g s o l e l y with a one-hour r u s h . Now, MR. please? i n answer to your question on 1964 CRAIG: Could Mr. DeGast answer my I t i s very simple. question, Does t h e D. C. Highway Department s t i l l r e l y , or has i t abandoned, the traffic fore- c a s t submitted a t the hearings i n November, 1964? MR. AIRIS: Nov/, on the 1964 f o r e c a s t , i t was c o r r e c t as of t h a t time f o r r u s h hour. MR. f o r e c a s t of CRAIG: Not f o r a n y t h i n g e l s e . I am only i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e peak-hour 97,000 person t r i p s from V i r g i n i a t o t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia. MR. AIRIS: And I answered y o u r q u a s t i o n . MR. CRAIG: No. May I have an answer from Mr. DeGast, p l e a s e . MR. AIRIS: You can o n l y address them t o t h e Department and I w i l l speak f o r t h e Department. MR. of CRAIG: I was t o l d by Mr. Dugas a t t h e b e g i n n i n g t h i s h e a r i n g , t h a t each o f t h e s e gentlemen a t t h e t a b l e , q u e s t i o n s c o u l d be d i r e c t e d t o them. to I am d i r e c t i n g a q u e s t i o n him. MR. AIRIS: I dcn't r e a l l y c a r e , Mr. Chairman. If �360 i t would h e l p t h i n g s , I would be g l a d t o l e t Mr. DeGast speak. MR. DUGAS; Mr. C r a i g , I b e l i e v e t h e o r d e r l y way t o proceed would c e r t a i n l y be t o l e t t h e man who i s r e s p o n s i b l e u l t i m a t e l y f o r t h e d e c i s i o n o f t h e Highway Department t o make t h e answer, i f he s o d e s i r e s . question. I b e l i e v e he has answered t h e I t h i n k a more o r d e r l y way t o proceed, Mr. C r a i g — and I don't s u g g e s t as t o how you should do i t , b u t i n o r d e r t h a t we may g e t o u t o f h e r e sometime today •— i s t h a t you perhaps f i n i s h y o u r t e s t i m o n y and then address such q u e s t i o n s as you may have t o t h e gentleman on t h e r i g h t . MR. CRAIG; Mr. A i r i s , what i s y o u r p r e s e n t f o r e c a s t f o r t h e y e a r 1990 o f t h e t o t a l number o f persons e n t e r i n g t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia a t t h e a.m. peak hour from t h e S t a t e o f Virginia? MR. A I R I S : I don't have i t h e r e . We w i l l have t o put i t i n f o r t h e r e c o r d . MR. DUGAS? He s a y s he does not hv a i t , Mr. C r a i g , and he w i l l f u r n i s . / i t f o r t h e r e c o r d a t a l a t e r MR. CRAIG: Dugas. time. May we t u r n t o ray E x h i b i t No. 2, Mr. I t has been s i x y e a r s t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Highway Department h a s n ' t had any r e c o r d s . November 1 3 , 1964, I addressed Mr. DeGast's p r e d e c e s s o r , Under date o f a l e t t e r t o Mr. A l b e r t G r a n t , a s k i n g f o r i n f o r m a t i o n which i n my judgment was n e c e s s a r y t o e v a l u a t e t h e p l a n s t h a t were t h e s u b j e c t o f a November 1964 h e a r i n g . T h a t i n f o r m a t i o n was n o t �38 361 s u p p l i e d i n 1964 And i n May or 1965, o r 1966 o r 1967 o r 196 8 o r 1970. I commented upon i t a g a i n b e f o r e Judge S i r i c a o f t h i s y e a r t h a t i n f o r m a t i o n , i n s i x y e a r s t h e D. C. Highway Department has been unable t o supply t h e i n f o r m a t i o n . A f t e r t h a t l e t t e r , you w i l l f i n d a l e t t e r dated December 7, 1970, addressed t o Mr. Thomas F. A i r i s , i n which I asked f o r i n f o r m a t i o n n e c e s s a r y t o e v a l u a t e the d e s i g n proposal f o r t h i s hearing. Attached t o t h a t l e t t e r are ten q u e s t i o n s , a i l b e a r i n g the date o f December 7, 1970. A i r i s ' r e p l y i s the l a s t page o f t h a t e x h i b i t . He responds t o the f i r s t f o u r o f my q u e s t i o n s and s a y s i n the l a s t "We Mr. sentence, a r e unable t o p r o v i d e the o t h e r d a t a r e q u e s t e d because o f the l i m i t e d time a v a i l a b l e . " I f i n s i x y e a r s t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n i s not y e t a v a i l a b l e , I would l i k e you t o f i n d out from M r . A i r i s when t h e b a l a n c e o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n I r e q u e s t e d w i l l be available. MR. AIRIS: I s that a question, s i r ? MR. CRAIG: Yes. MR. AIRIS: Your l e t t e r came t o me about a day b e f o r e t h e t i m e , the d e a d l i n e you gave me t o g e t i t back t o you. Two days b e f o r e . d a t a f o r you, Mr. Nov, we d i d our l e v e l b e s t t o g e t C r a i g , and I d i d g i v e you an answer. this The o t h e r d a t a i s a v a i l a b l e , we a r e c o m p i l i n g i t , we w i l l have tto to you v e r y s h o r t l y . MR. CRAIG: My q u e s t i o n i s , when w i l l we have i t . �39 362 When w i l l the p u b l i c have i t ? MR. AIRIS: W e l l , i t i s a most voluminous l e t t e r , as you w e l l know, and I have been t a l k i n g h e r e of the P l a n n i n g Bureau. w i t h Mr. DeGast We w i l l t r y t o get i t t o you. And w h i l e I c a n ' t get an i n d i c a t o r r i g h t h e r e of e x a c t l y when a l l of i t w i l l be a v a i l a b l e , we w i l l s t a r t o n ' i t and we g i v e i t t o you p r e t t y soon. will T h a t i s the b e s t I can do r i g h t o f f h a n d hero. MR. CRAIG: Mr. ments of T i t l e 23 U. I would appreciate Dugas, c o n s i s t e n t w i t h the S. Code, p r o v i s i o n s r e g a r d i n g once t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n , t h i s typa of hearing, requirehearings, which i s v i t a l to i s p u b l i c l y a v a i l a b l e . and i s a v a i l a b l e t o a l l o f t h e p u b l i c , not j u s t m y s e l f , t h a t t h e r e be 30 days' n o t i c e and a resumption o f t h i s h e a r i n g a c t u a l f a c t s and not MR. AIRIS: n o t i c e , and we had so wo can get a t the fantasy. Mr. C r a i g , we had t h i s h e a r i n g on p r e l i m i n a r y n o t i c e long b e f o r e i t . I f you d e s i r e d some d e t a i l e d d a t a , I would have done the v e r y b e s t c o u l d t o get i t f o r you, notice. You, we i f you had g i v e n us a l i t t l e b i t of y o u r s e l f , as an economist and a good one and a good l a w y e r know t h a t you s i m p l y cannot p u l l a l l of t h e s e f i g u r e s t o g e t h e r on t h e s p u r of the moment. t o g i v e y c u f i g u r e s t h a t a r e not MR. CRAIG: I don't i n t e n d exact. I don't want f i g u r e s t h a t a r e not M r . A i r i s , but. I am s u r p r i s e d you c l a i m l a c k o f n o t i c e . exact, Isn't �363 s i x y e a r s ' n o t i c e enough? You have known s i n c e November, 1964, I wanted t h i s d a t a . You have known s i n c e t h e i n i t i a l d e c i s i o n by C o l o n e l I s r a e l s o n i n 1965, i t was v i t a l t o look at t h i s kind of data. You have known s i n c e t h e h e a r i n g s b e f o r e Judge s i r i c a t h a t I wanted t h i s d a t a . December 7, Mr. A i r i s , information The l e t t e r of i s not y o u r f i r s t n o t i c e t h a t t h i s i s v i t a l t o t h e p u b l i c o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and t o any f a i r a p p r a i s a l o f y o u r f i n d i n g s . MR. A I R I S : Mr. C r a i g , I know you a r e a v e r y competent leiwyer and a v e r y good one. I n o t i c e , however, t h a t y u r t e c h n i q u e c a l l s t o send l e t t e r s d i r e c t t o Bureau C h i e f s . Your l e t t e r o f November 13, t h a t you have h e r e , 1964, i s t o A l G r a n t , who was; a t t h a t time t h e head o f our Now, planning. i f you f o r s u r e want t o g e t an answer out o f the Department, you send t h e l e t t e r t o t h e D i r e c t o r o f t h e Department and I w i l l g u a r a n t e e you, we w i l l g i v e you prompt s e r v i c e on i t . MR. CPAIG: I t was addressed t o Mr. G r a n t a t t h e Highway Department's r e q u e s t . I asked f o r t h e information o r a l l y and they would n o t supply i t u n l e s s I put i t i n a l e t t e r and t h e y s a i d , address t h e l e t t e r t o Mr. G r a n t . Now, please, Mr.Airis. Can you make a r u l i n g on t h a t , Mr-. Dugas? MR. DUGAS: What i s t h e r e q u e s t e d r u l i n g ? MR. CRAIG: T h a t once t h e i n f o r m a t i o n requested i n �364 Items f i v e through t e n o f my l e t t e r dated December 7 a r e p r o duced ar.d a v a i l a b l e t o t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c , t h a t t h e r e be f u r t h e r n o t i c e o f a t l e a s t 30 days to allow the i n t e r e s t e d p u b l i c t o p r e s e n t t e s t i m o n y and v i e w s on the b a s i s o f t h e actual data. MR. DUGAS: The C h a i r r u l e s i n t h i s i n s t a n c e , s i r , t h a t t h e f i r s t n o t i c e o f t h i s h e a r i n g appeared i n t h e l o c a l p r e s s as o f S a t u r d a y , November 14, 1970, and t h a t your r e q u e s t t o Mr. A i r i s on December 7, 1970„ g i v i n g him o n l y two o r t h r e e days t o answer t h e r a t h e r voluminous q u e s t i o n s as posed i n y o u r l e t t e r o f December 7, would be u n r e a s o n a b l e . T h e r e f o r e , I would o v e r r u l e y o u r o b j e c t i o n and t h e h e a r i n g w i l l be c o n t i n u e d . MR. CRAIG: B e f o r e I proceed f u r t h e r , I wonder i f Mr. A i r i s would p r e f e r Mr. DeGast t o answer t h e q u e s t i o n . A p p a r e n t l y , I was m i s i n f o r m e d . Mr. DeGast i s n o t p e r m i t t e d t o speak; i s t h a t c o r r e c t ? MR. DUGAS: No, t h a t i s not correct, s i r . Mr. DeGast h a s n o t been o r d e r e d n o t t o speak. MR. CRAIG: May I address q u e s t i o n s t o him and e x p e c t an answer from him? MR. DUGAS: the Highway Department You ought t o d i r e c t your q u e s t i o n s t o and i f Mr. DeGast i s t h e proper one t o answer i t , M r . A i r i s w i l l i n d i c a t e t h a t , s i r . MR. CRAIG: Mr. A i r i s , on t h e map i n f r o n t o f u s , �365 t h e r e i s a w i g g l y y e l l o w l i n e which I t h i n k i s t h e proposed Three S i s t e r s Bridge. T h a t s t o p s b e i n g y e l l o w around t h e base o f G l o v e r - A r c h b o i d P a r k . My q u e s t i o n s r e l a t e t o t h e t o t a l highway l a n e s and r i g h t o f way a t t h a t n o r t h e r n terminus o f t h e b r i d g e and t h e b r i d g e approache s. Can you t e l l me what t h e t o t a l highway r i g h t o f way i s from t h o s e roadways which appear t o be r e l o c a t e d C a n a l Road and t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and roads coming i n from C a n a l Road t o t h e P a l i s a d e s Parkway? What i s t h e t o t a l w i d t h o f t h a t highway r i g h t o f wa , i n c l u d i n g both pavement and non-£>avement MR„ A I R I S : P l e a s e look on page s e v e n , a t f i g u r e 12. I t shows i n d e t a i l . MR. CRAIG: What does i t show? I couldn't f i n d i t i n the brochure. MR. A I R I S : I t shows t h e w i d t h o f t h e roadway, t h e l a n e a g e , and t h e w i d t h o f t h e s h o u l d e r s , t h e w i d t h o f t h e median and t h e w i d t h o f t h e o u t s i d e s h o u l d e r . MR. CRAIG: MR.AIRIS% Which f i g u r e a r e you s p e a k i n g o f ? The one e n t i t l e d , "1-266", n o r t h o f Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . MR. CRAIG: T h a t j u s t shows t h e b r i d g e l e n g t h . map i n f r o n t o f u s , s i r , — total The and my q u e s t i o n r e l a t e s t o t h e �MR. AIRIS: You are looking a t the wrong f i g u r e . Look to the r i g h t on page seven, f i g u r e MR. Can you CRAIG: just state — That i s the one 12. I am l o o k i n g a t , s i r . perhaps i t i s and perhaps i t i s n ' t , perhaps I j u s t can't read a brochure. But c o u l d you s t a t e f o r the record the t o t a l width of the r i g h t o f way for relocated Canal Road and the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e approach a t the base of Glover-Archbold Park? MR. AIRIS: l o c a t e d Canal Road. T h i s f i g u r e does not c o n t a i n the r e I think i n o r d e r t o g i v e you t e w i d t h of Canal Road, we would have to get up t h e r e — of course, t h i s i s a v a i l a b l e , but i t takes a l i t t l e time t o work i t out but I would have t o get up there and s c a l e t h a t o f f on r e l o c a t e d Canal Road. - the I f the p o i n t i s t h a t i t s t a y s out of the Glover-Archbold area, i t does. MR. CRAIG: J u s t please t r y to Don't a n t i c i p a t e my q u e s t i o n s , Mr. answer w i d t h of t h e r i g h t of way MR. DUGAS: them. I am i n t e r e s t e d i n the t o t a l o f the r e l o c a t e d Canal Road. I t h i n k M r . A i r i s i n d i c a t e d p r e s e n t l y he i s unable t o g i v e you t h a t i n f o r m a t i o n . But I assume he make i t a v a i l a b l e f o r the record a t a l a t e MR. CRAIG: A l l right. I u n d e r s t a n d , Mr. i n g r e l o c a t e d Canal Eoad? AIRIS: J u s t one second. will time. Dugas. What i s the t o t a l w i d t h o f the r i g h t o f way, MR. Airis exclud- �367 The o u t - t o - o u t dimension, t h e r e i s 108 f e e t . MR. CRAIG: MR. A I R I S : there. One hundred f e e t r i g h t o f way? Yes, s i r . That i s a c r o s s - s e c t i o n I t includes the shoulder. MR. CRAIG: this How many t o t a l t r a f f i c l a n e s a r e t h e r e i n area? MR. A I R I S : S i x l a n e s , s i r . MR. CRAIG: And on r e l o c a t e d C a n a l Road? MR. A I R I S : Two i n each d i r e c t i o n , s i r . Four l a n e s . MR. CRAIG: So t h a t t h u s f a r , i t i s t e n l a n e s ? MR. A I R I S : W e l l , t h e r e a r e f o u r l a n e s on r e l o c a t e d C a n a l Road, t h e same a s C a n a l Road a t t h e p r e s e n t time, and t h e n t h e 1-266 has s i x l a n e s on i t , and they go i n t o a tunnel as noted up t h e r e . MR. CRAIG: Are t h e r e a l s o highways coming i n from the P a l i s a d e s Parkway a t t h a t p o i n t ? MR. A I R I S : Y e s , t h e r e i s a l a n e i n each d i r e c t i o n t h a t i s p r o v i d e d f o r i n t h e 1968 A c t , as c o n n e c t i n g w i t h — I am wrong, I t a k e t h a t back. no, There i s a l a n e i n each d i r e c t i o n t h a t comes i n t o t h e Potomac R i v e r Freeway, which i s j u s t beyond t h a t y e l l o w s e c t i o n you were t a l k i n g about, and connects i n along w i t h t h e t h r e e l a n e s i n each d i r e c t i o n from the bridge. MR. CRAIG: direction. So i t then becomes f o u r l a n e s i n each �368 MR. A I R I S : Four l a n e s i n each d i r e c t i o n on t h e Potomac R i v e r Freeway. MR. CRAIG: Road. P l u s f o u r l a n e s t o t a l r e l o c a t e d Canal A t o t a l o f 12 l a n e s i n t h a t s e c t i o n ? MR. A I R I S : Y e s . Of c o u r s e , I want t o p o i n t o u t , as you c a n s e e up t h e r e , t h e e i g h t l a n e s o f t h e Potomac R i v e r Freeway a r e i n t u n n e l . MR. CRAIG: They go i n t o t u n n e l a t a p o i n t e a s t o f MR. A I R I S : Y e s , so the.t a l l t h a t appears on t h e that? s u r f a c e i s r e l o c a t e d Canal Road. MR. CRAIG: Where i s t h e f i r s t e x i t f o r t r a f f i c e n t e r i n g on t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia on t h a t MR. A I R I S : bridge? I t would be n o t i n Georgetown, b u t i t bypasses Georgetown and would be down i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f 26th Street, s i r . MR. CRAIG: Am I c o r r e c t t h a t t h e d r i v e r e n t e r i n g the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia on t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e would have a c h o i c e o f e x i t i n g a t K S t r e e t , on t h e K s t r e e t E x p r e s s w a y , o r on t h e w e s t l e g o f t h e i n n e r loop? MR. A I R I S : Y e s , he c o u l d a l s o t u r n o f f on some o f those s t r e e t s down t h e r e t h a t t i e i n t o V i r g i n i a Avenue. MR. CRAIG: Hi3 f i r s t choice,though, a s a m o t o r i s t , does he t a k e t h e K S t r e e t e x i s t o r t h e West Leg e x i s t ? that correct? Is �369 MR. AIRIS: I think t h a t i s a f i r s t c h o i c e b u t he :y ones. MR. CRAIG: but this i s a f i r s t A f t e r t h a t he can make o t h e r choices, choice? MR. AIRIS: Y e s . MR. CRAIG: designations So a l l o f t h i s t r a f f i c i s going t o e a s t o f Rock Creek? MR. A I R I S : Y e s . MR. CRAIG: And from p o i n t s i n V i r g i n i a . MR. A I R I S : Including Dulles A i r f i e l d , yes. MR. CRAIG: On the D u l l e s A i r p o r t p o i n t , Mr. Hearing E x a m i n e r , I am t i r e d o f h e a r i n g t h e c l a i m t h a t t h i s i s required for Dulles Airport. facility I t h i n k , f i r s t , i t s h o u l d be p o i n t e d o u t , h i s t o r i c a l l y , t h a t D u l l e s A i r p o r t was planned and approved b e f o r e c o n s i d e r a t i o n was g i v e n Bridge. t h e Three Sisters Some c l a i m c o u l d perhaps be made as t o 1-66 and Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e and D u l l e s A i r p o r t . B u t 1-266 h a s no r e l e v a n c e w h a t s o e v e r t o D u l l e s A i r p o r t . Furthermore, as t o D u l l e s , t h e r e a r e e x i s t i n g e x p r e s s r o u t e s today from D u l l e s A i r p o r t t o downtown. Both the 3eltway and t h e George Washington Memorial Bridgeway on the V i r g i n i a S i d e , o r t h e D u l l e s A c c e s s road and t h e D o l l y Madison Highway, which a r e coming a c r o s s t h e Maryland s i d e on down. The i n d i c a t e d f u t u r e needs f o r D u l l e s , a l s o , i n �370 addition to the r a p i d t r a n s i t plan t h a t has been described, the C i v i l Aeronautics Board has already to Downtown Washington. approved from Dulles Whether o r n o t t h a t would be under- operated i s c o n t r o v e r s i a l . But there i s no l a c k o f a c c e s s or W i l l be no l a c k of access to Dulles A i r p o r t . I think that should be made c r y s t a l - c l e a r . Dulles was not l o c a t e d t h e r e o r planned o r i n any way r e l a t e d t o t h i s bridge b e i n g b u i l t and any c l a i m t o t h e contrary i s f a l s e . MR. A I R I S : MR. CRAIG: No q u e s t i o n , a statement. MR. DUGAS: J u s t a statement. MR. A I R I S : Thank you. MR. CRAIG: Mr. I s t h a t a q u e s t i o n t o ire? Going back t o t h e Highway F o r e c a s t i n g , Dugas, I would l i k e t o p o i n t o u t f o r the r e c o r d t h a t I have made two v e r y e x h a u s t i v e a n a l y s e s o f t h i s t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t made by the D. C. Highway Department i n November, 1964, which we submitted t o t h e Highway Department a t the t i m e , and which are n o t c o n t a i n e d i n t h e l i s t i n g o f p e r t i n e n t i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e f o r p u b l i c i n s p e c t i o n and comment on the Three Sisters Bridge. I s e e t h e Highway Department h a s i n c l u d e d the t h a t I submitted "Rush-Hour study a t the November 1964 h e a r i n g , e n t i t l e d Commuting from V i r g i n i a t o Washington," and my supplementary r e p o r t . B u t t h e s e a r e n o t my most r e c e n t s t u d i e s �i n the field. MR. DUGAS: I would be v e r y happy a t t h i s time, M r . C r a i g , t o r e c e i v e an make a p a r t of t h i s r e c o r d any r e p o r t s o r any s t a t e m e n t o r any memoranda t h a t you may want t o p r e s e n t f o r the purpose o f copying o r e x h i b i t i n g o r f o r whatever purpose you may MR. deem n e c e s s a r y , s i r . CRAIG: I would l i k e p e r m i s s i o n — I am the Government has c o p i e s , because I have submitted sure these s e v e r a l times b e f o r e -- I would l i k e t o make r e f e r e n c e t o f o r e c a s t i n g o f 1985 t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . MR. DUGAS: I der.'t want t o i n t e r r u p t you, but i f there, i s something you b e l i e v e w i l l be h e l p f u l t o the Commonwealth of V i r g i n i a and the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i n t h i s r e g a r d , I would hope t h a t you would submit i t , because, you s e e , although you h ave 3 ubsnitted i t t o the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, I s i t h e r e a l s o on b e h a l f of the Commonwealth of V i r g i n i a and I would l i k e t o make i t a v a i l a b l e t o them, i n the e v e n t i t i s not made a v a i l a b l e t o them by any o t h e r MR. CRAIG: On t h e t r a n s c r i p t o f t h e s e h e a r i n g s , Your Honor, l e t me name t h e s e s t u d i e s . voluminous. source. They a r e v e r y I f e i t h e r the V i r g i n i a Highway Department o r the D. C. Highway Department do not have c o p i e s , I w i l l undertake t o reproduce them a t my own expense. The f i r s t i s c a l l e d , " F o r e c a s t i n g 1985 Requirements," dated F e b r u a r y 26, 1966. Transportation The second i s c a l l e d �49 372 "The 1965 G r a v i t y Model F o r e c a s t and the Transportation Survey F o r e c a s t V e r s u s A c t u a l T r a f f i c Growth," dated F e b r u a r y 15, 1966. I n the course o f p r e p a r i n g discovered t h e s e two a n a l y s e s , I a number o f r a t h e r shoclting t h i n g s about the t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t s u b m i t t e d i n 1964. One used by the D. C. Highway Department was hundred thousand school o f the assumptions that several c h i l d r e n i n Suburban V i r g i n i a and Suburban Maryland would commute d a i l y i n t o the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, p r i n c i p a l l y i n the F e d e r a l T r i a n g l e a r e a , t o public schools. This helped s w e l l t h e i r p r o j e c t i o n s attend of t r a f f i c t o the C e n t r a l C i t y . Now, was t h i s was t y p i c a l o f the type of garbage t h a t f e d i n t o the computers t o produce t h e g o s p e l f a c t s that came out. MR. DUGAS: I am not s u r e . Would you mind going over t h a t a g a i n ? MR. CRAIG: One o f the assumptions t h a t they used i n d e v e l o p i n g t h e i r t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t s u b m i t t e d i n November, 1964, was any way t h a t d e c i s i o n s on t r a f f i c would not be a f f e c t e d i n by such c o n s i d e r a t i o n s districts. as boundaries of school I n o t h e r words, t h a t a c h i l d r e s i d i n g i n A r l i n g t o n would have the o p t i o n o f a t t e n d i n g any school throughout the Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a . the g r a v i t y model f o r e c a s t t h a t t h e y produced ended up by And assigning �50 373 s e v e r a l hundred thousand suburban school c h i l d r e n to D i s t r i c t schools, many o f them l o c a t e d i n the F e d e r a l T r i a n g l e a r e a . I don't q u i t e know why they assumed so many school t r i p s i n the F e d e r a l T r i a n g l e . T h i s i s the type of a r b i t r a r y assumption t h a t went i n t o that t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t . MR. DUGAS: Mr. C r a i g , a r e t h e s e s t u d e n t s t h a t you r e f e r to students i n the p u b l i c s c h o o l s , o r a r e we t a l k i n g about the v a r i o u s u n i v e r s i t i e s , o r what i s i t ? MR. CRAIG: A l l s t u d e n t s , a l l ages. MR. DUGAS: I see. MR. CRAIG: Including first-gradere residing i n I n c l u d i n g t h e use o f the public schools? A r l i n g t o n County, y e s . Any layman would be shocked i f they looked a t t h e way t h e s e f o r e c a s t s were p u t t o g e t h e r . why That i s I t h i n k t h e p u b l i c - a t - l a r g e s h o u l d have t h i s k i n d o f information. MR. DUGAS: This information documents t h a t you have d e s c r i b e d MR. CRAGI: i s contained i n the t o us? I n the document I d e s c r i b e d t o you, I go o v e r s t e p by s t e p t h e f a c t o r s t h a t c r e a t e d t h i s monstrous and i m p o s s i b l e traffic corridor. Now, a t t h e time — and I want t h i s t o be p u t on the r e c o r d , because i t i s n o t c o n t a i n e d i n t h e w r i t t e n r e p o r t I d i s c u s s e d t h i s thoroughly w i t h A r t h u r D. L i t t l e , I n c , which �51 374 was reviewing the f o r e c a s t i n g a t the t i m e , and Mr. o f A l l e n M.Voorhees and A s s o c i a t e s , who the D. C. Highway Department t o e v a l u a t e Department's t r a f f i c Tom Dean had seen r e t a i n e d by the D. C. Highway forecasting.. Both o f t h e s e persons t o l d me t h a t they had been t o l d by the D„ C. Highway Department t h a t the D. C. Highway Department r e c o g n i s e d i t s t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t was i n v a l i d and had abandoned i t . I woxtld l i k e Mr. was Airis t o s t a t e whether o r not c o r r e c t , t h a t both A r t h u r L i t t l e and A l l e n M. and A s s o c i a t e s that Voorhees had been t o l d when t h e y were a p p r a a s i n g the t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t o f the Highway Department,that the f o r e c a s t s u b m i t t e d i n the November '64 h e a r i n g had traffic been abandoned by the D, C. Highway. Department. MR. DUGAS: Can you answer t h a t q u e s t i o n , MR. AIRIS: I am t r y i n g t o r e j u v e n a t e my memory ont what happend back t h e r e . c o n s u l t i n g w i t h my As f a r as we can r e c a l l , Mr. Airis and in C h i e f h e r e o f t h e Bureau, t h a t i s not correct. MR. CRAIG: A r t h u r D. L i t t l e , who W e l l , i t i s r a t h e r s t r a n g e t h a t both was r e t a i n e d a t the d i r e c t i o n o f P r e s i d e n t Johnson t o r e v i e w y o u r t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t , and M. Voorhees, and W i l b u r Allen Smith A s s o c i a t e s , r e t a i n e d by your Highway Department t o r e v i e w y o u r own own t r a f f i c forecast, that n e i t h e r o f t h e s e mentioned y o u r f o r e c a s t i n any way whatsoever �52 . 375 i n t h e i r published reports. MR. A I R I S : T h i s was which f o r e c a s t ? MR. CRAIG; The one s u b m i t t e d i n November, 1964. MR. A I R I S : F o r what y e a r ? MR. CRAIG: F o r 1985. MR. A I R I S ; 'Eighty-five? MR. CRAIG: Yes, s i r . MR. A I R I S : I don't r e c a l l o f any such t h i n g . As you w e l l know, t h e s e f o r e c a s t s a r e done w i t h t h e d a t a a t hand, and they n e v e r t u r n o u t e x a c t l y r i g h t . or low. They a r e e i t h e r h i g h I t i s n o t an e n t i r e l y e x a c t s c i e n c e . I w i l l be f r e e t o agree w i t h you t h a t t h e f o r e c a s t i n g i s n o t an e x a c t The science. s p e c i f i c t h i n g s t h a t you mentioned, I have no r e c o l l e c t i o n o f , and i f you a r e p o i n t i n g o u t t o me t h a t t h e f o r e c a s t s a t t h a t time were i n e r r o r , I probably w i l l agree w i t h you. Because i t i s e a s y t o determine whether they a r e i n e r r o r o r not, just, check thera w i t h t h e e x i s t i n g c r o s s i n g s on t h e b r i d g e , which we keep r i g h t up t o d a t e . But I would l i k e t o p o i n t o u t , though, t h a t i f you a r e m e r e l y comparing t h e rxish hour, t h a t i s e a s i l y m a n i p u l a t e d by t h e t h i n g s I mentioned. You s h o u l d t a k e t h e r u s h p e r i o d o r ADT. MR. CRAIG: I would a p p r e c i a t e i t , once Mr. A i r i s i s a b l e t o check on t h i s , i f he would a d v i s e t h e r e c o r d , one, whether i n e a r l y 1966 whan t h e W i l b u r Smith A s s o c i a t e s and �53 376 A l a n M. Voorhees s t u d i e s were u n d e r t a k e n , t h a t t h e Highway Department r e c o g n i z e d i t s 1985 f o r e c a s t was i n v a l i d and had abandoned i t and was, i n s t e a d , r e l y i n g on t h e NCTA f o r e c a s t of '62 and t h e Mass T r a n s p c r a t i o n F o r e c a s t o f 1969. MR. A I R I S : I would l i k e t o check t h a t o u t . MR. CRAIG: I would l i k e t o know whether A r t h u r D. L i t t l e was a d v i s e d o f t h e same t h i n g . Having been t o l d by both p l a n n i n g c o n s u l t a n t s , whom I c o n s i d e r t o be r e p u t a b l e , h a v i n g been s o a d v i s e d by t h e Highway Departmant, I would i k e t o s e e t h e Highway Department's v e r s i o n o f t h e f a c t s . MR. A I R I S : I w i l l be happy t o check t h i s o u t . You c a t c h me c o l d h e r e and I j u s t don't have i t . MR. CRAIG: I f these c o n s u l t a n t s were a d v i s e d con- t r a r y , I would l i k e t o be i n f o r m e d why n e i t h e r t h e A r t h u r D. L i t t l e r e p o r t n o r t h e A l l e n M. Voorhees and W i l b u r Smith r e p o r t made any r e f e r e n c e w h a t s o e v e r t o t h e Highway Department p r o ject forecase. MR. DUGAS: Mr. C r a i g , I wonder i f we c o u l d p u t t h a t burden on Mr. A i r i s , as t o why t h e s e companies d i d n ' t include something i n t h e i r r e p o r t s ? MR. CRAIG? Highway They were c o n s u l t a n t s employed by t h e Department. MR. DUGAS: I would hope when we h i r e consultants, Mr. C r a i g , we would n o t t e l l them what t o p u t i n r e p o r t s , b u t r a t h e r seek t h e i r judgment and t h e i r e x p e r t i s e * as t o what they �54 377 t to us. f i n a l l y repor Otherwise, consultants do us no good. I c e r t a i n l y hope Mr. A i r i s won't be a b l e t o speak f o r A r t h u r D. L i t t l e and t h e o t h e r company you spoke o f ; o t h e r w i s e , \*e won't need them any more. MR, CRAIG: I would agree w i t h your observation. But t h a t i s not t h e way Highway c o n s u l t a n t s have worked i n t h i s area. They a r e t o l d what t o put i n t h e i r r e p o r t s . MR. DUGAS: Are you s u g g e s t i n g t h a t A r t h u r Little and t h e Voorhees companies do what they a r e t o l d i n t h i s r e g a r d and they a r e not p r o f e s s i o n a l s ? MR. CRAIG: I do know as a f a c t b e f o r e t h e Smith- Voorhees r e p o r t was i s s u e d , i t was s u b m i t t e d t o t h e D. C . Highway Department f o r r e v i e w and e d i t i n g and a p p r o v a l f o r t h e publication. I t was n o t t r u e o f t h e A r t h u r D , L i t t l e . MR. DUGASs report, Do you know whether o r n o t changes were made by t h e Highway Department and i n c o r p o r a t e d i n the f i n a l r e p o r t as s u b m i t t e d by t h e one who s u b m i t t e d ;.t f o r e d i t i n g ? MR. CRAIG: Yes, that i s a f a c t . MR. DUGAS: Changes were made? MR, CRAIG: Yes. MR. DUGAS; And were t h e e r r o r s i n judgment o r e r r o r s MR. T h a t i s a m a t t e r o f argument. in fact? CRAIG: have a v a i l a b l e t o me t h e d r a f t p r e p a r e d t h e Do C . Highway Department. before I don't submittal to �MR. DUGAS: T h a t i s why I suggest we n o t g e t i n t o t h a t t y p e o f s i t u a t i o n u n l e s s we have t h e Voorhees Company and t h e A r t h u r D. L i t t l e Company h e r e t o defend t h e m s e l v e s . MR, CRAIG: I want n o t h i n g I s a i d to be an adverse r e f l e c t i o n on those c o n s u l t i n g f i r m s . The s t u d i e s conducted by a l l o f them c o n f i r m t h e r e i s no need f o r t h i s f a r c e . MR. A I R I S : I take exception to that. MR. CRAIG: Can you c i t e one, t h e n , Mr. A i r i s ? MR. A I R I S : You looked a t t h e A. D. L i t t l e report. YOu saw t h e i r t a b l e on t h e i r f i n d i n g s on i t . MR.CRAIG: A r e you c l a i m i n g t h e A r t h u r D. L i t t l e found a need f o r t h e Three S i s t e r s MR. A I R I S : Bridge? No, b u t i t gave t h e Department a v e r y c l o s e , c l e a n b i l l o f h e a l t h on t h i s p a r t i c u l a r b r i d g e , on t h e v e r y t h i n g s we a r e l o o k i n g a t today. MR. CRAIG: D. L i t t l e I s t h a t your reading, s i r , o f t h e Arthur report? MR. A I R I S : Y e s , s i r ; indeed. MR. CRAIG: And you a r e t h e head o f o u r Highway Department? MR. A I R I S : You know t h e answer t o t h a t question. MR. DUGAS: Mr. C r a i g , I know you have a g r e a t deal t h a t you want t o t e l l u s . 1 would hope you .and M r . A i r i s would not c o n t i n u e --MR. CRAIG: I would l i k e t o t a l k about t h i s growing �r u s h hour. I don't know how many minutes i t i s a c c o r d i n g t o Mr. A i r i s , b u t t h i s i s a r a t h e r fundamental t h i n g . I f you would p u l l o u t E x h i b i t 4, I would l i k e t o d i s c u s s t h a t . T h i s shows t h e t r a f f i c e n t e r i n g t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia on a l l b r i d g e s from V i r g i n i a by h a l f - h o u r p e r i o d s from midnight t o midnight on an average weeklay i n May, 1970. And you w i l l s e e t h a t from an average o f a few hundred v e h i c l e s o f h a l f - h o u r and t h e n i g h t - t i m e h o u r s , you g e t a r a p i d b u i l d u p i n t h e e a r l y morning, r e a c h i n g i t s peak from 7:30 t o 8:30 a.m. a.m. I t h a s peaked i n t h i s way from 7:30 t o 8:30 s i n c e b e f o r e World War I I . There i s now and a l w a y s has been a peak hour f o r t r a f f i c e n t e r i n g t h e D i s t r i c t from V i r g i n i a . And whether o r not t h a t peak a c t u a l l y e x t e n d s i n t o o t h e r hours i s i r r e l e v a n t from t h e p l a n n e r ' s p o i n t c f v i e w . t h e peak demand p e r i o d . He i s o n l y concerned w i t h The peak demand p e r i o d on t h e e x i t i n g b r i d g e s from V i r g i n i a t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s and c o n s i s t e n t l y h a s been from 7:30 a.m. t o 8:30 a.m., w i t h s l i g h t l y l o w e r t o t a l s i f you t a k e 7:00 t o 8:00, o r 8:00 t o 9:00. The a.m. peak hour i s and always has been 7:30 t o 8:30. Mr. A i r i s has had t r o u b l e u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h i s , b u t i t i s r a t h e r fundamental b e f o r e you can l o o k a t any t r a f f i c I plan, On t h e second page, I show t h e average h o u r l y t r a f f i c , g r a p h i c a l l y on Key B r i d g e , e n t e r i n g t h e D i s t r i c t o f �Columbia i n 1965 and 1970. ago. T h i s i s c u r r e n t and f i v e y e a r s And you w i l l n o t i c e from t h i s e x h i b i t , t h a t t h e r e has been a s u b s t a n t i a l d e c l i n e i n t r a f f i c on Key B r i d g e from 1965, which i s the top l i n e , t o 1970, which i s the bottom l i n e . The d e c l i n e has been g r e a t s s t a t t h e morning and evening peak h o u r s . There has been v i r t u a l l y no change i n the n i g h t - t i m e traffic. I t has been daytime h o u r s , p a r t i c u l a r l y a t t h e peak h o u r s , t h a t t h i s t r a f f i c has d e c l i n e d . Now, I hope t h i s g i v e s some concept t o what I am t a l k i n g about, when I s a y a.m. peak hour and v/hat the p l a n n e r s a r e t a l k i n g about when t h e y d i s c u s s a.m. peak hour. That i s t h e r e l e v a n t c r i t e r i a i n d e t e r m i n i n g d e s i g n c a p a c i t y o f your t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system. And anyone who doubts any o t h e r c r i t e r i a , I suggest i t i s h a r d l y competent t o be d i r e c t o r o f t h e D. C. Highway Department. MR. AIRIS: Mr. Chairman, I would l i k e t o p o i n t out h e r e , i f I c o u l d , t h a t t h e s e s t a t i s t i c s Mr. C r a i g has just shown, c l e a r l y show t h a t t h e r e i s a r u s h p e r i o d of about two hours on e v e r y b r i d g e t h e r e . hours. Some o f them go up t o t h r e e And t h i s i s the d i r e c t r e s u l t o f e f f o r t on the p a r t o f the C i t y t o s t a g g e r t h e s e h o u r s , and o t h e r e f f o r t s . MR. CRAIG: Mr. A i r i s , i f you w i l l compare your f i l e s o f t r a f f i c f o r 1970 t o 1965, t h e y a r e e x a c t l y t h e same. MR. AIRIS: We have, s i r . �381 MR. CRAIG: I would l i k e now t o t u r n t o E x h i b i t 3, which I t h i n k MR. DUGAS: Mr. C r a i g , l e t me a s k you, i n a r r i v i n g a t t h i s does t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e Theodore Roosevelt B r i d g e and t h e enlargement o f t h e 14th S t r e e t span have a n y t h i n g t o do w i t h how t h i s r e f l e c t s i t s e l f on t h i s c h a r t ? MR. CRAIG: I w i l l be l o o k i n g a t the b r i d g e s as a system l a t e r on. R i g h t now, I am going t o look a t the. s p e c i f i c area immediately i n v o l v e d . MR. DUGAS: Right. MR. CRAIG: And t h e problem t h i s p r e s e n t s . MR. DUGAS: Would you remember i t ? MR. CRAIG: I w i l l t r y t o come back t o i t . I fI don't, I hope you w i l l a s k me. I have t r i e d t o d e t e c t g r a p h i c a l l y i n E x h i b i t 3, t h e t o t a l p a t t e r n o f t r a f f i c a t t h e a.m. peak hour on t h e roads i n t h e Georgetown w a t e r f r o n t . I have t h e 1954 graph, o r c h a r t , w h i c h was p r e p a r e d by W i l b u r Smith and A s s o c i a t e s . The 1963 c h a r t was p r e p a r e d by t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i Agency. The p r e s e n t c h a r t was p r e p a r e d by me, from i n f o r m a t i o n s u p p l i e d by t h e D. C. Highway Department. p r e p a r e d by me. The 1990 c h a r t i s L a c k i n g any i n f o r m a t i o n s u p p l i e d by t h e D. C. Highway Department, I took t h e most r e c e n t announced estimates t h a t they had made o f t h e pc;ak hour t r a f f i c on Three S i s t e r s �B r i d g e and Key B r i d g e , which was t h r e e y e a r s o l d , i n December o f IS67, t o t h e House P u b l i c Works Committee and have s i m p l y — t h e o t h e r numbers a r e p i c k e d out o f the a i r . I b e l i e v e t h e y proved t o be lower than t h e numbers t h a t the Highway Department w i l l produce p u r s u a n t t o my r e q u e s t . To show trie problem, I have i n c l u d e d them. Now, was 1954 a bu look a t 1954 and 1963. I n that period, there dup o f t r a f f i c on the Key B r i d g e , and why? and 1963, Between Key B r i d g e was widened t o s i x l a n e s from the pre-existing four lanes. And t h i s a t t r a c t e d more t r a f f i c from V i r g i n i a headed toward downtown i n t o the Georgetown w a t e r f r o n t and t h i s has r e f l e c t e d both i n c r e a s e d loads on M S t r e e t and i n c r e a s e d l o a d s on t h e W h i t e h u r s t Freeway. But l e t ' s look a t what happened from 1963 o r '59. to 1970, You w i l l n o t i c e t h a t t h e peak-hour t r a f f i c on B r i d g e d e c l i n e d from 3600 v e h i c l e s t o 3660 v e h i c l e s . t h e r e i s a s h a r p d e c l i n e on t h e t r a f f i c on t h e Key Key And Bridge headed f o r downtown. The t r a f f i c d e s t i n e d f o r W h i t e h u r s t Freeway has d e c l i n e d 27 p e r c e n t o f inbound t r a f f i c on Key B r i d g e . MR. DUGAS: I s t h i s a good time f o r me t o ask my MR. CRAIG: I n p a r t , t h i s i s r e f l e c t i o n of the question? opening o f Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e , but t h e r e i s one v e r y i m p o r t a n t development and t h i s i s shown on the other 1969 �383 c h a r t , i f Your Honor p l e a s e . T h i r d page. The most r e c e n t a v a i l a b l e a r e a p p a r e n t l y 1969. April-May There has been a s t e a d y i n c r e a s e , as Your Honor knows, o f t r a f f i c from D. C. and Maryland o r i g i n s t o downtown, t r a v e r s i n g the Georgetown w a t e r f r o n t , the W h i t e h u r s t Freeway. T h i s t r a f f i c e n t e r s t h i s i i r e a from F o x h a l l Road, MacArthur B o u l e v a r d , C a n a l Road, merges immediately west o f Key Bridge and has a c h o i c e o f u s i n g e i t h e r M S t r e e t o r t h e W h i t e h u r s t Freeway. T h i s t r a f f i c from Northwest Washington, joining Montgomery County, probably w i l l c o n t i n u e t o grow i n the future. I t i s v i t a l f o r v a l u a t i o n o f the Georgetown W a t e r f r o n t , t h a t t h i s t r a f f i c have a c o n t i n u e d and s a f e r o u t e t o t h e downtown. The N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, r e c o g n i z i n g t h i s need, recommended a t u n n e l throughout the l e n g t h o f the Georgetown W a t e r f r o n t t o accommodate t h i s t r a f f i c headed tov/ard downtown. T h a t would a l s o p e r m i t r e s t o r a t i o n o f t h e Georgetown W a t e r f r o n t . T h i s t r a f f i c i s going t o grow. no a l t e r n a t i v e . This t r a f f i c has Three i s no r a p i d t r a n s i t l i n e proposed through the a r e a t h a t t h i s t r a f f i c comes from, Oil t h e motor v e h i c l e , bus and automobile. I t w i l l depend Trie V i r g i n i a commuter w i l l have two r a p i d t r a n s i t l i n e s t o downtown* The V i r g i n i a commuter w i l l have f i v e b r i d g e s t o downtown, one, the Theodore R o o s e v e l t , one a t Memorial, t h r e e o f t h e 14th �334 S t r e e t Bridges» Why should t h e V i r g i n i a communter be pumped i n t o t h e Georgetown Waterfront t o mix w i t h t h i s traffic? The p r a c t i c a l f a c t i s t h a t t h i s p l a n c a n ' t work and i f you look a t t h e 1990 c h a r t , I w i l l show you why. T r y i n g t o mix t h i s major t r a f f i c Washington w i t h an a r t i f i c i a l traffic f l o w from Northwest f l o w from V i r g i n i a , whose f i r s t e x i t i s going t o be downton on t h e Georgetown Waterfront, cannot work. The d e s i g n c a p a c i t y o f the Potomac Freeway eastbotuid i s f o u r l a n e s . Mr. A i r i s , what do you e s t i m a t e t o be t h e maximum peak houx" c a p a c i t y o f t h e Potomac Freeway eastbound? MR. A I R I S : I don't know o f f h a n d j u s t what t h e peak- hour volume i s , Mr. C r a i g . MR. CRAIG: L e t Mr. DeGast answer my ME. DUGAS: MR. question., Can you answer i t , L e n ? DE GAST: The c a p a c i t y on freeway l a n e s v a r i e s , o f c o u r s e , much w i t h speed. Normal design c a p a c i t y i n urban a r e a s i s used as 1500 t o i n s u r e f r e e f l o w . However, t h e freeway f c i c i l i t i e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e b r i d g e s , we have a p p l i e d c a p a c i t i e s o f 17 and 18 hundred p e r l a n e , w h i c h on a f o u r - l a n e facility, w i t h f o u r l a n e s , would g i v e us 6800 a t 17, o r a t 18, some 7200 v e h i c l e s p e r l a n e , f o r f o u r l a n e s i n the peak hour. MR. CRAIG: Would you s a y t h e 7200 i s t h e maximum, s i r , maximum c a p a c i t y ? MR. DE GAST; Muah h i g h e r volumes p e r hour have been �recorded. MR. CRAIG: W e l l , what i s y o u r t e s t i m o n y , p o s i t i o n , w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e maximum c a p a c i t y o f t h e Potomac Freeway e a s t o f t h e j u n c t i o n o f Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and P a l i s a d e s Parkway? And t h i s i s , b e a r i n g i n mind t h i s inundaced n a t u r e going down and up and down and up f o r a m i l e and a h a l f b e f o r e i t r e a c h e s Rock Creek. MR. BE GAST: Maximum c a p a c i t y , Mr. C r a i g , on t h i s s i t u a t i o n would range between seven and e i g h t thousand p e r hour. MR. CRAIG: You c a n ' t be more d e f i n i t e t h a n t h a t ? MR. DE GAST: I t v a r i e s with the f a c i l i t y , i t v a r i e s w i t h the mix of the t r a f f i c . MR. CRAIG: I am t a l k i n g about your f a c i l i t y and your m i x o f t h e t r a f f i c . We w i l l f i n d o u t what t h a t traffic i s and what t h a t mix i s l a t e r . MR. A I R I S : T h a t i s a r e a s o n a b l e answer, Mr. C r a i g . MR. CRAIG: You have no more p r e c i s e e s t i m a t e s than that; i s that correct? MR. A I R I S : T h a t i s good enough. MR. CRAIG: And what i s t h e maximum c a p a c i t y o f M S t r e e t e a s t o f Key B r i d g a , inbound, p e r h o a r ? MR. A I R I S : W e l l , you a r e a s k i n g us s p e c i f i c q u e s t i o n s t h a t you have been able t o do a l i t t l e r e s e a r c h on and we a r e c a t c h i n g i t c o l d h e r e . Now, we c a n supply t h a t �73 386 i n f o r m a t i o n t o you. I would have been g l a d to t a l k i t o v e r w i t h you ahead o f t i m e , and d i g o u t t h e M S t r e e t c a p a c i t y . I suppose t h a t I c o u l d s a y t h a t M S t r e e t c a p a c i t y i s about what i t c a r r i e s r i g h t now. MR. CRAIG: Well, i t presently c a r r i e s , i f the f i g u r e s s u p p l i e d me l a s t F r i d a y a r e c o r r e c t , ol790 v e h i c l e s e a s t o f Key B r i d g e . MR. A I R I S : T h i s i s p e r l a n e , p e r hour? MR. CRAIG: Total. capacity of M Street. I am c o n s i d e r i n g t h e t o t a l And i f we add t o t h a t , t h e c a p a c i t y o f 1700 on t h e Potomac Freeway, we would have t o t a l c a p a c i t y f o r about 9,000 v e h i c l e s eastbound. MR. A I R I S : W e l l , i t might be a l i t t l e h i g h e r t h a n MR. CRAIG: W e l l , I don't want t o be d e f i n i t e . "chat. I am a l w a y s accused o f p u l l i n g numbers o u t o f zhin a i r and I have t o do t h a t a f t e r s i x o r seven y e a r s , when t h e Highway Department doesn't know. MR. DUGAS: A t t h i s p o i n t i n t h e r e c o r d , Mr. C r a i g , I would a s k t h a t Mr. A i r i s f u r n i s h you as e x a c t f i g u r e as he can f o r i n s e r t i o n i n t h e r e c o r d a t t h i s time, MR. A I R I S : I would be g l a d t o . MR. CRAIG: By my p r e l i m i n a r y — these a r e o u t - o f - t h e - a i r estimates — and b e a r i n mind but I think conservative, they a r e t h e t r a f f i c f l o w s on t h e D. C. s i d e — i f we add t o �74 387 t h a t the f l o w s from both Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and Key B r i d g e , we would have 3500 v e h i c l e s moving eastbound on M S t r e e t e a s t of Key B r i d g e , i n s t e a d o f 1700 today. Now, t o accommodate t h i s volume o f t r a f f i c on M S t r e e t , we b e a r i n mind a l l o f t h e t r a f f i c from F o x h a l l Road and MacArthur B o u l e v a r d w i l l have t o use M S t r e e t , because t h i s d e s i g n p l a n would s e v e r t h e c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h W h i t e h u r s t Freeway f o r F o x h a l l Road and MacArthur B o u l e v a r d . M would be c a r r y i n g t r a f f i c from Key B r i d g e . Street M S t r e e t would be c a r r y i n g t r a f f i c from t h e P a l i s a d e s Parkway, C a n a l Road. The o n l y f a c i l i t y t h a t would not dump t r a f f i c M S t r e e t , Key B r i d g e , would be Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . e v e r y t h i n g e l s e would. on But T r a f f i c would a l s o be backed up on t h e Potomac Freeway, because i t would be so preempted by t h e Three S i s t e r s T r a f f i c t h e r e wouldn't be room f o r D. C. and Maryland m o t o r i s t s . I t i s going t o be a t e r r i f i c t r a f f i c jam. w i l l be demonstrated by t h e d a t a t h a t t h e Highway has r e f u s e d t o d i s c l o s e f o r s i x y e a r s . This Department I t has known f o r s i x y e a r s i t i s p r o p o s i n g something t h a t won't work. T h i s has been p o i n t e d out t o them by highway e n g i n e e r s f o r t h e l a s t s i x years. And, o f c o u r s e , t h e y haven't s u p p l i e d t h e i n f o r m a t i o n . I t would ban them. I t would prove c o n c l u s i v e l y t h a t t h e proposing o f the f a c i l i t y w h i c h from t h e s t a n d p o i n t of d e s i g n and t r a f f i c s e r v i c a b i l i t y cannot work. �383 MR. A I R I S : is Mr. Chairraan, I would have t o s a y t h i s ridiculous. MR. DUGAS: These a r e o p i n i o n s o f t h e s e two men. MR. CRAIG: Now, i f you look a t t h e back o f my c h a r t , I summarize t h e t o t a l t r a f f i c volume i n t h e Georgetown Waterfront. From 1963 t o 1999, a t t h e a.m. peak hour, t h e r e was a dec-Sine o f t r a f f i c i n t h e Georgetown W a t e r f r o n t from 7700 t o 7600. Not much o f an improvement, b u t a s l i g h t im- provement . Under t h e d e s i g n planned, i n f r o n t o f you, t h e t r a f f i c on t h e Georgetown W a t e r f r o n t , i n my judgment, t h e Highway Department's f i g u r e s w i l l show t h a t i t w i l l be about 21,000 a t the peak hour. The t r a f f i c i n t h e o v e r a l l Georgetown W a t e r f r o n t , i n c l u d i n g t h i s b r i d g e and e v e r y o t h e r r e l a t e d f a c i l i t y on t h e D i s t r i c t s i d e ™ Bridge — today. Canal Road, M S t r e e t , Key w i l l be t h r e e times t h e t r a f f i c volume t h a t they a r e And moving a t f a r s l o w e r speeds than they move today. Because o f t h e underdesign o f t h e highway t o accommodate t h e t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t , which means n o t j u s t t h r e e times t h e a i r p o l l u t i o n o f t h e l a y , b u t f i v e t o s i x , t o s e v s n times t h e a i r p o l l u t i o n o f t h e day. Because, a s Mr. A i r i s so e l o q u e n t l y p o i n t e d o u t , t h e s l o w e r moving c a r s emit much more e x h a u s t . And he w i l l have one o f t h e w o r l d ' s l a r g e s t p a r k i n g l o t s i n o p e r a t i o n h e r e on t h e Georgetown W a t e r f r o n t . There won't be r e d l i g h t s s t o p p i n g cars,, t h e r e w i l l be bumper l i g h t s �389 ahead o f them. And t h i s w i l l be demonstrated by t h e i r traffic forecast data. Turning back t o E x h i b i t 1 , Your Horor, the second page , I summarize a l l o f t h e t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t s t h a t have been made i n t h e l a s t 11 y e a r s . As I p r e v i o u s l y noted, o n l y t h e two t h a t I have made have been c l o s e t o b e i n g c o r r e c t . A l l of trie o t h e r s have e x a g g e r a t e d t r a f f i c increase from V i r g i n i a to Washington by seme 66 p e r c e n t t o 3 5 1 p e r c e n t . M i l l i o n s and m i l l i o n s o f d o l l a r s have been spent on t h i s k i n d o f t r a f f i c forecasting. Overlooking the f a c t t h a t the National C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, the D„ C. Highway Department, Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n T r a n s i t A u t h o r i t y , and so on, have a l l exaggera t e d t r a f f i c t r e n d s , t h e f a c t remains t h a t none o f t h e s e t r a f f i c s t u d i e s t h a t I am l o o k i n g a t h e r e recommended a b r i d g e from V i r g i n i a t o downtown Washington, such as; i s b e i n g p r o posed h e r e t h i s morning. None o f them e x c e p t t h i s fraudulent. — i t i s fraudulent — and I c l a i m 1964 f o r D. C. Highway Department f o r e c a s t . A l l o f t h e o t h e r s shown on t h i s page found no need f o r a d d i t i o n a l b r i d g e c a p a c i t y from V i r g i n i a t o downtown Washington, w h i c h i s what the p r o p o s a l i s i n t h i s a r e a . And by " c e n t r a l a r e a " on t h i s e x h i b i t , I mean t h e s o - c a l l e d Metro C e n t e r i n planner t e r m i n o l o g y , t h a t a r e a e a s t of Rock Creek and g e n e r a l l y s o u t h o f F l o r i d a Avenue. The �390 Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Survey d i d not. I t recommended c i r c u m - f e r e n t i a l b r i d g e s b u t t h e Highway Department i s n ' t proposing circumferential bridges. Now, t h e two most r e c e n t o f t h e s e f o r e c a s t s o f t h e Planning be Commission's — '58, December 1968, i s s u e d i n 1969 — I t h i n k t h a t should i f I am c o r r e c t MR. DUGAS: I n s t e a d o f '69? MR. CRAIG: I n s t e a d o f '69. Which f o r e c a s t s 81,000 peak-hour t r a f f i c from V i r g i n i a t o Washington, t h e most r e c e n t word from t h e Highway Department i s t h a t c o n t a i n e d i n t h e September 1967 testimony t o t h e House P u b l i c Works Committee, where t h e y c l a i m e d they were adopting and f o l l o w i n g t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a T r a n s i t A u t h o r i t y F o r e c a s t f o r 1990, and they c l a i m t h a t t h a t s t u d y showed a need f o r Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e because t h a t e i t h e r was a d e l i b e r a t e l i e o r t h e r e s u l t o f t o t a l m i s i n f o r m a t i o n by Mr. A i r i s when he t e s t i f i e d b e f o r e Congress. I want t h i s r e c o r d t o c o n t a i n t h e c o r r e c t and t h e r e f o r e w i l l you t u r n t o E x h i b i t 6. information T h i s shows g r a p h i c a l l y t h e f o r e c a s t o f t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a Transit Authority. More c o r r e c t l y , t h e computations were made by A l l e n M. Voorhees A s s o c i a t e s , showing by geographic l o c a t i o n t h e f o r e c a s t 1990 t r a v e l l i n e s f o r ei.m. peak-hour auto d r i v e r t r i p s from V i r g i n i a t o t h e D i s t r i c t and Maryland. This i s r e l a t e d - o capacity o f these : bridges. �I f y o u w i l l look a t t h e l e f t - h a n d s i d e a t C h a i n and Key Bridges,, y o u w i l l s e e t h a t t h e a c t u a l f o r e c a s t o f WMATA found t h a t i n 1990, t h e t r a f f i c demands o f Key B r i d g e would be l e s s t h a n h a l f o f t h e c a p a c i t y o f t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge. There i s no need found t h e r e whatsoever f o r any c r o s s i n g a t any p l a c e n o r t h o f Theodora R o o s e v e l t Bridge,, The Highway Department i s c o r r e c t , t h e WMATA f i g u r e s found a need f o r a d d i t i o n a l crossing., and i f you w i l l look a t t h e r i g h t - h a n d d a t a showed. s i d e o f t h e map, you w i l l see what t h a t T h a t bet-^een t h e 14th S t r e e t B r i d g e and Woodrow W i l s o n B r i d g e , t h e r e would be s u b s t a n t i a l imidequate b r i d g e capacity. There a r e , o f c o u r s e , no b r i d g e s t h e r e now, b u t t h e d e s i r e d l i n e s f o r t r a v e l i n g i n 1990 i n d i c a t e d a need f o r a c r o s s i n g somewhere i n t h e a r e a o f , s a y , from t h e A i r p o r t t o the A n a c o s t i a a r e a i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. And, i n d e e d , i f t h e r e i s t o be any 1-66 o r 1-266, the most r e c e n t forecast d a t a , i f you a c c e p t i t a t f a c e v a l u e , would be perhaps a freeway o r parkway o r something along t h e WNOD r i g h t o f way, for a crossing t o the Anacosita portion o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. T h a t would p r o v i l e s e r v i c e t h a t r a p i d t r a n s i t l i n e s wouldn't p r o v i d e . T h i s would be b u i l d i n g b r i d g e s where t h e need i s , i f you a c c e p t t h i s d a t a , b u t I don't. As i s shown i n g r e a t e r d e t a i l i n t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f t a b l e s on t h e WMATA f o r e c a s t , t h e WMATA f o r e c a s t made t h e same �mistake which has been made by every t r a f f i c model f o r e c a s t s i n c e 1959, o f exaggerating the demand f o r s xburban t r a v e l . I don't have — centage. somewhere i n here I g i v e t h e a c t u a l p e r - I t i s a r a t h e r staggering percentage o f a l l o f the t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t s onthe f i r s t page to move from V i r g i n i a t o the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia would not be d e s t i n e d f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, but would be t r a f f i c o r i g i n a t i n g i n V i r g i n i a , u s u a l l y frequently outside o f the Beltway, destined f o r Maryland d e s t i n a t i o n s , f r e q u e n t l y o u t s i d a o f t h e B e l t w a y . MR. DUGAS: Page seven. MR. CRAIG: And h a v i n g n e i t h e r o r i g i n o r d e s t i n a t i o n i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. MR. DUGAS: Page seven o f t h e March 1 , 1968,memo- randum, f o r e c a s t f o r demand of a d d i t i o n a l — I t h i n k you w i l l f i n d the percentages t h e r e . MR. AIRIS: What was t h a t page? MR. CRAIG: Page seven o f t h e d e t a i l e d d i s c u s s i o n . MR. DUGAS: Of the W A A f o r e c a s t dated March 7, MT MR. CRAIG: C l o s e to hand, i n o t h e r words, o f t h e 1968. t r a f f i c Mr. A i r i s has been u s i n g and b e a t i n g Congress o v e r t h e head w i t h f o r reasons t o b u i l d t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s n o t t r a f f i c w h i c h has any b u s i n e s s whatsoever i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. I don't know, I doubt p r o f e s s i o n a l l y , and t h i s h a s c e r t a i n l y been e x p e r i e n c e d i n t h e p a s t , t h i s t r a f f i c will �ever m a t e r i a l i z e * But i f i t does, c l e a r l y sound p3.anning p r i n c i p l e s Would r e q u i r e t h a t the c r o s s i n g be b u i l t i n the a r e a t h a t would s e r v e t h a t t r a f f i c w i t h the l e a s t inconveni e n c e t o e x i s t i n g r e s i d e n t s , p a r k s and so on. T h a t would mean an o u t e r b e l t w a y o f b r i d g e s , cer- t a i n l y not a highway going from the B e l t w a y i n V i r g i n i a , r i g h t through A r l i n g t o n , r i g h t through Georgetown, r i g h t a c r o s s t h e North Leg, and r i g h t up the North C e n t r a l Freeway. I f you l o o k a t the a c t u a l p l a n n i n g d a t a on which the Highway Department i s r e l y i n g f o r i t s t r a v e l , i t i s t o b u i l d a s h o r t c u t f o r B e l t w a y t r a f f i c t h a t they a r e proposing t o b u i l d t h i s monstrous freeway through A r l i n g t o n , Georgetown, Downtown Washington, and the North C e n t r a l Freeway Corridor. P r a c t i c a l l y a l l of the t r a f f i c tha-: t h a t freeway would s e r v e by t h e AMV f o r e c a s t data i s t r a f f i c with neither o r i g i n o r d e s t i n a t i o n i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. I f you w i l l look a t the a c t u a l needs — the Planning Commission, s i r , has been through t h i s e x t e n s i v e l y , and goes t o u n d e r l y i n g hensive plan — this soma o f t h e r e a s o n s f o r t h e i r f i n a l compre- the newspaper, I b e l i e v e , f o r r e a s o n s b e s t known t o them have chosen not t o p u b l i c i z e t h e s e f a c t s , but they have been known t o the r e p o r t e r s f o r many y e a r s . There a r e v a r i o u s r i d i c u l o u s c l a i m s i n the 1-266 brochure about time s a v e d , c o s t s a v e d , l i v e s s a v e d , and so which I would l i k e t o address m y s e l f t o . A l l of t h a t i s on, �81 394 absurd nonsense, because the most i m p o r t a n t t h i n g about any major t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t y , such as the proposed 1-266, i s i t i s going t o change a l l o f t h a t . The c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a freex^ay has a d i r e c t b e a r i n g on t h e t r i p s t h a t a r e made. T r i p s become l o n g e r t h a n they were b e f o r e . I f someone wants t o l i v e 30 minutes from downtown, and a new freeway i s con- s t r u c t e d , he may t a k e h i s time s a v i n g s , a n d u s u a l l y does t a k e h i s time s a v i n g s , and move f u r t h e r out. He may be d r i v i n g t w i c e as f a r . You donot have the same t r i p p a t t e r n s through the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f any transporta- t i o n f a c i l i t y , because the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t y always changes them. So you c a n ' t assume a s t a t i c number of v e h i c l e s or number o f t r i p s o r s t a t i s o r i g i n s and s t a t i c d e s t i n a t i o n s , because a l l o f t h i s i s changed by t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t y itself. So the a n a l y s e s they g i v e i n h e r e a r e m e a n i n g l e s s . MR. DUGAS: You a r e r e a l l y b a l a n c i n g the convenience? MR. CRAIG: I f they want t o make t h i s k i n d of a n a l y s i s , a l l they need t o do i s look a t the l a s t t e n y e a r s . Now, where has 100 p e r c e n t o f t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c a p i t a l i n v e s t m e n t gone i n terms o f o p e r a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s i n the l a s t decade, two decades, t h r e e decades? I t has been i n more highway c a p a c i t y , more e x p r e s s w a y s , and so W e l l , how has i t saved? much time has i t saved? on. Kow many l i v e s L e t ' s get t h e v i e w s o f the people who know. �I would l i k e t o r e a d from a T r a f f i c S a f e t y Report, published by the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Government, October 1970 issue. Bear i n mind, t h i s i s a f t e r m i l l i o n s and m i l l i o n s o f d o l l a r s of new highway and f r e e c o n s t r u c t i o n which i s always t o s a v e lives. And t h i s i s what had had happened: 1,,000 dead, 100,000 wounded, $270 m i l l i o n o f equipment and manhours l o s t . report? I t i s not. Sounds l i k e a Vietnam c a s u a l t y I t i s t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia t r a f f i c c a s u a l t y r e p o r t f o r t h e 1950*s. "Slaughters i n the Sixties" might w e l l be t h e t i t l e o f the t e n - y e a r s u r v e y o f t r a f f i c accidents i n the D i s t r i c t , conducted by the O f f i c e o f Traffic S a f e t y of the Department o f Motor V e h i c l e s . Here a r e the f i g u r e s f o r the t e n y e a r s , 1960 to '69, i n c l u s i v e , and i t l i s t s them i n d e t a i l : The 3.8 average D. C, death r a t e f o r the decade deaths p e r 100 m i l l i o n m i l e s o f t r a v e l . accident categories from 1959 t o 1969, injuries. was T o t a l s from a l l l e a p e d upward d u r i n g tht; t e n - y e a r w i t h a s i n g l e exception of The g r e a t e s t i n c r e a s e was jumped from 15 m i l l i o n i n 1959 period pedestrian the economic l o s s e s which t o 38 m i l l i o n i n 1969, a 150- c a t e g o r y t h a t more t h a n doubled s i n c e 1959 was percent r i s e . The traffic fatalities. Death on the s t r e e t s and highways o f D i s t r i c t r o s e from 63 i n 1959 increase. t o 127 i n 1969, a 102 the percent �396 The t o t a l number o f a c c i d e n t s i n t h e D i s t r i c t rose 75 p e r c e n t from 22,000 i n 1959 t o 38.5 thousand i n 1969. I n j u r i e s were up 25 p e r c e n t . P e d e s t r i a n deaths i n c r e a s e d 27 percent. And t h e a r t i c l e goes on, I won't road i t a l l . I t has a l l been s u b m i t t e d r e c o r d we w i l l have. f o r the record. T h i s i s the a c t u a l Because t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s , t r a f f i c changes when you b u i l d a t j r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t y and when you b u i l d a freeway l i k e t h i s , i t means l o n g e r t r i p s , more d e a t h s , more p o l l u t i o n , h i g h e r use. L e t ' s not k i d o u r s e l v e s . I would l i k e t o c o n f i r m my i m p r e s s i o n , I understand the Mayor-Commissioner i s n o t p r e s e n t a t t h i s hearing? MR. DUGAS: He i s n o t p r e s e n t . MR. CRAIG: And xio member o f t h e C i t y C o u n c i l i s present a t these hearings? MR. DUGAS: I s e e no member o f t h e C i t y C o u n c i l MR. CRAIG: And no member o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l present. P l a n n i n g Commission i s p r e s e n t a t t h e s e h e a r i n g s ? MR. DUGAS: I c a n ' t speak f o r t h a t group. I don't know them a l l . MR. CRAIG: I f any member o f t h e P l a n n i n g Commission i s p r e s e n t , would you p l e a s e make y o u r s e l f known f o r t h e r e c o r d ? {No response.) �397 MR. CRAIG: I assume from t h e s i l e n c e , no member o f the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission i s p r e s e n t a t t h e s e hearings. I would l i k e t o make a few l e g a l suggestions. F i r s t , I , too, b e l i e v e t h a t these hearings are inappropriate. Not o n l y i s t h e i n f o r m a t i o n n e c e s s a r y t o a p p r a i s e t h e d e s i g n t h a t h a s been s u p p l i e d , b u t i t seems t o me, a l s o important t h e s e h e a r i n g s be i n compliance w i t h T i t l e 7 o f t h e D. C. Code and the requirements of the location hearing. There has been no attempt t o comply w i t h T i t l e 7 o f t h e D. C. Code. The Court o f appeals h a s c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e d i n h i s inionr , D . C. F e d e r t i o n o f c i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s versus A i r i s i n 1968, and t h e same p l a i n t i f f agains-; Volpe i n 1970, t h a t T i t l e 7 o f t h e D. C. Code, more p a r t i c u l a r , t h e Highway A c t o f 1893, a s amended, and i t s requirements as t o p u b l i c h e a r i n g s and i t s l i m i t a t i o n s as t o r i g h t o f way, a r e a p p l i c a b l e for t h i s p r o j e c t . T i t l e 7 o f t h e D . C. Code was n o t r e p e a l e d by S e c t i o n 23 o f t h e F e d e r a l Highway A c t o f 1968. The Court o f Appeals makes t h a t c l e a r i n Footnote 50 o f i t s o p i n i o n o f A p r i l 1970. MR. DUAGS: MR. CRAIG: Foornote 50? F i f t y , I believe. Footnote 50, i t p o i n t s o u t t h e d e c i s i o n o f 1968 was not " t o t h e c o n t r a r y " and „n i t s d e c i s i o n o f 1968, i t p o i n t s �85 398 out f o r the D i s t r i c t of Columbia t o b u i l d a f a c i l i t y o f t y p e , i t must have a h e a r i n g i n compliance w i t h T i t l e the D. C. Code, which h e a r i n g s , by the way, require this 7 of the person p r e s i d e , not the h e a r i n g o f f i c e r , and t h a t a subs t a n t i v e l i m i t a t i o n o f t h e r i g h t o f way feet. And 160 perhaps my e y e b a i l i n g i s not v e r y a c c u r a t e , but am p o s i t i v e t h a t r i g h t of way line, be no w i d e r t h a n a t the top end o f t h a t I yellow t h e highway i f the n o r t h s i d e would r e l o c a t e the C a n a l Road t o the south edge of the r i g h t o f way, i s more than 160 feet, I t h i n k , f u r t h e r , t h a t i t i s preposterous to hold t h e h e a r i n g u n l e s s the e n t i r e r o u t e i s the s u b j e c t o f the hearing. S i n c e t h e t r a f f i c assignments w i l l show the traffic utilising t h i s b r i d g e i s t r a f f i c p r i m a r i l y e x t e n d i n g from B e l t w a y t o B e l t w a y , i t seems t o me the e n t i r e r o u t e s h o u l d be examined so t h a t a l l f e a s i b l e a l t e r n a t i v e s can be looked a t . And I mean t h e r o u t e from B e l t w a y t o B e l t w a y . From 1-66 in V i r g i n i a , Three- S i s t e r s B r i d g e , Potomac R i v e r Freeway, the North Leg, the North C e n t r a l Freeway. L e t ' s not get t h i s p i e c e by p i e c e . T h i s i n the Highway Department P l a n i s a s i n g l e i n t e g r a t e d f a c i l i t y to p r o v i d e a s h o r t c u t r i g h t through the h e a r t o f Washington, suburb t o suburb, and I t h i n k the h e a r i n g s h o u l d be on whole t h i n g , not a t r u n k a t e d s e c t i o n such as t h i s , the so t h a t the t o t a l impact can be looked a t , so the t o t a l u i r p o l l u t i o n can �86 399 be looked a t and a l l f o f t h e s o c i a l and economic consequences can be looked a t , i n s t e a d o f fragmented, which i s what we have had so f a r . May I a s k , Mr. Dugas, i f y o u i n t e n d t o i s s u e a written decision? MR. DUGAS: I am n o t r e q u i r e d t o i s s u e a d e c i s i o n i n t h i s c a s e , Mr. C r a i g . MR. CRAIG: You w i l l n o t be i s s u i n g any recommended MR. DUGAS: I w i l l n o t be making a r y recommendations decision? nor w i l l I i s s u e etny d e c i s i o n . MR. CRAIG: Who w i l l ? MR. DUGAS: The d e c i s i o n s w i l l be made j o i n t l y by the S t a t e o f V i r g i n i a ' s Highway Department a r d t h e Department o f Highways o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, based upon t h e i r c o n s u l t a n t r e p o r t s , cind a l l o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t we have brought b e f o r e us by members o f t h e p u b l i c , i n c l u d i n g you, s i r and any o t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t may be s u b m i t t e d f o r t h e r e c o r d on o r b e f o r e December 28, 1970. MR. CRAIG: I n the e v e n t , Your Honor, t h a t I do n o t r e c e i v e t h e r e q u e s t i n time t o f i l e a s t a t e m e n t by December 28 can I have t e n days a f t e r t h e r e c e i p t o f such i n f o r m a t i o n t o submit a s t a t e m e n t ? MR. DUGAS: take. L e t me a s k them how long i t i s going t o �87 400 MR. A I R I S : I d i d n ' t q u i t e understand Mr. C r a i g ' s MR. DUGAS: Mr. C r a i g has asked t h a t he be g i v e n question. 10 days beyond t h e 28th o f December, i n t h e e v e n t t h a t you have n o t f u r n i s h e d him w i t h t h e answers t o t h e q u e s t i o n s a s posed. MR. CRAIG: That i s not quite c o r r e c t . MR. DUGAS: Would you r e s t a t e i t ? MR. CRAIG: My q u e s t i o n of t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i s , t e n days a f t e r r e c e i p t t h a t Mr. A i r i s s t i l l h a s t c p r e p a r e , i f I can have t e n days a f t e r r e c e i p t o f t h a t . MR. DUGAS: Whatever i t i s . C o n c e i v a b l y , i t c o u l d be by t h e 2 8 t h . MR. CR&IG: I t might be tomorrow, I don't know. To submit my s t a t e m e n t . MR. DUGAS: T h a t seems r e a s o n a b l e t o me. I s that I t h i n k t h a t i s a reasonable request. reasonable? MR. A I R I S : I c a n ' t guarantee t h a t we do j u s t t h a t . A l l t h a t we w i l l t r y t o do i s f o l l o w t h e d i c t a t e s and t h e s p i r i t s o f t h i s 20-8, which i s what we a r e t x y i n g t o comply w i t h r i g h t h e r e . MR. DUGAS: I wouJd suggest f o r t h e r e c o r d , Mr. Craig,, t h a t y o u w i l l be g i v e n an a d d i t i o n a l t e n days a f t e r receipt of the information MR. CRAIG: from t h e Highway Department. This i s the information contained i n �I t e m 5 through 10 o f my l e t t e r o f December 7, 1970? MR. DUGAS: That i s c o r r e c t , s i r . MR. CRAIG: I s e e my time h a s r u n out. I would l i k e t o s a y I do have t o move on t o t h e I n t e r s t a t e Commerce P r o c e e d i n g , and I a p p r e c i a t e v e r y much t h e c o u r t e s t y o f h e a r i n g t h i s r a m b l i n g , and I am a f r a i d n o t t o o w e l l o r g a n i z e d , p r e sentation. Thank y o u v e r y much. (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: Thank you v e r y much. MR. CRAIG: I t h i n k Mr. A i r i s has a q u e s t i o n . MR. DUGAS: Mr. A i r i s . MR. A I R I S : Mr.Chairman, I would l i k e t o p o i n t o u t a number o f t h i n g s t h a t Mr. C r a i g h a s r a i s e d g e t i n t o t h e p h i l o s o p h y o f what i s a proper b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system i n t h e D i s t r i c t , o r anywhere f o r t h a t m a t t e r . And t h e m a t t e r i s n o t one o f easy s o l u t i o n . The c o n t r o l s we f i n d on t h e number o f v e h i c l e s i n t h e C e n t e r C i t y , i n s t e a d o f b e i n g t h e roads l e a d i n g i n t o i t , a r e p r a c t i c a l l y t h e amount o f p a r k i n g downtown and t h i s , plus other considerations, get i n t o the very complicated s i t u a t i o n t h a t Mr. C r a i g has attempted t o base s o l e l y on t h e rush-hour c a p a c i t y o f t h e d i f f e r e n t l a n e s on t h e d i f f e r e n t b r i d g e s . I would j u s t l i k e t o p o i n t o u t t o Mr. C r a i g , t h a t t h i s i s something t h a t h a s been a long-time d i s c u s s i o n i n t h e �402 e n t i r e c o u n t r y and the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, as w e l l . And t h e u l t i m a t e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system which we In the Highway Department has been a t t e m p t i n g t o g e t here i n v o l v e s v e r y much the r a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t system t h a t I have p e r s o n a l l y t e s t i f i e d for i n the D i s t r i c t . But i t o n l y d e a l s w i t h the 35 p e r c e n t o f t h e t r a f f i c t h a t i s commuter-oriented. Now, you have a l l o f t h e s e o t h e r t h i n g s t h a t must be t a k e n c a r e o f t h a t a r e not j u s t t h e commuter. way. Put i t t h i s We must have a good movement o f people and goods h e r e , i n o r d e r t o keep our downtown i n a v i a b l e p o s i t i o n . not g i v e i t o v e r t o p a r k i n g j u s t f o r t h e commuter. one o f our aims. We must That i s And I would j u s t l i k e t o l e a v e i t t h a t t h e r e i s a good d e a l o f sense i n some of t h e t h i n g s you b r i n g up, but I c a n ' t agree a t a l l w i t h some o f t h e d e t a i l e d s t a t i s t i c s whereby you attempt t o d e t a i l the rush-hour c a p a c i t i e s o f the v a r i o u s b r i d g e s i n t o a d e n i a l , o r r a t h e r no need f o r any more b r i d g e s on the r i v e r . Any l a r g e c i t y , Mr. C r a i g , i n Europe many o f t h e people have t r a v e l e d and t h e y come back h e r e and b r i n g up t h e s e m a t t e r s , and -they a l l have many more b r i d g e s than we do o v e r t h e Potomac R i v e r h a r e . large c i t i e s . And London, P a r i s , Rome, o t h e r I t h i n k i t i s a l i t t l e d i s s e r v i c e t o the p u b l i c f o r you, a v e r y good economist, t o come i n here and attempt t o prove t h i s p a r t i c u l a r b r i d g e i s not needed by v i r t u e o f some o f the d e t a i l s o f a rush-hour statistic. �403 I would l i k e t o p o i n t out on a c c i d e n t s , t h a t t h e a c c i d e n t s you quote a r e o v e r a t e n - y e a r p e r i o d , not j u s t one year. And i n t h e time t h a t i s covered i n t h a t p a r t i c u l a r document, we have e x p e r i e n c e d h e r e i n t h e D i s t r i c t a t h r e e t o seven p e r c e n t p e r y e a r i n c r e a s e i n t r a f f i c w i t h v e r y little a d d i t i o n a l p l a n t and t h i s i s one o f t h e reasons t h a t we a r e g a r n e r i n g more s t a t i s t i c s . I t i s n o t because o f t h e freeway a c c i d e n t r a t e ; because o f i n c r e a s e d t r a f f i c i n neighborhood s t r e e t s . I f you look a t y o u r l o c a t i o n o f y o u r a c c i d e n t s , you w i l l f i n d t h i s t o bo s o . So I want t o p o i n t out i n t h a t r e g a r d , t h a t t h e number o f a c c i d e n t s i n h e r e , we have been e x p e r i e n c i n g i n t h e D i s t r i c t , p o i n t v e r y much t o t h e need f o r t h i s a d d i t i o n a l t r a f f i c c a p a c i t y on a l i m i t e d a c c e s s facility. L a s t l y , M r . C r a i g , I wonder, would you have any p r e f e r e n c e f o r t h e t r e a t m e n t t h a t i s shown on t h e s e two a r t i s t s ' renderings here. MR. CRAIG: o r d e r , Mr. I f I can answer your q u e s t i o n i n r e v e r s e Airis. F i r s t , l o o k i n g a t t h e s e two drawings up t h e r e , i f I p e r s o n a l l y had t o choose between t h e l e f t hand and t h e r i g h t hand, I would t h i n k t h e r i g h t hand v/ould make a b e t t e r facility. I , however, do n o t t h i n k t h a t e i t h e r o f those designs i s a d e s i r a b l e design. My own s t u d i e s , t h e s t u d i e s o f �the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, t h e s t u d i e s o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency, t h e s t u d i e s o f W i l b u r Smith and A s s o c i a t e s , t h e study o f A l l e n M. Voorhees and A s s o c i a t e s , t h e s t u d y o f A r t h u r D. L i t t l e , t h e s t u d i e s o f t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Area Transportation Authority, i n f a c t , t h e s t u d i e s o f everyone w i t h whom I am f a m i l i a r , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f y o u r Depa-tment, i s i n agreement t h a t t h e r e i s no a d d i t i o n a l b r i d g e c a p a c i t y needed between V i r g i n i a and Downtown Washington. T h a t b e i n g t h e c a s e , I would t h i n k t h e p r e f e r a b l e d e s i g n would be t o go back t o t h e o r i g i n a l d e s i g n o f t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e a 3 i t e x i s t e d a t t h e time o f P i e r r e L*Enfant. As you may o r may n o t know, when Mr. L ' E n f a n t came t o Washington t o develop h i s p l a n f o r t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l C i t y , t h e r e was a b r i d g e a t Three S i s t e r s I s l a n d . I t was a p e d e s t r i a n b r i d g e , a s u s p e n s i o n b r i d g e fromthe North Shore t o the South Shore, p e r m i t t i n g p e d e s t r i a n s t o go from t h e E o s s l y n a r e a t o the Georgetown a r e a , t o s c h o o l and t c shop. I t h i n k i t i/ould add q u i t e a b i t t o t h e s c e n i c q u a l i t y o f t h a t a r e a t o r e c o n s t r u c t t h a t s u s p e n s i o n b r i d g e as i t e x i s t e d i n 1790 t o 1880, away w i t h a f l o o d . when i t was u n f o r t u n a t e l y washed And t h a t b r i d g e c o u l d be d e s i g n a t e d I t wouldn't r e a l l y b o t h e r me, although i t — 1-266., (drowned out by laughter). But i t would f u l l y s e r v e a l l o f t h e v e h i c u l a r needs �405 o f 1990. MR. A I R I S : disagree, of course. W e l l , Mr. C r a i g , t h i s i s where we I have viewed a t t i m e s p a s t t h e same L ' E n f a n t B r i d g e as one o f t h e l o c a t i o n s f o r t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge. T h e r e i s some q u e s t i o n as t o j u s t e x a c t l y what i t was and whether i t was b u i l t o r not b u i l t . But they d i d , i t was t r u e , have a b r i d g e a t thiis p r e c i s e l o c a t i o n . MR.CRAIG: question. Wow, l e t me move on t o the d i s s e r v i c e I have attempted t o b r i n g o u t , Mr. A i r i s , f o r your b e n e f i t , f o r t h e l a s t hour and a h a l f , t h e f a c t t h a t you, s i r , don't know what you a r e t a l k i n g about. You keep s p o u t i n g t h e same c l i c h e s o f annual i n c r e a s e i n t r a f f i c and have been doing so s i n c e I f i r s t heard you. And whenever asked q u e s t i o n s , you n e v e r seem t o know, and whenever c o n s u l t a n t s look a t i t , they a l l seem t o agree that, you don't seem t o know. I t h i n k t h a t a g r e a t d i s s e r v i c e i s being done t o t h i s community when t h e D i r e c t o r o f i t s Highway Department goes b e f o r e t h e House P u b l i c Works Committee, i n December 1969, and a c t i n g contrary t o a l l sourd planning a d v i c e , a c t i n g contrary t o t h e w i l l o f t h e Mayor-Commissioner, a c t i n g c o n t r a r y t o t h e s t u d i e d judgments o f t h e C i t y C o u n c i l and t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, he quotes t h e s e same m e a n i n g l e s s d r i b b l e o f s t a t i s t i c s such as you have. Look a t o u r own d a t a . t r a f f i c forecasting. Get f a m i l i a r w i t h our own T a l k t o some o f t h e s e p l a n n e r s who have �h gone i n t o i t . 06 Why don't you even t a l k t o me? MR. A I R I S : W e l l , Mr. C r a i g , I guess we u n d e r s t a n d each o t h e r . MR. CRAIG: I f you r e a d t h e E x a m i n e r ' s Report o f J a n u a r y , 1 9 t 5 , he seemed q u i t e impressed w i t h my t e s t i m o n y and t h e t e s t i m o n y o f and o t h e r e x h i b i t s o f t h e w i t n e s s e s and he recommended t h a t t h e D, C. Highway Department look i n t o i t and s t u d y i t . Not once i n the l a s t s i x y e a r s , s i r , have you o r any o t h e r member o f your Department b o t h e r e d t o f i n d out where y o u r computers a r e going wrong. I n s t e a d , you go up t o Congress and p u t us under b l a c k m a i l . And e i t h e r , s i r , t h i s i s malevolence o r i t i s •orance. I choose to t h i n k you were i g n o r a n t and not malevolent. B u t you, s i r , more than anyone e l s e , a r e respon- s i b l e f o r a Congressman B r o y h i l l , a Congressman naucher, a Congressman K l u c z y n s k i , a Congressman F a l l o n , a Congressman Cramer, p u l l i n g t h e type o f b l a c k m a i l t a c t i c s they have on t h i s community w i t h i n t h e l a s t f o u r o r f i v e y e a r s . I f anyone, s i r , i s doing a d i s s e r v i c e t o the p u b l i c o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, i t i s h a v i n g a highway d i r e c t o r J who d o e s n t know what he i s t a l k i n g about. I t i s time — and I would make t h i s recommendation t o t h e Mayor-Commissioner and the C i t y C o u n c i l — t o p u t t h e Highway Department under the s u p e r v i s i o n who knows what they a r e t a l k i n g about. submit 10 o r 15 names, i f you would l i k e . I could �407 (Applause.) MR. DUGASs Thank MR. AIRIS: Mr. f o r the r e c o r d . between Mr. Chairman, I am g l a d t o have t h a t T h a t b r i n g s i t out e x a c t l y where i t i s C r a i g and MR. you. DUGAS: myself. Reverend Joe L. Gipson. STATEMENT OF THE REVEREND JOE L. GIPSON, UPPER NORTHEAST GROUP MINISTRY REVEREND GIPSON: Mayor Washington and Members of t h e C i t y C o u n c i l , N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, and t h e r e s h o u l d be some o f f i c i a l s from V i r g i n i a , somewhere. Mr. Fugate, maybe. As I understand i t , t h i s i s a h e a r i n g and Mr. althougn, Dugas, I r e s p e c t your a b i l i t y i n t h i s a r e a , I f e e l t h a t I ought to say b e f o r e I make my comment, t h a t I do not b e l i e v e s i n c e you a r e n ' t going to g i v e us a w r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t , t h a t I can r e a l l y f e e l t h a t a n y t h i n g I am going to say i s going to make any r e a l d i f f e r e n c e i n the d e s i g n o f t h i s bridge. So t o comply w i t h my b e t t e r w i s h e s , I w i l l speak t o i t but i n s i d e my f e e l i n g i s t h a t i t i s r e a l l y a w a s t e of time, and t h a t t o c o n s i d e r a d e s i g n f o r a b r i d g e you must b e g i n first — and I have watched "Sesame S t r e e t " long enough t o know i t i s b e t t e r t o s a y i t q u i c k l y and s h o r t l y and use a l o t o f props and we might communicate the message q u i t e L e t me s t a r t f i r s t , Mr. A i r i s , w i t h the simply. letter �408 "N. " The l e t t e r "N" Stands for"Neighborhoods," a l o t o f t a l k about neighborhoods and we h e a r and how highways and b r i d g e c r e a t e a more working r e l a t i o n s h i p e c o n o m i c a l l y and s o c i a l l y between people. neighborhoods, And I want t o s t a n d on r e c o r d as b e i n g f o r and t h a t we would t r y and f i n d ways t o c r e a t e l i v i n g and e x c i t i n g neighborhoods t h a t a r e n o t r u n o v e r by t h i s g r e a t i n f l u x of automobiles. We w i l l t a l k about t h e Georgetown Community and t a k e t h a t neighborhood and a l l o w i t t o e x i s t f o r people. And i f we f o l l o w t h a t f l o w o f t r a f f i c down and t r y t o s e e where i t would go, we s e e t o t h e r i g h t o f Rock Creek P a r k , t h e f a c t t h a t somewhere i n t h e r e t h a t t r a f f i c has g o t t o s p i l l . We know i t i s n o t going t o s p i l l i n t h e Downtown Washington d i r e c t l y , b u t i t i s going t o u n i t e somewhere and probably f o l l o w F l o r i d a Avenue o v e r t o "U", and we know t h e p r o c e s s from t h e r e . Because t h e "U" Street-Dupont a r e a i s a l l s l a t e d t o be changed and t u r n e d o v e r and i t i s a predominantly b l a c k neighborhood and t h r e a r e j u s t n o t many p l a c e s f o r them t o move t o . So I would s a y i f "N" s t a n d s f o r "Neighborhood," l e t ' s l e t Neighborhoods s t a n d and e l i m i n a t e t h i s horrendous approach by a b r d ge t h a t w i l l t a k e t r a f f i c t h a t w i l l d e s t r o y neighborhoods. "0" then would s t a n d f o r "Open Space." Which you can s a y t h e b r i d g e s c r e a t e open s p a c e , p r o v i d i n g no one e l s e �can g e t t o i t e x c e p t f o r automobiles, and no one can g e t o f f a t any p a r t i c u l a r a r e a e x c e p t d i e spaces designed and a l l o w e d by e g r e s s and i n g r e s s t o t h a t b r i d g e . Then t h e r e c o u l d be some open space somewhere along t h a t l i n e . We need t o t h i n k i n terms o f open space and t r y t o c r e a t e a l i v i n g environment i n a c i t y which a l r e a d y has too many people i n terms o f t h e k i n d o f l i v i n g p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t ought t o be t h e r e . We ought t o p r e s e r v e r e c r e a t i o n a l spots? such a s G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d and Rock Creek Park and, o f c o u r s e , t h e Three S i s t e r s So p a r t o f t h e p r o c e s s , our n a t u r a l Island. t h e n , i s t o c r e a t e some k i n d o f open space, i n s t e a d o f d e s t r o y i n g i t by b r i n g i n g more automobiles and we ought t o t r y t o f i n d a way t o open i t up. "B" i nrayd i a l o g u e would s t a n d f o r " B l a c k m a i l . " And p a r t o f t h e p r o c e s s o f t h e b l a c k m a i l has been t h a t t h e C i t y has bean f o r c e d t o c r e a t e a d e s i g n by Congress, due p a r t l y t o t h e t e s t i m o n y o f Highway o f f i c i a l s i n o u r c i t y , and due p a r t l y t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e i s a tremendous amount o f d o l l a r s and c e n t s t o be made by a l o t o f i n d u s t r y t h a t p r o f i t s on t h e b u i l d i n g o f highways and b r i d g e s . And, c o n s e q u e n t l y , t o u n i t e and make t h i s a p o s s i b l e t h i n g i n Washington, we a r e being blackmailed i n t o a p i e c e - b y - p i e c e b u i l d i n g o f an i n t e r - l o c k i n g freeway system i n o u r c i t y t h a t a b s o l u t e l y cannot be tolerated. I t wouldn't be s o bad t o have highways i f i n e v e r y �97 410 highway system t h e r e were n o t people removed from t h e i r homes. While we c a n ' t say t h a t r a c e i s a c l e a r and an open i s s u e , i t seems o f t e n , though, t h a t t h e communities that s u f f e r most from any b u i l d i n g o f a highway o r any b r i d g e , t h e communities t h a t s u f f e r most a r e b l a c k -communities. And we look a t t h e tremendous growth o f our s u b u r b s , we know t h a t those people have moved from the h e a r t o f t h e c i t y out f u r t h e r t o more what t h e y c a l l d e s i r a b l e p l a c e s t o l i v e . L e t me make i t v e r y c l e a r . I have no opposition i n s i d e m y s e l f t o w h i t e s moving anywhere they want t o i n t h e community. They can move 30 m i l e s , 50 m i l e s , 100 m i l e s from t h e h e a r t o f t h e c i t y , i f t h e y want t o , and I don't mind t h a t . But i t o f f e n d s me a l i t t l e when a man who l i v e s 25 m i l e s away wants t o g e t t o h i s j o b as q u i c k l y as I do, and I l i v e 16 b l o c k s from my j o b . only T h a t o f f e n d s me a l i t t l e because i t means t h a t not o n l y do I l i v e i n the c o n c e n t r a t e d a r e a o f t h e c i t y , but t h a t he i s a b l e t o d r i v e up highways, r a p i d l y pass where I l i v e and not even have t o d e a l w i t h the problems t h a t a r e c r e a t e d by i t . . So I would s a y t h a t maybe i t i s not an o v e r t a c t o f r a c i s m , but s u b t l y l o c k e d i n t o t h i s i s an attempt t o t r y t o f i n d a way f o r people t o l i v e i n i s o l a t e d communities and then t o be a t t h e h e a r t o f the c i t y w i t h o u t any problems o f dealing with the r e a l i n t e r i o r s of that city. The b l a c k m a i l t h a t i s heaped on us by a Congress t h a t �4ll s a y s i t c a r e s about us and y e t does n o t t a k e 3teps t o make l i f e r e a l l y e x c i t i n g h e r e i n t h e Nation's "R", Renewal. Renewal, y e s . Capital. Rapid T r a n s i t , maybe. I t h i n k I c o u l d s i t s t i l l f o r a b r i d g e t h a t was b r i n g i n g t h e t r a n s i t r a i l a c r o s s and a l l o w i n g people t o move goods and s e r v i c e s i f n e c e s s a r y , b u t m a i n l y people, and t o r i d some o f our s t r e e t s o f t h e automobile traffic. I f you look a t t h e M i x i n g Bowl down a t 1 4 t h S t r e e t , i f you l o o k a t t h e B e l t w a y , i f you look a t any o f t h e s e from j u s t a merely l a y p o i n t o f view, you c a n see t h a t i t does n o t move people r a p i d l y . What we r e a l l y need t o do i s u t i l i z e t h e space i n a w i s e way and move people a s q u i c k l y as p o s s i b l e . The r e a l t a s k i s t o t r y t o g e t people i n and out o f t h e c i t y . Why don't we c o n c e n t r a t e on t h a t and n o t t a l k about a b a l a n c e d system, b u t b u i l d some k i n d o f b a l a n c e i n t o t h e system t h a t we have. I t c o u l d be i g n o r a n c e , ignorance o f t h e f a c t t h a t people a r e r e a l l y k i n d o f i g n o r a n t o f t h e f a c t t h a t somehow, i n a l l d e s i g n s f o r what we do, even members o f t h e f a m i l i e s o f o u r o f f i c i a l s f i n d t h a t highways a r e u n d e s i r a b l e i n t h e i r own community. And i f i t i s u n d e s i r a b l e i n one's own community why i s i t n o t u n d e s i r a b l e i n someone e l s e ' s community? 1-266 demonstrates i n s e n s i t i v i t y o f government t o people's needs and what t h e y r e a l l y d e s i r e . "D", Downtown D e t r o i t , San Diego. I t i s kind of �412 dumb to think t h a t highways solve t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems. Any looking a t the highway system of Los Angeles and San Diego and D e t r o i t and a l l of our major c i t i e s , where e v e r y time a new highway i s b u i l t , a l l we get i s people f e e l i n g i n t h e i r heads they can get t h e i r p e r s o n a l automobiles now i n t h a t t r a f f i c and they begin t o add t o i t . We decry the a b i l i t y o f buses t o move and t h e r e f o r e people won't r i d e buses, they t a k e t h e i r p e r s o n a l automobiles. I t begins t o be r a t h e r d i f f i c u l t . So, "D", l e t ' s don't make a dumb c i t y out of the D i s t r i c t . L e t ' s t r y t o t h i n k about i t more w i s e l y . ,! G", t h e n , f o r Government. Concern i t s e l f w i t h t h e general w e l f a r e of people and n o t j u s t t h e g e n e r a l w e l f a r e o f c o n c r e t e people, t i r e people, auto people, g a s o l i n e people, but t o g i v e t h e whole p r o c e s s o f what i t t a k e s t o operate a c i t y and t o l i v e i n i t , some r e a l s e r i o u s concern. "E", which completes my l i t t l e group o f l e t t e r s . I The environment i t s e l f b e i n g r e s p o n s i b l e , t r y i n g t o f i n e a way to make t h i s environment h e a l t h y and s t a b l e . We would prob- a b l y do v e r y w e l l i f we d i d n ' t have a b r i d g e a t a l l . And y e t I don't f e e l t h a t I c o u l d s t o p and s a y t h a t we don't need t o b u i l d bridges. Maybe t h e r e a l p o i n t o f i t i s t h a t i n s t e a d o f t a l k i n g about b r i d g e s , b r i d g e s o f c o n c r e t e and b r i d g e s o f s t o n e , t o go a c r o s s o u r r i v e r s and congest o u r communities, l e t us s t a r t t a l k i n g about b r i d g e s o f u n d e r s t a n d i n g . Bridges �100 413 o f communication, b r i d g e s o f new l i f e s t y l e s t h a t c r e a t e h e a l t h and e x c i t e m e n t i n a c i t y so long gone wrong by p l a n n i n g b e i n g done by people n o t most d i r e c t l y a f f e c t e d . hearings By sham t h a t don't r e a l l y g e t t o t h e h e a r t o f t h i n g s , t h a t compile i n f o r m a t i o n t o be s t o r e d on t h e s h e l v e s , t h a t won't make one i o t a o f d i f f e r e n c e f o r t h e men who have a l r e a d y made up t h e i r minds we a r e going t o have a b r i d g e , i t i s going t o be i n t h i s l o c a t i o n , and t h e c h o i c e we have i s between t h i s p i c t u r e o r t h a t p i c t u r e , 22 m i l l i o n o r 25 m i l l i o n . tod the r e a l d i f f e r e n c e doesn't make any d i f f e r e n c e i f we don't need t h e b r i d g e a t a l l . Mr. Chairman, a p a r t from t h e f a c t t h a t I r e a l l y o o n l y came t o make t h e p o i n t we would l i k e t o make from t h e Upper N o r t h e a s t Group M i n i s t r y and m y s e l f as t h e P r e s i d e n t o f t h e group, t h a t we don't r e a l l y b e l i e v e we need a b r i d g e a t a l l . Thank you. (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: Thank you. I t h i n k v/e w i l l b r e a k nov; f o r lunch and t r y t o g e t back about a q u a r t e r o f 2:00, so t h a t we w o n ^ throw Mr. C a s s e l l and t h e o t h e r p a r t i c i p a n t s too f a r out o f l i n e . (Whereupon, a t 12:57 p.m., the p u b l i c hearing i n the a b o v e - e n t i t l e d m a t t e r was r e c e s s e d , t o reconvene a t 2:00 t h i s same day. p.m., �414 AFTERNOON SESSION 1:40 p.m. MR. DUGAS: Bade on t h e r e c o r d . Mr. R i c h a r d Faraday, B u r l e i t h C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n . STATEMENT OF RICAHRD FARADAY, BURL3ITH CITIZENS ASSOCIATION MR- FARADAY: Mr. Dugas, Members o f t h e D. C. and V i r g i n i a Departments o f Highways. I am R i c h a r d F a r a d a y , P r e s i d e n t o f t h e B u r l e i t h C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. A t our r e g u l a r December meeting h e l d l a s t n i g h t , o u r members a u t h o r i z e d my p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h i s s t a t e m e n t on b e h a l f o f t h e c i t i z e n s o f our community. We sense t h a t t h i s meeting h e r e today i s a sham. The D i s t r i c t e v i d e n t l y has no i n t e n t i o n t o l i s t e n t o i t s c i t i z e n s , o r i t would n o t be h o l d i n g t h i s h e a r i n g w h i l e appeal o f Judge S i r i c a ' s d e c i s i o n i s on t h e ground i t s h o u l d not h o l d t h i s v e r y h e a r i n g . Indeed, we c a n o n l y conclude t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t Government i s o n l y r e s p o n s i v e t o p o l i t i c a l p r e s s u r e from Congress and n o t t o Court Order. I f t h e r e s p o n s i b l e D i s t r i c t and V i r g i n i a a u t h o r i t i e s were g e n u i n e l y i n t e r e s t e d i n h a v i n g f u l l p u b l i c debate and d i s c u s s i o n on t h i s s t r u c t u r e , they would have attempted t o comply w i t h t h e s p i r i t o f Judge S i r i c a ' s o r d e r by p r e p a r i n g i n f o r m a t i o n about t h e d e s i g n a l t e r n a t i v e s , study by t h e �102 D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, r a t h e r t h a n t h e b r i e f 15-page b o o k l e t which i s h a r d l y designed t o r e p r e s e n t the Highway Department's e n t i r e t h i n k i n g on t h i s s u b j e c t . We Or i s i t ? a r e a p p a l l e d by the l a c k o f economic, s o c i o - l o g i c a l and e s p e c i a l l y e n v i r o n m e n t a l indicates disregard statement which e i t h e r of the f a c t o r s o r l a c k o f i n - d e p t h study. We a r e f u r t h e r s u r p r i s e about the b r e v i t y o f the i n i t i a l p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and Virginia Highway Departments a t the opening o f t h e s e h e a r i n g s y e s t e r d a y . Our A s s o c i a t i o n has attempted t o t a k e a p o s i t i o n on t h e s t r u c t u r e . substantive However, the l a c k o f r e b u t t a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n p r o v i d e d and t h e h a s t y s h o r t - t e r m n o t i c e o f t h e h e a r i n g has c u t s h o r t our s u b s t a n t i v e comments. We shall, t h e r e f o r e , c o n c e n t r a t e on the p r o c e d u r a l a s p e c t s , i . e . , the d e s i g n , i f you w i l l , o f t h i s h e a r i n g . F i r s t , t h e comprehensive t r a n s p o r a t i o n p l a n f o r the r e g i o n s h o u l d be p r e s e n t e d . hearings divide a We a r e a p p a l l e d a t how community a g a i n s t i t s e l f . highway In addition, t h e h e a r i n g s h o u l d a t l e a s t be p r e s e n t e d w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e b r i d g e approaches as w e l l as the b r i d g e itself. Second, we f e e l chat no design h e a r i n g i s a p p r o p r i a t e u n t i l t h e l o c a t i o n h e a r i n g i s h e l d , because c i r c u m s t a n c e s have d r a s t i c a l l y changed s i n c e 1964, e s p e c i a l l y as r e g a r d s the r a i l rapid transit. Three. We feel ;hat s i n c e both hichway departments �416 i n v o l v e d have n o t made a comprehensive d i s c l o s u r e o f a l l o f t h e f a c t s c o n s i d e r e d , t h a t t h i s cannot c o n s t i t u t e t h e r e q u i r e d design hearing. S u b s t a n t i a l l y , from what l i t t l e i n f o r m a t i o n we have been cible t o r e q u i r e , we must comment t h e d e s i g n o f the b r i d g e i s inadequate, a s i s t h e d e s i g n o f these h e a r i n g s . Under t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s , we defend o u r s e n s i t i v i t i e s a s c i t i z e n s and t a x p a y e r s . We oppose any b r i d g e o r d e s i g n t h e r e o f a t t h e Three S i s t e r s location., MR. DUGAS: Thank you, s i r . Mr. C a s s e l l . STATEMENT OP CHARLES CASSELL, MEMBER, BOARD OF EDUCATION MR. CASSELL: My name i s C h a r l e s C a s s e l l . c i t i z e n i n Washington, D. C. I am a I am an a c t i v i s t i n important a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e c i t y and have been f o r q u i t e some time. I am V i c e P r e s i d e n t o f t h e Emergency Committee o f t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C r i s i s , one o f t h e v i c e chairmen; and member o f t h e D. C. School Board. I would i i l : e t o p o i n t o u t t h a t I speak t o you i n each o f t h e s e c a p a c i t i e s , most i m p o r t a n t l y a s one o f t h e few p u b l i c o f f i c i a l s e l e c t e d t o o f f i c e i n Washington, D. C., and t h e r e f o r e I hope t h a t my testimony w i l l c a r r y s t r o n g w e i g h t w i t h you, I would l i k e t o s t a t e , f i r s t o f a l l , t h a t I am v e r y much concerned about and I want t o p r o t e s t t h e feict t h a t , w i t h �417 j a s , t h a t t h i s very i m p o r t a n t hearing i s not being presided o v e r by t h o s e i n d i v i d u a l s who have t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o make a d e c i s i o n . seems T h a t much, i t ;o me, a t i s s u e a t t h i s moment r e q u i r e s t h e a t t e n t i o n and w i t n e s s o f t h e Commissioner o f Washington, D. C., as w e l l as t h e e n t i r e C i t y C o u n c i l . I am assuming t h a t t h e i r absence does n o t mean they are d i s i n t e r e s t e d . present — I am assuming, a l s o , s i n c e t h e y a r e n o t and l e t me a s k , a r e any members o f t h e C i t y Council h e r e o r i s t h e Mayor h e r e , Mr. Chairman? MR. DUGAS: I don't see t h e Mayor. MR. CASSELL: MR.DUGAS: I want t o be a c c u r a t e . And I don't s e e any members o f t h e C i t y Council. MR. CASSELL: A l lright. I am assuming t h a t t h e Commissioner o f Washington, D. C., and each member o f t h e Council w i l l read the t r a n s c r i p t o f t h i s hearing very fully. care- And, t h e r e f o r e , w i t h a l l due r e s p e c t t o y o u , as I s a y , I w i l l a d d r e s s my remarks t o Mr. Washington,and t o Mr. Hahn as t h e Chairman o f t h e C i t y C o u n c i l and t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e and t h e spokesman f o r t h a t group. I don't know whether you have seen a copy o f t h e ECTC's paper t h a t was p r e p a r e d f o r t h i s h e a r i n g but t h a t , I t h i n k , s t a t e s our p o s i t i o n g e n e r a l l y . The paper i s e n t i t l e d , "What i s t h e r e a l d e s i g n o f �418 t h e s e d e s i g n h e a r i n g s on t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , " and i t i s addressed t o the C i t i z e n s o f t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Area. And t h a t , o f c o u r s e , i n c l u d e s , I hope, a l l o f t h e p u b l i c o f f i c i a l s who We a r e i n attendance a r e v e r y much concerned, over the f a c t t h a t we a r e t a l k i n g now here. as t h e paper i n d i c a t e s , about the d e s i g n of a b r i d g e and a r o u t e which has no support anywhere i n t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a from anybody, e x c e p t those v e s t e d i n t e r e s t s who w i l l reap a m a t e r i a l reward t h e r e f r o m . I think this i s perhaps the o n l y i s s u e i n the h i s t o r y o f the c i t y i n which t h e r e has been t h i s k i n d o f u n i f i e d o p p o s i t i o n t o any p l a n proposed by t h e o f f i c i a l s o f the c i t y . I t seems t o me t h a t we s h o u l d r e a l l y not be t a l k i n g about the d e s i g n o f something t h a t unpopular. We s h o u l d be r e a l l y t a l k i n g , and I t h i n k t h a t the C i t y C o u n c i l and the Mayor s h o u l d be concerned now about the d e s i r a b i l i t y , even though t h e y have committed themselves t o the c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h i s bridge. I t h i n k t h i s i s n e c e s s a r y because the k i n d o f r e a c t i o n t h a t t h i s k i n d o f a r b i t r a r y p l a n n i n g has generated i n t h e p a s t has c e r t a i n l y not brought about the k i n d o f cooperation t h a t i s necessary. I would l i k e t o p o i n t o u t , a l s o , t h i s h e a r i n g i s h e l d i n v o l u n t a r i l y by p u b l i c o f f i c i a l s . T h i s i s the second t i m e , t o my knowledge, t h a t i t was n e c e s s a r y f o r c i t i z e n s t o f o r c e such a h e a r i n g o r a:ny k i n d o f h e a r i n g i n p u b l i c when �106 419 the c i t y i t s e l f was u n w i l l i n g t o p r o v i d e t h a t k i n d o f opportunity. S i n c e t h e c i t y now f i n d s i t s e l f i n an i oluntary p o s i t i o n , and s i n c e t h e c i t y laws i n d i c a t e t h a t even though the C i t y C o u n c i l and t h e Mayor a r e appointed., they do indeed represent -the b e s t i n t e r e s t of t h e p u b l i c , i t seems t o me t h a t i t i s time now f o r t h e Mayor and f o r t h e C i t y C o u n c i l t o f i n d t h e courage t o base t h e i r remarks and t h e i r reactions from h e r e on, on t h e k i n d o f response t h a t has come from t h e public. I am n o t going t o d e a l w i t h f a c t s and f i g u r e s . I am not. even going t o c l a i m t h e b r i d g e i s a bad t h i n g on t e c h n i c a l grounds. 3 t h i n k t h a t has been covered v e r y w e l l . : would j u s t l i k e t o r e f e r t o some i n f o r m a t i o n I on t h e r e v e r s e s i d e o f t h e pamphlet t h a t was produced f o r t h i s o c c a s i o n by ECTC, and i t i s e n t i t l e d "The C o u r t Says t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia's Freeway Program i s U n l a w f u l . " You know, t h i s r e f e r s t o t h e 1968 d e c i s i o n . And even though t h a t i s two y e a r s away, t h e r e a r e some p e r t i n e n t t h i n g s i n t h e r e , w h i c h I t h i n k need t o be r e i t e r a t e d and which I would l i k e t o read i n t h e r e c o r d , and hope t h a t t h e Mayor and C i t y C o u n c i l w i l l examine t h a t r e c o r d v e r y carefully,, From t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Court o f Appeals t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia C i r c u i t , No. 21416. the D. C. F e d e r a t i o n T h i s i s the case o f of C i v i c Associations, Inc., e t a l , A p p e l l a n t , v e r s u s Thomas F. A i r i s , D i r e c t o r o f D i s t r i c t o f �Columbia Highways and T r a f f i c , e t a l , A p p e l l e e s . That was an appeal from the U. S. D i s t r i c t Court f o r the D i s t r i c t Columbia, d e c i d e d F e b r u a r y 15, of 1968. These t h i n g s , I t h i n k , are p e r t i n e n t , and I t h i n k we s h o u l d keep t h e s e i n mind. " I t should a l s o " — this i s from t h e C o u r t d e c i s i o n —- " I t s h o u l d a l s o be r e c o g n i z e d t h a t the procedures o u t l i n e d i n T i t l e 7 a r e designed t o protect the p r o p e r t y r i g h t s by i n s u r i n g t h a t the highway p l a n s evolved democratically My contention r a t h e r than a r b i t r a r i l y . " i s t h a t t h e s e highway p l a n s have not been developed d e m o c r a t i c a l l y arbitrarily. We and they have been developed only have an o p p o r t u n i t y now and b e l a t e d l y , and i n an i n v o l u n t a r y "The are public hearing t o make comments, session. r e q u i r e d by S e c t i o n 7-15 the p u b l i c an o p p o r t u n i t y t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n the offers administrative decision." I don't t h i n k we have had that opportunity. " I t f o r c e s the a d m i n i s t r a t o r s t o s p e l l out the reasons f o r t h e i r d e c i s i o n s . " I p o i n t out t h a t the Court language i s "Force the Adminisetrators t o s p e l l out the reasons f o r t h e i r d e c i s i o n . " A check on b a l a n c e b a s i c t o our e n t i r e system of government. | and The b a s i c procedure e s t a b l i s h e d by S e c t i o n S s c t i o n 7-115, whereby the D i s t r i c t Commissioner, now Commissioner, and the C i t y C o u n c i l a r e d i r e c t e d t o h o l d a 7-109 the �10 8 421 p u b l i c h e a r i n g b e f o r e approving a highway p l a n and t h e D i s t r i c t Ccmmissioners a r e t o approve t h e p l a n b e f o r e sub- m i t t i n g i t t o t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, i s also very significant. Although t h e D i s t r i c t Commissioners a r e appointed r a t h e r than e l e c t e d , t h e i r primary i n t e r e s t i s the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. And, t h e r e f o r e , they a r e l i k e l y t o be more r e s p o n s i v e t o a group o f D i s t r i c t r e s i d e n t s than i s t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, whose d u t i e s a r e F e d e r a l i n n a t u r e and whose j u r i s d i c t i o n extends throughout t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n Area. Now, I don't know whether t h a t assumption i s w a r r a n t e d a t t h i s time now. To my u n d e r s t a n d i n g , 99 and 44/.100ths p e r c e n t o f t h e t e s t i m o n y a t a l l h e a r i n g s t h a t has been h e l d , and c e r t a i n l y f a c t that the c i t i z e n s a t t h i s h e a r i n g , have developed t h e i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia c o n s i d e r t h a t t h i s b r i d g e i s d e t r i m e n t a l . Now, i f t h e Court indeed was w a r r a n t e d i n making t h a t assumption sas the basis f o r a h e a r i n g , i t seems t o me you have no c h o i c e now, n o t s i m p l y t o h e a r what we s a y , t a k e i t under advisement and proceed w i t h one o f t h e s e d e s i g n s , b u t t h e r e i s no c h o i c e f o r you, Mr. Mayor and Mr. C i t y C o u n c i l Chairman, t o i n d i c a t e t h a t after l i s t e n i n g t o t h e c i t i z e n s , a f t e r examining t h e p r o c e s s by which t h i s d e s i g n o r t h e s e d e s i g n s were d e r i v e d , t h a t you have no c h o i c e now b u t t o recommend a g a i n s t c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e �109 422 b r i d g e , and a r e - e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e whole highway p l a n n i n g facility. I t h i n k we a l s o need r e c o g n i z e t h e r e i s a r e q u i r e ment i n lav; t h a t no highway p l a n can proceed w i t h o u t h a v i n g been performed by a t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g agency, which we don't have i n Washington, D. C. As I see i t , t h e t r a n s p o r t a - t i o n p l a n n i n g o f f i c e r i n Washington, D. C., i s Mr. Thomas A i r l i s , and my u n d e r s t a n d i n g i s t h a t h i s s p e c i f i c i n t e r e s t i s i n highways. T h i s i s h a r d l y an o b j e c t i v e source f o r p l a n n i n g transportation. Let me c o n t i n u e . T h a t i s , i t i s probable t h a t a group o f D i s t r i c t r e s i d e n t s would have more l e v e r a g e on t h e f i n a l d e c i s i o n , i f t h e i r opinions represented to the D i s t r i c t Commissioners, a l o c a l i n t e r e s t group, b e f o r e t h e p l a n s were o f f i c i a l l y approved by t h e Commissioners o r t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission. influence? Are we t o have t h a t k i n d o f Not o n l y have we s a i d t h a t we d i s a p p r o v e , b u t I t h i n k t h e p r e v i o u s speaker and those b e f o r e him have g i v e n s u b s t a n t i a l socio-economic and t e c h n i c a l reasons f o r n o t p r o ceeding w i t h any b r i d g e . I s t h i s a w a r r a n t e d assumption on t h e p a r t o f t h e Court and does, i n d e e d , t h e Mayor and those o f t h e C i t y C o u n c i l r e s p e c t t h i s c o n v e n t i o n a l assumption o f t h e Court? I t i s p o s s i b l e t h e Commissioners might endorse t h e i r views and recommend them t o t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g �423 Commission, o r i s i t r e a l l y p o s s i b l e t h a t the Mayor and the C i t y C o u n c i l w i l l endorse t h e views t h a t a r e h e a r d h e r e , thus g i v i n g added s i g n i f i c a n c e t o t h e c i t i z e n s ' opinions? F i n a l l y , t h e p r o v i s i o n i n S e c t i o n 7-109, r e q u i r i n g D i s t r i c t Commissioners t o r e p o r t immediately w i t h the surveyor the p l a n f i n a l l y approved by the D i s t r i c t Commissioners and t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, serves f i n a l n o t i c e t o t h e p u b l i c , thereby f a c i l i t a t i n g p u b l i c c o o p e r a t i o n i n planning. L e t me r e p e a t t h a t l a s t phrase — thereby facilitat- ing p u b l i c cooperation i n planning. There has been t o date no p u b l i c c o o p e r a t i o n i n planning. There i s probably not l i k e l y t o be any i f t h i s d e c i s i o n i s not r e v e r s e d . I have r e p e a t e d some o f t h e r a t i o n a l e s t a t e d by the U n i t e d S t a t e s Court o f Appeals i n h a l t i n g t h e Freeway p l a n n i n g back i n 1968. And I t h i n k t h i s same r a t i o n a l e a p p l i e d t o the d e c i s i o n t h a t t h i s h e a r i n g be h e l d . I hope t h a t you, Mr. Mayor, and you, Mr. Chairman o f the C i t y C o u n c i l , w i l l be s u f f i c i e n t l y a l e r t t o the fact t h a t t h e k i n d o f n e g l i g e n c e , the k i n d o f t u r n i n g o f f o f community and c i t i z e n and m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a demands, w i l l not prevail. On August 9, 1968, many o f us here w i t n e s s e d t h e t e r r i b l e s p e c t a c l e of the C i t y Council of t h i s c i t y standing �424 behind i t s podium, w a t c h i n g O f f i c e r s o f the law p h y s i c a l l y a s s a u l t i n g unarmed c i t i z e n s who s t o o d a t another forum a t t e m p t i n g to make the same p o i n t , j u s t p r i o r t o t h a t fated decision regarding The that ill- bridge. f e e l i n g s of the p u b l i c have not abated, f a c t , t h e r e i s more w i d e s p r e a d i n t e r e s t now in and more widespread d e t e r m i n a t i o n t h a t t h i s undemocratic, t h a t t h i s s e l f i s h t h i s d e t r i m e n t a l p l a n , s h a l l not be f o i s t e d upon t h e Mr. urge you now Mayor and Mr. city. Chairman o f the C i t y C o u n c i l , t o f o r g e t about the d e t a i l s of t h i s and t h a t you have no c h o i c e now and I recognize but t o honor, as the Court seems t o t h i n k t h a t you might, t h e d e s i r e s o f the m a j o r i t y of the c i t i z e n s i n the c i t y , as opposed t o the s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t s who a r e pushing f o r t h i s . I might say one more t h i n g . own qualifications. One I mentioned t o you o f the c r e d e n t i a l s t h a t I t h i n k p u b l i c o f f i c i a l h a s , i s he has a c o n s t i t u e n c y constituency and he has any a t h a t has a p o i n t o f v i e w and c e r t a i n d e s i r e s . I t h i n k as a p u b l i c o f f i c i a l , t h e one c r e d e n t i a l I do not have i s m a t e r i a l w e a l t h , w h i c h i s the o n l y c r e d e n t i a l t h a t the s u p p o r t e r s o f t h i s have, and t h a t i s something t o b e a r i n mind,, Thank you. (Applause.) MR. my DUGAS: Thank you, Mr. C a s s e l l . �425 Mrs. James Rowe. STATEMENT OF MRS. JAMES I I . ROWE, J R . , C I T I Z E N , 3207 HIGHLAND PLACE, NORTHWEST, WASftiSSgton, D. C. MRS. ROWE: Mr. Dugas, my former a d v e r s a r y i s a t the other t a b l e . My name i s E l i z a b e t h Rowe and I am appearing today i n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e proposed d e s i g n s o f t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge. I speak a s a p r i v a t e c i t i z e n , a t a x p a y e r o f t h e D i s t r i c t and an i n d i v i d u a l p l a i n t i f f i n t h e Three S i s t e r s suit. I might add t h a t I speak a s an i n d i g n a n t c i t i z e n . A number o f w i t n e s s e s have c h a l l e n g e d t h e l e g a l i t y o f t h e s e proceedings — I agree w i t h them, b u t I am n o t going t o go i n t o t h e d e t a i l s . I t does seem t o me, though, t h e h e i g h t o f f o l l y and, i n c i d e n t a l l y , an e x t r a v a g a n t misuse o f p u b l i c funds — these hearings a t a l l . t o have C e r t a i n l y , no one b e l i e v e s e t h e s e "Design H e a r i n g s " a r e c a r r y i n g o u t t h e i n t e n d o f t h e F e d e r a l highway l e g i s l a t i o n . The s a f e g u a r d s t o communities and p a r k s w r i t t e n i n t o t h e F e d e r a l a i d highways laws a r e n ' t i n t e n d e d t o be l i m i t e d t o a r c h i t e c t u r a l judgments o f t h e beauty o f an unsupported a s c o n t r a s t e d t o a supported span,over t h e Potomac. Who a r e you k i d d i n g ? . What i s t h e d e s i g n when t h e b r i d g e r e a c h e s t h e banks o f t h e Potomac? What, i s going t o happen a t t h e V i r g i n i a end o f t h e �426 b r i d g e where t h e c i t i z e n s p l a n s t o b r i n g 2-66 o f A r l i n g t o n a r e c h a l l e n g i n g the p a s t the Beltway? Why the h a s t e t o b u i l d a b r i d g e when the roads on both s i d e s o f the r i v e r a r e undetermined? who These a r e n ' t r h e t o r i c a l q u e s t i o n s f o r those o f us have been concerned w i t h freeway p l a n n i n g over t h e y e a r s . The answer i s e a s y . B u i l d t h e b r i d g e and then you must have the roads t o connect i t . The f i r s t i n c h p r o j e c t s t h e n e x t mile. Where a r e a r e t h a t n e x t m i l e o r m i l e s going t o be i n the D i s t r i c t ? Where a r e the p l a n s f o r the Freeway connection t o Three S i s t e r s North Leg? East-West B r i d g e •— the s o - c a l l e d C e r t a i n l y no one t h i n k s t h a t s i x l a n e s o f freeway t r a f f i c i s going t o d i s a p p e a r under t h e Georgetown W a t e r f r o n t and s t a y t h e r e . I t w i l l have t o come out somewhere and t h a t somewhere i s t h e h e a r t o f t h e c i t y . I f t h i s f i r s t l i n k i s b u i l t , we can be s u r e the North Leg w i l l f o l l o w . resulting eye — The d i s p l a c e m e n t and d e v a s t a t i o n from t h a t freeway — t h e p o l l u t i o n t o l u n g , e a r and make t h e proposed North C e n t r a l Freeway look l i k e a community b l e s s i n g . I am q u i t e s e r i o u s . I believe i t . So t h e c i t i z e n s o f the D i s t r i c t and V i r g i n i a are b e i n g g i v e n and o p p o r t u n i t y t o be h e a r d on the d e s i g n o f a bridge without connections — f i e d t h a t we have been h e a r d . and we a r e supposed t o be s a t i s W e l l , we a r e not. From 1951 t o 1968, when I s e r v e d as Chairman of the �N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, I h e a r d and I b e l i e v e I l i s t e n e d t o the v o i c e s o f t h e c i t i z e n s from both s i d e s o f the river. And t h e y a l l s a i d the same t h i n g — Freeways, no more b r i d g e s . " "No more No more freeway e n t r a n c e s t o t h e city. There a r e many c i t y i s s u e s on w h i c h Washingtonians are divided. B u t t h e r e i s one — they a r e u n i t e d . transportation — on which I - h a t e t o d i s a g r e e w i t h Mr. C a s s e l l , but I t h i n k t h e r i c h and t h e poor a l i k e , n o r t h , s o u t h , e a s t , west i n t h e C i t y , t h e b l a c k and t h e w h i t e r e s i d e n t s o f t h e c i t y , are opposed t o f r e e w a y s . They s u p p o r t good p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a - t i o n , mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . How can t h e s p e c i a l p l e a d e r s speak more c o n v i n c i n g l y than t h e c i t i z e n s ? ear T h a t i s , how can they speak and g e t the o f t h e D i s t r i c t Government. I would be dismayed t o t h i n k our c i t y government would be persuaded t o b u i l d t h i s b r i d g e because t r a v e l e r s t o and from D u l l e s A i r p o r t a r e i n a h u r r y o r because i n t e r s t a t e t r u c k s c o u l d s a v e m i l e s by going through the c i t y r a t h e r t h a n around t h e B e l t w a y . I would be even more d i s m a y e d i f , because of t h e n o i s e made by t h e highway lobby, supported and m a g n i f i e d by most o f t h e Washington p r e s s , our Mayor and C i t y C o u n c i l were deafened t o the sound o f t h e v o i c e s o f t h e people o f t h i s city. Mr. Dugas, p l e e s e t a k e t h i s message back t o the c i t y government: "Keep f a i t h w i t h t h e people o f Washington. Don't �428 l e t us down. Don't b u i l d t h e b r i d g e . " Thank y o u v e r y much. (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: (No Mr. H o l s c h e r ? response.) MR. DUGAS: Mr. Lawrence Bloomberg, STATEMENT OF LAWRENCE N. BLOOMBERG, PALISADES CITIZENS ASSOCIATION MR. BLOOMBERG: Mr. Dugas. My name i s Lawrence N. Bloomberg. Chain B r i d g e Road, Northwest, I l i v e a t 2307 i n the D i s t r i c t . I am P r e s i d e n t o f t h e P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n and am t e s t i f y i n g f o r i t : ; :s boundaries o f t h e area r e p r e s e n t e d by the A s s o c i a t i o n a r e the Potomac R i v e r , F o x h a l l Road, Loughboro Road and t h e D i s t r i c t L i n e . Approximately 5,000 people r e s i d e w i t h i n t h i s immediate a r e a . Our A s s o c i a t i o n i s among tins o l d e s t i n t h e C i t y , h a v i n g been e s t a b l i s h e d more t h a n 50 y e a r s ago. We have had o c c a s i o n s many t i m e s t o appear b e f o r e D i s t r i c t and o t h e r a u t h o r i t i e s on highway and o t h e r q u e s t i o n s . I n a s e n s e , we a r e h e r e today under p r o t e s t t e s t i f y i n g s o l e l y on t h e d e s i g n f e a t u r e s o f a b r i d g e t h a t we b e l i e v e s h o u l d n o t be b u i l t . We do n o t b e l i e v e t h a t a h e a r i n g s o l i m i t e d as t h i s does j u s t i c e t o t h e f u l l scope o f c i t i z e n concern and i n t e r e s t The r i v e r c r o s s i n g a t Three S i s t e r s cannot bo p r o p e r l y �429 c o n s i d e r e d i n an i s o l a t e d c o n t e x t , removed from t h e whole highway and r a p i d t r a n s i t p l a n f o r t h e D i s t r i c t . I f government, whether i t be F e d e r a l , S t a t e , o r l o c a l , wants t h e s u p p o r t and f u l l c o n f i d e n c e o f i t s citizens, then t h e c i t i z e n s must be t a k e n i n t o government's confidence. Here we a r e today b e i n g a s k e d t o t e s t i f y on a bridge without knowing t h e f u l l consequences o f i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n . While v/e have some i d e a o f t h e immediate approaches we do not know the r e l a t i o n s h i p , f o r example, t o t h e proposed P a l i s a d e s Parkway, a m a t t e r o f deep c o n c e r n t o our a r e a . A c c o r d i n g l y , our t e s t i m o n y i s d i r e c t e d toward the d e s i g n f e a t u r e s and immediate approaches of a bridge t h a t we do n o t b e l i e v e i s needed o r w a r r a n t e d . The b r i d g e w i l l a g g r a v a t e the t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n and p a r k i n g problems i n downtown and elsewhere i n the D i s t r i c t ? i t w i l l d e t r a c t from an open and u n c l u t t e r e d n a t u r a l v i e w o f t h e Potomac V a l l e y and i t w i l l i n c r e a s e and aggravate the p o l l u t i o n problems now f a c i n g Washington and i t s environs. Mr. Dugas, I would a l s o l i k e t o submit f o r i n c l u s i o n i n the record a statement expressing the P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n ' s views on some of the p o l l u t i o n problems p r e s e n t e d by Mr. W i l l i a m G. Smith f o r our A s s o c i a t i o n a t a p u b l i c hearing on proposed a i r p o l l u t i o n standards of November 30, 170 i f I may, f o r the record, a l s o . MR. DUGAS: I t w i l l be r e c e i v e d , Mr. Bloomberg. �Would you want t o have i t marked now o r a f t e r you have finished? MR. BLOOMBERG: I w i l l p r e s e n t i t t o you a f t e r speaking. MR. DUGAS: A l l right,s i r . MR. BLOOMBERG: And i t w i l l be a b r i d g e f o r c e d upon us a t a time when t h e subway i s under c o n s t r u c t i o n , t h u s n o t p e r m i t t i n g an o p p o r t u n i t y f o r t h e need f o r t h e b r i d g e t o be s t u d i e d i n t h e l i g h t o f a t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system which i n c l u d e s a subway which i s completed and i n operation., the We a r e a g a i n s t c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e b r i d g e and v/e a r e a g a i n s t a d e c i s i o n t o go f o r w a r d w i t h i t b e f o r e t h e subway i s completed and i n use and a s e n s i b l e highway p l a n t h a t i s o f b e n e f i t t o t h e District — n o t j u s t f o r commuters — i s adopted. We do n o t b e l i e v e t h a t a l l a l t e r n a t i v e s b r i d g e have been f u l l y e x p l o r e d . to the F o r example, i t has been p o i n t e d o u t many t i m e s t h a t i f t h e R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e i s opened t o t r u c k t r a f f i c a major r e a s o n c i t e d f o r t h e need f o r the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e would be o b v i a t e d . B u t , i f i n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e w i s h e s o f t h e people o f t h e D i s t r i c t and, i n d e e d , those o f ARlingnon County i n V i r g i n i a , t h e t e r m i n a l s o f t h e b r i d g e , i t i s indeed b u i l t , t h e n v/e do want some s a y i n i t s d e s i g n f e a t u r e s . I n many ways o u r concerns w i t h d e s i g n a r e t h e same as o t h e r a r e a s and c i t i z e n s o f t h e D i s t r i c t b u t v/e a l s o have �several special interests: (a) The D i s t r i c t end of the proposed b r i d g e would be i n or very near the southeastern point o f our a r e a ; (b) Access to downtown and southwest Washington f o r the r e s i d e n t s of our a r e a could be a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d by the bridge and i t s approaches a t t h e D i s t r i c t end; (c) and Our area s t a r t s a t t h e r i v e r ' s edge and, i n rauch of the length of our a r e a , ascends s t e e p l y t o a l e v e l s e v e r a l hundred f e e t above the w a t e r l e v e l . Where t h e r e i s t h i s steep a s c e n s i o n , n e a r l y a l l the r e s i d e n t s a r e a t p o i n t s high above the r i v e r . The D i s t r i c t o f Columbia end of Chain Bridge i s a t a point where there i s s t e e p a s c e n s i o n . The design of the bridge, i n p a r t i c u l a r i t s h e i g h t , i n r e l a t i o n to the water l e v e l , i s o f s p e c i a l importance to our a r e a . The b r i d g e , i f c o n s t r u c t e d , s h o u l d be as low, t h a t i s , as c l o s e to the w a t e r l e v e l , as p o s s i b l e . A low-level b r i d g e would be mora a t t r a c t i v e , o r l e s s u n a t t r a c t i v e , I might s a y , than a h i g h one. C o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t s would be l o w e r . And, o f s p e c i a l importance t o t h e P a l i s a d e s A s s o c i a t i o n , a h i g h - l e v e l b r i d g e would pose t h e t h r e a t o f a h i g h - l e v e l highway along t h e P a l i s a d e s and might r e v i v e t h e t h r e a t o f a h i g h - l e v e l span a t t h e C h a i n B r i d g e a r e a . E i t h e r would do g r e a t harm t o t h e r e s i d e n t i a l c h a r a c t e r o f our community. Our p r i m a r y c o n c e r n , t h e r e f o r e , i s t h a t t h e b r i d g e , i f i t i s b u i l t , be b x r i l t a t a low l e v e l , t h a t i s , a t t h e l e v e l o f Canal �Our second concern i s t h a t t h e b r i d g e and i t 3 approaches s h o u l d n o t be s o designed and c o n s t r u c t e d a s t o c u t o f f o r a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t , r a p i d a c c e s s t o Downtown and Southwest Washington f o r t h e r e s i d e n t s o f our a r e a . The p r e s e n t p l a n f o r t h e b r i d g e and i t s approaches have t h i s e f f e c t . want i s bad enough. To f o r c e upon us a b r i d g e which we do n o t To do so w i t h an approach system which d e n i e s P a l i s a d e s and o t h e r D. C. r e s i d e n t s ready a c c e s s t o Dov/ntown w h i l e a f f o r d i n g such a c c e s s t o those i n t h e suburbs, and beyond, s i m p l y cannot be j u s t i f i e d , n o r t o l e r a t e d . What v/e have i s a r i d i c u l o u s p r o p o s a l t h a t would make i t e a s i e r t o get downtown from t h e subxirbs than from w i t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t . A q u i c k look a t t h e map b e f o r e us shows we a r e e f f e c t i v e l y b l o c k e d from t h e Freeway Downtown i n t o o t h e r a r e a s o f t h e City. I t would be a l s o v e r y n i c e i f someone would p o i n t o u t t o us how we g e t on t h i s s i l l y b r i d g e . U n l e s s we go almost a l l o f t h e way down t o Washington C i r c l e , and coma back up. I n c l o s i n g , v/e w i s h t o r e i t e r a t e t h a t we hope n e v e r a g a i n t o be f o r c e d t o t e s t i f y i n such a narrow c o n t e x t on a major p u b l i c s o - c a l l e d improvement. I t i s our understanding t h a t t h i 3 h e a r i n g p u r p o r t s t o be i n compliance w i t h t h e requirements o f t h e Highway A c t . Our e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e A c t , however, r a i s e s s e r i o u s q u e s t i o n s a s t o t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h i s �433 position. I n f a c t , we b e l i e v e t h a t t h i s h e a r i n g , l i m i t e d as i t i s t o d e s i g n , v i o l a t e s n o t o n l y t h e l e t t e r b u t a l s o t h e s p i r i t .and i n t e n t o f t h e l a w . Thank you v e r y much. MR. DUGAS: Thank you. (The p r e p a r e d s t a t e m e n t o f Mr.William G. Smith, on behalf of the Palisades C i t i z e n s Association, above-referred to, follows:} "Good e v e n i n g , I am W i l l i a m G. Smith, l i v e a t 2315 Chain B r i d g e Road, Northwest, and have been a r e s i d e n t o f t h e D i s t r i c t f o r almost 30 y e a r s . I t e s t i f y t o n i g h t on b e h a l f o f the P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n , which has about 2500 members. Our a r e a i s t h e l a s t t h r e e m i l e s along t h e Potomac R i v e r from F o x h a l l Road t o t h e D. C. boundary. "The P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n has been i n v o l v e d f o r years i n the v i t a l issues a f f e c t i n g p o l l u t i o n . Our most r e c e n t n a t i o n a l i s s u e was t h e c o u r t a c t i o n we brought a g a i n s t t h e C i v i l A e r o n a u t i c s Board. T h a t c a s e s t a t t e d w i t h adminis- t r a t i v e proceedings b e f o r e i t s h e a r i n g examiner and ended up w i t h a d e c i s i o n o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s C i r c u i t C o u r t o f Appeals. The CAB was d i r e c t e d by t h e Court t o t a k e e n v i r o n m e n t a l cons i d e r a t i o n s i n t o i t s proceedings. the p o t e n t i a l h a r m f u l n o i s e We p o i n t e d out a t l e n g t h e f f e c t s o f h e l i c o p t e r s on s c h o o l s and h o s p i t a l s , a s w e l l a s the g e n e r a l public. " T h i s statement Ls a broad v i e w o f a i r p o l l u t i o n — �121 434 because t h e i s s u e i s b i g g e r than p a r t i c u l a t e s . must be found b e f o r e 1985. Solutions We r e c o g n i z e t h a t p o l l u t i o n t a k e s many forms, and t h a t i t h a s come t o mean a l l those t h i n g s which we a r e a g a i n s t . Perhaps i t w i l l h e l p our d i s c u s s i o n i f I t r y t o d e s c r i b e some o f those forms and then show how t h e y can h u r t people and t h i n g s i n t h e D i s t r i c t . "Noise i s a p a r t i c u l a r l y o f f e n s i v e form o f p o l l u t i o n . When j e t s were f i r s t i n t r o d u c e d t o N a t i o n a l , t h e a i r l i n e s and t h e F e d e r a l a g e n c i e s a l l e x p l a i n e d t h a t n o i s e would be a c c e p t a b l e and t h a t i t would be w i d e l y d i s p e r s e d throughout the C i t y , s o t h a t none would be p a r t i c u l a r l y bothered. They went t o g r e a t p a i n s t o be s c i e n t i f i c about t h e i r measurements, and then v i o l a t e d a l l s c i e n t i f i c p r i n c i p l e s i n t a k i n g measurements t o prove t h e i r p o i n t s . but o u r s u f f e r i n g grows worse. They have stopped such nonsense, We know a l l too p a i n f u l l y t h e damage o f n o i s e , because e v e r y p l a n e u s i n g N a t i o n a l A i r p o r t e i t h e r t a k e s o f f o r l a n d s on an a i r w a y o v e r our a r e s . "Results are: 1. We cannot h e a r a n y t h i n g d u r i n g such an o v e r - *2 !„ Our t e l e v i s i o n programs a r e d i s t o r t e d and d i s - flight. rupted. Our s c h o o l days a r e reduced by 15-30 minutes w h i l e t h e o v e r f l i g h t s p r e v e n t communication. "4. Our s l e e p i s d i s r u p t e d e a r l y and l a t e . �j_2 z 435 ^ P a r t i c u l a t e s c r e a t e u n u s u a l damage, which i s s u b t l e , p e r v a s i v e , and c o r r o s i v e . We c o n s i d e r p a r t i c u l a t e s t o be those elements i n j e c t e d i n t o t h e a i r and g r a d u a l l y descending t o t h e ground. Perhaps p a r t i c u l a t e s a r e t h e most common form i n which people t h i n k about p o l l u t i o n . We do n o t need t o develop a t l e n g t h t h e a d v e r s e e f f e c t s o f p a r t i c u l a t e s , b u t I w i l l enumerate a few. "1. Snog o r the haze w h i c h overhangs o u r c i t y w h i l e t h e s u r r o u n d i n g c o u n t r y s i d e i s b a t h i n g i n s u n l i g h t , even a s r e c e n t l y a s t h i s morning. "2. E y e , nose and t h r e a t i r r i t a n t s , which a r e some- t i m e s so p e r v a s i v e as t o cause a c u t e d i s c o m f o r t . But what damage do t h e s e i r r i t a n t s do n o r m a l l y ? "3. Kerosene dumping. Eastern A i r l i n e s You have r e a d about t h e p i l o t who was f i r e d because he r e f u s e d t o discharge h i s surplus f u e l . We have members who have had t h a t same kerosene i d e n t i f i e d by e x p e r t s , and have seen i t e a t through f i v e c o a t s o f p a i n t w i t h i n a two-year p e r i o d . One o f t h e s e r e s i d e n t s i s c o n s i d e r i n g r e s u r f a c i n g h i s house because he cannot keep t h e p a i n t on h i s wood s i d i n g . " P a r t i c l e s c o n s t i t u t e a n o t h e r form o f a i r p o l l u t i o n . We do n o t n o r m a l l y c o n s i d e r t h e a i r t o c o n t a i n p a r t i c l e s o r i t e m s which a r e t o o heavy t o f l o a t , b u t they a r e p a r t o f t h e problem. The a i r p a t h s a r e l i k e highways, o n l y a i r p l a n e s a r e not g e n e r a l l y r e c o g n i z e d ti be l i t t e r b u g s . When t h e y drop �436 t h e i r p a r t i c l e s , they a r e worse t h a n t h e o r d i n a r y litterbug, because o f t h e p o t e n t i a l damage o f t h e f a l l i n g o b j e c t . One o f our members has t a k e n t h e t r o u b l e t o pursue w i t h t h e Federal Aviation Administration t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e gunk o f g r e a s e dropped on h i s lawn. "Mien t h e FAA i n v e s t i g a t e d , t h e i n s p e c t o r stood on our member's s i d e w a l k and t o l d o u r member t h a t p l a n e s could not have dropped t h e g r e a s e because they n e v e r f l e w o v e r h i s house. He had d i f f i c u l t y making t h i s p o i n t because o f t h e noise of the o v e r f l y i n g a i r p l a n e s . FAA s e n t t h e gunks t o t h e F B I f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , and r e c e i v e d a r e p o r t c o n f i r m i n g our r e s i d e n t ' s complaint. " L o w - f l y i n g p l a n e s o v e r h e a v i l y populates a r e a s cons t i t u t e a s e r i o u s danger because o f t h e p a r t i c l e s p a r t i c u l a r l y when p r e p a r i n g dropping, to land, or taking o f f . " I have emphasized throughout t h e s e notes t h e importance o f a i r p l a n e s as c o n t r i b u t o r s t o p o l l u t i o n . My emphasis i s n o t designed t o i n d i c a t e t h a t buses and t r u c k s a r e not a major s o u r c e o f p o l l u t i o n , b u t i n s t e a d t o i n d i c a t e t h e wide scope o f t h e problem, and a l s o t o e x p l a i n some o f t h e experiences v/e have d a i l y from t h e s e p o l l u t a n t s . " I t would be i n a p p r o p r i a t e source o f p o l l u t i o n — t h e commuter. t o i g n o r e a fundamental These r e s i d e n t s o f our suburbs e x h a u s t t o n s o f p o l l u t a n t s each t r i p , and because o f t h e i r concentration i n m o r l i n g s and evenings l e a v e most o f i t �437 i n o u r a i r . We hope t h a t t h e subways and improved mass t r a n s i t systems w i l l b r i n g r e l i e f , and perhaps we would s u g g e s t a couple o f i n t e r i m s t e p s . t o g e t a s p e c i a l D. C. p e r m i t ? Why not r e q u i r e commuters Then we c o u l d have t h e i r c a r s i n s p e c t e d f o r a i r p o l l u t i o n p o t e n t i a l s , and -chen t h e p e r m i t s would not be i s s u e d t o d e f e c t i v e c a r s . Perhaps we c o u l d limit p e r m i t s t o t h o s e h a v i n g more t h a n one person p e r c a r , which would s u b s t a n t i a l l y reduce t h e number o f commuting c a r s , o r we c o u l d i n c r e a s e t h e p e r m i t f e e f o r s i n g l e person commuter cars. " I n c l o s i n g , I would l i k e t o thank you and t h e D i s t r i c t Government f o r t a c k l i n g t h i s tremendous t a s k . The f a c t t h a t i t has not been attempted b e f o r e does not e x c u s e us from a t t e m p t i n g t o c o n t r o l our environment. By t h e same t o k e n , t h e f a c t t h a t i t i s u n t r i e d ground, does not mean t h a t we must f o r e v e r endure p o l l u t i o n p a r t i c u l a r l y when we have growing e v i d e n c e t h a t t o l e r a t i o n o f p o l l u t i o n may our shorten lives." MR. Mr.Bloomberg*s DUGAS: Mr. A i r i s , I wonder i f you might answer q u e s t i o n as t o where c i t i z e n s i n h i s p a r t i c u l a r c i v i c a s s o c i a t i o n might g e t on t h e b r i d g e , o t h e r t h a n a t Washington C i r c l e . MR. A I R I S : T h a t i s an i n t e r e s t i n g q u e s t i o n . W e l l , would Mr. Bloomberg l i k e t o h e a r me on t h i s ? MR.BL00M3ERG: Y3S. �125 438 MR. DUGAS: I t h i n k he asked t h a t q u e s t i o n . MR. A I R I S : I s e e . W e l l , an a c c e s s t h a t we have c r a n k e d i n t o t h i s d e s i g n i s a c o n n e c t i o n a t A r i z o n a Avenue in t h e Parkway, i n o r d e r t o g e t on downtown. Now t h a t would not g e t y o u , t h e c i t i z e n s o f your a r e a , t o t h e b r i d g e MR. BLOOMBERG: I am l i m i t i n g my q u e s t i o n t o a c c e s s t o t h e b r i d g e now, MR. A I R I S : A l l right. The f i r s t i s downtown. Maybe i t wasn't a q u e s t i o n . You d i d mention t h a t o t h e r . B u t as t o t h e b r i d g e , you would not have a d i r e c t c o n n e c t i o n from your neighborhood t o t h i s bridge. I f y o u wished t o proceed o u t on 1-66 toward t h e B e l t w a y , your q u i c k e s t r o u t e would be — and I might j u s t show i t h e r e - - L e n , would you s t e p up t h e r e and do i t — t o go o u t 1-66, would be by t h e A r i z o n a c o n n e c t i o n onto t h e P a l i s a d e s Parkway. The Potomac R i v e r Freeway, on down t h e Potomac R i v e r Freeway t o t h e R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e . The R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e on o v e r 1-66, and then o u t 1-66 t o t h e B e l t w a y . Now, t h a t i s a detour o f about a m i l e and a h a l f . The purpose o f t h a t i s t o p r e v e n t t h e p l a c i n g o f more ramps and roadways i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f MacArthur and F o x h a l l , which i s one o f t h e o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e d e s i g n , i s t o h o l d t h a t t o a minimum, which y o u r own s o c i e t y h a s ordered me t o do. T h i s i s t h e answer t o y o u r q u e s t i o n . Now, i f i t i s r e a l l y a d e s i r e o f t h e c i t i z e n s who �126 439 l i v e i n t h a t g e n e r a l a r e a , t h a t a connection c o u l d be made a t t h e F o x h a l l and MacArthur i n t e r s e c t i o n , o f c o u r s e , i t i s a l e g i t i m a t e request. I t c a n be cranked i n when t h e h e a r i n g o f t h e Potomac R i v e r Freeway i s h e l d . I would a d v i s e a g a i n s t i t , b u t a g a i n , t h e r e a r e many s o l u t i o n s t o v a r i o u s details l i k e t h i s , and i f i t i s t h e d e s i r e o f t h e c i t i z e n s i n t h e a r e a t h a t t h i s be made, i t c a n be made. MR. BLOOMBERG: MR. DUGAS: Surely. MR. BLOOMBERG: a c c e s s o f t h a t range. May I answer t h a t ? Ho, i t i s n o t the d e s i r e t o have We t a l k e d about t h i s many t i m e s . I was s i m p l y p o i n t i n g o u t t h a t t h i s f a c i l i t y h a s no u s e t o t h e c i t i z e n s i n our area. t h a t we want. T h e r e i s n o t h i n g t h a t we c a n u s e , n o r And, c e r t a i n l y , v/e don't want t o d e s t r o y o u r a r e a by a c c e s s t o a b r i d g e w h i c h we don't t h i n k we need. MR. A I R I S : I d i d n ' t t h i n k y o u wanted t o , r e a l l y . MR. BLOOMBERG: MR. A I R I S : MR. DUGAS: I j u s t wanted t o be c l e a r on i t . Right. Mr. R i c h a r d Pardo. STATEMENT OF RICEARD PARDO, LEGAL COMMITTEE, METROPOLITAN WASHINGTON COALITION FOR CLEAN AIR MR. PARDO: Mr. Chairman, I am R i c h a r d Pardo, a member o f t h e L e g a l Committee o f t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington C o a l i t i o n f o r C l e a n A i r , a n o n p r o f i t c i t i z e n group o f more than �440 70 o r g a n i z a t i o n s and hundreds o f i n d i v i d u a l members d e d i c a t e d t o the e l i m i n a t i o n o f a i r p o l l u t i o n i n the M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington A r e a . My testimony today concerns the a p p l i c a b i l i t y o f S e c t i o n 102 o f t h e N a t i o n a l E n v i r o n m e n t a l P o l i c y A c t t o the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e p r o j e c t . I t i s the c o n t e n t i o n of t h e C o a l i t i o n L e g a l Committee t h a t t h i s lav/ r e q u i r e s : 1. P r e p a r a t i o n of a d e t a i l e d environmental impact statement on the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e p r o j e c t by the U. S. Department c f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n under p r o v i s i o n s o f the above law. 2. Submission t o DOT by the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Government of a d r a f t e n v i r o n m e n t a l impact statement i n accordance w i t h g u i d e l i n e s i s s u e d by the E n v i r o n m e n t a l Q u a l i t y C o u n c i l , and r e l a t e d r e g u l a t i o n s o f t h e Department o f Transportation. 3 The u n d e r t a k i n g o f a comprehensive study o f the p o t e n t i a l a i r p o l l u t i o n e f f e c t s o f the b r i d g e and related freeway p r o j e c t s b e f o r e e i t h e r o f t h e above statements can be i n compliance w i t h a p p l i c a b l e F e d e r a l l a w s and r e g u l a t i o n s . P u b l i c Law 90-190, The N a t i o n a l E n v i r o n m e n t a l Act — 83 S t a t . 853 — t h i s year. Policy was s i g n e d i n t o law on J a n u a r y 1 of The r e l e v e n t p o r t i o n s o f S e c t i o n 102 f o r t h e purpose o f my t e s t i m o n y a r e as f o l l o w s : " S e c t i o n 102. The Congress a u t h o r i z e s and t h a t , t o the f u l l e s t e x t e n t p o s s i b l e : directs (2) a l l a g e n c i e s o f the �128 441 F e d e r a l Government s h a l l -— " ( C ) i n c l u d e i n e v e r y recommendation o r r e p o r t on proposals f o r l e g i s l a t i o n and o t h e r major F e d e r a l a c t i o n s s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t i n g t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e human environment, a d e t a i l e d s t a t e m e n t by t h e r e s p o n s i b l e o f f i c i a l on " ( i ) the environmental :I impact o f t h e proposed a c t i o n , ( i i ) any adverse environmental e f f e c t s which cannot be avoided s h o u l d t h e p r o p o s a l be implemented, "(iii) "(iv) a l t e r n a t i v e s t o t h e proposed a c t i o n , t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between l o c a l short-term uses o f man's environment and t h e maintenance and enhancement o f long-term p r o d u c t i v i t y , and "(v) any i r r e v e r s i b l e and i r r e t r i e v a b l e commit- ments o f r e s o u r c e s which would be i n v o l v e d i n t h e proposed a c t i o n s h o u l d i t be implemented." As a par-- o f t h e I n t e r s t a t e Highway System t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e p r o j e c t i s f i n a n c e d i n l a r g e p a r t by F e d e r a l funds a d m i n i s t e r e d by t h e F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e U. S. Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n . Under E x e c u t i v e Order 11514 o f March 4, 1970, P r e s i d e n t Nixon d i r e c t e d t h a t a l l F e d e r a l agencies proceed w i t h a c t i o n s r e q u i r e d by S e c t i o n 102 o f t h e A c t . On A p r i l 30, and under t h e mandate o f t h e A c t and E x e c u t i v e Order 11514, t h e C o u n c i l on E n v i r o n m e n t a l issued a set of interim guidelines. Quality These g u i d e l i n e s s t a t e �in part that: " B e f o r e u n d e r t a k i n g major a c t i o n • . . t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t s the environment, F e d e r a l a g e n c i e s w i l l , i n consultation with other appropriate Federal, State and l o c a l a g e n c i e s a s s e s s i n d e t a i l the p o t e n t i a l e n v i r o n m e n t a l impact i n o r d e r t h a t a d v e r s e a f f e c t s a r e a v o i d e d , and e n v i r o n m e n t a l q u a l i t y i s r e s t o r e d o r enhanced, t o the fullest extent practicable." These g u i d e l i n e s f u r t h e r s t a t e t h a t : "The statutory clause 'major f e d e r a l a c t i o n s s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t i n g the q u a l i t y o f the human environment' i s to be c o n s t r u e d by a g e n c i e s w i t h a v i e w t o t h e o v e r a l l c u m u l a t i v e impact o f the a c t i o n proposed — a c t i o n s contemplated. Such a c t i o n s may and of f u r t h e r be l o c a l i z e d i n t h e i r i m p a c t , but i f t h e r e i s a p o t e n t i a l t h a t the environment may be s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d , the s t a t e m e n t i s t o be p r e p a r e d . " F u r t h e r , the CEQ interim guidelines s t a t e that "To t h e f u l l e s t e x t e n t p o s s i b l e the S e c t i o n 102(2} (c} procedure s h o u l d be a p p l i e d t o f u r t h e r major F e d e r a l a c t i o n s h a v i n g a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on the environment even though they a r i s e from p r o j e c t s i n i t i a t e d p r i o r t o enactment of P u b l i c 91-190 on J a n u a r y 1 , 1970." And, Law " I t i s a l s o important i n f u r t h e r a c t i o n t h a t account be t a k e n o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l consequences not f u l l y e v a l u a t e d program." a t the o u t s e t o f the p r o j e c t or �130 443 C l e a r l y t h e n , any f u r t h e r F e d e r a l a c t i o n i n connect i o n w i t h t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e p r o j e c t r e q u i r e s t h e subm i s s i o n o f a S e c t i o n 102 statement by t h e Department o f Transportation. Although t h e N a t i o n a l E n v i r o n m e n t a l P o l i c y A c t a p p l i e s t o F e d e r a l a g e n c i e s , under Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Order No. 5610.1, dated October 7, 1970, each a p p l i c a n t f o r a g r a n t , l o a n , p e r m i t o r o t h e r DOT a p p r o v a l , and h e r e , a g a i n , I quote . . . " w i l l be r e q u i r e d t o submit, t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e o r i g i n a l a p p l i c a t i o n , e i t h e r a d r a f t 1 0 2 ( 2 ) ( c ) statement", o r a n e g a t i v e d e c l a r a t i o n t h a t t h e proposed a c t i o n w i l l n o t have a s i g n i f i c a n t impact on t h e environment, w h i c h e v e r i s appropriate . Paragraph 4a o f d e f i n i t i o n a l g u i d e l i n e s i s s u e d a s an attachment t o Order 5610.0 s t a t e s : "Any o f t h e f o l l o w i n g a c t i o n s s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t and a statement s h o u l d be prepared; ( 1 ) any a c t i o n t h a t i s l i k e l y t o be h i g h l y c o n t r o v e r s i a l on e n v i r o n m e n t a l grounds." (Emphasis i n original.) These DOT g u i d e l i n e s a l s o s t a t e t h a t "Where t h e r e i s doubt whether o r n o t t o p r e p a r e a statement i t s h o u l d be prepared. Where t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l consequences o f a proposed a c t i o n a r e u n c l e a r b u t p o t e n t i a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t , a statement s h o u l d be p r e p a r e d , " Mr. Chairman, under t h e s e c o n d i t i o n s t h e r e seems �l i t t l e doubt t h a t t h e r e s p o n s i b l e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia o f f i c i a l i s r e q u i r e d t o submit a statement a s s e s s i n g i n d e t a i l t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l impact o f t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e p r o j e c t b e f o r e any f u r t h e r F e d e r a l a c t i v i t y i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e p r o j e c t can proceed. The Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e h a s one p r i m a r y p r o v i d i n g automobile Columbia. purpose; a c c e s s t o and from t h e D i s t r i c t o f I have some f i g u r e s here i n my statement, b u t I t h i n k y e s t e r d a y Mr. Winder i n h i s testimony p r o v i d e d ample j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r my f u r t h e r statement h e r e , t h a t t h e r e i s an obvious r e l a t i o n s h i p between automobies and t h e i r p o l l u t i o n . T h e r e f o r e , v/e f e e l t h a t any d e t a i l e d assessment o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l impact must t a k e i n t o account t h e p o t e n t i a l a i r p o l l u t i o n e f f e c t o f t h e b r i d g e and t h e freeway segments, n o t o n l y t h e i r l o c a t i o n , b u t t h e i r d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n a s w e l l . U n l e s s and u n t i l a thorough study o f p o t e n t i a l a i r p o l l u t i o n i s made, t h e r e c a n be no compliance w i t h S e c t i o n 102 o f t h e N a t i o n a l E n v i r o n m e n t a l P o l i c y A c t , and w i t h o u t comp l i a n c e , no f u r t h e r F e d e r a l a c t i o n on t h e p-noject can l e g a l l y be t a k e n . Furthermore, t h e statement requirements a r e new and t h e technology i s e v o l v i n g . I t would be unreasonable t o e x p e c t those who have t r a d i t i o n a l l y a d m i n i s t e r e d t h e Highway A c t s t o be a b l e t o f u l l y e x p l o r e t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s s u e s . \ t h e help o f t h i r d p a r t i e s I s necessary t o meaningful Clearly, analysis �132 445 under S e c t i o n 102. Such a comprehensive a i r p o l l u t i o n study has been r e q u e s t e d by t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n C o a l i t i o n f o r C l e a n A i r , a s outl i n e d i n Mr. Winder's t e s t i m o n y y e s t e r d a y and by o t h e r s . We understand t h a t t h e p r o p o s a l f o r such a study i s b e i n g f o r m u l a t We, t h e r e f o r e , urge t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Government t o make i t c l e a r t o t h e people o f t h e D i s t r i c t t h a t c o n s t u c t i o n o f t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , o r any o t h e r u n c o n s t r u c t e d segment o f t h e freeway system w i l l n o t proceed u n t i l such a study has been completed. We echo t h e r e s o l u t i o n adopted by t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission on August 6 o f t h i s y e a r which s t a t e d , i n p a r t , " I n view o f t h e unique F e d e r a l presence a t t h e s e a t o f government, a s p e c i a l e f f o r t s h o u l d be made by t h e F e d e r a l and D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Governments i n t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Region t o implement t h e N a t i o n a l E n v i r o n m e n t a l P o l i c y A c t o f 1969." Such an e f f o r t w i l l o n l y be made when t h e people o f t h e D i s t r i c t a r e t o l d what t h e proposed freeway system will mean t o them i n terms o f t h e a i r they b r e a t h e , a s r e q u i r e d by both t h e s p i r i t and t h e l e t t e r o f t h e N a t i o n a l E n v i r o n m e n t a l Policy Act. T h a t concludes ray statement. (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: Than!: you. Thank you. �133 446 Has Mr. H o l s c h e r come i n ? Mr. D i r c k T. H o l s c h e r ? (Mo response.) MR. DUGAS: Mr. Eugene J . C l i f f o r d . STATEMENT OF EUGENE J . CLIFFORD, WASHINGTON SECTION, INSTITUTE OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERS MR. CLIFFORD: Clifford. Mr. Chairman. My name i s Eugene J . I am t h e P r e s i d e n t o f t h e Washington S e c t i o n o f t h e I n s t i t u t e o f T r a f f i c E n g i n e e r s , and t h i s s t a t e m e n t i 3 presented i n behalf of t h a t organization. The Washington S e c t i o n r e p r e s e n t s t h e t r a f f i c e n g i n e e r i n g p r o f e s s i o n i n t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Area, i n c l u d i n g t h a t p o r t i o n o f V i r g i n i a w i t h i n 50 m i l e s o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, and t h e S t a t e o f Maryland. Our s e c t i o n has about 270 members, most o f whom a r e w o r k i n g i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f i e l d s , i n c l u d i n g highway, a i r , and r a i l . Through our C i v i c A f f a i r s Committee, we have t a k e n p o s i t i o n s on l o c a l key t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i s s u e s i n t h e p a s t and we a r e now p l e a s e d t o g i v e o u r recommendations r e g a r d i n g a l t e r a a t i v e designs f o r 1-266. T r a f f i c engineering deals with the planning, design and o p e r a t i o n s o f s t r e e t s and highways, t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h a b u t t i n g l a n d s and o t h e r modes o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r t h e achievement o f s a f e , e f f i c i e n t and c o n v e n i e n t movement o f persons and goods. We a r e o b l i g a t e d by our code o f e t h i c s t o have due r e g a r d f o r t h e s a f e t y and h e a l t h o f t h e p u b l i c who �447 may be a f f e c t e d by t h e work f o r which we a r e r e s p o n s i b l e and to endeavor t o e x t e n d publickknowledge and a p p r e c i a t i o n o f e n g i n e e r i n g and i t s achievements, and t o oppose any u n t r u e , unsupported, o r e x a g g e r a t e d s t a t e m e n t s r e g a r d i n g e n g i n e e r i n g . We commend t h e l o c a l and F e d e r a l o f f i c i a l s who have had t h e f o r e s i g h t and wisdom t o support t h i s much-needed f a c i l i t y and who have approved i t s g e n e r a l l o c a t i o n . The f i n a l d e s i g n s h o u l d now be s e l e c t e d which w i l l b e s t a c h i e v e those o b j e c t i v e s f o r which t h e f a c i l i t y i s i n t e n d e d : (1) t o p l a y a key r o l e a s p a r t o f t h e o v e r a l l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia serving p r i v a t e a u t o , t r u c k , and mass t r a n s i t t r a f f i c ; and (2) t o p r o v i d e an a t t r a c t i v e s t r u c t u r e which will complement t h e appearance and f u n c t i o n o f t h e s u r r o u n d i n g area. I n r e g a r d t o t h e s o c i a l * economic, and e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s o f t h e proposed a l t e r n a t i v e s , we w i l l l i m i t o u r comments t o e i g h t o f t h e 23 examples i d e n t i f i e d by t h e F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n i n i t s P o l i c y Memorandum 20-8, listed under paragraph f o u r , D e f i n i t i o n s . Although we a r e deeply concerned w i t h a l l such e f f e c t s on t h e community and road u s e r s , we w i l l •— i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f time — c o n f i n e o u r remarks t o those f a c t o r s d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d to t r a f f i c engineering. The f i r s t o f t h e s e f a c t o r s as l i s t e d under paragraph f o u r , i s t h e F a s t , S a f e and �Efficient Transportation. Both proposed a l t e r n a t i v e s f u l f i l l t h e requirement of providing f a s t , s a f e , and e f f i c i e n t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . When we speak o f " f a s t " i n t e r m s o f urban freeway d e s i g n , we a r e not r e f e r r i n g t o h i g h speeds o f 70 t o 80 m i l e s p e r hour; but r a t h e r , t r a f f i c movement w i t h o u t i n t e r r u p t i o n by t r a f f i c s i g n a l s and c r o s s s t r e e t t r a f f i c . E l i m i n a t i o n o f such i n t e r - ruptions not only serves t r a f f i c b e t t e r , but a l s o m a t e r i a l l y reduces e x h a u s t e m i s s i o n s and consequent a i r p o l l u t i o n . The report containing information for this hearing i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e proposed d e s i g n s were adequate i f t h e l o w e s t t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t s were e x p e r i e n c e d , b u t t h a t some c o n g e s t i o n would o c c u r i f t h e h i g h e r f o r e c a s t e d volumes should occur. E x t e n s i v e u s e o f bus t r a n s i t on t h i s facility as suggested i n the r e p o r t w i l l be needed, n o t o n l y t o reduce c o n g e s t i o n , b u t a l s o t o compement t h e r a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t i n providing greater mobility to the area residents. s i r e d m o b i l i t y w i l l r e q u i r e o u r b e s t , most T h i s de- imaginative e f f o r t s , and i n c l u d e a l l modes o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . The modern d e s i c n f e a t u r e s o f I n t e r s t a t e highways r e s u l t i n t h e l o w e s t a c c i d e n t r a t e o f a l l t y p e s o f highways. A c c i d e n t s t a t i s t i c s a r e o f t e n r e a d and t h e n i g n o r e d ; b u t , we suggest t h a t s e r i o u s a c c i d e n t s , which d i s a b l e o r k i l l human b e i n g , have f a r g r e a t e r s i g n i f i c a n c e t o s o c i e t y t h a n any one o t h e r s o c i a l , economic, o r e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r . �449 The proposed a l t e r n a t i v e s p r o v i d e the b e s t f e a t u r e s o f e f f i c i e n t highway t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , o f f e r i n g s a v i n g s i n t r a v e l time and highway u s e r c o s t s as noted i n the i n f o r m a tional report. The r e d u c t i o n o f t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n on e x i s t i n g r o u t e s , e s p e c i a l l i y l o c a l s t r e e t s , i s a most d e s i r a b l e f e a t u r e , not o n l y i n terms o f b e t t e r e f f i c i e n c y on those s t r e e t s b u t a l s o i n terras o f e l i m i n a t i n g t h e hazards o f through t r a f f i c i n r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s . The second o f the f a c t o r s l i s t e d i n the PPM i s National Defense. We can o n l y c o n j e c t u r e about the p o s s i b l e r e q u i r e - ments which may be p l a c e d on t h i s f a c i l i t y i n r e g a r d t o n a t i o n a l defense. H o p e f u l l y , no such requirement w i l l occur. But one t h i n g i s c l e a r , o f t h e 42,500-mile Defense Highway System, no o t h e r segments a r e o f g r e a t e r importance than those i n the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l a r e a . The s i x t h i t e m l i s t e d i n t h e PPM 1-266 i s Fire Protection. would not a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t the e x i s t i n g department f a c i l i t i e s . fire However, e i t h e r o f the proposed a l t e r n a t i v e s would s e r v e a v e r y important r o l e i n r e g a r d t o f i r e p r o t e c t i o n , as w e l l as o t h e r emergency s e r v i c e s , such as ambulances and r e s c u e equipment. Optimum t r a f f i c service must be p r o v i d e d t o emergency v e h i c l e s both on e x i s t i n g s t r e e t s and new facilities. E x i s t i n g s t r e e t s , however, have i n h e r e n t l i m i t a t i o n s i n t h e s e w i c e which they can p r o v i d e , �both i n terms o f speed and s a f e t y . F a c t o r No. 9 , as l i s t e d i n t h e PPM, i s Public H e a l t h and S a f e t y . The need t o s e p a r a t e auto t r a f f i c and p e d e s t r i a n s for p r o t e c t i o n of the p u b l i c ' s s a f e t y i s obvious. The p r o - posed a l t e r n a t i v e s p r o v i d e f o r t h i s s e p a r a t i o n as v / e l l as s e p a r a t i o n o f opposing f l o w s o f t r a f f i c . Traffic engineers have t h e o g l i b a t i . c n t o recommend t h o s e t y p e s o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s which a r e designed t o maximize t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c ' s s a f e t y ; we f e e l e i t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e f o r 1-266 this meets objective. F a c t o r 15, t h e N o i s e , A i r , and Water P o l l u t i o n . There a r e no apparent d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e p r o - posed a l t e r n a t i v e s c o n c e r n i n g n o i s e , a i r , and w a t e r p o l l u t i o n . We would agree t h a t t h e s e l e c t i o n o f t h e b r i d g e s i t e the e f f e c t s o f highway n o i s e . minimizes F u r t h e r , we suggest t h a t no highway n o i s e i s g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t o f b l a r i n g horns i n bumper-to-bumper t r a f f i c , and no a i r o r w a t e r p o l l u t i o n from autos i s g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t which o c c u r s i n t r a f f i c a t a standstill. These u n d e s i r a b l e forms o f p o l l u t i o n s h o u l d n o t o c c u r when 1-266 i i completed. Item 7, t h e M u l t i p l e Use o f Space. The p o t e n t i a l use o f t h e Potomac R i v e r f o r r e c r e a t i o n a l purposes must, be f u l l y c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e s e l e c t i o n of the f i n a l design. The d e c i s i o n , o f c o u r s e , v / i l l �451 bs based on many t r a d e - o f f s among c o n f l i c t i n g considerations; however, we f e e l t h a t c o n s t r u c t i o n o f e i t h e r proposed a l t e r n a t i v e , through improved a c c e s s , would encourage f u l l u t i l i z a t i o n o f t h e r e c r e a t i o n a l p o t e n t i a l o f f e r e d by t h e Potomac. Item 2 3 , t h e O p e r a t i o n and Use o f E x i s t i n g F a c i l i t i e s During Construction. The h e a r i n g i n f o r m a t i o n r e p o r t i n d i c a t e s t h a t t r a f f i c w i l l be m a i n t a i n e d on e x i s t i n g s t r e e t s d u r i n g t h e construction period. We urge t h o s e a g e n c i e s and i n d i v i d u a l s i n v o l v e d i n d e v e l o p i n g procedures f o r t r a f f i c flow n e a r t h e construction s i t e to give c a r e f u l consideration to t h i s a s p e c t i n terms o f s a f e t y and convenience t o m o t o r i s t s and minimizing disruption to the l o c a l area. Item 22 from t h e PPM concerns C o n c t r u c t i o n and Maintenance C o s t s . We f e e l t h e t r u e p i c t u r e o f c o s t s must r e f l e c t both c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t s and m a i n t e n n c e c o s t s . a The i n i t i a l c o s t d i f f e r e n c e between t h e two a l t e r n a t i v e s i f $7.2 m i l l i o n , o f which about $720,000 would be p a i d by l o c a l governments. On the o t h e r hand, -the l e s s e x p e n s i v e s t r u c t u r e c o u l d w e l l r e q u i r e more maintenance and t h i s c o s t must be p a i d e n t i r e l y by l o c a l governments. From a l o c a l v i e w p o i n t , therefore, the c o s t d i f f e r e n c e f o r t h e two a l t e r n a t i v e s may n o t be a s c r i t i c a l a s i t appears i n i t i a l l y . �The Washington S e c t i o n o f t h e I n s t i t u t e o f T r a f f i c E n g i n e e r s u r g e s t t h e l o c a l and F e d e r a l o f f i c i a l s t o approve the three-span a l t e r n a t e of p r e s t r e s s e d concrete. Although e i t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e w i l l s a t i s f y t h e need f o r t h i s r e q u i r e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t y , i t i s our o p i n i o n t h a t t h e t h r e e span d e s i g n i s the most d e s i r a b l e i n c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f those factors previously discussed. I would l i k e t o b r i e f l y r e f e r t o an e x c e r p t from T r a f f i c E n g i n e e r i n g Magazine f o r November, 1970, which c e r n s an a r t i c l e e n t i t l e d , con- " V a l i d i t y o f Urban Freeways," w r i t t e n by S. S. M o r r i s ; t h e subheading, "The Urban Organism and A d a p t i v e Change." " F i r s t and above a l l , t h e a t t i t u d e of mind which r e g a r d s t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a freeway o r any o t h e r road as an end i n i t s e l f must be abandoned. The g r a f t i n g o f a freeway network on t o t h e complex f a b r i c o f a c i t y cannot b u t have a profound e f f e c t on e v e r y a s p e c t o f urban l i f a . A city i s a l i v i n g s o c i a l organism, c o n s t a n t l y changing, but c o n c o m i t a n t l y d i s p l a y i n g a dynamic b a l a n c e o f a e s t h e t i c as w e l l as p h y s i c a l e l e m e n t s ; v i r i l e and h a r d y , y e t e x t r e m e l y s e n s i t i v e t o d i s c o r d a n t s t i m u l i ; q u i c k t o r e a c t , b u t slow t o adapt. Imbued, i n a sense, w i t h the c o l l e c t i v e consciousness of i t s c i t i z e n s , i t remains a t the same time l a r g e l y c o n t r o l l e d by t h e subcons c i o u s r e f l e x e s o f i t s socio-economic structure. " I t i s o f t h e utmost importance, t h e r e f o r e , t h a t �changes i n the p a t t e r n of urban l a y o u t and a c t i v i t y s h o u l d not. be wrought h a p h a z a r d l y , but o n l y a f t e r c a r e f u l and s y m p a t h e t i c a n a l y s i s o f the p l a n n i n g problem i n a l l i t s many aspects." We b e l i e v e , Mr.Dugas, t h a t i s the p r o c e s s t h a t i s t a k i n g p l a c e h e r e today and, a g a i n , we a p p r e c i a t e t h e opport u n i t y to be h e a r d . (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: Thank you, Mr. Clifford. Has Mr. H o l s c h e r come i n y e t ? (No response.) MR. DUGAS: Mr. Thomas P. Rooney. STATEMENT OF THOMAS P. ROONEY, ASSEMBLY OF THE FACULTY, CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY MR MR. ROONEY: I c a n ' t h e l p but agree w i t h the quote t h a t t h e l a s t gentleman quoted f o r u s , t h e e n g i n e e r , f o r t u n a t e l y , we have such a p l a n i n hand. and The N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission adopted a p l a n t h a t took i n t o full cognizance a l l o f t h e economic and s o c i a l impact roads would have. And, u n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h a t i s not why we a r e h e r e . I w i s h t o s t a t e f o r t h e r e c o r d , as many o t h e r s have, t h a t t h e s e remarks o f mine i n no way c o n s t i t u t e a r e c o g n i t i o n of the l e g a l i t y of these h e a r i n g s . I would l i k e t o add, also, o r add t o a remark Mrs. E l i z a b e t h Rowe made about the expense i n v o l v e d i n these proceedings. �141 454 As a r e s i d e n t o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, — I almost s a i d c i t i z e n , I don't mean t o imply t h a t t o anyone l i v i n g i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia — as a r e s i d e n t o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and t a x p a y e r s u p p o r t i n g one o f t h e l a r g e s t and most e x p e n s i v e p o l i c e f o r c e s i n the c o u n t r y , I w i s h t o r e g i s t e r t h e s t r o n g e s t p o s s i b l e o b j e c t i o n t o the presence o f a s p e c i a l p o l i c e t a s k f o r c e i n t h e rooms behind this auditorium. I assume t h a t because l a s t n i g h t as I was l e a v i n g t h e s e h e a r i n g s , when they were h e l d a c r o s s t h e s t r e e t i n t h e Department o f Commerce A u d i t o r i u m and w i t h a c o n t i n g e n t o f 15 t o 20 policemen i n the h a l l o u t s i d e the h e a r i n g room. They were going o f f duty because t h e h e a r i n g s were over f o r the day. How much does i t c o s t t h e D. C. t a x p a y e r t o pay a f o r c e o f 20 men f o r 12 hours a day f o r two and a h a l f or t h r e e d a y s , t o keep an eye on t a x p a y e r s a t an open p u b l i c hearing? And i f t h e r e i s a f o r c e of 15 o r 20 i n t h e back room, how many p l a i n clothesmen a r e i n the Policemen audience? i n h e a r i n g chambers, l a r g e t a s k f o r c e s i n t h e back rooms, and agents i n t h e audience a r e r e c e n t developments i n c i t y g o v e r n m e n t - c i t i z e n r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n t h i s c i t y and they bear d i r e c t l y on t h i s h e a r i n g . The same c o n d i t i o n s e x i s t e d f o r the f i r s t time on August 9, 1969, when t h e C i t y Government, a n t i c i p a t i n g a s t r o n g �142 455 c i t i z e n o p p o s i t i o n t o r e v e r s a l by t h e C i t y C o u n c i l o f t h i s v o t e on t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , which we a r e here t o d i s c u s s , l i n e d t h e C i t y C o u n c i l h e a r i n g room w i t h 18 p o l i c e men and a s p e c i a l f o r c e o f 15 men i n t h e back room, had two l a r g e vans r i g h t o u t s i d e t h e D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g w i t h motors r u n n i n g , and had by my count 22 squad c a r s i n conspicuous v i e w around t h e D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g a t v a r i o u s p o i n t s . A l l o f t h i s f o r an open p u b l i c meeting t o which t h e p u b l i c was i n v i t e d , and a l l arranged long b e f o r e t h e meeting began* I n s p i t e o f t h i s i n t i m i d a t i o n , t h e C o u n c i l was asked f o r f i v e minutes i n which t o r e g i s t e r c i t i z e n o b j e c t i o n t o t h i s coerced r e v e r s a l on t h e b r i d g e and when no one was a l l o w e d t o speak and s t r o n g o b j e c t i o n s were r a i s e d , t h e p u b l i c was v i o l e n t l y e j e c t e d from t h e h e a r i n g room and 14 c i t i z e n s were a r r e s t e d . Some day I am going t o look i n t o t h e b u s i n e s s o f what c o n s t i t u t e s l e g a l l y a d e f i n i t i o n o f entrapment. The news media, t h e b i g b u s i n e s s i n t e r e s t s and t h e l o c a l Congressmen l o u d l y e x p r e s s e d shocked i n d i g n a t i o n a t t h i s unseeming b e h a v i o r o f t h e c i t i z e n s . They remained remarkably s i l e n t on t h e v o t e i t s e l f , f o c u s i n g i t s e l f on law and o r d e r i n t h e C o u n c i l Chamber. They remained remarkably c i t i z e n r i g h t s i n t h i s matter. s i l e n t on They s a i d v e r y l i t t l e indeed on t h e N a t i o n a l Metro Fund b l a c k m a i l . They were t r u l y a s i l e n t m i n o r i t y when t h e y came t o �143 456 Mr. B r o y h i l l ' s b l a c k m a i l o f h o l d i n g a whole F e d e r a l payment t o the D i s t r i c t . There was not i n '69 one sweep o f r i g h t e o u s i n d i g n a t i o n from the p r e s s . E a r l i e r they e x p r e s s e d not one word o f outrage when Mr. A i r i s o f t h e D. C. Department o f Highways and Mr. F l e t c h e r , Deputy Mayor, t r o t t e d o f f t o C a p i t o l H i l l , not t h e D i s e r i c t B u i l d i n g , t o work w i t h R e p r e s e n t a t i v e K l u c y n s k i , former R e p r e s e n t a t i v e F a l l o n , s e e k i n g a s o l u t i o n t o t h e freeway c o n t r o v e r s y . The contro- v e r s y was, o f c o u r s e , t h a t the o f f i c i a l l e g a l l y adopted t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n d i d n ' t i n c l u d e the Three S i s t e r s Bridge, the North C e n t r a l Freeway, t h e North Leg, and o t h e r such r e j e c t e d p l a n s on the Department o f Highway's drawing There 7 v7as boards. b a r e l y more than any o f t h i s from t h e news media* t h e b i g b u s i n e s s i n t e r e s t s and the l o c a l Congressmen. One c o u l d almost adduce from a l l o f t h i s , t h a t they a r e f o r t h e s e roads and i n t e n d t o see t h a t they a r e b u i l t , r e g a r d l e s s o f unanimous c i t i z e n o p p o s i t i o n expressed o v e r and o v e r a g a i n i n h e a r i n g s , and t h e f a c t t h a t an t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n t h a t n e i t h e r i n c l u d e s t h e s e new official gateways t o t h e C i t y nor encourages t h e automobile i n t o them. The c a s t o f c h a r a c t e r s d u r i n g t h e s e many h e a r i n g s and p r e s e n t a t i o n s remain g e n e r a l l y t h e same. The lobbyist, l a r g e b u s i n e s s and commercial i n t e r e s t s , the House P u b l i c Works Committee, and D. C. Department o f Highways on one and F e d e r a t i o n s o f C i v i c and C i t i z e n Groups, i n d i v i d u a l side, �144 457 c i t i z e n s and the c o n s e r v a t i o n i s t and e n v i r o n m e n t a l groups on the a n t i - f r e e w a y side. However, one important addition to the c a s t o f c h a r a c t e r s has been made s i n c e t h e August 9, 1965, f i a s c o , and t h a t i s a l a r g e p o l i c e f o r c e p l a c e d between the i n t e r e s t group and the c t i z e n s opposing them. From t h a t August 9th t o t h i s day, every contro- v e r s i a l p u b l i c h e a r i n g has been h e a v i l y p o l i c e d , indeed. The day of the p o l i c e s t a t e i s w i t h us i n the D i s t r i c t h e r e and now, r i g h t out t h e r e , p r o b a b l y , i n the back room. One r e p e a t e d i m p r e s s i o n promoted by the p r e s s and t h e o t h e r s i d e i s the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e somehow e x i s t s i n an i n t e r s t a t e freeway vacuum. The b r i d g e i s p a r t of the system which the Department o f Highways i s going t o b u i l d p i e c e m e a l , a segment a t a t i m e , and c o n t r a r y t o the e x i s t i n g l e g a l D. C. T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P o l i c y and Plan. I f the b r i d g e i s b u i l t , o b v i o u s l y , the North North C e n t r a l Freeway, N o r t h e a s t Freeway, as w e l l as c o n n e c t i o n s a t e i t h e r end the i n V i r g i n i a and Maryland w i l l have t o be b u i l t and t h i s i s t h e t a c t i c . how Leg, And you know and I know t h i n g s a r e going w i t h the c i t i z e n r y of t h e s e S t a t e s , e s p e c i a l l y s i n c e t h e y have a v o t e and can v o i c e t h e i r o p i n i o n s polit i c i l l y . I t e s t i f i e d o f t e n i n t h e p a s t and don't i n t e n d repeat t h a t testimony again. I r e f e r you t o the r e c o r d t h e NCPC Hearings on the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n to of S e c t i o n o f i t s 1985 �145 458 p l a n , h e l d on June 14 and 15, 1967, when I t e s t i f i e d f o r myself as a p r i v a t e c i t i z e n . I r e f e r you t o testimony I submitted f o r t h e Graduate School o f C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y a t h e a r i n g s on t h e D. C. Budget on December 16, 1967. I refer you t o testimony p r e s e n t e d on b e h a l f o f t h e Assembly o f t h e F a c u l t y , which r e p r e s e n t s t h e t o t a l f a c u l t y o f C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y , a t h e a r i n g s on R e p r e s e n t a t i v e K l u c z v n s k i ' s b i l l , H. R. 16,000, b e f o r e House Subcommittees on Roads on A p r i l 3, 1968. I r e f e r you t o t e s t i m o n y p r e s e n t e d on b e h a l f o f t h e Assembly o f t h e F a c u l t y a t h e a r i n g s h e l d by NCPC and t h e C i t y C o u n c i l on t h e new comprehensive p l a n f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia on December 5, 1968. And h e r e we a r e a g a i n . T h i s i l l e g a l h e a r i n g seems t o be an a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e t h e o r y expounded by a speaker a t a c o n v e n t i o n o f t h e American A s s o c i a t i o n o f Highway o f f i c i a l s , on how t o handle c i t i z e n o p p o s i t i o n t o road c o n s t r u c t i o n . H i s a d v i s e was n e v e r t o g i v e t h e c i t i z e n s f u l l i n f o r m a t i o n . " L e t s l e e p i n g dogs l i e . " Give them p l e n t y o f a l t e r n a t i v e p l a n s t o f i g h t o v e r and s i m p l y wear them o u t w i t h h e a r i n g s . I t i s n o t going so work h e r e . (Applause.) MR. DUGAS; Mrs. Rooney. Thank y o u . �146 459 STATEMENT OF MRS. ANGELA ROONEY, CITIZEN, 3425 - 14TH STREET, NORTHEAST, WASHINGTON, D. C. MRS. ROONEYs S t r e e t , Northeast. I am Angela Tooney, 3425 - 14th I am speaking as a p r i v a t e c i t i z e n . L e t t h e r e c o r d show t h a t my presence i n no way c o n s t i t u t e s a r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h i s h e a r i n g as l e g a l . L e t the r e c o r d show f u r t h e r t h a t t h i s s o - c a l l e d p u b l i c h e a r i n g i s a cheap t r i c k t o evade r e s p o n s i b i l i t y on t h e p a r t o f t h e m o r a l l y b a n k r u p t C i t y Government. I s t r o n g l y o b j e c t t o t h e d e s i g n h e a r i n g on t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g r e a s o n s : 1. A d e s i g n h e a r i n g on a b r i d g e cannot be h e l d when t h e q u e s t i o n o f a l o c a t i o n h e a r i n g i s i n t h e c o u r t s , when t h e whole i s s u e o f f o r c i n g t h e b r i d g e a g a i n s t t h e w i l l o f t h e c i t i z e n s by p o l i t i c a l p r e s s u r e and b l a c k m a i l i s s t i l l i n t h e c o u r t s , and when s a i d b r i d g e i s n o t p a r t o f the comprehensive t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. 2v The Mayor and t h e C i t y C o u n c i l a r e t h e o n l y d u l y a u t h o r i z e d persons simply do n o t count. t o conduct a h e a r i n g . Mr. Dugas, you T h i s hearing i s , i n f a c t , not being heard. 3. The complete l a c k o f any e n v i r o n m e n t a l studies c o n c e r n i n g t h e p o l l u t i o n o f a i r , w a t e r , n o i s e and even man. These a r e requirements demanded n o t o n l y by law, b u t by t h e ecological imperative. P u i y u n s u b s t a n t i a t e d c l a i m s by t h e �147 460 Highway Department amount t o eco-pornography. 4. The i n t e n t i o n a l e f f o r t t o d e c e i v e the b l a c k community as t o the t r u e e f f e c t s and the t r u e p a t h s , the" roads l e a d i n g from t h i s b r i d g e b l a c k communities. would t a k e and would have on I charge concealment and brainwashing c o n c e r n i n g t h e f u l l impact o f t h i s b r i d g e on those communities u l t i m a t e l y t o be most a f f e c t e d . T h i s bridge points s t r a i g h t a t U S t r e e t and B r o o k l a n d , and I would l i k e t o e n t e r i n t o t h e r e c o r d t h e map which t h e Emergency Committee on T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C r i s i s had t o p r i n t because no one e l s e would t e l l the t r u t h . (Applause.) MRS. ROONEY; I t h i n k Mrs. Rowe r e f e r r e d t o t h i s . Thousands o f people w i l l be throv/n out o f t h e i r homes by t h e U S t r e e t C o r r i d o r a n d , u l t i m a t e l y , t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway. Thousands more b u s i n e s s e s w i l l be d e s t r o y e d and communities w i l l be wiped o u t . I am e n t e r i n g t h i s i n t o t h e r e c o r d so t h a t those o f you who a r e not f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e b r i d g e and the freeway system, a p p a r e n t l y , can do a l i t t l e home s t u d y . T h e r e f o r e , my r e a l purpose i n appearing here today i s not s i m p l y t o oppose the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , but t o focus on t h e f r a u d u l e n t c i r c u m s t a n c e s under which t h i s h e a r i n g i s being h e l d . As J a n e J a c o b s , a u t h o r and c i t y p l a n n e r , s a i d — and �148 461 h e r c r e d e n t i a l s a r e l i s t e d i n Who's Who, and they i n c l u d e t e n y e a r s a s A s s o c i a t e E d i t o r o f " A r c h i t e c t u r a l Forum," t h r e e books, "Downtown i s f o r People," "The Death and L i f e of G r e a t American C i t i e s , " and "The Economy o f C i t i e s . " As she h a s s a i d , and I quote, "There i s a q u a l i t y even meaner t h a n o u t r i g h t u g l i n e s s f o r d i s o r d e r and t h i s meaner q u a l i t y i s t h e d i s h o n e s t mass o f pretended -barrier a c h i e v e d by i g n o r i n g o r s u p p r e s s i n g t h e r e a l o r d e r t h a t i s struggling to survive. The r e a l o r d e r i s t h a t o f s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n f o r those i n t h e ghettos o r s t u d e n t s o r everyone." Nov;, i f t h a t i s t o o s u b t l e , Mrs. Jacobs a l s o s a i d two y e a r s ago i n New York C i t y , a t a s o - c a l l e d freeway h e a r i n g , 1 and I a g a i n quote, " T h i s , * s a i d t h a t g r e a t and h i g h l y i n t e l l i g e n t l a d y , " i s a phony f i n k h e a r i n g . " (Applause.) (The map a b o v e - r e f e r r e d t o , f o l l o w s : ) (GOVERNMENT INSERT.) �149 462 MR. DUGAS: Mr. C h a r l e s L. Wafidell. STATEMENT OF CHARLES L . WADDELL, LOUDOUN COUNTY BOARD OF SUPERVISORS MR. WADDELL: Mr. Chairman, Gentlemen. My name i s C h a r l e s L . Waddell. I am a member o f the Board o f S u p e r v i s o r s o f Loudoun County, V i r g i n i a , r e p r e s e n t i n g Broad Run D i s t r i c t , which encompasses D u l l e s A i r p o r t i n Loudoun County. I have been a u t h o r i z e d t o speak f o r t h e Board a t t h i s h e a r i n g . The Loudoun County Board o f S u p e r v i s o r s a p p r e c i a t e s t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o appear b e f o r e t h i s j o i n t h e a r i n g o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and V i r g i n i a Highway Departments i n support o f t h e three-span S i s t e r s Bridge. a l t e r n a t e d e s i g n f o r t h e Three Wa extend o u r c o n g r a t u l a t i o n s t o both o f t h e s e a g e n c i e s and t o t h e F e d e r a l Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n for t h i s e x c e l l e n t d e s i g n which w i l l b l e n d i n a e s t h e t i c a l l y with the h i s t o r i c a l character of the area. I n reviewing t h e proposals f o r t h i s i n t e r s t a t e f a c i l i t y , v/e have come t o the c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e design p r o v i d e s a means o f f a s t , s a f e and e f f i c i e n t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o and from t h e Washington F e d e r a l b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t . The modern f e a t u r e s o f i n t e r s t a t e f a c i l i t i e s r e s u l t i n t h e l o w e s t a c c i d e n t r a t e o f a l l t y p e s o f highways. The proposed b r i d g e , as a p a r t o f t h e i n t e r s t a t e s y s t e m , w i l l g r e a t l y enhance t h e highway s a f e t y c a p a b i l i t y o f t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n area. �150 463 We have noted t h a t t h e r e w i l l be minimum o f d e n t i a l d i s p l a c e m e n t w i t h the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h i s We resi- facility. a l s o note t h a t i n r e l a t i o n to n o i s e p o l l u t i o n , the approaches to t h i s b r i d g e on the V i r g i n i a s i d e w i l l pass through a n a t u r a l l y l o w - l y i n g a r e a w i t h i n the Spout Parkway and, as s u c h , w i l l s e r v e as a b a r r i e r and to noise p o l l u t i o n . And Run deterrent i n r e g a r d t o the Spout Run Valley, we a l s o note t h a t the V i r g i n i a Department of Highways w i l l p r o v i d e h i k i n g and b i k e t r a i l s i n p o r t i o n s o f t h e r i g h t of way, f u r t h e r enhancing the r e c r e a t i o n a l i s t i c s o f the a r e a . We project's character- a l s o note t h a t the t h r e e - s p a n a l t e r n a t e d e s i g n has r e c e i v e d the a p p r o v a l o f the F i n e Arts Commission. Therefore, a f t e r c a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n , we feel t h a t the t h r e e - s p a n a l t e r n a t e w i l l provde the b e s t i n modern highway f a c i l i t i e s as w e l l as r e t a i n the e n v i r o n m e n t a l c h a r a c t e r of the Potomac P a l i s a d e s . Although the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and, m a t t e r , I n t e r s t a t e 66, i s o b v i o u s l y i s one for that not w i t h i n our County, i t o f our most v i t a l t r a f f i c a r t e r i e s i n t o the urban suburban^ a r e a s o f M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington. The and Dulles A c c e s s Highway w i l l t i e i n t o I n t e r s t a t e 66 between F a l l s Church and i t s p r e s e n t t e r m i n a t i o n B o u l e v a r d n e a r Tyson's Corner. p o i n t a t D o l l y Madison I n t e r s t a t e 66 w i l l eventually become Loudoun County's main e a s t - w e s t c o r r i d o r i n t o �Washington, D. C , and i t s immediate s u r r o u n d i n g s . We would a l s o l i k e t o mention t h a t the proposed U n i t e d S t a t e s E x p o s i t i o n o f S c i e n c e and INdustry has selected a s i t e i n Loudoun County a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h r e e m i l e s n o r t h Dulles International Airport. of The proposed $500 m i l l i o n f a c i l i t y i s a n t i c i p a t e d t o a t t r a c t 15 t o 20 m i l l i o n people a n n u a l l y , most of whom w i l l approach the s i t e from Washington and i t s immediate s u r r o u n d i n g s . Although r e c e n t l y four-laned from Tyons's Corner t o Lee3burg, we r e a l i z e t h a t S t a t e Route 7 w i l l n e v e r be capable o f h a n d l i n g the p r o j e c t s t r a f f i c needs of Loudoun County t o s e r v e D u l l e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t t h e proposed E x p o s i t i o n as an e a s t - w e s t c o r r i d o r . o t h e r hand, the e i g h t - l a n e d e s i g n f o r I n t e r s t a t e 66 On and the will handle t h e t r a f f i c evolume p r o j e c t e d by the Highway Department f o r the immediate f u t u r e . Another f a c t o r t h a t we would l i k e t o mention i s t h a t the I n t e r s t a t e 66 d e s i g n concept suggested by the V i r g i n i a S t a t e Highway Department assumes t h a t a high-speed, r a p i d - r a i l system e n v i s i o n e d f o r the Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a v / i l l be p l a c e d w i t h i n t h i s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o r r i d o r . The rapid-rail, i n c i d e n t a l l y , i s expected to e v e n t u a l l y serve Dulles A i r p o r t and the E x p o s i t i o n o f S c i e n c e and Industry. Based on c a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f the d e s i g n o f the proposed Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , the emphasis o f the abatement �152 465 o f n o i s e p o l l u t i o n , enhancement o f r e c r e a t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s due t o h i k i n g and b i k e t r a i l s , t h e a e s t h e t i c n a t u r e o f t h e b r i d g e , and t h e need t o complete t h e I n t e r s t a t e 66 East-West C o r r i d o r t o and from t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a t o p r o v i d e a s a f e , f a s t , and e f f i c i e n t means o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , t h e Loudoun County Board o f Supervisors supports the three-span a l t e r n a t e design f o r t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e as suggested by t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and V i r g i n i a S t a t e Highway Departments, and urges i t s immediate construction. Mr. Chairman, j u s t b r i e f l y i n response t o t h e l a d y t h a t j u s t spoke, I h a v e n ' t been f o r a l l o f t h e h e a r i n g s , b u t i n o r d e r t o b e t t e r s e r v e D u l l e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t and perhaps r e l i e v e the n o i s e p o l l u t i o n i n t h e Northern V i r g i n i a Washington a r e a from Washington N a t i o n a l A i r p o r t , we f e e l the r e l o c a t i o n o f t h e o u t e r B e l t w a y — that and we have supported t h i s b e f o r e t h e Maryland S t a t e Government, V i r g i n i a State Government and F a i r f a x County and Montgomery County — our Board i s unanimous i n i t s r e p o r t o f t h e r e l o c a t i o n o f t h e outer Beltway four o r f i v e miles f u r t h e r west to b e t t e r serve Dulles International Airport. T h i s , i n my o p i n i o n , s h o u l d t e l l you t h a t we a r e n o t imposing o r a t t e m p t i n g t o impose a b r i d g e o r a s t r u c t u r e t h a t w i l l d i s p l a c e people i n t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington A r e a ; t h a t we a r e a l s o a d v o c a t i n g t h a t a s t r u c t u r e o f t h i s n a t u r e be �153 466 l o c a t e d i n our own county, t y i n g i n t h e S t a t e of Maryland and S t a t e o f V i r g i n i a t o i n c l u d e t h e o u t e r B e l t w a y . C e r t a i n l y i n our county, I am c e r t a i n l y not cons i d e r e d an enemy o f c o n s e r v a t i o n e f f o r t s . I fought t h e r e l o c a t i o n o f t h e r e n d e r i n g p l a n t from Georgetown t o t h e Dulles Airport the a r e a i n Loudoun County. I l e d the f i g h t f o r t o t a l r e s o u r c e management s t u d y o f t h e Bradman(?) Watershed i n our c o u n t y , which i s t h e f i r s t major w a t e r s h e d t h a t w i l l be developed i n o u r county. A l r e a d y , we have t h r e e p l a n n e d communities t h e r e and more t o come. underway We want t o p r e v e n t what happened i n A r l i n g t o n and F a i r f a x and t h e i r r e l a t e d problems w i t h F o u r M i l e Run and Emraitt(?) Run. We want t o p r e v e n t development i n t h e s e w a t e r s h e d s and I have fought v e r y h a r d f o r t h i s and r i g h t now we have t h i s t o t a l r e s o u r c e p l a n n i n g s t u d y underway And under P u b l i c Lav; 566, we hope t o seek F e d e r a l and S t a t e funds t o complete t h i s p r o j e c t . We a l s o j u s t p u r c h a s e d our f i r s t s a n i t a r y for t h e county. Loudoun County. landfill We a r e t r y i n g t o e l i m i n a t e our dumps i n We have p u r c h a s e d t h e l a n d f o r t h a t . I t is c e r t a i n l y n o t Loudoun County's f a u l t , D u l l e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l i s located there. E a s t Loudoun. I t took 10,000 a c r e s o f Western F a i r f a x and Those people who would l i k e t o see t r a f f i c s h i f t e d o u t from Washington N a t i o n a l A i r p o r t s h o u l d c e r t a i n l y h e l p us g e t people back and f o r t h . We f e e l u l t i m a t e l y t h a t �154 467 t h e r a p i d t r a n s i t system w i l l be b e s t , b u t r i g h t now t h e most immediate problem i s t h e completion o f I n t e r s t a t e 66. We a l s o l e d t h e f i g h t f o r an a i r p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l u n i t i n o u r county w h i c h , u n f o r t u n a t e l y , was d e f e a t e d y e s t e r d a y a t a Board meeting. did The v o t e was 5 - t o - i . But I support i t and w i l l c o n t i n u e t o support i t , because a i r p o l l u t i o n , n o i s e p o l l u t i o n , w a t e r p o l l u t i o n , none o f t h e s e e n v i r o n m e n t a l problems s t o p a t county l i n e s . We have t o work t o g e t h e r f o r t h e betterment o f our environment. T h i s concludes my t e s t i m o n y , Mr. Chairman. I appreciate, again, the opportunity o f being present. MR. DUGAS: Thank you v e r y much, Mr. Waddell. Our n e x t w i t n e s s w i l l be G e n e r a l E . R. Quesada, President o f the L"Enfant P l a z a Corporation. STATEMENT OP GENERAL E . R. QUESADA, PRESIDENT, L'ENFANT PLAZA CORPORATION. GENERAL QUESADA: myself. S i r , I appear here r e p r e s e n t My name i s Quesada, t h e i n i t i a l s a r e E . R. I n r e p r e s e n t i n g m y s e l f , I would l i k e i t t o be known I am a c i t i z e n born and b r e d o f Washington, D. C., and h o l d that factor with great pride. I n r e s p e c t t o t h e d e s i g n o f t h e b r i d g e a s we see i t h e r e , I have t o compliment a l l persons who a r e i n v o l v e d i n i t and I would l i k e t o g i v e y o u , a s Hearing O f f i c e r , some h i s t o r y t h a t o t h e r w i s e might n o t be a v a i l a b l e t o you. �155 468 I n 1953-59, I had t h e honor o f s e r v i n g a s S p e c i a l A s s i s t a n t t o t h e P r e s i d e n t , Mr. Dwight D. Eisenhower. And a t t h a t t i m e , t h e P r e s i d e n t was asked by Congress t o recommendmend a s i t e t o s e r v e a s a t h i r d a i r p o r t s e r v i n g t h e National C a p i t a l Area. You may r e c a l l t h e r e had been e i g h t y e a r s o f c o n t r o v e r s y ox^er a s i t e t h a t would s e r v e t h a t purpose. opposition t o a s i t e r e f e r r e d t o as Burke. There was And i n o r d e r t o put t h e problem t o r e s t , and t o r e c o g n i z e t h e n e c e s s i t y o f a t h i r d a i r p o r t t o s e r v e t h e C a p i t a l a r e a , t h e P r e s i d e n t was asked t o r e s o l v e t h e i s s u e and t o proceed w i t h t h e s e l e c t i o n of a s i t e . As a s p e c i a l a s s i s t a n t t o t h e P r e s i d e n t , I was asked t o conduct t h e n e c e s s a r y s t u d i e s and make a recommendation f o r a s i t e t o s e r v e t h e t h i r d a i r p o r t , t o s e r v e t h e Nation's C a p i t a l , and I d i d s o . A f t e r a prolonged s t u d y , t e c h n i c a l i n n a t u r e i n a l a r g e p a r t , and a f t e r prolonged p u b l i c h e a r i n g s , the s i t e of C h a n t i l l y , as i t was then known, was s e l e c t e d and i t i s now r e f e r r e d t o as t h e D u l l e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t . The A i r p o r t i s i n b e i n g and s e r v i n g t h e purpose f o r w h i c h i t was designed. The h i s t o r y t o which I r e f e r , which might be h e l p f u l to the d e l i b e r a t i o n s here, i s q u i t e simple. I n t h e course o f making up my mind a s t o what I s h o u l d recommend t o t h e P r e s i d e n t a s a s i t e f o r t h i s a i r p o r t , c o n s i d e r a t i o n was g i v e n �; ; 469 t o the requirement t h a t we had e s t a b l i s h e d f o r o u r s e l v e s for an a i r p o r t t h a t would be w i t h i n ' 3 0 minutes or l e s s o f a downtown p o i n t i n t h e C i t y of Washington. Arbitrarily, we s e l e c t e d 16th and K S t r e e t s as a p o i n t from which we w i s h e d t o be w i t h i n 30 minutes o f t r a v e l a t U. S. Highway speeds. When a t t e m p t i n g t o r e a c h t h i s o b j e c t i v e , a t i o n was g i v e n , and consider- I might say s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n g i v e n and i n f l u e n c e d c o n s i d e r a t i o n was planned U. S. Highway System, which was was g i v e n t o the then a d m i t t e d l y not precise w h i c h p r o v i d e d f o r a b r i d g e c r o s s i n g the Potomac R i v e r s t r e a m o f Key up- Bridge. We were w e l l aware of t h a t proposed s i t e f o r a b r i d g e t o c r o s s the Potomac. The was f a c t t h a t t h a t was t h e n i n the p l a n n i n g s t a g e an i n f l u e n c i n g f a c t o r i n the s e l e c t i o n o f D u l l e s as an airport site. I s h o u l d add, Highway 66 was we b u i l t . s i r , t h a t t h e p r e c i s e l o c a t i o n of then unknown. I might add, I was Taking that i n t o consideration, l a t e r the A d m i n i s t r a t o r F e d e r a l A v i a t i o n Agency, w h i c h i n f a c t d i d b u i l d of the Dulles I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t and a l s o b u i l t the a c c e s s highv/ay l e a d ing t c i t . T h a t a c c e s s highway, by d e s i g n and by i n t e n t i s a very l o v e l y , r u a l I t h i n k , and monument t o good p l a n n i n g , a t l e a s t so I hope you w i l l f o r g i v e me unpridable pride. The f o r any s u g g e s t i o n of f a c t remains i t i s a v e r y lovely �b o u l e v a r d and i t i s my We f o n d e s t hope t h a t i t w i l l remain so. a c q u i r e d a r i g h t o f way of some 21-1/2 m i l e s , but we d i d not c o n s t r u c t the a c c e s s road o v e r the l a s t mile and a h a l f o r two m i l e s because we d i d not know the p r e c i s e l o c a t i o n o f t h e U. S. Highway 66 „ nor d i d anyone e l s e . we d i d a c q u i r e a r i g h t o f way But t o p e r m i t us t o j o i n i t wherever i t t u r n s out t o ba. We had i n mind and were i n f l u e n c e d by t h e then p r o j e c t e d b r i d g e a c r o s s the Potomac, t h a t our a c c e s s highway would c o n t i n u e e a s t and i n t e r s e c t 66, move t o the n o r t h , meet t h i s proposed b r i d g e , which was f a c t o r i n t h e s e l e c t i o n o f the and then an i n f l u e n c i n g site. That b r i d g e i s t u r n i n g out t o be what i s r e f e r r e d t o as t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . I t i s my fondest hope t h a t the d e s i g n o f the b r i d g e , as I see i t i n f r o n t of me, be accepted, and the b r i d g e w i l l be c o n s t r u c t e d and will the o b j e c t i v e s t h a t v/e then sought, 30 m i l e s t r a v e l time t o Downtown Washington, can then be met. As c o n d i t i o n s a r e today, s i r , we cannot get from Downtown Washington, o r a person cannot get from Downtown Washington t o D u l l e s A i r p o r t i n the r e q u i r e d 30 minutes. A b r i d g e such as I have d e s c r i b e d , such as I luive seen h e r e , and a highway system upon which we r e l i e d i s an e s s e n t i a l f a c t o r t o t h a t o b j e c t i v e and I hope i t i s met. i t w i l l bring a great r e l i e f I f i t i s met, to the already overtaxed National �Airport, And, s i r , t h a t was one o f o u r p r i m a r y o b j e c t i v e s . We knew then and everyone knows A i r p o r t i s h e a v i l y overtaxed. now t h a t Washington National I can't help b a t note, reading t h i s morning's paper, t h a t a s u i t h a s been f i l e d on t h a t b a s i s , t h a t the National A i r p o r t i s overtaxed. And I can a s s u r e you t h a t i t i s o v e r t a x e d . If t h e D u l l e s A i r p o r t c o u l d reach t h e o b j e c t i v e s t h a t i t sought when i t was s e l e c t e d , 30 minutes' t r a v e l time from Downtown Washington, u s i n g abbridge upstream o f Key B r i d g e , t h i s C i t y w i l l be w e l l s e r v e d . And i t i s my f o n d e s t hope t h a t you w i l l a c c e p t t h e a r c h i t e c t u r e as i t i s now v i s i b l e and proceed w i t h t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the b r i d g e and g i v e t o Washington an a i r p o r t t h a t i t d e s e r v e s and r e l i e v e t h e c o n g e s t i o n t h a t i s now e v i d e n t a t N a t i o n a l Airport. I n c l o s i n g , I would l i k e t o make one comment. C i t y o f Washington i n r e s p e c t t o i t s s i z e r e q u i r e s t i o n f a c i l i t i e s t h a t a r e not proportionate The transporta- to i t s size. The movement o f people i n and o u t o f Washington, because i t i s the N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l , f a r exceeds t h e demands o f o t h e r c i t i e s of equivalent s i z e . This c i t y c r i e s for better than i s now a v a i l a b l e . transportation I hope you proceed w i t h t h e b r i d g e t h a t i s now c o n c e i v e d . Thank you so much f o r l e t t i n g me come h e r e . MR. DUGAS: Thank y o u , G e n e r a l . �We w i l l g i v e the r e p o r t e r about a ten-minute break. (Whereupon, t h e r e was a b r i e f r e c e s s . ) MR. DUGAS: Mr. Robert J . S c h a a f e r from t h e S i e r r a Club. STATEMENT 0? ROBERT J . SCHAEFER, SIERRA CLUB, SOUTHEAST CHAPTER MR. SCHAEFER: I would l i k e t o a l s o s t a t e , as some o t h e r s have, my presence here doesn't c o n s t i t u t e t h e r e c o g n i t i o n of the l e g a l i t y of t h i s hearing. The S i e r r a Club i s a nation-wide c o n s e r v a t i o n o r g a n i z a t i o n w i t h o v e r 100,000 members. I am Chairman of the S o u t h e a s t Chapter o f the S i e r r a C l u b , w i t h a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3500 members, and I r e p r e s e n t t h e S o u t h e a s t Chapter here today. My comments w i l l d e a l w i t h t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s o f the b r i d g e and i t s c o n n e c t i n g roadways. F i r s t o f a l l , i t i s not c l e a r t o me why we should be d i s c u s s i n g t h e d e s i g n of the b r i d g e w h i l e i t i s s t i l l not c e r t a i n t h a t i t w i l l be b u i l t . However, s i n c e the q u e s t i o n of whether the b r i d g e i s b u i l t may depend on t h e adequacy o f t h e d e s i g n , I w i l l p r e s e n t my o p i n i o n s o f the b r i d g e p l a n s . Perhaps as i m p o r t a n t as the b r i d g e i t s e l f a r e the approach roads through Spout Run, t h e C and O C a n a l , and Glover-Archbold Park. While the d e s i g n e r s may have attempted t o minimize the a r e a s t o be t a k e n i n t h e s e p a r k s , t h e b r i d g e ramps would n o n e t h e l e s s i n t r u d e s e v e r e l y . The C and 0 C a n a l �160 473 would be e n g u l f e d i n o v e r p a s s e s and t u n n e l openings. The f o o t o f G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d P a r k would be paved, by t h e r e l o c a t e d C a n a l Road i f n o t by t h e b r i d g e i t s e l f . And t h e a r e a o f pavement i n Spout Run would be g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d . And w i t h r e g a r d t o Spout Run, I might p o i n t o u t one o f t h e p r e v i o u s s p e a k e r s mentioned t h a t t h e r e would be n i c e t r a i l s i n here. B u t he a l s o mentioned t h a t t h e a r e a would s e r v e a s a n o i s e b u f f e r f o r t h e t r a f f i c , u s i n g t h e highway. I t doesn't seem t o me t r a i l s i n an a r e a t h a t i s supposed t o be a n o i c e b u f f e r would be v e r y u s e f u l as r e c r e a t i o n a l facilities. The b r i d g e i t s e l f would span t h e Potomac a t an e x t r e m e l y s c e n i c p o i n t . F o r v i s i t o r s approaching Washington along t h e George Washington Parkway, t h e view down t h e gorge o f t h e Potomac R i v e r p r o v i d e s a d r a m a t i c view o f t h e c i t y i n i t s natural setting. E i t h e r o f t h e proposed b r i d g e d e s i g n s , and e s p e c i a l l y t h e m a s s i v e t h r e e - s p a n s t r u c t u r e , would d e s t r o y t h e d r a m a t i c a s p e c t o f t h e approach. The C i t y o f Washington s h o u l d s t a n d o u t a s an example o f i n t e l l i g e n t planning w i t h proper p r o t e c t i o n of the C i t y ' s n a t u r a l e n v i r o n ment. The proposed b r i d g e would be a b l o t on t h i s environment. L i v i n g h e r e i n t h e C i t y where t o u r i s m i s a v e r y i m p o r t a n t b u s i n e s s and i s a s o u r c e o f many j o b s , I t h i n k i t would be f o o l i s h t o a l l o w t h e environment t o become degraded, to reduce t h e a t t r a c t i v e n e s s o f t h e C i t y . �161 The e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s o f t h e b r i d g e must be c o n s i d e r e d t o i n c l u d e t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e t r a f f i c which would use t h e b r i d g e . T h i s t r a f f i c would b r i n g a d d i t i o n a l n o i s e and e x h a u s t fumes t o an a r e a which i s a l r e a d y h e a v i l y burdened. T h i s would mean t h e end o f t h e a r e a s around t h e b r i d g e as usef u l p a r k l a n d , even though they might be t h e o r e t i c a l l y d e s i g nated as p a r k l a n d . The e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s o f t h e b r i d g e would n o t , o f c o u r s e , be l i m i t e d t o t h e immediate a r e a o f t h e b r i d g e itself. The Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e would pour a tremendous volume o f t r a f f i c i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. There can be no doubt t h a t t h i s t r a f f i c would have a c o m p l e t e l y h a r m f u l environmental e f f e c t . Some time ago I t e s t i f i e d a t h e a r i n g s b e f o r e the C i t y C o u n c i l on t h e proposed South Leg o f t h e I n n e r Loop. T h i s d e s t r u c t i v e road was b e i n g j u s t i f i e d by the Highway Department p a r t l y on t h e b a s i s t h a t i t would be needed to handle t h e t r a f f i c coming from the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . The b r i d g e i s i n f a c t t h e opening wedge f o r a huge program o f freeways i n t h e c i t y , d i s r u p t i n g homes, b u s i n e s s e s , and parks. We can s c a r e c e l y b e l i e v e t h a t G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d Park would l a s t long i f t h i s b r i d g e were aimed d i r e c t l y a t i t . Downtown s t r e e t s a r e a l r e a d y s a t u r a t e d w i t h t r a f f i c d u r i n g r u s h hour. I t would be f o l l y t o t r y t o c r e a t e a mechanism f o r b r i n g i n g i n y e t more automobiles and e x h a u s t �fumes„ As I mentioned j u s t a s we took o u r b r e a k , I heard one o f t h e e a r l i e r s p e a k e r s who was speaking on b e h a l f o f t h e b r i d g e , s a y i n g t h a t he had t o l e a v e because he was parked illegally. I wonder where he i s going t o f i n e a p a r k i n g p l a c e when t h e r e a r e many more c a r s i n h e r e . Because o f t h e d i s t r u p t i c e appearance o f t h e b r i d g e , the i n t r u s t i o n o f the ramps i n t o p a r k l a n d , t h e n o i s e and p o l l u t i o n o f t h e b r i d g e t r a f f i c , and t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f more t r a f f i c i n t o t h e a l r e a d y o v e r l o a d e d D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, we b e l i e v e t h a t any p l a n f o r a b r i d g e a t Three S i s t e r s i s unsatisfactory. Islands We recommend t h a t no b r i d g e be b u i l t a t this point. Thank you. (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: Thank you v e r y much. Mr. F r e d e r i c k Gutheim. (No response.) MR. DUGAS: Mr. R u s s e l l . STATEMENT OF EDWARD W. RUSSELL, 2601 FOXHALL ROAD, NORTHWEST, WASHINGTON, D. C. MR. RUSSELL: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. My name i s Edward R u s s e l l and I have l i v e d many y e a r s on F o x h a l l Road. MR. DUAGS: Would you g i v e us your f u l l nafne. �163 476 MR. RUSSELL; Edward W. R u s s e l l . 2601 F o x h a l l Road. I would l i k e t o c a l l your a t t e n t i o n , Mr. Chairman, to a r a t h e r strange circumstance. the l a s t few y e a r s when c i t i z e n s T h i s i s t h e second time i n have been asked t o approve t h e d e s i g n o f a b r i d g e which had no e x i t o r e n t r a n c e a t one end. Some y e a r s ago, I r e p r e s e n t e d t h e F o x h a l l Road A s s o c i a t i o n a t a h e a r i n g a c r o s s t h e r i v e r , which was c a l l e d the "Scenic P o s i t i o n o f the Bridge." I noticed whatever p o s i t i o n i t was i n , i t had t o e x i t on t h e D i s t r i c t s i d e . I asked t h e c o n s u l t a n t s why t h i s hadn't been t a k e n i n , and they s a i d t h a t t h e terms o f r e f e r e n c e stopped w i t h i n 100 f e e t o f t h e r i v e r bank on t h e D i s t r i c t s i d e . W e l l , now, i n t h e b e a u t i f u l brochure we have j u s t had, t h e b r i d g e stops s h o r t . I don't know i f i t i s 100 f e e t from t h e r i v e r bank o r a l i t t l e f u r t h e r away, and I f e e l t h a t t h i s h e a r i n g , whether i t i s l e g a l o r n o t , i s premature. Because I f e e l t h e d e s i g n o f a b r i d g e b e f o r e i t can be p r o p e r l y c o n s i d e r e d by any group s h o u l d i n c l u d e t h e complete p l a n t o the e n t r a n c e s and e x i t s a t both ends. When those have been d e c i d e d , i t may i n f l u e n c e t h e s t r u c t u r a l design. You may have t o have s i d e f e e d e r s , l i k e you have on the W h i t e h u r s t Freeway. So I f e e l i t i s v e r y premature t o ask anybody t o comment on t h e d e s i g n o f t h e b r i d g e . Quite h o n e s t l y , as we don't know how t h e t r a f f i c i s going t o g e t on o r o f f on �164 477 the D i s t r i c t s i d e , I am wondering whether we a r e c o n s i d e r i n g a bridge or a parking l o t . I f t h e t r a f f i c i s going t o back up t h e r e f o r hours and h o a r s , i t w i l l probably need a d i f f e r e n t kind of bridge. So I am merely s u g g e s t i n g , Mr.Chairman, t h a t i t i s premature and n o t r e a l l y f a i r t o t h e c i t i z e n s t o ask them t o comment on a d e s i g n when t h e d e t a i l s o f t h i s o p e r a t i o n have not been worked o u t . Thank you f o r f i l l i n g me i n . (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: Thank you v e r y much. Mr. Gutheim? (No response.) MR. DUGAS: Mr. F l o r a n c e . STATEMENT OF GOLDEN FLORANCE, METROPOLITAN CHAPTER, AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS MR. FLORANCE: My name i s Colden F l o r a n c e and I r e p r e s e n t t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Chapter o f t h e American Institute of Architects. I n t h e p a s t , we have p r o v i d e d commentary on t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , a s w e l l a s t h e e n t i r e system f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia on a number o f o c c a s i o n s before the C i t y Council. Most n o t a b l y , t h e AIA p r o v i d e d an a n a l y s i s o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Highway System dated J a n u a r y 2, 1963, a t t h e r e q u e s t o f t h e then Chairman, John Hechinger. I w i l l summarise b r i e f l y o u r p o s i t i o n r e g a r d i n g �16 5 478 the b r i d g e . The o r i g i n a l s e l e c t i o n o f t h e Three S i s t e r s was based on t h e use o f t h a Glover Archbold site :?ark as a r o u t e forming p a r t o f t h e P o r t D r i v e I n n e r B e l t w a y , b u t t h i s loop has s i n c e been abandoned. l o g i c i n branching As a consequence, t h e r e remains no o f f from Route 66 a c r o s s che Potomac a t a p o i n t j u s t above Georgetown. T r a f f i c siphoned from Route 66, then must f l o w through congested Georgetown, f i n a l l y reaching p r a c t i c a l l y t h e same p o i n t a t which t h i s t r a f f i c would have a r r i v e d had i t remained on Route 66 and c r o s s e d the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge. F u r t h e r compounding t h i s e r r o r , t h e b r i d g e s e v e r F o x h a l l Road from t h e W h i t e h u r s t will Freeway and w i l l f o r c e a l l t h a t t r a f f i c , p l u s t r a f f i c from t h e proposed P a l i s a d e s Parkway through Georgetwon on a l r e a d y crowded M S t r e e t . AIA p o s i t i o n remains s u b s t a n t i a l l y t h e same and we The continue t o oppose c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e b r i d g e . With r e g a r d t o t h e p r e s e n t d e s i g n h e a r i n g , o u r o r g a n i z a t i o n t a k e s i s s u e w i t h the statement appearing on page n i n e o f t h e Design Hearing Brochure,which I quote: "The Potomac P a l i s a d e s a r e a vegetation-covered sheer rock f a c e formed by p r o g r e s s i v e e r o s i v e a c t i o n o f t h e Potomac R i v e r . They r e p r e s e n t a g e o l o g i c a l remnant o f a iynamic p r o c e s s o f h i s t o r i c a l and n a t u r a l s i g n i f i c a n c e . Although n o t f o r m e r l y c l a s s i f i e d a s a landmark, t h e N a t i o n a l �166 479 P a r k S e r v i c e c o n s i d e r s them t o be a n o t a b l y h i s t o r i c a r e a . They would n o t be a f f e c t e d by e i t h e r o f t h e proposed a l t e r n a t e designs f o r t h e b r i d g e o r i t s approaches." We cannot agree with t h i s conclusion. I n r e b u t t a l , I quote from t h e Report o f t h e Potomac P l a n n i n g Task F o r c e p r e p a r e d by t h e Department o f t h e I n t e r i o r i n 1967: "A major t h r e a t t o t h e s c e n i c v a l u e o f t h e lower P a l i s a d e s i s p r e s e n t e d by t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a new b r i d g e a t Three S i s t e r s I s l a n d s . The c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e proposed bridge would be c o m p l e t e l y i n c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e type o f development v/e recommend f o r t h i s s e c t o r o f t h e urban Potomac. Every e f f o r t t o e f f e c t t h e t r a n s i t i o n o f t h e Potomac from an urban t o a w i l d r i v e r a t Key B r i d g e , and t o s a v e t h e P a l i s a d e s , w i l l be j u s t i f i e d . An a p p r e c i a t i o n o f s c e n i c and u r b a n v v a l u e s has not been a p a r t o f e a r l i e r b r i d g e - p l a n n i n g f o r t h i s a r e a , and t h e r e s u l t s have been c o s t l y . There s h o u l d be a r e s t u d y o f the human and p u b l i c i n t e r e s t s t h a t would be a f f e c t e d by t h e proposed Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and i t s r e l a t e d highway elements b e f o r e a f i n a l d e c i s i o n i s made." We s t r o n g l y endorse t h i s p o s i t i o n . I n o u r o p i n i o n t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e s h o u l d n o t be b u i l t a t a l l and we a r e r e l u c t a n t , t h e r e f o r e , t o even d i s c u s design of the bridge i t s e l f . c o u r s e o f action:. We do propose t h e f o l l o w i n g �167 48C Any f u r t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e Three B r i d g e s h o u l d be d e l a y e d 1. Sisters until: Route 66 h a s been extended t o R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e , a l l o w i n g r a p i d a c c e s s t o and from D u l l e s A i r p o r t , and improving commuter t r a f f i c from V i r g i n i a ? 2. U n t i l t h e Metro System has been completed and r e l i a b l e s t a t i s t i c s on t r a f f i c needs c a n be generated, and 3. U n t i l t h e W h i t e h u r a t Freeway h a s been removed o r m o d i f i e d i n o r d e r t o handle heavy t r a f f i c volume i n a way which w i l l p e r m i t the r e c a p t u r e and proper development o f t h e Georgetown W a t e r f r o n t . Thank you. (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: Thank you, s i r . Mr. Gutheim? (No response.) MR. DUGAS: Mr. Markert. STATEMENT OF POTOMAC VALLEY LEAGUE OF MONTGOMERY COUNTY, BY EDWARD ROBERTS MR. ROBERTS: My name i s Edward R o b e r t s . d e l i g a t e t o t t h e Potomac V a l l e y League. I am a I have been asked t o p r e s e n t t h i s s t a t e m e n t by Mr. M a r k e r t , P r s i d e n t o f t h e Leagua, who i s unable t o be here t h i s a f t e r n o o n . The League i s an o r g a n i z a t i o n o f 20 c i t i z e n s a s s o c i a t i o n s c o n t a i n i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y 7,600 homes l o c a t e d i n �481 Maryland between R i v e r Road and t h e Potomac R i v e r from Western Avenue w e l l beyond t h e B e l t w a y Highway 495. The Potomac V a l l e y League h a s i n t h e p a s t encouraged a l l l o g i c a l methods o f improving t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n systems l e a d i n g i n t o and o u t o f Washington. Our c i t y i s n o t o n l y t h e N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l b u t a l s o t h e c e n t r a l c i t y o f one o f the l a r g e s urban a r e a s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . A t t e n t i o n must be g i v e n t o a l l s y s t e m s , i n c l u d i n g highv/ay a s w e l l as improved mass t r a n s p e r a t i o n . We b e l i e v e t h a t I n t e r s t a t e 266 w i l l be an i n t e g r a l p a r t o f a s o p h i s t i c a t e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n network and s h o u l d be implemented i m m e d i a t e l y . We approve o f t h e t h r e - s p a n , p r e - s t r s s s e d c o n c r e t e d e s i g n endorsed by t h e D. C. Highway Department w h i c h h a s a l s o met w i t h t h e a p p r o v a l o f t h e F i n e Arts Commission. Thank you. MR. DUGAS: Thank y o u , s i r . Mr. J . A. I s r a e l s o n . (No r e s p o n s e . ) MR. DUGAS: Mr. Norman A. and Werner H. Quasebarth. STATEMENT OF WERNER H. QUASEBARTH, ATLAS MACHINE AND IRON WORKS, INC., ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA MR. QUASEBARTH: am a n a t i v e W a s h i n g t c n i a n . My name i s Werner Quasebarth. I am a l s o P r e s i d e n t o f A t l a s I �169 482 Machine and I r o n Works, a m a n u f a c t u r i n g b u s i n e s s founded i n 1931 n e a r the Washington, D now e C, that was Navy Y a r d . We employ about 300 people and a r e a p a r t o f the b u i l d i n g construction industry. I n 1961, we b u i l t a m a n u f a c t u r i n g p l a n t on the then proposed I n t e r s t a t e Route 66, T h i s p l a n t i s designed t o accomplish t h a t p a r t o f our m a n u f a c t u r i n g t h a t r e q u i r e s l a r g e amounts o f a c r e a g e . way I t s l o c a t i o n was i d e a l l y s u i t e d to high- and a r e a economic and s o c i a l p l a n n i n g t h a t e x i s t e d i n 1961. Among o t h e r t h i n g s , t h i s p l a n n i n g c a l l e d f o r completion of I n t e r s t a t e Routes 66 and Had 266 by 1966. the l o c a l i t i e s i n v o l v e d s t u c k t o t h e i r we c o u l d have c r e a t e d an a d d i t i o n a l 100 and above t h o s e we have a l r e a d y c r e a t e d . t o 150 plans, j o b s , over Because the local- i t i e s changed t h e i r minds and e l e c t e d t o not y e t connect up the a l r e a d y completed p o r t i o n s of the a r e a ' s I n t e r s t a t e Highway system, we have not been a b l e t o h i r e and t r a i n anyone from Washington, D. C., t o work i n t h i s p l a n t , and have been f o r c e d t o depend s o l e l y on l e s s p o p u l a t e d areas west and southwest o f t h a t p l a n t f o r manpower. E f f o r t s t o a t t r a c t Washington, D. C., at times included Washington, D. C., r o a d map r e s i d e n t s have f r e e t r a i n i n g and f r e e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n from p r o v i d e d by u s . B u t , i f one l o o k s a t the t h a t the l a s t n i n e y e a r s have c r e a t e d , one w i l l find t h a t even w i t h f r e e b u s i n g , the t i m e r e q u i r e d f o r a Washington, �170 483 D. C , r e s i d e n t t o t r a v e l from h i s home t o o u r p l a n t i n G a i n e s v i l l e , Virginia,, i s r i d i c u l o u s l y prohibitive t o him. Had o r i g i n a l highway p l a n s been f o l l o w e d , o u r p l a n t would have been a p p r o x i m a t e l y 25 minutes from t h e Theodore R o o s e v e l t and Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e s d r i v i n g due west from t h e C i t y . As i t s t a n d s now, Washington, D, C., r e s i d e n t s must d r i v e almost due s o u t h a l l t h e way t o 1-495, t h e n n o r t h w e s t e r n l y b e f o r e they c a n head due west on t h e completed p o r t i o n o f 1-66. We do n o t a s k t h a t a r o a d be b u i l t j u s t f o r u s . However, v/e f e e l t h e r e a r e many companies l i k e us who can p r o v i d e s o l u t i o n s t o Washington's many problems i f g i v e n a chance. We f e e l we c a r r i e d o u t o u r r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s t o t h e community w i t h a l o t o f h a r d work and d e d i c a t i o n t o o u r Gainesville f a c i l i t y which v/e c r e a t e d i n harmony w i t h t h e highway, s o c i a l and economic p l a n n i n g o f Washington, D„ C. We r e s p e c t f u l l y r e q u e s t t h a t t h e community now do i t s p a r t by c o m p l e t i n g t h e planned 1-66 and 1-266 highways. As an added p a r t o f t h i s r e p o r t , we s e e n o t h i n g beautiful i n l o n g l i n e s o f autos w a i t i n g t o c r o s s t h e inadequate number o f b r i d g e s t h a t e x i s t . These l o n g l i n e s o f autos which p o l l u t e t h e a i r w h i l e i d l i n g and w a i t i n g t o c r o s s have i n t u r n been c r e a t e d by t h e b i g masses o f people moving i n t o t h e h e a r t o f Washington, D. C., e v e r y day. When I was b o r n , t h i s a r e a had l e s s t h a n t h r e e - f o u r t h s m i l l i o n people. T h i s w i l l a t l e a s t quadruple. These people must have p l a c e s �t o l i v e , s c h o o l s f o r t h e i r c h i l d s e n and ways t o g e t t o p l a c e s o f employment. These t h i n g s a l l r e q u i r e f o l l o w i n g through w i t h t h e planned system o f highways. Another p o i n t I w i s h t o make i s t h a t Washington, D. C I , i s n o t l i k e Manhattan I s l a n d . .-v 4 I t i s n o t long and i t ia n o t p o s s i b l e t o put subways w i t h i n w a l k i n g d i s t a n c e o f e v e r y r e s i d e n t . While subv/ays c a n p o s s i b l y s e r v e 50 peircent o f Washington's r e s i d e n t s , t h e o t h e r 50 p e r c e n t a r e going t o have t o d r i v e . The c h o i c e s t h e r e f o r e a r e : (a) Move people o u t . (b) B u i l d t h e roads t h e people r e q u i r e . (c) P u t up w i t h t h e long l i n e s o f autos and r e s u l t i n g pollution,. A t l a s Machine and I r o n Works b e l i e v e s t h a t t h e propei c h o i c e i s t o b u i l d t h e roads t h a t have a l r e a d y been designed and started. Thank you. MR. DUGAS: Thank you, s i r . MR. A I R I S : Mr. Chairman, I wonder, would t h e w i t n e s s have — d i d you e x p r e s s any p r e f e r e n c e f o r e i t h e r one o f t h e s e t r e a t m e n t s , o r d i d n ' t you s e e f i t t o choose between them? MR. QUASEBARTH: bridges i s b u i l t of s t e e l . I am a s t e e l f a b r i c a t o r ; one o f t h e �485 However, from an a e s t h e t i c p o i n t of v i e w , I t h i n k I would f a v o r the b r i d g e t h a t has a l r e a d y been s e l e c t e d , which i s o f c o n c r e t e , which g i v e s me no f i n a n c i a l i n t e r e s t i n the bridge. MR. AIRIS: Thank you, s i r . MR. DUGAS: Mr. STATEMENT OF M. B r i t t , V i r g i n i a Automobile D e a l e r s . G. "TED" B R I T T , VIRGINIA AUTOMOBILE DEALERS MR. BRITT: Mr. Chairman. Northern V i r g i n i a i s the f i r s t a r e a i n the Commonwealth t o e x p e r i e n c e a c u t e t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n problems. F o r t h i s r e a s o n , t h e automobile d e a l e r s i n V i r g i n i a look upon i t as something o f a p r o v i n g ground f o r r e a s o n a b l e s o l u t i o n s f o r urban t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems t h a t may i n the develop e l s e w h e r e State. I t i s obvious t h a t we have an economic i n t e r e s t i n t h e c o n t i n u e d h e a l t h of motor v e h i c l e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n V i r g i n i a and throughout the c o u n t r y . Not o n l y do we market and s e r v i c e motor v e h i c l e s as a means o f l i v e l i h o o d , but most automobile d e a l e r s h i p s a r e i n urban a r e a s and r e p r e s e n t s t a n t i a l real estate sub- investments. F u r t h e r m o r e , many d e a l e r s h i p s a r e i n o r v e r y n e a r the "downtown" o r c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t s of our cities. L i k e any o t h e r r e t a i l merchant, we b e n e f i t from the concent r a t i o n and wide v a r i e t y o f consumer t r a f f i c a f f o r d e d by these �173 486 locations. And, l i k e any o t h e r p r o p e r t y owner o f urban p r o p e r t y , we have a d e f i n i t e i n t e r e s t i n the c o n t i n u e d economic h e a l t h of urban a r e a s . Of c o u r s e , we a r e aware o f the m a s s i v e e f f o r t s by many i n t e r e s t s throughout the c o u n t r y t o d i s c r e d i t the motor v e h i c l e and highway t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . Many d e t r a c t o r s of t h i s t y p e a r e t o be found r i g h t l u r e i n the m e t r o p o l i t a n Q u i t e f r a n k l y , however, v/e f e e l t h a t — future at l e a s t — f o r the area. foreseeable t h e r e w i l l c o n t i n u e t o be a s t r o n g , healthy demand f o r automotive t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . I n V i r g i n i a , t h e r e a r e 20 e n t i r e c o u n t i e s and 68 p e r c e n t o f the S t a t e ' s populated communities t h a t depend e n t i r e l y on motor v e h i c l e s f o r a l l l a n d t r a v e l . Also, every r e s p o n s i b l e s t u d y on the s u b j e c t i n d i c a t e s t h a t Americans s t i l l consider i t the most i d e a l form of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . A r e c e n t s t u d y commissioned by the Highway Research Board emphasises t h i s p o i n t . The s t u d y s a i d , "The automobile i s by f a r the most i m p o r t a n t mode o f t r a v e l t o the American househ o l d , and r e p r e s e n t s a uniformly o f l i f e and g e n e r a l v a l u e s . important, f a c e t of our way I t v / i l l become even more im- p o r t a n t i n the immediate y e a r s ahead. "Most respondents f e e l t h a t improvements should be made i n both automobile and p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , not one the e x c l u s i o n of the other. " A t t i t u d e s toward the automobile a r e g e n e r a l l y to �174 487 p o s i t i v e and t h e v a l u e p l a c e d on t h e automobile i s e x t r e m e l y high. There appears t o be c l o s e ego-involvement w i t h t h e automobile a s a way o f l i f e . "In metropolitan areas, public transportation i s r e c o g n i s e d as a v i t a l p a r t o f our way o f l i f e , and worth c o n t i n u e d and a c c e l e r a t e d emphasis. However, t h e a t t i t u d e s toward p r e s e n t p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e r v i c e s t e n d t o be generally negative r a t h e r than p o s i t i v e . " What t h i s means, t h e n , i s t h a t a s automobile d e a l e r s , we w i l l s t i l l have a h e a l t h y market f o r our product. question The i s where? Thomas Mann, P r e s i d e n t o f t h e Automobile Manufacturers A s s o c i a t i o n , r e c e n t l y put the question framework: "... i n this t h e problem o f t h e c e n t r a l c i t y today i s n o t how t o t a k e c a r e o f an e v e r - g r e a t e r number o f c a r s d e s i r i n g t o come downtown b u t how t o a t t r a c t b u s i n e s s lishments estab- and t h e a f f l u e n t middle c l a s s i n t h e suburbs t o t h e downtown shopping, i n d u s t r i a l and r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s — how t o p r e v e n t t h e c e n t r a l c i t y from becoming a p l a c e of s t a g n a t i n g commerce and i n c r e a s i n g j o b l e s s n e s s and s o a r i n g r e l i e f rolls. I f t h i s i s indeed t h e problem, then i t would seem c l e a r t h a t one o f t h e t h i n g s t h a t s h o u l d be done i s t o make t h e c e n t r a l c i t y a c c e s s i b l e t o the fast-growing suburbs. There i s n o t h i n g t o be g a i n e d and much t o be l o s t i f t h e g h e t t o s and t h e businesses of the inner c i t y are i s o l a t e d . " �175 488 While our b u s i n e s s e s t a b l i s h m e n t s need t o be l o c a t e d i n p l a c e s p r o v i d i n g heavy and v a r i e d exposure to shoppers, they must a l s o have a c c e s s i b i l i t y . I f the downtown a r e a s become choked w i t h t r a f f i c and shoppers t u r n t o o t h e r more c o n v e n i e n t l o c a t i o n s , we must, i n t u r n , l e a v e the downtown a r e a s . The i d e a t h a t by making downtown u n d e s i r a b l e f o r automotive t r a f f i c w i l l h e l p t h e p u b l i c t r a n s i t systems and thereby c r e a t e a r e b i r t h of the "good o l d days" o f f o o t t r a f f i c shopping t o which customers w i l l f l o c k has proven time and a g a i n d i s a s t r o u s t o downtown a r e a s . p o i n t e d o u t , the c o n t r a r y i s t r u e . As Mr. Mann I t seems t o be a r u l e o f thumb f o r most c i t i e s t h a t where automobile movement i s r e s t r i c t e d by c o n g e s t i o n o r a r t i f i c i a l means, e x p e r i e n c e has shown an e v e n t u a l s t a g n a t i o n o f b u s i n e s s a c t i v i t y and a subsequent m i g r a t i o n t o o t h e r l o c a t i o n s . I t i s our o p i n i o n t h a t i f Northern V i r g i n i a i s t o be saved fromeconomic chaos, t h e t o t a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n recommended by the V i r g i n i a and D i s t r i c t o f Columbia highway agencies must be completed a t t h e e a r l i e s t p o s s i b l e date. A r l i n g t o n County and o t h e r l o c a l i t i e s i n Northern Virginia cannot a f f o r d t o t u r n i t s back on r e a l i t y and watch t a x p a y i n g p r i v a t e b u s i n e s s e s b e i n g d r i v e n out i n s e a r c h o f more accessible locations. E v e r y r e s p o n s i b l e s t u d y shows t h a t the freeway plan �176 489 as w e l l as o t h e r forms o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n development w i l l be needed t o s o l v e j u s t a p o r t i o n o f our t r a f f i c problems i n t h i s area. One e s s e n t i a l p a r t o f t h e freeway p l a n i s the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e on which t h i s h e a r i n g i s being h e l d . Both o f t h e b r i d g e d e s i g n s being c o n s i d e r e d seem t o o f f e r adequate s o l u t i o n s t o the p r e s e n t economic and e n v i r o n mental needs o f the a r e a p r o v i d i n g the remainder o f c o n n e c t i n g w i t h 1-266 1-66 i s completed a t the e a r l i e s t p o s s i b l e date. I t appears t o t h i s a s s o c i a t i o n t h a t both s t r u c t u r e s are aesthetically pleasing; however, one, — the three-span s t r u c t u r e —- has r e c e i v e d t h e e n t h u s i a s t i c endorsement o f the Commission o f F i n e A r t s . I n v i e w o f t h i s h i g h recommendation from t h i s and o t h e r i n t e r e s t e d groups, our group f e e l s t h i s i s the one t h a t s h o u l d be c o n s t r u c t e d . I n c l o s i n g , I would l i k e t o p o i n t out t h a t congest i o n knows no p o l i t i c a l b o u n d a r i e s . The b o t t l e n e c k f o r t r a f f i c i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia backs up i n t o V i r g i n i a , and v i c e v e r s a . The two j u r i s d i c t i o n s c a n n c t r e a c h two d i f f e r e n t and v a r y i n g s o l u t i o n s t o the problem because the economic h e a l t h of both a r e f u s e d i n the m a t t e r o f traffic. I t seems t o our o r g c i n i z a t i o n t h a t the V i r g i n i a and D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and a l l o t h e r S t a t e and F e d e r a l agencies concerned have t a k e n g r e a t c a r e t o d e s i g n t h e Three B r i d g e and t h e 1-266 approaches i n a way Sisters t o complement t h e �177 490 a r e a ' s environment w h i l e a t t h e same time r e a c h i n g a r e a l - i s t i c s o l u t i o n t o t h e t r a f f i c problem. I n o t h e r words, t h e B r i d g e d e s i g n answers t h e need o f t h e l o c a l i t y from a l l r e a s o n a b l e a s p e c t s and we f e e l i t s h o u l d be b u i l t now w i t h o u t f u r t h e r d e l a y . MR. DUGAS: Thank you, Mr. B r i t t . Mr. R i c h a r d M. Wright. (No response.) MR. DUGAS: (No response.) MR. DUGAS: (No Colonel I s r a e l s o n ? response.) MR. DUGAS: (No Mr. W i l l i a m T r e a n o r . Mr. Gutheim? response.) MR. DUGAS: C o l o n e l I s r a e l s o n was t o appear a t 4:20. We a r e now ahead some 20 minutes o f o u r s c h e d u l e . I wonder i f t h e r e i s anyone i n t h e room n o t on o u r l i s t who would d e s i r e t o be h e a r d a t t h i s time? I f s o , you may come f o r w a r d and s t a t e your name and be h e a r d . STATEMENT OF MRS. BARBARA RUSSELL, 2601 FOXHALL ROAD, WASHINGTON, D. C. MRS. RUSSELL: I am Mrs. B a r b a r a R u s s e l l , and I a l s o l i v e a t 2601 F o x h a l l Road. I don't t h i n k my husband would l i k e i t i f I s a i d I was t h e o l d e s t l i v i n g i n h a b i t a n t , b u t I �178 491 t h i n k I j u s t about am. We have been h e r e now f o r t h e t h i r d g e n e r a t i o n on F o x h a l l Road and my f a m i l y moved t h e r e because they l i k e d t h e beauty o f t h e t r e e s and t h e n a t u r a l s u r r o u n d ings . I have seen t h e t r e e s being chopped down a l l around u s , and t h e w i l d l i f e d i s a p p e a r i n g v e r y r a p i d l y . I can't say — and a i l o f o u r b e a u t i f u l dogwoods a r e now d y i n g on t h e banks because o f t h e p o l l u t i o n . So I c a n ' t be e n t h u s i a s t i c about any more c a r s , p o l l u t i o n by t h e c a r s , anywhere, u n f o r t u n a t e l y . And I f e e l v e r y b a d l y about s a y i n g t h i s i n f r o n t o f t h e Highway Departments, who have been so v e r y c o n s i d e r a t e t o us and h e l p f u l i n t r y i n g t o e x p l a i n t h e i r p o i n t o f v i e w , and I can q u i t e see t h a t . 3ut I t h i n k i t i s a p i t y t o p u t more c a r s i n t h e C i t y t h a t i s a l r e a d y s o congested. We were an hour l a t e i n g e t t i n g h e r e because we were m i l l i n g around t r y i n g t o f i n d a parking space o r p a r k i n g garage t o g e t i n t o . So I c a n ' t s a y t h a t I t h i n k i t i s a good i d e a f o r more c a r s t o be f u n n e l e d i n t o t h i s congested a r e a . I am h i g h l y i n f a v o r o f a Metro System. sooner, t h e b e t t e r . I think the The d e s i g n , I t h i n k , i s r e l e v a n t t o what happens when i t g e t s o f f t h e b r i d g e a s w e l l a s when i t g e t s on t h e b r i d g e . And, t h e r e f o r e , I would l i k e t o s e e what happens i n t h e d e s i g n o f t h e avenues and roads l e a d i n g o f f i t , b e f o r e I c o u l d v o t e f a v o r a b l y on t h e d e s i g n o f t h e b r i d g e �179 492 Thank you v e r y much. MR. DUGAS: Thank y o u , Mrs. R u s s e l l . MR. A I R I S : Mr. Chairman, i f i t would r e a s s u r e Mrs. R u s s e l l any, I would l i k e t o p o i n t o u t t h a t h e r Highv/ay Department i s a l s o i n f a v o r o f o n l y p e r m i t t i n g e s s e n t i a l t r a f f i c i n t h e C i t y , and c o n t r o l l i n g t h e p a r k i n g problem t o a l a r g e e x t e n t i n t h e C i t y , which w i l l be t h e c o n t r o l o f traffic. MRS. RUSSELL: I t s t i l l seems t o me t h e more b r i d g e s you have, t h e more t r a f f i c you have. That i s j u s t i n e v i t a b l e , unfortunately. MR. A I R I S : way. We j u s t hope i t doesn't work o u t t h a t We i n t e n d t o t a k e s t e p s t o p r e v e n t i t . MRS. RUSSELL: other c i t y . I t h a s always i n t h e p a s t i n e v e r y Unfortunately, t h i s i s the fate of a bridge, that more people use i t . MR. DUGAS: Thank y o u , Mrs. R u s s e l l . Are t h e r e o t h e r s who would c a r e t o t e s t i f y a t t h i s time? MR. WRIGHT: MR. DUGAS: I am R i c h a r d Wright. R i c h a r d M. W r i g h t , you a r e n e x t . �180 • 493 STATEMENT OF RICHARD M. WRIGHT, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, D„ C. METROPOLITAN SUBCONTRACTORS ASSOCIATION MR. WRIGHT: I am R i c h a r d M. W r i g h t , E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r o f t h e D. C. M e t r o p o l i t a n Subcontractors Association. Our A s s o c i a t i o n i n c l u d e s s u b c o n t r a c t o r s , o f a l l t r a d e , doing a p p r o x i m a t e l y 70 t o 80 p e r c e n t o f a l l t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n i n d u s t r y work i n t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n The s u b c o n t r a c t o r s Area. s t r o n g l y support the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and i t s approaches. A b r i d g e a t t h i s l o c a t i o n would p r o v i d e immediate s o c i a l and economic b e n e f i t s f o r t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n Area. I t would p r o v i d e employment f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n i n d s u t r y labor f o r c e d i r e c t l y engaged i n t h i s p r o j e c t . I n l o n g e r term, i t would f a c i l i t a t e t h e movement o f the l a b o r f o r c e from a r e a t o a r e a . T h i s would i n c r e a s e employment o f w o r k e r s on p r o j e c t s t h a t a r e now d i f f i c u l t t o get t o . A l s o , an economic b e n e f i t would be t h e r e d u c t i o n i n the costs o f c o n s t r u c t i o n . Factors i n the cost of building are the cost t o the subcontractor o f g e t t i n g h i s men, t o o l s and equipment t o t h e j o b , and t h e c o s t t o t h e s u p p l i e r s o f d e l i v e r i n g m a t e r i a l s t o the job. With t h e improved r o u t i n g t h a t would be p o s s i b l e w i t h t h e new b r i d g e , t h e s e c o s t f a c t o r s would come down. As c o s t s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n a r e reduced, more �181 494 b u i l d i n g s w i l l be b u i l t and mora j o b s w i l l be p r o v i d e d . An e n v i r o n m e n t a l b e n e f i t , a l s o , would a c c r u e from the b u i l d i n g o f t h i s b r i d g e . movement o f our v e h i c l e s . I t would p e r m i t t h e f a s t e r With i n c r e a s e d speed, t h e r e would be fewer v e h i c l e - h o u r s and a concomitant r e d u c t i o n i n a i r p o l l u t i o n from e x h a u s t s . A r e d u c t i o n i n a i r p o - l u t i o n would r e s u l t a l s o from t h e mere f a c t o f h i g h e r speeds and reduced step-and-go type o p e r a t i o n . The argument t h a t t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a new b r i d g e would r e s u l t i n more t r a f f i c i f , o f c o u r s e , n o t v a l i d . The number o f v e h i c l e s w i l l be t h e same e i t h e r way, b r i d g e o r no bridge. However, i f t h e r e i s no b r i d g e , t h e t r a f f i c w i l l go more s l o w l y and more i n t e r r u p t e d l y o v e r t h e e x i s t i n g routes, and produce more a i r p o l l u t i o n . Thus, f o r t h e reasons g i v e n , economic, s o c i a l , and e n v i r o n m e n t a l , t h e s u b c o n t r a c t o r s o f t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a a r e v e r y much i n f a v o r o f t h i s proposed bridge. Thank you v e r y much. MR. DUGAS: MR.AIRIS: Thank you, Mr. Wright. Mr. Chairman. I wonder would Mr. Wright, c o u l d I impose upon you t o j u s t ask one s i m p l e q u e s t i o n h e r e . Does y o u r A s s o c i a t i o n have any p r e f e r e n c e a s t o t h e t r e a t m e n t which was o u t l i n e d , as shown i n t h e s e two a r t i s t s * renderings? �182 ' 495 MR. WRIGHT: Wo, s i r , I t h i n k we d i d n ' t undertake t o address t h e p r e f e r e n c e between t h e two. I t i s merely we t h i n e t h e r e should be a b r i d g e . MR. A I R I S : I s e a . Thank you v e r y much. MR. DUGAS: I s Mr. Treanor i n t h e house y e t ? (No response.) MR. DUGAS: How about C o l o n e l I s r a e l s o n , h a s he come in? (No response.) MR. DUGASz We f i n d o u r s e l v e s approximately minutes ahead o f o u r s c h e d u l e . 15 I s t h e r e someone e l s e i n t h e audience n o t on o u r l i s t who would c a r e t o t e s t i f y a t t h i s time? I f t h e r e be none, then we w i l l be i n r e c e s s u n t i l a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4:20. (Whereupon, t h e r e was a b r i e f r e c e s s MR.DUGAS: taken.) Mrs. H a l Magargle. STATEMENT OF MRS. HAL MAGARGLE, AUDUBON NATURALIST SOCIETY OF THE CENTRAL ATLANTIC STATES MRS. MAGARGLE: I am Mrs. H a l Magargle. I appear i n b e h a l f o f t h e Audubon N a t u r a l i s t S o c i e t y o f t h e C e n t r a l A t l a n t i c S t a t e s , a n o n p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1897, w i t h a c u r r e n t membership o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2,200. encourages c o n s e r v a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s , environmental The S o c i e t y education �183 496 and n a t u r a l s c i e n c e s t u d i e s . I understand t h a t we a r e i n v i t e d t o p r e s e n t s t a t e ments c o n c e r n i n g any a l t e r n a t i v e d e s i g n s f o r t h e proposed Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and i t s approaches i n V i r g i n i a and t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, i n c l u d i n g t h e s o c i a l , economic and environmental effects. I propose t h a t t h e b e s t d e s i g n , c o n s i d e r i n g t h e s o c i a l economic and e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s , i s a cleaned-up Potomac R i v e r , minus another b r i d g e s t r u c t u r e o f any k i n d , w i t h t h e P a r k l a n d a l o n g the s h o r e l i n e l i f e i n t a c t , n o t c u t through w i t h more r o a d s . In considering a design f o r anything — road o r b u i l d i n g o f any s o r t — a bridge, we s h o u l d t h i n k n o t o n l y o f how i t w i l l look when brand new, b u t how w i l l i t s t a n d t h e t e s t o f time and use? The d e s i g n p r o p o s a l s under c o n s i d e r a t i o n today will encroach upon e x i s t i n g shore l i n e p a r k l a n d , and poses a s e r i o u s t h r e a t t o r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s and p a r k s o u t s i d e o f t h e immediate l o c a t i o n . T h i s i s an u n d e s i r a b l e s o c i a l e f f e c t . The more b r i d g e s and roads we b u i l d , t h e more we seem t o need. U s i n g p a s t e x p e r i e n c e as r e f e r e n c e , as long a s we c o n t i n u e t o encourage t h e use o f t h e p r i v a t e automobile, v/e can be s u r e t h a t b e f o r e l o n g , another b r i d g e and more approaches w i l l be "needed." effect. T h i s i s an u n d e s i r a b l e economic �184 497 I t i s a proven f a c t t h a t o u r automobiles a r e one o f t h e major s o u r c e s o f a i r p o l l u t i o n , i f n o t t h e Mo. 1 source i n our c i t i e s . To encourage an i n c r e a s e i n automobile a t t h i s p o i n t i n time i s v e r y poor d e s i g n . traffic That i t w i l l have an u n d e s i r a b l e e f f e c t on o u r environment, t h e r e can be no doubt. I t i s such an obvious q u e s t i o n t h a t i t s h o u l d n o t be n e c e s s a r y t o a s k i t , b u t why don't we g e t on w i t h t h e j o b o f b u i l d i n g a decent mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system i n t h i s m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a i n s t e a d o f w a s t i n g p r e c i o u s time arguing about more roads and more b r i d g e s t o b r i n g s t i l l more c a r s , w i t h t h e i r a t t e n d a n t problems o f a i r p o l l u t i o n , t r a f f i c g e s t i o n , n o i s e and d i r t i n t o t h e c i t y ? con- I t j u s t doesn't make sense. Let us produce a d e s i g n which w i l l be sound s o c i a l l y , e c o n o m i c a l l y , and e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y ; a mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system which V7.il 1: 1. Make i t p o s s i b l e f o r t h e poor as w e l l as t h e r i c h t o move about. 2, Make i t d e s i r a b l e and easy f o r people t o come i n t o t h e c i t y t o shop, go s i g h t s e e i n g , o u t t o d i n n e r , t o e n j o y t h e many forms o f e n t e r t a i n m e n t a v a i l a b l e i n t h e metroO p o l i t a n a r e a , and above a l l , t o commute t o work. Which w i l l n o t a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t o u r environment w i t h i n c r e a s i n g a i r p o l l u t i o n , n o i s e p o l l u t i o n , and t h e �185 498 destruction of i r r e p l a c e a b l e parkland. L e t ' s g e t on w i t h i t . MR. DUGAS: Thank y o u , Mrs. Magargle. I s Mr. W i l l i a m T r e a n o r i n t h e house y e t ? (No response.) MR. DUGAS: Mr. T r e a n o r i s o u r l a s t w i t n e s s s c h e d u l e d f o r t h e a f t e r n o o n s e s s i o n and he i s n o t due u n t i l 5:05. I wonder i f t h e r e i s now p r e s e n t anyone i n t h e audience who would l i k e t o t e s t i f y a t t h i s t i m e , n o t l i s t e d ? (No r e s p o n s e . ) MR. DUGAS: I f n o t , we w i l l have t o go i n t o r e c e s s u n t i l approximately 5:05. (Whereupon, t h e r e MR. DUGAS3 was a s h o r t r e c e s s . ) L a d i e s and Gentlemen, we j u s t had a telephone message from Mr. T r e a n o r , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t he i s o u t on an emergency m a t t e r and t h a t he p r o b a b l y w i l l n o t appear a t t h i s time. We w i l l , t h e r e f o r e , a d j o u r n t h e h e a r i n g a t t h i s t i m e , t o reconvene a t 7:00 o ' c l o c k , i n t h i s p l a c e . Thank y o u v e r y much. (Whereupon, a t 4:50 p.m., t h e p u b l i c h e a r i n g i n t h e a b o v e - e n t i t l e d m a t t e r was r e c e s s e d , t o reconvene a t 7:00 p.m., t h i s same day.) �499 (THE HEARING WAS CALLED TO ORDER AT APPROXIMATELY 7 P.M. , 15 DECEMBER 1970, AND THE FOLLOWING PROCEEDINGS WERE HEARING OFFICER DUGAS; come t o order. The meeting w i l l now We s h a l l h e a r from Mrs. Louise McClenathan. WHEREUPON, MRS o LOUISE McCLENATHAN, 2001 N„ ADAMS STREET, ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA, APPROACHED • THE PODIUM AND T E S T I F I E D , IN SUBSTANCE, AS FOLLOWS: MRS. McCLENATHAN: at I am L o u i s e McClenathan r e s i d i n g 2001 N. Adams S t r e e t , A r l i n g t o n , V i r g i n i a . I wish t o s t a t e a t the outset t h a t I favor a balanced t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system f o r t h e a r e a , i n c l u d i n g s e v e r a l a l t e r n a t i v e p l a n s suggested by my f e l l o w A r l i n g t o n i a n s a t t h e 1-66 H e a r i n g s on December 7, 8 , and 9, 1970 o These a l t e r n a t e s i n c l u d e above ground r a i l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n on t h e e x i s t i n g r i g h t o f way, underground t r a n s i t s y s t e m s , and t h e use of e x p r e s s bus l a n e s on e x i s t i n g highways. I have had t h i r t e e n y e a r s of e x p e r i e n c e s c h o o l work. portance i n public D u r i n g t h a t time I have seen t h e v i t a l im- I r e p e a t , v i t a l importance of p l a y and r e c r e a t i o n i n t h e t o t a l l e a r n i n g p r o c e s s of c h i l d r e n * I n t h i s regard, I would i n no way f a v o r c o n s t r u c t i o n o f 1-266 and 66 which c o n s t r u c t i o n would d e s t r o y any l a r g e amount o f l a n d c u r r e n t l y used f o r f r e e r e c r e a t i o n by c i t i z e n s from the ages of 5 t o 75. �500 F r e d e r i c h F r o e b e l , a European e d u c a t o r , has put i t this way: "Play i s the p u r e s t , most s p i r i t u a l a c t i v i t y of the child. I t g i v e s , t h e r e f o r e , j o y , freedom, contentment, i n n e r and o u t e r r e s t , and peace w i t h t h e w o r l d . A c h i l d that plays t h o r o u g h l y w i t h s e l f a c t i v e determination* perseveringly u n t i l p h y s i c a l f a t i g u e f o r b i d s , w i l l s u r e l y be a t h o r o u g h l y termined man, de- capable of s e l f - s a c r i f i c e f o r the promotion of the w e l f a r e of himself and o t h e r s . " My f o l l o w i n g comments, however, a r e d i r e c t e d t o s p e c i f i c d e s i g n changes r e q u e s t e d when and i f 1*^266 and 1-66 are c o n s t r u c t e d . Gentlemen, I would l i k e t o p o i n t t o you on the a e r i a l map t h e p l a c e where I l i v e and t o w h i c h I w i l l be r e f e r r i n g i n my t e s t i m o n y (approaching the map and indicating)* You can see t h a t t h e highway i s v e r y , v e r y c l o s e behind area. this You w i l l a l s o see o t h e r h i g h d e n s i t y , d w e l l i n g s , r i g h t h e r e , apartments, t o o , and t u r n s a t Adams S t r e e t . According t o proposed d e s i g n p l a n s f o r 1-266. A c c o r d i n g t o proposed d e s i g n p l a n s f o r 1-266 made a v a i l a b l e f o r p u b l i c i n s p e c t i o n i n advance of t h i s h e a r i n g , the p h i c p o i n t i n A r l i n g t o n where eastbound 1-266 from 1-66 geogra- would d i v e r g e i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y due n o r t h of t h e n o r t h e r n t e r m i n u s of North Adams S t r e e t . eastbound 1-266 A t such p o i n t of divergence from would proceed underneath 1-66 1-66 on i t s way t o a �501 Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e * T h i s passage o f 2-266 under 1-56 r e a d i l y lends i t s e l f t o i n e x p e n s i v e implementation o f t h e r e q u e s t f o r a n a p p r o p r i a t e p e d e s t r i a n f a c i l i t y w h i c h I made a t t h e 1-66 September 29, 1970, d e s i g n h e a r i n g on b e h a l f o f r e s i d e n t s of my a r e a 0 The b r i e f statement then made i n e x p l a n a t i o n and support o f t h a t r e q u e s t f o r a p e d e s t r i a n f a c i l i t y I l a t e r w i l l repeat. But f i r s t I r e f e r t o a r e l a t e d a s p e c t o f t h e proposed highway d e s i g n p l a n s . S o - c a l l e d ramp "K w i l l f e e d i n t o 1-66 a t t h e same g e o g r a p h i c a l p o i n t p r e v i o u s l y mentioned, and i t w i l l be n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e r e q u e s t e d overpass ramp "K" a t t h a t p o i n t . pedestrian f a c i l i t y t o The embankment and r e l a t e d r e t a i n i n g w a l l proposed t o p a r a l l e l 1-66 a t t h a t p o i n t will f a c i l i t a t e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f an i n e x p e n s i v e anchorage f o r t h e south end o f t h e proposed overpass of ramp "K"„ A f t e r spanning t h e v e r y s h o r t d i s t a n c e over ramp "K", t h e n o r t h end o f t h e requested overpass would be anchored on a s t r u c t u r e w h i c h would i n c l u d e s t a i r s t e p s o r a ramp l e a d ing down t o t h e grade l e v e l o f }>266. A t t h e f o o t o f such anchor s t r u c t u r e t h e p e d e s t r i a n would e n t e r a narrow c o r r i d o r prot e c t e d on e i t h e r s i d e by woven w i r e f e n c i n g o f such h e i g h t and p r o t e c t i v e design a s would preclude s c a l i n g . T h i s pro- t e c t e d p e d e s t r i a n c o r r i d o r would be l o c a t e d t o t h e r i g h t of and a l o n g s i d e eastbound 1-266 f o r t h e d i s t a n c e i t passes �502 underneath 1-66. Upon emerging from t h e cover of t h a t bridge the i n d i c a t e d p e d e s t r i a n c o r r i d o r immediately would connect w i t h Spout Run p a r k l a n d w h i c h e x t e n d s an approximate h a l f m i l e down t o t h e Potomac R i v e r . T h i s wooded a r e a o f n a t u r a l beauty, c o n s i s t i n g of s e v e r a l a c r e s , i s not — for I r e p e a t not —• earmarked h5.ghway use by 1-266, and i s t h e h i k i n g a r e a r e f e r r e d t o i n my p r e v i o u s l y - m e t n i o n e d r e q u e s t o f September 29. I now r e p e a t t h a t r e q u e s t o m i t t i n g introductory m a t t e r and copy o f t h e p e t i t i o n i n support of such r e q u e s t signed by 337 persons, w h i c h p e t i t i o n a l r e a d y i s p a r t o f t h e r e c o r d o f t h e i n d i c a t e d I«66 h e a r i n g . The I quote: proposed l o c a t i o n f o r t h e requested pedestrian f a c i l i t y i s " i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e n o r t h e r n terminus o f North Adams Street„ 11 No land a c q u i s i t i o n c o s t would be i n - b o l v e d because A r l i n g t o n County s t i l l r e t a i n s t i t l e t o l a n d , dedicated f o r Adams S t r e e t , w h i c h l a n d extends a l l t h e d i s t a n c e down t o t h e r i g h t - o f - w a y o f t h e former Washington & Old Dominion R a i l r o a d . for T h a t former r a i l r o a d bed w i l l be u t i l i z e d c o n s t r u c t i o n o f U.S., 66. A c r o s s U.S. 66 a t t h a t p o i n t i s open l a n d i n Spout Run Parkway on w h i c h h i k i n g paths a l r e a d y e x i s t w h i c h c o u l d be extended t o connect w i t h a h i k i n g t r a i l a l o n g t h e Potomac R i v e r . A s i d e t r a i l , w h i c h a l r e a d y e x i s t s i n Spout Run Parkway, l e a d s t o a 100-foot long w e l l - p r e s e r v e d C i v i l War t r e n c h w h i c h was p a r t o f t h e F o r t Strong earthworks. �503 The "pedestrian." f a c i l i t y proposed i n our p e t i t i o n i s d e s c r i b e d as The word " b i k i n g " p u r p o s e l y i s not used i n c o n n e c t i o n t h e r e w i t h because d i f f e r e n c e s i n e l e v a t i o n i n the a r e a i n q u e s t i o n might preclude s a t i s f a c t o r y b i c y c l e t r a v e l . , Hiking c o n d i t i o n s , however, a r e ideal,, j u s t i f i e s construction This hiking potential of the r e q u e s t e d f a c i l i t y i r r e s p e c t i v e of the b i k i n g angle„ A word about my neighborhood and i t s future: l o c a t e d c l o s e i n , b e i n g but a m i l e from R o s s l y n . Towers and We are Potomac the C i r c l e Apartment a t the n o r t h e r n t e r m i n u s of Adams S t r e e t a r e both h i g h r i s e w i t h s e v e r a l other apartments nearby. There a l s o a r e nearby s i n g l e - f a m i l y dwellings. The A r l i n g t o n County p l a n n i n g s t a f f r e p e a t e d l y has recommended t h a t such p r i v a t e home a r e a , as w e l l a s c e r t a i n contiguous d w e l l i n g a r e a s , be earmarked f o r h i g h d e n s i t y development. The f u r t h e r f a c t t h a t wa a r e l o c a t e d w i t h i n the geo- g r a p h i c a l l i m i t s of the R o s s l y n - B a l l s t o n c o r r i d o r , now rapid r a i l under comprehensive s t u d y by t h e transit Arlington County p l a n n i n g s t a f f , i s an a d d i t i o n a l i n d i c a t i o n of the eventual high population density which i s destined for area„ henceforth T h i s e v e r - g r o w i n g p o p u l a t i o n now needs, and u r g e n t l y w i l l need, r e a d y a c c e s s t o open space. t h i s p e t i t i o n would a f f o r d t h a t o p p o r t u n i t y a l s o would f i n d the i n d i c a t e d p e d e s t r i a n a our Granting C i t i z e n s generally f a c i l i t y an e x c e l l e n t �i04 gateway t o t h e C o n g r e s s i o n a l l y a u t h o r i s e d h i k i n g t r a i l t h e Potomac R i v e r . along We r e s p e c t f u l l y urge t h a t t h e p e t i t i o n be granted. MR. A I R I S : Mr. Chairman, might I j u s t i n q u i r e o f Miss McClenathan? MISS McCLENATHAN: MR. A I R I S : Yes? D i d you have a n y p r e f e r e n c e t h a t you c a r e d t o e x p r e s s on t h e two a l t e r n a t i v e t r e a t m e n t s f o r a bridge which are t h e primary point of the hearing. are displayed r i g h t here. They One i s a t h r e e - s p a n , t h a t ' s t h e long c o n c r e t e a r c h a c r o s s t h e r i v e r . And t h e o t h e r i s a s t e e l span w i t h an added p i e r i n t h e c e n t e r o f t h e r i v e r . MISS McCLENATHAN: I was under t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t t h e h e a r i n g s a l s o were being h e l d i n r e g a r d t o 1-266, and I do f e e l t h a t my r e q u e s t touched on t h a t . MRo A I R I S : Yes, t h a t ' s t r u e - but i n a d d i t i o n t o that. MISS McCLENATHAN: Y e s . MR. A I R I S : T h i s i s 1-266 a c r o s s t h e b r i d g e . MISS McCLENATHAN: I do n o t have a t t h i s p o i n t a n y opinion a s t o w h i c h d e s i g n would be b e s t gentlemen. I believe t h a t my r e q u e s t and my t e s t i m o n y should s t a n d a s i t now i s . MR. A I R I S : Thank you v e r y much. MISS McCLENATHAN: You a r e welcome. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Mrs. P h i l i p G. F o r t u n e ? �League of Women V o t e r s ? MRS. MALAKOFF: I am n o t Mrs. F o r t u n e but I am going t o t e s t i f y . HEARING OFFICER: Mrs. M a l a k o f f , you a r e going t o t e s t i f y i n s t e a d o f Mrs. F o r t u n e ? MRS. MAIAKOFF: Y e s . Would you l i k e i t now? HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: MRS„ MAIAKOFFt Please. I would l i k e t o open t h i s w i t h a s l i g h t l y l i g h t e r statement. I f e e l our statement i s r a t h e r solemn a s Leagues o f t e n a r e , and I would s a y t h a t perhaps we f e e l t h a t we a r e here more by a c c i d e n t t h a n by d e s i g n . That's p r e t t y bad." I t h i n k we a r e a l l gathered h e r e because o f t h e extended c i t i z e n a c t i v i t y f o r t h e p a s t two y e a r s and t h i s o f course i s one o f a long s e r i e s o f League p o s i t i o n papers. I hope t h a t you gentlemen who a r e l o o k i n g t o t h e Hearing r e c o r d w i l l go back t o League p o s i t i o n s i n p r e v i o u s t i m e s . The League o f Women V o t e r s o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s opposed t o t h e d e s i g n p r o p o s a l s submitted f o r 1-266. The p r o p o s a l s do not s p e c i f y t h e n a t u r e o f t h e t r a f i i c s e r v i c e f o r which t h e y a r e o f f e r e d , and c o n s e q u e n t l y t h e y d e f y d i r e c t e v a l u a t i o n i n terms o f s u i t a b i l i t y f o r s e r v i c e needs t o be met. F o r such e v a l u a t i o n , t r i p purposes and number would have t o be estimated. Furthermore, an e x p l i c i t statement o f t h e r e l a t i o n of t h e s e d e s i g n s t o t h e t o t a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system o f t h e r e g i o n would be important t o proper e v a l u a t i o n . A statement o f �506 t h a t r e l a t i o n s h i p i s a l s o e s s e n t i a l t o c a r r y out t h e I n t e r governmental R e l a t i o n s A c t o f 1968, w h i c h r e q u i r e s coordination regional and b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n systems. A r e v i e w of t h e h e a r i n g r e c o r d o f 1964 r e v e a l s t h a t the d e s i g n s do not appear t o r e f l e c t t h e i n f l u e n c e of c i t i z e n opinion expressed a t t h a t time. The f e a r s e x p r e s s e d t h e n have grown more urgent w i t h each p a s s i n g time o b j e c t e d t o t h e p r o s p e c t i v e year. Citizens a t that environmental b l i g h t , neigh- borhood d i s r u p t i o n , and t h e c o s t o f t h e p r o j e c t . They wanted r e s o u r c e s a l l o c a t e d t o a l t e r n a t i v e forms of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . They recommended s p e c i f i c a l l y t h a t t r u c k t r a f f i c prohibited from t h e Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e be channeled t o t h e new 14th S t r e e t span. They c h a l l e n g e d t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t s , , A l l t h e s e o b j e c t i o n s appear t o be f u l l y j u s t i f i e d a t t h i s t i m e c These d e s i g n s f o r massive t r a f f i c c a r r i e r s a r e t o t a l l y out o f keeping w i t h our i n t e r e s t i n encouraging t h e use o f mass t r a n s i t , i n v e s t i n g a v a i l a b l e r e s o u r c e s i n improving mass t r a n s i t , and r e d u c i n g a u t o use w i t h i t s consequent c l u t t e r of gas s t a t i o n s , p a r k i n g l o t s and g a r a g e s , and t h e thousand m i l e s o f roads a l r e a d y i n s e r v i c e i n t h e 69 square m i l e s o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. They a r e out of k e e p i n g w i t h a s p i r i t of concern f o r t h e unique n a t u r a l f e a t u r e s o f our C a p i t o l l o c a t i o n . region, there i s o n l y one Potomac s h o r e l i n e . e n j o y i t s use f o r h i k i n g and b i k i n g . I n our Thousands o f u s Many thousands more could �507 I do s o i f i t s n a t u r a l a t t r a c t i v e n e s s were p r o t e c t e d and e n hanced. To route a major t r a f f i c c a r r . i e r a l o n g t h i s nearby a r e a o f t h e Potomac shore i s t o d e s t r o y our most important n a t u r a l a s s e t , t o t h r e a t e n t h e v e g e t a t i o n , and t o d e s t r o y t h e s m a l l measure o f hope f o r a c h i e v i n g t h e p o s s i b l e - a p l e a s a n t urban h a b i t a t . We do n o t b e l i e v e t h e D. C. Department of Highways and T r a f f i c i s r e s p o n s i v e t o the c l e a r w i s h e s of t h e c i t i z e n s i t pretends t o serve. We recommend t h e w i t h d r a w a l o f t h e s e p l a n s by t h e Department. Are t h e r e any q u e s t i o n s ? HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: MR. A I R I S : Any q u e s t i o n s ? W e l l , Mr. Chairman, I wonder i f Miss M a l a k o f f h a s a n y p r e f e r e n c e f o r e i t h e r o f t h e two t r e a t m e n t s t h a t was d e s c r i b e d i n t h e b o o k l e t and which a r e shown on t h e s e two a r t i s t r e n d e r i n g s up here - t h e two d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f b r i d g e s , o r any other type of b r i d g e ? MISS MALAKOFF: Y e s . W e l l , my own r e a c t i o n t o t h e a l t e r n a t i v e proposed was t h a t i n t h e v e r y narrowest sense a l t e r n a t i v e • that they are a r t i s t i c a l t e r n a t i v e s - a e s t h e t i c alternatives. My own e s t i m a t e would be t h a t t h e r e a l meaning o f d e s i g n a l t e r n a t i v e s perhaps ought t o be a l i t t l e b i t broader i n t h e sense o f d i f f e r e n t s i z e s , d i r e c t e d t o d i f f e r e n t c a r r y i n g purposes and t h i n g s o f t h a t s o r t . I certainly think that a e s t h e t i c a l l y the s i m p l i e r b r i d g e h a s t h e more p l e a s i n g a p p e a l . �but t h a t ' s a p e r s o n a l , and a v e r y n a r r o w l y a e s t h e t i c design | consideration* MR. AIRIS: MISS Which one would be t h e more s i m p l i e r ? MALAKOFFt Well, a e s t h e t i c a l l y speaking, I would s a y t h e s i n g l e a r c h . MR. AIRIS: The s i n g l e a r c h . I see. You would have some s l i g h t p r e f e r e n c e towards t h e s i n g l e a r c h ? MISS MALAKOFF: MR. A I R I S : Oh, yes. As you r e c a l l , j u s t a s an a s i d e , r e a l l y , one o f t h e comments a t t h e '64 h e a r i n g was from t h e f o l k s who indulged i n r i v e r s p o r t s , t h a t t h e y d i d not w i s h t o have p i e r s i n the r i v e r . T h a t i s , i f t h e y had t h e i r d r u t h e r s t h e y would r a t h e r n o t have p i e r s i n t h e r i v e r , and, o f c o u r s e , this i s j u s t one p o i n t t h a t we have t r i e d t o be r e s p o n s i v e t o . MISS MALAKOFF: MR. A I R I S s Right. The s i n g l e a r c h . 1 am g l a d t o h e a r you s a y t h a t you f a v o r t h e s i n g l e a r c h , i f you have t o have a bridge,, MISS MALhKOPS': Well, the b a s i c objection i s t o t h i s massive f a c i l i t y , w h i c h , o f c o u r s e , i s f a r more than t h e bridge,, I t i n c l u d e s t h e t u n n e l , w i t h t h e n e c e s s a r y v e n t i n g o f carbon monoxide, w h i c h has a l i f e o f what, 100 y e a r s o r s o ? MR. A I R I S : MISS I would q u i t e agree t h e r e . MALAKOFF: I n a n y e v e n t , t h e output i s s o d r a s t i c t h a t t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n can be e x p e c t e d t o be v e r y , v e r y h i g h . �503 I have been s c r o l l i n g up and dov;n C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue today, and I would h a t e t o have t h a t Sunday h i k e on t h e Potomac. I t •would be t h e same e x p e r i e n c e . MR. A I R I S : I a p p r e c i a t e your b e i n g v e r y f o r t h r i g h t . I f t h e r e i s a b r i d g e , you p r e f e r t h e s i n g l e a r c h . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Thank you v e r y much, M i s s Malakoff. MISS MALAKOFF: You a r e welcome. THE AUDIENCE: (applause) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Mr. Thomas R. Reid, III? WHEREUPON, MR. THOMAS R. REID, I I I , C I T I Z E N - 1409 30th S t r e e t , N. W , Washington, D. C., . approached t h e microphone and t e s t i f i e d , i n substance, a s follows: MR. REID: S i r , I don't have a prepared s t a t e m e n t b u t I thought about what I was going t o s a y a s I rode ray b i k e over here. My name i s Thomas R e i d , and I have come t o p r e s e n t a b i c y c l e . c o m m u t e r ' s v i e w of t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e . Do you e v e r r i d e a b i c y c l e , Mr. Chairman? HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: MR. R E I D : Good. Yes, s i r . Then you p r o b a b l y know t h a t I r e p r e s e n t a l a r g e number o f people, perhaps l a r g e r t h a n many of you t h i n k . They a r e 77,000 r e g i s t e r e d b i c y c l e s i n t h e D i s t r i c t , and, o f c o u r s e , t h a t f i g u r e doesn°t i n c l u d e a l l o f t h e �510 b i c y c l e s t h a t a r e r e g i s t e r e d , and hundreds o f thousands of b i c y c l e s i n t h e suburbs on e i t h e r s i d e . HEARING MR. OFFICER REID: Of those thousands 0h f DUGASs good. There a r e t h r e e owned b y me. I am g l a d t o hear i t , s i r . o f b i c y c l e s , t h e most c o n s e r v a t i v e e s t i m a t e I have seen i s t h a t a thousand people r i d e t h e i r b i c y c l e s t o work e v e r y d a y i n t h e Washington a r e a . A l a r g e number o f those people, i n c l u d i n g m y s e l f , commute a c r o s s t h e r i v e r by b i c y c l e on t h e way t o work. 1 am not here i n any o f f i c i a l c a p a c i t y but I t h i n k my views a r e p r o b a b l y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of b i c y c l e commuters i n t h e Washington a r e a . I am p a r t i c u l a r l y p l e a s e d t o be here t o n i g h t . I Want t o commend you a l l , you and your committee f o r your energy and p e r s e r v e r e n c e i n s t a y i n g here t h i s l o n g . i t h a s been a long, long h e a r i n g . I know I might suggest i t wouldn't have been so d i f f i c u l t f o r you i f you had found a l e s s c o n t r o versial alternative. one, B u t s i n c e you have a p p a r e n t l y chosen t h i s I command you f o r s t i c k i n g i t out t h i s l o n g . I am p l e a s e d t o be here e s p e c i a l l y because I made s u g g e s t i o n s bef o r e t o t h e D . C„ o f f i c i a l s about t h e d e s i g n o f t h i s b r i d g e * Perhaps Mr. A i r i s remembers i t was on August 1 2 t h , 1969 t h a t I made a s u g g e s t i o n about t h e d e s i g n o f t h e b r i d g e , and was t o l d a t t h a t time t h a t wasn't up t o t h e c i t i z e n s , i t was c o m p l e t e l y up t o t h e a r c h i t e c t s o f t h e b r i d g e and i t wasn't my p r o v i n c e t o even suggest„ For t h a t reason, i t i s a pleasure �511 t o be h e r e * Now I have come t o d i s c u s s s t r i c t l y the d e s i g n of t h e b r i d g e , but s i n c e people a r e a p p a r e n t l y t a k i n g t a l l i e s and some people, although not i n c l u d i n g Congressman Nat-cher, a r e concerned about what t h e p u b l i c t h i n k s of t h i s b r i d g e , I thought I would t e l l youny o p i n i o n . S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s an abomination. I n my o p i n i o n , t h e Three We have c o t a l o v e l y c i t y h e r e , a n a t i o n a l t r e a s u r y , I t h i n k , and we have t u r n e d i t i n t o a used c a r l o t . 8 l t s choked t o death w i t h c a r s , more c a r s per square mile than any c i t y i n t h e K a t i o n a , and now you want t o b u i l d t h i s huge f a c i l i t y t o b r i n g thousands more c a r s i n t o the c i t y everyday. L u d i c r o u s , Mr. Chairman. Preposterous. But i f you a r e going t o go aheeid w i t h t h i s abomination, would l i k e t o suggest two t h i n g s about t h e d e s i g n : I I n the f i r s t p l a c e , on t h e p o i n t of view of t h e s i n g l e - s p a n v e r s i s the double span b r i d g e , I t h i n k a s k i n g you t h a t q u e s t i o n i s e q u i v a l e n t t o a s k i n g an innocent man whether he p r e f e r s t h e g u i l l o t i n e o r t h e g a l l o w s , because i n my opinion we have e i t h e r . shouldn't I f we a r e f o r c e d t o have one, I t a k e t h e g u i l l o ~ t i n e being s i m p l i e r i n t h e form of t h e s i n g l e - s p a n b r i d g e . I t i s not a s a t t r a c t i v e a s Three S i s t e r s , but i t i s more a t t r a c t i v e than t h e o t h e r . My o t h e r s u g g e s t i o n on the b r i d g e i s t h a t t h e de~ s i g n e r s of t h e b r i d g e put i n adequate s i d e w a l k s both a l o n g t h e b r i d g e and a l o n g t h e approaches t o t h e b r i d g e so t h a t people can w a l k a c r o s s t h e b r i d g e eind r i d e b i c y c l e s a c r o s s i t s a f e l y . �512 E x p e r i e n c e f o r me, I r i d e a c r o s s Memorial Bridge everyday, proves t h a t i f t h e r e i s an adequate s i d e w a l k on t h e b r i d g e and i t s approaches people w i l l use i t . And I t h i n k e v e n t h e p r o ~ ponents of t h e b r i d g e agree t h a t we have got t o f i n d some way t o c u t down automobile t r a f f i c coming i n t o t h i s c i t y . B i c y c l i s t s , c a n ' t c u t i t down a g r e a t d e a l , but i t ' s a s t e p f o r w a r d . I t is a r e l a t i v e l y e a s y s t e p f o r w a r d t o t a k e and I t h i n k e x p e r i e n c e has proven t h a t i f we provide adequate s i d e w a l k s , both on t h e b r i d g e and t h e approaches, people w i l l use them on b i c y c l e s t o go t o work. I n a d d i t i o n , you know t h a t people use b i c y c l e s a g r e a t d e a l f o r 3:ecreation purposes and I am sure t h a t t h e r e c r e a t i o n c y c l i s t s would use t h e b r i d g e a s w e l l , i f t h e r e were a s a f e way t o do i t . Memorial B r i d g e i s r e l a t i v e l y s a f e , t h e r e being walks. I work over i n A r l i n g t o n . side- I came t o t h i s h e a r i n g today by b i c y c l e from my o f f i c e and made t h e mistake o f coming a c r o s s 14th S t r e e t B r i d g e w h i c h had t o t a l l y inadequate lities. F r a n k l y , i t ' s a m i r a c l e I am h e r e . b i c y c l e faci<~ I was almost killed s e v e r a l t i m e s on t h a t b r i d g e t o n i g h t because t h e r e i s j u s t no p r o v i s i o n s f o r b i c y c l e s on t h e approach on e i t h e r s i d e of t h e bridge. Somebody a t l e a s t was smart enough t o put a s i d e w a l k on t h e b r i d g e , but I don't know how you a r e going t o g e t t h e r e because you have t o r i s k death a thousand t i m e s on t h e approach on e i t h e r s i d e g e t t i n g t o i t . T h e r e f o r e , my s u g g e s t i o n f o r the Three S i s t e r s E r i d g e i s t h a t i t be b u i l t w i t h adequate �si:- b i c y c l e f a c i l i t i e s , not o n l y on the b r i d g e but on approaches on e i t h e r side,. hearing, F i n a l l y , the i r o n y of t h i s whole I t h i n k , i s t h a t we a r e going ahead a s k i n g people the b r i d g e should l o o k , and a s f a r a s I know we the c i t i z e n s t h i n k of the b r i d g e a t a l l . . 35% the You how don't know what see the f i g u r e s opposed t o the b r i d g e , t w i c e as many opposed y e s t e r d a y I don't know how in the h e a r i n g a s was i n f a v o r , but much f a i t h can put i n t h o s e . There has never been an o f f i c i a l t a l l y , my knowledge. I , t h e r e f o r e , propose the f o l l o w i n g : yot to I suggest t h a t r e s i d e n t s of the D i s t r i c t be g i v e n a p u b l i c referendum on the b r i d g e t o be included delegate next s p r i n g . i n the b a l l o t i n g on the I t ' s a v e r y simple thing? nonvoting you j u s t type one more l i n e . TH3 MR. and, AUDIENCE: RE ID: (applause) You type one more l i n e of the ballot, f r a n k l y , the m a j o r i t y of people i n the c i t y go a l o n g , i f t h e y go a l o n g w i t h b u i l d i n g t h i s t h i n g I ' l l go a l o n g . suggest t h a t you f o l l o w t h a t up, Mr. and won't have t i m e . But t h i n k i t ' s only f a i r . Chairman. I am p r e t t y busy I would l i k e t o see t h a t done. I I t doesn't seem t o be too d i f f i c u l t a l e g a l problem? i t c a n ' t be v e r y e x p e n s i v e s i n c e t h e y a r e i n g b a l l o t s anyway, and I print~ I am going t o do e v e r y t h i n g t h a t I can t o see t h a t i t ' s done. The second p o i n t of my summary i s t h a t I would l i k e t o see b i c y c l e f a c i l i t i e s on the b r i d g e u ThanJs v e r y much f o r �514 HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: MR. A I R I S : Mr. Chairman? HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: MR. E E I D : Yes, s i r ? MR. A I R I S : Mr. R e i d ? . 1 Mr. R e i d ? HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: ask Thank you. I b e l i e v e Mr* A i r i s wants t o you a q u e s t i o n . MR. REID: Sure. MR. A I R I S : Mr. R e i d , I j u s t wondered, s i n c e we have wide s i d e w a l k s - SAM ABBOTT: s You c a n t r i d e b i c y c l e s on s i d e w a l k s I A SPECTATOR: I t ' s against the law. MR. PS I D : You have t o break t h e law t o do i t anyway, Mr. Chairman, but I do. I would r a t h e r break t h e law t h a n d i e . MR. A I R I S : —- s i n c e we have wide s i d e w a l k s on t h e Key B r i d g e here and we do have a guard r a i l t h a t l e a d s perhaps c l o s e t o a 6 f o o t w a l k t h a t i s not v e r y h e a v i l y used by pedest r i a n s , would t h e r e be a n y m e r i t i n c o n n e c t i n g up some of t h e s e h i k i n g , b i k i n g t r a i l s on t h i s s i d e — w i t h , s a y , t h e C&O C a n a l pathway? MR. REID: I t h i n k t h a t ' s a good s u g g e s t i o n , s i r , b u t l e t me s a y t h i s : I f you w a l k a l o n g Key B r i d g e , t h e y have those big s u p p o r t s f o r t h e l i g h t s t a n d s , and i t °s v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o r i d e a b i k e around t h e s u p p o r t . You p r a c t i c a l l y have t o s t o p �515 u n l e s s you want t o "T" around the curve and r i s k f a l l i n g the t r a f f i c . into F o r t h a t r e a s o n , I d i d n ' t mention Key Bridge a s one of the b r i d g e s i n the c i t y t h a t has adequate s i d e w a l k s f o r bikes. Memorial Bridge i s the o n l y one I t h i n k t h a t does. I would c e r t a i n l y recommend t h a t you i n c l u d e i n the p r e s e n t cons t r u c t i o n on the b r i d g e widening of those s i d e w a l k s f o r b i - cyclists. MR. AIRIS: W e l l , t h a t ' s what I am t a l k i n g about. You would have t o b u i l d some k i n d of a p e d e s t r i a n or b i k i n g s t r u c t u r e here and over here I don't know. Where i t would go We never r e a l l y s t u d i e d i t , but I was whether t h i s had any m e r i t . ( i n d i c a t i n g Mr. MR. (indicating!. Reid). R3IDs curious I know t h i s young gentleman I have t a l k e d w i t h him before. Yea, I t h i n k i t ' s a good p o i n t . I think t h e p r e s e n t s i d e w a l k s on Key Bridge j u s t a r e n ' t q u i t e wide enough. You know what you c o u l d do i s j u s t put i n l e s s b u l k y s t a n d a r d s f o r the s t r e e t l i g h t i f you had a s t r o n g e r s t r u c t u r a l steel. A t p r e s e n t , i t i s k i n d of hard t o r i d e around t h o s e . MR. AIRIS: Do you t h i n k i f you could get c l e a r a n c e i t would have soaae m e r i t t h e r e ? MR. REID: Yeah, I t h i n k t h a t ' s a good i d e a . p o i n t about the approach i s w e l l t a k e n . You c a n ' t r i d e your b i k e - i f you c a n ' t r i d e your b i k e t o the s i d e w a l k , l i k e S t r e e t B r i d g e , why have t h e s i d e w a l k ? the r i v e r anyway, and The 14th I want t o get a c r o s s I s t i l l suggest Key Bridge or no, t h a t �515 s i n c e we a r e s t a r t i n g a f r e s h on t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , i t seems t o me i t ' s IB mart t o put t h e s i d e w a l k s on Three S i s t e r s Bridge now than l a t e r . Thank you, v e r y much. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS:. Thank you, Mr. R e i d . MR. REID: I s a y a s k i n g me what k i n d of bridge we should have i s l i k e a s k i n g me o r an innocent man i f he should go t o t h e g a l l o w s . I aw a g a i n s t t h e b r i d g e . THE AUDIENCE: (applause) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: A VOICE: Mr8. Merle J . Van Home? Mr. Chairman, n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g Women's L i b e r a t i o n , ADA does permit on o c c a s i o n t h a t i t be r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e male of the s p e c i e s . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Mr. Merle J . Van Eorne. I am sorry. WHEREUPON, MR. MERLE J , VAN HORNE, APPROACHED THE PODIUM AND T E S T I F I E D , IN SUBSTANCE, AS FOLLOWS: MR* VAN HORRE: and My name i s Mr. Merle J . Van Home, I r e p r e s e n t t h e G r e a t e r Washington Chapter of Americans f o r Democratic A c t i o n , a n o n p r o f i t , n o n p a r t i s a n p o l i t i c a l a c t i o n organization. The G r e a t e r Washington Chapter c o n s i s t s of about 1500 ADA members l i v i n g i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia and t h e a d j a c e n t p a r t s of Maryland and V i r g i n i a . We a r e p r e s e n t i n g t h i s t e s t i m o n y under p r o t e s t . F i r s t of a l l , i t i s an i n s u l t t o t h e C i t y of Washington t o c a l l a h e a r i n g t o d i s c u s s t h e design of t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge — �517 a s t r u c t u r e repugnant t o our c i t y ' s purposes and overwhelmingl y r e j e c t e d by i t s c i t i z e n s . F u r t h e r m o r e , i t i s improper t o , not t o s a y i l l e g a l , t o h o l d a d e s i g n h e a r i n g when t h e q u e s t i o n of whether t h e b r i d g e s h o u l d be b u i l t a t a l l i s i n l i t i g a t i o n . F i n a l l y , a n y h e a r i n g on t h i s p r o j e c t i s improper i n t h e absence of t h e r e s p o n s i b l e d e c i s i o n - m a k e r s . I n t h e case of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia I r e f e r t o the Mayor, t h e C i t y C o u n c i l , and t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g j Commission. the Mr. A i r i s , please n o t e : The r e l a t i v e m e r i t s of proposed d e s i g n a l t e r n a t i v e s a r e not an i s s u e of i n t e r e s t t o Americans f o r Democratic A c t i o n . The i s s u e here i s t h e f u t u r e of t h e C i t y o f Washington. The Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s t h e keystone of t h e mon- s t r o u s W i l l i a m H. H a t c h e r Memorial Freeway System - a system w h i c h would, i f completed, commit our c i t y t o t h e t o t a l , permanent domination of t h e a u t o m o b i l e . T h a t system would condemn those of us who l i v e i n the D i s t r i c t t o t h e t o t a l t y r a n n y o f t h e automobile over our environment and our way of l i f e . What a r e t h e i m p l i c a t i o n s of such a commitment? The t e r r i b l e consequences of ouch a massive f r e e w a y program have been p r e s e n t e d a g a i n and a g a i n i n e v e r y p o s s i b l e p u b l i c forum. These f r e e w a y s would worsen t h e imbalance and deepen the injustice of t h e p r e s e n t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system. These f r e e w a y s would dump thousands of a d d i t i o n a l c a r s i n t o a c i t y core choked w i t h c o n g e s t i o n and plagued by �518 n o i s e and a i r p o l l u t i o n . These f r e e w a y s would s e r i o u s l y i m p a i r the l i v a f o i l i t y of t h i s c i t y and endanger t h e h e a l t h and s a f e t y of i t s res!™ dents •.• e s p e c i a l l y t h e i l l and t h e aged. »« These f r e e w a y s —• w i t h a s s o c i a t e d p a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s — would commit a g r o s s l y e x c e s s i v e s h a r e of t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia's l i m i t e d land a r e a t o t h e movement and s t o r a g e of the automobile. These f r e e w a y s would reduce t h i s c i t y ' s severely l i m i t e d t a x base s t i l l f u r t h e r through t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f valuable land. These f r e e w a y s would d i s p l a c e thousands of people from t h e i r homes —- m o s t l y poor, b l a c k people who have no decent a l t e r n a t i v e housing a v a i l a b l e t o them. These f r e e w a y s would d e s t r o y hundreds o f b u s i n e s s e s and thousands of j o b s i n a c i t y b e s e t by s e v e r e unemployment of t h e poor and t h e b l a c k . These f r e e w a y s would d i v i d e t h e c i t y and s p l i t i t s neighborhoods — e s p e c i a l l y b l a c k neighborhoods which a r e s t r u g g l i n g t o u n i t f o r t h e i r own p r o t e c t i o n and b e t t e r m e n t . : These f r e e w a y s would be w h i t e men s roads through b l a c k men's homes. They would predominantly s e r v e persons who n e i t h e r l i v e i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia nor bear t h e i r j u s t s h a r e of i t s burdens, problems, and c o s t s —• w h i l e impos- i n g grave harm on i n n e r - c i t y d w e l l e r s and o t h e r s l e a s t a b l e t o secure redress. �519 These p r o s p e c t s a r e n i g h t m a r i s h enough, hut we must d e a l w i t h something f a r worse. More scandalous t h a n the Natche: Memorial Freeway System's b a l e f u l e f f e c t s i f the n e f a r i o u s p e r v i s i o n of the American p o l i t i c c i l the p r o c e s s w h i c h brought about d e c i s i o n t o b u i l d the system and the stubborn r e f u s a l t o reconsider that decision. I will pass over t h e shameful d e t a i l s . Everyone i n t h i s room knows t h a t the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s the r e s u l t of a long and determined e f f o r t by t h e a l i e n , greedy, p e r n i - c i o u s f o r c e s of the highway lobby. ( A b e t t e d by Washington s big b u s i n e s s i n t e r e s t s and t h e e d i t o r i a l pages of the Post and the S t a r , t h e s e enemies of our c i t y have used p r a c t i c a l l y e v e r y . d i s r e p u t a b l e t r i c k i n the book t o i n f l i c t t h i s e n v i r o n m e n t a l and s o c i a l a t r o c i t y on an u n w i l l i n g D i s t r i c t of Columbia. How unwilling? Consider the f o l l o w i n g : More than 9 5 % of 98,330 persons v o t i n g i n the 1968 Democratic p r i m a r y f a v o r e d a p r o p o s a l t o submit a l l f r e e w a y p r o j e c t s t o referendum. S i n c e the f u l l Natcher Memorial System was on the books a t t h a t t i m e , t h i s can o n l y be i n t e r p r e t e d a s a massive a n t i - f r e e w a y mandate. I n the 1969 C o u n c i l of Governments T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P r e f e r e n c e S u r v e y , o n l y one out of t w e n t y D c polled C c residents (and one out of t e n s u b u r b a n i t e s ) chose "more f r e e w a y s " over a l t e r n a t i v e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n improvements. I n the u n o f f i c i a l D. C. C i t i z e n s Referendum of �520 December 4, 1959, 3 4 % of 11,669 persons v o t i n g r e g i s t e r e d t h e i r opposUion t o the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and a s s o c i a t e d f r e e ways. A t h e a r i n g s and i n a i l manner of p u b l i c forums, p r a c t i c a l l y e v e r y c i t i z e n s a s s o c i a t i o n and neighborhood group i n t h e D i s t r i c t p l u s a g r e a t many h e a l t h and e n v i r o n m e n t a l a s s o c i a t i o n s have gone on r e c o r d i n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e Natcher Memorial System. The overwhelming m a j o r i t y of suburban groups support us i n t h i s p o s i t i o n . Maryland and V i r g i n i a citizens Connecting f r e e w a y s i n a r e g r a v e l y t h r e a t e n e d by c i t i z e n a c t i o n , and p o l i t i c a l s u p p o r t s of those f r e e w a y s a r e now f e e l i n g t h e w r a t h of suburban v o t e s on E l e c t i o n Day. Only one c o n c l u s i o n can be drawn from a l l t h i s : The C i t y of Washington i s a n t i - f r e e w a y , and i t s c i t i z e n s a r e unalterably opposed t o the c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e Three Sisters Bridge. A t t h i s p o i n t , I x^'ould l i k e t o quote from Americans f o r Democratic A c t i o n ' s n a t i o n a l p o l i c y statement on t r a n s p o r t a t i o n w h i c h was adopted a t t h e ADA Convention i n May of t h i s year. I would l i k e a t t h i s time t o e n t e r t h e f u l l s t a t e m e n t , for the record. (STATEMENT SUBMITTED FOR THE RECORD TO B E ATTACHED AS PRESENTED BY AMERICANS FOR DEMOCRATIC ACTION, E X H I B I T FOR MR. MERLE J . VAN KORNE. ) �+ 7á ,{tt-. lfun{u 9,. [/4)- 3'J","-1f"2'i*' /, i//rãæ'oa, fir'u funjln,Q* :qn¡ t Ûr,$,.¡.:.*cr+¡tIc .tat.fç;: t/¡ilJr li-'th :ìf::riirt" Ii.'1. Íi,:,ri.tå¡îjtorrn f.t., i)" ?r'ù:r5 ¡.;.r:r¡:L ?.3rtl il,r,",-¿-.' î ¡{An.:,* .r,.li.t ÇonuerrÍ; llry l, ? anrìi J, fon 1.170 ft CSijtl'irîi.ûìl '#.it, Ti lar'¡\1 iJI;l;,e,¡i FOt.7.rl"¿ (:G;:;iî ¡ Föi':f| Tãq:!iì ir'ä l:ij t *tï -ffr,.Ff;i)?:' ?lì.'*f Fä;ilI'OlElt: Jltv rÈ,i#?-l*rrt o f ;,1 ;;:i.itj{ n :S .tcnr 3. ü ïil r,s f a nc ir t"r t-n ¡.. 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Lre,sr¿tys lrr ;rnrci cti.l.fir -i shou.ld ber ab:rnCrln*d" ercjcit¡ st¡r¡uLcì bc ,:cll-¿r¡^¡:rtð. t\n¿l ûü¡rgt::ì.rctc¿ ,.rlth i a resprìct fcr lrtln:n v*J.ucs ;ln4 clce¿r cci:r':.r, rr!-icv ç,::*L:;. ,luil^rlert nil r.r i I operstcrâ of ti:i':il:,:pã::r¿ìtLt;ì û1itf,:rli:ì r.;:;tL nf.iiir$-¿e eccJ-gL *ni 3¡',:j_¡6¡¡iment*l harrs, and tiicy t:llitìt: rtr¡cI-t or pry' .iuiL âcriûr'i:):ìsêlîlo:t far c¡.rch ha¡:m i l r¡hererlt Ls unavcid*ble" ni"aced f:"on hls l:r::'ire I Trr ¿l*::r:ic:rit:.., ril ,,:iiíi¿t\c¡rr uhcul.rl l¡:: iry å rr:¡¿lspor:f:atj-c¡: Þt"c.,ìcc¡ ¡-r;:tli fuily , *trÈcrn-¡liç.e housi-ng ls lvirJ.i;blc to lilE. :] 5' sle 'sre ¿s dJveicc pxt;pLrt" ihe ræti.o:':¡l tr¡n:jíi"rtetlûrì <3iç_ {:r}n¡r¡¿¿,¿r¡¿u poååcy .çh+ni.ri encÛurã&e c-gmrnun:iüÍcs and .:*11fc,i:n eo pi.;-:n {:ir¿:i.r :riì:ia,l}rgìi a1g^ø.¿:t sy$i¿:E:s tG serve e!¡e*r cìívl:rs* ¿r:,a.i-sr'¡ai,,¡Ê$, .9.n,J Lif,:-*tyl.el*. ÁltzrÍc¿nc .Eilc¡[r1 be able Êa chocec ra llvc f.n sa fi'dtonÍÌ)iie-qicïi.r;;Ër,-rl te:;aÌ, a peci,esS:rå*¡rand-er¿rnslä-ireeec ctilu,ttnli:;r, cr f-n c:ry *f Ëh": ì)rc.?d ÐË.rctãu.¡ czt ,¿nv¡tçft- Þ*{ttg f.n hüfíre.en. 6' Þhblif.t.y is not ¿n enc in :Ltcelf . peruf-Ètecl 2t.-nt7,;tù:1:¿'"¿Lov -*ysùerrs 1¡l:sg nçÈ be ro de-tpoiL ¡lre e¡¡virorp:r¡:t. ' -r*rrr, ao iqrcl,c¿¿nt fn developintne of, -t'lcle hr¡ç¡;l &{;ìiË ,Jrr? t,:aRi:r:<¡:t.::&icn..illûîtni.n.l ¿:3 p¿$¡r:¡ger-æ.i!-e.-r. ähe. clccü, quiet $ourcr6 of . Ëecetal.ty 1f oul Èh.cÈie& .:ìt;:j 4l}v.[roÌìt,rnf,6 r¡otå,.¡c ¡:at:.1:: fp. åre La rcrr:ilr livabic. ¿ cråtícei ..{1:e ,' er.rpcl.r:ondc - inflr-ct fntoJ.*rabi.e ao{¡e on ¡cilli.ols of *{rr*ricone for ' the\convenience of ¿ir ov'er¡:'rlvlie.3ed elí.te.- l1tc gsr si¿ould h,a aï¡anciared. ÊranepoËË wor¡id ?' the Hf'6ir'-ray lYusL luncio ot't cauge of cneccdd â¡,ri st€,Èe J.cr.¡¡L arc.¿r princ -. our. prcscnL trRns¡rcrtå¡-ion frr.b:.¡ler¡cci Leg!-tleÈfon l:ho¡¡ld be to requirr: fcxìcral from gucol{'rte tu*u" oyateme li:e n¡tion;J- ftr urban ¿1or ¡ìre,?s nnci nllate goverr:rÌlf,uÈs rjcucïrìFrr:r1t to of io ¡rLlccstc s{:îBnL1a etleqrrate ¡-,..lto ¡rt:b!.ic ,:):¡ìîr3poîÊ"ar.on rnii'lJ.mÍ-ãc ¿l¡:l:orïr¡¡Lik.: tr¿f,fi.c LnÍo tlrc i¡lr¡er cftleo and rc<Jucc tire lcvel of pollutÍon. 0¡r Ëhe.[c,lcraL lc.¡cl o tr6ìnsp0ft¿1tion trust funC ehoulri br-: enù¡¡blf n!l::d Ín thc fccleral .Iì-.rnotrry.' Statos ând cou,nr¡nl.f!.*s slrcul...i bc pc:.rliui(rd tü ¡llcc¡;c tl¡a{r rh..¡¡:r:s of . tfust f¡rnd monie$ b::tt¡r:cn tlrc v:trú(r,iì l_r¡,liÍroft:.îliJ.c¡,1 urctleU l.tl {trj..cfclûnCû �3 e.r!t.h thclr oi¡n ;ônpfch¿r'.Íìl\'(': pIt,t?3.  f irr:d pc:ícr:ntaflc of cnnu3l tru$l: fu¡rd r*r¡cntrert ¡ihoi!1cl l.,c c¡lrr¿tf l(crJ j'cr: Cr*tiltnortnf lorr trescl*fch clevi.lo1;itrc;rt. Stotc Ðt¡û [c]:es at¡r:uLC bc åJ.luceC*d a¡r¿l o (r. faf.rly t rd bc;t'.'een cffy rur:al &f,cür]. 'IYantpcrtRtlon ¡r1.a:l::in¡Ì'":rrüt l.'e ucrplnsl,vr: te tLe r.'i.li of ti:e ¡;uop1c. Locûl connrrnltl.c:; ¡;hc;ld ì¡e irrtoivcri in ëhc p!.ann{ig p::occug frorn [h* outßeg. U}IÍaaËeiyo the pccrpl"î 'dhtnielrrcr ¡-,urt bc pernitted to control Êhe Èran*porCsî:ion riecfsío!.is r¡h{eh I QonnlCeraÈl3ns l¿i1i aff*ct thel"r livee. cf aocÍ;:rl ûr;t:ity, c¡lvirrr-'.r,:anial s;tni'cy, enrl ¿!ll::-'ic$l* f*v¡r of lhe *r.tt<¡ilobile req'-rlre rhat preûeíl¿'Erievous fu¡b¡l¡ncr J.n tire nåtioc.¡l trtnl:lüîtâtaoc ¡-'alicy ba l¡Lased in fn'-'cr of pr¡þ!';¿ ar&n;r* portat'icn. Oirr nât:io'{t nus'ù ricvccr: 8"ic'ìti-y incrcast¿i re$cu?'ces *o puì:1l'c net¡ t¡:snsportatiol:. r*.s,:årcir, Ce.,'el"uilnçn'l , n;itl úËsreüi.ütì. Or¡r goarl shault e Èæaajjporeûti(ìi: Bys¿3¡tr FlrJ.ck L* nu3.t,ir;r¿&aL, .Q"if€, depencJstrie, fuLly socÍai1¡' juss" lntegrated, i0. arzd The lricLcr-v ef public c¡l;rierri ec r,agulai:ë(, .FïlvstÉ nß$ÛpÕlle* been a sÐcf.ì11 and .-:ã'rç:u.].rj preseüt srr{.nge:rf re¿uietj.orr in liic tilís is r:nfeesibS"c (1:s fcr the pub?:ic inte¡:est rnual he ¿s3ir:red' a fuliy ån';cgraÊed, de.pcnCabl.e, rirriåon-r¿fde raJ.l paseeä.3*:: eeyvåce SysttÊ: eS Atl e}l:e¡*netÍ,ï+ tÕ Ëhc r-å6clt'; dieËa.nce .:ltÞ'trf-c be operr:te<f by puhLic suthøtlClir:s aÈ epp¡:Opfiste J.r:v,:}S of. ¿o.;*:t::ìer,t. Ìil'rer* Acreríc¿ $ee<je iia.q ece:r.o;{c.c¿1.çst:o¡:he. .{s uith ttheî u¿i1Í.ri¿',1, trsn$LroË¿âtlc;l s:¡stciï.s 11. ft., oÍ Lnle;clt)t eati 1O;:g- tr¿vel l>i br:s ar.ã autor$cirile. îtrír: systca sltot¡lcl be opeletecì by a pubi.Lc.:utl¡orl.t1'e','crr if the railrcõds f?¡,;i¡slcivcs reií:âin -i.a prJ-v¡t.e hen¿ls. 12. Ipcal ptrtrlic tr¡¿ncl"t, sysLc-r:.s provi.r:1e a servf.c.c.ßo c[tenÊl¿ìl" aa.C so llfe-enrichiry tir.rt no r,)nc siìc'¡rlel be excluded fron becauee r,rs1n8 chesc of powruy o¡: cny other ci;c¡-rçútaflce. ircr thls as 8o mininlze sutoÉobile f,re !.t|e -- f¡res ehoul"{Ì be rc.-:Eon heid lcir feciiiilt^: -- ã$ t¡cLL by. pub}-fc subsldy. 'Ce¡:.t¡lLn ccn;,:¡r¡1ifes si:o:,.id bc encourrigctl tr cxÞr-rimeirt r¡it,t¡ a ?.ero transit fnte. �' _,. :-'; : i.. :ù...' --:....'-.-..., :. _j .:.,i.e r;i:--" j- i:¡f ';-".:"ei ;jrå:tt::'-fj, * .ir ,, :ti:;,ì"]-* l., l:i "LL:,-":::l-r:iÎ:r-'..€: l"Ll í:i .: ","j-.1.:,=, l,.i 'ì;..:ï.-ì-.ìi.t---i ;:'';:'_ei::-:rer .r".-.:::i: it:ijtr'i't,j.tr ji..: ;::::-ja:::::a¿.i t¡ :1,3 S i:Jn:ig :'.'i,ie i:.,1: j-r*S fiì?Õit-L* *e :iii,;'i j-,,.g,:i {:s:l.hîjÕ:{- tii{} .¡"r;:risi:is:-"i:¿:t.* ïn-r"r..i;¡.¡:':i-el 'i .-ì ;ã fiii:"::..:::ila'L,:.:.* -r;.;,:::l¿.*nì;.Cl /ì'+¿ ¿_ *-rl"¡È * :,e: i-Ìe :.-tsi-;,i: :*i:i:a. " r:j-s?_j^-b r:l:,: Ïi-Ì-çi1":'¡:ai,r SyCí:e:tt flili: C:i: ,;iie* s!,steiil 'ii...'¿ *;3 j.ge;tf * C¡f ç1':^g Ëj St::åC-i r:?iCr5-Ce,t" sì:!.c,1}, 5¡":-.b Õr *ï.È€rs 'the ;,.": :ih¡":,*,t Si-¡¡'i:e.rg ¡T¡:iq s,e ".t-! --*,'i:::i-ci; c1:i i:t:'i€, ,ll;::i',:i-t iÍ-'..:;i c:i: ;13 :'t-'-- :..:-,.-"i::ì-i:.--:_':r ¿::l-'¡ 'ir-:)-" j."-.).. ,:,e,:l:tì;L"bì:ûd te 1ff;:li* ."';):-.':-,;:^ ¡_r/a\ *l:ci.:r:::l;:t:l-+ .h':l:,*jlj. ;åsjìg*;.jts;r 'i:h-'g l.: ,:liÍ:ì ,i¡.i).'ì: :i,:iel.l- l.ll;:i:"- * )'i: .t; .,.- ,:-i-1.;ii.r;,:; ,,:'.i:¡":;..i :.r:i..:.1* ¡;::-,1, ,::i :1.*:.ì_:: -i--j-ïr;,.r;*,, c"-.3-1ijj.".l:1':lgj-'j-.::;i,;.". ¡1y;;-l;:.: - .,,1,.:;i-i :..:i.r.i;.- ;:,Ê, : i _.::..-;i:'_: -i f*l:€,€"r.'âlrn Li:e {:i,;r:e f eir' çiioåcg 'i:.::1.*";:.:liï::$, 'bi":;L.t nfì, ,3pt.itns b* *logüd "L;:at :-:Ð :i:ïÊ.:l',1¡,i'.,¡s ,;,; l.;"u;ll-'L t,:r:.*:';-i" 1;i-iç der'i¡e,grati* p'rüCe,te ': ¡,i ¿':::.',5 'i i:a;: l;er*,n ;;:;s:,Jr::î:íi'i::q) -li:.i-$ *;-i-rl," ;l üèn;-i-::,..e:., l-l;::-';f: r * ::â; a:, i:ilil:¿¡6rr '. s;:";i:':.):*-;',.êr:.i;¿.-,.1. ? ..¡.;*¡::.r:-'}..-.. i l".rì -- '-; ì7 ,,i j, *¡läi"T:i:in,J :ì.;l :f¡:,'31; l',,.l.; ,i-:: .r'rilå .:n -;::'{.'¡'l*,i:ì: /, ri:::,.¡ i-,1;-i[i:rï'¿ i:';i¿::¡":L 'h.c; ir,f l.i*"h- É,uflh ¿å grro::},rui:cl a.lr:i ;"::::C:;-¡:ij. ,;l'xã.]:.lg* t:i ånrr e;:Ì-ty :i"i: Lhe faee ûf .Jå¡j.qti¡ $!;;i';lil:i''¡:i-ù1, is a eir"JJ:i!-:-."'. _îr:-j.r :.j.li si{:t 'í:i-.:: .1:.:,ë::i":::t.-Llt.:;qi--ril 'i:l:; ð-r€ f::,:::'¿k-g file¡:åtS ûf Hf* Jl$ii i..r:":* 1.';11.j"ci l:'":-:l.Lr:i _ ';."- -{:,;-i,L act, nf r*ind* i:ü"".j$ "n5:nå*aJ-J"y Se*Lru**:l.'i¡e r: I hi:i¡,ii:."*d iilaEi i:L-r.yi¡:*ngs- dece::;r.i:-e,i-1- i:i.:.;:-c 'i!-',:i"s, .;...-,,.:i decil:"'.:.t:ic: oÊ ii,g tiu::ann? ghaiiL be st*p6ed- ;he :i":i::ee -F,ií$*eyç *,i::iäge *ii-'-::"i çïd,* ::'s *iur.;i: d,oiill Eäi--;i magr job" �l li¡¡. I I jÏ:ì-1.:...i.:.;.ii::,r 3J;: -'-::.i ':,. :,; ;: tr:; i':l.rii: ;åi.i;-:,;:¿.:;..,-:;j. +:ï i.ç.:il;;::'ûr::: i;.;:1,"ì]i-r_,,;: I ;'üj: ,,:ifr,';i;:-'¡-. ;;"=-,::,el',* i:,.*,..., ::',)..:t'.':";:-" ¿ i: ii.äl:.i:ie$Ë:],.ì$.-;;l ..-r., i";f --..;;r, ':;-: .i-r': ii;::,.';i-::.1::L',lie":.: 1..'¡.;.;;=_:;X;ç-.;;î :;: ç¡1:ù:*.r-;.:..g n,::t-i: ä*qr*;;d-1-e*.S C,.l .[n*: 1 ì '' f ::-,e.-' ..,t:: :..1'.Í,-;i-{:(; í.-i ii l¡ l. o ir ,-,]* :-. a.rl'i:f I ::.iy ';:e ¿:¡:r:,r:i_.i.;e.j* :I+:r i:'.:* ii:1.:.;l:;.:;.',' -.,-)i:l-)T A-:-f{:l ,il'}}::itï*,:Ê ¡t I i t, ;:::;'; t: I , 'i:ì:.s;e G;.::J-e::.+::¡," ";.ì* ?;*;r;"¿3" ::åt;;:i"Ì141 1;*i_i. t?:ato l' :, i' t, *ll ; r;i: .Jl ,..;:.::'ì;.ii: ì.:;, :.-.1:.:. åf yÕu. ,:tü8, ;lí¡ ii:'c,l:e iin*.i.;fus:'Li-Oi- e"-i.-7::-ïû:i:í.ei:t ,, tel:g j:ä'i j-ûi:,;,i t.Ë ..'-lr:.:.:i-iìr.r,:í.''.:.::-i:::;, .':l-..--i-,:i--.::-í:e .;:,;i:a i:ìel:iû.r:1¡. '':- .::.t':-i-¿:::-f.¿i::: j .',.-.' .:'r: - îl: :.' j-:,:.r i-::i" i]:;æ,{j.:l:-;: j-f:f iel="1 j-:lnny ætì: thi.S 1¡ 'i- ht: I. ;i i ii ',, .,-:ea:,::-;:çi¿ tlâ:: ¡:;***; r¡ : il,;11;i.,"1p¡,; ;,"'ii,::':';;'i..3'i* 1ì :'-'- '". â;:;r.¡ê -itg g j-;il:* rrJ t, Ð-:'i:i'.r:'-i ï¡lr:eedil {:?1;å:l-ie¡1fi;,3 t.he ";.*Eæ} j".by i;: " 1. i:ñ,1 iì.ü¡"r-;"i;¡¡çtttr í"'.,:-rie i'L*+ i ì ii l: iTiîliiìï-¡iü iit':î'r;ü:g.iì. L.:ì-i:l.hfrl Tl¡anli y$rl vsry mßchs l"tr- Ven îi t: a' i-: 'r-.'','rr¡ -.-..,.â;..P :l a ii ir :: l! Tiil3 jÌJfii:liii;Crl ; I ri {ar¡;,;"r-la'úse } 1i t: lïi.,äRT.:jiiì fiF'f l:{jfl, ::.üSå,f:: Lli:o #o1:i1'¡ ii II il 11ï.i::rÌ;. ? î; -,".; i-j.115 li IIF:" üAi, {i.?ïT i; Ii ìr .i! ii ü3,?ïti;i.F,ï, ï$$'lr.:f,Ji*:l fu;j l:tij";li.f, ô ,îd:çpnÐ;rgi:-3Hli 1-ji.ç Ft}ïU}î å¡TÐ iÌ ì¡ t":'i7 il \l II l?C5:f -?f iÆtr :i.r-f fsj.jilsi:1.1tffü..T¿ iL,ç r. {-iÏ,i;f i';:i: ',I ¡i :Si'l" #{:1.r.f * It ii l; .l jr,t*"nå c:j rtl::j.si¡. rl ilk:* l: í'.:.,*';:::.î )::..ç::-", s3,tÊ ï i..:t'i ;t.!,.ì Ëi:i::}i}å'*,'i:;i.:r:E tq,'-¡g do*,:iRett.Ls j.,:^ rli!,7 q¡{:::hðJ^ sil.¡aLe:¿eni; c?l:,r,;a.,""ì-*'.:,1ïåûf il:i:;;:.:. i.c *he fo:: 'l;hg evelrj-nq ¡L::'Lie¿'-e ":haL T �q"? c,i-ä.u'i:iir)::€11¡ ï,¿r.:* i:l:at '.,¡iiL h.e a.¡i,:erir:ing in ii:e cat6oiåc TJn:lr;e¡s!¡y lievierc on 't,ire sir.b;1ec:L. c¡Ë à-.}:Le medical-o J-egal as¡rect,s of a-ir poîi.i-uiåcl:, ïgEÃRri{G t*ï'iî :i#frR rn:,-ke Ðlj(;.A,$: &octoro v;ould you ino\re .blte up jr-rsi a 'ì-iitie- üit" ctfiôï: I afi GÐ::ry* I arn Ëoas:yo ls that better? i¿:irä.I.tit ûi'F :i:Ëil;ì ÐütiÈfl: That ts bettes" Ðrto flotilt: Tî:e *ec,';ndu iv'hieir j-s a doeument, that, wj"tL ï:e ap¡:oarinç¡ ài: {:he ca.'t3lel-ic Tirrå¡¡ersittrr &aw F.eview on bi:,e sn.bje*t of the i.1ê*j-ÇôJ, i-egai. asiçreets of aír pollutåon. (g'l;"!T3:'ixtrf gy' trA& 3;" co.trüa sgrerlâHe $frrüfgrÐEn!,tnu, j'!l{:* #siïiiIiiÏ PJii]l,Sill"l, ÂT'r.p'c3;:ï]] gû tT{r$ nE{:eF.Ð oF pRocgfrÐgtüGs, si$ ij$fifilîT $',üF. ¡)fr." CÃl, It" I);¿* crï-Tt$: Thanlç Ce*il$', ) TÕ¡.1¿ !4:f," r"ii:aåræano I appear before ircu t,oday â,s a llråvat,e e:¡-t,åsen, T a¡n a member of the Air Þt¡I}-rtåon ßulicuillinåt,tee sf 't"rre $cåeætåete s Çonmåttee for publ"ie lìnf,orrqai:i.ono a iron*Far'¿åsan group of plrysåeåans and seicatås'cs sÍedieeted t.o àhe objeci.i.v-e preeeni:atåon of mæciåcal. and scåenÈí* fic informati*n cor:eernång rüâ¡rss ånteraetåon wåth hås envåron* men I ( ( ain a Ðoet,or of $ed"åeine and treceived my rnedåcal th cornei-I $nivÇrsåty r4edåeal co].]"egeo r häve served ðs a ge3.åcç,¡ *f i:he froï.træge of sfedicine of cornel]" degiree fron¡ Ifniversit,y and have hel<l the posítion of Guest lnveståçator 'Lhe Ðeparbrnen{: of 3{etabqrli.srn encl þiuma$ gråhavj.or at the ån Ro*jçe* �Gallcy No. 11 - Catholic Univ. L. Iìe"v. J ¿3 .[il Poilulion arlcl Ulb:rn Frccrvays: trïaliing a Rccorcl on IlazalCs to I-Iealth and Propelty &\ MICII ÁEL SCI I N EI DERtvÍ AN CAL K. COÍIN GLDNN PÁALSON 'co¡nbustion cngine' Urbrn frccrval,s carry vchiclcs porvcrcd by thc intcrnal Tilc r"-xhlust !'nìissions prociucccl can havc substantial and scrious cifccts on liuma¡l hc:rltir, but thc possiþility of sucir harm is virtuaily ignorcd in higltlay locetion pi'occctliitgs toclly. lJasic dirta tclling the air pollution story is ncvcr' assentblccj. Instcad, highu'iry planncrs rcly on inconlplcte and unsopirisiicatcd gcircralizations. 1'hc ingrcdicnts of an adequaie rccord on air poilution eficcts of a proposcd ncrv urban frcervav are available. Only with such facts on hcalth hazards can rhe iegai and psychological momentum of ihe frecway be ovcrconc ÍIealth Ellcctt ol I,Iíglnvay Air Pollution Thc Pollutattts , : : i ' ., : , r Tl'rc prinrary dangc;ous substances produccd by intcrnal combustion engincs. aic carbon nionoxidc (CO), uqburncd h1'drocarbons, oxidcs o[ nitrogcn: (NOX), lcad, partiai oxiclation products. and particulatc matter.l Tircse". emissions contribute 50 to 30 per cent of urban air poliution.i Some, such' as CO and hydrocarbons, arc emittcd most heavily rvircn tlie. engine is iriling : and at ìorv spcccls:3 othcrs. such aS ì{O¡ and lead, are produced most hcavily ar higìi spccds itud tìur ing rapirì accelcrations.{ Tl¡ese substanccs arc harmful ancl impeir human ability to function nornially. Auditory discrinlination dcteriorates signifìcantly at CO conccnrr¿¿icnr 3s 1o'¡/ as 50 pars ¡,er million (ppm).t Ability to perforrn sirn;ole. ;nathenlaticai tasks is inipaired at i00 ppm,6 and athletic performance de-'clines as CO concenti'ations increase.T The visual function is adversel¡i affected by concentraiio:rs betrveen 50 a¡',d 250 ppm.8 }leasurabie toxic efíects on humans have becn repclrted at ¿s iorv as 10 ppm,$ and toxic effccts in the carcliot'ascular s¡,srem and central rrerv'ous systcm have bccn reporied at high conccntrations oi CO.ro Pcople rvith coronary heart disease or cmphysen:a may be pariiculrily susccptible to CO exposures.ll Ani¡nal studies shorv that chronic exposurt to rclativcly lorv concentrations of CO (15 ppm) hastens the process o[ arteriosclerosis.l! Little is knorvn about toxic effects of i{O¡. They may cäuse increascd s¡¡-rccplibilliy to respiratory infcction:r.r3 There is evidence that nitrogen oxi'Jes can causc drrnagc to lung ti.;sue.1{ Hydrocarbons, by thcmselves ancl in rcaction products rvith ìiO¡, are not rvell understood in their cffccts orr numans. Eyc irritation lind changcs in pulnrorrirry function havs bccn associatcd rvith thcsc substant:cs.1i Most eficcts have bccn mcasurcd at vcry hitli conccntrations ovcr 10C ppm. Flydrocartrons conririnc rvith othcr 5uiJst¿i¡iccs i¡r tl¡c ctmospherc to producc a varicty ol acids rvhici¡ can l¡rr.'nl ¡:rc¡ll. I{orvcvcr, cffccs on hun'ians, cvcn at co¡rccntrttions founcl nc:rr busy higiirvays, is ¡rot knorv¡r. Othcr e.xhlust proclucts cat¡sc ci¿nllgc. Ozonc, lcacl and :ìsûùstos îrc knorvn to causc s.'rior:s illnr.'.ss u¡tclcr sonlc' corrditions. On thc oihcr lrand, Iittlc is k¡rorvn abol¡t. ¡rumcrous oihcr cxÌìlust cnrissiorr procluc$. ' To ¡rclnlit iitnor:incc of hcalth cffccts is not to sry tlìît no cffccts cxist. Extrcnrc c:rrrtion is rc.¡irilcd; mccìical scicncc is conti¡t¡:rlly discovcrinq unsuspcctcd hrtzarcl.s irr air ¡rollutlnts. Particul:trly rvllcrc sr¡bst:t¡lcr,:s :.trc k¡rotvn to c:rr¡sc tll¡nrrrqc in lnirnals, or to vcqctÍìtion, thc lack of av:rilablc dltr on Ìi,,,r,,,,,s cirnnot bc inlur¡rrctcd as an "lll clcar" signal. C ('tìC(ü!rQl¡()il:t 'I'lrc tvc¡'rrU,: ¡rrrto¡¡tobilc irr 196Íì l)r()(ll¡ccrl :ì¡r¡)r'oxinìrtcly 53 LÌ¡'iìlrìs of CO'. ¡icr ntilc,l'¡ \/t:lricl,: lrtl(l sl)ûc(l vi¡iiltlio¡ts l)¡rxlucc i¡¡tlivirlu;rl tlcvilttitlns .-'i) �I r.... ; . ;,, .l'^1::",;::;.,i::ï:.'';;ï,::;,ö':r;::î'iilrJ:,:.",.,;:ï ,'ïïì; ".,'¡.:.'.l.ulr;r::,'in r:iln:irs, or to vcirctrìtio¡ì, tirc [1r Itl¡il¡:ì¡ìs cInltc)t bc i:rtcrprctCd as an ,,aù Clcar,, ,rr* rack -" of -" "' avairebr; <]ata o¡r \'Jt¿(.'ìtl rdl iorÌS flrcr a1'ç-¡¡gç 'pJr nlilc'rr¡ aui.or;;oirirr: in l96s ¡rrocruccd a¡r¡:roxinratcry 53 grari:.s of co, \/t-hi"-ic and s¡:ccd variations proclucc indivicull dcvi¡iiions frr'rnr thc a'L'r;lgc. ì'fcan co conccnrrations of r5 ppnr aro typicrr on busy strc'r-'îS't? Eiqrlt r:our a'cragc concc¡rtrations of 4ö ppn, lr"ua bcsn csti_ r'aicd fi:r s.nic ()r'i-stfcct ccntral urb¿rn arcas, 75 p¡:rn for trrc rvorst artcrier. rnd I l-5 ¡r¡Ir: for the rvorst city strccts.rB Garagcs, tunncls ancl loaC_ ing docks tr'n.r to sr;orv highcr concÁtrations.r0 Nitrogcn oxicics have not. bgc-n e.ttcrsivcrly n:casureC. Levcls of fro :crchc.r, pcri = :::":ffiiåî: ":"r strd{"'ls, î;;;;r';:;:ì *#i'J;: rerciy cxceeJ onc ppnr.:' Usc of 11ír ;ijï::,i:ï ?ollutio¡t Data ítt fliglnvay Locatíon and. Design Fligirrva)'planncrs o:,rgrrt,to have a c:omprete record of thc air poirution ef_ Îe:ts ol a proposL'd road. Thcy sho':lá also bc told rvhat to do rvirh ihe i::'ror:::ation' uncler existing practicc, the record on air po[ution is ncver a\ìùqì'reio; air poriution israrcly considered seriousry; and, air poirution factors are given virtualiy no rveight in Cecision_making.:z Á.n Adc,euarc ìlccorcl Thc Fedcnl-Aid Hisilrv:y Act,:3 ancÍ the regrrratir:ns undcr it,x{ sct no, si:ir:ilrJs ib.- ¡ric n:nimur¿ infor¡nation on air por-lurion which rirust be as_se;i'Ìec by a higi:rvay pranncr [:efore approvar of a projcct. 1*,e Act re_. ouiics iht st3te highv'ly dc¡rartment to consider,.iis impact on ti:c cnviron_. ¡ì:Jnt" of tl:e proposcc ¡'ou¡c.36 Fccic'ar Highrvay Aãministr-ation guice-Iincs, sct Íortrr in poric-y and p¡occdirre Mcmo¡andum 20-g, dcfinc the. t'ù:ìviron:'cntar cffccts" to be :onsidcrcd. ..o incrudc: ..Noise, and air ancr $?ïL-r pollutioÌì."3ô ftc only gui<Jciii::s for the f.lcts which form nf ¡i- -^!t,..: _- _-- rvi.ù!¡v¡r UtC ii.üSL:: the baslq for.¡ncr.Á_...,¡!-._. r;:rù¿U,i.i.iùû. cor:sidcraticn oi'scci:rr, ccononlic, and cnvir.nmc¡rt:rr ciic;1.ç srrl:il -i,"r" includc :rir i'.ir¡-sis ,ti i"tor,.,.,ai¡on s".,bnri¿rcd , ,rr" iri,Ìirrv:r),. <icrr¡¡1¡¡"n, jn co::ncctio¡r rvith pufl.i" ric ;r'iicc rirc. Iocerion d;l; Jor rvhicrror in rcs¡ronse to -hca¡l¡g5 i;¡'r¡¡-;1;sn¿ 'f "r inrcll: to.rcqucsf .p¡r.li_,"f. It shail also "éil; irigrr'ay incluc¿ coi:_sic"::iion of inf'ormarion'dcvt:tópJ u, thc sratã i;ñ"i c;par;gained 'rrom orher ;;;;;.rr"ïþon, :Hi;,-ï o, "ont".tr'wiñ ?PM 1C-¡; also rcquircs location study rcpcrtrr to contain [d]cscript:o's oI thc. aitcrnrtives consire¡cd anrl a discussion of ûe anricipeicJ so.ciar, r.";;;,;;""ä cnvironrncnhl cficcrs ot rhc alte¡rativcs- pcii:iing ôrt trr" rig"iä;"r riiffcrcnccs ancr rrrc rcasons suppoi:ing rlic proi:oscC iocatìr¡i or Jcsign.r, lvfininun¡ srercrrrcs frìr fl¡¿.infornlation to irc asscnlbre<r to iniorm clcsercquiicd co¡rsicierarions of c¡rvironr¡rcntar cffccts ;;;;; prcscribcd. "." .1.' J I �finllc.v No. 13 -_ Catholic Univ. L. lìcv. \'.¡,:" ; .gui.l:rncc pR)(luccs vlrr:uc rcslrlls. Onc hi¡:lrrvay r¡Jllort stt itrcd urrclc¡: i)l)li.l 1û-S tlis¡rost'tl o[ thc air pollution ¡rroblcnr i¡t tllc follorving rvay: r\n c.r.¡:r'cssrvaV îltln{ iìtìy rotttc rvill rctltrcc pcr-c;ìr cxhntlst c¡tris. sions b¡' pcrrrrittinq fl¡slcr a¡rtl lttorc c[ficicnt vchiclc o¡rcrlttion.' Olhcr nlcthtrcls of rcclucriirq air pollution inr¡ract ort :rcljnccrtt lattd. r¡sc inclu(lù tl¡c rrsc o[ an clcvrtcrl ali¡:nntcnt or t]lc provision o[ plantctl p;.irk stri¡rs íìh)ng tlìc ctlgcs oÍ dcprcsscd alignrtlcnts.lt ln thc rcport anci supporting ntatcrials no cvidcncc appcars of spccific an:ilvsis of tltc irttp:;ct of thc proposc<l Iriglrrvay on air pollution at any p¡trticular acljlccnt location. Nor is .tllcrc cvidcnce o[ consii]trírtion of il¡c ro I 11'* inr¡"rrct on thc totrl air ¡rollurion burdcn of thc city or ncighborhoo¿ havc found siniiler trcatnlcnt o[ air poliution probicms in tllc rccords on oiitcr urbln frcctvays.:]r Suclt cursory disposition of complicatcd air poliution probL.rrrs rc[iccts an almost totaily bankrupt rccorci in tllc iriglirvay dcpartmcnt. Tllc rationllc that higher frccrvay speeds actually rcclucc pollution is misle-ading ancl inconrplcte. It ovcrlooks substantial risks of harm to huntan hcalth anci incrcescs in pollution rvhicl't may also rcsult from the- frcervay. i Vhile it is truc that automobilcs travelling at higl'r speerls emit less carbonmonoxide and hydrocarbons per mile than vchicies travclling at lorvcr spccds.li entissions oi oxidcs of nitrogcn and of lcad incrcase ¡,ith highcr spccrls.::r Furthermore, a nerv high specd corridor tcnds to grlncratc entircly nerv automobilc traffic entering the city, making up for some reduction. in per-car cmissio¡rs rvith more cars.3{ Even if a new road mcrcly transici's. existing traffic from othcr routes, air poliution effects are scrious. The outputs of ccrtain pollutanis from a frcervay nlay be less than the total accumulafion of outputs f¡orn a largc nuntber of ancrial streets; but, the freervay, as a singlc line source of conccntrated poliutants cxceeds the elnissions fronr any one of the arterial strccts. The irnpiications for surrounding l¿nd ¡1:e is clcai; ii is pait;cularl'; :lal;iii:g for jcint and multipie use projects wilich årc iocaled over, unC;r and immeciiatsiy adjacent io tha freervay. Critical iacrs such as these are repcatedly ovcriooked by highrva', pío"n.rrprimariiy bccause thc infor¡n¿tion is never assembieC. This periórmilice is inccnsistcnt rvith thc Congressio¡ral intent behind the Urban fn:pacr Amendment in the 1.968 Act.3õ The purpose oi the Amendment was to' "insure that prcper consideration wiil be given to the needs of communiiies through rvhich highuays arc to be constructed."3G It grerv oul of extensive hcarings, onc prcrrtisc of rvhich rvas: 'Wc must provicic thosc rvho makc thc decisions rvith more accuret() information rcgarcling thc effects on thd local arcas, on their neigirborhoods, and thcir pcople.;r7 Mcthods cxist for creating an adcquate rccord on air poliurion more con: sistent rvith Congicssionai intcnt. On such a rccorcl, higirrvay planncrs can dccidc intclliSlcntly rvhcthcl ancl rvhcrc to build thc road. Ilcasonably sounrl nìeasurenlcnrs can bc ¡ladc of the rmoun¡s of pollutants produccd by eech automobilc. Traífic cstinìatcs, rcquircd to bc madc by Statc hirlnvay dcpartnrcnts sccking icderai approval,:¡È can thcn bc used to cstimatc totai pollution on thr highrvay. Forccas¡s of altcrcd traffic pattcrns c¿n bc uscC to cstinratc thc total incrcasc or dccrcasc in pollution br¡rdcn for thc cntirc city, or broaci rcgio¡ls rvitllin it. Mathcnratic¿rl tools, buscci on obscrvltions of thc dispcrsion of pollutants fronr sourccs suclr as fr-ccrv:tys, can bc usc.J to cstinlrrtc pr:llution conccir¡.rations at any clist.ancc fro¡ir th¿ rt)rri.:¡r) Tilc Iatcst nlcdical rcsc'arch c:rn b¿ consultccl to dctcrminc thc cffccts on hui:ran hcalth o[ conccntr:ìtions csti¡rìatc'd in this s'ay. This sort of rccorcl shoulcl bc nr:rcic bcforc any urban fr.'crvny is approvccl. It cln be gu:rranl.,,'ccl if stand¡rcis for thc inlornlntio¡r to bc rsscnrblcd arc incluclccl in thc Fcclcral I'liglrrvay A<inlinistration's (Irl'l\VA) rcgulations in sornctlring likc thc follorvins fornt: Statc lri¡ihrviry (L'piìrtrlrc¡rts shall obt;¡in an,.l co¡lsidcr thc follorving inlonnetio¡r in corrsiclcring thc air pollution cliccts of thu pro¡losccl klcution: \ | l) Conccntnrti<l¡ls ol clch of tlrc follos'inq srÍbsturccs rììcítsurd(l :tt itltcn,:rls rlÍ 5() icr.'t lt.rrizrrrrl.;rll¡'untl vcrticlllv l'r,rr¡r thc ccntcr linc r'I ll¡t: ¡rropu,ctl lri¡llrrvuy to a dist:rncc oi 2500 fcct fronr tllc c,,:nlcl lì¡rc: l:l\ ¿':¡rlrnn nrnrrrryirln �.\titlc' tlt:rlt\\'u\, (l\.1ìll¡'tnrc¡ìts sllíìll Obt:ri¡r and Crr¡tsidcr thC frlllorv_ i¡tr: i¡l[or¡itr¡tirr¡t i¡r co¡lsiclcrinq tlrc air pollution clfccLsbi thc pro- p¡r5ç{ f1r.'¡¡ti¡r¡¡; l) Ctr¡lùctltfiltitìns of cach ot' thc follorving s,lirstenccs ltÌcûsuicd {tt i¡ttc'n'als of 50 icct horizontally an<J vcriically fror¡ t¡c ccnlcr linc of rhc proposcd highrvay ro a distan." oi 2500 fcet f¡om tirc cr"-ntcr li¡lc: (a) carbon nronoxide (b) oxidrnrs (c) nirrogcn oxidcs (d) hydrocarbons (e) asbcsros (0 lced ' ' - (S) particulatc nìaiter. such estimatcs shall bc bascd on cstimates of traffic contoincd in F'LIWA Fornr PR-r, and sha[ cnrploy the nrctrrod sct torth for estinreting diífusion from linc sourccs in D. TunsaR, WoRxnooK oF Arrrosp¡rrnrc Drsp¡:ris¡oN Esrllr.rr¡s (public l{eaith Scrvicc pub. No. 999-AP-.26 1967). such cstimares sha[ be macie for thc various climaric conciitions prevailing in tbe area throughout the ycar; 1) tr{easurements of existing concentrations of pollutants for each fit'ty foot .intervais shall be madc for the pr-oposcd rouie of thc highrvay. such mcasurcnìents sha[ be o,i,r"'undcr the various climactic conditions prevailing in the area througirout the year and shall be made on a 24-hour, g-hour and pcak iour basis; 3) Existing average concentrations and istimated concenrrations after consrruction of the highrvay of each of thc poilutants listed in scction (1) for the metropãiitan area o, o *1.,ài"ïãit, .""r, g"ographicai sub-region of tlle metropolitan area through rvhich the proposed hi,lhu.ay rvill pass; 4) Existing land usc in each fifty foot interval for which esti- mates end neasuremcnts are made.uncrcr subsecticns and land use shorvn-on any ofiiciar regionar plan; ¡ (L) ani (2), oi àetropoiitan 5) Tt^e most rcccnt medical and scientific research of the effccts upon humans, animals, vegetation, and. oroperty of the est'u-¡a¡ed.' - concíiiìrr¡iions of the substances at each füiy fóot inte¡val..io This meti^od has been tried. Data of this sort rvas assembled in a lim-. ited r'.-ay ;ior hearings on the proposcd Lorver Ì!{anhatian E.xpress.iv:y ia Nerv Yo;k city.{l A sinrple dispersion moder rvas uscd; metcoroiog:c¡i et-fects rvcrc, for thc rnost part, igaorcci.{. The foilorving cìtimat"s ,,u"ic -"d* for carbon rnonoxide conccntrations.on the assunrptián of 15,000 vchicles. pcr hour: roldrvay surfacc .-*.=*qçJj-acc[-t st rc c ts covered roadrvay streets adjacent -i 90 ppn 60 ppiro 300 ppn to co'¿ered roadwây . . . 300 ppm �I Grllcy No. 13 - C:rtholic U¡¡iv. L. Ilcv. I 1l'his sort oi clltn is ¡rrrticrrl:rrly criticrl for joirrt and nrutti¡rlc üsc p to jccfs. Ilclt st¡clt Pi'ojcct is, lry tlcIirritiort, irr cloi;c proxírrrity to tlrc l'r'c*vay. ]r,hny of lltc'sc projr.-cts itat's bct'lt ¡rlunnctl and corrrplctr:d rvithor¡t a study o[ :¡ir I pollrrtitrn ¡rt'oblctus. .'\ttto¡lr: Llrc r¡r¡nv joint rrsc projccts arc tllc lollorvi¡lq: a ¡trr"'clical ccrllL-t' (ovcr a rolcl), a irigh school (acljacent), a public rlibr:rry (ovcr), an cxllibilion a¡ld convcntio¡r cc¡rtef (ovcr), apartmcnts (ovcr), ar:d oÍiicc builclints (oycr rnd acljacc¡t).'¡l f Thc Lol'cr ì\{:rnhetten Exprcssrvay sttrdy projcctccl Co conccntrations at tltc loc:rtion of a proposcti school ovcr tlic roaclr.ray to bc at lulrst 60 pprn. A stutJ-t' altcr thc fact of tlic Ccorgc Wûsllinqton 13ririgc Apartmcnts, co;rstructcd oYtr an intcrsiatc hir¡hrvay in ì.{crv York Ciiy, shorvs carbon mc¡lcixitic Icr'c'is as ltiglr as 22 ppm insiclc thiril fioor a¡rarturcnts, ancl 24 hour avciage conccutr¡.tions of l-t ppnr.¡i Sirnilar lcvcls tvcre founci in apartntcnÍ.s on ' ûrc 30tir fioor. Tircsc icvcis couici havc bccn prcciictcd rvitir ¿n aicquatc study in advancc of rpproval of thc higlnvay arrd thc joint usc ai¡i dghís projcct.{i Air pollution d¡rta such as this is plainly rclevant. It is availa'¡:lc to any highrvay planncr rvho secks it. He should bc requircd to asscm'olc this matcrinl and, it ncccssary, hc shouid be expiicitly instructccl to think about the air pollution facts rvhich arc.produced.a0 ! IYeight ol Air Pollutìon Factors Thc importance of air pollution hcalth hazards in highrvay deci¡;ir-'n"makinll is not prcscribcd in cxisting law. No thrcshold of unacc¿ptabiiity teils th: . planncr rvhcn hc ¡nust rcturn to his drarving board a-nd elir:¡inatc thc hazard..ous cffects. Staics arc requircd only to "consiclcC' air pollution; no stanclarcis.. dictate rvilich higlrrvays cannot bc built. Tlie Sccretary of Trar:sportation is guided onl¡' by thc l{ational Environmcntal Poiicy Act of ig6g.47 rn vierv of its potcn¡ial for havoc in human health, air pollution arguably requircs rn absoiute rule, barring a proposed irighrvay untíl its hamrtul cfiects rre eliminatcd. It is difficult to conceive of any bcncfiis oi the r.oad rvhich are sufficicntiy great to outrveigh properly defined and aciequaicly proved health hazarcs.{s un<ier such a rulc, wliere har¡n to human heaLrh caused by air poliution is ciear, tåe ¡oad would have to be redesigíed, reiocated or climinaicd. ; But most air pollution i¡iorination is not totally clcar and clisiinct. I{eaith effects on humans at concentrations found near highways ar¿ sliorvn in a: relatively smali proportion of the medical studies. only rccently irave. studics begun to cmcrge rvhich rcveal effccts upon hum.ans at commoniy cncouni.ered levcls of concentration.ae Thc ¡csuit is that literature oitcn shorvs stuciics of cifccts on animals or humans at conccniratic,ns far higher than those to ri'hicir hu¡nans are nomrally exposecl. Extrapolations to liumau heal¿h hazards at nornr¡l irighrvay conccntrations are unccrtain. Thus, tiic. record bcforc ilic State highrvay dcpartment, cvcn if deveiopeJ in accordance. u'ith the siand:lrds suggestcd abovc, rvill shorv a series of rìsks o.f varyingl inicnsiiy, and only a fcrv cicar instances of harur.i0 Comrnitrncnt of evaiuation of thcse uncertainiics to administrarive dccision rvithout guicclincs fails to givc adcquatc protcction to rvirat should be an imi:ori.ani iss¡:c of public hcaith. Not only is thc aclnlinistrator morc or lcss frec lo ignorc rire risks, but rcvi*ving courts have no usrtrlc s¡andards for cxaltrining l:is action.sr Rcsulations shoulci prcscribc thc clulntunr of prool r'¿hich rcc,¡uircs thc proponcnt of thc lriglrrvey to changc thc projcct. ìvloilcls for such rcgullLtions cxi"st, covcring thc spr-ctn¡nì fronr a ycrv lrig¡ burclcu of proof to a Vrry' lorv onc. u¡lclcr thc tncìiticnal tort n¡l¿s for pr.r:ving causation in a sr¡ii to rbatc a nilisîncc, thc br¡rricn is corrrilrrltiyr.ly iririrproof of causc i¡r flcr by a prcpon<.lcmncc ol thc cvidcncc.sr lr,fost higlrrvay irir polluiion ¡;roof rnlry ¡rot risc to this rathcr Irigh tort stendrr.tl: TItc uncc¡'tlrinty inltcrcnt in rclying on ¡ucrìicll studics oi. hcnltir hu:ercl.s js ¡lccorrl¡:rodltlccl jn thc fclrlr.I ¡rtklitivc ûnlcndnrc¡tts to thc Fcclcral Foocl, Diug r'd c'sr¡ctic Act, by cstrbIishing a vcly lorv bur<]cu o[ proof as tho triggcr Io lxrnrrirrr¡ proi)os;c(l lìctit)n. TJrc.¡\cf. provitJcs: INfo:rcitiitivr::;rr:ril hc crcc'rctl ro bc s:r[c ir it is founcl to inducc cÍulccr r';hcrt irr¿ic.rrctl hy ¡rì;¡rt or:¡¡rir¡rrrl, or it jt is f()¡¡(i, :iftc¡: tusl.r t',iricìr ¿r¡'ù ¡rl)[r¡t)¡)r'ilrtc lìrr f.l¡c cr.lrlr¡rrlio¡r oI tlrC strfcty oI fi:orl :rrklilivcs, t. irclucc c.'ccr i* nl:rrt rlr :r¡rirl:rr.6i¡ Y:l:t:t llli:i s.t¡rIclrrrtl, food lttltlitivcs ¿rrc bunncil cvcr rlrou,¡ih tllc.sturlii.s �qiì's:rriù¡ì ;,, .,,i,',.ì',,"ìi- - ;;i:;:.,";,i';:illïll";r'ï:,,;*;:l,l:]irt]i,îi,ï " 0[ cltt¡sc i¡t irict llv tt ltrcpol:ricrancc o[ tlrc cvidcncc..j, ],{ost ¡i¡lirrvay :rir pollution I)r'ùoi nìa.v ¡rot risc to trris rathcr Irigrr tort startiarcl. Tltc r¡¡:ccrirl;nlr'.inllc|cüt in rcly.ing on rucdicel stucllcs o[ hcalth irezerds is acconrmodatc'd in tire foocr ad.Jitivc an:cnclmc'is ," 1m Fccrcral Food, l)rug and cos¡rcric r\ct, by cstabrisrring a vûry lorv burdcn or proof as the triggcr to bannins proposeri action. The Act proviclcs: [ìtJ]o addirivc.shalr bc cicc¡ncd to bc safe if it is found to iilduce cenccr *'rrcn ingcstcr, by nìan or animai, tesis rvhic' arir eppropriatc for tr," .u"ir"ir* ".iflilr-iouncÍ, aftcr ãt-trr" safety of food additivcs, to iirducô canccr in man or animai.õJ undcr this stancrrrd, food adcritives a¡e banncd evcn though the studies. ri'hich sllorv incluce-nlcnt of canccr involvc laboratory situations which oilcr littlc besis for cxi.raporetio¡r to hunrans. Trris gap irctrvcen cvicìcnce and ac¡ninist¡atil'e actio¡l is cxpiiciil¡r rccognizcd by enforcement otïicials. In re_ stricting cyclamatcs, onc official said: we can in no rvay at this time extraporate thc ncrv data from rat experi'rcnts io rru¡na' bcings. Nc'crthclcsr, *. in-ììris Dcpart_ ¡1s¡f-\¡l¡c¡hcr fronr a rcgai or from a scicniific pàr", ãt cannot aliorcr to ig'orc any poss'rìlity of t'c rat ¿'eta'rrc¡ng"iJrä appii^ cablc ro popuratioir. As long iìiir p"rriìrii¡,y cxisrs, a pru(tcrr co'ccm ror rhc hcalrrr or trrJ public 'r¡rr'* - r"i ---'- .ri;;; ;i,"r prccautionary action bs takcn.óa This cnforcc.rùnt prrilosophy has bccn upheld in court, whcre a food adci,ti'e ban rvas upherd dcspitc the fact triat the amounts uscd by humans \,¿ere relativcly small.s; prt-rof ' range bei*'esn the tori standard's "cause in fact,, and IrEW,s ,.possÈ '*ne bility" tesi, ofícrs rnany options for ticsign of a rcguration rviricii provices cxplicit protccricn from'crv air pollution ciangcrs caL.¿ by uiban frccrvays. Givc¡r tirc naturc ot trre mcdicai cvidcncc,'rrorvcver, any tcst rcquiring sub_ siantially morc rhan a showing of a possibiiity of llarn wür offcr relativcly littlc prorcction. . I Rcquírcd Actiott when the record si:oç¿s cn- ai¡ pcrJuticl hazrrd ç,i¿h'sutîcio:i ce::aniy to, meet the appricable test, trre highrvay pranner must respond by cb,insi:g his plaru. He r:rey have severJ optioo, alrhoutr mõ; ûrese n:ry be freightcd rviih sucir eno¡mous social or ccononic costs that tircy are itcrna-. , tives in thtory oaiy. Elirninatioa is rcquircd rvhcn no otlcr device rvill avoid tllc air poliuiion hazard.. This is most rikcry to occur rvhen trrc nerv highrvay rvill cûccniogÊ: i so much ncw traíi.'ic into thc city that the total air poilutiori burdcn ia the, city, oi a icgion of it, rviii bc inc¡cas;d. Even rvith rccuctions in pcr_car. ernissions that accorncany irighcr frc*r,ay specds for son:.c pcliutr;Ís, trc , oÍfsctting cficct of rrc i¡crcisc in amounfu of oirrcr poriuir,nts anc nc' traffic mry producc a ncw Jrazerd. it is a jraza¡d rvhicir c¡¡noi bg Í¡voiCcd easily by sinrCy rci:.sign oi rclocation IligÌ*'ray c;rgincc.s claim lh¡t air pollution cfiects of u¡brl frceir.:r;.,s cac bs rcduccd substeniiâily trrrough thc urc of sucri arui".rt* clcvailr3 rbo ¡oacl and piurting grccn bcrts arouncr it.60 such sorutio;."y crcarc probIcms of thcir o*n. An crcvatcd rorcirvry is rikcly to bc c.rtrcmcly oiicosivs to thc cye.rr �Ga'llcy No. 1'1 \\'iicn lrir. l,ollr¡ti,.',n Cathoìic Univ' I ' llcv' tlunr:crs clìn l)ù ltlcltlizctl itt plrrtictllltr'tdjlccrtt .r:{ propct'- lli¡:htt'ay lir's. :l'ilrrisititì¡l (ìf tlìclc l)l'()ptrti!'s solvcs tllc ltt'lrltlt prolrlcrtt.'l'lrc tllc ¡rltlt oi tl:c roilcì';;s ¡\ct irr'o\.it¡'s. tts it t¡¡ttst. [or lrctltriritit'¡¡t oI llr¡ld *'ifhin g¡11¡1¡¡16ç:ttrt:tlt oI thr: tìfrlriisitir'ìn rri l:rrttl [or' tl[hcr l)t¡¡ i]t)sL-st sttclì ilS scClìiC Of acljliccrtt l:rntl iS 1..:i,ìJ.', :rntl l'r'i¡gc p:rrkin{."'t is ltlso atttltoriz.ccl. . ContrOl privlrtc e.rlCt,Jrt¡l.lrl tltrtrr¡r:lt irtccrttivc llll)'llìcnts tO ba¡: llilltrolrrcls On ttcarly proi;ìrt.i."r llnrl ttr scrcctì rntl Cont¡'ol jttnk y:trtls''rl JìclocttiOrl assistíttlcc is rvitc'ic or in r.itlt,,l fOr a "r.lis¡rl.rcctl i).rsOtl" r',ìt(lsc i)rollcrty is accluircci "irl rclocation is providcd to I.:ìit" lor a lriglrri'llv.'i:l lltlt ¡lcithcr acquisition ltor is p.rror.,, tllcccl ri'irh li¡ pttllutitltt illtzltrtls as a rcsult ol tirc ¡tctv roird' It tl'ìù unc(')nìpç'¡ìS:ìlcd ntltt-constructiorr costs oi thc ltigluvliy'';t Acquisicln,' o: rvot¡ìd solvc iic¡n of ntljrccnt itrrr¡tcrlics cxlloscd to ncw air pollution hazltrcls cause' thc problcur. Fioscv.-r, cxttnclit]g tlte srvccp oi land accluisition nlay consiclcrcd undesirai:ic socirl anel ccorìo¡lic ciisrulltion exccccling that aircady in urbll i'rc'crvay construction.rì; The rcsult nlay be that the higlrrvay sintpiy cannot bc built bccriusc the costs are too higlt. control usc oi thc.conrplctccl higit$,ay can bc controllccl to mcct pollution inanccd stancilrds. Acccss co¡ìtrols havc bccn authorizccl on fccicraily-f typc oi highweys, nlthorrgh for clilfcrcnt rcasons.'ìi; Lilniting thc numbcr or toil, or spccial tax, to usc vchiclcs rrsing tlìc higlrrvay rvill linlit pollution. A usc- Such a the high*'ay rvould providc an cconomic inccntivc to limit roacl ownsr cirargc rvoulcl also inrposc an'appropi-iatc asscssmcni on the lutomobilc Thc highfor his use o[ the air to dispose of his engine combustion wastcs' emistvay pight be restrictcd to vehiclcs complying rvith strict standards .on ' sions.ci Cottclttsiott and inex-fgnorance åi aìr poltution cffccts of proposed highrvays is common for an intciligcni estimate' cusable. In[ornlation rvhicli can form the basis oi th¿ ncrv risks to hunian heaith is availablc. On the basis of such infor¡ira- tion, hieirn'a¡, planners shoulcl be required to eli¡ninate itazarcis to heelth' \\'hiic soiÌle arùa for cìisputc may exist as to how much proof is irccesslry lo of rr.iJcsign, r,.locaiio¡t or clinlination of a road, ülc cuffent pmctict rcquirc rcfusing to scc thc äir pollution problc'm should stop' l. I 968 Hurn, Mobllc contbttstion sources, in 3 Arn Porlui'¡ox 56"63 (2d ed' ¡\. stern. ). N¡r¡oS.r¿ Tun¿rculosIs ¡No Resp¡R¡.roev D¡se¡.sr, AssocrerroX, A¡R POrrUr¡ox PR¡rt¡,n 34 ( 1969)' 2. 3. 3 A¡n PolLuitox' .t¡¿p¡a note t"at 57-60. 4. Il- at 60-61. s¿c rrlso Hirschlcr, Partículotc Lcad compounds in Automobilc Exltuust Gas. 19 isous. & llso'n Crt¡rt. I l3l ( l9-i7)' 5. Bcercl & Wcrrhcinr, Bt,itct,ioral Intpairntcnt A.¡socia!cd with Small Doscs of Carhott '\[ono.rid<',57 .\rt. J. Pus. Hc,rlrll 2012 ( 1967)' 6. Id. tt 521. 7. N,r'r.¡os,rL ¡\c..ror-rry oir Sc¡tsce nxo N,rrtox,rL ÄC.\DEIiY Ot' EXCtXEen¡so. (t969)' E¡,prCrS O¡ Cttnostc E::rOSuaU rO [-<¡'v l-tvt:LS O¡'C,rltt¡ox NlONQ\-IDÊ 5-5 CO Expo.surc antl Ccrt'lsral Fttnctiott. P¡il.'r ptcscn:cd to E. [ìcarrj & Gran.islatf . on lliolrrgical Effccts oì- Carbon }fonoxicic, Nc\v York .\cldcmy of SciConfcrcnce cnces. Jant¡rrl l2-l'1, I970. ' ----ô.' ñ^;;;*.,r- ¡\rn poLLUrrox Cox-rnoL ¡\ort¡xtsrR,rTIox, Atn Qu.rr.trl C¡r¡runt.r i0-5 (Dcp't Ùi t-lEW Ptrtr. No. ¡\P-62. 19701: Schulte, Eiiccts of nÍiltl ct¿rl.¡oil ,\íottotit!c cottctnrralío¡r, 7 Anclttves on Esvt¡roù.-\{i:NiAL Fiu.tLr¡r 52a-i0 (¡9r¡i). ¡,o¡r Crnno:r.l\loNo\lDi: t0. Àra Qu,li-rrv CRllt'¡t¡r t'on Ca¡¡nox M'xoxton,.çl¿pr¿¡ notc 9' at S-51' 11. Id. at ¡j- j l. 12. GolJsmith, Cttrl,¡'tt:\lttno.ridc tutû Coronury II¿'c¿rt Discase,7l AiqNrLS oF IÑ'' 1'¡:r(x,lL If t,1..¡¡cr:'-ll I t9-l(li) I 1969 ). 13. Iìl:tir. (.'i!roric'1'o.ticity ol Nítroet,n Dioxilc, l8 Âncl¡tl'ns lh.\'¡RolYlrftiNT.\L Il¡,u.nt ¡S6 (¡91)9). l.l. F-hrlich & Ifcnr1.,. cfin,t¡ic 'f<txit.v ol Nitrogctt Dioxii,:, l7 Anc:l¡tl'i:s o¡' Es- vlRO\If t:NT^f. iit.,tt.'Ltt ¡if;O ( l965). Qtr.rltrx c¡ttl.c¡rtrr 15. N,rr¡<¡¡.-,rr. r\¡i< iror.t-u'¡'rol co¡¡'r¡roL Ân:rttxtsïR..\1'¡oN. ^tR ro¡r llt'¡¡lrr.¡c¡¡tlrors 7-i{) to'l-16 (l).'p't of lll:W I'trb. No. r\f)-6'{, 1970)' !6. r\¡lt Qu.rt.tit'Ci<tlt lrl¡ I'tllr (l¡n¡¡oN Ñlo¡-(¡s¡tril,.tl¿/)r(l ¡¡o(c 9, at 4-l' l?' t|.rvc & Sichcriircril. Yorl: Cit¡-, lf¡7 S< ¡r ll{. z\irt f)rr.rl.r'ry 1). lt!.;rt l¡-?J' scr: ttitl't¡ttr LL'ul u¡u! 9Si6 ( Curlu¡tt ílonoxilc ut'l5tlt Slrccl' Nctv l97o). C;t¡r-¡.tt¡¡ t'o¡t C,l¡tttoN lvfosotilt>ttr -r¡.'P¡¿ notù 9, at tí-2?' I'o¡.t-lJ noN I'Htlttt:n, .t/t/)r'¿¡ nÒtù 2, :tt '11. ?f). 21. ^t¡t (J(;År.t I\'(ltti¡l ¡rt,t I'o;r llytrttoc'¡¡(lloNs, sr¡/r¡¡, notc I.5, at 3-l to 3'l-f. ¡lt ?2, llit'l¡*.1¡y:i (kr nlrl c:rtr:¡ uir Ptrlitrtir)nl tlrc¡':u.c ¡rllccs tVltcl'c ¡olltr[cts ct)tÌ!lrr'jtirtu, r\lll¡t¡l¡':lr:rii p,¡llt¡lion c;rrt [ri: cli¡¡linirtc(l l¡()ttt:¡ lìtr)lx):ic(l hi¡llrr,'.r¡'cot't'i,ltl¡'tr)' clir,rintrrin¡1 tllc lrillh*':ry. clc:rtrsin11 r'cl¡ich: c¡tti:,:i()rì\ l¡it\ t¡tü sil¡lì\: ùlldcf.. 'l l¡ù ¡)¡\)pr'icty of lcli'irr¡; on irrrplrrvcrl rÌnìi::,¡(ìr¡ ct¡¡rlrol lcclìrì()l(rjly,:trt(l lllctdl'(rtd tltc lcl()\':Il¡\'\) ¡rf thi., trrticle, rl,:¡-,¡¡,¡, itr sr¡lirll¡rrti.rl ¡';¡¡¡ ,rtl lli.' liLr'lillorrrl tlritt \'.iti!'1.'c¡ttir:it,¡tr'rriìl lri:,:liulinl¡tcil rrilitlrr ll;c ft¡tc",,.'elrlrlr: lrtlutt'. ('lr¡tcrì[ ('¡ìt()fc!'llì\'rlt lllr]lll^lllll rrlll rl,,t ¡r,rlucc velriclc lrir ¡r,,lirlior¡ irr llr.' lor¡,Ì ¡rtrr. S. lir r'. ì\io. ')l-('1, ()l:l ('r,,tlt., iJ 5¡r-. .ìl ( l(r'irf¡, St:ru,tlr¡tl.; ;¡rt l¡.:ilrtl tt,Ìl¡tcr((1. ('turt¡',¡¡¡ .¡j L'.lr.lì^ :l ii-r,.1I 1 l',ltr')) tr'ill ;,r'.¡.r',ùrl irntc¡rrl!rli¡)l! tr¡'i !i.\..11 i¡r l5 lrctl. lilt. Il.ì.ìr.) Il¡,7{)). l{iu'lir:i,l,rli,,tl tr¡,)- �' ". ,'-"äid:;;--.". " .. l(ìit llì'l)tÌ,)(.\R¡i()\\ -/rr'¡r¡¡\tit¡(,\¡l()\, /\il( (.)tJ^l,¡Iy Cntf-¡:¡il¡ ç¡('l¡rr¡(¡^ r(i;\ri;,; ,ii,,:,lii,';',J;ìj;.ilìi:lJ'i,illll,j;ï,:,,):ljill,ii:,illll;:'r ,r¡11;:i;tt Ì-:iììi'.T'i;¡"' i't"'1,ìi'i*"'t"""ìi <':i"lt"""i',iì1,i,ìi',',,t ur,,, s!rccÍ, Ncn, )',1, l.S. ¡1¡¡ e(,\r lg. :(), f l. ¡ì.\. Cn¡rr.Hr.r r-on Cin¡,os jU v'\i{tiur{ l\lo¡ioxlDE, supra no:c 9, at 6-22. ti. por ¡\¡R"i t,t;r.ro.x Ì,tnli¡¡r. Ji//)/r¿ notù l, ¡t .ll. ¿\rn eu,rrr¡.r.Cr¡n:n¡¡ l,o¡. f f.,noni..r,-inoñ.s! Jr/¡r.z nolc 15, ai 3-1 to 3-15. Ììigh\\'î1s O-f,,. 33' do no.i c:¡u:c lrir g:ìr!" ¡\rrrrori*rr :rir ¡,>rrurirrn ."i"¡"'poirr¡tior: rt,"y ar";ì;.;ü;. poirutcrs cong¡-c_ c!inlin:rtin-q ri'o- hi,:rrrrr1,. crcensing -."rrì.i""",ri.-ions :'nri;r;;';;¡ir-rvey corrirror i;y "ìiiìì"","¿ i;"hai ti*."ui"."tt.c¡. Tirc pro_ ¡;it't1'of r'"llinl oìr inrprovcil ."r,i.inn'.ontàl of ihis :rrri¡rc. ,J.n-',',is-in .L,i'r;;;,;;ii';,;;'äi-, .rccl:noiogy, an¿ tirc.crorc rhe rcrcvnncc ,u. i;rcli¡:Ëocr inì,'rr.ir,i.l. cnrissions r,,.i' bc tlinrinart..l uirjrin..rhc fo¡.ts..c,nhlc ir,,,r". rq'duce'c.icrc:rir n,¡rrr¡rio:r ;",ì* ì."sä,n.''s. Cur;-cnr .";;.;;;;;,nroa."n,, r,.,ill nor ^ 1r.,,.'i":';;-ä:';ï;,rcong.. (r970)' SrantrrrJs ¡.i'ìs'iisi.ì.;."irï"' cortparc tr ô.e.ii.-i".rr.rr :d s:.ss. 3l pro¡rcsect î¡nr'ntfnrc.nrs ro ",i ñ Ss_:t-inl-i 1..¿]n"i. r 1969) tyì¡tr llr_iq nJ*v lçgis¡¡¡ion pro-. ¡'osing srricrcr srnntirr<rs ¡"t i--." ln,r"åi."a-^ -.ç,.;: ";,;.,rflîjoj í.'ñ.''n,'r] No. r90l.r, gist cong" 2J scss. il')70); ¡r n-irr'.."ini."i¡'**. crri ô;"s.,'iì'sir,. tre70); S. Ììr:. .i'";;;; i;; I: "i;;:ì.¿':i":l,lú.;.1"*ii liþi."".,,. áú,o,"åüii" Htorin3s o,¡-s. ir_,e, i .,*;,";.' ji;;."!;;:¿,;iir;..i,:: ":i "-'Ìi,""n., ;ï: :;,;r*"f"î",rÍiî; pubtii åi.i'rJt.ll"..T':i:r: €:::,,,.,í,tcc ott -;";-^ ^i.;.;^..:Ilri) ,torks, sEin*¡ ¡r,ì óå"s:,"2,ì"s.,r. te7 (leio)t ,,;j;,:*"i.,,.:::,rì;,:,: F;ì,;i i rî,:i:i:-Tä"å::: soc*rv, cr-e"rsrsc oro È"t',otitrÅi"ïrn \ (19é9). "No sigrrificanr..red.ction;n-"i,io.ïriu.c¡rerrc¡L Bni¡s roa Ac;.r::; 46_56 \ 'är-i.îi.i., air poliution is c.rpccrcd l ::.rr in the iìcrt dcr-:rdc fronr rhc a¿tfni ' r'irh u:.rcon'cnrion:rr porrc: .:i¡rces.,, Id- at 56. Substantial ¡nìo¡.¡n¡s of cle¡ne. aur,)nìobirc- ,coritts.r ;,, research-nioncy are b.in,q dcvoicd to lhc s::llcir for a i.';;;';.":,t¡t11 at 36a-62. sec drr*o N:\l)c^ ,tott,rcÌs Incc¡¡tit.c I'ro.rant An_ ¡o, U,,ro,,r,",,iioì,ni t,nrrii i;,;;;;.r, (1970)' i"ïiï,oor... iìr,rr¡. 2S2 r'irh rrrc n'ot)rL'nìs;? ir-.ìrläsï,,i'ir¡.',.r.,i.1"s "ri"-lï¡"e. rcc.lìnorosry *.i, bc <Jcvcropca soon is er.en afrcr ncw avaitrbrc' an<j rhc p.osrcmJ;i ;;i;.i;; i,ìi 1rr,."., p.rrr,åï'"o'n,.orrcchnororv is deviccs,,-rhe "i i:ï;:ii':,i,Jìyï:-1,;,'|"î:'i"ion''oni'oì i"Jhnorosv',',.î"å'.*."uäo*îigi,*oy air poru?3 ?i. ?3 U.S.C. NS l0r-5lt (Supp. V, 1970). ,',v. ?!. ?3 c.F.rì. s$ r r_r.js iìöäõ;.'|, 2.r. U.S.C. :\ ¡:Sla) (Sunp.'Ç, rclÐ. conrbincd \yhcn rhc,',,.".r"inry,rr", ,n" Fedcrar Highway *:*¡:.':;iiö"ïoo"i,'.li',',u,ff"lnq::'aí::. :,: ";ll,;ull. Polic¡'and l)r()ùc(turc l:*,.,r"n.1u,,r-3'0 I, Y;;( rc>. Thc Adnrinistrator shrll p.ronrufiã,J'""i"r.q"ir" <1õsìiíiiár.;n"n.. circd as pprfl.. ,ir. ár,*ri"ïî'å'f ,ucir poii_ cies rnd procctJurcs. anrt may" t"t"".r"i' necr'ssary for cerrS'ing our rhc-proui.ioir-ond.ot:.,..-iJ,î#'ir''î"''_oy c""purposes of ti:e Fcderal Laws ri:ù r.,gularioni in rh;, peri.. ---- r-'ù' ^_and 27. 14. s\ 9. 2E- Id. s\ lCbfl). ntrï;^r9irî-rt rl..rt¡ÂssoclÅrËs, circ.,,co cRossrorvs ExpREssrv,ry*lìoure Loc.q.ro¡¡:. 12oerót:;,,.;;:.'ii:"il;;:ïi::,,ff i',.i.''::.iJï,"å:ìil:,Ti:'i,:,:,i:fl'îl!"',,',tf ,*XlXf :..$"7 îÌiiï"i";î,tf'î;,,:Ï-* c.',,io*ri 'åt pp^ii'ärj''s.;' - ru' ùorìclìì¡lt't nìLìrJ of tlìi I('erIìirig e'eillbl"' lor ¡llù cl¡ic:t':tr crtrssi.t'n l,r¡t,¡r.rr',¡1''.",ì"i*"..anro. rlìc_ hi¡:lrrr.l¡l oiii..i:il.s ¡.csn.nsiblc ir¡:r rcttcr f,..rni t:rc rocur L.crlri¡¡lis;;",,:::ï JI',',',,1ìr:'; ;1,;l:;llj.;^il-i ìÏio,",.,io,;;il;; iiî'niìi'uorr",ion cr¡.ccrs llrc .lucstion oi. rir ¡ollulion hls :tir' .?olluritrr, Conirol. C.".r"li" bL,rn invrstiqetcC rvirh the Dr.pannrcnt of .*"Lliì t¡e an-,,"t ;ir:i'i;;;.i"'^;:;:1.;l'ir":1,,::::ii?Å hï:"ì; ì::T'""'""',:ll: i'ü: :lÍ i:.:î',iî1ì,*n:il"'-r*Ë¡i¡iìüt,.:î,¡aïii,.l;-',",ïi:,j":r ioo r,..i ..J ;; r;:"ú,-,=:': Ë,,.i...Ji;;,;i1,"Í,.j1,',ì.:,:ï,:i,fiÍ,,iori? It .shouú "i* 19 noisd ihî,t rnc -!i.i..,r lchiclc ,\ct oi- iöãi'r.*i.¿.th:t ¿!l n*v ¡uto,r,obircs cquippc'J r'iih air ¡olluiion ."",-i-¿."ì;ii rv.'ich ccrnforn io ü:n¡ar¡s bc this ¿\ct' t.'"li-il;;;""r';""i,"ic or pcirutrr¡t cmissio¡s sct 'rt " í:å'li: w'l bc carbon n:r.noiijc cmis.sions. ¡lir poriurion conrrol, Lclte¡ fronr f íilron pikarshy fo, Citi::r:r, July 20, ;åJ,hi::åi.lïo., maintainc<i Jl6ï,-. Iættcrs su.:ir as ia rhc'ói"í,¡ãä r0 oiricJä ,ï;"iî,ä¡, this arc p:t.t sr¡te lris.h- : . �rllcv l{o. 15 - C;rtholic U¡riv. L. Iìcv. t' .li.l ¡tttl ¡ltltl'r' :t cirt('lt¡l \.lllìFle. \\'Ù ¡n\pt ctcrl f ilcs covc¡'inc trt batl f ic,:r','ltys ll ¡iì \!'\ t ¡ r ior'' !¡irt¡ir I I \t:rli\. 'l'lìc ¡ ttr':tllì1,"'¡tt lìir.'il¡L(l ('\'cr) trl:c:.'. l:()r oi ltir f otrntl í¡r tl¡c Ciric:rr:o Cro:'rtorvlt i¡r iirc l)irtlict of ('olrrnlirir' cornpllints ¡rtll lution (:\¡ìt¡ì11lc foll0rvs: ir,rllrrtirrn ç¡ f¡'ç15 1rl' ¡r¡1rr ì{ì\c(i lrcc\":1\'s r|c¡c hlrlltllctl as 'l-ilc f;rct is l.i;rr I'ccrr cilcrl Ir\ :t fùir\(,¡r l{.rr ¡ìr}l llrrilrli¡rr: ftct:rvlty's. lrit' ¡ r¡llr¡lirtn cl'cn if tr()t ¡r sirli:ic nlilc rrí \\'c'rc 1:oi:tg t() coiìtitrl¡u lllrvin': tt i ;\i pirllttiitrn t lr *otrltl sirrtply kccp vciii¡lcs lllc diiiicst, ir¡'filu .l rrf triì hi"lrcr.¡.cr-'tl ftcc*'lt1' s, rvlictc llicy btlrn tlic clc:r¡tcst. . .. . lo rc!ltltc ¡'tllltrtiort pt.tltluccd [tv nlotor vciliclr:s ¡s Ly:rttacking tlrc Str>ppirrr [¡ ccu e',' bt ril,iinL: $:rv is l.r¡ilt. on sttrl.rcc st¡dc¡s \\ hctc slo¡ls ilrl( t stu¡t:,; nurkc cnriitrcs trur¡t st !' 5!': tlìc c¡ì::i nù C fììl\\lOlìS. D.C llolr ¡ ¡r \'írs -il P't ()r, lllr' ¡i\\'.\ls,\ìiD'l'rr^i:Iric, I{[coxírf¡t¡¡D,\-i-¡oNs r:oÌl FRI:l:w,\Y l¡i'l'lIt: ^ S¡ .- i'rrR .,.Nt> ììi r-,rr'¡'n I)oLtcY ?4 (1970). Tl-,is Distlict oi Colunrbia rcporl \l) l.¡rriLicrl tin..i.' r l'l'}II i0-S. ('i' '-ì ..\rn I'ot-Lu i'roli, ri¿f)rr¡ notc llr 33 3.r. 5. l, at 57-60. 60-61. llußri..ru ()r, l)ijnLIc lìo.rl>s, I'ltcrtrv^Y C,\P.\c¡T1' trf¡Nu¡,t ( 1969). ..\ct pf r\ug. 3].. 19(rl'ì,.'Pub.,L. No.. 90-495,. S 24, 82 Srat. 828, anrcndittg 23 :' .s U ON TI¡li F¿o¿n.tr--A¡O HIC;trV¡rY 36. SnS.rrr: Ct'¡ss. Os Ptitll-lC WOnXs, Iìn¡'Onr 1965. S. lì,.,'. Nù. Ii-iO. rOth Cong.,2cl Scss.2lì ( 1968) .{cr 37. I!curittgs t¡tt Íiri¡,ttt lliglttuy Ì'lanrrirrg I-ocati<¡n, ant! Dc.sígtt Bciorc tlrc Sttitor¡ lir.r,;i/s ot' tita Sr';;t:t<'Contttt. o¡t l)tt htic ',lork.ç, 90th Cong., 3d S"ss. 185 co¡t! ( te ) [hcr'.'in:ritcl citc.l lis 5'cttttic Url¡an Ilíi:itva'; I I carínss) l .Sr',' 23 U.S.C. :\ lt)9(b) (Supp. V, 1970); PPIÍ 2t-l S Sb(3). 5c¿ also BuPr¡blic lìo¡.ls Fornr Pli- I rcau l St't'. c..g., Atir Q'.:.rt.tr-r-C ¡ìtrr:Rf,\ I'o¡r C,rr,noN lrfoxoxlot, .t¡¡Prd n()ic 9. at 6-26 to lc ENTRcY (.4.'onric lìncrgy Comnr: Pub. No. TID6-l trlii¡r,c¡u.oLoc't' ^ND ^1'oll 1!l l9(rs ); o rr, cL.rRxr,. & ozouxs, c,rr.cut-..rr'¡xc I;uTuriE c¡n¡os ltíosox¡oe -iR,rrrlc D,\T,{ (Nationai z\ir Poiir¡tiCn Ert oì-s .{ìiD co:c¡:xrn.rÏroNs ¡rRoNt un8,rs No. 999-AP-'11 1967); D. f u¡tsnn. \\'o;ìi:lrooii oF ,\tlnrinistr:rtio;r Pr¡tr. Con Å-r s¡il[RIc l)tsr¡:itstox Êsrlrt,rTus 40. 53 (Public Hcrlth Scrvic,: Pub, No. 999AP-16, 1967). The nl:rlh!'nlatic:ll nlodcls tie.':ci'i'octl in tl.:sc and sinriier sotlrccs account for tlic follo$in-q fa;lors: quantity cf cmissions, vclocity oi cmissions at thtsourùe, turbuicnce of tlie atnrospherc, and i:eight of the source reiaii\'{: to the srÌiroundiíg lnnCscepc. Thcse nrctltocls h avc significant limitations. Thgv faii to account for otircl' nclrby soltrces ol' po ilution *'ith th. result thxt they ircquerlti-v tL'nd to un' der!.stinl3iù tiuù conc¿ntrl;liions at givcn iiis¡anccs frc¡nr the poliu¡ior. source b¿ing nlÈ¡sur'ld. Arn Q u.\Llrl' cnrrcnt,r FoR c.\R nox }foxoxloE, st¿pra noi¿ !', 1t 6-26 to' 6-?7, rvhich notcs th:rt tìii¡usio¡t nroclcls usr-teliy prcclict CO conccntratiOns onc-ir:rlf to' on!'-tcnih of tlìosù aclrillì1' Iìì!'rsurcd. Difíu-sion nroclcls also lail 1o :Ìccoun! ior the xi,le vrriations in urban ietiri-scepc, inr:luciing tali buildings. Even so, ihesc nr:ri;';cnratical ioois providc encugh iniorn¡ation to bc aiì inrprovenrcnt ovcr a conlpicte rbsc¡ìcÈ oi infornrntion. 5cc .'\rtrn¡c r:i Crrr'lr¡c..rt- Socl¿:r', CLe,rx¡¡c Oun Ësvlioxrl¿xl: Tire Crre:rr:c¡1. B¡srs ron.å.crioN,{+ (1969). "Diifirsion" rcicns to thc nlixing of poiìuianis rvith surroilnciing:rir b1'nlcrirs ot'ranclonr f'articlc or nlolecular nìotion' "Dis¡c:-sion" r.fL.l's to trins¡òri cl poiiuir,nls l:'y atmospheri\: ct:rrÈnis. Dcspitc rhcir i:chnical :lis' tinclion. ¡hL's¿ $ords ar¿ oiicn r¡s!-d loosely anll intcrchang'iabiy. 40. In the absr'nce oi a rcgr,:iarion, ¡his pìescription lcrves as a nlc\jei ior tire evidcncrr rvhich should b¿ asscnlbicd ior prescntation at location heelings rcquirtci by S l25(a). .\ sinriiar pro!'L-(ir¡¡c shorrlil be follorvcd ilr noisc, prociucins estimaics of pcrccivc(l noisc.:Ìt -50 forrt irllt'tlrls fronr thc prtr¡rosccl highri'ay. .ll. 'l-l¡c iìtl¡(!\,\\;¡s c(ì¡ì(lr¡üic(l ir1'thc Ncrv )'olk City l)cp:tt'tttlc¡rt oi u\ir iìcsotrrccs. .ll. l;;riht¡'c lt) ctìrr:itici ¡tìclc\l¡r)l{)¡ticìl l':tcltrt's l':ts ¡rrirb;t[lly trot lltl:tl 1!r t¡ìL'sltl(ly's l¡rc.ft¡l¡rc.ss. 'l'ltc ¡rr,r¡.¡¡ç,t rrr:¡tl t11s tt: bc'in ír st¡rtkcrt tl!'rìúlì ill rviticl¡ !i¿ ¡Ììo\clllL'lìt of polltrtt¡¡rls io t¡Jj:tùcnt:rr('u5 rìrost probxbly is tlonli¡ratcd by trrrc.iii,'usion, rlthcr than by rvintl l¡r.l ilc:rt .iis;¡;rsion. 4j. Froc¡r,rl Fiicriri'.rt ¡\ri)lflNrsrRÅTroN, I{tciìw,\Y Jc¡Nr DrvrroP}{E)ir .{ND trÍULTIpLE. UsE (l9ai9). This ¡utlication contrins a complct: cntalogu: of joirri ci!'vciopnìcnt t2.\(ri.irçs1t.'. " ; ' '.. projccts in con¡lcctio;l *'ilh lcdernl-aiti hí1:irr"a¡s in thc Unit{:(l Stntcs. 4.i. N.-rrros.rt- Ci-xri:ìì. t'oir .,\ln I'oLLuttox Cosrnol, Spucl¡1, CO Su¡r'i'l'. (Ccorge \\/ashingto;.r Iì;i<ige ¡lrinicnts. Ncrv Yolk Citl', July 3-l'i, 1967). Ii is ironic tirat ¡oint usc ploje-cts nìírl,crr-aiÈ scrior¡s neri'r¡rbin frceç'ny ptoblclils. TIrc S:;late ComrílirlL.e on I)ublic \\'o¡'ks is ¡rarticrrlai'ly fOntl of sltch ptojccts :ìs :r soltì ;on 1tr tlrban flccr','ey píoblc¡ììs. "\\'¿ arcoura.ec tirc Dcptrlnlùnt of Trarispoli:ttio i. ihe Fcd¿ral lli¡i:'.v::y ,,\dnlinistralio;1, and inclividuel sintc higirrvay ticpeñntunts to sì\'c coni¡nucd :trùng supi.1()i't to ti¡is so-cliiiccl 'joint dcvciopnì'rnt' conccpt." 7Ù Si:s.l ¡-i Coll Ir. oN Purr.¡c \\'orÌKs. iì¡-ro¡r'r oN Tni: Fcoi:u,rL-¡\to Htcltrr',rv Acr oF 1963,:ì. Iìnp. No1340. 90tir Con3.. ?d Sc-.s. S ( 1965). 45. Noisc poilution rcqrrircs sinrilar prc-srrr<j¡r. "schools neightroring i.r:sy airnoi'ts :r¡id rû:ìJ\\'liys i¡i il¡it c,lu¡i¡'y lrarc ¡'cpo¡l.cd scvcrc iiistr¡rl;ancr's in ciiissi¡onr aclì\'itics frcrnr int¡'r.¡dirrll n<;i:cs iroln ti.rcsc trìnsp()rt:rtiorì lìctivitics." ll curin:::; ¿,¡rt J. -ìJ-'9, J'. i466,.T. J5,!ó Lt'Ir,rt Iltt Stti¡<t¡tttt¡t..ril /1ir t¿¡:tl l',"tttcr ['olíuli¡¡tt ol titt .l:nutc Ç<ttttttt. on ['ublic ll/ork.ç, gist Cong., 2ri Ssss. 20i, ]07 (1970) (Statcnrcnt of D:. ,\lo:rnrlct' Cohcn, Chicf, Netionrl Nriisc Sirrdy, IJurcau of Occrr¡rational I'fcalth and:;rfct)'. D!ìir't of lil:\\'). 4fi. Sllch r',cli-',u:,'.cti rlcvi.;cs ¡s nrÍrn(lutorv f in.lini:s of f:ìct crrcoit¡:r,:c thc tlcci-rittnntirl:ur lo f,r'o.r\., il;u inl'oülre{iorì pr.c(,cntcrl to lìinì. .T1'.' lìt,lr. lÌ. (lii. I'. -i-lin). Siriilin¡r tlìJ l)rlr.lcrì oi prtioi lrlsr> rvor ks. lf tlic plo¡ronc¡lt of :r rìc\\' r(r:ìrl is rctittilcJ to p¡'o'.'c ti'c:rl)\crìc.l c¡l';rir fc:llntion cf[ccts, cVitl¿¡rcc oi air poilution nìust t'; .i.':rit $'itl¡ crrr"cfirll.v. .fr'¿,Sc¡nic llurlron l¡rcs:clvlrli<¡n Ct¡nic¡cncc v. i:l)C. j5-l I;.:.ì t'()S (lJ Cìir. l9{i-5), c<'rr. t!t ni<',!,ls.l tj.S. 9-1 I ( l9óri): 'fcr:rs I:.. 'l'rrns. Cor¡r. v. \\'ii.iliic I)rc:cn'cs. Inc...iJ ì\.J.:f,¡, l:.j /\.2d 130 (19(,6);'l'n¡lrrck, /ìcc('/rt N(ÍÍI¿¿?,/.r'ì('.\¿,r/,c{: (ìr;.rc, S N¡ru¡.'.r. l(1.s,r( r('¡.s J. l. 5 (l()rr$). ,Jìt' ¡,'i.r¿r ll.lì. lir r'. ¡-o. ll:-i, iiSlir Crrn:1.. 3il Scss. l(i4.1 ); lilicr. ll¡¡vir.rn¡nc¡¡l;tl l-itir:¡rtio¡l l¡rrl thc Ijurtlc¡r of Pr.'¡o¡': So¡ric Cot¡rrncr:t\ :i:r(l Su::'rc\liún\. 5c¡rt. I l-11, l'-r(;9 (l e¡^*r Sivcn at Consù¡1xlit¡¡r ljot¡¡r.lutio¡r Ço:ti'cierti:.' ()rì l-ir\', :¡r¡.i li;c iìtrvitortntt'ttt). .:1, ,i2 U.S.C. {: i¡ .1.ì,il.l7 (Su¡rp. V, 1970). DOT hls íì*'rrrtlccl :r SllS.59.l ccrnlr;rci f()r;r*,iiiinrl i¡. i¡l r::;,[.inl its plunnin¡ n¡Òtc rc$l)c)r'r,ìiçc to cnviron¡r',cni:rl cr)¡tsirlct;rl¡.¡ns. 3 (.1¡.¡ .rs z\r;r .'. \\'¡r'¡ ¡t N¡.tvs N.r. jt) rrt .1 ( 1970). l)O1' c,r¡r.i.i;r's tlì(ì ..\ct l¡¡ bc "li.: crilr::i,,r¡ tor' .t:rltt:rtirlrt cnvi¡ortnl.'lrl;ìl lrnrl r:toltrrli.':¡l con.i,l,'r:rli.rns." ll. .1S,'l.lri', c(¡nlr;r'l',',','itit ('o¡¡,1¡c:,ti,,rr:,1 ¡r,iliçy o¡r ili,,rrt¡rtitrrr rrl |lrrl.l.¡ll,l tìrl l¡ir'Ìt\\'ír)'\, .Sclrir,,t l-ìS (,[ ¡l'c lli,ilr*,uy r\tl [i:rrs irì\'il{i()¡ì ul'lllr¡ks ¡rtì[\\:'t¡:('rc i:i nr,) fdr\;lrlù irrlrl ;\i¡: ¡;¡ ;rllc¡rrlrtivc lr) llrt: urr. ol sr¡clr llrrrLi," :l.i tJ..S.C. :; Il,i (Srr¡rl. y, l')'lA). ('t,,¡'1¡ç !t.,r :¡.rlcri tlrrri tl¡i, i.lclir)tt i)i tì()1 ":r rrìiÌil(liilory ¡rrirl¡i¡r¡¡i.rtt tr,'¡ilr t ll¡c l¡',r: ()l li¡i c¡¡1.. .;.tlerl l.rttrl',, l;r¡t, ¡lrllrr'¡, i¡;r rlirct.'ti,,lr.Ì!y itull¡olitr, rr,rr.l¡ ¡i¡t¡:,t ll¡.' tl'r:.1 r'"ìllr h.,,lt r', \¡.,ir¡ i,il(¡ tr'itrrrt,t' ( ()\t r ¡il ¡i( ¡: lìt t.oi(r ()N .'i, .ì.illi. ll,li, lìr r.. ¡,rlrl, . 11 \.',r l'lrr¡Ì 1 ,.,., ' t .,. 1, I lrt/.cì /i,,.,.,,,.,. rf¡,.t.:.,,,^ r...,:...,...,...,¡.1 rr. I - �cu,'r.,.1ìì.1. ,,,; iì,,,:',,,,ìì ,i..'ì,,,ii,ìl;;,,J;itll (p.pcr sivcn .;7. J: U.S.C. r\..í.i.ìi_.í; s,,¡,;,. f i;,',i07,¡¡. at c.n::clv;rtion i',,,,ì,,rIt";o,, DOT l:r,: ¡...;.::-,lcrl î. Sll.ì._s9.: co¡_ l,:ìr¡ lÒi. :,.:i,,i¡l:: il irr r.:..linl ;1,',1,,,,",,ì,, n^l(ìrù r.(,s;\();ì.i...; io c:r...i:_o:,:r;;::i:ll .,iñl (.r.i,rs .\¡;i .\ \\.rr¡,. ñ,.rr., co¡rsiJ_ I ño. 30 .l qti;ìrj. .o.,,;,lcrs !l:c trr þ¡ "'t... c¡ iic¡ i,,;r inr. .,"i,,',iiiq "r :rn.t. c.-olá. ;c"j '.1,,,.,*i,1..,,,:;.,,r.,, ¡\cr ' .js. 'l'lris ctr¡rrr:r.is rr i¡ir tl,r;rtr:.ì.ì<r,lii'n,;r;.y ll. ""rlirn,,,r..n,.l .ii""ì,ìi,,,,.ï,i.¡r,.,rl i,,,rrl ioi higir"i, i'1.''i,'',r,i,',r ì.;;,iì'ri,,Ìc,, ':r,.,.. ¡.,'ììl i*il:'" Ï1"il,,i:ì,:ìi,J;;i.,;J:'ï;''ll;";l:: r.e7û). c;,'i,:'ì- ;i,,' si:,iù(i rhxr rr,i', ..i*;J,1.ìi..;1"i1:ì:i''",;1,,"T;L..;å,,i;1..Í;t,1._l;,_"; fhc usr'oi !ir.'c¡':r:¡:r¡;:ìrc(i r:ìnrrs. ¡,,'. r,iir,.r.¡, a.ti.crcï-.'--rì;,.;;:l',tar,,,- uiri;ir ¡nusr.bc . ' uù¡. rçi:h lro¡h ,*ir.l.,,,.-,,,,,i' i¡lìi-,,,""Cìrr'.l:r.iìr:ñ_cr: lìr,¡,i¡rii c,),i .S; ._ì5!tli..;l.ti: ..: No. i7:)r. o()rh Òrr¡r,:..'tii. s_.ss. :: frçãij...(:,,,ì,1,,,)ì..t1;.i.,;-,,".t:ur.;ro,,n,.,,,:rl Iì¡:r,.. rc'c¡ir:rn .'\ci oi r!)7().ì:r:roilc.i ll."* ìirÍr"r". :ór!'.,"jriï'ì,,.;);,"i,1, rìr;v. sr.r.¡. I)rotir. -ì.\' , 'rs-r ( 196-:). "'r'l'. .,"ì,"ì;*i,"'ìr,"ir z\xv. dc.\'ci()¡iìì(.nr ¡riopos.rl j:c,'r.r."; i; ;i;.i;"ii,.ì . . "pp,.,rr:.'; i;,;;.,;,.r"ial o¡ industri;rrl .rr î(ir'crí¡iù nro'i\io;ì r'¡i'l'i.rrir:':;trcif h.,,,r'o,rì,rr:siy. .rhc pro¡osc..t d¡.ctopnrc¡r Ire; ;:r¡rJc and rvirr iìot' r(rvcrscr\- :,iicct cristins-"r.i.".ì.^;. i'to ir,"'..ii*¡.a'*lur:rr cn'i:-on;:ib;¡t crl:rrac{cr, nr,ruial icsourccs o¡ propcri!'\'alr:r's i¡l tlic lrlrr'icir':rrit) or i" i,t,c;ni,,g lrrrrrricipariiies.,, cr¡ri¡ons. l¡ /r/. : , ii,,*,ìl;ì":î;ì1ill';11:l,illr:;',.ji,;:iilllii;",')t;;'i,o/,1!ì,,, ¡,¡ Ày'cx, york ciry,, 'rhc 5c. cc'rrninr¡'oi rho cvi..j"-nc.:-ì;';ñ1',;,.,nrrcrnincd by rr:e ir:rprccision csl¡nì:ltL's. p(ìllUlion csiinlliics. .r lJ d,,.:-,¡si.¡n nlr,,icls. 5l' cor¡i¡s *iirin':ìr' scizc ,,p"ì1,"i,,,.,rv'Lra,r.far,ts.S(,J nùtù 39 :;upra. of trafíic ì; ,;**;Jïr. nic lruirson pr-r-scr-rario¡ scc, c.g.,,scc_ .c""¡".""*-rì'ìiËc, :s+ 1..:,i u.s. 9;l I1966). rl...-it,;å". ^tinrironn.,,,nirrù,il'iìa-iïr. rses), ct¡!. crcp"l;."",r,1i of lr)6)nìîl/ p:-o'¡i(i/"ìs'l sri¡ruroi')' rhc ncs r'o' j.(ri;i:rr ;;;;.:.,;" ,i ,1,,'""ìi, ,;;ì";ì:' 'iJc' ,ù.,,,c\.cr. crniicit stî(uto¡')' fì;()i\'crion is pr'.ri':ir.rir' r.'q,i;,..i'' ö,rc. rarvlg¡ *,,-.=..,ï"i;", rhc niíìliì nìcni ¡ììrìy lrrtrvirlc jrrrl¡¡",s sirit a b:riis :.:nlcncjfor.t.ci¿in_q.1.,", ,t ;n ii"u..äi"nu¡ronnr.ntal pro_ ù,¡,,"," ü;åi",t,i'ñ¡,,,t, ¿,i,ì,,i,,ìi,i,, "fä:i* ä!,,',i;ì Í;'.1¡:;,1:'1;;i*i 51. Sr'c C. l)noss¡,t¡._ Lrrv oF Tonr.s'Z¿S_+Z (-ìil-cd. r/e:¡. Thc pl:liniiff .,nrLrst intrt-'ducc *'itlcncc rtnich at'tortiì;;ìri;",d;" basis for thc ccí,cr,,rlon rrìri ir likclv tlr:rn ¡ìot tlìat ttt" cu,'¿i,.i"oi ii" is morc ii"i.]",r"", *,,ir'"'rî¡.ì.,uïì,i'ì".,o, in bringing ab<rt¡t thc ¡'csuli. r\ nror.c ¡ossibili,y oi.,"l,, ì-'n,rt cnor.r¡:¡.,, li. rtt 5-ì. Frrctt. nrr¡r, ;r¡rrl Co,,.ctic'ncr"î'iö'lr"lf "47. ¡lfÀi, zi-u.ïË., s ,rsf .)(3)(,\) . l,'',ì,",öîun...-,ir-;,'. irrc-coror ,,r.r.i;,ii.-¡",.;ìdnìùni, r!Ììlï 'Zio.l;*,t:'''l'i''"i 7.()6(b)(5)(ir), Fooij, "i.i t.ig,'S';;äl;iiji,or {Sr:¡,:. V, re70). ¡\ sin,ira¡-.,,..1)::¡ì .1.1 rio,, ios' ;,;, ;;:, ;iìi, ui...*,"T1;j.:,lli,i,i..,;iir.,"ï::r;,J;:r:iJÍ; jili,r.;i iJ;;, sr*cl ro rhc T:1, r¡sc of an¡'-pcsric;.r" -.rcn.ti.".'';Jo.. on.""y r.*-r.srì.u;ii^r"r co;:;:-,cJiry at it irr¡ scicniiiíc J_¡ri: bcforc rh. s"ïr.orj, dT'lg!;:st:iy ii:o csi::br;s¡mcnr of a sr!':ìlùr ro¡(.r¡ncc.., 2t U.S.c. s s;c"f LJ--isy.i.p. V, rl;ci._- inî_rcgulario;rs s\ 40S proviJc ¡hei a zcro.iolcr:ncc.;na¡, und* bc estnblìshcC bccau*_: (a) s¡fc r*'cr o.f thc ì'.sríciJc .ir."ri..r '\ ;"..ri" ¿r.i o¡ iivo ciif;crcnt s¡_-ci:s of rva¡m-broo'rccr (b) Tic chenrical ;, aninrers i,"r "ài'ü..i" reiiabiy cîc;r:¡mini-d. ."i.ì"o_.J"i""r"'i..I:¡s -othc¡ aiarn:ing physiolo_:icC or rhe rcsr anim¡rs uscd, *hcn ôr ^F ^;.5ì.l',;lï.:îî::.î",*101.".Ë,,.' 2t-s.F+. s i:0.5 (¡e70). )+' 5:îi('rìlcnl 0i Irsse L. steinferi, Dcputy Assistent S:cretary of Hea*h, Ecca. rion. ani i.,-,:li::e fo;. -.:alrh :,:rI's.i.î..lJil¡1i,., -<j. .s;c D:l v. Gc;lrr¿ ¡e; È.li'i,ii;iÄ.ci.. O.t. t.ç, I96r. ìf. lq" ¿'.s., c'ici\co c.o,i,ì,,Å;i,,ì..i'i'.;: ¡çse i. iiÌl]:^..ì.õ ^. i7. pi.n".,, o, ,¡,. cl;."so'él;,ilj^Èlj;:.{;i;",;;";";"tl;.sr zcro lcicl r^ '':¡ : *3.D e:cva:cd ;h;,î;'"rï.,';: ;;,ö:i,::":iiÍl:rliiii",i"i,, ii,';ï".ic"#,iì::iriai *.¡ was^s*r'ciel7.'t,i;t.J"i"iì;;:rJ'i:,ii;,i]',;'Y El"nota ¡.s aa c'i*'ate¿ rhis "iisn"."ni "oã. 2i U.S.C.,s i0l(i) (s1;rp-.'v,i;;;;:' 3í9. .1r": r...¡.1o-^t,..ìÌ z{-ii'<V"¡.1S,_1966); pp}f 2t-4_6 (Jen. 2-í, irSS);. ,ro&r å:'u"i;åli ?;;iiis' r.'u' 'xflii qps s rïr"i, sz sìiîlo- 2r, ancnting g.!. ?i u.s.c. s riiii,jisuno. v,1e70), r 7 \--r¡¿. trrJ¡v)t 62. 1rl. s l3i. 63. Id. :,Ssr 501-l t. :1. 59. .¡rJ. S 61. I/:.¡trjt:.?.t o¿: î ÌIi:l:,,ray pla¡:¡tit¡c, Loc.atiort, co'ì'.' ct¡t Ro¡::!s ot' tìrr.5.¡¡¡';¡) co,ínì.'i,,"ij,iì,it¡".1ro.1,,'ló,ï, ]D,,.ç,..?¡¡ Rcf orc r!;c S;;b^alrd 2, at 3r3, :+;. ¡sz ,lrÍi) (R.p;;';;';i;;;t,""r. ó.ì,ï;],'1" & scss., pr. -Li.,i*. Doç¡s). c::c:s.:r., ¡.ir 'd a fTrir.3";lîii5ritu:ûs "'¡'rr'i',*"'ot:'i;;d ;å. .ïi,,i,",¡o""r ;;;;",..':'j,'i,l'o,,,i ii:c ..:..o¡c. tlrlto.¡¿ ry.rrich rrtcnrris ,(, i.:...;cn,c p::-i:r.ri:,rs... ::¡tî::ll'il'i"lÌrìl "Ì''ìi,,.'È:ljï''tl;*ll..ï,,,1..l pro¡lc shor:l.r r.. ìli,¡,,;r..ì",o ",''.n.::t'l"vc' rcr c\:ìJìì'r:c, ,:'"t J,'l'.1,,'ì,üi ' l:T]l];':Ì :i rÌ¡,¡,o'."*.,f corL,¡.r¡:sc¡: r.irs,-i,i.ii..ir,.í. i,;:ìrö.liïié3,,,i.:ì:ì:.11,ìì,î;::i,; 66. .Sc¿ .tt. t(.,t(.tt! tit I,t,.ti.ti¡,ti ol',ì,iì),.,j,ri,,i. li..\.,:t!!i.!trruv.tlt!,,,¡;iir,,r,,l¡,iì ):!.'!í),."jrt,',i,::;i'i'',fï11' l"' t;rt't'i, l*i,1,.,,.-,n*^L .\r,:1.r,);ì.\;r,,i,,i"ir-r-i-¿;; (,r,,,,. ¡r^,*í'i'.ìi*i't'iìrüjìrr)r{oirrI'r¿ ^\f¡¡.'u¡"rctu¡iL¡{'s .Ass'N, t',;;";,;;:r;¡¿ ¡.o¡r rjus.. ott Í,t:¿ -()/. l'rù:.rJ'tìírLly trrclr rc\trictior:s tvtr,ltl nct [.c ill.:lrl,n¡l¡.r,,,^ r,.,_- Ot st:.lc c¡ììír;sir)¡l conttl,l å;..,.;;:,1*;r;:l,i;:;i;tiåi*;Ïiiili j;,ï;iiii,hiirir#¿i , �Department o f I n t e r n a l Medicine o f t h e New York H o s p i t a l C o r n e l l Medical Center. I have h e l d r e s e a r c h fel3.owships a t t h e Worcester F o u n d a t i o n f o r E x p e r i m e n t a l B i l o g y and the Marine B i o l o g i c a l l a b o r a t o r i e s , Woods Hole, Masscichusetts,, I am c u r r e n t l y a R e s e a r c h A s s o c i a t e i n t h e Labor a t o r y o f C l i n i c a l Pharmacology, N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e of M e n t a l H e a l t h and a L i e u t e n a n t Commander i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s P u b l i c Health Service I have l e c t u r e d f r e q u e n t l y on problems of t h e e n vironment and a i r p o l l u t i o n i n p a r t i c u 3 . a r . I have co-authored a r t i c l e s on m e d i c a l and m e d i c a l - l e g a l a s p e c t s o f a i r p o l l u t i o n . I have been c l o s e l y examining t h e problems o f a i r p o l l u t i o n and a i r q u a l i t y f o r seven y e a r s . I testified i n October 1969 a t h e a r i n g s on t h e proposed s t a n d a r d s f o r a i r q u a l i t y f o r t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia and a g a i n i n F e b r u a r y 1970 b e f o r e t h e D. C. C i t y C o u n c i l a t t h e h e a r i n g s on t h e "Recommendations f o r a Freeway i n t h e Northern S e c t o r and Related Policy. " I have taught a "seminar a t t h e N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e s of H e a l t h e n t i t l e d "The E c o l o g i c a l E f f e c t s o f A i r and Water Pollution." statement, L e t me d i v e r g e j u s t a moment from my w r i t t e n i f I may. I s Mr. A i r i s one o f you gentlemen? I have not had t h e p l e a s u r e of meeting him. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: T h a t ' s h i m over t h e r e , s i r . �525 D R . C0H33: meet you. Mr. Aa.ris,. I am v e r y g l a d t o be a b l e t o I have r e a d on s e v e r a l o c c a s i o n s i n t h e p a s t , a s I j have noted the s t a t e m e n t s on a i r p o l l u t i o n t h a t have been p r e s e n t e d by you a s r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , t assume, i t s p o l i c y , on t h e q u e s t i o n o f automobiles and t h e i r relationship to a i r pollution. And p l e a s e c o r r e c t me i f I do mistake you, but i f I understand i t c o r r e c t l y , the statement s a y s something t o t h e e f f e c t t h a t a t h i g h e r speeds, automobiles produce l e s s p o l l u t a n t s , is t h a t a p p r o p r i a t e l y summarized? MR. A I R I S : T h i s i s a q u e s t i o n t o me? DR. COHH: Y e s , s i r . MR. A I R I S : Y e s , I t h i n k I have g e n e r a l l y s a i d something a l o n g t h a t l i n e , t h a t a t h i g h e r speeds t h e r e i s l e s s — e x t r e m e l y l e s s carbon monoxide. The i n t e r n a l combustion engine i s more e f f i c i e n t a t r u n n i n g speeds t h a n i t i s a t i d l i n g speeds. DR. COBB* Yes? Yes. Y e s , and i t ' s v e r y t r u e w i t h r e s p e c t t o carbon monoxide and w i t h r e s p e c t t o hydrocarbons. T h e r e a r e a number of documents, s e v e r a l of w h i c h a r e coming out of t h e Department of H e a l t h , E d u c a t i o n and W e l f a r e r e l a t i n g t o automobile speed and p o l l u t a n t i g n i t i o n s and o t h e r s of w h i c h a r e covered i n t h e three-volume - e n t i t l e d "AIR POLIUTICN A. C. STERN," t h e e d i t o r of t h a t , w h i c h i s one of t h e - s e m i n a l t e x t s on t h e s u b j e c t of a i r p o l l u t i o n , and i t i 3 t r u e f o r carbor monoxide and hydrocarbons, i n p a r t i c u l a r f o r carbon monoxide. �526 F o r example, automobiles t r a v e l l i n g a t 60 m i l e s p e r hour w i l l produce a p p r o x i m a t e l y h a l f t h e amount of carbon monoxide a s an automobile t r a v e l l i n g a t 30 m i l e s an hour o r s o , and t h e t a b l e t h a t a c t u a l l y g i v e s those f i g u r e s i s c o n t a i n e d i n t h e HBvJ document, e n t i t l e d "THE COMPILATION OF A I R POLLUTION I EMISSION FACTORS." T h i s only covers, of c o u r s e , two o f t h e a i r p o l l u t a n t s , and t h e d a t a t h a t i s a v a i l a b l e , f o r example, on nitrogen o x i d e s o r on l e a d , shows t h a t a t i n c r e a s e d speeds t h e amount o f n i t r o g e n o x i d e s produced i s markedly increased a p p r o x i m a t e l y t o t h e same p r o p o r t i o n t h a t carbon monoxide i s decreased? and t h e amount o f l e a d i s a l s o markedly increased a l t h o u g h , o f c o u r s e , l e a d i s s o r t o f up f o r grabs because t h e r e may be e l i m i n a t i o n o f l e a d from g a s o l i n e . So, i f one postulates t h a t carbon monoxide i s d e c r e a s e d — t h a t i s , o n l y on a per c a r b a s i s ? b u t i f one i s proposing t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a new e n - t r a n c e e g r e s s r o u t e t o t h e c i t y w h i c h may e n t i c e more peop3e t o b r i n g t h e i r c a r s i n t o t h e c i t y , i t may on a pound f o r pound b a s i s o f f s e t the e f f e c t of the i n d i v i d u a l c a r decreasing carbon monoxide t h a t may o c c u r a s a r e s u l t o f more r a p i d l y moving v e h i c l e s i and t h i s i s assuming t h a t t h e vehicles do move c o n s i s t e n t l y more r a p i d l y and t h a t one does not have t r a f f i c jams and s o f o r t h on a newly c o n s t r u c t e d MR. A I R I S : DR. COST: I s t h i s a question, bridge. too? No, s i r , t h a t ' s a s t a t e m e n t . THE AUDIENCE: (laughter) i �The s u b j e c t of my t e s t i m o n y i s a i r p o l l u t i o n , a l r e a d y a s e r i o u s problem i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia, and caused i n l a r g e p a r t by a u t o m o b i l e s ( 7 5 % by w e i g h t ) . I t i s proposed t h a t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e w i l l f a c i l i t a t e a c c e s s by automobiles t o downtown Washington. I t h a s been e s t i m a t e d t h a t t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e w i l l be a b l e t o c a r r y 26,000 c a r s t o and from t h e c i t y e a c h davi t i s a w e l l - a c c e p t e d maximum among highway econom i s t s t h a t , under s a t u r a t i o n conditions, "people f o l l o w r o a d s . " I n o t h e r words, under t h e p r e s e n t c i r c u m s t a n c e s of a m a x i m a l l y u t i l i z e d roadway system, t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of an a d d i t i o n a l a c c e s s - e g r e s s r o u t e w i l l not d i v e r t v e h i c l e s from the a l r e a d y s a t u r a t e d roadways. I n s t e a d , a d d i t i o n a l people w i l l be e n - t i c e d t o use t h e i r v e h i c l e s / talcing advantage o f t h e new roadway. I n o t h e r words, a s many a s 26,000 a d d i t i o n a l v e h i c l e s w i l l , t h a n k s t o t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , be a b l e t o g a i n accesls to the c i t y . How w i l l t h e y get on and o f f the new roadway? w i l l t h e y be accommodated on t h e c i t y ' s s t r e e t s ? Where w i l l they park? These a d d i t i o n a l automobiles w i l l mean more a i r pollution. I n Washington, D. C», t h e automobile i s , i n q u a n t i t a t i v e terms, the primary a i r p o l l u t i o n problem. These a d d i t i o n a l automobiles w i l l mean i n c r e a s e d amounts of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, o x i d a n t s , n i t r o g e n How �528 o x i d e s and l e a d as w e l l as a s b e s t o s , t r a c e m e t a l s and other p a r t i c u l a t e components v;hich w i l l be spewed i n t o the Washing-ton atmosphere - a l r e a d y one of the most p o l l u t e d i n the nation. A v a s t l i t e r a t u r e i m p l i c a t e s a i r p o l l u t i o n i n the exacerbation and of b r o n c h i t i s , emphysema, h e a r t d i s e a s e , asthma, i n the p r o d u c t i o n of a v a r i e t y of forms of c a n c e r . It is known t o worsen symptoms of t h e e l d e r l y and d e b i l i t a t e d . It has been shown t o i n c r e a s e t h e m o r t a l i t y among people s u f f e r i n g from h e a r t attacks. L e v e l s of carbon monoxide capable of c a u s i n g p h y s i o l o g i c changes have been measured on busy c i t y s t r e e t s a s w e l l a s i n housing p r o j e c t s i n p r o x i m i t y t o highways. The inside of v e h i c l e s caught i n t r a f f i c jams can a t t a i n carbon monoxide concentrations of n e a r - l e t h a l l e v e l s . I s e r i o u s l y q u e s t i o n t h a t a b r i d g e or highway c a u s i n g such e f f e c t s can be c e r t i f i e d a s Federal "safe" as i s required by law. The a u t o i n d u s t r y has made vague c l a i m s t h a t t h e y a r e c a p a b l e of a l t e r i n g the i n t e r n a l combustion engine t h a t i t w i l l be n o n - p o l l u t i n g . Nevertheless, v e h i c l e s t h a t have i n i t i a l l y met the prototype s t r i n g e n t C a l i f o r n i a standards have r a p i d l y d e t e r i o r a t e d so t h a t by 10,000 m i l e s the of the c a r s no l o n g e r have met the standards. t h a t the automobile i n d u s t r y was j o b , i t was so majority At the same time s a y i n g t h a t i t c o u l d do m o b i l i s i n g a c r a s s and c a l l o u s lobbying b l i t z the to �f o r e s t a l l federal legislation requiring that a relatively safe i car be available b y 1 9 7 5 . T h u s , the auto industry on the one hand claims that it can d e a l w i t h its own e m i s s i o n s and, on t h e o t h e r , says that it cannot possibly s t o p g a s s i n g u s w i t h i n the n e x t five y e a r s . It w o u l d be folly t o assume t h a t our a i r p o l l u t i o n problems are going to be solved f o r us b y the automobile industry. T h e construction of the T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e w i l l bring thousands of a d d i t i o n a l c a r s through t h e Georgetown a r e a , past the nearby Georgetown H o s p i t a l and t h e numerous a r e a schools. Because of t h e s e r i o u s h e a l t h e f f e c t s o f p l a c i n g people i n j u x t a p o s i t i o n t o f r e e w a y s , t h e Committee on E n v i r o n ment of t h e A m e r i c a n I n s t i t u t e o f A r c h i t e c t s i n New York C i t y has recommended that a l l u t i l i z a t i o n o f a i r r i g h t s above and a l o n g throughways be h a l t e d u n t i l t h e completion of a F e d e r a l l y - f u n d e d s t u d y c u r r e n t l y i n p r o g r e s s i n New York C i t y t o e x t e n s i v e l y measure f o r t h e f i r s t time t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f automobile p o l l u t a n t s n e a r roadways. W h e n New York C i t y was c o n s i d e r i n g t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e Lower Manhattan E x p r e s s w a y i n 1968, a p r o s p e c t i v e s t u d y was undertaken t o p r e d i c t t h e p o t e n t i a l h e a l t h e f f e c t s o f t h e proposed roadway and t h e a d d i t i o n a l v e h i c l e s i t would b r i n g i n - t o the c i t y . T o our knowledge, no such s t u d y ha3 been undertaken �53G c o n c e r n i n g t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge,, conducted by the Hew The New York s t u d i e s , York C i t y Department of A i r Resources, p r e d i c t e d g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d carbon monoxide l e v e l s which reached, depending upon t r a f f i c volume, a s h i g h a s 300 p a r t s per m i l l i o n or more. unconsciousness T h i s l e v e l i s s u f f i c i e n t t o cause i n some people. A s t u d y conducted by t h e N a t i o n a l A i r P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n measured t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of carbon monoxide i n a housing p r o j e c t above I S 9 5 i n Manhattan. On a t w e n t y - f o u r hour a v e r a g e , l e v e l s above those known t o be p h y s i o l o g i c a l l y harmful wars c o n s i s t e n t l y Y e t i t i s proposed found. t h a t we b r i n g a s many a s 26,000 c a r s a d d i t i o n a l l y per day i n t o downtown Washington t o f u r t h e r J gas t h e c i t y s r e s i d e n t s and w o r k e r s . I would l i k e t o commend the C i t y A d m i n i s t r a t i o n a s w e l l a s the Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r t h i s n o v e l s o l u t i o n t o t h e p o p u l a t i o n problem. F o r those who c h e r i s h l i v i n g t h i n g s and n a t u r a l beauty., i t s h o u l d be mentioned t h a t p l a n t l i f e along the throughway would be s i g n i f i c a n t l y endangered - the b e a u t i f u l Potomac P a l i s a d e s and the q u a i n t and c h e r i s h e d green-bordered pathway a l o n g t h e Georgetown s e c t i o n of t h e C&O Canal. Thus the c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e t h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e p r e s e n t s an i n s t a n c e of t h e g e n e r a l problem of n a t i o n a l priorities. Should we c o n t i n u e t o e x p l o i t n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s and the h e a l t h of people under the misnomer o f improving the �531 f u n c t i o n i n g of our megalopolis and t h a w e l l - b e i n g of i n d u s t r y ? I have e n c l o s e d f o r the r e c o r d a p r e p r i n t of an a r t i c l e appearing Law i n Volume XX of the C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y Review, e n t i t l e d "AIR POLLUTION AMD URBAN FREEWAYS." In t h i 3 a r t i c l e I have l i s t e d the t y p e s of i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t should and must he developed b e f o r e any f u t u r e urban freeways such a s t h a t under c o n s t r u c t i o n h e r e a r e approved by s t a t e or f e d e r a l highway a u t h o r i t i e s . T h i s r e c o r d should i n c l u d e the f o l l o w i n g information: "l) Concentrations of e a c h of the f o l l o w i n g sub- s t a n c e s measured a t i n t e r v a l s of 50 f e e t h o r i z o n t a l l y and v e r t i c a l l y from the c e n t e r l i n e of the proposed highway t o a d i s t a n c e of 2500 f e e t from the c e n t e r The proposed s u b s t a n c e s line: include - (a) carbon monoxide (b) oxidants (c) nitrogen oxides (d) hydrocarbons (e) asbestos ( f ) lead (g) p a r t i c u l a t e matter. Such e s t i m a t e s s h a l l be based on e s t i m a t e s of t r a f f i c contained i n FHKA Form PR-1, and s h a l l employ the method s e t f o r t h f o r e s t i m a t i n g d i f f u s i o n from l i n e s o u r c e s i n D. Turner, Workbook o f Atmospheric D i s p e r s i o n E s t i m a t e s ( P u b l i c H e a l t h �532 S e r v i c e P u b l i c a t i o n Ho. 99S-AP-26 1967). Such e s t i m a t e s s h a l l be made f o r t h e v a r i o u s c l i m a t i c c o n d i t i o n s p r e v a i l i n g i n t h e a r e a throughout t h e y e a r ; "2) Measurements of e x i s t i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of p o l l u t a n t s f o r each f i f t y f o o t i n t e r v a l s h a l l be made f o r t h e proposed r o u t e of t h e highway. Such measurements s h a l l be made under t h e v a r i o u s c l i m a c t i c c o n d i t i o n s p r e v a i l i n g i n t h e a r e a throughout t h e y e a r and s h a l l be made on a 24-hour, 8-hour and peak hour b a s i s ? "3) E x i s t i n g average c o n c e n t r a t i o n s and e s t i m a t e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a f t e r c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e highv/ay o f e a c h o f the p o l l u t a n t s l i s t e d i n s e c t i o n ( 1 ) f o r the m e t r o p o l i t a n a s a whole and f o r each g e o g r a p h i c a l sub-region o f t h e metro- p o l i t a n a r e a through w h i c h t h e proposed highway s h a l l "4) E x i s t i n g l a n d use i n each f i f t y f o o t for area pass? interval w h i c h e s t i m a t e s and measurements a r e made under s u b s e c t i o n s (1) and ( 2 ) and l a n d use shown on any o f f i c i a l r e g i o n a l o r metropolitan plan? "5) The most r e c e n t m e d i c a l and s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h of t h e e f f e c t s upon humans, a n i m a l s , v e g e t a t i o n , and p r o p e r t y of t h e e s t i m a t e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t h e substances a t each foot i n t e r v a l . " Air and n e c e s s a r y . seeks i t . fifty . p o l l u t i o n data such a s t h i s , i s c l e a r l y r e l e v a n t I t i s a v a i l a b l e t o a n y highway p l a n n e r who E e f o r e t h e proposed b r i d g e and accompany highway �533 s y s t e m i s approved h e r e * t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia government and t h e F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n s h o u l d i n s i s t t h a t s i m i l a r d a t a i s developed immediately. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: THE AUDIENCE: Thank you, Dr. Cohn. (applause) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Mr. W i l s o n ? WHEREUPON, MR. JOHNIB D, WILSON, C I T I Z E N - 2 0 1 R1TTBHHOUSB STREET f N.E., WASHINGTON, D. C., APPROACHED THE PODIUM AND T E S T I F I E D , IN SUBSTANCE AS FOLLOWS: MR. WILSON: Mr. Chairman? HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Mr. W i l s o n ? MR. WILSON: Thank you. HEARING 0FFIC3R DUGAS: MR. WILSON: Good t o see you. I t i s a w f u l l y n i c e t o see you, but not under t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s though. My name i s J o h n i e D. Wilson. My name i s s p e l l e d w i t h one "n" and t h e y have two "ns" h e r e . My a d d r e s s i s n ' t n e c e s s a r y , i s i t . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: MR, WILSON: We have i t on t h e agenda. Okay, good. F i r s t , I would l i k e t o s a y t h a t I o b j e c t t o t h i s H e a r i n g p l u s what Mr. A i r i s i s a t t e m p t i n g t o do t o t h e c i t y . I d i d have some n o t e s , o r was a t t e m p t i n g t o pass soma n o t e s t o t a l k here t o n i g h t but even s i t t i n g h e r e , ray f i r s t time coming i n , even s i t t i n g here �534 listening, I t h i n k some of t h e t h i n g s I might have s a i d have u a l r e a d y been s a i d , so I d o n t t h i n k t h e r e i s no p o i n t i n me t a l k i n g about t h e m e r i t s o f t h e r o a d , a s t o what i t i s going t o do t o t h e c i t y , and what n o t , I t h i n k X would l i k e t o t a l k a l i t t l e b i t about t h e highway, t h e p a r t t h a t you and Mr. A i r i s are n o t h o l d i n g h e a r i n g s on. The T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s a p a r t o f a network of highways. Now i n o r d e r t o t a l k about d e s i g n h e a r i n g s on t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s l i k e t e l l i n g your w i f e t h a t you a r e going down t o t h e s t o r e t o buy an automobile and s a y " I w i l l buy t h e snow t i r e f i r s t . " And, o f c o u r s e , i f you bought t h e snow t i r e s somebody would want t o "know what you a r e going t o put i t on. So h e r e , you a r e t a l k i n g about a b r i d g e . i s t h i s bridge going. Now where You know, you j u s t don't b u i l d a b r i d g e . Now 1 t h i n k t h a t you and Mr. A i r i s know where t h i s road i s p l a n n i n g t o go and what i t i s going t o do t o t h e c i t y . t h i s p a r t i c u l a r time t h a t i s n ' t under d i s c u s s i o n . But a t Now, some time ago, even b e f o r e t h e r e o r g a n i z a y i o n o f t h e C i t y Government] we q u e s t i o n e d Mr. A i r i s . We asked f o r Mr. A i r i s t o be removed because what Mr. A i r i s was doing t o t h i s c i t y wasn't i n k e e p i n g w i t h our d e m o c r a t i c p r o c e s s . come i n and v o i c e t h e i r You know, when you a s k people t o o p i n i o n a s t o what t h e y want and what t h e y don't want, Mr. A i r i s a l w a y s came up w i t h t h e wrong answer. H i s answer was n e v e r i n k e e p i n g w i t h what t h e people �535 of t h e c i t y wanted. We a s k e d f o r Mr. A i r i s t o be removed and f o r some r e a s o n Mr. A i r i s i s s t i l l h e r e . How, I n o t i c e Mr. A i r i s h a s gone through t h e MayorCommissioner, not t h e Mayor~Commi3sioner, b u t t h e Three Commissioners? and Mr. A i r i s h a s gone through one s e t o f appointed delegates the o f c o u n c i l m e n , and now he i s w o r k i n g on second s e t ? and I n o t i c e now he i s down t o you. THE AUDIENCE: MR. WILSON: (laughter) So? THE AUDIENCE: ( a p p l a u s e ) MR. WILSON: I t h i n k t h e r e i s one t h i n g t h a t we a r e going t o have t o do: we a r e going t o have t o e i t h e r abide by our s o - c a l l e d d e m o c r a t i c p r o c e s s , o r we a r e going t o d e s t r o y o u r s e l v e s a s a l l o t h e r governments have done who d i d n o t respone t o t h e needs o f t h e people t h a t i t i s supposed t o be g o v e r n i n g . Now, we have had referendums, w h i c h i f you a s k your d e m o c r a t i c p r o c e s s f o r people t o come out and v o t e , we w i l l v o t e i t , and everybody v o t e d down t h e highway, and we s t i l l have Mr. A i r i s h e r e pushing highways and he i s s t i l l on t h e p a y r o l l doing such. Now f o r some r e a s o n Mr. A i r i s , o r t h e government who a l l o w s him t o do t h a t , i s g o i n g t o d e s t r o y t h e c i t y . We see what t h e V i e t Nam war i 3 doing t o t h e c o u n t r y , and I t h i n k q u i t e a few o f us c a n see what Mr. A i r i s i s doing to the c i t y . We a r e going t o have t o make up our mind a s t o what we a r e going t o do. Now here he i s s t a r t i n g a part of �536 a j i g - s a w guzzle„ He i s s t a r t i n g up t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . Some time ago we was supposed t o have had a h e a r i n g t a l k i n g about t h e o t h e r p a r t s o f t h i s r o u t e a s i t w i l l go through t h e city. F o r some r e a s o n , t h e y came up w i t h a p l a n t h a t q u i t e a b i t of i t o u t . left Mr. A i r i s took q u i t e a b i t o f i t o u t , and t h e r e was some t a l k about going down "0*" S t r e e t , w h i c h —or "K" S t r e e t , and Mr. A i r i s i s a l w a y s vague a s t o where t h e s e p l a c e s a r e going u n t i l he g e t s t h e a u t h o r i s a t i o n f o r them. Nov; I f e e l t h a t a man i n your p o s i t i o n , i n t h e c i t y government — and I am under t h e o p i n i o n t h a t you were s e r t h e r e t o r e p r e s e n t the people, now, I hope t h a t what you, have h e a r d from t h e p e o p l e / s i n c e you don't v o t e , and we have a r o t h e r problem. Now a s i m p o r t a n t a s t h i s i s s u e i s , I c a n ' t s e e why t h e people wljio are going t o make t h e d e c i s i o n wouldn't come here and s i t , be- cause t h i s h a s n ' t j u s t s t a r t e d . a few y e a r s , I t h a s been going on f o r q u i t e But s i n c e you a r e h e r e , I am hoping t h a t you can convey t o t h e people you a r e supposed t o r e p o r t t o , i f t h e people i n t h i s town do n o t want t h e highway. Now I would like t o s a y t h a t maybe some o f our problems w i l l be c l e a r e d up i f you g e t a n o t h e r a n o t h e r highway man h e r e t h a t w i l l respond t o the w i s h e s o f t h e people t h a t he i s supposed t o be responding to. I t appears v/here money i s concerned i t seems t h a t e v e r y - body seems t o t h i n k i n t h a t p a r t i c u l a r way. Even you have Mr. A i r i s and q u i t e a few people around him. We t o l d him about the b r i d g e some t i m e ago. The c o u r t r u l e d a g a i n s t him. .And you �537 see, you s t i l l have t h i s man h e r e , s t i l l bumping you up a g a i n s t t h e bad d e c i s i o n s t h a t he i s making. So, I would l i k e t o s a y t h a t i f t h e r e i s some way t h a t we can get a r e s p o n s i v e type of D. C„ Government I t h i n k we w i l l c l e a r up q u i t e a few of our problems. As f a r a s Mr. A i r i s i s concerned, I t h i n k t h i 3 state-• ment has been made t o him b e f o r e , and each t i m e he g e t s vaguer and v a g u e r . think a l l T h a t ' s about a l l I would l i k e t o s a y because I t h e o t h e r p o i n t s have been c o v e r e d , and I j u s t hope t h a t you w i l l t e l l t h e C o u n c i l and t h e Mayor t h a t i s s u e s t h i s i m p o r t a n t , a s f a r a s people a r e concerned, I t h i n k i t would be n i c e i f t h e y would s i t i f t h e y i n t e n d t o r e p r e s e n t t h e a s I understand t h e y were appointed t o do. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS. THE AUDIENCE: people Thank you. Thank you, Mr. Wilson. (applause) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Mr. R. W. Curtis? WHEREUPON, MR. R. W. CURTIS, C I T I Z E N , 2513 N. Quebec S t r e e t , A r l i n g t o n , V i r g i n i a , approached t h e microphone and t e s t i f i e d , i n s u b s t a n c e , as f o l l o w s : MR. CURTIS: Gentlemen, I thank you f o r the c o n s i d e r a - t i o n of s c h e d u l i n g me f o r a d e f i n i t e t i m e , and I didn°t have t o waste two day3 from my work l i k e I d i d f o r t h e 1 - 6 6 H e a r i n g s . I w a i t e d 10 hours t o speak f o r t h a t one. My name i s Robert W. C u r t i s , C a p t a i n , U. S. Navy, R e t i r e d . I live at N. Quebec S t r e e t , A r l i n g t o n , V i r g i n i a . 2513 I am the Pa3t P r e s i d e n t �538 of A r l i n g t o n i a n s f o r t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n of t h e Potomac P a l i s a d e s ^ founded i n 1952? and I am p r e s e n t l y a member o f t h e E x e c u t i v e Committee. X have l e a r n e d t h a t you have t o f i g h t f o r your home e v e r y day o f your l i f e . I have l i v e d i n A r l i n g t o n over 19 y e a r s , and I d r i v e t h e B e l t w a y everyday,, And i f t h e r e i s e v e r a m o n s t r o s i t y by t h e C a b i n John B r i d g e I have y e t t o see it. My remarks t o d a y w i l l c o n s i s t o f a s e r i e s o f q u e s t i o n s , t r y i n g t o f i n d out some o f t h e f a c t s w i t h t o t h i s r o a d , and I would a p p r e c i a t e regard i f a n y one o f t h e h i g h - v/ay r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s h e r e would respond t o t h e q u e s t i o n s . My f i r s t q u e s t i o n : Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads approve When, on what date, d i d t h e I-2S6 as part of the interstate system? MR. A I R I S : S i r , I think t h a t ' s i n the booklet. MR. CURTIS: I q u e s t i o n whether t h a t ' s i n t h e book, an a c c u r a t e statement i n t h e book, and 1 would l i k e you t o put i t on t h e r e c o r d a s t o when i t was approved. MR. A I R I S : W e ' l l put i t on t h e r e c o r d . I j u s t want t o v e r i f y when i t was. MR. CURTIS: Someone must know. I t says "1950." What i s t h e date t h a t t h e Bureau of P u b l i c Roads approved 1 - 2 6 6 a s a p a r t o f t h e i n t e r s t a t e system? MR. A I R I S : I n June 1 9 6 0 , t h e Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads, w h i c h i s now t h e F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , approved Route �539 265 a s a p a r t of t h e I n t e r s t a t e system. S i n c e then t h e y have reaffirmed i t , MR. CURTIS: MR. A I R I S : When d i d t h e y r e a f f i r m i t ? VJe.ll, I t h i n k t h e date I have h e r e , and i t might b e a r some c h e c k i n g , i s i n August 2 9 t h . 1968. 1 have the date August 2 9 t h , but i t ' s a f t e r August 2 9 t h . i n 1948 but put a q u e s t i o n mark I would have t o double check t h a t , MR. CURTIS: Okay. So t h e brochure s a i d i t was approved i n 1960. Has any c o r r i d o r l o c a t i o n h e a r i n g s been h e l d a t thcit t i m e ? MR. A I R I S : Corridor location? MR. CURTIS: F o r 1-266? You s a i d i t was approved i n 1960, o r i g i n a l l y but has any c o r r i d o r l o c a t i o n s been h e l d by the time i t was approved? MR. DeGAST: The i n i t i a l a p p r o v a l d i d not r e q u i r e a c o r r i d o r l o c a t i o n hearing w i t h which t o consider a s part of the i n t e r s t a t e system. The r e a f f i r m a t i o n i n 1968 and 1969 *?as, of c o u r s e , subsequent t o t h e e q u i v a l e n t of a c o r r i d o r hearing. MR. AIRIS-. T h i s was Mr. DeGast. MR. CURTIS: Can an I n t e r s t a t e highway segment be approved w i t h o u t a l o c a t i o n h e a r i n g ? MR. A I R I S : true. Sir, t h e p r o j e c t i t s e l f cannot. That i s But t h e i n i t i a l l a y o u t o f t h e i n t e r s t a t e system was done some time around 1960. �540 MR. CURTIS: hearing I see. When was t h e f i r s t location on 1-266 h e l d ? MR. A I R I S : I n 1964. There have been e a r l i e r h e a r - i n g s b u t t h e one t h a t i s f o r t h i s l o c a t i o n i s 1964. MR. CURTIS: X see. Then t h e one i n 1962 was j u s t an ad hoc s o r t of r e h e a r s a l , i s t h a t c o r r e c t ? I spent an a w f u l long time a t t h a t one, and i t seems t o me t h a t was advertised as a location hearing MR. A I R I S : but I am a d v i s e d f o r 1-266, i s t h a t not c o r r e c t ? I don't know t h i s o f my own knowledge here t h a t i n 1962 t h e r e was a l s o a h e a r i n g on t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge MR. CURTIS: W e l l , perhaps t h e V i r g i n i a highway people c o u l d e l u c i d a t e on t h i s m a t t e r . They were t h e r e , a s I recall. MR. SNEAD: t i o n hearing T h a t ' s r i g h t , Mr. C u r t i s , we had a l o c a - on Spout Run i n 1966. MR. CURTIS: the Was adequate n o t i c e g i v e n c o n c e r n i n g 1966 l o c a t i o n h e a r i n g ? MR. SNEAD: What's your q u e s t i o n a g a i n , Mr. C u r t i s ? MR. CURTIS: 1966 Was adequate n o t i c e g i v e n c o n c e r n i n g t h e location hearing? MR. SNEAD: MR. CURTIS: notice 1950 w h a t ? 1962 l o c a t i o n h e a r i n g - was adequate given? MR. SNEAD: Mr. C u r t i s , I am not f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e 1962 �541 P u b l i c Hearing, MR. CURTIS: W e l l , I am, and we gob t h e word through the Washington S t a r t h e day b e f o r e t h e H e a r i n g , and supposedly i t was a d v e r t i s e d i n t h e N o r t h e r n V i r g i n i a Sun, w h i c h nobody buys anymore because i t doesn't g i v e out t h e word v e r y w e l l , and what happened, f o r your i n f o r m a t i o n , was t h a t t h e n e i g h b o r s found t h i s t h e day b e f o r e t h e h e a r i n g and we m a r s h a l l e d e v e r y body t o go over t o the H e a r i n g . The remarks of the highwayman who was h o l d i n g t h e h e a r i n g s was t h a t t h i s i s s t r a n g e , he thought t h e o n l y people t h a t -were i n t e r e s t e d i n hippopotamuses were hippopotamuses? and he thought t h e o n l y people i n t e r e s t e d i n highways were highway people. W e l l , he found out d i f f e r e n t l y Anyway, I was going t o a s k t h e q u e s t i o n : I n what newspapers were the announcements made of t h e '62 h e a r i n g , w h i c h a p p a r e n t l y you don't know t h e answer t o t h a t . MR. EeGAST: Mr. C u r t i s , we can produce t h a t f o r t h e MR. CURTIS: Okay, i t would be good t o put i t i n t h e record. r e c o r d , because I t h i n k i t was a s h o r t f u s e d h e a r i n g . MR. DeGAST: I b e l i e v e the n o t i c e s as issued then were i n conformance w i t h t h e t h e n l e g a l p r o c e e d i n g s . MR. CURTIS: T h a t may be t r u e , I g i a n t you t h a t . T h i s i s f o u r y e a r s a f t e r t h e 1-66 H e a r i n g - t h e I~66 L o c a t i o n H e a r i n g , t h e 1962 H e a r i n g was f o u r y e a r s a f t e r t h e 1-66 location I f a s i t s s t a t e d i n t h e h i s t o r y of 1-266, t h e Bureau of P u b l i c �542 Roads approved 1-265 i n I 9 6 0 , why was t h e f i r s t h e a r i n g on i t s l o c a t i o n d e l a y e d two y e a r s u n t i l 1962? MR* A I R I S : I s t h i s a q u e s t i o n t o me now? MR, CURTIS: Ho, i t ' s a q u e s t i o n t o anybody who c a r e s t o answer, s i r . MR. A I R I S : H e l l , t h e system was l a i d out p r i o r t o the time t h a t t h e — w e l l , i t ' s j u s t a sy3tema:*~~that i s , t h e general location, j u s t general. And u n t i l t h e h e a r i n g s a r e c h e l d i t s not n a i l e d down a s t o an e x a c t l o c a t i o n . MR, CURTIS: W e l l , a p p a r e n t l y , t h e n , t h e r e was some J urgency t o h o l d t h e 62 l o c a t i o n h e a r i n g . Can you g i v e u s any i n f o r m a t i o n a s t o why t h e h e a r i n g suddenly became u r g e n t ? I t was j u s t dropped on u s . MR, A I R I S : W e l l , t h a t ' s two years.. MR. CURTIS: Why were t h r e e a l t e r n a t i v e s - l o c a t i o n s - considered a t the P u b l i c Hearing this i n 1964 when we had a l r e a d y had hearing? MR. A I R I S : The t h r e e l o c a t i o n s i n 1964 were a s a r e s u l t o f recommendations made by t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t o l P l a n n i n g Commission, and what was then c a l l e d " p o l i c y a d v i s o r y committee" t h a t was a p p o i n t e d a t t h e s u g g e s t i o n of P r e s i d e n t Kennedy t o advise the D i s t r i c t Commissioners— MR. CURTIS: —Yes, I recall that. MR« A I R I S : — a n d out o f t h a t group came t h e r e q u e s t t h a t a s t u d y be made u And t h e s t u d y i n d i c a t e d t h r e e recommended �543 l o c a t i o n s f o r t h e H e a r i n g i n 1964. MR. CURTIS: design hearing i s b e i n g h e l d one of those t h r e e a l t e r n a t i v e s ? MR. A I R I S : first I s t h e p r e s e n t l o c a t i o n f o r v.'hich t h i s Y e s , s i r , i t i 3 t h e middle l o c a t i o n . l o c a t i o n was downstream o f Key B r i d g e ; The t h e upper l o c a t i o n was j u s t downstream o f t h e r e s e r v o i r on t h e D. C. s i d e ; and t h e Spout Run l o c a t i o n i s s u b s t a n t i a l l y t h e same l o c a t i o n t h a t we have a f t e r t h i s t i m e . Now a t t h a t H e a r i n g , s i r , t h e r e were a g r e a t number o f comments made and t h i s l o c a t i o n r e f l e c t s t h e recommendations t h a t were made i n t h e 1964 H e a r i n g p l u s o t h e r d e t a i l e d s t u d y recommendations. MR. CURTIS: But What you s a y i s th£t t h i s location i s not e x a c t l y one of t h e t h r e e a l t e r n a t i v e s t h a t were presented i n '64? MR. A I R I S : I t i s not e x a c t l y ; i f you a r e coming down to the foot. MR. CURTIS: Location I s i t v e r y much t h e same a s t h e 1962 Hearing? MR. A I R I S : MR. CURTIS: Very close. Exactly. L e t 3 go back t o t h e date t h e 8 Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads gave a p p r o v a l f o r 1-266, w h i c h the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . includes What was t h e date a g a i n - d i d you say? MR. A I R I S : Well, I t h i n k t h e i n i t i a l d a t e was 1960. I t was somewhere t h e r e a b o u t s , and I have.the 1960 d a t e . �111, C U R T I S : 1969? W e l l , t h e f i n a l a p p r o v a l was g i v e n i n 1959? NR. A I R I S : M R . CURTISt I t o l d you i n 1 9 6 8 , I t h i n k . Yes. Had c o n s t r u c t i o n s t a r t e d p r i o r t o t h a t date - t h e 1968 d a t e ? MR. A I R I S : Had c o n s t r u c t i o n s t a r t e d p r i o r t o t h e 196E MR. C U R T I S : Yes. M R . AIRIS: On t h e b r i d g e ? date? M R . CURTIS: MR. A I R I S : M R . CURTIS: Yes. Ho. W e l l , how come t h e court stopped s t r u c t i o n i n J a n u a r y 1958? con- Which i s what you s a i d i n your brochure. I t h i n k , MR.. A I R I S : W e l l , I t h i n k someone i s r e a d i n g something] a l i t t l e wrong h e r e . MR. CURTIS: I quote, I read: "The C o u r t of A p p e a l s , however, ordered work t o cease i n F e b r u a r y 1968," r i g h t out of t h e b r o c h u r e . So, you s t a r t e d c o n s t r u c t i o n b e f o r e you had approval, i s that correct? MR. A I R I S : W e l l , a l l t h i s s a y s , s i r , i s t h e Court of A p p e a l s , however, ordered work t o cease i n F e b r u a r y o f 1968. MR, CURTIS: W e l l , t h e n , work must have been s t a r t e d a t that time. MR. A I R I S : W e l l , i f you s a y s o . �545 THE AUDIENCE: MR. CURTIS: (laughter) W e l l , I c e r t a i n l y do, and I c a n ' t see how the C o u r t of A p p e a l s c o u l d o r d e r you t o s t o p i f you hadn't started. MR. AIRIS: W e l l , what you a r e r e f e r r i n g t o — t h a t i s , what the c o u r t was r e f e r r i n g t o i s d e s i g n f u n c t i o n s not a c t u a l c o n s t r u c t i o n work. MR. I t h i n k you used t h e word CURTIS: i t , t h a t ' s okay* A i l r i g h t , i f you want t o w e a s e l out of (laughing) MR. AIRIS: anything, "construction." W e l l , s i r , I don't w a n t t o w e a s e l out of I want t o be c o m p l e t e l y f a i r , MR, CURTIS: Okay. (laughing). A l lright. I understood from t h i s t h i n g t h a t work had a c t u a l l y s t a r t e d , not j u s t design. Okay. Another q u e s t i o n : When d i d t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e agree t o g i v e up the Spout Run MR. SNEAD: Parklands? I have got a copy of t h e agreement Mr. C u r t i s , j u s t a second. here, "George G. H..."s" l e t t e r t o Mr. F.« - Fugat - A i r Commissioner, V i r g i n i a Department of Highways. "October 1 s t , 1969." MR. CURTIS: "October 1 s t 1969." That's l a s t year, j u s t a l i t t l e over a year ago. MR. SNEAD: MR, CURTIS: Bridge p a r t of 1-66? Yes. A l l r i g h t , i s t h e Theodore Roosevelt �546 MR. SEEAD: Theodore Roosevelt: MR. CURTIS: MR. SHBADs Yes. I t i s a p a r t o f 1-66? y e s , s i r . MR. CURTIS: MR. A I R I S : Has i t e v e r c l o s e d t o t r u c k Would you r e p e a t t h a t , MR. CURTIS: closed t o truck traffic? sir? Was t h e Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e e v e r traffic? MR. A I R I S : Yes. MR. CURTIS: MR. A I R I S : enabling Bridge? Why? I t was, a s 1 r e c a l l , i n t h e law - i n i t s l e g i s l a t i o n - i n the e n a b l i n g l e g i s l a t i o n i t was s t a t e d i t would not be u t i l i z e d f o r t r u c k t r a f f i c . MR. CURTIS: Has t h a t e n a b l i n g l e g i s l a t i o n been rescinded? MR. A I R I S : MR. CURTIS: ,! Has i t ? " Ho. Then how corcie t h e b r i d g e i s open f o r t r u c k t r a f f i c today? MR. A I R I S : I don't b e l i e v e i t i s . MR. CURTIS: I t c e r t a i n l y i s . T h e r e ' s a s i g n on i t . T h e r e ' s a s i g n on i t . I t ' s a l w a y s been opem. Was the d e c i s i o n t o push f o r 1-266. „ „? MR. A I R I S : May I c l e a r t h i s up h e r e . Have you a c t u a l l y seen t r u c k s on i t ? MR. CURTIS: I have seen the s i g n t h a t s a y "Trucks have t o t u r n o f f when t h e y get t o C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue," �547 A SPECTATOR: MR. CURTIS: MR. AIRIS: " L e f t Lane." L e f t Lane. W e l l , what you a r e r e f e r r i n g t o i s the s i g n t h a t s a y s , coming s o u t h on t h e Potomac R i v e r Freeway, t h a t a l l t r u c k s must t u r n l e f t on MR. from Mr. CURTIS: T h a t may U d a l i , when he was "D" S t r e e t Expressway. be, but I know from a S e c r e t a r y of the letter Interior, that he s a i d t h a t t r u c k s c o u l d use the Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e , and a t t h e same time he s a i d t h a t you had b u i l t an e x t r a lane on George Washington Parlcway from Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e t o Spout Run c u t o f f , w h i c h i t n e v e r happened. s a i d , and he s a i d t h e r e was bridge. Anyway, was MR. c l e a r t h i s up? AIRIS But t h a t ' s what he no r e a s o n the t r u c k s c o u l d n ' t use the d e c i s i o n t o push f o r (interposing): Mr. 1-266— Chairman, c o u l d we I j u s t want t o be s u r e t h a t I don't l e a v e something d a n g l i n g h e r e . MR. CURTIS: MR. AIRIS: Yes, s i r ? Well, I am open t o your i t ' s not a q u e s t i o n . questions. I would j u s t l i k e t o p o i n t out t h a t t h e r e has been a good d e a l of newspaper t a l k and t a l k about t h e a d v i s a b i l i t y , pro and con, of lifting t h e r e s t r i c t i o n on t r u c k s on Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e , but to my knowledge, i t has not been l i f t e d . MR. CURTIS: Well, l i k e t o read a t t h i s stage. I have two One l e t t e r s t h a t I would t h a t i s i n answer t o a I w r o t e t o t h e Bureau of P u b l i c Roads i n 1962; letter and t h i s i s a the �548 l e t t e r s i g n e d by Robert G i l e s , who i s the General Counsel, Department of Commerce, t h a t had t o do w i t h the roads a t that time: "Dear C a p t a i n C u r t i s : " T h i s i s i n r e p l y t o your l e t t e r c a t e d Septe;iiber 5 t h 1962 i n which you asked f o r i r f o r m a t i o n i n response t o t h r e e s p e c i f i c q u e s t i o n s r e g a r d i n g i n t e r s t a t e highway system i n the N a t i o n a l Capitol region. I have r e f e r r e d your letter t o Bureau of P u b l i c Roads and t h e answers t o t h e q u e s t i o n s *— t h r e e q u e s t i o n s you raised are as follows: "Question: Has o f f i c i a l a p p r o v a l been g i v e n t o t h i s segment, 1-66 "Answer: i n A r l i n g t o n County? I n t e r s t a t e Route 66 has been approved a s t o g e n e r a l and s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n by the Bureau of P u b l i c Roads f o l l o w i n g p u b l i c h e a r i n g s in 1958. Question: How can Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e q u a l i f y f o r 90-10 Highway funds? "Answer: Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e i s p a r t of t h e approved i n t e r s t a t e system and a s such is eligible for federal aid interstate pation. partici- South o f the e x i t t o Key B r i d g e i t i s proposed t o r e s t r i c t i n t e r s t a t e r o u t e 66, i n - �e l u d i n g Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e , t o passenger vehicles. T h i s wa3 done a t the r e q u e s t of the N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e and o t h e r o f f i c i a l s whom we were i n sympathy. with I t would be h i g h l y u n d e s i r a b l e t o permit t r u c k t r a f f i c i n the a r e a of Zwo Jima Memorial, A r l i n g t o n N a t i o n a l Cemetary, L i n c o l n Memorial, the Washington Monument, anc the J e f f e r s o n Memorial. I t was :;b.e;;ef orr. j i c o e a c a r y t o provide another connect i o n . I n t e r s t a t e 266, between I n t e r s t a t e Route 66 and the I n n e r Loop so t h a t mixed t r a f f i c approaching the M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a from the : : c o u l d r e a c h i t s d e s t i n a t i o n by way of t h e n o r t h and west l e g s of t h e I n n e r loop and connect I n t e r s t a t e Route 66 w i t h Route 95 t o the n o r t h e a s t . thus Interstate A l l the d a t a show t h a t t h e percentage of t r u c k t r a f f i c i s t o be small. Nevertheless, the planning f o r t h i s a r e a made such a f a c i l i t y mandatory i n v i e w of the d e s i r a b l e d e c i s i o n t o r e s t r i c t the Theodore R o o s e v e l t Memorial r o u t e t o passenger vehicles. "Question: Can the A r l i n g t o n County segment of 1-66 q u a l i f y f o r 90-10 a n o t h e r Potomac C r o s s i n g ? funds w i t h o u t �550 "Answers The I n t e r s t a t e system i n t h i s a r e a i n c l u d e s a s p a r t of an i n t e g r a t e d system, the segment of 1-66, 1-266, and the n o r t h l e g and the w e s t l e g i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia. If through d e l e t i o n of i n d i v i d u a l segments of t h i s system, the r e s u l t s of l a c k of i n t e g r a t i o n , i t would become n e c e s s a r y f o r the Bureau of P u b l i c Roads t o reexamine t h e e n t i r e system d e s i g n a t i o n i n the a r e a . i s my hope t h a t t h e s e comments w i l l you the i n f o r m a t i o n you d e s i r e . It provide Sincerely, Robert E . G i l e s . " Now, a n o t h e r l e t t e r which I would l i k e t o r e a d , and t h i s i s from t h e Department of I n t e r i o r , O f f i c e of the s i g n e d by Mr. U d a l l , t o Mr. F i s h e r , who Secretary, i s Chairman of the A r l i n g t o n County B o a r d : " A p r i l 2 3 r d 1955: We appreciate the opportunity t o e x p r e s s the P r e s i d e n t ' s a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r the y o f the County Board of A r l i n g t o n County c o n c e r n i n g t h e proposed Potomac R i v e r c r o s s i n g f o r I-26S. As your know. D i r e c t o r H.. N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e i s one 1 of the of the two members of the D i s t r i c t s P o l i c y A d v i s o r y Committee who v o t e d a g a i n s t the planned t h r e e s i t e i n a r e cent meeting. The p o s i t i o n t a k e n was a c t u a l l y �t h a t of opposition t o c o n s t r u c t i o n of any There can be no doubt t h a t any new highway c r o s s i n g t h e r i v e r between C h a i n B r i d g e Roosevelt I s l a n d w i l l s e r i o u s l y impair s c e n i c and bridge and the r e c r e a t i o n a l v a l u e s a i c n g t h i s por- t i o n of t h e r i v e r . *7e t h i n k t h a t b e f o r e a s i t e i s s e l e c t e d f o r any highway I r i d g e i n t h i s a r e a t h i s impact must be f a i r l y weighed a l o n g w i t h t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t d a t a , economic c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , e x p e d i e n c y of d e s i g n construction funds. and I t was w i t h t h i s v i e w i n mind t h a t the compromise p r o p o s a l was ma.de by D i r e c t o r H e r t z o g , w h i c h woulid h o p e f u l l y p r o v i d e f o r the t r a f f i c needs and traffic f o r e c a s t s f o r the p e r i o d of perhaps 10 to 15 y e a r s , w i t h o u t the i n t o l e r a b l e l o s s of t r u l y important s c e n i c v a l u e s t h a t more and more c o n t r i b u t e s s u b s t a n t i a l a l t h o u g h i n t a n g i b l e b e n e f i t s t o the modern urban e n vironment d e v e l o p i n g i n t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n area. I n o r d e r t o recommend t h i s i t was necessary proposal, t o determine-what i f any p a r k s v a l u e s c o u l d most a p p r o p r i a t e l y be s a c r i f i c e d t o meet the needs of b o t h viewpoints. T h i s was not e a s i l y done. I t was �552 necessary t o recognise t h a t s i m i l a r decisions would have t o he made by other a g e n c i e s i n order t o make t h e compromised s o l u t i o n work. The d e t a i l s of t h e compromise p r o p o s a l have not been worked out s i n c e t h e y i n v o l v e d h i g h w a y t r a f f i c d e s i g n problems and criteria i n w h i c h we w i l l seek a d v i c e from t h e h i g h way a g e n c i e s , but i n g e n e r a l t h e f o l l o w i n g p o i n t s a r e covareds Widening o f e x i s t i n g George Washington Memorial Parkway Roadway i n t h e s e c t i o n from Spout Run t o t h e Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e . Removing any r e s t r i c t i o n s on t r u c k use of Theocore Roosevelt Bridge, P e r m i t t i n g Washington- bound non-stop bus use of George Washington Memorial Parkway d u r i n g peak hour t r a f f i c . C o n s t r u c t i n g n e c e s s a r y ramps on both ends of Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e t o handle t r u c k s and b u s e s . R e c o n s t r u c t i n g approaches and p r o v i d i n g a d d i t i o n a l c a p a c i t y f o r C h a i n and Key Bridgeso P r o v i d i n g a p p r o p r i a t e connec- t i o n s between Highway 5 0 and t h e J e f f e r s o n D a v i s Highway t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e f l o w of a l l t r a f f i c t o t h e new 14th S t r e e t B r i d g e and points south. We would hope t o be a b l e t o �55: meet w i t h > o f f i c i a l s from v a r i o u s o f f i c e s t o work out d e t a i l s , w h i c h v/ould foe a g r e e a b l e t o a l l parties. P l e a s e foe a s s u r e d t h a t t h i s de- partment w i l l a s a l w a y s be g l a d t o cooperate w i t h l o c a l j u r i s d i c t i o n s and highway p l a n n i n g a g e n c i e s i n any a p p r o p r i a t e way we c a n . S i n c e r e l y yours, - U d a l l , S e c r e t a r y of I n - t e r i o r . " a d d r e s s e d t o Mr. Joseph F i s h e r , Chairman of t h e County Board, A r l i n g t o n , Virginia. How I have so:.:e otl.er cL-.ar:->io:ar;. F o r a long t i m e t h e n a t i o n a l C a p i t o l T r a n s i t A u t h o r i t y opposed t h i s r o u t e and t h e b r i d g e . Could you t e l l us why? MR. A I R I S s The N a t i o n a l C a p i t o l what a u t h o r i t y ? MR. CURTIS: T r a n s i t A u t h o r i t y . MR. A I R I S : MR. CURTIS: MR. A I R I S : MR. CURTIS: MR. A I R I S : They opposed t h e b r i d g e ? Yes. W e i l , I know t h e y opposed It. Why? Out o f a l l t h e a g e n c i e s t h a t have s t u d i e d t h i s l o c a t i o n t h e y were t h e o n l y ones t o oppose i t . MR. CURTIS: MR. A I R I S : MR. CURTIS: Why d i d t h e y oppose i t ? I never r e a l l y could f i n d out. W e l l , I can t e l l you: I have i t from s e v e r a l of t h e people from t h e a u t h o r i t y t h a t s a i d "Look, i f �554 you knock out t h i s b r i d g e t h e n our chances o f h a v i n g Metro a r e p r e t t y , p r e t t y good,. But i f you don't knock out t h e B r i d g e our chances o f h a v i n g Metro a r e p r e t t y s l i m . " A t t h a t t i m e t h e y f e l t t h a t the number o f r i d e r s on Metro would be v e r y s e v e r e l y reduced i f you b u i l t t h i s b r i c g e , and, t h e r e f o r e , you c o u l d n ' t j u s t i f y t h e subway s y s t e m because i t would not pay f o r i t s e l f * HEARING OFFICER DUGASt I wonder i f we c o u l d l i m i t your t e s t i m o n y f o r 5 more m i n u t e s . We a r e r u n n i n g j u s t a l i t t l e behind. MR. CURTIS: I have e x t r a t i m e , i f i t ' s a l l o w e d . If I r u n o v e r , you j u s t remind me and I w i l l c a l l on o t h e r people who have r e l i n q u i s h e d t h e i r t i m e . BEARING OFFICER DUGAS: about 8:05 o S i r , your time was up a t I t i s now about 8:25. MR. CURTIS: I am t r y i n g t o g e t t o t h e f a c t s . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: I would be d e l i g h t e d , s i r . Could you l i m i t your t e s t i m o n y f o r a n o t h e r 5 m i n u t e s ? MR. CURTIS: MR. A I R I S : I will. S i r , j u s t t o answer your q u e s t i o n t h e r e : Of c o u r s e t h i s was one o f t h e r e a s o n s advanced but i t was s h o t down and t h e subsequent agency r e r r a c t e i NCPA's p o s i t i o n , you know t h a t ? MR. CURTIS: Oh, y e s , I know i t . Why a f t e r long o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e b r i d g e d i d t h e Washington C i t y C o u n c i l �555 s u d d e n l y , i n August '68 r r e s o l v e t o commence c o n s t r u c t i o n ? HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: I don't t h i n k Mr. A i r i 3 i s the proper a u t h o r i t y - a p p r o p r i a t e a u t h o r i t y t o a s k t h a t . MR. CURTIS: I am j u s t a s k i n g anybody who can g i v e me t h e answer, s i r . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: T h e r e i s no member o f t h e C i t y C o u n c i l h e r e , s i r , s o we c a n ' t answer f o r them. MR. CURTIS: I can answer i t . Mr. Natcher pat a p i s t o l t o t h e i r heads and w i t h h e l d t h e i r funds ~ b l a c k m a i l ! MR. A I R I S : MRo CURTIS: answer. S i r , t h a t ' s your r e a s o n i n g . A l l r i g h t , nobody e l s e would g i v e me an Another q u e s t i o n : Has t h e A r l i n g t o n County Board, t h e t h i r d p a r t y t o t h e agreement c o n c e r n i n g Spout Run, by t h e P r e s i d e n t and t h e Governor o f V i r g i n i a , s e n t t o u s i n g t h i s l a n d f o r 1-266? signed g i v e n i t s con- Has t h e A r l i n g t o n County Board g i v e n i t s c o n s e n t ? MR. SNEAD: As f a r a s t h e A r l i n g t o n County Board, I don't know, Mr. C u r t i s , b u t I have a l e t t e r t o Mr. B e r t J o h n son from Mr. F»„„, r e l a t i v e t o t h e use of t h e l a n d and a l e t t e r from — w e l l , l e t ' 3 s e e , I don't have t h e l e t t e r from B e r t Johnson b u t I have t h e l e t t e r from F r a n c i s Turner,- and p a r t s of. As f a r a s t h e A r l i n g t o n County B o a r d , I don't know, s i r . MR. CURTIS: Y e s , b u t t h e agreement i n accordance w i t h the.o.„Crampton A c t t h a t devoted t h i s l a n d t o N a t i o n a l P a r k l a n d s , p a r t l y p a i d by A r l i n g t o n County f u n d s , t h e r e was an �556 a g r e e m e n t signed b y President Roosevelt and ] ? r e s i d e n t T r u m a n , j a n d the C o u n t y B o a r d , and the Governor of V i r g i n i a , w h i c h stated u n t i l the C o u n t y Board a g r e e d this l a n d s h a l l be f o r - ^ e v e r p a r k l a n d , and I know of no consent t h a t t h e A r l i n g t o n County Board h a s g i v e n for t a k i n g t h i s l a n d f o r t h e highway, M R . AIRIS t A s I u n d e r s t a n d i t , we have been informed that this arrangement has been worked out w i t h t h e B o a r d . M R . CURTIS: T h e Board changes t h e 1 s t o f J a n u a r y . A n y w a y , such consent ha3 not been given a s y e t , i s t h a t c o r r e c t ; M R . AIRIS: M R . CURTIS: M R . AIRIS: M y u n d e r s t a n d i n g i s i t has? y e s . In w r i t i n g ? Well* I c a n ' t s a y , I don't know t h e de- t a i l s o f the arrangements. MR. CURTIS: Mere there any conditions? You don't know what the c o n d i t i o n s w e r e t o t h e agreement? MR. SNEAD: MR. C U R T I S : MR. SNEAD: Y e s , I know what t h e y Eire. What a r e they? The c o n d i t i o n s a r e t h a i , t h e V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways w i l l p r o v i d e funds t o r e p l a c e , on a n a c r e b y a c r e b a s i s , t h e 31.6 a c r e s o f p a r k l a n d s MR. CURTIS: replacement i n Spout Run. May I a s k what i s t h e s t a t u s o f a c q u i r i n g parkland? MR. HARRIS: Mr. C u r t i s , a t t h i s p a r t i c u l a r time The R i g h t o f Way D i v i s i o n o f t h e Culpepper D i s t r i c t o f t h e I V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways i s i n t h e p r o c e s s o f a p p r a i s i n g �these replacement lands for the N a t i o n a l Park Service a n d for the F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t . MR* CURTIS: I w o u l d like t o read i n t o t h e r e c o r d a short letter t o M r . Lester Logan* signed b y B e r t Johnson, County Manager: "Dear L e s l i e ; "Because of legal agreements — because t h e l e g a l requirements have not been f u l l y met f o r e i t h e r 1-66 o r 1-266, there h a s been n o d e f i n i t i v e action taken on the exchange p a r c e l s by t h e State H i g h w a y Department i n t h i s p r o c e s s o f taking alternate a p p r a i s a l s . When can be m a d e , we w i l l keep you f u l l y decisions advised. S i n c e r e l y , B e r t Johnson." A SPECTATOR: MR. C U R T I S : What's t h e d a t e ? The date was November 19th* 1970. I know my time i s s h o r t , b u t I j u s t would l i k e t o s a y t h a t we have i n our p o s s e s s i o n a l e t t e r a d d r e s s e d t c t h e speaker o f the house, s i g n e d b y t h e S e c r e t a r y o f t h e Department o f Transportation, s a y i n g t h a t none o f t h e s e D. C. Highway P r o j e c t s a r e e s s e n t i a l f o r t h e completion o f t h e I n t e r s t a t e network. I s t h a t your c o n t e n t i o n today a s i m p l i e d i n t h e b r o - chure, which says they are e s s e n t i a l ? T h a t ' s my l a s t I s t h i s highway e s s e n t i a l f o r t h e n a t i o n a l system. MR. A I R I S : W e l l , we t h i n k s o ; y e s , s i r . question. �MR. CURTIS: S o r r y 1 have r a n out my t i m e . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: MR. CURTIS: Go r i g h t ahead. W e l l , a t a hearing j u s t the other two d a y s ago one o f t h e gentieraen p r e s e n t s a i d t h a t t h e 1-266 i s n o t e s s e n t i a l f o r t h e completion of I ~ 6 6 , and I thanked him v e r y much because I don't t h i n k i t i s . t h i n k We need i t . I don't Goodbye. THE AUDIENCEl MR* CURTIS: (applause) I would be w i l l i n g t o answer a n y q u e s t i o n s i f you have a n y . MR. HARRIS: Mr. Chairman? HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Mr. H a r r i s ? };:„ E?:.-?vRIS: Mr. Chairman, Mr,, Ctti t i e has; as'-sed a >•. q u e s t i o n r e l a t i v e t o t h e agreement t h a t t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e had w i t h t h e D i v i s i o n o f t h e Department o f Highways r e l a t i v e t o t h e use o f t h e land,? and I r e p l i e d by s t a t i n g October t h e 1 s t , 1959. I would l i k e t o c l a r i f y t h a t . The o r i g i n a l agreement f o r t h e u s e o f Spout Run Parkway was s i g n e d by t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e and o u r A i r Commissioner, Mr. D..., and Mr. Duke, t h e n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia D i r e c t o r o f Highways. On May t h e 2 5 t h , 1966. On May t h e 2 5 t h , 1966. The date t h a t I p r e v i o u s l y gave you r e a f f i r m s t h e agreements w i t h a l l i t s i n t e n t o f October 1 s t , 1969. MRv. CURTIS: I t h i n k you w i l l f i n d i f you r e v i e w a l l t h e c o r r e s p o n d e n c e t h a t Mr. U d a i l and v a r i o u s people i n �559 t h e department and t h e i n t e r i o r r e s c i n d e d Mr. H....agreement. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Thank you, C a p t a i n . Mr. and Mrs. Govan? (Mr. Lynch r e q u e s t e d t h a t he speak first.) WHEREUPON, MR. JOHN GEORGE LYNCH, APPROACHED THE MICROPHONE AND T E S T I F I E D * I N SUBSTANCE, AS FOLLOWS: MR. LYNCH: My name i s John George Lunch. I am a p r o f e s s o r of t h e o l o g y and urban m i n i s t r y a t S t . F a u l ' s c o l l e g e i n Washington, D„ C„, 7 t h and Hamlin S t r e e t , N. E . I am t e s t i f y i n g on my b e h a l f and on b e h a l f o f t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , t h e s t u d e n t government, and t h e p r e s i d e n t o f t h e college„ And I r e q u e s t t h a t my t e s t i m o n y be submitted a s a p a r t o f t h e record. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: I t may be s o a d m i t t e d . MR. LYNCH:; I t a k e a s t h e p o i n t o f de- Thank you. p a r t u r e i nrayt e s t i m o n y t h i s paragraph from page 1 o f t h e book- l e t "1-266 Design H e a r i n g I n f o r m a t i o n " : "A Design P u b l i c Hear- i n g i s h e l d a f t e r a r o u t e l o c a t i o n i s e s t a b l i s h e d and approved, but b e f o r e t h e d e s i g n o f a F e d e r a l - A i d Highway i s f i n a l l y adopted. „ . . I t p r o v i d e s a f u l l o p p o r t u n i t y t o p r e s e n t v i e w s on major highway d e s i g n f e a t u r e s i n c l u d i n g t h e s o c i a l , economic, environmental a n < ^ other e f f e c t s of a l t e r n a t e designs. " because "route l o c a t i o n " — It is e s p e c i a l l y o f f e a d e r roads and a c c e s �560 roads — has NOT been l e g a l l y " e s t a b l i s h e d and approved" t h a t we a r e opposed t o t h i s b r i d g e , no m a t t e r what t h e design* F u r t h e r m o r e , because of t h e " s o c i a l , economic, e n v i r o n m e n t a l , and o t h e r e f f e c t s " of t h i s b r i d g e or of any a l t e r n a t e b r i d g e t h a t we a r e opposed not o n l y t o t h i s d e s i g n but t o any d e s i g n of any highway b r i d g e over t h e Potomac. L e t me e x p l a i n by commenting on paragraphs a l s o on page 1 o f t h i s d e s i g n h e a r i n g i n f o r m a t i o n b o o k l e t - paragraphs w h i c h I judge t o be m i s l e a d i n g and d e c e p t i v e . " I n September 1957, the Commission of F i n e A r t 3 unanimously and e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y approved a d e s i g n f o r t h e proposed Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . concept I n Eeceraber of the same y e a r , t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington C o u n c i l o f Governments, r e p r e s e n t i n g f i f t e e n l o c a l governments, determined that t h e p r o j e c t was c o n s i s t e n t w i t h comprehensive p l a n n i n g i n t h a t region." I would l i k e t o note t h a t we a r e now i n December 1970, s t i l l h o l d i n g h e a r i n g s about t h e d e s i g n concepts w h i c h a p p a r e n t l y had been approved i n 1967. from t h i s b o o k l e t w i l l peirhaps e x p l a i n — What f o l l o w s why: "The Court of A p p e a l s , however, ordered work t o cease i n F e b r u a r y 1968. Leg L e g i s l a t i o n was subsequently p r o v i d e d i n S e c t i o n 23 o f t h e F e d e r a l - A i d Highway A c t o f r e q u i r i n g t h e d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n of I n t e r s t a t e 1968 266, t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and o t h e r p o r t i o n s o f the I n t e r s t a t e Systen �561 i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. Although a major thoroughfare p l a n , w h i c h d i d n o t (emphasis mine) i n c l u d e t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e , had been adopted by t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission and approved by t h e C i t y C o u n c i l o f Washington i n December 1968, t h e C i t y C o u n c i l r e s o l v e d i n August 1969 t o comply w i t h S e c t i o n 23 o f t h e .1968 A c t . With the approval of t h e F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , c o n s t r u c t i o n commenced i n September 1969 when e x c a v a t i o n s f o r t h e r i v e r p i e r s o f t h e T h r e e s i s t e r s B r i d g e were s t a r t e d . " C o n s t r u c t i o n was h a l t e d i n August 1970 a f t e r t h e U. S« D i s t r i c t Court f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia r u l e d t h a t a Design P u b l i c Hearing s h o u l d be h e l d f o r t h i s i n t e r s t a t e pro- ject." Why i s a l l t h i s m i s l e a d i n g and d e c e p t i v e ? Permit me t o a n a l y s e w i t h you t h e s e paragraphs from t h e d e s i g n h e a r i n g booklet: F i r s t o f a l l , what i s r e p o r t e d i n here s i m p l y a s "The Court o f A p p e a l s , however* ordered work t o cease i n F e b r u a r y 1968," i n r e a l i t y h a s t h i s background o f s c a n d a l and power politics. L a t e i n 1967 t h e t h e n S e c r e t a r y o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , A l y n Boyd, p r o v i s i o n a l l y v e t o e d &e b r i d g e . Then, i n F e b r u a r y 1968 t h e U, S. C o u r t o f A p p e a l s e n j o i n e d c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e b r i d g e u n t i l h e a r i n g s r e q u i r e d by law were h e l d . The New York T i m e s , F e b r u a r y 2 1 , 1968, c a l l e d t h e d e c i s i o n of t h e c o u r t not j u s t a "however," a s does t h e d e s i g n h e a r i n g b o o k l e t , b u t a "deserved rebuke t o t h e p r e s s u r e t a c t i c s o f t h e highway �562 lobby and its C o n g r e s s i o n a l e r r a n d b o y s . " T h a t is point number one about the misleading and deceptive charc.cter o f t h i s book- Point number t w o h a s t o do w i t h t h e F e d e r a l - A i d Highv/ay A c t o f 1963 a n d i t s i n f a m o u s , s c a n d e l o u s s e c t i o n 2 3 , w h i c h r e p o r t e d i n the booklet s i m p l y a s " r e q u i r i n g t h e d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n of I n t e r s t a t e 266, t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e and o t h e r p o r t i o n s of the I n t e r s t a t e System i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia." S e c t i o n 2 3 , a c l e a r v i o l a t i o n of House R u l e X I , 15 ( " . . . i t shall n o t be i n o r d e r f o r a n y b i l l p r o v i d i n g g e n e r a l l e g i s l a t i o n i n r e l a t i o n t o roads t o c o n t a i n a n y p r o v i s i o n f o r any s p e c i f i c r o a d , not f o r a n y b i l l i n r e l a t i o n t o a s p e c i f i c road t o embrace a p r o v i s i o n i n r e l a t i o n t o a n y o t h e r s p e c i f i c r o a d . " } and o f S e c t i o n 128, T i t l e 2 3 , U. S. Code ( c a l l i n g f o r p u b l i c h e a r i n g s on highv/ay p r o j e c t s ) was denounced b y L i f e magazine, August 2 3 , 1968, a s f o l l o w s : "Worst o f a l l , t h e f i n a l b i l l — t h i s Highway A c t o f 1 9 6 3 — r e t a i n s an unprecedented i s the F e d e r a l o r d e r by t h e House t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia r e q u i r i n g I t t o b u i l d t h r e e much d i s p u t e d downtown e x p r e s s highways and a b r i d g e over t h e Potomac i n l o c a t i o n s d i c t a t e d b y t h e House. (emphasis mine) Senator John Sherman Cooper o f Kentucky r e f u s e d t o s i g n t h i s conference r e p o r t . "The l o c a t i o n and p l a n n i n g o f highways i s not w i t h i n t h e competence o f t h e House Committee o r t h e Congress," he s a i d . L i f e added: vetoes this misbegotten b i l l . " "We hope t h e P r e s i d e n t T h a t ' s p o i n t number two i n �563 my p o i n t i n g out the m i s l e a d i n g and d e c e p t i v e c h a r a c t e r of t h i s booklet. Point number t h r e e r e f e r s t o t h e b o o k l e t ' s report*ing t h a t i n August 1969, a f t e r the NCFC and t h e C i t y C o u n c i l of Washington had e x c l u d e d the b r i d g e from i t s p l a n s , t h e C i t y C o u n c i l " r e s o l v e d " " t o comply w i t h S e c t i o n 23 o f t h e 1968 A c t . What the b o o k l e t does not s a y i s t h a t t h e C i t y C o u n c i l , on t h a t 9th of August 1969, succumbed t o t h e p r e s s u r e s the New York Times had a l r e a d y i d e n t i f i e d anddenounced i n F e b r u a r y of 1968—• p r e s s u r e s t o w i t h h o l d subways funds u n t i l t h e s c a n d a l o u s s e c t i o n 23 o f t h e 1958 a c t was adopted. The p r e s s u r e was denounced a s " b l a c k m a i l " i n t h e House (C.R. Aug. " c o e r c i o n " i n t h e Senate 1 1 , 196? H7211) and a s (C.R. Oct 3, 1969, S 1 1 8 8 0 ) 0 The Washington Post r e p o r t e d a c c u r a t e l y when, or. F e b r u a r y 24, 1970, t h e y r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e b r i d g e was b e i n g b u i l t "by c o n g r e s s i o n a l As an o r d a i n e d m i n i s t e r charged w i t h r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n m a t t e r s of j u s t i c e both i n the p u b l i c and t h e p r i v a t e s p h e r e , X must t e s t i f y t h a t t h e people o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia do not want t h i s b r i d g e ~* under any d e s i g n «•» because t h e y do not want t h e network o f f r e e w a y s t h a t w i l l f u n n e l i n t o it. What t h e y want i s t h e i r r i g h t not a c i t y through w h i c h t o t r a v e l . whelming t e s t i m o n y of t h e people a c i t y i n which t o live, I t i s tecause of the over- l a s t February against the f r e e w a y s t h a t w i l l f e e d t h i s monstrous b r i d g e and t h e 9-0 vote of t h e C i t y C o u n c i l o f Washington c o n f i r m i n g t h a t t e s t i m o n y t h a t �564 I mast* i n c o n c l u s i o n , o b j e c t t o t h e v e r y e x i s t e n c e o f t h e s e h e a r i n g s on d e s i g n u n t i l t h e b a s i c moral i s s u e s a s o u t l i n e d on page one o f t h e d e s i g n h e a r i n g b o o k l e t a r e heeded t o ; "the s o c i a l , e n v i r o n m e n t a l , economic, and o t h e r e f f e c t s . " I and those f o r whom I speak, t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n and s t u d e n t government o f S t , P a u l ' s c o l l e g e , a r e convinced t h a t t h e r e i s n e i t h e r d e s i g n nor b r i d g e t h a t c a n respond t o t h e b a s i c s o c i a l , e n v i r o n m e n t a l , economic, and p o l i t i c a l moral i s s u e s a t s t a k e h e r e and now* W . a r e n o t l i v i n g i n t h e days o f P r i n c e M a c h i a v e l l i i e t h e Renaissance popes? n o r a r e we l i v i n g i n t h e days o f c o e r c e d congressional edict* We a r e , we a r e t o l d , l i v i n g i n a demo- c r a c y , and t h e v o i c e o f t h e people h a s s a i d over and over again; "We do n o t want t h i s THE AUDIENCE: bridge.• (applause) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS; MR. A I R I S : Any q u e s t i o n s ? X might a s k t h e F a t h e r i f he h a s a n y p r e f e r e n c e f o r e i t h e r one o f t h e two a l t e r n a t i v e s shown i n the b r o c h u r e ? THE AUDIENCE: MR. A I R I S : (laughter) I am s e r i o u s , r e a l l y , and I would l i k e t o have a n y o p i n i o n s t h a t t h e c i t i z e n s have o r a n y o t h e r a l ternatives. MR, LYNCH: W e i l , 1 guess i f I were t h e " d e v i l " I would drag them both down t o h e l l w i t h me, b u t I am n o t t h e "devil." �565 THE AUDIENCE; MR, A I R I S : ( l a u g h t e r and a p p l a u s e ) Thank you, HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Thank you. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Mr. and Mrs. Govan? (no r e s p o n s e ) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Mr. James L. Govan? , WHEREUPON, NR. JAMES L . GOVAN, APPROACHED THE MICROPHONE AND T E S T I F I E D , I N SUBSTANCE, AS FOLLOWS: MR, GOVAN: I am James L„ Govan, a r e s i d e n t o f A r l i n g t o n , 1423 North Buchanan S t r e e t , A r l i n g t o n , V i r g i n i a , and t o n i g h t I speak on b e h a l f o f ACT, The A r l i n g t o n C o a l i t i o n on T r a n s p o r t a t i o n . ACT i s a n o n - p a r t i s a n , voluntary citizen's o r g a n i z a t i o n w h i c h h a s been formed t o g i v e v o i c e t o t h e v i e w s of thousands o f A r l i n g t o n i a n s who a r e concerned about t h e impact o f I n t e r s t a t e 66 and 266 on o u r community. We have pledged o u r s e l v e s t o o b t a i n more e f f e c t i v e c i t i z e n p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g s o t h a t a s we work t o s o l v e our t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c r i s i s we w i l l do s o through means t h a t w i l l enhance, n o t d e s t r o y , t h e q u a l i t y o f l i f e i n our community ACT and i t s members a l s o b e l i e v e t h a t o u r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p r i o r i t y must be r e o r d e r e d t o g i v e t o p p r i o r i t y t o t h e p u b l i c mass t r a n s i t b o t h r a i l and b u s e s . — We b e l i e v e t h e s e a l t e r n a t i v e s a l t e r n a t i v e modes o f t r a n s i t — s h o u l d be developed f i r s t �566 b e f o r e a n o t h e r major highway i s c o n s t r u c t e d a n o t h e r b r i d g e a c r o s s the r i v e r * T o n i g h t we i n Arlington, or are t o address o u r s e l v e s t o the d e s i g n of 1-266, but i n my v i e w the d e s i g n of 1-266 cannot be i s o l a t e d from t h e l a r g e r i s s u e s w h i c h a r e r a i s e d by the p l a n s t o c o n s t r u c t t h e b r i d g e i n i t s approaches. F o r example 1-266 1-66, cannot be viewed s e p a r a t e l y from the proposed i n A r l i n g t o n County, i n f a c t , t h i s i s made c l e a r by s e v e r a l r e f e r e n c e s t o both p r o j e c t s i n the m a t e r i a l p r e s e n t e d a s the I-26S D e s i g n H e a r i n g I n f o r m a t i o n . T c g e t h e r the i n t e r s t a t e s r a i s e fundamental i s s u e s about the k i n d community we District. two of d e s i r e t o have i n A r l i n g t o n a s w e l l a s i n the Therefore, i t i s r e l e v a n t t o c o n s i d e r the i s s u e s r e l a t e d t o and beyond d e s i g n . The larger recent c o a l i t i o n - f o r m a t i o n of t h e A r l i n g t o n C o a l i t i o n on T r a r . s p o r t a t i o n i s s y m b o l i c of a t r e n d t h a t i s merging throughout the t a n a r e a , i n Maryland, the D i s t r i c t , and now groups a r e o r g a n i z i n g t o c h a l l e n g e and metropoli- Virginia, citizen the u n d e r l y i n g assumptions purposes of c r e a t i n g an i n t e r s t a t e system of f r e e w a y s t o t h e c o r e of t h i s m e t r o p o l i t a n area. Growing numbers of c i t i z e n s a r e r e c o g n i s i n g t h a t our urban c o n d i t i o n s have changed d r a s t i c a l l y s i n c e the 1950s when t h i s l o c a l network planned. We have r e c o g n i s e d t h a t s o c i a l and was environmental c o n d i t i o n s a r e i n e v i t a b l y a f f e c t e d by t r a n s p o r t a t i o n systems and we ha\*e r e c o g n i z e d t h a t f r e e w a y s can e a s i l y d e s t r o y f a b r i c of a community. Our the s i n c e r e v i e w i s t h a t 1-266, a s w e l l �567 a s 1-66, w i l l d e s t r o y t h e c h a r a c t e r of t h e communities we a r e s e e k i n g t o develop. for I n t h e p r e f a c e o f t h e pamphlet p r o v i d e d t h i s Hearing t h e statement i s made t h a t t h e purpose o f t h i s hearing i s t o obtain c i t i z e n p a r t i c i p a t i o n pertaining t o the p r o j e c t d e s i g n so t h a t i t w i l l , quote, " P r e s e r v e t h e community and r e g i o n a l v a l u e s , " end of q u o t e . i s meant by t h a t s t a t e m e n t . I would l i k e t o know what My own e x p e r i e n c e i n t h e r e c e n t h e a r i n g s on 1-66 i n A r l i n g t o n l e a d s me t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e statement i s t o t a l l y g r a t u i t o u s and w i t h o u t s e r i o u s i n t e n t . The D i s t r i c t and V i r g i n i a Highway Departments have no i n t e n t i o n t o l i s t e n t o u s t o n i g h t i f we s h o u l d d i s c u s s community and r e g i o n a l v a l u e s . v a n t t o t h e proceedings. They would c o n s i d e r i t i r r e l e - L a s t week i n A r l i n g t o n , dozens o f c i t i z e n s spoke c o n t i n u a l l y o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f 1-66 and d e s i g n t o community g o a l s . location A t t h e end o f t h e h e a r i n g s one o f f i c i a l t o l d us most o f t h e t e s t i m o n y was r o t r e l e v a n t t o t h e hearing. I s u s p e c t t h e y w i l l s a y t h e same of our concerns about 1-266. On t h e o t h e r hand, I presume i f we t a l k about whether we would l i k e t h e Three-Span c o n c r e t e b r i d g e p a i n t e d p i n k o r g r e e n , our v i e w s x/ould be t o t a l l y r e l e v a n t and would have t o be s e r i o u s l y weighed. i s somewhat r i d i c u l o u s . I n s h o r t , the present s i t u a t i o n I t i s p r a c t i c a l l y impossible f o r c i t i z e n s t o have a m e a n i n g f u l r o l e i n t h i s h e a r i n g i f t h e y w i s h t o d i s c u s s important s u b j e c t s r e l a t e d t o t h e I«266 p r o j e c t s . The highway departments of V i r g i r i a and D. C. n e i t h e r know what �568 oar community v a l u e s n o r do t h e y Ccire t o knew, i n the D i s t r i c t , t h e r e c o r d i s c l e a r t h a t 1-266 v i o l a t e s community v a l u e s a s e x p r e s s e d by t h e p u b l i c . P u b l i c a u t h o r i t i e s and t h e D i s t r i c t C i t y C o u n c i l and t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t o l Planning Commission have supported and r e f l e c t e d t h e v i e w s o f t h e p u b l i c by d e l e t i n g t h e p r o j e c t from D. C. t h O r o f a r e p l a n . The C i t y C o u n c i l , however, h a s bowed t o l e g i s l a t i v e f i a t under c i r c u m s t a n c e s a l l o f us know a r e f a r from r e a s o n a b l e and f a i r . The r e f u s a l o f highway o f f i c i a l s t o bend t o popular w i l l i n t h e D i s t r i c t i s a measure o f t h e i r u n w i l l i n g n e s s t o h e a r u s tonight. I n V i r g i n i a , t h e p u b l i c h a s had even l e s s chance t o express i t s v i e w s on t h e p r o j e c t , b u t what r e c o r d e x i s t s o f p u b l i c o p i n i o n i s c l e a r l y one o f o p p o s i t i o n t o the project. L o c a l f e e l i n g s were r e g i s t e r e d b y t h e A r l i n g t o n County Board s e v e r a l y e a r s ago when t h e c o u n t y sought t o h a l t t h e p r o j e c t through l e g a l a c t i o n . Unfortunately, t h e County Board w i t h - drew? i t s s u i t c o n t r a r y t o p u b l i c s e n t i m e n t when i t s t r u c k a bargain over p a r k l a n d . T h a t a c t i o n was a c r u e l m i s t a k e i n t h e v i e w s o f many A r l i n g t o n i a n s , and i t i s no way our p u b l i c v i e w s i n o p p o s i t i o n t o the project. diminishes More t h a n e v e r b e f o r e A r l i n g t o n c i t i z e n s a r e e x p r e s s i n g t h e i r outrage a t p u b l i c a u t h o r i t i e s who a r e t r y i n g t o f o r c e 1-266 and 1-66 upon u s , a g a i n s t our community i n t e r e s t s and v a l u e s . As i n t h e c a s e o f 1-66, A r l i n g t o n C i t i z e n s have n o t had an o p p o r t u n i t y �569 t o w e i g h t t h e i r community v a l u e s concerning 1-266/ a g a i n s t a r b i t r a r y and b u r e a u c r a t i c d e c i s i o n s of urban p l a n n e r s highway t e c h n i c i a n s . and Supposedly, t h e s e i n t e r s t a t e p l a n s a r e harmonious w i t h L o c a l development p l a n s , Nothing could be f u r t h e r from the t r u t h u n l e s s p u b l i c v i e w s a r e a l w a y s t o be considered as a r t i f i c i a l . Currently, Arlington o f f i c i a l s are r e v i e w i n g t h e county's m a s t e r l a n d use development p l a n . o r i g i n a l p l a n d i d not e x i s t u n t i l 1961, one y e a r a f t e r 1-266 decided upon a s p a r t of the i n t e r s t a t e system. wa Today t h e r e i s considerable c i t i z e n opposition i n A r l i n g t o n t o the l i n k s t o be b u i l t i n t h e county. The interstate The c u r r e n t county p l a n does not r e f l e c t a community census on t r a n s p o r t e v t i o n g o a l s i n particular. However, the p u b l i c w i l l not hcive an opportunity t o c o n s i d e r r e v i s e d p l a n n i n g g o a l s u n t i l t h i s S p r i n g when t h e r e w i l l be p u b l i c h e a r i n g s on the county p l a n . p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h o s e h e a r i n g s may county p l a n and t h e p l a n may Citizen s t i m u l a t e changes i n the be r e v i s e d and weighed i n c o n s i s t e n w i t h the s t a t e ' s outdated f r e e w a y proposals,, would be p r e t i a t u r e t o eissume t h a t 1-266 Therefore, i t i s harmonious w i t h community development p l a n s i n A r l i n g t o n . I n t h i s r e s p e c t , I would l i k e t o quote from a speech made r e c e n t l y by a l e a d i n g Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n official. He s a i d , q u o t e : " C i t i z e n p a r t i c i p a t i o n should s t a r t w i t h a �570 definition. The articulation of community g o a l s and v a l u e s , and t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n s t o those the goals," To me t h i s means t h a t c i t i z e n s have a r i g h t t o suggest t h a t a t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p r o j e c t s h o u l d he r e a l i g n e d or not b u i l t a t a l l i f i t c o n f l i c t s w i t h c u r r e n t community v a l u e s . Highway o f f i c i a l s can, i f t h e y w i s h , proceed t o c o n s t r u c t i o n of 1-266 a f t e r t h i s h e a r i n g , but i f t h e y do I suggest t h a t t h e y drop a l l p r e t e n s e o f concern f o r p u b l i c tudes. Clearly, citizens 1 views are i n opposition t o the highway p r o j e c t , and t h i s Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n o f f i c i a l ' s comments, have a v e r y s p e c i a l r e l e v a n c e atti- and for this case, The I n t e r s t a t e p r o p o s a l s supposedly a r e a l s o con- s i s t e n t w i t h r e g i o n a l planning e f f o r t s . w i t h r e s p e c t t o 1-266 1-266 and has been i n c l u d e d 1-56 A g a i n , the situation l e a v e s something t o be i n the p l a n s endorsed by the t a n C o u n c i l of Government* desired, Metropoli- T h i s i s a body t o w h i c h t r a n s p o r t a - t i o n o f f i c i a l s t u r n f o r a d v i s o r y p l a n n i n g guidance. There i s no harm i s such a r e v i e w procedure, i n p r i n c i p l e ; however, t h e r e i s harm i n presuming t h a t t h i s body r e f l e c t s t h e consensus of community v i e w s . elected o f f i c i a l s . o f f i c i a l who I n f a c t , the c o u n c i l i s dominated by non- W h i l e t h e r e i s one e l e c t e d A r l i n g t o n i s a p p o i n t e d t o t h e c o u n c i l , i t i s presumptious t o assume t h a t he r e f l e c t s c i t i z e n s * v i e w s a t t h i s t i m e . There �571 has been no p u b l i c d i s c u s s i o n of 1-266 and 1-56 f o r t h e purpose of a s c e r t a i n i n g p u b l i c v i e w s . i n many y e a r s , I n f a c t , Only i n t h e r e c e n t d e s i g n h e a r i n g s on 1-66 has t h e r e been any p u b l i c d i s c u s s i o n of t h e s e p r o j e c t s d u r i n g t h e t e n u r e of the p r e s e n t county board i n A r l i n g t o n , and s e n t i m e n t s t h a t those h e a r i n g s were overwhelmingly t i o n t o 1-266. opposed t o 1-636, and by i m p l i c a - T h e r e f o r e , i f c i t i z e n s ' i n t e r e s t a r e t o be c o n s i d e r e d by t h e c o u n c i l a t a l l today t h e y have t o be weighed a s n e g a t i v e t o the p r o p o s a l s . Otherwise, the c o u n c i l must • be i n a p o s i t i o n o f g i v i n g p r i o r i t y t o s i l e n t c i t i z e n s do not r e g i s t e r an o p i n i o n and t o a r t i f i c i a l planning who concepts w h i c h perhaps r e f l e c t s s t a t i s t i c a l data i n an o r d e r l y way but w h i c h a r e not r e l a t e d a t a l l t o people and t h e i r community values. I n s h o r t , I have argued t h a t i n t h e case of 1-266 both— and 1 - 5 6 — t h e o f f i c i a l r h e t o r i c about p u b l i c p a r t i c i p a * t i o n i s empty r h e t o r i c . N e v e r t h e l e s s , I do b e l i e v e t h a t t h e d u a l concept of l o c a t i o n and d e s i g n h e a r i n g i s a u s e f u l conc e p t and can be m e a n i n g f u l . However, t h e p r e s e n t s i t u a t i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o d e s i g n h e a r i n g s on both i n t e r s t a t e l i n k s , render the process i n e f f e c t i v e . decided upon i n t h e 1950s, Both 1-266 and 1-66 were A c o r r i d o r was approved f o r I~66 i n 1958 and f o r 266 s e v e r a l y e a r s l a t e r , but t h e more r e l e v a n t d a t e i s t h e f i r s t one. S i n c e t h e d e c i s i o n on 1-266 was v i o u s l y made t o t i e t h e b r i d g e i n t o 1-66, ob- t h e case f o r t h e �572 b r i d g e a l s o r e s t s on t h e c a s e f o r 1-66. What h a s happened i n t h e i n t e r v e n i n g p e r i o d between c o r r i d o r end d e s i g n hearings — w h a t h a s happened, i s t h a t t h e i n t e r v e n i n g p e r i o d between c o r r i d o r and d e s i g n h e a r i n g s h a s been much t o o long. I n the i n t e r v e n i n g y e a r s , t h e r e have been s i g n i f i c a n t changes i n our urban environment. These changes a r e now being r e f l e c t e d i n new d i r e c t i o n s i n n a t i o n a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p o l i c i e s emerging a t the f e d e r a l l e v e l . These changes r e f l e c t , not o n l y greater t e c h n o l o g i c a l and s c i e n t i f i c awareness o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o p t i o n s , b u t more i m p o r t a n t l y r e f l e c t changing c i t i z e n s ' v i e w s about how t o shape t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n s s o t h a t we c a n r e g a i n a d e s i r a b l e q u a l i t y o f l i f e i n our urban c e n t e r . Not hearing t o t a k e cognizance o f t h e s e changes and a d e s i g n o r some o t h e r a p p r o p r i a t e a p p l i c a t i o n o f u s e f u l procedure. form i s b l i n d n e s s and a mis« The Head o f t h e F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n h a s s a i d t h a t he doubts a n y more urban f r e e w a y s w i l l be b u i l t a f t e r t h e ones c u r r e n t l y underway a r e b e i n g planned o r b u i l t . T h i s i s a t a c i t a d m i s s i o n t h a t urban f r e e w a y s a r e t o become a page o f t h e p a s t . I f federal o f f i c i a l r e c o g n i z e t h i s t r e n d then i t i s r e a s o n a b l e t o s t a r t p l a n s f o r a l l urban f r e e w a y s where t h e r e i s s u b s t a n t i a l c i t i z e n opposition u n t i l i t can be determined and p u b l i c l y a c c e p t e d t h a t t h e f r e e w a y s a r e s t i l l t h e b e s t answer t o our t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and e n v i r o n m e n t a l problems o f t h e 1970s. As I s t a t e d e a r l i e r , 1-266 cannot be c o n s i d e r e d an i s o l a t i o n . It is �573 t r u e 1-66 w i l l have a d i r e c t , and i n my view d e t r i m e n t a l impact on t h e a e s t h e t i c environment o f t h e Potomac R i v e r and adjoining shores. Without a doubt, t h e proposed p r e - s t r e s s c o n c r e t e design a l t e r n a t i v e w i l l be a m a s s i v e , heavy i n t r u s i o n on t h e l i g h t , green and open v i s t a o f t h e r i v e r , I guess I s i m p l y don't understand a r c h i t e c t u r a l d e s i g n , b u t I have y e t t o see a v a s t c o n c r e t e s t r u c t u r e t h a t looks a n y t h i n g but o p p r e s s i v e . I n any e v e n t , t h e r i v e r ' s n a t u r a l beauty a t t h e proposed c r o s s i n g p o i n t i s f a r beyond any human c a p a b i l i t y t o enhance. The I~266 cannot be viewed i n t h i s l i m i t e d per<=> spective. I n r e a l i t y , 1-266 must be viewed a s an appendage of 1-66 and i t i s t h i s l i n k a g e w h i c h r e v e a l s t h e f u l l impact of what our highway o f f i c i a l s and b u r e a u c r a t i c p l a n n e r s have i n mind. 1-266 and 1-66, t o g e t h e r , pave t h e way f o r n e a r l y t o t a l d e s t r u c t i o n o f A r l i n g t o n a s i t now e x i 3 t s , and r e n d e r s f u t u r e development o f A r l i n g t o n a s a d e s i r a b l e urban community impossible. 1-66 w i l l have a d e v a s t i n g , s o c i a l and e n v i r o n - m e n t a l impact on A r l i n g t o n . p o t e n t i a l parkland. I t w i l l d e s t r o y e x i s t i n g and I t w i l l j e o p a r d i z e t h e continued e x i s t e n c e of f o u r s c h o o l s and i t w i l l c o n t r i b u t e t o tb.2 d e t e r i o r a t i o n and e v e n t u a l d e s t r u c t i o n o f many neighborhoo3s i n t h e community. A l l o f t h i s w i l l happen, and i n i t s p l a c e w i l l r i s e many more new R o s s l y n s w h i c h w i l l be, no doubt, l i k e t h e present a b s o l u t e l y devoid o f community l i f e and v i t a l i t y . Rosslyn, L a 3 t week I �574 gave a l e n g t h y statement on t h e d e s i g n h e a r i n g on 1-66 i n A r l i n g t o n i n w h i c h I d e s c r i b e d t h e h a r m f u l e f f e c t s of 1-66 and s t r e s s e d t h e need f o r r e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e highway,, I w i l l e n t e r t h a t statement, f o r the record, here, X argue t h a t 1-66 was planned and a s s i g n e d w i t h abs o l u t e l y no c o n s i d e r a t i o n of i t s s o c i a l , economic and e n v i r o n mental impact on A r l i n g t o n a s a community, and 1-266 i s a p a r t of t h e same p r o c e s s . I t i s f u r i o u s r e a s o n i n g on t h e p a r t of highway o f f i c i a l s t o a s s e r t , a s t h e y do i n t h e i r b r o c h u r e , t h a t t h e d e s i g n i s harmonious w i t h a l l . r e l e v a n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n s from t r a f f i c needs t o e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s . The b r i d g e does harm enough t o t h e n a t u r a l beauty o f t h e r i v e r v a l l e y , but i t s h o u l d not i n any way be viewed s e p a r a t e l y from 1-66, w h i c h i s an i n c r e d i b l y designed highway. I f s t a t e and f e d e r a l officials proceed w i t h p l a n s t o c o n s t r u c t t h e two i n t e r s t a t e s t h e y have t a c i t l y a d m i t t e d t h a t F e d e r a l l e g i s l a t i o n and p o l i c y c o n c e r n i n g the environment a r e meaningless. They w i l l have f o r f e i t e d t h e i r r i g h t t o our credence i n t h e i r concern t o h e l p u s s o l v e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and e n v i r o n m e n t a l problems. from a sense o f o u t r a g e . T o n i g h t I am s p e a k i n g I s a y "outrage" because I have almost g i v e n up t h e b e l i e f t h a t our s t a t e o f f i c i a l s have any s e r i o u s intent t o consider c i t i z e n s ' views s e r i o u s l y , I have almost reached t h e p o i n t where I b e l i e v e i t i s i m p o s s i b l e f o r meaning* f u l c i t i z e n p a r t i c i p a t i o n t o occur w i t h i n t h e p r e s e n t t r a n s p o r t t a t i o n planning process. The s t a t e i s not prepared t o a c c e p t �575 t o a c c e p t any view s h o r t of consent t o i t s p r o p o s a l s . There i s a p p a r e n t l y no a p p e a l w i t h i n t h e b u r e a u c r a t i c p r o c e s s f o r r e c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the s t a t e ' s proposal. Our o n l y r e c o u r s e appears t o be o t h e r c h a n n e l s e i t h e r to e l e c t e d o f f i c i a l s o r t o t h e courts,, U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e process o f c i t i z e n participa- t i o n remains one o f c o n f r o n t a t i o n i n s t e a d of c o o p e r a t i o n . need not be. This I f f e d e r a l s t a t e a u t h o r i t i e s would honor e x i s t i n g l e g i s l a t i o n and p o l i c y ; t h e c h o i c e i s their*8, My v i e w s t o - n i g h t a r e being echoed i n c r e a s i n g l y by c i t i z e n s a l l over t h i s m e t r o p o l i t a n area,, and what we a r e s a y i n g i s q u i t e p o s i t i v e and r e a l l y q u i t e s i m p l e . We t h e nameless thousands o f con- cerned c i t i z e n s i n t h i s w o n d e r f u l a r e a of our N a t i o n ' s C a p i t o l s i n c e r e l y believe t h a t t h e system o f urban i n t e r s t a t e freeway, w h i c h i s now planned f o r t h i s c i t y and suburbs, w i l l have an i r r e v o c a b l e h a r m f u l e f f e c t on e a c h and e v e r y community a f f e c t e d b y t h e highway. We do not deny t h a t t h e r e i s a t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c r i s i s , and we don°t deny t h a t t h e y a r e l e g i t i m a t e i n t e r e s t s t o be s e r v e d by p r o v i d i n g t r a n s i t t o our a i r p o r t s , t r a n s i t f o r our c o E T a e r c i a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , and t r a n s i t f o r t h e d i s t a n c e o f suburban commuters. We a r e agreed t h a t we m u s t m a i n t a i n m o b i l i t y if our urban community i s t o be v i t a l . However, we a r e s t r o n g l y convinced t h a t t h e p r e s e n t f r e e w a y p l a n s a r e not t h e a p p r o p r i a t e s o l u t i o n and we see no j u s t i f i c a t i o n o f f e r e d f o r those p l a n s o t h e r :han t h a t t h e y have t h e n o n - e l e c t e d p l a n n e r s and i m p e r s o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n a l i n t e r e s t s , �576 I f Governor SSlolfcon o r S e c r e t a r y Volpe t o l d t h e planners and b u r e a u c r a t s t h a t t h e i r p l a n s were inadequate and t h a t o t h e r more a c c e p t a b l e the p l a n n e r s p l a n s had t o be developed and highway t e c h n i c i a n s would throw t h e i r i n t h e bottom drawer and s t a r t o v e r . plans However, t h e r i s i n g crescendo o f c i t i z e n p r o t e s t seems not t o have t h e same r e l e v a n c e , but w i t h a l l s i n c e r i t y a l l we c i t i z e n s a r e t r y i n g t o s a y i s t h a t we want a d i f f e r e n t and a b e t t e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system i n t h i s our nation°s c a p i t o l , and we b e l i e v e our o f f i c i a l s and p l a n n e r s but t h e w i l l . can produce t h a t system i f t h e y have T h e i r d e f i c i e n c y i s not a l a c k o f competence, but r a t h e r a c r i s i s of w i l l * Our p r e s i d e n t h a s s a i d t h i s decade w i l l be known a s t h e time when man r e g a i n e d p r o d u c t i v e with nature. harmony I f t h a t i s t o be, t h e n our o f f i c i a l s and p l a n n e r s a r e going t o have t o a c c e p t t h e i r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y / , t o h e l p c i t i z e n s who a r e s e e k i n g t o respond t o t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s call. Se cannot r e b u i l d our c i t i e s i f t h e y do not care t o e x e r c i s e t h e i r moral o b l i g a t i o n t o respond t o our p l e a s . I n essence, a l l t h a t we a r e s a y i n g i s t h a t we must r e t h i n k our t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n s i n t h e terms of t h e c r i s i s of t h e 1970s. 1^66 a r e t h e product o f t h e 1950s. 1-266 and What we need i s a moratorium on a l l f r e e w a y s p l a n s f o r t h i s a r e a u n t i l t h e r e i s a proper reconsideration o f t h o s e p l a n s and o f o t h e r more e f f i c i e n t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o p t i o n s and a w i l l i n g n e s s o f l o c a l communities t o a c c e p t those p l a n s . Thank you v e r y much. �577 TBS AUDIENCE: (applause) BEARING OFFICER DUGAS; Thank you v e r y much. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Mrs. Govar? WHEREUPON* MRS, EMILIA L . GOVAN, APPROACHED THE PODIUM AND T E S T I F I E D , IN SUBSTANCE, AS FOLLOWS: MRS. GOVAN: My name i s E m i l i a L„ Govan. a t .1423 N. Buchanan S t r e e t i n A r l i n g t o n . I reside Although t h e w i t n e s s l i s t does n o t show t h i s , I d i d a s k t o speak t o n i g h t on b e h a l f of t h e A r l i n g t o n P r o j e c t o f t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington P l a n n i n g and Housing A s s o c i a t i o n , a c i t i z e n s * body which s e e k s t o m a i n t a i n and develop housing f o r a l l income groups i n t h e metropolitan area. My statement i s a l s o endorsed by t h e A r l i n g t o n C o a l i t i o n on T r a n s p o r t a t i o n (ACT), of which I am co-chairman. ACT i s a c i t i z e n s ' group which s e e k s t o promote p r o p o s a l s t h a t s o l v e t h e a r e a ' s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems f o r p r e s e r v i n g and enhancing t h e environment. We a r e opposed t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f I«266, t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , on t h e f o l l o w i n g grounds: 1. 1-266 - t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e - i s a k e y l i n k i n a network o f f r e e w a y s w h i c h i n c l u d e s 1-66. Without 1-66, t h e r e i s no need f o r 1-266. These f r e e w a y p r o j e c t s would have enormous s o c i a l c o s t s f o r t h e communities t h e y a f f e c t . C o n s t r u c t i o n o f 1-66 from Glebe Read t o R o s s l y n would d i s l o c a t e more t h a n 400 persons and would d e s t r o y i r r e p l a c e a b l e �578 low and moderate~cost housing,. For example, 90 u n i t s of the F o r t Bennett apartments would be demolished by t h i s 1-66, w h i c h connects i n t o the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , A t l e a s t 9 homes i n the Maywood a r e a would be destroyed. T h i s i s i n v i o l a t i o n of an agreement between t h e A r l i n g t o n County Board and t h e V i r g i n i a Highway Commission that no more homes would be t a k e n . The V i r g i n i a Highway Commission has r e f u s e d t o make p u b l i c t h e p l a n s f o r t h e p o r t i o n of 1-66 w e s t o f Glebe Road, b u t t h e r e a r e i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t more h o u s i n g w i l l be d e s t r o y e d in that corridor. A r l i n g t o n County cannot a f f o r d t o l o s e a s i n g l e housing u n i t . The AAUW r e p o r t on "Low and Moderate Income Housing Needs i n A r l i n g t o n , " August, 1970 s t a t e s : "There i s an a c u t e s h o r t a g e of h o u s i n g f o r t h e s e l a r g e , Jew-income in Arlington. families Housing problems a r e a l s o s e v e r e f o r young f a m i l i e s , i n broken f a m i l i e s , , the e l d e r l y , t h e handicapped and blacks." ( p . 2} "Houses f o r r e n t i n the m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a and e x p e n s i v e and few i n number. The demand f o r apartments i s h i g h , but c o n s t r u c t i o n has d e c l i n e d and t h e v a c a n c y r a t e f o r apartments i n t h e suburbs i s l e s s t h a n l % a I t i s hardest t o r e n t a good a p a r t m e n t — h i g h - r i s e o r garden a p a r t m e n t — i n suburban V i r g i n i a . " I would l i k e t o a s k t h e highway o f f i c i a l s how t h e y �579 p l a n t o f i n d replacement h o u s i n g t h a t i s decent, s a f e and s a n i t a r y i n t h e A r l i n g t o n County f o r t h e c o n n e c t i n g 1-66 t h a t goes i n t o Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e ? What p r o v i s i o n s been made f o r t h i s h i n d o f replacement h o u s i n g ? have What p r o v i - s i o n h a s been made f o r replacement housing? MR. SNEAD: You a r e t a l k i n g about 1-66? MRS* GOVAN: Y e s , s i r , t h i 3 i s t h e p a r t t h a t gees r i g h t i n t o 1-266 and c a n ' t be c o n s i d e r e d separately,, MR. SNEAD: w i t h t h e law. W e l l , we have t a k e n s t e p s i n accordance We f i n d t h a t t h e s e s a f e and s a n i t a r y f a c i l i t i e s a r e those a f f e c t e d by t h e a c q u i s i t i o n i n accordance w i t h our l a w s , p o l i c y and p r o c e d u r e s , i n accordance w i t h MRS. GOVAN: Arlington regulations., Have you found such housing i n County? MR. SNEAD: Yes, s o f a r we have been s u c c e s s f u l . MRS. GOVAN: 8 Well, t h a t s i n t e r e s t i n g , i n view of the AUW f i n d i n g s t h a t such h o u s i n g i s t h e r e - l e t me s a y t h a t t h e s i t u a t i o n t o d a y i s i n s h a r p c o n t r a s t t o a statement made i n t h e Howard Needles l o c a t i o n s t u d i e s f o r 1-266, i n September 1964, w h i c h s t a t e d " r e l o c a t i o n does n o t appear t o be a problem t o f a m i l i e s r e s i d i n g i n m u l t i - f a m i l y housing p r o j e c t s , s i n c e such f a m i l i e s c a n r e a d i l y f i n d housing i n a l t e r n a t e l o c a t i o n s through A r l i n g t o n . " T h i s i 3 simply not t r u e today, i f i t e v e r was t r u e , and no l o c a t i o n o r d e s i g n o f t h i s f r e e w a y network c a n a l t e r t h a t f a c t . Second, t h e economic, s o c i a l and �780 e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o s t s t o those persons who l i v e i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e proposed 1-66 and 1-266., a s w a l l a s t o t h e community a t l a r g e , cannot be compensated by a n y l o c a t i o n o r d e s i g n o f t h e s e freeways„ These roads would cause d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f many n e i g h borhoods due t o untenable c o n d i t i o n s visual pollution. A consultant's such ae n o i s e , a i r and r e p o r t dore f o r ACT by E S L , .Inc. o f C a l i f o r n i a shows t h e p r o j e c t e d n o i s e and a i r p o l l u t i o n l e v e l s t o w e l l above a c c e p t a b l e s t a n d a r d s a r d a p o t e n t i a l t h r e a t t o t h e community'e health,, Those who remain i n t h e v i c i n i t y of these roadways w i l l r e c e i v e no compensation f o r t h e h e a l t h h a z a r d s i n c u r r e d , n o r w i l l t h e y be a b l e t o o b t a i n comparable h o u s i n g a t today'3 market c o s t s . These economic, s o c i a l and e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r s w h i c h highway o f f i c i a l s a r e r e q u i r e d t o c o n s i d e r i n accordance w i t h P o l i c y and Procedure Memorandum 20-8 have not been cons i d e r e d b y t h e V i r g i n i a Highway Commission end D. C. D e p a r t ment o f Highway©. Information" absolutely The b o o k l e t c a l l e d "1-266 Design H e a r i n g i s t o t a l l y inadequate f o r t h i s purpose and provide: j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r the construction or c o n n e c t i n g highways. of t h i s bridge T h i s s o - c a l l e d a n a l y s i s was dons by a c o n s u l t i n g e n g i n e e r i n g f i r m - Howard, Needles - w h i c h i s t o t a l ! u n q u a l i f i e d t o d i s c u s s s o c i a l , economic and e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o : T h e i r i n s e n s i t i v e , uninformed approach i s i n d i c a t e d throughout t h e r e p o r t , b u t e s p e c i a l l y t h e i r statement t h a t "The proposed �V i r g i n i a approach w i l l have no s i g n i f i c a n t impact on t h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e s e two r e s i d e n t i a l neighborhoods" o f Woodmont and H i g h l a n d i n A r l i n g t o n County, The e f f e c t s w i l l , i n f a c t , be tremendous, V i r g i n i a Highway o f f i c i a l s a t t h e 1-66 h e a r i n g h e l d l a s t week a d m i t t e d t h e y had no knowledge o f t h e S e c t i o n 102 r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e n a t i o n a l E n v i r o n m e n t a l P o l i c y A c t o f 1869, T h a t s e c t i o n r e q u i r e s S t a t e and l o c a l a g e n c i e s t o cooperate w i t h t h e F e d e r a l a g e n c i e s i n a s s e s s i n g e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s of projects involving Federal action. Yet, Virginia and D, C, have made no attempt t o engage e n v i r o n m e n t a l cons u l t a n t s who have t h e a p p r o p r i a t e t o o l s t o s t u d y t h e s e f a c t o r s . V e r y l a t e i n t h e p r o c e s s on 1-66 V i r g i n i a cal3.ed i n a landscape architect. On 1-266, we have t h e r e p o r t o f an e n g i n e e r i n g f i r m T h i s i s c l e a r e v i d e n c e t h a t highway o f f i c i a l s a r e t o t a l l y u n i n t e r e s t e d i n , and i n s e n s i t i v e t o , a n y f a c t o r s b u t i n f l a t e d t r a f f i c projections. Human and e n v i r o n m e n t a l needs have no place i n t h e i r c a l c u l a t i o n s . 3, The p u b l i c h e a r i n g p r o c e s s , a s c a r r i e d out i n t h e c a s e o f 1-266 (and 1-66) i s a f a r c e . T h i s f a r c e has un- f o r t u n a t e l y had t h e c o o p e r a t i o n o f S t a t e , D i s t r i c t , F e d e r a l and l o c a l o f f i c i a l s and h a s a l s o been s a n c t i o n e d b y some o f t h e lower c o u r t s . I t i s u n t h i n k a b l e t h a t d e s i g n h e a r i n g s on t h i s p r o j e c t ttfould be h e l d d e s p i t e i r r e f u t a b l e e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e c �582 c i t i z e n s of A r l i n g t o n County and t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia have e x p r e s s e d t h e i r u n a l t e r a b l e o p p o s i t i o n t o the c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h i s b r i d g e and f r e e w a y i n e v e r y c o n c e i v a b l e manner. The A r l i n g t o n County Board i s a l s o on r e c o r d i n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h i s bridge, a p r o j e c t which i s i n c l e a r v i o l a t i o n of an inter- governmental agreement on p r e s e r v a t i o n of p e r k l a n d s . T h i s f a c t i s not a l t e r e d by the County Board's w i t h d r a w a l o f i t s s u i t a g a i n s t t h e b r i d g e ur.der t h r e a t s o f Metro fund b l a c k m a i l by c e r t a i n Congressmen and u r d e r promise of f a l s e c o n c e s s i o n s by t h e Commonwealth o f V i r g i n i a , one of w h i c h c o n c e s s i o n s has a l r e a d y been v i o l a t e d i n the case of Maywood homes. The p u b l i c h e a r i n g on t h i s b r i d g e i n 1964 gave clear e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e p u b l i c d i d not t h i n k t h i s b r i d g e and i t s approaches were needed. Judge S i r i c a i n t h e case of D. F e d e r a t i o n v . Volpe a d m i t t e d i n h i s d e c i s i o n of August, t h a t "The t r a n s c r i p t C. 1970, o f t h e 1964 hearings...shows t h a t t h e major o f the w i t n e s s e s v o i c e d t h e i r o p p o s i t i o n t o any new C e n t r a l Potomac c r o s s i n g . " I f the c i t i z e n s a r e a l r e a d y on r e c o r d a s opposing t h i s b r i d g e , why has t h i s p r o j e c t progressed t o the design stage? t h i s time? Why Why i s a d e s i g n p u b l i c h e a r i n g being h e l d a t do highway o f f i c i a l s and other p u b l i c s e r v a n t s c o n t i n u a l l y i g n o r e the e x p r e s s e d w i s h e s of the c i t i z e n s whom t h e y supposedly s e r v e and represent? Would any o f the highway o f f i c i a l s c a r e t o answer �that? Judge S i r i c a s a i d t h a t he had examined t h e t r a n s c r i p t of t h i s "64 h e a r i n g and t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e w i t n e s s e s v o i c e d t h e i r opposition. Why h a s a n y t h i n g f u r t h e r been done? MR. A I R I S : W e l l , I might t r y t o answer t h a t . The "84 h e a r i n g s were h e l d and your Departments had t r i e d t o be r e s p o n s i v e t o t h e t e s t i m o n y t h a t was g i v e n . How i t i s t r u e t h e r e were a l o t o f f o l k s t h a t were a g a i n s t t h e b r i d g e , period. But then a g a i n t h e r e were a l o t o f f o l k s t h a t wanted a f a c i l i t y t h e r e and had c e r t a i n c o n s t r u c t i v e c r i t i c i s m about t h e manner i n w h i c h t h e b r i d g e would be p l a c e d . r e s p o n s i v e t o those I t h i n k we have been criticisms, MRS. GOVAN: B u t , s i r , i f Judge S i r i c a s a y s t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e w i t n e s s e s a t t h e '64 h e a r i n g v o i c e d t h e i r o p p o s i t i o n t o a n y new c e n t r a l Potomac c r o s s i n g , how i s i t b e i n g responsive? I mean, what do you u s e ? Do you use t h e m i n o r i t y sentiment a s your c r i t e r i a ? MR. A I R I S : You c a n ' t v e r y w e l l t a k e a count o f t h e w i t n e s s e s because t h e r h e t o r i c and t h e a c t i o n s o f t h e populace are d i f f e r e n t . MRS* GOVAN: B u t , s i r , what o t h e r form do t h e c i t i z e n have? MR. A I R I S : W e l l , t h e c i t i z e n s have b y t h e i r deeds, t h e i r a c t i o n s , t h e y p r e t t y w e l l speak i n t h a t form. MRS. GOVAN: MR, A I R I S : F o r example? F o r example, h e r e i n t h e D i s t r i c t , right �584 i n t h e D i s t r i c t i t s e l f t h e p o p u l a t i o n has gone down b u t t h e number o f v e h i c l e s i s i n c r e a s e d . MRS. GOVAN: XC S i t W e l l , do v e h i c l e s c a s t a v o t e i n t h e s e ITS ? THE AUDIENCE: MR. A I R I S : (laughter) (applause) The people t h a t own t i e v e h i c l e s a r e the ones t h a t do t h e c o u n t i n g , and may I p o i n t out t h a t t h i s highway department i n t h e D i s t r i c t h a s , f o r a long t i m e , a d vocated the close c o n t r o l of parking i n t h e downtown a r e a t o l i m i t t h e number o f commuter v e h i c l e s t h a t come over h e r e . MRS. GOVAN: How many more v e h i c l e s w i l l be coming over t h e b r i d g e ? MR. A I R I S : MRS. GOVAN: Huh? How many v e h i c l e s w i l l be coming over the b r i d g e ? MR. A I R I S : Well* the design c a p a c i t y o f the bridge i s somewhere i n t h e neighborhood o f 70 t o 90,000 v e h i c l e s a day. MRS. GOVAN: MR, A I R I S : I s t h a t a way t o c o n t r o l p a r k i n g ? W e l l , l e t me f i n i s h , p l e a s e , ma'am. E u t t h i s i s n o t a one-way f l o w back a t n i g h t . i n t h e morning, and a one way f l o w T h i s i s a continuous f l o w . Now i f a l l t h e s e v e h i c l e s a r e some k i n d o f a mass c a r r y i n g f a c i l i t y t h e r e would be no more c a r s i n t h e D i s t r i c t . Now some how t h e r e h a s been g o t t e n t h e f e e l i n g h e r e t h a t i t i s your highway departments th£ �535 make t h e v e h i c l e s . I t i s n ' t a t a l l . We a r e s i m p l y responding t o the a c t i o n s of the people. MRS. MR. GOVAN: To t h e v e h i c l e s . AIRIS: W e l l , t h i s , of c o u r s e , i s the problem. Mien such t h i n g s occur a s t h e people down i n the Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e t t i n g a s i d e something l i k e 2,000 p a r k i n g s p a c e s f o r the use of t h e i r employees, t h a t t h e c i t y f a t h e r s h e r e i n the D i s t r i c t encourage a McClean Gardens development t h a t w i l l have something l i k e 2,000 v e h i c l e s parked t h e r e . The s i s t e r development a c r o s s M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue t h a t w i l l have an a d d i t i o n a l 1,000 v e h i c l e s parked t h e r e . That these recent relopments a l o n g L S t r e e t and M S t r e e t and K S t r e e t , huge t r a f f i c g e n e r a t o r s , something l i k e 3 o r 400 b u i l d i n g s gone up i n t h e l a s t 5 y e a r s - 5 t o 10 y e a r s . The Watergate Apartments. The t e r r i f i c development down i n Southwest where we are scheduled h e r e i n t h e D i s t r i c t t o have 100,000 employees. a l l of t h e s e a r e t h e t r a f f i c g e n e r a t o r s t h a t must be Now Now satisfied. about 35% of our t r a f f i c i s commuter-oriented t r a f f i c . T h a t i s what we a r e t r y i n g t o encourage, t o go i n t o mass transit-••••"•that i s , a v e r y rkjuch enhanced bus system and subway system. the I p e r s o n a l l y have t e s t i f i e d t o t r y and t h e s e f a c i l i t i e s going and I t r i e d v e r y h a r d t o do i t . get I t r i e d v e r y h a r d t o l i m i t p a r k i n g i n t h e downtown a r e a , but thest a r e t h e t h i n g s t h a t your Highway Department ;nust work w i t h . i s not j u 3 t what people say? i t ' s what t h e y do. It �586 MRS* GOVAN: W a l l , Mr. A i r i s , t h a r k you. I t h i n k what you have s a i d , t h e n , i 3 t h a t t h e Highway Department, a l though i t does n o t i n i t i a t e t h e s e a c t i o n s , what i t does i s respond t o t h e a c t i o n s o f t h o s e - o f t h e d e v e l o p e r s , o f t h e automobile m a n u f a c t u r e r s and o t h e r people who want economic p r o f i t from t h e s e k i n d s o f p r o j e c t s a s opposed t o t h e c i t i z e n s . MR. A I R I S : the Land o f G e n t r y . E a c h person would l i k e t o l i v e like T h i s i s t h e bottom o f i t . MRS. GOVAN: Okay. Thank you f o r your answer. I understand what you a r e s a y i n g , b u t I t h i n k i t makes i t q u i t e c l e a r t o what i n t e r e s t t h e Highway Department i s responding and what i n t e r e s t i t i s n o t , s i r , responding t o . MR. A I R I S : i t i s t o t h e people, ma'am. No highway department, ma'am, c o u l d e x i s t b y n o t p r o v i d i n g what t h e people demand, b u t t h e demands o f t h e people come t o u s i n so many d i f f e r e n t forms. T h i s i s one o f them. What you a r e s a y i n g t o n i g h t i s one o f them, b u t o n l y one. MRS. GOVAN: Okay. Well, i t ' s interesting. I suppose t h e n we w i l l have t o f i n d out how t h e s e o t h e r people make t h e i r demands s i n c e t h e y don't seem t o make them a t p u b l i c h e a r i n g s . T h a t ' s why X s a y t h e p u b l i c h e a r i n g p r o c e s s i s a f a r c e . Then I guess t h a t ' s why you a r e h o l d i n g a d e s i g n h e a r i n g a t t h i s time because you f e e l t h a t you a r e responding t o some k i n d s of people who want t h i s r o a d . MR. A I R I S : Y e s , ma'am. �58 7 MRS, GOVAN: people do n o t . Even though t h e r e c o r d i s c l e a r t h e The f o u r t h p o i n t i s t h a t t h i s d e s i g n h e a r i n g , d e s p i t e what you have s a i d , i s i l l e g a l and i n v a l i d . It is a f r a u d p e r p e t r a t e d on t h e p u b l i c , because o f f i c i a l s have no i n t e n t i o n o f responding o t h e r hearing.. t o the views expressed a t t h i s or any I n addition., t h e r e a r e c l e a r l e g a l arguments against the holding of t h i s hearing. Judge S i r i c a a d m i t t e d i n h i s d e c i s i o n t h a t "There i s no q u e s t i o n t h a t t h e p r e s e n t b r i d g e p r o j e c t i s n o t going f o r w a r d — a n d t h i 3 I t h i n l c w i l l answer C a p t a i n C u r t i s ' q u e s t i o n a l i t t l e more c l e a r l y than wa3 answered b e f o r e — - a t a n y o f t h e l o c a t i o n s proposed i n t h e Howard Needles R e p o r t " on w h i c h t h e 1964 h e a r i n g was based. Holding t h i s design h e a r i n g i s t h e r e f o r e i n v i o l a t i o n of Section 6 a l of PFM 20-8 w h i c h s t a t e s t h a t "Both a c o r r i d o r p u b l i c h e a r i n g and a d e s i g n p u b l i c h e a r i n g must be h e l d w i t h r e s p e c t t o each F e d e r a l - a i d highway p r o j e c t t h a t i s on a new l o c a t i o n . " i s c u r r e n t l y under a p p e a l i n t h e c o u r t s . T h i s question I f any hearing i s r e q u i r e d a t a l l i n t h i s c a s e , i t must be a c o r r i d o r h e a r i n g . Furthermore, a c o r r i d o r h e a r i n g i s r e q u i r e d on 1-66, which connects w i t h and feeds i n t o t h i s 1-266, because of S e c t i o n 682 of the PPM, which c a l l s f o r c o r r i d o r and design h e a r i n g s , i f the p r o j e c t — - a n d I quote«--would have s u b s t a n t i a l l y d i f f e r e n t s o c i a l , economical, environmenteffects•" The change xn these f a c t o r s from fcfci 1959 l o c a t i o n a p p r o v a l of ]>66 was docurrented �588 at the 1-66 design h e a r i n g proceed i f a new hearing l e s t week. i s h e l d on 1-66 t h a t t h e r e i s no need f o r You Therefore, 1-266 cannot which might determine 1-66. remerabetr from the PPM that a c o r r i d o r hearing i s h e l d t o g i v e f u l l o p p o r t u n i t y f o r p u b l i c p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n determining the need f o r a s w e l l as the l o c a t i o n of the Federal A i d highway. I n a d d i t i o n , the h o l d i n g of h e a r i n g s on o n l y one segment a t a time of these freeway p r o j e c t s i s t o t a l l y c o n t r a r y t o the s t a t e d g o a l s of F e d e r a l r e g u l a t i o n s t h a t there be of " e f f e c t i v e p u b l i c p a r t i c i p a t i o n " i n the c o n s i d e r a t i o n highway p r o p o s a l s . (PPM Sec. 1) VJhat i s approved i n one of a p r o j e c t predetermines what w i l l be the p r o j e c t . T h i s removes any i n on o t h e r p o r t i o n s of p u b l i c o p t i o n s and makes im- p o s s i b l e p u b l i c p a r t i c i p a t i o n . T h i s method of h o l d i n g on a 3-mile segment of 1-66, part a n o t h e r on one one heari segment of I--266 and so on, makes a mockery of the provisions i n F e d e r a l s t a t u t e s w h i c h c a l l f o r p r o j e c t s based on comprehensive p l a n n i n g community g o a l s . Planning one segment of an and interdependent road network i n i s o l a t i o n from other segments shows t h a t t h i s p r o c e s s i s not operating. I n conclusion,, the A r l i n g t o n P r o j e c t of MWPHA and the A r l i n g t o n C o a l i t i o n on T r a n s p o r t a t i o n t i o n of 1-^266 and of 1-^66 must not submit t h a t construe-* proceed because: T h i s i n t e r s t a t e would a g g r a v a t e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problem �589 and compete w i t h needed mass r a p i d t r a n s i t . The e f f e c t s of these p r o j e c t s would be d e v a s t a t i n g of the s o c i a l , economic and e n v i r o n m e n t a l v a l u e s of the a f f e c t e d communities, because proper and l e g a l procedures have not been f o l l o w e d . Any a c t i o n t o c o n s t r u c t t h e s e p r o j e c t s would be an a r b i t r a r y and c a p r i c i o u s d e f i a n c e of e x p r e s s e d community s e n t i ment and of n a t i o n a l g o a l s t o p r e s e r v e the q a a l i t y of l i f e the environment i n t h e s e U n i t e d States. THE AUDIENCE: Thank and you, (applause) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Mrs. Maria Worris? WHEREUPON, MRS. MARIA WORRIS, C I T I Z E N , 2235 N. Columbus S t r e e t , A r l i n g t o n , V i r g i n i a ^ approached the podium and t e s t i f i e d , i n s u b s t a n c e , as f o l l o w s : MRS. WORRIS: My name i s Mrs. Maria W o r r i s , I r e s i d e in Arlington, V i r g i n i a . The statement was made l a s t n i g h t t h a t the Three S i s t e r s Bridge i s f o r s u b u r b a n i t e s . something: We i n A r l i n g t o n don't want i t e i t h e r . THE AUDIENCE: MRS. But I want you t o know WORRIS: h e a r i n g s on 1-66 (applause) And the proof f o r t h a t was a t the h e l d l a s t week where s e v e r a l hundred c i t i z e n s spoke loud and f r e q u e n t l y i n o p p o s i t i o n t o I«66, 1-266, and ways i n g e n e r a l , free I have some q u e s t i o n s , but I would l i k e f o r �590 you t o answer them a t the end because I don't want t o reduce the time I have f o r s p e a k i n g . I w i l l b r i e f l y mention t h e s e q u e s t i o n s now and t h e n repeat them a t the end: How much l a n d acreage i s going i n t o the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the f r e e w a y through Spout Run? How much of t h e acreage i s p a r k l a n d ? How much i s p r i v a t e l y owned? HOW much p a r k l a n d i s l e f t ? The e n v i r o n m e n t a l a s p e c t s of t h i s design p l a n c o u l d not have been c o n s i d e r e d by the Highway Departments because, i f t h e y were^ the p r o j e c t would have been abandoned,, can Anyone see t h a t 1-266 w i l l d e s t r o y t h e c o u n t r y and s c e n i c atmos- phere of Spout Run and surrounding neighborhoods, e s p e c i a l l y the i n t e r c h a n g e w i t h 3>55 of w h i c h no mention has been made. The proposed Route 1-66 shows —» does not show t h e c o n n e c t i o n on I~266 because presumably i t i s not a p a r t of i t - I - 6 6 , s o , therefore;, i t j u s t shows t h e rounded edge where you see on the demonstrated photograph up t h e r e , where i t s a y s Spout Run Parkway. On t h i s p r e s e n t a t i o n , I assume t h e r e i s some k i n d of c o n n e c t i n g roads t h e r e . the T h i s i s a l s o t r u e of the c o n n e c t i o n s w b r i d g e and t h e abuttment of the b r i d g e an i t j o i n s l a n d o v e r and a d j o i n i n g George Washington Memorial Parkway. E v e r y t i m e I a t t e n d a p u b l i c h e a r i n g on f r e e w a y s , I have t o s i t through t h e f i r s t p a r t of i t l i s t e n i n g o r the f i r s t e v e n i n g of i t , l i s t e n i n g t o t h e propaganda of the automobile �a s s o c i a t i o n s , t h e t r u c k i n g a s s o c i a t i o n s , and chambers of commerce, who stand t o g a i n f i n a n c i a l l y * w i t h 1-266. We a r e not i n t i m i d a t e d by t h e p r e f e r e n t i a l t r e a t m e n t accorded t h e lobbyists. I t i s n a t u r a l t h a t t h e Highway Department g i v e those who back t h e 1-266 d e s i g n f i r s t c r a c k a t t h e a n t i - f r e e w a y f o r c e s and a r r a n g e t h e agenda t o s u i t t h e b e s t i n t e r e s t o f t h e highway lobby.> Today we a r e here t o t a l k , presumably about design p l a n s f o r 1-266 but know t h a t t h e Department of Highways i n no way c a r e what we t h i n k of t h e i r p l a n s . ing out a f o r a i a l i t y . They a r e merely carry- They want t o g e t i t over w i t h s o t h a t t h e y can s t a r t c o n s t r u c t i o n . The t r u e reason we a r e here a t a l l i s t h a t t h e F e d r a i Government decided t o s u b s i d i z e t h e highway lobby i n p a s s i n g t h e F e d e r a l Highway A c t o f 1956. S i n c e t h e n , e v e r y c i t y and s t a t e government h a s t r i e d t o g e t i t s 9 0 % share of f e d e r a l funds. A t f i r s t highway departments were content t o b u i l d roads from one s t a t e t o a n o t h e r . B u t soon a f t e r , t h e y took t h e i r 8-10-12~14 and more l a n e s of c o n c r e t e through cities,, p a r k s , and i n some r e a l l y d e s t r u c t i v e moods, s t r e t c h e d c l o v e r l e a f s and ramps i n s i d e c i t y l i m i t s . What o t h e r group i s t h e d a r l i n g of t h e F e d e r a l l e g i s l a t o r s a s t h e t r u c k i n g and automobile lobby? What o t h e r group h a s b i l l i o n s o f d o l l a r s s e t a s i d e i n t h e i r own f e d e r a l t r u s t fund which i s used toenhance t h e f o r t u n e s of these lobbying i n d u s t r i e s ? T h i s funding f o r f r e e w a y s h a s been t h e �592 b i g g e s t pork b a r r e l l e g i s l a t i o n of ray g e n e r a t i o n . has not yet been c o n s i d e r e d u n e t h i c a l . Somehow i t However, why a r e mass t r a n s i t funds f o r the D i s t r i c t of Columbia t i e d up u n t i l the cement i n d u s t r y g e t s i t s l a r g e share of the F e d e r a l Highway Fund? Where i s the "balanced" t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t h a t we a r e promised? Have you seen any w o r k i n g r a i l t r a n s i t ? answer t h a t m y s e l f : "Ho„" t h e y surround us a l r e a d y There i s no b a l a n c e . I will Have you seen many highways? 0 Yes, So„ what balance are you t a l k i n g o f ? Freeways overweigh the b a l a n c e . To c o r r e c t the o v e r l o a d , we have t o b u i l d r a i l t r a n s i t s now„ I B i l l i o n s of d o l l a r s a r e spent e v e r y y e a r t o h e l p provide r i g h t of way f o r a i r p l a n e s and t r u c k s , w h i l e r a i l r o a d s not o n l y get n o t h i n g t o a i d or m a i n t a i n t h e i r r i g h t s of way but i n f a c t out heavy s t a t e and l o c a l t a x e s on t h e s e f a c i l i t i e s . pay I~266 i s a c l e a r example of the d i s c r i m i n a t o r y p r a c t i c e s a g a i n s t r a i l r o a d s and i n f a v o r of f r e e w a y s and a i r p o r t s . The p l a n of 1-265 i n transporta<= tion planning i s a c l e a r example of the imbalance c design Compare the acreage used and t r a f f i c volume p o t e n t i a l and a c t u a l of r a i l t r a n s i t w i t h the massive land consumed and one-person-per-car usage of the freeway, o r d e r i n g of v a l u e s seems i n order because i t i s obvious A re— and e v i d e n t t h a t r a i l t r a n s i t i s the more e f f i c i e n t method of transport. for We cannot g i v e i n t o b l a c k m a i l and r e l e a s e our l a n d f r e e w a y s i n o r d e r t o get r a i l transit. �593 The V i r g i n i a and D i s t r i c t of Columbia Departments of Highways a r e s c a r e d of the advent of r a i l t r a n s i t . want t o beat i t down before t h e f i r s t They r a i l i s driven i n . They would have us b e l i e v e t h a t r a i l t r a n s i t i s not enough, t h a t we need f r e e w a y s , t i n y r a i l spur. and we o n l y need t o b u i l d one B u t , t h e answer i s t o b u i l d r a i l t r a n s i t and more a s we need them not more f r e e w a y s . lines R a i l t r a n s i t can do i t a l o n e , and t h a t i s what t h e Highway Department and h i g h way l o b b y i s t s a r e a f r a i d we w i l l f i n d o u t . I t t a k e s a courageou p u b l i c o f f i c i a l t o come out s o l e l y i n f a v o r of r a i l transit, s o l e l y , w i t h no reservations,.. 1 their They want t o p r o t e c t p o l i t i c a l f u t u r e and not j e o p a r d i z e t h e i r standing by i n c i t i n g the Wrath o f t h e Automobile A s s o c i a t i o n , t h e t r u c k e r s a s s o c i a t i o n s , t h e t i r e and rubber, g a s o l i n e and o i l f i r m s , r e a l e s t a t e d e v e l o p e r s , and t h e automotive i n d u s t r y i n D e t r o i t . So, i f we cannot g e t t h e p o l i t i c i a n s t o thx-ow out 1-256 and t o w i t h h o l d c o n s t r u c t i o n f u n d s , then we ought t o e l e c t o u r s e l v e s Governors, Senators - Representatives, boardttembers and d e l e g a t e s who will. Four y e a r s ago t h e N a t i o n a l t o g i v e up our p a r k l a n d departments r e t u r n e d f o r freeways, t h e land i n k i n d . Park S e r v i c e made i t s pact p r o v i d i n g t h e Highway I s t h a t agreement w i t h the Park S e r v i c e s t i l l i n e f f e c t ? MR 0 AIRIS: MRS. WORRIS: Yes, i t i s . Where i s t h e land l o c a t e d t h a t you �594 a r e g i v i n g i n exchange f o r park land used from Spout Run parkway area? MR. SNEAD: The replacement l a n d s t h a t a r e now b e i n g r e p l a c e d by t h e V i r g i n i a Department of Highways i s i n t h e v i c i n i t y of Spout Run Parkway, MRSo WORRIS: way? Does t h a t answer your q u e s t i o n ? I s i n t h e v i c i n i t y of Spout Run Park- T h a t i s , t h e l a n d t h a t i s being used now? MR. SNEAD: The V i r g i n i a Department of Highways i s o n l y a p p r a i s i n g these l a n d s t o determine replacement t h e c o s t of t h e of spout Run Parkway. MRS. WORRIS: I s t h i s l a n d now p r i v a t e l y owned? I f : i t i s n ' t , you c a n t g i v e them parkway f o r parlcway, so a p p a r e n t l y i t ' s owned by someone. Can you g i v e us who a r e t h e owners of t h i s land? Whose p r o p e r t y i s i t t h a t you would be g i v i n g ? MR. SNEAD: Mrs. W o r r i s ? MRS. WORRIS: MR. SNEAD: Yes? These l a n d s which we do have under c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h e r e a r e p r i v a t e l y owned. These a r e l a n d s which | t h e R i g h t of Way D i v i s i o n of t h e V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways i s i n t h e p r o c e s s o f a p p r a i s i n g from an e v a l u a t i o n stand** p o i n t f o r i n f o r m a t i o n t o be t u r n e d over t o t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e and t h e F e d e r a l Government MRS. WORRIS: 0 A r e t h e s e l a n d s owned by s p e c i f i c f a m i l i e s , o r p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y , o r i s t h i s s c h o o l l a n d , or what is it j �595 Can we have t h e owners' names of t h a t ? public record? Can we g i v e t h a t o u t ? f o r the p u b l i c Is i t record? MR e SNEAD: Can v e have t h a t out I don't c o n s i d e r t h a t p e r t i n e n t t o t h e thing. MRSc> WORRIS: I s t h e l a n d going t o be condemned? I have seen some b e a u t i f u l homes up t h e r e , wants t o g i v e up t h a t l a n d . I don't know who I f I l i v e d i n t h e v i c i n i t y of Spout Run Parkway I would want t o s t a y t h e r e because i f i s a b e a u t i f u l a r e a a s i t i s now, MR. SNEAD: L e t me answer t h i s q u e s t i o n : We, t h e V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways i s i n no way i n v o l v e d i n t h e a c q u i s i t i o n of replacement p a r k l a n d . MRSo WORRIS: MR., SNEAD: The F e d e r a l Government i s . MRS. WORRIS: for W e l l , who i s r e p l a c i n g t h e l a n d use freeways? MR. SNEAD: man. I see, Mrs, W o r r i s , may I p l e a s e s a y t h i s , please The Spout Run Parkway i s owned by t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s of America i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h A r l i n g t o n County, whose i n t e r e s t i n Spout Run Parkway stems from an agreement w h i c h we have a l r e a d y made you aware o f by means of w h i c h t h e o r i g i n a l monies were appropriated f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e parcway and t h e ac« q u i s i t i o n of t h i s land. N e i t h e r t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e t h a t c o n t r o l s t h e parkway n o r A r l i n g t o n County w i l l r e l e a s e t h e �596 l a n d we need t o b u i l d 1-266, u n l e s s we agree t o put up t h e replacement v a l u e of t h a t land s o t h a t P u b l i c Park S e r v i c e w i l l not be i m p e r i l e d . The V i r g i n i a Department of Highways w i l l have no p a r t i n t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f t h i s l a n d . be t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f t h e F e d e r a l Government, This w i l l The o n l y t h i n g t h a t t h e V i r g i n i a Department of Highways i s a t t e m p t i n g t o do i s g i v e them an e v a l u a t i o n i n connection placement with the r e - facility, MRS, WORRIS: I n o t h e r words, t h e U n i t e d States Government has t o r e p l a c e t h e l a n d t h a t you a r e u s i n g ; i t h a s t o g i v e back t o i t s own Park S e r v i c e , i s t h c t c o r r e c t ? What agency o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Government would be buying the p r o p e r t y t o g i v e t o t h e Park S e r v i c e ? MR, SNEAD: The F e d e r a l MRS, WORRIS: I mean, t h e F e d e r a l Government g r e a t number o f agencies,. MR, SNEAD: Government. What agency? N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e MRS. WORRIS: c W e l l , t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e would be b u y i n g t h e l a n d t o g i v e t o i t s ownself, MR, SNEAD: isa i s that i t ? What t h e F e d e r a l Government does about t h i s money, w i t h t h i s money - t h a t t h e V i r g i n i a Department of Highways proposes t o put up i n connection w i t h t h i s replacement i s e n t i r e l y up t o the F e d e r a l Government. MRS, WORRIS: f Well, I think t h i s i s very confusing t o me and I t h i n k i t s c o n f u s i n g t o everyone e l s e h e r e . In �597 1966, t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e made t h i s agreement., t h i s p a c t , and I remember i t v e r y c l e a r l y , I was a t the h e a r i n g - t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t o l P l a n n i n g Commission - when i t was exposed and i t was understood t h a t t h e Park S e r v i c e would g i v e up i t s o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e freeway system and t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge was i n q u e s t i o n a t t h i s time a l s o , p r o v i d i n g t h a t t h e l a n d was returned i n kind. A p p a r e n t l y t h i s i s not v e r y c l e a r t o me y e t . Park S e r v i c e i t s e l f i s r e p l a c i n g i t s own l a r d . The I thought t h e Park S e r v i c e was t o have t h e l a n d r e p l a c e d l y those who would be making use of t h e l a n d , such a s t h e V i r g i n i a Highway Department would have t o f i n d t h e l a n d and r e p l a c e i t . Somehowever, your answers a r e not v e r y c l e a r t o me. MR. SNEAD: We o n l y put t h e money up i n t h i s group f o r t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e ; we do not a c c u i r e t h e l a n d . MRS. WORRIS: MR. SNEAD: I see. You o n l y pay f o r i t i n d o l l a r s . That's r i g h t . Put the money up, a f t e r we make a d e t e r m i n a t i o n of what t h e v a l u e of Spout Run Parkway i n monies i s . MRS. WORRIS: I see. Now, my q u e s t i o n was, what l a n d a r e you u s i n g f o r t h e a p p r a i s a l , t h e l a n d t h a t would be running through Spout Run —- t h e freeway running through Spout Run? MR, SNEAD: T h i s i s not r e l e v a n t t o t h i s p r o j e c t be- cause we o n l y put i n escrow t h e amount of money t h a t we �598 determine t o be t h e v a l u e of Spout Run Parkway, MRS. WORRIS: I see. Money cannot r e p l a c e t h e x'alue o f Spout Run Parkway, and I know t h e people who l i v e i n t h a t v i c i n i t y probably w i l l f e e l v e r y much cheated t o t h i n k t h a t not even anymore p a r k l a n d w i l l be a c q u i r e d i n t h a t v i c i n i t y for t h e i r use. Has t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e seer these p l a n s f o r 1-266? design I t h i n k you answered t h a t b e f o r e , MRo SNEAD: Y e s , t h e y have. MRS. WORRIS: And t h e y have g i v e n a p p r o v a l t o these s p e c i f i c design plans - the s p e c i f i c design plans which a r e the s u b j e c t of t h i s MRo SNEAD: hearing? The a t t e n d e d an i n s p e c t i o n about two months ago w i t h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways i n A r l i n g t o n County, MRS. WORRIS:i Have t h e y g i v e n a p p r o v a l t o t h e s e design plans? MR. SNEAD: Not i n w r i t i n g ? no. MRS. WORRIS: The you a r e h o l d i n g a d e s i g n h e a r i n g f o r l a n d w h i c h you n o t o n l y do not own b u t l a n d - freeway « w h i c h h a s not been approved by t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e . Are any o f f i c i a l s of t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e o r t h e I n t e r i o r Department p r e s e n t t o i n d i c a t e t h e i r i n t e r e s t i n t h i s d e s i g n o r t o h e a r t h a t t h e people r e s e n t t h e i r g i v i n g up t h e i r parkland f o r freeways? I f t h e y a r e not p r e s e n t t h e t �599 r e c o r d s h o u l d show t h a t t h e d i r e c t o r s of Spout Run Parkway ^ h i c h now i s t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e and t h e Department of I n t e r i o r a r e not p r e s e n t a t t h i s h e a r i n g w h i c h i s concerned w i t h t h e d e s i g n and d e p o s i t i o n o f l a n d under t h e i r jurisdic- tion,, THE AUDIENCE: MRSc WORRIS: (applause) To t h e b e s t o f your knowledge, does t h e p o l i c y o f t h e I n t e r i o r Department change w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e pact when a new S e c r e t a r y t a k e s o f f i c e ? MRo SNEAD: I have no knowledge o f t h a t one, MRSo WORRIS: To t h e b e s t o f your knowledge, i s any new S e c r e t a r y o f I n t e r i o r bound by p a c t s made by t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e under h i s p r e d e c e s s o r o r p r e d e c e s s o r s ? MR 0 AIRIS: I don't u n d e r s t a n d t h e q u e s t i o n , MRS. WORRIS: A l lright. To t h e b e s t o f your know- ledge, does t h e p o l i c y of t h e I n t e r i o r Department change w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e pact when a new S e c r e t a r y of I n t e r i o r t a k e s o f f i c e ? MR. A I R I S : W e l l , I t h i n k you should d i r e c t t h a t t o | t h e Park S e r v i c e , t h e y p r o b a b l y c a n answer t h a t b e t t e r than anyone, MRS. WORRIS: To t h e b e s t o f your knowledge i s any new S e c r e t a r y o f I n t e r i o r bound by p a c t s made by t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e under t h e preceding S e c r e t a r y of I n t e r i o r ? MR. A I R I S : W e i l , you should d i r e c t t h a t q u e s t i o n t o �600 the Secretary. MRS. WORRIS: I design hearings We'll, t h e n , a p p a r e n t l y you a r e h o l d i n g about w h i c h you a r e not sure a r e approved by i the present I n t e r i o r S e c r e t a r y or the preceding H i c k l e . Do you have any knowledge o f what t h e p o l i c y o f Former S e c r e t a r y H i c k l e was towards t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e Pact and t h e use | of Spout Run Parkway f o r a f r e e w a y ? MR. A I R I S : W e l l , I have n e v e r d e a l t w i t h Secretary H i c k l e a t a l l on t h e Route 266. MRS. WORRIS: become s o c o n s e r v a t i o n I s i t t r u e t h a t S e c r e t a r y H i c k e l had minded, t h a t he was not a puppet and, t h e r e f o r e , might have decided not t o g i v e p a r k l a n d ways? 1 have come t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n for free- t h a t former S e c r e t a r y H i c k e l was g e t t i n g i n t h e way of t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l d e s t r u c t i v e f o r c e s and p r e s s u r e The from t h e s e s o u r c e s caused h i s removal. d e s i g n s f o r 1-266 a r e u n a e s t h e t i c ^ The n o t a b l e a r c h i t e c t who spoke l a s t e v e n i n g gave a r a t h e r e r u d i t e and p r o f e s s i o n a l a p p r a i s a l o f t h e I-266 d e s i g n . He a l s o commented t h a t t h e F i n e A r t s Commission i s a joke i n h i g h l y circles. reputable The comments o f such a knowledgeable a r c h i t e c t a r e I Worth a g r e a t d e a l more t h a n t h o s e of the t r u c k i n g , automotive i and Board of T r a d e l o b b y i s t s . A f t e r a l l , who wants t o have j b r i d g e s and f r e e w a y s designed by t r u c k e r s and r e a l e s t a t e | grabbers? They would s e t t l e f o r a n y t h i n g , c a l l e d "freeway. " land a s long a s i t i s �I n connection w i t h the Interior Department s e c t i o n of ray s t a t e m e n t , I would like t o r e a d t h e a r t i c l e i n t h e Washington Post this m o r n i n g , Tuesday, December 15th, 1970, The Washington Mrrry-GO-Round, "MORTON'S T I E S TO POLLUTERS NEED AIRING, " by J a c k Anderson: "Six-foot-seveh Rogers C, B. Morton w i l l be installed in the I n t e r i o r Department n e x t month like a tall C h r i s t m a s t r e e 3 t r u n g w i t h g l i t t e r i n g baub3.es from the special interests, "As Republican N a t i o n a l Chairman, he r a i s e d money from the polluters and e x p l o i t e r s for t h e GOP campaign c h e s t . He h e l d on t o enough of t h i s campaign g r e e n e r y t o g e t h i m s e l f r e e l e c t e d t o Congress, "Now t h e o i l , lumber and b i l l - b o c i r d interests a r e c h e e r i n g Morton's appointment a3 I n t e r i o r S e c r e t a r y i n charge o f t h e n a t i o n ' s n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s , p a r k s , r i v e r s and l a k e s . H i s past c o s i n e s s w i t h t h e despoi3.er3 o f n a t u r e , meanw h i l e , should be a i r e d by t h e Senate I n t e r i o r Committee a t h i s c o n f i r m a t i o n h e a r i n g s , " The statement goes on: "•••Morton a l s o p i c k e d u p $250 from S p i r o s Skouras, a s h i p p i n g tycoon, whose f r e i g h t e r s �602 and t a n k e r s h e l p f o u l t h e w a t e r s end beaches t h a t t h e I n t e r i o r Department i s supposed t o p r o t e c t from o i l s p i l l s . '''•''••h a m i a b l e , 250-pound g i a n t has u s u a l l y •••••''Te put h i s mouth where h i s money i s . He has b a t t l e d a g a i n s t a i r p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l , upheld t h e o i l dep l e t i o n allowance and v o t e d w i t h t h e b i l l b o a r d lobby t o knock out highway b e a u t i f i c a t i o n f u n d s , "The League of Conservation V o t e r s c l a i m s Morton has v o t e d wrong, o r n o t v o t e d a t a l l , on j u s t about e v e r y c o n s e r v a t i o n f o r e t h e Bouse. i s s u e t h a t h a s come be- He was s o u n i n t e r e s t e d i n I n t e r i o r a f f a i r s t h a t he gave up membership on the House I n t e r i o r Committee t o s e r v e on t h e Ways and Means Committee, "Morton's o f f i c e t o l d u s t h a t 'Rog has t a k e n nothing w i t h s t r i n g s attached. c He 1 1 go i n t o t h i s I n t e r i o r j o b a s f r e e a s t h e mountain . air, 0 The spokesman reminded us t h a t we had r a i s e d a b i g r u c k u s o v e r W a l t e r H i c k e l ' s nomination. Despite hi3 t i e s w i t h the de3poiler3, he t u r n e d out t o be t h e b e s t I n t e r i o r S e c r e t a r y s i n c e the l a t e Harold I c k e s , " How much land acreage i s going i n t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e Freeway through Spout Run? �603 MR, SNEAD: As f a r a s the c o n s t r u c t i o n , i n c l u d i n g the h i k i n g and b i k i n g t r a i l s a l o n g t h e f r i n g e a r e a , 3 1 6 Q acreSo MRS, WORRIS: How much o f t h e acreage i s p a r k l a n d ? And how much i s p r i v a t e l y owned? I s i t a l l p a r k l a n d ? NR. SNEAD: I t ' s a l l parkland 0 31.6 a c r e s i s parkland, MRS, WORRIS: 1 s e e . T h a t ' s a l l . Thank y c u , BEARING OFFICER DUGASi MR. A I R I S : Thank you, Mr. W o r r i s . Thank you. THE AUDIENCE: (applause) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: I have been requested now by a t l e a s t two o r t h r e e people who have been l i s t e d on t h e agenda f o r approximate t i m e s f o r p r e s e n t a t i o n s . Now, I am prepared t o s i t here a l l n i g h t , I t h i n k out o f c o u r t e s y t o those who have appeared here and who have w r i t t e n i n and r e q u e s t e d t i m e s and have been g i v e n t i m e s , t h i s i s going t o have t o be r e q u e s t e d from each o f t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s , an a p p r o x i mation of how much time i t would t a k e -~ t h a t we ought t o w i t h i n some bounds of p r o p r i e t y , s t a y w i t h i n t h e time l i m i t . Now I am prepared t o s i t here but a p p a r e n t l y t h e r e a r e those who are n o t , A SPEAKER: Mr. Dugas? HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: A SPEAKER: Yes? I asked f o r t e n minutes l a s t n i g h t and �I used twenty—one m i n u t e s . You have been v e r y k i n d , and I a p p r e c i a t e i t , I want t o make i t a p a r t o f t h e r e c o r d . Mr. and Mrs. H a t c h i n g s , Mr a f o r f a m i l y r e a s o n s , and B i s l o p , f o r h e a l t h r e a s o n s , c o u l d n ' t he here t o n i g h t and a s k e d me t o convey a message f o r them. F i r s t of a l l , C a p t a i n C u r t i s asked me t o convey a message f o r t h e a s s o c i a t i o n HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: I am n o t s u r e t h a t I under- s t a n d what you a r e s a y i n g . A SPEAKER: cooperation F i r s t o f a l l , 1 w i l l thank you f o r t h e yesterday. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: A SPEAKER: Mr, and Mrs. Hatchings I understand t h a t . And make t h a t a p a r t o f t h e r e c o r d . and Mr. H i s l o p c o u l d n ' t be h e r e , HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Y e s , I understand t h a t . What i s i t t h a t you a r e a s k i n g me t o do? A SPEAKER: 'oaople. To r e l i n q u i s h t e n minutes t o t h r e e C a p t a i n C u r t i s asked me t o convey a message , HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Captain C u r t i s has a l r e a d y spoken. A SPEAKER: Y e s , he a s k e d me t o convey a message from t h e a s s o c i a t i o n o f w h i c h he i s a member; he f o r g o t t o do itc A p h y s i c i s t . D r . Fernando, and Mr. Springman, and I t h i n k I can commit them t o not more t h a n 10 minutes. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: I am a f r a i d I won't be a b l e t o do t h a t , d o c t o r . �505 A SPEAKER: I would l i k e t o i n q u i r e through t h e C h a i r , Mr. Chairman, does t h i s gentleman propose o r i s he a s k i n g of t h e C h a i r t o r e c o g n i z e w i t n e s s e s who were not a s s i g n e d time t o appear here t h i s evening? HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: A SPEAKER: procedure, That i s c o r r e c t . I f so, 1 strenuously object t o t h i s s i r , inasmuch a s I f o l l o w e d t h e procedure by t h e Mayor and C o u n c i l . setforth I asked f o r a n assignment. I was g i v e n an assignment f o r 9:30 - from 9:30 t o 9:40, s i r . I r e s p e c t f u l l y r e q u e s t t h e C h a i r t o f o l l o w t h e time a s s i g n e d me a s n e a r l y a s he p o s s i b l y can. I o b j e c t t o anyone who h a s not been a s s i g n e d a time* p r e c e d i n g me. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: MR. CURTIN: A SPEAKER: Curtin. Your name, s i r ? John J . C u r t i n , J r e sir. Maybe t h e gentleman misunderstood me. These people had a s s i g n e d t i m e . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: when we g e t t o them,, s i r . A SPEAKER; They w i l l have an o p p o r t u n i t y I am going t o f o l l o w t h e agenda. They a r e n o t here now. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: I am s o r r y * Mr. and Mr3. Hutchings a r e n o t h e r e , d o c t o r . A SPEAKER: Yes; yes. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: i Mr. H i s i o p a t t h i s t i m e . A SPEAKER* And I am going t o pass on t o I s Mr. H i s l o p h e r e ? No, he asked me t o speak f o r him. �HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: t o L o u i s S. Clapper^, D o c t o r , Then I am going t o move on When we f i n i s h t h i s l i s t you may come i n and speak on t h e i r b e h a l f „ A SPEAKER: 1" have t o l e a v e , HEARING OFFICER DUGASi Tomorrow we w i l l make a d d i t i o n a l time f o r you, s i r , A SPEAKER: Not f o r me, Mr. Dugas. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: and Mr. F o r Mr. and Mrs. Hutchings Eislop. A SPEAKER: Yes. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: We w i l l make time f o r them tomorrow. I w i l l now h e a r from Mr. C l a p p e r . We a r e r u n n i n g a t l e a s t an hour behind t i m e . A SPEAKER: I c a n ' t make i t tomorrow? t h e y c a n ' t make i t tomorrow, HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Then we w i l l make i t on T h u r s d a y t h e n , Doctor, whenever you make i t , because I am going t o be h e r e i f i t t a k e s u n t i l C h r i s t m a s . Come r i g h t on, Mr. C l a p p e r , WHEREUPON, MR. LOUIS S. CLAPPER, NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION, APPROACHED THE PODIUM, AND T E S T I F I E D , IN SUBSTANCE, AS FOLLOWS: MR. CLAPPER: (THE AUDIENCE: I hope I w i l l not be, s i r . laughter)5 �607 MR. CLAPPER: Mr. Chairman, I am L o u i s S. C l a p p e r , C o n s e r v a t i o n D i r e c t o r f o r the N a t i o n a l W i l d l i f e F e d e r a t i o n Which has i t s n a t i o n a l h e a d q u a r t e r s a t 1412 N. W„, i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia. Sixteenth Street, Ours i s a p r i v a t e , non- p r o f i t o r g a n i s a t i o n which seeks t o a t t a i n c o n s e r v a t i o n g o a l s through e d u c a t i o n a l means. The F e d e r a t i o n ha3 independent a f f i l i a t e d groups i n a l l 50 s t a t e s and the V i r g i n Islands. These A f f i l i a t e s , i n t u r n , a r e made up of l o c a l groups and i n d i v i d u a l s who, when combined w i t h a s s o c i a t e members and o t h e r s u p p o r t e r s of t h e N a t i o n a l W i l d l i f e t i o n number an e s t i m a t e d 2h m i l l i o n Federa- persons. As one of the a m i c i curae i n the case of the D.C. F e d e r a t i o n of C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s , e t a l v . John A . Volpa et e i l , i n t h e "Three S i s t e r s B x i d g e " c a s e , we a r e e x c e e d i n g l y p3.eased t o have t h i s i n v i t a t i o n and o p p o r t u n i t y t o comment and e x p r e s s our v i e w s on t h e e f f e c t s of t h i s proposed f a c i l i t y and i t s approaches i n V i r g i n i a and t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. As we have contended, we a r e of the f i r m b e l i e f t h a t S e c t i o n 3.28(a) of T i t l e 23 o f t h e U. S. Code r e q u i r e s p u b l i c h e a r i n g s t o be h e l d t o c o n s i d e r t h e impact of t h e b r i d g e p r o j e c t on t h e environment a s w e l l as. i t s c o n s i s t e n c e w i t h the g o a l s and j e c t i v e s of urban p l a n n i n g * b r i d g e c o n s t r u c t i o n was ob- We have been convinced t h a t the i n i t i a t e d b e f o r e t h e s e r e q u i r e d hearing:: ware h e l d and a r e u n l a w f u l . Consequently, we a r e p l e a s e d t h a t we a r e now b e i n g g i v e n t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o e x p r e s s our v i e w s . �b o t h on l o c a t i o n and Our ing type. design,, concern about t h i s s i t u a t i o n i s of a On A p r i l 2, 1968, long-stand- the E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r of the N a t i o n a l W i l d l i f e F e d e r a t i o n , Thomas L„ K i m b a l l , t e s t i f i e d b e f o r e the House Committee on P u b l i c Works t o e x p r e s s the . . :.:>:.':\z ; -, our o::<j-n.ir.ation a g a i n s t a b i l l which d i r e c t e d >; the c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge and highways " n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g interstate any p r o v i s i o n s of lav/ or c o u r t c i s i o n or a d m i n i s t r a t i v e action t o the c o n t r a r y . " statement, Mr. K i m b a l l posed t h i s q u e s t i o n : de- In that " F i r s t , while everyone i s i n t e r e s t e d , i n moving people i n and out of the Distrit of Columbia w i t h the g r e a t e s t speed, comfort, and safety,, why i s t h i s highway system b e i n g pushed a t breakneck speed when the r a p i d t r a n s i t system i s j u s t g e t t i n g s t a r t e d ? " L a t e r , when the Senate c o n s i d e r e d a conference committee r e p o r t on t h e F e d e r a l A i d Highway A c t of 1968, important l e g i s l a t i v e h i s t o r y was made i n t h a t body. Mike M a n s f i e l d (Mont.) e x p r e s s e d h i s concerning Sen. saying: " I am not c o n v i n c e d t h a t members of t h e Congress a r e t h e proper ones t o be p l a n n i n g and d i c t a t i n g the c o n s t r u c t i o n of highways and freeways i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia." t o a q u e s t i o n , Sen. J e n n i n g s Randolph, W. -Also, i n response Va,, Chairman of the Senate Committee on P u b l i c Works, d e c l a r e d . . ."There w i l l no encroachment on G l o v e r - A r c h i b o l d On November 15, 1968, Park." i n a l e t t e r t o the F e d e r a l be �GO y Highway A d m i n i s t r a t o r i n response t o proposed additions t o T i t l e 23, CFR, proposed r e g u l a t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o the p u b l i c p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n the l o c a t i o n and d e s i g n s of highways f i n a n c e d i n p a r t by F e d e r a l f u n d s , our o r g a n i z a t i o n e x p r e s s e d the b e l i e f t h a t " a l l t o o o f t e n , highway p l a n n e r s make d e c i s i o n s w i t h o u t g i v i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n s t o any o t h e r v a l u e s , " We a l s o p o i n t e d out t h a t soma highway p l a n n e r s appear t o d e l i b e r a t e l y seek out p u b l i c l y - o w n e d l a n d s , e s p e c i a l l y undeveloped n a t u r a l a r e a s , a s r o u t e f o r roads, i n a d e s i r e t o keep l a n d a c q u i s i t i o n c o s t s a t a minimum,. As a consequence o f t h e s e a t t i t u d e s and o p i n i o n s , we e x p r e s s e d our support of t h e two~step h e a r i n g pro^ cedure on both t h e c o r r i d o r o r l o c a t i o n of a highway and/or p e r t i n e n t f a c i l i t i e s such a s b r i d g e s and on design a f t e r a r o u t e has been determined. I n l i g h t of t h e f o r e g o i n g , Mr, Chairman, we b e l i e v e t h a t t h e r e c o r d i s c l e a r and complete about our l o n g - s t a n d i n g b e l i e f t h a t t h e s e p u b l i c h e a r i n g s s h o u l d have been h e l d a t a much e a r l i e r t i m e . As a c o n s e r v a t i o n o r g a n i z a t i o n i n t e r e s t e d i n p r e s e r v a t i o n of t h e environment, our p r i m a r y concern i n t h i s case has be**a about p r e s e r v a t i o n of t h e environment, our p r i m a r y concern i n t h i s case has been about p r e s e r v a t i o n of n a t u r a l a r e a s and h i s t o r i c locations. As we see i t , few p l a c e s i n t h e e n t i r e 'world can even e q u a l t h e r e c o r d of p r e s e r v i n g o u t s t a n d i n g park l a n d s and h i s t o r i c l o c a t i o n s i n t h e manner p r e s e n t l y e x i s t i n g �610 i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and i t s e n v i r o n s i n V i r g i n i a and Maryland, H i s t o r i c a l p l a c e s and n a t u r a l a r e a s w i t h h i g h l y important n a t i o n a l s i g n i f i c a n c e a r e l o c a t e d a l o n g t h e e n t i r e Washington w a t e r f r o n t , e x t e n d i n g from C h a i r n B r i d g e past Georgetown, a l o n g t h e L i n c o l n Memorial a r e a , and i n t h e T i d a l Basin region. Many a d d i t i o n a l roads and t u n n e l s and approaches are t i e d i n w i t h an ambitious "major throughway p l a n " w h i c h has been a l t e r e d and r e v i s e d e x t e n s i v e l y , w i t h parkways r e p l a c ing i n t e r s t a t e highways i n some i n s t a n c e s . Of c o u r s e , a b r i d g e a c r o s s t h e Potomac i n t h e s o - c a l l e d "Three S i s t e r s i s a k e y f a c i l i t y f o r a n y highway p l a n o f t h i s Area" sort. O p p o s i t i o n t o t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge h a s been e x p r e s s e d f o r a t l e a s t a decade, i n my p e r s o n a l memory. spread o p p o s i t i o n was e x p r e s s e d Wide- i n public hearings held i n 1964 and t h i s sentiment came from c i t i z e n groups i n both V i r g i n i a and t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, opposition was recorded informal p o l l . Again* overwhelming i n 1969 when v o t e r s r e j e c t e d i t i n an Then, a s now, c i t i z e n s e x p r e s s e d t h e concern t h a t t h e p r o j e c t w i l l damage and i m p a i r t h e b e a u t i f u l v i e w upstream from Georgetown? one o f t h e unique s c e n i c a s s e t s w h i c h a l l o w s Washington t o be i n t h e f o r e f r o n t o f a l l n a t i o n a l c a p i t a ] i n beauty. Through approaches, c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e bridge woulc d e s t r o y park l a n d r i c h i n r e c r e a t i o n a l and e i u c a t i o n a l v a l u e s . Despite assurances t o t h e c o n t r a r y , ramps i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia would pose a d i s t i n c t t h r e a t t o t h e unique G l o v e r - �A r c h i b a l d Park and an important r e s i d e n t i a l r e g i o n nearby. As we i n d i c a t e d e a r l i e r , we a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n moving people t o and from t h e innermost p a r t s o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia w i t h t h e g r e a t e s t e a s e — b u t w i t h o u t damaging o t h e r values. As a consequence, we a r e o f t h e f i r m opiiion t h a t t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e p r o p o s a l and t h e a t t e n d a n t highway* system s h o u l d not be c o n s t r u c t e d u n t i l t h e mass r a p i d t r a n s i t mode o f o p e r a t i o n i s g i v e n an o p p o r t u n i t y t o meet t h e s e needs. V7e a l l know of t h e g r e a t t h r e a t s t o human h e a l t h and s a f e t y w h i c h a r e posed by a i r p o l l u t i o n r e s u l t i n g from a u t o e m i s s i o n s and i t i s our u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t t h e Congress, p r i o r t o adjournment this y e a r , probably W i l l s e t an e a r l y d e a d l i n e f o r t h e achievement of c e r t a i n s t a n d a r d s on t h e c u r t a i l m e n t o f a u t o e m i s s i o n s . However* i t would seem i l l - a d v i s e d a t t h i s t i m e t o begin c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a s y s t e m w h i c h w i l l b r i n g even more a u t o m o b i l e s i n t o the downtown Washington, D„ C„ a r e a a t a time when s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s b e i n g g i v e n t o r e d u c i n g a i r p o l l u t i o n from automobile engines. F i n a l l y , we a r e d i s t r e s s e d and concerned about r e p o r t s i n the metropolitan press which i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e p r o j e c t and a t t e n d a n t highways a r e b e i n g f o r c e d upon t h e D i s t r i c t by some members o f the Congress a s a means o f g e t t i n g t h e mass t r a n s i t s y s t e m . I f these press r e - p o r t s a r e a c c u r a t e , nowhere e l s e i n our e x p e r i e n c e h a s a c i t y been f a c e d w i t h such a b a l d attempt a t d i r e c t i n g i t s program �612 and we a r e o f t h e s t r o n g o p i n i o n t h a t t h i s c a s e , l i k e a l l o t h e r s , should be decided upon i t s m e r i t s r a t h e r than on what t y p e s o f p o l i t i c a l p r e s s u r e s t h e highway lobby can g e n e r a t e . I n t h i s r e s p e c t * i t i s our e x p e c t a t i o n t o d e v e l o p a nationwide campagin t o i n f o r m c i t i z e n s throughout t h e c o u n t r y of t h i s important and p r e c e d e n t - s e t t i n g problem. We o f f e r our thanks f o r t h e o p p o r t u n i t y of e x p r e s s i n g these viewpoints, HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: THE AUDIENCE: Thank you, Mr. C l a p p e r , (applause) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Mrs. Hubbard? WHEREUPON, MRS. HARRIET B, HUBBARD, C i t i z e n r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e 19th S t r e e t A s s o c i a t i o n , Approached t h e podium and t e s t i f i e d , i n substance MRS, HUBBARD: as fellows: You know, when you speak about t h e p r e s s u r e t h a t i s b e h i n d p u t t i n g t h i s freeway up,. I d i d a l i t t l e r e s e a r c h i n t o t h e r e a l e s t a t e v a l u e s out i n t h i 3 a r e a , out i n F a i r f a x County and Loudon Countyy A r l i n g t o n County. a l l might remember when t h e s o - c a l l e d was passed. Remember f F R E E - H I L L AMENDMENT t h a t was a c o u r t d e c i s i o n w h i c h a l l o w e d the ' s u b d i v i s i o n s t o be made i n a d i f f e r e n t way. about March 1959, You T h a t was I have some f i g u r e s t h a t I got out o f t h e f i l e s out t h e r e t h a t show t h a t between 1960 and 1966 some o f t h e p r o p e r t y i n F a i r f a x County c l o s e t o Route 66 h a s i n c r e a s e d �one thousand p e r c e n t i n v a l u e , w i t h o u t a n y t h i n g h a v i n g been b u i l t on i t a t a l l . So, t h a t ' s w o r t h a l o t of h a r d hearings« worth a l o t of pushing* Beyond t h a t , t h e r e i s Loudon C o u n t y , P r i n c e W i l l i a m County, and t h e d e v e l o p e r s out there when you l o o k t o see who t h e y a r e : S t e w a r t D u B e l l ; a n i people w h o were on t h e F a i r f a x County Board o f S u p e r v i s o r s . been p r o s e c u t e d f o r c o n f l i c t cf familiar Virginia of i n t e r e s t . Some of thera have They are quite a lot names t h a t a r e i n our r o t a r y file as owners of D i s t r i c t p r o p e r t y . And i t l e a d s me to believe t h a t somewhere i n o u r D i s t r i c t G o v e r n m e n t , a s I have reason t o have noted before i n my c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h t h e District G o v e r n ment, t h a t t h e y a r e i n f l u e n c e d b y o t h e r considerations than What you might c a l l p u b l i c g o o d . Mr. Dugas, A n d you know that's t r u e , Or t h e a b s o l u t e application - rigorous a p p l i c a - t i o n o f t h e laws o f t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a , Now the pressure I t h i n k behind b u i l d i n g a l l t h i s stuff is really not highway l o b b i e s or a n y t h i n g like t h a t . It comes from the landowners e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e landowners r i g h t around the District of Columbia where like enormous inflation has o c c u r r e d . W e have the h i g h e s t inflation o f r e a l estate of anywhere in the entire country, and t h a t ' s where the pressure is coming f r o m . N o w , N r . A i r i s , you w o r k , for the District of C o l u m b i a c You d o not w o r k f o r a n y b o d y in the c o u n t i e s , and I think that a person w h o t h i n k s that t h e D i s t r i c t needs t h e s e freeways should have h i 3 head examined. �614 MRS. HUBBARD: out These people v/ho a r e coming i n and o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia do n o t spend t h e i r money there„ When you see what t h e Mayor w i l l l i s t e n t o sometimes about improving t h e t a x base o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia• t h e k i n d of t h i n g s he okays on t h e z o n i n g commission? t h e l i t t l e stories lie h e a r about how somebody i s f o r c i n g Mr. A i r i s t o accommodate the automobile. I n t h e case o f McClean Garden^, f o r example the two and a h a l f p e r c e n t mortgage t h a t t h e y had on t h a t t h i n g , w h i c h t h e y got — they p r a c t i c a l l y government f o r n o t h i n g . u got i t from t h e I t doesn't even e x p i r e u n t i l 1975. A l l t h e s e t h i n g s you know t h e c i t i z e n s a r e l o o k i n g a t and wondering what c u r government i s r e a l l y t r y i n g t o do t o u s . I would hope t h a t a l l o f t h e o f f i c i a l s o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia would t h i n k o f n o t h i n g but t h e good of t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. The r e a s o n why we a r e going bankrupt i n our c i t y i s because t h e money t h a t i s e a r n e d t h e r e i s not spent t h e r e and i t w i l l n o t be spent t h e r e a s long a s our t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n s a r e a l l designed t c t a k e t h e people who have a l o t o f money out i n t h e c o u n t r y and t o l e a v e t h e people i n town who j u s t don't have t h a t much. I think right i n s i d e t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia - t h e D i v i s i o n o f P r o p e r t y T a x e s and t h e a s s e s s m e n t s i s n o t r i g h t • you r e a l l y have t o do a l o t o f t h i n k i n g down t h e r e i n t h e D i s t r i c t about how t o c o r r e c t t h a t s i t u a t i o n , but we do n o t need t h i s freeway. I f I �were t o read you here a l i s t of t h e names t h a t I got out of t h e p r o p e r t y r o s t e r s , you would see some f a m i l i a r ones. THB REPORTER: for Would you s p e l l t h e c o m p l i c a t e d ones the record. MRS. HUBBARD: THE REPORTER: MRS. HUBBARD; i s j u s t too embarrassing. What? S p e l l them f o r t h e r e c o r d . Oh, I am not going t o r e a d them. How, It i f you a l l o w t h e b r i d g e t o be b u i l t o r encourage i t t o be bui3.t you w i l l be a d d i n j t o the p o l l u t i o n problem o f t h e Potomac R i v e r . When you l o o k out i n t o t h i s prob3.em of c u r i o u s way out h e r e i n V i r g i n i a t h a t t h e y have t h e i r s a n i t a r y d i s t r i c t s * you j u s t look a t S a n i t a r y D i s t r i c t #12* f o r example, where t h e sewage goes i n t h e Occaquan Creek* and a l l t h e i r sewer bond performances at cut - one p o i n t 7 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s * and e v e r y t h i n g e l s e t h e y had i n F a i r f a x County, you w i l l see t h a t anyone who enables t h e s e people out i n t h e suburbs t o make t h e s e enormous p r o f i t s on t h e i r r e a l e s t a t e w i t h o u t h a v i n g done a n y t h i n g a t a l l e x c e p t t r a d e d among themselves* t h e y w i l l b u i l d and get t h o s e sewer taps. A l o t of t h a t s t u f f goes i n t o t h e B l u e P l a i n s P l a n t and i t h e l p s t o p o l l u t e t h e Potomac R i v e r . As y s u know, t h e r e i 3 a l o t of our sewage system w h i c h h a s n ' t been completed. o r d e r t o r e a l i z e t h a t a l l of t h i s money went on t h e l a n d t h a t money back t h e y have t o b u i l d . In c t o get I f you p r o v i d e t h e t r a n s - p o r t a t i o n , w i t h t h e automobile, t h e n t h e y w i l l be a b l e t o b u i l d �Then we w i l l have more p o l l u t i o n , and t h e Potomac R i v e r w i l l be worse t h a n i t i s now. The o t h e r t h i n g : Occaquan C r e e k w i l l be r u i n e d . None o f t h e s e p l a n s , t h e f r e e w a y , o r t h e sewage p l a n t s , have been c o o r d i n a t e d w i t h t h e power situation in this area. We a r e s i c k and t i r e d i n t h e District of C o l u m - b i a o f b e i n g t h r e a t e n e d by a power s h o r t a g e : that w e c a n ' t have e l e c t r i c i t y , we c a n t do t h i s , , wu c a n ' t d o t h a t ; there's c something wrong w i t h t h e o i l around h e r e ; t h e y can't get e n o u g h How a n y b o d y in the o i l , t h e y c a n ' t g e t enough e l e c t r i c i t y . D i s t r i c t o f Columbia t h a t wants t o h e l p t h e Nation's C a p i t o l can u t t e r l y promote suburban development, before these q u e s t i o n s o f p o l l u t i o n and power have been s o l v e d , I just don't understands The same t h i n g a p p l i e s t o t h e w a t e r s u p p l y . i s no p r o v i s i o n f o r a l l t h i s development. There If you look a t the z o n i n g p l a n s and s e a t h e amount of acreage fiat h a s been r e zoned. On t h e h a s i 3 o f t h e r e s o n i n g , m o n e y h a s b e e n l e n t ; people have t r u s t s ; t h e y a r e getting a p p r a i s e r s a n d going t o i n s u r a n c e companies t o t r y and get the m o n e y for b u i l d i n g . T h e y j u s t cannot do t h a t i f t h e y don't have the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . If you a l l o w them t o have a n y k i n d of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , t h e y w i l l be able to g e t this money t h a t makes the pollution problem w o r s e ; i t makes our w a t e r shortage g r e a t e r . A n d I h o p s if you are really devoted t o t h e interests of the District of Columbia you w i l l n o t encourage t h i s . W e a r o just sick in t i r e d i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f h e a r i n g about a l l t h e s h o r t a g e s . �617 The o t h e r t h i n g i s t h e c u r i o u s i n a b i l i t y o f t h e D i s t r i c t Government, our F e d e r a l Government, t o keep t o some of t h e i r s t a t e d agreements t h a t t h e y have made i n t h e p a s t . F o r example, when t h e y put i n D u l l e s A i r p o r t i t was said «— t h e FHA —- t h a t t h e y would n o t f i n a n c e a n y l o u s i n g t h a t was n o t w i t h i n a c e r t a i n d i s t a n c e a w a y from t h o s e c c n e s where p l a n e s come i n . 0 you know,. However, t h e y a r e , s o you find right now t h a t you a r e going t o c r e a t e a n o t h e r situation out there around D u l l e s A i r p o r t somewhat s i m i l a r t o t h e one that i 3 around N a t i o n a l A i r p o r t . A s you n o t i c e , t h e citizens are suing Hat i o n a 1 A i r p o r t . BEARING OFFICER DUGAS: M r s . Hubbard„ could w e conclude i t i n about t h r e e m i n u t e s ? MRS, HUBBARD: 3*8, you certainly c a n . T h e other t h i n g I would l i k e t o a s k you,. M r . Dugas*. if you are going t o communicate a n y o f t h i s t o t h e Mayor? c i t i z e n s f o r a long* You know a l l o f u s long time have w a n t e d t o a m a p , a big map t h a t h a s on i t t h e subway, t h e bus system^ a n d the freeway s y s t e m , a l l on one reap i n t h e D i s t r i c t , a n d we have n e v e r been a b l e t o f i n d such a m a p , I wonder if t h e M a y o r h a s the power t o a s k M r . A i r i s t o prepare such a m a p for the citizens? We would l i k e t o see our t r a n s p o r t a t i o n — a thing that p s called "a b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system,." a i l put on one m a p s o w e can really s e e what i t l o o k s l i k e . When I asked the people in your o f f i c e • he s a i d he had one t h a t was mace just for himself �618 and i t was n o t o f f i c i a l * and he d i d n ' t have a n y c o p i e s . I t does n o t have t h e bus s y s t e m on i t , MR, A I R I S : Mrs. Hubbard* t h e n e x t time you a r e i n my o f f i c e I w i l l show you a map t h a t h a s t h e o v e r l a y s o f t h e various transportation features, MRS, HUBBARD: We want i t a l l i n i n hundreds and hundreds o f c o p i e s * s o we c a n show i t toe^ezybody t o s e e what b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n r e a l l y mean3. We c a n ' t even g e t around i n o u r c i t y and we want t o s e e where t h e " b a l a n c e " r e a l l y i s e and t h e bank b a l a n c e , HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: THE AUDIENCE: Thank you, Mrs. Hubbard. (applause) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Mr. Morten? WHEREUPONo MR. JOHN MORTEN, GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY, CREW TEAM* APPROACHED THE PODIUM AND T E S T I F I E D , IE SUBSTANCE * AS FOLLOWS: MR, MORTEN: e F i r s t o f a l l , my name i s John Morton* and i t s s p e l l e d M o r t o n * a s i n t h e s a l t company - n o t n e c e s s a r i l y t h e former Congressman* and a l s o t h e George Washington U n i v e r s i t y "Crew" n o t "Crew Teanu" Anyway, I am t h e A s s i s t a n t Coach a t George Washington f o r t h e crew, I have been a t GW s i n c e 1965* and have rode on t h i s r i v e r f o r f i v e y e a r s a s a c o l l e g e s t u d e n t * and I have rode s e v e r a l t i m e s a s a h i g h s c h o o l s t u d e n t competing a g a i n s t t h e a r e a h i g h s c h o o l s . �619 So, I f e e l I know t h e r i v e r p r e t t y w e l l . A c t u a l l y , X only have two p o i n t s t o make, a s s p e c i f i c a l l y our p o s i t i o n a p p l i e s to the bridge. F i r s t o f a l l , t h e 6 span a l t e r n a t e i s r e a l l y r a t h e r u n a c c e p t a b l e a s f a r a s crew i s concerned i n t h e Washington Metropolitan area. P r i n c i p a l l y , because of point one: the h a z a r d s i n v o l v e d f o r t h e oarsman-^namelyt, t h e a i r p o l l u t i o n t h a t might be i n v o l v e d i n t h a t a r e a . enough. The a i r p l a n e s a r e A l s o , t h e h a z a r d s t o navigations, w h i c h a c t u a l l y are more Important a s f a r a s t h e b r i d g e i t s e l f is c o n c e r n e d . With t h e 6 span a l t e r n a t e t h e r e w i l l be abutment r i g h t in the middle o f t h e r i v e r , a s you c a n s e e t h e r e . The t h e o r y is that w e feel t h a t t h i s w i l l cause a s u f f i c i e n t amount o f funneling, a s far a s t h e c u r r e n t i s concerned i n t h a t a r e a . I n t h e s p r i n g time t h e c u r r e n t is pretty b a d . In many c a s e s , sometimes a f t e r t h e m e l t i n g of t h e snow and the r a i n * and what n o t , i n t h e s p r i n g . t o p i c k up i n t h e s p r i n g . S o the current d o e s begin I n addition t o t h e fact that you have got t h i s o b s t a c l e r i g h t t h e r e i n t h e middle of the r i v e r . But we a r e n o t r e a l l y t o o s u r e what t h e e f f e c t w i l l b e , b u t w e do know t h a t t h e c u r r e n t w i l l be sped u p considerably* on the Virginia shore p a r t i c u l a r l y . And, a s I s a i d , during t h e s p r i n g t h i s w i l l be more e v i d e n t t h a n at a n y other t i m e . P o i n t Number Two: As f a r a s t h e course is c o n c e r n e d , I t h i n k t h i s w i l l be d e l v e d i n t o i n more d e t a i l later on this e v e n i n g b y a n o t h e r gentleman who t e s t i f i e s a s f a r a s the crews �320 are concerned. So* I w i l l d e f e r d e t a i l s on t h e course t o hira. W i t h t h e s i x span a l t e r n a t e , i t w i l l reduce the number of l a n e s i n t h e course from s i x t o f o u r ? and t h a t ' s a c o n s i d e r a b l e d i s advantage. Most crew c o u r s e s a r e s i x l a n e s ; a t l e a s t on t h e e a s t c o a s t * P h i l a d e l p h i a , and h a s been t h a t case h e r e * and a l s o i n some o t h e r a r e a s . There a r e t h r e e c o u r s e s f o r c o l l e g e s . A c o l l e g e course i s a m i l e and a q u a r t e r long* a s i t i s h e r e (indicating) , :..:.l the ;c i s an upstream c o u r s e , a middle c o u r s e , and a downstream course. The upstream and t h e middle course w i l l a f f e c t e d by t h i s b r i d g e . be As I say,, t h e r e ' s an abutment, and the s i x span a l t e r n a t e w i l l be i n t h e middle and e l i m i n a t e two o f t h o s e lanes« now, will As f a r a s any v i a b l e a l t e r n a - t i v e , a s f a r a s c o u r s e s a r e concerned* a s opposed t o t h e one a l r e a d y t o a l l o w u s t o have s i x l a n e s * i t ' s not v i a b l e a t a l l anywhere e l s e i n t h e r i v e r f o r anybody t h a t knows t h e r i v e r , t h a t t h i s i s about t h e o n l y s t r a i g h t way we have got h e r e , and i t i s u s e a b l e , e x c e p t of course down r i v e r , f u r t h e r down from Theodore R o o s e v e l t Island«-however, i n t h a t a r e a i t ' s v e r y u n a c c e s s i b i e from t h e v a r i o u s boat houses„ I t can be done, but a t t h e 3ame time* you have got a l o t of r i v e r t r a f f i c which p r e s e n t s q u i t e an i n c o n v e n i e n c e s i n c e t h e r i v e r i s not p a t r o l l a < a d e q u a t e l y enough anyway. Of c o u r s e you have problems w i t h marking down t h e r e * s p e c t a t o r s * and what n o t . T h i r d l y , t h i 3 i s p r e t t y important t o u s , because a s �62 1 f a r a s t h e c o l l e g e s a r e concerned p a r t i c u l a r l y we a r e t r y i n g t o b r i n g more r e g a t t a s h e r e t o t h e Washington a r e a . Parti- c u l a r l y we a r e concerned w i t h t h e r e g a t t a s i n t h e s p r i n g t i m e , the C h e r r y Blossom Regatta,, w h i c h we a r e t y i n g i n t o f o r t h e t h i r d y e a r w i t h t h e C h e r r y Blossom F e s t i v a l * and we a r e t r y i n g t o a t t r a c t a s many c r e w s a s p o s s i b l e t o make t h i s a major e v e n t e a r l y i n t h e crew s e a s o n . A l s o * t h e a r e a championships w h i c h do come about u s u a l l y i n t h e f i r s t 'weekend* i n May? a l s o i t has been expanding t o i n c l u d e more crews i n t h e a r e a s t h a n previously. I n t h e i n t e r e s t o f "crew" t h i s s i x span a l t e r n a t e p a r t i c u l a r l y w i l l n o t be t e r r i b l y advantageous f o r any k i n d of e x p a n s i o n , and c e r t a i n l y a s f a r a s i t would l i m i t t h e c o u r s e l a n e s from s i x t o f o u r , i t would be an i n c o n v e n i e n c e . o v e r , t h e problem o f h a z a r d , More- I have not r e a l l y d e l v e d i n t o e x - t e n s i v e l y , h u t I assume b y t h e 10-day l i m i t we s h o u l d have a w r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t i n somewhat more s p e c i f i c s on what t h e hazard;*; w i l l be t h a t a r e p r e s e n t e d t o u s . The t h i n g t h a t d i s t u r b s me p r i n c i p a l l y i s t h i s unknown e f f e c t i t w i l l produce on t h e c u r r e n t because i t i s r a t h e r hazardous up t h e r e , a s i t i s * f u r t h e r up t h e r i v e r * and p a r t i c u l a r l y when you people w i l l be doing your dredging and what n o t and h a v i n g a c o n s t r u c t i o n proceeding i t w i l l i n t e r f e r e c o n s i d e r a b l y w i t h t h e crew. I do f e e l t h a t a crew i s a v e r y important a s s e t t o have i n t h e a r e a , and c e r t a i n l y w e l l p r e s e n t e d and w e l l r e p r e s e n t e d as f a r �a s high s c h o o l s f and I f e e l a l s o c o l l e g e s T h a t ' s a l l I have to say. MR. A I R I S : Mr. Chairman, I know t h e time is v e r y l a t a , h u t j u s t would l i k e one v e r y b r i e f l i t t l e q u e s t i o n h e r e . X t a k e i t you f a v o r t h e t h r o e span a l t e r n a t e facility for your crew purposes? MR, MORTENi I n my c a p a c i t y a s a crew coach I w o u l d l i k e t o make a f u r t h e r statement a s f a r a s t h e other bridge i s concernedo B u t a s f a r a s t h e crew is c o n c e r n e d , the six span a l t e r n a t e i s d e f i n i t e l y an impediment t o the sport a n d I w i s h X c o u l d s a y t h e same f o r t h e o t h e r b r i d g e . I t is unknown what a f f e c t t h a t abutment w i l l have on the Virginia side. is f X m y s e l f a m n o t s o sure how far off shore that abutment b u t I am s u r e i t w i l l have some a f f e c t that's due t o t h e current. B u t I w i l l s a y t h i s : it won°t have a n y affect a s f a r a s t h e l a n e s a r e concerned. MRo AXRXS: Thank you. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: T h a n k y o u . Mir. L i d d e l l ? WHEREUPON, MR. DANIEL C c LIDDELL, EMERGENCY C014MITTEE ON THE TRANSPORTATION C R I S I S , APPROACHED THE PODIUM, AND T E S T I F I E D IN SUBSTANCE AS FOLLOWS: MR. LIDDELL: My name i s David L i d d e l l . | 2201 42nd S t r e e t , Northwest. Live a t My bedroom and l i v i n g room look �out on G l o v e r - A r c h i b a l d Park,, which i s a s I understand some t e s t i m o n y t o n i g h t may from soon become a f e e d e r f o r the McClean Gardens Apartment complex t o the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . So, I am one of the l a s t people t o have t h a t view. F o r the r e c o r d , I w i s h t o make i t c l e a r t h a t ray appearance here a s a c i t i z e n a t t h i s forum i n no way c o n s t i t u t e s a r e c o g n i t i o n t h a t t h i s design hearing i s a l e g a l h e a r i n g 0 The P r o v i s i o n s of T i t l e 7 of the D. C„ Code f o r h e a r i n g s have not been met. U n t i l such a time when the pro- v i s i o n s have been met, the Mayor and C o u n c i l cannot legally or more important, e t h i c a l l y decide whether or not the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s t o be designed and b u i l t . problem: One There i s another of the i s s u e s i n the c i t i z e n l a w s u i t b e f o r e the Appeals Court i s the need f o r a n o t h e r h e a r i n g a t a new t i o n f o r any p r o j e c t e d new b r i d g e . loca- T h i s f a c t makes i t p r e - mature t o d i s c u s s the d e s i g n of the b r i d g e . I f , and I hope the time never comes, a l e g a l d e s i g n h e a r i n g i s h e l d , the d e s i g r h e a r i n g on Route 266 should c o n s i d e r the whole p r o j e c t from the i n t e r s e c t i o n w i t h Route 266 i n A r l i n g t o n t o the Potomac Expressway and the s a m l l i n c o n s e q u e n t i a l f e e d e r r o u t e s i n c l u d e i n g the i n e v i t a b l e , G l o v e r - A r c h i b a l d Park Consumer Expressway, the U S t r e e t - N a t c h e r Freeway, and the North C e n t r a l B r o y h i l l Freeway. The whole p r o j e c t must be c o n s i d e r e d b e f o r e we build a b r i d g e t h a t w i l l more e a s i l y a l l o w consumers t o work on K S t r e e t and buy t e a i n Georgetown and more e a s i l y provide t r a n s - �524 p o r t a t i o n f o r D i s t r i c t s l a v e s t o work i n the hunt c o u n t r y of Virginia, The people of t h e D i s t r i c t c e r t a i n l y know t h a t good h e l p i s hard t o come by t h e s e d a y s , f o r t h e people o f t h e D i s t r i c t a r e now r e f u s i n g t o s a y , "We a r e j u s t s h u f f l i n g our 1 f e e t , boss. ' Time i s running o u t , A KTCRQ i s h o p e f u l l y being b u i l t w h i c h w i l l s h i f t the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of people from t h e i r p r i v a t e automobile t o t h e Metro, Even i f you t a k e the p o s i t i o n t h a t another b r i d g e might be needed, and I b a l i e v e a n o t h e r b r i d g e w i l l never be needed i f we keep our p r i o r i t i e s s t r a i g h t , i t has not y e t been determined whether people w i l l s h i f t the c a r t o t h e METRO. from U n t i l t h a t time comes., i t i s e c o n o m i c a l l y e t h i c a l l y i r r e s p o n s i b l e t o t a l k about a d e s i g n f o r t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge, Doesn't i t make much more sense t o ban i n the f u t u r e t h e use o f t h e p r i v a t e automobile a t c e r t a i n t i m e s of t h e day and have people u t i l i z e t o t a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system of subways, buses, and m i n i - b u s e s ? Why do we have t o c l o g our c i t i e s w i t h c a r s , n o i s e and a i r p o l l u t i o n and b u i l d a n o t h e r road f o r the tinst famous p l a n t a t i o n i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia? 8 Wouldn t i t be b e t t e r i f t h e e s t i m a t e d 50 m i l l i o n persons who w i l l be i n D, C, f o r t h e 1976 c e l e b r a t i o n could h a p p i l y w a l k and r i d e mini-buses around t h e c i t y r a t h e r than experiencing f u t u r e shock and a c t i n g out t e r r i t o r i a l a g g r e s s i o n i n p r i v a t e automobiles? Contented, c u r i o u s t o u r i s t s w i l l buy more because t h e y �625 w i l l be f r e e o f t h e a n x i e t y caused by the p r i v a t e automobile. polluting The b e s t bridge Americans w i l l see i n Washington i n 1976 w i l l be Three s m a l l i s l a n d s i n the Potomac R i v e r . They w i l l be happy t h a t Washington came up w i t h such an o r i g i n a l design for a b e a u t i f u l bridge. The people of Washington want t h e p r e s e n t design of the Three S i s t e r s Bridge,, t h e one t h a t i s i n t h e r i v e r now„ The p r e s e n t d e s i g n i s s p o i l e d by a few concrete b l o c k s and dredging machines but t h e s e can be removed, and t h e y w i l l be removed. THE AUDIENCE: MR. LIDDELL: (applause) The people of Washington a r e s a y i n g e m p h a t i c a l l y t o those who govern u s from the marble p l a n t a t i o n houses on P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue, "We a i n ' t s h u f f l i n g our f e e t no more, boss,, " THE AUDIENCE: (applause) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: MR. CURTIN: Mr. Chairman? HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: MR. CURTIN: Thank you. Mr. C u r t i n ? May I l e a v e and a s k the C h a i r ' s p e r - m i s s i o n t o submit my r e p o r t i n w r i t i n g ? HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: You a r e next t o speak, i f you would l i k e t o , Mr<. C u r t i n . , MR. CURTIN? NO; s i r > I t h i n k I have heard enough. Thank you, Mr. Chairman, I w i l l submit my speech. �626 HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Mr, Thank y o u 0 Mr, C u r t i n . Miller? MR a CURTIN: J u s t a moment, Mr 0 Chairman, may I have one l a s t word? HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Yes., Mr, C u r t i n ? WHEREUPON, MR, JOHN Jo CURTIN, J R . , CURTIN AND JOHNSON, I N C , APPROACHED THE PODIUM AND 0 TESTIFIED, IN SUBSTANCE, AS FOLLOWS: MR CURTIN: 0 As I was l e a v i n g the h a l l , s i r , some gentleman i n t h e back of t h e room made t h e remark t h a t I s o l d asphalto I a p p r e c i a t e t h e Chair°s r e c o n s i d e r i n g and would a s k t h a t t h e C h a i r would a l l o w me t o make a v e r y s h o r t s t a t e ment o HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: MRo CURTIN: Thank you, sir„ I s h a l l my name i s John J , C u r t i n . J r Northwest 0 I w i s h you would speak, 0 c Mr, Chairman* I l i v e a t 4800 W S t r e e t , I would f i r s t l i k e t o e x p r e s s ray a p p r e c i a t i o n t o the C h a i r f o r the o p p o r t u n i t y of appearing here t o n i g h t a s a c i t i z e n , and I s t r i c t l y am appearing as a c i t i z e n * would so r e q u e s t t h a t t h e r e c o r d show t h a t , A SPECTATOR: MR, CURTIN: t h i s meeting t o o r d e r ? and I Mr. Chairman? (loud remark) Mr, C h a i r , may I a s k the C h a i r t o c a l l I cannot speak and c o n c e n t r a t e remarks from my r e a r , sir„ with �627 HEARING OFFICER DUCAS: I would hope t h a t t h e C h a i r would not f i n d i t n e c e s s a r y t o a s k t h a t order be k e p t . L e t ' s m a i n t a i n a sense of decorum and a l l o w Mr 0 C u r t i n the opportunity t o speak j u s t a s o t h e r s have been a l l o w e d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y . MR. CURTIN: Thank you k i n d l y , s i r . I am a f o u r t h g e n e r a t i o n Washingtonian, Mr. Chairman, and a s such I am sure t h a t you, s i r , can a p p r e c i a t e t h a t I have a d e s i r e t o see t h e b e a u t i f u l c i t y of Washington kept and m a i n t a i n e d a s w e l l one who h a s appeared b e f o r e you a t t h i s h e a r i n g e i t h e r asany- today, t h i s e v e n i n g o r y e s t e r d a y , o r a n y time i n t h e f u t u r e . I t h i n k i n s p e a k i n g a s a c i t i z e n , s i r , I have t h e r i g h t t o be heard a s I have s a t here f o r over an h o u r 0 as a gentleman, and have heard o t h e r s speak and l i s t e n e d t o t h e i r o p i n i o n s e x p r e s s e d , and I f e e l I have t h e r i g h t t o e x p r e s s mine, s i r , HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: MR. CURTIN: Thank you, s i r . THE AUDIENCE: MR. CURTIN: I agree w i t h you, (applause) Mr. Chairman, i t i s my u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t t h i s h e a r i n g i s being conducted s t r i c t l y f o r d e s i g n on t h i s bridge, I r e s p e c t f u l l y r e q u e s t or s t a t e t o t h e C h a i r I should s a y t h a t I , i n my own p e r s o n a l o p i n i o n a s a c i t i z e n and n o t a s an a s p h a l t peddler a s t h i s gentleman h a s i n d i c a t e d and s a i d . I ' w a s a f r a i d t o t a l k - I am s p e a k i n g a g a i n a s a c i t i z e n s i r , and I would l i k e t o remind t h i s gentleman and t h e o t h e r s i n �628 the room, s i r , t h a t a s a f o u r t h g e n e r a t i o n Washingtonian I v e n t u r e t o s a y t h a t my people were here long b e f o r e h i s e v e r came h e r e , and w i l l be here a f t e r h i s l e a v e . THE AUDIENCE: (applause) MR. CURTIN: Sir? MR. ABBOTTj ( l o u d comments) FEARING OFFICER DUGASs Mr. Abbott, I am not t o have a n y more d i s t u r b a n c e s i n t h i s h a l l . going Now, Mr. C u r t i n i s going t o speak and he i s going t o speak w i t h o u t a n y disturbance. (MR. DUGAS GOT UP FROM HIS SEAT AND APPROACHED AN OFFICER AND ADDRESSED MR. ABBOPT } Now, O f f i c e r , 0 would you come h e r e , p l e a s e . I f I have a n y more d i s t u r b a n c e s from anyone i n the room would you p l e a s e remove them. MRo CURTIN: Thank you. I am h e r e , Mr. Chairman, t o t e l l you t h i s e v e n i n g t h a t i n my p e r s o n a l o p i n i o n the design of t h i s b u i l d i n g s h o u l d be l e f t t o the e n g i n e e r s and t o t h e F i n e A r t s Commission. A g a i n , I r e i t e r a t e , s i r , that I express t h i s as a citizen. I s t a t e d e a r l i e r , Mr. Chairman, t h a t I understood t h i s h e a r i n g was b e i n g h e l d s t r i c t l y f o r the d e s i g n , I , there f o r e , r e q u e s t p e r m i s s i o n o f the C h a i r t o d e v i a t e w i t h my s t a t e ment t o one e x t e n t , i f I may, s i r , and I w i l l t r y my b e s t t o c o n f i n e my remarks s t r i c t l y t o one other v e r y important issue �629 t h a t h a s been brought out b y s e v e r a l o f t h e f o l k s who spoke p r e v i o u s l y t o me t h i s evening. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Mr. C u r t i n , Judge S i r i c a and the Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n have i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e r e a r e 23 f a c t o r s t h a t may go i n t o a d e s i g n h e a r i n g * We have a l l o w e d wide l a t i t u d e , and I c a n ' t imagine t h a t a n y t h i n g you w i l l s a y t h a t w i l l go a n y w i d e r than some o f t h e c o n v a r s a t i o n s I have heard. You have t h e f l o o r , and you may speak on whatever sub- j e c t you d e s i r e . MR. CURTIN: Thank you, Mr Q Chairman. speak s i m p l y on t h e q u e s t i o n of p o l l u t i o n , s i r . I want t o I have g i v e n you my home a d d r e s s , s i r , and I l i v e not t o o f a r from t h e Potomac R i v e r . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Might I suggest, s i r , t h a t t h a t i s Item #15 o f t h e 23 f a c t o r s , a s suggested by DOf and by Judge S i r i c a , and we would a p p r e c i a t e your comments on pollution. MR. CURTIN: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Where we l i v e 0 s i r , we a r e c o n t i n u o u s l y bothered day and n i g h t b y j e t a i r c r a f t e i t h e r t a k i n g o f f o r l a n d i n g a t N a t i o n a l A i r p o r t , and i n doing s o , i n p a r t i c u l a r l y when t h e y a r e approaching f o r a landing,, the f i e l d Not b e i n g an e x p e r t on j e t a i r c r a f t , Mr. Chairman, I am not i n t h e p o s i t i o n t o s t a t e whether t h e y i n j e c t a c e r t a i n proportion of water i n t o the j e t f u e l before t h e y empty t h e f u e l over our homes o r what process t a k e s p l a c e , �630 s i r , but n e v e r t h e l e s s I can t e l l you e m p h a t i c a l l y w i t h o u t fear of c o n t r a d i c t i o n t h a t t h i s e m i s s i o n i s most obnoxious from a p o l l u t i o n s t a n d p o i n t and a l s o from a s a f e t y a s p e c t . Plus the f a c t , Mr, Chairman, t h i s a i r c r a f t coming a c r o s s t h e Northwest a r e a i n which I live»-and t h i s i s t h e o n l y a r e a t h a t I can r e a l l y speak o f , s i r - — f l y on o c c a s i o n s which seems t o be s o low t h a t t h e windows i n our home v i b r a t e . The P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n a couple of y e a r s ago asked a l l t h e c i t i z e n s t o p l e a s e n o t i f y the a i r p o r t , the N a t i o n a l A i r p o r t , C i v i l A e r o n a u t i c s A u t h o r i t y , i f t h i s occurred. I , p e r s o n a l l y , s i r , made numerous c a l l s . were r e c e i v e d i n a v e r y courteous manner and I was t h a t t h e y would be passed oxi t o a h i g h e r e c h e l o n . t h e y stopped. Now i t i s my u n d e r s t a n d i n g , s i r y My c a l l s informed T h a t i s where t h a t by t h e b u i l d i n g of t h i s b r i d g e and t h e a d j a c e n t roads t y i n g i n t o t h e e x i s t i n g D u l l e s A i r p o r t Roadways, t h e t r a v e l time t o D u l l e s A i r p o r t w i l l be c u t by 20 minutes? o r somewhat s i m i l a r t i m e . I have gone i n t o d e t a i l . Mr. C h a i r a a n , t o 3 t a t e t h e s e f a c t s s i m p l y because I l i v e i n f e a r o f an a i r c r a f t dropping over my house and I am v e r y much f e d up w i t h t h e e m i s s i o n of j e t p r o p u l s i o n over my home and my windows v i b r a t ing f and when f r i e n d s a r e v i s i t i n g me i n t h e summer titae we can°t even s i t out i n our y a r d s . We cannot s i t i n our y a r d s and hear e a c h other t a l k i n g , and I t h i n k t h a t something should be done t o h e l p u s i n t h i s m a t t e r . T h i s , Mr, Chairman, should �631 be t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n . When our Mayor and C o u n c i l a r e c o n t i n u o u s l y t a l k i n g about t h e F e d e r a l government, t h e D i s t r i c t government, and e v e r y t h i n g e l s e , t r y i n g t o e l i m i n a t e p o l l u t i o n , and t h e people who have preceded me here t h i s e v e n i n g have c o n t i n u o u s l y r e f e r r e d t o p o l l u t i o n from a u t o m o b i l e s . I re- s p e c t f u l l y suggest t o t h e C h a i r t h a t p o l l u t i o n emanates from the a i r c r a f t f l y i n g over our homes, and i s f a r , f a r worse, s i r , t h a n t h e p o l l u t i o n t h a t c o u l d p o s s i b l y come from a n y automobile They wouldn't be a n y w h e r e comparable, s i r . Nr. Chairman,? t h i s c o n c l u d e s my r e m a r k s . A g a i n , I t h a n k you f o r your indulgence and a p p r e c i a t e t h e c o u r t e s y you e x t e n d e d t o me t h i s e v e n i n g ( s o b b i n g ) . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: t e s t i m o n y * Mr. C u r t i n . Thank you, s i r . Thank you s o much f o r your Thank you. THE AUDIENCE: (applause) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Mr. M i l l e r ? WHEREUPON, MR. HAROLD 0 o MILLER, BOARD OF SUPERVISORS OF FAIRFAX, APPROACHED THE PODIUM AND T E S T I F I E D , IN SUBSTANCE, AS FOLLOWS: HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: S o r r y I had t o i n t e r r u p t you, Mr. M i l l e r . MR. MILLER: o p p o r t u n i t y t o be h e r e . No problem a t a l l . I a p p r e c i a t e an I know s e v e r a l o f you from w o r k i n g w i t h t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n n i n g Board, and I w i l l be v e r y �632 brief. You have so many long h e a r i n g s . from the suburbs of V i r g i n i a . I don't own r e a l e s t a t e , about a t h i r d of an a c r e . real estate interests. I might s a y t h a t I am a g r e a t d e a l of I don't r e p r e s e n t I am a l o c a l o f f i c i a l out t h e r e , any and V i c e Chairman of the F a i r f a x County Board. I might s a y a l s o t h a t the r e a l e s t a t e I own on the P a l i s a d e s o r Spout Run. isn't I am a F a i r f a x County o f f i c i a l ? bat 2 am h e r e t o s a y t h a t 1 am v e r y much concerned a s I t h i n k everyone i s w i t h the need f o r a good t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system. I am a l s o h e r e , however, t o r e q u e s t t h a t you do a very d i f f i c u l t t h i n g , and t h a t you for t h i s bridge. The r e a l l y e v a l u a t e the need impact of the I-6G hearings in Virginia I t h i n k were so g r e a t t h a t the A r l i n g t o n County Board w i l l hearings ask on the reopening and need f o r the road i t s e l f . THE AUDIENCEi MR,MILLER; (applause) Thank you. And a l s o , i f the road i s u l - t i m a t e l y determined t o be needed i n some f a s h i o n t h a t perhaps i t wouldn't be needed i n a s g r e a t a s i z e a s has been d e s i g n e d , but c o u l d perhaps be a more f o r w a r d l o o k i n g corridor. transportation I f e e l t h a t a t t h i s moment t o proceed w i t h a d e s i g n and a l l the expense and work e n t a i l e d i n d e s i g n i n g S i s t e r s Bridge — would be t o p r e c l u d e , any g a i n from any f u t u r e p u b l i c h e a r i n g s road i t s e l f or f o r a r e d e s i g n the Three foreclose a t t h i s time, on the need f o r the of t h e c o r r i d o r , or perhaps a more f o r w a r d look a t the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n use. I f e e l most �s t r o n g l y t h a t we have not been l o o k i n g t o t h e b e s t u s e s f o r t h i s transportation corridor. Planning As Chairman of t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i Board - and P a s t Chairman - I was a Commissioner o f the N o r t h e r n V i r g i n i a T r a n s p o r t a t i o n observation Commission - i t i s my t h a t we a r e not s o l v i n g our m e t r o p o l i t a n transpor- t a t i o n c r i s i s by b u i l d i n g more and more highways and b r i d g e s , I admit t h a t we do need highways and b r i d g e s , and we have got t o have a b a l a n c e d s y s t e m . But I t h i n k i n many c a s e s we a r e u s i n g band a5,ds when a t o u r n i q u e t i s needed bo choke o f f t h e f l o w o f more and more v e h i c l e s i n t o a c i t y w.iose s t r e e t s a r e a l r e a d y o v e r c a p a c i t y , and i s d e s p e r a t e l y s h o r t o f p a r k i n g facilities. I t h i n k we must remove t h e b l i n d e r s o f a 15 y e a r o l d d e c i s i o n and look w i t h more and ne\7 v i s i o n t o t h e b e s t use o f t h i s c o r r i d o r r a t h e r t h a n l a n e a f t e r lane c l o g s o f automobiles. Perhaps we can d e s i g n a model c o r r i d o r . Perhaps i t c o u l d be l i m i t e d i n r u s h hour t o METRO and o t h e r mass t r a n s i t v e h i c l e s a l o n g w h i c h we could b u i l d a t t r a c t i v e , m u l t i l e v e l parking f a c i l i t i e s . n e a r l y a s many l a n e s . Such a c o r r i d o r wouldn't r e q u i r e I t would g r e a t l y minisoize t h e impact of n o i s e , c o n g e s t i o n and a i r p o l l u t i o n on our community. I know t h a t you gentlemen have labored long t o complete t h i s highway and t h a t you have been through many f i g h t s i n the process, I t h i n k when you a r e s o c l o s e t o a project i t i s often very d i f f i c u l t t o consider radically alter �634 ing your course* but t h i s i s e x a c t l y what Z r e q u e s t you do c I t h i n k a b o l d an i n n o v a t i v e approach t o t h i s c o r r i d o r , an approach which seeks t o move people r a t h e r than c a r s c o u l d be a model f o r the n a t i o n . I t c o u l d , w i t h t h e h e l p and c o o p e r a t i o n of us a l l , h o l d such promise f o r the r e l i e f of the Metropolitan t r a n s p o r - t a t i o n c r i s i s , and I b e l i e v e we c o u l d persuade the urban mass t r a n s i t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , and o t h e r f e d e r a l a g e n c i e s , t o i n f a c t g i v e us s p e c i a l f u n d i n g . I m y s e l f a s a l o c a l o f f i c i a l am d e e p l y i n v o l v e d i n the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems o f t h e a r e a , and I c e r t a i n l y o f f e r my a s s i s t a n c e . I hope a l l those here t h i s e v e n i n g and o t h e r s i n the community would. I r e a l l y t h i n k t h a t t h e r e has been such f o c u s on t h i s r o a d , t h a t now we have such a r a r e opport u n i t y we don't u s u a l l y have, t h a t i s an o p p o r t u n i t y t o t a k e a second look. I t h i n k we c e r t a i n l y have time and do t h a t . I encourage us t o Thank you. THE AUDIENCE: (applause) BEARING OFFICER DUGAS: MR. AIRIS: Thank you, Mr. Miller. Mr. Chairman, I wonder i f I might be p e r m i t t e d j u s t one or two v e r y q u i c k q u e s t i o n s . The hour i s late. MR. MILLER: Take your t i m e . You have been here l o n g e r than I have. �MR*, A I R I S J We have been s i t t i n g here t r y i n g t o t a k e i t a l l i n . Would t h e Board have any p r e f e r e n c e f o r a treatment such a s shown t h e r e , one o r t h e o t h e r ( i n d i c a t i n g ) , or anything else across the r i v e r ? Which Board a r e you i n f e r r i n g t o , s i r , MR„ MILLER: F a i r f a x County Board? MR, A I R I S : The F a i r f a x Board o f S u p e r v i s o r s , MR, MILLER: The Board i t s e l f h a s t a k e n n o p o s i t i o n , sir, MRo A I R I S : No p o s i t i o n . Oh, I s e e , you are appearing a s an i n d i v i d u a l * M R , MILIfiRs MR, A I R I S : A s an i n d i v i d u a l ; y e s , s i r , Oh, I s e e . Thank y o u . have a n y p o s i t i o n on e i t h e r t r e a t m e n t ? W e l l , w o u l d you Or a n y other a l t e r n a - tive, MR, MILLER: W e l l , a s I s a y , m y f e e l i n g w o u l d be t h a t we shouldn't proceed w i t h t h e d e s i g n at this time u n t i l we r e a l l y see i f t h e r e i s going t o be a road a t t a c h e d to the bridge t h e r e . THE AUDIENCE: M R , MILLER: (applause) I f I had t o make a c h o i c e I t h i n k I would t a k e t h e t h r e e span. MR, A I R I S : MR, MILLER: The l o n g - a r c h b r i d g e , I see, T h i s i s not a w e l l thought out p o s i t i o n ^ i t ' s j u s t my r e a c t i o n t o i t from o b s e r v i n g . �636 *4K# Axi\i.D: is: J- an&er stance „ JXOW, uiie second Question I f , a s I u n d e r s t a n d t h e V i r g i n i a f o l k s a r e t h i n k i n g , you c o u l d p u l l out f o r your county t h e r e , put a r a p i d t r a n s i t f a c i l i t y i n t h e medium, o r something l i k e t h a t , i s t h a t itfhat you a r e t h i n k i n g o f ? MRo MILLER: Y e s , I b e l i e v e we c o u l d . I might s a y a l s o t h a t Nr. C u r t i s a l l u d e d t o t h e need and I t h i n k i t i s v e r y r e a l t o make i t e a s i e r t o g e t t o D u l l e s and a l s o t o raini~ miss t h e impact o f t h e heavy t r a f f i c a t N a t i o n a l on our i : : ; - , from • s a f e t y ; • n o i s e and p o l l u t i o n viewpoint? t h i n k t h e r e a r e two t h i n g s I would encourage i n t h i s I regard. I would encourage t h e e n t i r e community and t h e Congress t o get behind Senator Spong's p r o p o s a l , running a spur from t h e METRO t o D u l l e s . THE AUDIENCE: MR. MILLER: (applause) I t h i n k once a g a i n t h e r e i s d e f i n i t e l y a need f o r highways, b u t I t h i n k we should be more f o r w a r d l o o k i n g , not a l w a y s l o o k i n g t o highways t o s e r v e t h e s e purposes I t h i n k t h e METRO would g i v e t h e s e people s e r v i c e much more c o m f o r t a b l y and e f f i c i e n t l y . I t h i n k s e c o n d l y , a s f a r a s t h e use o f N a t i o n a l i t s e l f goes, many o f you know t h a t t h e r e was a s u i t f i l e d t o d a y b y c i t i z e n s o f V i r g i n i a and t h e D i s t r i c t t o p r o h i b i t c e r t a i n t y p e s o f j e t s from u s i n g N a t i o n a l . I think we were t a k i n g t h e r i g h t r o u t e i n t h i 3 a r e a a few y e a r s ago, b e f o r e everyone b u c k l e d under c o n g r e s s i o n a l p r e s s u r e when we �637 l i m i t e d the types of f l i g h t s t h a t could o r i g i n a t e a t National. I t h i n k wo a r e going t o have t o look i n t o t h a t . There a r e o t h e r ways s i m p l y by j u s t b u i l d i n g highways t o look t o t h i s problem. MR. A I R I S : W e l l , my c o l l e a g u e f r o n V i r g i n i a reminds me t h a t p a r t o f t h e p l a n f o r X-56 i s space i n t h e median f o r rapid trails i t . MR. MILLER: MR. A I R I S : Yes,s i r , i t c e r t a i n l y i s . I d i d n ' t know whether you were aware o f t h a t or n o t . MR. MILLER: V e r y much aware o f i t , My p o i n t i s , i f we d e c i d e , number one, t h a t we don't need t h e highway i t s e l f , I don't know i f t h a t w i l l be t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n . I t may o n l y be d e c i d e d t h a t you need some t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o r r i d o r there? i t doesn't preclude u s i n g a r i g h t o f way t h e r e f o r t h e METRO and u s i n g t h e b a l a n c e f o r o t h e r community purposes. THE AUDIENCE: MR. A I R I S : (applause) I f t h e f a c i l i t y i s b u i l t you would v e r y much endorse p u t t i n g t h a t i n i t ? MR, MILLER: Oh. y e s , s i r , and I h a v e , a s a member of t h e N o r t h e r n V i r g i n i a T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Commission, most certainly. MR. A I R I S : I thought t h a t was your t h i n k i n g . you. MR. MILLER: Yes, s i r . Thank �638 HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Thank you a g a i n , Mr. M i l l e r . Mr. F r a n k Buck, J r . ? A SPECTATOR: Mr. Chairman, c o u l d I have a p o i n t o f order? HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Yes, s i r ? L e t me h e a r •die p o i n t of order. A SPECTATOR: I mean no d i s r e s p e c t o f t h e request t h a t you made t h a t no one make a n y remarks t o t h e gentleman t h a t spoke b e f o r e , b u t i t i 3 an a n c i e n t t r a d i t i o n i n t h e E n g l i s h t r a d i t i o n t o h e c k l e t h o s e you d i s a g r e e w i t h . And I t h i n k a s long a s t h e h e c k l i n g i s n o t openly d i s r u p t i v e , t h a t c no harm i s done, and t h a t anybody t h a t c a n t come i n h e r e and t a k e a l i t t l e h e c k l i n g , e s p e c i a l l y e d u c a t i o n a l l y h e c k l i n g , which i s t h e k i n d o f h e c k l i n g I t h i n k we had h e r e , i s w e l l - a d v i s e d not t o speak on a n unpopular v i e t f . heckled. Unpopular v i e w s a r e a l w a y s T h i s i s human n a t u r e , and I t h i n k our h e c k l i n g i s basically educationally. We don"t o b j e c t j u s t t o be n a s t y . Thank you, HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Mr c I a p p r e c i a t e your opinion. Buck? WHEREUPON, MR. FRANK BUCK-, J R . , C I T I Z E N , 1844 MINTWOOD PLACE, N. W., WASHINGTON, D. C , 0 APPROACHED THE PODIUM AND T E S T I F I E D , NR. BUCK: IN SUBSTANCE, AS FOLLOWS: Mr. Chairman, I know you a r e v e r y busy �539 and you a r e t i r e d , HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Not a t a l l , s i r , I am p r e - pared t o s t a y h e r e u n t i l Christmas,, MR. BUCK: I know you a r e . And you a r e l i a b l e t o be. Anyway, my name i s F r a n k Buck, J r . , and I am r u n n i n g on t h e independent t i c k e t o f t h e D. C. non-voting d e l e g a t e t o Congress I came w i t h a speech f u l l y f o r t h i s committee, w h i c h i s comp l e t e l y n o n - r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e people o f Washington. Not t o be f l i p p i n g , b u t t o be h o n e s t , a s I know you gentlemen put i n a l o t of t i m e . B u t t h e people o f Washington r e p r e s e n t e d a s f a r a s Mayor Washington which i s not here. have a r e not and t h e C i t y C o u n c i l , And a c c o r d i n g t o D. C. Code T i t l e 7, Chapter 1 through V I , S e c t i o n 1 through 106, I i n my h e a r t cannot d e l i v e r t h e proposed d e s i g n h e a r i n g speech t h a t I would l o v e t o , because I r e a l l y f e e l i t would be u s e l e s s and o f no p o i n t t o t h e people o f t h i s c i t y * t h e D i s t r i c t . May I r e i t e r a t e a g a i n , t o t a l l y u s e l e s s , and I would l i k e t o w a i v e t h e remainder o f ray time and j u s t s a y t h a t I am t o t a l l y one hundred p e r c e n t a g a i n s t a n y 30 square m i l e c o n s t r u c t i o n , super-highway, e t c e t e r a , going through t h e District. I mean we a r e going t o c r e a t e a n o t h e r superb problems, a c c o r d i n g t o Nr. Nader? we have a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5,000 c a r s per square m i l e d u r i n g t h e r u s h hour. been mentioned b e f o r e many t i m e s . I am s u r e t h i s h a s But we a r e r u n n i n g i n t o an e n v i r o n m e n t a l c r i s i s h e r e * a s e v e r e one. R e s p e c t f u l l y , I would �l i k e t o s a y , i n my o p i n i o n , t h i s h e a r i n g i s v e r y illegal. Thank you v e r y much, gentlemen. THE AUDIENCE: (applause) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Thank you, s i r . Mrs,, Johnson? WHSREUPOSJ, MRS, ELIZABETH S, JOHNSON, LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OF METROPOLITAN WASHINGTON, APPROACHED TEE PODIUM AND T E S T I F I E D , I N SUBSTANCE, AS F O L L O W S : MRS. JOHNSON: Department: Mr.Chairman and Members of the Highway I am E l i s a b e t h S. J o h n s o n , t h e Chairman of the League o f Women V o t e r s o f M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington. That is an o r g a n i s a t i o n made up o f t h e members of t h e e i g h t leagues i n o u r a r e a ^ f i v e i n V i r g i n i a and two i n Maryland a n d the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. The M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington League of Women Voters is opposed t o t h e proposed d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n of 1-66 and 1-266. THE AUDIENCE: MRS. JOHNSON: (applause! These d e s i g n s are n o t clearly related t o t h e needs o f t h e r e g i o n f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n n o r c o o r d i n a t e d w i t h o t h e r f a c i l i t i e s under development. The economic facts of t h e p r o j e c t s under c o n s i d e r a t i o n a r e c l e a r . We are s u b - s i d i z i n g a u t o use e s p e c i a l l y f o r commuting by b u i l d i n g these f a c i l i t i e s , and t h e p a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s t h a t go with them. These �641 A ti wit* JL i t .'-S3 c.i.c.' Zlwx^ufxSZr C Oi.j: o C j. d C»- G -4 H . , „ O. t a x e s alone. 1UC*.L.A1 wc. .LtlO Ci DV The f a c t i s t h a t we a r e u n d e r w r i t i n g a c o s t l y r a i l t r a n s i t system, approved s i n c e t h e s e p r o j e c t s were c o n ~ ceivedc R a i l systems i n o t h e r c i t i e s throughout t h e w o r l d do n o t meet c o s t s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n and o p e r a t i o n through u s e r revenue charges i n c i t i e s w h i c h s u b s i d i z e competing auto travel. I f we b u i l d both system, we a r e a s k i n g the g e n e r a l p u b l i c t o g i v e massive s u b s i d i e s t o two massive transportation s y s t e m s , n e i t h e r o f w h i c h W i l l be self*supporting« Our community r e s o u r c e s a r e l i m i t e d . The support w h i c h goes t o t h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n i s u n a v a i l a b l e t o o t h e r neaded p r o g r a m s . The League b e l i e v e s more e f f i c i e n c y and economy w i l l result from i n v e s t i n g i n impro\ ed bus and o t h e r mass transit s y s t e m s . T Motor v e h i c l e f a c i l i t i e s o f t h i s k i n d would add t o the environmental b l i g h t a l r e a d y c r e a t e d by t h e e x c e s s i v e dependence on private motor v e h i c l e t r a v e l i n t h i s r e g i o n . Insufficient land for r e c r e a t i o n u s e , dangerous neighborhoods for shildren, rising a c c i d e n t tolls,,, h e a l t h damaging a i r p o l l u t i o n , extreme demands on t h e time o f a l l i n d i v i d u a l s i n the community for t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , e i t h e r a s passengers or a s chauffeurs, and immobility f o r a l a r g e segment o f t h e community,., the y o i n g c t h e o l d , the i n f i r m e d , t h e poor„ and t h o s e w h o c o u l d not drive for lack of a license„ l a c k o f a c a r , or l a c k of c o u r a g e . These a r e t h e h i g h p r i c e s o f our e x i s t i n g system, the system that would o n l y be extended b y t h e proposed highway p r o j e c t . �542 The e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s behind t h i s p l a n have t o i n c l u d e not o n l y t h e immediate t h r e a t t o t h e Potomac s h o r e line. I t a l s o inc3.udes a concern f o r t h e u s e o f i r r e p l a c e a b l e o r e s , m e t a l , m i n e r a l s and f u e l s i n a n e x t r a v a g a n t p l a n f o r i n creased auto use. The f i n a l e n v i r o n m e n t a l b l i g h t i s a l r e a d y c r e a t i n g h e a l t h damage - t h e h i g h l e v e l s o f a i r p o l l u t i o n due t o b u r n i n g gasoline. The need f o r a c t i o n t o reduce a u t o use f o r t h i s reason i s u r g e n t . As one o f our F a i r f a x Leagues put i t : " I have decided t h a t I have t h e c h o i c e o f s e e i n g t h e sun o r s e e i n g the c a r s , and I want t o s e e t h e s u n . " Thank you v e r y much. THE AUDIENCE: (applause) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: (no Mr. C h a r l e s S. Butt,, J r . response) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: MR. A I R I S : NT. Herman M. Ward. Here comes Mr. B u t t . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: I s t h a t Mr. B u t t ? Sorry. WHEREUPON, MR. CHARLES S. BUTT, J R , , WASHINGTON L E E HIGH SCHOOL, APPROACHED THE PODIUM AND T E S T I F I E D , IN SUBSTANCE, AS FOLLOWS: MR. BUTT: My names i s C h a r l e s S. B u t t , F a i r f a x County, about 150 f e e t from t h e B e l t w a y r I live i n which a r r i v e d a f t e r my house s o I know a l i t t l e b i t about what some of t h e s e people a r e t a l k i n g about. However, my purpose i n b e i n g here i s �643 to comment on t h e d e s i g n o f t h e b r i d g e . The reason I am here i s because I coach a crew, Washington Lee High S c h o o l , and I have had i t now f o r about 2 1 o r 22 y e a r s anc I know a l i t t l e bit to about t h e r i v e r and t h e problems t h a t a r i s e i n our a t t e m p t s row t h e r e . We now have a t o t a l o f seven crews on t h e r i v e r , from h i g h s c h o o l s : T h r e e o f them a r e i n A l e x a n d r i a b u t t h e y do row up a t our end of t h e r i v e r . universities: We a l s o have t h r e e George Washington., Howard, and Georgetown . w h i c h r row i n t h e same a r e a . Vie have many crews i n t h i s r e g i o n , rowing i n t h i s p a r t o f t h e r i v e r . The map t h a t I have put up h e r e shows t h e c o u r s e s t h a t we now u s e . These c o u r s e s have e v o l v e d o v e r a l o n g , long time,, long p e r i o d of u s e , some o f i t v e r y b i t t e r use. We have rawed i n A l e x a n d r i a a l o t s o f t i m e s c c and t h a t s a g r e a t p l a c e about 6 o c l o c k i n t h e morning, b e f o r e the motor boat3 and t h e wind b e g i n t o blow. We have a l s o rowed down o f f H a i n e s P o i n t , and t h a t i s a n o t h e r p l a c e where t h e wind is a l i t t l e interesting. People have rowed r a c e s i n t h e Washington C h a n n e l , t^nd a p p a r e n t l y t h e waves t h e r e c a n b u i l d up and b r e a k a boat in h a l f , i t b o i l s down t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s e c o u r s e s shown up h e r e •— and I am s o r r y I d i d n ' t chose c o l o r s t o c o n t r a s t a l i t t l e aiore -»* b u t t h e c o u r s e s shown h e r e have e v o l v e d o v e r a long p e r i o d o f time and t h e y a r e r e a l l y o u t s t a n d i n g r a c e courses. not The major problems a t t h e moment a r e t h a t t h e y a r e s t r a i g h t and t h e r e i s n o t a whole l o t t h a t we c a n do about �644 t h a t , b a t t h e y are on w a t e r t h a t has proven t o be u s a b l e , and I most e v e r y day of the spring,, summer and f a l l , i s ice-on The but when t h e r e the river that sort of complicates l i f e * course i n "green" w h i c h you w i l l s e e £ of course. and w h i c h f i n i s h e s on the right hand s i d e ? that c o u r s e f i n i s h e s down a t about t h e foot of W i s c o n s i n A v e n u e and t h a t i s t h e one t h a t Mr. Morton I was talking a b o u t a little b i t ago f o r t h e C h e r r y Blossom | Regatta. The c o l l e g e s use t h i s perhaps more t h a n t h e h i g h schools. I t s a six-lane course. c We i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y , a l l over the w o r l d - people row r a c e s on s i x - l a n e c o u r s e s . you take care o f t h e — i f This c let s you have more t h a n s i x people t o H r a c e — i f you have you c a n g e t up t o 24 o r 3C o r s o , i f you have t o and r u n h e a t s , w h i c h you do need a b a s i c s i x - l a n e c course i n o r d e r t o r u n a decont r e g a t t a when you have a f a i r number of crews. We have had a s t h e y e a r s have gone on more p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n rowing i n t h e a r e a cipate. f o u t s i d e crews coming i n t o p a r t i - A3 I s a y . t h e green c o u r s e w h i c h i s on t h e r i g h t f i n i s h i n g a t W i s c o n s i n Avenue i s t h e one t h a t t h e c o l l e g e s use. The " b l u e " one, w h i c h s t a r t s on t h e l e f t s i d e o f t h e p i c t u r e i s t h e one t h a t i s u3ed perhaps more b y t h e h i g h s c h o o l s and a l s o by t h e boat c l u b . You w i l l n o t i c e about a t h i r d o f t h e way from t h e l e f t , you w i l l n o t i c e a b r i d g e . S i s t e r s Bridge. I t has a l i t t l e That*a the s i t e of t h e Three r e d dot i n t h e r e . And t h a t �645 l i t t l e r e d dot i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the c e n t e r p i e r o f the s i x a r c h bridge,- w h i c h , from my p o i n t of v.iew„ i s a d i s a s t e r , t o t h i n g s from our p o i n t of v i e w I f you t a k e a s i x 3.ane 0 course and knock out two l a n e s , you d e s t r o y the u t i l i t y of the r a c e course u n l e s s you have no more t h a n f o u r c r e w s , and you h a r d l y e v e r get i n t h a t s i t u a t i o n . In f a c t c we now have seven h i g h s c h o o l s i n t h e area,, and t h i s s o r t of r a i s e s the d e v i l w i t h how .••rav.'s a s i x lane course? The do you row seven answer i s you c a n ' t do i t 0 T h e r e has t o be some o t h e r s o l u t i o n . My p o i n t i n b e i n g here r e a l l y i s t o s a y t h a t t h a t little " r e d " dot up t h e r e ( i n d i c a t i n g on a diagram) on t h a t c e n t e r b r i d g e from t h e s i x a r c h b r i d g e d e s i g n would e f f e c t i v e l y r u i n our r a c e c o u r s e , and we f e e l we have get a good r e c r e a t i o n a l o p e r a t i o n g o i n g h e r e and we t h i n k i t would be a h o r r i b l e shame t o d e s t r o y i t . bridge r I t h i n k i t i s only f a i r t o s a y t h a t the t h e s i n g l e a r c h , t h e one i n t h e r i g h t hand p i c t u r e ( i n d i c a t i n g ) i s designed t o work around our r a c e course r e quirements o We have communicated our problems t o t h e people t h a t d e s i g n b r i d g e s , and t h a t b r i d g e , a s f a r a s I know, w i l l not a f f e c t the rowing course i n any d e t r i m e n t a l manner. There i s n ' t a whole l o t more t o ss.y, r e a l l y 0 We would be h o r r i f i e d , and I guess would be a l o t more unhappy than a l o t of people have been a t t h i s h e a r i n g , i f t h a t b r i d g e i n t h e l e f t hand p i c t u r e were t o be b u i l t because we f e e l t h a t �646 it w o u l d ruin our race c o u r s e . A s one that gets u p a t 5:30 in the m o r n i n g , I think I w i l l stop talking and t h a n k you f o r the privilege of being h e r e , BEARING OFFICER D U G A S : I believe the D i r e c t o r , Highways District of C o l u m b i a , h a s a q u e s t i o n for y o u , MR, A I R I S : Mr, Chairman, I know i t ' s v e r y late and I w i l l be v e r y , v e r y b r i e f . slightly. B u t I have known Mr. Butt I k n o w h e h a s been a c q u a i n t e d w i t h the o f f i c e . It w a s h i s t e s t i m o n y , Nr. Chairman, a t t h e 1964 hearing that led u s into changing t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n of t h e bridge that the Howard-Needles f i r m had p r e s e n t e d a t t h a t hearing into t h e l o n g - a r c h span. Now,, may t h e Department have your plan t o reproduce it - t o s e l l t h i s b r i d g e , i t c o s t s m o r e , i t e s going t o take some s e l l i n g , a n d I would like t o have for the Department a c o p y o f your p l a n w i t h how your courses a r e laid o u t , MR. BUTT: T h a t ' s your piece of paper* I got it from somebody a long time ago, MR. AIRIS: A l lright. May w e borrow it and reproduce i t , and w e w i l l g e t i t back t o you s o m e h o w . MR, B U T T : MR. AIRIS: We intend t o submit data for the r e c o r d . A l l right. Thank you. Now, thirdly, I would just l i k e t o point out again that in order t o t r y and be r e s p o n s i v e t o t h e people h e r e we w o r k w i t h these c r e w s . have counted nine crews out t h e r e . I Maybe t h a t doesn't c o n f o r m �crews out rowing a t one time out t h e r e i n t h a t r i v e r , and the Department d i d sponsor and by use of t r o o p t r a i n i n g l a b o r , we took out the p i e r s of t h e o l d Aqueduct B r i d g u t h a t used t o e x i s t j u s t upstream o f Key B r i d g e i n o r d e r t h a t t h i s c o u r s e c o u l d be l a i d out t o t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n of t h e s e people, and we have cooperated w i t h them i n a few o t h e r ways. MR. BUTT: The removal o f t h a t b r i d g e was one o f t h e o u t s t a n d i n g achievements from our p o i n t o f v i e w i n making this a good p l a c e t o row i n . MR. A I R I S : As I s a i d , I have seen n i n e crews out t h e r e and t h i s i s one of t h e t h i n g s , Mr. Cha:.rraan we have t r i e d c t o do h e r e . MR. BUTT: Thank you. BEARING OFFICER DUGAS: MR* BUTT: Thank you so much, Mr. Butt. Thank you s o much. MR. ABBOTT: May I a s k you a q u e s t i o n , Mr. B u t t : Do you have any concern w h a t s o e v e r f o r t h e people and t h e p r o p e r t y and t h e p o l l u t a n t s t o be caused by t h e f reewciy w h i c h would be p r o j e c t e d from t h a t b r i d g e r e g a r d l e s s of t h e d e s i g n of t h e bridge? T h e r e h a s t o be a North Leg o f t h e I n n e r Loop. h a s t o be a North C e n t r a l Freeway. I rowed i n a crew. There I w r e s t l e d and I p l a y e d f o o t b a l l i n h i g h s c h o o l and c o l l e g e . But s p o r t s t o me had some b e a r i n g t o t h e community, o r t h e y have no d e f i n i t e g o a l . What i s your o p i n i o n s or i s your concern �548 rest of the probleats of the bridge regardless o f i t s design? I think this i s an e x t r e m e l y c o m p l i c a t e d MR. BUTT: matter. There are m a n y diverge e f f e c t s on a l l of u s . I l i v e in V i r g i n i a . W e l l , I used t o have t o c r o s s b r i d g e s in t h e District t o get t o w o r k but t h e Navy moved c s o v e r into Route I.., a n d there is a b e a u t i f u l t r a f f i c jam down t h e r e . lot about traffic jams. I know a I s t i l l have t o g e t to w o r k . There is new n o w a y t o get there o t h e r t h a n i n an a u t o m o b i l e . I am one of these people m a n y of you don't l i k e \ e r y much because live in F a i r f a x C o u n t y and we have t o cone v e r y w e l l by vehicle t o work. t o work. We a r e s o r r y about t h a t but it's enjoyable I t i s a l e o from my p o i n t of v i e w , I d o have t o g o o t h e D i s t r i c t now i n o r d e r t o get t o the boathcuse t o coach the c r e w . I f I d i d n ' t do t h a t * I w o u l d n ' t become involved in c r o s s i n g b r i d g e s from t h e District into V i r g i n i a . many problems h e r e . I know a l o t about p o l l u t i o n . There are I know a heck o f a l o t about a i r p l a n e s s c h e d u l e d . Ycu e v e r tried t a l k i n g t o a crew w i t h a i r p l a n e s o v e r your h e a d t e v e r y minute o r so? We a p p r e c i a t e your problems„ s i r . We a l l have problems. Thexe are m a n y problems I am not going t o g e t involved in the whole b a l l o f wax a t t h i s p o i n t . My concern in being here is t o s a y p l e a s e , if you b u i l d a bridge^ don't build it w i t h that p i e r i n t h e middle o f t h e r i v e r . I a m s u r e that a l l the words t h a t have been s a i d h&\ Q been v e r y w e l l s a i d but I a m f just �g o i n g t o concern myself a t t h e moment t o t h e design o f the bridge. T h a t " 3 a l l I c a n d o right n o w , BEARING OFFICER DUGAS: T h a n k you v e r y much, Mr. Butt. M R . EUTT: T h a n k you A SPECTATOR: May I j u s t one q u e s t i o n i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h what w a s just s a i d . HEARING OFFICER D U G A S : I think, s i r * I h a d better proceed w i t h the agenda and you may a d d r e s s y o u r s e l f t o that q u e s t i o n a t the e n d o f the h e a r i n g . Mr. Ward? A SPECTATOR: Oh c I am s o r r y . I thought that w a s the last s p e a k e r . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: speakers. Mr. Ward? N o , w e have quite a few Mr. Herman W a r d ? (no r e s p o n s e ) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: M r . James Clark? WHEREUPON, M R . JAMES C L A R K , C I T I Z E N - D. C. D e l e g a t e , Candidate,, approached t h e podium and t e s t i f i e d , i n substance, a s f o l l o w s : HEARING OFFICER DUGAS; M r . C l a r k , I apologize for b e i n g 25 minutes l a t e . M R . CLARK: : That s a l l right. M y name is James Clark,, a n d I am a n independent c a n d i d a t e a l s o for t h e D, C. non- �650 v o t i n g d e l e g a t e , and I have formed my own p a r t y , and i t w i l l be made more a c q u a i n t e d w i t h t h e community l a t e r . First, I would l i k e t o emphasize t h a t i t ' s i m p o s s i b l e r e a l l y t o d i s c e r n between t h e s e two d e s i g n s o f t h e b r i d g e because the •::> .•:. i :r;olf be s o l v e d . gene l.cyo:id the s t a g e where the p i n t i l — OU I t has become a p u z z l e t h a t h a s t o be put t o - g e t h e r , s o I don't have no r e s p e c t f o r the a d v o c a t e s o f t h e b r i d g e and t h o s e t r y i n g t o g e t i t b u i l t . I t h i n k t h e people i n Washington, D. c„„ m a i n l y t h e people who a r e concerned w i t h t r a f f i c commuting 4 t h e D i s t r i c t i t s e l f i s r e a l l y not i n t e r e s t e d i n the problem o f t h i s design which i s before the public; i t h a s no s o l u t i o n t o t h e i r e a r s * s o f a r a s t r a v e l l i n g i s concerned. are Because a l l you d o i n g i s opening a b r i d g e p r o b a b l y f o r Roy C h a l k t o have a w i d e r gap t o speed up the bus r a t e s f o r t h e people t o be charged, I n s o f a r a s p o l i t i c s a r e concerned, w h i c h I d i d n ' t come h e r e t o do t o n i g h t , t h i s c a s e — l i k e t h e people who were mentioned p r e v i o u s l y — t h e Mayor and some o f t h e C i t y C o u n c i l s h o u l d be h e r e . I t i s j u s t a c a s e , and I would l i k e t o quote t h i s f o r t h e record: " I t i s j u s t a c a s e o f t h e Sergeant C a r t e r s t a y i n g home and s e n d i n g out t h e — too ." Now I am no: going t o s t a y here long because I have scire t h i n g e l s e t o do but I would l i k e t o s a y t h a t t h e people o f Washington, D. C.„ s o f a r a s t h e lower c l a s s * who a r e p r e d o m i n a n t l y t h e c i t i z e n s o f Washington, D.C., t h e y don't want t h e b r i d g e and t h e y don't seo why Congress o r �651 the D„ C» Government o r anyone should t r y t o cram i t down t h e i r throats. Thank you v e r y much. THE AUDIENCE: (applause) HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Nr. C a i n ? WHEREUPON, MR. BERNARD L . CAIN f BROOKLAND CITIZENS ASSOCIATION, APPROACHED THE PODIUM A N D T E S T I F I E D , IN SUBSTANCE, AS FOLLOWS; HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: You have a copy of your statement? MR. CAIN; No, s i r , 1 don't and in m y remarks I w i l l c o v e r t h e reason why. w r i t t e n on t h e w i t n e s s l i s t , Northeast, F o r t h e r e c o r d , w h i c h is n o t I r e s i d e a t 1328 Newton S t r e e t , F o r t h e r e c o r d , which i s also incorrect, t h e p r e - v i o u s s p e a k e r , Mr. Johnson, s h o u l d have the "incorporated" and s o f o r t h removed from h i s name. He i s listed a s a speaker f o r C u r t i n and Johnson, I n c o r p o r a t e d , w h i c h Ifl a paving c o n tractor. #89. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: What w e r e you suggesting? MRo CAIN: Than you c o r r e c t t h e record a n d take t h e f a c t t h a t he i s r e p r e s e n t i n g C u r t i n and J o h n s o n , Incorporated out o f t h e r e c o r d , HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: so done. He i n d i c a t e d t h a t , a n d it w a s �M R . Cami W e l l , I hope it's c o r r e c t e d . HEARING OFFICER D U G A S : He indicated t h a t he w a s appearing a s a c i t i z e n , living a t 4800 W Street,, n o r t h w e s t . MR. C A I N : T h e r e f o r e , this i s i n c o r r e c t - t h i s HEARING O F F I C E R DUGAS: M R . CAIN: list? That i s r i g h t . That's w h a t I wanted t o c l e a r up. Now in applying for an application t o t h e s e h e a r i n g s we w e r e requested t o send in a w r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t . I a s k that I p l e a s e h e notified in w r i t i n g as t o t h e t i m e , p l a c e and date not later than 5 p . m . b y Monday . December t h e 14th, 1 9 7 0 . Would t you h a v e the r e c o r d show t h a t t h i s r e q u e s t w a s never complied with. I w a s n e v e r n o t i f i e d b y telephone or written w o r d that the location h e a r i n g had been changed from the Department of Commerce over h e r e t o t h e Labor B u i l d i n g . Mr., Dugaa - H e a r i n g O f f i c e r , , men of the H i g h w a y d e p a r t m e n t s , good e v e n i n g , l a d i e s a n d gentle sen: The p r e s e n t a - tion I make here t o n i g h t i s on b e h a l f of the Brooklands Citizen A s s o c i a t i o n , a body a s o l d a s Brookland itself, dating back t o t h e e a r l y 1890s. I h o l d t h e office of p r e s i d e n t . Today w e were i n t h e b e a u t i f u l c o u n t r y s i d e of Arlington t o b u r y our V i c e President, Mr. Reichmach. prepared s t a t e m e n t . hearing." X, t h e r e f o r e , have not typed a We do n o t b e l i e v e this t o be a„ "public Our a p p o i n t e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s s h o u l d be h e r e . c a r r y out t h e l o c a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n s . They T i e needs of the F e d e r a l C i t y s h o u l d not he„ and I repeat„ not be c o n t r o l l e d by �653 s t u d i e s produced by t h e D e C u Highway Department and i t s d i r e c t e d c o n s u l t a n t s whose own economic l i f e depends on the results. We do not want Georgetown and B r o c k l a n d roads d e - t e r m i n e d by "K" and "M" s t r e e t monies. previously stated. Thifl i s . a s M r . A i r i s We f e a r t h a t a s i n the fast the officials not p r e s e n t w i l l n o t even M a d t h e t r a n s c r i p t of the t e s t i mony much l e s s f e e l a n y o f t h e emotion i n v o l v e d . T h e decision has been made and t h e s e n o t i o n s a r e o n l y required b y lav/. The 1962 F e d e r a l Highway A c t stated^ a n d I quote " I t i s d e c l a r e d t o be i n t h e N a t i o n a l interest t o encourage and promote t h e development o f transportation systems embracing v a r i o u s modes o f t r a n s p o r t in a m a n n e r t h a t w i l l serve t h e s t a t e s and l e g a l communities e f f i c i e n t l y and e f f e c t i v e l y . " The D, C* i s now c o n s i d e r e d for the record a s t a t e . Back in 1967 former President Eisenhower answered the problem, quote: "We have gone about it in the w r o n j w a y , " h e said„ "we s h o u l d have i n s i s t e d on city plans made by the people on the s p o t " t h a t ' s u s . c I t ' s s i l l y and w a s t e f u l t o design some n a t i o n a l p l a n in Washington and impose it on t h e c i t i e s . He was correct„ a3 the people have a l r e a d y shows their thoughts on those former C o n g r e s s m e n : Kramer a n d F a l l o n t w h o tried t o c a l l o u s l y ignore the people themselves b y w r i t i n g the 1968 Highway Act,. what is right., The people i n Baltimore have s p o k e n . T h e y know The men a r e now l e a v i n g control in the govern- �654 merit. W e believe the F e d e r a l H i g h w a y lav; p3:ovides t h a t t h e commissioner m a y not let contracts for a n y b r i d g e o r f r e e w a y e x c e p t in accordance w i t h the comprehensive major t h o r o f a r e plans a p p r o v e d b y the Planning Commission and t h e C i t y C o u n c i l . We w o n d e r w h e t h e r Mr. A i r i s w i l l a b i d e by h i s words of F r i d a y , November the 8 t h , 1968 on t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e h e a r i n g w h e n he s a i d , q u o t e : "We w i l l s t o p p l a n n i n g i f t h e c o u r t s t e l l u s to. " The courts gave a remark on t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway, and y e t he has n o t stopped p l a n n i n g t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway. . . augmented government The La i n d e p e n d e n t l y b u r e a u c r a t i c , i t fails t o show up i n i m p o r t a n t hearings., The power o f e x e c u t i v e action now rests on a s i n g l e head both o f p o l i c y and o p e r a tion. E u t i f a s i n g l e commissioner i s t o f u n c t i o n , he w i l l need adequate c i t i z e n s u p p o r t . D i f f e r e n c e s between t h e o f f i c i a l s and p o l i c y have f r e q u e n t l y e r u p t e d i n t o open conflict. P u b l i c n a m e - c a l l i n g h a s been s e e n . The former commissioner s e v e r e l y and p u b l i c l y c r i t i c i z e d t h e NCPC f o r f a i l i n g t o g i v e adequate c o n s i d e r a t i o n t o human needs i n t h e 1985 comprehensive p l a n . The p r e s e n t commissioner h a s o v e r - looked t h e same element. The s t r u c t u r e i t s e l f virtually g u a r a n t e e s c o n f l i c t w i t h no p r o v i s i o n f o r c o n s t r u c t i v e improvement, you, Mr. Dugas fr t r y "economic development." A i r i s s i t s o v e r h e r e and t r i e s " t r a f f i c And Mr. development." �655 O n s o r v a t i D I I : B u s i n e s s lias been encouraged t o b u i l d b r g build*" i n g s w i t h p l e n t y of p a r k i n g , paying low taxes„ The D„ c. Government has a p o l i c y s t a t e d h e r e t o n i g h t » s a i d t h a t i t b u i l d 3 roads t o p r o v i d e t h e s e p r i v a t e needs, e n t r a n c e s i n t o these parking l o t s on "K" and "M" Streets. We hope t h a t t h i s e n c o u n t e r w i l l encourage some improvement*, "Our i s now neighborhood a p o t e n t i a l powder-keg composed of d i s c o u r a g e d f r u s t r a t e d and angered c i t i z e n s , w o r r y i n g o v e r t h e l o s s of t h e i r homes w h i c h t h e y had purchased and planned t o be t h e i r l i f e ces,, " " T h i s i s t r u e t o d a y . " As i t was A p r i l 4 t h the statement was We burning. presented. 1948, c r e g r e t any a c t i o n s a s We d i d not approve of such a c t i o n s . persons t o a v o i d any such a c t i o n s . We However, and residenwhen trailer urge a l l you had get t h i s c l e a r t o t h e Mayor because he i s n ' t h e r e , and better you b e t t e r t a k e t h i s page of the t r a n s c r i p t and d e l i v e r i t t o had him p e r s o n a l l y because i f you don't he won't g e t the message, and t h e message i s : T h i s a c t i o n has been a p o w e r f u l f o r c e on t h o s e who have l o s t f a i t h i n the law. t h e Boston Tea P a r t y , t h e M o l l y Mcguires of l a b o r , t h e y had l o s t f a i t h i n t h e i r own Mr. Our n a t i o n a l h i s t o r y shows actions. R e c e n t l y the beforementioned F a l l o n and Kramer were removed by people w i t h f a i t h i n t h e i r own actions. We have not l o s t hope i n the law, and the l a w s u i t o r d e r i n g t h i s meeting o v e r the proposed p r o j e c t proves this: We have not l o s t f a i t h w i t h t h e c i t i z e n s who v o t e d i n the referendum. We have a r e s l o w l y s e e i n g the youth r i g h t I j �655 become concernea V i t a the future that w i l l L e f o r e long be controlled b y themselves,. We q u e s t i o n whether t h e p r e s e n t inadequate b r i d g e s that w e have i n t h e c i t y much l e s s a n y new bridges that w e bui3.de, are going t o o f f e r us a n y s a f e t y . Now,, I am going t o d e v i a t e from the prepared s t a t e mente and I w i l l have i t w r i t t e n up and s e n t in for the record. I a m going t o l e a v e i t h e r e r i g h t n o w . Now last night w e h e a r d , M r . Dugas, that you answer t o the M a y o r . I think s o m e b o d y asked you about who was going t o deliver the c o p y of this t r a n s c r i p t , and s o on, cind s o f o r t h . a s k the same q u e s t i o n Mr. A i r i s f MR. AIRIS: M R . CAIN: S o , I w o u l d like t o t o Mr. A i r i s . w h o do you answer to? The M a y o r i s m y boss* s i r . Doe3 he d i r e c t the policy that you stated tonight about t h e s t r e e t s and highways being developed t o b r i n g a l l t h o s e c a r s i n t o t h e parking lots on "K" a n d "M" Streets? MR. AIRIS: Will, the p o l i c y i n the District. sponsible t h e r e are m a n y forces that shape The Highv/ay Department i s r e - for meeting their transportation n e e d s . M R , CAIN: And w h o else do you answer t o then? M R . AIRS: Weil? MR. CAIN: The D e p u t y M a y o r ? MR. A.IRIS: The F e d e r a l Government shapes their p o l i c i e s on t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ; t h e c o u r t s ; t h e White House? the �657 C a p i t o l ; t h e many commercial e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . A l l of these e n t i t i e s develop t h e i r t r a f f i c requirements. And my p r i m a r y m i s s i o n from t h e Mayor and from t h e Deputy Mayor i s t o keep the c i t y k n i t t e d t o g e t h e r MR. CAIN: from a t r a n s p o r t a t i o n standpoint. What o t h e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , besides a u t c s and t r u c k s a r e you w o r k i n g on? MR. A I R I S : W e l l * we c o o r d i n a t e v e r y c l o s e l y on the c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t h WMATA<, and we a r e i n c o n s t a n t touch w i t h WMATC on t h e bus problems. We have sponsorea a number of bus f a c i l i t i e s h e r e and a r e p r e s e n t l y w o r k i n g on the S h i r l e y Rapid E x p r e s s BSS movement. MR. CAIN; MR. A I R I S : MR, CAIN: You You mean you work i n V i r g i n i a ? Was t h e r e a q u e s t i o n a3ked? I a m sorry? Do you mean t h a t you w o r k in Virginia? s a y you work on S h i r l e y Eighway. MR. A I R I S : The Department does n o t w o r k in V i r g i n i a , but through them. MR. CAIN: Would you l i k e to c o r r e c t that stateraant than? MR. A I R I S : No, i t i s c o r r e c t . We have t o w o r k w i t h the V i r g i n i a a u t h o r i t i e s and w i t h the transportation planning board people on t h e S h i r l e y Highway bus movements w h i c h involve both V i r g i n i a and t h e D i s t r i c t . MR. CAIN: Do you v e r y much e v e r have t o w o r k w i t h t h e people i n B r o o k l a n d ? �MR. A I R I S : touch w i t h you c w a l l , you know q u i t e o f t e n we a r e i n Mr. C a i n . MR. CAIN: Do you a v e r a c c o m p l i s h any of our requests? MR. A I R I S ; MR, CAIN: I hope s o . I hope we a r e r e s p o n s i v e . W e l l , sosietim.es, and tuany t i m e s n o t , and s p e c i f i c a l l y you a r e n o t on t h e d e s i g n c f t h i s bridge. I would l i k e t o a s k a few o t h e r q u e s t i o n s : Do you have d e s i g n s h e e t s a v a i l a b l e on this b r i d g e , o r a r o t h e s e t h e o n l y photos t h a t you have? MR. A I R I S : Well, these a r e a r t i s t s 1 renderings. There a r e more t e c h n i c a l drawings t h a n t h e s e a v a i l a b l e ; y e s . MR. CAIN: Would t h e y have a n y t h i n g t o d o w i t h this hearing of design? MR. A I R I S : I don't t h i n k s o . I think the e s s e n t i a l d a t a shows t h a t . • . MR. CAIN: A l l we need i s a p i c t u r e , in other w o r d s ? MR. A I R I S ; . . . i s i n t h e brochure a n d in the a r t i s t s ' rendering. MR. CAIN: MR. A I R I S : MR. CAIN: MR. A I R I S : A l l we need i s a picture then? Sir? A l l we need i s a picture? W e l l , h e r e a r e your a r t i s t s ' renderings (indicating). MR, CAIN: I s t h a t what you used t o determine t h e �659 c o n s t r u c t i o n of a bridge - j u s t t h a t ? MR. A I R I S : v?e.il ,, you know I am s u r e t h a t b e f o r e you ( b u i l d a n y k i n d o f s t r u c t u r e , b r i d g e s included„ you have many voluminous d e t a i l e d s h e e t 3 d e t a i l i n g t h e r e e n f o r c i n g o f t h e curvatures. MR. CAIN: And you don't p r e s e n t t h e s e a t p u b l i c hearings? M R . AIRIS: M R . CAIN: Not n o r m a l l y ; no, s i r . And t h e y a r e not h e r e t o n i g h t , are they? M R . AIRIS: are No c No, t h e d e s i g n i s n o t • w h e n those p r e p a r e d , Mr. C a i n , t h e d e s i g n i s f i x e d , and this i 3 a d e s i g n h e a r i n g before t h e d e s i g n i 3 f i x e d . In o t h e r w o r d s , t h e r e a r e some d r a w i n g s ? MR. A I R I S : Oh, y e s f M r . DeGast reminds me that t h e y a r e a v a i l a b l e i f anyone would l i k e t o inspect t h e m . MR. CAIN: D i d Mr. G..., in h i s testimony yesterday i n d i c a t e t h a t he had c o p i e s o f t h e s e drawings? M R . AIRIS: I don't r e c a l l that he asked for them or t h a t i t was e v e n d i s c u s s e d . M R . CAIN: Do you have a l i s t of a n y public w i t n e s s e s t h a t have been s u p p l i e d w i t h t h e s e d r a w i n g s ? M R . AIRIS; M R . DeGAST: I don't t h i n k s o . We have s u p p l i e d copies of these drawings t o t h o s e r e q u e s t i n g them, and t o those w h o w e r e not satisfied w i t h t h e s i m p l e i n s p e c t i o n o f them i n t h e h e a r i n g i n f o r m a t i o n . �660 MR. CAIN: Do y e a have a l i s t o f t h e s e ? MR. DeGAST: MR. CAIN: 1 aai s u r e our people have a l i s t o f Would you s u p p l y i t f o r t h e r e c o r d ? Please? MR. DeGAST: MR. A I R I S : here. I f t h a t w i l l be a c c e p t a b l e t o your y e s . W e l l , t h i s i s up t o t h e B e a r i n g Examiner I f he w i s h e s them i n t h e r e c o r d he w i l l put them i n t-.ie r e c o r d . MR. CAIN: W i l l you have them put i n t h e r e c o r d * p l e a s e , Mr. Hearing E x a m i n e r ? HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: What i s i t t h a t you want i n t h e r e c o r d , Mr. C a i n ? MR. CAIN: I would l i k e t h e names o f t h e w i t n e s s e s who have r e q u e s t e d t h e s p e c i f i c drawings t h a t r e l a t e t o t h e p r e l i m i n a r y design o f these p a r t i c u l a r sketches. MR. A I R I S : I am n o t s o s u r a we should r e a l l y do t h a t . T h a t ' s up t o t h e i n d i v i d u a l , i f he wants t o look a t drawings why he s h o u l d be p e r m i t t e d t o look a t them and n o t have h i s name brought out and put i n t h e r e c o r d . guided b y t h e H e a r i n g However, I w i l l be Officer. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: I would r u l e t h a t we w i l l make a s a p a r t o f t h e r e c o r d t h e s e drawings t h a t you have now referred to, I w i l l a l s o suggest t h a t you be f u r n i s h e d a s e t of t h e drawings f o r your p e r s o n a l u s e . �MR, CAIN: X have a s e t , Mr, Chairman, and i t i s r a t h e r important a t t h i s p o i n t t h a t t h i s p o i n t he brought out because a s I j u s t s t a t e d a minute ago, somebody was t e s t i f y i n g y e s t e r d a y a s an e x p e r t w i t n e s s , a s a p r o f e s s i o n a l , and i f he h a s n o t had a c c e s s t o t h e s e drawings t h e c r e d i b i l i t y o f t h e testimony i s s u r e l y i n doubt. you a s a r e a r i n g o r r i c e r " * * So I would a g a i n request t h a t - HEARING OFFICER DEGAS ( i n t e r p o s i n g ) s I am going to :iy your r e q u e s t and w i l l suggest t h a t you contact t h a t per« ] son t o see w h e t h e r o r n o t he does have a e o p y t A n d if h e does n o t have i t we w i l l make i t a v a i l a b l e t o him, MR, CAIN; Mr, A i r i s , was t h e estimated cost given l a s t n i g h t o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y $37,000 per year for u p k e e p on this particular the b a l l span? Was i t h i g h , low or w a s it anywhere i n park? MR. A I R I S : Well,, that's our e s t i m a t e . It is an e s t i m a t e and I t h i n k i t h a s about the a c c u r a c y of an e s t i m a t e , M R . CAIN: Would you say t h a t this w o u l d have a n y e f f e c t on t h e economic s i t u a t i o n of the District in the years to come, M R . AIRIS: W e l l , of course a l l of these things have a b e a r i n g on the c o s t of r u n n i n g the District no q u e s t i o n about t h a t . M R . CAIN: ! of C i v i l Engineers? Mr. A i r i s , are you a member of t h e Society �5G2 M R . AIRIS: M R . CAIN: X am. W a s a representative o f t h e S o c i e t y , who spoke y e s t e r d a y , representing y e a r v i e w s a 3 an informed member of t h i s Society? MR. AIRIS: Possibly s o ; I am n o t an o f f i c e r i n t h e ASCS section and I rarely attend t h e i r meetings. I knew n o t h - i n g about their position on t h e b r i d g e u n t i l I h e a r d h i s t e s t i mony. M R . CAIN: Well, then P i t ' s p o s s i b l e that he d o e s n ' t fully represent your v i e w s ? M R . AIRIS: W e l l , i t s o happens a f t e r I listened t o h i s t e s t i m o n y my v i e w c o i n c i d e d w i t h h i s v i e w s , to soma e x t e n t . I c d go t h a t f a r . M R . CAIN: I wonder i f t h e rest of the membership o f t h i s o r g a n i s a t i o n aire i n t h e same position? MR. A I R I S : W e l l , t h e y have a Board of Directors and t h e y have r e g u l a r monthly meetings, a n d I presume you w o u l d have t o a s k Mr. Granham t h i s q u e s t i o n . you., I can't really a n s w e r I presume t h a t he r e p r e s e n t s the S o c i e t y . MR. CAIN; D o you f e e l that it w o u l d be pertinent for t h e r e c o r d t h a t t h e c o s t e s t i m a t e for these t w o designs be i n t h e r e c o r d ? MR 0 AIRIS: I t h i n k t h e y a r e , s i r , s i n c e t h e y are i n t h i s publication here. MR. CAIN: 13 t h a t t h e t o t a l e s t i m a t e , o r a breakdown �653 MRo A I R I S : They a r e lump sum figures*, They are estimates ~ total estimates » MR. CAIN: W o u l d you think the b r e a k down schedule w o u l d be of a n y information t o a n y o f f i c i a l r e a d i n g or- document of this testimony? MR. A I R I S : I wouldn't t h i n k s o . I wouldn't t h i n k The amount of c o n c r e t e : r t h e amount o f > so. MR. CAIN* s t e e l w o u l d have no b e a r i n g on t h e l o a d l i m i t o f t h i s p a r t i c u l a r span? MR. A I R I S : MR. CAIN: No, I wouldn't t h i n k S 3 . I s t h e r e g o i n g t o be a aidewalk on t h i s particular span t h a t you a r e c o n s i d e r i n g ? MR. A I R I S ; The s e c t i o n , Mr. C a i n , i s shown i n t h e d r a w i n g s h e r e , and t h e r e i s t e n f o o t s h o u l d e r i n g by no s i d e walks, MR, CAIN: MR. A I R I S : MR. CAINi T h e r e would be no s i d e w a l k . No s i d e w a l k . I n r e a d i n g some o f t h e documents I see a l i s t i n g a t $3.0.00 a f o o t f o r h a n d r a i l s w h i c h amounts t o $32, 400 00o o Do we have h a n d r a i l s where we don't have s i d e - walks? MR. A I R I S : W e l l , most b r i d g e s have r a i l whether t h e y have s i d e w a l k s o r n o t . T h e y have a r a i l ? i f i t i s a b r i d g e �664 on w h i c h v e h i c l e s a r e r u n n i n g a t medium h i g h speed, i t i s n o t good p r a c t i c e t o have s i d e w a l k s where people a r e w a l k i n g a d j a c e n t t o t h e vehicles* We'd r a t h e r have t h e s i d e w a l k s some- where e l s e where t h e y a r e a l i t t l e more protected,, such a s on "Key" B r i d g e . I n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r b r i d g e , we have s h o u l d e r s and a r a i l t h a t i s designed a s a g u i d e - r a i l f o r v e h i c l e s , n o t for pedestrians, I M R . CAIN; B u t we do have h a n d - r a i l , d o n ' t v/e? MR. AIRIS: - r r-\ M T'7(=* ft T r p W e l l , i t * s r a i l , I t h i n k , is the designa- 4- Sheet C, Mr. Chairman, a s I have i t , has MR. CAli.T: i t l i s t e d as hand-rail. MR. CAIN: A l l right. MR. A I R I S : A l l righto I wonder i f t h i 3 sheet i s incorrect? MR. CASKi I f i t ' s c a l l e d h a n d - r a i l , I w i l l agree MR. A I R I S : w i t h t h e terminology. MR. CAIN: pert. I t ' s almost interchangeable. W e l l , you s e e , Mr. A i r i s , you a r e the e x - We a r e supposed t o be t h e p u b l i c , a n d if you don't de- f i n e f o r u s what you mean by hand-rail a n d interchangeable with g u a r d - r a i l , I mean I am n o t an e x p e r t on i t . MR, A I R I S ; MR. CAIN: I w i l l d o the b e s t I c a n , M r . C a i n . And I t h i n k t h e r e a r e many other citizens t h a t i f t h e y were r e a d i n g a s h e e t o f t h i s type t h e y w o u l d n ' t even know What T S S L i s , and s o , t h e r e f o r e , t h e y a r e asked t o �665 conclude about "Do 2 l i k e t h a t one, o r do I l i k e t h a t one?" I t ' s l i k e d e c o r a t i n g a C h r i s t m a s t r e e t h a t h a s n o t h i n g underneath- so t o speak, a l l t h e n e e d l e s a r e f a l l i n g o f f . You c a n j u s t put on s o many d e c o r a t i o n s and people con't know what you are t a l k i n g about. And I would r e q u e s t t h a t you"~ MR. A I R I S ( i n t e r p o s i n g ) : I f there a r e any questions* we have Room 16 open, and i t was a t t e n d e d i n t h e e v e n i n g e a c h n i g h t t > \.o.r; or t h i s . Any one of t h e s e g e r t i t a e n t h a t were i n t h e room could e x p l a i n a n y o f t h e s e q u e s t i o n s - if there is any need f o r a n e x p l a n a t i o n . T h a t was t h e i n t e n t of having the room open* MR. CAIN: I had s e v e r a l t o a r i s e and I couldn't get any answers,and I s t a y e d a s l a t e a s I could until about 6:30 i n the evening. and W i l l you s u p p l y copies o f cost estimate (a) ( c ) and e n t e r them i n t h e record? MR. A I R I S : W e l l , I t h i n k our cost h e r e for a project a t t h i s s t a g e i s p r e t t y w e l l shown in the b r o c h u r e . l I don t t h i n k t h e r e i s a n y need f o r a breakdown estimate of the type you a r e s p e a k i n g o f . We have a breakdown estimate but a t this s t a g e b e f o r e t h e d e s i g n becomes f i x e d w h y I can't s e e that it i s o f much v a l u e t o anybody. MR, CAIN: W e l l , i n t e s t i f y i n g in t h e C o n g r e s s in t h e p a s t , you o f t e n come w i t h o u t t h e proper information^ a n d when q u e s t i o n s o f t h i s n a t u r e a r i s e you don't have it available I remember back se\*eral y e a r s ago when we were d i s c u s s i n g the �665 T a y l o r S t r e e t B r i d g e over a c r o s s t h e s t r e e t i n t h e o t h e r a u d i t o r i u m , and I made such a r e q u e s t from you and 1 asked t h a t I meet you r i g h t a f t e r t h e h e a r i n g You s a i d you c o u l d no 0 s u p p l y the i n f o r m a t i o n * but i f I came t o your o f f i c e a f t e r t h e h e a r i n g you would s u p p l y i t * right Well,, I am s t i l l w a i t ~ i n g f o r i t , s o I do a g a i n r e q u e s t t h a t you s u p p l y c o s t e s t i m a t e s (a) and ( c ) f o r the record. MR. t o you, AIRIS: Could you do t h a t . Nr. Airis? I w i l l c e r t a i n l y t r y my b e s t t o g i v e i t I remember t h a t i n s t a n c e , and I t h i n k we got c r o s s - up because I went t o t h e wrong p l a c e . I thovght I v a s t o meet you i n f r o n t of t h e b u i l d i n g and you went over t o D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g , o r i t was v i c e v e r s a , X c a n ' t remesber w h i c h . MR. r e c o r d * Mr, CAIN: W i l l you s u p p l y t h e s e two s h e e t s f o r t h e Airis? MRo AIRIS: MR. CAIN: Cost e s t i m a t e s ( a ) ? ( a ) and (cK One i s l a l e l e d "Continuous s t e e l box s k i r t e r , and t h e o t h e r p r e - s t r e s s c o n c r e t e box girder bridge. MR, AIRIS: T h a t ' s t h e two c u r r e n t b r i d g e s we a r e l o o k i n g a t h e r e t h a t have been d e s i g n a t e d by t h e a r t i s t render' ing? MR. CAIN: MR. AIRIS: MR. CAIN: MR. AIRIS: That's Will correct c do. Can you a l s o s u p p l y t h e two Now, renderings? i f I don't g e t them t o you w i t h i n a �667 M R . CAIHi i.fell, I w o u l d like t o see t h e m in t h e record ixrs'C; Mir. Chair van ^ and 'cnon you can g e t me my copies later. MR, AIRIS: I ^ee n o reason t o c l u t t e r up the r e c o r d w i t h t h i s information, ': you want t h i s , X w i l l b e glad t o .f give it t o y o u . M R . CAIN: W e l l / M r . Chairman, a g a i n t I w o u l d make t h i s r e q u e s t : T h a t if h e i s going t o s u p p l y ue the c o p y copies — t h a t you h o l d t h e r e c o r d open s o that I can then submit those copies* In other words, if it t a k e s h i m over 10 days w o u l d you g r a n t me t h e p r i v i l e g e t o have the record held open u n t i l I r e c e i v e the copies? HEARING OFFICER DOGAS: MR* A I R I S : Well? I suggest, Mr. C h a i r m a n , if i t c s of a n y moment;, I can f u r n i s h c o p i e s . It's of n o great t r o u b l e . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: W e l l , w h a t I w a n t t o d o is t o be s u r e t h a t Mr. C a i n h a s h a d a m p l e opportunity? and I w o u l d w a n t t o make t h e same type o f r u l i n g f o r h i m that w e made e a r l i e r t o D a v i d P e t e r Craig? you have suggested t h a t you a r e going t o f u r n i s h something. He h a s n o t h a d a n ample opportunity — if he h a s n o t had a n ample opportunity on t h e 28th t o r e spond t o it t h e n we w i l l keep t h e record open u n t i l then for t h e purpose of h i s response. W e just w a n t t o make sure t h a t everybody h a s t h e same shake in t h i s b a l l g a m e . �MR. CAIN: W e l l , t h a t would he p e r f e c t l y a l l r i g h t w i t h no because I d i d n ' t h e a r t h a t t h i s morning and I am g l a d t h a t you brought i t up. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: MR. A I R I S : Uh, huh. Well/, we w i l l send you t h e s e two e s t i m a t e s , Mr. C a i n . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: a s q u i c k l y a s we c a n . And we w i l l g e t t h e m t o you I n t h e e v e n t you don't have sufficient t i m e , you w i l l have 10 days from t h e r e c e i p t of them t o g e t them. MR. CAIN: T h a t would be f i n e , M r . C h a i r m a n . I would l i k e t o o f f e r j u s t one little newspaper c l i p p i n g f o r t h e r e c o r d , and a s k t h a t it be s u b m i t t e d . It is i n r e g a r d t o a death and t h i s o c c u r r e d , I t h i n k , y e s t e r d a y . So u n l e s s Mr. A i r i s h a d a long b r e a k a t summer time a n d h a d h i s newspaper, he probably h a s n ' t r e a d i t b u t this refers t o e a c a r h u r d l i n g a 3 - f o o t guard r a i l and causing t h e 114th t r a f f i c d e a t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. According to the j u s t day and a h a l f t h a t I had t o look a t these because of t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s I p r e v i o u s l y m e n t i o n e d , I w o n d e r if t h e y c o u l d g i v e u s some s t a t i s t i c s o r give u s soma studies a s t o the effect o f a b e t t e r d e s i g n f o r a 3«foot guard rail? I might b e s p e c i f i c . i t s a y s on U S 295. And Not knowing e x a c t l y w h e r e this happened^ I was wondering if we have the same type guard r a i l t h e r e , t h i s c o n c r e t e guard rail w h i c h i s proposed on �669 t h i s bridge? And i f t h a t be t h e c a s e , then n e i t h e r m y s e l f nor Mr* A i r i s has had t h e chance t o l o c k a t i t . , but I would "sincerely appreciate i t t h a t i f he d i d f i n d t h a t both o f t h e s e c o i n c i d e t h a t he would, i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f s a f e t y o f a l l o f u s i n t h e D i s t r i c t , t o have t o u s e t h e s e f a c i l i t i e s t h a t a r e des i g n e d b y h i s department, i f we c o u l d n * t cone up w i t h something better? E v i d e n t l y f o r come r e a s o n o r o t h e r t h i s 3~foot guard r a i l d i d n o t p r o t e c t t h i s i n d i v i d u a l ; a n d i f t h i s i s t h e same t y p e , and t h i s i s m e r e l y a n o b s e r v a t i o n •: iir; ' and t h a t i s proposed on - r t i o u l ; . s t r u c t u r e X would be a g a i n s t such a guard r a i l I t h i n k even t h e gentleman from V i r g i n i a would p r o b a b l y l i k e t o c o n s i d e r t h i s and s e e i f something l e t t e r c o u l d n ' t fee produced. Because we don't want t o be l e a d i n g t h e n a t i o n w i t h t h e s m a l l square mileage we have h e r e i n t r a f f i c deaths j u s t due t o some o f t h e s e m a l f u n c t i o n i n g appreciate of designs, and I do t h a t t h i s i s a d e s i g n h e a r i n g and \?e do have t h e V i r g i n i a and D i s t r i c t o f f i c i a l s t h a t a r e e x p e r t s h e r e . And I am s u r e i f t h e y s o d i r e c t e d o r had such a n i n t e r e s t — a g a i n , i n the i n t e r e s t o f t h e people t h a t l i v e i n t h e D i s t r i c t , not j u s t i n t h e people t h a t go i n and out, t h a t perheps he could furnish some s t u d i e s t h a t w i l l show t h a t maybe t h e y c o u l d have even a better design, MRo A I R I S : W i l l do. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: Cain { A l t h o u g h 3: c a n conceive,, Mr. a 3-foot guard r a i l on a b r i d g e o f t h i s k i n d . �670 MRo CAIN: W e l l , t h i s i s what a g a i n I would l i k e you t o have t h e s e i n t h e r e c o r d because we do n o t , on t h i s ; cula;: s h e t c h I have, have a ( p r o f i l e d designation,, parti- But going t o t h e scale., i t comes up t o me t o be about 3 f o o t guard r a i l . I I don't have t h e b r o c h u r e i n f r o n t o f me. what i t s t a t e s . I think that's I t h i n k t h a t ' s what Mr* A i r i s said i t was. So t h a t ' s why I t h i n k t h a t a s a n o n - t e c h n i c a l expert 0 that i f a i n f o r m a t i o n and p o s s i b l y a g a i n - i t could e v e n be put on these d e t a i l e d d r a w i n g s • They don't show i t . I t s a y s low l e v e l r a i l i n g * and t h a t ' s t h e p r o f i l e of t h e b r i d g e . MR, A I R I S : Mr. Chairman* we w i l l check t h i s out and i n s e r t i t i n t h e r e c o r d . c o n c r e t e medium. The g u a r d r a i l - t h e 3- f o o t I t i s the one t h a t i 3 reeo/amended a t t h e current time, MR. CAIN; While I am thinking o f t h i s guard r a i l , l am wondering i f i t wouldn't be o f benefit a l s o t o t h e commuter. I n o t h e r words „ we have got a panoramic v i e w and we a r e r e a l l y c o n s i d e r i n g safety. Couldn't we p o s s i b l y go t o a 4 o r 5 - f o o t guard r a i l so t h a t t h e s e people r i d i n g i n t h e s e v e h i c l e s aren't d i s t r a c t e d and l o o k i n g o v e r t h e s i d e o f the bridge to s e a who i s rowing which way, s o on and s o f o r t h , and I think p o s s i b l y t h i s could improve s a f e t y . No.* I would l i k e t h e D. C. Highway Director and p o s s i b l y t h e V i r g i n i a Highway Director to t a k e a look a t t h i s p a r t i c u l a r map. have i t dated a s Sheet #S~31. They I j u s t want t o show i t t o them, �671 and t h e n I w i l l a s k them, t h e q u e s t i o n MR, AIRIS: MR. CAIN: (reviewing). I t looks a l l r i g h t t o ae„ I n looking a t t h i s p a r t i c u l a r drawing c l o s e l y ^ and t h i s i s why a g a i n I would l i k e t o have i t i n t h e r e c o r d because - i s t h a t c o r r e c t ; Mr* A i r i s , t h a t you saw n o t h i n g wrong w i t h t h e drawing? MR. AIRIS: I j u s t glanced at i t . I d i d n ' t 3ee a n y - t h i n g wrong w i t h i t . MR. CAIN: I s t h a t c o r r e c t w i t h the o f f i c i a l of t h e V i r g i n i a Highway Department? MR. SNEAD: I looked a t i t . I sca.med o v e r i t * and I c o u l d n ' t see a n y t h i n g wrong W i t h i t . MR. #8-31. CAIN: W e l l * I w i s h you would p u l l out Sheet I n ray o b s e r v a t i o n * and a g a i n I am a s k i n g f o r an answer a s an e x p e r t , s o I w i s h your e x p e r t s would g e t i t on t h e drawi n g board and t a k e a good l o o k a t i t , because i f we a r e going t o c o n s t r u c t t h e b r i d g e * we want t o know what we a r e g e t t i n g . Mow, my c a l c u l a t i o n s show t h a t on t h e r i g h t hand s i d e o f t h e s h e e t we have t h e roadway a t 80 f e e t ? on t h e l e f t hand s i d e o f t h e s k e t c h we have t h e roadv/ay a t 74 f e e t . Does t h e roadway have a 6 f o o t s l o p e t o i t ? T h i s would be* r o u g h l y to c from n o r t h south. MR. AIRIS: Mr. C a i n , p l e a s e MR, L e t me see what you a r e l o o k i n g a t * (review). CAINiL I s t h i s roadway supposed t o have a s l o p e i n �672 MRo A I R I S s A l l t h a t i s i s super e l e v a t i o n * l o o k a t t h a t and t e l l t h a t * elevated. You know what I mean. You can I t ' s super You know when you go around t h e c u r v e , your c u r v e i s hanked. You s e e , t h i s i s o v e r on t h e edge o f t h e b r i d g e , •rah y r u r : . u : e i s banked, you know? .-:v A l l limited access f a c i l i t i e s a r e b u i l t w i t h aui-ar e l e v a t i o n pose o f t h i s - c h a t ' s the p a r - ( i n d i c a t i n g ) cocked o f f l i k e t h a t , s e e ? MR. CAIN: 2 t h a n k Mr. A i r i s f o r h i s expertise h e - r e I don't g e t t h a t e v e r y d a y , and o f t e n when I go down t o h i s o f f i c e I g e t somebody e l s e and t h e y don't have that little : p e r t i s e t h a t he h a s . A g a i n , a s f a r a s t h e design of the b r i d g e i s concerned we don't p a r t i c u l a r l y like either design and we don't e v e n l i k e a b r i d g e , and we d o n ' t e v e n like the whole s y s t e m t h a t ' s connected w i t h i t . I do sincerely w i s h , Mr. Chairman, t h a t t h e one page I referred t o - that you would hand c a r r y t o t h e Mayor© because I live in this n e i g h borhood, and I have l i v e d i n i t f o r close tc 4 0 years a n d I b e l i e v e I am f a m i l i a r w i t h some o f the problems of the n e i g h borhood, some o f t h e e m o t i o n a l feelings of t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d , a n d I don't t h i n k you y o u r s e l f would want t o be put in a position o f f a v o r i n g a n y t y p e of development t h a t w o r l d cause r e a l turmoil i n t h i s the Nation's C a p i t o l . I sincerely a m afraid t h a t t h i s i s about t h e p o i n t we have reached, in our particular community. I t r y t o be a s a c t i v e a s I c a n t o t r y t o p r e v e n t �573 some of t h e s e things* b u t you c a n o n l y spread s o far a n d d o s o ranch and we d o have t o look t o you* t h e officials of the g o v e r n m e n t t o h e l p u s in e v e r y w a y , A n d t h i s i s r e a l l y why wc are a p p e a r i n g here tonight? that you do get t h i s f e e l i n g and that you do understand o u r problem, and our problem i s n o t just moving a u t o m o b i l e s a s Mr. A i r i s ' problem i s . I n o t h e r w o r d s , w e have t h e t o t a l p i c t u r e . We g e t t h e a i r pollutionf w e get the low-income f a m i l i e s ? we g e t t h e major part of t h e p u b l i c housing? we g e t t h e new incinerators out i n i our neighborhood? we get t h e s e b e a u t i f u l new roads n o b o d y e l s e nts? w e get t h e 69 homes a l l boarded u p that n o b o d y else wantse We get t h e rush-hour t r a f f i c t h a t nobody else w a n t s . :-:ut w e don't g e t good p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n that's r e a s o n a b l e . | We don't g e t a n y e x p r e s s bus s e r v i c e s t o downtown*, w h i c h are needed. We d o n ' t get low bus r a t e s * w h i c h are a l s o needed,* W e a r e s l o w l y l o s i n g most o f t h e t r e e s that we have in our a r e a d u e t o t h i s pol?.ution t h i n g . side e A s an e x p e r t gardener on the I n o t i c e t h a t t h e o n l y way Z can keep -he tree in front o f my house growing i s t o come out a b o u t e v e r y other d a y and s p r a y i t c o m p l e t e l y w i t h w a t e r and t h i s seems t o remove these i m p u r i t i e s i n t h e a i r t h a t form on the leaves a n d prevent the other t r e e s from growing. And m y t r e e * in comparison t o some of t h e o t h e r s is about twice a s large a 3 one compared t o the same s p e c i e s grown r o u g h l y i n t h e same terrain a n d approximately at t h e same l o c a t i o n . So-, i f this t h i n g k e e ^ s u p and t h e y b u i l d �674 l a l l t h e s e t h i n c r s , v d o n t know where we e r e goxncr t o cret t h e w a t e r t o keep on s p r a y i n g t r e e s ; and i f t h e y don't p u r i f y t h e a i r we a r e n o t g o i n g t o keep on b r e a t h i n g . When t h a t happens I guess we w i l l j u s t have t o g e t a ga.3 mask, and 1 guess we w i l l have t o coma down t o Mr * A i r i s e v e r y n o ; and t h e n a n d say.- "Dear Tom; I t ' s t i m e f o r a r e f i l l on t h a t cartridge be« cause you brought i t a l l h e r e a n d we c a n ' t d r i v e t o Potomac e v e r y n i g h t because we don't s t a y h e r e and s u f f e r . l i g h t on i t . W e have t o l i v e out t h e r e . " So t h a t i t r e a l l y does put a different I khow t h e Mayor l i v e s i n the city a n d I k n o w V'-j :": :::o;: • l i k e ::o •'• ar:d':'t h i n k he f e e l s some of the problems . •.> ;• and t h i s i s why i t i s i m p o r t a n t t h a t t h e y be relayed back t o him. Because we know a s i n t h e p a s t t h e documents just build up and t h i s reminds me o f a remark t h a t I t h i n k M r 3 . Hubbard made a n d I made t h e same comment, a n d I w i l l supply the date f o r t h e records T h a t we d i d have a public h e a r i n g on that f r e e w a y t h a t went down toward t h e river over t o w a r d s the arboretum and it w a s t h e o n l y o n e , a n d I havs attended n i n e , a t w h i c h a n a c t i n g D. C. Commissioner a p p e a r e d . was C o l o n e l K a t h e y , a n d h e did s t a y for an h o u r . witness. I think t h i 3 I wa3 the firqt I made the same r e q u e s t that M r s . Harriet m a d e , b a c k t h e n * a n d t h i s is a serious requests T h a t you a s a development officer should r e a l l y c a r r y back t o t h e M a y o r t h a t w e get a m a p t h a t shows t h e t o t a l p i c t u r e . t h e t r a v e l downtown? W h e r e i s the bus lane that takes Where i s t h e a u t o l a n e ? Where i s t h e a i r �lane u p above u s ? W h e r e is the truck lane? jj rapid transit l a n e s . W h e r e a r e the Put t h e m a l l on one m a p because not I e v e r y b o d y i s a s e x p e r t a 3 you are and can r e a d a map t h a t j you have 10 o r 15 things superimposed on. hi::. A i r i s a g a i n says h e ' s got i t down i n h i s o f f i c e , j and a g a i n , a s Z said b e f o r e , i f X don't go down and s e e h i m I personally I don't get t o s e e i t . I can read i t . So if 10 o f I our members g o down t h e r e Z have t o go down and interpret i t j for t h e m . If- you r e a l l y want economic develc patent in this c i t y and you r e a l l y want t h e people t o u n d e r s t a n d w h a t ' s going o n , you a r e g o i n g t o have t o g i v e t h e m the t o t a l picture and you are going t o have t o produce something like t h i s . I would l i k e t o mete a personal request t o the B e a r i n g O f f i c e r , t h a t he make t h i s h i s n u m b e r one priority because I b e l i e v e t h a t a s you were saying b e f o r e , you w e r e t r y ing t o get a l l these r e l a t e d problems. thing l i k e t h i s . I t i s b y doing s o m e - The newspapers a r e n ' t going t o do i t . The highway department i s n o t g o i n g t o d o i t , Virginia is not going t o do i t because t h e y a r e not r e a l l y interested in the t o t a l picture i n the D i s t r i c t . I think that you,. M r . Dugss, a s t h e Economic O f f i c e r , if you have such a m a p available for d i s t r i b u t i o n c o u l d e v e n e n t i c e some people t o come t o certain locations- because t h e r e a g a i n i f t h e y a r e locating t h e y don't j have t h e t o t a l p i c t u r e . One o f t h e major r e a s o n s t h a t the c i t y �i s l o s i n g b u s i n e s s , i f you f o r g e t about crime f o r a Ednute, and I understand t h a t ' s a l s o a problem, b u t many o f t h e s e b u s i n e s s — a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y up i n our neighborhood - i f a d d i t i o n a l f a c i l i t a . e s a r e b u i l t f o r t h e s e p a r t i c u l a r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n systems;, i t ' s t h e i r t h i r d move i n t h e D i s t r i c t , And you s e e , t h e y j u s t g e t t i r e d o f i t , l i k e , , " w e l l , who c a r e s about u s ? " And i f we l o s e a n o t h e r 2 5 % o f them a s we have a l r e a d y l o s t o u t t o t h e r r i t o r y o f t h e B e l t w a y , t h e r e i s n ' t going t o be any'economy here. People l i k e m y s e l f t h a t own a home, i n s t e a d o f paying $450,00 a y e a r i n t a x e s j u s t f o r t h a t l i t t l e p i e c e o f r e a l e s t a t e , we a r e going t o be p a y i n g $1500,00. Then when you g e t i n t o t h a t c a t e g o r y t h e n t h e r e i s no p l a c e t o put t h e poor 1 v.co./le I s -.::ur:e ekey c a n t a f f o r d those k i n d of t a x e s . see, So you 5 i t s r e a l l y and t r u l y t h e t o t a l p i c t u r e t h a t e a c h one o f t h e s e d i f f e r e n t c a t e g o r i e s h a s i t s d i r e c t e f f e c t , and we j u s t c a n ' t c o n t i n u e a s we have i n t h e p a s t , i g n o m i n g one another. I s e e you have looked a t your w a t c h , s o I w i l l take the indication. HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: MR. CAIN: We have a 12 o ' c l o c k d e a d l i n e , I do hope you have a happy C h r i s t m a s and I hope you don't have t o spend i t h e r e . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: A SPECTATOR: MR, CAIN: Thank you, Mr„ Dugas. Thank you, Mr. C a i n . (making comments) He was a s k i n g about g e t t i n g t h e s e docu- ments e n t e r e d i n t o t h e r e c o r d . �677 A SPECTATORS The one I am concerned about, I thought ho s a i d t h a t someone t e s t i f i e d h e r e a s a s o - c a l l e d e x p e r t about t h e highway and he was making r e f e r e n c e t o t h e f a c t t h a t maybe he g o t t h e f i g u r e s from A i r i s ' o f f i c e t o determine h i m s e l f a s a n e x p e r t , and I t h i n k you r u l e d e that, against I was wondering - I t h i n k maybe what he was t a l k i n g about was t h e r e c o r d w i l l show t h a t t h i s man i s an e x p e r t g i v i n g h i s f i g u r e s and he got them from A i r i s ' o f f i c e - s o t h a t ' s what X thought he was g e t t i n g a f t e r . Of c o u r s e you I r u l e d a g a i n s t i t , s o I was j u s t wondering i f t h a t w a s t h e I ruling. :-hh:cG :::;:h OFFICER DUGASS an e x p e r t o r what he was. x don't know w h e t h e r he was X s i m p l y s a i d that i f he knew h e was he c o u l d a s k him f o r i t . A SPECTATOR: B u t t h e p o i n t i s , this is going into t the r e c o r d . And I t h i n k i n reciding t h e record I t h i n k t h e y w i l l assume t h a t he was a n e x p e r t and h e g o t h i s information from A i r i s ' office, HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: I don't t h i n k h e w a s t e s t i f y - i n g a s an e x p e r t because most o f t h e people here d i d n t q u a l i f y as expertso A SPECTATORS I know he made r e f e r e n c e t o "expert," and t h a t ' s why I q u e s t i o n e d i t . HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: A s I s a y - h e may have made a reference. T h e r e i s o n l y one man t h a t I know o f who q u a l i f i e s �678 qua.i.3.r xcci iixxo.sQJ.iz a s an e x p e r t hero *?. twos from C a l i f o r n i a and P e t e r C r a i g t h i s morning* more w i t n e s s one e o c t o r The o n l y two. 0 A SPECTATOR: You j u s t e n t e r e d someone from t h e floor. HEARING OFFICER DUGASi 2 know I d i d . going t o e n t e r t a i n a n o t h e r one, s i r . I am n o t X am going t o h e a r from Mr. M i l t o n Vo P e t e r s o n . We a r e going t o g e t through h e r e t o n i g h t . Mr. P e t e r s o n ? (no r e s p o n s e ) BEARING OFFICER DUGAS: I s Mr. P e t e r s o n h e r e ? (no response) Now r i s Mr. P e t e r s o n h e r e ? (no r e s p o n s e ) Mr. P e t e r s o n i s n o t h e r e . Now, I am r u l i n g now t h a t u n l e s s Mr. P e t e r s o n comes i n t h e door w i t h i n t h e n e x t two minutes he w i l l n o t t e s t i f y tonight. You may a s k your q u e s t i o n . A SPECTATOR: Airis ( I j u s t wanted a c l a r i f i c a t i o n . d i d I understand that—• THE REPORTER: MR. GOVERN: Arlington. Mr. What i s your name? Mr. Govern - James Governor o f I f I understand t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n e a r l i e r b y Mr.. �679 BQXX who spoke about t h e rowzng crews o f o f W - L High S c h o o l &. - - Mr,. B u t t « 2 t h i n k you L.:ade a statement t h a t i t was h i s statement a few y e a r s ago t h a t prompted t h e one d e s i g n * t h e p r e - s t r c s s c o n c r e t e design*, i s t h a t c o r r e c t ? MR* A I R I S s Sir., he was - w e l l * h i s t e s t i m o n y was one o f , t h e elements t h a t l e d u s t o e v o l v e t h e b r i d g e we have today. MR GOVANj a Okay, t h a n k you* b r i n g ono o t h e r t h i n g out* I j u s t wanted t o I n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h a t I wanted to r e l a t e one o t h e r p o i n t w h i c h X t h i n k s h o u l d be o f i n t e r e s t t o Mr* H a r r i s . and t h a t i s , i f you a r e going t o honor t h i s k i n d ; of i n t e r e s t t o the e x t e n t o f c o n s i d e r i n g a bridge which c o s t s o r a l B i l l i o n d o l l a r s more money X would l i k e t o a s k how you make d i s t i n c t i o n s about what k i n d o f e d u c a t i o n a l o r a t h l e t i c i n t e r e s t s you a r e going t o accommodate I-5S P P because i n t h e case o f i n A r l i n g t o n , r e l a t e d t o t h e same h i g h s c h o o l - Washing to: and Lee, t h e r e i s a b i o l o g y c u r r i c u l u m w h i c h i s f o c u s e d on t h e open a r e a b e h i n d t h e h i g h s c h o o l * And t h a t t e a c h e r and those students are v e r y i n t e r e s t e d i n p r e s e r v i n g t h a t a r e a a s a l a b o r a t o r y f o r the study o f l i f e * I would l i k e t o ask why we c a n c o n s i d e r a n a l t e r n a t e d e s i g n , c o n s i d e r rowing, and perhaps n o t g i v e a n y thought t o t h e o t h e r p a r t o f t h e h i g h s c h o o l c u r r i c u l u m w h i c h p r o b a b l y i s much more important i n t h e l o n g run? MR. HARRIS: Mr. Govan, t o answer your q u e s t i o n , I �l was i n Mr. S . , , 3 o f f i c e t h i s morning, and he has a suggestion!, u a n o t h e r p r o p o s a l a t t h e W&L r e l a t i v e t o t h e s t r e a m on t h a t , north side of the i n t e r s t a t e . We a r e working w i t h Mr. S , , , d i l i g e n t l y on t h i s p r o p o s a l now, MR, GOVAN; W e l l , 2 t h i n k i t is t h e fairest thing you c a n do i f you a r e going t o consider an alternate bridge o i g n f o r rowing c r e w s , t h a t you c a n a t least accommodate science curriculum i n a high school, S i r , you a r e putting w o r d s in m y m o u t h , 2-iR* A I R I S : I s a i d i t was one o f t h e elements t h a t led t o the bridge has been e v o l v e d . There a r e o t h e r e l e m e n t s a l s o , MR. GOVAN: A l l r i g h t , t h a n k you v a r y m u c h . And I encouraged b y what Mr. H a r r i s just s a i d , b u t I d o h o p e that i n t a l k i n g t o V i r g i n i a officials that you a l s o talk t o t e a c h e r s i n t h e h i g h schools w h o w o u l d know much more about i t t h a n Mr, S. , • i n terms of h o w u s e f u l it i s for their e curriculum, M R , HARRIS: Thank y o u , HEARING OFFICER D U G A S : T h e m e e t i n g is adjourned for t h e n i g h t . A SPECTATOR: I h a v e just one more q u e s t i o n . You mentioned liaison w i t h t h e M a y o r a n d w i t h t h e D e p u t y M a y o r . W e have h a d a good d e a l of trouble w i t h D e p u t y M a y o r s in t h e c i t y t a n d it recently came t o my attention from a n unimpeachable �6S1 ^ou.vce '—iiciC LPLL, w5rs.-iit4iu vvcicc .0e.i-2.eve0 cnac *cne i^orcn c e n c r u x "** **• t h a t i s - we a r e h o l d i n g o u t —«• t h a t t h e c i t y government i s h o l d i n g c u t on t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e n o r t h C e n t r a l Freeway because we p l a n t o g e t development f u n d s , HEARING OFFICER DUGAS: The meeting i s a d j o u r n e d , A SPECTATOR: No, you s a i d I c o u l d a s k a q u e s t i o n , MR. A I R I S : Well, the record i s closed HEAR1HG OFFICER DUGASi Mr. DeGast, I have one w i t n e s s . - adjourned. Mr„ H a r r i s , M r . A i r i s a n d Ha h a s a prepared statement. He had a l e t t e r t o come i n w h i c h a p p a r e n t l y he did n o t r e ~ ceive. I would l i k e t o h e a r h i m t o n i g h t . MR. A I R I S : I ' l l be g l a d t o s t a y . WHEREUPON* MR. FREDERICK HEUTTS r APPROACHED THE PODIUM AND T E S T I F I E D , IN S U B S T A N C E , AS FOLLOWS: MR, HEUTTS: Mayor Washington, M e m b e r s o f the C i t y C o u n c i l o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, and the legal r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h e Commonwealth o f V i r g i n i a , I am F r e d e r i c Heutte. I l i v e a t 1600 Newton S t r e e t , N . E . , W a s h - i n g t o n , D, C, and am a member o f t h e Executive Board o f t h e C a t h o l i c I n t e r r a c i a l C o u n c i l o f Washington, D. C . a n d C h a i r m a n o f i t s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee. T h i s statement is presented i n b e h a l f of t h e C a t h o l i c I n t e r r a c i a l C o u n c i l . I donLt know whether i t s h o u l d be c l a r i f i e d f o r t h e r e c o r d , w e did a p p l y t o be on t h e h e a r i n g l i s t by S p e c i a l D e l i v e r y L e t t e r , w h i c h we �682 I s a i l e d on W e d n e s d a y , a n d w h e n I saw yesterday that our name was not on t h e list I checked w i t h t h e Office a n d the letter j w a s there a n d a p p a r e n t l y there ha3 been sorae f o u l up and I appreciate t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o t e s t i f y h e r e . However e I might | say a t the o u t s e t , a l o n g w i t h a nuraber of o t h e r w i t n e s s e s , our t e s t i f y i n g here does n o t constitute a r e c o g n i t i o n t h a t t h i s i s a legal hearing as required e i t h e r by t h e D i s t r i c t Code, T i t l e 1, or the Interstate H i g h w a y A c t , o r t h e Department o f T r a n s * portat ion On ids 1 ines» A s is u s u a l we s t a r t o f f w i t h a quote from t h e scripture. If these h e a r i n g s go on much l o n g e r we w i l l have j t h e o p p o r t u n i t y o f h a v i n g r e a d t h e whole b i b l e into the h e a r i n g s , b u t t h i s i s a s e r i o u s m a t t e r , and t h i s i s f r o m H A B A K K U K 2t5, the Prohphetf "WEALTH I S INDEED A TREACHEROUS T H I N G , H A U G H T Y A N D UNABLE TO REST I S HE WHO/, I S A S GREEDY AS SHEOL, WHO I S L I K E D E A T H , INSATIABLE, WHO ASSEMBLES A L L THE NATIONS FOR H I S OWN E N D S , COLIECTS A L L THE PEOPLES T O H I S OWN A D V A N T A G E , a "Sheol," i n c i d e n t a l l y , i s " h e l l . " T h i s b r i d g e and t h e f r e e w a y system,, for w h i c h it h a s become t h e c h i e f symbol, r e a l l y have n o t h i n g t o d o w i t h the s o l u t i o n o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems,,„ ,«as h a s been proven time j and t i m e a g a i n t h e y w i l l e s a o o s r b a t e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems,, �poison our environment* and d e s t r o y o u r s o c i e t y - and o u r r e p u b l i c , t h i s b r i d g e and f r e e w a y s y s t e m have t o do w i t h money. Honey e x t o r t e d from t h e people, a t t h e s a c r i f i c e o f t h e i r homes, f a m i l i e s , community, and e c o l o g i c a l and m o r a l w e l l - b e i n g , to f e e d t h e i n s a t i a b l e greed o f t h e Money-Mafia, through t h e a m o r a l and d e s p i c a b l e a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e Money-Mafia's c h i e f p r o s t i t u t e s , t h e Eighway Lobby, and t h e i r p o l i t i c a l c l i e n t s i n Congress, and t h e i r l o c a l s h i l l s : t h e highway departments. :7a : h e r e , once c.«ai-n, remind you, our c i t y g o v e r n mant, t h a t you must n o t f a l l p r e t y t o t h e i r a l l u r e m e n t s . We i n s i s t t h a t you, our c i t y government, i n your w i d e l y p u b l i c i z e d program f o r "law and o r d e r " might w e l l b e g i n b y obeying t h e law y o u r s e l v e s and adhere t o t h e l e g a l r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r h i g h way p l a n n i n g s e t f o r t h i n T i t l e 7 o f t h e D C 0 0 Code, and b y making no move t o b u i l d a n y b r i d g e s o r roads under t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f t h e I n t e r s t a t e Highway A c t u n t i l you have complied w i t h t h e l e g a l r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h a t A c t and t h e g u i d e l i n e s o f the Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n . We r e j e c t government by b l a c k m a i l , d u r e s s , i n t i m i d a - t i o n , e x t o r t i o n , and c a b a l s ? government w h i c h i s deaf t o t h e w i l l o f t h e people e x p r e s s e d i n d e m o c r a t i c referendum,, i n open and l e g a l l y c o n s t i t u t e d hearings,, and i n t h e c o u r t s o f law? government w h i c h l i s t e n s o n l y t o t h e v o i c e o f t h e e c o n o m i c a l l y and p o l i t i c a l l y p o w e r f u l , and r e s u l t s o f loaded p o l l s concocted and p a i d f o r b y s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t groups; government r u n by emas- �ciliated stooges w h o w i l l i n g h e t r y their sacred t r u s t f o r m o n e y or a g r a n d i s e m e a t c In t w o large popular r e f e r e n d a , Kay,, 1968 and a g a i n 7 0 . l£hh\.. the citi.-iotti SPerwhelJnijigly rejected this bridge a n d these f r e e w a y s . On F e b r u a r y 1 5 t h , I9S8 t h e U , S . C o u r t of A p p e a l s ruled t h a t t h i s bridge and f r e e w a y system w a s illegal "from its inception," In A p r i l of this y e a r , a g a i n the Court of A p p e a l s ruled the T h r e e - S i s t e r s Bridge is i l l e g a l . A t this m o m e n t the citizens a r e b a c k in c o u r t , for the third t i m e , because t h i s hearing is i l l e g a l . In December.. 1 9 6 8 , a f t e r four full d a y s of public l.ho C i t y C o u n c i l v o t e d , w i t h o u t d i s s e n t , t o adopt t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t o l Planning Commission's Comprehensive T r a n s portation P l a n , w h i c h calls for n o more Interstate F r e e w a y s , a n d proclaimed a s its k e y planning principle t h a t "no new g a t e w a y s t o the c i t y are needed".,,this k e y principle w a s ratified ! b y the present C o u n c i l in February of this y e a r . Y e t , on A u g u s t 9 t h , 1 9 6 9 , u n d e r incredible d u r e s s , b l a c k m a i l , political e x t o r t i o n , the C i t y C o u n c i l lost its courage and illegally reversed its v o t e , , i n flagrant disregard of T i t l e 7 of the DoC, C o d e and the Interstate H i g h w a y A c t . , , and proved themselves u n w o r t h y of their sacred trust t o r e present the people of t h i s city«, T h e illegal construction of the Three Sisters Bridge is b e i n g justified b y a g r o s s l y a m o r a l statute (Sec. 23 �of t h e F e d e r a l - A i d Highway A c t c f 1 9 6 3 } , t h a t was e n a c t e d o v e r t h e outraged c r i e s o f t h e c i t i z e n s a n d i n a r r o g a n t d e f i a n c e o f a court r u l i n g * Xt i s a s t a t u t e t h a t w i l l never s u r v i v e t h e s c r u t i n y o f j u s t i c e i n t h e c o u r t s o f lav/ where t h e c i t i z e n s a r e now t e s t i n g i t * Since l e g a l j u s t i f i c a t i o n i s impossible, t h e Honey- M a f i a i s i n a g r e a t r u s h t o get t h i s g r o s s l y i l l e g a l b r i d g e built.., f o r t h e y hope t o c o n f r o n t u s w i t h a n accomplished f a c t , a p h y s i c a l s t r u c t u r e t h a t g i v e s no h i n t o f t h e t r u e d i s p l a c e ment and c i v i c chaos i t w i l l cause* and Break the c i t i z e n s " will, foreclose any p o s s i b i l i t y of t h e c i t i z e n s of t h i s c i t y p l a n n i n g our community i n a n y o t h e r way t h a n t h e one t h a t t h e mey-Mafia*•.the f o r c e s of i n s a t i a b l e greed*.dictate„ A t t h i s j u n c t u r e i n t h e ongoing r e l a t i o n s h i p between you, t h e government o f t h i s c i t y , and u s , t h e people o f t h i s c i t y * * . w e b r i n g t o your a t t e n t i o n where we a l l s t a n d i n r e g a r d t o t h i s concocted ''subway-freeway impasse." Incidentally, I might add t h a t t h i s s t a t e m e n t i s addressed t o t h e Mayor and C i t y C o u n c i l , and t h a t ' s t h e reason f o r t h i s p a r t i c u l a r lan- guage „ We s h a r e t h e v i e w o f former Chairman o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t o l P l a n n i n g Coisraission, Mr* Hamner, t h a t t h e NCPC had made a sound p l a n n i n g d e c i s i o n when i t s t a t e d t h a t no new gate-ways t o t h e c i t y a r e needed*.and t h a t t h i s was "subway-freeway impasse" p o l i t i c a l l y contrived* The no new gateways d e c i s i o n i s , i n t h e democratic �p r o c e s s under w h i c h we a l l l i v e , a c o n t r a c t between you and us w h i c h cannot be broken o r d i s r e g a r d e d b y you, e i t h e r i n d i v i d u a l l y o r collectively© I f you, i n your wisdom, s h o u l d choose t o b r e a k t h a t c o n t r a c t you a r e l e g a l l y and m o r a l l y r e s p o f t s i b l e f o r b r e a k i n g f a i t h w i t h t h e people of t h i s c i t y . To t h u s b r e a k a c o n t r a c t based on t h e c l e a r mandate o f the people i s t o abdicate..„in a most profound way..your r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . • -.ho . b ' . ' . l e c a y of t h i s city,. : that w o u l d he brought by v t h i s b r i d g e and f r e e w a y system,.would b e adding political a n a r c h y and m o r a l chaos. Should you choose t o reconsider to r e c o n s i d e r i n t e r s t a t e f r e e w a y s and t h e opening o f new gateways t o t h e c i t y i n t h e f u t u r e . . y o u must go t o the route l a i d down i n t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f T i t l e 7 of t h e D . C . Code...and in f e d e r a l lav/ o f b a s i n g your d e c i s i o n s on r e s p o n s i b l e fact-finding o f t h e r e a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs and t h e t o t a l w e l f a r e o f t h e community. You must a b i d e b y t h e d e c i s i o n o f the U.S. C o u r t o f A p p e a l s . M o r e o v e r , wa remind you t h a t t o i n i t i a t e f u r t h e r s t u d a e s a t t h i s time w o u l d b e t o t h r o w good- and s c a r c e * money a f t e r bad. Vfe h a v e n o m o n e y w e a r e told for d e c e n t h o u s i n g , s c h o o l s , c r e a tion of job o p p o r t u n i t i e s , therefore w e have none f o r s t u d i e s a n d d e s i g n s for b r i d g e s a n d f r e e w a y s . We recommend t o you t h e fact t h a t t h e e f f e c t s , i n c i t y and s u b u r b , of this contrived "subway-freeway impasse" are being f a l s e l y inflated t o t h e point w h e r e practical s o l u t i o n s t o t h e r e a l m e t r o p o l i t a n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems (which �muse i n c l u d e , among o t h e r t h i n g s , v a s t l y a c c e l e r a t e d and w e l l planned bus s e r v i c e t h a t a l l c a n a f f o r d and t h e i m a g i n a t i v e use o f e x i s t i n g r a i l - l i n e s ) something t h a t no one e v e r y t a l k s a b o u t - — t h a t i s t h e u s i n g o f e x i s t i n g r a i l « l i n e s f o r mass transit — a r e b e i n g d e l i b e r a t e l y obscured i n the rhetoric of planned p a n i c and greed• T h i s community cannot and w i l l n o t s t a n d b y i d l e w h i l e i t s c o n s t i t u t i o n a l right3 a r e being destroyed by the w i l f u l and arrogant f o r c e s of greed who seek t o d e s t r o y it and i t s freedoms. We w i l l f i g h t f o r o u r r i g h t s , i n public f o r u m s , such a s t h i s , , i n t h e c o u r t s , and i f need he„ i n t h e streets* a t i s , o f c o u r s e , a s you r e a l i z e , t h e American way. I might add one more t h i n g s X f e e l a certain s e n s e o f l i b e r a t i o n t o n i g h t t o s e e t h a t we were able t o q u e s t i o n our o f f i c i a l s . Maybe this i s a good influence b r o u g h t o v e r t h e r i v e r from V i r g i n i a , , X w i s h I h a d h a d such a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o q u i z c u r highway officials w h e n you w e r e c o n s i d e r i n g t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway, the t h i n g t h a t is called t h e N o r t h C e n t r a l Freeway, because I w o u l d s t i l l like t o know how t h e y were a b l e t o l e g a l l y confiscate a n d e x t o r t from c i t i z e n s 69 homos. B u t t h a t was a m i s s e d opportunity I suppose. I n a n y c a s e , t h e r e i s n ' t going t o b e a n y b r i d g e . You w i l l be w a s t i n g your time t o b u i l d a n y more p l a n s , because ther« s i m p l y i s n o t going t o be a n y b r i d g e . HEADING OFFICER DUGAS: hearing i 3 adjourned. Thank you v e r y much. The (ADJOURNED AT 12:20, 15 December 1970.) E N D CF THIS DAY* (A.M. ADJOURNMENT) �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Public hearing RE: design-Interstate Route 266 : Tuesday, December 15, 1970 Subject The topic of the resource Interstate 266 Three Sisters Bridge (Washington, D.C.) Public meetings Description An account of the resource Public hearing RE: design-Interstate Route 266 took place over three days (<a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6205" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Monday, December 14">Monday, December 14</a>; <a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6236" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Tuesday, December 15">Tuesday, December 15</a>, and <a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6173" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Wednesday, December 16">Wednesday, December 16</a>), and also included <span><a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6309" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="statements submitted for the record in lieu of personal appearance">statements submitted for the record in lieu of personal appearance</a>.</span> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ward & Paul District of Columbia. Executive Office Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 15, 1970 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/e3f9bfd2554eeaf95301fa61b712df43.pdf?Expires=1779321600&Signature=HRd0qNuq6fQgPILVn11SXuW98BO8Hlgc1RF9yeg8QB25Bon1vQhr9dFN6LcyaMN3g9g-PTMQ6Lge8CyZCLIOvWMEPV%7El6NAoirILqMHxTmfFgvvvbcn8-NFOz5Gs120T4LY9tcMoBWlB%7EwtTjW7W%7E0HMACcaX9v7QzrHFfRok-5jD7YUAwCTAZTIVoN6DgDGnNxdIUTqZBXgx%7EIjOy0VqF7mv43bM1n217OuyQXI0EBOtikTTSCtI%7EG-q0CnoD6gUFHCNFxGWIYfgA4z7bWCR7P5qJmazSd2uDbCSUn7uqESE2x1G8ED08hQYI36KV4Ga7XUI9Bur4OKF5MIZpnx0Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8c0f0b4648088381f0b1122576804051 PDF Text Text — — « — « —.... — — Public Rearing, „^-„x I n Re; : DESIGN - I N T E R S T A T E ROUTE 266 : ,M.™-~*W^^.UM^--3t Wednesday, December 16, W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. WARD & PAUL 410 F I R S T STREET, S. E . WASHINGTON, D. C. 20003 (202) 544-6000 1970 �C O N T E N T S PAGE 689 E l e a n o r C. Robbins Simon L . C a i n , President., D, C. F e d e r a t i o n of C i v i c Associations Ronald G. S t r i c k l a n d , W i l d e r n e s s Committee Joseph G . P e r r i e r 690 692 ^ f c ^ f e * 'Wogfon D.C. 20003 693 698 F r e d e r i c k Thomas, C i t y P l a n n i n g Committee, D. G. F e d e r a t i o n o f C i v i c Associations 701 Ted Pankowski, I z a a k Walton League o f America 722 L e s l i e C Dirks, P r e s i d e n t . F o x h a l l Community C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n 727 Rene B o z z i , Lamond-Riggs C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n . : 734 S a r a h Montgomery, South E a s t C i v i c 742 Association 744 P h i l i p Vaughn E d w i n F . Wesley, J r 755 u 758 M a r i a n K. Agnew AFTERNOON SESSION ( p 7 6 3 ) u P r i s c l l l a Cram, S t u d e n t 763 William 768 Ferranda Frances Hewitt, League o f Women V o t e r s Matthew Andrea of A r l i n g t o n 777 780 �5.2NTENTS (Cont'd) STATEMENT 0?: William Treanor, Adams Morgan Community PAGE 795 Council George P. P i p k i n 799 F r a n k Wood, SALT I n s t i t u t e 806 Andrew B r y a n t , C h a i r m a n , T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C o m m i t t e e , D„ C. Chamber o f Commerce: Accompanied b y : G r e g o r y W. H a r r i s o n , P r e s i d e n t 808 Steven Trentman, G e o r g e t o w n Community 818 D a v i d G. H a w k i n s , S t e r n Community Law F i r m 818 P a g e s a t w h i c h m a t e r i a l i s t o be i n s e r t e d : 697, 805 �RSTATE ROUTE 2.66 : Departmental Auditorium D e p a r t m e n t o f Commerce C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue, N o r t h w e s t 12th and 1 4 t h S t r e e t s W a s h i n g t o n , D . C. , Wednesday, December 1 6 , 1970 The a b o v e - e n t i t l e d m a t t e r came on f o r h e a r i n g p u r s u a n t t o n o t i c e , a t 10:00 a.m., J U L I A N R„ DUGAS, D i r e c t o r , D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Department o f Economic Development, siding. BEFORE: J U L I A N R. DUGAS pre- �689 (, MR. DUGAS: j £• U X U vj O This hearing i s c a l l e d t o order. Our f i r s t w i t n e s s f o r t h e m o r n i n g s e s s i o n i s E l e a n o r C. Robbins. STATEMENT OF ELEANOR C. ROBBINS, CITIZEN, 7902 BROOKLYN BRIDGE ROAD, LAUREL, MARYLAND MISS ROBBINS: for tiny Nature's What b r i d g e d e s i g n am I f o r ? I am design forested r i v e r b l u f f s overlooking three islands. I h a v e l i v e d i n t h e W a s h i n g t o n a r e a m o s t o f my b u t I have been i n o t h e r S t a t e s and o t h e r c o u n t r i e s . How thrilled life, How I was t o r e t u r n t o t h e v i e w o f t h e Potomac. c i v i l i z e d a r e we? A r e we i n t e l l i g e n t enough t o a p p r e c i a t e s c e n e r y c h e r i s h e d by p e o p l e a l l over the world? I f s o , we must save i t . The more l a n d y o u p a v e f o r c a r s , t h e more c a r s crowd t h e l a n d . automobiles In cities i ti s not e f f i c i e n t t o use only tomove t r a f f i c . Some p e o p l e r e a l i z e t h a t t o make c i t y a i r h e a l t h y l e s s s p a c e m u s t be d e v o t e d plants. The b r i d g e p o r t e n d s and h o u s e s , will t o c a r s , more t o not o n l y talcing people's but growing p l a n t s , even i n p u b l i c parks n o t b y j u s t one f a m i l y b u t b y m i l l i o n s — including businesse enjoyed overseas visitors. E v e r y b i g c i t y must have an e f f i c i e n t p u b l i c t r a n s i t system. Why n o t b u i l d i t b e f o r e o u r b e s t v i e w i s d e s t r o y e d �690 for mora c a r s . MR. DUGAS: Our n e x t w i t n e s s w i l l be Mr. P r e s i d e n t o f t h e D. Thank you C. STATEMENT OF D. C. v e r y much, M i s s B o b b i n s . Simon L . Cain, Federation of C i v i c Associations. SIMON L . C A I N , P R E S I D E N T , FEDERATION OF C I V I C ASSOCIATIONS MR. CAIN: Thank you, Mr. Mr. H e a r i n g O f f i c e r , my Chairman. name i s Simon L . P r e s i d e n t o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia F e d e r a t i o n Cain, of Civic A s s o c i a t i o n s , I n c . , r e p r e s e n t i n g o v e r 100,000 p e r s o n s . r e s i d e a t 517 of Oglethorpe S t r e e t , Northeast, i n the I District Columbia. At the o u t s e t I question hearing s i n c e some o f t h e m a t t e r s appeal before the Courts. n o t w a i v e any r i g h t s t h a t we here t h i s t h e wisdom o f t h i s purported upon w h i c h i t t o u c h e s a r e I m i g h t add that, on t e r e f o r e , we h a v e a s a r e s u l t o f my being morning. I wish t o r e i t e r a t e our continued and total opposi- t i o n t o the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the proposed bridge. We a s a c o m p l e t e w a s t e o f t h e t a x p a y e r s ' money. proposed bridge and a l l of i t s a l l i e d freeway p r o j e c t s are u n n e c e s s a r y and w i l l y e a r s t o come. and The Tha l e a v e i n d e l i b l e s c a r s on o u r view i t totally land for d e s e c r a t i o n , the a i r p o l l u t i o n , the t h e dumping o f t h o u s a n d s o f m o t o r v e h i c l e s i n t h e Georgetown a r e a a r a c o m p l e t e l y inimicable to continued noise, �691 wholesome human h a b i t a t i o n . I t seems t h a t n o t o n l y a r e many o f o u r p u b l i c o f f i c i a l s u n r e s p o n s i v e t o t h e needs and d e s i r e s o f t h e coromunity but a r e completely impervious t o reason. B u t we a r e s u p p o s e d t o be t a l k i n g 4>out t h e d e s i g n of t h e s o - c a l l e d Three S i s t e r s Bridge. I think that a bridge a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2,750,000 f e e t h i g h w i t h no p o s t i n t h e m i d d l e and a b o u t two c e n t i m e t e r s w i d e t o u c h i n g n e i t h e r t h e V i r g i n i a s h o r e o f t h e Potomac nor t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia shore o f t h e Potomac w o u l d u n d o u b t e d l y b e t h e b e s t k i n d o f b r i d g e u n d e r the circumstances. I t h a s been advocated by many o f t h e members o f o u r b u s i n e s s community t h a t we m u s t h a v e t h e p r o p o s e d b r i . d g e t t o gether with a l l o f i t s connecting freeways i n order t o save t h e downtown. A l l o f the s t u d i e s w i t h which indicate that the contrary i s true. I am f a m i l i a r Freeways cause a f l e e i n g o f b u s i n e s s and most o f i t would be customers t o the suburbs. T r a f f i c v/ould move r i g h t t h r o u g h the City. How l o n g m u s t c i t i z e n s h a r d - e a r n e c . money be f o r c e f u l l y e x a c t e d from t h e i r pockets and i n order t o support freeway p r o j e c t s which w i l l v i s i t them a n d t h e i r c o m m u n i t y ? total destruction upon We demand i n t h e name o f God a n d common d e c e n c y t h a t t h i s o u t r a g e o u s p r a c t i c e be h a l t e d a t once. T h a n k y o u , Mr. H e a r i n g O f f i c e r . MR. DUGAS: bridge Thank y o u , Mr.Cain. �692 MR. CAINs forgot Before I leave, tnere t o make r e f e r e n c e referring i s one t h i n g I t o . L e t the record r e f l e c t I am t o a. p i c t u r e t h a t a p p e a r e d i n t h e Sunday S t a r on December 1 3 , 1 9 7 0 . T h i s i s e n t i t l e d , "A Jumbo J o b t o Unmix the Mixing Bowl." Now, o f c o u r s e , p e r h a p s t o a n e n g i n e e r t h i s may b e a tremendously b e a u t i f u l and p i c t u r e s q u e the s i g h t ; b u t t o me a n d a v e r a g e c i t i z e n a n d many o t h e r a t t o r n e y s , this i s ridicu- lous . MR. DUGAS: MR. CAIN: Thank y o u . Thank y o u . MR. DUGAS: Mr. S t r i c k l a n d . STATEMENT OF RONALD G. STRICKLAND D. C. WILDERNESS COMMITTEE MR. STRICKLAND: is Ronald S t r i c k l a n d . Good m o r n i n g , g e n t l e m e n . I am r e p r e s e n t i n g My name t h e D. C. W i l d e r n e s s C o m m i t t e e , w h i c h i s a g r o u p o f D. C. r e s i d e n t s who a r e v e r y concerned about o u r d e t e r i o r a t i n g environment. I n o t i c e t h a t I am t h e 1 0 0 t h w i t n e s s , a n d y o u m u s t be getting t i r e d o f hearing long testimony. The o n l y thing I h a v e t o s a y i s t h a t we a r e u n a l t e r a b l y and s t r o n g l y to t h i s bridge. And I hope t h a t a f t e r 100 w i t n e s s e s , gotten the point t h a t t h e b e s t d e s i g n f o r t h i s b r i d g e i s no design a t a l l . Thank y o u . opposed you have �(No respoilsGc) MR. DUGAS: Mr. Ferrier. STATEMENT OF JOSEPH G. MR. FERRIER: FERRIER I h a v e an e x h i b i t , I w i l l p u t up h e r e , i f I may, and I w i l l Mr. Chairman, leave this which for infor- mation . MR. 7JBBCTT: W i l l you p l e a s e f u r n i s h the specifica- MR. FERRIER: I n answer t o t h e gentleman, y e s . Mr. Chairman, f i r s t o f a l l , I would tions? speakers have done, t o o f f i c i a l l y h e a r i n g , w i t h a l l due like, as other p r o t e s t the l e g a l i t y of the r e s p e c t t o t h e C h a i r m a n , on three grounds. First, t h e r e h a s n e v e r b e e n a f o r m a l h e a r i n g on t h e need f o r such a b r i d g e . S e c o n d , t h e Mayor and C o u n c i l , w h o s s h o u l d be if t h i s i s g o i n g t o be a h e a r i n g i n t r u t h , And, third, the bridge here, tire n o t p r e s e n t . a t the l o c a t i o n designed i s i l l e g a l b e c a u s e i t w o u l d e n t e r F e d e r a l P a r k l a n d on t h e Virginia s i d e and F e d e r a l l a w f o r b i d s t h i s . However, I h a v e g i v e n t h i s a good d e a l o f t h o u g h t . I h a v e gone i n t o c o n s i d e r a b l e c o n s u l t a t i o n on i t , i n c l u d i n g w i t h M r s . J o a n K n i g h t , one o f y o u r w i t n e s s e s h e r e on Monday �694 n i g h t , and s h e s u g g e s t e d t h a t the Three S i s t e r s Bridge p r o p e r l y c o u l d e x t e n d probably o n l y as f a r as the Sisters. I n t h i s r e s p e c t , i t would save the ecology of the V i r g i n i a s i d e and a l s o w o u l d n o t My design, which a little arch. e n c r o a c h on F e d e r a l P a r k l a n d . I h a v e gone t h r o u g h some p a i n s t o work o u t , would enhance Mrs. it Three J o a n K n i g h t ' s x d e a , by carrying f u r t h e r w i t h o u t t o u c h i n g t h e P a r k l a n d , by a l a r g e T h i s w o u l d be a t r e m e n d o u s t o u r i s t a t t r a c t i o n , a s Rainbow B r i d g e i n t h e F a r W e s t , 250 feet high, t o u r i s t s , a l t h o u g h no t r a f f i c p a s s e s o v e r . West i n S t . L o u i s , 670 just attracts The Gateway t o t h e feet high, a t t r a c t s t o u r i s t s , although no t r a f f i c p a s s e s o v e r t h a t , and t h i s a r c h h e r e w o u l d be 1200 feet high, I t w o u l d be a t r e m e n d o u s t o u r i s t e x t r a c t i o n . I w o u l d recommend t h a t i t be p a i n t e d a s o f t h a r m o n i o u s g r a y to b l e n d w i t h t h e n a t u r a l l i m e s t o n e o f t h e r e g i o n and t h e smog which i s generated so f r e q u e n t l y i n t h i s a r e a . A t t h e t o p j I w o u l d have a h e l i c o p t e r pad, which would p e r m i t the r a d i o h e l i c o p t e r t o b r o a d c a s t t r a f f i c mation infor- from a s t a t i o n a r y p o i n t where v a r i o u s t r a f f i c c r o s s e s o v e r b r i d g e s on t h e Potomac R i v e r , and a l s o f o r t h e u s e o f t h e h e l i c o p t e r passage t o and f r o m W a s h i n g t o n and D u l l e s A i r p o r t for may p a s s e n g e r s who and w i t h o u t t r a f f i c The w a n t t o go b a c k and f o r t h i n s a f e t y hazards. i d e a o f t h e s m a l l windows a t t h e top o f t h e �b r i d g e w o u l d be t*.o h a v e a x ' e s t a u r a n t and souvenir the b e n e f i t o f t o u r i s t s from a l l o v e r the country n a t i o n a l monument. And t h e r e t h e y w o u l d be shop f o r to this able to get m e t a l s s t r u c k w i t h t h e l i k e n e s s o f Congressman N a t c h e r Congressman Broyhill. AI30, a t 25 c e n t s telescopes and a look, they could look see the v a r i o u s d i f f e r e n t h i s t o r i c grounds i n the a r e a — Stevens, and Upper 1 4 t h through battle- A n t i e t a m , M a n a s s a s , E u l l Run, S t r e e t , t h e U. Fort S. C a p i t o l B u i l d i n g , and theEmmbattied C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s o f A r l i n g t o n County. Now, we on one end of t h i s bridge, name i t f o r C o n g r e s s m a n N a t c h e r , s i n c e he h a s b e e n a v e r y s t r o n g proponent of the b r i d g e , Bridge." A t t h e o t h e r end, t h a t end o f t h e a r c h , and dignity, "Broy In and I would c a l l i t "Natcheral an a r t i f i c i a l with simple Hill." o r d e r t o enhance t h e e c o l o g y , I would match p l a n t s p r i g s o f i v y f r o m W i l l i a m and Williamsburg,, w o u l d be mound w o u l d s u p p o r t t h a t I would c a l l , lower p a r t s of t h i s arch with v e r v a i n . w o u l d go up I would propose t h a t On Broy H i l l , Mary C o l l e g e t o g i v e i t an a c a d e m i c t r a d i t i o n . I would at And this t h e f l a n k s o f t h a t p a r t i c u l a r p o r t i o n o f i t and i n good t a s t e and i t w o u l d a l s o make i t more b e a u t i - ful. At the other Mr. the end, N a t c h e r o f K e n t u c k y , and Natcheral Bridge, i n honor of i n t h i n k i n g o f .Jack and the �696 B e a n s t a l k , I w o u l d p l a n t Kentucky wonder beans t o go up t h e r e , s o t h a t i t would be matched w i t h g r e e n d u r i n g o u r I have h e a r d one argument a g a i n s t t h i s d e s i g n , a n d t h a t i s t h a t i t d o e s n ' t p e r m i t f r e e w a y s , b u t I am s u r e i t c o u l d be e n g i n e e r e d i n s u c h a way t h a t s u f f i c i e n t money c o u l d be s p e n t upon i t t o o f f s e t any s a v i n g s on f r e e w a y s , s o t h a t t h e funds would be a v a i l a b l e w h i c h many p e o p l e a r e f i g h t i n g s o h a r d t o spend and which many c i t i z e n s a r e s o a n x i o u s that t h e y n o t spend on f r e e w a y s . I have a l s o been aware o f t h e f a c t t h a t t h e C a l v e r t S t r e e t B r i d g e , now a n a t t r a c t i v e n u i s a n c e f o r unhappy p e o p l e who l e a p o f f i t , m i g h t l o s e i t s t o t h i s new d e s i g n . l u s t e r and they might stampede B u t I b e l i e v e , Mr. C h a i r m a n , t h a t a $300,000 e n g i n e e r i n g s t u d y c o u l d w o r k o u t a s y s t e m w h e r e b y t h e r e a r e no o p e n i i g s above t h e g r o u n d l e v e l , s o t h a t picnicker i n t h e park b e l o w w o u l d be s a f e g u a r d e d a g a i n s t a n y s t r a n g e r s d r o p p i n g i n o n them u n e x p e c t e d l y . (At t h i s p o i n t , t h e e x h i b i t f e l l o f f t h e e a s e l . ) MR. F E R R I E R : J u s t as you have seen t h e c o l l a p s e o f the bridge i t s e l f there. is And t h a t a l l o f t h e way a r o u n d , t h i s t h e one t h i n g t h a t s h o u l d s a t i s f y e v e r y b o d y — r e s i d e n t s , c i t i z e n . 3 and t a x p a y e r s , would not have g o i n g t h r o u g h t h e i r homes. home o w n e r s , freeways Y o u w o u l d n o t h a v e smog e m i t t e d b y t h i s s t r u c t u r e , y o u would n o t have t o i n c r e a s e your p a r k i n g �697 p r o b l e m s i n Downtown W a s h i n g t o n . in droves. T o u r i s t s w o u l d come t o i t I t w o u l d be one o f t h e t h i n g s w h i c h w o u l d enhance our t h i r d l a r g e s t i n d u s t r y , w h i c h i s t o u r i s m , and i t would please everybody. I commend i t , Mr. C h a i r m a n , t o t h e t h o u g h t o f t h i s Committee and t o t h e recommendations Council. f o r o u r Mayor and And I t h a n k y o u . T h e e x h i b i t , Mr. C h a i r m a n , I do hope w i l l be a p a r t of the record. T h a t i s my MR. DUGAS: intent. I t w i l l be a d m i t t e d . (The e x h i b i t a b o v e - r e f e r r e d t o , f o l l o w s : ) (GOVERNMENT I N S E R T ) �698 1 MR. D Uva/ d : Mr. (Wo response.) MR. DUGAS: Mr. STATEMENT OF LIFE, MR. about our Jim Davis. J I M DAVIS, PRESIDENT, INC.' DAVIS: an o r g a n i z a t i o n F r e d s r i c k Thomas. I am Jim Davis, President of p r i v a t e c i t i z e n s who environmental condition p o r t a t i o n problems i n p a r t i c u l a r . are deeply i n general and I t was year under t h e l a w s of t h e i s incorporated Inc., concerned our trans- L i f e means " L i v e i n a Favorable Environment." and of L i f e , formed d u r i n g this current State of Virginia* The impetus f o r forming L I F E centered on a Federally funded highway p r o j e c t i n N o r t h e a s t A l e x a n d r i a , Virginia, w h i c h on the c l o s e i n s p e c t i o n seemed t o h a v e a l l o f hallmarks of every major r o a d - b j i l d i n g p r o j e c t t h a t i s prompting c i t i z e n outcry across We a t t e n t i o n on the Nation. founded L I F E i n t h e hopes o f b r i n g i n g the l a c k of coordinated t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n this reaion. Our definition "The Transportation E c o l o g i c a l System." planning of the problem i s q u i t e thoroughly o u t l i n e d i n a w h i t e paper published entitled public by LIFE C r i s i s i n the Northern Virginia �699 A c r o s s t h e Potomac we are a product of urban growth. f a c e g i g a n t i c problems. They But our problems a r e a l s o t h e r e s u l t o f a l a c k o f c o o r d i n a t e p l a n n i n g between t h e t h r e e jurisdictions Fairfax t h a t l i v e shoulder to shoulder, Alexandria, and A r l i n g t o n . S e v e r a l c i t i z e n groups a r e hoping t h a t a e f f o r t toward launched coordinated i n t e l l i g e n t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g can by t h e s e t h r e e j u r i s d i c t i o n s . be B u t , i n t h e meantime, we m u s t u s e h e a r i n g s s u c h a s t h i s t o i m p r e s s upon o u r ities the need t o begin to p l a n , not j u s t f o r a road bridge — but We f o r an have. Our or eco-system. b e l i e v e t h a t t h e proposed "Three does not l a n d i t s e l f author- Sisters t o t h e t y p e o f p l a n n i n g t h a t we Bridge" must o p i n i o n i s b a s e d upon t h e s i m p l e f a c t t h a t t h i s b r i d g e w o u l d n o t be an i s o l a t e d p i e c e o f a t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system, but would l i n k the D i s t r i c t of Columbia w i t h v i a an i n t e r s t a t e through highway. Virginia T h a t h i g h w a y came u n d e r fire r e c e n t p u b l i c h e a r i n g s and t h e need f o r i t has questioned, c h a l l e n g e d and The been attacked. design information which has been p u b l i s h e d i n connection with t h i s hearing s t a t e s t h a t i t i s a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t 1-266 concerned t h a t 1-266 and 1-65 w i l l be b u i l t c o n c u r r e n t l y . a b o u t e n v i r o n m e n t hope t h a t 1-66 may n o t be n e c e s s a r y . We may T h o s e who n o t be hope t h a t t h e i m p a c t o f a c o n s t a n t f l o w o f c o n c r e t e c a n be are needed, environment, lessened, and �700 t h a t a l t e r n a t i v e s t o massive highways can be found and the q u a l i t y of l i v i n g i n a m e t r o p o l i t a n r e g i o n Washington can be Our that s u c h as t h a t of r e s t o r e d , o r a t l e a s t k e p t from s l i p p i n g . basic t h e s i s i n reference to the Three Sisters Bridge i s that: 1. m e t a l and a link the This construction i s not an i s o l a t e d p i e c e o f c o n c r e t e t h a t w i l l s p a n t h e Potomac, b u t t h a t i t i s to a s p r a w l i n g transportation c o m p l e x on b o t h s i d e s o f river. 2. On our s i d e o f the r i v e r that t r a n s p o r t a t i o n complex i s n o t b e i n g d e s i g n e d t o s e r v e t h e p e o p l e , because i t i s not b e i n g p r e s e n t e d a s a m a s t e r p l a n t o t h e p e o p l e , can n e v e r meet t h e s e two needs u n t i l t h e p e o p l e who and i t are i n - v o l v e d meet t o t a l k t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . So f a r t h e r e h a s never b e e n a s e s s i o n between t h e o f f i c i a l s o f A l e x a n d r i a , A r l i n g t o n , and F a i r f a x t o d i s c u s s common t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p r o b l e m s . T h i s i s l i k e t h r e e urban neighbors b e h i n d t h e i r homes who r e f u s e t o s i t down and t a l k a b o u t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f h a v i n g a s e w e r hook-up i n 1970. no p a r t o f a t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s h o u l d be and withouthouses system We believe that a f f e c t i n g Northern Virginia approved u n t i l t h e s e t h r e e j u r i s d i c t i o n s mee-, launch e f f o r t s t o coordinate t r a n s p o r t a t i o n from point of view. We and F a i r f a x , and their are urging our C i t y C o u n c i l to launch e f f o r t s on a b i - p a r t i s a n b a s i s and through talk, these informally with Arlington t h e more f o r m a l c h a n n e l s o f the �701 Northern V i r g i n i a Planning 3, District Commission. F i n a l l y , we must r e i t e r a t e what h a s no doubt been s a i d h e r e many t i m e s , t h a t t h e Metro System now l a u n c h e d s h o u l d be v i e w e d a s a p o s s i b l e s u b s t i t u t e o r supplement t o m a j o r highway c o n s t r u c t i o n and t h a t s u c h c o n s t r u c t i o n should be d e f e r r e d u n t i l t h a t s y s t e m i s o p e r a t i v e . As an e n v i r o n m e n t a l o r g a n i z a t i o n t r y i n g t o f i n d a r a y o f l i g h t i n t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n mess t h a t we a r e a l l f a c i n g , we hope t h a t t h e d e s i g n o f t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e w i l l be judged i n a d e q u a t e , i f n o t from an a e s t h e t i c o r e n g i n e e r i n g standpoint, t h e n s u r e l y from t h e way t h a t d e s i g n cuts into the l i v e s o f people. Thank y o u . (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: Thank y o u . Has Mr. Ewe11 come i n y e t ? (No response.) MR. DUGAS: Mr. F r e d e r i c k Thomas? STATEMENT OF FREDERICK THOMAS, C I T Y PLANNING COMMITTEE, D. C. FEDERATION OF C I V I C ASSOCIATIONS MR. THOMAS: My name i s F r e d e r i c k Thomas. Chairman o f t h e C i t y P l a n n i n g of C i v i l I am t h e Committee o f t h e D. C. F e d e r a t i o n Associations. The f i r s t request I h a v e , I would l i k e t o r e q u e s t �a l i t t l e more time t h a n was o r i g i n a l l y a l l o t t e d t o me, i f tiicit ^ s oossilole Mr. Chairman,, I a p p e a r b e f o r e y o u t o d a y a s a c i t i z e n of t h e D i s t r i c t , Chairman o f t h e C i t y P l a n n i n g Committee f o r the D. C. F e d e r a t i o n o f C i v i l A s s o c i a t i o n s . was t h e v e h i c l e used by c i t i z e n groups t o b r i n g t h i s about. And I w o u l d The F e d e r a t i o n hearing l i k e t o t h a n k e a c h g r o u p a n d p e r s o n who came t o o u r a i d a n d h e l p e d when i t w a s g r e a t l y n e e d e d . I t w i l l be v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o p r e s e n t a c a s e o f a n y i n t e r e s t t o d a y when I am o n l y one o f many c o n c e r n e d i n our c i t y . citizens I t w o u l d be d i f f i c u l t n o t t o r e p e a t w h a t h a s b e e n s t a t e d b e f o r e me. I f u r t h e r c a n n o t summarize the c i t i z e n s o f Washington, Metropolitan area. thoughts f o r your the t o t a l attitude of or the citizens of the So I come b e f o r e y o u w i t h a f e w f a c t s a n d consideration. I am c o n c e r n e d c i t i z e n s b r a n d e d Why? "anti-freeway." I s t h e d e f e n s e o f o n e ' s community i r r a t i o n a l ? I s the desire t o express our g r i e f over the e f f e c t of a i r pollution and t h e e f f e c t s i t w i l l have on o u r c h i l d r e n wrong? I s the genuine b e l i e f t h a t w e l l - p l a n n e d freeways a r e c o s t l y , d e s t r u c t i v e , and a poor s o l u t i o n t o moving t h e masses? Concerned c i t i z e n s a r e h e r e t o d a y a n d t h e many who h a v e p r e c e d e d me a r e t i r e d o f f r e e w a y s , t h e y a r e t i r e d o f being branded 11 a n t i - f r e e w a y " and " r a d i c a l . " These a r e �703 In spite of the anti-freeway label, concerned c i t i z e n s come a g a i n a n d a g a i n i n a n a t t e m p t t o e d u c a t e those who h a v e b u t o n e e a r . I would f u r t h e r l i k e t o echo t h e f e e l i n g s by many. Firsts expressed i t i s questionable i f these hearings are legal. Second, i f t h e r e i s any e v i d e n c e o r c a n any evidence be p r e s e n t e d t h a t t h e m a j o r C o n g r e s s i o n a l members who a r e d i r e c t l y concerned if they were not, t o t a l l y been w i t h t h i s b r i d g e were asked t o t e s t i f y and t h e maximum i n p u t i n t h e s e h e a r i n g s h a s avoided. T h i r d , t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t R e p o r t o f b o o k l e t p r e s e n t e d t o t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c was g r o s s l y i n a d e q u a t e a n d s h o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n a c c e p t e d a s a document f o r t h e s e h e a r i n g s . It i s inadequate because, a s p r e v i o u s l y s t a t e d by many people, many o f t h e d i a g r a m s shown h a v e l i t t l e o r no r e l a t i o n s h i p t o w h a t t h e b r i d g e w i l l do. The are located. f i r e p r o t e c t i o n i n d i c a t e s where f i r e stations And a s t h e C h a i r k n o w s , I do a t t e n d t h e s e hear- i n g s n o t o n l y t h e d a y I t e s t i f y , b u t on o t h e r d a y s , t o r e a l l y get the f e e l i n g . stations. The f i r e p r o t e c t i o n i n d i c a t e s l o c a t i o n s o f I w o u l d l i k e t o f i n d o u t how a n y o f t h o s e can be o f a s s i s t a n c e t o a p e r s o n stations i n d i s t r e s s from a b r i d g e , when i t i s v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o g e t t o t h e b r i d g e when t h e r e a r e �704 It tire. We i s l i k e a h i g h w a y when an a u t o m o b i l e c a n ' t g e t t o i t v / a l k i n g and we v e h i c l e s can g e t t o i t , e i t h e r . has a don't t h i n k flat those So t h e i r l o c a t i o n , i t i s q u e s t i o n a b l e w h a t t h e y w i l l do a s f a r a s s a f e t y for f i r e pro- tection. As f a r a s r e l i g i o u s i n s t i t u t i o n s , I am s u r e t h e r e i s r f t a c h u r c h known t h a t depends on t h e f r e e w a y f o r i t s parishioners. They don't use t h e f r e e w a y t o s a v e Most o f t h e p e o p l e who h e a r i n g s h a v e good i n t e n t i o n s . have t e s t i f i e d They f i g h t t o s a e for the people. for financial gain. educated T h o s e who from a p l i g h t worse than t h e c i t y f r o m d e a t h and fight a d v o c a t e t h e b r i d g e do s o m o s t l y Some who favor the bridge are not w e l l i n a r t o r p a r k s and f a i l that the bridge w i l l at these The s o - c a l l e d o p p o n e n t s o f the bridge s t r i v e to save our c i t y destruction. souls. t o see the whole problem create. Our many c i v i c g r o u p s and c i t i z e n s g r o u p s a r e c a u g h t i n t h e m i d d l e o f many c i t y i s s u e s . we move t o o s l o w and t a l k t o o s o f t . with t h e p o w e r s t o b e , we Many c i t i z e n s t h i n k O t h e r s f e e l i f we work c a n be more m e a n i n g f u l i n d e v e l o p i n g progress. T h e r e f o r e , t o b u i l d c i v i c p r i d e and l e a d e r s h i p , Citizen Association our m u s t r e v i e w t h e f a c t s a v a i l a b l e i n an a t t e m p t t o l e a d i t s more t h a n 40 c i v i c g r o u p s i n a r e s p o n s i v e �705 l i n g s of i t s people. T h a t i s why we oppose t h e T h e s e h e a r i n g s on 1-266 freeways. have l i t t l e I w o u l d l i k e t o r e v i e w t h a t f o r j u s t one design here. minute. I t s h o u l d be n o t e d by a l l p r e s e n t t h a t i n t h e d e s i g n i n f o r m a t i o n b o o k l e t , page t h r e e , f i g u r e t w o f 1-266 the b r i d g e i s shown w i t h b o t h s i d e s o f t h e r i v e r i n a g e n e r a l manner. However, on page f o u r , f i g u r e t h r e e , t h e r e i s a b l o w - up o f t h e V i r g i n i a a p p r o a c h . N o t e , t h e r e i s no b l o w - u p o f the Washington approach. Now, of reasoning how d i d t h a t happen? for consideration. The W e l l , I submit t h i s D. C. Highway D e p a r t m e n t h a s d e a l t l o n g w i t h c i t i z e n o p p o s i t i o n and h a s a s many f a c t s a s p o s s i b l e . r e a s o n , we feel y we S i n c e we is E i t h e r one h a v e no b l o w - u p o f t h e D i s t r i c t t h e D i s t r i c t , and t r a f f i c w i l l be that i s a question l a t e r time i n t h i s testimony river. either is a side. o u r c o n t e n t i o n t h a t no c o m p e t e n t p l a n h a s b e e n made Nov/, hide h a v e no b l o w - u p o f t h e D i s t r i c t s i d e , i t a b l e t o t h e p u b l i c i n d i c a t i n g how in leanred to Their V i r g i n i a counterparts l a c k t h e e x p e r i e n c e o r a r e more h o n e s t . line avail- dispersed I would l i k e to a t a d i r e c t t o o u r Highway D e p a r t m e n t . l e t ' s g e t b a c k t o 1-266 on o u r s i d e o f I want t o t a k e everyone back a l i t t l e t h a t , t o P u b l i c . Works P r o j e c t 28-7. further the than I w a n t t o be s u r e t h a t e v e r y o n e g e t s t h a t , s o t h e y w i l l be s u r e w h a t I am talking �T h a t p r o j e c t t i t l e i s "Potomac R i \ r e r Freeway." I t s l o c a t i o n , G S t r e e t , New H a m p s h i r e A v e n u e , t o t h e P a l i s a d e s Parkway. Does anyone h e r e know w h e r e t h e P a l i s a d e s P a r k w a y is? T h e P a l i s a d e s P a r k w a y , I am p r e t t y sure? o u r Highway D e p a r t m e n t , i f t h e y f e e l moved t o do i t , i s a P a r k w a y s t a r t s t o come t h r o u g h Archbold Park behind that Georgetown U n i v e r s i t y and i s t h e main n o r t h c o n n e c t i o n f o r t h e Three • • • • - Bridge. T h i s i s how t h e b r i d g e w i l l h a v e t o d i s p e r s e traffic. These a r e t h e type f a c t s the that a r e being held from citizens. The j u s t i f i c a t i o n i n t h a t P u b l i c Works Bulletin i n d i c a t e s t h i s i s another important route i n t h e D i s t r i c t Interstate 266 r i v e r c r o s s i n g . the necessary connection I t s construction w i l l provide between t h e P a l i s a d e s Parkway t o be c o n s t r u c t e d b y t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e , a n d c o n n e c t i o n to t h e I n n e r Loop. Nov/, t h e r e i s no i n d i c a t i o n o f wheit w i l l happen h e r e , b u t I t h i n k a l l o f u s who a r e k n o w l e d g e a b l e a n d s t a r t to put t h e p i e c e s together, see t h a t t h e P a l i s a d e s Parkway, t h e I n t e r m e d i a t e Loop w h i c h h a s b e e n h i d d e n t h e y now h a v e o u r c i t i z e n s Area, a r e a l l connected f o r some t i m e , i n an uproar i n t h e T i n l e y to this bridge. Circle �707 Why do we l o o k a t t h e s e o l d f a c t s ? feels and to maintain reasonable. The Federation c i v i c p r i d e , one m u s t be p r o u d , Ha m u s t n o t o n l y rational l i v e i n t h e a r e a , he m u s t be a p a r t o f t h i s community. T h e r e a r e many i m p o r t a n t p e o p l e i n W a s h i n g t o n , a n d a s t h e many p r o b l e m s s u r f a c e , t h e c o n c e r n e d citizens look to the c i v i c leaders t o step f o r w a r d and l e a d t h e community t h r o u g h i t s t i m e o f t u r m o i l . T h i s c i t y i s now f a c i n g a t i m e o f c r i s i s a n d t u r m o i l . T h e r e i s a n o b v i o u s d i f f e r e n c e on how t o a p p r o a c h t h e c i t y ' s t r a n s p o r a t i c n problem. Our Highway D e p a r t m e n t , whose employees a r e p a i d w i t h these c i t i z e n s ' to hear the c i t i z e n s ' transportation cries problem. and p l e a s tax dollar, seam n o t about t h e c i t i z e n The u n p a i d c o n c e r n e d c i t i z e n s t o b e h e a r d b e f o r e t h e a i r becomes t h i c k c r y out w i t h p o l l u t i o n and/or smog. Our c i t i z e n g r o u p s a r e l i k e an army w i t h o u t a leader. We know t h a t we a r e i n a c o n f l i c t t h a t c a n p r o d u c e no heroes. One o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t p e o p l e i n t h e w o r l d and one o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s and t h e No. 1 c i t i z e n o f our c i t y , has n o t had t h e time t o review concerned c i t i z e n s you all t h e problem o f h i s c i t y . know I am r e f e r r i n g to President with the By now, I am Richard Nixon. sure I deem i t i n c u m b e n t upon me, a s a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f c o n c e r n e d citizens o f t h i s c i t y , t o spek t h e a i d o f our P r e s i d e n t . And �708 I would seek i t through these h e a r i n g s , hoping t h a t testiraon these reach h i s desk. Mr. P r e s i d e n t , a s a r e s p o n s i b l e c i t i z e n o f o u r c i t y , we u r g e y o u t o s u p p o r t t h e c i t i z e n s we w i l l n o t s t a n d i d l y b y w h i l e s p e c i a l o f your c i t y , f o r interest highway o f f i c i a l s , n e e d l e s s l y deface our c i t y . w i s h t o be a n army w i t h o u t army w i t h o u t a leader. groups, Nor do we We a l l know t h a t a n a l e a d e r i s v e r y u n r u l y , i s u n c o n t r o l l a b l e , and f r i n g e s upon b e i n g a mob. I f e e l t h a t o u r P r e s i d e n t m u s t come f o r w a r d . say t h i s i s a c o n f l i c t t h a t he as P r e s i d e n t should directly concerned w i t h . o f o u r c i t y a n d he address h i m s e l f t o t h i s problem. And I am v e r y s o r r y , I know he h a s many o b l i g a t i o n s , b u t h e s h o u l d group. I t w o u l d mean a l o t t o t h e c i t i z e n s t h a t he h a s i n t e r e s t n o t be B u t a s a c i t i z e n , whether he l i k e s i t o r n o t , he i s t h e No. 1 c i t i z e n should Some join the c i v i c i n this group i n where he l i v e s . A t t h e c l o s e o f Monday n i g h t ' s h e a r i n g s , I ques- t i o n e d t h e C h a i r on how t h e s e p r o c e e d i n g s w o u l d b e t r a n s m i t t e d t o t h e Mayor a n d t h e C i t y Council. The Chairman responded t h a t t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t w o u l d h a v e t h a t T h i s appears t o t a l l y unacceptable. are s i m i l a r and These hearings t o a p r e t r i a l h e a r i n g w h e r e i s s u e s a r e b r o u g h t up a p e r s o n o r p e r s o n s who a r e t o t a l l y present responsibility. the facts. Realizing f u l l well neutral should t h a t we h a v e s a i d this �w o u l d be dene i n b o o k l e t f o r m , I w o u l d l i k e t o d i r e c t t h i s q uestion to theChair at this Who o r how w i l l time. theCity Council a n d t h e Mayor b e b r i e f e d , o t h e r than by w r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t ? MR. DUGASs You w i l l have t o address t h a t question t o t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t s c o n c e r n e d , s i r . MR. THOMAS: I will d i r e c t that question t o Mr. Airis. MR,AIRIS: Would y o u p l e a s e I am s o r r y , I d i d n ' t repeat MR. THOMAS: catch i t , sir? Who o r how w i l l the C i t y Council t h e M a y o r ' s o f f i c e be b r i e f e d o n t h e s e h e a r i n g s written a l l of i t . and ' o t h e r then by testimony? MR. A I R I S : I am n o t s u r e . Other than by w r i t t e n testimony? Well, I f t h e y a s k f o r a v e r b a l b r i e f i n g , I w i l l be happy t o p r e s e n t i t t o them. a p o l i c y and p r o c e d u r a l But the hearing memorandum t h a t i s i s s u e d b y t h e Office o f the Secretary o f Transportation, F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . we a r e p r o c e e d i n g w i t h that i s , the That i s t h e hearing type that today. Now, a l l o f t h e p r o v i s i o n s randum w i l l b e f o l l o w e d i s prescribed i n out. i n that procedural memo- They a r e s p e l l e d o u t i n d e t a i l . One o f t h e most s i g n i f i c a n t o n e s t h a t y o u a r e i n q u i r i n g a b o u t i s t h a t t h e D e p a r t m e n t s , t h a t i s b o t h t h e V i r g i n i a Highway Department and t h e Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c i n t h e �710 District, will render the a l t e r n a t i v e s 1 up h e r e an e n g i n e e r i n g r e p o r t on t h e design o f t h a t a r e d e s c r i b e d i n t h e pamphlet and a r e today, T h i s w i l l incorporated the requirements o f 20-8, and w i l l b e f u r n i s h e d t h e F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d a s a p a r t o f j u s t t h e l o c a l p o l i c y i n t h e D i s t r i c t Government it will a l s o be submitted t o t h e D i s t r i c t Government official also. MR. THOMAS: one The answer t o t h e q u e s t i o n , I f e e l , i s t h a t we c o u l d n o t a c c e p t b e c a u s e I f e e l t h e c i t i z e n s w o u l d o b j e c t t o t h e Highway p a r t i c i p a t i n g being t o t a l l y pro-highway, without i n the briefing, any i n p u t from concerned g r o u p s who a r e i n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h i s . (Applause.) MR. THOMAS: We w o u l d o b j e c t t o t h a t briefing. We f e e l t h a t i f t h e Mayor d o e s not; h a v e t h e t i m e , his agenda w i l l n o t a l l o w h i m t o a t t e n d t h e s e h e a r i n g s and the C i t y C o u n c i l cannot attend these h e a r i n g s , t h a t these h e a r i n g s should s t a n d on t h e i r m e r i t s . And i f i t c a n n o t b e p r e s e n t e d b y b o t h s i d e s , we f e e l t h a t t h e c i t i z e n s City of the o a c e a g a i n a r a b e i n g u s e d a n d we w o u l d o b j e c t v e r y s t r e n u o u s l y t o any b r i e f i n g b y t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t w i t h o u t o p p o s i t i o n a l f o r c e s who oppose t h i s p a r t i c u l a r bridge. T h a t i s something t h a t p o s s i b l y c o u l d be worked o u t but I do f e e l t h a t t h e o p p o s i n g f o r c e s s h o u l d be r e p r e s e n t e d �MR. hearing we AIRIS: called c e r t a i n l y do n o t r e c o r d w i l l be Thomas, t h a t f o r any b r i e f i n g or not, Whether I d o n ' t know. i n t e n d t o h a v e any b r i e f i n g . presented the But the j u s t a s g i v e n , and w i l l be We hearing part of submittal. MR. p o i n t was THOMAS: Without being r e p e t i t i o u s , I t h i n k my understood. Mr. Dugas, I t r u s t a s an i n d i v i d u a l y o u b e e n o f f e n d e d by t h e p e o p l e who on Mr. r e c o r d , o f c o u r s e , w i l l be made a v a i l a b l e . w i l l be the I m i g h t j u s t add, the hearings have oppose t h e b r i d g e . r e f l e c t our b e l i e f these h e a r i n g s not Our a t t a c k are being h e l d only as a response to a Court Order f o r design. We feel t h a t i t i s gross misuse of the c i t i z e n s ' p a r t i c i p a t i o n . constantly i n d i c a t e t h a t there should t h e many t h i n g s we misuse the a t t e m p t t o do i n a n u r b a n a r e a , and a r e nov; g o i n g t h r o u g h a t o t a l s t a g e d This i n d i c a t i o n of design e v e r y t h i n g has hearings b e e n a p p r o v e d , and leaves very l i t t l e We know y o u , r e s p e c t y o u r j o b and we In D. C. c i t i z e n input into we citizens. We question, be We the i m p l i c a t i o n t h a t only the design for citizens i s in input. a s D i r e c t o r o f L i c e n s e B u r e a u , and respect your c o m p l e t i n g my Federation and production. testimony, we patience. as r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of of C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s , I r e s p e c t f u l l y the request �two c o p i e s o f t h e t e s t i m o n y from t h e s e h e a r i n g s a s soon a s t h e y a r e made a v a i l a b l e t o t h e Mayor and t h e C i t y C o u n c i l . MR. DUGAS: T h e y w i l l be made a v a i l a b l e t o y o u , s i r , b u t I t h i n k y o u w i l l h a v e t o make y o u r a r r a n g e m e n t s to pur- c h a s e them f r o m t h e r e p o r t i n g s e r v i c e . MR. THOMAS: chase. I am m a k i n g t h a t r e q u e s t w i t h o u t pur- I am r e q u e s t i n g t h o s e f o r t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h e c i t y a t t h e same t i m e t h e y a r e p r e s e n t e d t o t h e Mayor and t h e Council. (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: C o p i e s o f t h e t r a n s c r i p t w i l l be made a v a i l a b l e t o y o u , a n y p u b l i c p l a c e , b u t we w i l l n o t be a b l e to f u r n i s h them t o y o u . I f y o u r own A s s o c i a t i o n d e s i r e s them, t h e y w i l l be made a v a i l a b l e t o y o u by t h e r e p o r t i n g company that i s transcribing the hearings. MR. THOMAS: Do y o u t h i n k y o u c o u l d make them a v a i l - a b l e a t t h e same t i m e t h e y a r e a v a i l a b l e t o t h e Mayor a n d Council? MR. DUGAS: at t h e same t i m e . will to you T h e y w i l l be a v a i l a b l e f o r y o u r purchase I s u p p o s e when t h e company d o e s i t , t h e y do s e v e r a l c o p i e s o f i t . t h e r e p o r t e r , who w i l l You m i g h t i n d i c a t e y o u r desire l e t t h e company know how many copies want, MR, THOMAS: request. I am h o p i n g t h i s t e s t i m o n y w i l l be t h a t A r e y o u s a y i n g we h a v e t o make a n o t h e r request �713 before t h e s e w o u l d be made a v a i l a b l e ? MR. DUGAS: I w o u l d hope y o u w o u l d make y o u r p r i v a t e a r r a n g e m e n t s a b o u t t h e number o f c o p i e s y o u w a n t . I am i n no p o s i t i o n t o c o n t r a c t on b e h a l f o f y o u r A s s o c i a t i o n , s i r . MR. THOMAS: h a s become v e r y I think the request i s simple, but i t complicated. H o p e f u l l y , t e s t i m o n i e s from these h e a r i n g s will a l s o be s e n t t o t h e E x e c u t i v e B r a n c h a n d someone i n t h e E x e c u t i v e B r a n c h becomes a p a r t o f w h a t we a r e t r y i n g t o do here. I n e n d i n g my t e s t i m o n y , that I w o u l d l i k e t o move f r o m t o a s e r i e s o f q u e s t i o n s , i f t h e r e a r e no q u e s t i o n s t h e C h a i r o r f r o m t h e Highway Department. Then I h a v e q u e s t i o n s I would l i k e from f o r t h e Highway t o know f r o m t h e Highway Department. D e p a r t m e n t , w h a t month and d a t e and y e a r t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a p p r o v e d Three S i s t e r s Bridge. MR. A I R I S : T h i s matter was d i s c u s s e d i n some d e t a i l yesterday. My memory s e r v e s t h a t i t was approved i n 1960. And t h e n to c l a r i f y this. again i n — I will initially a s k Mr. DeGast Mr. D e G a s t i s t h e C h i e f o f Highway Department's O f f i c e o f P l a n n i n g a n d Programming. Go a h e a d , Mr. D e G a s t . MR. DE GAST: T h e B u r e a u o f P u b l i c Roads initially a p p r o v e d I-26G a s p a r t o f t h e i n t e r s t a t e s y s t e m i n t h e D i s t r i o �o f Columbia, as c i t e d i n t h e i n f o r m a t i o n booklet, i n I 9 6 0 , June o f t h a t y e a r . They a u t h o r i z e d t h e p r o c e d u r e i n t o t h e d e s i g n p h a s e , September o f 1966. They s u b s e q u e n t l y author- i z e d c o n s t r u c t i o n i n August o f 1969. MR. THOMAS: Do y o u h a v e a n a p p r o v a l , s i r , Department o f T r a n s p o r t a i o n from t h e a f t e r t h e date o r j u s t before t h e d a t e i n b e t w e e n December 5 a n d 6 a n d December 3 1 , 1 9 6 7 ? h a v e i n my final I hand a C o n g r e s s i o n a l R e p o r t , Mr. K l u c z y n s k i ' s statement, w i t h r e s p e c t t o the Three S i s t e r s Bridge and 1-266 a s p r e s e n t e d a n d planned.. However, t h e C h a i r a c k n o w l e d g e s t h a t t h e Committee will s t a n d . . . i t s recommendations b e f o r e t h e Congress adjourns before t h eend o f t h i s s e s s i o n , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n t h a t i f t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n does n o t a s s e n t t o t h e s e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s on o r b e f o r e December 3 1 , 1 9 6 7 , t h e Committee w i l l t a k e w h a t e v e r l e g a l a c t i o n i s p r e p a r e d . I w o u l d l i k e t o f i n d o u t , do y o u h a v e a n a p p r o v a l from t h e Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n b e f o r e t h a t date and between t h e s e h e a r i n g s ? MP. DE GAST: You s p e c i f i e d b e t w e e n c e r t a i n dates and December? MR. THONAS: Y e s , s i r . T h a t i s when t h e s e h e a r i n g s tood p l a c e . MR. DE GAST: December — - Between t h e d a t e o f t h e h e a r i n g and �28 715 MR. DE GAST: —~ t h e 3 1 s t o f December o f t h a t y e a r ? MR. THOMAS: Y e s . MR. DE GAST: cate such I do n o t h a v e a r e c o r d h e r e t o i n d i - an a p p r o v a l . MR. THOMAS: P e r h a p s t h a t c o u l d be l o o k e d t h e r e p o r t t h a t I am r e a d i n g by t h e 89th Congress, dated i n t o and f r o m h a p p e n s t o be t h e o n e i s s u e d December 5 a n d 6, 1 9 6 7 , S u b c o m m i t t e e on Roads o f t h e Committee o f P u b l i c W o r k s , House of R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . MR. A I R I S : We w i l l be g l a d t o c h e c k t h a t o u t . MR. THOMAS: I am s u r e y o u w i l l . In r e l a t i o n t o the bridge itself, according to that same r e p o r t t h e r e i s a n i n d i c a t i o n h e r e on t h a t map t h a t i n d i c a t e s t h e v o l u m e c a p a c i t y b y 1990 p e a k h o u r . like I would, t o f i n d o u t w h a t y o u r p r o j e c t i o n s a r e i n t h e way o f v e h i c l e s during the rush hour, o r during t h e normal working day. MR. / v l R l S : respond t o t h a t . Mr. Thomas, I w i l l a s k Mr. D e G a s t t o The r u s h hour a t t h e p r e s e n t time i s extended i n t o a r u s h p e r i o d o f something l i k e two h o u r s . it How, v a r i e s a l i t t l e b i t a s t o which hour i s t h e h i g h e s t , b u t generally speaking, t h e r u s h p e r i o d now i s a b o u t t w o h o u r s i n length. But I will a s k Mr. D e G a s t t o d i s c u s s f o r a m i n u t e �716 w i t h you t h e c a p a c i t y o f the bridge. I t , o f course, i s s i x lanes., a s e x p l a i n e d i n t h e document. I will the normal c a p a c i t y f o r each MR. DE CAST; MR. THOMAS: lane. Would y o u s t a t e y o u r q u e s t i o n I will crossings o f that bridge. MR. DE CAST: l e t him mention rephrase i t . again? Y o u h a v e 95,000 T h a t i s f o r how many h o u r s ? T h i s i s a 24-hour d e s i g n o r p r o j e c t e d i[\ £i g d o MR. THOMAS: MR. DE CAST: vicinity What do y o u have f o r peak p e r i o d ? T h e p e a k h o u r r a n g e s somewhere i n t h e o f 10 p e r c e n t o f t h a t a s a d e s i r e d MR. THOMAS: Ten percent. volume. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e map i n d i c a t e d i n t h i s same r e p o r t , page 138, i t indicates the c a p a c i t y o f 5,000 a u t o m o b i l e s and t h i s , we w o u l d b e t a l k i n g about i n an hour. T h a t i s t h e r e a s o n I a s k e d what y o u r peak period i s . MR. DE GAST: one T h e 5,000 i s i n d i c a t e d a s c a p a c i t y , d i r e c t i o n a l c a p a c i t y , n o t t o be c o n f u s e d w i t h t h e t w o d i r e c t i o n a l c a p a c i t y t h a t r e s u l t s , from the t e n f a c t o r i n g o f the percent 24-hour volume. Y o u r p r o j e c t i o n i s f o r two ways i n t h e b o o k l e t y o u i s s u e d , t h i s MR. DE GAST: Yes, document? the b o o k l e t t h a t was i s s u e d p r o j e c t i n g h i g h and low and c i t i n g t h e , I t h i n k we c i t e d s o m e t h i n g 70 t o 90 t h o u s a n d i n t h e book f o r p u b l i c MR. THOMAS: information. A s f u r t h e r i n d i c a t e d i n t h i s book, a n d �t h e r e a s o n f o r t h e q u e s t i o n , s i n c e the. b r i d g e c o n s t r u c t i o n h a s now b e e n h a l t e d a n d we a r e a w a r e t h a t i t h a d p r o c e e d e d t o a p o i n t , I i v o u l d l i k e t o f i n d o u t f r o m t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t , t h e f o u n d a t i o n s t h a t a r e now b e i n g p l a c e d a r e b e i n g p l a c e d t o meet w h i c h d e s i g n i n d i c a t e d a t t h e s e h e a r i n g s ? (Applause.) MR. DE GAST: I t h i n k y o u c i t e t h i s y o u r s e l f , Mr. Thomas, t h a t t h e w o r k h a s c e a s e d b y c o u r t i n j u n c t i o n , the f i n d i n g s t h a t w i l l pending r e s u l t months a f t e r t h e s e h e a r i n g s a n d t h e h e a r i n g testimony and r e c o r d h a s been f u l l y considered. MR. THOMAS: I d o n ' t t h i n k y o u h e a r d my q u e s t i o n . MR. DE GAST: Not t o c o n t i n u e w i t h c o n s t r u c t i o n MR. THOMAS: MR. DE GAST: Y o u d i d n ' t a n s w e r my q u e s t i o n . I am t r y i n g t o c i t e t o y o u , we are. n o t now u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d b y i n f e r e n c e I g o t t h i s f e e l what you s a i d , i n p h r a s i n g your q u e s t i o n . t h a t we a r e n o t now u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n . had p r e c e d e d The c o n s t r u c t i o n t h a t alternative. MR. THOMAS: So w h a t y o u a r e s a y i n g h e r e i s t h i s o t h e r photograph h e r e h a s no meaning. f a r c e i t I want t o c l a r i f y p r i o r t o t h e c o u r t i n j u n c t i o n was i n conformance with the three-span saying. from T h a t i s w h a t we a r e That t h i s whole t h i n g t o t h e r i g h t here i s j u s t a i s j u s t a p i c t u r e here f o r us. The D i s t r i c t h a s a l r e a d y s p e n t money o n t h e t h r e e - s p a n i t e m a n d we a r e b e i n g permitted c i t i z e n participation. You a r e showing us something �718 y o u had not i n t e n d e d t o b u i l d , on t h e p r e t e n s e t h a t t h i s i s an a l t e r n a t i v e . p a r t i c u l a r one And I s u g g e s t t h a t y o u h a v e not b u i l t because of t h i s a r t i c l e i n d i c a t i n g t h a t F. T u r n e r , the F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t o r , and d e s i g n o f t h a t b r i d g e and that doubts t h e C. safety he doubts i f he w o u l d a p p r o v e it. So you are building that, but t h i s i s being s e n t e d t o t h e c i t i z e n s as an a l t e r n a t e } knowing f u l l w e l l i t has been c h a l l e n g e d by its a c t u a l design, i t s constx"uctual d e s i g n . a s an pre- t h e F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t o r a s Why i s this to being alternate? MR. AIRIS: I will MR. THOMAS: MR. AIRIS: a d m i t i t i s somewhat Complicated? L e t me This i s a complicated. farce. t r y and s t r a i g h t e n i t o u t for you. T h i s i s the b r i d g e f o r which was underway. Now, one We t h a t was h a v e had the p i e r construction H e r e a r e t h e two p i e r s , h e r e we and here. were committed to t h i s b r i d g e . under design a t the time o f the c o u r t T h i s i s the injunction. t o take a s t e p backward i n order t o proceed perly with t h i s design hearing. i n the requirements Because as you w i l l remember, f o r d e s i g n h e a r i n g , the designs they have gone f o r w a r d i n a p r e l i m i n a r y way b u t t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t i s n o t c o m m i t t e d t o any p a r t i c u l a r Now, pro- t h a t l e t s us proceed design. with o t h e r d e s i g n s , so t h a t �719 the. d e s i g n h e a r i n g may be h e l d . T h i s i s an a l t e r n a t i v e d e s i g n h e r e t h a t on t h e e n d s p a n s h e r e , t h a t i s h e r e a n d h a r e utilizes (indicating) the 0 same l o c a t i o n s f o r t h e p i e r s a s i n t h e c o n c r e t e alternative. B u t i t adds a f u r t h e r p i e r i n t h e c e n t e r o f t h e r i v e r . D i d I make m y s e l f MR. THOMAS: clear? Y e s . And I w o u l d l i k e t h e r e c o r d t o show t h a t t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t o f f i c i a l s a r e i n t o t a l c o n flicto The f i r s t foundation answer was, f o r the t h r e e span. they were proceeding they were proceeding with the Mr. A i r i s h a s i n d i c a t e d t h a t with t h e foundation f o r two spans. t h a t t a p e c a n be r e r u n , I am s u r e y o u w i l l I f f i n d t h e s e two things i n c o n f l i c t . MR. A I R I S : L e t me t r y a g a i n . MR. THOMAS: again. I am n o t i n t e r e s t e d i n y o u r trying I am o n l y s t a t i n g a s a m a t t e r o f r e c o r d , h o p i n g some- one l i s t e n i n g t o t h e t a p e s , t h a t t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t ' s two o f f i c i a l s have s a i d something i n c o n f l i c i t , behind each o t h e r . T h i s i s why t h e c i t i z e n s Highway D e p a r t m e n t a n d we h a v e no f a i t h I don't want t o b e l a b o r question o f t h e foundation directly don't t r u s t t h e i n w h a t t r e y do. that question, but the i s one I d i d want f o r a m a t t e r o f r e c o r d and I t h i n k I d i d r e c e i v e t h e type o f i n f o r m a t i o n I desired. MR. A I R I S : L e t me j u s t , add, Mr. Thomas, t h e r e i s no �720 c o n f l i c t b e t w e e n Mr. D e G a s t " s s t a t e m e n t t o y o u a n d m i n e . f a c t s a r e t h e same. it And i f t h e r e i s i n y o u r m i n d a c o n f l i c t , i s b e c a u s e we d i d n ' t MR. DUGAS: conclude i n about f i v e MR. THOMAS: s p e a k c l e a r enough t o y o u . Mr. Thomas, I wonder i f we could minutes? Yes, I would a l s o l i k e s i r , we can. t o a s k t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t i f t h e y c a n g i v e u s a b r i e f a n a l y s i s o n how t h e t r a f f i c dispersed now The w i l l be i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t from t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e a s planned. T h o s e 95..000 c a r s , I j u s t w a n t t o know how h a l f o f them a r e going. MR, DE GAST: i s being discussed The d e s i g n o f the b r i d g e i t s e l f a t t h i s hearing MR. THOMAS: will automatically That i s n ' t t h equestion MR. DE GAST: that I asked. •— i s p r o p o s e d t o t u r n t o t h e Potomac Freeway, as MR. THOMAS: Where i s t h e Potomac R i v e r Freeway, please? MR. DE GAST: — a s i n d i c a t e d by t h e gray l i n e s , t h e c o n n e c t i n g l i n k t o be t h e s u b j e c t o f f u t u r e d e s i g n MR. THOMAS: hearings. Where i s t h e Potomac R i v e r F r e e w a y ? C o u l d i t be i l l u s t r a t e d ? MR. DE GAST: T h i s map shows t h e Potomac R i v e r Freeway o u t l i n e d i n g r a y . �721 MR. THOMAS: T h i s comes down i n f r o n t o f a l l o f the b u i l d i n g and along t h e w a t e r f r o n t ? i s t h a t MR. DE GAST: MR. THOMAS: right? Along t h e w a t e r f r o n t . What o t h e r means a r e we u s i n g t o d i s - perse the r e s t o f the cars? MR. DE GAST: The t o t a l b r i d g e t r a f f i c i s designed t o b e t a k e n i n t o t h e Potomac R i v e r MR. THOMAS: Freeway. So a l l o f t h e t r a f f i c , y o u a r e s a y i n g , i s g o i n g downtown? MR. DE GAST: Freeway o r connections D i s t r i b u t e d v i a t h e Potomac R i v e r from e a s t o f t h e Freeway. MR. THOMAS: What a r e t h e c o n n e c t i o n s e a s t o f t h e freeway? MR. DE GAST: E Those t h a t e x i s t S t r e e t , K S t r e e t Expressway, y e s t e r d a y , and l o c a l already i nitself and t i e t o a s i n d i c a t e d b y Mr. A i r i s connections i n t h e a r e a , some o f w h i c h exist. MR. THOMAS: Mr. Dugas, I w o u l d l i k e t o t h a n k y o u f o r y o u r p a t i e n c e and thank t h e p a n e l , and I would l i k e t o o n l y s a y t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t h a s done t h i s i n t i m a t e t h i n g again, has presented nothing. (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: (Mo Mr. B o z z i . Mr. Rene B o z z i ? response.) MR. DUGAS: M r s . S a r a h Montgomery? �722 (No respo MR. DUGAS: (No Mr. R o b e r t E w e l l ? response.) MR. DUGAS: Mr. Panko',*-ski? STATEMENT OF TED PANKOWSKI, IZAAK WALTON LEAGUE OF AMERICA MR. PANKOWSKI: T h a n k y o u , Mr. C h a i r m a n . My name i s T e d P a n k o w s k i . I represent the Izaak W a l t e r League o f America. Our t e s t i m o n y h e r e t o d a y was t o be g i v e n b y Mr. L a r r y Young, and w i t h y o u r p e r m i s s i o n , I would l i k e t o p u t his e n t i r e statement i n t o the record. I n sammary, Mr. Young's s t a t e m e n t reflects the c o n c e r n o f o u r membership i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a , i n o u r l a r g e and o r g a n i z e d c h a p t e r s i n t h e Maryland and V i r g i n i a s u b u r b s , a n d i n o u r o t h e r a f f i l i a t e s n a t i o n w i d e , who h a v e come to for regard t h i s bridge i n the Nation's C a p i t a l as a t e s t t h e cause o f environmental' q u a l i t y Although case elsewhere. we a p p r e c i a t e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o t e s t i f y a t t h i s h e a r i n g , we d e e p l y r e g r e t t h a t i t i s l i m i t e d t o " d e s i g n " c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , a r d , f u r t h e r , t h a t even so minor a c o n c e s s i o n t o p u b l i c c o n c e r n h a d t o be p r o v i d e d by C o u r t o r d e r . The L e a g u e w a s one o f t h o s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s w h i c h p e t i t i o n e d t h e U. S. D i s t r i c t Court. T h i s a c t i o n was a u t h o r i z e d b y o u r N a t i o n a l �723 E x e c u t i v e B o a r d , b a s e d on the League's long-standing premise t h a t c i t i z e n s h a v e a r i g h t t o t i m e l y , u p - t o - d a t e and full p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n the governmental d e c i s i o n s a f f e c t i n g t h e i r lives, t h e i r property and their Even though i t i s not I w o u l d be zens, remiss neighborhoods. the s u b j e c t of t h i s hearing, i f I f a i l e d to r e s t a t e that ordinary i n c l u d i n g t h e mesrbars o f t h e citi- I z a a k W a l t o n League,, h a v e come t o know t h i s b r i d g e a s a p r o j e c t whose c o n t r i v u t i o n t o the s o l u t i o n of Metropolitan Washington's transportation p r o b l e m i s d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y m i n i m a l compared t o t h e mental havoc which i t v / i l l c r e a t e — Glover-Archbold Park, w a t e r s h e d o f S p o u t Run on the D i s t r i c t ' s The on t h e Potomac R i v e r , a t w h i c h i t i s a i m e d , on i n V i r g i n i a , on d i s t r i c t a l r e a d y c r o w d e d and inevitable opportunities the D i s t r i c t C o u r t , and The a w a r e n e s s and incorporate for mischief t h i s day that proceeded as f a r as i t has and Environmental P o l i c y Act. designed of environmental construction governmental conduct, before Q u e s t i o n s r a i s e d by S. reference. even under with respect to a e s t h e t i c s , r e c r e a t i o n , noise, air which t o t h e U. them h e r e by concern, i t i s inconceivable of planning unspoiled smoky s t r e e t s . pleading League b e l i e v e s t h a t i n o f the b r i d g e has standards we on neighborhoods, w o u l d o c c u r i f t h e b r i d g e i s b u i l t a s p l a n n e d and h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n documented i n o u r environ- the older the citizens traffic p o l l u t i o n , h i s t o r i c a l v a l u e s , the very design t h a t control gives �37 724 t h i s c i t y and i t s a d j a c e n t a r e a s i t s s o u l , s h o u l d be however l a t e t h e y may answered, have been asked i n t h e o p i n i o n o f the builders. The s u g g e s t i o n was made t o me, and I don't w i s h be f a c e t i o u s , t h a t t h e o n l y way be r e l e v a n t t o the r e a l concerns o f the people who to these design hearings could of t h i s area, are the a l l e g e d b e n e f i c i a r i e s of t h i s p r o j e c t , would be a c o n c l u s i o n by t h i s h e a r i n g t h a t t h e b r i d g e and i t s approaches be b u i l t t o t a l l y Mr. a t i o n which Chairman, speaking f u r t h e r f o r a younger i s going b ridge w i l l underground. t o have t o g r a p p l e w i t h the problems the cause, I would l i k e to suggest t h a t i t i s s t i l l not too l a t e to reconsider the substantive issues involved. T h i s i s t h e e s s e n c e o f Mr. Chairman, gener- Young's s t a t e m e n t , I f i t c o u l d be i n c l u d e d i n t h e r e c o r d , we Mr. would appreciate i t . F o r my own p o i n t o f v i e w , h a v i n g been a r e s i d e n t b o t h o f t h e D i s t r i c t and o f t h e V i r g i n i a suburbs f o r going 11 y e a r s , I t h i n k i t i s f a i r t o s t a t e t h a t t h i s e n t i r e c e e d i n g would, n o t h a v e o c c u r r e d i f t h i s city i n this which country. c i t y w e r e any The k i n d o f p r a c t i c e s and have i n v o l v e d c i t i z e n s Thank you f o r your time. other procedures i n t h i s debacle would not t o l e r a t e d by r e p r e s e n t a t i v e g o v e r n m e n t a n y w h e r e . pro- be on �725 i n k y o u v e r y much. MR. DUGAS: T h e s t a t e m e n t o f Mr. L a r r y Young will be e n t e r e d i n t o t h e r e c o r d . (The c o m p l e t e p r e p a r e d s t a t e m e n t o f Mr. Young, above-referred to, follows:) Mr. Chairman. My name i s L a r r y Young a n d I r e p r e s e n t t h e I z a a k W a l t o n League o f A m e r i c a , a n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n o f v o l u n t e e r c i t i z e n s who a r e c o n c e r n e d about and have been w o r k i n g t o p r o t e c t and enhance t h e q u a l i t y o f o u r environment. League m a i n t a i n s a p r o f e s s i o n a l s t a f f Columbia — While t h e i n the D i s t r i c t of w i t h w h i c h I am a f f i l i a t e d — our concerns over T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e r e f l e c t t h o s e o f o u r membership — D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, the Maryland i n the i n o u r l a r g e and o r g a n i z e d c h a p t e r s i n and V i r g i n i a s u b u r b s , and i n o u r o t h e r affiliates n a t i o n w i d e , who h a v e come t o r e g a r d t h i s b r i d g e i n t h e N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l as a t e s t case f o r t h e cause o f environmental q u a l i t y everywhere. A l t h o u g h we a p p r e c i a t e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o t e s t i f y a t t h i s h e a r i n g , we d e e p l y r e g r e t t h a t i t i s l i m i t e d t o " d e s i g n " c o n s i d e r a t i o n s and, f u r t h e r , t h a t even so minor a c o n c e s s i o n t o p u b l i c c o n c e r n h a d t o be p r o v i d e d by C o u r t o r d e r . The L e a g u e was one o f t h o s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s w h i c h p e t i t i o n e d t h e U. S. D i s t r i c t Court. T h i s a c t i o n was a u t h o r i z e d by o u r N a t i o n a l E x e c u t i v e �726 B o a r d b a s e d on citizens pation the League's l o n g - s t a n d i n g premise h a v e a r i g h t t o t i m e l y , u p - t o - d a t e and i n the governmental d e c i s i o n s t h e i r p r o p e r t y and their remiss full partici- affecting their lives, neighborhoods. E v e n though i t i s not I w o u l d be that the subject of t h i s hearing, i f I f a i l e d to r e s t a t e t h a t ordinary i n c l u d i n g t h e members o f t h e citizens, I z a a k W a l t o n L e a g u e , h a v e come t o know t h i s b r i d g e a s a p r o j e c t whose c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e solu- t i o n of M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington's t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problem i s disproportionately which i t w i l l m i n i m a l compared t o t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l h a v o c create — on t h e Potomac R i v e r , on A r c h b o l d P a r k , a t w h i c h i t i s a i m e d , on S h e d o f S p o u t Run in Virginia, the D i s t r i c t ' s a l r e a d y The on Glover- the unspoiled D i s t r i c t neighborhoods, c r o w d e d and smoky inevitable opportunities b e e n documented i n o u r D i s t r i c t C o u r t , and we The a w a r e n e s s and incorporate for mischief s t a n d a r d s o f p l a n n i n g and Environmental P o l i c y Act. respect them h e r e by that proceeded as f a r as i t has which designed t o t h e U. L e a g u e b e l i e v e s t h a t i n t h i s day of the b r i d g e has with pleading concern, i t i s inconceivable on streets. w o u l d o c c u r i f t h e b r i d g e i s b u i l t a s p l a n n e d and have a l r e a d y water- reference. of environmental construction even under governmental conduct, before Q u e s t i o n s r a i s e d by S. the older the citizens to a e s t h e t i c s , r e c r e a t i o n , noise, t r a f f i c a i r p o l l u t i o n , h i s t o r i c a l v a l u e s , the v e r y design t h a t control, gives �727 this c i t y a n d i t s a d j a c e n t a r e a s i t s s o u l , s h o u l d be a n s w e r e d , however l a t e t h e y may h a v e b e e n a s k e d i n t h e o p i n i o n o f t h e b uilders. The s u g g e s t i o n w a s made t o me, a n d I d o n ' t w i s h t o be f a c e t i o u s , t h a t t h e o n l y way t h e s e d e s i g n h e a r i n g s c o u l d be r e l e v a n t t o t h e r e a l concerns o f t h e people a r e a , who a r e t h e a l l e g e d b e n e f i c i a r i e s o f t h i s of this project, w o u l d be a c o n c l u s i o n b y t h i s h e a r i n g t h a t t h e b r i d g e a n d i t s a p p r o a c h e s be b u i l t t o t a l l y underground. Mr. C h a i r m a n , s p e a k i n g f u r t h e r f o r a y o u n g e r a t i o n which i s going the bridge w i l l still gener- t o have t o grapple w i t h t h e problems cause, I would l i k e t o suggest t h a t i t i s not too l a t e to reconsider the substantive issues i n - volved. Thank y o u . MR. MR. DUGAS: Mr. L e s l i e Dirks. STATEMENT OF L E S L I E C. D I R K S , P R E S I D E N T , FOXHALL COMMUNITY C I T I Z E N S MR. D I R K S : I have m a i l e d a l e t t e r which t h e e s s e n c e o f my r e m a r k s and contains t o y o u , i n c a r e o f Mr. S c h a l l e r , I c a n a l s o l e a v e a copy h e r e . read that ASSOCIATION What I w i l l do i s j u s t letter. "This l e t c e r summarizes t h e v i e w s o f t h e F o x h a l l Community C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e p r o p o s e d Three �728 Sister's Bridge. I t i s s u b m i t t e d t o be of the p u b l i c hearings t o be on entered i n t o the record the design of t h i s bridge which c o n d u c t e d u n d e r y o u r j u r i s d i c t i o n commencing 14 are December 1570. "The c u s s e d and views expressed i n t h i s l e t t e r have been dis- d e b a t e d a t a number o f C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n meet- i n g s , m o s t r e c e n t l y 3 December 1970, and are representative the t h i n k i n g of the v a s t m a j o r i t y of the C i t i z e n s i n Assoelation the area. " I t s h o u l d be s a i d a t the outset t h a t the Community C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n i s o p p o s e d t o t h e of the Three S i s t e r s Bridge p e n d e n t o f any u n d e r any p r i m a r i l y by construction p a r t i c u l a r design considerations. t h e C o m m i t t e e o f 100 Foxhall circumstances A s s o c i a t i o n i s a p a r t y t o a l a v / s u i t now indeThe i n courts sponsored f o r the Federal C i t y , with the o b j e c t i v e of stopping the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the bridge. A s s o c i a t i o n has t i o n but supported t h i s l a w s u i t not also Association's o n l y by The i t s resolu- financially. "The on of three simple conclusions. t o f i n d any convincing Three S i s t e r s Bridge opposition to the bridge i s based Number 1 : We have been unable evidence t h a t the construction of will l e a d t o an i m p r o v e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system f o r the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. I n d e e d , we suspect b u i l d i n g of a d d i t i o n a l expressways i n t o the D i s t r i c t Columbia w i l l the c o n t r i b u t e t o c h a o s and confusion that of i n the center �I m i g h t add h e r e , p a r e n t h e t i c a l l y , , i t i s a l s o t h e v i e w o f some o f u s who l o o k e d a t t h i s problem over a p e r i o d o f y e a r s i n some, d e p t h , t h a t p e r h a p s e v e n many o f t h e supporters of the bridge w i l l f i n d t h e i r s u p p o r t b a s e d on i l l - f o u n d e d c o n c l u s i o n s and they l e a d themselves disappointed i n the o v e r a l l regard to the t r a f f i c "Number 2: b u i l d i n g o f t h e Three results, particularly with patterns i n the i n t e r i o r of the c i t y . We a r e e x t r e m e l y c o n c e r n e d Sisters that the B r i d g e a s an i n t e r s t a t e w i l l lead to increases i n vehicular t r a f f i c route through t h e f r i n g e s o f t h e F o x h a l l a r e a , much o f t h i s t r a f f i c through t o be v e r y t h e c i t y o n l y as a matter o f convenience passing and n o t headed f o r m e t r o p o l i t a n d e s t i n a t i o n s a t a l l , w h i c h w i l l i n t u r n l e a d t o a s e r i o u s , even c a t a s t r o p h i c , degradation l i v i n g environment, i n our T h i s d e g r a d a t i o n w i l l be c o n t r i b u t e d t o b o t h by a i r p o l l u t i o n and by n o i s e . "Number 3: Sisters We a r e d e e p l y Bridge, i f b u i l t , w i l l an. e v e r - e x p a n d i n g t h a t t h e Three s e r v e as t h e hinge p o i n t f o r network o f i n t e r s t a t e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. characteristic concerned freeways through t h e T h i s f o o t - i n - t h e - d o o r t a c t i c h a s been o f highway b u i l d e r s and p l a n n e r s n o t o n l y i n t h e W a s h i n g t o n m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a b u t a l s o i n many o t h e r p a r t s of the country. "If, however, t h e Three Sisters B r i d g e i s t o be �b u i l t , i t i s q u i t e c l e a r t h a t t h i s b r i d g e and t h e a s s o c i a t e d access roads w i l l l e a d t o major changes i n t h e t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s on t h e D„ C. s i d e o f t h e r i v e r . These changes will u n d o u b t e d l y h a v e a s u b s t a n t i a l i m p a c t on t h e F o x h a l l community. confined Unfortunately, the subject of the hearings i s t o t h e b r i d g e i t s e l f and t h e s e c t i o n o f t h e proposed 1-266 c o n n e c t i n g t h e b r i d g e t o t h e downtown a r e a i s o n l y schematically defined, this and i n any c a s e i s n o t t h e s u b j e c t o f hearing. " I t appears on t h e s u r f a c e t h a t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e b r i d g e and i t s p r o p o s e d c o n n e c t i n g l i n k s w i l l n o t o n l y c u t off t h e F o x h a l l community f r o m e a s y a c c e s s t o t h e downtown a r e a s b u t a l s o l e a d t o s u b s t a n t i a l i n c r e a s e s i n t h e Georgetown, M S t r e e t congestion. patterns Furthermore, the o v e r a l l c o u l d be d r a m a t i c a l l y i n f l u e n c e d by a c c e s s way p a t t e r n d e c i s i o n s made on t h e V i r g i n i a f o r example, t h a t c o n s i d e r a t i o n and h i g h - side of the r i v e r . These, too, a r e not the s u b j e c t o f t h i s hearing. stand, traffic We i s being given underto a m a j o r r e l o c a t i o n o f 1-66 t h r o u g h A r l i n g t o n . "Any o r a l l o f t h e above i s s u e s c o u l d h a v e an i m p a c t on t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s citizens and Bridge project. Furthermore, the o f t h i s community f i n d i t v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o r e v i e w comment on t h e d e s i g n o f t h e b r i d g e i t s e l f w i t h o u t a t t h e ame t i m e r e v i e w i n g bridge, and understanding t h e major l i n k s t o t h a t particularly t h o s e l i n k s on t h e D. C. s i d e o f t h e �731 river. it I n s h o r t , under these impossible lamentable circumstances, t o o f f e r c o n s t r u c t i v e comment t o t h i s we f i n d hearing. " I n summary, i t i s t h e v i e w o f t h e F o x h a l l Community C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n t h a t t h i s h e a r i n g p e r l y conclude t h a t f u r t h e r expanded h e a r i n g s full should pro- are required i f compliance w i t h t h e r e l e v a n t codes and procedures ing public hearings regard- on h i g h w a y p r o j e c t s a r e t o be f u l f i l l e d . These expanded h e a r i n g s s h o u l d a d d r e s s a t a minimum t h e e n t i r e t y o f 1-266 a n d i n c l u d e a c a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e i m p a c t o f t h e d e s i g n o f 1-266 o n l o c a l D. C. t r a f f i c " P l e a s e be a s s u r e d patterns. that t h i s e n t i r e matter i s of the u t m o s t i m p o r t a n c e t o t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h i s a r e a a n d we u r g e your c a r e f u l consideration o f t h e i s s u e s r a i s e d i n t h i s testimony." MR. DUGAS: Thank y o u , s i r . MR. A I R I S : Mr. C h a i r m a n , m i g h t I j u s t a m p l i f y one position of the l a s t speaker? MR. DUGAS: Y o u may p r o c e e d . MR. A I R I S : S i r , since the Foxhall Citizens Association i s so close t o t h i s area — to t h e bridge, you t h i s area i s so close I w o u l d j u s t l i k e t o c h e c k two s m a l l p o i n t s , i f don't mind. MR. D I R K S : Please. MR. A l R f S : One i s , a s y o u know, t h e b r i d g e a s p r e s e n t l y p l a n n e d does n o t h a v e a c o n n e c t i o n i n t o t h e F o x h a l l - �MacArthur i n t e r s e c t i o n , and y o u mentioned i t i n y o u r testimony. Would t h i s be t h e p r e f e r e n c e Association? of the Citizens Or w o u l d y o u r a t h e r h a v e a c o n n e c t i o n a t t h a t point? MR. D I R K S : I think i n discussing this issue a t the l a s t Association meeting, following a presentation people k i n d l y gave t o u s , t h e g e n e r a l which your v i e w v/as t h a t i t i s v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o address an i s s u e o f t h a t degree o f d e t a i l w i t h o u t a c l e a r e r i d e a o f w h a t we a r e l i k e l y MR. A I R I S : Y o u h a v e no p o s i t i o n o n t h i s T h a t i s what I would read MR. D I R K S : Association t o e n d up w i t h . point? into i t . I would h e s i t a t e t o represent the i n a formal way on t h a t p a r t i c u l a r i s s u e . That i s n o t t o s a y t h a t t h e A s s o c i a t i o n w o u l d n ' t be d e l i g h t e d t o f o r m u l a t e a n o p i n i o n o n t h a t i s s u e i f we c o u l d r e a l l y get a h a n d l e on w h a t v/as g o i n g on d o w n s t r e a m , w h a t was t h e p r o b a b l e impact o f t h e t r a f f i c pattern. What we w o u l d l i k e the projected t o h e a r i s some d i s c u s s i o n o f t r a f f i c pattern. What a r e p e o p l e i n V i r g i n i a g o i n g t o u s e Key B r i d g e f o r ; w h a t i s M S t r e e t g o i n g t o l o o k l i k e ; how a r e we g o i n g t o g e t t o M S t r e e t . context, i t very which i s r e a l l y And o u t o f t h a t a q u i t e neat problem, I would find d i f f i c u l t t o t h i n k t h e A s s o c i a t i o n v/ould f o r m a n intelligent view. T h a t h a s been t h e d i f f i c u l t y , f r a n k l y , Mr. Airis, �733 w h i c h we h a v e h a d w i t h t h e w h o l e p r o p o s i t i o n now. I t has been v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o get a t a n g i b l e f e e l i n g t o what, t h e t o t a l impact, measured i n terms o f our going to local area, i s be. I am MR. frank indeed, j u s t p u t t i n g aside the l a r g e r questions AIRIS: Thank you. now. I am v e r y g l a d t o h a v e y o u r appraisal. I had design hearing a s e c o n d p o i n t and and we should probably does t h e A s s o c i a t i o n h a v e a n y t h e s e two that i s , since this i s a consider preference alternatives, as to e i t h e r of treatments? MR. DIRKS: I m u s t be v e r y f r a n k w i t h y o u , ( I n t e r r u p t i o n from the MR. AIRIS: audience.) Would i t be a l l r i g h t i f I g e t opinion of your speaker? I d o n ' t d o u b t he i s the the representa- tive. E i t h e r one treatment, w o u l d y o u h a v e any MR. frankly. o f t h e s e two DIRKS: We treatments j u s t couldn't issue. MR. AIRIS: DUGAS: Thank Mr. other preference? I t j u s t d i d n ' t seem t o be MR. o r any you. Rene B o z z i . f o c u s on that r e l e v a n t to the question, total �734 STATEMENT OF RENE B O Z Z I , LAMOND-RIGGS C I T I Z E N S ASSOCIATION MR. B O Z Z I : Mr. C h a i r m a n , L a d i e s a n d G e n t l e m e n . I w i s h t o s a y I am Rene B o z z i , t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C h a i r m a n o f t h e Lamond-Riggs Vice C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n , and former President. Lamond-Riggs p a i d memberships, i s a C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n o f 3,000 f a m i l i e s that l i v e north of G a l l a t i n Street, s o u t h o f E a s t e r n A v e n u e , a n d bounded on t h e w e s t by t h e B and O R a i l r o a d t r a c k s . I t i s a "middle-class" but highly desirable resi- d e n t i a l n e i g h b o r h o o d , a n d we hcive b e e n opposed t o a n y f u r t h e r i n t e r s t a t e h i g h w a y s i n W a s h i n g t o n , D. C., e i t h e r f r o m t h e north, t h e e a s t , o r i n t h e case o f t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge, from t h e w e s t . We w e r e f i r s t p r e s e n t e d w i t h t h e p r o b l e m o f t h e N o r t h C e n t r a l F r e e w a y a b o u t f i v e y e a r s ago. And b y p e t i t i o n and by a c t i v e n e i g h b o r h o o d m e e t i n g s , a n d many o t h e r f o r m s o f p u b l i c e x p r e s s i o n , a t t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f Commerce A u d i t o r i u m and many o t h e r s , we h a v e 100 p e r c e n t b e e n opposed t o t h e N o r t h C e n t r a l F r e e w a y , t h e Route 9 5 , and t h e c o n n e c t i n g loops, t h e Three S i s t e r s inter- Bridge. We c o n s i d e r t h e s e t h i n g s u n n e c e s s a r y i n a c i t y o f our s i z e , o f l i m i t e d g e o g r a p h i c a a r e a , a n d we h a v e b e e n one o f t h e f o r e m o s t p r o p o n e n t s o f t h e subway w h i l e i t was still �b a i n g f o u g h t b y some v e r y s e l f i s h p e o p l e , s u c h a s C h a l k and ot B u t now t h a t t h e subway i s g e t t i n g c l o s e t o b e i n g a r e a l i t y , I think myself — o f t h e Lamond-Riggs — a n d I r e p r e s e n t t h e membership I t h i n k t h a t we s h o u l d f i r s t b u i l d t h e subway, have i t i n p l a c e , and t h e n c o n s i d e r t h e problem o f w h e t h e r we n e e d anymo r e commuter r o a d s , i n t e r s t a t e roads, into the c i t y . I knov; t h e t e m p t a t i o n o f t h e g e n t l e m e n i n t h e b u s i n e s s , I mean w i t h a l l due r e s p e c t , t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l people who h a v e t h e j o b o f b u i l d i n g a n d c a r i n g f o r t h e r o a d s . The t e m p t a t i o n i s t h e r e b e c a u s e 90 p e r c e n t o f t h e money w i l l b e p a i d f o r by t h e F e d e r a l f u n d s . prodding And C o n g r e s s m e n a r e a a l w a y s them a n d s a y i n g , "Why d o n ' t y o u s p e n d t h i s here money, i t i s h e r e . " But they don't count the cost i n destroyed neighbor- hoods, d e s t r o y e d h o u s i n g , d e s t r o y e d r e c r e a t i o n 1 a r e a s . You c a n ' t p u t a p r i c e t a g on t h a t . So we m u s t n o t b e t o o e a s y , s o q u i c k t o s p e n d money. L e t i t not burn a whole i n o u r pockets. this Personally, I t h i n k t h i s money c o u l d w e l l b e s p e n t f o r mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and C o n g r e s s c o u l d (Applause.) MR. B O Z Z I : — a n d C o n g r e s s c o u l d somehow, I know t h e y c o u l d v e r y w e l l a r r a n g e t o h a v e t h i s money s p e n t i n a �736 b r o a d e r s e n s e t h a n j u s t p o u r i n g c o n c r e t e and all of the r e s t of the interloops and stuff. I have always c o n s i d e r e d t h a t p a r t i c u l a r s e c t i o n t h e Potomac R i v e r a s one o f the most b e a u t i f u l p l a c e s p a r t of the United S t a t e s . canoeist for y e a r s , my but I and my son, my h a v e gone canoeing, boating, f i s h i n g i n t h a t p a r t i c u l a r s e c t i o n around the Three Island. I t has area and Sisters s o m e t h i n g t h a t does good t o man's s o u l . and And something l i f t i n g a Y o r k C i t y , w h i c h was h a v i n g l i v e d i n W a s h i n g t o n , we w i f e and this I h a v e b e e n m o t o r b o a t i n g and i n L o n g I s l a n d Sound i n New home u n t i l 1 9 4 1 , in of I t h i n k from the p o i n t o f view of a l o n e , t h i n k a g a i n b e f o r e we the about the broad view of put recreation a bridge across that part of river. E u t p r i m a r i l y the problem i s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . are a growing population, subway w i l l 1948, when t h e need f o r the Virginia. and I think considering that We the cover the n o r t h e r n p a r t of V i r g i n i a , i n which have l i v e d f o r seven y e a r s now that b e f o r e I moved t o W a s h i n g t o n i n subway i s b u i l t t h e r e w i l l n o t be commuter t r a f f i c And I by any pressing automobile from t h a t p a r t i f t h a t subway i s n o t s u f f i c i e n t , l e t us of plan f o r more s u b w a y s . A c i t y o f t h i s a r e a w o u l d h a v e t o be much l a r g e r s y s t e m o f s u b w a y s t h a n we F o r e x a m p l e , New s e r v i c e d by are b u i l d i n g York C i t y , I b e l i e v e , has now. four a �50 737 lines and t h e y a r e r i g h t planning s t i l l a sixth. now b u i l d i n g a n o t h e r one s They a r e b u i l d i n g a and cond Avenue Subway, and t h e y a r e g o i n g t o c o n s i d e r t h e N i n t h Avenue Subway. T h i s i s our s o l u t i o n t o the problem o f t r a n s p o r t a tion. Rapid r a i l t r a n s i t , one times the passengers bad w e a t h e r , choke a s one rail line w i l l handle r o a d and i t i s n o t a f f e c t e d snow, i c e , o r o t h e r c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h by sometimes traffic. The h i g h w a y o f f i c i a l s , I know, a r e p r e s s u r e d a g a i n and a g a i n by c h a r a c t e r l e s s C o n g r e s s m e n who the agents of the people sometimes a r e of a g r e a t r e p u b l i c which s h o u l d be, but r a t h e r agents o f s e l f i s h i n t e r e s t s lobby, the T r i p l e tire twenty interests, A, p a r k i n g l o t i n t e r e s t s , g a s o l i n e , concrete merchants — s e l f - s e e k i n g narrow-minded And bus they — highway interests, a long l i s t this particular meeting doesn't t o what the people even cover, I a r e s a y i n g , and t h a t I c o n s i d e r t h a t a g r e a t f a u l t about t h i s meeting. And of people. mean i s n o t r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e Mayor and t h e p e o p l e who be l i s t e n i n g not should I have t o say particular o t h e r s p e a k e r s h a v e s p o k e n and m e n t i o n e d t h a t . B u t t h e t h r e e s i s t e r s b r i d g e a s an o p e n i n g t o t h e w h o l e s y s t e m o f f r e e w a y s i s j u s t a n o t h e r t o e h o l d and i t must be s t o p p e d . subway f i r s t . Gentlemen, r e c o n s i d e r t h i s and l e t us b u i l d L e t us h o l d i n a b e y a n c e t h e b u i l d i n g o f a this �738 bridge. think of I t i s unwanted and u n n e c e s s a r y . B e c a u s e when we o f t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e , we t h i n k o f t h e North Leg t h e I n n e r L o o p , w h i c h i s r i g h t o n l y a m i l e o r s o away f r o m the g e n e r a l a r e a o f T a n d U S t r e e t , o r a s we h a v e b e e n t o l d , t h e y a r e n o t g o i n g t o b u i l d t h e I n n e r Loop a t T and U S t r e e t , because i t i s a Negro/black r e s i d e n t i a l neighborhood o f apartment houses and s o on. T h e y a r e g o i n g t o b u i l d i t on K S t r e e t . b u s i n e s s m e n d o n ' t w a n t i t on K S t r e e t . kicked We know t h e I t i s g o i n g t o be a r o u n d b a c k a n d f o r t h a n d f i n a l l y someone i s g o i n g t o s a y we j u s t d o n ' t h a v e enough money t o b u i l d i t on K S t r e e t , I g u e s s we w i l l h a v e t o b u i l d i t on U S t r e e t . I s n ' t i t too bad. But area. are t h e r e a r e thousands o f people t h a t T h e r e a r e some s e r v i c e a b l e some t h r e e - and f o u r - s t o r y l i v e i n that apartment houses and t h e r e r e s i d e n t i a l houses. I have walked t h e l a n e s o f t h a t s t r e e t and I c a n t e l l you what of a neighborhood i t i s , as f a r as r e s i d e n t i a l area. there i s a crying need i n t h i s c i t y recreational areas. And f o r r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s and We know v e r y w e l l t h a t b l a c k p e o p l e c a n ' t go o u t i n S i l v e r S p r i n g o r i n t h e b e t t e r suburbs. kind They j u s t c a n ' t a f f o r d i t , areas of the a n d t h e y a r e n o t made w e l c o m e , n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g a l l o f t h e f i n e w o r d s o f some Committees. And a f t e r you leave t h e p r o p o s e d I n n e r Loop o r t h e �52 739 K S t r e e t P a s s a g e , y o u have t h e e a s t l e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop, then you have t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway, which i s n o t necessary. There a r e p l e n t y o f adequate roads going n o r t h and s o u t h a n d t h e o n l y r u s h i s f o r a s h o r t p e r i o d o f t i m e a r o u n d t h e commuting t i m e , w h i c h c o u l d be a r r a n g e d by b e t t e r use o f t r a f f i c l i g h t s p e r h a p s , a n d c e r t a i n l y by b u i l d i n g a s many subway s y s t e m s a s we need. T h e s e f r e e w a y s w o u l d be a d i s a s t e r t o o u r n e i g h b o r h o o d , b e c a u s e R o u t e 9 5 , I am s u r e , w o u l d h a v e a t l e a s t eight l a n e s r i g h t a l o n g s i d e o f t h e s o u t h e r n b o r d e r o f t h e LamondRiggs area. I t w o u l d be r i g h t a l o n g s i d e t h e B e r t i e J u n i o r High S c h o o l . Backus T h e c h i l d r e n c o u l d w a t c h t h e t r u c k s go b y a n d s m a l l t h e fumes when t h e y c o u l d h e a r e a c h o t h e r . What s e n s e i s t h e r e o f b u i l d i n g a r o a d o f t h a t into a city, the an i n t e r s t a t e h i g h w a y ? B e l t w a y and bypass t h e c i t y . kind I t s h o u l d be s t o p p e d a t I f R o u t e 95 h a s t o be built, i t does n o t h a v e t o come i n t o t h e c i t y . (Applause.) MR. B O S S I : I can understand a f i n a n c i a l I f y o u b u i l d an i n t e r s t a t e highway i n t o t h e c i t y , it s t a n d s t h a t t h e i n t e r s t a t e h i g h w a y w i l l be — I N n e r Loop — problem. therefore that i s , the w i l l be p a r t o f t h e i n t e r s t a t e h i g h w a y . f o r e , i t w i l l be p a i d f o r by 9 0 - p e r c e n t money. There- I fi t i s not c o n n e c t e d , by God, t h e y a r e g o i n g t o h a v e t o p a y more f o r t h e inner loops. T h i s i s t h e t h i n g t h a t i s p r e s s u r i n g t h e people �740 j • ' . T h e y w a n t tomake a l l o f t h e i n t e r s t a t e connected w i t h t h e I n n e r Loop, s o t h a t they highways c a n be p a i d f o r w i t h 90/10 mony But percent l e t ' s face i t . i n this city. T h e c i t y i s s o b a n k r u p t we c a n ' t b u i l d the proper schools, teachers We d o n ' t e v e n h a v e t h e 10 pay t e a c h e r s * even s a l a r i e s , g e t adequate t o c u t down t h e s i z e o f t h e c l a s s e s . There a r e so many p r e s s i n g f i n a n c i a l p r o b l e m s , a n d y e t C o n g r e s s w a n t s u s t o s p e n d money t o p a y f o r t h e b u i l d i n g o f more f r e e w a y s , not only t h a t , but these f r e e w a y s w o u l d h a v e t o be c a r e o f and p a i d f o r , r e p a i d f o r by t h e c i t y . and taken T h i s i s another expense. I b e l i e v e t h e n a r r o w - m i n d e d p e o p l e who p r o j e c t d e s i g n s s u c h a s we a r e p r e s e n t e d w i t h , w i t h o u t other considering a l t e r n a t i v e s , a r e t r y i n g t o make t h i s c i t y a p i t i f u l i m i t a t i o n o f a c i t y l i k e L o s A n g e l e s , smog-choked, w i t h a p i t i f u l remnant o f a c i t y . l o s t , destroyed. The h e a r t o f L o s A n g e l e s i s j u s t Even the business areas i n L o s Angeles a r e destroyed. The problem o f a i r p o l l u t i o n , poorly planned roads, the d e s t r u c t i o n o f r e c r e a t i o n a l a r e a s , t h e d e s t r u c t i o n and d i v i s i o n o f neighborhood r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s , and e s p e c i a l l y t h e destruction of valuable and needed h o u s i n g i n o u r crowded c i t y , t h i s i s a crime t o even c o n s i d e r this. �7^1 There i s , as I s a i d , r a p i d r a i l s o l u t i o n , w h i c h t o me t r a n s i t , which i s a t h e r e i s no doubt a b o u t . And I would l i k e t o s a y t h e r e a r e o t h e r t h i n g s b e i n g p l a n n e d by highway e n g i n e e r s and by e n g i n e e r s s u c h a s t h e men G o o d y e a r , who sidewalks. i n some working w i t h p l a n and w o r k and a r e e x p e r i m e n t i n g w i t h m o v a b l e T h i s i s n o t a Buck R o g e r s ' i d e a , i t h a s b e e n u s e d cities. I t has been used i n w o r l d f a i r s as f a r back as 1900. T h e s e t h i n g s h a v e t o be c o n s i d e r e d , n o t j u s t p u s h i n g moire c a r s downtown and s o r t o f d e s t r o y i n g s h o p p i n g areas, b e c a u s e p e o p l e come downtown and g e t s o d i s g u s t e d , t h e y c a n ' t park anywhere. MR. DUGAS: Mr. B o z z i , c o u l d we c o n c l u d e i n a b o u t BOZZI: I am c o n c l u d i n g r i g h t now. three minutes? MR. I have the conclusion. L a d i e s and g e n t l e m e n , we a r e d e a l i n g w i t h a s e n s i t i v e matter of s o c i a l consciousness, a consciousness i n which its c i t i z e n s b u i l d and s t r e n g t h e n a n d p r o t e c t t h e civilization. L e t u s remember t h e e x a m p l e s o f W a s h i n g t o n , J o h n Q u i n c y Adams, L ' E n f a n t , and B a n n e k a r . T h o s e l a s t two g e n t l e m e n , who s i g n e d t h e c i t y ; J e f f e r s o n , who de- w o r k e d w i t h them. These gentlemen designed a c i t y t h a t w o u l d be a p r o p e r s e t t i n g f o r o u r d e m o c r a t i c R e p u b l i c , and we s h o u l d a l w a y s keep t h i s i n mind. Becciuse once we d e s t r o y t h e o r i g i n a l �742 and i t i s i r r e v o c a b l e . And t h e l a c k o f s o c i a l c o n s c i o u s n e s s would o n l y c a u s e o u r c i t y t o w a l l o w i n a cesspool o f greed and i n d i f f e r e n c e w i t h a c a l l o u s dis- r e g a r d f o r t h e most d e s p e r a t e needs o f t h e c i t i z e n s o f o u r city. ~o -i i:aot hvAlcl &uy new h i g h w a y s , e s p e c i a l l y l a t e r - s t a t e highways, i n our c i t y and s l o w l y destroy recommend f o r t h e Lamond-Riggs withdraw theplans it. And I Citizens Association f o r b u i l d i n g t h eThree S i s t e r s t h a t we Bridge. (Applause.> MR. DUGAS: Mrs. Thank y o u , s i r . Montgomery. STATEMENT OP MRS. SARAH MONTGOMERY, SOUTH EAST C I V I C ASSOCIATION MRS. MONTGOMERY: Mr. C h a i r m a n , L a d i e s a n d Gentlemen. I representing am P r e s i d e n t o f t h e South E a s t C i v i c the Capitol H i l l Area. I w i l l only v e r y s m a l l segment o f t h e D. C. F e d e r a t i o n Associations Sisters Association, speak a s a of Civil who h a s gone on r e c o r d o p p o s i n g t h e T h r e e Bridge. The South E a s t C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n , f o r 42 y e a r s , h a s been s e r v i n g t h e p e o p l e o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a the s o u t h e a s t q u a d r a n t t o t h e A n a c o s t i a a l s o known a s C a p i t o l H i l l . River. within This area i s We a r e a member o f t h e F e d e r a t i o n �743 o f C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s , and we s t a n d f i r m i n s u p p o r t o f i t s m a j o r agreements and disagreements. We have i n t h e p a s t d e c l a r e d s t r o n g o p p o s i t i o n n o t o n l y t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e Three "freeways" i n general. The S i s t e r s Bridge, but to Our o p p o s i t i o n r e m a i n s t h e same. South E a s t C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n i s g r e a t l y con- c e r n e d w i t h t h e h e a l t h , t h e s a f e t y , and a l l o t h e r c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h a f f e c t t h e l i v i n g o f t h o s e p e r s o n s whom i t s e r v e s . I come h e r e today t o speak n o t f o r t h o s e who have "abandoned" t h i s c i t y , y e t c o n t i n u e t o b e n e f i t from i t s i n d u s t r y and development, b u t f o r t h o s e p e r s o n s who want t o l i v e h e r e and v/ho have t o l i v e You here. s t a t e t h a t y o u r purpose f o r t h i s h e a r i n g i s t o a s s u r e t h e p u b l i c an o p p o r t u n i t y to p a r t i c i p a t e i n the s e l e c t i o n o f a s p e c i f i c design. My purpose h e r e i s t o l e t you know t h a t i t i s n o t " d e s i g n " we a r e concerned with. We s e e enough o f t h a t when we go through t h e South West a r e a o f t h i s city — t h e " used-to-be ,r town o f o u r poor. We s e e d e s i g n i n t h e homes and b u i l d i n g s t h a t s t a n d on t h i s "redeveloped" l a n d t h a t l e f t many o f o u r p e o p l e home- l e s s o r c o n c e n t r a t e d i n f e d e r a l l y owned h o u s i n g we a r e c o n c e r n e d What w i t h i s c l e a n a i r t o b r e a t h e , and "America the B e a u t i f u l " preserved. Has projects. I s t h e r e n o t a l r e a d y enough p o l l u t i o n ? t h e r e n o t a l r e a d y been enough l a n d s i t e and w i l d l i f e d e s t r o y e d , and homes and b u s i n e s s e s d e m o l i s h e d , and f a m i l i e s �displaced? No d e s i g n c a n make up f o r t h i s Mr. loss. Chairman, t h e South E a s t C i v i c today r e a f f i r m s i t sopposition Three S i s t e r s Bridge. Association to the construction of the I t feels that i t i s absolutely e s s a r y a n d w o u l d be more d e t r i m e n t a l unnec- t o t h e people t h a n need- ful. R e s p e c t f u l l y , the South E a s t C i v i c Association. (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: Thank y o u , M r s . Montgomery. Mr. Vaughn. STATEMENT OF P H I L I P VAUGHN, C I T I Z E N MR. VAUGHN: My name i s P h i l i p Vaughn. Iowa, f i g h t i n g highways i n Iowa. Distinguished Gaylord I received the S e r v i c e Award a t t h e W i l d l i f e Federation, P u b l i c B u r e a u o f Road. Jackson I have been t o t h e I have seen a l o t o f people I made a f i l m o f a h i g h w a y I met which too. I fought highways a g r e a t d e a l , g r e w up i n . from National N e l s o n r e c e i v e d t h e y e a r b e f o r e and S e n a t o r received t h i s year, of I am there, t h a t went through a f o r e s t t h a t I a g r e a t many p e o p l e i n t h e P u b l i c B u r e a u Roads. I would l i k e t o ask the o p p o s i t i o n t r o l s t h e government MR, AIRIS: MR, VAUGHN: in a Mr. h e r e , who con- democracy? Chairman, i s t h i s a question To any o f y o u who to can answer t h a t . me? �745 MR. A I R I S : Well, o f c o u r s e , i n a democracy i n t h eultimate, o f course, i t i s the people t h a t c o n t r o l t h e government, and I would j u s t l i k e t o add t h a t i t n o t y o u r Highway D e p a r t m e n t t h a t i s c a u s i n g the people t h e m s e l v e s . ••n.tuation, — We the problem h e r e . are merely t r y i n g t o take P-y p r i m a r y m i s s i o n I t is care of i s a s t h e Highway Director i ntheCity MR. VAUGHN: the I t i s the people themselves t h a t cause problem? MR. A I R I S : Please l e t me f i n i s h — i n the C i t y i s t o keep t h e movement o f p e o p l e a n d goods m o v i n g . d o i n g i t t h e v e r y b e s t way we c a n . We a r e And w h a t y o u a r e i e n c i n g today i s t h e p u b l i c p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n the exper- process. W i t h t h e a c t i o n s t h a t a r e t a k i n g p l a c e h e r e , t h e new d e v e l o p ments t h a t t h e P l a n n i n g Commission, t h e C o u n c i l and t h e b u s i n e s s m e n a r e c r e a t i n g , s u c h a s t h e McLean G a r d e n s increase, t h e o t h e r l a r g e d e v e l o p m e n t s , t h e g r e a t number o f b u i l d i n g s t h a t a r e g o i n g u p , t r a f f i c g e n e r a t o r s i n t h e downtown a r e a . T h i s i s w h a t we m u s t c o n t e n d MR. VAUGHN: and with. B u t you are doing t h i s f o r the welfare good o f t h e p e o p l e ? MR. A I R I S : The system. Please Department h a s , I personally l e t me o f c o u r s e , e n d o r s e d t h e subway testified t h a t we h a v e j u 3 t h e a r d . finish. t o i t i n the Foxhall area, T h e r e i s no l e g o f t h e subway that �746 comes t h r o u g h going there. These f o l k s out i n that a r e a t o c o n t i n u e t o h a v e t o depend on b u s e s and v e h i c l e s and are private taxis. Now, o n l y 35 p e r c e n t o f t h e C i t y h e r e on t r a f f i c i s t h e commuter. load c a r r i e d i n the The o t h e r 65 percent i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e movement o f goods o f v a r i o u s t y p e s t h e v a r i e t y o f s e r v i c e s and t h a n commuter. Not one, the other types of t r a v e l not even one g o i n g t o be c a r r i e d by y o u r bus system, and other c r a t e of oranges, s y s t e m o r by y o u r is su&way I t h i n k o f a l l o f t h e c r a t e s o f o r a n g e s and a l l o f t h e o t h e r goods t h a t h a v e t o be moved h e r e i n t h e City. Your Highway D e p a r t m e n t , a s I t r i e d t o p o i n t i s t r y i n g t o t a k e c a r e o f t h e p r o b l e m i n t h e b e s t way We and out, i t can. a r e f a r from p e r f e c t , I would l i k e t o a s s u r e you, b u t t h e o t h e r hand we are constantly c r i t i c i z e d — r e l i e f from t r a f f i c on t h e r e s i d e n t i a l and s t r e e t s o f the D i s t r i c t . And asked on for semi-residential t h i s i s , r e a l l y , when y o u get down t o t h e g u t s o f t h e p r o b l e m , t h i s i s t h e o n l y r e a l purpose you have i n b u i l d i n g t h e s e f a c i l i t i e s the essential traffic, so t h a t t r a f f i c , c a n be moved on some t y p e o f a facility t h a t does n o t c o n f l i c t w i t h t h e k i d s i n t h e neighborhood, t h e s c h o o l c h i l d r e n , t h e p e d e s t r i a n s , and T h i s i s the problem. There that type of I t i s not e a s i l y activity. solved. a r e i n n o v a t i v e types o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t h a t are under c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n and elsewhere. �They a r e n o t p r o v e n o u t . Maybe t h e n e x t c e n t u r y w i l l some i n n o v a t i o n s b u t n o t present bring time. A t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e , we w i l l have t o u s e t h e f a c i l i t i e s t h a t a r e commonly known and i n t h e b e s t p r o p o r t i o n t h a t we c a n g e t them. Thank y o u . MR. VAUGHN: Who c o n t r o l s t h e P u b l i c B u r e a u o f Roads i n t h a t democracy? I s i t by the wishes o f the people? I s i t by the wishes of t h e people? MR. A I R I S : I answered i t b e f o r e . I f t h i s i s a request, o f course, I think A l l o f t h e Government i s c o n t r o l l e d i n a democracy b y t h e p e o p l e . MR. VAUGHN: Then, i s America a democracy? s a f e l y s a y America i s a MR.AIRIS: MR. VAUGHN: democracy? I n my o p i n i o n , i t i s . Can we s a y t h e p e o p l e who c o n t r o l o r s h o u l d c o n t r o l t h e government i n a d e m o c r a c y , people C a n we c a n we s a y t h e when g i v e n t h e c o r r e c t f a c t s s h o u l d c o n t r o l t h e i r own welfare? MR. A I R I S : MR. VAUGHN: Certainly. A l l right. T h e n , t h o s e who d i s r e g a r d and d i s r e s p e c t t h e w i s h e s o f t h e p e o p l e i n a d e m o c r a c y a r e t h e r e f o r e enemies o f t h e people? MR. A I R I S : many ways. P l e a s e b e l i e v e me, t h e p e o p l e s p e a k i n I h e a r t h e group h e r e today, b u t t h e y a l s o have �61 748 many b e h a v i o r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t h a t y o u r o f f i c i a l s must t a k e care of. MR. VAUGHN: MR. A I R I S : I don't understand Behavior c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s — c a n d e v i s e a more e c o n o m i c s y s t e m and g o o d s , w e r e i t n o t f o r t h e MR. VAUGHN: that. any engineer f o r t h e movement o f p e o p l e people. I cannot understand that i t i sthe people's f a u l t t h ehighways are being p u t through. MR. DUGAS: Mr. V a u g h n , t h e S e c r e t a r y o f t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n P a m p h l e t 20.8, P o l i c y and P r o c e d u r e Memorandum, h a s i n d i c a t e d a p r e t t y w i d e r a n g e o f t h i n g s t h a t c o u l d be d i s c u s s e d a t a p u b l i c h e a r i n g o f t h i s t y p e , b u t he d i d n ' t g e t i n t o MR. VAUGHN: MR. DUGAS: civics. Civics? Y e s , and Government. MR. VAUGHN: And G o v e r n m e n t ? MR. DUGAS: He d i d n ' t g e t i n t o MR. VAUGHN: V J e l l , Mr. V o l p e i s a r o a d b u i l d e r . r e a l l y can't t r u s t a road b u i l d e r w i t h MR. DUGAS: was b e f o r e Mr. V o l p e . that. I civics. Mr. V o l p e d i d n ' t p u t t h i s t o g e t h e r . This So y o u h a d b e t t e r go b a c k a l i t t l e b i t b e f o r e Mr. V o l p e . MR. VAUGHN: MR. DUGAS: You don't t r u s t him, Mr. B o y d ? I t was probably either? d e v i s e d u n d e r Mr. B o y d . �MR. VAUGHN: Probably n o t . MR. DUGAS: I t h o u g h t n o t . say B u t what I am t r y i n g t o t o y o u i s t h a t we have a l i m i t a t i o n on t i m e . enjoying t h i s tremendously. And I am You remind me s o much o f my s o n . He does t h e same t h i n g t o me. B u t i f we c o u l d j u s t narrow i t down t o t h e 23 t h i n g s t h a t t h i s memoranda t a l k s about, and i f you a r e n o t f a m i l i a r w i t h t h o s e — — MR. VAUGHN: But t h i s i s b r i n g i n g i t i n t o a wide a s p e c t w h i c h i s i m p o r t a n t and w h i c h i s p a r t o f t h i s whole process. MR. DUGAS: We have some t i m e l i m i t a t i o n s and we have some p e o p l e who have s i g n e d up b e f o r e you. I f i t t e d you i n , and I would hope t h a t y o u c o u l d , y o u know, w i t h i n t h e r a t h e r wide p a r a m e t e r t h a t we a r e a l l o w i n g , meet somewhere c l o s e t o t h e 23 t h i n g s t h a t t h e memoranda a d d r e s s e s i t s e l f to. MR. VAUGHN: MR. DUGAS: May I c o n t i n u e ? Surely, s i r . MR. VAUGHN: MR. DUGAS: And i f I d i v e r s e I don't want t o do t h a t , b e c a u s e I am e n j o y i n g i t tremendously. And Mr. A i r i s I j u s t w i s h I h a d more time f o r i t . apparently i s enjoying i t , too, be- c a u s e h e i s g o i n g on and on and on. I d i d n ' t want t o s t o p I dm. MR. VAUGHN: L e t us continue. This established �750 a u t h o r i t y , a r e t h e Communists are they seeking t o destroy t h enation? this true? A r e t h e Communists MR. DUGAS: to t h e enemies o f t h e p e o p l e and L e t me j u s t s a y , i s seeking t o destroy t h i s nation? I d o n ' t know t h a t Mr. A i r i s i s c o m p e t e n t answer t h a t q u e s t i o n . MR. A I R I S : I am a Highway Director. P l e a s e don't g e t me i n t o t h e p h i l o s o p h i c a l a p p r o a c h , i n t o t h e i n t r i c a c i e s o f BOM o f t h e v a r i o u s types o f governments. fied i nthat field. I am n e t q u a l i - Maybe y o u a r e . MR. VAUGHN: A young man seemed t o h a v e b e e n b r o u g h t i n t o t h i s w o r l d r a t h e r young a n d i s s t i l l kind of a l i v e , I hope t o s a y . I am t r y i n g t o g e t a t t h e r o o t s o f t h e p r o b l e m , not t h e e x p e d i e n c i e s o f t h e problem. The r o u t e o f t h e e n t i r e p r o b l e m w h i c h i s embodied h e r e , a n d I w o u l d l i k e t o s e e i f y o u w o u l d j u s t a n s w e r some o f t h e s e q u e s t i o n s , w h i c h I t h i n k are part o f theentire question. MR. A I R I S : Anything t h a t c o n c e r n s t h e movement o f p e o p l e a n d good3 a n d s u c h , I w i l l be v e r y happy t o r e s p o n d t o and I w i l l . And i f y o u w o u l d l i k e t o c o n t i n u e t h e p h i l o s o p h i - c a l d i s c u s s i o n a t a l a t e r t i m e , I v / i l l be v e r y happy t o t a l k to you. I enjoy i t , r e a l l y . MR. VAUGHN: I t h i n k t h e t i m e i s r i g h t , r i g h t now, w i t h t h epeople here. MR. DUGAS: Mr. Vaughn, I am a f r a i d I am g o i n g t o have t o r u l e t h a t type o f question o u t o f order. �64 751 MR. VAUGHN: Okay. L e t me a3k t h i s q u e s t i o n . Can we s a y t h a t highways and a l l t h a t f o l l o w s highways a r e q u i c k l y d e s t r o y i n g t h e i n t e g r a l n a t u r e o f man i n t h i s I country? would l i k e t o r e c a l l M o b r e y ' s t ? ) book, "A Road t o Ruin." MR. A I R I S : I s t h a t a q u e s t i o n t o me? MR. VAUGHN: " I f y o u p u t a l l o f t h e c o n c r e t e and a l l o f t h e highways t o g e t h e r i n t h i s c o u n t r y , y o u would cover t h e S t a t e o f West V i r g i n i a w i t h a s p h a l t and c o n c r e t e . " This i s incredible. And e v e r y day i t i s b e i n g b u i l t more and more and more. Can we s a y t h a t p u t t i n g t h i s amount o f l a n d under c o n c r e t e i s d e s t r o y i n g t h e l a n d ? MR. DUGAS: I s t h i s a question? MR. A I R I S : What i s t h e q u e s t i o n ? MR. VAUGHN: it I s p u t t i n g i t under c o n c r e t e , a d e s e r t , making i t devoid o f l i f e , making destroying a fine f a b r i c between n a t u r e and man? MR. A I R I S : I I c a n ' t respond a s t o your a r i t h m e t i c , have n o t gone through i t . I don't know a n y t h i n g about i t . But I do know i n t h e D i s t r i c t h e r e , though, under t h e p r e s e n t t r e n d , t h e r e w i l l be l e s s pavement, l e s s highway pavement, even w i t h t h e f u l l 29 m i l e s o f f r e e w a y h e r e , i n t h e n e x t decade t h e way we a r e c l o s i n g s t r e e t s and roads h e r e , t h a n t h e r e h a s been a decade ago. T h i s works o u t by a r i t i m e t i c . MR. VAUGHN: concern themselves Do t h e p e o p l e i n t h e Highway about human b e i n g s Department and about t h e i r w e l f a r e ? �752 ink ; y o u sa. d All t officials are. r i g h t , i f i t i s t r u e , I have encountered i n my t r a v e l s a n i n c r e d i b l e amount o f m i s e r y c a u s e d b y h i g h w a y s . An i n c r e d i b l e amount o f m i s e r y . I have met. People have d i e d from highways P e o p l e ' s t r e e s h a v e b e e n t a k e n away, t h e y p l a n t e d y e a r s a n d y e a r s a g o . N o t o n l y t h a t , 5,000 f a r m s h a v e b e e n put under c o n c r e t e a l r e a d y . Farms, p r i v a t e c i t i z e n s * homes. What w o u l d h a p p e n i f someone w e r e t o come a l o n g a n d d e s t r o y y o u r home i m m e d i a t e l y ? is incredible. The anguish t h a t i t causes The m i s e r y t h a t i t c a u s e s , and i t l a s t s s o long. Have y o u b e e n i n a r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a f o r 15 y e a r s o f your e n t i r e l i f e You and then i t immediately i s being a r e g i v e n 30 d a y s t o g e t o u t . destroyed? I mean, e v e n t h o u g h i t i s a slum, even though i t i s a slum, a c h i l d w i l l s a y , " W e l l , t h i s i s my home anyway." But t h e anguish t h a t t h i s causes? I s i t worth i t ? I a s k y o u , n o t anyone e l s e , j u s t o f t h e Highway Administration? Could y o u answer t h a t ? MR. A I R I S : I w i l l be g l a d t o a n s w e r a n y s p e c i f i c q u e s t i o n p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e problem a t hand h e r e . MR. VAUGHN: problem i s people people. The problem i s people and a r o a d . The and a r o a d , and t h e road i s d e s t r o y i n g t h e The road i s d e s t r o y i n g t h i s l a n d . destroying the land. The roads a r e �66 753 MR. ABBOTT; through D i d Mrs. A i r i s w a n t a B e l t w a y running y o u r home? MR. VAUGHN: Beltway through Mrs. A i r i s d i d n ' t w a n t t h e o u t e r h e r home MR. DUGAS: Mr. V a u g h n , we a r e g o i n g t o h a v e t o be a l i t t l e more o r d e r l y now. What Mrs. A i r i s wanted around h e r home h a s a b s o l u t e l y n o t h i n g t o do w i t h t h e m a t t e r b e f o r e u s . MR. VAUGHN: Why d o e s n ' t i t ? MR. ABBOTT: Mr. C h a i r m a n , i t was i n a letter introduced i n the l a s t hearing. MR. DUGAS: Mr. A b b o t t , I am n o t g o i n g t o h a v e a n y d i s r u p t i o n s i n t h i s h e a r i n g from you today o r any t h e r time. 0 Mr, G u a r d , u n l e s s Mr. A b b o t t i s s p e a k i n g , I w o u l d hope y o u w o u l d m a i n t a i n o r d e r i n t h i s room, e i t h e r b y h a v i n g h i m be s e a t e d o r b y r e m o v i n g h i m , s i r . Go a h e a d , Mr.Vaughn. MR. VAUGHN: the highway. The people h a v e s a i d t h e y do n o t w a n t E i g h t y - f i v e o f t h e people MR. DUGAS: do n o t May I j u s t i n t e r r u p t y o u a g a i n . F o r t h e b e n e f i t o f y o u l a d i e s and gentlemen i n t h e a u d i e n c e , a t 12:00 o ' c l o c k we a r e g o i n g t o r e c e s s u n t i l 2:00 o'clock. S o , Mr. Vaughn, y o u h a v e u n t i l MR. VAUGHN: Well, MR. DUGAS: Fifteen 12:00 o ' c l o c k . MR. VAUGHN: minutes. W e l l , b a c k t o t h e Communist. The �67 754 Communists a r e d e s t r o y i n g t h i s l a n d , t h e y t e l l me. it i s t h e p e o p l e who highways, espouse the highways. t h e p e o p l e who f o r other people's destroyed l i f e profit. be condemned and p u n i s h e d . Now I think only the f o r t h e i r own These a r e the people who profit, should X s h o u l d l i k e t o f i n i s h on this thought. These a r e the t r u e enemies o f the people. it i s Vietnam or here. These a r e the enemies o f t h e Whether people These a r e enemies r i g h t h e r e o f the people because o f b l i n d n e s s , because of t h e i r c a l l o u s n e s s . to t h e t o p and we know e x a c t l y who their B u t t h e t r u t h comes i s destroying this land. I t i s n o t t h e Communists, i t i s t h e r i c h , i t i s t h e l o r d s dollars. Mafia. this The d o l l a r s and o t h e r b u r e a u c r a t i c L a t i n s and and their T h e s e a r e t h e e n e m i e s t h a t d e s t r o y l i f e and p r o f i t in c o u n t r y and o t h e r s . And t h i s i s r e a l l y wonderful. f e e l e v e r y o n e , most a l l o f t h e people r o a d , and t h a t i s b e a u t i f u l t o me people I s t a n d h e r e and here are a g a i n s t the b e c a u s e i t shows me a r e g a i n i n g more r e s p e c t f o r t h e m s e l v e s going to put these b a s t a r d s out e v e n t u a l l y . means n e c e s s a r y . T h a n k y o u v e r y much. (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: Mr. Wesley. T h a n k y o u , Mr. I Vaughn. that and t h e y Through any are the �68 755 STATEMENT OF EDWIN F . WESLEY, J R . , 7101 RIDGEWOOD AVENUE, CHEVY CHASE, MARYLAND • R WESLEY: M. I appreciate t h a t because I have t o be in Rockville. I live i n Montgomery C o u n t y a n d I h a v e some formal r e m a r k s a n d some i n f o r m a l o n e s w h i c h I w i l l g e t i n f i r s t . came h e r e b e c a u s e I f e e l t h a t my c o u n t y o u g h t t o b e I represented Now, I am n o t a member o f t h e C o u n t y G o v e r n m e n t , b u t I w a s on a s l a t e o f c a n d i d a t e s t h a t was r u n n i n g i n t h e county e l e c t i o n s last fall. We c a l l e d o u r s e l v e s t h e "Nonpartisans f o r B e t t e r Montgomery C o u n t y . " Four years ago we p u l l e d a b o u t 70 o r 80 t h o u s a n d v o t e s i n t h e County. So many t h a t t h e two m a j o r p a r t i e s w e n t t o A n n a p o l i s and g o t us o f f t h e b a l l o t t h i s But by I t h i n k Mr. A i r i s and others time. a r e probably aware now t h a t o u r new C o u n t y Government a n d o u r S t a t e a r e v e r y unhappy w i t h some o f t h e f r e e w a y p l a n s p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway. on theothers Delegation of the District They h a v e n ' t spoken and I thought I would. I will j u s t s a y i n b r i e f t h a t I t h i n k t o wound a n d d i s p l a c e t h epeople, t h e c i t i z e n s , t h e ordinary humble p e o p l e , the F e d e r a l C i t y , and t o s c a r t h e f a c e o f t h e c i t y i r r e p a r a b l y , t o s c a r t h e o l d dream o f J e f f e r s o n a n d L ' E n f a n t , have a b e a u t i f u l p l a c e to live, i f we t o do t h o s e t h i n g s convenience o f i n t e r s t a t e t r a f f i c , and g e t t i n g could for the suburbanites, �756 1 myself included, i n t o the C i t y , I r e a l l y think i t i s a s i n 2 a g a i n s t God 3 say i t . 4 5 and man Now, t o do t h a t . I will r e a d my And I w a n t t o come h e r e prepared remarks and and I will try t o be v e r y b r i e f . 6 Chairman, Mr. t o k e e p p a c e w i t h t h e W h i t e House 7 Conference on C h i l d r e n , w h i c h 8 o r somewhere — 9 c o m m i t t e e o f l e s s e r n o t a b l e s h a s b e e n m e e t i n g t o g e t h e r down o r nowhere — i s going forward — or backward - t h i s week i n W a s h i n g t o n , a 10 by t h e N o r t h 11 b r i d g e , t h a t i n s i m p l e r and more c h i v a l r o u s t i m e s 12 c a n n o n s a n d wagons and i n f a n t r y i n t o O l d V i r g i n n y , j u s t above 13 Chain Bridge. 14 t h o s e u n a u t h o r i z e d r e t r o g r a d e movements d e a r t o t h e h e a r t o f 15 s o l d i e r s , and w h i c h , i n t h a t a g e , was 16 The wagons f u l l \-j abutment o f t h e o l d Aueduct B r i d g e — t h e same carried And b a c k , s o m e t i m e s p r e t t y damned f a s t , i n called "skedaddling." o f wounded, t h e n , a n d t h e g r o a n s o f t h e I t seems t h e o l d A q u e d u c t a b u t m e n t , w h i c h dying. carried IQ t h o s e s o l d i e r s , and c a n a l b o a t s b e f o r e and a f t e r them, h a s 19 b e e n t h r e a t e n e d by y o u r b r i d g e — 20 F r e e w a y , one 21 i f n o t t h e c u p i d i t y , o f o u r own 22 o r r a t h e r , by t h e Potomac o f t h o s e i m p e r i s h a b l e monuments t o t h e less chivalrous complexity, time. W e l l , t h e committee of l e s s e r n o t a b l e s , which 23 not want t o see the F e d e r a l C i t y 24 transportation standpoint," — 25 suggested t h a t we " n e t t e d t o g e t h e r from t o u s e Mr. Airis' does a words — has t a k e t h e w h o l e damned c o n c r e t e n e t , b r i d g e �757 and a l l , - and dump i t on P o t o m a c , M a r y l a n d — t h e p a r a m e t e r s and d i a m e t e r s o f Mr. Airis' e v e r y m o l e and m o l e h i l l and woodchuck den, so t h a t , concrete given net, and s k u n k b u r r o w o f t h e Montgomery C o u n t y p i e d m o n t c o u l d h a v e i n s t a n t communic a t i o n w i t h e v e r y o t h e r den and b u r r o w and h i l l . b r i d g e , i f we b u i l d t h e s i x s p a n n e r , c o u l d be s i d e a c r o s s Mt. And the l a i d on i t s S u g a r l o a f , where i t would p r o v i d e a link with a s i m i l a r c o n c r e t e n e t t h e M a r y l a n d S t a t e Roads C o m m i s s i o n i s b u i l d i n g f o r t h e m o l e s and m i g h t add — c h u c k s and o f F r e d e r i c k County. skunks — and foxes, I By l a y i n g t h e b r i d g e on i t s s i d e , the p i e r s wouldn't i n t e r f e r e w i t h the crew r a c e s e a g l e s h o l d on t h e M o u n t a i n summit. the I should e x p l a i n t h a t t h e E a g l e s v e r s u s t h e Hawks i s an o l d F r e d e r i c k C o u n t y tradi- tion. Here f o l l o w s t h e f u l l l e s s e r notables — r e p o r t o f the committee o f s c r a w l e d i n v e r s e a t t h e b a s e o f an Sycamore stump a t — near Three S i s t e r s old I s l a n d , and t h i s i s their report: What c a n be "It's c a b b i e s , and real estate friends — And Bridge7 a g r e a t boondoggle," an o l d m u s k r a t " f o r t r u c k e r s and kin. s a i d of the Three S i s t e r s think s t i l l who said, u s e d c a r d e a l e r s , and couldn't their c a r e l e s s a b o u t me and my l e s s o f t h e c i t y and i t s p e o p l e . " " Y o u ' r e r i g h t , " s a i d s k u n k f r o m t h e s y c a m o r e stump, "and from where I s i t the whole t h i n g s m e l l s . They're mad at �758 the r i v e r , a t " s behind i t : and t o h e l l w i t h "And richest. men the view.' 'build the bridge, a They're c r a z y . " g e t t i n g r i c h , " s a i d mole, "but t h e y ' r e n o t the F o r I ' v e h e a r d t e l l o f t h e Highway L o b b y , p u f f e d up who l i v e ' h i g h o n t h e hog', p u r s u i n g t h e i r hobby, w h i c h and w r e c k t o w n s a n d c i t i e s simply i s : t o pave the whole damned c o u n t r y s i d e , a n d t h e s u n a n d moon, a n d o c e a n s — a n d t h e M i l k y Way, b e s i d e . You s m i l e . W e l l , don't. They're a t w o r k on a s u p e r a s p h a l t t o do i t w i t h , a n d a b i g new t r u c k t o c a r r y t h e s u n w h e r e t h e y d i v e r t a n d p r o c e s s i t s beams, a n d s e l l them t o t h e p o o r , p a c k a g e d s u n t o i l l u m i n a t e t h e smog. I h e a r d t h a t i d e a from t h e i r 'Concept Team.'" " I t ' s s a d , " s a i d t h e o l d c h i e f t a n , whose w r a i t h s t i l l broods by the r i v e r : Oh, he*/ l o n g w i l l Thank "they're c r a z y , and i n the saddle. t h e y smash p e o p l e ' s dreams?" you. (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: Miss Agnew? STATEMENT OF MISS MARIAN K. AGNEW, C I T I Z E N MISS AGNEW: my own p o i n t o f v i e w . My name i s M a r i a n Agnew. I represent I am o n t h e S t e e r i n g C o m m i t t e e o f t h e D r a n e s v i l l e Environmental Force i n the D r a n e s v i l l e of District Virginia. Gentlemen. "No d e s i g n o f a Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e can i n c r e a s e �759 the capacity of Arlington c a r r y more t r a f f i c . " Monday and ha many o t h e r s , should o r D. C. s t r e e t s t o e f f i c i e n t l y W a l t e r F a u n t r o y s a i d t h i s t o y o u on know* I n liwui here. l e f t the City. He h a s n ' t , The l a t e s t C e n s u s f i g u r e s show that i n the course o f n a t u r a l s e l e c t i o n o f dwelling people a r e l e a v i n g . unlike places, More w o u l d go i f t h e y h a d a v i a b l e choice. The core o f t h i s g r e a t m e t r o p o l i s i s g r a d u a l l y be- coming t h e h o l e i n t h e donut. reason — because the l i f e Why? T h e r e i s one m a j o r support systems o f t h e inner h a v e become s o o v e r l o a d e d t h a t p e o p l e f l e e f r o m i t . city The main cause o f t h i s o v e r l o a d i s t h e i n t e r n a l combustion engine, automobiles and t r u c k s . The airborne filth t h a t i s g e n e r a t e d by c a r s , t h e unbearable noise t h a t progressively deafens everyone w i t h i n e a r s h o t and h a s been proved t o cause n e u r o s i s , centrations t h e h i g h con- o f n i t r a t e s and phosphates t h a t c o n t a i n more p o l l u t a n t s t h a n t r e a t e d sewage t h a t w a s h o f f t h e c i t y streets i n t o t h e Potomac, a l l t h e s e f a c t o r s i n d i c a t e t h e t r u e nature of the cancer t h a t has invaded our Inner C i t y . And t h e more a u t o m o b i l e s t h a t a r e accommodated, t h e f a s t e r t h e c a n c e r grows and the deterioration spreads. Washington s t r e e t s , a l l e y s , p a r k i n g operating a t capacity f a c i l i t i e s are now a n d w i l l c o n t i n u e t o do s o w h e t h e r or not t h i s bridge i s b u i l t . And p e o p l e i n a u t o - r e l a t e d �73 760 businesses w i l l continue t o p r o s p e r because monopoly o f t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n b u s i n e s s . they have a Bus s e r v i c e i s g r o s s l y i n e f f i c i e n t a t b e s t a s was p r o v e d b y t h e s t u d y o f the Mt. V e r n o n C o u n c i l d u r i n g t h e r e c e n t r a t e h e a r i n g s . The c i t i z e n s t h e m s e l v e s d e v i s e d a n e f f i c i e n t because system t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e i r b u s s y s t e m was s o c o m p l e t e l y out of date. T h e r e i s no p o s s i b l e way t o a l l e v i a t e i n n e r traffic or city p r o b l e m s now o r i n t h e f u t u r e b y b u i l d i n g s more r o a d s , b r i d g e s , o r p a r k i n g g a r a g e s , no m a t t e r how p r e t t y t h e y a r e . Because, by doing s o , you a r e s u c c e s s f u l l y e l i m i n a t i n g t h e reasons people use t h e c i t y . I t i s no l o n g e r a p l e a s u r e t o come h e r e e v e n t o v i s i t o u r h i s t o r i c monuments o r museums. T o u r i s t s o n l y make i t b e c a u s e t h e y come t h r o u g h t h e t r a f f i c mishmash b y b u s . possible. S h o p p i n g h e r e i n t h e downtown a r e a i s i m - A t t h i s t i m e o f y e a r , t h e "No S p a c e a t t h e I n n " c o u l d b e r e p h r a s e d a s "No P l a c e i n t h e P a r k i n g G a r a g e . " T h i s morning I drove around b e f o r e I f o u n d a p l a c e t o p a r k my c a r . f o r an hour and a h a l f And I a l m o s t g o t a t Lcket., (Applause.) MISS AGNEW: my c a r i n t o t h i s C i t y . shop. again. I vowed i t t h e l a s t t i m e I w o u l d drive I would never b r i n g i t i n again t o And I am n e v e r g o i n g t o shop i n t h e m i d d l e o f D. C. T h i s p l a c e , a s f a r a s I am c o n c e r n e d , i s a complete �761 wasteland. As a c h i l d , I v i v i d l y remember t h e New W o r l d ' s F a i r i n New Y o r k , 1940 o f the wonders t h a t s c i e n c e Perisphere future. was f i l l e d with was — York the g r e a t prewar e x h i b i t i o n going to perform f o r us. a * futurama" — The landscape of the Sweeping roadways, c l o v e r l e a f i n t e r s e c t i o n s , g r a c e f u l bridges spanning p l a s t i c r i v e r s i n a miniature motoized pre- Disneyland environment. We were above, g i a n t s , l o o k i n g m iraculous landscape; the Now, t o y s , t h i s m o n s t e r we destroying us. We 30 y e a r s a r e a t l e a s t 30 y e a r s o l d . l a t e r , we have c r e a t e d are hopelessly And down upon t h i s h a v e become i s controlling locked i n t o concepts a t t h e s e h e a r i n g s you h e a r d f r o m p e o p l e whose b u s i n e s s i t i s t o make s u r e w i l l n e v e r be and f r e e f r o m t h i s i n t o l e r a b l e and that have that we outdated highway pstera. Gentlemen, p l e a s e l i s t e n . whether or not I t i s up t o you It will in the decide t h e m o n s t r o u s l y d e s t r u c t i v e f o r c e s t h a t we u n l e a s h e d upon t h e community a r e g o i n g t o , i n f a c t , t h a t community. to No bridge w i l l alleviate traffic have destroy congestion. j u s t t r a n s f e r t h a t congestion to the next c o n s t r i c t i o n network. More v o l u m e , more c o n s t r i c t i o n s , and i n t e r e s t s of those i n auto-related increase t h a t volume. i t is in i n d u s t r i e s to They have t o l d you the constantly so h e r e i n t h e past �762 few d a y s . T h e r e i s no e n d t o t h i s c y c l e — t h e r e i s an e n d . are, n o , I am w r o n g , The l a s t c o n s t r i c t i o n i s where t h e people homes, s c h o o l s , s h o p s -- when t h e y go, n o t h i n g i s l e f t . The o n l y d e s i g n f o r t h i s b r i d g e I w o u l d deem a c c e p t - a b l e i s a b r i d g e l i m i t e d t o b i c y c l e and h i k i n g linking traffic, b o t h s i d e s o f t h e Potomac H e r i t a g e T r a i l . Bikers and h i k e r s c a n n o t now c r o s s t h e r i v e r on a n y b r i d g e b e c a u s e of t h e heavy t r a f f i c . And we a r e h o p i n g t h a t w i t h a n i n c r e a s e i n b i k i n g commuting b y b i c y c l e , g e t t i n g more p e o p l e f e e t a n d w a l k i n g down t r a i l s on a g a i n , we may o n c e a g a i n their start t o make some s e n s e i n o u r t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s . So i f y o u m u s t b u i l d t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s Bridge, build a hiking-biking bridge. Thank y o u . (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: Thank y o u . The h o u r i s now 12:00 a n d we w i l l adjourn the h e a r i n g u n t i l 2:00 o ' c l o c k . (Whereupon, a t 12:00 noon, t h e p u b l i c h e a r i n g i n t h e a b o v e - e n t i t l e d m a t t e r was r e c e s s e d , t o r e c o n v e n e t h i s same d a y . ) a t 2:00 p.m., �76 763 PTERNOON SESSION 2:00 MR. DUGAS: p.m. M r s . Cram, o r M i s s Cram. STATEMENT OF P R I S C I L L A CRAM, STUDENT M I S S CRAM: I am a sophomore a t Montgomery C o u n t y a n d c u r r e n t l y I am m a j o r i n g i n g e o g r a p h y and,more p r e c i s e l y , urban planning. My u r b a n c o u r s e s t h i s s a r a e s t e r . . . i n some d e t a i l o f t h e f r e e w a y s i n Washington, most p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway. A l t h o u g h my s t u d y h a s b e e n p r i m a r i l y con- c e r n e d w i t h t h i s one p o r t i o n o f t h e f r e e w a y s , I t h i n k t h e study i s r e l e v a n t t o t h e e n t i r e system, also. Since I reside i n U p p e r Montgomery C o u n t y a n d h a v e r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e connec- t i o n w i t h t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, I t h i n k I c a n judge t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway a s w e l l a s t h e o t h e r freeways and t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e i n a n u n e m o t i o n a l a n d u n b i a s e d way. I have gathered a g r e a t d e a l o f t h e r e p o r t s pub- l i s h e d about t h e freeways a s w e l l a s magazine a r t i c l e s , l e t t e r s and pamphlets on t h i s s u b j e c t . news- I have,on t h e b a s i s o f my f i n d i n g s , a r r i v e d a t o n e m a j o r c o n c l u s i o n . The inadequacy o f t h e p l a n n i n g done w i t h r e g a r d t o this subject i s disgusting. Not o n l y a r e t h e p l a n s incomplete i n t h a t one s i n g l e p l a n t h a t I h a v e b e e n a b l e t o f i n d h a s d e a l t w i t h t h e e n t i r e problem s u f f i c i e n t l y , b u t a l s o t h e i n c o n s i s t e n c y o f t h e data i n each r e p o r t which h a s been �764 p r e s e n t e d makes i t d i f f i c u l t t o j u d g e t h e v a l i d i t y o f single any reoort. I n some r e p o r t s , t h e such a3 the s o c i a l f a c t o r s of the displacement of great f a m i l i e s , are t o t a l l y ignored. need f o r the freeway i s not studies pertaining w h i c h w o u l d be C i t y , nor increase produccsd by presented. the I have found health or economic no environment plan f o r accommodating t h e the immense s p a c e s needed. even t o mention what w i l l happen t o w i l l be the increase of t r a f f i c into i n t h e volume o f p a r k i n g b l a c k s who low-income While i n others, t o t h e e f f e c t s on h a v e I f o u n d any Not numbers o f freeway, low-income displaced. I u n d e r s t a n d t h a t a s a s t u d e n t , and beginner i n t h i s f i e l d , I am not certainly c o m p e t e n t enough t o a thor- oughly understand the e n t i r e scope of t h i s p r o j e c t , Also, however, i f I can inade- detect quacies of the plan built, I am s o many i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s upon t w h i c h t h e f r e e w a y s y s t e m may h e s i t a n t t o t h i n k o f t h e number o f that l i e w i t h i n these reports U. S. Code, t h a t "Any be uncertainties t h a t I h a v e known o f . I a l s o read i n Subsection A of Section 23, and 128 of Title s t a t e highway department which submits p l a n s f o r a f e d e r a l - a i d highway p r o j e c t i n v o l v i n g b y p a s s i n g o f o r g o i n g t h r o u g h any incorporated t h a t i t has c i t y , town o r v i l l a g e , or unincorporated, s h a l l c e r t i f y to the c o n s i d e r e d t h e e c o n o m i c and the either Secretary s o c i a l e f f e c t s of such �a l o c a t i o n , i t s i m p a c t on t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a n d i t s c o n s i s t e n c y w i t h t h e g o a l s and o b j e c t i v e s o f such p l a n n i n g a s h a s been I have a l s o r e a d i n t h e N a t i o n a l Environment A c t o f 1969, S e c t i o n 102, t h a t Congress d i r e c t s t h a t Policy all a g e n c i e s o f t h e F e d e r a l Government s h a l l u t i l i z e a s y s t e m a t i c i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y approach, i n c l u d e i n F e d e r a l action s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t i n g t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e environment, a d e t a i l e d s t a t e m e n t by t h e r e s p o n s i b l e o f f i c i a l on ( 1 ) t h e environmental impact o f t h e proposed a c t i o n ; ( 2 ) any a d v e r s e e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t w h i c h c a n n o t be a v o i d e d s h o u l d t h e p r o p o s a l be implemented; action; (4) ( 3 ) a l t e r n a t i v e s t o t h e proposed t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between l o c a l s h o r t - t e r m uses o f man's e n v i r o n m e n t , m a i n t e n a n c e and enhancement o f l o n g - t e r m p r o d u c t i v i t y ; and ( 5 ) any i r r e v e r s i b l e and i r r e t r i e v a b l e com- mitments o f r e s o u r c e s w h i c h would be i n v o l v e d i n t h e proposed a c t i o n s h o u l d i t be implemented. I t d o e s n o t a p p e a r t o me t h a t t h i s b r i d g e d e s i g n m e e t s t h e c r i t e r i a s e t by t h e l a w . D e s i g n means a p p r o p r i a t e p h y s i c a l e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e d e t a i l e d program. I f t h e program i n c l u d e s meeting t h e n a t i o n a l p o l i c y , and I quote from t h e N a t i o n a l Environment P o l i c y A c t , encourage p r o d u c t i v i t y and e n j o y a b l e harmony b e t w e e n man a n d h i s e n v i r o n m e n t , t o promote e f f o r t s w h i c h w i l l p r e v e n t o r e l i m i n a t e damage t o t h e e n v i r o n ment a n d t h e b i o s p h e r e a n d s t i m u l a t e t h e h e a l t h a n d w e l f a r e �766 T h e n t h i s d e s i g n d o e s n o t a p p e a r t o meet t h e program. Nor d o e s i t a p p e a r t h a t t h e p r o p o s e d 1-266, i n t h a t t h e b a l a n c e o f t h e s y s t e m has been developed i n f u l l o f "The e c o n o m i c considera- and t h e s o c i a l e f f e c t s o f s u c h a l o c a t i o n and i t s i m p a c t on t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . " T h i s was t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f e a r l i e r s t u d i e s a n d i t does n o t a p p e a r t h a t adequate c o n s i d e r a t i o n h a s o c c u r r e d subsequently. I am a w a r e t h a t a n e n g i n e e r i n g f i r m t o o k a l o o k a t t h e p l a n a l r e a d y s u b m i t t e d o v e r a p e r i o d o f t h r e e months a n d came up w i t h s u b s t a n t i a l l y t h e same c o n c l u s i o n t h e y s t a r t e d with. I t does n o t a p p e a r t h a t t h r e e months' s t u d y by an e n g i n e e r i n g f i r m i s adequate t o c a r r y out a r e a l impact study o f t h e l o c a t i o n o f s u c h a m a j o r and complex system of urban h i g h w a y and i t s b r i d g e c o n n e c t i o n s . T h a t i s , which u t i l i s e s a systematic interdisciplinary a r e a l study approach, which develops a s e r i o u s e l a b o r a t i o n of the environment impact of the proposed a c t i o n , which s t a t e s the adverse environmental impacts. Such a r e a l s t u d y w o u l d h a v e s e t f o r t h t h e alter- n a t i v e s t o t h e p r o p o s e d a c t i o n and s e t f o r t h t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between l o c a l s h o r t - t e r m u s e s o f man's e n v i r o n m e n t and t h e m a i n t e n a n c e and e n h a n c e m e n t o f l o n g - t e r r a p r o d u c t i v i t y and i r r e v e r s i b l e a n d i r r e t r i e v a b l e commitments o f r e s o u r c e s w h i c h �767 w o u l d be i n v o l v e d . I t seems t o me i m p o r t a n t t o be p l a n n e d F e d e r a l l a w and n a t i o n a l t h a t the Nation's C a p i t a l i s too i n t h i s way, i g n o r i n g , i t seems, policy. Some o f t h e f i n e s t d e v e l o p m e n t s i n t h e are f o u n d r i g h t h e r e i n G e o r g e t o w n and some o f t h e development p o t e n t i a l . are country used finest So l o n g a s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c r i t e r i a f o r p l a n n i n g , i n the absence o f s o c i a l , economic and e n v i r o n m e n t a l c r i t e r i a , m a j o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p u b l i c w o r k s w i l l be d e t r i m e n t a l t o t h e v e r y c e n t e r s t h e y a r e meant t o serve. The N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l i s t o o i m p o r t a n t , t o o super- l a t i v e , t o o c o m p l e x and t o o s i g n i f i c a n t t o t h e n a t i o n a s as to the m i l l i o n s o f people well i n t h i s metropolitan area, to be s u b j e c t e d t o an i n f e r i o r , o u t d a t e d d e s i g n p r o c e s s . I t h a t t h i s d e s i g n d o e s n o t meet t h e c u r r e n t n a t i o n a l criteria for the a good o r e v e n a d e q u a t e p l a n n i n g and b e c a u s e o f submit s i g n i f i c a n t and e x t e n t o f t h e p r o p o s e d s y s t e m , i t s h o u l d planned and e n g i n e e r e d p r o p e r l y a c c o r d i n g t o t h e 1970 be criteria I t i s ray o p i n i o n , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t f u r t h e r a c t i o n t h e f r e e w a y s and t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e s h o u l d be h a l t e d u n t i l a completely thorough study which c o m p l e x i t i e s o f t h i s p r o b l e m i n a way r e l a t e s a l l of the t h a t can j u s t i f y m i l l i o n s o f d o l l a r s t o be i n v e s t e d i n t h i s p r o j e c t c a n completed. the be on �768 Thank y o u . (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: Thank y o u . Mr. F e r r a n d a . STATEMENT OF W I L L I A M FERRANDA, 3615 VACATION LANE, ARLINGTON, V I R G I N I A MR. FERRANDA: this T h a n k y o u f o r l e t t i n g me 3peak h e r e afternoon. I am a r e s i d e n t o f A r l i n g t o n , a t 3615 V a c a t i o n Lane. I am a p h y s i c i s t . I r e c e i v e d my d e g r e e a f e w months ago f r o m A m e r i c a n U n i v e r s i t y i n p h y s i c s . F i r s t of a l l , I would l i k e t o d i s p e l — there has b e e n a n i m p r e s s i o n c o n v e y e d h e r e b y some o f t h e members o f t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t t h a t t h i s i s o n l y l o c a l , t h i s opposition i s o n l y b y a f e w c i t i z e n s who a r e coming up h e r e f o r t h e i r own p a r t i c u l a r r e a s o n s , o p p o s i n g t h e p r e s e n t d e s i g n a n d proposed c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a l l o f these freeways. I would j u s t l i k e t o r e r e a d i n t o t h e r e c o r d a statement of principles. I ti s s e l f explanatory. "North C e n t r a l Freeway, statement of principles." The p r o p o s e d N o r t h C e n t r a l F r e e w a y w o u l d h a v e s e r i o u s a d v e r s e e f f e c t s upon Montgomery C o u n t y . I t would d i v i d e e s t a b l i s h e d neighborhoods and s c h o o l d i s t r i c t , f a m i l i e s , g e n e r a t e more t r a f f i c , uproot i n c r e a s e p o l l u t i o n , and generally impair the quality of l i f e . �769 I n a r e c e n t e l e c t i o n , Montgomery C o u n t y r e g i s t e r e d t h e i r overwhelming convincing fashion. opposition to the freeway i n Opponents i n t h e f r e e w a y p r e v a i l e d without exception while formly defeated. residents We, almost freeway advocates were almost u n i - the undersigned e l e c t e d o f f i c i a l s of Montgomery C o u n t y i n t e r p r e t t h e s e r e s u l t s a s a mandate t o oppose c o n s t r u c t i o n of the North Central Freeway. P u r s u a n t t o t h i s m a n d a t e , we s u b s c r i b e to i t s principles. He oppose t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n Freeway. We o f the North Central oppose any p u r p o r t e d commitment by t h e State Roads C o m m i s s i o n t o b u i l d t h e Montgomery segment o f t h e p r o posed freeway. T h i s d e c i s i o n i s n o t t h e Roads C o m m i s s i o n ' s t o make. I t i s the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f Maryland's officials who We elected alone are accountable to the e l e c t o r a t e . s i m i l a r l y o p p o s e r e l e g a t i n g d e c i s i o n and con- s t r u c t i o n o f the freeway to Federal o f f i c i a l s , e i t h e r e l e c t e d or appointed. Maryland The m a t t e r i n v o l v e s d i r e c t l y t h e i n t e r e s t s o f and h e r c i t i z e n s . More p a r t i c u l a r l y , t h o s e r e s i d i n g i n Montgomery C o u n t y and t h e d e c i s i o n s h o u l d be made a t t h e S t a t e and l o c a l No. 4. levels. We f a v o r r a p i d completion o f the Metro System t o p r o v i d e t h e b a s i s f o r an e f f e c t i v e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n network. We o p p o s e any a t t e m p t t o make c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e M e t r o S y s t e m d e p e n d e n t upon f r e e w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n . These �770 m a t t e r s a r e n o t i n t r i c a t e l y r e l a t e d a n d M e t r o s h o u l d n o t be h e l d hostage, f o r North C e n t r a l o r any o t h e r Furthermore, its real freeway. u n t i l t h e Metro System i s o p e r a t i n g , i m p a c t on t r a f f i c c a n n o t b e v a l i d l y assessed. T h e s e a r e t h e p r i n c i p l e s t o w h i c h we a r e c o m m i t t e d . We s t r o n g l y u r g e t h e e l e c t e d p r i n c i p l e s t o r e p r e s e n t t h e citizens i n Maryland a t l o c a l , S t a t e o f F e d e r a l l e v e l s , t o j o i n w i t h u s i n s e e k i n g t o promote and implement t h e s e p r i n c i p l e s i n e v e r y p o s s i b l e way. T h i s i s s i g n e d b y 1 3 o u t o f 16 o f t h e S t a t e Delegates County. a n d t h r e e o u t o f f i v e S t a t e S e n a t o r s o f Montgomery T h a t sounds l i k e a few c i t i z e n s Now, t h e r e a r e a c o u p l e of a l l , — the reason anyway. o f assumptions I make t h i s s t a t e m e n t o f Maryland, I t h i n k these roads made. First from t h e people are a l ltied together. I t h i n k t h e s e f r e e w a y s a r e one b i g p a c k a g e o r one b i g g r o u p a n d t h e y m u s t be c o n s i d e r e d a s s u c h . Now, t h e a s s u m p t i o n w a s made b y some o f t h e g e n t l e men h e r e t h a t t h i s r o a d , t h i s p a r t i c u l a r r o a d , i s n e c e s s a r y principally f o r t h e m o v i n g o f goods i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t . on t h e c o n t r a r y , I i n t e n d t o d i s p u t e t h i s . Now, I don't have t h e f i g u r e s , b u t t h e population o f t h e D i s t r i c t has remained r e l a t i v e l y s t a b l e o v e r t h e p a s t few y e a r s . I n fact, I think t h e y h a v e l o s t some p o p u l a t i o n . As f a r a s v i t a l goods go, I h a v e c o n c e r n f o r the �771 people g e t t i n g v i t a l goods, a l s o , b u t we r a n a few in them, I t h i n k t h a t I might p o i n t out i f t r a i n s i n t o U n i o n S t a t i o n w i t h a few vital goods • (Applause.) MR. our FERRANDA: needs t h a t And I think i t i s possible I t h i n k w i t h p r o p e r p a a n n i n g on solve the v i t a l A t any h a v e , and the days. r a t e , I want t o a l s o p o i n t out of the Master Plan I t seems t h a t t h e Well, something of s t u f f e d p i g s . objecting? We only up to f o r t h a t a r e a f o r a t l e a s t 60 land there i n the process they are affected. the will toes l a n d d e v e l o p e r s scream l i k e a bunch see what k i n d of r e c e p t i o n interested i n following right. to They want f r o m t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t , t h i s p a r t i c u l a r g r o u p o f favor holding I Gaithersburg. i s n ' t i t i n t e r e s t i n g t h a t when t h e i r a r e b e i n g s t e p p e d on, All can t h e n e w s , j u s t a b o u t an h o u r ago. l a n d d e v e l o p e r s now d e v e l o p i n g w o u l d be I am the f t h e news t h a t l a n d d e v e l o p e r s a r e o b j e c t i n g are the keep t h i s out roads o t h e r m e t h o d s , I t h i n k we the proposed l o c a t i o n of the o u t e r beltway near why solve goods p r o b l e m . e l s e I j u s t h e a r d on Now, to way. p r e s e n t r o a d s we j u s t h e a r d on — they get people. that. I s u p p o s e by now you a r e aware t h a t t h i s or at l e a s t considering a f t e r t h e M e t r o i m p a c t c a n be assessed. this freeway A l l right, I �772 supposing t h a t i n the years t o come we f i n d t h e need f o r t h i s t y p e o f a r a p i d t r a n s i t s y s t e m down t h e c o r r i d o r o f t h e 1-66 a n d 266 c o r r i d o r . evening challenged W e l l , Mr. H a r o l d 0. M i l l e r l a s t you gentlemen i n a s s e s s i n g t h e needs o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n t h e W a s h i n g t o n a r e a , t o make use of t h i s r i g h t o f way. P o s s i b l e i m a g i n a t i v e several other o f f i c i a l s , imaginative use o f i t and I t h i n k , h a v e done t h e same. Mr. J . R i c k s i n t h e A r l i n g t o n C o u n t y B o a r d h a s done the in same a n d H a r o l d M i l l e r and s e v e r a l o t h e r community leaders Washington. A l l right, just a possibility n©i*, I j u s t w a n t t o p r o p o s e — this i s i f i n t h e f u t u r e we f i n d a n e e d , a n a d d i t i o n a l r a p i d t r a n s i t s y s t e m t o s u p p l e m e n t t h e subway T h i s was o r i g i n a l l y some o f t h e s e t h i n g s n o t p r o p o s e d b y me, t h i s was originally, I h a v e added t o i t , b u t i t was originally p r o p o s e d by D r . B a r r y Eyman i n A r l i n g t o n . This i s regarding t h e 1-66 Corridor, along the W0&D r i g h t o f way i n A r l i n g t o n , a n d I t h i n k i t i s p e r t i n e n t here. F i r s t o f a l l , t h e recommendation express busway, bus c o r r i d o r . i t w o u l d be a n e l e v a t e d into existing here i s a two-lane The way we p r e s e n t l y structure. envision I t w o u l d be a b l e t o t i e Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e . The b u s e s — the c a p a c i t y o f t h i s b u s c o r r i d o r s , t h e y h a v e done some s t u d i e s o n t h i s , i t c o u l d h a n d l e 14 l a n e s o f commuter t r a f f i c e . I t �773 has the f l e x i b i l i t y . We h a v e b e e n c r i t i z e d — t h e Metro h a s o f t e n been c r i t i c i z e d f o rthe lack of f l e x i b i l i t y . The people have t o w a l k a few b l o c k s . I w i l l g i v e y o u some o f t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f a busway of this sort. First o f a l l , i t c o u l d be b u i l t r a t h e r quickly. B a r r y Hyman made a q u i c k e s t i m a t e a n d i t c o u l d be b u i l t a t half the cost of of that cost. T.-66, w h i c h i s a b o u t 20/25 m i l l i o n . Half And i t c o u l d be b u i l t t w i c e a s q u i c k l y . H e r e a r e some a d v a n t a g e s . No. 1 , l o c a l streets w o u l d n ' t h a v e t o be c u t b e c a u s e t h e e l e v a t e d n a t u r e o f t h e s t r u c t u r e would enable you t o p r e s e r v e neighborhoods. Buses — t h i s i s a n o t h e r t h i n g p e o p l e i n F a i r f a x and f u r t h e r o u t w a n t , access. run W e l l , b u s e s f r o m F a i r f a x c o u l d h a v e a n unimpeded t h r o u g h A r l i n g t o n C o u n t y on s u c h a b u s w a y . And No. 3, w i t h i n a f e w y e a r s , b u s e s w o u l d b e v e r y likely the candidates f o rconversion t o e l e c t r i c operation, using new g e n e r a t i o n b a t t e r i e s w h i c h a r e j u s t coming o u t now and a r e i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l s t a g e , b u t a r e showing p r o m i s e . Thus, t h e p o t e n t i a l p o l l u t a n t e m i s s i o n s from t h e b u s e s c o u l d be c o m p l e t e l y c h a n g e d a n d — to w e l l , t h a t would have a w a i t a c t u a l l y t h e c o n v e r s i o n t o a b e t t e r form o f e l e c t r i c a l power. However, I m i g h t p o i n t o u t w i t h e x i s t i n g t e c h n o l o g y , the buses p r e s e n t l y i n u s e , a bus t h a t i s p r e s e n t l y i n u s e now i s much l e s s h a r m f u l d e s p i t e i t s r a t h e r n o i s e a n d o d o r �774 sometimes. The p o l l u t a n t s o f a bus a r e l e s s h a r m f u l and t h e y c a n b e c o n t r o l l e d a c t u a l l y more s i m p l y t h a n sontrolling i t on 50 o r 60 c a r s . All r i g h t , t h a t i s an advantage t h e r e . Much o f t h e a g g r a v a t i o n i n j u r y i n v o l v e d i n commuter traffic a c c i d e n t s w o u l d be e l i m i n a t e d . W h i l e commuters a r e s e l d o m t r a v e l i n g f a s t enough f o r s e r i o u s i n j u r i e s , a s i s q u i t e o b v i o u s , much e x p e n s e a n d m i n o r i n j u r i e s s u s t a i n e d e a c h y e a r w h i l e commuting i s a n a g g r a v a t i o n a n d I h a v e b e e n a p a r t o f t h a t now a n d t h e n . Well, i n this autos. I might s a y , buses a r e s a f e r P e r 100-mile passenger miles i n t h e United t h e r e a r e 80 b u s - r e l a t e d f a c i l i t i e s a n d 730 a u t o than States, facilities. So t h e r e i s o n e more p o i n t . No. 5. B u s e s c o u l d make s t o p s n o t o n l y along a r t e r i e s b u t a l s o sweep t h r o u g h p r i n c i p a l n e i g h b o r h o o d g r o u p s making i t q u i t e c o n v e n i e n t f o r raeny p e o p l e a t s t o p s . s h e l t e r s c o u l d e a s i l y be p r o v i d e d a n d b u s e s c o u l d g a i n to t h i s busway a t the intersection w i t h o u t t o o much c o m p l i c a t i o n . with existing Weather access arteries T h i s p l a n , I b e l i e v e , would complement M e t r o r a t h e r t h a n c o m p e t i n g w i t h i t . No. 6 h e r e , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o f f i c i a l s o f t e n m e n t i o n t h e d o l l a r s and c e n t s a s p e c t o f m u l t i p l e u s e o f t h e r i g h t o f way. I m i g h t s a y t o t h a t , t h e r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l s i z e and e l e v a t e d n a t u r e o f s u c h a busway w o u l d a l l o w t h e r e m a i n i n g �775 l a n d a l r e a d y a c q u i r e d i n V i r g i n i a f o r t h e 1-66 r i g h t o f w a y , t o b e u s e d by a r e a r e s i d e n t s a s s t r i p p a r k s a n d n e i g h b o r h o o d recreational areas. What b e t t e r m u l t i p l e U3e o f t h e r i g h t o f way c o u l d y o u h a v e f o r A r l i n g t o n r e s i d e n t s t h a n s o m e t h i n g l i k e that? I t h i n k t h e $18 m i l l i o n t h e y s p e n t on a c q u i r i n g l a n d 3 0 f a r w o u l d b e v e r y w e l l s p e n t i n t h a t way a n d I t h i n k many o f t h e p e o p l e who h a v e l o s t t h e i r homes e v e n a l o n g t h e r i g h t o f way w o u l d a g r e e . I m i g h t a d d , s u c h l a n d i n A r l i n g t o n w i l l n e v e r be a v a i l a b l e a g a i n , no m a t t e r w h a t a n y o n e s a y s a b o u t i t . And a l s o t h i s k i n d o f a p l a n would e f f e c t i v e l y e l i m i n a t e t h e need for — it imagined need f o r — t h i s b r i d g e h e r e , 1-266. B e c a u s e could connect d i r e c t l y i n w i t h both t h e Metro a n d i n t o T h e o d o r e R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e , w h i c h w o u l d b e more t h a n a d e q u a t e to h a n d l e bus t r a f f i c o f t h i s k i n d , and even t a k e y o u r e x p r e s s l a n e up t h r o u g h t h e b u s e s when t h e y g e t i n t o W a s h i n g t o n for a short distance u n t i l they get t o t h e i r I w o u l d l i k e t o c o n c l u d e now. destinations. I t h i n k I have beaten t h a t t o d e a t h , now. I would l i k e t o conclude w i t h a couple o f quotes from S e n a t o r Muskie, r e c e n t q u o t e s . T h i s f i r s t one i s f r o m t h e A u g u s t 2 5 , 1970 p r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e S u b c o m m i t t e e on R o a d s , w h i c h s h o u l d be f a m i l i a r t o e v e r y o n e h e r e . T h i s i s page 20 o f t h o s e p r o c e e d i n g s , b y t h e way. " I t seems t o me a s we c o n s i d e r t h e h i g h w a y program �776 f o r t h e n e x t f e w y e a r s , we o u g h t tomake s u r e i t i s f l e x i b l e enough t o p e r m i t u s n o t o n l y t o b u i l d h i g h w a y s b u t a l s o t o b u i l d o t h e r f o r m s o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n w h i c h may s e r v e o u r p u r p o s e s more e f f e c t i v e l y a n d more w i s e l y . T h e n p e r h a p s we c o u l d a v o i d t h a t p o i n t down t h e r o a d w h e r e we a g a i n f i n d a n i r r e v e r s i b l e present s i t u a t i o n t h a t i s a product o f misguided p o l i c i e s o f t h e p a s t 1S40 p l a n n i n g . " T h a t was at 1940 W o r l d ' s P a i r a n d t h i s i s 30 y e a r s l a t e r now. H i s l a s t comment, t h i s w a s r e m a r k s c o n c e r n i n g t h e h a l t i n g o f S S T f u n d i n g gby t h e S e n a t e , or so. a week a n d a h a l f ago S e n a t o r M u s k i e , a f t e r commenting on i t a s a p o s s i b l e turning point i nnational p r i o r i t i e s , said, " I f we h a d done t h e same t h i n g i n y e a r s p a s t r e g a r d i n g t h e a u t o m o b i l e , would n o t have t h e problem i n o u r c i t i e s we t h a t we do t o d a y . " I am g l a d t o s e e t h i s w h o l e p a c k a g e , o r c a n o f worms, or whatever you c a l l i t , i s f i n a l l y coming o u t i n t h e o p e n . T h a n k y o u v e r y much. (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: Thank y o u . Mr. Ward. (No response.) MR. DUGAS: Mrs. Frances Hewitt �777 ? MRS. FRANCES HEWITT, LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS OF ARLINGTON, ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA MRS. and HEWITT: Good a f t e r n o o n , Mr. C h a i r m a n , Ladies Gentlemen. I r e p r e s e n t t h e L e a g u e o f Women V o t e r s o f A r l i n g t o n . I am a member o f t h e Board. I am a l s o a r e s i d e n t o f A r l i n g t o n , a c o n c e r n e d mother, a taxpayer proud o f t h a t . o f our N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l , and I want t o be I love i t . S t a t e s and I love t h i s The t o speak r e g a r d i n g Three S i s t e r s Bridge, its o f A r l i n g t o n welcomes I n t e r s t a t e 266 a n d t h e e s p e c i a l l y w i t h r e s p e c t t o the environ- t h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n w i l l h a v e upon A r l i n g t o n a n d residents. S i n c e my t e s t i m o n y life United land. L e a g u e o f Women V o t e r s t h i s opportunity mental e f f e c t s I am a l s o a c i t i z e n o f t h e w a s w r i t t e n , I a l m o s t l o s t my on S h i r l e y Highway l a s t S a t u r d a y . So f o r g i v e me t o d a y i f my n o t e s h a v e b e e n somewhat a l t e r e d w i t h g r e a t e r e m o t i o n . I have witnessed the hearings h e r e a n d i t seems t h a t the i s s u e i s not the Three S i s t e r s Bridge, b u t a contest bet w e e n t h e Highway d e v e l o p e r s , p r e s s u r e , and the l i t t l e concerning p e o p l e who h a v e power t o people. There i s an e x c i t i n g the e r u p t i o n o f the Three S i s t e r s and t h i s to have g r e a t p r o p h e t i c significance. legend seems Perhaps t h i s i s merely �778 a p r o l o g u e t o t h e p l a y t h a t i s b e i n g p u t on t h e s e t h r e e The legend tells us t h a t t h r e e I n d i a n maidens w i t h m a l i c i o u s i n t e n t s t a r t e d a c r o s s t h e Potomac one were caught i n a storm. days. The n e x t day b u t no s i g n o f t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s . The night and the three rocks Three S i s t e r s appeared, Bridge i s a t i m e l y t o p i c f o r a budding p l a y w r i g h t w i t h the eloquence o f M a x w e l l A n d e r s o n , t c t r y h i s t a l e n t s on a "High Tor." P e r h a p s f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f t h e young p e o p l e i n t h e audience who do n o t know who k i n d o f p l a y "High T o r " w a s , Maxwell Anderson was, y o u o f my or what age know, b u t Mr. A n d e r s o n w r o t e a d e l i g h t f u l s t o r y , a comedy, on an i s s u e v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h i s , when t h e y t r i e d t o d e s t r o y a h i g h p i e c e l a n d on t h e Hudson, a l o n g t h e Hudson. And of the shades o f a b e r r a t i o n s o f t h e Dutchman came o u t and s t a y e d t h e b u l l d o z e r s ' hands. Would t h a t we could c a l l f o r the sahdes o f those T h r e e S i s t e r s t o s t a y the hands o f t h e b u l l d o z e r o p e r a t o r s . I have nothing expert. Witnesses r e a l l y new w i s h t o have a balanced an And t o e s t a b l i s h t h e new the C i t i z e n s have i n d i c a t e d t h a t they and w e l l - c o o r d i n a t e d s y s t e m of trans- a m o r a t o r i u m on t h e b u i l d i n g o f a l l b r i d g e s u n t i l a good t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m I am I am n o t h a v e a l r e a d y g i v e n ample e v i d e n c e why b r i d g e s h o u l d n o t be b u i l t . portation f i r s t . to o f f e r . h a s had the time t r a f f i c patterns. n o t e x p e r t on b r i d g e d e s i g n . I am n o t capable �779 o f making any s t u d y o f e c o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s , b u t t h e e c o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s , t o o , have been o f f e r e d a s e v i d e n c e against the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h i s b r i d g e o r any b r i d g e . One does n o t n e e d t h e e x o e r t u s e o f p o l l u t i o n c o u n t e r programs t o s t u d y a i r pollution. We s i m p l y t r i e d w a l k i n g a c r o s s 1 4 t h S t r e e t Bridge and K e y B r i d g e a n d I know t h e h a z a r d s i n v o l v e d . A l s o , an i n d i v i d u a l ' s r i g h t , s o t h e r e must be a design approved. I suggest a l o v e l y , r u s t i c design f o r pedestrians only. The a p p a l l i n g j u n c t u r e o f 1-266 w i t h S p o u t Run a n d L o r c o m L a n e w i l l be a n o t h e r e x a m p l e o f man's d e v a s t a t i o n o f his environment. S h i r l e y Highway. are Witness t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e once b e a u t i f u l The r e s i d e n t s l i v i n g i n S o u t h A r l i n g t o n now h e l d c a p t i v e by a w a l l o f c o n c r e t e h i g h r i s e s and c a r - jammed r o a d s . freedom. "arterial Freedom t o move a b o u t ? I no l o n g e r e n j o y such My h u s b a n d , who i s a g r e a t h u n t e r , c a l l s i t sclerosis." I t i s n ' t t h e freeways and t h e b e l t w a y s , b u t i t i s these l i t t l e little o f f s h o o t s t h a t go t h r o u g h towns and the heart of the 3 i s p l a c e h u n d r e d s o f p e o p l e w h i c h we o p p o s e . The b u i l d i n g o f r o a d s and b r i d g e s f u r t h e r encourages money-made i n v e s t o r s t o a d d t o t h e d e n s i t y a n d c o n g r e g a t i o n along t h e i r r o o t s . Motel owners, h i g h - r i s e b u i l d e r s and l a t e r , l a r g e shopping complexes, soon f i n d p r o f i t a b l e l a n d u s e . P r o f i t a b l e f o r the b i g business i n v e s t o r s . The r e c e n t h i g h - �780 density use of Arlington lands, the ravaging V i r g i n i a by wide r i b b o n s o f c o n c r e t e , of Northern have a l r e a d y brought a b o u t maximum i r r i t a n t s i n n o i s e a n d a i r p o l l u t i o n . S t r e e t s t h a t once s e r v e d t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h e community now s e p a r a t e p l a y m a t e s , n e i g h b o r s a n d f r i e n d s . America was a b e a u t i f u l l a n d . with n a t u r a l scenic beauty. I t h a s b e e n s o r i c h l y endowed I w i s h t o keep America g r e e n , not w i t h d o l l a r s , b u t w i t h t h e green landscape which a l l o f us have a r i g h t t o e n j o y . Thank y o u v e r y much. (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: Thank y o u . Mr. A n d r e a . STATEMENT OP MATTHEW ANDREA, C I T I Z E N MR. ANDREA: My name i s Matthew A n d r e a . For s i x y e a r s I have been a r e s i d e n t o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, a s t u d e n t a t Georgetown U n i v e r s i t y . S i n c e May I h a v e b e e n l i v i n g a t S t o n e h e d g s F a r m , w h i c h i s a commune i n t h e Mountains o f V i r g i n i a . J u s t a f e w w o r d s a b o u t my b a c k g r o u n d . Georgetown f o r four years. I went t o I majored i n h i s t o r y . During t h o s e f o u r y e a r s , I rowed on t h e Crew Team a t G e o r g e t o w n , a n d came t o know t h e Potomac R i v e r , t h e s t r e t c h e s from F l e t c h e r ' s B o a t h o u s e down t o H a i n e s P o i n t , , q u i t e b y h e a r t . D u r i n g t h o s e f o u r y e a r s , I n o t i c e d a l o t o f changes �781 along the boat route. I saw w h a t w a s o n c e a v e r y b e a u t i f u l r i v e r , a natural habitant f o r w i l d l i f e , f o rbirds, f o r f i s h , become i n c r e a s i n g l y d e s t r o y e d imaginable — a i r , water, by e v e r y k i n d o f p o l l u t i o n noise. I t i s a c u s t o m among c r e w t e a m s when a team i s v i c t o r i o u s , t o throw t h e coxswain o f t h e winning boat i n t o the r i v e r . Crews i n t h e Washington a r e a now s e r i o u s l y c o n - s i d e r a b a n d o n i n g t h e c u s t o m s i n c e t h e r i v e r h a s become s o thoroughly polluted. But I h a v e s e e n w h a t h a s b e e n t a k i n g p l a c e on t h e banks o f t h i s r i v e r a s w e l l and t h i s i s e q u a l l y f r i g h t e n i n g t o what i s happening t o t h e r i v e r i t s e l f . F o r what was once p r o b a b l y a v e r y q u i e t l a n d s c a p e h a s now become a s o u r c e o f constant noise. on b o t h s i d e s . and T h e r e i s n e v e r q u i e t a n y more w i t h The c o n s t a n t f l o w o f t r a f f i c o v e r Key B r i d g e , t h i s f r a g i l e environment already so thoroughly the automobile, you gentlemen t h r e a t e n t o destroy with this highways abominable Three S i s t e r s h u r t by even f u r t h e r Bridge. P e r h a p s y o u h a v e n o t i c e d t h a t t h e r e a r e n o t t o o many p e o p l e my age a t t h e s e h e a r i n g s . t h i n k I can answer t h a t q u e s t i o n . age P e r h a p s y o u wonder why. I I t h i n k a l o t o f p e o p l e my h a v e begun t o d e s p a i r o f t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a n y s o r t o f meaningful dialogue a t a hearing such as t h i s . of t h i s d e s p a i r , because they have seen h e a r i n g s And b e c a u s e i n the past, a t w h i c h t h e r e has been an o u t p o u r i n g o f c i t i z e n p r o t e s t such �782 as t h e r e h a s been h e r e , and t h e n t h e y see t h e t y p e o f r e s p o n s e t h a t h a s o f f e r e d , more c o n c r e t e , b u r e a u c r a t i c stubbornness, a d e t e r m i n a t i o n t o pave over t h e w i l l o f t h e p e o p l e , t h e y g i v e up a n d t h e y l o o k f o r o t h e r means f o r r e dressing their grievances. L a s t y e a r I w a s one o f q u i t e a number o f s t u d e n t s who w e n t o u t on T h r e e S i s t e r s Island f o r s e v e r a l days and t h e n proceeded a n d camped o u t t h e r e t o occupy t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n s i t e when c o n s t r u c t i o n w a s s c h e d u l e d t o b e g i n . F o r one week we h e l d b a c k t h e b u l l d o z e r s a n d we w e r e n o t a l o n e , we weren't j u s t y o u n g , r a d i c a l s t u d e n t s , we w e r e a c c o m p a n i e d b y h o u s e w i v e s , by d o c t o r s , p r o f e s s o r s , s c h o o l t e a c h e r s , j u s t c i t i z e n s o f t h e community. Many p e o p l e who owned c a r s . B u t a l l who f e l t some- t h i n g i n common a n d t h a t w a s t h a t t h e y d i d n o t w a n t t h i s p r e c i o u s environment t o be d e s t s p e d a n y P e o p l e w a n t t o be h e a r d . are further. You s a y t h a t t h e s e b e i n g b u i l t i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e needs o f t h e people when t h e p e o p l e from j a i l heard. speak t h e i r needs, c r y t h e i r needs, roads and y e t shout i t c e l l s , even, they f e e l t h a t they a r e not being T h a t i s j u s t what i s happening. I t h i n k what has motivated people the Three S i s t e r s Bridge s i t e , holding referendums, i n t o g o i n g down t o t o come i n t o t h e s e h e a r i n g s , t o i s a v i s i o n o f what they t h i n k t h e community, t h e W a s h i n g t o n M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a , o u g h t t o l o o k like. �783 T h e y s e e w h a t we h a v e b u i l t a l r e a d y , sprawl they see t h e suburban t h a t r a d i a t e s o u t from Washington They see t h e decay o f t h e i n n e r c i t y . i n every d i r e c t i o n . They see t h e w a l l t h a t t h e a u t o m o b i l e i n t h i s , by e n c o u r a g i n g p r i v a t e m o b i l i t y , e n c o u r a g i n g t h e i n d i v i d u a l t o b u i l d h i s own f a r away f r o m t h e web by environment as o f t h e c i t y a s p o s s i b l e , t o come i n a n d o u t o f i t e v e r y d a y , b u t n o t t o s p e n d any more t i m e t h e r e is absolutely than necessary. They see t h a t t h i s whole p r o c e s s i s something w h i c h can u l t i m a t e l y c a u s e c a u s e s t a r v a t i o n and d e c a y w i t h i n t h e city itself. And s o t h e y w a n t t o t a l k a b o u t a l t e r n a t i v e s . When t h e y t a l k a b o u t mass t r a n s i t , i t i s n o t j u s t a m a t t e r o f t a l k i n g about moving p e o p l e , b u t a g a i n l i k e I s a i d , i t i s a matter of v i s i o n , a matter of conceptualizing a way that p e o p l e s h o u l d l i v e and r e l a t e t o one a n o t h e r . The i d e a o f t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i s a way o f bringing p e o p l e t o g e t h e r i n a community, n o t a way o f p r o p e l l i n g people o u t o f t h e community a s f a r away f r o m one a n o t h e r a s p o s s i b l e . T h e y s e e a v i s i o n o f new communities t h a t a r e not b a s e d on s u b u r b a n s p r a w l , b u t p e r h a p s l i t t l e cluster signals t h a t r a d i a t e o u t f r o m t h e c e n t r a l c i t y , l i k e n u c l e i , and that c a n be t i e d t o g e t h e r by t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m s w h i c h c a r r y t h e maximum number o f p e o p l e w i t h t h e g r e a t e s t s p e e d comfort, with environment. t h e minimum amount o f d e s t r u c t i o n and to the �784 I t i s a matter of v i s i o n . I t i s a matter of r e - j e c t i n g s y s t e m s t h a t a r e 30/40 y e a r s o l d i n t h e i r c o n c e p t i o n . h s y s t e m t h e t r i u m p h o f w h i c h was a c h i e v e d by Adolph i n h i 3 autobahn3, p r i o r t o t h e S e c o n d W o r l d War. Hitler Do we want more o f t h i s , o r do we w a n t a s y s t e m t h a t c a n move p e o p l e i n s u c h a way t h a t , r a t h e r t h a n g o i n g down t h e h i g h w a y i n d i v i d u a l c o m p a r t m e n t s a t a n a v e r a g e o f 1.3 in individuals per s t e e l c o m p a r t m e n t , w h i c h e v e r y o n c e i n a w h i l e rams i n t o one another, r a t h e r than t h i s , a s y s t e m w h i c h w i l l c a r r y them i n q u i e t l y , w h i c h w i l l t a k e them w h e r e t h e y w a n t t o go, and w i l l not d e s t r o y the environment Mr. that i t passes? A i r i s , you s a i d t h a t Americans have a a f f a i r w i t h the automobile. a f f a i r i s something B u t do y o u t h i n k t h i s love love t h a t c a n be s u s t a i n e d i n d e f i n i t e l y ? y o u t h i n k t h e r e i s a l i m i t , a t i m e when t h e r e w i l l be t o o many a u t o m o b i l e s t h a t we t h i s love which Do just c a n no l o n g e r a f f o r d t o c a r r y on affair? MR. AIRIS: Mr. Andrea, I d o n ' t e v e r remember s a y i n g t h a t t h e Americans have a l o v e a f f a i r w i t h t h e i r But what I have advanced automobile. i s t h a t t h e urban c e n t e r s need b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and t h a t i s t h e o n l y way t h a t I see t h a t b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t n i n w i l l w o r k i s t o p r o v i d e t h e mass t r a n s i t f a c i l i t i e s o f such a q u a l i t y , subways, busways, as y o u r p r e d e c e s s o r s p o k e o f , and p o s s i b l y i n t h e n e x t c e n t u r y new i n n o v a t i v e t y p e s o f movement o f p e o p l e and goods o f s u c h �785 quality. A l l of these things t h a t t h e c i t i z e n s have need t o move and t h e goods t h a t h a v e n e e d t o move, t h a t c a n move by mass t r a n s i t , w i l l w i l l i n g l y u s e t h e s e I I facilities. don't b e l i e v e from t h e b e n e f i t o f e x p e r i e n c e have had, t h a t i t i s p o s s i b l e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n on t h e A m e r i c a n Mr. Andrea. t o c r a m o r f o r c e any t y p e o f citizen. Don't y o u t h i n k t h a t i s w h a t i s happening w i t h the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e ? I f e e l t h i s i s some- t h i n g t h a t i s b e i n g crammed down on A m e r i c a n s p i t e o f t h e overwhelming you a r e t a l k i n g I citizens in sentiment of the very c i t i z e n s balanced transportation? AIRIS: Yes o r we have no? W e l l , r i g h t now, we h a v e p r o b a b l y o f t h e b e t t e r bus s y s t e m s , t h a t i s by n a t u r e an bus that about. a s k y o u , do y o u t h i n k t h a t r i g h t now MR. that one extensive system. MR. ANDREA: MR. AIRIS: You a r e s a y i n g we h a v e b a l a n c e d trans- portation? That there i s a p a r t o f , and a very e s s e n t i a l p a r t o f any t r a n s i t s y s t e m i n t h e e n t i r e United States. have T h a t i s a l l mass t r a n s i t s y s t e m s h a v e t o adequate bus Now, was elements. we do h a v e t h a t and a c t u a l l y , r i g h t now, t h e d e s i r e o f t h e p e o p l e , t h i s b u s s y s t e m t h a t we g o t c o u l d h a n d l e a l l o f o u r commuter traffic. i fi t have �786 MR. ANDREAs I am a f r a i d t h a t i s not the s t r e e t s a r e so thoroughly clogged w i t h any bus t h a t attempts to negotiate automobiles t h e s t r e e t s has behind lane a f t e r lane t h a t i s f i l l e d with c o n s e q u e n t l y t h e t r a n s i t we t r u e , because that to r i d e automobiles. And do h a v e i s s e r i o u s l y impeded. w o u l d a d v a n c e t h a t t h e s y s t e m o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n we have I at present i s s e r i o u s l y imbalanced. MR. use AIRIS: May I point out, i f t h e commuter p e o p l e t h e mass t r a n s i t s y s t e m movements t h a t a r e a v a i l a b l e w i l l be forthcoming w i t h i n the n e x t y e a r , and a c t u a l l y , I should h a v e m e n t i o n e d t h e S h i r l e y Highway p r o j e c t t h a t i s a c t u a l l y s c h e d u l e d , i s i n use now a c t u a l l y , and f u l l use sometime a b o u t n e x t May patronize them, t h e r e w o u l d be MR. by ANDREA; The 1, i s g o i n g t o be i f people w i l l really no p r o b l e m o f t r a f f i c f a c t i s , i t has in congestion been demonstrated J a n e J a c o b s , L e w i s Muraford, a number o f o t h e r c i t y t h a t when i n f a c t a f r e e w a y i s b u i l t and the means o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a r e o f f e r e d t o one t h a t f r e q u e n t l y people w i l l c o n v e n i e n c e and two a l t e r n a t i v e group o f t h e c h o o s e t h e means o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i f i t o f f e r e d , simply planners, public private because of the so-called f r e e d o m w h i c h t h i s a f f o r d s them, e v e n t h o u g h t h i s c o n v e n i e n c e and freedom t a k e s place a t the expense of other people. The you points t h a t I am t r y i n g t o make i s t h a t when bedld a freeway element svch as the Thrae S i s t e r s Bridge, �787 t h a t y o u o b v i a t e a n y p o s s i b l e mass t r a n s i t a l t e r n a t i v e s b y s a y i n g h e r e i s y o u r open i n v i t a t i o n t o t h e c i t y , t a k e y o u r car. Because h e r e i s t h e c o n c r e t e t o t r a v e l on. The p o i n t i s t h a t xvhat we a r e d o i n g i s l i k e v i d i n g a s e r v i c e t h a t vre c a n ' t a f f o r d t o p r o v i d e . pro- I n other w o r d s , i f we l o o k a t t h i s f r o m t h e c o s t - b e n e f i t p o i n t o f v i e w , w h i c h i s a t y p e o f a n a l y s i s w h i c h I am s u r e i s q u i t e d e a r t o men s u c h a s y o u r s e l f , y o u r e a l i z e t h a t t h e c o s t o f the freeway i s g o i n g t o be g r e a t e r t h a n t h e b e n e f i t s . I n o t h e r w o r d s , y o u g i v e p e o p l e a n open a c c e s s , t h i s t y p e o f i n v i t a t i o n t o t h e c i t y and c e r t a i n l y t h e y will t a k e i t , r a t h e r than t a k i n g t h e inconvenience o f perhaps d r i v i n g t o t h e subway s t a t i o n o r w a l k i n g t o t h e b u s s t a t i o n , something like that. Downtown W a s h i n g t o n would But the cost, the cost of f i l l i n g w i t h t h e d e n s i t y o f automobiles which j u s t b e u n a c c e p t a b l e t o human l i f e . you w a l k a l o n g F S t r e e t and t r y t o b r e a t h e . I mean r i g h t now I challenge you, I h a v e a h a r d t i m e m y s e l f , a n d I know t h a t a n y t h i n g w o r s e will make i t r e a l l y u n a c c e p t a b l e down t h e r e . You c r e a t e a n e e d f o r p a r k i n g w h i c h w i l l necessitate e v e n t h e d e m o l i t i o n o f c o m m e r c i a l a r e a s , w h i c h seems v e r y u n l i k e l y , o r e l s e t h e d e m o l i t i o n o f w h a t now i s s t r i c t l y r e s i d e n t i a l areas, which w i l l aggravate the housing shortage we a l r e a d y h a v e a n d a g g r a v a t e t h e h o u s i n g s h o r t a g e t h a t be c a u s e d b y t h o s e n e i g h b o r h o o d s t h a t would have t o be would �788 destroyed to b r i n g the freeway i n , i n the f i r s t p l a c e . W e l l , t o c o n t i n u e w i t h some q u e s t i o n s t h a t I w a n t e d to a s k and r e a l l y would l i k e answers t o . which o f t h e s e two b r i d g e d e s i g n s i s now I wonder s e r i o u s l y being b u i l t . In o t h e r w o r d s , I h a v e s e e n i n t h e Potomac R i v e r some s o r t p i e r s t r u c t u r e emerging i n r a t h e r u g l y f a s h i o n out of of the water. MR. AIRIS: b o o k l e t h e r e and W e l l , I t h i n k the s t o r y i s i n the I would suggest you r e a d i t . Just quickly, I d o n ' t w a n t t o t a k e up t i m e , t h e h o u r i s g e t t i n g l a t e . set of p i e r s , the s e t of p i e r s w i l l Either f i t e i t h e r bridge that i s shown up t h e r e . MR. My ANDREA: Okay. n e x t q u e s t i o n i s , what happens t o t h e c a r s o f i n c o m i n g commuters a f t e r t h e y g e t o f f 1-266? Are t h e r e p l a n s i n y o u r D e p a r t m e n t f o r t h e c r e a t i o n o f more p a r k i n g facilities w i t h i n t h e Downtown a r e a and i f s o , w h e r e w o u l d t h e s e p a r k i n g facilities be e r e c t e d and w h a t w o u l d be t h e impact of such f a c i l i t i e s environmental and do y o u h a v e p l a n s f o r w i d e n i n g t h e w i d t h o f i n n e r c i t y s t r e e t s t o s i m p l y accommodate t h e traffic? MR. AIRIS: a l o n g t i m e , Mr. W e l l , t h e answer t o you q u e s t i o n i s , f o r Andrea, t h e c i t y has advocated p a r k i n g i n t h e Downtown a r e a . You probably a c o n t r o l on don't r e a l i z e i t . �789 but t h a t i s probably t h e b e s t method o f c o n t r o l l i n g the number o f v e h i c l e s t h a t come i n t o t h e Downtown s e c t o r o f the City. Now, it i t w o u l d be o u r p o s i t i o n on t h i s b r i d g e that s h o u l d n o t be p e r m i t t e d t o e n c o u r a g e g r e a t numbers o f a d d i t i o n a l commuters. size. That i s not the o b j e c t of the At the p r e s e n t time MR. ANDREA: MR. AIRIS: pier -—- B u t h a s n ' t t h i s b e e n f o u n d t o be the case — Please. a t the present time, the parking i s c o n t r o l l e d by a p r i c e by t h e p r i v a t e entrepreneurs u n t i l legislation t h a t w o u l d be n e e d e d t o p e r m i t m u n i c i p a l p a r k i n g and a l l p a r k i n g i s o b t a i n e d , why the c o n t r o l w i l l probably through the p r i c i n g arrangement of the p r i v a t e in control be entrepreneurs t h e Downtown a r e a . MR. ABBOTT: I m m i n e n t Domain? MR. ANDREA: Where w o u l d t h e s e p a r k i n g be c r e a t e d ? MR, facilities I mean, w i t h i n Downtown? AIRIS: W e l l , t h e y w o u l d be e x i s t i n g I d o n ' t a n t i c i p a t e any g r e a t l a r g e number o f parking spaces. facilities. additional T h a t i s y o u r c o n t r o l on t h e number o f vehicles. MR. ANDREA: Okay. Nov;, do y o u t h i n k t h a t c o n s t r u c t i o n o f freeways has s o l v e d t r a f f i c the problems i n Los �790 Angeles or Detroit? Los Angeles h a s one t i c a t e d systems, e n g i n e e r i n g l y supurb, o f t h e most s o p h i s - a t l e a s t according to t h e s t a n d a r d s o f h i g h w a y p l a n n e r s , and y e t t h e r e we see an e x a m p l e w h e r e t w o - t h i r d s o f t h e Downtown s p a c e i s devoted e i t h e r to s t r e e t s , highways or p a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s , and in s p i t e o f t h i s v a s t network, the t r a v e l time i t takes commuters i s a s g r e a t a s i t a l w a y s h a s b e e n and t h e exists on t h e f r e e w a y s And yet congestion themselves. g i v e n the p r o j e c t e d growth p a t t e r n s f o r the W a s h i n g t o n M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a , I a s k y o u ho y o u c a n p o s s i b l y see the use of the automobile possible AIRIS: W e l l , t h a t was a statement. You want ask a question? MR. ANDREA: The q u e s t i o n i s s i m p l y , do y o u freeways as h a v i n g s o l v e d t r a f f i c American c i t i e s MR. — Los Angeles AIRIS: I have never advocated for a solution. MR. to and s u b s e q u e n t f r e e w a y s a s the D i s t r i c t . advocated problems o f o t h e r major i s a p o i n t o f example. W e l l , l e t me answer you by s a y i n g t h a t a Los Angeles Never have. see type system of freeways The C o u n c i l and t h e Mayor hawe a s y s t e m t h a t i s a mare 2 4 - 1 / 2 m i l e s i n l e n g t h , and t h e r e i s a d i s p u t e a s t o a n o t h e r f o u r and T h a t i s nowhere n e a r a L o s A n g e l e s a half miles. type of freeway system. I f you look a t the freeways t h a t a r e b u i l t , c u l a r l y t h e o n e s i n t h e Foggy B o t t o m a r e a , y o u w i l l parti- see t h e r e �104 791 i s very l i t t l e r e l a t i o n s h i p t o a r u r a l - t y p e freeway s u c h a s has been b u i l t i n s e c t i o n s o f L o s A n g e l e s . So t h e answer i s t h a t h e r e we a d v o c a t e s t r o n g l y a balanced I t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m . Your Highway D e p a r t m e n t , am s u r e y o u know, h a s t e s t i f i e d f o r r a i l system. rapid as transit We a r e c l o s e l y c o o r d i n a t i n g t h e w o r k t h a t i s g o i n g on r i g h t now and, h o p e f u l l y , i n t h e n e x t f e w y e a r s , we w i l l be a b l e t o a c h i e v e a f u l l b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system that w i l l be o f s u f f i c i e n t q u a l i t y , w i l l i n g l y u s e i t , w h e r e t h e use o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l v e h i c l e i s n o t n e e d e d . MR. ANDREA: Prom my e x p e r i e n c e i n c h e m i s t r y a n d p h y s i c s , I f o u n d when y o u w a n t t o c r e a t e a b a l a n c e , y o u h a v e weights the on one s i d e o f t h e s c a l e a n d t h e n y o u s e e k t o b r i n g s c a l e t o a c e r t a i n l e v e l by p u t t i n g c e r t a i n e l e m e n t s on the other s i d e o f t h e s c a l e . is the R i g h t now, I s e e a s y s t e m w h i c h i n s e r i o u s i m b a l a n c e , much i n f a v o r o f t h e a u t o m o b i l e a n d p r i v a t e commuter. And i t s t r i k e s me t h a t t h e o n l y way we a r e g o i n g to a c h i e v e a b a l a n c e , t h a t we c a n b e g i n t a l k i n g a b o u t , o r e v e n making new a n a l y s e s , i s t o b u i l d a s y s t e m o f mass i m m e d i a t e l y , w i t h o u t another b i t o f network for private t r a n s i t and t h e n b e g i n t o s e e w h e r e t o go f r o m MR. A I R I S : there. I am s u r e y o u a r e e n t i t l e d t o y o u r opinion. MR. ANDREA: transit J u s t a c o u p l e more q u e s t i o n s . �792 You freeways, s a y t h a t c i t i z e n s determine t h e needs f o r such as t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge. b e h a v i o r d i c t a t e s t h e need. That their I f you think i t i t t h e democratic r i g h t o f t h e c i t i z e n s t o make d e c i s i o n s i n that process, would y o u t h i n k o f a referendum t o be h e l d what i n t h e areas affected? (Applause.) MR. ANDREA: Referendums i n A r l i n g t o n , i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a , a n d i n Montgomery C o m i t y o r a n y o t h e r a r e a s w h i c h would be a f f e c t e d by proposed MR. A I R I S : to get atpublic Well, freeways? r e f e r e n d u m i s one way o f t r y i n g opinion. MR. ANDREA: What do y o u t h i n k o f t h i s a s a means o f d e t e r m i n i n g w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e s e roads s h o u l d be b u i l t ? MR. A I R I S : Well, I w o u l d h a v e no o p i n i o n on w h e t h e r o r n o t a r e f e r e n d u m s h o u l d o r c o u l d be u s e d , one I ti s , as I s a y , t o o l t h a t i s sometimes u s e d t o a t t e m p t t o a s c e r t a i n p u b l i c o p i n i o n on p o i n t s . MR. ANDREA: Well, i f you a r e n o t c e r t a i n about a r e f e r e n d u m , w h a t means w o u l d y o u s u g g e s t ? MR. A I R I S : achieving a b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system h e r e , and i t i s w e l l on i t s way. I t h a s p r e t t y w e l l been committed. MR. ANDREA: you W e l l , we a r e p r e t t y w e l l c o m m i t t e d t o B u t y o u s a i d t h i s was a democracy, and s a i d i t was t h e r i g h t o f t h e c i t i z e n r y t o d e t e r m i n e w h a t �793 t y p e o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m s t h e y s h o u l d have t o s e r v e t h e i r needs. And i t s t r i k e s me t h a t i f you r e a l l y believe t h e s e t h i n g s , t h a t you would n o t t a k e t h e noncommittal stance t h a t you h a v e , b u t would i n f a c t a c t u a l l y c a l l f o r a r e f e r endum and i f , i n f a c t , i t i s a s you s a y , t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e c i t i z e n s , s i m p l y b e c a u s e t h e y own a u t o m o b i l e s and commute t o work r e a l l y deep down want t h e speedway, t h e n i n f a c t you s h o u l d have no f e a r o f a referendum w h i c h would your view i f , I substantiate i n fact, i t i s true. t h i n k t h a t t h e r e s h o u l d be a referendum h e l d i n each o f these a r e a s . We i n t h e v a r i o u s c i t i z e n and s t u d e n t groups l a s t f a l l r e q u e s t e d t h a t a referendum be h e l d i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia on t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s s u e , a t t h e t i m e o f t h e e l e c t i o n l a s t November. T h i s r e q u e s t was d e n i e d . T h e r e f o r e , t h e c i t i z e n g r o u p s , a i d e d l a r g e l y by t h e League o f Women V o t e r s , p u t t o g e t h e r a p i g g y b a c k referendum. People were s t a t i o n e d a t a l m o s t a l l o f t h e p o l l i n g p l a c e s throughout t h e c i t y , b a l l o t s were p r i n t e d and t h e q u e s t i o n was a s k e d , "Do you f a v o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e and c o n n e c t i n g f r e e w a y s y s t e m ? " And o f t h e p e o p l e who v o t e d i n t h e S c h o o l Board e l e c t i o n , 84 p e r c e n t v o t e d a g a i n s t t h e b r i d g e and t h e f r e e w a y s . Now, t h e q u e s t i o n may be b r o u g h t up t h a t t h i s was n o t an o f f i c i a l e l e c t i o n , and X was n o t going t o advance i t was. B u t I am s a y i n g t o you, gentlemen, i f y o u r e a l l y that �b e l i e v e i n democracy, and i f y o u r e a l l y b e l i e v e i n b u i l d i n g t r a n s p o r t a t i o n systems that are responsive to thew i l l of the people, expose t h i s t h i n g t o a referendum and s e e what t h e people have t o s a y . (Applause.) MR.AIRISs L e t me j u 3 t s a y t h i s . I do n o t w a n t t o p r o l o n g y o u r s o l i l o q u y up t h e r e , b u t t h e r e i s a t e n d e n c y t o o v e r - s i m p l i f y a question as t o whether people, people, want a p a r t i c u l a r particular facility. New, t o make i t r e a l l y r e s p o n s i v e , i t becomes q u i t e a complicated project. Y o u m u s t show i n y o u r r e f e r e n d u m a s e r i e s o f t h i n g s o f what w i l l happen on c e r t a i n do t h e y w a n t t h e p r i c e o f o r a n g e s t o double? quite alternatives That type o f thing. MR. ANDREA: have a l l o f t h a t When y o u e l e c t a c a n d i d a t e , y o u d o n ' t matter. F i n a l l y , I j u s t want t o c l o s e by s a y i n g t h i s , that e a r l i e r w i t n e s s e s y o u h a v e a s k e d w h i c h o f t h e two b r i d g e designs they prefer. A l l I can s a y i s , t h a t i f you were t o take these designs i n t o t h e communities, y o u w e r e t o go t o y o u n g p e o p l e or particularly i f i n t h i s town, I t h i n k y o u would f i n d i t v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o f i n d a s i n g l e p e r s o n who w o u l d be a b l e t o respond t o those d e s i g n s i n terms o f t h e i r aesthetic or architectural value. B o t h o f t h e s e d e s i g n s h a v e come t o s y m b o l i z e a �795 t y r a n n y , a w i l l i n g n e s s , a d e t e r m i n a t i o n on the p a r t o f the Government t o c o m p l e t e l y b y p a s s , way t o o v e r r i d e , much i n t h e t h a t a freeway o v e r r i d e s , the w i l l o f the people. And i f I h a d t o c h o o s e one o f t h o s e t w o d e s i g n s , I w o u l d c h o o s e t h e one o n t h e l e f t b e c a u s e when i t b l e w up, i t w o u l d make a b i g spLash. (Applause.) MR. DEGAS: Mr. T r e a n o r . STATEMENT OF W I L L I A M TREANOR, ADAMS MORGAN COMMUNITY COUNCIL MR. TREANOR: My name i s B i l l T r e a n o r . I am t h e C h a i r m a n o f t h e Adams Morgan Community C o u n c i l a n d D i r e c t o r o f Runaway House, a n d o n e o f t h e l e a d e r s i n t h e l a s t y e a r down a t t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e demonstrations site. I d o n ' t r e a l l y t h i n k a t t h i s p o i n t t h e r e i s t o o much more t o b e s a i d . I f r a n k l y don't i n t e n d t o waste a l o t o f time a t what i s , i n e f f e c t , a wake. obvious farce. I am s u r p r i s e d Mr. Dugas a l l o w e d h i m s e l f t o be t r a p p e d i n t o s p e n d i n g something t h a t everyone It T h i s hearing i s an t h r e e days o f h i s v a l u a b l e time a t knows i s a n e x e r c i s e i n f u t i l i t y . i s p r e t t y obvious t h a t even the design o f t h e b r i d g e h a s b e e n a l r e a d y d e c i d e d b y t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t , a s w e l l as the d e c i s i o n f o r the a d j o i n i n g roads. Mr. Airis, I want t o t e l l y o u q u i t e f i r m l y and d i r e c t l y t h a t you w i l l never b u i l d , you w i l l never b u i l d the �796 N o r t h L e g . N o t t h r o u g h ray community, a n d y o u a r e n e v e r g o i n g t o g e t a n y o t h e r f r e e w a y up t h e r e . And i t d o e s n ' t make a n y sense t o b u i l d t h a t bridge without connecting roads. you And d o n ' t h a v e t o be a h i g h w a y e n g i n e e r t o know t h a t . Sir* y o u a r e n o t g o i n g t o do i t . A s f a r a s I am c o n c e r n e d , and a s f a r a s a l o t o f p e o p l e i n t h i s c i t y a r e concerned, there i s a v i r t u a l s t a t e o f war between t h e people i n t h i s c i t y a n d t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t . And y o u a r e t h e commanding g e n e r a l o f t h e enemy, a n d y o u h a v e t o t a k e t h e r i s k s t h a t go w i t h that. You a r e j u s t a dumb t o o l o f a h i g h w a y l o b b y . don't t h i n k t h a t you r e a l l y r e a l i z e freeways w i l l bring t o t h i s c i t y . one o f these t y p i c a l c o u n t r y 20 y e a r s the s o c i a l the calamity that I these I think that you j u s t have t e c h n o c r a t i c minds t u r n e d o u t i n t h i s ago a n d h a s no u n d e r s t a n d i n g , no g r a s p o f ramifications of the things t h a t you a r e proposing today, I don't p r e t e n d t o have any s u p e r i o r knowledge o f t ransportation i s s u e s , b u t I t h i n k I do know s o m e t h i n g a b o u t the s o c i a l e f f e c t o f these roads. And I f e e l s o s t r o n g l y a b o u t i t , t h a t I am g o i n g t o do a l l I c a n do by a n y means necessary t o s e e t o i t t h a t t h a t b r i d g e and t h a t North Leg are not b u i l t . 1 was a r r e s t e d t w i c e l a s t y e a r and I don't t o make t h e m i s t a k e o f g e t t i n g c a u g h t i n a n y t h i n g intend I do i n t h e �110 797 f u t u r e , b u t , s i r , I a s s u r e y o u I am g o i n g t o do s o m e t h i n g . We a r e n o t p l a y i n g . t h e s e h e a r i n g s as an e x e r c i s e . You r e f e r t o t h e b r i d g e and I t i s an e x e r c i s e t o you b u t y o u a r e t a l k i n g a b o u t my n e i g h b o r h o o d . You a r e t a l k i n g about my h o u s e , t h e p e o p l e t h a t I l i v e w i t h , a n d t h e community a r o u n d me. highway And we a r e n o t g o i n g t o be d e s t r o y e d b e c a u s e t h e l o b b y w a n t s t o move t h e i r t r u c k s i n a n d o u t o f t h e c i t y f a s t e r , b e c a u s e a l o t o f people i n t h e suburbs want t o d r i v e t o w o r k i n s t e a d o f t a k i n g t h e subways o r the buses. We t h i n k t h a t i s a r e a l l y l o u s y r e a s o n . I c a n u n d e r s t a n d how a man l i k e y o u c o u l d h a v e a parochial outlook, moving v e h i c l e s . a l l you c a n s e e i s t h e narrow i s s u e o f That i s a l l y o u concern y o u r s e l f w i t h . w o r d s seem t o h a v e v e r y is little e f f e c t i n educating you. And This one o f t h e f e w t i m e s y o u h a v e e v e n b o t h e r e d t o l i s t e n t o what t h e people have t o s a y . I t h a s b e e n p r e t t y c l e a r from y o u r a t t i t u d e , you don't l i k e i t and y o u a r e p r e t t y r e l u c t a n t t o s p e n d y o u r tame h e r e . But I w a n t y o u t o know t h a t I am n o t s t a n d i n g up h e r e t o complain about s t u f f i n t h e p a s t , o r t o r u n through all o f t h e o b v i o u s r e a s o n s why t h i s f r e e w a y n e t w o r k a n d t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e s h o u l d n ' t be b u i l t . B u t I am s t a n d i n g here t o t e l l you face t o f a c e , s i r , t h a t there be some d i r e c t a c t i o n a g a i n s t construction companies i s going t o t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t and t h e t h a t t r y t o b u i l d t h e s e r o a d s and t h i s �798 b r i d g e , and i t i s n o t g o i n g t o be a n e a s y s t r u g g l e . I am n o t 3aying y o u c a n ' t w i n , b u t I won't be u s i n g that bridge. built, I f you g e t t h a t bridge b u i l t I w i l l be down i n L o r t o n . We a r e s e r i o u s a b o u t t h i s . p e r s o n who w i l l be s e r i o u s . couple and t h e North Leg The c o n s t r u c t i o n company l o s t a T h a t was j u s t k i d ' s p l a y . Now of t r a i l e r s l a s t year. we a r e f o r r e a l , I am n o t t h e o n l y buddy. Y o u t h i n k y o u c a n w r e c k o u r town and d r i v e b a c k o u t to t h e suburbs every n i g h t and j u s t f o r g e t about i t ? have t o l i v e w i t h t h a t f i l t h y a i r , a l l o f these We automobiles clogging our s t r e e t s , d e s t r o y i n g the c i t y , d e s t r o y i n g t h e very fiber of our l i v e s . Many p e o p l e l i v e i n t h e c i t y , i n - c l u d i n g m y s e l f , b e c a u s e we l i k e freeway that i s built makes c i t y go down, makes i t a l e s s i t here. And e v e r y f o o t o f the quality of l i f e desirable place to l i v e . I t makes my l i f e more u n p l e a s a n t . me f a s t e r , you can k i l l i n this me i n a s l o w manner. I f you can k i l l And t h a t i s w h a t t h e t e c h n o c r a t s seem t o h a v e i n s t o r e f o r me a n d e v e r y o n e else i n the c i t y . lie And I d o n ' t j u s t around and w a i t a slow death intend to just passively a t t h e hands o f t h e techno- crats . So y o u a r e g o i n g t o be h e a r i n g f r o m me a n d f r o m p e o p l e who t h i n k t h e way I do a g a i n . That i s a l l I have t o s a y . �799 (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: T h a n k y o u , Mr. T r e a n o r . Mr. G e o r g e P. P i p k i n . STATEMENT OF GEORGE P. P I P K I N MR. P I P K I N : I g u e s s I was s u p p o s e d t o come h e r e and g i v e a n o t h e r J u b i l a t e t o f r e e w a y p r e s e n t a t i o n . I got t h a t together. I am k i n d o f c u r i o u s t o a s k Mr. A i r i s a n d t h e o t h e r people, w h a t became o f t h e p r o p o s a l I g a v e a t t h e l a s t h e a r i n g f o r t h e J u b i l a t e Freeway? monument o f c i t i z e n I t really isn't a great p a r t i c i p a t i o n when y o u n e v e r h e a r a t h i n g a f t e r p r o p o s i n g an a l t e r n a t i v e f r e e w a y s y s t e m and n o t h i n g i s e v e r h e a r d from i t a g a i n . But I have an a l t e r n a t i v e b r i d g e c o n s t r u c t i o n , which I w i l l g e t i n t o i n a second. I l i v e i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. I live i n the E m b a s s y D i s t r i c t o v e r t h e r e a n d I was one o f t h e k i d s w e n t down t o t h e b r i d g e s i t e a n d was a r r e s t e d . like that And I w o u l d t o t e l l some o f t h e p e o p l e w h a t h a p p e n e d t o some o f t h o s e kids. When I was i n v o l v e d i n t h e f r e e w a y s t r u g g l e a y e a r ago l a s t f a l l , my p o s i t i o n was v e r y m o d e r a t e . fact, of As a m a t t e r o f I was opposed t o h a v i n g any k i n d o f a r r e s t o r any k i n d v i o l e n c e o r a n y t h i n g o f t h a t n a t u r e , and I a c t u a l l y d i d make a t r i p down t o t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t t o t a l k e t o one o f �800 Mr. A i r i s ' but assistants. I b e l i e v e I recognize him r i g h t t h e r e , I am n o t s u r e t h a t i s t h e man. I made a m i s t a k e . I t looks l i k e him. So I d o n ' t w a n t t o p o i n t anyone o u t i n t h e room. Anyway, when I a s k e d t h i s a s s i s t a n t a n d h e showed ma a m o d e l o f t h e b r i d g e , I w a s v e r y i m p r e s s e d t h e one on t h e r i g h t . withthe bridge, I t i s a e s t h e t i c , has a nice arch. I got i n t o a r a p w i t h h i m and asked him where he l i v e d and he s a i d he l i v e d i n t h e D i s t r i c t a l l o f h i s l i f e b u t t h a t he moved o u t a w h i l e ago. And And t h e n I w e n t , I s a i d , "Why d i d y o u move o u t ? " he s a i d , " W e l l , I d i d n ' t w a n t t o r a i s e my k i d s down among those Negroes." And I s a i d , "Oh?" And h e s a i d , "No, they r e a l l y can't run the c i t y a t a l l . " And a t t h i s time I was p r e t t y moderate, l i b e r a l , and I was s h o c k e d , b e c a u s e t h i s r e f l e c t s an a t t i t u d e w h i c h p e r m e a t e s t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t , b e c a u s e t h e y a r e t e c h n o c r a t s and t h e y s a y t h o s e Negroes c a n ' t r u n t h e i r c i t y , and I guess t h a t k i n d o f a p p l i e s t o we w h i t e s , t o o . As a m a t t e r o f f a c t , I t h i n k f r o m t h e g i s t o f t h e testimony, i t seems t h a t p e o p l e who a r e i n v o l v e d i n d e s i g n i n g h i g h w a y s d o n ' t f e e l t h a t p e o p l e f o r whom t h e h i g h w a y s a r e g o i n g t o be b u i l t h a v e t h e c a p a b i l i t y o r t h e competence t o make a n y k i n d o f d e c i s i o n s a t a l l . democratic attitude. This i s a rather anti- But a t t h e time o f the demonstrations, �114 801 I s t i l l had a good d e g r e e o f f a i t h i n d e m o c r a c y and f a c t maybe t h i s w a s n ' t t r u e , t h a t i n f a c t we upon t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t And I was stop the MR. moans, t o c h a n g e to the time of the k i n d o f v i o l e n c e and p r e t t y much a g a i n n t b l o w i n g t h e Now, Federal the freeways. f o r t h a t r e a s o n , up p r e t t y much a g a i n s t any bust, I trailers. AIRIS: Mr. C h a i r m a n , may I break i n here? attempt to i n j e c t the r a c i a l situation i n t o t h i s problem, I d o n ' t b e l i e v e t h a t any s a i d such a t h i n g . I t h i n k t h i s i s a f a b r i c a t i o n and out t h a t t h e r e i s no I j u s t don't b e l i e v e you. MR. PIPKIN: mind, b e c a u s e you p e o p l e f o l l o w my s u c h g o i n g on I t h i n k you Well, say, think t h i s , therefore o f my i n the are a And I have Department. t h i s i s very t y p i c a l of your type " Ihave Orders t h a t people s h a l l t h e y do not t h i n k t h i s , because not my orders." there around y o u r Department. MR. AIRIS: MR. me people e v e r liar. Your people don't f o l l o w those o r d e r s . human b e i n g s . was since then, T h i s i s an orders the prevail c o u l d p r e v a i l upon t h e f Governmen t h r o u g h f a i r l y n o n v i o l e n t c o u r s e o f e v e n t s and could in P3.TKIN: a r e r a c i s t s , you You may be I understand. Following t h a t t h e p r o c e s s o f e v e n t s was one of People are know, f l o a t i n g them. I understand you. t h a t , i t became s o c l e a r b e i n g s h a p e d by the to people �who were p u s h i n g t h e highway and t h e i n t e r e s t s b e h i n d them, t h a t we h a d no c h a n c e w h a t s o e v e r t o s h a k e t h e s e men nonviolence, the referendum,anything. We through j u s t d i d n ' t have any k i n d o f c o n t r o l o v e r i t a t a l l . I want t o t e l l youwhat happened t o t h e 141 k i d s went t o j a i l . the whole t h i n g that A b o u t h a l f o f them g o t k i n d o f t u r n e d o f f t o at a l l . T h e y h a v e gone o u t t o r u r a l commun- ities . Now, t h e t e c h n o c r a t s may cheer t h i s happening, it i s b e t t e r t h e y s h o u l d be o u t s m o k i n g p o t t h a n be in o p p o s i n g my that involved p l a n s , y o u know. B u t I t h i n k t h i s i s a g r e a t l o s s and I t h i n k i t i s a g r e a t l o s s f o r America. I t h i n k w h a t h a s happened t o young p e o p l e t o d a y , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e o n e s who in view o f the f u t i l i t y turned o f f p o l i t i c s , of p o l i t i c s , i n view of the futility o f t r y i n g t o shape t h e w o r l d , 1 t h i n k t h a t i s a f a r g r e a t e r t r a g e d y t h a n w h a t h a s h a p p e n e d t o t h e o t h e r h a l f , and the o t h e r h a l f a r e t h e weathermen. And my h e a d now. i s pretty close to that other h a l f right B i l l T r e a n o r s a i d you were not going t o b u i l d the f r e e w a y s y s t e m t h r o u g h h i s community. I t h i n k y o u may think t h a t i s an i d o l t h r e a t , b u t i n v i e w o f t h e S t a n d a r d O i l R e f i n e r y g o i n g up and w h a t i s g o i n g on i n t h i s c o u n t r y t o d a y , y o u h a d b e t t e r wake up t o t h e f a c t , u n l e s s you b e g i n t o t a k e i n t o account what people r e a l l y want. I don't And think any �116 803 person wants t h i s i n suburbia, freeway, at least n o t e v e n t h e p e o p l e who live out t h e i r e l e c t e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s don't seem t o r e f l e c t i t i s t h e i r d e s i r e t o h a v e t h a t f r e e w a y be built. I am Unless you s u r e the people i n the D i s t r i c t don't want i t - begin to take i n t o account what people want, ax*e g o i n g t o be f a c i n g a g u e r r i l l a war which., y o u the technocrats, one first of the and y o u i n the country the p o l i t i c i a n s i t i s n ' t very funny, MR. here. AIRIS: MR. bridge. PIPKIN: No, was will not v e r y be i t isn't. I had a tremendous d e s i g n I t h i n k p e r h a p s t h e r e s h o u l d be a c r o s s t h e r i v e r and funny, —- for a But t h e r e have been a l o t o f f o o t b r i d g e s across the in casualties. I g u e s s w h a t I s a i d up t o now and you submitted a footbridge I h a v e a 3Cenic d e s i g n foot- for a built footbridge river. There i s a r e a l need f o r t h i s footbridge because t h e r e a r e p a t h w a y s on b o t h s i d e s o f t h e r i v e r t h a t n e e d connecting and I t h i n k t h e f o o t b r i d g e w o u l d be a d d i t i o n to the landscape out t h e r e . the I will a very scenic submit, them f o r record. It i s a b e a u t i f u l suspension be v e r y a d e q u a t e f o r b i k e s and footbridge and i t would people. T h a t i s t h e t h r u s t o f my t h i n k i n g on t h i s subject �117 804 and t h a t i s t h a t we s h o u l d s t a r t d e s i g n i n g f o r p e o p l e . Now, t h e f r e e w a y s y s t e m s a s e x i s t i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia and e x i s t i n t h e s u b u r b s , r e i n f o r c e s a t e c h n i c a l r e a l i t y which i s against people. T h e o t h e r d a y I was r e a d i n g an a r t i c l e i n t h e Washington P o s t about a N o r t h e r n legislator Virginia a n d i t showed how h e h a d made m i l l i o n s o f d o l l a r s by b u y i n g r e a l e s t a t e a r o u n d t h e i n t e r c h a n g e s o f h i g h w a y s a n d t u r n e d t h i s r e a l e s t a t e i n t o s h o p p i n g c e n t e r s and p l a c e s like that. I t h i n k t h a t t h i s p a t t e r n o f development and p a t t e r n o f growth i s c l e a r l y anti-human i n w h a t i t does t o p e o p l e a n d w h a t i t d o e s t o t h e way t h e y t h i n k h a s b e e n p r e t t y much d e m o n s t r a t e d i n the n e u r o s i s which i s a f f l i c t i n g t h i s c o u n t r y and n e u r o s i s u p r o o t i n g t h e environment i n which people have t o l i v e i n . 1 t h i n k we h a v e t o s t a r t d e s i g n i n g f o r p e o p l e . I t h i n k we h a v e t o s t a r t t u r n i n g o u r t e c h n o l o g y i n f a v o r o f people. I h a t e t o s e e a l o t o f p e o p l e w a s t i n g t h e i r t i m e down a t t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t d e s i g n i n g r o a d s w h i c h a r e g o i n g t o separate people. I would l i k e t o s e e them s t a r t d e s i g n i n g t r a n s p o r t a t i o n systems t h a t would b r i n g people t o g e t h e r . I am n o t s a y i n g t h a t we h a v e t o e n d a l l r o a d s alto- g a t h e r , sometimes roads a r e v e r y n i c e t o g e t o u t i n t h e c o u n t r y s o m e t i m e s a n d i t w o u l d b e v e r y n i c e i f we h a d some c a r s . I t h i n k we c a n 3 t o p b u i l d i n g r o a d s now, or a t least stop But �expanding t h e f r e e w a y s y s t e m , b e c a u s e i f we e x p a n d t h e D. C.'s freeway system will and i n v o l v e t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e , t h e n we a c c i i m u l a t e a c e r t a i n l e v e l o f t r a f f i c and t h e s i t u a t i o n w i l l n o t be s o l v e d f o r 20 o r 30 y e a r s . And w h a t a b o u t t h e n e x t g e n e r a t i o n a f t e r t h a t , a n d w h e r e a r e y o u g o i n g t o draw t h e l i n e a n d w h e r e a r e y o u g o i n g to stop? I n v i e w o f t h e t a l k which has been going r e c e n t l y about environment, around I t h i n k t h e time t o stop building f r e e w a y s , t o stop t h i s process o f growth o f t h e automobile as a p r i m a r y t r a n s p o r t a t i o n means, I t h i n k we s h o u l d 3 t o p i t r i g h t now a n d draw t h e l i n e r i g h t now. I t h i n k we should b u i l d a f o o t b r i d g e a c r o s s t h e Potomac R i v e r . I t h i n k t h e f o o t b r i d g e s h o u l d s y m b o l i z e o u r commitm e n t , o u r commitment t o a t e c h n o l o g y f o rpeople, our commitment t o a p a t t e r n o f grown w h i c h w i l l be human r a t h e r than anti-human. And for t h a t i s a l l I have t o say. the record, I will submit these i f you want. (Applause.) MR. DUGAS: Thank y o u , s i r . T h a t w i l l be m a r k e d E x h i b i t s 1 , 2, and 3 o f Mr. Pipkin. (The e x h i b i t s w e r e s o m a r k e d , a n d f o l l o w : ) (GOVTSKS&ENT 1&SB9SL') �119 806 MR. DUGAS: Mr. F r a n k Wood. STATE24ENT OF FRANK WOOD, SALT MR. WOOD: INSTITUTE My name i s F r a n k Wood. Director of the Stilt I n s t i t u t e . I am T e c h n i c a l Our members compose o r supply about 95 p e r c e n t o f the s a l t used i n the U n i t e d S t a t e s , a b o u t 100 p e r c e n t i n C a n a d a , 50 p e r c e n t i n I Europe. have been a3ked i f the s a l t t h a t w i l l be used on t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e w o u l d i n any way p o l l u t e the river. I made some c a l c u l a t i o n s on t h i s . First, I o b t a i n e d from t h e Department o f Highways, t h e f a c t t h a t we u s e 25,600 t o n s o f s a l t . 1373 m i l e s o f h i g h w a y . average o fs i x lanes T h i s i s used on This i s approximately s i x lanes o r wide. C a l c u l a t i o n s show t h a t we u s e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 646 pounds o f s a l t p e r m i l e o f t w o - l a n e h i g h w a y . This is,the c o r r e c t o r d e r o f m a g n i t u d e i s u s u a l l y b e t w e e n 500 The is 1630 and span t h a t I have f o r the Three S i s t e r s f e e t , s i x lanes wide. I u s e 597 pounds o f s a l t . 700. Bridge So, t h e r e f o r e , a t t h i s r a t e , I understand t h e p r a c t i c e i n D. C. i s t o s a l t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 20 t i m e s a y e a r a n d t h e r e i s i n n o c a s e s a l t i n g more t h a n o n c e a d a y . S o t h i s w o u l d b e 597 pounds a day o n t h e d a y s when s a l t i n g i s p r a c t i c e d . The f l o w r a t e o f t h e Potomac a t t h e T h r e e Sisters B r i d g e i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 74,000 g a l l o n s p e r s e c o n d i n December on a n a v e r a g e . I t i s 1 0 1 , 700 g a l l o n s p e r s e c o n d i n J a n u a r y . �I t i s l / 2 4 t h , 400 g a l l o n s p e r s e c o n d i n F e b r u a r y , and 164,000 g a l l o n s p e r s e c o n d s i n M a r c h . Calculating t h i s out, we f i n d t h a t t h e a v e r a g e c h l o r i d e i n c r e a s e t h a t y o u e x p o s e t h e r i v e r t o w o u l d be .10112 p a r t s p e r m i l l i o n i n December, .008 p a r t s p a r m i l l i o n i n J a n u a r y , .006 p a r t s p e r m i l l i o n i n F e b r u a r y , .005 p a r t s p e r m i l l i o n i n M a r c h . T h e p r e s e n t c h l o r i d e l e v e l o f t h e r i v e r i s 15 percent per m i l l i o n . detectable Therefore, t h i s amount w o u l d n o t be by any a n a l y t i c a l means and c e r t a i n l y c o u l d n o t be c o n s t r u e d a s any h a z a r d . Are MR. AIRIS: Mr. C h a i r m a n , I m i g h t h a v e one. MR. DUGAS: Mr. MR. man t h e r e any questions? AIRIS: I dnn't want t o d i s c o u r a g e t h i s Airis. from t h e S a l t I n s t i t u t e . tons, We do u s e i n e x c e s s of gentle26,000 a t l e a s t we u s e t h a t t o s t a r t t h e s e a s o n w i t h . A c t u a l l y , i t i s a l i t t l e more t h a n t h a t . But our present t h i n k i n g i s t h a t on we p r o b a b l y w o u l d an i m p o r t a n t b r i d g e , not use t h e c h e m i c a l s a t a l l . but j u s t as a precautionary I am s u r e t h e y c o u l d be u s e d , m e a s u r e , we p r o b a b l y w o u l d resort to abrasives. So t h i s may be a c t u a l l y b e s i d e t h e p o i n t on w h e t h e r o r n o t t h i s p a r t i c u l a r f a c i l i t y w o u l d h a v e any e f f e c t on t h e MR. deleterious Potomac. WOOD: I was a s k e d t o t e s t i f y . I didn't �Bo8 volunteer to testify. MR. A I R I S : Thank y o u , s i r . MR. DUGAS: T h a n k y o u v e r y much. A VOICE: I w o u l d l i k e t o know who a s k e d this gentleman t o t e s t i f y ? MR. WOOD: MR. DUGAS: The Washington Department o f Highways. Mr. B r y a n t . STATEMENT OF ANDREW BRYANT, CHAIRMAN, TRANSPORTATION COMMITTEE, D. C. CHAMBER OF COMMERCE? ACCOMPANIED BY GREGORY W. HARRISON, PRESIDENT MR. BRYANT: I am t h e C h a i r m a n o f t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee o f t h e D. C. Chamber o f Commerce. A s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f uptown b u s i n e s s e s , we s u p p o r t a balanced, t o t a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system and as r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e m i d d l e c i t y i n h a b i t a n t s , we w i l l e n d o r s e a s y s t e m t h a t w i l l h a l t t h e downward s p i r a l o f economic d e c a y , s h o r t e n t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n home a n d j o b a n d c r e a t e a more wholesome, healthy c i t y i n which t o l i v e . The T n r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e h a s become t h e v e r y s y m b o l of controversy over construction o f freeways. important l i n k i n I n t e r s t a t e R o u t e 2 6 6 , a n d a s s u c h w o u l d be the key i n providing I ti s a very a g a t e w a y t o I n t e r s t a t e 66 on E a s t - W e s t F r e e w a y b e t w e e n t h e C a p i t a l a n d t h e N o r t h e r n Shenandoah V a l l e y of Virginia. �122 809 To n o t p e r m i t for i n t h e 1968 the e r e c t i o n of the bridge Highway A c t c r e a t e s a t r e m e n d o u s o f g r o w t h b o t h i n t h e c i t y and. w i t h o u t . as provided infliction A t l e a s t SO percent of t o t a l s a l e s of Lansburg, f o r instance i s generated i n i t s suburban s t o r e s , i n d i c a t i n g o b v i o u s l y the de-emphasizing of the in-town s t o r e s . I n c r e a s i n g l y , j o b s and b u s i n e s s e s are migrating the suburbs, l e a v i n g the c i t y w i t h fewer resources a s i n d i c a t e d by and t h e l a t e s t C e n s u s T r a c t , t o cope w i t h economic problems. I f we transpor-ation system. of the area during ha3 and tell us people t r a v e l i n g downtown a t r u s h h o u r s w i l l h a v e t o u s e t h a t more t h a n 80 p e r c e n t social effective,, Metro p l a n n e r s t h a t w i t h a c o m p l e t e d s u b w a y , 40 p e r c e n t and people, are to reverse t h i s trend b r i n g p e o p l e b a c k t o t h e c i t y , i t m u s t be w i t h an well-balanced and to automobiles of a l l t r i p s i n the Washington a 2 4 - h o u r p e r i o d w i l l be made i n a u t o m o b i l e s . become i n c r e a s i n g l y n e c e s s a r y to balance the system. A report prepared f o r the Federal C i t y I t Council proves c o n c l u s i v e l y , contrary to p u b l i c opinion, as often p u b l i c i z e d , the m a j o r i t y of the c i t i z e n s favor a balanced system. The counties surrounding the D i s t r i c t of Columbia have v o t e d o v e r w h e l m i n g l y i n f a v o r o f a bond r e f e r e n d a f i n a n c i n g t h e subway and tween the i n v o l v e d We for t h e r e has been complete accord be- jurisdictions. have a l r e a d y s u b m i t t e d our v i e w s regarding the �123 810 f r e e w a y , and i f t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s a p a r t o f t h i s system, then l e t ' s have i t . I f t h e change f r o m p r s s t r i p p e d c o n c r e t e d e s i g n a s a p p r o v e d b y t h e D. C. Highway Department t o t h e s t e e l d e s i g n a s f a v o r e d by t h e F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n w i l l s a v e $7.2 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s without a n a p p r e c i a b l e s a c r i f i c e i n d e s i g n , t h e n we f e e l t h a t t h i s i s money t h a t s u r e l y c o u l d b e u s e d f o r much-needed and housing schools. Let us n o t o b j e c t t o f r e e w a y s a n d b r i d g e s b e c a u s e o f a i r p o l l u t i o n , b u t r a t h e r l e t t h e same c o n c e r e t e d e f f o r t b e d i r e c t e d toward p o l l u t i o n - f r e e automobiles enacted by through legislation Congress. Thank y o u . MR. DUGAS: I n o t i c e t h e P r e s i d e n t o f t h e D. C. Chamber o f Commerce i s p r e s e n t a n d I w o n d e r i f y o u h a v e a n y comments o n b e h a l f o f t h e O r g a n i z a t i o n ? MR. HARRISON: Mr. D u g a s , L a d i e s a n d G e n t l e m e n , I t h i n k Mr. B r y a n t e x p r e s s e d t h e v i e w s o f t h e Chamber o f Commerce, MR. DUGAS: Would y o u g i v e t h e r e p o r t e r y o u r full name. MR. HARRISONS G r e g o r y W. H a r r i s o n , P r e s i d e n t , D. C. Chamber o f Commerce. We a r e d e f i n i t e l y i n f a v o r o f f r e e w a y s , t h e b r i d g e s , and a w e l l - b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system M e t r o p o l i t a n Area and e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e whole t h e Hub, t h a t Hub w i l l d i e �811 u n l e s s we s t a r t d o i n g s o m e t h i n g t o k e e p t h e b u s i n e s s e s a n d so f o r t h from m i g r a t i n g t o t h e s u b u r b s . We w i l l n o t h a v e a h e a l t h y community i f t h e Hub i s d y i n g . We f e e l a s i f f r e e w a y s Sisters Bridge, i s definitely And and subways, o r t h e Three needed. t o t h e opponents o f t h e Three S i s t e r s I t h i n k t h a t t h e y n e e d t o t a k e a good h a r d Bridge, look a t what i s happening i n t h s Center C i t y and what i s happening, e s p e c i a l l y a s f a r a s b u s i n e s s e s a r e concern3d. 7:00 o ' c l o c k You c a n n o t i c e i n t h i s town i t i s a l m o s t dead. after I c a n remember when t h i s was a g r e a t w i l d c i t y , a n d we h a v e t o make t h e c i t y t h a t w a y a g a i n , a n d we a r e n o t g o i n g t o be a b l e t o do i t u n l e s s we g e t a w e l l - b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m . MR. DUGAS: MR. A I R I S : it Thank y o u , Mr. H a r r i s o n . Mr. C h a i r m a n , I j u s t w a n t t o s a y t h a t i s a r e f r e s h i n g a t t i t u d e , i t i s an a f f i r m a t i v e one, and i t i s a s .1 s e e t h e s i t u a t i o n . MR. DUGAS: T h a n k y o u v e r y much f o r a p p e a r i n g , gentlemen. MR. ABBOTT: Mr. D u g a s , may I a s k t h e g e n t l e m a n a question? Where w o u l d y o u p u t t h e N o r t h L e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop w h i c h comes o f f t h e b r i d g e , K S t r e e t ? MR. F R A I N : I w o u l d l i k e t o know. F l o r i d a Avenue? MR. HARRISON: We s u g g e s t i t go b a c k f o r f u r t h e r �812 s t u d y , b u t we a r e d e f i n i t e l y i n f a v o r o f t h e f r e e w a y s . MR. AHBOTTs On U S t r e e t ? MR. HARRISONS W e l l now, Sara, i f y o u go b a c k a n d c h e c k y o u r r e c o r d a g a i n , w h a t d i d we s a y — i t n i g h t go d i d n ' t we suggest down T S t r e e t i n s t e a d o f U S t r e e t ? MR. ABBOTTs T e l l us because I f o r g o t . l i k e t o know f o r t h e r e c o r d now a n d t h e a u d i e n c e I wul here, the r e c o m m e n d a t i o n o f uptown b u s i n e s s a n d t h e Chamber o f Commerce for t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e N o r t h L e g , t h e t r a f f i c t h a t i s coming off the bridge. MR. HARRISONS Sam, we f e e l t h e way t h e s i t u a t i o n has p r e s e n t l y been proposed w i t h t h e few a l t e r a t i o n s , i t w i l l do n o t h i n g b u t h e l p uptown b u s i n e s s . MR. ABBOTT s Where i s t h e t r a f f i c g o i n g t o go? T h a t i s a s i m p l e q u e s t i o n I a s k . O n l y f r o m K S t r e e t up t o U? You h a v e t o come up w i t h a r e c o m m e n d a t i o n . MR. HARRISONs Sam, t h a t i s why we s u g g e s t i t go b a c k f o r f u r t h e r s t u d y , b u t we a r e i n f a v o r o f i t . MR. F R A I N : MR. ABBOTT: i t on K S t r e e t . Street. Where, U, F l o r i d a , P S t r e e t ? The F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l d o e s n ' t want T h e B o a r d o f T r a d e d o e s n ' t w a n t i t on K As r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f a b u s i n e s s community, p r i m a r i l y north o f , s a y , Massachusetts A v e n u e , w h a t a r e y o u r recommenda- t i o n s , f o rthe record? MR. BRYANT: L e t me s a y , a s y o u know, we h a v e b e e n �125 813 d e v o t e d t o t h e s t u d y o f t h e Uptown. L e g and o b v i o u s l y I t h i n k the Uptown L e g o f t h e f r e e w a y would n o t i n i t s e l f problem. solve the I t w i l l mean a s t u d y o f t h e w o r k i n g o f t h e f r e e w a y a l o n g w i t h t h e subway p r o p o s e d . MR. FRAIN: S t r e e t Expressway? Y o u w a n t i t o n K, L , Downtown, o r E Where do you w a n t i t ? MR. DUGAS: Do y o u Now, Mr. F r a i n , y o u a s k e d h i m a q u e s t i o n . G i v e him a c h a n c e t o answer i t . MR. FRAIN: He i s n o t a n s w e r i n g i t . MR. DUGAS: He i s n o t a n s w e r i n g i t t h e way y o u w a n t him t o answer i t . MR. A I R I S : He d o e s n ' t h a v e t o a n s w e r t o y o u . MR. FRAIN: He may w a n t t o a n s w e r i t t h e way y o u want to.. Mr. Dugas, o r Mr. A i r i s , B u t now I w a n t to know how Mr. F a u n t r o y came down a n d s a i d h e d i d n ' t w a n t i t down t h e r e MR. DUGAS: it Now, h e r e i s Mr. B r y a n t . MR. F R A I N : — These people a p p a r e n t l y agreed t o have up t h e r e . MR. DUGAS: H e r e i s Mr. B r y a n t , who r e p r e s e n t s t h e b u s i n e s s m e n who d o n ' t w a n t i t . MR. F R A I N : oppose i t . The F e d e r a t i o n o f C i v i c Associations Reverend F a u n t r o y s a y s he d o e s n ' t want i t . I want t o f i n d o u t why t h e y w a n t i t . MR. DUGAS: Mr. F r a i n , these pecpie represent an- o t h e r s e g m e n t o f t h e b l a c k community. And y o u d o n ' t s p e a k f o r �814 _ ..' o f t h e b l a c i c community. any o f t h e b l a c k community. MR. F R A I N : not. Nor does Mr. A b b o t t s p e a k f o r I d o n ' t know w h e t h e r t h a t i s t r u e o r We h a v e h u n d r e d s o f b l a c k e m p l o y e e s i n t h e Downtown MR. DUGAS: You don't have a s i n g l e b l a c k employee anywhe r e , Mr. F r a i n . MR. F R A I N : I am a r e t i r e d C o n g r e s s i o n a l aide. MR. DUGAS: That i s r i g h t . MR. F R A I N : And how many do y o u MR* DUGAS: B u t I h a v e one t h i n g y o u d o n ' t h a v e , a n d y o u know w h a t t h a t i s w i t h o u t me m a k i n g i t a p a r t o f t h i s record. MR. F R A I N : You t e l l me. MR. DUGAS: I am a b l a c k l i v i n g i n t h i s MR. F R A I N : A r e you f o r freeways on F l o r i d a MR. DUGAS: I am n o t f o r a n y t h i n g e x c e p t f o r t h e community. Avenue? o p p o r t u n i t y f o r Mr. B r y a n t t o a n s w e r y o u r q u e s t i o n , i f y o u want i t answered, i f not, you can say so. MR. F R A I N : I would l i k e t o have an answer. not t r y i n g t o f i g h t him. MR. DUGAS: I want an answer. L e t him answer. Mr. B r y a n t h a p p e n s t o be a member o f t h e A I A , a u n i v e r s i t y g r a d u a t e w i t h several d e g r e e s , and I t h i n k he i s q u i t e c a p a b l e o f a n s w e r i n g . don't t h i n k he needs y o u r h e l p . MR. F R A I N : I am Why does h e n e e d y o u r d e f e n s e ? And I �127 815 MR. me DUGAS: t o s h u t you MR. Ha d o e s n ' t n e e d ray d e f e n s e , b u t he needs up. BSYftNT: I d i d n ' t come p r e p a r e d to o f f e r a s o l u t i o n t o the e x a c t l o c a t i o n because t h a t i s being s t u d i e d . We are i n the process, f o r instance, of t r y i n g to create a r e v i v a l of business. As y o u know, some l e g i s l a t i o n i s p r o - p o s e d w h i c h w o u l d be more o r l e s s c e n t e r e d b e t w e e n 1 3 t h 1 2 t h S t r e e t w i t h e n t r a n c e s on t h e n o r t h w e s t corner of and t h e a r e a a d j a c e n t t o t h e G a r n e t - P a t t e r s o n H i g h We f e e l t h a t t h e subway s t a t i o n s and t h e s t a n c e , by t h e C e n t e n n i a l 13th School. catalyst t h e y w i l l c r e a t e and t h e b u s i n e s s t h e y w i l l g e n e r a t e w i t h t h e r e b u i l d i n g t h a t we and along hope w o u l d be c o m p l e t e d , f o r i n i f t h i s , a l o n g w i t h many o f o t h e r t i l i n g s , when i t i s a l l s e t and p u t i n i t s p r o p e r the per- s p e c t i v e w i t h t h e f r e e w a y w h e r e i t i s most a d v a n t a g e o u s f o r t h e Uptown L e g t o b e , a t t h a t t i m e we w o u l d be a t h e a r i n g as t h i s making a B u t we the l e g . things 4 We another statement. a t t h i s t i i r e s a y t h e uptown b u s i n e s s m e n w a n t have d i s c u s s e d i t . along w i t h the proposals There a r e some o f a s e s t a b l i s h e d by these the N a t i o n a l P a r k s and P l a n n i n g Commission, t h a t p e r h a p s t o r e v i t a l i z e F l o r i d a A v e n u e , w h i c h was the North Side. I t m i g h t be the o l d boundary o f a good i d e a . t h e freedom o f F l o r i d a Avenue. attempt I t i s a part of I t m i g h t h e l p us t o r e d e f i n e t h e C i t y a n d , m o s t i m p o r t a n t l y , and t h i s i s t h e t h i n g we are �816 v e r y much a g a i n s t , s t o p u p r o o t i n g o f t h e b u s i n e s s e s a n d t h e p e o p l e who h a v e l o n g b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h e a r e a . For the f e w b u s i n e s s e s o r p e o p l e who h a v e t o b e removed o r r e l o c a t e d , we w a n t due p r o c e s s , we w a n t j u s t c o m p e n s a t i o n f o r t h e i r p r o p e r t i e s a n d t h a t t h e y a r e a l l o w e d t o p u t up a n e q u a l establishment i n another location. We f e e l t h e f r e e w a y w i l l b e n e f i t most p e o p l e a n d if i t w i l l g e n e r a t e t h e k i n d o f l i f e we w o u l d l i k e t o s e e i n t h e C i t y , t h e n we a r e r e a d y t o s a c r i f i c e a f e w p e o p l e few b u s i n e s s e s . and a We w i l l make a n o t h e r segment a t a n o t h e r hearing a t another time. MR. ABBOTT: Do y o u know Mr. F . H. Thomas, a n a r c h i t e c t , a l s o P l a n n i n g C h a i r m a n o f t h e D. C . F e d e r a t i o n o f Civic Associations? MR. DUGAS: You a r e u n d e r no c o m p u l s i o n MR. BRYANT: I know F r e d d i e Thomas. MR. ABBOTT: Okay. t o answer that. Do y o u f e e l Mr. Thomas r e p r e s e n t s a l s o a s much a s e g m e n t o f t h e b l a c k community a s y o u ? MR. DUGAS: I f y o u c a n a n s w e r t h a t , Mr. B r y a n t MR. BRYANT: W e l l , we a r e n o t — i f you want i t t o b r i n g i t down t o b l a c k a n d w h i t e i s s u e s , we a r e n o t s a y i n g we r e p r e s e n t a l l b l a c k people MR. ABBOTT: and t h e i r v i e w s . I g o t t h e i m p r e s s i o n from y o u r beginning s t a t e m e n t , t h a t s u c h was t h e c a s e , t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e �129 817 b l a c k community. You r e p r e s e n t T h e o d o r e Hagans a n d how many g r o u p s , how many member g r o u p s o f y o u r o r g a n i z a t i o n a r e t h e r e in e x i s t e n c e , f o r the record? MR. BRYANT: How many? MR. ABBOTT: Y e s , j u s t roughly. MR. DUGAS: How many businesses? T h i s i s a s t a t e m e n t on b e h a l f o f t h e D. C. Chamber o f Commerce. T h a t i s one o r g a n i z a t i o n made up o f p r i n c i p a l l y b l a c k b u s i n e s s m e n i n t h e Upper N o r t h w e s t S e c t i o n o f W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. MR. ABBOTT: to, A l l I wanted t o p o i n t o u t , t h a t h i t h e r - t h e appearance o f every spokesman f r o m t h e b l a c k community a n d I d o n ' t w a n t t o go t h r o u g h t h e l i s t i n g o f them, t h e y a r e all i n t h e r e c o r d , wide v a r i e t y , unanimously opposed and t h e r e i s no o r g a n i z a t i o n MR.HARRISON: MR. ABBOTT: Now y o u h e a r d one b l a c k who i s f o r i t . — with the exception of this particua group t h a t i s f o r t h e freeway. I go b a c k . L e t me f i n i s h t h e l a s t t h i n g . The day y o u come o u t , s i r , t h e d a y y o u c a n come o u t a n d t e l l me where t h a t N o r t h L e g i s g o i n g t o go, c a l l a p r e s s c o n f e r e n c e a t 14th a n d U, a n d I am t h e r e w i t h y o u , s e e . T h e n y o u w i l l have the r i g h t t o speak f o r b l a c k s . MR. DUGAS: Now, Mr. A b b o t t , l e t h i m t e l l y o u some- thing. ( R e m a r k s b y Mr. H a r r i s o n inaudible.) �130 818 MR. DUGAS; Mr. T r e n t m a n . STATEMENT OF STEVEN TRENTMAN, GEORGETOWN COMMUNITY MR. TRENTMAN: I t r u s t t h i s w i l l be s h o r t . My name i s S t e v e n Trentman. I s p e a k a s one o f t h e V i c e P r e s i d e n t s o f t h e C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n o f Georgetown. Originally, i t was o u r u n d e r s t a n d i n g h e a r i n g was on b r i d g e d e s i g n . become somewhat b r o a d e r . that this However, i t c u r r e n t l y h a s S o , t h e r e f o r e , we p l a n t o s u b m i t — t h e A s s o c i a t i o n p l a n s t o s u b m i t a s t a t e m e n t b y December 2 8 , p o i n t i n g o u t t h a t t h e A s s o c i a t i o n i s one o f t h e p l a i n t i f f s i n a s u i t against the bridge. The A s s o c i a t i o n ' s s t a n d h a s n o t changed. Thank y o u . (Applause.} MR. DUGAS: Mr. D a v i s Thank y o u , s i r . Hawkins. STATEMENT OF DAVID G. HAWKINS, STERN COMMUNITY LAW F I R M MR. HAWKINS: My name i s D a v i d H a w k i n s a n d I am a s t a f f member o f t h e S t e r n Community Law F i r m . The S t e r n Community Law F i r m i s a D. C . - b a s e d , p r i v a t e l y - f u n d e d , community-controlled matters planning concerning law f i r m , which represents persons i n the public interest. Transportation i n t h e National C a p i t a l Area i s a c r u c i a l i s s u e and �819 the Three S i s t e r s Bridge proposal i s symbolic of the d i r e c t i o n s such planning w i l l I would f i r s t take. l i k e t o comment t h a t t h e p r e s e n t h e a r i n g s , b e i n g l i m i t e d t o d e s i g n , a r e an e x e r c i s e i n f o o l i s h n e s s and u n r e a l i t y . I get the f e e l i n g t h a t I have f a l l e n w i t h A l i c e i n t o a Wonderland where a l l p r o p e r a x e r e v e r s e d . As y o u may r e c a l l when a t r i a l was t h e r e , t h e Queen o f H e a r t s demanded: T h e n we'11 hear the procedures t o be held "Pass the sentence first evidence." Congress ha3 a l r e a d y passed sentence h e r e , s a y i n g , " B u i l d the Bridge." assembled Now, you, the j u r o r s , are to gather the evidence. enough t o s a t i s f y T i t l e Design hearings a r e not 23 o f t h e U. S. Code, J u d g e recent r u l i n g to the contrary notwithstanding. q u e s t i o n i s now to dutifully before the Court of Appeals Sirica's Since the common sense,not m e n t i o n r e s p e c t f o r t h e l a w , w o u l d s u g g e s t d e l a y i n g any hearings u n t i l the question i s r e s o l v e d . However, y o u h a v e d e c r e e d t h a t t h e s e h e a r i n g s f o c u s on d e s i g n and s o I s h a l l s t r u c t u r e my ingly. The testimony r e a s o n i n g t o be e m p l o y e d i s s i m p l e . shall accord- First, one m u s t i d e n t i f y t h e damages a n d p o t e n t i a l damages c a u s e d by concept of the Three S i s t e r s the Bridge. T h e n one m u s t come up w i t h a d e s i g n w h i c h e l i m i n a t e s t h e s e damages. easy. I d e n t i f y i n g t h e bad aspects of the bridge i s I n d e e d , m o s t o f t h e w i t n e s s e s who have appeared a t �132 820 t h e s e h e a r i n g s h a v e a l r e a d y done s o . Thus, a quick recapitu- l a t i o n i s enough. F i r s t , t h e b r i d g e and i t s a p p r o a c h e s w i l l a c r e s o f p a r k l a n d on b o t h s i d e s o f t h e r i v e r . The destroy integrity o f t h e Potomac P a l i s a d e s w i l l be r u i n e d . S e c o n d , i t w i l l be automotive j u s t one more b a r r i e r o f c o n c r e t e , a i r p o l l u t i o n and t r a f f i c n o i s e between t h e n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s o f t h e Potomac and t h o s e c i t i z e n s who wish to enjoy it. T h i r d , i t s l o c a t i o n p u t s t h e k n i f e on t h e highwayman to due the t h r o a t of Glover-Archbcld Park, As t r a f f i c t o t h e e n c o u r a g e m e n t o f more p a s s e n g e r - c a r u s e by t h e b r i d g e , t h e t e m p t a t i o n t o s l a s h t h r o u g h grows, provided the park w i t h norther s w a t h o f c o n c r e t e w i l l become g r e a t e r and g r e a t e r . F o u r t h , t h e b r i d g e and i t s a p p r o a c h e s w i l l continue t h e p a v i n g o v e r o f t h e h i s t o r i c Georgetown W a t e r f r o n t . Re- p l a c i n g c o n c r e t e f a c t o r i e s w i t h c o n c r e t e highways i s not way t o p r e s e r v e the a r e a ' s landmark Fifth, qualities. and m o s t d e v a s t a t i n g , t h e b r i d g e w i l l t h e t r e n d o f o v e r r u n n i n g t h e c i t y w i t h commuter cars. With i t s f a l s e promises of reduced escalate passenger congestion, the b r i d g e w i l l e n c o u r a g e g r e a t e r and more i r r e s p o n s i b l e u s e the the of automobile. The p r o p h e s y o f i n c r e a s e d t r a f f i c f l o w s w i l l be f i l l e d a n d demands f o r more a n d b i g g e r i n n e r - c i t y highways ful- �821 w i l l ensue. The p a t t e r n i s p r e d i c t a b l e . I n c r e a s e d downtown c o n g e s t i o n w i l l b u i l d p r e s s u r e f o r more p a r k i n g facilities and b u s i n e s s e s w i l l be d e s t r o y e d t o make way f o r them. To accommodate t h e t r a f f i c , , t h e p o o r a n d t h e d i s e n f r a n c h i s e d w i l l be s t e a m r o l l e r e d f r o m t h e i r homes. T h i s i s an i m p r e s s i v e and d e p r e s s i n g l i s t o f and fault f i n d i n g a design that w i l l e l i m i n a t e a l l i s a formidable task. However, a f t e r c o n s u l t i n g w i t h a team o f a r c h i t e c t s and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n e r s , we f i n a l l y came up w i t h a d e s i g n t h a t comes c l o s e s t t o b e i n g (Presents tolerable. display^ As y o u s e e , t h e d e s i g n i s f o r a o n e - l a n e wooden, covered bridge such as grace t h e country a r e a o f t h e Northeastern United States. I t h i n k you w i l l f e a t u r e s r e s o l v e most o f t h e problems. are agree t h a t i t s S i n c e i t s approaches modest c o u n t r y l a n e a f f a i r s , v e r y l i t t l e taking of parkland is involved. T r a f f i c n o i s e a n d a i r p o l l u t i o n w i l l be minimal s i n c e o n l y f o u r c a r s w i l l be p e r m i t t e d o n t h e b r i d g e a t a n y one t i m e and t h e s p e e d l i m i t w i l l be 15 m i l e s p e r h o u r . Finally, i n o r d e r t o p r e v e n t t h e o n s l a u g h t o f commuter traffic, t h e b r i d g e w i l l be one-way o u t o f t h e D i s t r i c t on w e e k d a y m o r n i n g s a n d one-way i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t on w e e k d a y evenings. I s y o u r r e a c t i o n t o t h i s p r o p o s a l , " T h i s c a n ' t be �134 822 serious?" own I f s o , I can. o n l y s u g g e s t t h a t y o u l o o k t o house. Or y o u r own bridge, i n t h i s case. We your have a t y o u r p r o p o s a l s f o r t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e and looked after c o n s i d e r i n g t h e d e s t r u c t i v e and i r r e s p o n s i b l e n a t u r e o f p l a n n i n g , o u r o n l y c o n c l u s i o n i s , "You c a n ' t be your serious." F o r t h e r e i s no d e s i g n s o l u t i o n t o w h a t y o u w a n t t o do — n a m e l y , t o make i t e a s i e r and e a s i e r f o r more and more automobiles t o rampage a t w i l l No design w i l l perpetrated — throughout the city. e l i m i n a t e the governmental evil namely, the treatment of the D i s t r i c t as a p l a n t a t i o n t o be o v e r s e e n by a h a n d f u l o f C o n g r e s s m e n l i k e B r i t i s h C o l o n i a l i s t e x p l o i t e r s whose g r e e d and tormented being t h e o r i g i n a l 13 c o l o n i e s 200 y e a r s behaving arrogance ago. I f t h i s b r i d g e i s e v e r b u i l t , i t w i l l s t a n d as a s h i n i n g e x a m p l e o f t h e low r e g a r d t h o s e i n power h a v e f o r t h e i n d e p e n d e n c e and Columbia. freedom o f t h e r e s i d e n t s o f t h e D i s t r i c t I t w i l l make a m o c k e r y o f t h e m e s s a g e o f t h e of 1976 Bicentennial Celebration. We for c e l e b r a t e t h e b r i d g e s a t L e x i n g t o n and the b a t t l e s which were fought t h e r e . Concord L e t u s hope we can c e l e b r a t e t h e B i c e n t e n n i a l o f A m e r i c a n I n d e p e n d e n c e by p l a c i n g a m a r k e r t o commemorate t h e b r i d g e w h i c h was Three Sisters Thank you. (Applause.) never b u i l t at �135 823 MR. DUGAS: This concludes our l i s t . I s there anyone n o t on o u r l i s t who h a s n o t spoken, who would l i k e t o make some t e s t i m o n y f o r t h e r e c o r d ? (No r e s p o n s e . ) MR. DUGAS: at I f n o t , t h e s e h e a r i n g s w i l l be a d j o u r n e d 3:40 p.m. . (Whereupon, a t 3:40 p.m., t h e p u b l i c h e a r i n g i n t h e above e n t i t l e d m a t t e r x*as c o n c l u d e d . ) �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Public hearing RE: design-Interstate Route 266 : Wednesday, December 16, 1970 Subject The topic of the resource Interstate 266 Three Sisters Bridge (Washington, D.C.) Public meetings Description An account of the resource Public hearing RE: design-Interstate Route 266 took place over three days (<a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6205" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Monday, December 14">Monday, December 14</a>; <a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6236" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Tuesday, December 15">Tuesday, December 15</a>, and <a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6173" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Wednesday, December 16">Wednesday, December 16</a>), and also included <span><a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6309" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="statements submitted for the record in lieu of personal appearance">statements submitted for the record in lieu of personal appearance</a>.</span> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ward & Paul District of Columbia. Executive Office Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 16, 1970 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/529a9e408d3472c7f9728284e1401f54.pdf?Expires=1779321600&Signature=fGvSdwy9MxQAjqxyMqUtVwmbbC5JGKjgZnvp6SOEr%7EIPlV40aZl%7Et8lzN%7EkB27165l3lLWwqPmESSWz7sLGskiyp8wm%7ED4kg06YKwvL8jR0eWTDnXOhm4TL1AkZx%7EsWPV%7ELgbL7Ra3CQU1W61sc4Kn7xWfE%7E3PgfBBVR9d5YRS40Asb47RgEQ%7ESRpNiZxX7jlRd69UwHpuu1EkhPPUeH5op35Xbv7rv9cYfYwgnxGQhtaNZDrRh2hcPRil8IlBOYGLHWbKP6eDeAjrLxuCyAjklSCq4Nt0JnMO1A47WdetTccbxlbiyKoAzZ02wg9DqIe87X7nrqRxyN6qcnVO2b%7EQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 934899df21392c92259181f25b1aa18d PDF Text Text EXECUTIVE — OFFICE — 7. 'ubllc H e a r i n g , In R e : DESIGN - INTERSTATE ROUTE 266 STATEMENTS SUBMITTED FOR THE RECORD I N L I E U OF PERSONAL APPEARANCE TO SUPPLEMENT Statements c f : Monday, December 1 4 , 197c T u e s d a y , D e c e m b e r 15, 197C Wednesday, December l b , 197C Washington, P. C. WARD & PAUL 410 FIRST S T R E E T , S. E . WASHINGTON, D. C. 20003 (202) 544-6000 �4630 Broad Branch Rd., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20008 J a n u a r y 3, 1971 Mr. J u l i a n R. Dugas c/o Mr. M a r t i n K, S c h a l l e r Executive Secretary O f f i c e o f the Mayor-Commissioner Room 528, D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g 13th & E S t r e e t s , N.W. Washington, D.C. Re: J o i n t Design P u b l i c H e a r i h g Proposed I n t e r s t a t e 26^ Dear Mr. Dugas: You may r e c a l l t h a t a t t h e h e a r i n g on December 16, 1970, Mr. A i r i s r e q u e s t e d t h a t Dr. C. M i c h a e l Hogan supplement h i s statement by p r o v i d i n g a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g c e r c a i n m a t h e m a t i c a l formulae. I e n c l o s e a one-page addendum t o Dr. Hogan's p r e p a r e d statement w i t h the information requested. the We r e s p e c t f u l l y r e q u e s t t h a t i t be i n c l u d e d i n hearing record. Very t r u l y yours, (P. i i * \Z. ROBERT.' M. KENNAN, J R . Chairman, Roads SubcommitteeCommit t e e o f 100 cn the Federal City cc: Dr. C. M i c h a e l Hogan �To augment the testimony of E S L I n c o r p o r a t e d r e n d e r e d upon the proposed 1266 highway on D e c e m b e r 14, 1970, the following f a c t s a r e introduced. T h e noise map c a l c u l a t i o n s w e r e based upon e x p e r i m e n t a l l y v a l i d a t e d p r o c e d u r e s s e t f o r t h in the publication, " P r e d i c t i o n of U r b a n Noise P o l l u t i o n , " by C. M i c h a e l Hogan and H a r r y Seidman, E T 1 1 , E S L I n c o r p o r a t e d , Sunnyvale, C a l i f o r n i a , J u l y 1970. T h e c a r b o n monoxide p r e d i c t i o n s were based upon the d i f f u s i o n model techniques recommended by the National A i r P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . T h e following t h r e e r e f e r e n c e s provide an appropriate d e s c r i p t i o n : D. B r u c e T u r n e r , Workbook of A t m o s p h e r i c D i s p e r s i o n E s t i m a t e s . U.S. Department of Health, E d u c a t i o n and W e l f a r e , Environmental Health S e r i e s , P B 1 9 1 4 S 2 , 1970. Meteorology and A t o m i c E n e r g y . U.S. A t o m i c E n e r g y C o m m i s s i o n , 1968. N. F- I s l i t z e r , Short-Range A t m o s p h e r i c D i s p e r s i o n M e a s u r e m e n t s f r o m an E l e v a t e d Source, J o u r n a l of Meteorology, I S (4), 1961, pp. 443-450. Since c a l c u l a t i o n s w e r e executed by m e a n s of computer, the output i s r a t h e r bulky and is a v a i l a b l e f o r public examination at E S L I n c o r p o r a t e d , Sunnyvale, California. �1970 November 29, - l r . j . B. Hope, D i s t r i c t Sagineer V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways Culpeper, V i r g i n i a Dear g r . Hope: on 14, go of T h i s l e t t e r i s i n r e f e r e n c e to the p u b l i c h e a r i n g the l o c a t i o n o f P.outea 256/55 scheduled, f o r December 1 9 7 0 . I do not w i s h to t e s t i f y , but I would l i k e to on w r i t t e n r e c o r d i n o p p o s i t i o n to t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n these freeways and t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . The a d d i t i o n o f more freeways has n o t appears:' to abate t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems, but r a t h e r has c r e a t e d more problems: p a r k i n g space s h o r t a g e s , t r a f f i c congesti o n , more a c c i d e n t s w i t h the r e s u l t a n t deaths, i n j u r i e s and h i g h e r i n s u r a n c e r a t e s . R e c e n t l y , e c o l o g i c a l i s s u e s nave a l s o emerged: s e r i o u s p o l l u t i o n from auto e x h a u s t s , and the r e d u c t i o n of s u r f a c e l a n d by the roadways themselves. This reduced useable s u r f a c e l a n d e f f e c t s water r u n - o f f and e l i m i n a t e s green v e g e t a t i o n t h a t both c o o l s and p u r i f i e s a i r . I b e l i e v e t h e r e a r e many v a l i d reasons our need f o r more f r e e w a y s . to q u e s t i o n Sincerely, 4 . Richard ?.. F l a n n e l l y 3229 N . . 2 7 t h 3 t . " Irlington, Virginia 22207 RECEIVED DEPT. OF DEC //. -. /1 v .-i i I 1970 D/ST. OFFICE CUUWKR. VA. �C O M M I T T E E 1307 O F 100 NEW H A M P S H I R E O N T H E A V E N U E , F O U N D E D F E D E R A L W A S H I N G T O N , CITY D . C . 20036 1923 N o v e m b e r 30, 1970 The Honorable Walter E. Washington Mayor-Commissioner, District of Columbia R o o m 520, D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g 1 4 t h & E S t S . , N. W. Washington, D . C . 20004 Re: Joint Design Public Hearing P r o p o s e d I n t e r s t a t e 26b D e a r M a y o r Washington: On November 13., 1970, t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia D e p a r t ment o f Highways and T r a f f i c ana t h e s t a t e Highway Commission of t h e Commonwealth o f V i r g i n i a p u b l i s h e d a n o t i c e o f a " j o i n t D e s i g n P u b l i c H e a r i n g " on t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e port i o n o f proposed I n t e r s t a t e 266. The n o t i c e s t a t e d t h a t t h e h e a r i n g w i l l be h e l d a t t h e Department o f Commerce A u d i t o r i u m on December 14, 1970 " i n accordance w i t h T i t l e 23, U. 3. Code, S e c t i o n 126 and U. S . Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P o l i c y and Procedure Memorandum 2 0 - 6 dated J a n u a r y 14, 19oy. I am w r i t i n g on b e h a l f of t h e Committee of 100 on t h e F e d e r a l C i t y to urge you t o postpone t h e h e a r i n g . :i The h e a r i n g should be postponed (1) u n t i l a f i n a l j u d i c i a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n i s made i n t h e pending Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e l a w s u i t , D.C. Federal:ion o f C i v i c ,. .;'ns, v . Volc-e, ' and (2) uriv.il Che c o r r i d o r p u b l i c h e a r i n g r e q u i r e d oy PPM 20-6 has been h e l d f o r t h e e n t i r e I n t e r s t a t e Highway p r o j e c t i n V i r g i n i a designated I n t e r s t a t e 66, between I n t e r s t a t e ^95 ( t h e ' C a p i t a l B e l t w a y " ) and Theodore R o o s e v e l t Bridge« As you Know, t h e Committee o f 100 i s a p l a i n t i f f I n the Three S i . v t e r s B r i d g e l a w s u i t . Among other t h i n g s , t h e rOaintiff•'• h -? a l l e r t e d t h a t a c o r r i d o r p u b l i c h e a r i n g on « T- 2t i x \. uc. Lug the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , i s r e q u i r e d by PPM 20-6 a.hd • hat t h e S e c r e t a r y o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n has not OE.Ul' A I I I U lit MAKING WASHINGTON A G R E A T N A T ION'S C A P I T A L l\V!fS < i ' !:\!>H\, l\IA ; l r i - i i i.rt.n ! > • ' • ! . ' . i , c < h-i.or.ir, ,!\Mi • - «',arf..| i M u m H i , \ ice C.h''irm.'n . MRS. HlRHtRl Hi I 1 <iKl«- i K S Pl.t* i r l l s ASM S ' 'Mi A BETTER MRS PI A C T . T O L I V E l i HHABII > \ Gl >: I I Riml H i \1 k.' s\ vs. J i t in \ . H K M : S H . R< A V I HON H I I;H S C I M M I M , JK MHV COL K.'BiKi IKviu N V'i R M s, f Al \ F. E V A N S , US \ t K . t j «-.. IK �g i v e n the a p p r o v a l s r e o u i r e a w i t h r e s p e c t t c t h a t pro.iect by S e c t i o n s 1"-.- ana 138 of the F e d e r a l - A i d Highway Act of I 9 5 6 3 a s amended. The l a w s u i t i s now before the United S t a t e s C o u r t of Appeals f o r t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia C i r c u i t , and the c o u r t w i l l decide these i s s u e s i n the near future. As a r e s u l t of the c o u r t ' s d e c i s i o n , the l o c a t i o n of 1-266 may be r e c o n s i d e r e d and changed, or i t may be dec i d e a not to c o n s t r u c t 1-266 a t a l l . i n any e v e n t , i f the c o u r t holds t h a t a c o r r i d o r h e a r i n g must be h e l d i t would be n e c e s s a r y to h o l d a new d e s i g n h e a r i n g . With the T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e l a w s u i t i n I t s p r e s e n t p o s t u r e , h o l d i n g the ;]oint d e s i g n h e a r i n g on December 14 w i l l be f u t i l e ana u s e l e s s , r e q u i r i n g an unnecessary expenditure of time ana money by governmental o f f i c i a l s and p e r s o n s wanting to t e s t i f y . A p u o l i c n e a r i n g on the d e s i g n of p a r t of 1-66 i n V i r g i n i a from the C a p i t a l Beltway t o Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e was h e l d on Septemoer 29, 1970 and a p p a r e n t l y w i l l be c o n t i n u e d on December 7, 1970. The most r e c e n t p r e v i o u s p u o l i c h e a r i n g on 1-66 was held i n October, 1956. PPM 20-0 r e o u i r e o t h a t " [ A ] c o r r i d o r p u b l i c h e a r i n g . . . must be h e l d , or an o p p o r t u n i t y a f f o r d e d . . , w i t h r e s p e c t to each Feu e r a ! - a i d highway pro.iect t h a t . . . would have a s u b s t a n t i a ] l y d i f f e r e n t s o c i a l , economic or e n v i r o n m e n t a l effect. ..." ( S e c t i o n 6a.) 1-66 as proposed today would o b v i o u s l y have s u b s t a n t i a l l y d i f f e r e n t s o c i a l , economic and e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s than 1-66 as proposed i n 1956. PPM 20-6 t h e r e f o r e appears t o r e q u i r e a c o r r i d o r p u b l i c h e a r i n g on 1-66. I f such a h e a r i n g i s not h e l d i t i s l i k e l y t h a t t h e r e w i l l be l i t i g a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g I - o o . The l o c a t i o n of 1-66 i n V i r g i n i a cannot be determined i n advance of a c o r r i d o r p u o l i c h e a r i n g . Such a h e a r i n g •"•'St be "*~ ' 'bn-'oyo the route loon* 1 on i s T n r o v e d a r ^ o e t ore t n o .,t~te i.r--..away department 1.0 1: u:*..-.i: tea t o a o p e c i f l c proposal, tin; EEe purpose 01 such a FxearTng i s to ensure t h a t an opp > r t u n i t y I s a f f o r d e d f o r e f f e c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n . . . i n ;.}•: • process i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e need f o r , and the l o c a t i o n of, a F e d e r a l - a i d highway. ( S e c ' i o n 4 a , j emphasis a i a o a . ) As a r e s u l t of the h e a r i n g , the V . r g i n l a Highway Commission may uecide t h a t 1-66 i s not needed or t h a t another l o c a t i o n i s r e e f e r r e d . Another l o c a t i o n f o r 1-66, 01 c o u r s e , would a f f e * t the need and l o c a t i o n f o r I - J o b . B e f o r e a c o r r i d o r p u b l i c h e a r i n g i s h e l d on I-fofc i n V i r g i n i a , h o l d i n g the d e s i r n h e a r i n g on 1-266 would be f u t i l e ana u s e l e s s . v �- 3 - I f a p u b l i c h e a r i n g i s h e l d on the s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n and d e s i g n of [-266, i t should i n c l u d e the s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n and d e s i g n of the p o r t i o n of 1-266 a l o n g the Georgetown waterfront. The o f f i c L a i n o t i c e f o r the h e a r i n g on December 14 s t a t e s t h a t i t w i l l be conducted "to c o n s i d e r a l t e r n a t i v e d e s i g n s f o r proposed I n t e r s t a t e Route 266 between a p o i n t near the intejrsec t i o n of C a n a l Road and MacArthur B o u i e v a r d i n Vgsnlm.r cn , • ) . C •, ana a c o n n e c t i o n w i t h : ne proposed I n t e r s t a t e Route 66 n e a r Lorccm Lane i n A r l i n g t o n County, V i r g i n i a , i n c l u d i n g a proposed bridge a c r o s s the Potomac R i v e r i n the v i c i n i t y of the Three S i s t e r s I s l a n d s . " (Emphasis added.) The "point near the I n t e r s e c t i o n of C a n a l Road ana Mac A r t h u r B o u l e v a r d i n Washington, D. C.' appears t o correspond t o e s t i m a t e s e c t i o n B2 on page 26 o f the D i s t r i c t Highway Department s 1970 I n t e r s t a t e Cost E s t i m a t e . The p o r t i o n of 1-266 t h a t i s excluded from the h e a r i n g i n c l u d e s the c o n n e c t i o n s and approaches t o the B r i d g e -and i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1.2 m i l e s l o n g , between e s t i m a t e s e c t i o n s 32 and B4. Ho d e t a i l e d d e s i g n i n f o r m a t i o n has beer, made a v a i l a b l e t o the p u b l i c w i t h r e s p e c t t o the e x c l u d e d p o r t i o n . 7 : : The e x c l u d e d p o r t i o n i s an i n t e g r a l part, of t h e F e d e r a l a i d highway p r o j e c t designated " I n t e r s t a t e 266," I t wan cons i d e r e d a s p a r t of t h a t highway pro.iect a t p r e v i o u s p u b l i c h e a r i n g s on 1-266 i n 1961 and 1904. I n the pending l a w s u i t , •Judge S i r i c a r u l e d t h a t the B r i d g e p r o j e c t e »vered by h i s i n j u n c t i o n i n c l u d e s the c o n n e c t i n g roadways and approaches. There i s no r a t i o n a l o a s i s f o r e x c l u d i n g the d e s i g n of p a r t o f I-2C6 from the p u b l i c h e a r i n g on December 14, I f the d e s i g n of p a r t of 1-266 i s excluded from the " ' b l i c h'V- ' a." on December 14 those p r e p a r i n g t e s t injohv Lor the h e a r i n g ( i n c l u d i n g the Committee of lOu) w i l l oe s e r i o u s l y p r e j u d i c e d . I t w i l l be i m p o s s i b l e f o r us to address o u r s e l v e s to the economic, soc L a i and environmental! e f f e c t s o f the d e s i g n of the excluded p o r t i o n or of I-2bt a s a whole, f u r t h e r m o r e , i f c o n s t r u e t i o n .-egins on one p o r t i o n of I-206 before a p u b l i c h e a r i n g i s a e i d on the s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n ana d e s i g n o f the remainder, the s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n ana d e s i g n of the remainder becomes, as a p r a c t i c a l m a t t e r , a 1 a i t a c c o m p l i . The second p u b l i c h e a r i n g would be a meaningless f o r m a l i t y . For example, t h e Committee of 100 on the F e d e r a l C i t y has urge:, t h a t the W h i t e h u r s t Freeway be n zed and an i n t e r s t a t e highway c o n s t r u c t e d as a t u n n e l unaor the Georgetown �- 4 - w a t e r f r o n t , w i t h c o n n e c t i o n s t o MacArthur Boulevard and F o x h a l l Road. T h i s p r o p o s a l wouid r e q u i r e a s u b s t a n t i a l chance i n t h e e s i g n of 1-266 shown s c h e m a t i c a l l y i n F i g u r e 2 on p i e 3 o f t h e pamphlet t i t l e d '1-266 Design H e a r i n g I n f o r m a t i o n " and i n t h e maps and models on d i s p l a y i n t h e D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g . Others may w i s h t o e x p r e s s views on t h e adequacy o r u t i l i t y o f proposea c o n n e c t i o n s between t h e excluded p o r t i o n o f 1-266 and l o c a l s t r e e t s i n the D i s t r i c t . Although t h e s e s u g g e s t i o n s might materi a l l y a f f e c t t h e d e s i g n o f t h e approaches t o Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , d e s i g n i n f o r m a t i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o the excluded p o r t i o n c i I-26o i s n o t now a v a i l a o l e i n s u f f i c i e n t d e t a i l to permit members of t h e p u b l i c t o make meaningful suggest ions. For t h e s e r e a s o n s , we urge t h a t t h e p u b l i c h e a r i n g on December 14 be postponed and t h a t any h e a r i n g on t h e s p e c i i ' i c l o c a t i o n ana d e s i g n of 1-266, i f i t i s h e l d , i n c l u d e t h e s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n and d e s i g n or t h e p o r t i o n of 1-266 a l o n g t h e Georgetown w a t e r f r o n t . S i n c e r e l y yours, Grosvenor Chapman Chairman cc: Hon, G i l b e r t Hahn, J r . Members of t h e D.C. C i t y C o u n c i l Thomas F , A i r i s D. B. Hope J u l i a n R. Dugas �363-C664 WORLD (!% CLOCK (UaliHtiiarinm CALENDAR HOME O F UNIVERSAL. CALENDAR SOCIETY. INC. A NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATION 5060 MACARTHUR BOULEVARD.. N.W. WASHINGTON. D. C . 2 0 0 1 6 December 2, 1970 P R O F . W A L T E R F. R O T H E DIRECTOR-PRESIDENT The Commissioners o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Washington, D. C. Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n * Gentlemen: The T r a n s p o r t a t i o n squabble, which now r u n s i n t o many y e a r s w i t h o u t any p r o g r e s s , c e r t a i n l y h a s become a d i s g r a c e , c a l a m i t y , a r e a l t r a g e d y f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. Today we a r e t h e C a p i t a l o f a n a t i o n o f 50 S t a t e s 205 m i l l i o n people. along w i t h i t s I t i s t h e p l a c e where each o f t h e 50 S t a t e s send t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , Congressmen, S e n a t o r s and o t h e r s to congregate i n s p e c i a l l y b u i l d s t r u c t u r e s o f g r e a t s i z e , such as t h e C a p i t o l , Senate and House O f f i c e B u i l d i n g s . I n t h e l a s t few y e a r s many more new b u i l d i n g s have been e r e c t e d . S t i l l many more, some o f enormous s i z e a r e under c o n s t r u c t i o n . Many p r i v a t e groups, n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s and i n d u s t r i a l f i r m s have begun t o r e l o c a t e t h e i r h e a d q u a r t e r s i n our c i t y . The growth o f the i n n e r c i t y i s t r u l y s p e c t a c u l a r . B e i n g t h e n a t i o n s C a p i t a l , we a r e t h e Mecca o f m i l l i o n s o f v i s i t o r s from a l l t h e S t a t e s a s w e l l a s f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s . I n a d d i t i o n we a r e h a r b o r i n g Embassies and L e g a t i o n s from e v e r y country i n t h e w o r l d . They i n v i t e t h e i r share o f v i s i t o r s and t o u r i s t s from t h e f o u r c o r n e r s o f t h e globe. With such a world-wide t r a f f i c c o n v e r g i n g on our n a t i o n s C a p i t a l , one would assume, t n a t a u t h o r i t i e s i n q u e s t i o n , would do t h e i r p a r t to meet such an i n f l u x o f people. Needless t o s a y , t h e almost f a n t a s t i c growth o f t h e i n n e r c i t y i t s many thousands o f a d d i t i o n a l neonle w o r k i n g and l i v i n g i n a r e a s , r e q u i r e n e c e s s a r y t h o r o u g h f a r e s a s w e l l as b r i d g e s f o r thousands o f commuters w h i c h w i l l be compelled to l i v e i n t h e with these the suburbs. A c c o r d i n g t o R i p l e y ' s " B e l i e v e i t o r Hot", London, t h e C a p i t a l o f a n a t i o n o f c a . 50 m i l l i o n people, h a s a t o t a l o f 546 b r i d g e s i n i t s b o r d e r s . Other c a p i t a l s o f l e s s e r n a t i o n s have hundreds o f b r i d g e s . Here we a r e , t h e c a p i t a l o f a n a t i o n o f 205 m i l l i o n , known a s t h e r i c h e s t on e a r t h , w i t h p r e d i c t i o n s o f d o u b l i n g our c o p u l a t i o n i n the n e x t 30 y e a r s , y e t today, w i t h automobile t r a f f i c " c o n v e r g i n g from t h e f o u r c o r n e r s o f t h e world, we s t i l l have o n l y 4 o r 5 b r i d g e s to c r o s s a r a t h e r famous r i v e r . What's more, t h e r e a r e oeonle today, who argue t h a t t h e r e i s no need f o r a d d i t i o n a l b r i d g e s !!! An International Perpetual Calendar impartial to all nations, races, and religions with the closest possible astronomical regularity. �X II Commissioners o f t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia L a d i e s and Gentlemen, l e t us a c t as a d u l t s and f a c e r e a l i t i e s as t h e y r e a l l y a r e , i n t a k i n g f a c t s and f i g u r e s i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n , we should proceed a t once w i t h the c o r r e c t i o n - adjustment of t r a f f i c a r t e r i e s and b r i d g e s to modern,up to date r e q u i r e m e n t s o f a g r e a t l y e n l a r g e d i n n e r c i t y , not to mention the a d d i t i o n a l r e q u i rements of the n e x t 30 y e a r s , when the p o p u l a t i o n w i l l be double t o d a y s Moreover, as c i t i z e n s o f t h i s c a p i t a l of 50 S t a t e s , ( i n d e e d a most u n u s u a l p i e c e o f ileal. E s t a t e ) we have no r i g h t to be s e l f i s h , we must accommodate our v i s i t o r s from the o t h e r 50 S t a t e s , we must, and t h e y expect i t from u s , t h a t we p r o v i d e roads of a c c e s s , b r i d g e s to c r o s s our famous r i v e r Potomac, so they can get i n t o the h e a r t o f t h e i r p u l s a t i n g n a t i o n s Power-house, which makes our Democracy t i c k , p r e s e r v e s our way o f l i f e , and most o f a l l , p r e s e r v e s the Union o f the 50 S t a t e s . O r i g i n a l l y our founding f a t h e r s p r o v i d e d an a r e a o f 10 by 10 square m i l e s , f o r t h e purpose of e s t a b l i s h i n g a C a p i t a l f o r the o r i g i n a l 13 S t a t e s w i t h a p o p u l a t i o n o f o n l y a few m i l l i o n people. Today, w i t h a p o p u l a t i o n o f over 205 m i l l i o n s , the a r e a o f the D i s t r i c t of Columbia i s l e s s than h a l f the o r i g i n a l a r e a . As a 35-year t a x p a y i n g c i t i z e n o f t h i s c i t y , as one who has brought g r e a t honor ana orectime to h i s f e l l o w c i t i z e n s , ( s e e "Leaders i n American S c i e n c e " , " D i c t i o n a r y of I n t e r n a t i o n a l Biography'*, "Trie Two Thousand Men o f Achievement" London, WHO'S WHO, e t c . ) I urge the r e s p o n s i b l e E x e c u t i v e s of t h i s M e t r o p o l i s , to take the n e c e s s a r y s t e p s w i t h o u t f u r t h e r d e l a y and proceed w i t h l o n g overdue work to p r o v i d e b a d l y needed t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s f o r t h i s l o n g n e g l e c t e d nations Capital. No doubt, some o f our f e l l o w c i t i z e n s may be t e m p o r a r i l y i n c o n v e n i e n c e d , however we happen to be c i t i z e n s of the C a p i t a l o f t h e 50 S t a t e s and i t s 205 m i l l i o n people, the s a c r i f i c e s t h a t a few hundred o r so people w i l l have t o b r i n g , w i l l be g r e a t l y apprec i a t e d not o n l y by todays m i l l i o n s , but foremost by the n e x t 400 m i l l i o n which w i l l l i v e i n t h i s c o u n t r y 30 y e a r s from now. We a r e not golns to a l l o w f u t u r e g e n e r a t i o n s to c a l l the p r e s e n t an incompetent do-nothing g e n e r a t i o n - we w i l l prove to them t h a t we have the courage and s t a m i n a to do a l o n g overdue o b l i g a t i o n . / /Respectfiilly-,-!'' . „_ Writ; s 0 / P r o f . W a l t e r P. Bpthe, Bounder i �Ill The Commissioners o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia P.S. As an a f t e r t h o u g h t I would l i k e to r e f e r to an episode which occured during in our l a t e P r e s i d e n t R o o s e v e l t s t e n u r e office. I wigh to r e f e r to a l e t t e r w h i c h I forwarded to the l a t e P r e s i d e n t a t the urgence o f the l a x e S e n a t o r O'Mahoney from Wyoming; A f t e r the S e n a t o r had asked me as a r e g u l a r young d r i v e r - what my s o l u t i o n would be to our t r a f f i c woes o f t h a t p e r i o d , I gave him a 45 minute l e c t u r e , w i t h a l l d e t a i l s , f a c t s and f i g u r e s . I t impressed him so t h a t I ' d l i k e to s t a t e h i s v e r y remarks,quote: " Your s o l u t i o n seems t o be the most p r a c t i c a l , s a n e s t and sound one I e v e r h e a r d " Today I would l i k e to r e p e a t some o f my suggestions; The L e s s o n o f London, i t s Underground, which saved hundreds o f thousands o f Londoners d u r i n g t h e german b l i t z . R u s s i a , Sweden, Norway d i d not waste any time i n g e t t i n g busy and b u i l d i n g subways t h e k i n d t h a t a r e bomb and r a d i a t i o n o r o o f , deep underground. Moscow even p r o v i d e d mosaics as w e l l as chandel i e r s to make a l o n g e r s t a y underground more b e a r a b l e . Sweden b l a s t e d an e n t i r e c i t y through s o l i d rock f o r j u s t such an emergency . I t i s my assumption our own a r c h i t e c t s and e x p e r t s i n the f i e l d have t a k e n t h e s e m a t t e r s under c o n s i d e r a t i o n and p r o v i d e a s a f e t y zone f o r many o f our c i t i z e n s , j u s t as we p r o v i d e today an o u t l a y o f n e a r l y 52 b i l l i o n D o l l a r s a y e a r f o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f our shores. The f a c t t h a t the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s the h e a d q u a r t e r s o f both m i l i t a r y a s w e l l as c i v i l i a n government, i t d e s e r v e s a l l the p r o t e c t i o n and s a f e t y d e v i s e s t h a t modern man has a t h i s d i s p o s a l . Thank you f o r your a t t e n t i o n . ir . Hi TO TJ i? . I t . �BI.A.KK T . N E W T O N , 2 77 P A B K Jr. A V K M C E NEWYOHK.N.Y. ioci7 PRESIDENT I N S T I T U T E OK L I F E D e c e m b e r 3, 1 9 7 0 INSURANCE H o n o r a b l e D. B . Hope, D i s t r i c t Virginia Highway Department C u l p e p e r , V i r g i n i a 22701 Engineer D e a r M r . Hope: I t h a s c o m e to m y a t t e n t i o n t h a t a h e a r i n g i s to be h e l d on D e c e m ber 7 a t the W a s h i n g t o n - L e e H i g h School a u d i t o r i u m hi A r l i n g t o n on t h e s u b j e c t of d e s i g n a n d l o c a t i o n o f 1-66 a n d t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e . I a m t h e o w n e r of a f a r m a t C e n t r e v i l l e , V i r g i n i a a n d a m t h e r e f o r e v e r y s u b s t a n t i a l l y i n t e r e s t e d that the p r e s e n t d e s i g n o f 1-66 a n d 1-266 be a p p r o v e d a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n c o m m e n c e d w i t h o u t delay. T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of 1-66 f r o m the B e l t w a y t o B o s l y n , V i r g i n i a i s of i n o r d i n a t e i m p o r t a n c e t o t h o s e c i t i z e n s of n o r t h e r n V i r g i n i a who h a v e n e e d f o r r e a d y a n d s u f f i c i e n t a c c e s s to t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a . T h i s p r o g r a m of c o n s t r u c t i o n h a s a l r e a d y been d e l a y e d a n d t h e r e f o r e I hope i t w i l l be t h e d i s p o s i t i o n of t h e D e p a r t m e n t to p r o c e e d p r o m p t l y , including i n the p l a n w h a t e v e r a d d i t i o n a l s c r e e n i n g a n d p o l l u t i o n a b a t e m e n t t h a t c a n be a d d e d w i t h o u t c a u s i n g f u r there delay i n construction. I w i l l g r e a t l y a p p r e c i a t e a n y e f f o r t s t h a t y o u m a k e to f a c i l i t a t e t h i s p r o g r a m a n d I w o u l d a s k t h a t m y l e t t e r be m a d e a p a r t o f t h e p u b l i c h e a r i n g r e c o r d to be h e l d on D e c e m b e r 7. I a m e n c l o s i n g a n a d d i t i o n a l c o p y o f t h i s l e t t e r w i t h the r e q u e s t t h a t i t be m a d e a p a r t of the r e c o r d of the h e a r i n g on the T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e on D e c e m b e r 14 a t t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f C o m m e r c e a u d i t o r i u m a t 10:00 a.m. I f u l l y a p p r o v e t h e d e s i g n s e l e c t e d by the F i n e A r t s C o m m i t t e e , a n d I v e r y m u c h hope that t h e b r i d g e c a n be c o n s t r u c t e d without any f u r t h e r delay. W i t h e v e r y good w i s h , I a m �QUALIFIED 3 2 11 P E N N S Y L V A N I A A P P R A I S E R S A D E L B E R O B E R T R T W. A. L E E , L E E . A. A . S. S. A., S. A . R. W A S H I N G T O N , D . A V E N U E , C . 2 S. 0 E. 0 2 A. Dec. 3rd 1970 Dear Mr. S c h a l l e r : P l e a s e c o n s i d e r t h i s l e t t e r an endorsement o f t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e P r o j e c t . With t h e c o n t i n u e d growth o f t r a f f i c and t h e c o n g e s t i o n o f t h e b r i d g e s between t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and V i r g i n i a , i t i s imperative that tne e a r l i e s t possible construct i o n be s t a r t e d on t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . I am aware t h i s p r o j e c t has been t h e source o f c o n t r o v e r s y f o r some t i m e , b u t i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f D. C. m o t o r i s t s who need some r e l i e f i n t h e p r e s e n t t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n , i t i s s i n c e r e l y hoped t h a t a f t e r t h e meeting scheduled f o r December 14th on t h e a f o r e s a i d s u b j e c t t h a t f a v o r a o l e a c t i o n w i l l be t a k e n . Sincerely yours, . * AdeLbert \r. Lee Mi'. M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r Esecutive Secretary O f f i c e o f t h e Mayor - W a l t e r Room 52 8, D i s t r i c t I - u i l d i n g Washington, D. C. 20004 AWL :1c Washington 0 �RENAH F. C A M A L I E R A T T O R N E Y 1200 EIGHTEENTH AT LAW STREET, W A S H I N G T O N , D. C . TELEPHONE (202) N . W. 20036 223-1320 December 4, 1970 Mr. M a r t i n K„ S c h a l l e r , Executive Secretary, O f f i c e of the Mayor-Commissioner, Government of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g , Room 528, Washington, D.C. 20004 My dear Mr. Schaller: While i t was my p r i v i l e g e to s e r v e as a Commissioner of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia a few y e a r s back I became aware of the e v e r - i n c r e a s i n g h a z a r d s i n c i d e n t to the f a i l u r e of p r o p e r l y moving t r a f f i c i n t h i s c i t y and b r i n g i n g together the areas which surround the D i s t r i c t of Columbia i n t o c l o s e r r e l a t i o n s h i p trafficwise. The Three under c o n s i d e r a t i o n where not o n l y i s i i s r e q u i r e d to meet area r e s i d e n t s . S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s a p r o j e c t which has been f o r many y e a r s and has now reached the p o i n t t a d e s i r a b l e c o n s t r u c t i o n but i t i s one t h a t the e v e r - r i s i n g needs of Washington and i t s P l e a s e do not c o n s i d e r t h i s a l e t t e r born of p r e s s u r e on the p a r t of anyone but an e a r n e s t e f f o r t on ny p a r t to have the Mayor, and the o t h e r s who are r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h i s needed a d d i t i o n to our t r a f f i c f a c i l i t i e s , aware of the f a c t t h a t i f t h i s p r o j e c t i s not not/ completed i t w i l l e v e n t u a l l y have to be completed and d e l a y t h i s time would o n l y mean a postponing of something which i s a genuine n e c e s s i t y . I o f f e r my b e s t wishes to the Mayer and t r u s t you w i l l a d v i s e him of my f e e l i n g s i n the m a t t e r of the Three S i s t e r s Bridge. Very t r u l y "• '^OI.-'lO " yours, �December 5, 1970 The H o n o r a b l e D . £. Hope District: E n g i n e e r Virginia Highway D e p t . Culpeper,Virginia 22701 R e : I n t e r s t a t e 66 & 2 5 6 De^r M r . Hope: W i t h r e f e r e n c e to t h e a b o v e c a p t i o n e d h i g h w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n , I s*ish Co ;ro o n r e c o r d a s b e i n g h i g h l y in f a v e r of i m m e d i a t e p l a n s f o r c o m p l e t i o n o f R o u t e 65 through A r l i n g t o n as p r e s e n t l y p u r c h a s e d a n d c h o s e n a s the r o u t e f o r 6 6 , I b e l i e v e the e n t i r e s t a t e w i l l b e n e f i t m e a s u r a b l y by this project and that further d e l a y is en i m p e d i m e n t to p r o g r e s s . Very truly yours( JAM:eem �NATHANIEL H. LUTTRELL �Mil < • ' ijatr iilos P O S T O F F I C E BOX 1 7 2 9 2 S 1 L E E AVENUE. MANASSAS. VIRGINIA 221 1 0 TELEPHONE (703) December 7 , 1970 Virginia Department of Highways Culpeper Virginia Re: Public Hearing 1-266 Gentlemen: In connection with the Design Hearing scheduled for December 14, 1970, at the District Building, Washington, D. C , I would like to fully endorse this plan and urge that it be approved. This is in keeping, i b e l i e v e , with the general recommendations of various agencies and groups that have endorsed the 3 span concept. This design would be the better of the two as a gateway to Washington, D . C . from V i r g i n i a . The road design factors, based uoon my information, seem to be in proper prospectus for the roads connected by this section of roadway. I v/ould, therefore, endorse the plans subject to any change which would f a c i l i t a t e the flow of t r a f f i c . Should recommendations be made for changes to improve the aesthetic situation, I would certainly be in favor of them subject to their being within a reasonable expense factor. The immediate approval of this span is necessary, and w i l l be a strong i n fluence in the economic development of the Northern Virginia Region. The Dulles International Airport and its environ should benefit greatly when this road is completed and it is needed to f a c i l i t a t e the economic development of the area around the Dulles International Airport. The commuting time to Washington for V i r g i n i a residents should be greatly reduced and l i k e w i s e , the economic situation of Washington, D„ C . should greatly benefit by being readily accessible from the outlying Virginia a r e a . 368-8136 �ARLINGTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS Office of the School Board 426 N O R T H Q U i N C Y S T R E E T • A R L I N G T O N , VIRGINIA . 22207 Ernest E. Saulmon, Chairman Homer Lee K r o u t , Vice-Cnairman •' ot. J . F i u G e r a l d n M, Graham Jtouri Reed Spicer D e c e m b e r 7, 1970 M r . D. B . H o p e , D i s t r i c t E n g i n e e r D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s B o x 67 1 Culpeper, Virginia 22701 I D e a r M r . Hope: T h e A r l i n g t o n C o u n t y S c h o o l B o a r d h a s d i r e c t e d that I a c k n o w l e d g e y o u r l e t t e r o f N o v e m b e r 19th r e R o u t e 266 p r o j e c t n e a r the T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e . T h e B o a r d h a s i n d i c a t e d that i t s p r i m a r y i n t e r e s t i n this m a t t e r i s d i r e c t e d to t h e f a c t t h a t t h e p r o p o s e d c o n s t r u c t i o n could i n t e r f e r e with the w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d s p o r t of c r e w r a c i n g on t h e P o t o m a c R i v e r . T h e A r l i n g t o n s c h o o l s s e e t h i s s p o r t a s o n e t h a t h a s g r e a t v a l u e f o r t h e y o u t h of t h i s a r e a , b u t o n e t h a t h a s a l i m i t e d g e o g r a p h i c a l a r e a i n w h i c h i t c a n be c o n d u c t e d . T h e B o a r d s i n c e r e l y hopes that y o u r D e p a r t m e n t w i l l keep the n e e d s o f A r l i n g t o n a n d o t h e r s c h o o l s y s t e m s i n m i n d a s y o u g i v e c o n s i d e r a t i o n to t h i s p r o j e c t . S p e c i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n r e l a t i n g to t h e n e e d s o f c r e w r a c i n g a s i t r e l a t e s to t h e B r i d g e d e s i g n m a y be o b t a i n e d f r o m s e v e r a l s o u r c e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e p r i n c i p a l o f t h e school that h a s engaged i n this s p o r t f o r the g r e a t e s t p e r i o d of t i m e i n t h i s a r e a -- W a s h i n g t o n - L e e H i g h S c h o o l . A d d i t i o n a l s o u r c e s o f i n f o r m a t i o n and needs w i l l be w i l l i n g l y supplied by the s t a f f o f the A r l i n g t o n S c h o o l s . Sincerely, E . E . Saulmon, C h a i r m a n EES:b/m. cc; D r . C h i s h o l m , Superintendent of S c h o o l s Mr. Johansen, Principal, Washington-Lee M r . Youngblood, D i r e c t o r of A t h l e t i c s , W a s h i n g t o n - L e e M e m b e r s of the B o a r d �M A I N S T O R E A N D MAILING 3241 M WASHINGTON FE. S T . , N. D. C . A D D R E S b : V/. 2 0 0 0 7 3-8373 December 7, 1970 GEORGETOWN M ST WASHINGTON STORE N. W 7. D C The'Honorable D. B. dope D i s t r i c t Engineer V i r g i n i a Highway Department Culpeper, V i r g i n i a 22701 ^ RciNiA S T O R E 6 4 4 7 ARLINGTON BLVD F A L L S CHURCH VIRGINIA Dear S i r : RESTON -AKE ANNE RESTON. I am i n f a v o r and support t h e immediate c o n s t r u c t i o n o f 1.66 from t h e b e l t v a y t o R o s s l y n V i r g i n i a . I a l s o f a v o r t h e completion o f 1.266 and t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e i n i t ' s o r e s e n t d e s i g n . STORE VILLAGE VA. 1 would l i k e a copy o f t h i s l e t t e r t o be made p a r t o f t h e r e c o r d of t h e h e a r i n g on t h e r i i r e e S i s t e r s b r i d g e December 14, 1970, MARYLAND S T O R E 4 B 7 7 K : H N H £ » D no s. WASHINGTON 21. Oc E Sincerely, GLENMONT 1 2 3 5 1 STORI: GEORGIA GLENVONT. A V E M A R Y L A N D M, F r a n k Meenehan �/ JIL SAT • F GREATER NSTITUTE WASHINGTON 1500 MASS. AVE., N.W. SUITE 21 WASHINGTON, D.C. 20005 202/223-2571 December 7, 1970 Mr. M a r t i n K S c h a l l e r , E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y O f f i c e o f t h e Mayor-Commissioner Room 528, D i s t r i c t E u i l d i n g 14th and E S t r e e t s , N. W. Washington, D. C. 20004 Dear Mr. S c h a l l e r : I n r e g a r d s t o the D e s i g n P u b l i c Hearing f o r t h e 3 - S i s t e r s Bridge t o be held on December 14, 1970. p l e a s e i n s e r t t h e a t t a c h e d statement i n the h e a r i n g r e c o r d . 'Sincerely, \ James M. Windsor Executive Vice President / Copy t o : JMUf/fk Mr. D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer V i r g i n i a Department of Highways C u l p e p e r , V i r g i n i a 22701 �1500 MASS. AVE., N.W. SUITE 21 WASHINGTON, D.C. 20005 202/223-2571 STATEMENT FOR THE RECORD I N REGARDS TO THE DESIGN PUBLIC HEARING FOR THE 3-SISTERS BRIDGE My name i s James M. Windsor, and I am t h e E x e c u t i v e V i c e P r e s i d e n t of t h e O i l Heat I n s t i t u t e o f G r e a t e r Washington. I an making t h i s statement f o r 51 member f u e l o i l companies, 13 o f which a r e headquartered i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and 15 of which are headquartered i n n o r t h e r n V i r g i n i a . The l o c a l f u e l o i l i n d u s t r y w i s h e s t o go on r e c o r d a s being i n f a v o r o f c o n s t r u c t i o n of the 3 - S i s t e r s Bridge and urges t h a t c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e bridge be c o n t i n u e d u s i n g the d e s i g n t h a t was o r i g i n a l l y approved and under c o n s t r u c t i o n a t the time work was h a l t e d pending f u r t h e r p u b l i c h e a r i n g . / Executive Vice President �5319 Potomac A v e n u e , h . .1, The P a l i s a d e s J a s h i n g t o n , 0 . 3 . , 20016 D e c e m b e r 7, 1970 Mr. h a r t i n K . o c h a l l e r Executive .secretary D . G . O f f i c e of Mayor-Commissioner 1 4 t h i.-. Z s t r e e t s , K . .7. .•.a3hin£ton, D . C , 203C4 Besr h r . S c h a l l e r : P l e a s e a a k e t h i s l e t t e r a p a r t o f t h e b e a r i n g on I n t e r s t a t e H i g h w a y 2 6 6 ( T h r e e 3 i 3 t e r 3 £ r i d go) on Oecember Ik, 1 9 7 0 , s i n c e we w i l l not be a b l e t o a t t e n d t o t e s t i f y . As l o m r - t i m e members a n d f o r m e r o f f i c e r s of T h e P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n , we d i s a g r e e w i t h i t s c t e n d o f o p p o s j K t h e b u i l d i n g o f t h a t vital crossing. ..'e s u p p o r t t h e d e s i g n ad t h e l o c a t i o n a t t h e f o o t o f F o x h a l l ho3C. o i n c e t h e d e s i g n h a s t h e a p p r o v a l o f t h e F i n e .-.rts C o m m i s s i o n f o r a p p e a r a n c e , ad o f t h e e n g i n e e r s T o r s t r u c t u a l s t r e n g t h , we l o y e e n n a t u r a l l y f a v o r i t t o o . Ha v i n e c a n o e d and e v e n swun i n t h e r o t o c i a c a t t h a t s i t e f o r ^ a n y y e a r s , we l i k e t h e s i n g l e s p a n f o r b e a u t y and p r a c t i c a l l y no i n t e r ference with r e c r e a t i o n . ..e were members o f t h e r o t o a a c B o a t C l u b f o r many y e a r 3 . We u r g e t h a t t h e d e s i g n o f t h e ramps on t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a end o f t h e b r i d g e be s o a r r a n g e d t h a t t h e P a l i s a d e s r e s i d e n t s h a v e a c c e s s b e t w e e n h ' . i c A r t h u r b o u l e v a r d and the E r i d g e i n l o t h d i r e c t i o n a l ./a want t o be a b l e t o u.;e i t . A l s o , we r-.commend t h a t a c o n n e c t i o n be c o n t i n u e d b e t w e e n l - l a c n r t h u r B o u l e v a r d and t h e r i v e r f r o n t f r c ^ a y s l e a d i n g t o d o w n t o w n . ,.e now h a v e t h a t , c o n v e n i e n c e t n r u i / h i t e h u r a t F r e e w a y , end dortt want t o l o 3 e it. Sincerely, Mr« a n d M r s . C a r l E . B e a n �EXECUTIVE OFFICE Washington National Airport (202) 783-3215 Room 290 Washington, D.C. 20001 D e c e m b e r 8, 1970 Mr. Martin Schaller E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y to t h e M a y o r District Building 1 4 t h & E S t r e e t s , N. W. W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. 2 0 0 0 4 Dear Mr. Schaller: I n r e g a r d s to t h e f o r t h c o m i n g h e a r i n g of t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e , I d e s i r e d to m a k e p e r s o n a l t e s t i m o n y a s to t h e n e c e s s i t y of the c o m p l e t i o n of t h i s p r o j e c t . H o w e v e r , due to p r e s s i n g b u s i n e s s t h e r e i s a v e r y r e a l p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t I w i l l be o u t o f t o w n a t t h a t t i m e . T h e r e f o r e , I a m w r i t i n g t h i s l e t t e r i n l i e u of m a k i n g a p e r s o n a l a p p e a r a n c e . I t i s o u r c o n s i d e r e d opinion that the T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e w i l l not only r e d u c e t h e t r a v e l t i m e to D u l l e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t f r o m t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a b u t w i l l g r e a t l y r e d u c e t h e c o n g e s t i o n n o w e n c o u n t e r e d and s a v e m a n y v a l u a b l e m i n u t e s f o r the t r a v e l i n g p u b l i c . T h i s r e d u c t i o n i n t r a v e l t i m e , m a k i n g D u l l e s m o r e e a s i l y a c c e s s i b l e , w i l l be m o s t a d v a n t a g e o u s to v i s i t o r s a n d r e s i d e n t s o f t h e W a s h i n g t o n M e t r o p o l i t a n Area, M a n y m o r e r e a s o n s c o u l d be c i t e d r e g a r d i n g t h i s m u c h n e e d e d arid m o s t b e n e f i c i a l p r o j e c t b u t m o s t a r e a l r e a d y o n r e c o r d . I t i s , by t h i s l e t t e r , t h e d e s i r e of G r e y h o u n d A i r p o r t S e r v i c e , I n c . to go on r e c o r d a s s u p p o r t i n g , m o s t v i g o r o u s l y , t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s Bridge. Sincerely, A l l a n O. F a l l s President ANOTHER SERVICE OF THE GREYHOUND CORPORATION �L~u4 December 8, 1 9 7 0 The E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y D i s t r i c t of Columbia District Building 14th & E S t r e e t s , N.W. Washington, D.C. Dear S i r : T h i s l e t t e r i s t r a n s m i t t e d as a w r i t t e n statement f o r i n c l u s i o n i n t h e r e c o r d o f t h e H e a r i n g t o be c o n d u c t e d b y t h e D.C. G o v e r n m e n t on t h e d e s i g n o f t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s b r i d g e December 14, 1970, u n d e r t h e d u r e s s of a F e d e r a l law which I c o n s i d e r unwise. I oppose the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . T w i l l always oppose t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e , r e g a r d l e s s of i t s design. And b e c a u s e I n a v e no i n t e r e s t i n t h e d e s i g n o f a n y s u c h b r i d g e I w i l l n o t be a t t h e h e a r i n g . I f e l e c t e d D e l e g a t e I b e l i e v e I c a n be i n s t r u m e n t a l i n p e r s u a d i n g C o n g r e s s t o r e m o v e 1-66 f r o m G e o r g e t o w n a n d 1-95 f r o m B r o o k l a n d , among o t h e r t h i n g s . That i s my p u r p o s e , r e m e m b e r i n g a s o n e p r o m i n e n t s u p p o r t e r o f t h e 196 5 C i v i l R i g h t s A c t o b s e r v e d , " t h e o i l c a n i s m i g h t i e r than the sword." JAN:c ���M R S . F O R B E S H A L L 1 5 1 6 3 1S T S T R E E T . N. W. W A S H I N G T O N . D. C . 2 0 0 0 7 �R A L E I G H S T O R E S CORPORATION WASHINGTON, D. C. 20004 D e c e m b e r 10, 1 9 7 0 ADES R PFY IT E DRS E L F C O O EXECUTIVE M r . J u l i a n R. D u g a s D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a G o v e r n m e n t District Building 1 4 t h & E S t r e e t , N. W. W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. 2 0 0 0 4 Dear Julian: T h i s i s j u s t a note to put i n m y t w o c e n t s i n r e f e r e n c e to the u p c o m i n g h e a r i n g on the T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e . I w o u l d c e r t a i n l y hope t h i s p r o j e c t w i l l b e c o m e a r e a l i t y , w i t h o u t f u r t h e r and continuing d e l a y s , s o that s o m e p r o g r e s s c a n b e f i n a l l y m a d e t o w a r d m a k i n g t h i s a r e a a n updated a n d model community. Good l u c k and b e s t regards. Sincerely, n A r t h u r T. L y o n Executive Vice President ATL:mel E X C L U S I V E L Y O U R S IN T H E NATION'S Hart Schaffner & Marx CAPITAL Hickey-Freeman �1629 K S T R E E T , N.W. WASHINGTON, D.C. 20006 (202) 296-8100 CABLE COURTESY December 1 1 , 1970 Mr. J u l i a n R. Dugas D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Government D i s t r i c t Building 14th and E S t r e e t s , N. W. Washington, D. C. 20004 Dear Mr. Dugas: On Monday, December 14, 1970, a t 10:00 A. M. you w i l l conduct the v e r y important h e a r i n g on t h e d e s i g n and r e l a t e d matters f o r t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . May I t a k e t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y to r e g i s t e r my support f o r the ThreeSpan A l t e r n a t i v e approved by t h e F i n e A r t s Commission. The r e p o r t prepared f o r the h e a r i n g seems to i n d i c a t e t h a t a l l e c o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s have been c o n s i d e r e d i n the d e s i g n and the economic b e n e f i t s to commuters, consumers and employers make a f a v o r a b l e d e c i s i o n on the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the b r i d g e most d e s i r a b l e . Thank you f o r your c a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h i s s u b j e c t . Sincerely, COURTESY ASSOCIATES. INC. / J a n e E. M a r i l l e y President JEM:mm �z 2306 N. Vernon S t . A r l i n g t o n , V i r g i n ' a 22207 1? December 1970 Mr. J u l i a n R. Dugas, D i r e c t o r Department of Economic Development 14th and 2 S t r e e t s , K.W, Washington, D.C. 20004 Dear Mr. Dugas: Design Hearings, 1-266 and Three S i f t e r s B r i d g e r I a n s e n d i n g to you i n your c a p a c i t y as h e a r i n g o f f i c e r f o r the d e s i g n h e a r i n g s on 1-266 and the T h r i f t S i s t e r s Bring-- a copy of comments a l s o addressed t o t h e Commissioner of the V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways, "o t h a t both j u r i s d i c t i o n s may have them a v a i l a b l e i n t h e r e c o r d o f t h e h e - r i n g s . Very t r u l y yours ,1 George L. Chesnut, fir. �2306 K. Vernon .it. r l i n '. on, /Irginia 22207 12 Deoetaber 1970 Mr. Douglas B. ?u -ata, Commission r Deportmeat of Hi hwaya C - n - - n v sal th of V i r - in 1 a . Richmond, Ifirjinia 23219 D ^ s i s i of I - ^ c b , Attn* irlingtoi County P . Q » • iron •!? Dear Commissioner Fugatei ';111 yea l o 3r> include the f o i l wing coamenta on tha proposed design o" 1-266 in kr? In "ton and the Three S i s t e r s Bridge l a your rocord of tha tenign hearing opening on 14 bee. "beer? The design includes many awkward and hazardous feature-, These r e s u l t Proa many suecasaivo rar.ip = :i t r i e s , merges, cossovers, and road separations within l e s s than a n l l e on the Virginia side. Sona approximate measurements ani tha estimates of the dosi *n engineers for 19>0 t r a f f i c are shown in tha accompanying table. 'hen one compares the reap and crossover lengths with those that are ••ell known to ho overloaded during rush hours today, i t beecmea quite d e a r that the lengths are 'imply not enough to accommodate the queues t i n t develop, iaxarioua backups w i l l develop T n the through ourcas, ..d hazardous jockeying a*ong . -n drivers in the c r c - 3 3 o v o r 3 w i l l be cornmoa. a ?hss< nazarda ara the natur.jl re ;ulr, of the mistake of trying to triplicate a useful existing road hi a narrow valley. The d a ; i n i s bad because the locution is hud. Pec l i a r l y , the desi n wo- Id carry the e? is tin:? ;*rca of the stbftund existing westbound lone 07" Spout ox s t . I'he paycholo l e a l effect of may c a t he r e a t , but i t i s l i k e y a l l bridge approaches on the Virginia side under I n : of George Yashin ton Parkway, and over the •••n Parkway, fhe engineering p o s s i b i l i t i e s ray a }»decker system in sieving up drivers cay or to be unequal and to add ha&irss of unequal speed. i\ any c-iso tha effect of such a biaarro 3 s t • in marring the lines of tha Vhr i a i a « pa': is.idos, added to that of tha Three Slaters Bridge i t s e l f , w i l l be substantial and displeasing. In considering any desi ga, we should a l l hear in Blind that tha location i s part of the design and the purpo3e i.i tnu reason for the iesign. I f the purpose l a to rove long-distance trucks r-.to Yashin ton, what distribultl.ig center i s found in tha Georget «m area? i f Lt is ts cove commuters, where can the r cars be ?tackei? Rather than to i i f fuse .nd multiply individual ears on more and more roads that eat up 1 1 0 1 : 3 0 3 , bus L e a s e s , nd open -:pac *, >es i t not make ore sense '-a plan systeB3 to rove mere people per vehicle 1 a bread res tudy of the whole transportation problem i s surely in order. Very truly y o u r s , George b. Chesnut, J r . �Representative t r a f f i c estimates on ramps and crossovers Le>" '3th in feet Location Source traffic EBL 1-66 i n t o EBL-266 and Ramp H 5C0 50,630 Ramp H ( L e e Hwy. i n t o 6/0 22,730 p l u s 22,730 f EBL-266 Ramp H—EBL 266 i n t o EBL 266— Ramp K c r o s s o v e r EBL 266 t o Spout Run EHL 266—Spout Run 1700 800 1000 crossover Pimp t r a f f i c (carrs p e r day) Lane e n t e r e d 17,250 22,700 5,450 22,700 17,250 p l u s 5,4 O 22,700 (both sources) 22,700 17,250 17,250 48,950 31,750 n l u s 17,250 .48,950 43,450 p l u s 5. 500 c Spout Run t o George Washington Pkwy. 625 43,950 5,500 WBL 266 t o Spout Run 200 43,450 26,200 19,970 minimum 31,700 S o u r c e : 1990 t r a f f i c e s t i m a t e s , d e s i g n Some existing conditions, f o r Key B r i d g e into WBL GW Parkway Pentagon M i x i n g Bowl ( e a c h way) 1000 600 32,064 19,250 plus 37,250 plan co^pnrinon est.11,000 53,750 7 24,9' 0 19,450 p l u s 33,300 (no b a l a n c e , c o u n t s taken at remote p o i n t s ) Source: 1969 count-;, A r l i n ;tcn C o . Df?pt. o f Transportation �PALMER AND BAKER ENGINEERS, 2233 CONSULTING- INC. WISCONSIN WASHINGTON. ENC2INEERS ARCHITECTS CABLE Dec. AVE., D. ADDRESS- 14, N.W. C. 2 0 0 0 7 PALMBAKE 1970 M r . J u l i a n R. D u g a s D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a G o v e r n m e n t District Building 14th and E S t r e e t , N. W. W a s h i n g t o n . D. S u b j e c t : 1-266 D e a r Mr. C. 2 0004 Three Sisters Bridge Design Hearing Dugas: We h a v e r e v i e w e d the b o o k l e t "1-266 D e s i g n H e a r i n g I n f o r m a t i o n . I n t h e i n t e r e s t of m a i n t a i n i n g the v i a b i l i t y of o u r c o m m u n i t y by a c c o m m o d a t i n g i n c r e a s i n g c o m m u t e r , v i s i t o r and t o u r i s t t r a f f i c f r o m V i r g i n i a and the w e s t , b o u n d f o r the b u s i n e s s and m o n u m e n t a l s e c t i o n s of o u r c i t y and i n o r d e r to m i n i m i z e d e l a y s c a u s e d by t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n , l e s s e n a c c i d e n t s , i m p r o v e the e n v i r o n m e n t b y l e s s e n i n g p o l u t i o n of s l o w m o v i n g v e h i c l e s , r e d u c i n g t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o s t s i n t i m e s a v i n g s y e t i n no w a y a d v e r s l y a f f e c t i n g t h e u s e of the P o t o m a c R i v e r f o r r e c r e a t i o n a l p u r p o s e s we c o n c u r w i t h the F i n e A r t s C o m m i s s i o n t h a t the p r o p o s e d b r i d g e d e s i g n i s a e s t h e t i c a l l y a t t r a c t i v e a n d w i l l be an a s s e t to our National C a p i t a l . T h e t h r e e span design i s our f i r s t c h o i c e , the s i x span d e s i g n our second choice. V e r y truly yours, P A L M E R AND Hamilton HBRtr BAKER E N G I N E E R S , INC. B. R e e s e , V i c e C h a i r m a n �P Y L E S LUMBER CO. 6 2102X53 Allen t o w n R o a d , S . E . Washington X20, D. C . 20023 Carap Springs, M d . 449-5111 December 12, 1971 Mr. M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r Executive Secretary O f f i c e o f t h e Mayor-Commissioner D i s t r i c t Building Washington, D. C. 20004 Dear S i r : I f e e l t h e p a r k l a n d i s more i m p o r t a n t t h a n t h e Three S i s t e r ' s B r i d g e . Bridge. I am a g a i n s t t h e Three Sister's R e s p e c t f u l l y yours, �SPRING VALLEY Citizens . WESLEY HEIGHTS Association Washington, D. C. December 8, 1970 Mr. M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r Executive Secretary O f f i c e o f t h e Mayor Commissioner D i s t r i c t Building R o 528 om Washington, D. C. Dear Mr. S c h a l l e r : P u r s u a n t t o t h e n o t i c e o f a d e s i g n p u b l i c h e a r i n g on t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e , a s V i c e P r e s i d e n t and Chairman o f the Zoning Committee o f the S p r i n g V a l l e y - W e s l e y Heights C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n , out n o t b e i n g q u a l i f i e d t o v o i c e an o p i n i o n on t h e d e s i g n o f t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d c e I w o u l d l i k e on b e h a l f o f o u r A s s o c i a t i o n to s t a t e t h a t our A s s o c i a t i o n i s vehemently opposed t o any d e s i g n w h i c h would a l l o w t r a f f i c from t h e Three S i s t e r s bridge t o f l o w i n t o our a r e a . Our A s s o c i a t i o n i n s i s t s t h a t t r a f f i c l e a v i n g t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and e n t e r i n g t h e d i s t r i c t o f Columbia be f e d i n an e a s t e r l y d i r e c t i o n , toward t h e west l e g o f the proposed i n t e r l o o p . The road s h o u l d be f e d i n t o a u u n n e l as soon a s p o s s i b l e as determined by y o u r e n g i n e e r . . P a r k e r ' 3 . Clip" r a n t ' V i c e P r e s i d e n t and Chairman, Zoning Committee S p r i n g Valiey-.»esley Heights C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n cc: T,F. A i r i s , D i r e c t o r D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Department of Hiphway T r a f f i c D i s t r i c t Building Washington, D. C„ �•2. S D E P A R T M E N T OF T H E NAVY OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF NAVAL WASHINGTON, D C . OPERATIONS 20350 �4906 r i l d e n S t . , N W Washington, D. C. 200i6 December 10, 19?0 Mr. M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r Executive Secretary O f f i c e of t h e Mayor-Commissioner Hcon 528, D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g Washington, D. C. 2000h Dear Mr. T c h a l l e r : I am g r a t e f u l t h a t a h e a r i n g i s b e l a t e d l y scheduled on the s u b j e c t of the proposed I'hree f i s t e r s b r i d g e . As a t a x paying r e s i d e n t and p r o p e r t y owner i n t h i s c i t y , I o b j e c t t h a t t h e r e has not been a p u b l i c h e a r i n g as to whether o r not .the b r i d g e should be b u i l t and, i f s o , where i t should be l o c a t e d . T h e r e f o r e t h i s l e t t e r , which I hope w i l l be i n cluded i n the h e a r i n g r e c o r d , w i l l d e a l not only w i t h d e s i g n , but w i t h r.y reasons f o r opposing c o n s t r u c t i o n of the b r i d g e altogether. ( 1 ) As f o r d e s i g n , I don't b e l i e v e any.man made s t r u c t u r e could improve on the u n f e t t e r e d view u p r i v e r from Georgetown. ( 2 ) The q u a l i t y of l i f e i n the c i t y cannot but f u r t h e r d e t e r i o r a t e a s a r e s u l t of a d d i t i o n a l automobile t r a f f i c u s i n g the orcoosed brida"e and c o n n e c t i n g f r e e w a y s . I h e a i r we breathe i s a l r e a d y n o x i o u s . (3) C o n s t r u c t i o n of the subway system may o b v i a t e the need f o r t h e b r i d g e . I n s t e a d of succumbing to C o n g r e s s i o n a l b l a c k m a i l , t h e c i t y should proceed w i t h the subway and d e f e r c o n s t r u c t i o n of the bridge and proposed f r e e w a y s . I f , a f t e r completion of the subway system, t h e r e i s s t i l l a demonstrable need f o r a d d i t i o n a l f r e e w a y s and b r i d g e s , the case can be reopened. The example of Los Angeles should be enough to convince anyone of the f o l l y of d e f e r r i n g mass t r a n s i t i n f a v o r o f e v e r more f r e e w a y s . (-!•) Where w i l l the s u b u r b a n i t e s drawn to Washington by e a s i e r a c c e s s park t h e i r c a r s ? The same Congressmen who * deny us home r u l e deny us p u b l i c n a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s . The l a c k of p u b l i c p a r k i n g space i s a l r e a d y a s c a n d a l and a c r i t i c a l cause of downtown b u s i n e s s f a i l f i r e s w i t h t h e i r r e s u l t a n t l o s s of jobs and t a x revenues'. I hope t h e Court t h a t r e q u i r e d t h i s h e a r i n g w i l l d u l y c o n s i d e r these and other o b j e c t i o n s to t h e b r i d e s r a i s e d by concerned c i t i z e n s . . . Sincerely, �Li Li u 1 r LLA098 UA011 < dl;u2l.^ifl.w r C L L ) G M NL P D F W A S H I N G T O N D C 14 •" 4 - 13 MARTIN K S C H A L L E R , ROOM 523 DISTRICT B L D G , DLY 75 14 A N D t ST N O R T H W E S T NO T H R E E WASHDC S I S T E R S B R I D G E NO M O R E C O N S T R U C T I O N T H A T I S WE BELONG TO THE W A S H I N G T O N CANOE CLUB ANOTHER DESTRUCTION BRIDGE WOULD DESTROY CANOEING UP THE RIVER THREE SISTER ARE HISTORIC IN B E A U T I F U L NATURAL SCENE W E HAVE A PAINTING FROM THE OLD P R I N T OF G E O R G T O W N THREE TRAFFIC* N O B R I D G E R E P E A T NO GLADYS AND HARRY JONES 13 10 3 4 . SF-1201 (R5-69) LANDMARKS FAMOUS SHOWING T H I S VIEW FO THE RIVER AND S I S T E R S SAVE T H E M F R O M P O L L U T I O N A N D N O I S E OF THE AUTOMOBILE BRIDGE 1310 34 S T N O R T H W E S T . WASHDC. �"LLE114 WAC21 <LL> A E PDF 4 E X T R A W A S H I N G T O N DC 14 2 2 2 A E S T MARTIN K S C H A L L E R , EXECUTIVE SECTY DLY O F F I C E OF T H E M A Y O R C O M M I S S I O N E R * E STS N O R T H W E S T I HEREBY BRIDGE* A NATIONAL LANDMARK (324) SF-1201 (R5-69) RM 5 2 3 D I S T R I C T BLDG DISAPPROVAL OF THE THREE IT W I L L T U R N G E O R G E T O W N RUTH R K MAMLEY 75 14 WASKDC REGISTER STRONGEST HOMEOWNER A N D TAX ucf W H I C H HAS BEEN INTO A NATIONAL N I G H T M A R E * PAYER* SINCERELY 1324 34TH ST NU. SISTERS DESIGNATED I AM A GEORGETOWN �LLA194 WA085 CLL) A V PDF W A S H I N G T O N DC MARTIN K SCHALLER, DLY RM 5 2 S D I S T R I C T B L L T 2.4 iS2QA E S T L .-0 75 WASHDC WE W I S H T O R E C O R D O U R O P P O S I T I O N T O C O N S T R U C T I O N O F T H E SISTERS BRIDGE MR A N D M R S H A N S A (200), SF-1201 (R5-69) - KLAGSBRUNN. THREE �LLT032 WA125 CLL) GP ML PDF W A S H I N G T O N DC 14 M A R T I N K S C H A L L E R , ELY 7 5 , E X E C U T I V E SECRETARY O F F I C E OF T H E M A Y O R - C O M M I S S I O N E R R O O M 52$ D I S T R I C T B L D G AND E STFEETS NORTHWEST WASHDC 20004 WE AS PROPERTY OWNERS VOTE F O R N O REPEAT NO BRIDGE AT ALL PRESERVATION OF L I M I T E D N A T U R A L B E A U T Y S T I L L E X I S T I N G CHAIN BRIDGE AND SF-1201 (R1-G8S AND BETWEEN GEORGETOWN J O A N A N D B I L L B L U 2 , 3 3 1 5 N S T NORTIIUSST W A S H I N G T O N D C 3316 20007* 14 20007, �2S00 u n i v e r s i t y T e r r , NW Washington, D.C. 20016 13 December 1970 Dear Mr. Schaller, DEC 15 2 GC <0 I am s e n d i n g you t h i s l e t t e r to v o i c e my s t r o n g o p p o s i t i o n to the "Tiree M a s t e r s B r i d g e p r o j e c t . I t i s a b s u r d to s t i m u l a t e more t r a f f i c y b u i l d i n g such a highway and i t s connections i n t o the b e a u t i f u l c i t y of Washington. A l l that w i l l r e s u l t i s more t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n , n o i s e and a i r p o l l u t i o n , and the l o s s of l a n d b e t t e r devoted t o * otne: uses. 1970 man must t u r n to other s o u r c e s to c a r r y commuters i n t o t lie downtown a r e a s . digh-s>eed r a i l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , underground, i s a more s e n s i b l e and humane answer t o the t r a f f i c problem. I , my husband, and many in on y of our f r i e n d s urge you t o h e l p Stop t i e d e s e c r a t i o n of the l a n d s car-re, STOP THE THREE SISTERS NOW. Sincerely, Robert ���The Wilderness Society* PUBLIC HEARING ALERT 729 FIFTEENTH STREET, N W , WASHINGTON, D.C. • 20005 December 1 0 , 1 9 7 0 o: Members and C o o p e r a t o h s ' o f i n the Washington Area The W i l d e r n e s s S o c i e t y On Monday, December 1 4 , s t a r t i n g a t 10 a.m. and c o n t i n u i n g i n t o t h e e v e n i n g , a combined D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a - V i r g i n i a Highway D e p a r t m e n t h e a r i n g w i l l be h e l d on t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e p r o j e c t b e t w e e n S p o u t Run i n A r l i n g t o n and G e o r g e t o w n i n W a s h i n g t o n . (Additional hearing sessions may be s c h e d u l e d on T u e s d a y and Wednesday, December 15 and 1 6 . ) The h e a r i n g l o c a t i o n i s t h e Commerce D e p a r t m e n t A u d i t o r i u m , F o u r t e e n t h S t r e e t b e t w e e n C o n s t i t u t i o n A v e n u e a n d E S t r e e t N.W. T h i s h e a r i n g h a s b e e n s c h e d u l e d b e c a u s e o f a r e c e n t U. S. D i s t r i c t C o u r t i n j u n c t i o n o r d e r w h i c h t e m p o r a r i l y h a l t e d i n i t i a l c o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k on t h e bridge. The h e a r i n g h a s been a n n o u n c e d a s a " d e s i g n h e a r i n g . " Many, h o w e v e r , b e l i e v e t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a n y b r i d g e a t t h i s u n s p o i l e d l o c a t i o n on t h e Potomac R i v e r a s e r i o u s e r r o r i n t e r m s o f p r e s e r v i n g t h e b e a u t y o f t h e r i v e r , t h e p a r k l a n d s on b o t h r i v e r s h o r e s , t h e h i s t o r i c C & 0 C a n a l on t h e D i s t r i c t s i d e , and e n v i r o n m e n t a l v a l u e s g e n e r a l l y . Many t h o u g h t f u l c i t i z e n s a l s o b e l i e v e i t a s e r i o u s m i s t a k e t o s t i m u l a t e more t r a f f i c g r o w t h — w i t h i t s a t t e n d a n t c o n g e s t i o n , a i r p o l l u t i o n , n o i s e , and p r e e m p t i o n o f l a n d b e t t e r d e v o t e d t o o t h e r u s e s — by b u i l d i n g s t i l l another i n t e r s t a t e highway i n t o Washington. AN A L T E R N A T I V E — RAIL TRANSIT A h i g h - s p e e d r a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t l i n e w i l l soon be c o n s t r u c t e d n e a r t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s I s l a n d s , and a n o t h e r a t F o u r t e e n t h S t r e e t j u s t a l i t t l e down river. E a c h o f t h e s e r a i l l i n e s w i l l be c a p a b l e o f c a r r y i n g many t h o u s a n d s more commuters b e t w e e n downtown W a s h i n g t o n and t h e s u b u r b s — and c a r r y i n g them f a r more q u i c k l y a n d e f f i c i e n t l y — t h a n a d d i t i o n a l l a n e s o f p a v e m e n t . And r a p i d t r a n s i t w i l l do s o w i t h o u t m a r r i n g t h e h i s t o r i c Potomac, s i n c e i t w i l l be i n t u n n e l s . The T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e , i f i t i s b u i l t , w i l l menace r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s , p a r k l a n d s , and o u r e n v i r o n m e n t f a r beyond i t s i m m e d i a t e l o c a t i o n . The b r i d g e w o u l d b e a huge d a g g e r p o i n t i n g t r a f f i c p r e s s u r e up G I o v e r - A r c h b o l d P a r k — which Washington highway p l a n n e r s long have wanted t o take over f o r a c o n n e c t i n g superhighway r o u t e . The b r i d g e ' s V i r g i n i a approach would s u p p l a n t t h e s p u r o f t h e G e o r g e W a s h i n g t o n M e m o r i a l P a r k w a y now t r a v e r s i n g wooded S p o u t Run ( p a r t o f t h e n a t i o n a l p a r k s y s t e m , l i k e t h e r i v e r s i d e p a r k l a n d s and G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d ) i n A r l i n g t o n . M o r e o v e r , h i g h w a y p l a n n e r s hope t o u s e t h e b r i d g e a s t h e t r i g g e r f o r d e v e l o p i n g a huge I n t e r m e d i a t e Loop E x p r e s s w a y , w h i c h w o u l d n o t o n l y t h r u s t t h r o u g h G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d P a r k and up S p c u t Run b u t a l s o c u t t h r o u g h p a r k s (OVER) �a l o n g A r l i n g t o n ' s F o u r M i l e Run a n d Rock C r e e k P a r k - i n W a s h i n g t o n . The b r i d g e w o u l d a l s o s h u n t tremendous new t r a f f i c f l o w s t o w a r d t h e p r o p o s e d N o r t h C e n t r a l F r e e w a y w h i c h t h r e a t e n s M a r y l a n d ' s Montgomery County a s w e l l a s c e n t r a l and n o r t h e r n W a s h i n g t o n . And i t w o u l d i n c r e a s e t h e b l i g h t i n g t r a f f i c l o a d on t h e p r o j e c t e d I n t e r s t a t e 66 t h r o u g h A r l i n g t o n w h i c h i s b e i n g b i t t e r l y opposed by many c i t i z e n s . I n t e r m s o f sound t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d t o t a l p l a n n i n g , many c o n s i d e r t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s p r o j e c t u t t e r l y l a c k i n g i n any g e n u i n e j u s t i f i c a t i o n . They c o n s i d e r i t i l l - p l a n n e d , c o s t l y , and d e s t r u c t i v e , an o b s o l e s c e n t a n s w e r t o t h e commuting p r o b l e m . WHAT CAN B E DONE? What c a n we a s t h o u g h t f u l , e n v i r o n m e n t - m i n d e d c i t i z e n s do i n t h i s situation? The W i l d e r n e s s S o c i e t y , w h i c h j o i n e d w i t h n i n e o t h e r c o n s e r v a t i o n o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n a f r i e n d of the court b r i e f p o i n t i n g out the l a c k o f proper p u b l i c hearings on T h r e e S i s t e r s , b e l i e v e s i t h i g h l y i m p o r t a n t t h a t c i t i z e n s t a k e f u l l a d v a n t a g e of t h e o p p o r t u n i t y o f f e r e d by n e x t week's h e a r i n g . T h i s i s a chance t o s p e a k o u t f o r s o u n d p u D i i c p l a n n i n g , f o r D r o t e c t i n g o u r p a r k l a n d s and t h e P o t o m a c , and f o r t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . C i t i z e n s h a v e b e e n i n v i t e d t o a p p e a r and t e s t i f y a t t h e h e a r i n g . r e g i s t e r e d i n a d v a n c e w i l l be h e a r d , a f t e r s c h e d u l e d w i t n e s s e s . Those not W r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t s w i l l a l s o be a c c e p t e d , b o t h a t t h e h e a r i n g and b y m a i l . M a i l s t a t e m e n t s c a n be s e n t i n f o r 10 d a y s a f t e r t h e f i n a l h e a r i n g a d j o u r n ment. ( S e e a d d r e s s e s below.) I t i s v i t a l f o r u s a s c i t i z e n s t o e x p r e s s o u r s e l v e s on t h i s m a j o r e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s s u e , i n o r d e r t o i m p r e s s h i g h w a y o f f i c i a l s , o t h e r o f f i c e h o l d e r s , and C o n g r e s s w i t h t h e g r o w i n g p u b l i c i n s i s t e n c e t h a t e n v i r o n m e n t a l n e e d s be p u t f i r s t i n s t e a d o f l a s t i n h i g h w a y and s i m i l a r d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g . Three S i s t e r s i s a nationally significant issue. T h i s i s t h e t i m e t o be h e a r d on i t . S t e w a r t M. B r a n d b o r g Executive Director WHERE TO SEND WRITTEN STATEMENTS: W a s h i n g t o n and M a r y l a n d r e s i d e n t s -— Mr. M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r , E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y , O f f i c e of the Mayor-Commissioner, D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g , W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. 20004 V i r g i n i a r e s i d e n t s — Mr. D. B. Hope, D i s t r i c t E n g i n e e r , Department o f Highways, C u l p e p e r , V i r g i n i a 22701 Virginia �WASHiNGTON 7. D . c �WASHINGTON 7. D . C. MEMBER G A R D E N C L U B O F AMER1 �Mr. M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r r Executive Secretary O f f i c e o f t h e Mayor-Commissioner D i s t r i c t Building Washington, D.C, 20004 Dear Mr. S c h a l l e r : L i k e many other r e s i d e n t s o f Washington and t h e s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a , I am s e r i o u s l y concerned w i t h the p o t e n t i a l and i r r e p a r a b l e damage t o t h e s c e n i c and r e c r e a t i o n a l v a l u e o f t h e a r e a which probably would r e s u l t from the highway development p r o j e c t which includes c o n s t r u c t i n g t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . I t seems t o me t h a t t h e r a p i d t r a n s i t a l t e r n a t i v e i s i n t h e l o n g term i n t e r e s t s of p r o t e c t i n g the a r e a from f u r t h e r d e t e r i o r a t i o n and i n making Washington a more a t t r a c t i v e c i t y i n which t o work ( a s I do) and to shop ( which I would do more of i f r a p i d t r a n s i t p r o v i d e d easy a c c e s s ) . Robert I Owen �h Aj n s �Sills. QeMVid 444g Qxccnwich (j. i^caiano Q&ikwcaj, Hi''as-hington, 'Ol. HW. U ) . t - 20007 December 13, /<jJO flk, MoaMji K. ScrwJJLe/i, fx.ec Sec Otix.cs. ol ike i>ht&/i-( pmnLiaione/y o'ioon §2$ DLdtzLct BuLlduvif /4 th. and Sidn. fflff iibui%ing.ion, U. Q, 2000k Oea/i >'h. SckaLLeyu Tub Lie HeanLnqA on Re: OpaLiti ol Ik-zee SUiie/iA uniiAriA I wLdk io -diaie mu ooyjAiiion to ike buLtding of. ike Ikzee SLdteAA B.zidrie (on. ike many /lecucorvi ivkLck iuUJL be aiven by wiincA/ie/i woo can be. p.ie/ient io ie^iiiu. ike d&din/i matterta not - Li La ukai ike buLldini ol ol ikLa ike Potomac - ail be.en Qjiven oa yet, ail b,zLdn.e wLLL do io both. ALd.e.6 ol it ike^e. nn-ni'eA.'i have Ld dillLcuit io ol t'lcAyithicz Bouleva/td and Foxkail being. ckann.eJJ.ed down f>'l Street doujniourc need* uj. flu kus*2and join/i yjeJiarjx •~ica/iano noi imagine /had t/iallic io downtown - and A / j me in oppOMjnq. idLd /7 corminjiciion. �MURRAY MRS. 4001 CHEVY PRESTON THORNAPPLE STREET CHASE, M A R Y L A N D 205 01 A J - * • • * iSiJL~&. u x a j a . . ^ a J c J a i O x e u J J \ J L K A ^ V 6 - J C a^aJZaJL. �3102 N. S t r e e t , N.W. Washington* Dj.C* c: 7 13 December 1970 Mr. i-iartin K. S c h a l l e r Sxecutine Secretary O f f i c e of t h e i,ayor - Commissioner D i s t r i c t Building Washington, D.C. •• Dear Mr. S c h a l l e r : I w i s h t o r e c o r d my s t r o n g oopositoon t o the c o n s t r u c t i o n of an a d d i t i o n a l b r i d g e a c r o s s t h e Potomac. T h i s b r i d g e i s n e i t h e r wanted nor needed by t h e D i s t r i c t . I t i s opposed by e v e r y r e s p o n s i b l e c i t i z e n of the D i s t r i c t tfhom I know. Any need f o r t h e expanded means of t r a n s p o e t a t i o n acfcoss the r i v e r should be s a t i s f i e d by underground r a i l w a y . Sincerely, F r a n k E. Richardson, �deary B. Day 325k! 0 S t r e e t , H.W. rtasiiington, D.C. 20007 DEC 1 5 2 " PH 70 December 13, 1970. Mr. Martin K. S c h a l l e r , E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y , O f f i c e of the Mayor-Commi asioner, Boom 528, D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g ^ 14th and ES S t r e e t s , "aahlogtoa, B.C. 20C04. Dear Mr. S c h a l l e r : Three S i s t e r s Bridge Hearings A f t e r i i v i n ; f o r i c yeara i n Jeorgetown and t a l k i n g often w i t h r e s i d e n t s o f t i e D i s t r i c t , ! I t h i n k - am j u s t i f i e d i n b e l i e v i n g the f o l l o w i n g v i e : a r e widely h e l d although t i e y are not presented f o r any o r g a n i z a t i o n . A J a premise i t i s assumed that the Court ordered a aearing on design w i t h t h e i n t e n t t h a t the a u t h o r i t i e s should h e a r views on the \>lan of something to be done, t h a t i s , on tne purpose and tne means proposed to achieve i t . I t seems r i d i c u l o u s to suppose that the court intended that t:.ere snouid be a Heari n g on whether a form a s revealed i n drauin_,s would be a e s t i e t i c a j - i y pleasing and an improve;-.eiit on the e x i s t i n g scene s i n c e i t i . ; p l a i n t h a t the s i t e as i t now e x i s t s i s more b e a u t i f u l than i t would be w i t h any crid^-e. A second premise i s t h a t the mrpose of tne bridge i s to provide more way, along w i t h co.-siectin > highways, f o r t r u e s and automooiie t r a f f i c sctween F a i r f a x and iiXlington counties i n V i r g i n i a and downtown i n t i e D i s t r i c t , and more es >ecialiy to con iect Aoute 66 i n V i r g i n i a w i t h downtown. The means proposed to achieve t n i s end could f a i l . They are not necessary. 'Jh.ere are oettei* a l t e r n a t i v e s . The bridge would form part o f a detour i n l i e u o f a d i r e c t route, i n s a . d i t i o n a l ti:.:e of t r a v e l must e n t a i l more congestion than on a d i r e c t r o u t e , i'he highways t h a t would have t o be u u i l t would n e e d l e s s l y r u i n a r e s i d e n t i a l area and parkland i n V i r g i n i a , part o f a r e s i d e n t i a l area i n the D i s t r i c t , olan^ f o r t a e ^eor.^etovn w a t e r f r o n t , ana, u l t i m a t e l y tne arover .^rchbold Park. i'his detour i s unnecessary secause a ...ore so i c a l d i r e c t route i s f e a s i b l e . Pa_.aen.er v e i i i c x e s irom Aoute do could t r a v e l on a connection w i t h t i e J e f f e r s o n Davis hlgnway and t i e Tneodoro ztooseveit bridge. T r u c x s , which cannot u e t n e T.H. oridge, and passenger c a r s can reaca t h e 14th S t r e e t bridge v i a t a e J e f f e r s o n Davis highway sad a s e c t i o n of the S h i r l e y highway i,See nap J , n a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n agency report of ..ovember 1, l i 6 2 . ) . Ultimate use o f tae a o c e v e i t bridge by t r u c k s should not be excluded from a l t e r n a t i v e s . The Metro system una i t ~ f u t u r e e x t e n s i o n w i l l provide traa..<.-ortation f a c i l i t i e s between the V i r g i n i a couscies and t i e D i s t r i c t t h a t w i l l r e l i e v e tae pressure f o r massive and d r a s t i c sridge aus higuway c o n s t r u c t i o n . - �RE 7 DcC 13 .0 Q-F Deoeraber 12, l ? 7 0 Mr, M a r t i n k. s c h a l l e r , ' - E x e c . 3ecy« O f f i c e o f t h e Mayor-Commissioner District Building Yteshington, D. C. 2 0 0 0 4 Dear r r . Schaller: As a member of t h e W i l d e r n e s s S o c i e t y , I would l i k e t o e x p r e s s my o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e continued work on the Three S i s t e r s Bridge p r o j e c t . I t i s t h e o p i n i o n o f many people t h a t c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e "bridge and c o n n e c t i n g highways would s e r i o u s l y i m p a i r t h i s s c e n i c s t r e t c h o f t h e r i v e r and t h e h i s t o r i c C & 0 Canal, There have "been a l t e r n a t i v e s t o t h i s d e s t r u c t i v e and much opposed p l a n . I t h i n k t h e y s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d . Sincerel:/ yours, - i Henry S, ICuever 7 2 4 6 Donnell Place F o r e s t v i l l e , Maryland 20028 �Henry A. Jorgensen 2908 F o r t Baker D r i v e Washington D.C. 20020 12 Dec 70 OF A Mr M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r Executive Secretary O f f i c e of the Mayor-Commissioner D i s t r i c t Bldg Washington D.C. Dear 20004 Sir : T h i s l e t t e r i s i n r e g a r d t o the t h r e e s i s t e r s b r i d g e h e a r i n g s , s t a r t i n g 14 Dec 70. I AM AGAINST THE THREE SISTERS BRIDGEJBSING BUILT! The R a i l T r a n s i t system i s the b e s t a l t e r n a t i v e , and should have been approved, b u i l t and i n o p e r a t i o n long b e f o r e now as anyone who has to f i g h t t h r u D C t r a f f i c can a t t e s t t o . F u r t h e r more, any I n t e r s t a t e highway l i n k s should bypass the e n t i r e c i t y a r e a , thus a l e v i a t x n g city traffic congestion i n s t e a d of adding t o I t l I am a l i f e l o n g r e s i d e n t of the D i s t r i c t , and have seen most of my n e i g h b o r s l e a v e the D i a t r i c t i n d i s c u s t over 111 p r o p o s a l s l i k e the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e becomming a f a c t ; however, a t l e a s t t h i s time we a r e a f f o r d e d a h e a r i n g and I am to t h i s end thankful. 1 Sincerely �1241 3 3 r d S t r e e t , N. W. W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. 2 0 0 0 7 14 D e c e m b e r 1970 M r . M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r , E x e c . S e c . O f f i c e of the M a y o r - C o m m i s s i o n e r , R o o m D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g , 14th & E S t r e e t s , N. W. W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. 2 0 0 0 4 D e a r Mr. I am Bridge. 528 Schaller: u n e q u i v o c a l l y o p p o s e d to the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the T h r e e S i s t e r s One m o r e b r i d g e to W a s h i n g t o n w i l l s e r v e no e a r t h l y good. The c i t y a l r e a d y has m o r e c a r s , m o r e f u m e s , m o r e n o i s e and m o r e cong e s t i o n t h a n i t i s e q u i p p e d to c o p e w i t h . T o p r o v i d e a n o t h e r c h a n n e l into the D i s t r i c t , an a r e a w h i c h i s o v e r c r o w d e d , o v e r b u r d e n e d , and u n a b l e to h a n d l e the g r o w i n g t r a f f i c j a m , i s a t h o u g h t l e s s a n d s e n s e l e s s act. W a s h i n g t o n c i t i z e n s - - a n d the e n v i r o n m e n t - - d e s e r v e b e t t e r . F r o m p u r e l y a n a e s t h e t i c r e a c t i o n , the v i e w up the P o t o m a c R i v e r f r o m K e y B r i d g e i s a b e a u t i f u l one. T o c o n s t r u c t a n o t h e r b r i d g e w i l l s c a r a n d b l e m i s h t h i s v i e w . T h e r e i s no h u m a n c o s m e t i c t h a t c a n c o v e r the u g l i n e s s of the T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e . T h e l a n d s c a p e w i l l be d i s f i g u r e d and m a r r e d beyond r e p a i r . And f o r what purpose? Mr. S c h a l l e r , I u r g e y o u not to p e r m i t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h i s b r i d g e . Since rely, P i c k e t t R. H u l l e y (Mrs. J o h n C. L . H u i l e y ) �GEORGE C ONE JR ENY 2604 36TH ST N W W A S H I N G T O N or 20007 ,1 » , . / "J- 1 7 ^ £ itvtA U^Jj. 'tVt*V-j( ,- « 1 TT~ T~~ �M i s s E m i l y P . Drown 3510 0 St.,,\ . W . . . T Washington, D . C . 20007 I 3 US v c t- P •r p$o~\ fa Wxt^lh I l> i C ^ i ^ O ^ ' ^ // - l A i * - tt'^ t>~7u <v<-. - / ( �70 U x l ? F o x h a l l Road, N.W., Washington, D.C.20007 December 13, 1970 D.f Mr. M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r , L>:ec. S e c . O f f i c e o f t h e May or-C corrals s i oner Room 5 2 8 , D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g l i i t h & S S t r e e t s , N.W., Washington, D.C. 20cOu Re j P u b l i c H e a r i n g s on D e s i g n o f Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e Dear S i r ; We a s owners and occupants o f the d w e l l i n g s i t u a t e l h l 7 F o x h a l l Road, N.W., Washington, D. C , a r e OPPOSLD t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e or c o n t i n u a t i o n o f Route 266 through t h e C i t y o f Washington. S i n c e the C i t y i s unable nor b u i l t t o accommodate t h e mass v o l u n e o f c a r s and t r a c k s , t h e r e is l i t t l e need t o b u i l d more b r i d g e s o r highways t o b r i n g them t o t h e c i t y l i m i t s f o r more t r a f f i c jams. The b r i d g e w i l l r u i n t h e parks and w a t e r f r o n t o f Georgetown which a r e a t t r a c t i o n s t u our C i t y , . e o e i i e v e t h a t Metro s h o u l d n be g i v e n a chance b e f o r e b u i l d i n g more b r i a g e s ana highways. Very t r u l y y o u r s , t K- --f.il . "j/~\t:.ryt. * ^y(- AAg-QA^^ Kae F r a n c e s E h r h a r d t V i r g i n i a Rose h h r h a r d t �4 J^J^. VJ— ->wO • •( L» • - O ^ v > m*±is» — f ?oox> ""»• ~7\*_ ^ j -ir-wT A, G? ^oli^—^* - Mrs. J. Burke Wilkinson ~ 1344 30th Street N W . Washington. D. C. 20007 .. �• 3345 QUE STREET N. W., W A S H I N G T O N , D. C 2CC07 1 C D uj CO X . . - .. L ' .. UJ Z I— I1 O 7 r it* i v /J - J ( �;iV£D 1 1 D e c 70 Mr. M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r ; I an u n a l t e r a b l y upposed to the b u i l d i n g of the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , or Route 266. P l e a s e don't f u r t h e r r u i n our c i t y by b u i l d i n g cement o v e r l a y s . L e t us keep i t y for people and not highways. The D i s t r i c t has been my home f o r 3 5 y e a r s , I l e v a i t and don't want to have i t r u i n e d because Rep. Matcher and Hep. K l u c z i n s k i l i k e cement grass. Yours truly, (Mrs.) M. V. Tanner W W M Street, 3507 �3 3 1 3 S T L T Y V E S A X T W A S H I S G T O N . . T i l CLc< 3 ^ C C u j P L A C E , D . C . X . W. 2 0 0 1 5 r L*±4^L -A <Xu> 0V 1 i ^ a X 7 �December 1 1 , Mr. M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r , E x e c u t i v e O f f i c e of the Mayor D i s t r i c t Building Washington, D i s t r i c t of Columbia 1970 Secretary 20004 Dear S i r : I am w r i t i n g i n r e g a r d to the h e a r i n g B r i d g e p r o j e c t scheduled f o r December 14, r e s i d e n t of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, but one, I b e l i e v e t h a t t h i s p r o j e c t s h o u l d be on the Three S i s t e r s 1970. As a new a l s o a v e r y concerned h a l t e d permanently. As you know the p l i g h t of the D i s t r i c t i s a p e c u l i a r one p o l i t i c a l l y , and I am not s u r e t h a t my one l e t t e r w i l l h e l p much i n t h i s s p e c i f i c c a s e , but I must t r y . I n s h o r t , and to r e p e a t m y s e l f , the b r i d g e should not be b u i l t . The d e s t r u c t i o n o f some of the s e n i c beauty a l o n g the Potomac Paver and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal i s a v e r y immediate r e a s o n to h a l t construction. So i s the f a c t t h a t i f the b r i d g e i s f i n i s h e d , the many D i s t r i c t r e s i d e n t s who now use the c a n a l towpath w i l l have to go a l i t t l e f a r t h e r to l e a v e the c i t y behind them. A much s t r o n g e r case can be made however a g a i n s t the b r i d g e i f one c o n s i d e r s the f u t u r e r a m i f i c a t i o n s . Once the b r i d g e i s completed, where would the t r a f f i c go? There i s no doubt i n my mind t h a t a d d i t i o n a l highway c o n s t r u c t i o n would have to take p l a c e i n the Spout Run a r e a of A r l i n g t o n . T h i s would amount to another expressway r u n n i n g through a n a t i o n a l park. But the e f f e c t on the D i s t r i c t a r e a would be d i s a s t e r o u s . C e r t a i n l y the t r a f f i c from the D i s t r i c t end of the b r i d g e could n e t be dumped onto C a n a l Road, F a c A r t h u r B l v d . , and F S t r e e t west of Key Bridge as they now e x i s t . The b r i d g e i n r e a l i t y i s a f i r s t s t e p toward a suner-highway system r u n n i i i g through one of the few r e m a i n i n g n a t u r a l a r e a s i n the D i s t r i c t . ' 7 h a r d l y need the ,e c r e a t i o n of a n o t h e r expressway through a p a r k a r e a such as now e x i s t s i n Rock Creek P a r k . �6 V/* I b e l i e v e t h a t a s t r o n g c a s e c a n be made i n f a v o r o f t h e proposed Metro system as a v i a b l e answer t o t h e b r i d g e cons t r u c t i o n . The Metro would move more people i n t o and out o f t h e D i s t r i c t f a s t e r than a n o t h e r b r i d g e a c r o s s the Potomac c o u l d e v e r hope to do. I t goes w i t h o u t s a y i n g t h a t t h e Metro w i l l a l s o be a b i g push i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f c l e a n e r a i r , somet h i n g t h e b r i d g e would o n l y a g g r a v a t e . To n s s i r , t h e permanent h a l t i n c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e and more emphasis on Metro c o n s t r u c t i o n i s t h e o n l y sound answer t o a m a j o r problem. T h i s i s t h e d i r e c t i o n i n w h i c h you, as t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f Mayor Washington, s h o u l d l e a d t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. R e s p e c t f u l l y submitted, .Richard T. Busch 1508 Columbia Road I I . W. Washington, D. C. 20009 �W. 4879 A. MCCUTCHEON Potomac Avenue. Washington, N. w. D. C . December 1 0 , 1 9 7 0 . Mr. M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r , E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y , O f f i c e o f t h e Mayor Room $23, D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g , Washington, D. C Commissioner, 0 Dear Mr. S c h a l l e r : I have c a r e f u l l y exa»ained t h e brochure t i t l e d 1-266 D e s i g n H e a r i n g i n f o r m a t i o n p r e p a r e d f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Department o f Highways a n d T r a f f i c and t h e V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways by Howard, Needles, Tammen and Dergendoff, C o n s u l t i n g Engineers• As a p r o p e r t y owner I recommend t h a t e i t h e r a p r e s t r e s s e d c o n c r e t e or s t e e l bo*x g i r d e r b r i d g e be c o n s t r u c t e d a s proposed over t h e Three S i s t e r s I s l a n d s , o i n c e p a r t o f t h e f o u n d a t i o n f o o t i n g s have a l r e a d y been s t a r t e d t h e e n t i r e p r o j e c t s h o u l d be completed promptly t o p r o v i d e c a p a c i t y t o r e l i e v e t h e p r e s e n t overcrowding o f K e y and C h a i n B r i d g e s . Mrs. McCutcheon j o i n s me i n t h i s recommendation. Yours v e r y t r u l y , ���V HAZEL, BECKHORN AMD HANES ATTORNEYS AT LAW P. 0. ' IOX S47 l(XC? MAIN STR^'iT FA.RFAX. VIRGINIA 22030 T. HAZEL, JR. ; H' W. BECXhCRN *YSON P. HANES .UL C. KINCHElCE, JR. HESERiCSC R. SARNES; JR. rijfla-t-jor '* * AREA CODE 703 273-ii+4 1 P 7 0 " ns �( * \ 1 ____ RECEIVED DEPT. '>!' UlCHxY.W s DFC1 I 1970 «o:>T. f/r//':/; cn.i'Hr::::. ivi. �7' 7- / f / , s, I Ci p > c ^ -*-*-<^ & V"3 - c'7 vD c/- — »• Ux.c>- 2/ — Cr'i, s'-: A~fi~-CL<S't -is / y ,-f? cnru ' 0 y>^rr .1 0 CC'L i , t : i . -J <. < uy ( . •' ' L A • ..' <— /// He r. / 7 / ^ ' v i PFCLlIVED DEC11 /)/SV. 1970 OFFICE �D e c e m b e r 14, 1970 '-"? STATEMENT - F E D E R A L CITY Three Sisters Bridge Design COUNCIL Hearings We w a n t to r e a f f i r m t h e F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l ' s s u p p o r t f o r t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s Bridge as a link in a balanced transportation system. We w o u l d l i k e to p o i n t out t h a t a l t h o u g h t h e C o u n c i l h a s s u p p o r t e d a balanced transportation system, i t h a s n e v e r s p o k e n to a s p e c i f i c route,or a s p e c i f i c design, f o r f r e e w a y s , o r M e t r o , f o r that m a t t e r . We f e e l t h a t t h o s e d e c i s i o n s a r e b e s t l e f t to the e n g i n e e r s , p l a n n e r s , and a r c h i t e c t s , a n d t r u s t t h a t t h e y w i l l be m a d e i n t h e b e s t i n t e r e s t s o f the c o m m u n i t y . A s to the d e s i g n of t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e , t h e s u b j e c t of t h i s h e a r i n g , we w o u l d o n l y p o i n t out t h a t t h e F i n e A r t s C o m m i s s i o n h a s a l r e a d y g i v e n i t s a p p r o v a l to t h e T h r e e - S p a n - L ^ r e s t r e s s e d m o d e l on page 6, f i g u r e 8, i n t h e p r e p a r e d b r o c h u r e . Concrete We f e e l that body i s t h e m o s t q u a l i f i e d to s p e a k to a e s t h e t i c s a n d d e s i g n , a n d i t has. On t h e q u e s t i o n of s a f e t y , we w o u l d a g a i n y i e l d to t h e e n g i n e e r s , a n d must accept their conclusions. O n l y they c a n conduct the r e s e a r c h and a n a l y z e t h e d a t a a v a i l a b l e on t h i s q u e s t i o n . A s a r e s u l t of J u d g e S i r i c a ' s d e c i s i o n , t h e q u e s t i o n s of l o c a t i o n a n d n e e d a r e not r e l e v a n t to t h e s e proceedings. �- 2 - We t r u s t t h a t once t h e s e h e a r i n g s a r e c o n c l u d e d , the n e c e s s a r y d e c i s i o n s on s a f e t y and d e s i g n w i l l be m a d e so t h a t c o n s t r u c t i o n of the b r i d g e c a n p r o c e e d promptly. �) 6 GOVERNMENT O F T H E DISTRICT O F COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHV/AYS AND 415 12TH S T R E E T , N . W . W A S H I N G T O N , D. C . TRAFFIC in 20004 -7< ADDRESS REPLY TO DIRECTOR OF H I G H W A Y S A N D T R A F F I C D e c e m b e r 10, 1970 H o n o r a b l e W. C. D a n D a n i e l U. S. H o u s e of R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s "Washington, D. C. 2 0 5 1 5 Dear Mr. c 6 K Daniel: T h i s w i l l a c k n o w l e d g e r e c e i p t of y o u r D e c e m b e r 1, 1970, l e t t e r c o n t a i n i n g a n e x p r e s s i o n of s u p p o r t b y V i r g i n i a m e m b e r s of C o n g r e s s f o r t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e a n d t h e c o n n e c t i n g 1-266 s p u r . Y o u r s u p p o r t of a b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m i n c l u d i n g t h e 1-266 f a c i l i t y i s m o s t g r a t i f y i n g . I w o u l d p a r t i c u l a r l y l i k e to t h a n k y o u f o r y o u r e x p r e s s i o n of c o n f i d e n c e i n the a b i l i t y of t h e V i r g i n i a a n d D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a h i g h w a y d e p a r t m e n t s to g i v e f u l l c o n s i d e r a t i o n t o t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l v a l u e s i n the d e s i g n a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e b r i d g e and i t s c o n n e c t i n g spur. W i t h y o u r p e r m i s s i o n , the s t a t e m e n t w i l l be s u b m i t t e d i n t h e r e c o r d of t h e D e s i g n P u b l i c H e a r i n g to' be c o n d u c t e d on D e c e m b e r 14, 1970. With kind r e g a r d s , I a m T.-J^hAXRiS, Director D e p a r t m e n t of'Highways and T r a f f i c , D. C. �W. C. " D A N " 5TH ~r_ DANIEL. DISTR,CT. V.SG1NIA DISTRICT OFFICE: 2D2-P0ST O F F J C 3 Bu.LDING. DAtMt-LE, VIRGINIA 2'S1 -,4 COMMITTEE: A R M E D SERVICES C o n g r e s s of tfte K n i t e b States KMingtoTL J9.C 20515 December 1 , 19 70 Z<m -ri ° Mr. T h o m a s F . A i r i s , D i r e c t o r Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c f o r the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Presidential Building 415 - 1 2 t h S t r e e t W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. D e a r Mr. Airis: We, t h e u n d e r s i g n e d m e m b e r s o f t h e C o n g r e s s f r o m t h e Commonwealth o f V i r g i n i a , b e l i e v e t h a t c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e and t h e c o n n e c t i n g I n t e r s t a t e 256 s p u r i n V i r g i n i a i se s s e n t i a l i f the Washington metropolitan area i s t o h a v e an a d e q u a t e , b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m , a n d i t should proceed without a d d i t i o n a l delay. The H i g h w a y D e p a r t m e n t o f V i r g i n i a a n d t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia, t h e former U n i t e d S t a t e s B u r e a u o f P u b l i c Roads, and t h e p r e s e n t U n i t e d S t a t e s D e p a r t m e n t o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n h a v e c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e d t h a t t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t s p o i n t t o an overwhelming need f o ra b r i d g e over t h e Potomac R i v e r i n t h e Three S i s t e r s area. Such a c l e a r l y demonstrated need l e dt o t h e i n c l u s i o n o f t h e b r i d g e a n d I n t e r s t a t e 2 66 a s p a r t s o f t h e i n t e r s t a t e h i g h w a y s y s t e m i n 19 6 0 . I n s u b s e q u e n t y e a r s i t h a s become i n c r e a s i n g l y evident that t h i s bridge-and-highway f a c i l i t y i s a m u s t , i f t h e n e e d s o f a l l t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h e Commonwealth of V i r g i n i a — and e s p e c i a l l y those l i v i n g i n t h e a r e a s a d j a c e n t t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a -- a r e t o b e adequately served. The well-known p r e s e n t t r a f f i c congest i o n i n t h i s area i s expensive t o V i r g i n i a m o t o r i s t s , and i t adds s u b s t a n t i a l l y t o t h e c o s t s i n t h e d e l i v e r y o f goods within this area. I n M a r c h o f 196 8 t h e G e n e r a l A s s e m b l y o f V i r g i n i a adopted t h e attached r e s o l u t i o n , e x p r e s s i n g i t s d e s i r e f o r a prompt a u t h o r i z a t i o n o f t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and p o i n t i n g o u t t h a t t h e a d d i t i o n a l Potomac R i v e r c r o s s i n g i n t h e . rrii �Mr. T h o m a s F . Page Two December 1 , Airis 19 70 T h r e e S i s t e r s a r e a as a p a r t o f t h e i n t e r s t a t e s y s t e m was a b a s i c f a c t o r i n t h e d e c i s i o n t h a t I n t e r s t a t e 66 w o u l d provide a s a t i s f a c t o r y c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n W a s h i n g t o n and t h e D u l l e s International Airport. I f the b r i d g e i s not constructed, D u l l e s t r a f f i c w i l l f i n d the Potomac c r o s s i n g a b o t t l e n e c k so s e v e r e as t o s u b s t a n t i a l l y n u l l i f y the h i g h - s p e e d , l i m i t e d a c c e s s c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n W a s h i n a t o n and t h e a i r p o r t . I t s h o u l d a l s o be b o r n e i n m i n d t h a t i n 1968 t h e C o n g r e s s of the U n i t e d S t a t e s s p e c i f i c a l l y e x p r e s s e d i t s d e s i r e t h a t the T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e be c o n s t r u c t e d p r o m p t l y . I t i s , of course, imperative t h a t environmental values r e c e i v e c a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n t h e d e s i g n and construction o f t h e b r i d g e and t h e c o n n e c t i n g s p u r r o u t e . We f e e l t h a t t h e r e i s s u f f i c i e n t c o n c e r n and c o m p e t e n c e i n t h e V i r g i n i a and D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a Highway D e p a r t m e n t s and the U n i t e d States Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n to assure f u l l c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e s e v a l u e s , a n d we r e i t e r a t e o u r d e s i r e t h a t t h e s e p r o j e c t s move f o r w a r d w i t h o u t f u r t h e r d e l a v . L. -••-•'-•I H a r r y F. —\ Byrd, A William B. i •- ^ • . Jr "Davi d E. "Satfber fife I d Abbitt :1=.>T. B r o y h i l l William s~ —f ---^ f C. William L. Scott r //-- / ,3 T h o m a s N. t U L i , Downing G. //'/ ^ W. William Whitehurst / 11. j r Wampler / I r-j ~!. . Spong, J r . W a t k i n s M. -"——v, C C. >* (Dan) Q Daniel j - �D e c e m b e r 17, 1970 M r . W i l l i a m F. Blccher, J r . 20C 0 L S t r e e t , N. W. W a s h i Q g t o a D. G. 2 C 0 3 6 t Dear Mr. Biocher: T h e M a y o r w i s h e s m e to t h a n k y o u f o r y o u r D e c e m b e r 1 1 , 1970 l e t t e r I n d i c a t i n g s u p p o r t f o r t h e s i n g l e a r c h a l t e r n a t i v e of t h e two d e s i g n s that w e r e p r e s e n t e e a t the T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e D e s i g n Hearing. Y o u r v i e w s w i l l be i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t h e h e a r i n g r e c o r d . I w i s h to p e r s o n a l l y thank you v e r y m u c h f o r your t i o n i n t h e s o l u t i o n of t h i s i m p o r t a n t p r o b l e m . participa- Sincerely yours, T. F . A I R I S . D i r e c t o r D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s and T r a f f i c , TFA:ps cc: E x e c . S e c r e t a r y D. C« �William F. Blocker, J r . 2 0 0 0 L STREET, WASHINGTON, N . W. D. C . 2 0 0 3 6 December 1 1 , 1970 The H o n o r a b l e W a l t e r E . Mayor - C o m m i s s i o n e r W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. Washington Dear S i r : I would l i k e to t a k e a moment to comment on t h e d e s i g n o f t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e and 1-266 as proposed by t h e V i r g i n i a and D. C. D i s t r i c t s of Highways. A f t e r r e v i e w i n g the p l a n s , i t a p p e a r s t o me t h a t t h e more e x p e n s i v e d e s i g n w h i c h has been a p p r o v e d by t h e F i n e A r t s Commission i s the most d e s i r a b l e d e s i g n . F u r t h e r m o r e , as a n a t i v e o f W a s h i n g t o n , I would l i k e to t a k e t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y to urge you to c o m p l e t e t h i s p r o j e c t a s soon as p o s s i b l e . T h i s b r i d g e and t h e h i g h w a y s w h i c h a r e proposed f o r i t a r e an i n t e g r a l p a r t o f a b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system f o r the m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a . This c i t y needs t n e b r i d g e and i t s r e l a t e d h i g h w a y s . Si n c e r e l y yours , U j ^ - ^ U - h. WFB,JR:og William \\. F. B l o c h e r , J r . \J Vlfti.0*« v v- -f 9 �(J v ia H u /)/) L L C 156 WB0S9 <LL> C I PDF WASHINGTON DC 16 3 0 2 P E S T MAYOft WALTER WASHINGTON, DLY .75 D I S T R I C T BLDG WASHDC IN VIEW OF THE F E E L I N G S E X P R E S S E D AND THE FACTS PRESENTED THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE THREE S I S T E R S AGAINST I URGE THAT YOU POSTPONE ACTION ON THE BRIDGE U N T I L SUCH TIME A F I N A L D E C I S I O N HAS BEEN RECHED BY" THE COURTS* I HAVE L I V E D ALMOST A L L OF MY 6 0 YEARS I N WASHINGTON AND HAVE BEEN A HOME OWNER AND REALTOR FOR OVER 25 YEARS I N GEORGETOWN I D E E P L Y CARE ABOUT I T S FUTURE AND J O I N THE 100'S WHO SHARE MY B E L I E F THAT THE BRIDGE MUST NOT B E B U I L T MRS HOWARD R I P P L E Y MCPECK HOWARD R MCPECK AND CO 1556 33RD>\ ST NORTHWEST. 60 25 100'S 1<S56 3 3 , ( 3 1 7 ) SF-1201 (R5-331 +Q \& jJ^ t i �Hit. Mcuvtin K. Schallen Executive. Secn.etany 0{{ice o{ the ^ayon.-ComnU6ionen. Vibtnict Building leaking ton, Dean Ml. 20004 Schallen.: Regarding like D.C. to the lhn.ee Sii>ten,s make my appeal against one othen. altennatives, anound ui> thene axeai, it o{ t\xii> ii> le{)t, as J {eel depletion We cannot {atone thene line. o{ Land and Ion. the I would Kit living dci>tn.oy inhabitants planet. put my plea many otheu pnoject., huch ai> a nail {oh. nonhuman entities. wliat little Please i6 Bnidge that against this I know will pnoject be coming with in. Sincenely, /O - - / V ' -? 7 /Qa4i?f ft'. O.-'Bantz ' Bethesda, Wanyland the �/ 8206 O l d Georgetown Bethesda, Maryland December 18, 1970 Road 2001*4 Mr. M a r t i n S c h a l l e r E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y t o t h e Mayor District Building 1 4 t h and E S t r e e t s , N.W. W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. 20004 Mr. Schaller: A s a c o n c e r n e d c i t i z e n engaged i n b u s i n e s s a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n W a s h i n g t o n and W i n c h e s t e r , V i r g i n i a a r e a s , I wholeheartedly support the Three S i s t e r s Bridge p r o j e c t . I n my v i e w , t h e b r i d g e w o u l d a l l o w f o r g r e a t e r a c c e s s t o Dulles International. Airport. When t h e a i r p o r t was p l a c e d i n Loudoun C o u n t y t h e r e was a g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t t h a t a c o n n e c t i n g l i m i t e d - a c c e s s highway would t i e the a i r p o r t i n w i t h the Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a . With the f o r e c a s t i n c r e a s e s i n c a r g o and p a s s e n g e r s f o r D u l l e s i n t h e n e x t t e n y e a r s , I f e e l i t i s i m p e r a t i v e we meet t h i s commitment. Gene P. T a y l o r r a �December 18, 1970 Mr. M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r Executive Secretary O f f i c e o f t h e Major-Commissioner District Building Washington, D. C. 2000h Dear Mr. Schaller: I w i s h t o r e c o r d my s t r o n g o p p o s i t i o n , as a permanent Washington r e s i d e n t , t o the b u i l d i n g o f t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . The impos i t i o n o f t h i s a d d i t i o n a l span and t h e highways i t would generate would s a d l y d i s f i g u r e t h e beauty, and d i s r u p t t h e environment, o f a l a r g e p o r t i o n o f the c i t y of Washington. T h i s i s t h e time t o decide t h a t we do not need more automobiles p o u r i n g i n and out of t h e c i t y . We do not need more b r i d g e s and f r e e w a y s . We need a l t e r n a t i v e means of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , worked out under t h e guidance o f a long-range p l a n . The subway i s one i n s t r u m e n t i n such p l a n n i n g . I t s b u i l d i n g should be t h e f i r s t o r d e r of b u s i n e s s , and more t h i n k i n g should be done along t h e s e lines. I happen t o l i v e on t h e edge of G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d P a r k , so I have a d i r e c t i n t e r e s t i n keeping t h a t a r e a green and a l i v e and i n p r e v e n t i n g any i n c r e a s e i n a i r p o l l u t i o n , t r a f f i c r o a r , and c o n c r e t e s t e r i l i t y i n my immediate s u r r o u n d i n g s . But the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s s u e extends f a r beyond G l o v e r P a r k . I t i s o f n a t i o n a l importance. The whole Three S i s t e r s - f r e e w a y i d e a works a g a i n s t t h e b a s i c f u n c t i o n of a c i t y , wnich i s t o b r i n g people t o g e t h e r so t h a t t h i n g s can happen. The b r i d g e w i l l work toward d i s p e r s i o n and d i s u n i t y . I f t h e b r i d g e i s b u i l t , I can o n l y f o r e s e e an i n c r e a s i n g l y d i s m a l f u t u r e f o r W a s h i n g t o n — a n d the l o s s o f an o p p o r t u n i t y t o p l a n c r e a t i v e l y and t o encourage o t h e r c i t i e s i n t h e n a t i o n to do t h e same. Washington w i l l become l e s s and l e s s t h e proud and b e a u t i f u l symbol o f our c o u n t r y . �We needn't m i n d l e s s l y c a p i t u l a t e t o t h e automobile, but we should u s e i t and a l l o f t e c h n o l o g y w i t h i n t e l l i g e n c e . The Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , w h a t e v e r i t s d e s i g n , i s not an i n t e l l i g e n t u s e o f technology. Sincerely yours, E l e a n o r H. Stodaard P. S. I s h o u l d l i k e t o a s k t h a t you i n c l u d e t h i s l e t t e r i n t h e r e c o r d o f t h e d e s i g n h e a r i n g s on t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , h e l d t h e week o f December 14, 1970. �MRS. G O E T Z BRIEFS D e c < 1 » 5 1 9 7 0 Big Heavans, M t . Weather Road Bluemont, Virginia 22012 Re: Three Sisters' Bridge and ^ G l o v e Archbold , Park Sirs, Dear I should like that a p p a r e n t l y , tion to express after of the facts, "solving" traffic, Park, deeper serious there v i aThree than ever thought about that absolute s o much d i s c u s s i o n i s s t i l l the Distich's t r a f f i c truck I my problems Sisters' into and e x p o s i thought of by f u n n e l l i n g Bridge and Glover the c i t y . the citizens t h e need serious amazement to create o f Washington were more and b e t t e r parks for t h e growing needs of Washingtonians—not only d i s , .pork areas ., . , t a n t i-;r.as, out e v e r y p o s s i b l e g r e e n a n d r e s t f u l s p o t available the t o t h o s e who means t o r e a c h v/ithin area the Distirc, Please objectors the . wishes transit too a d d my a n d do n o t h a v e The i d e a , , a residential fantastic that t o make way and h o s p i t a l f o r credence. name t o y o u r list of most v i o l e n t to any s o l u t i o n t h a t does not c o i n c i d e of the majority system linked with narks , a r e t o no d e s r e e v e d t r u c k s r i g h t through sounds i n cities distant areas. rxct for live f o r a long-overdue a network rapid o f commuter Yours s i n c e r e l y , Slinor C with Briefs trains. �Editk Ray Saul 3632 P rospect St., N . W . W a s k i n g t o n , D . C . 20007 17 Mr. M a r t i n K. S h a l l e r , O f f i c e of Mayor, District Building, Washington, D.C. December 1970 Exec.Sec, Dear Mr. S h a l l e r , RE Three S i s t e r s Hearings I n t h e brochure prepared f o r these h e a r i n g s , a t g r e a t expense i n our f i n a n c i a l l y embarrased c i t y , t h e r e i s i n c l u d e d a "study" of churches i n the v i c i n i t y of t h e b r i d g e . T h i s i s not necessary. When the K S t r e e t underpass was c o n s t r u c t e d a t Washington C i r c l e t o enable V i r g i n i a n s t o get home more q u i c k l y every church was b a d l y a f f e c t e d b u t t h i s c a l l o u s d i s r e g a r d of resident, neighborhoods i s not a t h r e a t t o G-eorgetovrn c h u r c h e s , a s such. S i n c e t h i s unnecessary padding had t o be added why were only w h i t e P r o t e s t a n t churches c o n s i d e r e d ? We have a synagogue, two Rora^-n C a t h o l i c churches and t h r e e Negro churches - a l l s e r v i n g D.C. r e s i d e n t s , many of whom belong t o f a m i l i e s who have l i v e d i n the D i s t r i c t f o r many g e n e r a t i o n s . T h i s b i t of t r i v i a i s n o t unimportant. I hope t h e D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g w i l l not t u r n over our c i t y t o suburban-based highway departments to become a c o n c r e t e depot f o r suburban c a r s - w i t h no honest r e g a r d f o r the people l i v i n g h e r e . S i n c e t h e D i s t r i c t owns t h e r i v e r t o the V i r g i n i a shore I suppose the l o c a l money f o r t h e b r i d g e w i l l be D.C. t a x money, n o t V i r g i n i a l a x money? We w i l l pay f o r d e s t r o y i n g o u r s e l v e s ? When i t was q u i t e e v i d e n t t h a t s t r e e t c a r s were on t h e way out the D.C. government b u i l t t h e Dupont C i r c l e d i s a s t e r . Mow when i t i s q u i t e e v i d e n t t h a t t h e r e must be a re-evaluation of how many c a r s should be p e r m i t t e d i n t o s, core c i t y every day s u r e l y t h e D.C. government w i l l n o t a l l o w t h e Three S i s t e r s t o d e s t r p y our central city? Very t r u l y yours, A �Displacement of families or businesses is'not an-,, ticipated because of this project. ENGINEERING, RIGHT-OF-WAY AND CONSTRUCTION COST OF THE PROJECT AND RELATED FACILITIES The cost of this project is estimated tc be as follows: 3-Span Bridge* and Approaches 6-Span B r i d g e t and Approaches Construction Right-of-Way Engineering S27.900.000 2,000.000 2,400,000 $21,400,000 2,000,000 1,700,000 Total $32,300,000 $25,100,000 * Prestressed Concrete, t Steel. The total estimated cost for the Three Sisters Bridge and its approaches is $32,300,000 if the threespan prestressed concrete bridge is built, and $25,100,000 if the six-span steel alternate is selected. The 66' �1502 Ukrth S t r e e t , N.W. Washington, D.C. 20007 December 10, 1970 Mr. M a r t i n k/ S c h a l l e r , E x e c . S e c . O f f i c e o f t h e Mayor-Commissioner, Room 528 D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g , 1 4 t h and E S t r e e t s , B W i Washington, D.C. £0004 Dear Mr. S c h a l l e r : The p u b l i c h e a r i n g s nov i n p r o g r e s s on t h e d e s i g n o f t h e T h r e e - S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s r e p o r t e d l y t o c o n s i d e r v h e x n e r t h e one-span c o n c r e t e b r i d g e i s t o be decided upon o v e r t h e cheaper and u g l i e r s t e e l b r i d g e , t h e maintenance c o s t s o f ~ f r e q u e n t p a i n t i n g o f t h e l a t t e r n o t h a v i n g been mentioned. A s a p r o p e r t y owner whose HOME i s i n t h e F o x h a l l V i l l a g e t h r e a t e n e d by t h i s p r o j e c t , t b i a i s t o enter a strong protest against tne designs. I n s t e a d o f e i t h e r o f t h e proposed d e s i g n s , t h e d e s i g n t o be a c c e p t e d s h o u l d be t h a t o f t h e n a t u r a l s c e n i c r i v e r s i d e a t t h i s s p o t , s i m p l y w i t h KO b r i d g e . T h e r e t h e n would n o t be t h e degrading o f t h e economic v a l u e s t o contiguous p r o p e r t y endangered by t h e designed b r i d g e ; t n e a o c i a l degrading i n t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f r e c r e a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s - r i v e r - b a n s u s e , p r e s e n t boat houses and c l u b s , f o o t p a t h s and j o g g i n g t r a i l s , p i c n i c c i t e s , e t c . ; and t n e d e l e t e r i o u s e f f e c t s on t h e e n v i r n n r . j n t t h a t w i l l occur a s t h e t r a f f i c on t h e b r i d g e and approaches ( d e l e t e 'approaches" a s t h i s i s t e c h n i c a l l y not t o be c o n s i d e r e d ) w i l l b r i n g a tremendous i n c r e a s e i n a i r and n o i s e p o l l u t i o n . I n t h e meantime, t h e p r e s e n t h i d e o u s l y u n s i g h t l y s t r u c t u r e s , s t o c k a d e s , equipment, p i l e s o f r u s t i n g i r o n , e t c . , s h o u l d be removed o r a t l e a s t hidden from v i e w o f both s i d e s o f t h e Potomac. And, t h e t h r e a t o f doss t o p e d e s t r i a n s a c c e s s t o p u b l i c r i v e r and p u o l i c r i v e r banks s h o u l d be e l i m i n a t e d . 1 The v i s e Judge S i r i c a ' s r e s t r a i n i n g o r d e r , now i n e f f e c t , a g a i n s t work on b r i d g e c o n s t r u c t i o n must n o t o n l y be commended b u t encouraged and c o n t i n u e d . He i s b a s i c a l l y u p h o l d i n g s e v e r a l c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r i g h t s - i n c l u d i n g due p r o c e s s o f l a w and t h e s y s t e m o f checks a n d b a l a n c e s o f t h e t h r e e branches o f government. F i r s t i n l i n e i s due p r o c e s s . T h e p r o p o s a l a n d h e a r i n g s on t h e d e s i g n i s r e q u i r e d by l a v ; and now a t l a s t b e l a t e d l y , i t i s a c t u a l l y t a k i n g p l a c e . However, i t was not u n t i l t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n stoppage o r d e r went i n t o e f f e c t t h a t a a e 3 i g n was even p r e p a r e d . I f i t bad n o t been f o r t h e c o u r t s , t h e E x e c u t i v e ( r u s h e d by t h e l e g i s l a t i v e ; would h i v e r i d d e n roughshod o v e r , n o t o n l y t h e c i t i z e n s ' r i g h t s , b u t over o u r h i s t o r i c a l l y hard-fought-for c o n s t i t u t i o n a l p r i n c i p l e s . T h c i f a c t i s t h a t t h e d e s i g n was n o t p r e p a r e d u n t i l about s i x weeks ago, y e t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n was s t a r t e d n e a r l y t~;o - a r s a^o. T h i s f a c t was brougat t o l i g h t i n a s t a t e m e n t by a • member o f t h e Highway Department b e f o r e a meeting o f t h e F o x h a l l V i l l a g e C i t i z e n s * A s s o c i a t i o n on December 3 a t t h e Hardy S c h o o l R e c r e a t i o n C e n t e r . He s a i d t h a t e v e n i n g t h a t t h e d e s i g n p l a n was done "about a month ago". A t l e a s t t h e r e i s now, a t l a s t , a d e s i g n p l a n . A t p r e v i o u s meetings o f t h e F o x h a l l A s s o c i a t i o n and t h e Potomac P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n t h e r e were p l a n s shown f o r t n e Freeway, b u t no answer c o u l d be g i v e n p r i o r t o t h i s December 3 meeting a s t o how t n e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e would f i t i n t o t h e o v e r - a l l p l a n . — T h e same way t n a t now t h e B r i d g e and Freeway p l a n s r e m a i n i n c o m p l e t e - from p u b l i c knowledge a t l e a s t - a s t o how F r e e w a y p l a n s a r e t o c o r r u p t and l i n k up w i t n i n t e r s t a t e systems a s t n e y tbromrh o u r f o r m e r l y b e a u t i f u l j-i&tion-'s C a p i t a l . g �Hov i s i t p o s s i b l e t o b u i l d a b r i d g e — o r a a n y t h i n g e l s e f o r t h a t matter — without a design??? And how i t has been p o s s i b l e t o have c o n s t r u c t i o n under way f o r two y e a r s on a n undesigned b r i d g e i s n o t h i n g s h o r t o f f a n t a s t i c I We a r e c e r t a i n l y g r a t e f u l t o t n e x± couets — not o n l y f o r upholding t h e l a w , but f o r s h e e r good common s e n s e . Second t o t h e v i o l a t i o n E f o f due p r o c e s s rfcs t h a t has been attempted i s t h e roughshod r i d i n g by t h e l e g i s l a t i v e b r a n c h , and more p a r t i c u l a r l y by a h a n d f u l o f l e g i s l a t o r s i n C o n g r e s s , o v e r t h e e x e c u t i v e b r a n c h , and — up t o now u n o u c c e s s f u l l y — o v e r the j u d i c i a l , . W h i l e t h e h e a r i n g s now going on a r e p u r p o r t e d l y t o be o n l y on t h e d e s i g n o f t h e b r i f l r e t o r.o~-'.ere, and not on a c c e s s r o u t e s o r t h e r e s t o f t h e Freexray s y s t e m i t i s supposed t o 6 e r v e , t h i s makes t h e b u s i n e s s o f ''design" even more r i d i c u l o u s . Out V e s t i n U t a h t h e r e i 3 a N a t u r a l B r i d g e s N a t i o n a l flonumsnt w i t h t h r e e b e a u t i f u l n a t u r a l s t o n e a r c h e 3 s t a n d i n g r a t h e r a l o n e a g a i n s t t h e s k y — God-rade and monuments t o H i s handiwork. Perhaps t h i s i s what t h e T h r e e - S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s s e c r e t l y i n t e n d e d t o be, j u 3 t a monument; but because o f t h e g e n i e , not g e n i u s , who i s pushing i t , i t w i l l be a monument t o t h e handy footwork and f a s t f i n a g l i n g o f a s p e c i f i c Congressman. I t s h o u l d not be c a l l e d t h e N a t c h e r a l , but t h e H a t c h e r i l e B r i d g e , s p e l l e d " r - i - l - e " ' , because o f t h e way i t h a s , and may c o n t i n u e t o , annoy so many x f i t i s b u i l t i n t h e way now contemplated. I f i t i s t o be b u i l t a s p r e s e n t l y un-nlanned, i t w i l l indeed be a monument t o a l e g i s l a t o r who i n h i s own eyes becomes a s g r e a t a s t h e A r c h i t e c t o f t h e Utah n a t u r a l b r i d g e s . God f o r b i d t h a t i t become a f a c t i n contempt f o r o t h e r c o n s c i e n t i o u s l e g i s l a t o r s , e x e c u t o r s , and j u d i c i a r i e s , h u t , i ; r a y z?m i f t h e people prove powerless t o p r e v e n t t h i s p e r p e t r a t i o n o f p e r s o n a l p r i d e and a r r o g a n c e . I n s h o r t , t h e s e d e s i g n s o f t h e T h r e e - S i s t e r s B r i d g e s h o u l d be d e f e a t e d and destroyed,, As t h i s condemning o f t h e d e s i g n i s a m a t t e r f o r t h e c o u r t s , t n e d e s i g n s ( a n d t h e r e f o r t h e B r i d g e ) s h o u l d i n t h e name o f j u s t i c e be condemned a l s o because o r t h e manner o f p r e s e n t a t i o n ; and p a r t i c u l a r l y by condemning t h e b l a c k m a i l t a c t i c s 01 denying fund3 f o r t h e v i t a l mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p r o j e c t o f t h e l o n g overdue subssubway 8y3tem 0 I n c o n c l u s i o n , a s an American c i t i z e n who v o l u n t a r i l y e n t e r t a i n s a number o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l v i s i t o r s — most o f them d i s c e r n i n g graduate s t u d e n t s -- I s h o u l d l i k e t o be a b l e t o be r i d o f t h i 3 anachronism w n i c h p r e s e n t s an emoarrassment c o n s t a n t l y i n t r y i n g t o e x p l a i n our form and o p e r a t i o n s o f government o f t h e x r r u l e o f l a v i n a f r e e s o c i e t y , hoping f o r t h e s u c c e s s o f t h e c o u r t s i n e x c e r c i s i n g exemplary j u s t i c e , i t w i l l be g r a t i f y i n g t o l a t e r t e l l t h e s t o r y ' s s e q u e l a s one o f s u c c e s s , p r o v i n g t h a t 'the p r i c e o f l i b e r t y i s e t e r n a l v i g i l a n c e " and t h a t i t i s westh a l l o f t h e t i m e , e f f o r t and e n t h u s i a s m o f t h e c i t i z e n s t h a t i t c o s t s . �S c L d u - . Uf. ^ 4 *<i ^wl v U, lid '1 j 7 ' ° . vu^u rv^i^fi, ^ j ; 3-!j ' £ 3 �12J6 - 33rd 9 t . N.W., f Washington, D.C, 20007 December 13, 1970 Mr. M a r t i n X. S c h a l l e r O f f i c e o f the "•'syor-OoT.raissioner, Room p28 d i s t r i c t 51dg., l 4 t h i> 2 S t s . , N.W., Washington, D.C, 20C04 Deer Mr. S c h a l l e r : I-.B a t a x - p a y i n g p r o p e r t y owner and r e s i d e n t o r Georgetown r e g i s t e r t h e statement I w i s h to t h a t I em u n a l t e r a b l y opposed t o t h e proposed c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e . Very t r u l y your3, u e r t r u d e B. ^ r . s l l e y 02, iW k I j7o:o (j �7 2110 Huidekoper P l a c e , N.W Washington, D.C., 20007 December 18, 1970. Mr. M a r t i n X. S c h a l l e r , 2xcc. S e c . O f f i c e o f t h e .-.ayor-woT-niesioner, aoorr D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g , l 4 t h & E S t a . , II.W., Washington, U.C., 20004. 528 Deer S i r : Aa a p r o p e r t y ot .wr and t a x - p a y i n g r e s i d e n t o f G l o v e r Paric, I w i s h to s t a t e t h a t I en u n a l t e r a b l y opposed to c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the Three S i s t e r 3 Bridge. Very truly P h i l i p P. O r u i t t �7/ A U D U B O N \ 1130 F I F T H A V E N U E • H O U S E N E W YORK, Publisher N. Y. 1 0 0 2 8 of Audubon • ENrigrit S-Q100 Magazine December 17, 1970 Mr. M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r Executive Secretary O f f i c e of t h e Mayor-Commissioner District Building Washington, D. C. 20004- Dear Mr. S c h a l l e r : A t t a c h e d i s our statement f o r t h e r e c o r d on t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e p r o p o s a l . We a s k t h a t i t be i n c l u d e d i n t h e p r i n t e d r e c o r d of t h e h e a r i n g , and we a p p r e c i a t e your a s s i s t a n c e . With b e s t w i s h e s , Sincerely, Cynthia E. Wilson Washington R e p r e s e n t a t i v e Washington O f f i c e : 1001 - 15th S t . , N.W., Pjn. 7$, 20005 �A U D U B O N 1130 F I F T H A V E N U E • H O U S E N E W YORK. Publisher N Y . 1C028 of Audubon • ENrignt 9-2100 Magazine December 17, 1970 STATEMENT FOR THE HEARING RECORD OH THREE SISTERS BRIDGE The n a t i o n a l Audubon S o c i e t y a p p r e c i a t e s t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o comment on t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . We a r e a n a t i o n a l n o n - p r o f i t c o n s e r v a t i o n - e d u c a t i o n organi z a t i o n w i t h more than 100,000 members, and t h i s p r o p o s a l has l o n g been of concern t o u s . Because Washington i s t h e n a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l , i t s environment i s of i n t e r e s t t o our members around t h e n a t i o n , a s w e l l a s t o our members who l i v e i n t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a . Washington should be a model f o r t h e r e s t of t h e N a t i o n ; i n t h i s case we hope t h e bad example s e t here i s not r e p e a t e d i n o t h e r p a r t s of t h e c o u n t r y f o r t h i s c o n t r o v e r s y i l l u s t r a t e s e v e r y t h i n g t h a t i s wrong w i t h our system of p l a n n i n g highways* T h i s b r i d g e and t h e r e l a t e d f r e e w a y system a r e an a f f r o n t t o t h e environment and a l i n k i n t h e c h a i n of e v e n t s which i s making Washington more ana more u n l i v a b l e . Rather t h a n s o l v i n g problems, t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e w i l l i n e v i t a b l y o n l y i n c r e a s e them. F o r example, t h e a d d i t i o n a l 2o,000 c a r s p e r c a y w i l l i n c r e a s e a i r p o l l u t i o n and c o n g e s t i o n w i t h i n t h e c i t y i t s e l f . Once t n e c a r s get h e r e , t h e s t r e e t s w i l l be even more jammed, and one wonders where a l l t h e e x t r a c a r s a r e going t o p a r k . W i l l we have t o pave over even more p a r k s f o r more roads and c r e a t e more u g l y p a r k i n g l o t s which charge e x o r b i t a n t r a t e s ? B u i l d i n g t h i s bridge continues t h e v i c i o u s c i r c l e — a n o t h e r b r i d g e w i l l encourage more people t o d r i v e , and more c a r s w i l l c r e a t e more c o n g e s t i o n which i n t u r n w i l l c r e a t e more demand f o r more r o a d s and more b r i d g e s . But t h e c i t y ' s and t h e people's a b i l i t y t o w i t h s t a n d more pavement and more p o l l u t i o n , mere n o i s e and c o n g e s t i o n , i s l i m i t e d , and we a r e p l a y i n g a dangerous game o f brinksmanship i f we t h i n k we can c o n t i n u e encouraging i n d i v i d u a l automobile t r a n s p o r t ad i n f i n i t u m . Undeniably, many s u b u r b a n i t e s d r i v e t o work and complain about t i e - u p s on e x i s t i n g b r i d g e s . However, i f t h e y had any r e a s o n a b l y e f f i c i e n t a l t e r n a t i v e s ' t o d r i v i n g , many people would g l a d l y l e a v e t h e i r c a r s a t home. But, a s anyone who l i v e s i n V i r g i n i a knows, t h e bus s e r v i c e i s t e r r i b l e and e x p e n s i v e , so people c o n t i n u e t o d r i v e . �2 I n s t e a d o f b u i l d i n g Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , we should be d e v o t i n g our t a x money — and i t i s a l l of our t a x money t h a t i s used f o r t h e s e p r o j e c t s — t o b u i l d i n g t h e mass t r a n s i t system which would move more people, c r e a t e f a r l e s s p o l l u t i o n and l e s s d i s r u p t i o n t o t h e environment. I n s t e a d , we a r e p l a n n i n g t o b l i g h t a s c e n i c s t r e t c h of t h e Potomac R i v e r , pave o v e r a c o n s i d e r a b l e a r e a o f p a r k l a n d , and dump more c a r s onto a l r e a d y overburdened c i t y streets. I t i s obvious t h a t Three S i s t e r s Bridge and i t s c o n n e c t i o n s pose a f u t u r e t h r e a t t o G l o v e r Archbold B a r k , f o r g i v e n t h e e n g i n e e r i n g m e n t a l i t y w h i c h o r e v a i i s , once t h e B r i d g e i s b u i l t p l a n s w i l l m i r a c u l o u s l y appear t o extend i t s c o n n e c t i o n s through t h e p a r k . Perhaps t h e most d i s t r e s s i n g p a r t o f t h i s whole c o n t r o v e r s y i s t h e f a c t t h e Congress h a s d i c t a t e d what t h e c i t y o f Washington s h o u l d do. T h i s would n e t have happened i n any o t h e r p l a c e , but s i n c e t h e D i s t r i c t i s a s t e p c h i l d o f t h e F e d e r a l government i t i s a t t h e mercy of t h e P u b l i c ..orks Committee and t h e Highway lobby. But s u b u r b a n i t e s a r e j u s t beginning t o r e a l i z e t h a t t h e y too are t h r e a t e n e d . I t i s w e l l known t h a t t n e B r i d g e i s t h e key t o t h e whole f r e e w a y system, and once t h e B r i d g e i s b u i l t t h e p r e s s u r e t o complete t h e f r e e w a y system w i l l be i n c r e a s e d . Then t h e n e i g h b o r i n g s t a t e s of Maryland and V i r g i n i a w i l l f i n d t h e m s e l v e s h a v i n g t o t a i l o r t h e i r own road systems w i t h t h e D i s t r i c t f r e e w a y s whether t h e y l i k e i t or not. The 1970's have been p r o c l a i m e d t h e E n v i r o n m e n t a l Decade by many p o l i t i c i a n s , who make f i n e speeches about ecology ana f i g h t i n g p o l l u t i o n . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , much of t h i s t a l k i s r h e t o r i c f o r when i t comes t o t n e c r u n c h — when h a r d d e c i s i o n s and a r e t h i n k i n g o f our concepts of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i s d e s p e r a t e l y neeued — our d e c i s i o n - m a k e r s r e v e r t t o t h e same d e s t r u c t i v e p o l i c i e s which have oeen p l a y i n g havoc w i t h t h e environment and our h e a l t h a l l a l o n g . We a r e w e l l aware o f t h e p r e s s u r e s t o b u i l d t h i s b r i d g e , but we f i r m l y b e l i e v e i t i s i l l - a d v i s e d and a g a i n s t t h e b e s t i n t e r e s t s o f t h e people o f m e t r o p o l i t a n - / s h i n gt on .a and t h e n a t i o n . We urge you t o put an end t o t h i s d e s t r u c t i v e p l a n now. C y n t h i a E.Wilson Washington R e p r e s e n t a t i v e �ROBERT LEIGHTON 3 3 3 2 VOi_TA P L A C E W A S H I N G T O N . D. C. BARNES N.W. 20007 Dec. 17th, 1970. Mr. M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r , E x e c . S e c , O f f i c e o f t h e Iayor-Commissioner, Room 528 D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g , 1 4 t h and E . Sts.N.W. Washington, D.C. 2C004 My dear Mr. S c h a l l e r : I have not been a b l e to a t t e n d the f u l l h e a r i n g s on t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e o f course but I have heard enough, I am s u r e , t p convince me t h a t I WANT TO BE RECORDED AS DPPOSED TO THE THREE SISTERS BRIDGE There were t i m e s when t h e opponents almdt t u r n e d me i n t o a supporter but t h e r e a r e e x t r e m i s t s and f a n a t i c s on both s i d e s and t o me t h e weight o f t h e e v i d e r x u c e i s s t r o n g l y against tne proposal. ,N Even i f t h e f i n a n c i n g i s 90-10 we could use our 10$ c r e a t i v e l y and not t o degrade t h e c i t y . One important way i s o f course t h e subway. Why not stop a l l I n t e r s t a t e c o n s t r u c t i o n u n t i l we get t h e subways i n o p e r a t i o n and t h e n l o o k a t t h e s i t u a t i o n t o see what new p o p u l a t i o n and t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s w i l l have developed to see i f we need t o d e s t r o y more of Washington, I do indeed hope t h a t Mayor Washington and t h e C o u n c i l can stop t h e p r o j e c t c o l d . S i n c e r e l y yours,,, P.S. I should t a k e t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o s a y t h a t I t h i n k he i s doing a s p l e n d i d j o b on almost i n s o l u b l e problems. �LAW OFFICES OF J A M E S S.Y. IVINS ( 1 8 8 5 - 1 9 6 0 ) PERCY W P H I L L I P S ( 1 8 9 2 - 1 9 6 9 ) R I C H A R D B. B A R K E R K A R L R. P R I C E J O H N C. R E I D JAY W. G L A S M A N N J O S E P H E. M C A N D R E W S H.STEWART DUNN, JR. CARROLL J . SAVAGE IVINS, PHILLIPS & 1700 BARKER AREA CODE 2 0 2 P E N N S Y L V A N I A A V E N U E , N.W. W A S H I N G T O N , D. C . TELEPHONE 2 0 0 0 6 2 2 3 - 5 9 CABLE: P H I L B A R WASHINGTON, D . C December 1 7 , 1970 E R I C R. FOX W I L L I A M C. G I F F O R D , J R . W I L L I A M L. S O L L E E C A R O L K. N I C K E L M I C H A E L J. M C I N T Y R E Mr. M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r Executive Secretary O f f i c e o f t h e Mayor-Commis: .oner District Building W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. 2 0 0 0 4 Re: D e a r Mr. Three Sisters Bridge Proiect Schaller: A s c i t i z e n s o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a , we o b j e c t most v i g o r o u s l y t o t h e f u r t h e r implementation of t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge Project. Aside from the evident unsoundness o f t h e bridge's design, completion of t h e p r o j e c t would destroy t h e u n p a r a l l e l e d beauty c f t h a t p a r t o f t h e Potomac R i v e r . We h a v e d r i v e n many t i m e s on t h e G e o r g e W a s h i n g t o n M e m o r i a l P a r k w a y a n d h a v e m a r v e l e d a t t h e n a t u r a l s e t t i n g o f t h e Potomac R i v e r and i t s s u r r o u n d i n g s i n t h e area where t h e p r o j e c t i s scheduled t o be e r e c t e d . The b u i l d i n g o f t h e b r i d g e , t o g e t h e r w i t h the roads and other aspects o f c o n s t r u c t i o n , would i r r e v o cably destroy this setting. Since the beauty of the s u r r o u n d i n g s h a s e v i d e n t l y b e e n p r e s e r v e d much a s i t w a s 200 y e a r s a g o , t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n w o u l d b e a c o m p l e t e d i s a s t e r from an environmental point o f view. as We h o p e t h a t t h i s soon a s p o s s i b l e . project will be dropped M r . a n d M r s . W. WLS:ra L. completely Sollee �United States Department of the Interior NATIONAL P A R K S E R V I C E WASHINGTON, D.C. 20240 IN REPLY REFER TO: D30-NCP(GSP) DEC 1 5 1970 Mr. M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r Executive Secretary O f f i c e of t h e Mayor-Commissioner D i s t r i c t Building Washington, D. C. 20004 Dear Mr. Schaller The N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e would a p p r e c i a t e h a v i n g these comments i n c l u d e d i n the r e c o r d of t h e p u b l i c h e a r i n g scheduled f o r December 14, 1970. on t h e d e s i g n o f the proposed Route 1-266. T h i s roadway w i l l i n c l u d e the V i r g i n i a approaches along Spout Run Parkway, t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e over the Potomac R i v e r and c o n n e c t i o n s i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia over the Chesapeake and Ohio C a n a l . We have a v i t a l i n t e r e s t i n the d e s i g n o f t h i s p r o j e c t because of the d i r e c t a f f e c t 1-266 w i l l have on lands under our j u r i s d i c t i o n . A p a r t i c u l a r a s p e c t of the d e s i g n on w h i c h we w i s h to comment concerns the c o n n e c t i o n s between the proposed Spout Run toadways and the George Washington Memorial Parkway a s shown on the p r e l i m i n a r y p l a n s new b e f o r e t h i s h e a r i n g . These proposed c o n n e c t i o n s c o n f l i c t w i t h our understanding of the terms of an agreement s i g n e d May 25, 1966, by the N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e , the V i r g i n i a Highway Department, and the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Department of Highways and T r a f f i c , as supplemented by t h e agreements between the N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e , A r l i n g t o n County and t h e S t a t e of V i r g i n i a . These agreements r e l a t e d t o the p l a n n i n g and development of highway f a c i l i t i e s i n v o l v i n g lands or p r o j e c t s a d m i n i s t e r e d by each of the s i g n a t o r i e s . One of the p r o v i s i o n s o f the 1966 agreement states: "The V i r g i n i a Highway Department a g r e e s to r e - e v a l u a t e the need f o r connections to the parkway a t Spout Run when the new c r o s s i n g i s completed." The subsequent agreement p r o v i d e s , among o t h e r t h i n g s : That the Commonwealth o f V i r g i n i a f a c i l i t a t e t r a f f i c movements between p o r t i o n s o f V i r g i n i a and the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, by p r o v i d i n g f o r the r e c o n s t r u c t i o n and widening of Lee Highway and t h a t new ramps be p r o v i d e d i n the v i c i n i t y of Key B r i d g e to i n t e r c o n n e c t 1-66 v i a Lee Highway w i t h t h e George Washington Memorial Parkway. �7 c. The purpose o f these c o n d i t i o n s was t h e n , and s t i l l i s , t o d i s p e r s e t r a f f i c to o t h e r a r t e r i e s r a t h e r than p e r p e t u a t e and perhaps i n c r e a s e the c o n g e s t i o n of the Spout Run Parkway and t h e s t r e t c h o f t h e George Washington Memorial Parkway from Spout Pain to t h e Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e . The p r e s e n t t r a f f i c c o n d i t i o n s h e r e , p a r t i c u l a r l y d u r i n g r u s h hours, p r e s e n t a s e r i o u s t r a f f i c management problem. The a d v e r s e impact on the parkway would be compounded by c o n t i n u i n g a c c e s s between 1-266 and t h e George Washington Memorial Parkway a t t h i s p o i n t . T h e r e f o r e , i n keeping w i t h t h e s e agreements the N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e o b j e c t s to t h e d e s i g n p l a n s p r e s e n t e d a t t h i s h e a r i n g t h a t c a l l f o r c o n t i n u i n g ramp connections to the George Washington Memorial Parkway a t Spout Run. cc: Hon. Thomas F. A i r i s D i r e c t o r , Department of Highways and T r a f f i c D. C. Government Washington, D. C. 20004 Hon. Douglas B. Fugate Commissioner Department of Highways Richmond, V i r g i n i a 23219 �wi • utiL J ••fawi£4U I r B i w „J ilk*. S M I T H ' S TRANSFER & S T O R A G E C O . , lUC | "Dew 7 Ma*e a Wove r i f > l Catting Smith's" F7a« **' ,w,w Executive Offices _611 South P i c k e t t S t r e e t , A l e x a n d r i a , V i r g i n i a 22304 (703) -751-6000 D. C. Branch 2155 Champiain St., N.W. Washington, D. C. 20009 (202) 265-9700 | | Maryland Branch 10590 Metropolitan Ave. Kensington, Md. 20795 (301) 933-2100 I J Virginia Branch 5702 Edsail Road Alexandria, Va. 22304 (703) 354-6000 December 14, 1970 p 'c-> ~' ™ Mr. M a r t i n S c h a l l e r E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y t o t h e Mayor D i s t r i c t Building 14th & E S t r e e t s , N. W . Washington, D. C. 20004 — i~> Dear Mr. S c h a l l e r , ~' : I n r e g a r d t o t h e proposed d e s i g n o f t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , l i k e t o add my support f o r t h e T h r e e Span A l t e r n a t e Design. I would => Highway t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n t h i s a r e a i s coming t o a s t a n d s t i l l w i t h t h e number o f y e a r s t h a t have been spent i n d i s c u s s i n g t h e m e r i t s and d e m e r i t s o f the proposed highway system. I f e e l t h a t t h e b a s i c system i s e s s e n t i a l , and t h a t t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s a d e f i n i t e component i n t h i s l i n k . W i t h t h e o r d e r t o b u i l d t h a t was i n c l u d e d i n t h e 1968 Highway A c t . and i n l i n e w i t h t h e subsequent C i t y C o u n c i l a c t i o n , I r e e l t h a t we should a l l o w the Highway Department t o proceed p o s t h a s t e . The Highway Departments o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and V i r g i n i a should be c o n g r a t u l a t e d f o r coming up w i t h a f a c i l i t y t h a t t a k e s i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n a l l s a f e t y f a c t o r s , e s t h e t i c s , r e c r e a t i o n , and n o i s e p o l l u t i o n t o such a n e x t e n t t h a t i n my o p i n i o n p r o v i d e s t h e best i n d e s i g n . I would a p p r e c i a t e your s u b m i t t i n g t h i s h e a r i n g f o r me. t h i s l e t t e r i n t o the o f f i c i a l record o f Sincerely, SMITH'S TRANSFER & STORAGE CO., INC. 'Arthur Clarendon S m i t h , J r . President ACSJ/CH 41^ AGEN1 AEPO MAYFLOWER TRANSIT CO. |*tSM i W O R L D - W I D E FURNITURE MOVERS �-7/ e n n 1 _2 (jib*) Lua^p ^iwi' �77 D e a r Mr. We w a n t Schaller, t o add o u r s t r o n g p l e a t o those o f many o t h e r Sisters There bridge into the proposed t o b r i n g more the c i t y , Three entirely. automobile and e s p e c i a l l y not w a y o f some o f t h e s c a r c e r e m a i n i n g riverside, bridge park front, The live and r e s i d e n t i a l and i t s c o n n e c t i o n s possibility of renewing environment a r e going will Please gain, i fthis any water- without plan l i s t e n to the people not to Congressman The as a place to t o be s a c r i f i c e d , through. ruin lovely reason. and t h e c i t y or s o c i a l area. t h e Georgetown a n d f o r no s e n s i b l e economic and that i d e a be a b a n d o n e d i s no n e e d traffic by citizens Natcher. goes affected, �FDXHALL COMMUNITY FOXHALL ROAD CITIZENS AND WASHINGTON, O D. STREET, C. ASSOCIATION N. W. 2D007 11 D e c e m b e r 1970 l _ Q M r . J u l i a n R. D u g a s c/o M r . M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r Executive Secretary O f f i c e of the M a y o r - C o m m i s s i o n e r R o o m 528, D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g 14th and E S t r e e t s , N. W. Washington, D.C. D e a r Mr. Dugas: T h i s l e t t e r s u m m a r i z e s the v i e w s of the F o x h a l l C o m m u n i t y C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g the p r o p o s e d T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e . It. i s s u b m i t t e d to be e n t e r e d i n t o the r e c o r d of the p u b l i c h e a r i n g s on the d e s i g n of t h i s b r i d g e w h i c h a r e to be c o n d u c t e d u n d e r y o u r j u r i s d i c t i o n c o m m e n c i n g 14 D e c e m b e r 1970. T h e v i e w s e x p r e s s e d i n t h i s l e t t e r h a v e b e e n d i s c u s s e d and d e b a t e d at a n u m b e r of C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n m e e t i n g s , m o s t r e c e n t l y , 3 D e c e m b e r 1970 and a r e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the t h i n k i n g of the v a s t m a j o r i t y of the C i t i z e n s i n the A s s o c i a t i o n a r e a . I t s h o u l d be s a i d a t the o u t s e t that the F o x h a l l C o m m u n i t y C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n i s o p p o s e d to the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e u n d e r a n y c i r c u m s t a n c e s i n d e p e n d e n t of a n y p a r t i c u l a r d e s i g n c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . The A s s o c i a t i o n i s a p a r t y to a l a w s u i t now i n c o u r t s s p o n s o r e d p r i m a r i l y by the C o m m i t t e e of 100 f o r the F e d e r a l C i t y , w i t h the o b j e c t i v e of s t o p p i n g the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the b r i d g e . T h e A s s o c i a t i o n h a s s u p p o r t e d t h i s l a w s u i t not o n l y by i t s r e s o l u t i o n but a l s o f i n a n c i a l l y . T h e A s s o c i a t i o n ' s o p p o s i t i o n to the b r i d g e i s b a s e d on t h r e e s i m p l e c o n c l u s i o n s . N u m b e r 1: We h a v e b e e n u n a b l e to f i n d any c o n v i n c i n g e v i d e n c e t h a t the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e w i l l l e a d to a n i m p r o v e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m f o r the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a . I n d e e d , we s u s p e c t t h a t b u i l d i n g of a d d i t i o n a l e x p r e s s w a y s i n t o the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a w i l l c o n t r i b u t e to c h a o s and c o n f u s i o n i n the c e n t e r of the c i t y . N u m b e r 2: We a r e e x t r e m e l y c o n c e r n e d t h a t the b u i l d i n g of the T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e a s a n i n t e r s t a t e r o u t e w i l l l e a d to i n c r e a s e s i n v e h i c u l a r t r a f f i c t h r o u g h the f r i n g e s of the F o x h a l l a r e a , m u c h of t h i s t r a f f i c p a s s i n g t h r o u g h the c i t y o n l y as a m a t t e r of c o n v e n i e n c e and not h e a d e d f o r m e t r o p o l i t a n d e s t i n a t i o n s at a l l , w h i c h w i l l i n t u r n l e a d to a s e r i o u s , e v e n c a t a s t r o p h i c , d e g r a d a t i o n i n our l i v i n g e n v i r o n m e n t . �T h i s d e g r a d a t i o n w i l l be c o n t r i b u t e d to both by a i r p o l l u t i o n and by n o i s e . N u m b e r 3: We a r e d e e p l y c o n c e r n e d that the T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e , i f b u i l t , w i l l s e r v e a s the h i n g e p o i n t f o r a n e v e r - e x p a n d i n g n e t w o r k of i n t e r s t a t e f r e e w a y s t h r o u g h the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a . T h i s foot i n the d o o r t a c t i c h a s b e e n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of h i g h w a y b u i l d e r s and p l a n n e r s not o n l y i n the W a s h i n g t o n m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a but a l s o i n m a n y o t h e r p a r t s of the c o u n t r y . I f , h o w e v e r , the T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s to be b u i l t , i t i s q u i t e c l e a r that t h i s b r i d g e and the a s s o c i a t e d a c c e s s r o a d s w i l l l e a d to m a j o r c h a n g e s i n the t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s on the D. C. s i d e of the r i v e r . These c h a n g e s w i l l u n d o u b t e d l y h a v e a s u b s t a n t i a l i m p a c t on the F o x h a l l c o m m u n i t y . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , the s u b j e c t of the h e a r i n g s i s c o n f i n e d to the b r i d g e i t s e l f and the s e c t i o n of the p r o p o s e d 1-266 c o n n e c t i n g the b r i d g e to the d o w n t o w n a r e a i s o n l y s c h e m a t i c a l l y d e f i n e d , and i n a n y c a s e i s not the s u b j e c t of t h i s h e a r i n g . I t a p p e a r s on the s u r f a c e t h a t the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the b r i d g e and i t s p r o p o s e d c o n n e c t i n g l i n k s w i l l not o n l y c u t off the F o x h a l l c o m m u n i t y f r o m e a s y a c c e s s to the d o w n t o w n a r e a s but a l s o l e a d to s u b s t a n t i a l i n c r e a s e s i n the G e o r g e t o w n , M S t r e e t c o n g e s t i o n . F u r t h e r m o r e , the o v e r a L l t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s c o u l d be d r a m a t i c a l l y i n f l u e n c e d by a c c e s s and h i g h w a y p a t t e r n d e c i s i o n s m a d e on the V i r g i n i a s i d e of the r i v e r . T h e s e , too, a r e not the s u b j e c t of t h i s h e a r i n g . We u n d e r s t a n d , f o r e x a m p l e , that c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s b e i n g g i v e n to a m a j o r r e l o c a t i o n of 1-66 t h r o u g h A r l i n g t o n . A n y o r a l l of the a b o v e i s s u e s c o u l d h a v e a n i m p a c t on the T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e p r o j e c t . F u r t h e r m o r e , the c i t i z e n s of t h i s c o m m u n i t y f i n d i t v e r y d i f f i c u l t to r e v i e w and c o m m e n t on the d e s i g n of the b r i d g e i t s e l f w i t h o u t a t the s a m e t i m e r e v i e w i n g and u n d e r s t a n d i n g the m a j o r l i n k s to t h a t b r i d g e , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h o s e l i n k s on the D. C. s i d e of the r i v e r . I n s h o r t , u n d e r t h e s e l a m e n t a b l e c i r c u m s t a n c e s , we f i n d i t i m p o s s i b l e to o f f e r c o n s t r u c t i v e c o m m e n t to t h i s h e a r i n g . I n s u m m a r y , i t i s the v i e w of the F o x h a l l C o m m u n i t y C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n t h a t t h i s h e a r i n g s h o u l d p r o p e r l y c o n c l u d e that f u r t h e r e x p a n d e d h e a r i n g s a r e r e q u i r e d i f f u l l c o m p l i a n c e w i t h the r e l e v a n t c o d e s and p r o c e d u r e s r e g a r d i n g p u b l i c h e a r i n g s on h i g h w a y p r o j e c t s a r e to be f u l f i l l e d . T h e s e e x p a n d e d h e a r i n g s s h o u l d a d d r e s s a t a m i n i m u m the e n t i r e t y of 1-266 and i n c l u d e a c a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the i m p a c t of the d e s i g n of 1-266 on l o c a l D. C. t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s . P l e a s e be a s s u r e d t h a t t h i s e n t i r e m a t t e r i s of the u t m o s t i m p o r t a n c e to the c i t i z e n s of t h i s a r e a and we u r g e y o u r c a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the i s s u e s r a i s e d i n this testimony. L e s l i e C. D i r k s President Foxhall Community Citizens Association �B A N K E R S G U A R A N T Y C O R P O R A T I O N 1745 L S T R E E T , NORTHWEST W A S H I N G T O N , D.C. 20036 December 17, 1970 Mr. J u l i a n Dugas Hearing Officer, T h r e e S i s t e r s Bridge Design, D i s t r i c t Building, 14th & E Street, Washington, D.C. 20004 Dear Mr. Dugas: T h i s i s to request that the r e c o r d s of the c u r r e n t h e a r i n g s on the design of the T h r e e S i s t e r s Bridge r e f l e c t my vote of a p p r o v a l of the design passed by the F i n e A r t s Commission. It i s time this bridge w a s built and time to stop the i n t e r m i n a b l e talking and haggling which h a s gone on these many, many y e a r s . I r e a l i z e the n e c e s s i t y of the c u r r e n t h e a r i n g s , but hope they a r e not p e r m i t t e d to be bogged down by endless side i s s u e s , to the detriment of the city a s a whole by f u r t h e r delaying this v i t a l project. Washington and the suburban communities need the bridge, we need better a c c e s s to D u l l e s and the design w i l l i n no way detract f r o m the city a s i t now stands. Thank you f o r your attention to this opinion. Very truly yours, Glen L. S t a l k e r President GLS:jc APPROVED LENDING INSTITUTION FEDERAL HOUSING ADMINISTRATION 296-0400 ��» �NORTH FOXHALL. ROAD WASHINGTON ASSOCIATION 7 . D. C. November 2 9 , 1970 The Hon. W a l t e r Washington Mayor of the C i t y of Washington District Building Dear Mr. Mayor: T h i s l e t t e r concerns the h e a r i n g t o "be h e l d on December 12th w i t h r e g a r d t o the d e s i g n of the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . Your f e l l o w c i t i z e n s of t h i s a s s o c i a t i o n l o n g fought a g a i n s t the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e on the b a s i s , p r i m a r i l y , t h a t i t was unnecessary and u n d u l y c o s t l y t o b u i l d such a b r i d g e at t h i s p o i n t f o r the purpose of b r i n g i n g commercial t r a f f i c v i a Route 66 i n t o the D i s t r i c t of Columbia at a l o v e l y and u n s p o i l e d , p u r e l y r e s i d e n t i a l s e c t i o n of the c i t y . We s t i l l f e e l t h i s way, hut the d e c i s i o n seems to have been t a k e n d e s p i t e the wishes of the c i t i z e n s of t h i s a r e a of Washington. We would, however, a p p r e c i a t e your p u t t i n g t h i s l e t t e r on the r e c o r d f o r the above h e a r i n g . S i n c e the d e c i s i o n has been t a k e n , we do w i s h t o e n t e r a p l e a t h a t the d e s i g n of the b r i d g e and i t s D.C. approaches should be approved so as t o : a) Guarantee the a b s o l u t e minimum change oi? d i s t u r b a n c e t o t h i s l o v e l y , n a t u r a l area; b) Should m a i n t a i n and p r e s e r v e the a t t r a c t i v e o n e - f a m i l y homes Which c h a r a c t e r i z e t h i s l o v e l y f o r e s t e d a r e a of the district; c ) Should p r e s e r v e the c u r r e n t h i g h - t a x b a s i s of t h i s a r e a f o r the D i s t r i c t and not debase i t by i g n o r i n g jA and b above and r e d u c i n g i t s v a l u e . I n o t h e r words, to a c h i e v e the above the design of the Bridge when i t reaches the d i s t r i c t shore should t u r n immediately e a s t w i t h i t s roadbed and approaches and proceed e a s t , going underground at t h e f i r s t o p p o r t u n i t y . The c i t i z e n s of t h i s a s s o c i a t i o n r e s p e c t f u l l y r e q u e s t t h a t t h e i r d e s i r e s be made known and g i v e n f u l l c o n s i d e r a t i o n . Very R e s p e c t f u l l y , P r e s i d e n t , North F o x h a l l 4toad Ass'n ) �NORTH FOXHALL ROAD WASHINGTON ASSOCIATION 7 , D. C. December 15, 1970 The Hon. W a l t e r Washington Mayor of the C i t y of Washington District Building Dear Mr. Mayor: On November 2 9 t h , Europe, I wrote you on t h a t our o p p o s i t i o n t o r e c o r d of the h e a r i n g s the same day I l e f t on a b u s i n e s s t r i p t o b e h a l f of the c i t i z e n s of t h i s a r e a r e q u e s t i n g the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e be made a p a r t of the scheduled f o r December 1 4 t h . I r e t u r n e d from Europe e a r l i e r than expected and spent a l a r g e p o r t i o n of the 14th at the h e a r i n g s , f i n a l l y speaking and r e a d i n g the November 2 9 t h l e t t e r . A f t e r r e a d i n g the l e t t e r , I added the f o l l o w i n g comments on b e h a l f of the a s s o c i a t i o n and would a p p r e c i a t e your making sure t h e s e comments are added t o my e a r l i e r l e t t e r and a l s o c a r r i e d i n the o f f i c i a l r e c o r d s . I quote, from memory: " I should l i k e to add the f o l l o w i n g comments to those c o n t a i n e d i n the above l e t t e r , as f o r t u n a t e l y I r e t u r n e d to Washington on time to be able to a t t e n d t h e s e h e a r i n g s i n person. What I d i d not know when I wrote the o r i g i n a l l e t t e r was t h a t t h e s e d e s i g n h e a r i n g s would not t a k e up the q u e s t i o n of the approaches o r access roads of the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e on the D.C. s i d e of the r i v e r . I t h a s , i n f a c t , from t h e s e h e a r i n g s become c l e a r t h a t no s p e c i f i c or approved p l a n n i n g has been made f o r the D.C. s i d e -- c o n s i d e r a b l y l e s s even than the h o t l y c o n t e s t e d A r l i n g t o n s i d e . My a s s o c i a t e s f e e l l i k e a v i a t i o n e n g i n e e r s asked to concur i n the s a f e o p e r a b i l i t y of an a i r c r a f t whose s p e c i f i c a t i o n s show i t w i t h only one wing. We a l l know what happens t o a i r c r a f t which attempt t o f l y on only one wing. I n s h o r t , the members of t h i s a s s o c i a t i o n cannot approve a design which i s v e r y incomplete and a c t u a l l y r e p r e s e n t s a c o s t l y b r i d g e a r i s i n g from nowhere and d e f i n i t e l y going nowhere i n the D i s t r i c t . Only when we know the d e t a i l s of the t o t a l bridge/approaches and road systems on both s i d e s can a m e a n i n g f u l comment be made. We a l s o concur w i t h s e v e r a l speakers who have i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e s e highways, w h i l e s t r a n g l i n g the i n n e r c i t y and c a u s i n g the e v a c u a t i o n of t a x - p a y i n g b u s i n e s s e s and f a m i l i e s , w i l l not r e a l l y b r i n g a d d i t i o n a l b u s i n e s s from the suburbs to the i n n e r c i t y . R a t h e r i t w i l l e x p e d i t e the exodus t o the suburbs f o r l i v i n g and shopping of those t a x - p a y e r s who can a f f o r d i t — reducing the D.C. t a x base — w h i l e p e n a l i z i n g more than e v e r t h a t l a r g e group of ghetto D.C. c i t i z e n s who cannot — by and l a r g e — a f f o r d c a r s and who w i l l not r e a d i l y be accepted i n the suburbs. �2 "We a r e c o n s t a n t l y h e a r i n g p l e a s s f o r a balanced t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m , y e t a i l t h e b a l a n c e i s on freeways and highways. There i s no r a p i d t r a n s i t and w i l l not be f o r y e a r s . The bus system i s s i c k and d y i n g . A l l p r i o r i t y goes t o t h e highways of which we have p l e n t y . T h i s unneeded b r i d g e p e r s o n i f i e s t h e c o n t i n u i n g e f f o r t s of the D.C. and V i r g i n i a T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Departments t o s t a n g l e t h e i n n e r s i t y and c l o s e r suburbs w i t h more road s , more p a r k i n g l o t s , more cement ( o r t a r ) , more a i r p o l l u t i o n . T h i s i s not a s o l u t i o n but a long-range a g g r a v a t i o n of the problem. I f we are t o have b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , then we must g i v e p r i o r i t y (Congressman Natcher and s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t s n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g ) t o r e v i v i n g t h e buses and p u t t i n g i n at l e a s t t h e b e g i n n i n g s of a Metro system. Then we can study t o see i f , and where, f u r t h e r f r e e w a y s are needed. I n o t h e r words, a t b e s t t h i s c o s t l y and u s e l e s s b r i d g e i s not needed now and merely siphons o f f m i l l i o n s of d o l l a r s of d e s p e r a t e l y needed funds from o t h e r more immediate and p r e s s i n g r e q u i r e ments . I t s d e t a i l e d study and proposed c o n s t r u c t i o n a t t h i s time i s c l e a r l y premature. We s t r o n g l y oppose i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n . " Mr. Mayor: The c i t i z e n s of t h i s a s s o c i a t i o n a p p r e c i a t e the o p p o r t u n i t y t o e x p r e s s t h e i r opinions on t h i s v i t a l l y i m p o r t a n t s u b j e c t and r e s p e c t f u l l y request t h a t t h e i r v i e w s be p l a c e d i n t h e p u b l i c r e c o r d . Very R e s p e c t f u l l y P r e s i d e n t , North F o x h a l l Road Ass'n • �£2December 1 6 , 1 9 7 0 4 M r . M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r Executive Secretary O f f i c e o f t h e Miayor Room 52R District Building W a s h i n g t o n , D.C„ Dear M r . v 9 : '70 S," G. Schaller: P l e a s e i n c l u d e t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t as a p a r t o f t h e r e c o r d o f t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e H e a r i n g commencing December 1 4 , 1 9 7 0 . On b e h a l f o f t h e G r e a t e r W a s h i n g t o n C h a p t e r o f t h e A m e r i c a n s f o r Democratic A c t i o n . I s t r o n g l y endorse the p o s i t i o n o f t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington C o a l i t i o n f o r Clean A i r r e g a r d i n g the proposed Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , p r e s e n t e d b y e x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r J o h n S „ W i n d e r , J r . on December 14, 1970. P u r s u a n t t o t h e N a t i o n a l E n v i r o n m e n t a l P o l i c y A c t , and i n l i g h t o f t h e p o t e n t i a l s o c i a l , e c o n o m i c , and e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s o f t h i s p r o p o s e d b r i d g e and r e s u l t i n g a r t e r i e s , t h e comprehensive a i r p o l l u t i o n / h e a l t h e f f e c t s s t u d y r e q u e s t e d by t h e MWCCA i s c l e a r l y r e q u i r e d . Thank you f o r y o u r attention. Very t r u l y ypurs, A n t h o n y Z . Roisman Chairman Greater Washington Chapter ADA AZR : b h cc: J o h n S„ W i n d e r , Jr 0 �2937 ^Uniueziittj Uerraac i.ncjton, £L\ (2. nmt^ji ( / ^ ft l U /)' fi^iP U V M ^ ^ ' U\ ' ***** M ~72^ * J? ~r-£ tZ*^rzs£v /i y J J l y # -y^^u^h / # * - // y /) 7~~ • /& �"7^77 // / /? / �3051 Idaho Avenue, N. W. Washington, D. C. 20016 December 15, 1970 Mr. M a r t i n K. S c h a I t e r Executive Secretary O f f i c e of the Mayor-Commissioner D i s t r i c t Bui I d i n g Washington, D. C. 20C04 Dear Mr. SchaI I e r : I t is my f i r m c o n v i c t i o n t h a t c o n s t r u c t i n g the proposed Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e w i l l n o t o n l y f u r t h e r mar the beauty o f the Potcmac R i v e r but w i l l b r i n g i n t o Washington unwanted t r a f f i c wnich w i l l add t o a i r p o l l u t i o n in the n a t i o n ' s c a o i t a l and w i l l f u r t h e r congest our a l r e a d y overcrowded c i t y s t r e e t s . The emphasis should be r a t h e r on improving and e x t e n d i n g mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n systems and r e s t r i c t i n g the use o f p r i v a t e cars in the m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a . W i l l you olease i n c l u d e in the r e c o r d of t h e hearings on the Three S i s t e r s Bridge my s t r o n g o p p o s i t i o n t o t h i s proposed p r o j e c t . S incerely, r c (Mrs. C. E. Van S i c k l e ) �TELEPHONE * S t » a Y O R K T O W N ROAD. N. W. W A S H I N G T O N 1 2 . D. C. RA 6-0037 H O W A R D S. PIQUET CONSULTING ECONOMIST m I? 4 3 ?h 70 0. r December 1 5 , 1970 Mr. :*!artin K. S c h a l l e r Execu' i v e S e c r e t a r y O f f i c e o f t h e Mayor-Commissioner D i s t r i c t Building Washington, D.C. 2000A Dear S i r : As a l o n g - t i m e ( 3 6 y e a r s ) r e s i d e n t o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, I want t o r e g i s bar my o p p o s i t i o n t o c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e Three S i s t e r s p r o j e c t between Spout Run and Georgetown. Bridge The b e a u t y o f t h e Potomac R i v e r , t h e p a r k l a n d s on both r i v e r s h o r e s , and t h e h i s t o r i c C and 0 Canal a r e f a r more im- p o r t a n t than adding t o t h e m o n s t r o s i t y o f our super-highways. High-speed t r a n s i t i s t h e answer t o most o f our l o c a l t r a n s i t problems. We c e r t a i n l y rail rapid do n o t need more e x p r e s s w a y s , w h i c h o n l y add e n v i r o n m e n t a l u g l i n e s s t o c o n g e s t i o n i n the i n n e r city. * Yours s i n c e r e l y Howard Pique * 0 0 �GREATER WASHINGTON, D. C . ? "7a December 15, 1970 9 h> u Mr. M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r Executive Secretary O f f i c e o f t h e Mayor-Commissioner D i s t r i c t Building Washington, D. C. 20004 Dear Mr. S c h a l l e r : I am w r i t i n g i n t h e name o f t h e 1,154 members o f our o r g a n i z a t i o n , w h i c h a s you know i s one of t h e a m i c i c u r i a i n the Three S i s t e r s Bridge case." I r e g r e t t h a t a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of our o r g a n i z a t i o n has not been a b l e t o t e s t i f y i n person a t the r e c e n t h e a r i n g s , however, I r e q u e s t t h a t t h i s l e t t e r be made p a r t o f the r e c o r d o f those h e a r i n g s . ,: The Canoe C r u i s e r s A s s o c i a t i o n o f G r e a t e r Washington D.C. i s made up o f c a n o e r s , c o n s e r v a t i o n i s t s and o t h e r s who use, r e s p e c t and w i s h t o p r e s e r v e our n a t u r a l environment. We a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t e d i n r i v e r s and e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e Potomac R i v e r . As an o r g a n i z a t i o n , our a s s o c i a t i o n has been a c t i v e and i n v o l v e d f o r t e n y e a r s i n t h e cause o f p r e v e n t i n g t h e d e g r e d a t i o n and d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e s p l e n d i d n a t u r a l environment a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the Potomac R i v e r and i t s a d j a c e n t b a s i n l a n d s . Our members know t h e R i v e r b e t t e r than most s i n c e we spend a good d e a l o f time on i t and i n i t , twelve months a y e a r , from i t s source a l l the way t o t h e s i t e o f t h e proposed Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . We s t a r t from t h e premise t h a t one o f our h i g h e s t s o c i a l p r i o r i t i e s s h o u l d be t o p r e s e r v e what remains o f our s h r i n k i n g n a t u r a l e n v i r o n ment from t h e i n r o a d s o f i n d u s t r i a l i z e d s o c i e t y . T h i s does not mean p r e s e r v a t i o n f o r p r e s e r v a t i o n s sake; r a t h e r i t means recogn i z i n g the t r u e s c a r c i t y v a l u e o f what i s becoming a v e r y s c a r c e resource. N e i t h e r does i t mean t h a t p r e s e r v a t i o n o f our n a t u r a l environment s h o u l d be c o n f i n e d only t o w i l d e r n e s s a r e a s and �- 2 - n a t i o n a l p a r k s , as d e s i r a b l e as t h a t may be; i t means to us t h a t i n a l l a r e a s , our c i t i e s as w e l l as our c o u n t r y s i d e , we should t a k e p a i n s to c h e r i s h and p r o t e c t what remains and to a s s u r e t h a t man-made i n c u r s i o n s a r e to the maximum e x t e n t p o s s i b l e harmonious w i t h the n a t u r a l s u r r o u n d i n g s . We o b j e c t s t r e n u o u s l y to the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the Three S i s t e r s Bridge f o r s e v e r a l reasons: - - i t i s an i n e f f i c i e n t means of t r a n s p o r t i n g the masses o f commuters who w i l l be i t s p r i n c i p a l u s e r s . - - i t i s premature s i n c e c o n s t r u c t i o n of the a l r e a d y a u t h o r i z e d r a p i d r a i l t r a n s i t system w i l l a l t e r e x i s t i n g commuting p a t t e r n s and probably e l i m i n a t e any need f o r a d d i t i o n a l freeway c o n n e c t i o n s , - - i t w i l l not only d i r e c t l y impinge on one of the few r e m a i n i n g s p e c t a c u l a r v i s t a s on the r i v e r , but i t w i l l i n t r u d e i n t o the n a t u r a l a r e a s of the s h o r e l i n e a t Spout Run and G l o v e r Archbold P a r k degrading these areas. - - i t w i l l encourage a d d i t i o n a l use of automobiles as a means of t r a v e l l i n g to the c e n t e r of Washington a t a time when we are t r y i n g d e s p a r a t e l y to reduce such t r a v e l to combat a i r p o l l u t i o n and cut down t r a f f i c congestion. - - i t w i l l immediately b e g i n to g e n e r a t e p r e s s u r e s f o r a d d i t i o n a l c o n n e c t i v e freeways i n a p a r t of Washington where such roadways w i l l wreak immense damage to parks and d e l i g h t f u l r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s . I n s h o r t the Canoe C r u i s e r s A s s o c i a t i o n b e l i e v e s t h a t t h i s b r i d g e should not be c o n s t r u c t e d a t a l l because t h e r e a r e b e t t e r a l t e r n a t i v e s to meet the needs of commuters t h a t w i l l not r e q u i r e the d e s t r u c t i o n of i r r e p l a c e a b l e n a t u r a l v a l u e s . I n a d d i t i o n , I would design. We have two distinction crossing Memorial B r i d g e . In l i k e to comment on the q u e s t i o n o f b r i d g e b r i d g e s of a r t i s t i c m e r i t and d e s i g n the Potomac i n the Key Bridge and the a d d i t i o n we have a s e r i e s of a r c h i t e c t u r a l �- 3 - m o n s t r o s i t i e s - - e y e s o r e s r e a l l y - - i n t h e 14th S t r e e t B r i d g e s and the R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e , n o t t o m e n t i o n t h e C h a i n B r i d g e a n d t h e hideous Beltway c r o s s i n g s . I fthe d e c i s i o n t o b u i l d a bridge i s i r r e v e r s i b l e c a n we n o t a t l e a s t b u i l d a b r i d g e o f g e n u i n e beauty and d i s t i n c t i o n ? The d e s i g n f o r a s t e e l b r i d g e w i t h a p i e r i n m i d - r i v e r p r o p o s e d by t h e h i g h w a y e n g i n e e r s i s i n t h e t r a d i t i o n o f mediocracy t h e y have so w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d . C a n we r e a l l y accept the idea that the only c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s t o get the maximum number o f v e h i c l e s a c r o s s t h e r i v e r f o r t h e l o w e s t c o s t ? A n y o n e who h a s e v e r l o o k e d a t t h e e x q u i s i t e b r i d g e s o f P a r i s c a n never accept such a p r o p o s i t i o n . A great bridge, l i k e any p u b l i c building or f a c i l i t y serves multiple functions. I f we a n d o u r d e s c e n d a n t s a r e g o i n g t o be condemned t o l o o k a t t h i s unnecessary b r i d g e f r o m now u n t i l e t e r n i t y a t l e a s t l e t u s t a k e s u f f i c i e n t p a i n s a n d s p e n d s u f f i c i e n t money s o a s t o make i t a b e a u t i f u l bridge E. Dennis Conroy Chairman �S I D:c D. \f - 3 . PJI70 4422 Greenwich Pkwy. N.W. Washington, D.C. 20007 December 15, 1970 Mr. M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r Rm. 523 District Building 14th & E Washington, D.C. 20004 Dear Mr. S c h a l l e r : As a D i s t r i c t r e s i d e n t I want t o r e g i s t e r my o p p o s i t i o n to the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the abdorainaole Three S i s t e r ' s B r i d g e . My o p p o s s i t i o n i s based on t h r e e r e a s o n s ; """1.) I t i s not needed. There a r e ample t r a f f i c l a n e s i n t o the D i s t r i c t . What i s needed i s b e t t e r p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n to take o n e - d r i v e r one-p^ssanger c a r s o f f the road. A w a s t e o f tax payer's money. 2. ) I t c o n t r i b u t e s to the c o n t i n u i n g r u i n a t i o n o f the Potomac, the Georgetovn w a t e r f r o n t , the C&0 C a n a l , G l o v e r - A r c h i b a l d Nature T r a i l , and d i r e c t l y endangers e v e r y D i s t r i c t neighborhood i n w h i c h i t i n f r i n g e s , o r to w h i c h i t c h a n n e l s t r a f f i c . 3. ) I t has been onposred by every l o c a l c i t i z e n ' s o r g a n i c a t i o n , the Mayor, two-former-Pres id e n 1 3 o f the U.S., the P l a n n i n g C o u n c i l , and the o n l y person who seems t o want i t i s Mr. Nacher and the highway i n t e r e s t s . And a s f o r as the b e s t design a v a i l a b l e i t should be one w h i c h goes underground a b i g black tunnel. P l e a s e , Mr. S c h a l l e r , u n i t e w i t h the c i t i z e n s o f the D i s t r i c t , and h e l p stop the c o n c r e t e i n v a s i o n and C o n g r e s s i o n a l b l a c k m a i l embodied in this project. Sincerely/, �IDA C . MASON 4 <_ (Jr^Z^^o / TI'LA.^ 520 N ST., S. W., APT. S-511. WASHINGTON, D. C. 20024 n a * f l i * • -r— \ f 3. 6 0 ^ 0 ^ c^l\J\jUi^ r • ^w-xAZa-^ • . ^ - V w t ^ . A t . ^J-~ J ' fl ' �MRS. 1518 SAM A. 31ST STREET. WASHINGTON. D. C . N. W. 20OO7 fee 17 A $ " t M. S> t V - O ^A. 81 EDWARDS </W- 70 �OtT. <0 i" e_ V-*-^ r ( Wot il V -r £ , ;1 �Captain J . F. C r o w e . Jr.. U.S.N. (Ret.) Q. O .J L, !/ WASHINGTON. A «>wu£A- jj^jcxu^a ^ 7 ^ D. C. 20007 C i. /"N / 4 4 3 1 VOLTA PLACE. N.W. \J V'ED uU<dx^>trL^'A&L.\ s i % ^ ^ 7 T " " �sy Z_ ^ III V T ^ y (7 —. < - �MRS. ROBERT B. K N I G H T 4464 G R E E N W I C H P A R K W A Y N . W . , W A S H I N G T O N , D . G 2 0 0 0 7 ' r 0/7 ^T<~L> (U^- cZ^yb xzU^ > 7 >? — / ' IhtZjL f L r I io cdo ( A • j Q^O , / 1/ 1- / �MRS. R O B E R T B. K N I G H T 4464 GREENWICH PARKWAY N . W., WASHINGTON, D .C. 20007 ^u-^LCC . lijLtJ( / T 1 ^j^uy') C2*c4 {JPCCIS^ 6+Ay* Oh v ict£f Xo Serrrui %o t*-oU#j "TA^c i ^ i U - * m juu*~6~<d4 <J<j^-i^} Uy(' yyLM^U d^^ff, <H *3S - Uj+yu^f • 7 ^ t c ^ a ^ I ^feuyt^ syzyyycj p I ��M R S i — H t f 8 W N . J A C O g S E N 1352 • 28th Street. H j j ^ L J ! . ^ . C. 2 0 0 0 7 U f tew/) & £UU/ s * a ^ / A ^ - , ^ �14 D e c e m b e r D [ Martin Schaller R o o m 528 District Building 1350 E S t r e e t N W Washington, D. C . r s 1970 70 L 20004 Dear Sir: I w o u l d l i k e to r e q u e s t t h a t t h e f o l l o w i n g b r i e f s t a t e m e n t be i n c l u d e d i n the r e c o r d of the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a - - V i r g i n i a HighwayD e p a r t m e n t h e a r i n g s o n the T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e : I a m a n s w r e s i d e n t of V i r g i n i a , h a v i n g l i v e d a t 2 3 4 4 N o r t h D i c k e r s o n , A r l i n g t o n , f o r the l a s t s i x m o n t h s , I l i v e i n the a r e a t h a t w o u l d be m o s t a f f e c t e d by the b u i l d i n g of T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e , a n d I c a n h o n e s t l y s a y t h a t I i o n o t b e l i e v e the a d v a n t a g e s of h a v i n g the b r i d g e o u t w e i g h the d i s a d v a n t a g e s . M y h u s b a n d a n d I both w o r k i n the D i s t r i c t , a n d w e c o m m u t e by bus b e c a u s e w e c a n s e e no advantage to d r i v i n g o u r o w n c a r . I t c o s t s f a r m o r e to d r i v e , both i n t e r m s of p e r s o n a l e x p e n d i t u r e a n d d a m a g e to t h e e n v i r o n m e n t , t h a n to u s e p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . O v e r 90 p e r c e n t of the p o l l u t i o n i n the D . C . a r e a i s c a u s e d by a u t o m o b i l e s ; w h y m a k e i t p o s s i b l e f o r m o r e o n e - p a s s e n g e r c a r s to be d r i v e n i n t o the c i t y e v e r y d a y ? B u i l d i n g a n o t h e r b r i d g e w o u l d i n c r e a s e a c c e s s to the c i t y but i t w o u l d not l e s s e n the c o n g e s t i o n on the o v e r b u r d e n e d d o w n t o w n s t r e e t s and p a r k i n g l o t s . I a m a l s o a g a i n s t the b r i d g e b e c a u s e 1 a m a g a i n s t a n y e x t e n s i o n of 1-66 t h r o u g h A r l i n g t o n . I h a v e s e e n w h a t a m e s s 1-95 i s i n A l e x a n d r i a ; I a m a g a i n s t a n y t h i n g that w o u l d c r e a t e s u c h a n u g l y m o n s t e r i n m y new hometown. Automobiles a r e expensive and dangerous, and s u p e r - h i g h w a y s a r e u g l y . I t s e e m s to m e w e ought to be c o n c e n t r a t i n g on i m p r o v i n g p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d on s a f e g u a r d i n g t h e b e a u t y of the P o t o m a c a n d the V i r g i n i a c o u n t r y s i d e . I a m t h e r e f o r e o p p o s e d to the T h r e e Sisters Bridge. Sincerely yours, Peggy Speece F a r n e y �4 4 5 0 VOLT A PLACE. WASHINGTON uear L NORTHWEST P. D C ' /yeoenber 14,1970. Sirs: 1 w i s h t o r e g i s t e r my, and my husband's strong f e e l i n g s a g a i n s t the b u i l d i n g of the xhree S i s t e r s Bridge. ne a r e an e l d e r l u c o u p i ^ living o w i t h i n two b l o c k s o f the proposed a c c e s s roads t o t h e proposed b r i d g e and cannot attend the hearings. We cannot conceive o f a d d i n g a n y more t r a f f i c t o t h a t a l r e a d y coming down f o x h a l l Road and M a c A r t h u r Blvd during rush hours. not These r o a d s were b u i l t f o r t h a t kind of a l o a d . Hhe f i r s t p r i o r i t y should be t h e subways and a t u n n e l beneath t h e r i v e r . T h i s method e x i s t s i n many many c i t i e s a l l o v e r t h e tie s t e r n w o r l d . We p e r s o n a l l y have u s e d them and c a n vouch f o r t h & * i r great 1 0 r t h �D. C. G 2916 N S t r e e t , NW Washington, DC 20007 December l u , 1970 Mr. Martin K. S c h a l l e r , O f f i c e of the Mayor-Commissioner, Room 528 D i s t r i c t Building Uith and E S t r e e t s , NW Washington, DC Dear S i r , I should l i k e to record my protest to the b u i l d i n g of the Three S i s t e r s Bridge and associated highways. but s u r e l y experience sh&s Transportation requirements must be met, that more roads bring i n more t r a f f i c , to the point where a c i t y permits i t s e l f to become choked and asphyxiated. A Metro system i s a b e t t e r s o l u t i o n . Wouldn't i t be a f i n e thing i f Washington, the c a p i t a l c i t y , took the lead i n wise c i t y planning and i n protection of a s t i l l ecenic area (which, once destroyed, can never be restored)? And wouldn't i t be ea.ually f i n e i f the wishes of a m a j o r i t y of concerned r e s i d e n t s were heeded? Sincerely, Nancy Perkins �2 0 3 5 T r u m b u l l T e r r a c ir.i V J a s h i r g t o n , D.G. 20011 December 1 4 , 1??0 '.r. K a r t l n S c h a l l e r , E x e c u t i v e t o t h e Mayor Room 528, D i s t r i c t B l d g . 1350 E S t . NW W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. 20004 D e a r Mr. Secretary Schaller: S i n c e I an u n a b l e t o a t t e n d t h e h e a r i n g s i n p e r s o n , I am w r i t i n g t o a s k y o u t o i n c l u d e t h i s w r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t i n t h e r e c o r d or. t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e , I am opposed to c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h i s b r i d g e and i n d e e d o f any - o r e r o u t e s i n t o t h e c i t y u n t i l a n a d e q u a t e p u b l i c t r a n s i t s y s t e m i s c o n s t r u c t e d and i n o p e r a t i o n . T h i s i s fche o n l y way t o a v o i d t a k i n g l a n d w h i c h b e l o n g s t o t h e p e o p l e of the w h o l e U n i t e d S t a t e s f o r t h e b e n e f i t of a few r e s i d e n t s o f V i r g i n i a and M a r y l a n d * i �December 14, 1970 Mr. " a r t i n Shaller Executive Secretary O f f i c e of Mayor—Commissioner D i s t r i c t Building Uashinrton, D. C. Re: Three S i s t e r s Bridge Hearing Dear S i r : The s t r e t c h of water between the Three S i s t e r s i s l a n d s and the Water Snorts Center has -provided an e x c e l l e n t race course f o r Georgetown U n i v e r s i t y rowing teams since 1957« The construction of something other than the single Span bridge at the -present s i t e w i l l render our -present race courses useless and urreatly burden C-eor--etown U n i v e r s i t y teams i n a t t r a c t i n g i n t e r c o l l e g i a t e con-petition. I know of no other acceptable courses on the r i v e r . The negative irrnact of the proposed double span bridge w i l l he borne by the ninety young nan who annually p a r t i c i p a t e and benefit from i n t e r c o l l e g i a t e rowing. I n t h i s day of commercialism and professionalism i n a t h l e t i c s , rowing remains purely amateur with the oarsman himself being the purpose of the sport. At Georgetown the a t h l e t e s themselves must -provide the f i n a n c i a l b a s i s f o r our operation, and the l o s s of t h i s fine race course w i l l Greatly -penalize these young men who are already burdened with r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s f o r above that exnected of students. Sincerely, Frank Benson Head Coach of Rowing Georgetown U n i v e r s i t y �9 Q « |a i :C : 2700 W i s c o n s i n Ave., N.V. W a s h i n g t o n O.C. 20007 , December 13,1970 r Mr. M a r t i n K . S c h a l l e r E x e c u r i v e Secretary:,. O f f i c e of t h e Mayor-Commissioner D i s t r i c t Building W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. 20004 D e a r Mr. S c h a l l e r , I am w r i t i n g t o y o u — a s a c i t i z e n and l o n g - t i m e W a s h i n g t o n D.C. r e s i d e n t — t o e x p r e s s my deep c o n c e r n a b o u t a n o t h e r t h r e a t t o o u r n a t u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t and u n e q u a l l e d b e a u t y o f our C a p i t a l C i t y : the construction o f t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s bridge,. I am c o n v i n c e d — a f t e r h a v i n g s t u d i e d t h e q u e s t i o n from v a r i o u s v i e w p o i n t s — t h a t i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n would bn a d i s a .; t r o u s misjba k e , w i t h v e r y s e r i o u s c o n s e q u e n c e s . Moreover, s i n c e there a r e a l t e r n a t i v e s ( t h e planned high speed r a i l l i n e a t 1 4 t h S t r e e t b r i d g e , t h r o u g h t u n n e l s — ) w h i c h make s u c h a m i s t a k e a v o i d a b l e w i t h o u t d r a w b a c k s f o r traffic,etc« , I hope and t r u s t t h a t t h e b r i d g e w i l l n o t be b u i l t . c I hope t h a t ^ u r v o i c e s w i l l be heeded, and t h a t o u r b e a u t i f u l r i v e r and Towpath a r e a w i l l r e m a i n u n s p o i l t , f o r us and f o r f u t u r e g e n e r a t i o n s . Yours v e r y truly, r Member, W i l d e r n e s s Society Member, Audubon N a t u r a l i s t S o c i e t y �4898 K a c A r t h u r 31vd. N.W. W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. 2 0 0 0 ? December l 4 , 1970 Mr. M a r t i n K. S c h o l l e r Executive Secretary O f f i c e o f t h e Mayor-Commissioner Room 528, D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. In r s i Three S i s t a r s Bridge Eearlnff Dear S i r : As a r e s i d e n t and home-owner i n a n a r e a t h a t may be affected, I o f f e r the following opinions: 1. The b r i d g e s h o u l d be " H u i l t a t t h e p r o p o s e d s i t e a s promptly as c o s s i b l e . 2. I fcivor the s i x - s p a n d e s i g n . 3. I f p o s s i b l e , t h e a c c e s s r o a d s s h o u l d be d e s i g n e d to permit passage of t r a f f i c o r i g i n a t i n g i n the southern p a r t o f t h e F a c A r t h u r B l v d . a r e a i n t o Georgetown and/or t h e w e s t e r n p a r t o f Washington. 4. I f e e l t h a t i n d e s i g n i n g t h e b r i d g e , c o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o u l d be g i v e n f i r s t t o s a f e t y , n e x t t o c o s t , and then to e s t h e t i c s . 5. I f e e l that t h e s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t s o f t h e MacArthur B l v d . a r e a s h o u l d be s u b o r d i n a t e d t o t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e c i t y a s a whole. Respectfully submitted, I r v i n g R. R i c h a r d s �j 5430 C a r o l i n a P l a c e , N.W. W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. 20016 December 1 5 , 1970 Mr. M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r Executive Secretary O f f i c e of t h e Mayor-Commissioner Room 528, D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g W a s h i n g t o n , D. Co 20004 D e a r Mr. Schaller: T h a t t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e w i l l be b u i l t i s beyond question. I l e a v e t o t h e e n g i n e e r s t h e s a f e t y a s p e c t s and to t h e F i n e A r t s Commission t h e e s t h e t i c a s p e c t s . To me t h e m o s t i m o o r t a n t p o i n t s t o be c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e d e s l c r n o f t h e b r i d g e a r e t h a t r e s i d e n t s o f t h e D. C. P a l i s a d e s a r e a have 1. A c c e s s t o t h e b r i d g e f r o m ramps a t i t s t e r m i n a l p o i n t n e a r C a n a l Road and K a o A r t h u r B o u l e v a r d . 2 . A c c e s s t o t h e Potomac R i v e r F r e e w a y f r o m C a n a l Road so t h a t t h e y w i l l be a b l e t o so downtown on w h a t e v e r i s b u i l t t o s u p e r s e d e t h e W h i t e h u r s t Freeway. I t i s i n c o n c e i v a b l e t o me t h a t a n y one i n v o l v e d i n d e s i g n i n g t h i s b r i d g e s h o u l d f a i l t o n r o v i d e a c c e s s t o i t and t o t h e c o n n e c t i n g F o t o n a c R i v e r Freeway from our a r e a . * * * * * * * One o f t h e most maddening t h i n g s t o me a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e i s my i n a b i l i t y t o make a l e f t t u r n f r o m A r i z o n a A v e n u e t o C a n a l Road d u r i n g t h e r u s h h o u r s . I n d e e d , many t i m e s a b o u t 9 a.m. I c a n n o t make a l e f t t u r n f r o m C a r o l i n a P l a c e to A r i z o n a A v e n u e — m y o n l y avenue t o downtown—because of the unending stream of V i r g i n i a c a r s t u r n i n g i n t o A r i z o n a Avenue f r o m C a n a l Road. Why n o t g i v e t h e D i s t r i c t r e s i d e n t s a l i t t l e c o n s i d e r a t i o n ? ( O f c o u r s e , I know t h e a n s w e r — o u r c o l o n i a l status.') Sincerely, (Mrs.) Ruth A u l l C e r i c k �"IOZ 5 5 : ia 2 0 3 5 T r u m b u l l T e r r a c e NW W a s h i n g t o n 1 D.C* 20011 December 1 4 , 1970 Mr. M a r t i n S c h a l l e r Room 5 2 8 , D i s t r i c t B l d g . 1350 E S t . NW 'Washington, D.C. 20004 Dear " r . S c h a l l e r : S i n c e I b e l i e v e t h e r e i s s t i l l an o p p o r t u n i t y , I w a n t t o p u t on r e c o r d my o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s Bridge. T h i s b r i d g e would not only i m m e d i a t e l y I n c r e a s e t r a f f i c i n t o t h e c i t y w i t h the well—known a t t e n d a n t p r o b l e m s b u t w o u l d a l s o menace o t h e r s t r e t c h e s o f p a r k l a n d , s p e c i f i c a l l y C - l o v e r - A r c h b o l d and w o u l d . d e s t r o y S p o u t Run. I t h i n k our n e e d f o r p r e s e r v i n g open s p a c e i n t h i s a r e a i s f a r g r e a t e r t h a n our need t o p r o v i d e a f e w more m i n u t e s o f s p e e d t o commuters. I request this statement be a d d e d t o y o u r r e c o r d . �/0 RFC f"- jg c jj r ^December l i p , 1970 Mr. M a r t i n K. ^ c h a l l e r SCO :i Executive Secretary D.C.G0\ O f f i c e of the ^ayor-Comrriissioner District Buildin '-'ashington, D.C. 20001+ D e a r Mr. Schaller: P l e a s e add my v o i c e t o t h o s e who d e p l o r e p l a n s to o u i l d the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e * U n n e c e s s a r y and thoughtless. Modern mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c a n and w i l l s o l v e the people-movement p r o b l e m s i n v o l v e d . Y o u know a l l t h e arguments. P l e a s e make one more v o t e AGAINST t h e T h r e e ^ i s t e r s Bridge altogether. T.N.Schroth 5655 B e n t B r a n c h Road W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. 20016 3 �2716 0 S t . , N. W. Washington, D. C. 20007 December U , 1070 Mr. Martin K. S c h i l l e r , Executive Secretary O f ^ i c * of the Mayor-Commissioner, P o m 528 .o D i s t r i c t Building U t h an-' E S+s., N. W. Washington, D. C. 20004 D^ar Mr. S c h a l l e r : As a n a t i v e Mashi^gtonian, proud of h i s e i t y , please a^r? my v o i c e to th° many others who opnos the construction of the Thr^~- S i s t e r s Bridge* A p r o j e c t l ^ s s responsive to the n e ^ s of our cornmunit' i s ''if' "'ar.lt to imagine. The ne-^s of our c i t y ir> housing, education, and «ot l e a s t tnansnortation a r e w«ll known to you — c l e a r l y t i s T h r S i s t e r s Bridge p r o j e c t , a m u l t i p o l l u t a n t , can only i n c ^ a s e our problems, n r 0 a a a P l e a s do^'t miss a unique opportunity to set aside narrow ••special i n t e r sts," to work instead f o r the wellb'lng of our community as a '-.'hole — c o n s i ' r t h " r^war^s of a plants**, oeopleoriente- development of the Georgetown waterfront. I u r r e you to ''isannrove a l l e s t e r s " '"or the propose^ bri^pe on the grounds that a bridge by any design i s incompatible with th-> true transportation requirements of our e: ty. lo 1 ; ^ S i n c e r e l y yours, * e A \ M David 'Powe r �HOUSE JOINT R E S O L U T I O N NO. 163 Memorializing the members of the delegation to the Congress of the United States from Virginia to assure the prompt authorization posed Three Sisters Bridge across the Potomac of the pro- River. Offered March 6 I S 58 , Patron—Mr..Daniel, W. C. Referred to the Committee on Federal Relations Whereas, the United States Department of Transportation is considering disapproval of the proposed Three-Sisters Bridge across the Potomac River connecting Arlington County and the District of Columbia area; and Whereas, this bridge is an essential part of Interstate Route 263; and Whereas, planning for this crossing has been underway since June thirty, nineteen hundred sixty, when Interstate 266 with a bridge across the Potomac was first approved by the United. States Bureau of Public Roads; and Whereas, all traffic forecasts made by responsible highway authorities indicate an overwhelming need for a biidga over the Potomac in the Three Sisters area; and Whereas, the .interstate plan for Northern Virginia is entirely compatible with proposed mass transit facilities in that area, and is vital to assure an adequate, balanced transportation system; and Whereas, designation of an additional Potomac River crossing in the Three Sisters area as a part of the interstate system was a basic factor in the decision that Interstate 66 would provide a satisfactory connection between Washington and the Dulles International Airport access road; and Whereas, the Virginia Department of Highways has worked closely with federal, regional and local agencies in developing plans for the proposed river crossing and interstate connection; now, therefore, be it Resolved by the House of Delegates, the Senate concurring, That the General Assembly of Virginia urges that Virginia members of the Congress of the United States exert all possible efforts to assure the prompt authorization for carrying out plans originally approved by federal authorities in nnte hundred sixty to construct these integral segments of the interieen �House Joint Resolution No. 168 2 state highway system. The clerk of the House of Delegates is directed to send to each member of the V i r g i n i a delegation to the Congress of the United States a copy of this resolution. �I MRS. G E R H A R D A. GESEIX 3 3 0 4 N S T R E E T , N. W. W A S H I N G T O N , D. C . S0007 o5 ���107 12-1^-70 Sirs: I am d e f i n i t e l y opposed to having any bridge b u i l t i n the area of the "Three S i s t e r s Islands", across the Potomac River i n the "eorgetcwn area. Mrs. E.E.Dodge UU70 Reservoir Rd. N.W. Washington, D.C. 20007 �I Ob ��<"RS. J O H N T . S m i T H 3345 K e s e K U o i K R n , N ,. tt ' C U A S H . N q T O N , O. c . 2 0 0 0 7 �I'10 December 1 5 , 1970 Mr. M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r , E x e c u t i v e SecretaryO f f i c e o f t h e Mayor-Commissioner Room 528 D i s t r i c t Building 1 4 t h & E S t s . , N.W. W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. 20004 D e a r Mr. S c h a l l e r : I am w r i t i n g t o add my v o i c e and t h e v o i c e s o f t h e o t h e r members o f my f a m i l y t o t h e o p p o s i t i o n t o the Three S i s t e r s Bridge. I support the p o s i t i o n o f t h e C i t i z e n s Assoc i a t i o n o f Georgetown a n d The W i l d e r n e s s S o c i e t y i n opposition t o t n i s bridge. I f we a r e e v e r t o m a i n t a i n a community i t w i l l be n e c e s s a r y t h a t we s t o p p l a c i n g r e l i a n c e upon t h e i n d i v i d u a l a u t o m o b i l e and c a t e r i n g t o i t s needs i n p r e f e r e n c e t o t h e needs o f i n d i v i d u a l s . T h e p r o p o s e d approaches t o t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge w i l l i n e v i t a b l y r e s u l t i n d e s t r u c t i o n o f s e v e r a l n e i g h b o r h o o d s . The a d d i t i o n o f t h r u w a y s w i l l o n l y l e a d t o a g r e a t e r exodus t o the suburbs, e v e n t u a l l y l e a v i n g t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia o n l y as a p a r k i n g l o t w i t h an i n n e r c i t y slum. F u r t h e r , I have p r e v i o u s l y been informed t h a t y o u r own s t u d i e s show t h a t f u t u r e t r a f f i c a c r o s s t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s Bridge i s overwhelmingly f o r destinations outside the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and not w i t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. T h i s b r i d g e and h i g h w a y p r o g r a m w o u l d h a v e h i g h l y d e t r i m e n t a l e f f e c t s on t h e D i s t r i c t o v e r w h e l m i n g l y to b e n e f i t persons merely passing through. I urge t h a t t h e "design" o f t h i s p r o j e c t should be r e c o n s i d e r e d i n d e p t h i n t e r m s o f d e s i g n i n g a community i n w h i c h vie c a n c o n t i n u e t o l i v e . T h i s means a b a n d o n i n g t h e p r o j e c t as p r e s e n t l y proposed. Respectfully Don submitted, V. H a r r i s . J r . , 3330 N S t . , N.W. 9 W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. 20007 ���-7 MRS. SG20 LIONEL. OREGON WASHINGTON, C. E P S T E I N AVENUE. D. C. December 14, N.W. 20O1S 1970 Mr. Martin K. S c h a l l e r Executive Secretary Office of the Mayor-Commissioner D i s t r i c t Building Washington, D . C . 20004 Dear Mr. S c h a l l e r : I am sorry I cannot get to the hearing on the Three Sisters Bridge. This is to record my hope that the Three S i s t e r s Bridge Will be defeated! I hope that alternative mass transportation w i l l be e f f e c t i v e l y supported so that people but not cars can e a s i l y get in and out of our c i t y . Please record me as against the construction of this bridge. Most s i n c e r e l y , SGE:kg Sarah G . Eostein �MRS. IS16 S A M 31ST A. E D W A R D S STREET, WASHINGTON, D. C . N. W. 2 0 0 0 7 ; ... Doc. - 13, 1970 Mr. M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r , E x e c . S e c . O f f i c e o f t h e Mayor~Commisionor, Room £ 2 8 D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g , li|.th and E S t r e e t s , N.W. Washington, D.c. Dear S i r , I am w r i t i n g i n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e . Very few p e o p l e who l i v e T n th© D i s t r i c t want i t . Our need i s b e t t e r and c h e a p e r p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , n o t more highways and b r i d g e s , We s h o u l d be t r y i n g to c u t down on t h e c a r s i n t h i s a r e a . We h a v e enough p o l l u t i o n a l r e a d y . Sincerely yours ,;< v J ... '.; ..?.-\v'<* S u s a n B. Edwards (Mrs Sam A. Edwards) �)}4 D. 1057 L. Chaney NATIONAL WASHINGTON. PRESS BUILDING D. C . 2 O 0 O 4 [";-.-» 1 ^ December 9, 1970 Mr. Martin K. S c h a l l e r Executive S e c r e t a r y to the Mayor-Commissioner D i s t r i c t Building Washington, D. C. n With reference to the Three S i s t e r s Bridge hearings, Dec. 14, 1970 Dear Mr. S c h a l l e r : 1 endorse the oroposed design of the Three S i s t e r s Bridge and recommend i t s immediate construction. As an important l i n k towards completion of the metropolitan I n t e r s t a t e highway program, the need i s d e f i n i t e and urgent. The s t r u c t u r a l design, consisting of long-soan prestressed concrete, i s an e x c e l l e n t s o l u t i o n f o r t h i s l o c a t i o n . I t has the advantage of only two p i e r s , widely spaced, which leave the main r i v e r channel completely f r e e of obs t r u c t i o n s , and provj.de an or^en view of the r i v e r . Equally meritorious i s the a r c h i t e c t u r a l treatment. A study of the model r e a d i l y shows t h a t the bridge w i l l blend harmoniously with the landscare. Bridges have been an important part of lean's landscape since e a r l i e s t c i v i l i s a t i o n , i'.ot only are they a useful u t i l i t y , but, when properly designed,, they become points of i n t e r e s t which contribute a t t r a c t i v e l y to a c i t y ' s p e r s o n a l i t y and i t s living art. Although there are no desV-ms of the same magnitude as the Three S i s t e r s proposal e x i s t i n g i n t h i s area, s t r u c tures of simi3.ar s i s e and design have been used s u c c e s s f u l l y elsewhere, i i e a r l y fort-,'- years of my l i f e was spent working with concrete design and construction, including prestressed concrete, and I do not h e s i t a t e to recommend the design now i n question. I have no business nor f i n a n c i a l i n t e r e s t i n the design and construction of t h i s bridge. I t e s t i f y simply as a l o c a l c i t i z e n , who f e e l s that there i s r e a l and urgent need f o r t h i s s t r u c t u r e , and f o r the completion of the metrop o l i t a n highway system. Highway user taxes have been c o l l e c t ed f o r the construction of t h i s system since 1956, and c o l l e c t i o n s w i l l continue. The people are waiting f o r , and deserve d e l i v e r y of the product f o r which they are being taxed. S i n c e r e l y yours, �JAMES MOORE PROPOSED FREEWAY My number one a n x i e t y r e g a r d i n g t h e f r e e w a y i s my c o n c e r n f o r t h e p e o p l e who w i l l be a f f e c t e d b y t h e b u i l d i n g of the freeway. all I n o r d e r t o be f u l l y f r e e i n A m e r i c a we m u s t be c o n c e r n a n d s h a r e i n t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f h e l p i n g t o fight to p r o t e c t a l l by t h e f r e e w a y . willingly the neighborhoods be d e s t r o y e d A good A m e r i c a n i s a t r u e comrade when he e n d e a v o r s t o d e f e n d t h e s e c u r i t y n o t o n l y i n h i s own neighborhood, b u t i s c o n c e r n about other that w i l l the w e l f a r e o f people i n sections. The p e o p l e i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a p a y s s h o u l d be g r a n t e d t h e p r i v i l e g e d e v e l o p m e n t s h o u l d be d e s i g n e d . t a x e s and t o d e t e r m i n e how a n y p r o g r e s s i v e Many D i s t r i c t O f f i c i a l s a s w e l l a s members o f C o n g r e s s who c a n s p e a k out" on b e h a l f o f t h e D. C. c i t i z e n s ' tied. o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e f r e e w a y , seem t o be tor.gue- T h e s e p e o p l e i n h i g h l e v e l p o s i t i o n s c a n n e g o t i a t e on o t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e grounds regarding the controversy over the f r e e w a y and s i m u l t a n e o u s l y r e b u k e and demand t h a t M e s s r s . N a t c h e r , McMillan, e t a l . , m i t i g a t e t h e i r outrageous adherence to w i t h - h o l d D. C. money m e r e l y b e c a u s e c e r t a i n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s * stand defeat. can't �W i t h o v e r 25,000 p e o p l e b e i n g d i s p l a c e d and d e s t r o y e d , how communities can the freeway b r i n g a n y t h i n g but d i s c o n t e n t and m e n t a l agony t o t h e p e o p l e o f D. C. R e p r e s e n t a t i v e W i l l i a m H. N a t c h e r , D e m o c r a t , K e n t u c k y , Chairman o f t h e House D i s t r i c t A p p r o p r i a t i o n s S u b c o m m i t t e e , h a s r e f u s e d t o r e l e a s e subway f u n d s u n t i l to K I S satisfaction. freeway b u i l d i n g proceeds I f R.ep. N a t c h e r c a n c a r r y o u t s u c h a p r o p o s a l , t h e n o u r Governmenc i s n o t r u n by t h e p e o p l e , f o r t h e "See people. I am Columbia who Rep. Broyhill below. a c i t i z e n o f t h e U. S., n o t l i m i t e d and I am i n favor of uprooting a l l attempt to c o n t r o l the c o u n t r y . to the D i s t r i c t • the u n j u s t These u n j u s t people r u n t h e Government a r e n o t g e n u i n e l y c o n c e r n w i t h t h e who security and h a p p i n e s s o f a l l the people. j u s t people, whereas p r o g r e s s and t h e m a t e r i a l i t e m s a r e w h a t r e a l l y counts. and H o w e v e r , God Man people means n o t h i n g t o t h e c r e a t e d man i n H i s own f o r t h i s r e a s o n , p e o p l e a r e God's c h o s e n ("Footnote) un- image creation. I t was a n n o u n c e d o v e r t h e r a d i o December 14, 1 9 7 0 , t h a t a f t e r n e g o t i a t i o n s , Rep. B r o y h i l l h a s d e c i d e d n o t t o w i t h h o l d D. C. f u n d s . �COMMONWEALTH D E P A R T M E N T BOX OF C F VIRGINIA H I G H W A Y S xxrccxxxxxrcococcx 671, OJLPEPER, VA 22701 December 15, 1970 Mr. Jen Van Dor Vate P. 0. Box 256 Vienna, V i r g i n i a 221S0 Dear Mr. Van Per Vate: Subject: Route I-?>6, Arlington Covnfcy P r o j e c t 0066-000-102,C506.C507 and Route 266, P r o j e c t 02C5-000-101.C501 0265-000-103,B603 Arlington County and Washington, D C Thank you f o r your communication of Decerabcr 14 regarding the subject p r o j e c t s . Ycur o r i g i n a l l e t t e r w i l l be nade a part of the record of the 1-66 hearing, A Xerox co^y of your l e t t e r io being sent to the O f f i c e of the Mayor-Corsaiasioner, Washington, U C, i o r i n c l u s i o n i n the record of the 1-266 (Three l i s t e r s Bridge) hearing. Your i n t e r e s t i n these p r o j e c t s i s appreciated. Sincerely, D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer DBH pk / cc - Mr Martin K S c h a l l e r , with correspondence. �F R O M TIffi D E S K OF JAN van der V A T E P. O. Box 266 Vienna, Va. 22180 December 11+, 1970 Dear r.r. >'cpe: As a longtime r e s i d e n t of / i r r i n i u , -.no i s bein-3 oveirrhelmeo by the rereading b l i g h t of u r b a n i z a t i o n , I wish to be l a c e d cn record as being opposed to both the extension of I n t e r s t a t e 66 una th- b u i l d i n g of the Three S i s t e r s bridge. I am, hcvever, strongly i n favor of an adeouute syste-r: of r:-nid t r a n s i t f a c i l i t i e s . �COMMONWEALTH D E P A R T M E N T O F O F VIRGINIA H I G H W A Y S BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 December 15, 1570 Mr, Thoau G. Crcuch Suite 604 Arlington Trust Huilding Court 'louse Head. I.orth Arlington, Virginia 22201 Dear Mr* Crouch: Subject: r.outa I-G6, Arlington County P r o j e c t 0066-000-102,C505 ,C507 and Eoato 266, Project 026S-000-101,C5fll 0266-000-103,3605 Arlington County and Washington, D C Th.—i'.; you for your conmmication of Decerbcr 15 regarding the ~ub j c c t projects; Your original l e t t e r v i l l be nado a part of tha record o f the 1-66 hearing, A Xerox copy of your l a t t e r i c being sent to the O f f i c a of tha Mayor-Con^icaionar, Washington, D C, f o r i n c l u s i o n i n tha record o f tha 1-266 (Three S i s t e r s Dricge) hearing. Your i n t e r e s t i n thece projects i s ..'-predated. Sincerely, D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer DBH pic cc - I l r I!artin K S c h a l l e r , \rith correspondence. �CROUCH & cnoucn A T T O R N E Y S A.T L A W S U I T E v& ARLINGTON TRUST 1513 604 BUILDING COURT HOUSE ROAD. NORTH A R L I N G T O N , VIRGINIA. (703) 22201 825-0100 December 15, 1970 Hon. D. B. Hope, D i s t r i c t E n g i n e e r V i r g i n i a Highway Department Culpeper, V i r g i n i a 22701 Re: 1-66 and Three S i s t e r s Design H e a r i n g s Bridge Dear Mr. Hope: I am s o r r y t h a t I was n o t a b l e to speak a t the p u b l i c h e a r i n g h e l d on 1-66 Design on the 7 t h o f December, 1970. I was a t t h e h e a r i n g on t h a t date but d i d not get an o p p o r t u n i t y to speak and was unable to a t t e n d the c o n t i n u a t i o n o f the h e a r i n g . I r e s i d e a t 3300 North Glebe Road, A r l i n g t o n , V i r g i n i a and am a l s o the Chairman o f W e s t e r n F a i r f a x P r o g r e s s A s s o c i a t i o n , an o r g a n i z a t i o n o f landowners, d e v e l o p e r s and r e s i d e n t s o f w e s t e r n F a i r f a x County r e p r e s e n t i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y twot h i r d s o f the acreage i n the B u l l Run P l a n n i n g D i s t r i c t . I t h i n k i t was an u n f o r t u n a t e c h o i c e t o have h e l d t h e h e a r i n g i n a h i g h s c h o o l next to the proposed r i g h t - o f - w a y f o r 1-66 but i t seems t h a t no m a t t e r t h e h e a r i n g was h e l d , a l a r g e number o f the r e s i d e n t s o f A r l i n g t o n County would oppose i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n a s i t does have a d v e r s e e f f e c t s on the persons who l i v e n e a r i t and w i l l cause some d i v e r s i o n o f l o c a l t r a f f i c t h a t must c r o s s i t s path. From e x p e r i e n c e i n l i v i n g on Glebe Road f o r t h e l a s t s i x t e e n y e a r s , a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h i r t y - f i v e f e e t from the r i g h t - o f - w a y , I b e l i e v e those opposed to the highway over-emphasize the n o i s e f a c t o r and c e r t a i n l y the p o l l u t i o n f a c t o r was m i s r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e s e same i n t e r e s t s a s i t appears t h a t c a r s t r a v e l i n g the 1-66 c o r r i d o r a t h i g h speeds would be much, much l e s s o f an a i r p o l l u t a n t t h a n c a r s t r a v e l i n g a t a much s l o w e r r a t e o f speed on Lee Highway and Route 50 and o t h e r major commuting a r t e r i e s i n A r l i n g t o n County. wee hr As to the o p p o s i t i o n g e n e r a l ^ t o the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f 1-66 and the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , I b e l i e v e t h a t these people have n o t g i v e n due c o n s i d e r a t i o n to these two p r o j e c t s but i f they have, they a r e c e r t a i n l y v e r y s e l f i s h people and poor neighbors to o t h e r s who w i l l use 1-66 and the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . People o f F a i r f a x County and the people i n o t h e r a r e a s o f V i r g i n i a and uhe U n i t e d S t a t e s where i n t e r s t a t e highways have been c o n s t r u c t e d have s u f f e r e d the same i n c o n v e n i e n c e s j a n d damages �to p r o p e r t y t h a t t h e opponents t o 1-66 complain o f . Now t h a t i t h a s come to t h e time f o r the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f an i n t e r s t a t e highway through t h e i r community, they complain l o u d l y f o r g e t t i n g t h a t they use t h e i n t e r s t a t e highways through o t h e r peoples communities f o r t h e i r convenience. I do not b e l i e v e t h a t the Highway Department should be swayed i n the l e a s t by t h e i r opposition, t o the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f 1-66 and t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e . I am i n a c c o r d w i t h t h e Chamber o f Commerce t h a t 1-66 and t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e should be completed a s soon a s p o s s i b l e and t h a t only^'ti^ose a d d i t i o n s f o r n o i s e abatement s h o u l d be added t o i t s d e s i g n t h a t c a n be added w i t h o u t d e l a y i n g the c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e s e p r o j e c t s . The r e a s o n I f e e l t h a t t h e s e p r o j e c t s should be completed w i t h a l l d e l i b e r a t e speed i s t h a t t h e commuter t r a f f i c through A r l i n g t o n County a t t h e p r e s e n t i s a l m o s t i n t o l e r a b l e because o f the l a c k o f a n i n t e r s t a t e highway and I b e l i e v e t h a t b e f o r e 1-66 and t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e a r e completed t h a t the t r a f f i c s i t u a t i o n w i l l have reached a c h a o t i c s t a t e . I would l i k e t h i s l e t t e r t o be made a p a r t o f t h e r e c o r d o f t h e 1-66 D e s i g n h e a r i n g and a p a r t o f the r e c o r d o f t h e p u b l i c h e a r i n g on the D e s i g n o f the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e a s a p p r o v i n g t h e F i n e A r t s d e s i g n f o r t h a t b r i d g e and I a l s o a s k t h a t t h i s l e t t e r be c o n s i d e r e d a s e x p r e s s i n g the v i e w s n o t o n l y o f me but a l s o o f the Western F a i r f a x P r o g r e s s A s s o c i ation. Sincerely, THOMAS G. CROUCH TGC/mb �COMMONWEALTH D E P A R T M E N T OK O F VIRGINIA H I G H W A Y S TesaaaaoBCXXXXXXXXX BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 December 16, 1370 Hr. James T. Richards, J r . 9021 North Grant Avenue Manassas, V i r g i n i a 22110 Dear Mr. Richards: Subject: Route 266, P r o j e c t 0266-000-101,0501 0266-000-103,B605 Arlington County and Washington, D G Thank you f o r your communication o f Dacerber 12, I t i 3 being forwarded to tha o f f i c e of the MayorCommissioner, Washington, D C , f o r i n c l u s i o n i n the record of the 1-266 (Three S i s t e r s Bridge) hearing. Your i n t e r e s t i n t h i s n a t t e r i s very nuch appreciated. • Sincerely, D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer DBH pk cc - Mr I L i r t i n K S c h a l l e r , with correspondence. ���COMMONWEALTH DEPARTMENT OF O F VIRGINIA H I G H W A Y S DEC xxxxxxxxxxxxincacx BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA December 16, 1970 21 ; ? 22701 C Dr. Richard L. Ronfield 2200 Leeland F a l l s Church, V i r g i n i a 22043 Dear Dr. R e n f i e l d : Subject: Route 266, Project 0255-000-101,0501 0256-000-103,B605 Arlington County ana Washington, D C Thank yen f o r your communication of December 13. I t i s being £or.:ardsd to the o f f i c e of the MayorCo^nissicner, Washington, D C, f o r i n c l u s i o n i n tha record or the 1-2-36 (Three S i s t e r s Bridge) hearing. Your i n t e r e s t I n t h i s u a t t e r i s very touch appreciated. \ \ S \ Sincerely, D. B, gone D i s t r i c t Engineer DBH ^ ~~ ~ cc - Mr Martin K S c h a l l e r , with correspondence. �RICHARD L R E N F I E L D 2200 LEE LAND FALLS CHURCH VA 22043 �RECEIVED DEPT. OF HIGHWAYS DEC15 1970 DIST. OFFICE CULPEPER, I X �COMMONWEALTH DEPARTMENT O F O F VIRGINIA H I G H W A Y S Bsc*! I : i - 70 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA Deccrsbcr 16, 1970 22701 Hr. Jack Van Valkcnburgh 1573 Preston Road Alexandria, Virginia 22202 Dear Hr. Van Valkenburghi Subject: Route 265, P r o j e c t 0266-000-101,0501 0266-000-103.B605 Arlington County and Washington, D C Thank you f o r your corssunication of December 13. I t I s being forwarded to the office of tha MayorCocaaissionar, Washington, D C, f o r I n c l u s i o n i n the record o f the 1-266 (Three S i s t e r s Bridge) hearing. Your i n t e r e s t i n t h i s matter i s very such appreciated, \ \ Sincerely, D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer DB2-I pk cc - Hr Martin K S c h a l l e r , with correspondence. �RECEIVED DEPT. OF HIGH,'/A DEC15 1970 DfST. OFFICE CULPEPER, VA. VS �COMMONWEALTH D E P A R T M E N T O F O F VIRGINIA H I G H W A Y S xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 December 16, 1970 Hr. Harrison Mann Attorney and Co'msellor a t Law S15 15th S t r e e t , H. W . Washington, D. C. 20005 Bear Hr. Mann: Subject: Route 266, Project 0266-000-101,C501 0256-000-103,1!605 A r l i n g t o n County and Washington, D C Thank you f o r your communication of December 1 1 . I t I s being for'>.v.rriod to the o f f i c e of the MayorCommissioner, Washington, D C , f o r i n c l u s i o n i n tha record of tha 1-256 (Three S i s t e r s Bridge) hearing. Your i n t e r e s t i n t h i s n a t t e r i s very much appreciated. Sincerely, D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer DBH pk ^—/" ,/ cc - Mr Martin K S c h a l l e r , w i t h correspondence. �HAJRKISON MANX sis A T T O B K B Y A ' J COIINSEIXOB AT LAWNI IS™ ST., N. W. WASHINGTON, D.C. 2 0 0 0 5 1202) 628-5383 December 11, 1970 i-ir. .0. P. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer Department of Highways Culpeper, V i r g i n i a Dear S i r : Because of a s e r i e s of business engagements on the U j t h , I do not expect t o be able to attend the hearing on that date r e l a t i n g to the design of the Three i i s t e r s Oridge. while I have no competence i n the f i e l d of engineering and must of n e c e s s i t y leave such matters to the b e t t e r informed, I note t h a t the h e a r i n j i s not confined s o l e l y t o t h a t feature, but i n cludes a s v e i l s o c i a l , economic and environmental e f f e c t s of the design proposal. As a person long a c t i v e i n the p o l i t i c a l and c i v i c l i f e of Arlington I have conversed with a great many people. While tnere are those who n a t u r a l l y f e e l they w i l l be adversely affected and therefore can o f f e r every reason f o r opposition, from environmental to e s t h e t i c , the v a s t m a j o r i t y of our c i t i z e n s recognize the need f o r a d d i t i o n a l access routes to the u i s t r i c t and '.lorthern V i r g i n i a . Of n e c e s s i t y , when the need i o r a road or a bridge i s determined on, there must be a cnoice of l o c a t i o n , while a member of the General Assembly of V i r g i n i a I reviewed a l l possible a l t e r n a t i v e s and from the standpoint of the V i r g i n i a shore and approach I cannot suggest a b e t t e r l o c a t i o n which w i l l adversely a f f e c t fewer people, or i n t e r f e r e l e s s w i t h many of the considerations l i s t e d unaer the heading of " s o c i a l , e t c . " e f f e c t s . I t r u s t t h a t a u t h o r i t i e s w i l l get on w i t h the job a s the t r a f f i c problem both from the standpoint of V i r g i n i a and the d i s t r i c t becomes worse d a i l y . Sry t r u l y yours, Harrison Mann HM/ds DEPT. OF H>o! :.;)': DEC111970 DIST. OFFICE CULPEPER. V. i. �COMMONWEALTH D E P A R T M E N T O F O F VIRGINIA H I G H W A Y S D:C2! BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA December 16, 1970 j 7 22701 Mr. Glen 0. Pyle3 P y l c s Lu:i>cr Ccr.pany 6210 Allentown Rend Washington, D. C. 20023 Dear Mr. P y l e s : Subject: Route 266, Project 0266-000-101,0501 0266-000-103,B605 Arlington County and Washington, D C Thank you f o r your communication o f December 12. I t I s being forwarded to the o f f i c e of tha HayorCormiscior.er, Washington, D C, f o r i n c l u s i o n i n the record ox the 1-266 (Three S i s t e r s Bridge) hearing. Your I n t e r e s t i n t h i 3 n a t t e r i s vary much appreciated. Sincerely, D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer DBH ^ ' — cc - Mr Martin K S c h a l l e r , with correspondence. �COMMONWEALTH D E P A R T M E N T C2I I 37 O F O F VIRGINIA H I G H W A Y S PM *70 xxxxxxz:cn:xxxxxxx BOX 671, CUtPEPElj VA Deccr-ber 16, 1970 D Gladys D. Schubert 604 Beverly Drive A l e x a n d r i a , Virginia 22701 22305 Dear Madera: Subject: Route 266, Project 0266-000-101,0501 0266-000-103,2605 Arlington County and Washington, D C Thank you for your coraaunleatlon o f Deccrber 13. I t i s being forwarded to the o f f i c e of the MayorCoomlssioner, Washington, D C, for inclusion i n the record o f the 1-266 (Three S i s t e r s Bridge) hearing. Your i n t e r e s t I n t h i s r a t t e r i 3 very much appreciated. Sincerely, D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer cc - Mr Martin K. S c h a l l e r , with correspondence. �- i GLADYS 0 SCHUBERT 604 BEVERLY DR ALEXANDRIA VA 22305 RECEIVED I D£pr. ctf-' HictiWA YS ] D E C 1 5 1S70 D t t T . OFFICE CULPEPER. VA, J I �COMMONWEALTH D E P A R T M E N T O F O F VIRGINIA H I G H W A Y S BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 Decer_ber 16, 1970 Mr. Robert L. Montague, I I I 100 South Royal S t r e e t #3 Alexandria, V i r g i n i a 22314 Bear l i r . Montague: Subject: Route 266, Project 0266-000-101,0501 0266-000-103.B605 Arlington County and Washington, D C Thank you f o r your communication of December 14 I t i s being forwarded to the o f f i c e o f the MayorCommissioner, Washington, D C, f o r i n c l u s i o n i n the record of the 1-266 (Three S i s t e r s Bridge) hearing. Your i n t e r e s t i n t h i s n a t t e r i s very much appreciated. Sincerely, D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer DBH pk cc - Mr Martin K S c h a l l e r , with correspondence. �LAW O F F I C E R O B E R T i . . M O N T A G U E . Ill 100 SOUTH ROYAL STREET#3 A L E X A N D R I A . V I R O I N I A 22s TELEPHONE 703 1 4 649-8286 December 14, 1970 Mr. E . B . Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer V i r g i n i a D e p a r t m e n t o f Highways Culpeper, V i r g i n i a 22701 D e a r Mr. Hope: I w r i t e t o o f f e r my comments i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e proposed Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , w h i c h I u n d e r s t a n d you a r e p r e s e n t l y s o l i c i t i n g s t a t e m e n t s on. 3y way o f i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , 1 am C h a i r m a n o f t h e A l e x a n d r i a E n v i r o n m e n t a l P o l i c y C o m m i s s i o n and S t a t e c o chairman of the American Bar A s s o c i a t i o n ' s Environmenta1 Q u a l i t y Committee. I am a l s o a n o f f i c e r o f t h e N o r t h e r n V i r g i n i a Conservation Council. I t i s n o t p o s s i b l e f o r me t o a p p e a r i n p e r s o n a t t h e h e a r i n g , but I do w i s h t o e x p r e s s my p e r s o n a l o p i n i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h i s p r o j e c t . I am n o t s p e a k i n g o f f i c i a l l y f o r any of t h e aforementioned o r g a n i z a tions . I am c o n v i n c e d t h a t i t w o u l d be a s e r i o u s e r r o r t o f u r t h e r s t i m u l a t e a u t o m o t i v e t r a f f i c g r o w t h u n t i l Rapid. T r a n s i t h a s b e e n i n s t a l l e d i n t h e n a t i o n a l C a p i t a l A r e a and been g i v e n an o p p o r t u n i t y t o prove i t s e f f i c a c y . I believe t h a t t h e p r o p o s e d b r i d g e w i l l menace r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s , p a r k l a n d s , and our e n v i r o n m e n t f a r beyond i t s immediate l o c a t i o n . T h e r e w i l l be a s u b s t a n t i a l a d v e r s e e f f e c t on t h e b e a u t y o f t h e Potomac R i v e r G o r g e a n d t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k A r e a s a s s o c i a t e d , therewith. I t would a l s o t r i g g e r other freeway development i n t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l A r e a and s e r v e t o i n c r e a s e t h e b l i g h t e n i n g t r a f f i c l o a d on t h e p r o j e c t e d I n t e r s t a t e 6G t h r o u g h A r i s i n g t on C ou n t y . RECEIVED] DEPT. OF HIGHWAYS D E C 1 5 1970 DIST. OFFICE' CULPEPER, VA\ I j �I n t e r m s o f s o u n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and t o t a l p l a n n i n g f o r t h i s a r e a , I am among t h o s e who c o n s i d e r t h e T h r e e S i s t e r Bridge p r o j e c t u t t e r l y l a c k i n g i n genuine j u s t i f i c a t i o n a t t h i s time. I do n o t b e l i e v e t h a t the e n v i r o n m e n t a l impact h a s b e e n g i v e n a d e q u a t e c o n s i d e r a t i o n and I s i n c e r e l y hope t h a t you w i l l do s o b e f o r e r e a c h i n g a f i n a l dec I s ion., w i t h respect thereto. *»v-.^, Sincerely Robert RLM:mc cc: The The The Hon. Hon. Hon. H a r r y F. Byrd W i l l i a m B. Spong J o e l T. B r o y h i l l jr. yours, L . Montague, I I I �I COMMONWEALTH DEPARTMENT OF OF VIRGINIA HIGHWAYS xxxxxxxxx: aasxxxxx BOX 671, CULPEPSR, VA Decerier 15, 1970 22701 Leah J . Stevans 1201 S. Court House Road A r l i n a t o a , V i r j i n i a 22204 Dear Hadani Subject: Route 265, Project 0266-000-101,C501 0266-000-103,B605 Arlington County and Washington, D C Than'c you f o r your c o r — u n i c a t i c n of Decerber 14. I t i s being fcr./ardad to the o f f i c e of tha MayorCoaraisrsicnar, Washington; D C, f o r i n c l u s i o n i n tha record of tha 1-256 (Three Sioter3 Bridge) hearing. Your i n t e r e s t i n t h i s n a t t e r i s very nuch appreciated. Sincerelv, D. 3. Pope D i s t r i c t Engineer DBH pk cc - Mr l l a r t i n K S c h a l l a r , with correspondence. * 2-* �1201 S. C o u r t House Hoad Arlington, Virginia 22201). December H i , 1970 Mr« D. B. Hope, D i s t r i c t E n g i n e e r V i r g i n i a Dept. o f Highways Culoeper, V i r g i n i a 22701 Dear Hr. Hope: I would l i k e t o p r o t e s t the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e a n d t h e c r e a t i o n o f another* i n t e r s t a t e h i g h w a y i n t o W a s h i n g t o n . B e i n g a d a i l y commuter i n t o W a s h i n g t o n f r o m A r l i n g t o n , I am q u i t e a w a r e o f t h e t r a f f i c and e x h a u s t fumes a l o n g h i g h w a y s w h i c h I have no a l t e r n a t i v e b u t t o a c c e p t . C o n s t r u c t i o n o f new r o a d w a y s o n l y e n c o u r a g e s t o h e i g h t e n t h e n u r i b e r o f v e h i c l e s , w h i c h a r e t o o numerous a t p r e s e n t . People a r e not always r e s p o n s i b l e nor knowledgable and i n e v i t a b l y t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f a new o p p o r t u n i t y ( o r i s i t a n o p p o r t u n i t y ? ) t o get o u t a n d d r i v e . I s u p p o s e i t i s f a t e t h a t I ir.ust a c c e p t n o t o n l y i r r e s p o n s i b l e people's h a b i t s but a l s o i r r e s p o n s i b l e l e g i s l a t o r s ' whins, such a s Hatcher. I had hoped, w i t h i n c r e a s i n g i n t e r f e r e n c e by i n c r e a s i n g p o p u l a t i o n , t a k e over o f r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s by comriercial, and i n c r e a s i n g p o l l u t i o n , i t w o u l d be o t h e r w i s e . However, 1 f e a r n o t * H a p i d r a i l t r a n s i t d o e s n ' t seem t o s t a n d a c h a n c e . Sincerely, w Leah J . Stevens cc: V i r g i n i a Dent, o f S a n i t a t i o n Governor Linwood HoIton Sen. H a r r y F . B y r d S e n . W i l l i a m B. Spong H a t c h e r ' s Corami11e e Congressman J o e l T. B r o y h i l l DISK CVLIWKII oFria-: VA* �COMMONWEALTH DEPARTMENT 21 I • OF OF' VIRGINIA HIGHWAYS FT* -70 xx:ix;csxx:ix:cccocxx BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA December 16, 1970 22701 Mrs. William L. 3mson, J r . 3415 Halcyon Drive A r l i n g t o n , V i r g i n i a 22305 Dear I Irs. Sanson: Subject: Iloute 266, Project 0265-000-101,0501 0266-000-103,Lj05 Arlington County and Washington, D C Thank you f o r your ccranunication of December 14. I t i s being forwarded to the o f f i c e o f the UayorC o m i s s i o n e r , U a . - 5 h i n g t . 0 n , D C, f o r i n c l u s i o n i n the record of tha 1-266 (Throe S i s t e r s Bridge) hearing. Your i n t e r e s t i n t h i s n a t t e r i s very rauch appreciated. Sincerely, • D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer D3II cc - Mr Martin K S c h a l l e r , w i t h correspondence. �MRS. WILLIAM L. B CNSON, JR. 3 4 1 5 HALCYON DRIVE ARL mfUon. V i r g i n i a .IZo 0 5 �COMMONWEALTH DEPARTMENT OF OK VIRGINIA HIGHWAYS xxx>z<x:ocnrx:ccncrx BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 December 16, 1970 Mr. and Mrs. Harold W. Breedlove 1313 Congress S t r e e t Wooclb r i d g e , Virginia 22191 Dear Mr. and Mrs. Ereedlovo: Subject: Route 266, Project 0266-000-101,C501 0265-000-103.B605 Arlington County and Washington, D C Thank you f o r your coiamunication o f December 14. I t 13 boing fon/ardad to tha o f f i c e o f the MayorCoiuuissioner, Washington, D C, Cor i n c l u s i o n i n the record of the 1-266 (Throe S l a t e r s Bridge) hearing. Your i n t e r e s t i n t h i s natter i s very ouch appreciated. Sincerely, D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer DBH rile pk ^ cc - Mr Martin K S c h a l l e r , w i t h correspondence. �[DEPT. OF DEC13 HIGHWAYS i970 DJ5T. OFFICE CULPEPER. VA* �COMMONWEALTH DEPARTMENT OF OF VIRGINIA HIGHWAYS BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 Deccirf>er 16, 1970 Y.r. Chester H. Grey 2C17 To. Kensington S t r e e t A r l i n g t o n , V i r g i n i a 22205 Hear Mr. Gray: Subject: Route 266, F r o j e c t 0255-000-101,0501 0555-000-103,£5^5 A r l i n g t o n Covnty and Washington, D C Thank you f o r your ccrr-.unic-.tion o f D c c c r i a r 8. I t i s br.ing forwarded to the o f f i c e of the KeyorC o m l s s i o n e r , Washington, D C, f o r i n c l u s i o n i n the record o f the 1-255 ("tree S i s t e r s Bridge) hearing. Your i n t e r e s t i n t h i s r a t t e r i s very much spprecistsd. fir.ee r e l y , D. D. Hope D i s t r i c t En-.ir.cer D3B pk cc - Hr Martin K JJchcller, With correspondence. �2017 No. K e n s i n g t o n S t r e e t A r l i n g t o n , V i r g i n i a 22205 December 8, 1970 Director V i r g i n i a S t a t e Highway Department Richmond, V i r g i n i a Dear S i r : As a r e s i d e n t o f A r l i n g t o n County f o r o v e r 10 y e a r s , f i v e o f t h e s e a s a home-owner, I w r i t e t o i n d i c a t e my s u p p o r t o f the Three S i s t e r s ' B r i d g e , 1-266. With current i n f l a t i o n - a n d p o l i t i c a l disagreements, the Washington Metro System i s i n some j e o p a r d y . Even assuming f u l l c o m p l e t i o n , however, the B r i d g e and 1-66 a r e mandatory i f the County i s going to u n t a n g l e i t s s t r e e t s from a l l the through t r a f f i c t h a t now burdens the r o a d network. P l e a s e be a d v i s e d t h a t I support r e s p o n s i b l e ^ h i g h w a y d e v e l o p ment i n N o r t h e r n V i r g i n i a . Sincerelyj C h e s t e r H. Gray �COMMONWEALTH DEPARTMENT OF OK VIRGINIA HIGHWAYS xxxxxxr.>n<x3c7sccxxx BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 Decer.ber 16, 1970 E l l a R. P f e i f f e r 231C Ninth S t r e e t , North Apartment 301 Arlington, V i r g i n i a 22201 Daar Madaai Subject: Route 256, P r o j e c t 0266-000-101,0501 0255-000-103,3605 Arlington County end Washington, D C Thank you f o r your cor.nunication o f December 14. I t Irs being forwarded to tha o f f i c e o f the MivorCornnissioner, Washington, D C , f o r i n c l u s i o n i n the record o f tha 1-265 (Three S i s t e r s Bridge) hearing. Your I n t e r e s t i n t h i s r a t t e r i s very rruch appreciated. Sincerely, D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer D3II pk cc - Mr Martin K S c h a l l e r , with correspondence. �j j J * J v j j «w- 4-,-.: r Lji~J Oy HiGHXYA j > I W i F l F P l - 1Q7fl �COMMONWEALTH D E P A R T M E N T 5 OF O F VIRGINIA H I G H W A Y S !d xxxxxxxxxxxxxx BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 December 15, 1970 Mrs Duval H T y l e r Dover Dara Middleburg, V i r g i n i a 22117 Dear Mrs T y l c r i Subject: Route 266, P r o j e c t 0255-000-101,C5Q1 0256-000-103,B605 P.rlir.jton County and Washington, D C Thank you f o r your communication of December 12. I t i s being forwarded t o the o f f i c e of the MayorCommissioner* Washington, C, f o r i n c l u s i o n i n tha record of the J-266 (Three S i 3 t e r s Bridge) hearing. Your i n t e r e s t i n t h i s rratter i s very much appreciated. Sincerely, D 3 Hope District Engineer DBB pk c c - Mr Martin K S c h a l l e r , w i t h correspondence. �MKS. DUVAL- H . TYLER DOVER DAM MIDDLEBURG. VIRGINIA 2 2 1 1 7 Dear K r . Hope: Tha Three S i s t e r s Bridge project i s u t t e r l y and indefensibly wrong. Sapid T r a n s i t i s the only s o l u t i o n to t r a f f i c congestion. Dec. 12th. 1970 sincerely lira, J u v a l T y l e r �COMMONWEALTH DEPARTMENT OF O F VIRGINIA HIGHWAYS Interstate roai-^r. rv " e hear5 . Thrte f i r - t s r s E r i i g a E r . V ' i l l i a a F. F i s c h e r , J r . , 1C224 Lawyers .cidj ?ie;aia, V i r g i n i a , P.O. Eox .'^9 Fairf-c, Vir A\ Dear h r , Biocherj Very t r u l y y o u r s , uZP. lcb/asr Cy « K r . * B. Hoo™. D i s t r i c t Engineer -.:t, J / , ' �WILLIAM 102^1 F . BLOCHF.R, J R . LAWYERS V I E I t N A , V I R 01 N I A 13/ ROAD 2:210 O December 1 1 , 1970 The V i r g i n i a Dept. of Highways P. 0. Box 429 F a i r f a x , V i r g i n i a 22030 Gentle men: I would l i k e to take a moment to comment on the design of the Three S i s t e r s Bridge and 1-266 as proposed by the V i r g i n i a and D. C. D i s t r i c t s of Highways. A f t e r r e v i e w i n g the p l a n s , i t appears to me t h a t the more e x p e n s i v e design which has been approved by the Fine A r t s Commission i s the most d e s i r a b l e d e s i g n . Furthermore, as a r e s i d e n t of V i r g i n i a and a n a t i v e of Washington, I would l i k e to take t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y to urge you.to complete t h i s p r o j e c t as soon as p o s s i b l e . T h i s -bridge and the highways which are proposed f o r i t are an i n t e g r a l p a r t of a balanced t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system f o r the metropolitan area. T h i s s t a t e needs the bridge and i t s r e l a t e d highways . 1 Sincerely WFB , JR : og William yours, F. B l o d i e r , J r �COMMONWEALTH DEPARTMENT OF OF VIRGINIA HIGHWAYS xxxxxx xjaoocnnacx BOX. 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 Dccenbor 15, 1970 Mr. Joseph C. Gouldea l i e f e r , Executive Connittca 6412 - 22d Tvoad North A r l i n g t o n , V i r g i n i a 22205 Daar Mr, Goulden: Subject: Routs 1-66, Arlington County P r o j e c t 0066-000-102,C5Q6,C507 and Route 266, F r o j e c t 0266-000-101,C501 0266-000-103,B605 Arlington County and Washington, I) C Thank you f o r your communication of Ueccnber 12 regarding the subject p r o j e c t s . Your c r i ~ i n . i l l e t t e r w i l l be mde a part of the record of the 1-66 bearing. A Xerox copy of your l e t t e r i s bein? cent to the O f f i c e o f the Hayor-Cocssdaaionor, flashington, 0 C, f o r i n c l u s i o n i n the record of the 1-266 (Three S i s t e r s Bridge) hearing. Your i n t e r e s t i n these p r o j e c t s i s appreciated. Sincerely, D. B. Hone D i s t r i c t Bugineer DP.H pk cc - Mr Martin X S c h a l l e r , with correspondence. �S T E W A R T - T U C K A H O E P A R E N T - T E A C H E R ARLINGTON 13, . ASSOCIATION VIRGINIA 6416 - 22fl Road N o r t h A r l i n g t o n , 7a. 2 205 December 12, 1970 Mr. D. C. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer Department of highways Box S71 Culpepper, Va. 22701 Dear Mr. X v Hope: Submitted h e r e w i t h a r c r e s o l u t i o n s adopted by our a s s o c i a t i o n p e r t a i n i n g to ( a ) the Rosslyn-GKLebe Road segment of 1-66; and ( b ) the Route 253 p r o j e c t , I t i s the w i s h c f the a s s o c i a t i o n t h a t they be i n c l u d e d i n the r e c o r d of the d e s i g n h e a r i n g s on each of there f r e e w a y p r o j e c t s . The Route 266 r e s o l u t i o n i n c o r - e r a t J S the 1-65 r e s o l u t i o n by r e f e r e n c e , and a c a r b o n i s a t cached f o r the department's c o n v e n i e n c e . I am s u b m i t t i n g t h e s : r e s o l u t i o n s by a u t h o r i t y of the unanimous vo.e of our e x e c u t i v e committee a t the meeting on Decemb;r 8, 1070. i l i a S z e w a r t - T u chance PTA has a membership of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 67 5 p e r s o n s , m o s t l y homeowners, r e s i d i n g i n the E * s t F a l l s Church ana O v e r l e e K n o l l s s e c t i o n s of K o r t h A r l i n g t o n . For your i n f o r m a t i o n * our f i r s t p u b l i c meeting t h i s y e a r was devoted to a p r e s e n t a t i o n on 1-66 and she metro by r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s c f your department and the A r l i n g t o n County Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n . As you w i l l note ire-:: the r e s o l u t i o n s , our citizens are by no means c o n v i n c e d of the wisdom of these p r o j e c t s , and f e e l they should be heard on a most b a s i c c u o s t i o n — that i s , are these f r e e w a y s r e a l l y n e c e s s a r y end d e s i r a b l e ? I speak f o r the e x e c u t i v e committee i n s t a t i n g that I am a p p a l l e d a t the testimony on the amount of a i r ana n o i s e p o l l u t i o n t h a t w i l l be brought to our county by these f r e e w a y s . Sincer ely, \ 1 Jo eph C. Gould en "ember, E x e c u t i v e Committee RECEIVED DEPT. or IHGIIWA DEC15 DIST. cvi.vF.rrR. 1970 OFFICE r.-i; YS �„cord} Whereas, tha p r e s e n t r o u t e of I n t e r s t a e Highway 1-55 was approved more than a decade ago, when n e g l i g i b l e informed o f f i c i a l and p u b l i c thought had been devoted to the dams e done to American communities by she a i r and n o i s e p o l l u t i o n c r e a t e d by urban f r e e ways , and Whereas, 1-55 as p r e s e n t l y designed c o n s t i t u t e s a c l e a r and p r e s e n t danger to the w e l f a r e and e c u c a t i c n of c h i l d r e n c f cur s c h o o l d i s t r i c t who a r e and w i l l be a t t e n d i n g Swanson J u n i o r h i g h Scxiool, and Whereas, the d e s i g n of the 1-65 segment from R o s s l y n to Glebe Road t h r e a t e n s the v e r y e x i s t e n c e of **age ana J a c k s o n e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s and 'fashington-Lee High S c h o o l s , a l l i n t e g r a l p a r t s c f the A r l i n g t o x County s c h o o l s y s t e m , and Whereas, the d e s i g n of the R o s s l y n - G l e b e Road segment of 1-56 i n e s c a p a b l y w i l l a f f e c t the d e s i g n of the remainder of 1-65 i n A r l i n g t o n County, as w e l l as e t h e r planned freeways,and Whereas, no c r e d i b l e evidence e x i s t s t h a t 1-63 i s e s s e n t i a l to the r e l i e f of t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n i n i*rl3ngton County, Be i t hereby r e s o l v e d : The e x e c u t i v e s o e m i t t e e of the Stewart-:,uchahoe P a r e n t - T e a c h e r A s s o c i a t i c n urges i n the s t r o n g e s t f a s h i o n thai.: 1. The V i r g i n i a Highways Department suspend immediately a l l work on 1-63 i n A r l i n g t o n County, i n c l u d i n g a c q u i s i t i o n o 1' r i ght -of -w ay; 2. The A r l i n g t o n County Board take the i n i t i a t i v e i n s e c u r i n g new p u b l i c h e a r i n g s to s o l i c i t p u b l i c o p i n i o n on w h i t h e r c o n s t r u c t i o n c f 1-55 and other portion, s of the county f r e e w a y pro ram i s e s s e n t i a l i n view of ( a ) pr .sent t r a f f i c p r o j e c t i o n s ; ( b ) the a v a i l a b i l i t y of a l t e r n a t e means of t r a n s p e r c a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g "he Metro r a p i d u r a n s i t system and the use of high-3psed bus l a n e s ; and ( c ) the g r a v e e n v i r o n m e n t a l damage that i n v a r i a b l y i s caused by freeway c o n s t r u c t i o n . 3. The f a s h i n g ton M e t r o p o l i t a n T r a n s p o r t a t i o n A u t h o r i t y proceed v i t a a l l p->ssible ;peeo to complete the r a p i d t r s n s i t system to p r o v i d e Her t h e m V i r g i n i a r e s i d e n t s w i t h an a l t a m a t i v e means of r a v e l . The Stewart-Tuckahoe P a r e n t - T e a c h e r A s s o c i a t i o n s h a r e s the concern of other c i t i z e n groups e v e r Lhe a i r and n o i s e p o l l u t i o n problems t h a t would be caused by c o n s t r u c t i o n c f 1-65, and urges r e s p e c t f u l l y but f i r m l y t h a t our county and s t a t e o f f i c i a l s have the courage to h a l t m i s freeway blunder i n mid-course b e f o r e i t does i r r e p a r a b l e harm to our community. Adopted by unanimous vote on December 6, 1G70. « �TShereas, the m a r g i n a l u t i l i t y of I n t e r s t a t e Highway 266 I s dependent upon c o n s t r u c t i o n of i t s companion frewwey, I n t e r s t a t e highway 6.5, and Whereas, the Stew r t - T u c k a h o e P a r e n t - T e a c h e r A s s o c i a t i o n opposes the p r e s e n t d e s i g n of 1-65 f o r the r e a s o n s e x p r e s s e d i n the a t t a c h e d s e p a r a t a r e s o l u t i o n , and Whereas, the intended d e s i g n of 1-226 i n v o l v e s damage to Spout Run and the Spout Run Parkway t h a t c h a r i t a b l y can be d e s c r i b e d as e c o l o g i c a l v a n d a l i s m , and Whereas, no a l t e r n a t e c e s i g n s have been s u b m i t t e d t h n t wduld permit ccn s t r u c t i o n of a f r e e w a y i n the Spout Run v a l l e y w i t h o u t wanton damage to the s c e n i c c o n d i t i o n s now e x i s t i n g t h e r e; a nd Whereas, the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s " n e c e s s a r y " ohly a s a component of a t o t a l l y unnecess r y package, Be I t hereby r e s o l v e d : The e x e c u t i v e committee of the S t e w a r t - T u c k a h o e a r e n S - T e a c h ? r A s s o c i a t i o n urges i n t h e strongest fashion that: 1 . The V i r g i n i a Department c f Highways and the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Department of highways and - r a f f l e abandon the 1-255 and Three S i t t e r s p r o j e c t s f o r t h w i t h , 2. The A r l i n g t o n ^ounty Bcsi'd e x o r c i s e tiie p o l i t i c a l l e a d e r s h i p necess..ry to : r o t e c t i t s c o n s t i t u e n t c i t i z e n s from f u r t h e r encroachment by unmantcesary and d e s t r u c t i v e f r e e w a y projec ts. The Stawart-Tuckahoe P a r e n t - T e a c h e r A s s o c i a t i o n s h a r e s the concern of other c i t i z e n groups ever the a i r and n o i s e p o l l u t i o n problems t h a t would be ceased by c o n s t r u c t i o n c f 1-265 under j^gv a s s i g n , . nd u r g e s r e s > e c t f u l l y but f i r m l y t h a t our county and s t a t e o f f i c i a l s hove tha courage to h a l t t h i s f r e e w a y b l u n d e r i n m i s - c o u r s e before i t dees i r r e p a r a b l e harm to our co mmuni t y . Adopted by unanimous vote on December 8, 1970. �COMMONWEALTH DEPARTMENT OF O F VIRGINIA HIGHWAYS >arxx:Quoi:caooc>rxx BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 December 15, 1970 Kr. Charias A. Higgins 2904 liidison Place F a l l s Cnurch, V i r g i n i a 22042 Dear K r . n i a c i n s : Subject: Poute 1-56, Arlington County P r o j e c t 00$6-OCSO-102,C50S,C$07 and y.oute 266, P r o j e c t 0266-000-101,C501 02^5-000-103,BG05 Arlington County and Washington, D G Thank you f o r 3'cnir cor-Tninicaticn of December 10 regarding the subject p r o j e c t s . Your o r i g i n a l let*.~r '..'ill be rade a part of the record of the 1-66 hearing* A Xerox copy o f your l e t t e r 13 being ".eat to the C i f i c a o f tha K&yor-CoirdLssioner, Washington, 3 C, f o r i n c l u s i o n i n the record or the 1-266 > (Three S i s t e r s Bri;ir,c) hearing. Your i n t e r e s t . i n these p r o j e c t s i s appreciated. Sincarely, D. B. Kope D i s t r i c t bngineer DBH pk cc - Mr K a r t i n K S c h a l l e r , with correspondence. �<3> December 10, Honorable 0. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer V i r g i n i a Highway Department Culpepper, V i r g i n i a 1970 Xv . 22701 Dear S i n Having r e a d and heard d i s c u s s e d the routo of I n t e r s t a t e 65 from the Beltway to R o s s l y n , and the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the Throe l i s t e r s B r i d g e , I w i s h to have the f o l l o w i n g r e q u e s t made a p a r t of the P u b l i c r e a r i n g r e c o r d s h e l d on Docomber 7, 1970 and December 14, 1970 r e s p e c t i v e l y : ( a ) Be i t known t h a t T recommend a o p r o v a l of t h e p r e s e n t design of I n t e r s t a t e 65 and V266 w i t h whatever a d d i t i o n a l s c r e e n i n g and p o l l u t i o n abatement t h a t can be added w i t h o u t c a u s i n g any d e l a y i n the c o n s t r u c t i o n thereof . ( b ) T a l s o recommend a p p r o v a l of the d e s i g n of the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , s e l e c t e d by the F i n e A r t s Commission and f u r t h e r recommend completion of the c o n s t r u c t i o n without f u r t h e r d e l a y . P l e a s e make e n c l o s e d carbon copy a p a r t of t h e p u b l i c h e a r i n g of December 14-th on t h e Three S i s t e r s 'fridge. Thanking you i n advance, I remain Sincerely yours, 2 0 Madison 94 Charlos A. R i g g i n s Place F a l l s Church, V i r g i n i a 22042 CAR:eh End: 1 carbon copy �COMMONWEALTH D E P A R T M E N T O F OC VIRGINIA H I G H W A Y S DfcZI ! . g p '70 D . BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 December 15, 1970 * Mr. Harry V. Ecndall 6231 Leesburg Pike Suite 205 F a l l s Church, Virginia 22044 tear Hr. Bendall: Subject: Route 1-56, Arlington County Project 0066-000-102,C506,C507 and Route 266, Project 0266-000-101,0501 0266-000-103.B605 Arlington County and Washington, D C Thank you f o r your cosmmieatlon of December 11 regarding tha subject projects. Your original l e t t e r w i l l ba nade a part of tha record of the 1-66 hearing. A Xerox copy of your l e t t e r i s being sent to the O f f i c e of the Kayor-Coianlaslonttr, Washington< i> C, f o r incluaion i n the record of the 1-266 (Three Sisters Bridge) hearing. Your interest i n these projects i s appreciated. Sincerely, 0. 3. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer DBH pk cc - Mr Martin K Schaller, with correspondence, r �REAL 6231 ESTATE Leesburg ASSOCIATES Pike, Suite 2 0 6 • of Virginia, inc. PEYTON KLOPFENSTKIN Vice Fails Church, Va. 2 2 0 4 4 Pretirirnt PETE FLOROS Stcrf.lary-TrcafiH Area Code 7 0 3 • * 5 3 4 - 6 0 4 0 rer T O M L . BARROW Senior HARRY W. Aetociate Auociati BENDALL Broken GEORGE D E W E Y , J R . JAMES J . MACPHERSON Asttociiies RUTH W. HILL JUAN J . VALLDEJULI EUGENE J . RICE PETER G . R O U S H A K E S RICHARD C. D U N H A M December 1 1 , 1970 Mr. D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer V i r g i n i a Highway Department Culpepper, V i r g i n i a Dear Mr. Hope: I would l i k e t o e x p r e s s my f a v o r a b l e o p i n i o n f o r t h e comp l e t i o n o f t h e p l a n s , design and c o n s t r u c t i o n of both Route 1-66 and t h e ''Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . " Through my many a c t i v i t i e s and p e r s o n a l c o n t a c t s i n N o r t h e r n V i r g i n i a , such as Chairman o f t h e A d v i s o r y Board o f A.A.A., T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee o f Northern V i r g i n i a R e a l E s t a t e Board and o t h e r C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s , a l l s o p h i s t i c a t e d , s o l i d , and v i t a l l y i n t e r e s t e d people i n t h e f u t u r e o f Northern V i r g i n i a a r e unanimous i n t h e o p i n i o n t h a t t h e s e p r o j e c t s a r e w e l l over duel H a r r y W. Bendall HWB/aj cc: Mr. Douglas B. Fugate Mr. Glen T. L a s h l e v COMMERCIAL, INDUSTRIAL & INVESTMENT VIRGINIA • MARYLAND • WASHINGTON, D.C. �y3^ COMMONWEALTH D E P A R T M E N T OF O F VIRGINIA H I G H W A Y S x:noao:xx>ocxxxx BOX 6 7 1 , C U I i P E P E R . V A 22701 December 1 5 , 1 9 7 0 l i r a D a v i d J weltman 3 D 3 5 M i n n e s o t a Avenue K D Washington, D c 20019 D e a r - i r e Weltmam Subject: Route 1-66, A r l i n g t o n c o u n t y P r o j e c t 006S-C00-l02,C5G6,CoJ7 and Route 256, P r o j e c t ; 0266-000-101,C501 5233£o00-»103,B605 A r l i n g t o n County-end Washington* D C Thank you f o r y e a r c c s m u n i c a t i o n r e g a r d i n g t h e s»u -jeetv pxpicW33« o f December 10 Y o u r o r i g i n a l l e t t e r v i l l be made a p a r t o f t h e r e c o r d o f the .1-56 h e a r i n g , h X e r o x copy o f y o u r l e t t e r i s b e i n g senc. t o t h e f i c e of the Mayor-coiraiss i o n e r , Washington, D C, f o r i n c l u s i o n i n t h e r e c o r d o f t h e 1-266 (Three S i s t e r s ) h e a r i n g . Your i n t e r e s t i n t h e s e p r o j e c t s i s a p p r e c i a t e d . Sincerely, DBB pk D B Eope D i s t r i c t Engineer c c ~ Kr Martin K S c h a l l e r , with correspondence. �Mrs D A V I D 3 9 3 6 J. W E L T M A N MINNESOTA AVENUE N . E . WASHINGTON. D.C. 2 0 0 1 9 December 1 0 , 1970 Hon. D. B. Hope, D i s t r i c t ^ n g i n e e t V i r g i n i a Highway Department Culpeper, V i r g i n i a 22701 Dear S i r : P l e a s e be a d v i s e d t h a t I w i s h t o go on r e c o r d a3 a l a r g e t a x p a y e r i r . the S t a t e o f V i r g i n i a a s a p o r o v i r g t h e r j r e s e n t d e s i g n o f 1-65 and I 26 " i l l you k i n d l y n u k e t h i s l e t t e r p a r t o f t h e p u b l i c h c u r i r g r e core h e l d on December 7 t h . A l s o , the d e s i g n s e l e c t e d by the f i n e A r t s Commission i o r t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e s h o u l d be approved a n a p r o g r e s s n o t d e l a y e d i n t h e s e e s s e n t i a l developments f o r t h e S t a t e . Thanking you, Very t r u l y yours, C l a i r e G, Vieltnian �COMMONWEALTH DEPARTMENT OF OF VIRGINIA HIGHWAYS BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 December 15, 19/0 Mr. Robert P. Feldman 1732 W a s t h i l l Boulevard tfeatlaka Ohio 44145 Daar Mr* Peldnaa: Subjact: Route 1-66, Arlington County P r o j e c t 0366-030-102,C5C5,C507 end Route 265, P r o j e c t 0256-000-101,C501 0266-000-103,B603 r Arlington County arid Uashin ;ton, D C Ihsnk you f o r your coeciunlcatlon o f Dacecbor 10 resardin-j tha subject p r o j e c t s . Your o r i g i n a l l a t t e r v i l l be sxade a part of tha record o f tha f-66 hearing. A Xerox cony of your l e t t e r i s being scut to the O f f i c e o f tha »Iayor-Ce.mis3ioner, Washington, i> C, f o r i n c l u s i o n i n tha record o f tha 1-266 ( I h r c a S i s t e r s Bridge) hearing. Your i n t e r e s t i n these p r o j e c t s i a appreciated. Sincerely, D. B. Hope L l s t r i c t Engineer ran {/ cc - K r Martin K S c h a l l e r , with correspondence. �(3C. •1732 ' / e s t h i l l B l v d . J e s t l a k O i Uvlo ifl|.12i£ Deco ho-.' 7* 1970 �COMMONWEALTH DEPARTMENT OF O F VIRG1NSA HIGHWAYS BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 Decesfcer 15, 1970 Williaa T. Spenca, M O .. 6C01 D u l l Run Post O f f i c e Road Centerville, Virginia Dear Dr. Spenca: Subject: Route 1-66, Arlington County Pro j ect 0066-000-102,C50&,C507 and Route 266, P r o j e c t 0266-000-101,C501 02C6-000-103,3605 Arlington County end Washington, 0 C Thank you f o r your co:*runication of December 10 regarding tha subject p r o j e c t s . Your o r i g i n a l l e t t e r t f i l l be made a part o f the record o f tha 1-06 hearing* A Xerox copy o f your l e t t e r I s being sent co tha O f f i c e of the ?Iayor-Coxaissioner, Washington, D C, f o r i n c l u s i o n i n the record of tha 1-265 (Three S i s t e r s bridge) hearing* Your i n t e r e s t i n those p r o j e c t s i s appreciated. Sincerely, D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer BBH pk / cc - Hr Martin K S c h a l l e r , with correspondence. 13? �NKUBOUXIIGM- NTIROKHY 131 W I L L I A M THORNTON SPENCE, M . D . 120.1 NINETEENTH WASHINC.TON, D. C. STHEET S 0 0 3 B December 3, 1 9 7 0 . H o n o r a b l e D.B. Hope D i s t r i o t Engineer V i r g i n i a Highway D e p t . , Culpeper, V i r g i n i a 22701 D e a r Mr. Hope: T I v. ant y o u t o know t h a t a s a p r o p e r t y owner ( 1 0 0 a c r e s ) on t h e o u t s k i r t s o f C e n t e r v i l l e , V i r g i n i a , I am e x t r e m e l y i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e p r e s e n t d e s i g n o f 1-66 and 1-256 be added without delay. I w o u l d be d e l i g h t e d t h a t a d d i t i o n a l s c r e e n i n g a n d p o l l u t i o n a b a t e m e n t c o u l d be a d d e d , and I w o u l d hope t h a t t h i s c o u l d be done w i t h o u t c a u s i n g a n y d e l a y i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e r o a d w h i c h h a s b e e n d e l a y e d so l o n g a l r e a d y . I w o u l d l i k e t h a t t h i s l e t t e r be made a p a r t o f t h e p u b l i c r e c o r d t o be h e l d on December 7 t h s i n c e I w o u l d be u n a b l e t o be t h e r e due t o p r e s s i n g m e d i c a l m a t t e r s . I would a l s o l i k e t o add t h a t I am v e r y much i n f a v o r o f t h e d e s i g n o f t h e t h r e e s i s t e r s b r i d g e as s e l e c t e d by t h e F i n e A r t s Commission. I request that the construction of t h i s bridge be c a r r i e d o u t w i t h o u t a n y f u r t h e r d e l a y a n d t h a t t h i s l e t t e r become p a r t o f t h a t h e a r i n g . Very t r u l y yours W i l l i a m T. S p e n c e , M.D. 6 0 0 1 B u l l Run P o s t O f f i c e Centerville, Virginia WTS:br Road �COMMONWEALTH D E P A R T M E N T O F OF VIRGINIA H I G H W A Y S BOS 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 Decedber 15, 1970 Hr. Edward I . Laloa 2620 IliPhuood D r i v e , S. E. Washington, D. C. Danr Mr* Lnios: * Subject: Route 1-66, Arlington County Project 0066-000-102,0505,C507 > and Route 266, Project 0255-000-301,C501 o: :.5-c-oo-io3,:;605 Arlington County and Washington, i> C Xheni: yen for your co-.;-unieatiea o f Dccecbar 10 rcoardir.'* tha subject prolc-css.- > . Your o r i g i n a l l e t t e r w i l l be aada a p a r t of the record o f the X-66 hearing* A Xerox cony of your l e t t e r io being seat to tha o f f i c e of the ilayor-Cosnissioner, Uachicacan, J C, for inclusion i n tha record of tha 1-266 (Three tiisters s r i c g a ) .hearing* Your interest i n thana projects l a appreciated. Sincerely, D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer DBH pk i v• cc - Kr Kartin K Schaller, with cerrcr.pondence. �3630 Highwood D r i v e , Washington; D.C. December 9, S.E. I 38 1970 H o n o r a b l e D.B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer V i r g i n i a Highway D e p a r t m e n t C u l p e p e r , V i r g i n i a 22701 D e a r Mr. Hope: - • I am w r i t i n g t o e x p r e s s my c o n c e r n o v e r t h e d e l a y i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f R t . 66 and t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e . I t appears t h a t some o f t h o s e who w o u l d be d i s l o c a t e d h a v e j o i n e d f o r c e s w i t h a n u n s t a b l e e l e m e n t t h a t s e e k s n o t o r i e t y by d e m o n s t r a t i n g f o r any r e a s o n . To my d i s b e l i e f t h i s u n h o l y c a d r e has been a b l e t o s t o p the wheels of p r o g r e s s . The F i n e A r t s C o m m i s s i o n has e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y approved the c u r r e n t b r i d g e d e s i g n y e t c o n s t r u c t i o n i s h a l t e d when a g r o u p o f t o be d i s l o c a t e d , t a n s i e n t s a n d m a l c o n t e n t s c l a i m t h a t t h e d e s i g n i s n o t good enough f o r them. I t i s t r u e t h a t some p e o p l e w i l l be g r e a t l y i n c o n v e n i e n c e d by t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f R t . 66 and t h e b r i d g e . This i s nothing new. G o v e r n m e n t s h a v e a l w a y s p o s s e s s e d and e x e r c i s e d t h e r i g h t o f e m i n e n t d o m a i n f o r t h e g r e a t e r good o f t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e p e o p l e . I s i n c e r e l y u r g e t h a t c o n s t r u c t i o n o f R t . 66 and t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s Bridge begin without f u r t h e r unnecessary delays. Please h e l d on Also I of the i n the i n c l u d e t h i s l e t t e r as a p a r t of t h e p u b l i c h e a r i n g r e c o r d December 7, 1970 on t h e d e s i g n and l o c a t i o n c f I n t e r s t a t e a s k t h a t a copy o f t h i s l e t t e r be made a p a r t o f t h e r e c o r d h e a r i n g on t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e on December 14, 1970 D e p a r t m e n t o f Commerce A u d i t o r i u m . Yours very truly, �COMMONWEALTH DEPARTMENT OF OF VIRGINIA HIGHWAYS xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 Decedber 15, 1970 Hr. Edvla Lynch, Trustee Vernon iU Lynch Sons S p r i n g f i e l d , V i r g i n i a 22150 Deer lit. Lynch: Subject: Route 1-66, Arlington County Project CQ66-000-102,CbQ5,C507 end Route 266, Project 0266-000-101,0501 IUUJ-IJJ J—u ci, - UJ Arlington County end Ifeihirjgson, D C Thank ycu for your co:.v..;nicatioa of December 10 re^nrdirg tha subject projects.Your o r i g i n a l l e t t e r w i l l be r.ado a part of tha record of the 1-66 hearing. A Xerox cooy of your l e t t e r i s baing cent to the O f f i c e of tha Hiyor-Cotjnissioncr, Washington, u C, f o r i n c l u s i o n i n the record of tha 1-266 (Three Sisters xiri'J *.o) hearing. Your interest i n these projects i a appreciated. Sincerely, D. B. Pope D i s t r i c t Eaginear DBII pk X {/ cc - Hr Martin X Schaller, with correspondence. �V E R N O N M. L Y N C H SONS SPRINGFIELD. V I R G I N I A 221SO E D W I N L Y N C H . TRL'STEE P. 0. B o x 607 December !0, 1970 • -Mr. D. E . Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer V i r g i n i a Department of Highways Culpeper, V i r g i n i a 22701 D e a r Mr. Hope: T h i s l e t t e r i s w r i t t e n t o u r g e t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f R o u t e 1-66 f r o m t h e B e l t w a y i n t o R o s s l y n a s s c o n a s p o s s i b l e , and a l s o t o u r g e the construction of the Three S i s t e r s Bridge. 1-66 h a s been p l a n n e d and l o c a t e d f o r a number o f y e a r s , and i t does n o t seem w i s e a t t h i s t i m e t o g i v e any c o n s i d e r a t i o n t o r e l o c a t i o n . The need i s v e r y g r e a t , and I hope t h e Highway C o m m i s s i o n w i l l p r o c e e d w i t h i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e t r a f f i c s i t u a t i o n a t 1-66 and 1-495 i s b e c o m i n g v e r y s e r i o u s . but I am s o r r y I was u n a b l e t o a t t e n d T h e h e a r i n g on t h i s r o a d , I do hope you w i l l make t h i s l e t t e r a p a r t o f t h e h e a r i n g r e c o r d . Y o u r s t r u i y, Edwin Lvncn, T y u s f e e V e r n o n M. L y n c h S o n s ELrjs �COMMONWEALTH D E P A R T M E N T OF OF VIRGINIA H I G H W A Y S BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 December 15, 1970 Kr. Joseph E. Eoop 13219 Koora Road Clifton, Virginia Dear Mr. Icoops Sub 1 eat: J Eouie 1-66, Arlington County Project 0066-000-102,0506,C507 and Eoute 266, Project 0266-000-101,0501 02.;6-000-103,E605 Arlington County end Washington, D C Thank you for your cots suni cation of Bacesiber 10 regarding the subject projects.. Year original l e t t e r vrill ba nado a part of tha record of the 1-66 hearing. A Xerox copy of your l a t t e r i s being sent to tho Office of tha Mayor-Commissioner, Washimton, D C, for inclusion i n tha record of tha 1-266 (Three S i s t e r s Bridge)- hearing. Your interest i n these projects i s appreciated. Sincerely, D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer DBH pk y cc - Ihf Martin K S c h a l l e r , w i t h correspondence. i �13219 Moore Rd. Clifton, Va. 11 December 1970 Honorable D.B.Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer V i r g i n i a Highway Department Culpeppar, Va. 22701 Dear f i r : As a r e s i d e n t and lar.de**ner c f F a i r f a x County, I want to say t h a t t h i s a r e a needs and wants b a d l y completion o f 1-66 and 1*266. if/e do not b e l i e v e t h a t t h e s e n t i m e n t e x h i b i t e d a t the p u b l i c h e a r i n g s t h i s week i n A r l i n g t o n a r e t y p i c a l o f the p u b l i c a t t i t u d e , and c e r t a i n l y not of the a t t i t u d e o f F a i r f a x County residents. I a l s o have no c r i t i c i s m of the d e s i g n f o r t h e s e highways. I t might be p o s s i b l e t h a t the d e s i g n c o u l d be improved, but a t p r e s e n t t h e p r i m a r y problem, i n my o p i n i o n , i s to get on w i t h c o n s t r u c t i o n , which a l r e a d y has been too long d e l a y e d . P l e a s 3 i n c l u d e r.y statement i n the t e s t i m o n y o b t a i n e d d u r i n g the public: h e a r i n g s . Very t r u l y y o u r s , (J •j i Joseph - - *» 2. Rocp / �COMMONWEALTH DEPARTMENT O F OF VIRGINIA H I G H W A Y S BOX 6 7 1 , CULPEPSa, VA 22701 December 1 5 , 1970 Mr. Warran c. Mitchell 7502 Ranblewood Court Anaandale, V i r g i n i a 22003 Dear Kr. Mitchell. Subject: Route 1-66, Arlington County Project OOG6-009-102,CiC6,C507 and Route 266, Project 0266-000-101,0501 0266-000-103,3605 Arlington County and Washington, D C Thank ycu for your eoRssmiention of Decerbar 10 regarding the subject projacta. Your o r i g i n a l l a t t e r w i l l ba Bade a part of the record of the 1-66 hearing* A Xerox cony of your l e t t e r i s bclnf, cunt to tha O f f i c e of tha Mayor—Coro:lnsioner, Washington, D 0, for Inclusion i n the record of the 1-266 (Three S i s t e r s Bridge) hearing. Your interest i n these projects i s appreciated. Sincarely, D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer DBIl ; / / ' cc - Mr Martin K Schaller, with correspondence. �7502 Rainblewood C o u r t A n n a n d a l e , V i r g i n i a 22003 December 10, 1970 H o n o r a b l e D. B. Here D i s t r i c t Engineer V i r g i n i a Highway Department C u l p e p e r , V i r g i n i a 22701 D e a r Mr. Hope: I am w r i t i n g i n s u p p o r t of t h e irrrmedlate c o n s t r u c t i o n of 1-66 from t h e B e l t w a y t o R c s s l y n , V i r g i n i a and t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s Bridge. I b e l i e v e t h e p r e s e n t d e s i g n of 1-65 and 1-256 t o g e t h e r w i t h w h a t e v e r a d d i t i o n a l s c r e e n i n g and p o l l u t a t i o n abatement t h a t c a n be added w i t h o u t c a u s i n g undue d e l a y i n c o n s t r u c t i o n s h o u l d be approved. I a l s o a p p r o v e t h e d e s i g n s e l e c t e d by t h e F i n e A r t s C o r r l s s l o n f c r the T h r e e S i s t s r s B r i d g e . P l e a s e -a'«e my l e t t e r n a r t of t h e p u b l i c h e a r i n g r e c o r d h e l d December 7 t h , -°th, and 9th r e g a r d i n g 1-66 a s w e l l a s t h e f o r t h comin? December iUth h e a r i n g r e g a r d i n g t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s Bridge. Yours truly, Warren C M i t c h e l l �[A Z 2035 W. VIRGINIA Av£. N'.E. NATIONAL LAUNDRY Dec \: & LINEN SERVICE W A S H I N G T O N . D. C . A) 2000Z LAwnENCE 6-221S December 17, 1970 Mr. J u l i a n Dugas, Hearing O f f i c e r Three S i s t e r s f r i d g e Design D i s t r i c t Building 1/ th > E S t r e e t , N.W, . Washington, D.C, + Dear Vx» Dugas, T h i s l e t t e r w i l l serve as notice of Company's eoraplete accord w i t h the p o s i t i o n taken by trie Metropolitan Washington Board Of Trade with reference to the design of the proposed Three S i s t e r s Bridge. We strongly b e l i e v e that the a e s t h e t i c s of the Three S i s t e r s Bridge w i l l do nothing to d e t r a c t f r o n the beauty of the D i s t r i c t Of Columbia, Yotu*3^r}'.ly, / Rex R i c c a r d i Vice President y �PYLES LUMBER 6210 CO. SQSDCAllentown Road, S. E . Washington 20, D. C . 2 0 3 02 449-5111 WdXrXa-MsiX Camp Springs, Md. December 12, 1970 Mr. D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer, V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways Culpeper, V i r g i n i a 22701 Dear S i r : I f e e l t h e park l a n d i s more important Three S i s t e r ' s B r i d g e . th?n the I am a g a i n s t t h e Three S i s t e r ' s Bridge. Respectfully yours, �GENERAL 8714 PINEY OFFICES B R A N C H SILVER S P R I N G . M A R Y L A N D PHCNE ROAD 20901 439-5111 MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA LOCATIONS WASHINGTON 4 3 4 0 LEE HIGHWAY. A R L I N G T O N . VA. 5 2 2 1234 6714 PINEY BR. RD.. SILVER S P R G . M D 439-5 III 4 t h at F L O R I D A A V E . N E.. D C. e t h & VIRGINIA A V E , S. E.. D. C. D C. L O C A T I O N S 546-1234 544-1234 December 18, 1970 Mr. J u l i a n Dugas Hearing O f f i c e r Three S i s t e r s Bridge Design D i s t r i c t Building 14th and E S t r e e t s Washington.. D. C. 20004 Dear Mr. Dugas: As a member o f the M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington Board o f T r a d e , I wish t o v o i c e my o p i n i o n on the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . My b e l i e f i s t h a t t h e r e has been too much h a r a n g i n g and unnecessary d e l a y caused by the u s u a l mal-content people t h a t a r e p r e v e l a n t i n c e r t a i n a r e a s . These groups c o n s i s t u t e a m i n o r i t y . These people s h o u l d n o t s t a n d i n the way o f the e x p e d i e n t c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e b r i d g e i n the design g e n e r a l l y accepted and p r o g r e s s s h o u l d s t a r t a g a i n on s a i d c o n s t r u c t i o n aiming toward the e a r l i e s t p o s s i b l e completion. The b e n e f i t s o f such c o n s t r u c t i o n w i l l be f o r the m a j o r i t y , n o t the m i n o r i t y . Very t r u l y y o u r s , /, J 1 / a / WALTER MILES. JR.. President WM/gk �/ KEENUOOT, INC. 425 - 13th STREET, N. W., WASHINGTON, D. December 1970 18, C. 20004, TEL, 202-393-7000 Mr. Julian Dugas Hearing Officer Three S i s t e r s Bridge Design, District Building 14th and E Streets, N.N. Washington, D.C. 20004. RE: Dear Mr. Three Sisters Bridge Dugas: When an individual approves a suggested project such as the Three S i s t e r s Bridge, I think experience shows that he tends to s i t back and l e t the happening occur. and therefore t h i s instance, On the other hand, dissenters seem the opposition, which i n my opinion appears to be the "majority". to be much more vocal i s i n the "minority" in The purpose of t h i s l e t t e r i s to make my opinion a matter of record and voice my unanimous approval for construction of the project. I am a native Washingtonian, I l i v e near the Shoreham Hotel i n the northwest section of town and I am j u s t as affected as those dissenters in Georgetown and along Key Bridge. However, I firmly believe for the benefit of the City that the Three S i s t e r s Bridge i s necessary and should be constructed. business I also speak from for some 20 odd years. With personal experience regards, having been i n the real I am, Sincerely yours, GREENHQO^, INC. S. Greenhoot S. GREENHOOT FISCHER, estate *\ ^ Fischer President STEVEN G. FISCHER, Vice President JOSEPH DE YOUNG, V.P. Sales �Gentlemen: As D i r e c t o r of the Washington Ecology Center, I would l i k e to r a i s e some questions about the concept and design of the Three S i s t e r s Bridge and the system of freeways to which i t w i l l connect. F i r s t , as to the design of the bridge, have walkways and bikepaths been included i n the plans f o r the bridge? I n l i g h t of recent c i t i z e n enthusiasm f o r these modes of t r a v e l , I would suggest that these should be included. What e f f e c t w i l l the bridge, P a l i s a d e s Parkway & Potomac R i v e r Freeway have on the n a t u r a l beauty of the Potomac palisades and the h i s t o r i c value of the Georgetown waterfront area? Eas a t r u l y comprehensive study of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n the Metropolitan been r e c e n t l y performed? Was c o n s i d e r a t i o n given to the Arthur D. L i t t l e r r p o r t , t h a t suggested that such a study was needed? i What i s a balanced t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system? I s over 300 miles of freeways and about 33 m i l e s of r a p i d t r a n s i t l i n e s such a system? What impact w i l l the proposed system of freeways have on the e f f e c t i v e n e s s of the Metro system? Has consideration been given to the f a c t that i n other c i t i e s , freeways have not decreased t r a f f i c congestion, but have encouraged more people to use cars instead of mass t r a n s i t , r e s u l t i n g i n a more serious s i t u a t i o n ? Downtown Washington a l r e a d y has one of the highest concentrat of c a r s i n the country--do we want to see t h i s climb even higher? Over h a l f of the area of downtown Washington i s now devoted t o the movement, maintenance, and storage phone: 2 0 2 - 3 3 3 - 5 0 1 0 �of automobiles--what y i l l a d d i t i o n a l freeways do to t h i s f i g u r e ? W i l l the new freeways r e a l l y benefit n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y , as i s clamed i n the laws that c a l l f o r t h e i r construction? Are the aerchants who c a l l f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n of these new roads aware of the f a c t that i n other c i t i e s , such as Boston, inner c i t y business has continued to decline i n s p i t e of considerable freeway c o n s t r u c t i o n , while other c i t i e s , such as San F r a n c i s c o have had increased downtown business without b u i l d i n g new freeways? Do these merchants r e a l i z e that freeways tend to drew shoppers out of the inner c i t y to shopping centers i n the suburbs, rather than the opposite as they seem to b e l i e v e ? I n conclusion,have the b e n e f i t s of the proposed bridge and freeway system, whatever they may be, been c l o s e l y y compared w i t h the p o t e n t i a l costs i n terms of the w e l f a r e of the i n h a b i t a n t s of the c i t y ? �C. C. Goen 4 5 0 7 V e r p l a n c k P l a c e , N. W. W a s h i n g t o n , D. G. 2 0 0 1 6 21 December 19 70 o o<( • G") i Mr. M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r o: O f f i c e o f t h e Mayor-Commissioner;. D i s t r i c t Building '\ W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. 2 0 004 D e a r Mr. S c h a l l e r : I w r i t e t o r e g i s t e r my o p p o s i t i o n a s a c i t i z e n t o t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e and to f u r t h e r e x p l o i t a t i o n of the D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a by t h e h i g h w a y l o b b y . A p p a r e n t l y they w i l l not r e s t u n t i l they have t h r o t t l e d the whole p l a c e w i t h c o n c r e t e s p a g h e t t i and p a v e d o v e r t h e r e s t f o r p a r k i n g l o t s f o r suburban c a r s . , ; We h e a r a l o t o f t a l k a b o u t a b a l anced t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system," as i f i t i s a l l s t a r t i n g from s c r a t c h . What seems ignored i s t h a t t h i n g s a r e s a d l y out o f b a l a n c e now--and h a v e been e v e r s i n c e t h e t h o u g h t l e s s a b o l i t i o n o f t h e nonpolluting trolley cars. The o n l y way t o r e d r e s s t h i s i m b a l a n c e i s t o push f u l l s p e e d a h e a d w i t h t h e subway s y s t e m , and I u r g e you t o use the f u l l i n f l u e n c e o f your office in this direction. Cordially C. C. Goen yours, - �1143 F i l b e r t S t r e e t San F r a n c i s c o , C a l i f o r n i a December 18, 1970 Executive Secretary D i s t r i c t of Columbia Government 14th and E S t r e e t s , N. W. Washington, D. C. P 94109 _ CJ» ~ Dear S i r : T h i s statement i s submitted on t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . f o r i n c l u s i o n i n the record of the hearing * x== I c o n t r i b u t e d an a f f i d a v i t t o the p l a i n t i f f s i n the s u i t a g a i n s t the b r i d g e , i n which I s t r e s s e d t h a t the impact of the bridge on t r a f f i c f l o w on both s i d e s of the r i v e r had not been s u f f i c i e n t l y c o n s i d e r e d . I had hoped to submit a statement on t h i s p o i n t a t any subsequent h e a r i n g on t h e b r i d g e . T h i s statement would have been based on a n a l y s i s of data on t r a f f i c f l o w a c r o s s the r i v e r . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , I am not a b l e to submit such a s t a t e m e n t , because I have been unable to o b t a i n the n e c e s s a r y d a t a from the D. C. Department of Highways and T r a f f i c . Some o f the d a t a on which I wanted to base my statement were presented by the Department, i n a rough g r a p h i c a l form, a t a C i t y C o u n c i l h e a r i n g more than a y e a r ago, so 1 know t h a t the Department has these d a t a . I sent t h r e e s e p a r a t e w r i t t e n r e q u e s t s f o r these d a t a t o the Department, i n l a t e 1969 and e a r l y 1970. They d i d not send me the d a t a , or a l l o w me to copy i t i n t h e i r o f f i c e s ( I was l i v i n g i n the Washington a r e a a t the t i m e ) , nor d i d they e x p l a i n t h e i r r e f u s a l to make the data a v a i l a b l e . F a i l i n g to secure a response to t h i s r e q u e s t , I d i d not bother to r e q u e s t the r e s t o f the d a t a needed to support my a n a l y s i s of the i s s u e . The Department's conduct i n t h i s matter i s h a r d l y s u r p r i s i n g , s i n c e they have r e p e a t e d l y r e f u s e d t o make a v a i l a b l e to t h e i r c r i t i c s d a t a c o l l e c t e d w i t h p u b l i c funds. I had a s i m i l a r e x p e r i e n c e s e v e r a l y e a r s ago, when the Department r e j e c t e d a w r i t t e n r e q u e s t f o r data t h a t I knew was i n i t s p o s s e s s i o n and c o u l d e a s i l y be made a v a i l a b l e . I s t a r t e d to proceed a g a i n s t the Department under the Freedom of Informat i o n A c t , but I was a d v i s e d by my a t t o r n e y t h a t t h i s A c t , which would compel a F e d e r a l agency t o supply such i n f o r m a t i o n , does not a p p l y t o the D. C. I r e g r e t t h a t I w i l l be unable to b r i n g to your a t t e n t i o n the f a c t s and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s to which I a l l u d e d i n my a f f i d a v i t . C i t i z e n s o f the Washington m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a have been s e v e r e l y handicapped, i n t h e i r attempt to secure r a t i o n a l d e c i s i o n s on t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , by t h e imbalance between the tremendous i n f o r m a t i o n a l r e s o u r c e s of the highway a g e n c i e s ( d a t a , computers, c o n s u l t a n t s ) and t h e l i m i t e d c a p a b i l i t i e s o f a few c i t i z e n s s t r i v i n g i n t h e i r spare time t o a n a l y z e and i n t e r p r e t such meager data a s they can get t h e i r hands on. Sincerely yours, Henry/Bain �i The National Law Center December 18, 1970 Mr. M a r t i n S c h a l l e r District Building 1350 E S t r e e t , N.W. W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. 20004 Re: . • r* Three S i s t e r Bridge Hearing December 14, 1970 Statement f o r the h e a r i n g D e a r Mr, a c= Schaller: I w i s h t o r e c o r d my o b j e c t i o n s t o t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s Bridge. I t i s i m p o r t a n t t h a t t h e b r i d g e be r e d e s i g n e d t o accomplish the following: 1. The b r i d g e s h o u l d be d e s i g n e d t o reduce t h e t o t a l amount o f t r a f f i c e n t e r i n g t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia; 2. T h e b r i d g e s h o u l d b e d e s i g n e d s o t h a t i s u s e s no p a r k l a n d and no p a r k l a n d i s u s e d f o r c o n n e c t i n g h i g h ways. I f p a r k l a n d m u s t b e t a k e n , non p a r k l a n d o f e q u i v a l e n t a c r e a g e s h o u l d be p u r c h a s e d and c o n v e r t e d into parkland prior to construction; 3. The b r i d g e s h o u l d be d e s i g n e d t o reduce t h e a i r pollution of the D i s t r i c t . T h i s c o u l d be b e s t accomplished by r e s t r i c t i n g access o f the bridge t o v e h i c l e s not u s i n g the i n t e r n a l , combustion engine. S e p a r a t e l a n e s s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d f o r b i c y c l e t r a f f i c . W i t h t h e s e d e s i g n c h a n g e s t h e i m p a c t o f t h e b r i d g e on t h e environment o f t h e D i s t r i c t c o u l d be s u b s t a n t i a l l y l e s s e n e d . Sincerely, AWR/ls A r n o l d W. R e i t z e , J r . P r o f e s s o r o f Law n i r. GEORGE WASHING ! ON L'N'lVERSl I V TukinftoB, D.C. XMt e, �Northern Virginia Board of Realtors, Inc An Association of Realtors P.O. Box 440 / 8408 Arlington Boulevard / Fairfax. Virginia 22030 / 560-7350 December 2 1 , 1970 Mr. M a r t i n S c h a l l e r E x e c u t i v e Sec. t o t h e Mayor D i s t r i c t Building 14th & E S t r e e t s , N.W. Washington, D.C. 20004 Dear Mr. S c h a l l e r : As a member o f t h e Board of D i r e c t o r s o f t h e Northern V i r g i n i a Board o f R e a l t o r s , I n c . , I r e s p e c t f u l l y submit my p e r s o n a l and p r o f e s s i o n a l o p i n i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e c o n s t r u c t i o n . I have appeared t o t e s t i f y on t h i s m a t t e r and f e e l t h a t an e a r l y d e c i s i o n and immediate implementation i s v i t a l t o t h e o r d e r l y growth and development o f n o r t h e r n V i r g i n i a . I t i s noted t h a t t h i s f a c i l i t y w i l l r e q u i r e t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t of no one. T h i s must be a prime c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n t h e d e s i g n o f t h e a c c e s s t o t h e b r i d g e . I t should a l s o be t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n that t h i s f a c i l i t y w i l l allow for the f r e e flow o f t r a f f i c , thereby e l i m i n a t i n g bumper-to-bumper t r a f f i c w h i c h i n c r e a s e s t h e r a t e f o r c e r t a i n a i r and n o i s e p o l l u t a n t s . We commend t h e highway departments f o r p l a c i n g t h i s f a c i l i t y w i t h i n t h e n a t u r a l v a l l e y formed by Spout Run, thereby p r o v i d i n g a n a t u r a l b a r r i e r a g a i n s t n o i s e p o l l u t i o n . T Employment must be a c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h i s f a c i l i t y . We note the d e s i g n s t a n d a r d s w i l l a l l o w f o r g r e a t e r a c c e s s and e g r e s s from Northern V i r g i n i a t o the Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Area and v i c e v e r s a , thereby enhancing t h e o p p o r t u n i t i e s on both s i d e s o f t h e Potomac River. cn Sincerely yours, PF/snf oo �REAL ESTATE ASSOCIATES of 6231 Virginia, inc. PEYTON President KLOPFENSTEIN Vice Leesburg Pike, Suite 2 0 6 • • Falls C h u r c h , V a . 2 2 0 4 4 PETE Area Code 7 0 3 • • 5 3 4 - 6 0 4 0 President FLOROS Secretary-Treasurer T O M L . BARROW Senior HARRY W. Associate Associate BENDALL Brokers GEORGE D E W E Y , J R . JAMES J . MACPHERSON December 2 1 , 1970 Mr. M a r t i n S c h a l l e r E x e c u t i v e Sec. t o t h e Mayor D i s t r i c t Building 14th & E S t r e e t s , N.W. Washington, D.C. 20004 Associates RUTH W . HILL JUAN J . VALLDEJULI EUGENE J . RICE PETER G . R O U S H A K E S RICHARD C . D U N H A M Dear Mr. S c h a l l e r : As t h e E x e c u t i v e V i c e P r e s i d e n t of R.eal E s t a t e A s s o c i a t e s o f V i r g i n i a , I n c . , I r e s p e c t f u l l y submit my p e r s o n a l and p r o f e s s i o n a l o p i n i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e c o n s t r u c t i o n . I have appeared t o t e s t i f y on t h i s m a t t e r and f e e l t h a t an e a r l y d e c i s i o n and immediate i m p l e m e n t a t i o n i s v i t a l t o t h e o r d e r l y growth and development of n o r t h e r n V i r g i n i a . I t i s noted t h a t t h i s f a c i l i t y w i l l r e q u i r e t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t of no one. T h i s must be a prime c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n t h e d e s i g n of the a c c e s s t o t h e b r i d g e . I t s h o u l d a l s o be t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n that t h i s f a c i l i t y w i l l allow f o r the f r e e flow of t r a f f i c , thereby e l i m i n a t i n g bumper-to-bumper t r a f f i c which i n c r e a s e s the r a t e of c e r t a i n a i r and n o i s e p o l l u t a n t s . We commend t h e highway d e p a r t ments f o r p l a c i n g t h i s f a c i l i t y w i t h i n t h e n a t u r a l v a l l e y formed by Spout Run, t h e r e b y p r o v i d i n g a n a t u r a l b a r r i e r a g a i n s t n o i s e pollution. Employment must be a c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h i s f a c i l i t y . We note t h a t t h e d e s i g n s t a n d a r d s w i l l a l l o w f o r g r e a t e r a c c e s s and e g r e s s from Northern V i r g i n i a t o t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Area and v i c e v e r s a , t h e r e b y enhancing t h e o p p o r t u n i t i e s on both s i d e s of t h e Potomac R i v e r . PF/snf COMMERCIAL, INDUSTRIAL & INVESTMENT VIRGINIA • MARYLAND • WASHINGTON, D C .. �/6 { nf flje 8408 ARLINGTON BOULEVARD FAIRFAX, VIRGINIA 22030 AREA CODE 7 0 3 560-7350 RALPH A. WELLS President PETE FLOROS Vice President December 2 1 , 1970 MARILYN HANSEN Secretary WAYNE LANCASTER Treasurer Directors HENRY K. MAXWELL ROBERT J. SALEM C3 " r»-" Mr. M a r t i n S c h a l l e r E x e c u t i v e Sec. t o t h e Mayor D i s t r i c t Building 14th & E S t r e e t s , N.W. Washington, D.C. 20004 CD ro RCScRT H. BUTLER f. WESLEY FOSTER Dear Mr. S c h a l l e r : As t h e V i c e P r e s i d e n t of t h e E x e c u t i v e s C l u b , I r e s p e c t f u l l y submit my p e r s o n a l and p r o f e s s i o n a l o p i n i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge construction. I have appeared to t e s t i f y on t h i s m a t t e r and f e e l t h a t an e a r l y d e c i s i o n and immediate i m p l e m e n t a t i o n i s v i t a l to t h e o r d e r l y growth and development of n o r t h e r n V i r g i n i a . I t i s noted t h a t t h i s f a c i l i t y w i l l r e q u i r e t h e displacement of no one. T h i s must be a prime c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n t h e d e s i g n o f t h e a c c e s s to t h e b r i d g e . I t s h o u l d a l s o be t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n that t h i s f a c i l i t y w i l l allow f o r the f r e e flow of t r a f f i c , thereby e l i m i n a t i n g bumper-to-bumper t r a f f i c w hich i n c r e a s e s the r a t e o f c e r t a i n a i r and n o i s e p o l l u t a n t s . We commend t h e highway departments f o r p l a c i n g t h i s f a c i l i t y w i t h i n t h e n a t u r a l v a l l e y formed by Spout Run, t h e r e b y p r o v i d i n g a n a t u r a l b a r r i e r a g a i n s t n o i s e p o l l u t i o n . T Employment must be a c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h i s f a c i l i t y . We note from t h e d e s i g n s t a n d a r d s t h a t i t w i l l a l l o w f o r g r e a t e r a c c e s s and e g r e s s from Northern V i r g i n i a t o t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Area and v i c e v e r s a , t h e r e b y enhancing t h e o p p o r t u n i t i e s on both s i d e s o f the Potomac R i v e r . PF/snf �REALTY PROMOTION, CO. ''it Floros sMent • • • 6231 Leesburg Pike Suite 206 Falls Church, Va. 22044 Phone: 534-6040 8408 Arlington Blvd. Fairfax, Va. 22030 "The Realtors Bldg." Phone: 560-3222 December 2 1 , 1970 Mr. M a r t i n S c h a l l e r E x e c u t i v e Sec. t o t h e Mayor District Building 14th & £ S t r e e t s , N.W. Washington, D.C. 20004 Dear Mr. S c h a l l e r : As t h e P r e s i d e n t of R e a l t y Promotion, Co., I r e s p e c t f u l l y submit my p e r s o n a l and p r o f e s s i o n a l o p i n i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge construction. I have appeared to t e s t i f y on t h i s m a t t e r and f e e l t h a t an e a r l y d e c i s i o n and immediate i m p l e m e n t a t i o n i s v i t a l t o t h e o r d e r l y growth and development of n o r t h e r n V i r g i n i a . I t i s noted t h a t t h i s f a c i l i t y w i l l r e q u i r e t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t of no one. T h i s must be a prime c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n t h e d e s i g n of t h e access to the bridge. I t should a l s o be t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h a t t h i s f a c i l i t y w i l l a l l o w f o r t h e f r e e f l o w of t r a f f i c , t h e r e b y e l i m i n a t i n g bumper-to-bumper t r a f f i c which i n c r e a s e s t h e r a t e o f c e r t a i n a i r and n o i s e p o l l u t a n t s . We commend t h e highway departments f o r p l a c i n g t h i s f a c i l i t y w i t h i n t h e n a t u r a l v a l l e y formed by Spout Run, t h e r e b y p r o v i d i n g a n a t u r a l b a r r i e r a g a i n s t n o i s e p o l l u t i o n . Employment must be a c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h i s f a c i l i t y . We note t h a t t h e d e s i g n s t a n d a r d s w i l l a l l o w f o r g r e a t e r a c c e s s and e g r e s s from N o r t h e r n V i r g i n i a t o the Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Area and v i c e v e r s a , t h e r e b y enhancing the o p p o r t u n i t i e s on both s i d e s of the Potomac River. PF/snf -1 'Specialists in Realty Forms & Promotional .Material" �^IAJOR ^REALTY, ^JNC. C O M M E R C I A L - I N D U S T R I A L - A C R E A G E - R E S I D E N T I A L SALES MANAGEMENT INVESTMENT U si ^Qjjt&r " " MULTIPLE LISTING SERVICE NOTARY •THE N V B R BUILDING" .... 8408 ARLINGTON BLVD. FAIRFAX. VA 22030 (703) 560-3221 December 2 1 , 1970 Mr. M a r t i n S c h a l l e r E x e c u t i v e S e c . to t h e Mayor D i s t r i c t Building 14th & E S t r e e t s , NW. Washington, D.C. 20004 Dear Mr. S c h a l l e r : As t h e P r e s i d e n t o f Major R e a l t y , I n c . , I r e s p e c t f u l l y submit my p e r s o n a l and p r o f e s s i o n a l o p i n i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge construction. I have appeared to t e s t i f y on t h i s m a t t e r and f e e l t h a t an e a r l y d e c i s i o n and immediate implementation i s v i t a l to t h e o r d e r l y growth and development of n o r t h e r n V i r g i n i a . I t i s noted t h a t t h i s f a c i l i t y w i l l r e q u i r e t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t of no one. T h i s must be a prime c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n the d e s i g n of the access t o t h e b r i d g e . I t should a l s o be taken i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h a t t h i s f a c i l i t y w i l l a l l o w f o r t h e f r e e f l o w of t r a f f i c , t h e r e b y e l i m i n a t i n g bumper-to-bumper t r a f f i c which i n c r e a s e s t h e r a t e of c e r t a i n a i r and n o i s e p o l l u t a n t s . We commend t h e highway departments f o r p l a c i n g t h i s f a c i l i t y w i t h i n the n a t u r a l v a l l e y formed by Spcut Run, thereby providing a n a t u r a l b a r r i e r against noise p o l l u t i o n . Employment must be a c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h i s f a c i l i t y . We note t h a t t h e d e s i g n s t a n d a r d s w i l l a l l o w f o r g r e a t e r a c c e s s and e g r e s s from Northern V i r g i n i a t o t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Area and v i c e v e r s a , thereby enhancing the o p p o r t u n i t i e s on both s i d e s of t h e Potomac R i v e r . WE SERVE MANY PEOPLE. BUT ONE AT A TIME." �metropolitan CONGRESS OF CITIZENS 1 2 2 5 C o n n e c t i c u t A v e n u e , JN.W., W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . 2 0 0 3 6 223-6922 December 1 7 , 1970 Executive Secretary D i s t r i c t o f Columbia D i s t r i c t Building 1 4 t h and E S t r e e t s , N.W. W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. 2 00 04 Re: Dear I n t e r s t a t e R o u t e 2 66 Three S i s t e r s Bridge Sirs: The M e t r o p o l i t a n C o n g r e s s o f C i t i z e n s r e q u e s t s t h a t t h i s s t a t e m e n t be p l a c e d i n t h e r e c o r d o f t h e J o i n t D e s i g n P u b l i c H e a r i n g f o r t h e p r o p o s e d d e s i g n o f I n t e r s t a t e R o u t e 266 b e t w e e n a p o i n t n e a r t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f C a n a l Road a n d Mac A r t h u r B o u l e v a r d i n W a s h i n g t o n , D . C , and a c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e p r o p o s e d I n t e r s t a t e R o u t e 66 n e a r Lorcom L a n e i n A r l i n g t o n C o u n t y , V i r g i n i a . The M e t r o p o l i t a n C o n g r e s s o f C i t i z e n s h a s two c a t e g o r i e s o f membership: (a) Representatives of established c i t i z e n , c i v i c , b u s i n e s s , l a b o r , p r o f e s s i o n a l and l i k e g r o u p s t h a t a r e c o n c e r n e d w i t h p u b l i c a f f a i r s i n t h e W a s h i n g t o n M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a ; and (b) I n d i v i d u a l c i t i z e n s . The p u r p o s e o f t h e C o n g r e s s i s t o s e r v e a s a means o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n among i t s members a n d t o s p o n s o r , c o o r d i n a t e and f a c i l i t a t e n o n - p a r t i s a n c i v i c and c i t i z e n a c t i o n f o r t h e common b e n e f i t o f t h e r e s i d e n t s o f t h e W a s h i n g t o n Metropolitan Area. The T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee o f t h e C o n g r e s s o f C i t i z e n s has s t u d i e d the proposed design o f t h i s p o r t i o n of I n t e r s t a t e R o u t e 2 6 6 , and h a s f o r m u l a t e d t h i s s t a t e m e n t o f p o s i t i o n . The Board of D i r e c t o r s has voted to submit t h i s statement as the o f f i c i a l p o s i t i o n o f t h e Congress of C i t i z e n s . 1. The 19 62 F e d e r a l - A i d Highway A c t p r e s c r i b e s t h a t " t h e S e c r e t a r y s h a l l n o t a p p r o v e . . . . a n y p r o g r a m f o r p r o j e c t s i n any u r b a n a r e a o f more t h a n 50,0 00 p o p u l a t i o n u n l e s s he f i n d s t h a t s u c h p r o j e c t s a r e b a s e d on a c o n t i n u i n g c o m p r e h e n s i v e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s c a r r i e d on c o o p e r a t i v e l y by s t a t e s a n d l o c a l c o m m u n i t i e s . . . . " T h i s p r o c e s s h a s n o t b e e n employed i n p l a n n i n g t h i s proposed p r o j e c t . I n s t e a d , p l a n n i n g has proceeded as i t d i d i n t h e p a s t , t r e a t i n g t h e highway system as the e n t i r e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system. �2. P o l i c y and P r o c e d u r e Memoramdum 50-9 was i s s u e d on November 24, 1969. Even i f t h i s date i s subsequent to adoption of the general c o r r i d o r l o c a t i o n , i t s p r i n c i p l e s are s t i l l v a l i d , and i n t h i s c a s e v i t a l . T h i s memorandum s p e l l s o u t t h e s t a t e l o c a l cooperative n a t u r e of the continuous p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s , w h i c h i s meant t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r s p e c i f i c h i g h w a y s a r e needed and, i f s o , t h e c h a r a c t e r o f a h i g h w a y and i t s g e n e r a l c o r r i d o r location. W r i t t e n memoranda o f u n d e r s t a n d i n g w i t h l o c a l communities are r e q u i r e d to a s c e r t a i n t h a t p l a n n i n g d e c i s i o n s r e f l e c t t h e n e e d s and d e s i r e s o f c o m m u n i t i e s . 3. P o l i c y and P r o c e d u r e Memorandum 2 0-8 was i s s u e d on J a n u a r y 14, 196 9. T h i s r e q u i r e s two p u b l i c h e a r i n g s , t h e f i r s t being a corridor public hearing. The C o n g r e s s o f C i t i z e n s r e q u e s t s t h a t s u c h a h e a r i n g be h e l d t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r t h e n e e d f o r t h i s p r o p o s e d h i g h w a y i s g r e a t enough t o overcome t h e objections to i t s construction. S u c h a h e a r i n g • s h o u l d be h e l d o n l y a f t e r t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e F e d e r a l - A i d Highway A c t o f 1962 h a v e b e e n c o m p l i e d w i t h , r e l a t i n g t o c o m p r e h e n s i v e transportation planning. 4. The C o n g r e s s o f C i t i z e n s r e q u e s t s t h a t i t be n o t i f i e d o f f u t u r e h e a r i n g s o r o f f i c i a l a c t i o n s on t h i s p r o p o s e d p r o j e c t , and t h a t i t be i n v i t e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s f o r t h i s and a l l o t h e r p r o p o s e d m a j o r h i g h w a y p r o j e c t s i n t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Area. Respectfully Metropolitan of C i t i z e n s Richard cc : COG E. submitted, Congress Barry, President �— 77xv r Qtizens ^Association, of Qeorgetowru 2803 M Street, N.W. O Washington, D. C. 20007 (202) 337-7313 December 2 2 , 1970 Mr. M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r E x e c u t i v e SecretaryO f f i c e o f The Mayor-Commissioner Room #528 District Building 1 4 t h & E . S t r e e t s , N.W. W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. 20004 Subject: J o i n t Design P u b l i c H e a r i n g on P r o p o s e d I n t e r s t a t e 2G6 Dear S i r : The C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n o f Georgetown u n d e r s t o o d o r i g i n a l l y t h a t t h e above s u b j e c t h e a r i n g c o n c e r n e d d e s i g n only. However, t h e h e a r i n g s u b s e q u e n t l y c o v e r e d o t h e r f a c e t s c o n c e r n i n g t h e proposed Three S i s t e r s Bridge. T h e r e f o r e , t h e C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n o f Georgetown s u b m i t s t h i s statement t o point out that the A s s o c i a t i o n i s a p l a i n t i f f i n U.S. D i s t r i c t C o u r t C i v i l A c t i o n No. 2321-69 a g a i n s t t h e b r i d g e i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h a r e s o l u t i o n p a s s e d a t a memb e r s h i p m e e t i n g i n O c t o b e r 1959. T h e A s s o c i a t i o n h a s n o t changed i t s p o s i t i o n s i n c e t h a t t i m e . We r e q u e s t t h a t t h i s l e t t e r be made a m a t t e r o f r e c o r d o f t h e J o i n t D e s i g n P u b l i c H e a r i n g on s u b j e c t . Sincerely yours, S t e p h e n A. T r e n t m a n F i r s t Vice President C C t M r . J u l i a n R.Dugas Department o f Economic Development D i s t r i c t o f Columbia �D E F E N D E R PuBLic BOARD OF TRUSTEES SAMUEL DASH, CHAIRMAN S H E L L I E F. BOWERS P A U L R. C O N N O L L Y P A U L E. M I L L E R A N D R E W F. O E H M A N N SIDNEY S. SACHS FRED M. V I N S O N . JR. FOR THE 310 DISTRICT OF SIXTH STREET. W A S H I N G T O N . D.C. TELEPHONE (2C2) S E R V I C E COLUMBIA N.W. B A R B A R A A L L E N BOWMAN DIRECTOR 20001 629-517S NORMAN L E F S T E I N DEPUTY DIRECTOR December 1 8 , 1970 Mr. M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r , Executive Secretary O f f i c e o f t h e Mayor-Commissioner Room 528 District Building 1 4 t h and E S t r e e t s , N.W. W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. 20004 D e a r Mr. S c h a l l e r : W i t h o u t b o r i n g you w i t h t h e u s u a l s t r i n g o f p l a t i t u d e s and/or i n v e c t i v e r e l a t i n g t o t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e , I w o u l d s i n p l y l i k e t o add my s t r o n g o b j e c t i o n t o the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e b r i d g e a t any s i t e i n any f o r m . A e s t h e t i c and. e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s aside, t h e b r i d g e i s u n n e c e s s a r y and i f b u i l t , w o u l d n o t s u b s t a n t i a l l y i m p r o v e t r a f f i c f l o w a n y more t h a n a b e t t e r r o u t i n g o f t h e now e x i s t e n t one w a y r u s h h o u r s t r e e t s and l a n e s . W h i l e you've h e a r d i t a l l b e f o r e , t h e p o l i t i c a l b l a c k m a i l and l o b b y i n g w h i c h i s f o r c i n g t h i s p r o j e c t on b o t h t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a and t h e n a t i o n v / i i l no l o n g e r be t o l e r a t e d p e a c e f u l l y . I t r u s t t h a t t h e i n e v i t a b l e b i t t e r n e s s and e v e n v i o l e n c e w h i c h w i l l f l o w f r o m t h e s e e v e n t s c a n be avoided, t h r o u g h w h a t i s l e f t o f o u r " d e m o c r a t i c s y s t e m . " JGP:bt �December 20, 1970 T :. r . M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r Executive Secretary O f f i c e o f the Kayor-Commissioner D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g - Room 523 14th and 2 S t r e e t s , N.W. Washington, D.C. 20304 Dear S i r : I f any s a n i t y p r e v a i l e d i n the o r d e r l y conduct of goverr.rr.ent i n t h i s benighted c o u n t r y , i t would not be n e c e s s a r y f o r c i t i z e n s l i k e us to r e g i s t e r our UNQUALIFIED o p p o s i t i o n to the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e or any o t h e r b r i d g e t h a t would r e s u l t i n the mindless r o u t i n g of more c a r s and t r u c k s i n t o a c i t y t h a t i s not equipped to handle h a l f the p r e s e n t overwhelming numbers of c a r s a l r e a d y choking t r a f f i c and p o l l u t i n g the a i r of t h i s h a p l e s s c i t y . The people do NOT want t h i s b r i d g e or any of the n e t work of s i x - t o - t e r . lane freeways connected w i t h i t . All e f f o r t should be d i r e c t e d to a system of r a p i d t r a n s i t , t h a t would keep c a r s CUT of the c i t y . I n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n , we a r e a p p a l l e d a t the acceptance of the d i c t a t o r i a l b e h a v i o r of Chairman Natcher of the Approp r i a t i o n s D.C. Subcommittee who has held our subway program hostage f o r the f r e e w a y s . What place does such b e h a v i o r have i n a DemocracyI One i s d a i l y reminded t h a t the d e s t r u c t i o n of c i v i l i z a t i o n s was never the r e s u l t of i n v a s i o n but of decay from w i t h i n . I t would appear t h a t we are w e l l on the road to such a f a t e . Sincerely, 1 For: JcV- Mr, and Mrs. F r a n k l i n W. 1627-33rd S t r e e t , N.W. Washington, D.C. 20037 j \. Jones •' ���/Co 123 D U M B A R T O N A V E N U E , N. W M W A S H I N G T O N , D. C . 2 0 C 0 7 December 20, 1970 i-'i Mr. M a r t i n K. S h a l l e r Executive Secretary O f f i c e o f t h o hayor-Conais s i oner Room 528 •? D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g 14th k & S t r e e t s , N.W. •Jashington, D.C. 20004 Dear Mr. S h a l l o r , I rem a t a x - p a y i n g , r e g i s t e r e d c i t i z e n o f t h e N a t i o n ' s Ccp i t a l and I r e s i d e a t t h o above a d d r e s s . P l e a s e e n t e r t h i s l e t t e r i n t o t h e r e c o r d f o r t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge design h e a r i n g . Having r e a d t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e m a t e r i a l p r i n t e d by t h ? D.C. Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c , i t remains i m p o s s i b l e f o r me t o di soever any r a t i o n a l t h i n k i n g behind the i d e a t o b u i l d t h a t b r i d g e at a l l . I f i n d a b s o l u t e l y no l o g i c i n h o l d i n g a d e s i g n h e a r i n g on o n l y p a r t of a p l a n . Tho B r i d g e and i t s d e s i g n i n v o l v e so much more t h a n j u s t spanning t h e r i v e r . C o n s i d e r i n g t h e two roadways l e a d i n g f r o m t h e b r i d g e i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t , why a r e t h e y b o t h designed t o p r o p d l more motor v e h i c l e s i n t o two o f t h e D i s t r i c t ' s most' o v e r l y — c o n g e s t e d s t r e e t s 'I haw db e s t h e Department; o f Highways sad T r a f f i c j u s t i f y c u b i n g o f f c i t i z e n s from t h e Georgetown W a t e r f r o n t whine i s f i n a l l y on t h e v e r g e o f i t s long.over-due r e d e v e l o p m e n t i And via en w i l l t h e Department o f Highways and i ' r a f f i o pause t o c o n s i d e r che m a s s i v e i n c r e a s e i n a i r p o l l u t i o n t h a t w i l l pour o f f t i e b r i d g e and gush from t h e s t r e e t s r e c e i v i n g t h e t r a f f i c / l r e s p e c t f u l l y r e q u e s t t h a t t h e Department r e a d t h e f o l l o w i n g c a r e f u l l y : "Opportunities to plan f o r t i e f u t u r e protection of the area's a i r q u a l i t y are also being n e g l e c t e d . M r p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l i s n o t j u s t a m a t t e r of a p p l y i n g d e v i c e s t o keen p o l l u t a n t s c u t o f t h e a i r . I t a l s o i n v o l v e s p r e v e n t i o n o f d r p o l l u t i o n during t h e p r o c e s a o f planning t h e a r e a ' s f u t u r e -••.-•;~-;r.:s ex t r - T O T ' j - . c i i n d u s t r i a l development, and r e f u s e d i s p o s a l . I see l i t t l e evidence t h a t a i r p o l l u t i o n i s r e c e i v i n g at oh c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n t h e Washington a r e a . " ( T e s t i m o n y o f D r . John T. L i d d l e t o n b e f o r e t h e J o i n t h e a r i n g s o f t h e subcommittee on B u s i n e s s and Commerce and t h e Subcommittee on i-mblic h e a l t h , E d u c a t i o n , ..el f a r e and S a f e t y - March 8-15, 1967. Quote found on page 6 o f t h e Record..} Aa you may be aware, Dr. Middleton i s t h e d i r e c t o r o f t h e A i r r o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l O f f i c e o f t h e E n v i r o n m e n t a l r r o t e c t i o n Agency, The Three S i s t e r s B r i dge i s n o t needed, now t h a t we a r e c o n s t r u c t i n g t h e Metro, nave a h e a r t , gentlemen, sod t a k e a f r e s h look a t tiie d i r e consequences t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h e D i s t r i c t w i l l s u f f e r i f you c o n t i n u e on your p r e s e n t c o u r s e of highways, a i d more highways, md nore' highways* Please: No B r i d g e . Sincerely, H i s s h'else L . Greenwav h e l s e L."Groenway �/6/ N o r t h e r n M r ^ i Savings and Loan n i a Jssocialion 5350 LF. E HiGH W Y A ARLINGTON, MARTIN L.SCHNIDER VIRGIN'A 22207 December 2 8 , 1970 AREA CODE 7 0 3 TELEPHONE:5 3 6 - 7 6 0 0 PRESIDENT Mr. M a r t i n S c h a l l e r E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y t o the Mayor D i s t r i c t Bui 1 ding 14th & E S t r e e t s , N.W. Washington, D. C. 20004 Dear Mr. S c h a l l e r : I wish to l e n d my support t o the e f f o r t to c o n s t r u c t a Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , as recommended by t h e D i s t r i c t and V i r g i n i a Highway Departments. Such a f a c i l i t y i s needed f o r improved access t o D u l l e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t . The p r e s e n t f a c i l i t i e s s e r v i n g D u l l e s a r e not adequate and i t i s most i m p o r t a n t t h a t the Three S i s t e r s Bridge be c o n s t r u c t e d t c t i e i n t o the l i m i t e d - a c c e s s D u l l e s highway and w i t h o t h e r roads i n the Washington m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a . The p r e d i c t e d i n c r e a s e i n passenger and cargo t r a f f i c i n and o u t o f D u l l e s makes i t i m p e r a t i v e t h a t ground t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s be c o n s t r u c t e d so t h a t t h e a i r p o r t w i l l be adequately s e r v e d . Very t r u l y y o u r s , �George N. Baum, Chairman P r e s i d e n t ' 3 Cup Rowng Regatt 2 0 0 1 Columbia P i k e A r l i n g t o n , Vs. 2 2 2 C 4 December 2 6 , 1 9 7 0 / L Martin Schaller, Executive Secretary O f f i c e o f t h e Mayor-Commissioner D i s t r i c t Building lkth and E S t r e e t s Washington, D.C. 2 0 0 0 4 Dear Mr, S c h c l l e r : I have been informed t h a t t h e D.C. highway Department i s c o n s i d e r i n g 3 s i x span bridge a t t h e Three S i s t e r s . The proposed bridge w i t h a p~0 foot a r c h over t h e main stream would d e s t r o y t h e p r e s e n t rowing r e g f t t a r a c e course- by l o c a t i n g i t s c e n t r a l p i e r d i r e c t l y on t h e c o u r s e , hocks between t h e p i e r and t h e D.C. shore p r e c l u d e r e r o u t i n g t h e course t o a v o i d t h e p i e r . The rowing c o u r s e i s used f o r the P r e s i d e n t ' s Cup Rowing R e g a t t a a s w e l l a s numerous high school and c o l l e g e r e g a t t a * . The P r e s i d e n t ' s Cup Rowing R e g a t t a Ootarittee r e q u e s t s c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h a t t h e span a c r o s s t h e main stream have a t l e a s t a ycQ foot water w i d t h beneath i t . Since the r i v e r bottom s l o p e s s h a r p l y o f f t h e Three S i s t e r s t o a maximum depth exceeding cO f e e t , a narrow span would p r e s e n t s i g n i f i c a n t problems o f bridge p i e r placement a s w e l l as rowing c o u r s e placement, from t h i s s t a n d p o i n t , s l a r g e r a r c h over t h e main s t r e e t h a s e n g i n e e r i n g b e n e f i t s 8 s w e l l as p r e s e r v i n g t h e rowing c o u r s e . S i n c e r e l y yours, George Th baum P r e s i d e n t ' s Cup Rowing R e g a t t a - �n E N V I R O N M E N T A L 1 6 2 O L D E A S T T O W N R O A D S E T A U K E T , N. Y D E F E N S E W A S H I N G T O N . 1 1 7 3 3 ( 5 1 6 ) 7 5 1 - 5 1 9 1 1 0 1 O N F U N D D S T R E E T . C N O F F I C E W 2 0 0 3 6 ( 2 0 2 ) 8 3 3 - 1 4 8 5 W A S H I N G T O N December 24, 19 70 Mr. M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r Executive Secretary O f f i c e o f t h e Mayor District Building W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. 2 00 04 W r i t t e n Statement of the E n v i r o n m e n t a l Defense Fund i n Regard to P r o p o s e d T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e P r o j e c t , and D e a r Mr. the 1-266 Schaller: I n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s w e r e i n v i t e d t o s u b m i t w r i t t e n comments on t h e p r o p o s e d T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e P r o j e c t w i t h i n t e n d a y s o f t h e d e s i g n h e a r i n g s on t h e s u b j e c t w h i c h e n d e d D e c e m b e r 1 6 . Due t o t h e h o l i d a y s , o u r c o m m e n t s may be r e c e i v e d b y y o u a f e w d a y s l a t e , b u t we h o p e o u r t a r d y s u b m i s s i o n w i l l n o n e t h e l e s s be a c c e p t e d . The E n v i r o n m e n t a l D e f e n s e F u n d ("EDF") i s a n a t i o n a l m e m b e r s h i p o r g a n i z a t i o n composed o f u p w a r d s o f 11,00 0 s c i e n t i s t s , e d u c a t o r s , l a w y e r s , d o c t o r s , and laymen concerned about the environmental problems f a c i n g our country today. Many o f o u r members l i v e i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a , and h a v e a s k e d us t o make a s t a t e m e n t a s p a r t o f t h e s e h e a r i n g s . We h a v e a p p e a r e d amicus c u r i a e at e a r l i e r court s e s s i o n s i n v o l v i n g the proposed Three S i s t e r s Bridge P r o j e c t . EDF i s o p p o s e d t o c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e . T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a n y b r i d g e a t t h i s u n s p o i l e d l o c a t i o n on t h e Potomac R i v e r , e s p e c i a l l y s i n c e t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e C and 0 C a n a l N a t i o n a l P a r k , w o u l d be a s e r i o u s e r r o r i n t e r m s o f p r e s e r v i n g t h e b e a u t y o f t h e r i v e r , t h e p a r k l a n d s on b o t h r i v e r s h o r e s , t h e h i s t o r i c C and 0 C a n a l i t s e l f , and e n v i r o n m e n t a l v a l u e s generally. EDF b e l i e v e s i t a g r a v e m i s t a k e t o s t i m u l a t e more automobile t r a f f i c growth, w i t h i t s attendant congestion, a i r p o l l u t i o n , n o i s e , and p r e e m p t i o n o f l a n d b e t t e r d e v o t e d t o o t h e r u s e s , by b u i l d i n g s t i l l a n o t h e r i n t e r s t a t e h i g h w a y i n t o W a s h i n g t o n . DENNIS P U L E S T O N . R O D E R I C K E D W A R D A L E E W I L L I A M CHAIRMAN CAMERON. ROGERS. EXECUTIVE GENERAL DIRECTOR COUNSEL A. B U T L L R ATTORNEY* W A S H I N G T O N O F F I C E �2 EDF h a s p e n d i n g b e f o r e t h e Mayor a p e t i t i o n o u t l i n i n g t h e e x t r e m e d a n g e r t o D i s t r i c t r e s i d e n t s f r o m l e a d p o i s o n i n g due t o a u t o m o t i v e e x h a u s t e m i s s i o n s , and r e q u e s t i n g t h a t he r e q u i r e u s e of lead f r e e g a s o l i n e i n the D i s t r i c t . A s p a r t o f t h e same c o n c e r n f o r human h e a l t h a n d e n v i r o n m e n t , E D F s u p p o r t s t h e h i g h s p e e d r a i l r a p i d - t r a n s i t l i n e a s b e i n g more h e a l t h y , a s w e l l a s q u i c k e r and more e f f i c i e n t , t h a n a d d i t i o n a l b r i d g e s and l a n e s o f pavement to encourage c o n t i n u e d use of p r i v a t e c a r s . Furthermore, r a p i d t r a n s i t w i l l n o t a e s t h e t i c a l l y mar t h e h i s t o r i c P o t o m a c , since i t w i l l travel largely i n tunnels. The T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e , i f i t i s b u i l t , w i l l menace r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s , p a r k l a n d s , and t h e D i s t r i c t ' s environment f a r beyond i t s immediate l o c a t i o n . The b r i d g e w o u l d f o c u s t r a f f i c p r e s s u r e up G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d P a r k on t h e D i s t r i c t s i d e , w h i l e the bridge's V i r g i n i a approach would supplant the spur of t h e G e o r g e W a s h i n g t o n M e m o r i a l P a r k w a y now t r a v e r s i n g w o o d e d S p o u t Run i n A r l i n g t o n . M o r e o v e r , t h e b r i d g e w o u l d be o n l y t h e b e g i n n i n g . I t w o u l d be u s e d a s t h e k e y t o b e g i n d e v e l o p i n g a huge i n t e r m e d i a t e loop expressway, which would not only t h r u s t through G l o v e r A r c h b o l d P a r k a n d up S p o u t R u n , b u t a l s o c u t t h r o u g h p a r k s a l o n g A r l i n g t o n ' s F o u r M i l e Run a n d R o c k C r e e k P a r k i n W a s h i n g t o n . T h e b r i d g e w o u l d a l s o s h u n t t r e m e n d o u s new t r a f f i c f l o w s t o w a r d the proposed North C e n t r a l Freeway which t h r e a t e n s Maryland's Montgomery C o u n t y a s w e l l a s c e n t r a l and n o r t h e r n W a s h i n g t o n . A n d i t w o u l d i n c r e a s e t h e b l i g h t i n g t r a f f i c l o a d on t h e p r o j e c t e d I n t e r s t a t e 6 6 t h r o u g h A r l i n g t o n , whose v e r y e x i s t e n c e and r o u t e , i n c i d e n t a l l y , are not y e t v e r i f i e d . S u r e l y no b r i d g e - b u i l d i n g s h o u l d p r o c e e d u n t i l we s e e i f t h i s r o a d - 1-66 - i s g o i n g t o be b u i l t and i f s o , w h e r e . I n t e r m s o f sound t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and t o t a l p l a n n i n g , t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s p r o j e c t i s u t t e r l y l a c k i n g i n any g e n u i n e justification. I t i s not only i l l - p l a n n e d , c o s t l y , d e s t r u c t i v e , and an o b s o l e s c e n t a n s w e r t o t h e commuting p r o b l e m , b u t a l s o i t w o u l d f u r t h e r W a s h i n g t o n ' s d e c l i n e i n t o an e n v i r o n m e n t a l d i s a s t e r area. I f Washington continues to pave over her green expanses a n d p a r k l a n d s , i t w i l l become t h e v e r y s y m b o l o f a n a t i o n heedless of i t s i r r e p l a c e a b l e n a t u r a l a s s e t s . The b r i d g e and f r e e w a y p r o p o s a l s seem d i a m e t r i c a l l y o p p o s e d t o t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission's p o l i c y of expanding Washington s park system. N o i s e , a i r , and w a t e r pollution increases are i n e v i t a b l e , - n o t o n l y a t t h e b r i d g e s i t e , b u t on a l l a p p r o a c h e s . : �3 I n s h o r t , E D F w i s h e s t o go o n r e c o r d a s t h o r o u g h l y o p p o s ing the e n t i r e concept of the Three S i s t e r s Bridge as environm e n t a l l y h a r m f u l , and a s c o n s t i t u t i n g an i l l - c o n c e i v e d response t o c o m m u t e r p r o b l e m s t h e new s u b w a y s h o u l d s o l v e . We h o p e t h e s e comments w i l l be g i v e n c a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n . Sincerely, W i l l i a m A. Washington Butler Counsel �MRS. GEORGE C. ICEISER • 4344 FOREST LANE, N. W. • WASHINGTON, D. C. 2CC07 December 16, 1970 Mayor / . a l t e r W a s h i n g t o n The D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g 1^-th and E S t r e e t s i.t. 'Washington, D.C. De.-jr i.'ayor W a s h i n g t o n : As I w: s not a b l e t o go t o the ' T e a r i n g ! on the T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e , 1 w a n t , by t h i s l e t t e r , to ado my v o i c e to t h o s e d i s a p p r o v i n g o f the project. i b e l i e v e t h a t b e f o r e we add to the volume o f p e o p l e coming i n t o the c i t y by the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h i s b r i d g e , t h a t the transportation p r o b l e m s w i t h i n the c i t y i t s e l f s h o u l d be s o l v e d . 3y t h i s 1 am r e f e r r i n g to the c o m p l e t i o n o f the subway s y s t e m and a g r e a t l y i m p r o v e d bus s y s t e m so t h a t p e o p l e may get a r o u n d the c i t y e a s i l y w i t h o u t e a c h one u s i n g h i s own car. I a l s o b e l i e v e t h a t the b r i d g e s h o u l d not be started u n t i l there a r e c a r e f u l l y thought out a n c r o a c h e s P l a n n e d f o r the d i s t r i c t eno. Sincerely yours, �/6 B U R T O N W. M A R S H , P . E . CONSULTING ENGINEER • TRAFFIC AND SAFETY 3126 Rittenhouse St., N.W., Washington, D . C , U . S . A . 2 0 0 1 & Telephone: A r e a Code 202 — 966-6487 J £66 December 1S7C llr, J u l i a n R. Dugas 2 Hearing O f f i c e r , rhree l i s t e r s Bridge and R o u t e 1-266 S e a r i n g c/o : r . L ' a r t i n i : . S c h a l l a r , E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y , O f f i c e o f t h e Mayor Room bZQ D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g , i'/ashington, D.C. Sir: T h i s i s a p e r s o n a l s t a t e m e n t f o r t h e r e c o r d on t h e J o i n t D e s i g n H e a r i n g on P r o p o s e d I n t e r s t a t e Bo a t e 2 6 6 . I s u b m i t i t a s long-time r e s i d e n t c f . y a s h i n g t o n , D.C. I am a t r a f f i c e n g i n e e r , p a s t p r e s i d e n t of the I n s t i t u t e o f T r a f f i c Engineers. I am a l s o a o a s t c h a i r m a n o f the Highway R e s e a r c h B o a r d . H a v i n g r e o e n t l y r e t i r e d a s E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r o f che I n s t i t u t e o f T r a f f i c E n g i n e e r s , I am now a c o n s u l t i n g engineer. I h a v e r e s i d e d i n t n e D i s t r i c t o f C o l o m b i a f o r s o n s So years. Having only r e c e n t l y returned from a business t r i p to B r a z i l , I d i d n o t h a v e enough t i m e t o p r e p a r e a s t a t e m e n t f o r p r e s e n t a t i o n d a r i n g :.he b e a r i n g s on l . - l a - l d Tie c e n t e r — h e n c e t h i s t y p e d statement. 7"y com.'aents w i l l be p r e s e n t e d f r o m t n e v i e w p o i n t c i t i z e n ana t r a f f i c engineer. of a concerned REVIEW OF EVPI'dTI?;: 0? T -TS r ^ J E C T . "Before d e c i d i n g t o p r e s e n t a s t a t e m e n t , I r e v i e w e d one h i s t o r y o f t h i s p r o j e c t . I was v e r y f a v o r a b l y i m p r e s s e d w i t h t h e d e p t h -nd t h o r o u g h n e s s o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n , s t u d y a n d b r e a d t h o f c o n s i d e r a t i o n by h i g h w a y o f f i c i a l s a n d o t h e r s i n v o l v e d , b e f o r e t h e p r o p o s a l s «s t o R o u t e 2o6 i n t h e .area c o v e r e d by t h e r e c e n t h e a r i n g s , were d e c i d e d on. T V' c i t i z e n s o f t e n f a i l t o c o n s i d e r how v e r y much t i m e a n a t h o u g h t .e a r e n e e d e d a n d a r e g i v e n by h i g h w a y o f f i c i a l s to s u c h i m p o r t a n t projects. S t u d i e s to determine l o c a t i o n and p h y s i c a l r e q u i r e m e n t s of R o u t e 266 i n Dhe D.C. m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a begun i n t h a I S c O s . Traffic i n v e s t i g a t i o n s r e s u l t e d i n a 1909 r e p o r t w h i c h e v e n t h e n a f f i r m e d t h e need, f o r a h i g h w a y a n a a r i v e r c r o s s i n g i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e T h r e e Sisters Islands. I n 1 S 6 0 , R o u t e 266 was made p a r t o f due I n t e r s t a t e S y s t e m , T h r e e a l t e r n a t i v e l o c a t i o n s f o r R o u t e 266 w e r e p r e s e n t e d i n 1S64 a t a p u b l i c h e a r i n g . V i r g i n i a , D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a a n d N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e a g r e e d on a r i v e r c r o s s i n g a t t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s I s l a n d s location. The D.C. D e p a r t m e n t o f H i g h w a y s and T r a f f i c i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e u . S . T o r e a o o f P u b l i c Roads e v a l u a t e d s e v e r a l b r i d g e a n a f o u r tunnel a l t e r n a t i v e s . I n l v 6 7 , t h e S e c r e t a r y o f t h e Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o n c u r r e d w i t h the c o n c l u s i o n of a f e a s i b i l i t y study i n f a v o r o f a bridge. r �T h a t s a n e y e a r the C o m m i s s i o n o f F i n e <»rts u n a n i m o u s l y a p p r o v e d a d e s i g n c o n c e p t f o r t h e b r i d g e . T h a t saaie y e a r t h e Metropolitan C o u n c i l o f G o v c r n n e n t s made up o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f l o l c c a T g o v e r n m e n t s a e t i r H T n e d Ehat tHe pva j s 5 1 was c o n s i s t e n t . . i t h cor. •-r..-.^.n,i ;c p a n n i n g i n tne r e g i o n . L a t e r , v a r i o u s a c t i o n s were t a k e n i n c l u d i n g s t a r t i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e b r i d g e i n a c c o r d w i t h a 1969 r e s o l u t i o n c f t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a C i t y C o u n c i l t o comply w i t h S e c t i o n 26 o f t h e F e d e r a l - A i d Highway Act of 1968. FORECASTS. S e e k i n g t h e b e s t p o s s i b l e e v i d e n c e , s e v e r a l c a r e f u l s t u d i e s n a v e been made a s to the volume o f t r a f f i c w h i c h c a n be e x p e c t e d to u s e a c r i n g e a t tne Ihree S i s t e r s I s l a n d s l o c a t i o n , 7 2 , 0 0 0 t o 9o,000 v e h i c l e s p e r hay by 1990 w e r e p r e d i c t e d . These f o r e c a s t s took i n t o a c c o u n t t h a t a r e g i o n a l r a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t s y s t e m w i l l he i n o p e r a t i o n i n 1990. HIGH CC! Z'~.'.~Z -.TIT.:! TC DlaHh.-.Y O F F I C I A L S . The h i g h w a y o f f i c i a l s r e s p o n s i b l e T o r t h e p r o p o s a l s u n d e r d i s c u s s i o n d e s e x v e h i g h commendation* Thev h a v e o b t a i n e d n e c e s s a r y f a c t s , r/ade t h o r o u g h s t u d i e s , c o n s i d e r e d t r a f f i c n e e d s , o t h e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n modes, s a f e t y , a e s t h e t i c and o t h e r e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r s . C l e a r l y t h e y a c c e p t s e r i o u s l y t h e i r very heavy r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . D e c i s i o n s a r e moreovermade by h i g h a n a l i t y , i n t e l l i g e n t , e x p e r i e n c e d p r o f e s s i o n a l s w i t h broad outlooks. ".'e should., r e m i n d o u r s e l v e s t h a t the p e o p l e by t h e i r t r a v e l d e s i r e s and p u r c h a s e and u s e o f v e h i c l e s a r e b a s i c a l l y t n e Ox.es who create t h e needs which t h e i r p u b l i c s e r v a n t s , the highway t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o f f i c i a l s , have the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to p r o v i d e f o r through highway f a c i l i t i e s and s e r v i c e s . To h e a r some o b j e c t o r s , one might t h i n k t h a t t a o s e o f f i c i a l s w e r e tire ones who c r e a t e d the p r o b l e m s * Some o b j e c t o r s seem to b e l i e v e t h a t no h i g h w a y i m p r o v e m e n t s h o u l d be mads. Some o f t h e s e a p p a r e n t l y b e l i e v e t h a t t h e r e i s too much h i g h w a y t r a f f i c and t h a t p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i s tne a n s w e r . T h e r e i s no q u e s t i o n but t h a t a d e q u a t e , e x p e d i t i o u s , a t t r a c t i v e , f r e q u e n t p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e r v i c e can c a u s e many p a s s e n g e r c a r u s e r s t o make c e r t a i n o f t h e i r t r i p s — o f t e n i n c l u d i n g peak hour t r i p s — by s u c h p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , however, such p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e r v i c e i o a l l too g e n e r a l l y n o t a v a i l a b l e — ana m o r e o v e r t h e ''metro" r a p i d t r a n s i t s y s t e m w i l l n o t be c o m p l e t e d f o r many y e a r s . I t i s p r o p e r and v e r y i m p o r t a n t t h a t v i g o r o u s e f f o r t s be c o n t i n u e d to p r o v i d e g r e a t l y improved p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . P u b l i c p r e s s u r e f o r s u c h needed t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e r v i c e s h o u l d be a c t i v e , o u t s p o k e n and p e r s i s t e n t . A l m o s t a l l h i g h w a y and t r a f f i c e n g i n e e r s , leaders of almost a l l p r i v a t e o r g a n i z a t i o n s a c t i v e i n urban t r a n s p o r t a t i o n �and most i n d i v i d u a l s who a r e s t u d e n t s o f m e t r o p o l i t a n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n n e e d s , a g r e e on t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f s u c h p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . I t i s , h o w e v e r , u n f o r t u n a t e t h a t many e x p e c t t o o much f r o m t h e metro' r a p i d t r a n s i t s y s t e m . I t w i l l i n d e e d c a r r y l a r g e numbers rapidly. B u t w i t h o u t s^-v l e r . e n t s r y s e r v i c e s , "metro"' os n s e r v e w e l l o n l y ^ e o h j i n o r n e ^ r t h e ' c o r r i d o r s ' ' »nlm i t xol'lov.s. And very l a r g e proportions of tne r e s i d e n t s m the cashington m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a do HOT l i v e i n o r c l o s e t o a p l a n n e d " m e t r o " c o r r i d o r . Hence the supplementary s e r v i c e s which w i l l g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e the e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f " m e t r o " a r e o f v e r y g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e . Beyond r e a s o n a b l e w a l k i n g d i s t a n c e s f r o m "metro' s t a t i o n s , t h e s u p p l e m e n t a r y t r i o s e r v i c e w i l l be by bus o r p a s s e n g e r c a r - o r t a x i - w h i c h w i l l f e e d i n t o " m e t r o " stations. Such s u p p l e m e n t a r y s e r v i c e s w i l l a c c o u n t f o r much l a r g e r p o r t i o n s o f t o t a l t r i p s t h e n -rang p e r s o n s r e a l i s e -- a n d t h o s e p o r t i o n s o f t r i p s w i l l be on hig.'m.a / s . ?, T 1 Moreover, a s stud> o f a n y c i t y h a v i n g f i x c a r a i l p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n w i l l show, t h e r e a r e v e r y l a r g e numbers o f t r i p s f o r w h i c h s u c h p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i s not the answer. Many t r i p p u r p o s e s do n o t l e n d t h e m s e l v e s to u s e o f p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n -- a s f o r example t r i p s I n v o l v i n g a t r i p m a k e r d e l i v e r i n g o r p i c k i n g up l a r g e o r h e a v y p a c k a g e s o r many p a c k a g e s , many v i s i t s t o o t h e r p e r s o n s , d e l i v e r i e s o f goods, emergency o r s e m i - e m e r g e n c y t r i p s and s e r v i c e s of numerous k i n d s , m u l t i p l e - c a l l t r i p s s u c n a s s a l e s m e n make,and many o t h e r s . h e n c e , ; i-'-hmuy t r a n s r o r t • ; . t i o n c o n t i n u e s t c h a v e m a j o r i m p o r t a n c e i n metrop o i i t - , •: a r e a s even w i t n -; . j u j n l i c w ; n n n ; : . ' . : , of t n e • f i n 3d r a i l z: aJ.. I n d e e d , thouga i t m«y s u r p r i s e some, highway t r a n s p o r t a t i o n h e e d s a r e n o t G R l i i T L Y changed by p r o v i s i o n o f f i n e d r a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t , i m p o r t a n t u s t h a t s e r v i l e i s . Our h i g h w a y o f f i c i a l s know t h i s a n a h e n c e r e c o g n i s e t h e i r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o p l a n f o r highway t r i p s w h i c h p e o p l e w i l l c o n t i n u e t o make -- t a k i n g due a c c o u n t o f s n i f t s i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p a t t e r n s a n d n e e d s w i t h a i l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n improvements. I t i s my .judgment t h a t s t r e e t a n d h i g h w a y t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o f f i c i a l s g e n e r a l l y , and s p e c i f i c a l l y a s t o t h e R o u t e I - Sou p r o j e c t , n a v e c a r r i e d out t h e i r r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s v e r y t h o r o u g h l y , t h o u g h t f u l l y a n d o b j e c t i v e l y — a n a d e s e r v e f u r more p u b l i c a p p r e c i a t i o n a n a commendation t h a n they have r e c e i v e d ! PHSSTGH FACTORS. I n t h e o v e r a l l f r o m t n e t r a f f i c e n g i n e e r i n g v i e w p o i n t , the d e s i g n o f P o u t s 1-266 i s of h i g h q u a l i t y * H o w e v e r , I must a d m i t h a v i n g so:.e q u e s t i o n a s t o t h e a d e q u a c y 0 1 h i g h w a y t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f Hey B r i d g e to a c c e p t s m o o t h l y t h e i n b o u n d t r a f f i c i n peak h o u r s f r o m R o u t e 1-266. B R I I J S S DHS.Gh'. T r a f f i c - w i s e , e i t h e r b r i d g e c e s i r n i s e q u a l l y s a t i s f a c t o r y — b o t h h a v i n g t h e same m a j o r t r a f f i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . B o t h d e s i g n s a p p e a l t o me a s b e i n g p l e a s i n g i n a p p e a r a n c e , though I �c l a i m co e x p e r t i s e on s u c h n a i l e r s . Tne a p p a r e n t .; 7 , 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 „ d i f f e r e n c e i n e n g i n e e r i n g , r i g h t - o f - w a y and c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t s o f the b r i d g e ana r e l a t e d f a c i l i t i e s r e p r e s e n t s a s u b s t a n t i a l s a v i n g i f the 6-span b r i d g e i s s e l e c t e d , i f c h o i c e of t h a t d e s i g n i n v o l v e s no s u b s t a n t i a l p r o b l e m s , I f a v o r i t . T R A F F I C OPTR..TI0H.-.L F^CT MRS. L a n e s a r e adequate i n w i d t h w i t h i n c r e a s e d w i a t n a t t , j r , : r . ; u..d d i v e r g i n g r u m p s , s h o u l d e r s i n g e n e r a l a r e s a t i s f a c t o r y i n w i d t h , .grades a n d c u r v a t u r e s a r e r e a s o n a b l e , m e d i a n b a r r i e r s are a p p r o p r i a t e , s i g h t d i s t a n c e s are r e p o r t e d as being a d e q u a t e , l i g h t i n g on the b r i d g e arid a p p r o a c h e s i s b e i n g p r o v i d e d a s is desirable. The o v e r a l l f r e e w a y d e s i g n p e r m i t s e x p e d i t i o n s movement a t 'TJ*CH h i g h e r s p e e d t h a n on u s u a l t y p e u r b a n a r t e r i e s . ; S A F E T Y FACTORS. A l l f a c t o r s j u s t m e n t i o n e d w i l l p r o v i d e s a f e t y b e n e f i t s . T am v e r y p l e a s e d to n o t e t h a t a p p a r e n t l y t h e c o n c r e t e median b a r r i e r s a r e to be o f a d e s i g n w h i c h w i l l m i n i m i z e t h e d a n g e r o f s e r i o u s a c c i d e n t s i n v o l v i n g a u t - o f - c o n t r o l v e h i c l e s which s t r i k e tne b a r r i e r , c o n s i d e r i n g t h e s m a l l a n g l e a t w h i c h most s u c h v e h i c l e s w i l l s t r i k e the b a r r i e r . The g e n e r a l l y w i d e s h o u l d e r s a r e a l s o to be commended. The o v e r a l l f r e e w a y d e s i g n means much l o w e r a c c i d e n t r a t e s t h a n f o r t r a d i t i o n a l urban s t r e e t s * PC MM':.i:-::.::g . ? HP'; ~TH .-'. The proposed 1-266 w i l l h e l p c o n s i d e r a b l y t o k e e p "aowntown" r e * a n y a c c e s s i b l e . Such a c c e s s i b i l i t y i a v e r y i m p o r t a n t to c o n t i n u i n g economic h e a l t h o i "downtown ' i n c l u d i n g i t s i m p o r t a n c e a s a n employment a r e a . 7 AESTHETIC T PITH?. IT'71'TO" . T . . L FnOTnRS. H i g h commendation i s w a r r a n t e e T o r t h e c o n c e r n o f h i g n w a y o f f i c i a l s f o r t n e many a e s t h e t i c and o t h e r e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r s i n v o l v e d i n the R o u t e 1-266 d e s i g n s . I am i m p r e s s e d w i t h t h e a t t e n t i o n w h i c h h a s b e e n g i v e n t o c o n s t r u c t i o n of h i k i n g ana b i c y c l i n g t r a i l s , to b r i n g i n g T o r t Smith i n t o p u b l i c o w n e r s h i p , to a t t a i n i n g t h e r e c o g n i s e d e n v i r o n m e n t a l b e n e f i t s o f a d e p r e s s e d f r e e w a y where f e a s i b l e - i n c l u d i n g m i n i m i z i n g h i g h w a y n o i s e (19 69 H i g h w a y R e s e a r c h B o a r a f i n d i n g ) . Tne i n t e n t to m i n i m i z e c u t t i n g down o f t r e e s s h o u l d p l e a s e both a r e a r e s i d e n t s a n a 1-266 u s e r s . A v o i d a n c e o f i n t r u s i o n o f t h e C <£ 0 C a n a l s t r i p i s f i n e a s i s t n e a t t e n t i o n g i v e n to m i n i m i z i n g any a d v e r s e e f f e c t s on tho Potomac P a l i s a d e s a n a t n e George W a s h i n g t o n M e m o r i a l P a r k w a y . I t i s also f i n e that a primary p l a n n i n g o b j e c t i v e a s t o t h e b r i d g e was t h a t i t f i t w e l l i n t o i t s attractive setting. A I R POI-IMTIP.;. Tne F e d e r a l H i g h w a y A d m i n i s t r a t i o n b o o k l e t " 2 E H E F I T S 3F I I . T u R S I ^ T E H I G H W A Y S " p o i n t s o u t t h a t v e h i c l e s on u r b a n e x p r e s s w a y s e m i t 0 . 1 1 pounds o f c a r b o n monoxide p e r v e h i c l e - m i l e compared t o 0 . 4 2 pounds on c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t s t r e e t s . Moreover, the h e a r i n g b o o k l e t p o i n t s out t h a t a s v e h i c u l a r s p e e d i n c r e a s e s and becomes u n i f o r m , t h e r e i s a d e c r e a s e i n p o l l u t i o n ' e m i s s i o n s per vehicle-mile. �SJP-'PaRT FO:c R O P f i . 1-266 ?ROr3C.-.L. I support s t r o n g l y the Route 1-266 propose I p r e s e n t e d by tne h i g h w a y o f f i c i a l s b e f o r e F e a r i n g O f f i c e r J u l i a n R. Dugas a t t h e 14-15-16 December, 1 S 7 0 h e a r i n g s . F u r t h e r m o r e , i t s h o u l d a l w a y s be k e p t i n i r i n d , a s I am c o n f i d e n t t h a t i t w i l l bo i n t h i s i n s t a n c e , t h a t a much g r e a t e r p r o p o r t i o n o f persons w i t h o b j e c t i o n s to a p r o p o s a l , p l a n o r program w i l l t a k e t h e t i m e a ad t r o u b l e t o s p e a k i n a h e a r i n g t h a n o f p e r s o n s who a p p r o v e a p r o p o s a l , p l a n or p r o g r a m . Burton �103l-3lst St., ..v. tt a 3 h i ngt o n, D.C. 2 0007 S e p t e m b e r 2 1 , 1970 Hearing O f f i c e r Three S i s t e r s Bridge Design District Building Washing t o n , D .C. Hearings est as- Dear Hr. Jugas, I am a r e s i d e n t / o v / n e r of a home a t t h e ^ b c v e address. I a u opposed t o t h a c o n s t r u c t i o n - a s w e l l as* * thedesit-.n a l t e r n a t i v e s p r e s e n t e d a t t h e r e c e n t h e a r i n g s of t h e T h r e e u l s t e r s „ridge. 5 B e f o r e i t i s b u i l t a s p r e s e n t l y p l a n n e d or p r o p o s e d I b e l i e v e i t c r i t i c a l to c o n s i d e r s e r i o u s l y the a l t e r n a t i v e p o s s i b i l i t i e s of p r o v i d i n g a d d i t i o n a l l a n e s on t h e S e o r g e . . a s h i n ^ t o n - - e m o r i a l * a r k w a y b e t w e e n S p o u t Hun una t h e R o o s e v e l t i s l a n d B r i d g e a l o n g w i t h a modern t r a f f i c i n t e r c h a n g e a t R o s s l y n C i r c l e ; o r : a second d e c k on t h e C h a i n B r i d g e ; o r : a d d i t i o n a l c r o s s i n g s u t 1 4 t h 6 t . ; or: a v e h i c u l a r ' t u n n e l i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e suoway c r o s s i n g to ^ o s s l y n ; t o name j u s t a f e w ! These are e a c n v i a b l e d e s i g n a l t e r n a t i v e s and o u r " Highway D e p a r t m e n t s h o u l d be d i r e c t e d t o s t u a y t h e s e , and o t h e r s , c a r e f u l l y , b e f o r e p r o c e e d i n g w i t h tho T h r e e - i s t e r s B r i d g e . Has t h i s bean done? L F u r t h e r , I must o b j e c t t o a " c o m p r e h e n s i v e D e s i g h H e a r i n g " w h i c h c a r e f u l l y a v o i d s d i s c u s s i o n , or c o v e r a g e , of one of t h e a p p r o a c h e s to t h e p r o p o s e d c r o s s i n g ! .•by were t h e r e n o p r o p o s a l s o u t l i n e d f o r t h e Potomac R i v e r Freeway Desi ,n a t these h e a r i n g s ? Has our" Highway D e p a r t m e n t , ones a g a i n , corns up w i t h a p l a n 'which i s so o u t r a g e o u s l y out of k e e p i n g w i t h t h e w i s h e s of t h o s e most a f f e c t e d by i t that, i t i s p o s t p o n i n g t h e i n e v i t a b l e showdown u n t i l t h e l a s t p o s s i b l e moment? As I am a s s a u l t e d by t h e a l m o s t c o n s t a n t , b a r r a g e of n o x i o u s o d o r s e;..anuting f r o m t h e i n f a m o u s R o p f e n m a i e r r e n d e r i n g p l a n t I can o n l y s p e c u l a t e on why i t h a s b e e n p e r m i t t e d t o c o n t i n u e i n o p e r a u l o n l o n g a f t e r i t flue t o h a v e been condemned by "our" Highway D e p a r t m e n t ? A reminder that there are a l t e r n a t i v e s ..arse t h a n t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e , p e r h a p s ? 11 c I look forward to e a r l y h e a r i n g s Potomac R i v e r F r e e w a y l o c a t i o n and d e s i g n . v. 3incerely_,\\ martin Revert Heye on the �/(=> E. A. A U D E T T E REALTOR APPRAISALS - RENTALS FE - SALES 8-1 1 0 0 1 2 1 2 WISCONSIN OL AVENUE GEORGETOWN, D . C . 6-6369 December 22, 1S70 Mr. J u l i a n Dugas Rearing Officer Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e D e s i g n D i s t r i c t Building 14th & E Street Washington, D. C. 20004 Dear Mr. Dugas: I w i s h t o go on r e c o r d as being i n f a v o r of t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e 'Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . I f e e l t h a t t h e b r i d g e w i l l add t o Washington's beauty, and I unders t a n d t h a t t h e P i n e A r t s Commission was most e n t h u s i a s t i c about t h e design. Very t r u l y . y o u r s , 3. A. Audette 20007 �o o M O N T G O M E R Y C O U N T Y C O U N C I L ROCKVIILE, MARYLAND \MAE CARROTT December 28, Mr. M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r , E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y O f f i c e o f the Mayor-Commissioner Room 528, D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g Washington, D.C. 20004 1970 r J 4=Dear Mr. Schaller: The Montgomery County C o u n c i l wants to e x p r e s s i t s concern over the proposed d e s i g n o f the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . The two d e s i g n s presented by the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Highway Department f o r the p r e s e n t h e a r i n g s show s i x l a n e s a c r o s s the B r i d g e to the v i c i n i t y o f C a n a l Road, but f a i l to show how t h i s heavy f l o w o f t r a f f i c i s to be accommodated w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t , p a r t i c u l a r l y through Georgetown. I n q u i r y has r e v e a l e d t h a t p r e s e n t concepts o f the D.C. Highway Department c a l l f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n o f e i g h t l a n e s of t u n n e l and e l e v a t e d freeway, u t i l i z i n g i n p a r t the p r e s e n t W h i t e h u r s t Freeway, to s e r v e not o n l y Three S i s t e r s t r a f f i c but a l s o the f l o w s from C a n a l Road ( C h a i n B r i d g e ) and the George Washington Memorial Parkway (Maryland s i d e ) . Even t h i s huge p r o j e c t , however, w i l l be inadequate to s e r v e the t r a f f i c p r o j e c t e d on the t r i b u t a r y roads and f r e e w a y s . Our i n f o r m a t i o n i n d i c a t e s t h a t a t l e a s t t e n l a n e s of freeway would be n e c e s s a r y to accommodate the t r a f f i c from a s i x - i a n e Three S i s t e r s Bridge i n a d d i t i o n to the f o u r l a n e s of the George Washington Parkway. T h i s makes no a l l o w a n c e f o r t r a f f i c from the p r e s e n t t h r e e - l a n e Chain B r i d g e , and a l s o t a k e s no account of the crowding o f M S t r e e t which would r e s u l t from c u t t i n g o f f the p r e s e n t a c c e s s of Key Bridge and MacArthur Boulevard to the W h i t e h u r s t Freeway. Both of these problems might be v e r y s e v e r e , and should be examined as p a r t of the impact of the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . Thus i t appears t h a t the b u i l d i n g of Three S i s t e r s Bridge w i t h s i x l a n e s must r e s u l t e i t h e r i n c u t t i n g o f f Montgomery County's parkway to the D i s t r i c t (even though most o f i t has a l r e a d y been b u i l t through our C o u n t y ) , or i n b u i l d i n g an u n a c c e p t a b l y l a r g e s e t of freeways and highways through Georgetown and o t h e r p a r t s of the D i s t r i c t . A f u r t h e r u n f o r t u n a t e r e s u l t o f c u t t i n g o f f ( or e x c e s s i v e l y c o n g e s t i n g ) the a c c e s s o f Maryland's George Washington Parkway to the D i s t r i c t would be to i n c r e a s e p r e s s u r e to b u i l d the North C e n t r a l Freeway, to which both the D i s t r i c t of Columbia C i t y C o u n c i l and the Montgomery County C o u n c i l (and the County's L e g i s l a t i v e D e l e g a t i o n ) are opposed. These c o n s i d e r a t i o n s l e a d t h i s C o u n c i l to the c o n c l u s i o n t h a t both the proposed Three S i s t e r s Bridge d e s i g n s a r e inadequate and improper and should by no means be adopted. �December 28, Page 2 1970 We were t o l d by the s t a f f o f the M a r y l a n d - N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Park and P l a n n i n g Commission t h a t the D.C. Highway Department p r o j e c t i o n s of 1990 average d a i l y t r a f f i c for the a r e a show no such c o n g e s t i o n as we have e n v i s i o n e d above. The D.C. Highway Department's p r o j e c t i o n s were given to us as f o l l o w s : P a l i s a d e s Parkway ( i n c l u d i n g both George Washington Parkway and C h a i n B r i d g e t r a f f i c ) Less: D i v e r s i o n of t r a f f i c 40,000 from P a l i s a d e s Parkway onto C a n a l Road/ M S t r e e t Equals: Net 6,000 flow merging w i t h Three S i s t e r s t r a f f i c Three S i s t e r s t r a f f i c 34,000 72,000 T o t a l average d a i l y t r a f f i c on Georgetown freeways 106,000 The d i f f i c u l t y i s t h a t these p r o j e c t i o n s f o r the George Washington Parkway/Chain B r i d g e t r a f f i c a r e i n c r e d i b l y low. A l a n M. Voorhees and A s s o c i a t e s , i n A T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study f o r Montgomery and P r i n c e George's C o u n t i e s (June 1970) p r o j e c t e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 100,000 v e h i c l e s per day on the George Washington Parkway a t the D.C. l i n e . (This might be reduced by the e l i m i n a t i o n of an assumed c o n n e c t i o n between L i t t l e F a l l s Parkway and George Washington Parkway, but i t would be i n c r e a s e d i f the assumed Northern Parkway and the North C e n t r a l Freeway were e l i m i n a t e d i n Montgomery County, which now seems l i k e l y ) . We b e l i e v e the Voorhees p r o j e c t i o n s , as w e l l as e x p e r i e n c e and common s e n s e , i n d i c a t e t h a t the D.C. Highway Department p r o j e c t i o n s f o r 1990 t r a f f i c on the P a l i s a d e s Parkway a r e open to s e r i o u s q u e s t i o n and should not be used f o r highway planning u n t i l substantiated. Thus i t appears t h a t c o n s t r u c t i o n of a b r i d g e of over four l a n e s a t the Three S i s t e i - s l o c a t i o n w i l l cause e -ther s e v e r e c o n g e s t i o n , a sharp c u t b a c k i n d e s i g n c a p a c i t y , or e l i m i n a t i o n of the George Washington Parkway. The Montgomery County C o u n c i l , t h e r e f o r e , opposes c o n s t r u c t i o n of the B r i d g e a c c o r d i n g to e i t h e r of the proposed d e s i g n s , as they a r e e x c e s s i v e i n s i z e , and out of harmony w i t h a c o o r d i n a t e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n f o r e i t h e r the Potomac v a l l e y or the m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a as a whole. Sincerely yours, Idamae G a r r o t t , P r e s i d e n t Montgomery County C o u n c i l IG/nn c c : James G l e a s o n , Ccunty E x e c u t i v e W a l t e r Bucher, S t a t e Roads Commission D a v i d F i s h e r , S t a t e Roads Commission G i l b e r t Gude, U.S. House c f Repr e s en t a t i v e s C h a r l e s McC.Mathias, U.S. Senate Joseph D. T y d i n g s , U.S. Senate J . Glenn B e a l l , J r . , S e n a t o r - e l e c t Mrs. T. P a u l F r e e l a n d , Montgomery County P l a n n i n g Board �WASHINGTON L E E HIGH SCHOOL 1 3 0 0 North Quincy S t r e e t Arlington, Virginia December 2 8 , 1 9 7 O Mr. M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r Executive Secretary O f f i c e o f t h e Mayor - Comissioner l A t h and Fenn, N.W. Washington, D. C. Dear Mr. S c h a l l e r : The d e s i g n o f t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s most important t o crew a s a s p o r t i n t h e Washington a r e a . Competition c n a s i x l a n e course i s an a b s o l u t e n e c e s s i t y f o r the continuance o f t h e s p o r t on i t s p r e s e n t h i g h l e v e l , a s demonstrated b y the o u t s t a n d i n g r e c o r d o f the l o c a l b e a t c l u b , c o l l e g e and h i g h s c h o o l c r e w s . The l o c a l rowing o r g a n i z a t i o n . ^ i n v o l v i n g o v e r 5CO young men) r a c i n g on t h e c o u r s e s shown on e n c l o s u r e 1 now i n c l u d e t h e f o l l o w i n g : B e a t Clubs Old Dominion Potomac universities High Schools Georgetown George Washington F o r t Hunt George Washington Howard Hammond Jeb S t u a r t T. C. W i l l i a m s Washington-Lee Yorktcwn As a n i n d i c a t i o n o f the growth i n r e c e n t y e a r s t h e g r e a t e r Washington t o t a l rowing community i n 1 9 ^ 9 i n c l u d e d o n l y the two b e a t c l u b s , George Washington and Washington-Lee High S c h o o l s . More growth i n the f u t u r e i s expected. Major crew r a c e s i n t h e Washington a r e a have been h e l d on e v e r y c o n c e i v a b l e course on the Potomac R i v e r from below A l e x a n d r i a t o e.bove t h e Three S i s t e r s I s l a n d s . Races have a l s o been h e l d i n t h e Washington Channel and on t h e A n n a c o s t l a R i v e r o f f the Navy Gun F a c t o r y . Much e x p e r i e n c e , some o f i t q u i t e b i t t e r , h a s d e f i n i t e l y proven t h a t t h e two c u r r e n t 2 0 0 0 meter c o u r s e s i n t h e Georgetown a r e a ( s e e e n c l o s u r e l ) a r e b y f a r t h e b e s t . These c o u r s e s compare v e r y f a v o r a b l y w i t h good rowing c o u r s e s a i l over t h e U. S.. Both s t a r t above t h e Three S i s t e r s w i t h one f i n i s h i n g above K e y B r i d g e and t h e o t h e r f i n i s h i n g a t the f o o t o f W i s c o n s i n Avenue. B o t h c o u r s e s a r e s i x l a n e s wide ( e a c h 6 0 f t . ) p l u s a space i n the middle t o p r o v i d e c l e a r a n c e f o r a p i e r o f Key B r i d g e . As shown on e n c l o s u r e 2 t h e c o u r s e s now j u s t b a r e l y f i t through t h e Three S i s t e r s a r e a and t h e r e i s no i n t e r f e r e n c e from the Three Span A l t e r n a t e ( l o n g span) B r i d g e d e s i g n . The d e s i g n was l o c a t e d so i t would n o t h u r t o u r r a c e c o u r s e s . The m u l t i - s p a n a l t e r n a t e d e s i g n would p u t a p i e r ( i n d i c a t e d i n r e d ) i n t h e middle o f b o t h o f the r a c e c o u r s e s and would e f f e c t i v e l y d e s t r o y b o t h r a c e c o u r s e s . We b e l i e v e such a d e s i g n t o be c o m p l e t e l y unreasonable and hope t h a t t h e b r i d g e w i l l be t h e Three Span A l t e r n a t e Design now approved by the Fine A r t s O m i s s i o n . �T n l s i s t o supplement my t e s t i m o n y a t t h e r e c e n t b r i d g e h e a r i n g s . w i l l be g l a d t o p r o v i d e any more d a t a you might want. Thank you. Very t r u l y yours, C h a r l e s 3. B u t t , J r . Crew Coach 2 We ���i+6l5 N. 37th A r l i n g t o n , 28 Mr. Martin K. S t r e e t V i r g i n i a 22207 December 1 9 7 0 S h a l l e r Executive Secretary O f f i c e of the Mayor-Commissioner D i s t r i c t Building lkth & P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue, NW Washington, DC Dear S i r : As an oarsman w h o h a s r o w e d o n t h e Potomac R i v e r f o r ' 4 8 y e a r s , a s a time member and o f f i c e r o f t h e Potomac Boat C l u b , and as c o a c h o f t h e Yorktown High School Crew I would l i k e t o make a c o m m e n t o n the d e s i g n c f t h e proposed Three S i s t e r B r i d g e . long We i n t h e M e t r o p o i i t a n Washington a r e a a r e most f o r t u n a t e i n h a v i n g an o u t s t a n d i n g s i x l a n e r a c e course on t h e Potomac R i v e r . I t would be a d i s a s t e r i f a b r i d g e were b u i l t a c r o s s t h i s r a c e c o u r s e h a v i n g p i e r s i n t h e r i v e r w h i c h would i n any wa;> i m p a i r i t . T h e r e f o r e , I f a v o r , f i r s t a c l e a r span w h i c h would have no p i e r s i n t h e r i v e r , and second, i f t h i s cannot b e , t h e t h r e e span a l t e r n a t e w i t h a c e n t e r span o f a t l e a s t 750 f e e t . r F a v o r a b l e c o n s i d e r a t i o n t o t h e above would be v e r y much a p p r e c i a t e d . Very t r u l y yours, WILLIAM 3. STEWART 1 �MUbUt 61 t V V I I N I b I I N L REAL 7801 N O R F O L K A V E N U E / ESTATE B E T H E S D A , M A R Y L A N D 20014 301-657-2877 December 23, 1970 Mr. M a r t i n S c h a l l e r E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y t o t h e Mayor D i s t r i c t BuiIding 14th & E S t r e e t s , N. W. W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. 2 0 0 0 4 Re: Three S i s t e r s Bridge Dear Mr. S c h a 1 l e r : the As a member o f t h e D u l l e s C o m m i t t e e , i t i s my s t r o n g T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e become a r e a l i t y . desire to see In our v i e w t h i s f a c i l i t y would a l l o w f o r g r e a t e r a c c e s s t o D u l l e s International Airport. When t h e A i r p o r t was f i r s t d e s i g n e d a n d l o c a t e d i n Loudon C o u n t y t h e r e was g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t t h a t a c o n n e c t i n g l i m i t e d a c c e s s highway would t i e t h e A i r p o r t i n w i t h t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Area. We f e e l t h a t t h i s i s a commitment t h a t n e e d s t o be m e t . W i t h t h e p a s s e n g e r a n d c a r g o i n c r e a s e s f o r e c a s t : f o r D u l l e s w i t h i n t h e n e x t 10 y e a r s i t becomes i m p e r a t i v e t h a t g r o u n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o t h i s f a c i l i t y be e n hanced . Of t h e two a l t e r n a t i v e d e s i g n s o f t h e b r i d g e recommending I n t e r s t a t e s t a n d a r d s , we v i e w t h i s a s a n o t h e r l i n k i n o u r N a t i o n a l I n t e r s t a t e D e f e n s e System. C e r t a i n l y , f o r t h e w e l f a r e o f o u r c o u n t r y , we must c o m p l e t e t h i s proposed p r o j e c t . whi1e L e t ' s a l l hope t h a t project. Happy Holidays. RHE:k SPECIALIZING IN LAND 1971 w i l l be t h e y e a r t o c o m p l e t e t h i s most w o r t h - 7/ �O R G A N I Z E D J U L Y 6. SSSO <9fa*%% 6% 1869 JV. 91. <9huA*na/on 7, Q). €. r December 23, 1970 Mr. M a r t i n K. S c h a l l e r Executive Secretary O f f i c e o f t h e Mayor-Commissioner Room 528, D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g 14th and E S t r e e t s , N.W. Washington, D. C. Dear Mr. S c h a l l e r : T h i s i s t o supplement my o r a l statement i n t h e Design P u b l i c H e a r i n g on t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e on December 14, 1970. The Potomac Boat Club i s l o c a t e d j u s t upstream from Key B r i d g e , on t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia s h o r e . We have o v e r 100 members, who a r e o f course r e s i d e n t s o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and i t s suburbs. We urge most s t r o n g l y t h a t , i f a b r i d g e must be b u i l t i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f the Three S i s t e r s I s l a n d s , i t s design be t h e " t h r e e - s p a n a l t e r n a t i v e " ap' O I T x proved by t h e F i n e A r t s Commission. Two r a c e c o u r s e s , used a n n u a l l y by s e v e r a l hundred oarsmen, from l o c a l h i g h s c h o o l s and c o l l e g e s as w e l l as t h i s boat c l u b , pass through t h i s s e c t i o n . These cwo c o u r s e s , one l a i d out by t h e U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey i n 1369, a r e among t h e f i n e s t n a t u r a l rowing c o u r s e s i n t h e w o r l d . The " s i x - s p a n a l t e r n a t i v e , " or any o t h e r d e s i g n which i n c l u d e s b r i d g e s u p p o r t s i n t h e w a t e r between t h e Three S i s t e r s I s l a n d s and t h e V i r g i n i a shore o f t h e r i v e r , would s e r i o u s l y o b s t r u c t t h e s e c o u r s e s , d e s t r o y i n g much o f t h e i r v a l u e . Many American and European c i t i e s spend m i l l i o n s o f d o l l a r s dredging out r a c e c o u r s e s , many o f which a r e no b e t t e r than t h i s one; and t h e r e c r e a t i o n a l b e n e f i t s c l e a r l y outweigh t h e f i n a n c i a l advantages o f an i n f e r i o r b r i d g e d e s i g n . G r a p h i c m a t e r i a l s r e l a t i n g t o t h e e f f e c t o f t h e b r i d g e on t h e r a c e c o u r s e s have been submitted by Mr. C h a r l e s B u t t o f t h e Washington-Lee High S c h o o l . Sincerely, A r t h u r H. F a w c e t t , J r . President AHF:bs �LAW OFFICES L E B L A N C IOOO R O B E R T HENRY E. LcBLANC S H U R A V E N U E , N . W. WASHINGTON. D. C. £ 0 0 0 5 F. LAWRENCE RICHARO G. C. CABLE - STOLL A. T E L E P H O N E 7 6 3 - 2 4 2 0 S H U R L E O N A R D DONALD AND VERMONT OF RELSHURPAT HOFFMAN B E S H A CASEY 23 December 1970 Mr. M a r t i n S c h a l l e r Executive Secretary O f f i c e of t h e Mayor-Commissioner Room 528 D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g 1 4 t h a n d E S t r e e t s , N.W. W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. Re: 1266 D e s i g n H e a r i n g D e a r Mr. S c h a l l e r : As a member o f t h e Potomac B o a t C l u b , a n d a s one i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n o f t h e Potomac r i v e r f o r a q u a t i c s p o r t s and other r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s , I w o u l d l i k e t o a d d my comments t o t h o s e p r e s e n t e d o r a l l y a t t h e above mentioned h e a r i n g . I n o r d e r t o p r e s e r v e maximum u n o b s t r u c t e d w a t e r a r e a f o r c o m p e t i t i v e rowing and conoeing, i t w o u l d be d e c i d e d l y p r e f e r a b l e t h a t t h e t h r e e s p a n a l t e r n a t i v e f o r t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s b r i d g e be a d o p t e d . I n my o p i n i o n , t h e s i x span a l t e r n a t i v e would c r e a t e a s e r i o u s o b s t r u c t i o n c f the waterway and would have a s e r i o u s l y a d v e r s e e f f e c t on t h e v a l u e o f t h e r i v e r f o r r a c i n g . I t h e r e f o r e urge that i f the Three S i s t e r s b r i d g e i s c o n s t r u c t e d , t h e t h r e e span a l t e r n a t i v e s h o u l d be e m p l o y e d . Very t r u l y yours, LAH:ar .? L a w r e n c e A. H o f f m a n �5 0 5 0 F u l t o n S t r e e t , N. W. W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. 2 0 0 1 6 December 23, 1970 Mr. M a r t i n S c h a l l e r E x e c u t i v e Secretary to the District Building 1 4 t h & E S t r e e t s , N. W. W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. 2 0 0 0 4 D e a r Mr. Mayor Schaller; W i l l you p l e a s e make t h i s l e t t e r a p a r t o f t h e h e a r i n g record on The T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e ? As a r e s i d e n t o f The Palisades, D. C , I w i s h t o d i f f e r w i t h t h e t e s t i m o n y o f The Palisades Citizens Association. I f a v o r t h e b u i l d i n g o f The T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e so t h a t t h e p e o p l e o f W a s h i n g t o n and A r l i n g t o n w i l l h a v e b e t t e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and c o m m u n i c a t i o n . As t o t h e d e s i g n , i f t h e F i n e A r t s C o m m i s s i o n and t h e h i g h w a y e n g i n e e r s h a v e a p p r o v e d t h e one l o n g a r c h , I s h o u l d t h i n k t h a t a l l l a y p e o p l e s h o u l d go a l o n g w i t h i t . I f the design f e a t u r e s include the approaches, I urge t h a t you p r o v i d e a c c e s s t o and f r o m t h e b r i d g e t o The P a l i s a d e s a r e a a t the f o o t of e i t h e r MacArthur B l v d . or F o x h a i l Road. I also d e s i r e to-and-from access to the f u t u r e P a l i s a d e s Parkway a t the foot of A r i z o n a Avenue. As a h o u s e w i f e , t h e f u t u r e c o n v e n i e n c e and s e r v i c e o f t h i s p r o p o s e d b r i d g e i n r e l i e v i n g t r a f f i c a r o u n d K e y and C h a i n B r i d g e s and f o r m a k i n g downtown W a s h i n g t o n more a c c e s s i b l e t o t o u r i s t s and s u b u r b a n s h o p p e r s , i s v e r y a p p a r e n t and o b v i o u s . Why cann o t " C i t y H a l l " and o u r c i v i c l e a d e r s s e e t h e f u t u r e b e n e f i t t o t h e p u b l i c o f t h i s b a d l y n e e d e d new c r o s s i n g o f t h e P o t o m a c ? Sincerely y"Ours, Lida Gray Ruth �1K RE n 1 Washington C i r c l e , fW Washington, D.C., 20037 December 24, 1970 MrV Martin K. S c h a l l e r Executive Secretary O f f i c e of the Mayor's Commission D i s t r i c t EuTdding 14th and E S t r e e t s , N.W. V/ashington, D.C* Dear K r * S c h a l l e r s I wish to express my support f o r the construction of the three span a l t e r n a t i v e bridge across the Potomac R i v e r a t the s i t e of the Throe S i s t e r s I s l a n d s * The three span a l t e r n a t i v e i s much more favorable t o r e c r e a t i o n on the r i v e r (rowing, crew r a c e s , canoeing, kayaking, boating, e t c * ) because a bridge w i t h a greater number of arches w i l l c o n s t r i c t tho f r e e passage on the r i v e r and create a d d i t i o n a l currants and t i d e s t o tha detriment of boating a c t i v i t i e s * ' L a s t year s e v e r a l n a t i o n a l crew canoe and kayak races were held i n t h i s s e c t i o n of tha Potomac* Such races would not be p o s s i b l e w i t h a m u l t i - a r c h bridge, but they would s t i l l be possible w i t h a three span or arch bridge* I f n a t i o n a l craw, canoe, and kayak races are t o continue to be held i n Washington, and note t h a t these events draw favorable a t t e n t i o n and t o u r i s t s to the c i t y , the c i t y must insure t h a t conditions on the r i v e r w i l l be such as to encourage and a t t r a c t these a c t i v i t i e s i n the f u t u r e . e For these reasons, I support the three span a l t e r n a t i v e bridge across tho Potomac, and urge t h a t you and the D i s t r i c t Government do l i k e w i s e * Sincerely yours 8 A l f r e d B. Bigelow Member of the Potomac Boat Club ���Dorotlij M a y Anderson, JLandizajiS. c/ficfiitzct 5314 C h e v y C l i a s e P a r k w a y , i S . W . W a s h i n g t o n 15, D . C . wete******-' 7° �2507 N o r t h P o l l a r d S t r e e t A r l i n g t o n , V i r g i n i a 22207 D e c e m b e r 21, 1970 Mr. J u l i a n Dugas Hearing Officer Three S i s t e r s Bridge Design District Building 14th and E S t r e e t s , Washington, D. C. 20004 D e a r Mr. Dugas: A s n a t i v e s of the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a , r e s i d e n t s of the D i s t r i c t for over t h i r t y - f o u r y e a r s , and V i r g i n i a r e s i d e n t s who have been commuting d a i l y f r o m V i r g i n i a to the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a f o r the past eighteen y e a r s , v/e want to s t r o n g l y u r g e that the design of the T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e ( w h i c h h a s a l r e a d y been approved by the F i n e A r t s C o m m i s s i o n ) be accepted and the bridge completed at the e a r l i e s t p o s s i b l e date. We c a n a s s u r e you, based on our p e r s o n a l e x p e r i e n c e i n commuting, that t h i s bridge i s at l e a s t ten y e a r s overdue already. Sincerely, E l d r i d g e D. Kendrick E l v a M. K e n d r i c k ( M r s . E l d r i d g e D. K e n d r i c k ) cc: T h e The The Mr. Honorable W a l t e r E . Washington Honorable H a r r y F. B y r d , J r . Honorable W i l l i a m B. Spong, J r . Ned R. T h o m a s , C h a i r m a n , A r l i n g t o n County B o a r d �L A W O F F I C E S J O H N F. H E U R I C H 1 6 2 7 K H1LLYARD B U I L D I N G S T R E E T . W A S H I N G T O N . D. N. C. W. 2 0 0 0 S 626-1262 December 21,1970 MARYLAND K r . J u l i a n Dugas, H e a r i n g O f f i c e r Three S i s t e r s Bridge Design District Building l l l t h and E S t s . , N.W* Washington, D.C. 2000U Dear Mr. Dugasv I f u l l y support t h e Board o f T r a d e ' s c o n t e n t i o n t h a t the a e s t h e t i c s o f t h e THREE S I S T E R S BRIDGE w i l l do n o t h i n g t o d e t r a c t from Washin goon s B e a u t y . 1 The F i n e A r t s Commission was most e n t h u s i a s t i c about the d e s i g n and many oth er e v e r t s have endorsed i t o I hope we don't get i n a mess l i k e t h e b u i l d i n g o f t h e second b r i d g e a c r o s s t h e Chesapeake Bay. The d e l a y c o s t t h e State millions of dollars extra. We need t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e and l e t us get on w i t h the e r e c t i o n t h e r e o f . hj ASSOCIATE l_. H I L L Y A R D 4641 M N G M R AVENUE OTOEY BETHE6DA. M R L N 20014 AYAD 656-3SOO ROBERT �S a l e s 9 R e n t a l s c ^Pf a naffemeszt • A p p r a i s a l s X o a n « TELEPHONE KING 8-8015 322 SOUTH WASHINGTON S T R E E T ALEXANDRIA. VIRGINIA 22313 P. O. Box 9 8 6 December 9, 1970 Mr. J u l i a n R. Dugas D i s t r i c t of Columbia Government D i s t r i c t Building 14th and E S t r e e t , N. W. Washington, D. C. 20004 Dear Mr. Dugas: The d e s i g n i n f o r m a t i o n provided i n the study i d e n t i f i e d a s "1-266 Design Hearing I n f o r m a t i o n " ( u n d a t e d ) , w h i c h was p r e pared f o r t h e D i s t r i c c of Columbia Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c and t h e V i r g i n i a Department of Highways i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h the F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of the U. S. Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , has been reviewed w i t h i n t e r e s t . Not-wit:h-standing s e l e c t i o n of t h e t h r e e - s p a n b r i d g e by the Commission on F i n e A r t s , I recommend t h a t the a l t e r n a t e s i x - s p a n b r i d g e d e s i g n be s e l e c t e d f o r 1-266. The b u l k i n e s s of t h e s u p p o r t i n g members ( i n c l u d i n g p i e r s ) of the t h r e e - s p a n d e s i g n b l o c k s out more of the Potomac P a l i s a d e s and tends t o draw a t t e n t i o n t o , or focus the eyes on the b r i d g e r a t h e r than on t h e Potomac R i v e r , the s h o r e l i n e and the P a l i s a d e s r i s i n g upward t h e r e f r o m . Whereas, the s i x - s p a n d e s i g n i s of s l e n d e r s t r u c t u r e , e l e g a n t , more g r a c e f u l and does not d e t r a c t from the u p - r i v e r v i e w of the Potomac and t h e P a l i s a d e s . N a t u r a l l y , s e l e c t i o n o f t h e s i x - s p a n d e s i g n w i l l save t h e t a x p a y e r s $7,200,000. based upon t h e accompanying e s t i m a t e s w h i c h i s s u b j e c t t o change upward due t o s p i r a l l i n g c o s t s of labor, materials, e t c . �I n summary, t h e S i x - S p a n A l t e r n a t e shown on Page 7 of the d e s i g n study would be my c h o i c e f o r any bridge t h a t may be approved f o r e r e c t i o n a c r o s s the Potomac R i v e r i n the v i c i n i t y of t h e Three S i s t e r s I s l a n d s . �THE C I T I Z E N S ASSOCIATION OF G E O R G E T O W N 2803 " M " Street, N. W. Mr. J u l i a n R. D u g a s ] / ' Department o f Economic Development D i s t r i c t o f Columbia 1$ • Washington, D. C. 20007 December 2 2 , 1970 Mr. i l a r t i n K . S c h a l l e r Executive SecretaryO f f i c e o f The Tiayor-Commissioner Room # 5 2 0 D i s t i'ict B u i l d i n g 1 4 t h & S. S t r e e t s , N.W. J o s h i n g t o n , D.C. 2 0 0 0 4 * Subject: J o i n t Design P u b l i c H e a r i n g on P r o p o n e d I n t e r s t a t e 2 36 Bear S i r : The C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n o f Georgetown understood o r i g i n a l l y t h a t t h e above s u b j e c t h e a r i n g concerned d e s i g n only. However, t h a b e a r i n g subsequently covered other f a c e t s concerning t h e proposed Three S i s t e r s Bridge. T h e r e f o r e , t h e C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n o f Georgetown submit t h i s statement t o point out that the Association i s a p l a i n t i f f i n U . S . D i s t r i c t C o u r t C i v i l n o t i o n -To. 2 3 2 1 - 6 9 a g a i n s t t h e b r i d g e i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h a r e s o l u t i o n p a s s e d a t a memb e r s h i p meeting i n October 1969. The A s s o c i a t i o n has n o t changed i t s p o s i t i o n s i n c e t h a t time. of We r e q u e s t t h a t t h i s l e t t e r b e made a - n a t t e r o f t h e J o i n t D e s i g n P u b l i c H e a r i n g on s u b j e c t . ... - . •-" Sincerely _ , K .. .. - yours, S t e p h e n A. T r e n t m a n F i r s t Vice President c c : M r . J u l i a n R.Dugas D e p a r t m e n t o f E c o n o m i c Development D i s t r i c t o f Columbia record �( 2 0 2 ) 7 S 3 - 5 6 0 0 L. A . J E N N I N G S December 9, C A R A OF THE B A D HIMN OR 1970 Mr. J u l i a n R. Duga3 D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Government D i s t r i c t Building 1 4 t h and E S t r e e t , N.W. Washington, D. C. 20004 Dear Mr. Dugas: I am d e l i g h t e d t o l e a r n Chat you w i l l be s e r v i n g as H e a r i n g O f f i c e r t o r e c e i v e the v i e w s of t h e committee on t h e d e s i g n f o r t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e , T h i s h e a r i n g i s r e q u i r e d n<j a r e s u l t of a j u d i c i a l d e c i s i o n w h i c h found t h a t a h e a r i n g t o cover t h e d e s i g n of t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e had not been h e l d . I have r e v i e w e d t h e b o o k l e t e n t i t l e d 1-266 DESIGN REARING INFORMATION and i t would appear t h e h e a r i n g w i l l c o v e r seme a r e a s w h i c h , i n my o p i n i o n , a r e not d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o d e s i g n . T h e s e a r e a s i n v o l v e a e s t h e t i c s , s a f e t y , n o i s e , a i r p o l l u t i o n and t h e l i k e . I t i s my s t r o n g v i e w t h a t t h e b r i d g e d e s i g n meets v e r y a d e q u a t e l y a l l a e s t h e t i c r e q u i r e m e n t s , and p a r t i c u l a r l y F i g u r e 8, t h e Three-Span A l t e r n a t e P r e 3 t r e s s e d Concrete B r i d g e , which aopeara on Page 6 of t h e b r o c h u r e . I cannot b e l i e v e t h a t t h e b r i d g e would c r e a t e an a i r p o l l u t i o n problem a s i t I s fundamental t h a t t h e b r i d g e would soeed up t r a f f i c r a t h e r t h a n c r e a t e slowdowns. C e r t a i n l y t h e b r i d g e would reduce t r a f f i c c c n g e 3 t i o n I could go i n t o o t h e r a r e a s of t h e m a t t e r but 1 t h i n k i t i s s u f f i c i e n t t o say t h a t I am most h o p e f u l t h a t your d e s i g n h e a r i n g w i l l remove a r o a d b l o c k s t a n d i n g i n t h e way of c o n s t r u c t i o n and c r e a t i o n o f t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e . I am w h o l l y i n f a v o r o f t h e p r o j e c t . e I hope you w i l l make t h i s l e t t e r a p a r t of your h e a r i n g r e c o r d . Kindest regards. �> 3109 N St. N W . Washington, DC. 2 0 0 0 7 D . C . Eleanor ivl. McPeck Chairman Noel Clark Miller Secretary-Treas. ADVISORY COMMITTEE: Grosvenor Chapman Robert M Kennan, Jr. Edward Terhune Miller ?Roy Tuttle Morgan -harlton Ogburn, Jr. iv!rs. James Rowe, Jr. Nicholas Satterlee Paul Lyon Sitton C I T I Z E N S ' R E F E R E N D U M C O M M I T T E E ^ December 23 1970 Mr. M a r t i n S h a l l e r E x e c u t i v e Sec. O f f i c e o f t h e Mayor Commissioner The D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g Washington, D.C. Dear Mr. S h a l l e r : The Dec. 14 -16 Design h e a r i n g s have no l e g i t i m a t e b a s i s , s i n c e no proper l o c a t i o n h e a r i n g w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge and the a t t e n d e n t road system has e v e r been h e l d by the D i s t r i c t . Nor have t h e r e s i d e n t s o f t h e D i s t r i c t approved the concept o f a b r i d g e a t the proposed l o c a t i o n . We s e r i o u s l y q u e s t i o n t h e l e g i t i m a c y o f the Dec. 14 - 17 Design h e a r i n g s and r e q u e s t t h a t new h e a r i n g s be h e l d a t some f u t u r e d a t e . We recommend t h a t a f u l l study be conducted on t h e environmental impact o f the proposed b r i d g e on a d j a c e n t r e s i d e n t i a l and pork p r o p e r t i e s . F i n a l l y we recommend t h a t a l l Bridge and road c o n s t r u c t i o n be suspended u n t i l such i n f o r m a t i o n is,made a v a i l a b l e t o the public. We e n c l o s e a copy o f The Concrete I n v a s i o n , d e s c r i b i n g i n f u l l our reasons f o r opposing the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , and a s k t h a t i t be i n c l u d e d as p a r t o f the p u b l i c r e c o r d c f the Dec. 1 4 - 1 7 Design h e a r i n g s , together with t h i s l e t t e r Sincerely, E l e a n o r M. Mc Peck Chairman\ . w \\ r Noel u l a r k M i l l e r S e c - Treasurer. 24- �12/20/70 / H 5 To M > m I t May -o Concern: I am w r i t i n g t h i s ? s a p r i v a t e c i t i z e n who h a s l i v e d i n t h e o f C o l u m b i a f o r 13 y e a r s , o^ned p r o p e r t y and p a i d t a x e s h e r e and l i k e t o c o n t i n u e t o do s o , I am fond o f t h e G e o r g e t o w n community l i v e and would l i k e t o see i t r e t a i n i t s "human s i z e " d i m e n s i o n c h a r a c t e r , Tne p r o p o s e d B r i d g e and i t s f r e e w a y s w i l l u n d o u b t e d l y number o f p r o p o n e n t s but. none o f them w i l l c a r e v e r y much a b o u t community o r i t s h i s t o r i c r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e Potomac R i v e r , District would where I and have a our A l t h o u g h I c o n s i d e r t h e s o - c a l l e d " d e s i g n h e a r i n g " c a l l e d by t h o D.C.and V i r g i n i a Highway D e p a r t m e n t s i l l e g a l i n v i e w o f t h e f a c t t h a t a c o u r t c a s e i s p e n d i n g , I l i s t e n e d t o t h e p r o c e e d i n g s f o r t h e good p a r t o f two d a y s . I t was n o t u n t i l t h - s e c o n d day t h a t I became a w a r e t h a t no e x p l a n a t i o n o t h e r t h a n t h e b r i e f s t a t e m e n t by t h e Head o f t h e D.C.Highway D e p a r t ment a t t h e o p e n i n g s e s s i o n and t h e s u p e r f i c i a l i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s t y p o b r o c h u r e a v a i l a b l e t o t h e p u b l i c was t o be s u p p l i e d by t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t s , Tne t o n i c s t h a t s h o u l d h a v e b e e n d i s c u s s e d i n d e p t h and s u p p o r t e d by f u l l j u s t i f i c a t i o n and p r o o f by t h e t e s t i m o n y o f e x p e r t s w e r e a b s e n t f r o m t h e o r a l s t a t e m e n t and t o u c h e d upon l i g h t l y i n t h e p r i n t e d brochure, No a r c h i t e c t , no c o m p e t e n t t e c h n i c i a n s i n t h e e n g i n e e r i n g o r s a f e t y f i e l d s , no e n v i r o n m e n t a l s p e c i a l i s t s , no t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n e r s , no c i t y or l a n d u s e p l a n n e r s , no c i t y o f f i c i a l o t h e r t h a n t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t and the Hearing O f f i c e r even addressed the audience i n support of t h i s p r o j e c t . No s c a l e m o d e l , no a r c h i t e c t u r a l d r a w i n g s were p r e s e n t e d t o t h e p u b l i c , "e w e r e t o judge our p r e f e r e n c e on t h e b a s i s o f an a r t i s t ' s s k e t c h . B e f o r e I l i s t a sampling of the type o f inadequate coverage of the f a c t o r s noted c f l e g i t i m a t e - c o n c e r n by Judge S i r i c a , I would l i k e t o a s k t h e Highway D e p a r t ment a few q u e s t i o n s t h a t I b e l i e v e a r e p e r t i n e n t t o t h e u n f o r t u n a t e s i t u a t i o n i n which the D i s t r i c t of Columbia f i n d s i t s e l f , V.Tiy were we h a v i n g a d e s i g n h e a r i n g on a b r i d g e t o w h i c h no o f way on t h e V i r g i n i a s i d e h a v e b e e n o b t a i n e d ? and How c a n you d e f e n d a b r i d g e d e s i g n e d t r u c k s i n t o a n a l r e a d y choked c i t y ? t o b r i n g e v e n more rights automobiles How c a n you d e f e n d t h i s dependence on t h e a u t o m o b i l e f o r u r b a n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n when most u r b a n r l a n n e r s r e c o g n i z e t h e d e v a s t a t i n g d e s t r u c t i v e n e s s to e c o n o m i c , s o c i a l , h e a l t h and e n v i r o n m e n t a l a s p e c t s o f u r b a n l i f e o f c o n t i n u e d p r o l i f e r a t i o n o f f r e e w a y s , p r i v a t e a u t o m o b i l e s and p a r k i n g l o t s ? Opponents o f t h e b r i d g e and i t s f r e e w a y p l a n s p o i n t e d o u t r e p e a t e d l y the i l l e f f e c t s of such a p r o j e c t . O b v i o u s l y i t can not e x i s t i n i s o l a t i o n and t o be f o r c e d t o c o n s i d e r i t i n s u c h a c o n t e x t i s r i d i c u l o u s , no s p e a k e r I n f a v o r o f t h i s p r o j e c t h a s p r e s e n t e d s u f f i c i e n t argument t h a t it<= c o n s t r u c t i o n w i l l p r o v i d e e a s y , s a f e , e f f i c i e n t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ; r e j u v i n a t e downtewn /ashington; improve the q u a l i t y o f l i f e f o r r e s i d e n t s of the D i s t r i c t ; l e s s e n t h e p r o b l e m o f n o i s e , a i r and w a t e r p o l l u t i o n ; n o t i n f r i n g e upon o r d o m i n a t e n a t u r a l o r h i s t o r i c monuments, r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s and p a r k l a n d s ; and n o t c o n t i n u e t o t h w a r t t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e l i n k u p b e t w e e n t h e D u l l e s and Potomac i n t e r c e p t s ( a s h o c k i n g h e a l t h h a z a r d t h a t h a s b e e n d e l a y e d f o r a number "of y e a r s a l r e a d y ) . �2. I n vi*?w o f t h e s e o m i s s i o n s a t t h i s l a t e J u n c t u r e , I wonder on w h a t b a s i s t h e C o n g r e s s m e n added S e c t i o n 23 t o t h e 1968 Highway A c t ? S p e c i f i c a l l y , I would l i k e Mr, A i r e s t o p r o v i d e us w i t h i n f o r m a t i o n a s t o t h e m a t e r i a l s and j u s t i f i c a t i o n s f o r t h i s and r e l a t e d p r o j e c t s u p o n w h i c h t h e P u b l i c Works Committee and Mr, n a t c h e r r e l i e d . F o r I c a n n o t b e l i e v e t h a t e v e n t h e most u n r e a s o n a b l e o f men c o u l d h a v e come t o s u c h a m a j o r d e c i s i o n i f t h e y had b e e n p r o v i d e d w i t h f u l l , c u r r e n t , a c c u r a t e d o c u m e n t a t i o n and o b j e c t i v e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g g o a l s upon w h i c h t o b a s e t h e i r judgement. I f t h e y d i d r e c e i v e s u c h d a t a , t h e n I don't see why I t h a s n o t b e e n s u b m i t t e d h e r e . E v i d e n c e o f a most s u b s t a n t i v e n a t u r e t o t h e c o n t r a r y h a s b e e n o v e r w h e l m i n g l y and p e r s u a s i v e l y p r e s e n t e d by a v a r i e d number o f w i t n e s s e s t e s t i f y i n g i n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h i s and i t s r e l a t e d p r o j e c t s , I f e e l t h a t a n amendment t o t h e Highway A c t of 1970 s h o u l d remove S e c t i o n 23 f r o m t h e Highway A c t o f 1963 on t h e g r o u n d s t h a t I t was i n c l u d e d on t h e b a s i s o f i n s u f f i c i e n t information. I would a l s o l i k e a n a n s w e r t o t h e s e q u e s t i o n s . To whom i s Mr, A i r e s responsible? By w h a t r i g h t was he a b l e t o c i r c u m v e n t t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a a s p a s s e d b' t h e a p p r o p r i a t e a u t h o r i t i e s , n a m e l y t h e C i t y C o u n c i l snot.he N o t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n , who o m i t t e d t h i s p a r t i c u l a r p r o j e c t a s w e l l a s o t h e r s r e l a t e d t o i t ? Can he e x p l a i n how t h i s a c t i o n was t a k e n ? , S u c h a c t i o n would a p p e a r t o b e / i n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e o r d e r l y f u n c t i o n i n g o f g o v e r n m e n t . H i s a c t i o n s , w h e t h e r or n o t so i n t e n d e d , r e s u l t e d I n t h e t r a g i c " b l a c k m a i l i n g " o f t h e D i s t r i c t w i t h w h i c h we a r e a l l t o o f a m i l a r . T h a t a p r o j e c t of s u c h m a g n i t u d e and of s u c h u l t i m a t e d e s t r u c t i v e i m p a c t on t h e q u a l i t y o f l i f e i n t h e N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l c a n be f o r c e d upon a h e l p l e s s c i t y t h a t a l l of us would l i k e t o 3ee become a v i a b l e community i s , q u i t e s i m p l y , a d i s g r a c e . I f Congress c a n not save us from t h i s , t h e n , p r a y 'Sod, t h e C o u r t s c a n r 0 Respectfully submitted: E l i z a b e t h La tranche Private Citizen. 3 3 3 5 Dent P l a c e , W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. 12/20/70 N.W. 20007 �THE FOLLOWING QHS3TI0NS ARE DIRECTED S P E C I F I C A L L Y AT fHE 1-266 DESIGN HEARING INFCAMAJION BROCHUREi " T r a f f i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n I n 1959 a f f i r a e d the need f o r a highway and a r i v e r c r e a s i n g i n the v i c i n i t y o f the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . " S i n c e these s t u d i e s a r e e l e v e n y e a r s o l d , l e t u s have c u r r e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n s and s t u d i e s which up-date t h i s d a t a and j u s t i f y the l o c a t i o n o f t h i s b r i d g e . S t u d i e s and recommendations by o u t s i d e c o n s u l t a n t s should a l s o be submitted. "Measurable b e n e f i t s to u s e r s o f t h e I n t e r s t a t e Highway System occur i n the form o f time s a v i n g s , reduced o p e r a t i n g c o s t s , and fewer a c c i d e n t s " 0 What would be t h e c o s t f o r an automobile d r i v e r t o u s e t h i s b r i d g e t o g e t down town t o work and back home? From 5 m i l e s out, 10 m i l e s c u t , 20 m i l e s out e t c . i n c l u d i n g p a r k i n g costs,, What w i l l happen t o the f l o w o f t r a f f i c a t h i g h speeds on t h e proposed b r i d g e i f a n a c c i d e n t o c c u r s o r an automobile o r a t r u c k b r e a k s down d u r i n g a peak p e r i o d ? What w i l l r e s u l t d u r i n g r a i n , s l e e t o r snow conditions? "ho Unique o r s i g n i f i c a n t b i o l o g i c a l communities a r e p r e s e n t i n t h e p r o j e c t a r e a . Most, o f the indigenous w i l d l i f e w i l l r e l o c a t e to a d j a c e n t n a t u r a l a r e a s and no endangerment t c any s p e c i e s i s e x p e c t e d . " P l e a s e produce e x p e r t s on the environment t o s u b s t a n t i a t e those and to answer any q u e s t i o n s o t h e r e x p o r t s might have, claims "What i s the s t a t u s o f r i g h t - o f - w a y a c q u i s i t i o n ? No r i g h t - o f - w a y has been a c q u i r e d for t h i s project." Why i s t u e r e a h e a r i n g on a bridge t h a t goes nowhere? Would you e x p l a i n t h e method u s e d and j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e t o t r a d e o f f these l i m i t e d p a r k l a n d s near the Potomac R i v e r on both i t s shores? "An i m p o r t a n t f e a t u r e o f t h i s s o l u t i o n i s the manner i n which i t frames a cairn s t r e t c h c f r i v e r broken o n l y by the n a t u r a l outoroppings o f rhe Three S i s t e r s Islands,"' Would jfeu i n d i c a t e how t h i s i s accomplished r a t h e r than the mors obvious smothering o f t h e n a t u r a l outcroppings o f the Three S i s t e r s I s l a n d s ? " C o n s t r u c t i o n o p e r a t i o n s and the movement o f equipment w i l l be c o n t r o l l e d to p r e s e r v e e x i s t i n g v e g e t a t i o n and t o a v o i d e r e s i o n which might r e s u l t i n d e p o s i t s of sediment i n the Potomac R i v e r . " Would you p l e a s e submit a l l d e t a i l s and s p e c i f i c s a s t o hew t h i s i s t o be safeguarded. "Pavement r u n o f f from the b r i d g e and the D. C. approach w i l l not be p e r m i t t e d t o d r a i n i n t o the CdO C a n a l . " Where w i l l i t d r a i n ? "These f o r e c a s t s p r e d i c t t h a t 72,000 t o 95»OCO v e h i c l e s p e r day would be e x p e r i e n c e d by 1990o" I f your e s t i m a t e s on the i n c r e a s e d number o f v e h i c l e s u s i n g t h i s f a c i l i t y a r e c o r r e c t , hew a r e they t o be accomodated when t h e y pour onto l o c a l s t r e e t s t o p a r k ? I n peak p e r i o d s how w i l l they be absorbed on l o c a l s t r e e t s ? �F i g u r e 2 o f y o u r brochure i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e e x i s t i n g ramp onto t h e W h i t e h u r s t Freeway from, t h e V i r g i n i a approach w i l l be shut off« What a r e your e s t i m a t e s on i n c r e a s e d t r a f f i c u s i n g M S t r e e t from V i r g i n i a a s v e i l a s from MacArthur B o u l e v a r d and P a l i s a d e s Parkway? What would be t h e t r a f f i c problem, the a i r p o l l u t i o n problem and the e f f e c t on t h e q u a l i t y o f l i f e i n t h i s p r e d o m i n a n t l y r e s i d e n t i a l community? E l i z a b e t h L a Branche 3335 L e n t P l a c e , N.N. Washington, r 2.C.2 '"G7 �C O M M O N W E A L T H D E P A R T M E N T OF O F VIRGINIA H I G H W A Y S XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 Deceive r 17, 1970 ft i Mr. & Mrs. J e r r y H i l l 1722 I I . Glebe Road A r l i n g t o n , V i r g i n i a 22207 D s s r Mr. 4 Mrs. H i l l : S u b j e c t : Route 1-66, Arlington County P r o j e c t 0056-000-102,C506.C507 and Route 256, P r o l e c t 0266-000-101,C501 0266-000-103,8603 A r l i n g t o n County and Washington, D C Thank you f o r ycur co: -.unication of December 15 rc2ardinr^ the s u b j e c t p r o j e c t s . Your o r i ' i r . a l l e t t e r w i l l ba made a p a r t of tha record o f the 1-65 h e a r i n g . A ^ o r o t cony o f your l e t t a r i a bcin ; sent to the O f f i c e of tho Mayor-Connissioner, Washington, D G, f o r i n c l u s i o n i n the record o f tho 1-256 (Three S i s t e r s Bridge) hearing. r Your i n t e r e s t i n these p r o j e c t s i a pppreciated. Sincerely, D. P . Hope . D i s t r i c t Engineer D3H pk cc - Mr Martin K S c h a l l e r , w i t h correspondence. ��C O M M O N W E A L T H D E P A R T M E N T O F VIRGINIA O F H I G H W A Y S xxxxsaccaacQaacxx BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 December 18, 1970 Penelope S t a f f o r d 2001 N. Adams S t r e e t A r l i n g t o n , V i r g i n i a 22201 \ \ ' \ \ / \ X > /'\ \ / * ) S u b j e c t : Route 266, P r o j e c t 0266-000-101,C501 C3G6-000-103,T605 A r l i n g t o n County and L sshin';ton, D C Dear H i s s S t a f f o r d : / J T rt 1 1 ~»-vT vr*M " o * ^T.i* — f --.iT"* * r ^ a t i o n ro^tT^nrkod December 17, 1970. I t i n being f o r w a r c e d to the o f f i c e of tha MiyorCorevisslcner, Lashington, D C, f o r i n c l u s i o n i n the record of the 1-255 (Three S i s t e r s bridge) hearing. Your i n t e r e s t i n t h i s n a t t e r i s very much appreciated. Sincerely, V D. B. Rope D i s t r i c t Engineer DBH pk ^S^~^ c c - Mr Martin K S c h a l l a r , with correspondence. ��C O M M O N W E A L T H O F DEPARTMENT OF VIRGINIA HIGHWAYS ^xrc^xxsaoocxxrTrx BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 December 18, 1970 Mrs. Wellington F . Barto 3600 North 27th S t r e e t Arlington, V i r g i n i a 22207 Dear I'xs. Bar to: S u b j e c t : Fujute 266, P r o j e c t , 0266-000-101.C501 0066-000-103,B605 A r l i n g t o n County find Washington, 0 C Thank you f o r your communication of Dece-ber 16, 1970. I t i s being forwarded to the o f f i c e o f tha Mayor-Commissioner, Washington, D C, f o r i n c l u s i o n i n tho r e c o r d c f the 1-265 (Three 3 i a t e r 3 2ridge) hearing* Your I n t e r e s t i n t h i s matter i s v e r y much appreciated. Sincerely, D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t P.nginear D2H pk cc - Mr Martin K S c h a l l e r , with correspondence. �3600 north twenty-seventh street arlin'gton, Virginia 22207 j £ December 16, 1970 Mr. D. B. Hope, D i s t r i c t E n g i n e e r V i r g i n i a Department of Highways Culpeper, V i r g i n i a 22701 Dear Mr. Hope: On b e h a l f o f my husband and m y s e l f , as home oxraers i n A r l i n g t o n , I am w r i t i n g to e x p r e s s our deep d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h any p l a n f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n of a Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . The beauty and d i g n i t y of the Potomac Pviver and the p a r k l a n d s on i t s shores a r e i r r e p l a c e a b l e e n v i r o n m e n t a l v a l u e s . Furthermore, the p r o j e c t e d I n t e r s t a t e 66 through A r l i n g t o n (long used as an argument f o r the b u i l d i n g o f another b r i d g e ) , has the d i s t i n c t e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y d e s t r u c t i v e c e r t a i n t y of adding g r e a t q u a n t i t i e s of p o l l u t i o n to the l o c a l i t y through the b l i g h t i n g t r a f f i c load i t would b r i n g . The l o c a l commuting problem c a n and should be handled by high-speed r a p i d t r a n s i t , i n t u n n e l s where n e c e s s a r y i n o r d e r to p r e s e r v e e n v i r o n m e n t a l and a e s t h e t i c v a l u e s . We c o n s i d e r t h e Three S i s t e r s p r o j e c t u t t e r l y l a c k i n g i n any genuine j u s t i f i c a t i o n . I t i s i l l - p l a n n e d , c o s t l y , and d e s t r u c t i v e - an o b s o l e s c e n t answer t o the commuting problem. E n v i r o n m e n t a l needs must now be put f i r s t and s i m i l a r d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g . i n highways Most s i n c e r e l y , ' CP '2 ii Mrs. W e l l i n g t o n F. B a r t o RECEIVED DEPT. OF HIGH I WAYS D E C 1 S 1970 DIST. OFFICE CULPEPER. VA, I �COM MONWEH1.TH O" DEPARTMENT C F VIRGINIA HIGHWAYS xxxxxxxxxxxx X X X X BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 December 2 1 , 1970 Hr. Thomas Martin 6501 E l Nldo D r i v e McLean, V i r g i n i a 22101 Dear Hr. M a r t i n : S u b j e c t : Route 266, P r e f e c t / / > 0266-000-101,0501 0066-000-103,B605 A r l i n g t o n County sr.d Washington, D C Thank you f o r your communication o f December 17, 1970. I t i s being forwarded to t h e o f f i c e o f t h a Mayor-Corrvlssioner, Washington, D C, f o r i n c l u s i o n i n tha record o f the 1-266 (Thr S i s t e r s Bridge) hearing. Your i n t c r e n t i n t h i s matter 5s very much appreciated. SIr.csro.ly, D. 3. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer DBIl pk c c - Mr Martin K S c h a l l e r , with correspondence. ��C O M M O N W E A L T H D E P A R T M E N T O F O F VIRGINIA HIGHWAYS BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA 27.701 December 21, 1970 Mr. Kerry K r u t i l l a 6609 Beverly Avenue • McLean, V i r g i n i a 22101 Dear !!r. K r u t i l l a : S u b j e c t : Route 266, P r o j e c t 0266-000-101,C501 56-000-103,R.:05 A r l i n g t o n Csunty and Washington, D C Thanh you f o r your cormunicatioa of Decoiber 17, 1970. I t i a being forwarded to tha o f f i c e of tha Nsyor-Ccrrmissioner, Washington, D C , f o r i n c l u s i o n i n tha record of the 1-266 (Three S i s t e r s Bridga) hearing. Your i n t e r e s t i n t h i s matter I s very much a p p r e c i a t e d . Sincerely, D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer DBH pk c c - Mr Martin K S c h a l l e r , with correspondence. i �wan\iAYs] D:C;ji D/S'f. CllA'El'ER, 1070 OFFICE r. |, �C O M M O N W E A L T H DEPARTMENT OF VIRGINIA |1 OF HIGHWAYS xxxxxxxncxxxxxxx .v. W W BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 December 21, 1970 <7) Mr. Robert H. H l s l o p Attorney a t Law 3600 North 25th S t r e e t A r l i n g t o n , V i r g i n i a 22207 Dear Hr. H i s l o p : S u b j e c t : Route 266, P r o j e c t 0266-000-101,C501 \ \ / ,0066-000-103,B605 A r l i n g t o n County and Washington, D C AT A * *V \ \ V > \ Thank you f o r your ccnrnunication of December 19, 1970. I t 13 being forwarded t o the- o f f i c e of tha Mayor-Consiissioner, Washington. D C, f o r i n c l u s i o n i n the record o f the 1-266 (Three S i s t e r s Bridge) hearing. Your i n t e r e s t I n thlfl matter i s v e r y much a p p r e c i a t e d . \ \ \ / / Sincerely, D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer DBH pk cc - Mr Martin K S c h a l l e r , with correspondence. ��Statement Submitted f o r Record — i R e g a r d i n g D e s i g n H e a r i n g on 1-266 I by , ROBERT IT. ET3LCP (December 1970) T am R o b e r t b . H i s l o p and r e s i d e a t 3600 N o r t h 25th'*r?treet, Arlington, Virginia• I an a c o n c e r n e d c i t i r e n i n t h e above m a t t e r and s o u g h t and was g r a n t e d p e r m i s s i o n t o make a p r e s e n t a tion a t the Hearing. Because of the pressure of other prof e s s i o n a l m a t t e r s , i t was n o t p o s s i b l e f o r me t o a p p e a r a t t h e p u b l i c h e a r i n g s , t h o u g h I w o u l d n a v e much p r e f e r r e d t o do j u s t that. My two b ~ s i c r e a s o n s f o r b e i n g c o n c e r n e d a r e : f i r s t , t h a t T do n o t b e l i e v e t h e h e a r i n g a s s c h e d u l e d a n d h e l d was a p r o p e r h e a p i n g p r o c e d u r a l l y o r s u b s t a n t i v e l y , and s e c o n d , I do n o t b e l i e v e 3 bridge at Three l i s t e r s I s l a n d s i s e i t h e r necessary or d e s i r a b l e in the public i n t e r e s t . As f o r point- number o n e , 1 have" been employed by t h e F e d e r a l ; Government T o r more t h a n t h i r t y year.* i n t h e t r i a l a r e h e a r i n g o f a d n i n i s t . : • a t i v o mat-tors. Y o u r h e a r i n g • ,*as n o t p r e s i d e d o v e r by a eu.alif.U-d " e a r i n g E x a m i n e r ; no o p p o r t u n i t y h a s been r i v e n P a r t i c i p a n t s t o s u b m i t p r o p o s e d f i n d i n g s o f f a c t and s u p p o r t i n g h r i s f s and t o p r e s e n t o r a l a r g u m e n t s i n b e h a l f o f t h e i r p o s i t i o n s s u b s e q u e n t to t h o h e a r i n g : no i n t e r m e d i a t e o p i n i o n i s t o he o r e - . p a r e d *by Mr. D e g a s ; a n d , " V e s t s i g n i f i c a n t o f a l l , -.here i s no* requirement that the d e c i d i n g a u t h o r i t i e s give c o n s i d e r a t i o n t o the Pacts developed a t the p u b l i c h e a r i n g . a d d i t i o n a l l v , I sp-fee " i t s many or* t h e w i t n e s s e s a p p e a r i n g a t t h e h e a r i n g , a s r e p o r t e d i n t h e p r e s s and o r t e l e v i s i o n , t h a t t h e f i r s t end most i m p o r t a n t i s s u e t h a t n e e d s t o be d e c i d e d on t h e b a s i s o f f a c t s developed, on a p u b l i c r e c o r d i s t h e p r o b l e m o f w h e t h e r t r i e r o i s a need f o r s u c h a b r i d g e • My s e c o n d p o i n t h a s a p p a r e n t l y b e e n r a t h e r f u l l y c o v e r e d h e r e t o fore a t the public hearing. However, I w i s h t o add my v o i c e and g i v e my s u p p o r t t o t h e p o s i t i o n t h a t t r i e b r i d g e i s n e i t h e r n e e d e d nor d e s i r a b l e a t Three S i s t e r s I s l a n d s . Among o t t e r r e a s o n s , i t i s n o t needed b e c a u s e o f t h e c l o s e p r o x i m i t y o f t h e p r o p o s e d s i t e t o K e y , Memorial and R o o s e v e l t I s l a n d B r i d g e s . F i n a l l y , t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s I s l a n d s l o c a t i o n w o u l d r e s u l t i n an u n n e c e s s a r y s p o l i a t i o n o f t h e Potomac P a l i s a d e s a n d t h e s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a ( N a t i o n a l P a r k l a n d s ) ; a d e v a s t a t i o n t o t h e G e o r g e t o w n w a t e r f r o n t ; and a p a t h f o r t h e f u t u r e and f u r t h e r s p o l i a t i o n o f t h e n a t u r a l b e a u t i e s p r e s e n t l y embraced i n G l o v e r - A r c h i b a l d D a r k . ctfullv Submitted, Robert I " . Hislop * December 19, 1970 A r 1 i n g t o n, V i • g i n i a �COMMONWEALTH DEPARTMENT OF OF VIRGINIA HIGHWAYS xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 Deconber 2 1 , 1970 A ; ; \ \ -<C"^ \ Mr. E . P. R i v i n u s 6826 Old Chesterbrook Road McLean, V i r g i n i a 22101 Dear Mr. R i v i n u s : /X \ S u b j e c t : Route 2 6 5 / P r 6 j e c t 0266-000-101,0501 \ \y , 0066-000-103,3605 A r l i n g t o n Ccvnty^and Uaahington, D C Thank you f o r your corrrur.iaation o f Decenber 1 7 , 1970. I t i s bein?». forwarded to the o f f i c e o f the i ' a y o r - C o n a i s s i c n e r , Washington, D C , f o r i n c l u s i o n i n the record o f the 1-266 ( T h r e e S i s t e r s i i r i d ^ e ) hearing. / / \ ; \ / fionT i n t e r e s t i n t h i s toatter i s very much a p p r e c i a t e d . \ \ \ \ \ \^ /' / Sincerely, / D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer DBH pk cc - Mr Martin K S c h a l l e r , with correspondence. �E. F. PJVINUS RECEIVED DEPT. OF VEC21 HIGHWAYS 1970 DIST. OFFICE' CULPEPER. VA', E . F . R.ViNUS 6326 CLD CI ILSTEREKOOK M C L E A N , va. 22101 RD. �C O M M O N W E A L T H D E P A R T M E N T OF O F VIRGINIA H I G H W A Y S BOS 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 December 2 1 , 1970 Mrs. F l o r e n c e F a r r a l l 205 Itosnoad D r i v e Alexandria, V i r g i n i a 22305 Dear Mrs. F a r r e l l : S u b j e c t : Route 266, P r o j e c t 0266-000-101,0501 <" < ; 0066-000-103,B605 A r l i n g t o n Comity and Washington, D C /**\ S *v Thank you f o r your ccrnr-un l e n t ion of December 15, 1970, I t 13 b e i n s forwarded to the o f f i c e of the !!ayor-Ccr:nis3ioriar, Washington, D C , f o r i n c l u s i o n i n the record of the 1-266 (Three S i s t c r 3 Bridge) hearing. Your I n t e r e s t i n t h i s c a t t e r i s v e r y nuch appreciated. Sincerely, D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer DBH pk cc - Mr Martin K S c h a l l e r , with correspondence. �RECEIVED DEPT. OF DEC21 HIGHWAYS 1970 DIST OFFICE CULPEPER, VA', ~'r �C O M M O N W E A L T H DEPARTMENT O F VIRGINIA OF HIGHWAYS BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 December 2 1 1970 s •• t Mrs. John V. K r u t i l l a 6609 B e v e r l y Avenue McLean, V i r g i n i a 22101 Dear Mrs. K r u t i l l a : S u b j e c t : Route 266, P r o j e c t 0266-000-101,C501 < <( 0066-000-103, B605 A r l i n g t o n County and Washington, D C y •—s. X. S AT- < Thank you f o r your cocmunication of Decenber 17, 1970. I t i s being forwarded to the o f f i c e of the Mayor-Corarissioner, Washington, D C, f o r i n c l u s i o n i n the record of the 1-266 (Three S i s t e r s Bridge) hearing,, J Your i n t e r e s t I n t h i s n a t t e r i s v e r y much appreciated. ( ( <\ *v \ Siacer^ly, D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer DBH pk c c - Mr Martin K S c h a l l e r , with correspondence. �1-14CC01 CD Beverly & v* �C O M M O N W E A L T H O F DEPARTMENT OF RECEIVED V I R G I N I A HIGHWAYS DEPT. OF HIGHWAYS D E C 1 7 1970 DIST. OFFICE CULPEPER, VA. fteeeaaer It, IS73 l-t&t A r l I n ^ t e a County a r . Sa©r$e l . . Cfeassv.it, J r . t } 0 i tf. Veraee I t r e e t A r l l a g t a a , V i r g i n i a £223/ D e a r Mr. C h e i n u t i t'r. P«s*t« cur Canal f t l o s e r , b a a h e a d e d e e y o u r l e t t e r i a t a d 8«a«f?ber l a c o n c e r n i n g y©*r d e e I f * c f ts»24§ A r t l f i f i M U v R t y , a 9 / X v \ A t p e r y o u r r e p e a t , we a r e eeaweawte e e r t t a H a - d l a year t e t t e r pert of ftna p u o t 2e bee f l e e , r e t a r d to *« e<Mf»id<sr<&d * y tiie > Hl=;:.wiy L„,-...?i«jie!) i n • • • i f , r-2-4 i » * p. ; io« o«*s I w i i i c h rniil isa w i l l i s a d I n t a f t liapertaat ea-iiaeftl of t h a f a t a r s t a t e S y a t e i s , Ve« a r l a g up M a y a e t a t a • e t e r v a t f a n s l a r o a r l e t t e f . we * i r e a t t a c k i n g a bf?r,^ur« w&tcft v e u r e v o r aiay eo« n e v e entitled "S-a&e Detlaa H e a r lag I n f e e a e t t o a • v f t l e h - l i v e s tha i a e i o j i e a t a t I ft f a c o n c i s e .*orm. I t a H o I n d i c a t e ! tha ttetttft o f tf»e Intnretftte S y s t e w l a tfaefel&stoa, s . C. Ptetroealf t e a a r e * wklafe w o u l d s e r v e t h e t r a f f l e e a t a f 1*264* I t w t t ! k e Ilka C o M t e t f o a ' i <4ee*leatec p u r p o s e to s e e (feat t h e environmental *>nd s o c i a l e f f e c t * o f flout* t6d w i l l ke k a l e t o the fclffceftt f a r * l a a e s t h e t i c * e n d c e n p a t f o t t l t y w l t h t&a t u / r o w a - J i n a •fe#« : Thsatt y«« e f © l a f o r y o u r letter and y o u r e e s s s a a t * . ¥ery trwly yours* F. 0 . C o l d ! r e e L o s a t i o n e n a &e*Saa C o g l i t e e r cei EC i Mr* Mr. Mr. Mr. Mr. to J. A. B. H. Roy £. K. 8, M. Iakla« J r . Ha m o o d Hunsbarger HopeShaver, J r . �2306 H. Vernon S t . A r l i n g t o n , V i r g i n i a 22207 12 December 1970 Mr. Douglas/f. Fu?ate, Commissioner Departnenyof Highways Coamonw^ilta of V i r g i n i a Richmond, V i r g i n i a 23219 r < «e^^i V Attat De&r Cosaiaaloner Fugatai of 1-266, A r l i n g t o i County Mr. fcoldirc •* W i l l you please include the f o l l o w i r g comments on the proposed design of I-266 i n Arlington and the Three S i s t e r s Bridge i a your record of the design hearing opening on IA December! The design includes many awkward and hasardous f e a t u r e s . These r e s u l t from zany successive ramp e n t r i e s , marges, crossovers, and road separations w i t h i n l e s s than a u i l e on the V i r g i n i a s i d e . Some epproximate measurements and the estimates of the design engineers f o r 1990 t r a f f i c are shown i n the accompanying t a b l e . When one compares the ramp and crossover lengths with those t h a t are w a l l known to ba overloaded during rush hours today, i t becomes quite c l e a r t h a t tho lengths are sirrply r o t enougn to accommodate the queues that develop, ilarardous backups w i l l develop on the through sources, and hasardous jockeying among d r i v e r s i n the crossovers w i l l be ooaaon. These hazarde are the n a t u r a l r e s u l t of tha mistake of t r y i n g to duplicate a u s e f u l e x i s t i n g road i n a narrow v a l l e y . The design i s bad because the l o c a t i o n i s bad. P e c u l i a r l y , the design would carry a l l b r i d g e approaches on the V i r g i n i a side under the e x i s t i n g arch o f the sastbound lane o f George Washington Parkway, and over the e x i s t i n g westbound lane o f Spout Run Parkway. The engineering p o s s i b i l i t i e s may e x i s t . The p s y c n o l c T i c a l e f f e c t of a 3~decder system i n slowing up d r i v e r s may or may not be great, but i t i s l i k e l y to be unequal and to add hazards of unequal speed. I n any case the e f f e c t of such a b i z a r r e system i n marring the l i n e s of the V i r g i n i a p a l i s a d e s , added to that of the Three S i s t e r s Bridge i t s e l f , w i l l be s u b s t a n t i a l and d i s p l e a s i n g . I n considering any design, we should a l l bear i n mind that t h e l o c a t i o n i s p a r t of the design and tho purpose i s tha reason f o r the design. I f the purpose i s to move long-distance t r u c k s into Washington, what d i s t r i b u t i n g center i s found i n the Georgetown area? I f i t i s to move cccaauters, where can t h e i r cars be stacked? Bather than to d i f f u s e and m u l t i p l y i n d i v i d u a l cars on more and more roads that eat up bouses, businesses, and open space, does i t not make more sense to plan systems to move more people per v s h i c i e ? A broad restudy of the whole transportation problem i s c u r s l y i n order. Very t r u l y yours, rt George L. Cheanut, J r . 1/ �R e p r e s e n t a t i v e t r a f f i c estimates on ramps and crossovers Length in feet Source t r a f f i c E3L 1-66 into EEL 1-266 and Ramp H 500 50,630 Ramp H (Lee Hwy. ESL 1-266) 640 22,730 plus 22,730 Location into Ramp H—EBL 1-266 i n t o 1700 EBL I-266—Ramp K ( c r o s s o v e r ) EBL 1-266 to Spout Run EBL 1-266—Spout Run t&rossover 800 1000 Ramp t r a f f i c ( c a r s per day) 17,250 22,700 5,450 22,700 22,700 (both sources) 22,700 17,250 plus 5,450 17,250 17,250 48,950 31,750 plus 17,250 48,950 43,450 plus 5,500 Spout Run to George Wa3hin ton Pkwy. 625 48,950 5,500 WBL 1-266 200 43,450 26,200 to Spout Run Lane entered Source: 19,970 minimum 31,700 1990 t r a f f i c estimates, design plan Some e x i s t i n g c o n d i t i o n s , for comparison Key Bridge into WBL George Washington Pkwy. Pentagon Mixing Bowl (each way) 1000 600 32,064 19,250 plus est. 11,000 58,750 24,970 19,450 plus 33,300 (no balance, counts taken a t remote p o i n t s ) Source: 1969 counts, A r l i n g t o n County Departnent o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ��. . irw m i l UTI FALLS CHURCH, FAIRTAX CITY AND PANT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY %)o\\$t of & > j r * ^ _ Kkshtagton, 3 M C 2051^-^ December 22, Mr„ T h o m a s F . A i r i s , D i r e c t o r D e p a r t m e n t o f Highways and Traffic D i s t r i c t of Columbia Government Washington, J J C 0 0 Dear S i r : Tha a t t a c h e d communication, or p e r t i n e n t e x t r a c t s thereof, i s sent for ycur consideration. Please investigate t h e s t a t e m e n t s c o n t a i n e d t h e r e i n and f o r w a r d me t h e n e c e s s a r y i n f o r m a t i o n f o r r e p l y r e t u r n i n g the enclosed correspondence w i t h your answer. Any a s s i s t a n c e y o u c a n p r o p e r l y r e n d e r t o w a r d a c c o m p l i s h i n g t h e o b j e c t i v e s t a t e d i n t h e e n c l o s u r e w i l l be a p p r e c i a t e d . With best wishes, I am Sincerely, J o e l T. Broyhill, il.C. �rew WASHINGTON-LEE HIGH SCHOOL ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA December 1 3 , 1970 Honorable J o e l B r o y h i l l House o f R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. 20515 Dear Congressman B r o y h i l l : Washington-Lee H i g h S c h o o l i n A r l i n g t o n , V i r g i n i a , has one o f t h e more o u t s t a n d i n g r o w i n g programs I n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . T h i s s u c c e s s f u l program w o u l d n o t be p o s s i b l e w i t h o u t t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e o u t s t a n d i n g r a c e c o u r s e now a v a i l a b l e on t h e Potomac R i v e r i n t h e Key B r i d g e - T h r o e S i s t e r s B r i d g e a r e a . Tha program i s h i g h l y b e n e f i c i a l t o h u n d r e d s o f y o u t h , n o t o n l y c u r i n g e a c h s c h o o l y e a r , b u t duri n g t h e summer months as w e l l . I t i s t h e r e f o r e of c o n s i d e r a b l e concern to l e a r n t h a t t h e c o u r s e might be d i s p l a c e d from i t s p r e s e n t s i t e by one o f t h e p r o p o s a l s f o r design of the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . I am w r i t i n g i n b e h a l f o f t h e membership o f t h e Washington-Lee Crew B o o s t e r s . We a r e j u s t i f i a b l y proud o f our craw program, and t h e boys I n i t , i n c l u d i n g t h o s e f r o m competing s c h o o l s . The crew program a t Washington-Lee t h i s y e a r i n v o l v e s o v e r one hundred boys competing and rowing-, ( a s h a s been t h a case f o r o v e r twenty y e a r s ) . Many o t h e r b o y s , and soma g i r l s , a r e i n v o l v e d , p a r t i c u l a r l y d u r i n g t h e summer months. The o u t s t a n d i n g r a c e c o u r s e t o r u n che 60 f o o t l o n g s h e l l s , and many s m a l l e r o n e s , i s e s s e n t i a l i f t h e program i s t o c o n t i n u e . I t i s p r i m a r i l y f o r t h e boys i n t h e craw program, and f o r t h e o t h e r y o u n g s t e r s i n v o l v e d , t h a t we r e q u e s t y o u r a s s i s t a n c e and c o o p e r a t i o n i n s e c u r i n g t h e p r o p e r b r i d g e d e s i g n . I t i s a b s o l u t e l y e s s e n t i a l t h a t che " t h r e e span a l t e r n a t e " w h i c h does not a f f e c t our r a c e c o u r s e , and w h i c h has no p i e r o r p i e r s i n t h e m i d d l e o f t h e r i v e r , be adopted f o r t h e b r i d g e d e s i g n . A l l t h a good t h a t was a c c o m p l i s h e d i n 1962 by t h e r e m o v a l o f t h e o l d Aquaduct B r i d g e p i e r s would be n e g a t e d i f t h i s b r i d g e i s i m p r o p e r l y designed and b u i l t . Our crew program can n o t c o n t i n u e w i t h o u t t h i s r a c e c o u r s e . The b r o a d community i n t e r e s t i n c r e w i n g i s c l e a r f r o m t h e f a c t t h a t s i x o t h e r N o r t h e r n V i r g i n i a h i g h s c h o o l s , t h e l o c a l c o l l e g e s , and o t h e r v i s i t i n g c r a w s , compete i n r a c e s on t h i s c o u r s e . Any a s s i s t a n c e y o u can g i v e us i n s e c u r i n g t h a " t h r e e s p a n a l t e r n a t e " d e s i g n be g r e a t l y a p p r e c i a t e d . Thank y o u k i n d l y . will Respectfully yours, Mrs. J e a n A r t h u r s Washington-Lee Crew B o o s t e r Chairman • �RECEIVED O F F l C c OF iHe -•! 3 C O T tin ROBERT'l".' DEC 23 2 'S'ALOSCHIN isPH'rJ t 0 6603 LONE OAK DRIVE BETHESDA. MARYLAND �r o MMON^-:\m! OF\ i R ( i JOHN E. HARWOOD, D O U G L A S B. F U G A T E . COMMISSIONER G. L. BAUGHAN. L U R A Y . V A . DOUGLAS G JANNEY. F R E D E R I C K S B U R G , VA. W. F R E D DUCKWORTH, N O R F O L K . VA. E A R L A. F I T Z P A T R I C K , R O A N O K E . VA. THOMAS R. G L A S S . L Y N C H B U R G , VA. RUFUS T. H A I R 3 T 0 N . B R I S T O L . V A . L E R O Y E A K I N , JR., M c L E A N , V A . R C B F R T S. W E A V E R , JR.. V I C T O R I A . V A . D E P U T Y COMMISSIONER & C H I E F ENGINEER A. B. E U R E , D I R E C T O R OF ADMINISTRATION A. K. H U N S B E R G E R , D I R E C T O R O F E N G I N E E R I N G J. V. C L A R K E , D I R E C T O R O F O P E R A T I O N S D E P A R T M E N T O F W. S. G. B R I T T O N , H I G H W A Y S D I R E C T O R O F PROGRAMMING AND PLANNING R I C H M O N D , VA. 2 3 2 1 9 IN R E P L Y P L E A S E R E F E R TO P. B. :OLDIRON LOCATION AND DESIGN ENGINEER December 24, 1970 I n t e r s t a t e Route 266 Arlington County and Washington, D . C . J o i n t Design P u b l i c Hearing Mr. Leonard A. DeGast Assistant Director Office of Plannina and Proaramming 415 12th S t r e e t , N. W. Washington, D. C. 20004 Dear Mr. DeGast: Attached are copies of correspondence from Mr. F . C. Turner and Senator Harry F . Byrd, J r . , concerning the above described p r o j e c t . Please include t h i s correspondence i n your p u b l i c hearing Yours very — v / » record. truly, P. B. Coldiron Location and Design Engineer JMT/clc �COMMONWEALTH DEPARTMENT OF OF December 24, VIRGINIA HIGHWAYS 1970 I n t e r s t a t e Route 266 Arlington County and Washington, D. C . J o i n t Design P u b l i c Hearing Mr. Leonard A. DeOast Asslst-nt Director Office of Planning and Programming 415 12th S t r e e t , N. W. Washington, D. C. 20004 Dear Mr. De3ast: Attached are c c c i o s ofr CQfresprodence from f!r. F . C. Turner and Senator Harry F . Syrd, J r . , concerning t h e abeveNdescribed r r o . v c t . /V \ \ / / Please include t h i s correspondence i n your p u b l i c hearing \ V \ record. Yjmr^very, t r u l y , P. B. Coldiron Location and Design Engineer JMT/clc �U.S. D E P A R T M E N T OF T R A N S P O R T A T I O N FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION W A S H I N G T O N . D.C. 2053V OFFICE OF THE ADMINISTRATOR : j ' i ! DEC X I £73 Honorable Harry F. ByTd, J r . U n i t e d S t a t e s Senate Washington* D. C. 20510 Dear Senator Byrd: T h i s v i l l acknowledge r e c e i p t of your l e t t e r o f December 1, signed by a l l members o f che Congress from the Commonwealth of V i r g i n i a , u r g i n g the. e a r l y c o n s t r u c t i o n of the Three S i s t e r s Bridge and the c o n n e c t i n g segments o f I n t e r s t a t e Route 265 i n V i r g i n i a . I s h a r e your concern over the d e l a y s I n t h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n and a s s u r e you o f c u r i n t e n t i o n t o tr.ovc an promptly es p o s s i b l e , both i n V i r g i n i a and i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, toward completion of t h e s e I n t e r s t a t e route segments f o l l o w i n g t h a r e s o l u t i o n of c u r r e n t l e g a l q u e s t i o n s which a r e now under c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n the c o u r t s . P u b l i c h e a r i n g s now scheduled by t h e ' D i s t r i c t Government and by the Commonwealth or V i r g i n i a a r c expected to c l e a r t h e way f o r advancement o f the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e toward completion. I a p p r e c i a t e v e r y much your support f o r t h i s program as evidenced I n t h e l e t t e r you signed.. Sincerely yours e F . G. T u r n e r Federal H;~hwsy Administrator ( I d e n t i c a l l e t t e r sent to each of the t e n Congressmen oa the attached l i s t . ) ' and one Senator . ' RECEIVED D E C 1 3 1370 •V f °f[ �Honorable W i l l i a m B. Spong, J r . United S t a t e s Senate Washington, D. C. 20510 ** Honorable Watkins M. A b b i t t House of R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s Washington, D. C. 20515 • • • ' • . " Honorable J o e l T. B r o y h i l l House of R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s Washington, D. C. 20515 .. • " *. • Honorable R i c h a r d H. P o f f House of R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s Washington, D. C. 20515 Honorable Thomas N. Downing House of R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s Washington, D. C. 20515 "". .•* ''" Honorable John.O. Marsh, J r . House of R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s Washington, D. C. 20515 Honorable David E . S a t t e r f i e l d , 3d House of R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s Washington, D. C. 20515 Honorable W i l l i a m C. Wampler House of R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s Washington, D. C. 20515 Honorable W i l l i a m L. S c o t t House of R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s Washington.*D. C. 20515 Honorable G. W i l l i a m Whitehurst House of R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s Washington, D. C. 20515 Honorable W. C. (Dan) D a n i e l House of R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s Washington, D . _ . 20515 ._C . - '• ": . • . t . - *• - �VlhUNl* TtitrwoNLi 7'J2.-\zao I UAMVILLC. 1 24541 ARMCDSCD v i c e s C o n g r e s s of tlje (HitiiCli S t a t e s %)Qiis& of Scprcscittatiuesf KfasIj(nsfo« D.C. 20515 f December l f F 1970 Mr. F r a n c i s C. T u r n e r , Administrator F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n 400 S i x t h S t r e e t , S. W. W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. 20591 D e a r Mr. _ . . ...... Turner: We, t h e u n d e r s i g n e d members o f t h e C o n g r e s s f r o m t h e Commonwealth o f V i r g i n i a , b e l i e v e t h a t c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e a n d t h e c o n n e c t i n g I n t e r s t a t e 266 spur i n V i r g i n i a i s e s s e n t i a l i f the Washington metropolitan area i s t o h a v e an a d e q u a t e , b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m , and i t should proceed without a d d i t i o n a l delay. T h e H i g h w a y ' D e p a r t m e n t o f V i r g i n i a and t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, the former U n i t e d S t a t e s Bureau of P u b l i c Roads, and the p r e s e n t U n i t e d S t a t e s Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n h a v e c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e d t h a t t r a f f i c f - c r e c a s t s p o i n t t o an o v e r w h e l m i n g - n e e d f o r a b r i d g e o v e r t h e Potomac R i v e r i n the Three S i s t e r s Area. Such a c l e a r l y demonstrated need l e d to the i n c l u s i o n o f t h e b r i d g e a n d I n t e r s t a t e 266 a s p a r t s o f t h e i n t e r s t a t e h i g h w a y s y s t e m ' i n 1960. I n s u b s e q u e n t y e a r s i t h a s become i n c r e a s i n g l y evident t h a t t h i s bridge-and-highway f a c i l i t y i s a m u s t , i f t h e n e e d s o f a l l t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h e Commonw e a l t h of V i r g i n i a — and e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e l i v i n g i n t h e a r e a s a d j a c e n t to the D i s t r i c t of Columbia — a r e t o be adequately served. The w e l l - k n o w n p r e s e n t t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n i n t h i s area i s expensive to V i r g i n i a motorists, and i t acfds s u b s t a n t i a l l y t o t h e c o s t s i n t h e d e l i v e r y o f g o o d s w i t h i n this area. . - •-I n M a r c h o f 19 6 8 t h e G e n e r a l A s s e m b l y o f V i r g i n i a adopted the a t t a c h e d r e s o l u t i o n , e x p r e s s i n g i t s d e s i r e f o r a prompt a u t h o r i z a t i o n o f t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e and p o i n t i n g o u t t h a t - t h e a d d i t i o n a l Potomac R i v e r c r o s s i n g i n the ,„....-„ RECEIVED �'Mr. F r a n c i s C. P a g e Two Turner D e c e m b e r 1 , 19 70 T h r e e S i s t e r s a r e a a s a p a r t o f t h e i n t e r s t a t e s y s t e m was a b a s i c f a c t o r i n t h e d e c i s i o n t h a t I n t e r s t a t e 66 w o u l d p r o v i d e a s a t i s f a c t o r y c o n n e c t i o n between W a s h i n g t o n and t h e D u l l e s International Airport. I f the bridge i s not constructed, D u l l e s t r a f f i c w i l l f i n d t h e Potomac c r o s s i n g a b o t t l e n e c k so s e v e r e a s t o s u b s t a n t i a l l y n u l l i f y t h e h i g h - s p e e d , l i m i t e d a c c e s s c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n W a s h i n g t o n and t h e a i r p o r t . I t s h o u l d a l s o be b o r n e i n m i n d t h a t i n 19 6 8 t h e C o n g r e s s of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s s p e c i f i c a l l y e x p r e s s e d i t s d e s i r e t h a t t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e be c o n s t r u c t e d p r o m p t l y . I t i s , of course, imperative that environmental values r e c e i v e c a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n t h e d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e b r i d g e a n d t h e c o n n e c t i n g s p u r r o u t e . We f e e l t h a t t h e r e i s s u f f i c i e n t c o n c e r n and competence i n t h e V i r g i n i a and D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Highway Departments and the U n i t e d S t a t e s Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o assure f u l l c o n s i d e r a t i o n of . t h e s e v a l u e s , a n d we r e i t e r a t e o u r d e s i r e t h a t t h e s e p r o j e c t s move f o r w a r d w i t h o u t f u r t h e r d e l a y . �HOUSE J O I N T R E S O L U T I O N NO. 1C8 .*.•._•-, Memorializing Stales the members of the delegation from Virginia to assure to the Congress the prompt • of the authorization . posed Three Sisters Bridge across the Potomac "••*"' of the pro- River. Offered March 6, 1968- * _ • " . ,. United >'.:'• St . P a t r o n — M r . Daniel, \V. C. R e f e r r e d to the Committee on Federal Relations W h e r e a s , the United States Department of Transportation 13 conside r i n g disapproval of the proposed Three-Sisters Bridge across the Potomac R i v e r connecting A r l i n g t o n County and the District of Columbia a r e a : and W h e r e a s , this bridge is a n essential part of Interstate Route 2 6 5 ; and W h e r e a s , planning for this crossing has been underway since Junet h i r t y , nineteen hundred s i x t y , when Interstate 266 w i t h a bridge across the Potomac w a s first approved by the United. States Bureau of Public R o a d s ; and . • W h e r e a s , all traffic forecasts made by responsible highway authorities Indicate a n overwhelming need for a bridge over the Potomac in the T h r e e S i s t e r s a r e a ; and Whereas, the interstate plan for Northern V i r g i n i a is entirely compatible w i t h proposed mass t r a n s i t facilities in that area, and is v i t a l to a s s u r e a n adequate, balanced transportation system; and W h e r e a s , designation of an additional Potomac R i v e r crossing i n the T h r e e S i s t e r s area as a part of the interstate system was a basic factor in the decision that Interstate 66 would provide a satisfactory connection between Washington and the Dulles International A i r p o r t access r o a d ; and W h e r e a s , the V i r g i n i a Department of Highways has worked closely w i t h federal, regional and local agencies i n developing plans for the proposed r i v e r crossing and interstate connection; now, therefore, be it Resolved by the House of Delegates, the Senate concurring, T h a t the G e n e r a l Assembly of \ ' i r g i n i a urges that V i r g i n i a members of the Congress of the U n i t e d States exert a l l possible efforts to assure the prompt authorization for c a r r y i n g out plans originally approved by federal authorities in nineteen hundred s i x t y to construct these integral segments of t h e J n t e r - K t b 11V L D �House Joint Resolution No. 1GS 2 state highway system. T h e c l e r k of the House of Delegates is directed to' send to each member of the V i r g i n i a delegation to the C o n g r e s s of the United States a copy of t h i s r e s o l u t i o n . • • ...... • ,•• :f:-RECEIVED. ! DEC 1 8 1070 �C M O W A T OF VlhGiNIA OMNELH D E P A R T M E N T O F H I G H W A Y S xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 January 6, 1971 Mrs. Fred D. Melino 4728 North 26th S t r e e t A r l i n g t o n , V i r g i n i a 22207 Bear Mrs. Melino: Subject: Route 266, P r o l e c t 0266-000-101,C501 / 0266-000-103,3605 A r l i n g t o n County and Washington, D C Thank you f o r y o u r comraunlcation o f January 3 regarding tha proposed Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e P r o l e c t . I t i s being forwarded t o the o f f i c e of the 1'ayorCommissloner, Washington, D C f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . Your i n t e r e s t i n t h i s n a t t e r i 3 very much appreciated. <Z\ Sincerely, D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer DBH pk c c - Mr Martin K S c h a l l e r , with correspondence. �J a n u a r y 3, 1 9 7 1 Mr. D. B. Hope, D i s t r i c t Department o f Highways Culpeper, Va. 22701 Engineer Dear Mr. Hope, I r e a l i z e t h i s l e t t e r w i l l be r e c e i v e d a l i t t l e l a t e , not too l a t e , I hope, t o be i n c l u d e d i n t h e p r o t e s t a g a i n s t the Three S i s t e r s Bridge. both my husband and T, t a x p a y i n g c i t i z e n s o f A r l i n g t o n County, a r e v e r y much opposed t o t h e planned b r i d g e . V/e cannot s e e where i t w i l l a l l e v i a t e t h e t r a f f i c problems a l r e a d y o p p r e s s i n g t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, n e t t o mention t h e horrendous p a r k i n g problem. I t couldn't p o s s i b l y c l e a r up t h e a i r p o l l u t i o n caused by t h e number o f motor v e h i c l e s t r a v e l l i n g i n t o the D i s t r i c t d a i l y . B e s i d e s t h e acove mentioned, we see i t a s a t h r e a t t o the b e a u t i f u l s c e n e r y around George Washington Parkway and (Hover A r c h i b a l d r a r k . We v e r y much need t h e r e m a i n i n g g r e e n e r y t h a t we now have f o r our c h i l d r e n t o enjoy i n t h e future. We'd l i k e a l s o t o e x p r e s s our d i s g u s t a t t h e plans, f o r the North C e n t r a l Freeway, t h e l a s t t h i n g Washington needs 1 We a l r e a a y a r e l a c k i n g i n adequate p l a c e s f o r people t o l i v e ; s u r e l y we c o u l d make good use o f e x i s t i n g housing f a c i l i t i e s u n t i l we can come up w i t h something b e t t e r . We'd l i k e t o see t h e money t h a t i s being dumped i n t o t h e s e two w o r t h l e s s p r o j e c t s be g i v e n t o making t h e proposed Metro S y s t e m b e t t e r , — a more economical t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system f o r the people o f t h e D i s t r i c t and surrounding a r e a s . T h a t money c o u l d go t o make s u r e t h e p l a n s a r e c o m p l e t e l y adequate and e f f i c i e n t . We and many o f our f r i e n d s a r e r e a l l y l o o k i n g f o r w a r d t o the day Metro i s r u n n i n g ! Sincerely, �D U L L E S INDUSTRIAL AEROSPACE P. O . BOX PARK. INC. 17212 DULLES INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT W A S H I N G T O N , D. C . 20041 TELEPHONE. (703) 471-1455 December 28, 1970 Mr. M a r t i n S c h a l l e r E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y to t h e Mayor District Building 1 4 t h a n d E S t r e e t s , NW W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. 20004 D e a r Mr. S c h a l l e r : I wish to lend our support to the e f f o r t to cons t r u c t t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e a s recommended b y t h e D i s t r i c t and V i r g i n i a highway departments. T h i s f a c i l i t y i s needed f o r improved a c c e s s t o Dulles International Airport. The p r e s e n t facilities s e r v i n g D u l l e s a r e n o t adequate and i t i s i m p o r t a n t t h a t the Three S i s t e r s Bridge be c o n s t r u c t e d to t i e i n t o t h e l i m i t e d a c c e s s D u l l e s Highway and w i t h other roads i n the Washington Metropolitan area. The p r e d i c t e d i n c r e a s e i n p a s s e n g e r and c a r g o t r a f f i c i n and o u t o f D u l l e s makes i t i m p e r a t i v e t h a t ground t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s be c o n s t r u c t e d so t h a t t h e A i r p o r t w i l l be adequately served. Very truly DULLES Paul Vice PG:cg yours, I N D U S T R I A L AEROSPACE PARK, I N C . I . Gr inberg,j J r . President �Real Estate President Associates of Virginia, inc. Peyton Klopfenstein Vice 6231 Leesburg Pike, Suite 206 • • Falls Church, Va. 22044 President Pete Floros Area Code 703 • • 534-6040 Secretary-Treasurer Tom L. Barrow Senior Associate Harry W. Bendall Associate Brokers George Dewey, Jr. James J. MacPherson Associates December 2 8 , 1 9 7 0 Ruth W. H i l l Juan J. Valldejuli Eugene J. Rice Peter G. Roushakes Richard C. Dunham Mr. M a r t i n S c h a l l e r E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y t o t h e Mayor District Building 1 4 t h & E S t r e e t s , N.W. W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. 2 0 0 0 ^ D e a r Mr. Schaller: I t i s i m p e r a t i v e t h a t t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e be c o n s t r u c t e d w i t h o u t any f u r t h e r d e l a y . I t was my u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t a l l g o v e r n m e n t a l a u t h o r i t i e s i n c l u d i n g t h e F I N E ARTS COMMISSION had endorsed t h e t h r e e spanned d e s i g n . If delay? this i s t h e c a s e , why s h o u l d t h e r e by any f u r t h e r PK/lml COMMERCIAL, INDUSTRIAL & INVESTMENT VIRGINIA • MARYLAND • WASHINGTON, D.C. �C O M M O N W F A L T H DEPARTMENT O F OF VIRGINIA HIGHWAYS : j JAM xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 December 30, 1970 Mrs. L . H. Martin 2520 H. 23rd Road Arlington, Virginia 22207 K f i 1 n \ \ Dear Mrs. Martin: - Subject: Route 266, P r o j e c t 0266-000-101,C501 0266-000-103,B605 A r l i n g t o n County and Washington, D C Thank you f o r your conmunlcatlon of December 26 regarding tha proposed Three S i s t e r s Bridge P r o j e c t . I t i s being forwarded to the o f f i c e of the MayorCommissioner, Washington, D C f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . Your i n t e r e s t i n t h i s matter i s v e r y much appreciated. \ \ \ <r Sincerely, 1 S / D, B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer DBS pk / i c c - Mr Martin K S c h a l l e r , v i t h correspondence. �RECEIVED DEPT. OF HIGHWAYS DEC29 1970 DIST. OFFICE' CULPEPER, VA\ �2*32 �C O M M O N W E A L T H DEPARTMENT OF OF VIRGINIA HIGHWAYS XXXXXXXJC BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 December 30, 1970 Kr. Paul E . Lemmon 2413 North Kennore S t r e e t A r l i n g t o n , V i r g i n i a 22207 Dear Mr. Lemmon: "•• Subject: • Route 1-66, A r l i n g t o n County P r o j e c t C066-0C0-102,C505,C507 and Route 266, P r o j e c t 0266-000-101,C501 0266-000-103,B605 A r l i n g t o n County and Washington, D C Thank you f o r your communication of December 21 regarding the s u b j e c t p r o j e c t s . Your o r i g i n a l l a t t e r i s being submitted to our L o c a t i o n aud Design Engineer and a copy i s being forwarded to Mr l i a r t i n K S c h a l l e r , of tha o f f i c e of the Mayor-Corroir.sioner, Washington, D C, f o r information on these proposed p r o j e c t s . Your i n t e r e s t i n these p r o j e c t s i s appreciated. Sincerely, D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer DBH pk c c - Mr. Martin K S c h a l l e r , with correspondence. �2lil3 North Kenraore S t r e e t A r l i n g t o n , V i r g i n i a 2220? December 2 1 , 1970 Mr. D. D. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer V i r g i n i a Highway Department Culpepcr, V i r g i n i a Dear Mr. Re: D e s i g n P u b l i c H e a r i n g s - 1-66 Re: D e s i g n P u b l i c H e a r i n g - 1-266 Hooe: On s e v e r a l o c c a s i o n s I have r e g i s t e r e d my o b j e c t i o n s to p r o p o s a l s , p l a n s , and a c t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the A r l i n g t o n p o r t i o n o f I n t e r s t a t e 1-66, the I n t e r s t a t e Segment 1-266, and the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . Being a member and o f f i c i a l o f an i m p o r t a n t A r l i n g t o n Church ( t h e 4 i e r r y d a l e U n i t e d Methodist Church) which w i l l be harmed by t h e s e c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o p o s a l s i f they a r e e f f e c t e d , and a r e s i d e n t o f A r l i n g t o n who owner, p r o p e r t y t h a t w i l l be a f f e c t e d , I have t r i e d to r a i s e o b j e c t i o n s i n t h e b e s t i n t e r e s t s o f the Church c o n g r e g a t i o n , t h e r e s i d e n t s of A r l i n g t o n County, and o f my own p r o p e r t y i n t e r e s t s , , I am aware o f the Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ' s P o l i c y and P r o c e d u r a l Memorandum dated J a n u a r y 1U, 1969 ( T r a n s m i t t a l l h ? ) . T h i s document appears t o be an e x c e l l e n t g u i d i n g p o l i c y s t a t e m e n t r e f l e c t i n g t h e c u r r e n t a t t i t u d e s o f t h e p e o p l e , the Congress, and the P r e s i d e n t . However, i t appears n e c e s s a r y to' i n s i s t t h a t t h e s e p o l i c y d i r e c t i v e s a r e complied w i t h and many people a t h e a r i n g s , through correspondence and through, t h e news media have r a i s e d grave .doubts. Tne a t t i t u d e s o f the p u b l i c , the Congress and t h e P r e s i d e n t d e a l i n g w i t h a v e r y i m p o r t a n t a r e a i n the development c f our c o u n t r y , the p r o t e c t i o n and enhancement o f t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e environment, have been c r y s t a l l i s e d d u r i n g t h e p a s t s e v e r a l y e a r s as more i n f o r m a t i o n and e x p e r i e n c e has become a v a i l a b l e and as more d i a l o g u e about t h e s e m a t t e r s has taken p l a c e , I r e f e r s p e c i f i c a l l y to t h e E n v i r o n m e n t a l P o l i c y Act"and to the E n v i r o n m e n t a l E d u c a t i o n A c t . I t appears t h a t a w h o l e new l i s t o f c i r c u m s t a n c e s and f a c t o r s need to be c o m p l e t e l y and c a r e f u l l y c o n s i d e r e d b e f o r e any o f the t h r e e p r o p o s a l s f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n can be a d e q u a t e l y viewed i n t h e l i g h t o f the P o l i c y and P r o c e d u r a l Memorandum o f the Highway Department mentioned above. I have r e a d many c f the s t a t e m e n t s cn t h e s e s u b j e c t s " made a t h e a r i n g s , through correspondence and i n t h e news media. I v i s a t o p o i n t out t h a t I am i n complete agreement w i t h the o b j e c t i o n s and f a c t s p r e s e n t e d by K r . L e s l i e Logan, r e p r e s e n t i n g A r l i n g t o n i a n s f o r the P r e s e r v a t i o n o f t h e Potomac P a l i s a d e s and o t h e r o r g a n i s a t i o n s , i n h i s many p r e s e n t a t i o n c o n c e r i n g these m a t t e r s . I r e f e r s p e c i f i c a l l y to h i s , "Statement B e f o r e Commonwealth o f V i r g i n i a Highway Department o f I n t e r s t a t e R o u t e - 6 6 , A r l i n g t o n , V i r g i n i a , September 29, 1970", and t o h i s , "Statement on 1-266, J o i n t P u b l i c H e a r i n g , December 1U, 1970". I i n d o r s e t h e r e s t a t e m e n t s a s my own and w i s h to emphasise them. I am e s p e c i a l l y aware o f t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s needed and expressed i n tha P o l i c y and P r o c e d u r e Memorandum o f J a n u a r y l u , 1969 w i t h r e s p e c t to i t e m s : h ( c ) 5 - P e c r e a t i o n and p a r k s ; U ( c ) 7 - A e s t h e t i c s ; !;(c)10 - R e s i d e n t i a l and neighborhood c h a r a c t e r and l o c a t i o n ; U ( c ) l l - R e l i g i o u s i n s t i t u t i o n s and p r a c t i c e s ; h ( c ) l h - n a t u r a l and h i s t o r i c l a n d m a r k s ; U ( c ) l 5 - n o i s e , and a i r , and w a t e r p o l l u t i o n ; h ( c ) l 6 - * p r o p e r t y v a l u e s ; and h ( c ) 1 9 - e d u c a t i o n ( i n c l u d i n g disruption of school d i s t r i c t o p e r a t i o n s ) . �C u r r e n t l y , and under t h e p r e s e n t e x i s t i n g s t a t u s o f p u b l i c awareness about p r e s e r v i n g and enhancing t h e q u a l i t y o f America's environment, I cannot but c o n c l u d e t h a t a l l o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n i t e m s w i t h w h i c h t h i s l e t t e r r e l a t e s , namely 1-66, 1-266, and t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , must be r e c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e i r e n t i r e t y . I t appears t h a t none o f t h e s e p r o p o s a l s a r e needed a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e . As we.proceed t o c l a r i f y t h e needs and t h e i m p a c t on t h e environment o f t h e s e and many o t h e r p r o p o s a l s t o meet e x i s t i n g t r a n s p o r t a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s , I b e l i e v e o t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e p o r o p o s a l s w i l l be u n v e i l e d t o a d e q u a t e l y handle t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s w i t h o u t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f any o f t h e s e t h r e e i t e m s w i t h w h i c h t h i s l e t t e r i s s p e c i f i c a l l ; concerned. I i m p l o r e you t o c o n s i d e r t h e s e i t e m s c a r e f u l l y and t h o r o u g h l y i n l i n e w i t h your P o l i c y and Procedure d i r e c t i v e s . P l e a s e make t h i s l e t t e r a p a r t o f t h e o f f i c i a l r e p o r t o f h e a r i n g s and c o n s i d e r a t i o n s concerned w i t h t h e s e m a t t e r s . Attachment - a second copy o f t h i s l e t t e r f c r i n c l u s i o n i n 1-266 r e c o r d s . �COMMONWEALTH DEPARTMENT — lu kt-z OF OF VIRGINIA HIGHWAYS xxxxxx:ccxxxxxxxx BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 December 30,1970 n j Mr. R. B. KcAtee Parkway C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n 3200 North 22nd S t r e e t A r l i n g t o n , V i r g i n i a 22201 Dear Mr. KcAtee: Subject: Route 266, P r o j e c t 0266-000-101,0501 0266-000-103,3605 A r l i n g t o n County and Washington, D C Thank you f o r your communication of December 22 regarding the proposed Three S i s t e r s Bridge P r o j e c t . I t i s being forwarded to tha o f f i c e of the hiayorC o n a i s s i o n e r , Washington, D C f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . Your i n t e r e s t i n t h i s n a t t e r i s very much appreciated. Sincerely, D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer DBH pk cc - Mr Martin K S c h a l l e r , with correspondence. �PARKWAY CITIZENS ASSOCIATION 22 December 1970 Mr. D.B.Hep* D i s t r i c t Engineer V i r g i n i a Department * f Highways Culpeper, Va. Sir: Please •f make t h a e n c l e s e d l a t t e r the hearing a part of t h e e f f i c i s . 1 on I n t e r s t a t e 2 6 6 . Respectfully 4 requested J \rtj£d/^r-, R.B.McAtee; C f t r r . S e c , 3200 N 22nd S t A r l i n g t o n , V a . 22201 recerd �PARKWAY CITIZENS ASSOCIATION 2 2 December 1 9 7 0 Mr. D.B.Hopa; D i s t r i c t E n g i n e e r V i r g i n i a D e p a r t m e n t ©f H i g h w a y s Culpeper, / a < Sir: WHEREAS t h e g o a l described the of t h e parkway C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n as I n i t s b y - l a w s adopted f i f t y aesthetic, social and h i s t o r i c y e a r s age i s t e p r e s e r v e qualities of t h e a r e a , and WHEREAS t h e 1-66 and 1-266 ( T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e ) p r o j e c t s w o u l d be d e t r i m e n t a l t e t h e s e A s s s e i a t i o n membership qualities i n t h ^ Parkway C i t i z e n s a r e a c f 900 s i n g l e f a m i l y r e s i d e n c e s . Parkway C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n r e a f f i r m s i t s o p p o s i t i o n t o these p r o j e c t s . Parkway C i t i z s n s A s s s c i a t e o n endorses t h e f i n d i n g s of e x p e r t s that t h e s a i n t e r s t a t a highway p r o j e c t s a r e n o t nsoded, t h a t will seriously they will i n c r e a s e a i r and n o i s e p o l l u t i o n i n o u r a r ? a , t h a t usurp i r r e p l a c e a b l e n a t i o n a l parkland and d e s t r o y tha quality ©f l i f e THEREFORE, P a r k w a y C i t i z e n s that they and h i s t o r i c i n our r e s i d e n t i a l sites, neirhharh'sod; Association respectfully requests t h e D e p a r t m e n t c f H i g h w a y s o f t h e Commenwealth o f V i r g i n i a and t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a Highway D e p a r t m e n t abandon thase prejects. Respectfully submitted, R.B.MoAtee; C o r r . S e c . 5200 N 22nd S t . A r l i n g t o n , V a . 22201 �COMMONWEALTH DEPARTMENT OF OF VIRGINIA HIGHWAYS BOX 671, COLFEFER, VA December 30, 1970 22701 Miss Mayne Parker Alexandria Association Arcttirus on tha Potomac Alexandria, V i r g i n i a 22308 Dear Miss Parker: Subject: Route 266, P r o j e c t 0266-000-101,0501 0266-000-103,B605 A r l i n g t o n County and V'ashington, D C Thank you f o r your communication o f December 23 regarding tha proposed Three S l a t e r s B r i d g e P r o j e c t . I t i s b e i n g forwarded to the o f f i c e of the MayorCommissioner, Washington, D C f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . Your i n t e r e s t i n t h i s matter i s very much appreciated. Sincerely, D, B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer DBH Pk cc - Mr Martin K S c h a l l e r , with correspondence. �Arcturus on t h e Potomac, Alexandria, Virginia 22308 December 2 3 , 1970 Mr. D. B. Hope, D i s t r i c t E n g i n e e r , V i r g i n i a Department of Highways, Culpeper, V i r g i n i a 22701 Dear Mr. Hope: The A l e x a n d r i a A s s o c i a t i o n , o f A l e x a n d r i a , V i r g i n i a , w i t h more t h a n 399 Members, w i s h e s t o r e g i s t e r o b j e c t i o n t o t h e proposed r o u t e , 266 between t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f C a n a l Road and MacArthur B o u l e v a r d i n Y&shington, D.C. and a c o n n e c t i o n w i t h proposed I n t e r s t a t e Route 66 n e a r Lorccra Lane i n A r l i n g t o n County, V i r g i n i a i n c l u d i n g a proposed b r i d g e ( r e f e r r e d t o a s T h r e e S i s t e r s Bridge) a c r o s s t h e Potomac R i v e r i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f Three S i s t e r s I s l a n d s * life a r e s o n v i n c e d t h a t encroachment onto t h e r i v e r s h o r e a t t h i s a l r e a d y overcrowded p o i n t , t h r e a t e n s t o a f f e c t o t h e r p l a n s f o r approacb.es a l o n g the Potomac R i v e r throughout t h e Potomac V a l l e y , e s p e c i a l l y w i t h i n t h e A l e x a n d r i a and o t h e r V i r g i n i a a r e a s . Tfe t h e r e f o r e p r a y t h a t y o u w i l l c o n s i d e r our r e q u e s t that other means be found t o s a t i s f y t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n promoters, w i t h o u t s a c r i f i c i n g the s c e n i c importance and c o m p l e t e l y c o n j e s t e d Most s i n c e r e l y , shorelines. /) / ( M i s s ) Mayme<J7arker, R e p r e s e n t a t i v e t o Potomac V a l l e y C o n s e r v a t i o n and R e c r e a t i o n f o r the Alexandria A s s o c i a t i o n Botes - I attended the hearings a t t h e Department o f 'Commerce A u d i t o r i u m , on December 1 4 , 1970. Council �C O M M O N W E A L T H DEPARTMENT O F OF VIRGINIA HIGHWAYS KXSXX. BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 December 30, 1970 Hr. Davidson C. M i l l e r Stevens, D a v i s , M i l l e r & Mcsher 1911 J e f f e r s o n Davis Highway S u i t e 600 C r y s t a l Mall 1 Arlington, Virginia 22202 Dear Mr. M i l l e r : Subject: Route 266, P r o j e c t 0266-000-101,C501 0265-000-103,3605 A r l i n g t o n County and Washington, D C Thank you f o r your communication of December 22 regarding the proposed Three S i s t e r s Bridge P r o j e c t . I t i s b e i n g forwarded to the o f f i c e of the "r'ayorComroiesioner, Washington, D C f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . Your i n t e r e s t i n t h i s matter I n very much appreciated. \ \ \/ ) ) / Sincerely, D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer D3H pk ^ ~~ X c c - Mr Martin K S c h a l l e r , with correspondence. �LAW R I C H A R D K. S T E V E N S D A V I O S O N C. M I L L E R E L L S W O R T H H. M O S H E R R O G E R L. H A N S E L J. H . F I E L D I N G J U K E S RICHARD C. H A R R I S J O H N H. L E W I S , J R . F A R R E L L R. W E R B O W WILLIAM A. K N O E L L E R r. R I C H A R D MALZONE A N G E L O J - M EL E J O H N F. W I T H E R S P O O N STEVENS, OFFICES OF DAVIS, MILLER 1911 J E F F E R S O N SUITE DAVIS & MOSHER OF 6 0 0CRYSTAL MALL I ARLINGTON, T E L E P H O N E : VIRGINIA (703) COUNSEL ROBERT HIGHWAY F. D A V I S INTERNATIONAL DEPARTMENT 22202 920-3900 J. H. F I E L D I N G RICHARD F. R I C H A R D DONALO G. WELSH R U S S E L L J - E GAN HAROLD C. W E G N E R EDWARD J - K E S S L E R CHARLES A.WENDEL CABLE J U K E S C. H A R R I S MALZONE ADDRESS "INVENTION" December 2 2 , 1970 W A S H I N G T O N , D- C . TELEX NO. 8 9 - 2 7 4 6 Mr. D. B . H o p e , D i s t r i c t E n g i n e e r V i r g i n i a S t a t e Highway Department Culpepper, Virginia D e a r Mr. Hope: I r e q u e s t t h a t y o u make t h i s l e t t e r a p a r t o f the record o f t h eP u b l i c Design Hearing f o r Route I 266. I was n o t a b l e t o be p r e s e n t a t t h e h e a r i n g and f o r t h a t r e a s o n w o u l d l i k e t o p r e s e n t my v i e w s b y l e t t e r . I t s e e m s t o me t h a t t h e r e a l l y b a s i c p r o b l e m presented by Route I 266 o r indeed by any other i n t e r state route i n a c e n t r a l metropolitan a r e a i s t h a t we c i t i z e n s w a n t t o b e p r o g r e s s i v e b u t we do n o t f u l l y u n d e r s t a n d t h a t t h e same a c t w h i c h c o n s t i t u t e d p r o g r e s s yesterday may t o d a y i m p e d e p r o g r e s s . When I w a s a b o y I l i v e d i n W a s h i n g t o n C o u n t y , M a r y l a n d , a n d I w e l l remember t h a t o u r p o l i t i c a l h e r o s w e r e t h e p e o p l e who b u i l t r o a d s t o g e t u s o u t o f t h e mud. The d i f f i c u l t y i s t h a t t h i s was f i f t y years ago, a n d w h a t w a s p r o g r e s s t h e n i s r e a c t i o n a r y t o d a y . T h o s e who s e e k a c c e l e r a t e d h i g h w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n look t o e x t r a p o l a t i o n s o r p r o j e c t i o n s o f t h e present traffic situation; and b a s e d upon t h i s , t h e y u r g e a n a c c e l e r a t e d b u i l d i n g program. The f i g u r e s should r e v e a l t h a t the time f o rf r a n t i c highway b u i l d i n g i nm e t r o p o l i t a n areas i s a l r e a d y passed because even i f t h e highways could be b u i l t t o meet t h e a n t i c i p a t e d c o n d i t i o n s s o c i e t y i s u n a b l e to t o l e r a t e t h e s i d e e f f e c t s i n pollution and n o i s e . I t h e r e f o r e urge t h e S t a t e Highway Department t o b e a r i nmind RECEIVED 1 DEPT. OF HIGHWAYS D E C 2 4 1970 DIST. OFFICE CULPEPER. VA , 1 �S T E V E N S . O A V I S M I L L E R ft M O S H E R Mr. D. B . H o p e December 2 2 , 1970 Page 2 t h a t i t i s no l o n g e r w o r k i n g o n t h e l a u d a b l e p r o j e c t o f g e t t i n g o u r s t a t e o u t o f t h e mud, a p r o j e c t s o b a d l y needed f i f t y y e a r s ago, b u t must t o d a y l o o k t o and s u p p o r t o t h e r means o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n w h i c h w i l l h a v e t o d e v e l o p at the expense o f the highway development i f our metropolitan d i s t r i c t s are to survive. Very t r u l y DCM/srg yours, �COMMONWEALTH DEPARTMENT OF OF VIRGINIA HIGHWAYS XXXXXXXXXX3CCXXXS BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA December 30, 1970 22701 Mr. Reginald C a r l Harmon Major G e n e r a l , U.S.A.?. - Ret. 2709 north Norwood S t r e e t Arlington, Virginia 22207 Dear Hr. Ramon: Subject: Route 266, P r o j e c t 0266-000-101,C501 0266-000-103,3505 A r l i n g t o n County and Washington, D C Thank you f o r your communication of December 24 regarding the proponed Three S i n t e r s Bridge P r o j e c t . I t i s being forwarded to the o f f i c e of the MayorCommissioner, Washington, D C f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . Your i n t e r e s t i n t h i s n a t t e r i s v e r y much appreciated. Sincerely, D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer DBH pk c c - Mr Martin K S c h a l l e r , with correspondence. �R E G I N A L D C A R L H A R M O N M A J O R G E N E R A L . U.S.A.F. - R E T . 2 7 0 8 NORTH NORWOOD ARLINGTON. VIRGINIA STREET 22207 December 2 4 , 1970 2709 N o r t h Norwood S t r e e t A r l i n g t o n , V i r g i n i a 22207 Mr. D. B. Hope District Engineer V i r g i n i a Department of Highways C u l p e p e r , V i r g i n i a 22701 He: I - 2G6 Deai Mr. Project Hope: F i r s t a s p r e s i d e n t o f one o f t h e c i t i z e n s ' a s s o c i a t i o n s i n A r l i n g t o n C o u n t y and l a t e r a s a n i n t e r e s t e d c i t i z e n , I have a t t e n d e d most of t h e h e a r i n g s Ci* s u b j e c t p r o j e c t s i ^ c c 1964, and read a l l o f t h e r e c o r d o f i t s p r o g r e s s fro;.: tiie beg i n n i n g . As a l a w y e r f o r t h e p a s t 43 y e a r s , i n c l u d i n g 12 yours i n t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f j u d i c i a l f u n c t i o n s , I do n u t b e l i e v e i t h a s a chance f o r s u c c e s s , not o n l y because of tho almost u n i v e r s a l o p p o s i t i o n of the people a f f e c t e d but because, i f t h e m a t t e r cane b e f o r e me a s a j u d g e , on t h e e v i d e n c e , I would have t o d e c i d e t h a t n e i t h e r t h e l o c a t i o n n o r t h e d e s i g n h e a r i n g s were c o n d u c t e d a c c o r d i n g to l a w . Continued p r e s s u r e f o r t h i s h o ' ' l e s s p r o j e c t w i l l o n l y i m p e r i l more w o r t h y p r o j e c t s r e l a t e d t o i t . I n v i e w o f t h e o v e r w h e l m i n g o p p o s i t i o n t o i t , tne p r o p o s a l w a s a mistahe from t h e b e g i n n i n g . 1 Jtl J e UCii« UOAi — it> U 0 « Former Juclge Advac. t e u. b. A i r r o r c e General �COMMONWEALTH DEPARTMENT OF VIRGINIA OF HIGHWAYS xxxxxxxxxxjoccoac BOX 671, CULPEPER, VA 22701 December 30,1970 Mr. Ray R e i d , P r e s i d e n t Riverwood C i t i z e n s ' A s s o c i a t i o n 2722 N. Norwood S t r e e t Arlington, V i r g i n i a 22207 Dear Mr. R e i d : Subject: Route 266, P r o j e c t 0266-000-101,0501 0265-000-103,3605 A r l i n g t o n County end Washington, D C Thank you f o r your communication of December 24 regarding the proposed Three S i s t e r s Bridge P r o j e c t . I t i 3 being forwarded to the o f f i c e of the T'ayorCornmisaicner, Washington, D C f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . Your i n t e r e s t i n t h i s matter i s v e r y much appreciated. \ \ \ \ Sincerely, D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer DBH pk cc - Mr Martin K S c h a l l e r , with correspondence. �December 24, 1970 2722 N. Norwood S t A r l i n o t o n , VA Mr. D. B. Hope D i s t r i c t Engineer V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways Culpeper, VA 22701 Re: 22207 1-266 Proj e c t Three S i s t e r s Bridge Dear Mr. Hope: As P r e s i d e n t o f the Riverwood C i t i z e n s ' A s s o c i a t i o n , I am t a k i n o the l i b e r t y of w r i t i n g t o a d v i s e you t h a t the members o f t h i s A s s o c i a t i o n , who r e p r e s e n t an a r e a most v i t a l l y a f f e c t e d by s u b j e c t p r o j e c t , a r e almost unanimously opposed to i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n . They have had t h i s same a t t i t u d e From the b e g i n n i n g . They b e l i e v e t h a t the b r i d o e i s not e s s e n t i a l t o the needs o f the community and t h a t i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n w i l l impair n a t u r a l beauty which can never be r e s t o r e d . In a d d i t i o n t o t h a t of the membership o f my own A s s o c i a t i o n , I am a l s o f a m i l i a r w i t h the a t t i t u d e o f the people i n the e n t i r e community and 1 might t e l l you t h a t i n a l l of my e x p e r i e n c e , I have never known a p r o j e c t so u n i v e r s a l l y opposed by the e n t i r e community. T h e r e f o r e , my urgent recommendation t o the Department of Highways i s t o drop the p r o j e c t because 1 do not b e l i e v e i t can ever be s u c c e s s f u l in the f a c e o f t h i s violent opposition. Very t r u l y yours, Pres i dent Riverwood C i t i z e n s ' A s s o c i a t i o n �A F F I D A V I T OF District of Columbia, 89. PUBLICATION ���E D W A R D H. S E N E F F . I I EDITOR AND P U B L I S H E R 48.32 MACARTHUR BOULEVARD W A S H I N G T O N . D. C . 2 C 0 0 7 EVELYN S L A T T E R Y ADVERTISING MANAGER (202) P H Y L L I S W. S E N E F F SLCRETARY 333-0318 Dec. 1 0 , 1 9 7 0 kr. J . F . Bladen Highways aad T r a f f i c 12th S t . , IT.7 room . a s h i n g t o n DC 2C0C4 518 Ha: P u b l i c h e a r i n g , Dec. lh 1 9 7 0 Proposed I n t e r s t a t e 256 t Dear Mr. B l a d e n : SdWard E . S e n e f f , p u b l i s h e r a n d e d i t o r o f t h e Georgetown S p e c t a t o r do a f f i r m t h a t t h e l e g a l , o r d e r #10*+ f o r t h e P u b l i c h e a r i n g , ^ e c . I k , 1970 a p p e a r e d i n t h e Georgetown S p e c t a t o r on "ov.2 :-, 1 9 / 0 and i n t h e G e o r g e t o w n S p e c t a t o r o n Dec. 1 0 , 1 9 7 0 . 1 The G e o r g e t o w n S p e c t a t o r i s a community w e e k l y c i r c u l a t e d i n t h e v i l l a g e o f G e o r g e t o w n b y m a i l , n e w s r a c k s and b y b u l k d r o p s . 12,CCO c o p i e s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d 'Tov. 2'+, 1 9 7 0 and Dec. 1 0 , 1 9 7 0 . Publisher �����������3 4 0 6 Macoab S t . N.W. W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. 20016 J a n u a r y 2 4 , 1971 Mr. J u l i a n R. Dugas H e a r i n g O f f i c e r , 1-266 Hearings c/o E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a Government 14th & E S t r e e t s , N.W. W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. 20004 D e a r Mr. Dugas, T h i s l e t t e r i s being submitted i n response t o the p e r a i s s i o n g r a n t e d t o ae a t t h e December h e a r i n g s t o f i l e , w i t h i n 10 d a y s . a f t e r r e c e i p t o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n r e q u e s t e d o f t h e D.C. Highway D e p a r t m e n t , comments on t h e d a t a s u p p l i e d . I a t t a c h to t h i s l e t t e r the four-page c h a r t w h i c h I r e c e i v e d on J a n u a r y 1 5 t h . l e t t e r and the one-page 1 Y o u w i l l n o t e , by c o m p a r i n g Mr. A i r i s r e s p o n s e w i t h ay D e c . 7 t h r e q u e s t , t h a t he s t i l l h a s n o t c o m p l i e d w i t h bhat r e q u e s t . He s t a t e s i n the t h i r d paragraph of h i s l e t t e r t h a t "data r e s p o n s i v e t o y o u r q u e s t i o n s f i v e and s i x a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e " , b u t t h e n c o n t r a d i c t s h i n s e l f by s t a t i n g i n t h e s e c o n d p a r a g r a p h t h a t DOT procedures r e q u i r e e s t i m a t e s of "design h o u r l y volumes, d i r e c t i o n a l d & i t r l b u t i o n s o f v o l u m e s and p e r c e n t a g e s o f t r u c k s . " No " d e s i g n h o u r " t r a f f i c e s t i a a t e s a r e s u p p l i e d ; no " d i r e c t i o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s " a r e s u p p l i e d ; no t r u c k d a t a a r e s u p p l i e d , a l t h o u g h t h i s was s p e c i f i c a l l y r e q u e s t e d . E i t h e r t h e D.C. Highway D e p a r t m e n t h a s f a i l e d t o comply w i t h t h e p r o c e d u r e s a c c e p t e d by DOT o r e l s e i t i s w i l l f u l l y r e f u s i n g to supply data i n i t s possession. I n ay o p i n i o n , t h e l a t t e r i s t r u e . From ay p e r s o n a l f a n i l i a r i t y w i t h t h e s o e c a l l e d WMATA f o r e c a s t f o r 1 9 9 0 , t h e b a s i c d a t a w h i c h I requested i s a v a i l a b l e . I t i s not b e i n g s u p p l i e d , i n ay o p i n i o n , b e c a u s e i t w o u l d r e v e a l , t o t h e D.C. Highway D e p a r t m e n t ' s e m b a r r a s s ment, t h e t o t a l a b s u r d i t y o f I t s p r e s e n t p l a n s f o r T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g Mr. Airis further states i n his letter: "The t r a f f i c volusae p r e s e n t e d i n t h e 1-266 Design Hearing I n f o r m a t i o n b o o k l e t , c o u p l e d w i t h p e a k h o u r f a c t o r s and t r u c k p e r c e n t a g e s , a r e s u f f i c i e n t t o d e t e r m i n e l a n e and p a v e s e n t d e s i g n n e e d s . I t i s t h e s e two e l e m e n t s o f d e s i g n w h i c h r e l a t e t o t h e d e s i g n h e a r i n g . A s i d e f r o m t h e f a c t , a 3 a l r e a d y d i s c u s s e d , Mr. A i r i s does n o t d i s c l o s e h i s peak-hour f o r e c a s t or i t s d i r e c t i o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n or i t s t r u c k f a c t o r f o r e i t h e r Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e or f o r the a f f e c t e d D.C. h i g h w a y s ( F o x h a l l , M a c A r t h u r , C a n a l R o a d , Potoiaac F r e e w a y ) s o a s p e r a i t any s u c h d e s i g n e v a l u a t i o n , h i s p r e m i s e ( t h e 1 - 2 6 6 Design Heari n g I n f o r m a t i o n b o o k l e t ) d i s c l o s e s t h a t he i s r e l y i n g on t o t a l l y obsolete forecasts: �-2The onihy t r a f f i c v o l u m e s p r e s e n t e d by t h e 1 - 2 6 6 D e s i g n H e a r i n g I n f o r m a t i o n b o o k l e t wace-as f o l l o w s : "Various p l a n n i n g s t u d i e s hare recoaaended a Potoaac H i r e r c r o s s i n g i n the v i c i n i t y o f Key B r i d g e . S e v e r a l major t r a f f i c s t u d i e s have p r o v i d e d p r o g r e s s i v e l y a o r e r e f i n e d f o r e c a s t s o f t h e t r a f f i c d e s i r i n g t o use t h e c r o s s i n g . These f o r e c a s t s p r e d i c t t h a t 7 2 , 0 0 0 t o 9 5 * 0 0 0 v e h i c l e s p e r d a y w o u l d be e x p e r i e n c e d by 1990. T h e y assume t h a t a r e g i o n a l r a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t s y s t e a w i l l be i n o p e r a t i o n by t h a t t i a e . " T h i s paragraph i s preposterous i n i t s aisinforraatlon t o the general p u b l i c o r any governmental o f f i c i a l r e v i e w i n g plans f o r 1-266: F i r s t , the f a c t o f t h e a a t t e r i s t h a t there i s not a s i n g l e s t u d y w h i c h h a s recommended a P o t o a a c R i v e r c r o s s i n g i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f K e y B r i d g e s u c h a s now p r o p o s e d — i . e . , a t r a f f i c f a c i l i t y w i t h the e x c l u s i v e f u n c t i o n o f c a r r y i n g v e h i c l e s between V i r g i n i a and Downtown W a s h i n g t o n ( S e c t o r Z e r o t o t h e p l a n n e r s ) . I t i s t r u e t h a t i n t h e a i d - 1 9 5 0 s , f i r s t i n 1953 f o r t h e V i r g i n i a Highway D e p a r t m e n t a n d s u b s e q u e n t l y i n 1955 f o r t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, t h e c o n s u l t a n t W i l b u r S m i t h & A s s o c i a t e s recommended a b r i d g e a t T h r e e S i s t e r s I s l a n d s , c o n n e c t i n g n o t w i t h Downtown b u t w i t h t h e t h e n - p r o p o s e d G l o v e r A r c h b o l d P a r k w a y , a s a n e r n a t e t o T h e o d o r e R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e , t h e t h e o r y b e i n g t h a t Downtown c o u l d n o t a b s o r b more t r a f f i c f r o a V i r g i n i a . Also i n the 1950s, the D.C. Highway D e p a r t m e n t v i g o r o u s l y opposed abandonment o f t h e p r o posed Theddore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e . Both sides t o the controversy assumed t h e r e w o u l d be no r a p i d t r a n s i t . The c o n t r o v e r s y was r e s o l v e d when C o n g r e s s i n 1958 a u t h o r i z e d c o n s t r u c t i o n o f T h e o d o r e Roosevelt Bridge f o r 1-66. A g a i n i n 1959> t h e same c o n s u l t a n t r e v i v e d t h e p r o p o s a l f o r a Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e c r o s s i n g , t h i s time i n a d d i t i o n t o Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e and a l s o i n a d d i t i o n t o a r a p i d t r a n s i t system ( l e s s t h a n s u b s e q u e n t l y a p p r o v e d by C o n g r e s s ) . T h e b r i d g e , h o w e v e r , was n o t t o be a p a r t o f t h e i n t e r s t a t e s y s t e m ; i t was t o be a " p a r k way" b r i d g e , l i m i t e d t o a u t o m o b i l e s , c o n n e c t i n g w i t h t h e same p r o p o s e d G l o v e r A r c h b o l d Parkway a s p a r t o f a n " i n t e r m e d i a t e loop." Congress f l a t l y r e j e c t e d t h i s p l a n . I n the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n A c t o f i 9 6 0 , i t d i r e c t e d t h a t t h e N.C.T.A. r e v i e w a n d r e v i s e t h e 1959 Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S u r v e y a n d i n c l u d e d a b a n a g a i n s t c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d Parkway ( w h i c h , i n J a n u a r y i 9 6 0 , had b e e n e n j o i n e d by t h e U.S. D i s t r i c t C o u r t ) . S u b s e q u e n t l y , t h e D.C. Highway D e p a r t m e n t abandoned p l a n s f o r t h e G l o v e r A r c h b o l d P a r k w a y a n d t h e I n t e r m e d i a t e L o o p . I n a d d i t i o n , s u b s e q u e n t s t u d i e s h a v e demons t r a t e d t h a t t h e t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t u n d e r l y i n g t h e Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S u r v e y was s o u n r e l i a b l e a s t o be l e s s t h a n u s e l e s s i n s e r v i n g a s a b a s i s f o r planning d e c i s i o n s because of i t s v a s t overstatement o f f u t u r e t r a v e l demand. The t h o r o u g h r e v i e w o f t h e Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S u r v e y by t h e NCTA r e s u l t e d i n a r e p o r t t o t h e P r e s i d e n t i n November 1962 c o n c l u d i n g t h a t t h e r e was i n f a c t no need f o r a c r o s s i n g a t T h r e e S i s t e r s I s l a n d s , a n d t h i s c o n c l u s i o n was s u b s e q u e n t l y r a t i f i e d by a j o i n t s t u d y u n d e r t a k e n �by W i l b u r S m i t h & A s s o c i a t e s a n d A l a n M. V o o r h e e s & A s s o c i a t e s , u n d e r c o n t r a c t w i t h t h e D.C. Highway D e p a r t m e n t , who c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e 1 9 5 9 Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S u r v e y h a d e x a g g e r a t e d h i g h w a y n e e d s , a s e v e n h a d t h e NCTA, b u t t h a t t h e NCTA's c o n c l u s i o n s ( l a b e l e d f o r 1 9 8 0 ) w e r e reasonable f o r t h e year 1985. Over t h e p a s t decade, t h e r e h a s been o n l y o n e " s t u d y " recommending a b r i d g e a t o r n e a r T h r e e S i s t e r s I s l a n d s . T h i s v;as n o t t h e p r o d u c t o f a n y i n d e p e n d e n t a g e n c y o r c o n s u l t a n t . I t was t h e p r o d u c t o f t h e D.C. Highway D e p a r t m e n t , s u b m i t t e d i n November 1 9 6 4 , a t t h e p r e v i o u s h e a r i n g s on 1 - 2 6 6 . The most c h a r i t a b l e s t a t e m e n t t h a t c a n be made f o r t h i s November 1964 s t u d y ( S u p p l e m e n t a l R e p o r t o n 1 - 2 6 6 ) i s t h a t i t s sponsore's, t h e D.C. a n d V i r g i n i a h i g h w a y d e p a r t m e n t s , had no i d e a o f t h e a b s u r d assumptions being f e d i n t o t h e i r computers. I h a v e d e t a i l e d them a t c o n s i d e r a b l e l e n g t h i n two s t u d i e s w h i c h ( e x c e p t f o r t h e h i g h w a y departments concerned) have r e c e i v e d c o n s i d e r a b l e a c c l a i m from n a t i o n a l l y reccg&gzed p l a n n e r s — a s w e l l a s t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n , t h e W h i t e House a n d t h e C o n g r e s s . As a r e s u l t o f t h e o u t c r y a g a i n s t t h e f o o l i s h n e s s o f t h i s 1964 f o r e c a s t r a i s e d by m y s e l f a n d o t h e r s a t t h e November 1964 h e a r i n g s , t h e h e a r i n g o f f i c e r a t t h o s e h e a r i n g s recommended a c o m p l e t e r e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e D.C. H i g h w a y - D e p a r t m e n t ' s tra»»ic f o r e c a s t a s s u m p tions. No one a t t h e D.C. Highway D e p a r t m e n t b o t h e r e d t o c o n s u l t w i t h me. H o w e v e r , b o t h t h e House D i s t r i c t C o m m i t t e e a n d t h e P r e s i dent o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s subsequently c a l l e d f o r a complete i n d e p e n d e n t a n a l y s i s o f t h e D.C. Highway D e p a r t m e n t ' s t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t s that a l l e g e d l y served a s the j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r Three S i s t e r s Bridge and o t h e r c o n t r o v e r s i a l D.C. Highway D e p a r t m e n t p r o j e c t s . Two s t u d i e s w e r e u n d e r t a k e n a s a r e a u l t o f t h e s e p r o t e s t s : t h e D.C. Highway D e p a r t m e n t r e t a i n e d A l a n M. V o o r h e e s & A s s o c i a t e s and W i l b u r S m i t h & A s s o c i a t e s , Who i s s u e d t h e i r r e p o r t i n e a r l y 1 9 6 6 . A t P r e s i d e n t J o h a s o n * s r e q u e s t , t h e D.C. g o v e r n m e n t a n d t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n r e t a i n e d A r t h u r D. L i t t l e , I n c . , w h i c h i s s u e d i t s r e p o r t i n March 1966. N e i t h e r r e p o r t f o u n d a need f o r T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e . T h e r e m a r k a b l e f e a t u r e about b o t h was t h a t n e i t h e r even mentioned t h e c o n t r o v e r s i a l 1964 D.C. Highway D e p a r t m e n t xhst forecast that evoked t h e i r assignments. I personally Inquired with theproject d i r e c t o r o f b o t h s t u d i e s why t h i s was s o . B o t h o f thes* i n f o r m e d me t h a t t h e y h a d n o t c i t e d t h e 1964 f o r e c a s t b e c a u s e t h e D.C. Highway Highway D e p a r t p a n t had i n f o r m e d them t h a t t h e r e w e r e e r r o r s i n s u e B T ^ r e c a s t , t h a t t n e y no l o n g e r r e l i e a upon s u c h f o r e c a s t b u t i n s t e a d r e l i e d upon t h e 1959 Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S u r v e y a n d t h e 1962 NCTA s t u d y . My i n f o r m a n t s w e r e Mr. Deen o f A l a n M. V o o r h e e s & A s s o c i a t e s a n d Mr. B r o l e y o f A r t h u r D. L i t t l e , I n c . I r e c i t & d t h e s e f a c t s a t t h e December 1 9 7 0 h e a r i n g s a n d a s k e d Mr. A i r i s t o c o n f i r m t h a t t h e D.C. Highway Is D e p a r t m e n t i n f a c t h a d abandoned i t s November 1964 f o r e c a s t . He p r o m i s e d he w o u l d c h e c k and a d v i s e me. He h a s n o t , I accept t h i s a s an admission that the �-4f o r e c a s t i n q u e s t i o n i s no l o n g e r a r e l e v a n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n . I f t h e r e i s any q u e s t i o n about t h i s , I suggest t h a t any governmental o f f i c i a l r e v i e w i n g 1 - 2 6 6 c h e c k w i t h M e s s r s . Deen a n d B r o l e y a n d r e v i e w my own p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s e v a l u a t i n g t h e 1964 f o r e c a s t . N e v e r t h e l e s s , we now f i n d t h e D.C. Highway D e p a r t m e n t c l a i m i n g t h a t " s e v e r a l m a j o r t r a f f i c s t u d i e s h a v e p r o v i d e d p r o g r e s s i v e l y more r e f i n e d f o r e c a s t s o f the t r a f f i c d e s i r i n g t o use the c r o s s i n g . These f o r e c a s t s p r e d i c t t h a t 7 2 , 0 0 0 t o 9 5 , 0 0 0 v e h i c l e s p e r d a y w o u l d be e x p e r i e n c e d by 1 9 9 0 . " The 9 5 , 0 0 0 v e h i c l e f i g u r e coraes d i r e c t l y f r o a t h e d i s c r e d i t e d and abandoned 1964 f o r e c a s t . T h e 7 2 , 0 0 0 f i g u r e comes f r o m t h e D.C. Highway D e p a r t m e n t ' s a c c e p t a n c e o f t h e d i s t o r t i o n s c o n t a i n e d i n t h e 1967 WMATA f o r e c a s t , a b o u t w h i c h I w i l l l a t e r e l a b o r a t e . T h e r e s p e c t i v e Nov. 1 9 6 4 a n d 1967 f o r e c a s t s w e r e a s f o l l o w s : Forecasts of Average D a i l y D.C. 1964 T r a f f i c Crossing Highway D e p t . study River D.C. Highway D e p t . ( b a s e d on WMATA) Y e a r 1990 " Y e a r 1985 Bridge Potomac Outer B e l t Cabin John 185,100 66,000 97,700 Virginia-Montgomery 185,100 163,700 Chain Key Three S i s t e r s Theodore R o o s e v e l t Memorial l4th Street 53,900 125,500 92,600 112,300 84,500 213,300 29,200 55,200 72,300 94,600 45,900 204,800 Virginia-D.C. 682,100 502,000 169,500 124,300 41,200 Georgesl69,500 165,500 1,036,700 831,200 * Woodrow W i l s o n Outer B e l t Virginia-Prince Total . . * As c a n be s e e n f r o m t h e a b o v e , t h e D.C. Highway D e p a r t m e n t h a s now r e d u c e d i t s f o r e c a s t o f V i r g i n i a - D . C . b r i d g e demand b y a l m o s t 30 p e r c e n t . Has i t r e d u c e d i t s own demands f o r b r i d g e s ? No, i t has not. Has i t a t t e m p t e d t o show t h a t w i t h o u t T h r e e S i s t e r s B i i d g e , t h e e x i s t i n g b r i d g e s ( p l u s t h e t h i r d 1 4 t h S t r e e t b r i d g e , s o o n t o be c o m p l e t e d ) a r e u n a b l e t o h a n d l e "the f o r e c a s t t r a f f i c ? No, i t h a s not. As a b a s i s f o r d e t e r a i n i n g * a n y i s s u e s o f h i g h w a y n e e d , l o c a t i o n o r d e s i g n , t h e 1967 f o r e c a s t o f WMATA i s w o r s e t h a n u s e l e s s : 1. I t s p u r p o s e was n o t t o d e t e r m i n e h i g h w a y n e e d s , l o c a t i o n or d e s i g n , b u t r a t h e r t o p r e d i c t f u t u r e r a p i d t r a n s i t usage. As s u c h , �-5i t p u r p o s e f u l l y s o u g h t t o be the b e n e f i t of every doubt. "conservative" — g i v i n g highway usage 2. I n determining f u t u r e t r a v e l p a t t e r n s , as w e l l as autot r a n s i t "modal s p l i t s " , t h e WMATA f o r e c a s t assumed c o n s t r u c t i o n o f e v e r y g l e a m I n t h e h i g h w a y p l a n n e r s ' e y e s by 1990, i n c l u d i n g (but " not l i m i t e d t o ) t h e f o l l o w i n g : ( a ) 1-66 b e t w e e n t h e B e l t w a y and T h e o d o r e R o o s e v e l t at l e a s t s i x lanes i n width; Bridge, ( b ) E x t e n s i o n of the D u l l e s A i r p o r t a c c e s s road from the B e l t w a y t o 1-66; a l s o 1-266 t h r o u g h S p o u t Run P a r k ; ( c ) C o n s t r u c t i o n of an.Outer B e l t w a y Washington m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a ; circumnavigating (d) C o n s t r u c t i o n of a "Monticello Freeway", s i x lanes w i d t h , between the C a p i t a l B e l t w a y , s o u t h o f 1-66, the P r i n c e W i l l i a m County l i n e ; ( e ) Widening of the C a p i t a l Beltway V i r g i n i a and M a r y l a n d ; by two the in and lanes i n both ( f ) C o n s t r u c t i o n of a s i x - l a n e P a l i s a d e s Parkway from Three S i s t e r s Bridge i n t o Maryland; ( g ) E x t e n s i o n o f t h e f o u r - l a n e L i t t l e F a l l s P a r k w a y i n Montgomery County f r o m M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue t o t h e P a l i s a d e s Parkway; • . ( h ) C o n s t r u c t i o n o f a n e i g h t - l a n e Potomac F r e e w a y ( 1 - 2 6 6 ) Prom T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e t o t h e West L e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop ( 1 - 6 6 ) ; ( i ) E x t e n s i o n o f 1-66 as the "North L e g " of t h e I n n e r Loop a c r o s s the h e a r t of Washington t o the C e n t e r Leg of the Inner Loop(1-95); ( j ) E x t e n s i o n of the E S t r e e t E x p r e s s w a y , a l s o an e x i t from T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e , a c r o s s t h e Whltefe House g r o u n d s t o a t l e a s t 14th S t r e e t ; ( k ) C o n n e c t i o n o f t h e West L e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop and t h e S o u t h w e s t F r e e w a y by a " S o u t h L e g " a c r o s s t h e L i n c o l n Monument and T i d a l B a s i n a r e a ; ( 1 ) E x t e n s i o n of the the Center Leg; "North Leg" as a s i x - l a n e freeway beyond (m) C o n s t r u c t i o n o f a n e i g h t - l a n e " E a s t LegV on t h e w e s t b a n k • of the A n a c o s t l a R i v e r ; ( n ) C o n s t r u c t i o n of an e i g h t - l a n e "North C e n t r a l Freeway" from t h e j u n c t i o n o f t h e N o r t h and E a s t l e g s t o F o r t T o t t e n P a r k ; ( o ) Gsshension o f t h e N o r t h C e n t r a l F r e e w a y a s a s i x - l a n e f r e e w a y (I--70S) from F o r t T o t t e n P a r k t o the C a p i t a l B e l t w a y I n S i l v e r Spring; �-6(p) E x t e n s i o n o f t h e N o r t h C e n t r a l F r e e w a y beyond t h e C a p i t a l Beltway a s a s i x - l a n e "Northern Parkway" t o the Outer B e l t w a y , w i t h a f o u r - l a n e s p u r e a s t w a r d t o U.S. 2 9 ; (q) C o n s t r u c t i o n o f a n e i g h t - l a n e Northeast F r e e w a y ( l - 9 5 ) from F o r t T o t t e n P a r k t o both b e l t w a y s and beyond; ( r ) Widening I - 7 0 S beyond t h e C a p i t a l B e l t w a y t o s i x l a n e s ; ( s ) W i d e n i n g New Y o r k Avenue N o r t h e a s t f r o m s i x t o e i g h t l a n e s and t h e B a l t i m o r e - W a s h i n g t o n P a r k w a y f r o m f o u r t o s i x l a n e s ; ( t ) Widening P a l m e r Highway ( U . S . 5 0 ) f r o m f o u r t o s i x l a n e s ; (u) Widening E a s t - C a p i t o l S t r e e t and i t s e x t e n s i o n i n t o P r i n c e Georges County a s a s i x - l a n e " C e n t r a l Avenue" f r e e w a y ; (v) E x t e n s i o n o f M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue S.E, i n t o P r i n c e County a 3 a f o u r - l a n e f r e e w a y t o b o t h b e l t w a y s ; (w) C o n s t r u c t i o n o f a s i x a n d e i g h t - l a n e f r e e w a y f r o m t h e D.C.Maryland boundary t o the b e l t w a y a s Maryland Route 5 ; (x) E x t e n s i o n o f the S u i t l a n d Parkway a s a f o u r - l a n e expressway to beyond the C a p i t a l B e l t w a y ; (y) C o n s t r u c t i o n o f a f o u r - l a n e " I n d i a n Head H i g h w a y " f r o m t h e D.C. l i n e ( s o u t h e a s t ) t o b o t h b e l t w a y s ; (z) C o n s t r u c t i o n o f a " S o u t h - E a s t Freeway" from the C a p i t a l B e l t w a y , a t t h e e a s t e r n e n d o f Woodrow W i l s o n b r i d g e , p a s t the O u t e r B e l t w a y a s a f o u r - l a n e f r e e w a y t o U.S. 3 0 1 . Georges E v e n i f e v e r y o t h e r a s s u m p t i o n o f t h e WMATA f o r e c a s t i s a c c e p t e d , a c h i e v e m e n t o f i t s 1990 f o r e c a s t a t T h r e e S i s t e r s I s l a n d s i s dependent upon e a c h o f t h e s e p r o p o s e d c o n n e c t o r s t o t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e y e t most o f them h a v e n o t b e e n a p p r o v e d o r f u n d e d ; many h a v e b e e n c o n s i d e r e d a n d r e j e c t e d by t h e l o c a l , r e s p o n s i b l e p l a n n i n g o r g o v e r n ment a g e n c i e s , i n c l u d i n g , o f s p e c i f i c n o t e , t h e N o r t h L e g , N o r t h C e n t r a l Freeway and E a s t Leg f r e e w a y s , a l l o f which a r e c r i t i c a l i f the Three S i s t e r s Eridge i s ever t o a t t r a c t the t r a f f i c assigned t o i t . Others, s u c h a s 1 - 6 6 i n V i r g i n i a a n d t h e Potomac F r e e w a y i n t h e D i s t r i c t seem d e s t i n e d t o court b a t t l e s i f the p r e s e n t , e x t r a v a g a n t designs a r e p u s h e d b y t h e V i r g i n i a o r D.C. h i g h w a y d e p a r t m e n t s . 3. I n b e i n g " c o n s e r v a t i v e " I n i t s t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t , t h e WMATA f o r e c a s t was, by d e f i n i t i o n , b e i n g " e x a g g e r a t i v e " o f highway t r a v e l . I f t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e w e r e n o t b u i l t , t h e t o t a l t r a v e l demand Trora V i r g i n i a t o D.C. o r beyond n e c e s s a r i l y wouSd be l e s s , y e t t h e D.C. Highway D e p a r t m e n t now a d m i t s i t h a s made no f o r e c a s t o m i t t i n g Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . F u r t h e r m o r e , " i f the p r o j e c t e d highways a r e n o t b u i l t , " s a y s WMATA, " t h e r e l a t i v e t r a n s i t usage w i l l be h i g h e r " a n d the h i g h w a y usage c o r r e s p o n d i n g l y l o w e r . �-74, A l t h o u g h t h e WMATA f o r e c a s t s q u e e z e d a l o t o f t h e w a t e r out o f t h e D.C. Highway D e p a r t m e n t ' s p r e v i o u s f o r e c a s t ( s u c h a s r u l i n g out the assumption that thousands o f suburban school c h i l d r e n w o u l d commute t o Downtown W a s h i n g t o n f o r t h e i r e d u c a t i o n ) , i t r e t a i n e d a n e r r o r t h a t h a s b e e n common t o a l l " g r a v i t y m o d e l " f o r e c a s t i n g f o r o v e r a decade — t h e e x a g g e r a t i o n o f suburb t o suburb t r a v e l . T h i s was d i s c u s s e d a t l e n g t h i n t h e s t u d y I s u b m i t t e d M a t t h e December 1 9 7 0 h e a r i n g ; i t i s c o n f i r m e d b y t h e D.C. Highway D e p a r t m e n t ' s J a n u a r y 1 4 t h s u b m i s s i o n . The D.C. Highway D e p a r t m e n t a d m i t s t h a t o n l y 19$ o f t h e f o r e c a s t 1 9 9 0 h i g h w a y c r o s s i n g s o f t h e Potomac R i v e r w i l l be b e t w e e n V i r g i n i a a n d Downtown W a s h i n g t o n ( S e c t o r Z e r o ) , w h e r e a s 56J& o f s u c h t r a v e l w i l l be b e t w e e n V i r g i n i a s u b u r b s a n d M a r y l a n d s u b u r b s , w i t h n e i t h e r o r i g i n o r d e s t i n a t i o n i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. A c c e p t i n g a r g u e n d o t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e D.C. Highway D e p a r t m e n t ' s 1990 t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t and a l l o c a t i n g V i r g i n i a - M a r y l a n d o r V i r g i n i a - D . C . t r a f f i c i n a c c o r d w i t h WMATA's 1 9 6 7 f o r e c a s t , t h e f o l l o w i n g a r e t h e p r o j e c t e d d a i l y 1 9 9 0 demands f o r t r a v e l by h i g h w a y b e t w e e n V i r g i n i a and D.C. o r M a r y l a n d , compared w i t h t h e 1 9 7 0 v o l u m e s I h a v e p r e v i o u s l y submitted: 1970 157,900 Virginia-Downtown V i r g i n i a - D . C . (west o f Anacostia River) V i r g i n i a - C e n t r a l Area Virginia-Montgomery County 192,900 22$ 332,129 350,800 41$ 77,685 199,500 24$ 256,600 32$ 24,900 3$ 281,500 35$ V i r g i n i a - P r i n c e Georges County Virginia-D.C. (east of Anacostia' R i v e r ) V i r g i n i a - P . G. / A n a c o s t i a - ) 1990 93,421 5. I t i s thus r e a d i l y apparent that even a c c e p t i n g the h i g h w a y - o r i e n t e d a s s u m p t i o n s o f t h e WMATA f o r e c a s t , t h e r e i s no c o n c e i v a b l e need f o r more V i r g i n i a - D o w n t o w n h i g h w a y c a p a c i t y , even without&the t h i r d F o u r t e e n t h S t r e e t B r i d g e , which i s not yet i n s e r v i c e . E x i s t i n g bridges could r e a d i l y handle the 350,800 dally vehicle forecast. I n d e e d , by t h i s f o r e c a s t , m o r n i n g p e a k hour t r a f f i c ( " d e s i g n hour t r a f f i c s " ) between V i r g i n i a and t h e C e n t r a l A r e a w i l l be l e s s 2 0 y e a r s h e n c e t h a n i t i s t o d a y , a l t h o u g h t h e r e may be some i n c r e a s e i n o f f - p e a k t r a f f i c . The "need", i f a n y . i s between V i r g i n i a and s u b u r b a n a r e a s e a s t o f t h e A n a c o s t i a R i v e r o r n o r t h o r w e s t o f t h e D.C. l i n e . T h e "need" i s c l e a r l y n o n - e x i s t e n t i n t h e c e n t r a l a r e a , y e t t h a t i s a l l T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e would s e r v e . �-8- 6. E v e n a c c e p t i n g t h e q u e s t i o n a b l e h i g h w a y - o r i e n t e d and s u b u r b - t o - s u b u r b commuting p a t t e r n s assumed i n t h e WMATA f o r e c a s t , i t becomes a p p a r e n t t h a t t h e p r o f e s s e d "need" f o r T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s n o t b a s e d on any h i g h w a y n e e d s f r o m V i r g i n i a t o W a s h i n g t o n b u t r a t h e r on s e r v i n g t r a f f i c t h a t has no r e a s o n t o be i n t h e D i s t r i c t e x c e p t f o r t h e f a c t t h a t i t i s b e t w e e n one s u b u r b and a n o t h e r . Against a p r o j e c t e d "demand" o f o n l y 3 5 0 , 8 0 0 b e h i c l e s b e t w e e n V i r g i n i a and t h a t p a r t o f t h e D i s t r i c t w e s t o f t h e A n a c o s t i a , t h e D.C. Highway D e p a r t m e n t h a s f o r e c a s t 1990 t r a f f i c of 502,000 a c r o s s b r i d g e s i n t h i s a r e a . This means i n e x c e s s o f 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 v e h i c l e s d a i l y d i v e r t e d f r o m V i r g i n i a - M a r y l a n d b r i d g e s to V i r g i n i a - D . C . bridges. I f t h e s t a t e s o f V i r g i n i a and M a r y l a n d w i s h t o promote s u c h i n e f f i c i e n t home-to-work p a t t e r n s a s r e s i d e n t s o f B o w i e commuting t o F a i r f a x C i t y t o ^ w o r k , o r v i c e v e r s a , i t w o u l d seem t o be t h e i r d u t y t o assume t h e f u l l b u r d e n o f b u i l d i n g t h e n e c e s s a r y c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l highways. I t o b v i o u s l y i s not the burden of the D i s t r i c t t o s a c r i f i c e i t s own l i m i t e d l a n d r e s o u r c e s , homes and b u s i n e s s e s t o p r o v i d e s : a " s h o r t c u t " f o r s u c h i n e f f i c i e n t commuting p a t t e r n s . Yet t h i s i s the s o l e j u s t i f i c a t i o n today f o r T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e , ancT^hi*? j t - ^ f T I c a t l o n a s s u m e s c o n s t r u c t i o n not o n l y _ b f ~ t l i a _ b r i d g e 1 t s e X T b u t e a c h p r o j e c t e d c o n n e c t i n g h i g h w a y , i n c l u d i n g , b u t n o t l i m i t e d t o , trie N o r t h L e g and S o u t h L e g , t h e W o r t h C e n t r a l and N o r t h e a s t f r e e w a y s and numerous f r e e w a y s i n t o P r i n c e G e o r g e s C o u n t y . One o f t h e most r e m a r k a b l e f e a t u r e s o f Mr. A i r i s ' J a n u a r y 1 4 t h l e t t e r i s i t s t o t a l d i s r e g a r d f o r t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission w h i c h i s t h e " c e n t r a l p l a n n i n g a g e n c y " f o r t h e D.C. Government, and f o r t h e D.C. C i t y C o u n c i l , w h i c h t o g e t h e r w i t h NCPC i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r e v o l v i n g and a p p r o v i n g t h e " M a j o r T h o r o u g h f a r e P l a n " f o r the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. Needless to say, t h i s approved Major Thoroughfare P l a n considered and r e j e c t e d a l l o f Mr. A i r i 3 claims. I t I s a l s o more r e c e n t t h a n any d a t a he r e l i e s upon. 1 The NCPC's d e t a i l e d r e p o r t o f December 1968 concluded: "The C o m m i s s i o n ' s s t u d i e s , u t i l i z i n g p r e c i s e l y t h e same d a t a employed t o j u s t i f y a d d i t i o n a l f r e e w a y s i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t , c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e p r o j e c t e d mass t r a n s i t s y s t e m , c o u p l e d w i t h t h e c a p a c i t y o f e x i s t i n g f r e e w a y s and m a j o r s t r e e t s , c a n c a r r y the f u t u r e t r a f f i c l o a d s t h a t k a r e f o r e c a s t f o r the h e a r t of the N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l . The s u b j e c t h a s b e e n c a r e f u l l y r e s e a r c h e d , Even i f t h e C o m m i s s i o n ' s s t u d i e s w e r e t o show s u b s t a n t i a l g a p s i n t h e f u t u r e c a p a c i t i e s o f t h e p r o j e c t e d mass t r a n s i t and t h e e x i s t i n g f r e e w a y s y s t e m s t o c a r r y t r a f f i c , h o w e v e r , t h e C o m m i s s i o n does not b e l i e v e t h a t t h e s e d e f i c i e n c i e s s h o u l d be met t h r o u g h t h e construct i o n of a d d i t i o n a l f r e e w a y gateways i n t o the D i s t r i c t . There are o t h e r p r e f e r a b l e o p t i o n s open t o p u b l i c p o l i c y , i n c l u d i n g of« c o u r s e , t h e f u r t h e r e x p a n s i o n o f t h e mass t r a n s i t s y s t e m i t s e l f . �-9The NCPC r e p o r t , i n a d o p t i n g a n d recommending t h e M a j o r Thorough f a r e P l a n t o the C i t y C o u n c i l , concluded t h a t " i t r e j e c t s t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e a c r o s s t h e Potomac R i v e r i n t o V i r g i n i a a s b e i n g both unnecessary and u n d e s i r a b l e . " I n a f f i r m i n g t h e Major Thoroughfare P l a n , the C i t y C o u n c i l through i t s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee, s p e c i f i c a l l y endorsed t h e f o l l o w i n g l a n g u a g e i n t h e NCPC's 40-page r e p o r t : , "The C o m m i s s i o n ' s m a j o r t h o r o u g h f a r e p l a n d o e s n o t c a l l f o r a n y new g a t e w a y a r t e r i e s t h a t w o u l d i n c r e a s e v e h i c u l a r f l o w i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t , by b r i d g e , t u n n e l o r s u r f a c e s t r e e t . The Commission b e l i e v e s t h a t , from t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f sound a n d r e a l i s t i c p h y s i c a l p l a n n i n g , a d d i t i o n a l f r e e w a y s would r e p r e s e n t l i a b i l i t i e s r a t h e r than a s s e t s . T h e r e s i d e n t i a l community does n o t w a n t s u c h f r e e w a y s . T h e b u s i n e s s community d o e s n o t need them — i n d e e d t h e C o m m i s s i o n b e l i e v e s t h a t t h e c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t w o u l d be h u r t r a t h e r t h a n h e l p e d by them. T h e y b w o u l d p o u r a d d i t i o n a l v e h i c l e s on c n a t r a l s t r e e t s that a r e already operating a t capacity. They w o u l d c a l l f o r p u b l i c w o r k s p r o j e c t s t h a t c o u l d damage t h e n a t u r a l b e a u t y a n d monumental c h a r a c t e r o f t h e c i t y . They would g e n e r a t e t r a f f i c t h a t would soon exceed t h e c a p a c i t i e s o f t h e i r own r i g h t s - o f - w a y t o handle i t . " Mr. A i r i s h a s now d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t he i s e i t h e r unaware what h i s s u p e r i o r s h a v e d e c i d e d o r t h a t he i s u n w i l l i n g t o a c c e p t t h e i r j u d g m e n t . He h a s a l s o d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t h i s own s t u d i e s c o n f i r m , a n d do n o t q u e s t i o n , t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h a t j u d g m e n t . T h e q u e s t i o n t h u s r a i s e d by t h i s h e a r i n g i s n o t t h a t o f d e s i g n f o r a b r i d g e t h a t even i t s advocate cannot d e f e n d , b u t r a t h e r t o r e d e s i g n t h e D.C. Highway D e p a r t m e n t i n t o a v i a b l e v e h i c l e f o r communicating the f a c t s of l i f e t o congressmen such a s Messrs. Natcher or B r o y h i l l or K l u c z i n s k i who a p p a r e n t l y w i l l l i s t e n t o nobody b u t a highwayman. That i s the r e a l test of t h i s hearing. I s t h e D.C. government c a p a b l e o f meeting i t s r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s i n t h i s regard? I t has a l r e a d y been determined, both a d m i n i s t r a t i v e l y and j u d i c i a l l y , t h a t t h e r e i s no l e g a l r e q u i r e m e n t t h a t i t b u i l d a Three S i s t e r s Bridge. P l a n n i n g s t u d i e s , even those o f t h e D.C. Highway D e p a r t m e n t , d e m o n s t r a t e i t i s f o l l y . I s t h i s c i t y s o b e r e f t o f b r a i n s t h a t i t h a s no one a b l e t o s e r v e a s D.C. Highway D i r e c t o r who c a n a d m i t t h i s f a c t a n d c o m m u n i c a t e t h i s f a c t t o a h a n d f u l o f Congressmen? Respectfully Peter submitted, S. C r a i g �STATEMENT D e c e m b e r 14, 197 0 By: J o h n J . V. i c k s t e a d . C h a i r m a n V i r g i n i a Motor V e h i c l e Conference 2617 W e s t B r o a d S t r e e t R i c h m o n d , V i r g i n i a 23220 To: D e s i g n P u b l i c H e a r i n g on I n t e r s t a t e Route 266 Washington, D. C. I am J o h n \\ i c k s t e a d . C h a i r m a n of the V i r g i n i a Iviotor V e h i c l e Conference and V i c e P r e s i d e n t and G e n e r a l Tdanager of the Automobile Club of V i r g i n i a . The V i r g i n i a Motor V e h i c l e C o n f e r e n c e f o r w h i c h I am speaking today i s composed of s o m e 35 State-wide a s s o c i a t i o n s and companies w i t h an i n t e r e s t i n highway t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . I n the i n t e r e s t of time, I w i l l not r e a d a l l of these names, however, I have included them, together w i t h a statement of the o r g a n i zation's P u r p o s e , w i t h a copy of my statea^ent f o r the r e c o r d , A s a highway t a x p a y e r group, the C o n f e r e n c e does not look upon the Three S i s t e r s Bridge as s t r i c t l y a l o c a l issue. .Aside f r o m the fact that Washington, D. C. i s our Nation's C a p i t a l and we have a v e s t e d i n t e r e s t i n i t s health and beauty a s would the r e s i d e n t s of any other State, t h e r e a r e m o r e s p e c i f i c r e a s o n s f o r the c o n c e r n of o u r group. Some ten y e a r s ago, t h e r e w a s an o f f i c i a l and binding a g r e e m e n t r e a c h e d betweer>the C o m m o n w e a l t h of V i r g i n i a , the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a , the United States B u r e a u c f P u b l i c I'oads and a l l o t h e r r e q u i r e d State, l o c a l and f e d e r a l a g e n c i e s on the T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e and connecting r o u t e s . This agree- ment f o r m a l i z e d the plans to c o n s t r u c t the b r i d g e and e t h e r p a r t s of the metropolitan area's freeway system. B a s e d on this agreement, V i r g i n i a ' s D e p a r t m e n t of Highways began c o n s t r u c t i o n of V i r g i n i a ' s p o r t i o n of the s y s t e m . P o r t i o n s of the S y s t e m i n V i r g i n i a have been completed. 1-95 a r e completed o r n e a r completion. The beltway (1-495) and H o w e v e r , the d e l a y s o v e r the past ten y e a r s have held up p r o g r e s s on the T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e and i t s 1-263 connector. �Page Two It h a s a l s o held up construction of i-6b f r o m the b e i t w a y to i t s c o n n e c t i o n w i t h I-26G b e c a u s e the D e p a r t m e n t felt i t w o u l d a m p l i f y the c o n g e s t i o n p r o b l e m i n the R o s s l y n a r e a to have e x p r e s s w a y t r a f f i c that r e a c h e d a bottleneck a t the Potomac River. E v e r y d a y i n w h i c h the c o m p l e t i o n of t h e s e m i s s i n g l i n k s i n V i r g i n i a ' s highway p r o g r a m h e r e i s d e l a y e d , V i r g i n i a t a x p a y e r s a r e l o s i n g t r e m e n d o u s s u m s of money. T h i s c o m e s i n the f o r m of i n c r e a s i n g c o s t s of c o n s t r u c t i o n w h i c h i s c o m m o n knowledge to m o s t people. congestion itself i s costly. F u r t h e r m o i * e , the p r e s e n t traffic T h e s e conditions I n c r e a s e the c o s t of t r a n s p o r t i n g goods and s e r v i c e s to the c o n s u m e r , i n c r e a s e the h a z a r d s of a i r pollution a n d add s u b s t a n t i a l l y to the c o s t s of o p e r a t i n g a u i c n i o b i l e s . It a l s o h a m p e r s the u t i l i z a t i o n of s p e e d y b u s t r a n s i t s e r v i c e s d u r i n g peak t r a f f i c h o u r s . T h e s e a r e c o s t s w h i c h V i r g i n i a n s s h o u l d not have to b e a r . At the outset of the I n t e r s t a t e S y s t e m c o n s t r u c t i o n , the V i r g i n i a D e p a r t m e n t of Highways m a d e a n i m p o r t a n t d e c i s i o n to build the s y s t e m a s need d i c t a t e d . It w a s ai»>o d e c i d e d that s p e c i a l attention would be g i v e n to u r b a n a r e a s a n d especially the m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s a r o u n d Washington. T h e D e p a r t m e n t r e a l i z e d that a r e a w a s g r o w i n g r a p i d l y and that land v a l u e s w e r e a l s o i n c r e a s i n g . im They a l s o r e c o g n i z e d that once p a r t of the f r e e w a y s y s t e m w a s c o m p l e t e d , the o u t w a r d p r e s s into the s u b u r b s , i n o r d e r to take advantage of this new mobility, increase. would This h a s p r o v e n to be a n e x t r e m e l y a c c u r a t e but m o d e s t p r e d i c t i o n . The p l a n n e r s had counted on o r d e r l y and u n i f o r m p r o g r e s s throughout the m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a . H o w e v e r , due to the d e l a y s and c a n c e l l a t i o n s o f p o r t i o n s of the B. C. s y s t e m , b u s i n e s s e n t e r p r i s e s searching for a c c e s s i b l e locations - a r e flowing to s i t e s wear the c o m p l e t e d p o r t i o n s of the f r e e w a y s y s t e m �page Three i n g r e a t e r v o l u m e s and at g r e a t e r s p e e d than w a s anticipated. h a s inflated land c o s t s and f u r t h e r a g g r a v a t e d the t r a f f i c Moreover, D u l l e s International A i r p o r t was This, i n turn, congestion. c o n s t r u c t e d only a f t e r p r e v i o u s a s s u r a n c e s by a l l a g e n c i e s c o n c e r n e d that a h i g h - s p e e d l i m i t e d a c c e s s r o a d would be c o n s t r u c t e d to r e a c h into downtown W a s h i n g t o n . This a i r p o r t i s of g r e a t c o n c e r n to a l l V i r g i n i a n s . I t r e p r e s e n t s a s u b s t a n t i a l i n v e s t ment of tax funds and o f f e r s a g r e a t hope f o r a l l e v i a t i n g a i r t r a f f i c throughout the K a s t . congestion H o w e v e r , i t i s u n l i k e l y that D u l l e s w i l l e v e r be fully u t i l i z e d until the p r o m i s e d , h i g h - s p e e d c o n n e c t i o n with downtown W a s h i n g t o n is constructed. E v e r y r e s p o n s i b l e study — o f f i c i a l and p r i v a t e — s h o w s that not only do the a r e a ' s c i t i z e n s want this s y s t e m c o m p l e t e d , but the need f o r i t i s acute. The V i r g i n i a D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s and the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a H i g h w a y D e p a r t m e n t h a v e c o n c l u s i v e s t u d i e s w h i c h show that tho f r e e w a y s y s t e m i s needed along w i t h o t h e r m o d e s of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i f the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n n e e d s i n the a r e a a r e to be met. We r e a l i z e the need f o r the d e v e l o p m e n t of a b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m for the a r e a . T h e plight of the highway p r o g r a m and D u l l e s A i r p o r t i s not j u s t the c o n c e r n of the V i r g i n i a M o t o r V e h i c l e C o n f e r e n c e . I n 1968, the General A s s e m b l y of V i r g i n i a p a s s e d House J o i n t R e s o l u t i o n 168 e x p r e s s i n g the o f f i c i a l c o n c e r n of the e n t i r e State o v e r this s i t u a t i o n and urged the c o m p l e t i o n of the p r o g r a m a s o r i g i n a l l y a g r e e d upon. This r e s o l u t i o n l i k e w i s e noted the c o s t i n t i m e and r e s o u r c e s w h i c h t h e s e d e l a y s have f o s t e r e d . We r e a l i z e t h e r e a r e l e g i t i m a t e c o n c e r n s by m a n y h o n e s t c i t i z e n s o v e r the effect on the e n v i r o n m e n t w h i c h t h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n w i l l b r i n g . There � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Public hearing RE: design-Interstate Route 266 : statements submitted for the record in lieu of personal appearance to supplement statements of: Monday, December 14, 1970; Tuesday, December 15, 1970; Wednesday, December 16, 1970, Washington, D.C. Subject The topic of the resource Interstate 266 Three Sisters Bridge (Washington, D.C.) Public meetings Description An account of the resource Public hearing RE: design-Interstate Route 266 took place over three days (<a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6205" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Monday, December 14">Monday, December 14</a>; <a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6236" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Tuesday, December 15">Tuesday, December 15</a>, and <a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6173" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Wednesday, December 16">Wednesday, December 16</a>), and also included <span><a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6309" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="statements submitted for the record in lieu of personal appearance">statements submitted for the record in lieu of personal appearance</a>.</span> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ward & Paul District of Columbia. Executive Office Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/bcb6944e38ae7a55ffdff96738d96d24.pdf?Expires=1779321600&Signature=uStypINbtVc1393vFP598n4SxIM0mvhLKc2ro88TJEDpIAM8XAZD8-HgfRYX3p71teH7%7ESN8C7wZsG8OGIt3cpSuSpei8cUWYzEtY08tLJ9-0xU5XI6ahpeIkoJNDqf04n2cbuPdW-pnszXSDPjDq%7EH6vpBDra7QbouMUrCTJusqy7yvYGRDsrgpGdm7M1zZkLofKDaiJrTIVTZ8i39TCXQLSGDXxAKtXnwzhadZZX6yyuI-TnOTw03LRuQ636-Ir0UF7CEHg-Ayh3jP4fR3s6PC1PhD4hm6boEy-gk5akzf%7EPJEoz0LWRWSBin6cnbfOK3OW7yguVzW2%7ESdmrUoUw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 297fcb33003dd9cabd5d1f9044050ea8 PDF Text Text STENOGRAPHIC TRANSCRIPT ACE R E P O R T I N G COMPANY 261 C O N S T I T U T I O N A V E . , N . W . WASHINGTON Official Reporters 1, D . C . MEtropolitan 8-4780 �344 Government of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, Executive O f f i c e , Hearing on Route 240, Washington, D. C., 7 January 1958. C O N T E N T S . A STATEMENT OF: C l i f t o n G. Stoneburner, Highway Engineer, Arlington County T. N. ^H?; PAGE 346 Sandifer, On behalf of R. L. Robinson, P r e s i d e n t , F o x h a l i Community Citizens Association Armistead Peter, I I I Progressive C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n of Georgetown Mrs. Harold Hinton, P r e s i d e n t , Progressive C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n of Georgetown 358 C h a r l e s A. Durmeister, Recording Secretary, Northwest Council of C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n s 385 Leo J . Richards, C i v i l League of Brookmont & V i c i n i t y 376 Miss V i r g i n i a R u s s e l l , National W i l d l i f e 384 Federation F r a n c i s D. Lethbridge, Chairman, Government R e l a t i o n s Committee, American I n s t i t u t e of A r c h i t e c t s , Washington-Metropolitan Chapter SCO Grosvenor Chapman 398 J . A. Barr, On behalf of the Reverend F. L. F a r r i s , Bethesda-Chevy Chase, L i t t l e F a l l s , R i v e r Road Property Owners A s s o c i a t i o n 403 I s a b e l C. Moore 408 �344-B *49 1/7/53 C O N T E N T S " (continued) STATEMENT OF: PAGE Fred S. Peabody, Orchardale C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n 413 Arthur P. Davis 418 George L. Hart, J r . On behalf of Robert V. Fleming, Federal City Council 425 Laura F. W a r f i e l d 428 Constant Southworth 432 E l l i s Haworth, American U n i v e r s i t y Park Citizens Association C h a r l e s T. Tittmann, Alden A. P o t t e r 437 439 446 Theodore J . P r a h i n s k i , The Young Democratic Club o f D.C. Scott Seegers 442 479 John R. Immer, Chairman, ' Zoning Committee . Sheridan-Kalorama Neighborhood C o u n c i l Pupont C i r c l e C i t i z e n s Assoc. 487 Clarence E. Kefauver, P r e s i d e n t Columbia F e d e r a l Savings & Loan Assoc. 493 W. Edward Gallagher, Washington Gas L i g h t Company 496 Eugene L. Stewart, Baltimore and Ohio R a i l r o a d 499 Sigurd F. Olson, National P a r k s A s s o c i a t i o n 609 Arthur Clarendon Smith, J r . , D.C. Trucking Assoc. 516 �344-C C O N T E N T S (Continued) STATEMENT OF: Page M i l o G. Coerper, F r i e n d s h i p H e i g h t s C i t i z e n s Assoc. 518 Mrs. B e n j a m i n P o w e l l , N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Garden Club League 525 ttiliiaa K. Norwood, Chovy Chase C i t i z e n s A s s o c . 527 A r t h u r K. S t e l l h o r n Marylaad-D.C. P a r k and P l a n n i n g Comm. 528 Richard Daniels Chevy Chase V i l l a g e 534 Memorandum r e l e t t e r s r e c e i v e d 543 Communications R e c e i v e d ( f i l e d a t end o f o r i g i n a l transcript) George B i s s e t , Potomac E l e c t r i c Power Company F r a n k C. Broadbent Mrs. Edward B. M o r r i s , F e d e r a t i o n o f C i t i z e n s Assoc. o f D.C. W i l l i a m E . Shepherd, Georgetown C i t i z e n s A s s o c . Goerge de S i b r i k M i l t o n Hopfenmaier Company, by A l v i n L. Newmyer W i l l i a m E. Shepherd, P l a n n i n g A d v i s o r y C o u n c i l R e s o l u t i o n , S p r i n g V a l l e y - W e s l e y H e i g h t s C i t i z e n s Assoc. Robert J . B i r d R a n d a l l C. Wyant, Master B u i l d e r s ' A s s o c . I n c . Edward D. H o l l a n d e r F r e d J . K e l l e y , W e s t e r n B e t h e s d a Community P l a n n i n g Assoc. �344-D 2 a r i T. Mack, North C l e v e l a n d P a r k C i t i z e n s Assoc. C l a r e n c e B. Hewes, M i l t o n E i s e n b e r g , Merrimack P a r k C i t i z e n s Assoc. S t a n l e y R. Green, Bethesda Chevy Chase Chamber o f Commerce Orme W i l s o n John A. Logan, W a l t e r F. Rothe, U n i v e r s a l C a l e n d a r S o c i e t y , I n c . �"45 TM/3 PU3LXC HEARING ON ROUTE 240 GOVERNMENT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA EXECUTIVE OFFICE Board Room (Room 500) D i s t r i c t Building Washington, D. C. Tuesday, 7 January 1953 Met, pursuant t o adjournment, a t 10:05 a.m. BEFORE: Board of Commissioners: Robert E. McLaughlin, President David B. K a r r i c k A l v i n C. Welling, Colonel, U. S. Army G. M. Thornett, S e c r e t a r y �346 H O C I I D I M COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: tne Board- S We have a quorum o f Maybe we. b e t t e r g e t s t a r t e d I want to s t a r t o f f t h i s morning w i t h Mr. C l i f t o n G. Stoneburner, Highway E n g i n e e r and C h i e f o f the Highway D i v i s i o n o f A r l i n g t o n County, and he a l 3 0 h a s an Important p o s i t i o n a s Chairman o f the C o o r d i n a t i n g Agency over there- Mr. Stoneburner, w i l l you s i t r i g h t dovn there, and w i l l you g i v e f o r t h e r e c o r d , your p o s i t i o n and a l s o your p o s i t i o n a s Chairman o f t h e C o o r d i n a t i n g Committee. STATEMENT OP MR. CLIFTON G. STONEBURNER, HIGHWAY ENGINEER, ARLINGTON COUNTY. MR. STONEBURNER: Mr. Chairman, I am C l i f t o n 0. Stoneburner, Highway E n g i n e e r and C h i e f o f the Highway D i v i s i o n o f A r l i n g t o n D i v i s i o n , a l s o t h e Chairman o f the R e g i o n a l Highway C o o r d i n a t i n g V i r g i n i a Regional Committee o f the Northern P l a n n i n g and Economic Development Com- mission. We have a d e s i r e t o n o t g e t i n v o l v e d i n t n e l o c a l problem o f t h e l o c a t i o n o f an i n t e r s t a t e highway i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. However, we a r e concerned w i t h some of t h e i t e m s i n v o l v e d . F i r s t , I would l i k e t o d i s c u s s t h e A r i z o n a Avenue Bridge. yesterday A statement was i n d i c a t e d by one o f t h e s p e a k e r s t h a t V i r g i n i a Highway o f f i c i a l s were n o t I n a c c o r d �347 w i t h the A r i z o n a Avenue B r i d g e . I would l i k e t o s a y t h a t i n the e a r l y study 3tage, the c o n s u l t a n t f o r the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia d i s c u s s e d t h i s Item w i t h me, and a suggested l o c a t i o n was made and a c c e p t e d by the c o n s u l t a n t i n h i s recommendations on t h i s , and s h o r t l y t h e r e a f t e r , a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e from the c o n s u l t a n t ' s o f f i c e went t o Richmond w i t h me t o r e v i e w t h i s m a t t e r w i t h the S t a t e Highway Department, and a t a subsequent d a t e , I t h i n k on A p r i l 1 8 , a meeting was h e l d i n the o f f i c e o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t o l P l a n n i n g Comm i s s i o n , i n w h i c h General Anderson, Mr. Harwood o f the S t a t e Highway Department, and Mr. D i e t e r , our P l a n n i n g Engineer i n A r l i n g t o n and m y s e l f were p r e s e n t Statements were made a t t h a t time f a v o r i n g the l o c a t i o n o f t h e A r i z o n a Avenue B r i d g e , and by a l l o f the V i r g i n i a p a r t i c i p a n t s , and a f t e r a r e v i e w o f the d i s c u s s i o n , p o i n t i n g out t h e advantages o f the l o c a t i o n o f t h e A.rizona Avenue B r i d g e , G e n e r a l Anderson s t a t e d t h a t he was i n comp l e t e agreement w i t h those statements. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: I wonder i f you c o u l d p o i n t out on any o f these maps h e r e , how t h a t would t i e i n , presumably, w i t h your V i r g i n i a Highway. Could you g i v e u s some i d e a o f t h a t ? MR. STONEBURNER: W e l l t h i s map here w i l l probably be the b e s t one. T h i s i s i n such s m a l l d e t a i l though, i t i s r a t h e r d i f f i c u l t t o show. However, I t h i n k most everyone �343 i n v o l v e d i n t h i s Committee, the A r i z o n a Avenue B r i d g e w i t h c o n n e c t i o n on the V i r g i n i a s i d e would i n t e r s e c t w i t h Glebe Road and Route 123 immediately west o f the p r e s e n t i n t e r s e c t i o n of M i l i t a r y Road and Glebe Road on the V i r g i n i a side. A h i g h l e v e l l o c a t i o n a t t h a t p o i n t would permit i n t e r c h a n g e of t r a f f i c and a v e r y good approach road One system. o f tne main problems t h a t we have on the V i r g i n i a s i d e i s because o f the low grade of the p r e s e n t Chain Bridge. I t i s very d i f f i c u l t to get the r o a d s , the important roads which a r e Glebe Road, Route 120, and Route 12J i n t o t h i s low l o c a t i o n because of the s t e e p grades. The p r o p o s a l f o r the A r i z o n a Avenue B r i d g e was to c o n s t r u c t i t a t a h i g h e r l e v e l , v e r y good grades, roughly i n the neighborhood of 3 p e r c e n t grades c o u l d be accomplished and would p r o v i d e d i r e c t f l o w of t r a f f i c i n t o the B r i d g e Now, i n s o f a r a s C h a i n B r i d g e i t s e l f i s concerned, i t has a s e r i o u s c a p a c i t y problem i n r u s h hours a t p r e s e n t , i t r e c e n t l y has been c o n v e r t e d i n t o a r e v e r s i b l e l a n e arrange ment, and even w i t h t h i s , i t s t i l l i n v o l v e s d e l a y s i n g e t t i n g on the B r i d g e . I t has the g r e a t e s t percentage i n c r e a s e i n t r a f f i c volume and w i t h the proposed developments on both s i d e s o f the R i v e r w h i c h s h o u l d no doubt i n c r e a s e the demand f o r t r a f f i c c a p a c i t y on t h a t B r i d g e , would i n d i c a t e t h a t a new b r i d g e i n t h a t v i c i n i t y i s e x t r e m e l y d e s i r a b l e and s h o u l d be �349 provided f o r . re 4 The A r i z o n a Avenue B r i d g e i n our o p i n i o n , meets t h i s requirement. Mow, t h e r e i s one o t h e r item t h a t we t h i n k i s o f g r e a t importance i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r s u b j e c t t h a t i s under discussion. The C a n a l Road and C h a i n B r i d g e have been f o r many g e n e r a t i o n s b e f o r e the u s e o f the motor v e h i c l e , an important commercial market r o a d and h a s been u s e d f o r commercial v e h i c l e s f o r many many y e a r s . We c e r t a i n l y would n o t want to see any development which would c u t o f f t h e t r u c k and commercial v e h i c l e r o u t e route that i s involved along the p r e s e n t C a n a l Road and t h e C h a i n B r i d g e , and I mean by t h a t , t h a t i f a Parkway i s developed t h e r e a s was suggested by some o f t h e s p e a k e r s , t h a t i t would c u t o f f t h a t means o f t r u c k i n g r e s s , commercial v e h i c l e i n g r e s s , and would r e s u l t i n t h e v e r y d e t r i m e n t a l e f f e c t upon the l o c a l roads on both the V i r g i n i a s i d e and D i s t r i c t s i d e i n our o p i n i o n . The George Washington Parkway on t h e V i r g i n i a s i d e i s n o t t o p e r m i t v e h i c l e s , commercial v e h i c l e s , and t h e r e f o r e , i f t h e e n t i r e R i v e r r o a d i s c u t o f f from both s i d e s by any a d e u q a t e l y designed t r u c k r o u t e , i t would o n l y force many o f those t r u c k s over t h e l o c a l s t r e e t s on b o t h s i d e s . We t h i n k t h a t would have a v e r y u n d e s i r a b l e communities. e f f e c t upon both �350 Thank youre5 COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN : Could I a s k you, what i s the a t t i t u d e o f A r l i n g t o n County and the S t a t e o f V i r g i n i a toward a Three S i s t e r B r i d g e ? MR. STONEBURNER: We have looked r a t h e r f a v o r a b l y upon a b r i d g e a t t h a t l o c a t i o n and we t h i n k t h a t i n t h e long range p l a n n i n g o f t h e community over a long p e r i o d o f time, a b r i d g e a t both Three S i s t e r s and A r i z o n a Avenue would be desirable. There h a s been d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e proposed b r i d g e a t Nebraska Avenue, we f e e l t h a t o f the t h r e e l o c a t i o n s , t n a t i s the l e a s t d e s i r a b l e one. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: We c e r t a i n l y appreciate your coming, Mr. StoneburnerWe w i l l c o n t i n u e t h i s morning w i t h t h e c a l l i n g o f w i t n e s s e s where we broke o f f l a s t n i g h t , and then r e t u r n t o any t h a t may have come i n L e t ' s see, I t h i n k I had a s p e c i a l arrangement w i t h one person, I s a i d I would c a l l him t h i s morning* t h a t i s the P r e s i d e n t o f the P o x h a l l Community C i t i z e n s , and I t h i n k a l s o , with Armistead Peter, I I I . I s he h e r e now? COMMISSIONER KARRICK: Y e s COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Oh, y e s . STATEMENT OF T- N. SANDIFER, APPEARING FOR ROBERT L. ROBINSON, PRESIDENT, FOXHALL COMMUNITY CITIZENS ASSOCIATION. �351 MR. SANDIFER: Mr. My name i s T. N. Chairman, members of the Board- S a n d i f e r , 1524-44th S t r e e t , North- w e s t , F o x h a l i RoadI have been d e l e g a t e d by Robert L- Robinson, P r e s i dent of F o x h a l i Community C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n , to present a b r i e f statement Which he has p r e p a r e d , s e t t i n g f o r t h t h a t Association's views- I t might be p e r t i n e n t to mention b r i e f l y t h a t community i s j u s t south o f R e s e r v o i r Road, and immediately a d j o i n s the proposed e x t e n s i o n on Route C through Archbold- The this Glover- statement f o l l o w s . The members o f the F o x h a l i Community C i t i z e n s Association appreciate t h i s opportunity to be h e a r d w i t h t o the proposed l o c a t i o n o f U- S. Route 240 w i t h i n the west s e c t i o n of the D i s t r i c t . This Association regard north- represents some 550 f a m i l i e s l i v i n g i n the r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a immediately west of the l o w e r end of G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d Park. T h i s A s s o c i a t i o n i s u n a l t e r a b l y opposed to c o n s t r u c t i o n of an 8 A r c h b o l d ParkThe The tne or 6 - l a n e expressway through. Glover- p r i m a r y r e a s o n s f o r our o p p o s i t i o n are: thorough d e s t r u c t i o n of v a l u a b l e p a r k l a n d ; the extreme danger c r e a t e d f o r y o u n g s t e r s a t t e m p t i n g to p l a y i n the Park; the complete d i s u s e of the Park a s a r e c r e a t i o n a l a r e a during the 2-year p e r i o d of c o n s t r u c t i o n , i n c l u d i n g h i g h deep c u t s , u n d e r p a s s e s , e t c - ; the c o n s t a n t fills, roar, vibration, �352 and fumes c r e a t e d i n t h i s narrow l o w - l y i n g P a r k by heavy commercial t r u c k s and buses a s they c l i m b the c o n t i n u a l grade; the immediate and c o n t i n u e d d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f d e s i r a b l e r e s i d e n t i a l p r o p e r t y a l o n g the P a r k and i n continguous a r e a s a s a r e s u l t o f the above; the advantages o f r o u t i n g e x p r e s s t r u c k s and buse3 away from, not through, r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s ; the e s t i m a t e d a d d i t i o n a l c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t s i n e x c e s s o f 3 3 $ or $ 1 5 . 0 m i l l i o n over a n o t h e r a v a i l a b l e r o u t e , p l u s m i l l i o n s o f a d d i t i o n a l c o 3 t 3 to e f f e c t condemnation o f p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y ; and the a v a i l a b i l i t y o f the P a r k f o r a d e s i r a b l e parkway. I t I s o n l y n a t u r a l t h a t the foremost d e s i r e o f the Maryland C a p i t o l P l a n n i n g Commission s h o u l d be to e f f e c t the most e x p e d i e n t system f o r t r a n s p o r t i n g the thousands o f commuters i t r e p r e s e n t s from t h e i r homes i n Maryland to t h e i r j o b s i n the D i s t r i c t and back t o t h e i r s t o r e s and markets i n Maryland. I t has l i t t l e concern f o r the e f f e c t on D i s t r i c t r e s i d e n t s e x c e p t p o s s i b l y to i n c r e a s e the t r e n d on the movement o f D i s t r i c t r e s i d e n t s to the suburbs. With downtown D i s t r i c t p a r k i n g space a t such a premium the membership o f t h i s A s s o c i a t i o n c r i t i c a l l y q u e s t i o n s the a d v i s a b i l i t y of p o u r i n g a d d i t i o n a l thousands o f commuter a u t o m o b i l e s d a i l y i n t o the downtown a r e a from nearby Maryland. We e a r n e s t l y s o l i c i t the Commissioners and the N a t i o n a l C a p i t o l P l a n n i n g Commission t o p r o v i d e a more �353 effective r a p i d t r a n s i t system f o r the m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a i n l i e u o f expressways. I n c o n c l u s i o n , o f the f o u r expressway r o u t e s def i n e d by the C l a r k e s o n E n g i n e e r i n g r e p o r t , t h i s A s s o c i a t i o n recommends the R i v e r r o u t e . T h i s r o u t e i s recommended be- cause i t e l i m i n a t e s most o f the d i s a d v a n t a g e s i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h a n expressway through l i s t e d above C-lover-Archbold Park. That concludes our statement, Mr. Chairman. Thank you v e r y muchCOMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: S i r , you a r e surrounded by these r o u t e s , a r e n ' t you? MR. SANDIFER: Y e s . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: • Mr. A r m i s t e a d And Peter, III. i s Mrs. H i n t o n w i t h you, Mr. P e t e r ? MR. PETER: Y e s . STATEMENT OP MR. ARMISTEAD PETER, I I I , PROGRESSIVE CITIZENS ASSOCIATION OP GEORGETOWN. MR. PETER: My name i s A r m i s t e a d P e t e r , and I am Second V i c e - P r e s i d e n t o f the Georgetown P r o g r e s s i v e C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n , and Chairman o f the s p e c i a l committee on Route 240I would l i k e t o r e a d a r e s o l u t i o n t h a t was u n a n i mously p a s s e d by the R e s i d e n t s A s s o c i a t i o n o f Georgetown a t t h e i r meeting on December 9, 1 9 5 7 . �354 WHEREAS, a l l o f the p l a n s f o r Route 240 which re9 have been p r e s e n t e d thus f a r have imposed a heavy i n c r e a s e i n t h e t r a f f i c l o a d on t h e Georgetown w a t e r f r o n t o r i n tue c l o s e v i c i n i t y o f Georgetown, and, WHEREAS, a new p l a n h a s been suggested by the N a t i o n a l C a p i t o l P l a n n i n g Commission which would u t i l i z e t u n n e l s , r o u g h l y p a r a l e l l i n g M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue, t o e f f e c t a c o n n e c t i o n between t h e n o r t h e r n end o f GloverA r c h b o l d Park and the I n n e r Loop, and, WHEREAS, T h i s p l a n , i f s a t i s f a c t o r i l y developed would e l i m i n a t e a major t r u c k expressway from tne v a l l e y o f the Potomac and the b o r d e r s o f the C a n a l and would r e l i e v e any f u r t h e r p r e s s u r e Parkway. to allow trucks i n Glover-Archbold I t would save the banks o f the r i v e r above the c a n a l from d e s t r u c t i v e e x c a v a t i o n , would p r e s e r v e the r e - c r e a t i o n a l p r o p e r t i e s o f the a r e a and would e l i m i n a t e a l a r g e volume o f t r a f f i c from t h e Georgetown w a t e r f r o n t . BE I T THEREFORE RESOLVED, t h a t the P r o g r e s s i v e C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n o f Georgetown s h a l l t a k e no a c t i o n i n support o f any p l a n f o r Route 240 u n t i l a d e t a i l e d development o f the M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue Tunnel p l a n i s and presented, t h a t t h e A s s o c i a t i o n recommends t o t h e Commissioners o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia t h a t , t o t h i s end, they g i v e full support t o t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t o l P l a n n i n g Commission. I s h o u l d l i k e t o add t o t h a t , t h a t we f e e l s t r o n g l y �355 t h a t the r i v e r r o u t e i s not a s a t i s f a c t o r y r o u t e , c e r t a i n l y relO from the s t a n d p o i n t o f Georgetown, and I would say from the s t a n d p o i n t o f Washington a s a whole. I n the f i r s t p l a c e , i t seerct3 i n d e f e n s i b l e to c a r r y a t r u c k r o u t e o f t h a t volume d i r e c t l y i n t o the I n n e r Loop a t such a s h o r t d i s t a n c e from the L i n c o l n Memorial, the new a u d i t o r i u m chat w i l l be b u i l t i n t h a t l o c a t i o n , when we cons i d e r t h a t i f 240 was brought through the c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l highway w i t h o u t l e t s i n both d i r e c t i o n s , from t h e r e through the F o r t D r i v e , w i t h o u t l e t s i n both d i r e c t i o n s , a l l the r e a l l y heavy t r u c k t r a f f i c , l o n g - d i s t a n c e traffic with o b j e c t i v e s i n Washington s h o u l d be c a r r i e d i n the d i r e c t i o n t h a t they want to go b e f o r e they come to the c e n t e r of the CityI cannot b e l i e v e t h a t modern p l a n n i n g justifies b r i n g i n g heavy t r u c k t r a f f i c d i r e c t l y i n t o the c e n t e r and most monumental p a r t o f Washington. I know t h a t the F o r t D r i v e h a s not been c o n s i d e r e d v e r y s e r i o u s l y l a t e l y , but i t i s one o f the c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l r o u t e s around the c e n t e r o f the C i t y t h a t has been planned f o r many y e a r s . I t comes i n t o B a t t e r y Kemble Park where a t one time I b e l i e v e the P a r k Department had suggested a bridge, w h i c h would r e l i e v e t r a f f i c even i n i n t e r s t a t e commerce from coming i n t o the c e n t e r o f the C i t y , and t h a t I b e l i e v e i s going to be the o b j e c t i v e o f a l l c i t i e s i n the f u t u r e , to keep �356 t r u c k t r a f f i c out r a t h e r than b r i n g i n g i t i n . I f , f o r i n s t a n c e , a s has been suggested, t r u c k s a r e i n the p r o c e s s of conducting b u s i n e s s w i l l not n e c e s s a r i l y f o l l o w Route 240- i n the C i t y , they T h e i r normal o b j e c t i v e w i l l be t h e i r dumping a r e a , which might be i n the N o r t h e a s t s e c t i o n o f the C i t y , a s i t i s i n many c a s e s , when they would take one of the c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l r o u t e s to go to t h a t a r e a and from t h a t a r e a have to come through the C i t y s t r e e t s i n o r d e r to get to whatever o b j e c t i v e they were going t o . A l s o , I b e l i e v e t h a t i t i a h a r d l y to be defended to put a r o u t e of t h a t importance, c o m p l e t e l y to one the a r e a t h a t i t i s supposed to s e r v e . s i d e of I t i s one-sided and i t has no i n g r e s s from the D i s t r i c t l i n e to Georgetown except a t one p o i n t , a r o a d c a r r i a g e through the W i s c o n s i n Avenue c o r r i d o r would draw t r a f f i c from both d i r e c t i o n s and w h i l e we do not n e c e s s a r i l y support the p o s i t i o n o f the T u n n e l i n a l l c a s e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y where i t comes out i n Normanstone D r i v e , we b e l i e v e t h a t the b a s i c p l a n o f the T u n n e l , and particularly i t s l o c a t i o n , i s s u f f i c i e n t l y important to j u s t i f y f u r t h e r examination. B u t , we would l i k e to l e a v e w i t h the Commissioners, the f e e l i n g o r the s u g g e s t i o n t h a t I t would be w e l l to examine more c l o s e l y the q u e s t i o n as to whether i t was n e c e s s a r y to b r i n g t h a t t r u c k r o u t e i n t o Washington a t a l l , g r a n t e d t h a t i t has the two o u t l e t s a t the c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l parkway and at �357 the P o r t Drive. I n a d d i t i o n to t h a t , I s h o u l d l i k e to speak of appearance of the w a t e r f r o n t the i n Georgetown and above George- town t h a t w i l l be caused by the b u i l d i n g o f e i t h e r Route A or A2A r o a d t h a t i s an 8 - l a n e r o a d w i t h a separation c a r r i e d up the r i v e r or 6 - l a n e r o a d , as i t would be up, would h a r d l y l e a v e the bank of the r i v e r i n a c o n d i t i o n from what we know I t today. further recognizable I r e a l l y believe that our p r e s t i g e a s a c o u n t r y i s going to depend i n some e x t e n t on the s o l u t i o n s t h a t we g i v e to these problems and i n the n a t i o n a l c a p i t o l t h a t p r e s t i g e i s going to mean more and more. I t r e a l l y means something c o n c r e t e and important to u s that we make s o l u t i o n s t h a t do not f l y i n the f a c e o f the appearance of t i l i n g s a f t e r we f i n i s h w i t h them. I don't b e l i e v e i t c o u l d be a g a i n s a i d t h a t there i s a time t h a t a r i s e s i n any C i t y when s u r f a c e t r a f f i c s o l v e i t s problems. I f New Y o r k had t r a f f i c and developed f r e e w a y s and depended on o v e r p a s s e s and cannot surface that 3ort of t h i n g i n the b e g i n n i n g , w i t h o u t b u i l d i n g subways and w i t h o u t b u i l d i n g a system of mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , Manhattan I s l a n d wouldn't have been l a r g e enough today to c a r r y traffic t h a t goes i n and b e f o r e v e r y l o n g , we out e v e r y morning. should consider I do f e e l the that s e r i o u s l y a system of mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t h a t would save Washington from h a v i n g �358 i t s f a c e so changed by these l a r g e throughways and f r e e w a y s , t n a t most o f u s who have l i v e d here w i l l h a r d l y be a b l e t o recognize i t . Thank youCOMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you, Mr. P e t e r . Have you a word f o r u s , t h i s morning? MRS. HINTON: Y e s . STATEMENT OP MRS. HAROLD HINTON, PRESIDENT, PROGRESSIVE C I T I Z E N S ASSOCIATION OP GEORGETOWN. MRS. HINTON: I might s a y t h e r e i s a m i l d study on mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n p r o g r e s s now. I am Mrs. H a r o l d B. H i n t o n , P r e s i d e n t o f P r o g r e s s i v e C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n o f Georgetown. Mr. P e t e r a l r e a d y t o l d you what our a s s o c i a t i o n s t a n d h a s been on i t , so what I am t e l l i n g you now I s f o r m y s e l f and from my long e x p e r i e n c e , t e n y e a r s t h a t I have done a g r e a t d e a l o f c i v i c work i n Georgetown and i n Washington. I want t o r e f e r t o what G e n e r a l P r e n t i s s s a i d yesterday. He s a i d t h a t the I n t e r s t a t e Highway A c t was n o t devised to a i d t r a f f i c i n s i d e of c i t i e s , but to route i t around i n d u s t r i a l c i t i e s and from c i t y t o c i t y and from s t a t e to s t a t e . I agree p e r f e c t l y w i t h t h a t , and I do n o t t h i n k t h a t any l e g o f Route 240 coming from a by-pass r o u t e t o b r i n g t r u c k t r a f f i c i n t o t n e c i t y c o u l d p o s s i b l y be c a l l e d a �359 proper i n t e r s t a t e route. rel4 Maybe t h i s i s n ' t a v e r y n i c e t h i n g t o s a y , but I f e e l s t r o n g l y t h a t i f we d i d n ' t have t h a t 90 p e r c e n t f e d e r a l a i d d a n g l i n g i n f r o n t o f our n o s e s , t h e r e wouldn't be 3 0 much impetus t o b r i n g t h i s t r u c k traffic i n t o the c i t y . Wow, i f you have r e a d , and I am sure you have, t h e o p i n i o n s and c r i e s which have gone up s i n c e t h e B a l t i m o r e T u n n e l , they s a y t h a t has t a k e n — i n the paper — Baltimore. I have seen t h i s e x p r e s s e d a l l o f t h e t r a f f i c o f f the s t r e e t s i n Of course t h a t means a l l t h e t r a f f i c which doesn't d i r e c t l y have b u s i n e s s i n that p a r t i c u l a r s t r e e t . I feel v e r y much t h a t Route 240, when opened around Cabin John and xfhen t h e Jones P o i n t B r i d g e i s open, t h a t same t h i n g w i l l happen. The t r u c k t r a f f i c which then comes i n t o Washington w i l l be coming h e r e t o do b u s i n e s s . As Mr. P e t e r s a i d , go to t h e p a r t i c u l a r spot i t wants t o go t o , n o t n e c e s s a r i l y to have a l a r g e i n t e r s t a t e p i e c e o f a highway t o go on. Most o f the t r a f f i c i n Northwest Washington, t h e t r u c k t r a f f i c , e x c e p t f o r t h e s m a l l neighborhood s t o r e s , goes to t h e Georgetown w a t e r f r o n t . I t i s mostly concrete t r u c k s , t h a t i s about what i t amounts t o , those Mahoney concrete t r u c k s , and they go from t h e i r base down i n Georgetown waterf r o n t t o whatever p a r t i c u l a r b u i l d i n g i s b e i n g b u i l t a t t h e time, and t h a t i s not i n a s t a b l e p o s i t i o n , a s you c a n understand. Therefore, t h e r e i s no p o i n t i n b u i l d i n g a t r u c k �353 -A route, a huge t r u c k r o u t e f o r huge t r u c k s to go to a water- f r o n t which i s not e x a c t l y one, g e t t i n g more i n d u s t r i a l , but but which i s c e r t a i n l y not t e n d i n g more toward l i g h t e r type commerce, b i t by b i t . Now, I want to make another comment on what Robertson s a i d y e s t e r d a y . He Mr. s a i d t h a t to b r i n g i n the h i g h - way truck route, and e s t h e t i c i n t e r e s t to the n a t i o n ' s c a p i t o l . Nov, a l o n g the r i v e r , would g i v e a v e r y d i g n i f i e d i f you a r e going to make a l e g o f an i n t e r - s t a t e highway by-pass coming r i g h t i n t o the c e n t e r of the c a p i t a l c i t y , you a r e not going to do a n y t h i n g e s t h e t i c least b i t . the I t h i n k the Highway Department's i n t e r e s t i n e s t h e t i c s i s v e r y commendable, they need a g r e a t d e a l more p r a c t i c e i n t h a t f i e l d b e f o r e i t t a k e s much e f f e c t . I f any of you d i d , as I d i d , f o l l o w the h e a r i n g s i n the c a p i t o l , on t r y i n g to get some s m a l l modicum of c o n t r o l on b i l l b o a r d s the new on i n t e r s t a t e highway system, where i t i s going i n t o v i r g i n c o u n t r y where we probably n e v e r a g a i n f i n d any more v i r g i n c o u n t r y to put a highway through, they would not a c c e p t any c o n t r o l a t a l l on Now, billboards. the worse t h i n g about the Georgetown waterfront i s not the commerce t h a t goes on, i t i s the b i l l b o a r d s b e i n g put up to a t t r a c t a t t e n t i o n , and neon s i g n s to a t t r a c t a t t e n t i o n of the people on the f r e e w a y , and n o t h i n g , no t r u c k e r s coming i n t o the n a t i o n a l c a p i t o l i 3 going to have the �l e a s t b i t o f d i g n i t y a t t a c h e d t o i t , because I a s s u r e you they a r e p e r m i t t e d t o put up b i l l b o a r d s , and t h a t i s going t o be j u s t t h e a b s o l u t e end o f a n y t h i n g t h a t c o u l d even been human l o o k i n g a l o n g t h e r i v e r . And I f e e l v e r y s t r o n g l y a g a i n s t e i t h e r o f those r i v e r routes. I n f a c t , our A s s o c i a t i o n f e l t , a s Mr. P e t e r s a i d , a l l f o u r o f t h e r o u t e s suggested, two o f t n e P l a n n i n g Commission Highway Department r o u t e s and C l a r k e s o n r e p o r t r o u t e were so bad, we s i m p l y c o u l d n o t t a k e any s t a n d . We c o u l d n ' t even t a k e a s t a n d c r i t i c i z i n g them. How, i n c o n c l u s i o n , I wanted t o a s k you a q u e s t i o n , and t h a t i s , h e r e i s a p i e c e t h a t I took from t h e S t a r , December 1 3 , 1957> where i t speaks o f the A d v i s o r y Committee on P l a n n i n g and C o l o n e l W e l l i n g spoke t o them, and Mr. Robertson, and I thought i t was p l a n n i n g t o see where t h i n g s s h o u l d be put, b u t i t seems t o be p l a n n i n g t o see how they w i l l g e t t o pay f o r them. And the l a s t paragraph, I would l i k e t o a s k you what t h i s means, perhaps C o l o n e l W e l l i n g can t e l l me. It 3ays, "Colonel W e l l i n g t o l d t h e c o u n c i l he a l s o would l i k e t h e i r a d v i c e on whether o r n o t t h e c i t y s h o u l d seek t o b u i l d a l i n k w i t h Maryland Route 240 w i t h i n the n e x t s i x y e a r s . " I s h o u l d s a y they s h o u l d n o t seek t o . j e c t i s — " I'm f i n i s h i n g t h e quote — ing s i x - y e a r program." " T h i s pro- " i s not i n the e x i s t - �361 "Mr. Robert3on s a i d t h a t t h e Department i s c o n s i d e r rel/ ing s u b s t i t u t i n g Route 240 f o r t h e c e n t r a l l e g o f t h e pro- posed I n n e r Loop expressway around the c e n t r a l p a r t o f t h e city." Now, does t h a t mean t h a t t h e p a r t coming down from the r i v e r w i l l be p a r t o f the I n n e r Loop? What does t h a t mean? COMMISSIONER'MO -LAUGHLIN: else. I was t h i n k i n g something You r e a l i z e 240 comes i n now, don't you? MRS. HINTON: I know i t comes down W i s c o n s i n Avenue r i g h t now. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: P l e n t y o f people speak about t h i s problem a s though we were j u s t going t o add a l o t o f t r a f f i c h e r e , which i s n o t coming i n t o t h e c i t y a l r e a d y at present. MRS. HINTON: We r e a l i z e i t comes r i g h t down Wis- c o n s i n , we have i t e v e r y day. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: What was t h a t q u e s t i o n , Mrs. H i n t o n ? MRS. HINTON: stitute Where they s a i d should they sub- — COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: What i s t h a t MRS. HINTON: question? I wondered what I t meant by - "Mr. Robertson s a i d t h a t t h e Department i s c o n s i d e r i n g s u b s t i t u t i n g Route 240 f o r t h e c e n t r a l l e g o f the p r o j e c t e d I n n e r Loop �362 expressway around the c e n t r a l p a r t o f t h e c i t y . " rel8 COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: I s Mr. R o b e r t s o n h e r e ? Would you e x p l a i n t h a t , o r would you want t h e " S t a r " t o explain i t . (Laughter.) MR. ROBERTSON: MRS. HINTON: Mr. P r e s i d e n t — I f i t l a out o f o r d e r , I w i l l just pose the q u e s t i o n and l e t you f i n d an answer, i f t h a t i s what you would r a t h e r do. I don't suppose I have any r i g h t to q u e s t i o n anybody. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: i n that Were you p r o p e r l y quoted statement? MR. ROBERTSON: We were c o n s i d e r i n g a s t u d y t o t a k e some o f the i n t e r s t a t e money which would a p p l y t o t h e c e n t r a l leg o f t h e whole i n n e r b e l t f o r u s e o f 240, i f I t had t o be b u i l t by t h e Maryland c o n n e c t i o n . I f we had t o b u i l d I t , we would have t o f i n d money t o b u i l d i t , t h a t i s one p o s s i b i l i t y . I t I sa l linterstate connections. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: program we have so much — MR. ROBERTSON: The p o i n t i s under t h e 90 p e r c e n t money, i s t h a t r i g h t ? That i s r i g h t . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: And t h e q u e s t i o n i s where t h a t 90 p e r c e n t money i s going t o be a p p l i e d . MRS. HINTON: Do you have t o spend i t ? Couldn't you j u s t l e t Route 240 t a k e the t r a f f i c . E v e r y by-pas3 o f any �363 c i t y t a k e s the t r a f f i c around i t and they do n o t b u i l d b i g throughways to b r i n g t r a f f i c i n t o t h e c i t y . t a k e i t aroundnot Couldn't The p o i n t i s t o t h e r e be some p a r t o f t h e money spent? I saw i n t h e paper the o t h e r day, t h a t Congress i s v e r y much w o r r i e d a s the c o s t o f the i n t e r s t a t e highway system i s g e t t i n g so much b i g g e r then they expected, and i t would be r a t h e r n i c e , i f t h e r e was p a r t o f i t t h a t d i d n ' t have t o be spent. Thank you. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia s h o u l d MRS. HINTON: You a r e s u g g e s t i n g t h a t — Not have any l e g o f Route 240 coming in. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Should c o n s t r u c t t h i s Highway Department, p a y i n g 50 p e r c e n t , i n s t e a d o f talcing advantage o f the same s t a t u t e s t h a t the o t h e r 48 s t a t e s a r e t a k i n g advantage o f ? MRS. HINTON: No, Mr. McLaughlin, when a through r o u t e , i n t e r s t a t e r o u t e , y e s , b u t I don't see any need t o t r y to b r i n g a by-pass i n t o t h e middle o f the c i t y i n t o t h e b e s t r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s o f t h e D i s t r i c t and through the few remaining p a r k s o f the D i s t r i c t , j u s t so we c o u l d g e t 90 p e r c e n t federal aid. As you p o i n t e d out, 240 does come i n t o the D i s t r i c t , �364 comes down W i s c o n s i n Avenue, when the by-pass around i s completed, through t r u c k s w i l l go around t h e r e , and I t h i n k you w i l l be a b l e , t h e ones which come down W i s c o n s i n Avenue come f o r b u s i n e s s t o where they a r e going t o some l o c a l a r e a and t h e y would r a t h e r come t h e r e any how, and t h e r e i s n ' t any need to b u i l d a throughway through the b e s t r e s i d e n t i a l district. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: I t i s coming down W i s c o n s i n Avenue. MRS. HINTON: We w i l l be g r e a t l y r e l i e v e d when i t goes around, be much b e t t e r then i t i s now- �365 COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you v e r y much. I t h i n k perhaps we b e t t e r go back t o t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the groups h e r e . T h e r e a r e n ' t many t h a t were not p r e - sent l a s t n i g h t . F r i e n d s h i p H e i g h t s was not p r e s e n t last night. The American F e d e r a t i o n of Labor, CIO, was not p r e s e n t last night. I mean, a r e they p r e s e n t now? (There was no r e s p o n s e , ) COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Citizens' Associations? MR. BURMEISTER: Yes, s i r . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: please. Northwest C o u n c i l o f W i l l you come f o r w a r d , W i l l you proceed and g i v e t h e name o f your organ- i z a t i o n t h a t you r e p r e s e n t . I s t h e r e anyone e l s e here r e p r e s e n t i n g Northwest C o u n c i l ? MR. BURMEISTER: No. STATEMENT OF CHARLES A. BURMEISTER, RECORDING SECRETARY, NORTHWEST COUNCIL OF CITIZENS' ASSOCIATION MR. BURMEISTER: My name i s C h a r l e s A. Burmeister. I am r e c o r d i n g s e c r e t a r y o f t h e Northwest C o u n c i l o f C i t i z e n s ' A s s o c i a t i o n , and I appear h e r e f o r t h a t o r g a n i z a t i o n . I n view o f t h e f a c t t h a t you have had a long two days o f i t , I c a n condense t h i s a l i t t l e b i t , i f you want t o . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN; Why don't you put t h e �366 v h o l e statement I n t h e r e c o r d ? MR. BURMEISTER: T h e r e a r e some p a r t s I would l i k e t o emphasize. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN; Proceed i n your own way. MR. BURMEISTER: The f i r s t paragraph r e f e r s t o the f a c t t h a t we p r e s e n t e d a r e s o l u t i o n on t h i s , November 2 5 . on I would l i k e t o r e a d t h e l a s t paragraph of t h a t r e s o l u t i o n which i s attached. Now, T h e r e f o r e be i t r e s o l v e d , t h a t t h e Northwest C o u n c i l o f C i t i z e n s ' A s s o c i a t i o n s convened i n a r e g u l a r meeting on November 25, 1957, hereby opposes any use of land i n o r a d j a c e n t t o ( 1 ) Rock Creek P a r k , ( 2 ) G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d P a r k , ( 3 ) Whitehaven P a r k , ( 4 ) W i s c o n s i n Avenue, ( 5 ) George Washington Memorial Parkway, o r ( 6 ) Palisades-Potomac P a r k way as a r i g h t - o f - w a y t o l i n k Route 240 a t the. Maryland-' D i s t r i c t o f Columbia boundry v i t h dounto-wn Washington; and I t i s f u r t h e r r e s o l v e d , t h a t t h e Northwest C o u n c i l o f C i t i z e n s ' A s s o c i a t i o n s f a v o r s and endorses a c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l highway b y - p a s s i n g t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia t o the West. Now the C o u n c i l i s made up of n i n e c i t i z e n s ' a s s o c i a t i o n s l o c a t e d i n Northwest Washington, and t h e y adopted t h i s r e s o l u t i o n unanimously. L a t e r on, two of them, t h e American U n i v e r s i t y P a r k and C a t h e d r a l H e i g h t s m o d i f i e d t h e i r p o s i t i o n , and s i n c e t h e y �367 a r e appearing h e r e , I w i l l not attempt t o p r e s e n t what t h e i r v i e w s a r e , a l t h o u g h we have summarized them i n t h i s statement. The F o r e s t H i l l s A s s o c i a t i o n h a s f e l t t h a t i f i t was i n e v i t a b l e t h a t t h e r e be a super highway coming i n t o the D i s t r i c t , that consideration road r i g h t - o f - w a y should be g i v e n t o t h e r a i l - o f t h e B&O R a i l r o a d and u s e land to that right-of-way adjacent and make c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h t h e i n n e r - c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l highway. That p a r t i s mentioned i n h e r e , and I w i l l not d w e l l on t h a t any more. On page 2, we p r e s e n t a statement o r paragraph o u t l i n i n g what t h e problem i s . S i n c e t h a t has been d i s c u s s e d v e r y f u l l y , I w i l l not go i n t o t h a t . B u t down a t t h e end of t h e page, I b r i n g out t h a t t h e q u e s t i o n seems t o be, i t i s not whether a r o u t e I s a c t u a l l y needed a t t h e p r e s e n t o r i n t h e f u t u r e f o r t h e o r d e r l y development o f Washington, i t seems t o be a q u e s t i o n o n l y o f where s h a l l t h e l i n k be l o c a t e d . How, i t I s t h e p o s i t i o n o f t h i s C o u n c i l t h a t none o f t h e f o u r proposed l o c a t i o n s w i l l c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e o r d e r l y and comprehensive development o f our c i t y , since a l l of the proposed r o u t e s i n v o l v e , t o a g r e a t e r o r l e s s e r e x t e n t , t h e s a c r i f i c e of park areas. I t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t p a r k s , which presumably a r e a r e a s s e t a s i d e f o r t h e r e s t and r e c r e a t i o n , protected from t h e i n r o a d s o f m e c h a n i c a l gadgets, a r e f u l l y �368 a s important as a r e means o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and t h a t t h e former should not be s a c r a f i c e d t o the l a t t e r . The p r e s e n t l y proposed l o c a t i o n s seem, moreover, advanced i n a manner c a r e f u l l y c a l c u l a t e d t o minimize oppos i t i o n from p r o p e r t y owners d i r e c t l y a f f e c t e d . The g r e a t f a u l t o f t h e proposed r o u t e s i s t h a t t h e y proceed from t h e assumption t h a t our p u b l i c p a r k s , which c o n t a i n i r r e p l a c e a b l e r e c r e a t i o n a l and h i s t o r i c a l v a l u e s , a r e expendable. In p a r k s t h e r e a r e no p r i v a t e owners t o be d i s p o s s e s s e d , no cost of l i t i g a t i o n or compensation. T h u s , t h o s e who would d e s t r o y our p a r k s use as t h e i r b a t t l e c r y "which s h a l l i t be, b i r d s or p e o p l e ? " As we see i t , t h i s approach c o m p l e t e l y misnames t h e i s s u e , w h i c h I s of c o u r s e , "which s h a l l i t be automobiles o r p e o p l e ? " T h u s , i n t h e i r h u r r y t o s e c u r e f r e e F e d e r a l money under t h e 1956 A c t , t h e road c o n s t r u c t i o n e n t h u s i a s t s have p l a c e d i n j e o p a r d y t h e h i s t o r i c C and 0 C a n a l , a d j a c e n t Potomac R i v e r P a r k l a n d , Whitehaven P a r k , and G l o v e r - A r c h b o I d P a r k , a s u b s t a n t i a l f r a c t i o n of w h i c h was d e d i c a t e d i n p e r p e t u i t y t o t h e people o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia as a n a t u r a l s a n c t u a r y f o r t h e r e l i e f o f human t e n s i o n s generated by our i n c r e a s i n g l y complex urban life. E v e n i f i t were t o be conceded t h a t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t a k e s precedence o v e r p a r k s , we a r e t h e n f a c e d w i t h t h e a n n o y i n g f a c t t h a t automobile t r a n s p o r t a t i o n cannot do t h e �369 major j o b f o r which t h e s e highways a r e i n t e n d e d ; namely, the speedy and s a f e t r a n s p o r t o f u r b a n and suburban workers t o and from downtown Washington t o work and shop. i s one s i n g l e s o l i t a r y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c I f there which a l l t h e urban superhighways i n e v e r y American c i t y have i n common i t i s this; They a r e inadequate how many l a n e s t h e y have. d u r i n g t h e r u s h hours, no m a t t e r Most o f t h e day t h e y a r e used f a r l e s s t h a n c a p a c i t y , w h i l e d u r i n g t h e r u s h hours t h e y a r e q u i t e inadequate t o meet t h e demands upon them. T h i 3 con- t i n u e s t o be t r u e , i r r e s p e c t i v e o f t h e i n c r e a s e i n t h e number of r o u t e s and l a n e s a v a i l a b l e . Under t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s , why should t h e p a r k s be s a c r i f i c e d t o super highways. I f t h e y c o u l d do t h e j o b t h a t would be one t h i n g , but t o s a c r i f i c e t h e p a r k s w i t h t h e s u r e knowledge t h a t t h i s w i l l be a v a i n e f f o r t t o keep up w i t h r u s h hour t r a f f i c peaks, i s q u i t e another. Aftera l l the p a r k s a r e gone i n t h i s v a i n e f f o r t , what t h e n s h a l l we do? S a c r i f i c e o f t h e s e p r i c e l e s s and i r r e p l a c e a b l e a r e a s i s a bald surrender to the d i c t a t e s of a short-sighted expediency. I t i s our f u r t h e r p o s i t i o n t h a t t o proceed w i t h t h e d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h i s highway over any o f t h e proposed r o u t e s , i n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e e x p r e s s e d i J i s h e s o f t h e i n h a b i t a n t s o f t h e a r e a t o be s e r v e d , and t h i s i s a t t h e v e r y time when t h e D i s t r i c t ' s highway f i n a n c i n g r e s o u r c e s show s i g n s o f s t r a i n , i s c l e a r l y c o n t r a r y t o t h e p u b l i c �370 mc6 interest. O p p o s i t i o n t o the proposed highway l o c a t i o n s s p r i n g s from s e v e r a l c o n v i c t i o n s . Firstly, i t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t the m a j o r o b j e c t i v e o f the F e d e r a l Highway Act of 1956, under w h i c h the proposed c o n s t r u c t i o n w i l l proceed, i s t o a l l e v i a t e , not compound t r a f f i c congestion. I t cannot be doubted t h a t c o n s t r u c t i o n of an e i g h t - l a n e l i m i t e d access highway between the D i s t r i c t L i n e and downtown Washington t h r o u g h the h e a r t of the Northwest Quadrant w i l l compound t h e automotive c o n g e s t i o n w h i c h p r e s e n t l y c l o g s Washington. Another r e a s o n we oppose the p r e s e n t p l a n s i s t h e i r complete l a c k of i n t e g r a t i o n w i t h the mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s u r v e y p r e s e n t l y b e i n g conducted a t a c o s t exceeding $1/2 m i l l i o n by the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n a l Planning C o u n c i l and the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission. We a r e today asked t o e x p r e s s a p r e f e r e n c e as t o highway r o u t e s w i t h o u t knowledge of important date as t o l a n d u s e , populat i o n growth, t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s , and a l t e r n a t i v e s t o park- d e v o u r i n g automobiles w h i c h w i l l be f o r t h c o m i n g i n the Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Survey. To us I t seems the s h e e r e s t waste o f l i m i t e d r e s o u r c e s t o s e p a r a t e highway from p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g , when both c l e a r l y have the same purpose, namely, t o p r o v i d e f o r t h e f a c i l e movement of people and goods i n t h e Washington a r e a . I s i t not time we sought some more fundamental s o l u t i o n s , such as g i v i n g people an �571 mc7 a l t e r n a t i v e t o t h e use of automobiles, i n the manner which i s now b e i n g s t u d i e d by t h e Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Survey? F u r t h e r m o r e , t h e j u s t i f i c a t i o n of t h e s e p l a n s r e s t s upon some v e r y q u e s t i o n a b l e p r e m i s e s , of which the f o l l o w i n g w i l l s e r v e as examples: F i r s t , That w i t h automobile ing registrations increas- f a s t e r t h a n p o p u l a t i o n , automobiles w i l l c o n t i n u e t o be t h e major method of i n t r a u r b a n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ; and Second, That p r e s e n t day commuting p a t t e r n s w i l l c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e f u t u r e Washington community; and T h i r d , T h a t p o p u l a t i o n growth w i l l a c t u a l l y occur at p r o j e c t e d r a t e s ; and F o u r t h , That f o r e c a s t p o p u l a t i o n growth i s an i n e x o r a b l e phenomenon t o which e v e r y t h i n g e l s e must be a d j u s t e d . The proposed highway p l a n s r e p r e s e n t an impetuous e f f o r t t o b u i l d f o r a suburban p o p u l a t i o n p r o j e c t e d by those who have l o s t s i g h t o f t h e need f o r a w e l l - b a l a n c e d community c o n t a i n i n g p a r k s as w e l l as highways; homes as w e l l as b u s i n e s s e s ; i n s h o r t , a r e g i o n where the p o p u l a t i o n c a n be c o m f o r t a b l y accommodated. We have o u t l i n e d our reasons f o r opposing t h e proposed p l a n s . We Firstly a l s o have c e r t a i n a f f i r m a t i v e v i e w s t o o f f e r . i t i s our b e l i e f t h a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e - t a b l e f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e o u t e r c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l highway and i t s s u p p o r t i n g b r i d g e s should be a c c e l e r a t e d . Connection �372 o f I n t e r s t a t e U. S. Highway 240 w i t h t h i s o u t e r circumferen- t i a l highway o u t s i d e of t h e D i s t r i c t w i l l s e r v e t o d i v e r t from t h e D i s t r i c t t h a t t r a f f i c which has no d e s i r e to p e n e t r a t e t h e r e , but which w i l l n e v e r t h e l e s s be a t t r a c t e d under t h e present construction timetable. We t h e r e f o r e s t r o n g l y recommend t h a t a c t i o n be t a k e n as soon as p o s s i b l e t o e f f e c t t h i s change i n t i m i n g o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n program. Second, we urge t h e Commissioners t o d e f e r f i n a l determination their on Route 240 l i n k u n t i l t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S u r v e y become known. These may i n d i - c a t e t h a t modern r a p i d t r a n s i t w i l l accommodate a n t i c i p a t e d t r a f f i c r e q u i r e m e n t s i n a manner more economical o f both l a n d and money t h a n i s p o s s i b l e w i t h t o t a l r e l i a n c e upon p r i v a t e automobile t r a v e l , upon which t h e p r e s e n t p l a n s a r e predicated. T h i r d , t h a t highway c o n s t r u c t i o n w h i c h i s so v i t a l a p a r t o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g not be t r e a t e d out o f c o n t e x t w i t h o r s e p a r a t e from t h e h y r i a d o t h e r problems o f p l a n n i n g f o r a g r e a t e r , b a t t e r , and more b e a u t i f u l F e d e r a l city. To sum up, we r e c o g n i z e t h e v a l u e o f super highways as f a c i l i t i e s f o r f a s t i n t e r c i t y t r a v e l ; we q u e s t i o n , however, whether s o l e dependence on them f o r i n t r a - c i t y t r a v e l i s w i s e public policy. And we a r e q u i t e c e r t a i n t h a t t h e i m p o s i t i o n o f e i g h t l a n e s of c o n c r e t e i n our p u b l i c p a r k s w i l l be �373 mc9 adverse t o the best i n t e r e s t s o f the c i t i z e n s o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. The f o l l o w i n g f o u r e x c e r p t s from volume e l e v e n , number t h r e e , dated December 1957> o f a study o f t h e Potomac R i v e r B a s i n , which t r e a t s t h e Route 240 l i n k , as p a r t o f s t u d i e s i n B u s i n e s s and Economics o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Maryl a n d , adequately, i t seems t o u s , s t a t e s t h e case f o r t h e people . * "Human p h y s i c a l a i l m e n t s u s u a l l y a r e s t u d i e d by a g e n e r a l d i a g n o s t i c i a n who r e f e r s t o s p e c i a l i s t s a r e a s of p a r t i c u l a r concern. the whole man. The o b j e c t i v e i s h e a l t h f o r S i m i l a r procedures a r e normal f o r a r e g i o n , which should be a n a l y z e d , planned, as an i n t e g r a l concept. disadvantage Otherwise, development t o t h e o f t h e whole ... " L i t t l e c a n be accomplished for and developed i n t h e way o f p l a n n i n g r e g i o n a l development without comprehensive study of t h e a r e a i n q u e s t i o n . T h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n . m u s t con- s i d e r not o n l y t h e p h y s i c a l and t o p o g r a p h i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s b u t must i n c l u d e economic, s o c i a l , and a e s t h e t i c f a c t o r s as w e l l . I n many i n s t a n c e s t h e s e f a c t o r s a r e not s u i t e d f o r simple m e c h a n i c a l o r q u a n t i t a t i v e comp a r i s o n and a n a l y s i s . I t i s d i f f i c u l t t o place a monetary v a l u e on something o f g r e a t s o c i sL o r h i s t o r i c a l importance; consequently these aspects are f r e q u e n t l y �e l i m i n a t e d o r ignored. " I n any r e g i o n as d i v e r s i f i e d as t h e Potomac R i v e r B a s i n , many a l t e r n a t i v e uses compete f o r land and must he c o n s i d e r e d i n programming land development. These i n c l u d e a g r i c u l t u r e , i n d u s t r y , commerce, t r a n s portation, recreation and p r i v a t e r e s i d e n c e s as l a n d f o r p u b l i c i n s t a l l a t i o n s . t h o r o u g h l y i n ourder t o p r o v i d e f o r e f f e c t i v e enlightened "The foregoing as w e l l E a c h must be examined an I n t e l l i g e n t b a s i s land-use planning. a p p r a i s a l o f t h e D. C.-Potomac R i v e r V a l l e y development problems i n d i c a t e s c o n c l u s i v e l y t h a t t h e r e a r e many a s p e c t s o f t h i s problem which need c a r e f u l study and t h a t a l l o f t h e v a r i o u s problems a r e i n s e p a r a b l y I n t e r r e l a t e d . No program f o r t h e f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e r e g i o n c a n p o s s i b l y be s u c c e s s f u l u n l e s s i t f r a n k l y a c c e p t s t h e need f o r a c q u i r i n g much more I n f o r m a t i o n t h a n i s now a v a i l a b l e w i t h a r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e v i t a l interdependence o f t h e many a s p e c t s . " I n c l o s i n g , I would l i k e t o make a few p e r s o n a l comments p o i n t i n g out t o you t h a t i n view o f t h e r a p i d i t y o f t e c h n o l o g i c a l changes, we need t o g i v e a v e r y c a r e f u l a p p r a i s a l t o t h e f u t u r e p o s s i b i l i t i e s i n t h e way o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n development. I n t h e l a s t 150 y e a r s , we have seen t h e development o f t h e stage coach, t h e c a n a l , t h e steam r a i l r o a d t h e e l e c t r i c i n t e r u r b a n , f o l l o w e d by t h e d i e s e l and g a s o l i n e �375 motor, and t h e n the a i r p l a n e . modes of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , two Of the f i r s t f o u r of t h e s e of them have p r a c t i c a l l y been e l i m i n a t e d , t h r e e of them, r a t h e r , t h a t i s the stage coach, t h e c a n a l , and the e l e c t r i c i n t e r u r b a n ; the steam r a i l r o a d i s f i n d i n g d i s a s t r o u s c o m p e t i t i o n , and even t h e d i e s e l road i s s i n c e 1910, transportation. we have had S i n c e 1930, rail- the development of t h e motor airplane transportation. In the l a s t t e n y e a r s , h e l i c o p t e r s . I n view o f the r a p i d i t y of a l l t h e s e developments, i t may may be w i t h i n 20 y e a r s t h a t the automobile t r a n s p o r t a t i o n meet t h e same t y p e o f d i s a s t r o u s c o m p e t i t i o n as t h e s e e a r l i e r methods of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and you may be c o n f r o n t e d w i t h a problem of f i n d i n g l a n d i n g f i e l d s r a t h e r t h a n through highways i n t o the There was city. a rather disastrous mistake, I think, made i n d e v e l o p i n g a t u n n e l on C o n n e c t i c u l Avenue. a g r e a t many b u s i n e s s i n t e r e s t s , and now w i t h the I t damaged streetcar t r a c k s about t o be e l i m i n a t e d , we have a t u n n e l t h e r e t h a t w i l l not be o f v e r y much use. I thank you. (Applause.) COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN; wouldn't suggest we Thank you, sir. j u 3 1 l e t 240 dangle u n t i l we get You heli- c o p t e r s , t h e n we might have t o t a k e a whole p a r k f o r a landing field? �376 mcl2 MR. BURMEISTER: There, was one p o i n t i n h e r e t h a t I f a i l e d to mention, d i d n ' t r e a d , and t h a t w i l l answer your question there. That I t was on page 2, and I l e f t I t out. we now have as f e e d e r roads o f f of Route 240, we h a v e C o n n e c t i cut and W i s c o n s i n Avenues, S i x t e e n t h S t r e e t , Beech D r i v e , Oregan Avenue, Utah Avenue, Broad B r a n c h Road, Nevada Avenue, M i l i t a r y Road, R i v e r Road, Massachusetts Avenue, D a l e c a r l e a Parkwayj McArthur B o u l e v a r d . We have 14 or 16 roads now l e a d i n g t r a f f i c o f f o f 240 i n t o t h e c i t y . I don't see where adding f o u r more l a n e s of c o n c r e t e w i l l h e l p d i s t r i b u t e t h a t t r a f f i c very much b e t t e r t h a n t h o s e Some o f my f r i e n d s have s a i d , " 0 h , y e s , i f we b u i l d 240 i n t o t h e c i t y , we can r i d e 50 m i l e s an hour i n t o Washington." W e l l , I have n e v e r been a b l e t o f i n d out how you c o u l d pour 50 g a l l o n s o f w a t e r through a one-ince bunghole w i t h o u t h a v i n g some c o n g e s t i o n , and no one has e v e r t o l d me y e t how you a r e going t o get t h a t t r a f f i c o f f of 240 a f t e r you g e t i t downtown w i t h o u t h a v i n g some t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n . When you s o l v e t h a t problem, you c a n s o l v e t h i s t h i n g . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: I t i s a i l a b i g problem. Brookmont, we haven't heard from t h e C i v i c League of Brookmont. Mr. E n g e l s t a d or R i c h a r d s . G i v e us your name, s i r , and your p o s i t i o n . XXX STATEMENT OF LEO J a RICHARDS, C I V I C LEAGUE OF BROOKMONT AND VICINITY �377 mors MR* RICHARDS: My name, s i r , i s Leo J . R i c h a r d s , and I l i v e a t 6410 Ridge D r i v e , Broolanont, Maryland. I am a member o f t h e C i v i c League o f Brookmont and V i c i n i t y , and c u r r e n t l y t h e e d i t o r o f "Brookmont Hews." As a p r e f a c e , Gentlemen, I would l i k e t o endorse q u i t e h e a r t i l y t h e statements o f t h e p r e v i o u s s p e a k e r . He h a s p r e s e n t e d t h e broader p o i n t of view t h a t we should l i k e I n our statement t o emphasize. Brookmont i s a s m a l l community l y i n g along Mac A r t h u r B o u l e v a r d and between MacArthur B o u l e v a r d and t h e Potomac R i v e r , immediately a c r o s s t h e D i s t r i c t l i n e i n Montgomery County, Maryland. Brookmont i s v e r y proud o f I t s r u r a l advantages, and i s happy w i t h t h e p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i t e n j o y s from t h e C a b i n John L i n e o f t h e C a p i t a l T r a n s i t Company. Some o f t h e Brookmont householders f i n d t h i s p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n adequate f o r t h e i r complete needs and t h u s do not b o t h e r w i t h an automobile. I have p e r s o n a l l y commuted many y e a r s by s t r e e t c a r t o and from Washington, and I f i n d t h e s t r e e t c a r s e r v i c e e n t i r e l y adequate t o t a k e me anywhere I want t o go i n Metrop o l i t a n Washington. The members o f my f a m i l y f i n d I t more c o n v e n i e n t t o go by s t r e e t c a r t h a n t o go t o Washington or Georgetown by automobile, so g r e a t has t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n become f o r t h e automobile. We i n Brookmont t h u s lend an unsympathetic e a r t o �378 mcl4 t h e Road B u i l d i n g propaganda f o r new r o a d s , f o r w i d e r r o a d s , f o r f a s t e r roads. i s sure. We l i k e our p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . I t I t i sfast. I t i s safe. I t i s t h u s w i t h some s u r p r i s e t h a t we became a c q u a i n t e d w i t h o t h e r a r e a s where t h e r e seems t o be a d e s i r e t o make more c o m p l i c a t e d t h e p r e s e n t t r a f f i c o f p r i v a t e automobiles on Washington s t r e e t s by opening up a w i d e r road f o r Route 240 and t h u s b r i n g i n g more p r i v a t e automobiles into the business and Government areas of t h e F e d e r a l C i t y . Why not extend t h e s t r e e t c a r t r a c k s so as t o a l l o w more people t h e p l e a s u r e o f t r a v e l i n g i n a n i c e warm s t r e e t c a r on t h e s e w i n t e r mornings when a n automobile i s sometimes c o l d and uncomfortable go r i d e i n . I f there i s snow on t h e ground i t i s a l s o h a r d t o c o n t r o l . Public transportation i t seems t o u s , i s t h e answer t o t h e commutation problems o f Northwest Washington r a t h e r t h a n more and f a s t e r , and by t h a t some t o k e n , more dangerous p u b l i c s t r e e t s . We t h u s t h i n k t h a t i t i s a m i s t a k e t o go on and on b u i l d i n g more h i g h speed roadways w i t h i n t h e c i t y limits of the Federal C i t y . T h u s , I d e s i r e t o p o i n t out important a r e a s o f l o g i c , f a c t , and need t h a t should be t a k e n i n t o considera- t i o n i n connection w i t h the entrance of v e h i c u l a r t r a f f i c i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t v i a Route 240. �Any d e c i s i o n about t r a f f i c l a n e s f o r s u r f a c e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n should c o n s i d e r t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia as the Federal C a p i t a l C i t y , The l a n d a r e a s -within t h e con- f i n e s o f Washington p r o p e r and i n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g suburbs c o m p r i s e t h e World C a p i t a l o f t h e F r e e Western World. The C i t y o f Washington should be a p l a c e o f beauty and a j o y f o r anyone t o v i s i t . I t should be a p l a c e from w h i c h t o draw t h e i n s p i r a t i o n and hope t h a t a l l f r e e people everywhere cherish. T r a f f i c w i t h i n t h i s a r e a should be d i m i n i s h e d , not i n c r e a s e d , t o t h e end t h a t v i s i t o r s can be u p l i f t e d by t h e grandeur t h a t i s Washington. T h i s grandeur must not be de- graded, a s now, by c o n g e s t i o n i n t h e p u b l i c s t r e e t s . In a v e r y r e a l sense Washington today i s what Rome was t o t h e ancient world. The modern wording o f t h e a n c i e n t phase, "See Rome, t h e n d i e " must be "See Washington; be i n s p i r e d , l i v e n o b l y and i n freedom." S e n a t o r Murray, Chairman of t h e Senate Committee on I n t e r i o r and I n s u l a r A f f a i r s , has t h e t o u c h o f t h i s inspiration. He s a y s : " i t seems t o me t h a t Washington has an u n u s u a l o p p o r t u n i t y t o be t h e w o r l d s f i n e s t c i t y ... I hope t h e c i t y c a n be a l l o w e d t o a v a i l i t s e l f o f that opportunity." I n s t e a d , t h e r e f o r e , o f p u t t i n g much more s u r f a c e �380 t r a n s p o r t a t i o n onto the broad s t r e e t s a r d t h e grand avenues o f t h i s w o r l d ' s c i t y , t h i s Honorable Board should address i t s e l f toward a r e l i e f o f t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n on t h e e x i s t ing streets. I t h i n k t h a t t h e p r o j e c t o f e x t e n d i n g Route 240 i n t o t h e F e d e r a l C i t y should be denied a t t h i s time r e g a r d l e s s of the p a r t i c u l a r t e r r a i n i n v o l v e d . I t appears t o me t h a t t h e r e i s no l o g i c or sense i n t h e p r o p o s a l at t h i s time One s t r e e t c a r w i l l do t h e work o f 50 t o 100 pri- v a t e automobiles, and a t a f r a c t i o n of the t o t a l c o s t . Moreover, a s t r e e t c a r u s e s no g a s o l i n e , a commodity which, i n t h e event o f World War I I I , may be h a r d t o keep i n supply for p r i v a t e use. Our A i r F o r c e and o t h e r Armed F o r c e s may need t o t a k e a l l s u p p l i e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i f the Hear Ea3t o i l f i e l d s f a l l I n t o R u s s i a n hands, and o i l and gas s u p p l i e s o f t h i s c o u n t r y need t o be shared w i t h Europe. I n the event o f war, t h e e s s e n t i a l o p e r a t i o n s o f the F e d e r a l C i t y may be s e v e r e l y handicapped by t h e b r e a k - down of l o c a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n too much dependent upon t h e f r a i l i t i e s of the p r i v a t e automobile. I s a y , t h e r e f o r e , l e t us e n l a r g e our r e l i a b l e publ i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system now a p p a r e n t l y under competent p r i v a t e management. The l o g i c of t h e p r e s e n t and t h e w a r - p o s s i b l e f u t u r e f o r l o c a l t r a f f i c w i t h i n t h e F e d e r a l C i t y seems .to s a y , �381 do not c o m p l i c a t e the a d m i n i s t r a t i v e problem of the Federal Government by f o r c i n g more r e l i a n c e upon the f r a i l p r i v a t e automobile. Now, each time t h e r e i s a snow f l u r r y the o f f i c e s have t o r e l e a s e t h e i r s t a f f s one public or two hours e a r l y so t h a t t h e s e automobiles can b r e a k through the jams of homeward bound t r a f f i c . Gentlemen, I a s k you t o c o n s i d e r the traffic chaos i f a few bombs should be dropped on t h i s F e d e r a l C i t y . T h i s c i t y stands l i k e a s i t t i n g duck, a t a r g e t f o r m i s s i l e s f i r e d o v e r the North Pole or from sneak submarines. I n a previous war the C i t y of Washington was abandoned by t h e Government and burned by the B r i t i s h Army. I n more r e c e n t wars t h e F e d e r a l C i t y has been more f o r t u n a t e s i n c e i t had the American Navy s t a n d i n g between i t and enemy s o l d i e r s . T h i s p r o t e c t i o n w i l l be now the unavailable since d e s t r u c t i o n can r a i n i n from the a i r . At t h i s p o i n t , p e r h a p s , i t might be w e l l t o remember what happened t o A n c i e n t Carthage. be u t t e r l y d e s t r o y e d too. Washington can I t s present t r a f f i c confusion, engendered by too much use of the p r i v a t e automobile, would aid i n this destruction. I f t h e e n t r a n c e o f Route 240 as a s o - c a l l e d modern h i g h speed m u l t i p l e lane t r a f f i c a r t e r i a l i s deemed i n t h e c i t y ' s i n t e r e s t , t h e n t h e C i v i l League of Brookmont and �mcl8 382 V i c i n i t y d e s i r e s t o go on r e c o r d as e n d o r s i n g t h e v i e w s o f the Palisades C i t i z e n s ' Association. Brookmont The C i v i c League o f and V i c i n i t y has p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e Roads Committee o f t h e Potomac V a l l e y Communities through i t s Roads Chairman, Mr. F r a n c i s N. E n g e l s t a d . And o t h e r members of t h e C i v i c League have o v e r a long p e r i o d shown an a c t i v e i n t e r e s t i n roadways Mr. P o w e l l , t h e P r e s i d e n t and Mrs. B u r g e s s a r e w e l l known i n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n . The League w i s h e s t o endorse t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n made by Mr. P h i l l i p T h o r s o n , Chairman o f t h e Roads Committee. Although Brookmont l i e s a t the doorstep of Washington, i t does not l i k e t o be walked o v e r by t h e powerf u l f o r c e s o p e r a t i n g i n Washington. I t chooses t o p r e s e r v e t h e c i v i c v a l u e s o f t h i s community even from r o a d b u i l d e r s and/or bomb t h r o w e r s from a c r o s s t h e s e a s . We f e e l t h a t i n s t e a d o f t h e Highway Department o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia c o m p l i c a t i n g t r a f f i c w i t h i n t h e F e d e r a l C i t y and t h e Defense p o s t u r e o f t h e N a t i o n a l Government by i n t e n s i f y i n g t h e use o f t h e p r i v a t e automobile f o r p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , i t s h o u l d c o n s i d e r the b u i l d i n g o f a modern subway f o r t h e commuters t o and from t h e b u s i n e s s and Government office centers. T h i s Department should r e a l l y go modern and b u i l d t h e subways, w h i c h i s Washington's r e a l need. To t h i s Honorable 3 o a r d we would say, deny e n t r a n c e �383 o f Route 240 i n t o t h e C i t y u n l e s s i t c a n be p l a c e d underground f o r i t s e n t i r e l e n g t h . Only i n t h i s way c a n t h e s u r f a c e p r o p e r t y v a l u e s be m a i n t a i n e d . Washington i s unique i n b e a u t y a s a c i t y . Wash- i n g t o n i s a l s o unique i n t h e i n e p t i t u d e i n w h i c h i t manages i t s p u b l i c highway t r a f f i c . I t s complicated t r a f f i c signals i t s r e v e r s i b l e u n i - d i r e c t i o n a l t r a f f i c r u l e s and i t s f a n c y p e d e s t r i a n arrangements a r e an i r r i t a t i o n t o t h e f r e e c i t i z e n r y w h i c h uses i t s s t r e e t s . We f e e l t h a t t h e Department o f Highways should dust o f f t h e subway p l a n s w h i c h have l a i n dormant f o r so many y e a r s and r e a l l y do a j o b f o r t h e t r a f f i c o f t h i s city by b u i l d i n g a subway f o r l o c a l and h i g h speed t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . London c a n a f f o r d a subway, so can Washington. P a r i s c a n a f f o r d a subway, so c a n Washington. And Moscow. And B e r l i n . What t h e s e o t h e r c i t i e s c a n do f o r t h e i r t r a f f i c problem, Washington c a n do f o r i t s t r a f f i c problem. Thank you. (Applause.) CHAIRMAN MC LAUGHLIN: We have a problem o f d e n s i t y h e r e , you know t h e laws t h a t keep u s down t o a few s t o r e s , and I t h i n k t h a t i s t h e r e a s o n we c a n ' t go under ground on t h i s problem. I would l i k e t o p o i n t out when you speak o f s c e n i c Washington, t h a t 240 I s t h e c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e N a t i o n a l Old �384 mc20 T r a i l s Highway, w h i c h was t h e f i r s t approach t o a t r a n s c o n t i n e n t a l highway, and I imagine t h a t a l o t o f Congressmen's c o n s t i t u t e n t s who use t h a t highway t o get t o Washington t o see t h e C i t y , wouldn't want t o have t o get a guide t o get o v e r from R o c k v i l l e t o Washington, when t h e y get t h a t f a r off. MR. RICHARDS; My answer t h e r e i s , s i r , you need a guide now t o get around t h e s e c i r c l e s i n t h e C i t y . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: MR. RICHARDS: Thank you, s i r . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Federation. Thank you v e r y much. National W i l d l i f e W i l l you g i v e y o u r name, p l e a s e , and your p o s i - tion. XXX STATEMENT OF MISS VIRGINIA RUSSELL NATIONAL WILDLIFE FEDERATION MISS RUSSELL: I am V i r g i n i a R u s s e l l . I am i n c h a r g e of t h e S e r v i c i n g D i v i s i o n o f t h e N a t i o n a l W i l d l i f e Federation which i s a p a r t of t h e c o n s e r v a t i o n department. The N a t i o n a l W i l d l i f e F e d e r a t i o n i s a membership o r g a n i z a t i o n o f s t a t e a f f i l i a t e d b o d i e s which a r e made up o f l o c a l c o n s e r v a t i o n and sportsmen groups. We have over two m i l l i o n members w i t h i n our a f f i l i a t e d o r g a n i z a t i o n s . C o n s e r v a t i o n i s not o n l y f o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f f u r r e d and f e a t h e r e d a n i m a l s , p l a n t l i f e and our s o i l and water, i t s primary reason f o r being i s the w e l f a r e o f the �inc21 385 people. Growing urban p o p u l a t i o n s w i l l e x p e r i e n c e need f o r t h e s o r t o f ourdoor r e c r e a t i o n t h a t p a r k s greater provide. The outdoor f u r n i s h e s r e l e a s e from t h e t e n s i o n s and turmoil of everyday l i v i n g a s no c o n c o c t i o n by a chemist ever c a n . S t r e s s i s found t o be t h e b a s i s o f many i l l n e s s e s and t h e s e r e n i t y found i n n a t u r a l a r e a s does much t o r e s t o r e m e n t a l and p h y s i c a l w e l l - b e i n g . S i n c e b i b l i c a l d a y s , man has r e a l i z e d t h a t w i l d e r n e s s i s both h i s r e f u g e and h i s s t r e n g t h , and we must not push t h i s awareness a s i d e . Our o r g a n i z a t i o n , along w i t h o t h e r n a t i o n a l and l o c a l c o n s e r v a t i o n groups, h a s watched w i t h growing concern t h e i n v a s i o n o f p r e c i o u s p a r k lands by roadways. t i o n the philosophy deminishing We ques- o f t h i s d e s t r u c t i o n o f unique and n a t u r a l v a l u e s a t t h e c o s t o f hundreds o f m i l l i o n s o f d o l l a r s s i m p l y t o accommodate automobile t r a f f i c . The N a t i o n a l P a r k s , i n c l u d i n g some superb a r e a s i n Washingt o n , D. C , were s e t a s i d e as i n v o l a t e a r e a s not o n l y f o r t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n o f s c e n i c t r e a s u r e s and h i s t o r i c a l momuments, but f o r r e c r e a t i o n . These lands belong t o t h e American people and r i g h t t o t h i s p r o p e r t y i s as s a c r e d a s t h e r i g h t t o p r i vate property. The b e a u t i e s o f p a r k a r e a s cannot be viewed b r i e f l y from a speeding automobile t o r e c e i v e t h e f u l l benef i t s o f t h e i r e s t h e t i c and s p i r i t u a l q u a l i t i e s , and t h e p r e s e n c e o f heavy t r a f f i c d e p r e c i a t e s t h e s e v a l u e s f o r t h e people who enjoy them f u l l y . �386 The r o u t e f o r i n t e r s t a t e U. S. Highway 240 should be c a r e f u l l y c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e l i g h t o f knowledge t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia a l r e a d y has nore a r e a i n s t r e e t s t h a n I n houses, and t h a t v a s t amounts o f t h e surrounding l a n d s a r e a l r e a d y l i n e d and looped w i t h highways and highways or arteries. super- a r e t e n t a t i v e l y marked f o r f u t u r e t r a f f i c Some of t h e D i s t r i c t ' s f i n e s t c i t y p a r k lands have a l r e a d y been s a c r i f i c e d t o r o a d s . Rock Creek Park i s a ready example of what can happen t o a p a r k when more and more o f i t s lands a r e t u r n e d o v e r t o roadways. F o r months t h e s e c t i o n of road under c o n s t r u c t i o n near Blagden M i l l s has been an eyesore., s t a n d ing as mute evidence o f a s i c k landscape and poor c o n s t r u c - tion practices. Here a r e some p i c t u r e s t a k e n I n r e c e n t weeks which I w i l l p a s s around t o those o f t h e Commission, t h e y might l i k e to see them, showing t h i s road t h a t i s under c o n s t r u c t i o n t h e r e , the r e s u l t i n g e r o s i o n . Silt fills Rock Creek as i t i s c a r r i e d by t h e stream t o t h e a l r e a d y dangerously p o l l u t e d Potomac R i v e r . T r e e s , t h e i r r o o t s exposed, t i l t along i t s banks. a t angles I t t a k e s n a t u r e c e n t u r i e s t o develop m a g n i f i c e n t woodland such as t h i s . a Once d e s t r o y e d , i t can- n o t be r e s t o r e d . Ho r o u t e f o r 240 — o r f o r any o t h e r road — should be planned through G l o v e r - A r c h b o I d P a r k , a p a r t of �mc23 387 the N a t i o n a l P a r k System. C i t y p a r k s a r e as important t o u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n as w i l d e r n e s s lands a r e i n t h e n a t i o n a l c o n s e r v a t i o n scheme. G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d s e r v e s a growing popul a t i o n i n one o f our c i t y ' s l a r g e s t r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s . G i v e n by t h e donors as a woodland p a r k and c h i l d r e n ' s p l a y ground, i t s e r v e s i t s purpose w e l l . Because i t s l e n g t h i s unmarred by through r o a d s , i t s a t i s f i e s a heavy demand f o r outdoor r e c r e a t i o n i n a n a t u r a l a r e a t h a t c a n be enjoyed i n safety. I n q u i r y t o the Chief of the Park P o l i c e indi- c a t e s t h a t o t h e r p a r k s where roads p r o v i d e e a s y a c c e s s , do not a l w a y s have such a good r e c o r d . The s u r v i v i n g c o n t r i b u t o r of t h i s p a r k l a n d i s opposed to i n t r u s i o n of a road through t h e p a r k . Such d e s e c r a t i o n would c r e a t e a s e r i o u s l e g a l and m o r a l problem which would g i v e r i s e t o g r a v e doubts t h a t t h e terms o f any g i f t s o f p r o p e r t y t o t h e government w i l l be honored. B e f o r e I go on t o t h e p r a c t i c a l r e a s o n s why r o u t e 240 should go o t h e r l o c a t i o n s , I might c a l l t h e a t t e n t i o n of some o f you t o a r e c e n t copy o f S p o r t s I l l u s t r a t e d ,possibly f i v e o r s i x weeks ago, i n i t t h e y devoted an a r t i c l e t o t h e s t u d y o f s p o r t s and r e c r e a t i o n s w i t h i n t h e S o v i e t Union. They c a r r i e d many p i c t u r e s , a f u l l t h r e e pages were devoted not t o t h e s p o r t s t h a t a r e done by teams and t h e people s i m p l y s i t and watch.. They showed people e n j o y i n g outdoor a r e a s , a l o n e or i n groups. I f you took away t h e c a p t i o n from �388 under one o f t h e p i c t u r e s , i t c o u l d have w e l l been a scene along t h e C&O C a n a l N a t i o n a l Parle, a coupe rowing, o r people j u s t e n j o y i n g t h e p a r k s o l i t u d e o f wooded n a t u r a l a r e a where t h e y c a n r e s t , and a s I have mentioned b e f o r e , g e t t i n g a l i t t l e b i t o f r e l i e f from t e n s i o n and t h e t u r m o i l and t h e t r a f f i c t h a t surrounds us a l l t h e t i m e . Because o f t h e u n u s u a l topography o f G l o v e r A r c h b o l d P a r k , a highway c u t t i n g t h e l e n g t h o f t h i s n a t u r a l a r e a c r e a t e s t r a f f i c and o t h e r h a z a r d s f o r those making u s e of i t . I t would a l s o o b l i t e r a t e t h e n a t u r a l beauty t h a t we f i n d here. The h e a r t o f t h e p a r k , t h e woodlands where t h e m a j o r i t y o f l o c a l animals and p l a n t forms a r e t o be found would be gone f o r e v e r . The l o v e l y s t r e a m - v a l l e y would be- come a s t i n k i n g t r e n c h where exhaust fumes would c o n c e n t r a t e t o o f f e n d those u s i n g t h e P a r k . I s not t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n o f f r e s h , c l e a n woodland f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f a l l , more important and more t o be t r e a s u r e d t h a n j u s t another road? There a r e p r a c t i c a l reasons as w e l l as the e s t h e t i c ones t h a t argue a g a i n s t t h e u s e o f G l o v e r - A r c h b o I d P a r k as a r o u t e f o r 240. G r a d i e n t problems i n t h e Park would be n e c e s s i t a t e d and heavy r i g h t o f way c o s t s i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f Mt. A l t o H o s p i t a l and t h e Georgetown a r e a would i n c r e a s e t h e c o s t o f t h e highway tremendously. B e f o r e t h e Commissioners c o n s i d e r a f i n a l r o u t e f o r 240, we would r e s p e c t f u l l y urge them t o e x p l o r e a l l t h e ways �389 me 25 p o s s i b l e i n w h i c h i n t e r s t a t e t r a f f i c c a n be brought around t h i s a r e a , o r i f i t has t o e n t e r i t , t o e n t e r i t g r a d u a l l y , and we a l s o r e s p e c t f u l l y urge them t o oppose any p r o p o s a l of highway o f roads of any n a t u r e which would j e o p a r d i z e the r e m a i n i n g p a r k l a n d s i n t h e N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l . I thank you f o r t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o appear here today. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you v e r y much. �390 TM/1 DC - R t . 240 1/7/57 f l s TMAic COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: I s Mr. L e t h b r i d g e h e r e , Chairman, Government R e l a t i o n s Committee, American o f A r c h i t e c t s , Washington-Metropolitan Chapter. Institute Proceed i n your own way. STATEMENT OF FRANCIS D. LETHBRIDGE, CHAIRMAN, GOVERNMENT RELATIONS COMMITTEE, AMERICAN INSTITUTE XXX OF ARCHITECTS, WASHINGTON-METROPOLITAN CHAPTER MR. LETHBRIDGE: Mr. Chairman, Commissioners, g e n t l e - men: T h i s i s a statement f o r t h e Washington-Metropolitan Chapter o f t h e American I n s t i t u t e o f A r c h i t e c t s on t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e l o c a t i o n o f Route 240 i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. T h i s statement h a s been endorsed by t h e e x e c u t i v e d i r e c t o r s o f t h e Washington-Metropolitan Chapter i n a meeting y e s t e r d a y . The c h o i c e s p r e s e n t e d f o r t h e r o u t e o f I n t e r s t a t e Highway 240 w i t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia cannot and s h o u l d not be c o n s i d e r e d w i t h o u t c o n c u r r e n t s t u d y o f t h e c o n n e c t i o n from t h e D i s t r i c t l i n e through Maryland t o t h e main s e c t i o n o f t h e highway west o f t h e C i t y . The s h o r t e s t , most l o g i c a l , least e x p e n s i v e and l e a s t d e s t r u c t i v e r o u t e , which l i e s a l o n g t h e n o r t h e r n bank o f t h e Potomac R i v e r from Cabin John t o t h e W h i t e h u r s t Freeway i n Georgetown, h a s been b l o c k e d from p r e s e n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n by t h e a c t i o n o f t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e s and t h e Army E n g i n e e r s . I'm going t o d i g r e s s from my s t a t e m e n t f o r a moment. �3D1 I »m r e f e r r i n g s p e c i f i c a l l y t o the upper s e c t i o n o f t h e n o r t h e r n Potomac R i v e r r o u t e t h a t l i e s above D a l e c a r l i a R e s e r v o i r . It has been s t a t e d r e p e a t e d l y i n t h e p a s t today t h a t t h e r i v e r r o u t e has been abandoned by the Maryland P l a n n i n g Commission, Maryland Road Commission and i s not i n f a v o r by those bodies. I t i s my b e l i e f t h a t t h e r i v e r r o u t e was abandoned by those Commissions o n l y a f t e r i t was deemed i m p o s s i b l e f o r them t o s h a r e the r i g h t - o f - w a y a l o n g t h e r i v e r w i t h t h e I n t e r i o r Department's N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k S e r v i c e s . These two a g e n c i e s have r e f u s e d t o c o n s i d e r the s h a r i n g or j o i n t use of t h e i r r i g h t s - o f - w a y a l o n g t h e p r e s e n t s t r e e t c a r l i n e and l a n d a d j a c e n t t o the R i v e r , or a l o n g McArthur B o u l e v a r d . S i n c e t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f another highway p a r a l l e l i n g t h e proposed parkway and McArthur B o u l e v a r d , another s i x or e i g h t l a n e s o f road hacked i n t o the p a l i s a d e s above t h e c o n d u i t r i g h t - o f - w a y would be e x c e e d i n g l y w a s t e f u l , t h e Maryland-National C a p i t a l P a r k and P l a n n i n g Commission has been c o r r e c t i n opposing t h a t a l t e r n a t i v e . I t i s not c l e a r , however, why t h e parkway r o u t e from Georgetown t o Cabin John cannot be planned and c o n s t r u c t e d t o meet a m o d i f i e d form o f t h e i n t e r s t a t e highway o r why specifications, t h e McArthur B o u l e v a r d r i g h t - o f - w a y cannot be used f o r a lane of t h i s route i f necessary. V a u l t i n g over t h e water c o n d u i t s w i t h r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e would be c o n s i d e r a b l y l e s s d i f f i c u l t than t u n n e l l i n g under t h e Washington C a t h e d r a l . �392 Keeping the r i v e r parkway c o m p l e t e l y f r e e of truck t r a f f i c local ( s i n c e w i t h the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the Cabin John B r i d g e i t would be l o c a l , not i n t e r s t a t e t r u c k traffic) i s a commendable o b j e c t i v e , but not a t the c o s t of t h e s e g r o s s l y d e s t r u c t i v e a l t e r n a t i v e s . The P a r k S e r v i c e seems w i l l i n g t o g i v e away G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d P a r k , L i t t l e F a l l s P a r k , Normanstone P a r k or even Dumbarton Oaks P a r k b e f o r e they w i l l consider any a l t e r a t i o n of t h e i r p l a n s f o r the Maryland branch o f the Potomac R i v e r parkway. The t r o u b l e , t h e deep and t r a g i c t r o u b l e i s t h a t t h e r e i s no s i n g l e a u t h o r i t y i n the e n t i r e Washington-Metropolitan a r e a , w i t h the e x c e p t i o n o f Congress i t s e l f , t h a t can knock heads t o g e t h e r t o b r i n g about a s e n s i b l e p l a n t h a t w i l l s e r v e the b e s t i n t e r e s t s of the community a s a whole. Each Department, each S e r v i c e and M u n i c i p a l i t y i n d e p e n d e n t l y p u r s u e s i t s own plans — to each the e x t e n t of a c t i v e l y opposing p r o p o s a l s i n the p u b l i c ' s i n t e r est t h a t t h r e a t e n t o d i s t u r b i t s own pet ideas. I n g e n e r a l , v/e f e e l t h a t a r o u t e a l o n g t h e R i v e r i s t h e b e s t a l t e r n a t i v e f o r t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia. t h a t i t i s u n n e c e s s a r y t o smash a new We feel t r u c k r o u t e through the W i s c o n s i n Avenue a r e a i n t o G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d P a r k or some even more i d i o t i c p a t h . T h i s highway, sometimes e l e v a t e d , sometimes t u n n e l l i n g , a s i t weaves back and f o r t h a c r o s s the northwest s e c t i o n of the c i t y w i l l b l i g h t a l l of the l a n d under i t and n e x t t o i t more s u r e l y t h a n i f i t were c o n s t r u c t e d directly �393 a l o n g t h e p r e s e n t p a t h of W i s c o n s i n Avenue from b e g i n n i n g t o end. We f e e l t h a t i t i s e q u a l l y u n n e c e s s a r y t o hack an i n t e r - s t a t e r o u t e a l o n g R i v e r Road and l i t t l e F a l l s P a r k . Although i t would be p r e f e r a b l e t o t h e W i s c o n s i n Avenue r o u t e i t i s o b v i o u s l y a poor s u b s t i t u t e f o r t h e road d i r e c t l y along t h e River. The proposed Cabin John B r i d g e and t h e c o n n e c t i n g l i n k t o S h i r l e y Highway a r e t h e most c r u c i a l i t e m s i n t h e development o f t h i s p a r t of Route 240. completed, U n t i l these are t h e i n t e r s t a t e t r a f f i c from the northwest t o s o u t h w i l l c o n t i n u e t o claw i t s way through the s t r e e t s of Washington. With t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e Cabin John B r i d g e , i t may u l t i m a t e l y not even be n e c e s s a r y t o open the Northern R i v e r parkway t o t r u c k t r a f f i c a t a l l , a l t h o u g h i t should be c o n s t r u c t e d t o accommodate i t i f the need e x i s t s . And i f i t i s open t o t r u c k t r a f f i c , i t does not n e c e s s a r i l y f o l l o w t h a t i t w i l l be v e r y h e a v i l y used f o r t h a t purpose. far Truckers are l e s s i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e s c e n e r y than i n g e t t i n g where they need t o go t o d e l i v e r t h e i r c a r g o e s . Interstate trucks w i l l t a k e the b r i d g e upstream and t h e r o u t e s o u t h . Trucks carrying s u p p l i e s t o Washington w i l l not use t h i s r o u t e a t a l l , but w i l l c r o s s over on t h e o u t e r c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l highway t o their destinations. T h i s d u a l purpose parkway a l o n g the n o r t h e r n bank of the R i v e r can s t i l l be an a t t r a c t i v e r o u t e , and would not s e r i o u s l y j e o p a r d i z e the development o f the �394 proposed r i v e r s i d e r e c r e a t i o n a l a r e a s . An a d d i t i o n a l b r i d g e a c r o s s the Potomac R i v e r a t A r i z o n a Avenue w i l l undoubtedly be r e q u i r e d e v e n t u a l l y a s the t r a f f i c b o t t l e n e c k a t Chain B r i d g e grows i n c r e a s i n g l y worse. T h i s route w i l l provide adequate r o a d s t o s e r v e t h a t b r i d g e when i t i s b u i l t . When t h i s n o r t h - s o u t h c o n n e c t i o n i s completed, the e x i s t i n g s t r e e t system w i l l be r e l i e v e d of a l a r g e p a r t of the p r e s e n t t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n . These e x i s t i n g s t r e e t s can a l s o be v a s t l y improved f o r a f r a c t i o n of the c o s t of some of t h e s e more d r a s t i c p r o p o s a l s . car The removal of the s t r e e t t r a c k s from Wisconsin Avenue and the widening o f R i v e r Road w i t h a c o n n e c t i o n t o Massachusetts Avenue w i l l a i d the commuting t r a f f i c , p a r t i c u l a r l y i f t h e l i m i t e d use parkways i n Rock Creek P a r k , G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d P a r k , Whitehaven Park and L i t t l e F a l l s Park a r e c o n s t r u c t e d or a r e f u r t h e r improved. I t has been proposed t h a t t h e Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r r o u t e would be most d e s i r a b l e because i t c o u l d f u n c t i o n a s an e x p r e s s bus r o u t e f o r commuters as w e l l a s a l i m i t e d a c c e s s highway c o n n e c t i o n t o Route 240. We f e e l t h a t i t would be a f o o l i s h and s h o r t - s i g h t e d compromise t o use the funds from t h e Government I n t e r s t a t e highway program t o b u i l d an i n t e r s t a t e highway c o n n e c t i o n along an u n s u i t a b l e and v e r y d e s t r u c t i v e r o u t e i n order t o g a i n a r i g h t - o f - w a y f o r i n t r a city rapid transit. A t r a n s i t r o u t e which would be i n t h e wrong p l a c e a l t o g e t h e r and c o n f l i c t i n g w i t h t h e e f f i c i e n t �395 o p e r a t i o n o f t h e highway t o and from the C i t y . Getting a c o n n e c t i o n from Route 240 i n t o Washington i s one problem, and a r a p i d t r a n s i t system f o r Washington commuters i s another problem. S o l v i n g t h i s f i r s t problem i n the b e s t way now will make a s o l u t i o n t o the o t h e r problem e a s i e r t o r e a c h when an e f f e c t i v e P l a n n i n g A u t h o r i t y has been c r e a t e d t o a c t upon i t . T h i s eager s c r a m b l e t o spend a s much money a s p o s s i b l e j u s t so long a s t h e F e d e r a l Government i s f o o t i n g most of the b i l l ought t o be checked by Congress i t s e l f . of I t w i l l t a k e an a c t Congress, or an E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t i v e , t o f o r c e t h e I n t e r i o r Department t o r e c o n s i d e r i t s p r e s e n t i n f l e : : i b l e p o s i t i o n . We urge t h a t t h i s be done b e f o r e i t i s too l a t e . Now, I want t o make q u i t e c l e a r t h a t we have no anti-Park Service feelings at a l l . I n f a c t , we might thank heaven t h a t t h e Park S e r v i c e , through i t s long range p l a n n i n g program, has p a i n f u l l y c o l l e c t e d t h i s l a n d along t h e R i v e r . We do f e e l t h a t i t i s the h e i g h t o f f o l l y t o adopt an i n f l e x - i b l e a t t i t u d e on one hand, t h a t we must e i t h e r have a parkway t h a t has no l o c a l t r u c k t r a f f i c on i t or we must have a super highway which h a s no b e a r i n g or r e l a t i o n t o the parkway. I t seems t o me t h a t w i t h a c e r t a i n amount o f intel- l i g e n t compromise, the Highway Department and the P a r k D e p a r t ment c o u l d get t o g e t h e r t o d e v i s e a road t h a t would not be a b l i g h t along the p a l i s a d e s . Now, i t s t a n d s t o r e a s o n , i f Route 240 a s i t comes �down from F r e d e r i c k a t p r e s e n t i s a f o u r - l a n e road, two l a n e s on each s i d e o f t h e i s l a n d and any road, l a r g e r than t h e main highway i t s e l f i s s c a r c e l y going t o be r e q u i r e d u n t i l i t r e a c h e s a p o i n t where l o c a l t r a f f i c i s t h e d e c i d i n g f a c t o r . Now, p r e s e r v a t i o n o f t h e r i v e r f r o n t i n i t s n a t u r a l s t a t e i s a f i n e i d e a but i f l o c a l t r a f f i c r e q u i r e m e n t s even- t u a l l y f o r c e t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e A r i z o n a Avenue b r i d g e o r other connections t o V i r g i n i a , t h e s e l o c a l a r t e r i e s w i l l have t o be c o n s t r u c t e d , must be c o n s t r u c t e d , t o s e r v e t h e l o c a l traffic. I t h i n k t h a t u l t i m a t e l y d i s c u s s i o n a s t o how l a r g e the road w i l l have t o be, how many l a n e s t h e r e have t o be up t o t h e p o i n t where l o c a l t r a f f i c i 3 not a g r e a t f a c t o r i s almost c o m p l e t e l y academic. Much o f t h e argument t h a t has gone on here t h e l a s t day or s o , whether t h e A r i z o n a Avenue b r i d g e ought t o be i n c l u d e d i n t h e C l a r k e s o n e s t i m a t e o r ought not t o be a r e q u e s t i o n s which have a b s o l u t e l y no b e a r i n g upon t h i s Route 240 c o n t r o v e r s y . I t h i n k a second o b s e r v a t i o n i s t h i s : I f the local t r a f f i c from t h e o u t l y i n g suburban a r e a s i s c o n s i d e r e d , such a s t h e t r a f f i c from Bethesda, R o c k v i l l e and those a r e a s a t G a i t h e r s b u r g becoming i n c r e a s i n g l y popular, t h e R i v e r r o u t e i s j u s t a s p r a c t i c a l , j u s t a s f a s t , j u s t a s s i m p l e f o r those commuters a s a r o u t e t a k e n down through W i s c o n s i n Avenue. More s o perhaps because a s h a s been p o i n t e d out by t h e Highway people, t h i s i s a r o u t e t h a t c a n be c o n s t r u c t e d a s a l i m i t e d �397 a c c e s s route, which i s more important. Now, i f the r e s i d e n t s of the area along the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r , the r e s i d e n t s v/hom t h i s road i s supposed to serve a s an a i d t o commuting, i f they oppose i t , i f the busi n e s s i n t e r e s t s oppose i t through the inner c i t y s e c t i o n of the road, then what conceivable reason would we have to cons t r u c t that p a r t i c u l a r part of the route? I t stands t o reason t h a t i f the long range commuters from R o c k v i l l e and the Bethesda area can use e i t h e r route, the one w i l l serve a s w e l l as the other. I think that while one route can be s e l e c t e d over another, i n order to take care of truck t r a f f i c , i t should be pointed out t h a t i t i s a l s o p o s s i b l e to encourage truck t r a f f i c along one p a r t i c u l a r route and to i n a sense discourage i t by the s e l e c t i o n of another route. The s e l e c t i o n of the River route has a tendency to d i s p e r s e truck t r a f f i c through the Northwest s e c t i o n of the c i t y , l o c a l truck t r a f f i c I'm speaking of. However, i f the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r route were brought down, i t would have a tendency to c o l l e c t and concent r a t e l o c a l truck t r a f f i c r a t h e r than to d i s p e r s e i t . I think i n conclusion, our main p l e a i s f o r a compromise, g e t t i n g together of the Highway Department and the Park S e r v i c e to work out a s a t i s f a c t o r y route that would not impair the s c e n i c v a l u e s of the Potomac R i v e r v a l l e y . Thank you very much. �398 (Applause.) COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Grosvenor Chapman. STATEMENT OF GROSVENOR CHAPMAN, 1640 WISCONSIN AVENUE, NORTHWEST, WASHINGTON, D. C. MR. i n Georgetown. R i v e r route. CHAPMAN: My name i s Grosvenor Chapman. I live I'm speaking as a property owner along the I own the property a t 4809 Potomac Avenue and two a d j o i n i n g l o t s , 75 and 76, Square 1387. Mr. President and members of the Board of Commissioners: I have a short statement to read and then I want to make a few supporting remarks a f t e r t h a t . T h i s statement has been signed by a l l the property owners but one i n the 4800 block of Potomac Avenue, which overlooks the proposed Routes A and A-2, except for one, and there i s a supporting l e t t e r from t h e i r agent. The undersigned f e e l that the Potomac V a l l e y i s the wrong p l a c e f o r Route 240. We agree with the e d i t o r s of the "Washington Post," that from the point of view of p u b l i c i n t e r e s t , the r i g h t p l a c e i s the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r because that i s where the t r a f f i c i s . One of our reasons f o r o b j e c t i n g to the use of the Potomac V a l l e y i s t h a t i t i s the C i t y ' s g r e a t e s t n a t u r a l a s s e t , greater by f a r than Glover-Archbold Park or Rock Creek Park. Reference i s made to E x h i b i t 14 of the Clarkeson Engineering Company Report which shows a t y p i c a l roadway �399 s e c t i o n near Georgetown R e s e r v o i r . for a distance This section i s t y p i c a l o f 4100 f e e t o f t h e 9000 f e e t o f n a t u r a l wide w a t e r a r e a upstream from Georgetown t o F l e t c h e r ' s Boathouse. I t i n d i c a t e s what w i l l be l e f t of t h e North bank o f t h e Potomac V a l l e y i f Route A i s adopted. hillside The e n t i r e n a t u r a l from t h e C a n a l a t t h e v a l l e y f l o o r t o t h e v a l l e y s h o u l d e r w i l l be s t r i p p e d o f a l l t r e e s and n a t u r a l s o i l and replaced w i t h roadways and c o n c r e t e r e t a i n i n g w a l l s r i s i n g i n s o l i d s t e p s over 80 f e e t above t h e C a n a l . Route A-2 i s c o n s i d e r a b l y better since i t s t o t a l h e i g h t i s l e s s and i t p r e s e r v e s t h e upper t h i r d o f t h e h i l l s i d e whose t r e e s t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e t r e e s on t h e v a l l e y f l o o r w i l l h e l p t o blend road s t r u c t u r e s i n t o t h e v a l l e y . The undersigned owners o f p r o p e r t y f a c i n g proposed Routes A and A-2 b e l i e v e i t i s a g r e a t m i s t a k e t o put a t r u c k r o u t e i n t h e Potomac R i v e r V a l l e y , and they a r e u n a l t e r a b l y opposed t o Route A a s t h e w o r s t o f two e v i l s . Now, l a s t S a t u r d a y , I went on t h e V i r g i n i a s i d e , f a c i n g t h i s s e c t i o n I'm p a r t i c u l a r l y concerned about, which i s t h i s 4100 f o o t s t r e t c h o f t h e roadway. I t s t a r t s on t h e North s i d e , about h a l f way between B a t t e r y Kimble Park and the intersection of Reservoir Road and goes down t o t h e lower Southeast corner of a r e s e r v o i r — t h a t i s t h e s t r e t c h t h a t has t h r e e s t e p s o f 25 foot r e t a i n i n g w a l l s . took some photographs. While I was t h e r e , I I n c i d e n t a l l y , t h a t view o f t h e N a t i o n a l �400 C a p i t o l , t h e L i n c o l n Memorial, from t h a t p o i n t r i g h t o p p o s i t e the r e s e r v o i r l o o k i n g down t h e v a l l e y i s one of t h e n i c e s t t h i n g s you w i l l f i n d anywhere around. I think i t c e r t a i n l y r i v a l s t h e v i e w from Mount Vernon and, o f c o u r s e , the N a t i o n a l C a p i t o l , a s you a l l know, was chosen because i t was a t the f a l l l i n e o f t h e Potomac R i v e r and o u t s i d e o f t h e p r a c t i c a l r e a s o n s w h i c h would occur t o George Washington and o t h e r s , who had t o do w i t h i t a t t h a t t i m e , because i t was a p o i n t a t which n a v i g a t i o n stopped. I t a l s o has i t s a e s t h e t i c q u a l i t i e s , which a r e p r i m a r i l y because o f t h e f a c t t h a t t h e v a l l e y suddenly g e t s deeper and somewhat g o r g e - l i k e and you get t h a t l i t t l e s t r e t c h i n t h e r e from Georgetown up t o F l e t c h e r ' s Boathouse, where t h e r e i s wide w a t e r and h i g h v a l l e y s i d e , which, i n my o p i n i o n , i s t h e b e s t t h a t we have i n t h e whole v a l l e y . I w i l l show you v e r y crude s n a p s h o t s l o o k i n g — u n f o r t u n a t e l y , my photography i s not good enough t o show t h e s p i r a l o r t h e Washington Monument — a t t h e V of the v a l l e y a t t h e f a r end, which i s what people w i l l s e e approaching Washington from t h e Northwest a s they d r i v e down t h i s b e a u t i f u l roadway b e i n g b u i l t by t h e P a r k S e r v i c e on t h e V i r g i n i a s i d e and i t i s a b e a u t i f u l j o b . Now, I have another photograph, t h a t same v i e w , i n which I have o v e r l a i d m a s t i c tape i n d i c a t i n g t h e h e i g h t o f the accumulated 75 f e e t of c o n c r e t e r e t a i n i n g w a l l on t h a t �401 v i e w from t h e George Washington Memorial Parkway. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: These a r e t a k e n from t h e V i r g i n i a side? MR. CHAPMAN: yes, sir. These a r e t a k e n from t h e V i r g i n i a s i d e ; I n c i d e n t a l l y , a s f a r a s t h e p r o p e r t y owners t h a t I'm r e p r e s e n t i n g h e r e today, t h e e f f e c t on t h a t p r o p e r t y by Route A o r Route A-2 w i l l be s u b s t a n t i a l l y t h e removal o f a s c r e e n o f t r e e s on t h e p a l i s a d e t h e r e which w i l l open up t h e i r v i e w s o they w i l l have a l o v e l y view o f t h e Potomac which they now don't have e x c e p t i n t h e w i n t e r t i m e , s o the o n l y h u r t they w i l l s u f f e r i s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e w i l l be a l o t more n o i s e t h a n t h e r e was b e f o r e . These ( i n d i c a t i n g ) a r e o t h e r v i e w s . That ( i n d i c a t i n g ) i s North o f t h e r e s e r v o i r and t h i s ( i n d i c a t i n g ) , a s you c a n see, i s t h e r e s e r v o i r where I have c a r r i e d t h e r e t a i n i n g w a l l h a l f way a c r o s s t h e photograph so you can g e t a rough i d e a o f i t s r e l a t i v e h e i g h t and what i t would do t o t h a t v a l l e y . P e r s o n a l l y , I would much p r e f e r t o s e e t h e p l a n o f t h e Park S e r v i c e e x e c u t e d along t h e r e because o f t h e f i n e j o b they are doing on t h e South s i d e o f t h e v a l l e y . The main d i f f e r e n c e between what they propose and what i s b e i n g proposed by t h e Highway Department i s t h e mass of for the thing. They a r e p r o p o s i n g two l a n e s i n each d i r e c t i o n p r i v a t e c a r s , whereas t h e Highway p l a n would n e c e s s a r y a l l o w f o r t r u c k s and f o r some r e a s o n , i s t w i c e a s wide a t i t s �402 lower p o r t i o n . I n f a c t , r i g h t opposite the r e s e r v o i r , i t i s b u i l t f o r f o u r l a n e s i n e i t h e r d i r e c t i o n , although o n l y t h r e e l a n e s w i l l be paved i n i t i a l l y . So t h a t t h e r e a s o n f o r t h e s e enormous r e t a i n i n g w a l l s , and so f o r t h , i s because o f t h e enormous w i d t h o f t h i s highway. I t i s a colossal thing and i t i s r e a l l y a b r u t a l d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e n a t u r a l n e s s o f the v a l l e y . Although I d i d n ' t hear G e n e r a l G r a n t ' s t e s t i m o n y y e s t e r d a y , I understand t h a t he suggested an a l t e r n a t e v a l l e y route. I know t h a t t h e r e a r e problems no matter where we b r i n i t i n and t h e q u e s t i o n , o f c o u r s e , a r i s e s i n my mind, whether i t i s a b s o l u t e l y n e c e s s a r y o r why, f o r example, t h e P a r k S e r v i c e road would not be s u f f i c i e n t ? But, i f the truck route must be l o c a t e d i n t h e Potomac V a l l e y , I wonder whether con- s i d e r a t i o n h a s been g i v e n , I know C l a r k e s o n d i d n ' t s o s t a t e i n h i s r e p o r t , whether c o n s i d e r a t i o n h a s been g i v e n t o p u t t i n g i t along t h e B&0 R a i l r o a d t r a c k s , a l s o n g s i d e t h e B&0 r a i l r o a d t r a c k s i n t h e lower p o r t i o n o f t h e v a l l e y where i t c o u l d be much b e t t e r c o n c e a l e d and would not r e q u i r e t h e s e enormous r e t a i n i n g w a l l s that cover the e n t i r e s i d e of the v a l l e y . F i n a l l y , I would l i k e t o mention a p e r s o n a l a n g u i s h o f my own and t h a t i s t h e f a c t t h a t I have b u i l t t h e s e houses t h a t a r e now l i v e d i n by t h e people who endorse t h i s statement and I have one l e f t , which was completed almost a y e a r ago. Many people have seen i t and l i k e i t , a s �403 tl4 they have the others which were bought, and unfortunately, almost every week, s i n c e l a s t January, r i g h t a f t e r some r e a l e s t a t e o f f i c e would have the house open, there would be an enormous a r t i c l e , headlines, "Route 240 R i v e r Route," or someplace e l s e and we never hear from these people again. So, a s f a r a s I'm concerned, I would be very, very a p p r e c i a t i v e i f the d e c i s i o n would be made a s soon a s i t i s humanely p o s s i b l e to do so. Thank you very much. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Mr. Chamberlin, representa- t i v e of the Bethesda-Chevy Chase, L i t t l e F a l l s , R i v e r Road Property Owners A s s o c i a t i o n . STATEMENT OF J . A BARR, APPEARING FOR THE REVEREND F. L. FARRIS, BETHESDA-CHEVY CHASE, LITTLE FALLS, RIVER ROAD PROPERTY OWNERS XXXX ASSOCIATION MR. BARR: I'm Mr. James A. Barr, appearing f o r Reverend F a r r i s , who o r i g i u a i l y a a s k e d f o r t h i s time and Mr. Chamberlin. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: You a r e r e p r e s e n t i n g the same group? MR. BARR: I represent that same group. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: ation? MR. BARR: Yes. And they a r e an a s s o c i - �404 COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Give the r e p o r t e r your name and proceed. MR. BARR: My name i s James A. Barr and I represent a group i n Bethesda-Chevy Chase area composed of business and c i v i c o r g a n i z a t i o n s , which i s j o i n e d and c a l l s i t s e l f " J o i n t Committee to Oppose the Wisconsin Avenue Corridor and River Road Routes f o r U. S. Highway 240." T h i s organization now c o n s i s t s of approximately 22 c i v i c and business groups, repr e s e n t i n g approximately 35,000 people from the BethesdaChevy Chase area, r e s i d e n t s and business people. I have a statement which I would l i k e to leave for the record. I w i l l not read i t completely. T h i s organization was formed r a t h e r q u i c k l y . met l a s t Thursday night and passed a very strong r e s o l u t i o n , recommending that the R i v e r Route be adopted. e s t s of saving time, I would l i k e to subscribe I n the i n t e r wholeheartedly to the e x c e l l e n t statement made j u s t a few minutes ago Mr. It Lethbridge who Architects — represented the American I n s t i t u t e of that i s the t i t l e , I b e l i e v e . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: MR. by BARR: I n a way, Yes. he s t o l e a l o t of my thunder and I'm glad he d i d because i t i s much b e t t e r when someone e l s e presents your argument for you. So, i n the i n t e r e s t s of time, I w i l l j u s t f i l e t h i s with the Committee. COMMISSIONED MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you very much. �405 MR. BARR: I n c l o s i n g , I would l i k e t o s a y , a s a r e f o r e i g n e r s i n a sense and not I n the D i s t r i c t , we we do appreci a t e p a r t i c u l a r l y your p e r m i t t i n g us t o come here today. Thank you. COMMISSIONS' MC LAUGHLIN: Very g l a d t o have you. (The p r e p a r e d statement and r e s o l u t i o n of Reverend F o r r e s t L. F a r r i s i s a s follows:) "Gentlemen: "The Reverend F o r r e s t L. F a r r i s of the S t . Andrew's Methodist Church, a c t i n g i n h i s c a p a c i t y a s temporary Chairman of the Bethesda-Chevy Chase, L i t t l e F a l l s , R i v e r Road P r o p e r t y Owners A s s o c i a t i o n , wrote you r e q u e s t i n g appear a t t h i s h e a r i n g today. t o be g r a n t e d time to S i n c e t h i s r e q u e s t was the A s s o c i a t i o n has become g r e a t l y e n l a r g e d and by our estimates represents granted best n e a r l y 12,000 homes and b u s i n e s s e s i n lower Montgomery County and a p p r o x i m a t e l y 35,000 r e s i d e n t s , and the number i s i n c r e a s i n g d a i l y . The p r e s e n t name of the group whose r e s o l u t i o n I would l i k e t o r e a d i s ' J o i n t Committee t o Oppose the W i s c o n s i n Avenue C o r r i d o r f o r U. S. Highway 240. h e l d J a n u a r y 2, 1958 Maryland, i s a s 1 and R i v e r Road Routes The r e s o l u t i o n passed a t a meeting i n the P e r p e t u a l B u i l d i n g i n Bethesda, follows: "'WHEREAS t h e proposed l o c a t i o n s i n lower Montgomery County f o r U. S. Route 240 as a l i m i t e d access, interstate highway, e i t h e r a l o n g W i s c o n s i n Avenue or R i v e r Road and �406 through a r e a s a d j a c e n t t h e r e t o would c r e a t e community d i s - l o c a t i o n and extreme economic l o s s t o homes, c h u r c h e s , busi n e s s e s and long e s t a b l i s h e d r e c r e a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s , and "'WHEREAS damages r e s u l t i n g from such i n v a s i o n and d i s r u p t i o n o f e s t a b l i s h e d communities i n c l u d i n g both d e n t i a l and b u s i n e s s resi- a r e a s cannot be a d e q u a t e l y and f a i r l y compensated f o r i n condemnation p r o c e e d i n g s , and "'WHEREAS, t h e s e l e c t i o n by t h e Commissioners of the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia o f t h e r o u t e f o r U. S. Highway 240 w i t h i n t h e Northwest s e c t i o n o f t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia w i l l n e c e s s a r i l y a f f e c t t h e s e l e c t i o n of t h e r o u t e f o r U. S. Highway 240 i n lower Montgomery County, Maryland, "*THEREFORE BE I T RESOLVED t h a t t h e J o i n t Committee t o oppose t h e W i s c o n s i n Avenue C o r r i d o r and R i v e r Road Routes for U. S. Highway 240, r e p r e s e n t i n g 11,953 homes and businesses i n t h e a f f e c t e d a r e a s oppose t h e planned i n v a s i o n o f t h e W i s c o n s i n Avenue and R i v e r Road a r e a s , and recommend t h e Potomac R i v e r Route f o r U. S. Highway 240 both w i t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and through Montgomery County t o t h e planned C i r c u m f e r e n t i a l Highway.* "Both t h e W i s c o n s i n Avenue C o r r i d o r and R i v e r Road r o u t e s a r e r e l a t i v e l y new i d e a s c o n c e i v e d by c e r t a i n planners. We s a y new because t h e r o u t e s which have been p u b l i c i z e d r e q u i r e d e x t e n s i v e and i n t e n s i v e s t u d y , p l a n n i n g and c o n s u l t a t i o n by t h e F e d e r a l , D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and �407 Maryland a u t h o r i t i e s months and y e a r s i n advance of a c t u a l contemplated c o n s t r u c t i o n . The S t a t e Roads Commission of Maryland planned f o r the improvement of R i v e r Road and p u b l i c i z e d plans on J u l y 6, 1955. The property that time were informed of a right-of-way owners a t of 150 f e e t and r e c o g n i z i n g the need f o r improvement i n R i v e r Road, the highest degree of cooperation owners. was r e c e i v e d from the property Since t h a t time churches have been b u i l t , another i s under c o n s t r u c t i o n , and others a r e planned along the proposed R i v e r Road route, i n a d d i t i o n to many homes and businesses. " I t i s apparent to a l l that the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r route i s f r e s h from the drawing board and has no p u b l i c acceptance i n Maryland. "What s i n i s t e r f o r c e s a r e behind t h i s r a d i c a l change i n p r e v i o u s l y well-considered plans? " I t would be b e t t e r to abandon a l l plans f o r a l i m i t e d a c c e s s i n t e r - s t a t e highway connecting the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and the S t a t e of Maryland i n lower Montgomery County i f the only agreement between us can be that the highway must stab through the heart of one of two densely populated areas i n Montgomery County, l e a v i n g b l i g h t i n i t s path. "A highway such a s i s proposed through BethesdaChevy Chase or c l e a v i n g the River Road communities, homes and churches, destroying would cause such d i s r u p t i o n t o r e s i d e n t i a l and business areas during i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n and afterwards that �408 t l s the i l l e f f e c t s would s c a r permanently t h i s prosperous s e c t i o n i n the No. 1 county of the world. The proposition that because the F e d e r a l Government c o n t r i b u t e s 90 percent of the cost of a road b u i l d i n g program r e q u i r e s us t o b u i l d something r e g a r d l e s s of i t s consequence i s unsound i n every sense. " I f the j o i n i n g of t h i s highway t o the D i s t r i c t Line cannot be made near the Potomac R i v e r permitting i t s extens i o n through Montgomery County along the R i v e r t o the C i r c u m f e r e n t i a l Highway, then the p r o j e c t should be abandoned." COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Colonel Higging? (There was no response.) COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Charles L. N o r r i s , J r . ? (There was no response.) COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: I s a b e l C. Moore? STATEMENT OF ISABEL C. MOORE, 3106 CHAIN BRIDGE XXXXX ROAD, NORTHWEST, WASHINGTON, D. C. MRS. MOORE: Bridge Road, Northwest. I'm I s a b e l C. Moore, 3106 Chain I l i v e j u s t a short d i s t a n c e from the Arizona Avenue and Loughboro Road Freeway, one o f the present express routes of the D i s t r i c t . So I have had a r i n g - s i d e seat on t h i s problem f o r q u i t e a few years. For the good of everyone involved, i t i s important for people t o e x e r c i s e common sense and take a r e a l i s t i c approach t o probleir-s, i n s t e a d of demanding p e r f e c t s o l u t i o n s , which are obviously impossible t o accomplish, or i n s i s t i n g on �409 a p l a n which w i l l s u i t t h e i r p a r t i c u l a r needs t h e most. They s h o u l d not p r o t e s t e v e r y p r o g r e s s i v e , b a d l y needed p r o j e c t , w i t h o u t e v a l u a t i n g i t c o r r e c t l y , and f a c i n g t h e f a c t t h a t some compromises and s a c r i f i c e s u s u a l l y have t o be made, i n o r d e r t h a t t h e most people w i l l be b e n e f i t e d . I n t h e matter of express roads, i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, people a r e going t o have t o make up t h e i r minds which they p r e f e r , being k i l l e d and maimed on c i t y streets, e s p e c i a l l y c h i l d r e n , many o f whom have no p l a c e e l s e t o p l a y , or h a v i n g safeguarded e x p r e s s r o a d s through park a r e a s , which I are t h e o n l y p l a c e s l e f t where they c a n be p l a c e d , w i t h o u t spending m i l l i o n s o f d o l l a r s t o t e a r down b u i l d i n g s , and f o r expensive land. The park l a n d i s a l r e a d y owned by t h e Govern- ment, s o would c o s t n o t h i n g . t h i s w i l l destroy the parks — I t i s ridiculous to protest that a c t u a l l y , i t w i l l make them more e n j o y a b l e , through b e i n g more a c c e s s i b l e and b e t t e r equipped, and t h e s m a l l percentage o f l a n d needed f o r r o a d s , w i l l s t i l l l e a v e thousands o f a c r e s f o r p a r k l a n d . I t i s most e s s e n t i a l t o have s p o t s i n c i t i e s where b i r d s may f i n d s a n c t u a r y , and t h e human s p i r i t may f i n d s u r c e a s e from l i f e ' s s t r a i n s and c o n f l i c t s , but i f t h e r e h a s t o be a c h o i c e between t h e s e and t h e u s i n g o f a s m a l l p a r t o f p a r k l a n d for s a f e t r a f f i c a r t e r i e s t o p r e v e n t human s u f f e r i n g and death, t h e l a t t e r s h o u l d u n q u e s t i o n a b l y t a k e precedence. i n t h i s c a s e , both c a n e a s i l y be had. However, �410 2i fc I t i s u n r e a l i s t i c t o p r o t e s t t h a t e x p r e s s roads w i l l bring t r a f f i c into sections. The t r a f f i c i s t h e r e now. The r o a d s through many n i c e r e s i d e n t i a l s e c t i o n s of 0. C. a r e a c t u a l l y i n t e r s t a t e highways, w i t h a l l the h a z a r d s of f a s t f l o w i n g , heavy i n t e r s t a t e and l o c a l t r a f f i c , enormous t r u c k s , v/ith none o f t h e s a f e g u a r d s . including People o b j e c t s t r e n u o u s l y t o h a v i n g e x p r e s s r o a d s go through t h e i r s e c t i o n s , and a t t h e same time complain about dangerous t r a f f i c on a l l their streets. C o n c e n t r a t i n g t r a f f i c on modern e x p r e s s roads would get much of i t o f f c i t y s t r e e t s , where i t i s now d i s p e r s e d so dangerously. A l s o , i t s h o u l d be r e c o g n i z e d t h a t the con- v e n i e n c e of nearby e x p r e s s r o a d s i s a g r e a t a s s e t . I t i s j u s t a s i m p o r t a n t t o p r o v i d e e x p r e s s roads f o r t r u c k s a s passenger t r a f f i c . T r u c k s a r e important t o the w e l f a r e of everyone, i n g e t t i n g n e c e s s a r y s u p p l i e s t o u s , s o the e f f i c i e n t e x p e d i t i n g o f t h e i r movement i n c r e a s e s our p e r s o n a l e f f i c i e n c y and comfort. Modern r o a d s c o s t enormous amounts o f money, which i s a heavy burden on t a x p a y e r s , so s h o u l d be b u i l t t o g i v e maximum s e r v i c e , w i t h t h e g r e a t e s t economy i n c o s t . I ti s r i d i c u l o u s t o c o n s i d e r b u i l d i n g a l o n g t h e Potomac R i v e r a park r o a d and a s e p a r a t e t r u c k r o u t e , p a r a l l e l t o each o t h e r , a s h o r t d i s t a n c e a p a r t , s i m p l y because i t i s a g a i n s t the lav/ f o r t r u c k s t o t r a v e l on p a r k roads. There s h o u l d be one r o a d 1 f o r both t r u c k and passenger t r a f f i c , and our Government s �411 procedures s h o u l d be f l e x i b l e enough t o pay f o r t h i s , when p r a c t i c a b l e ; or l a n d should be t u r n e d over t o l o c a l juris- d i c t i o n , so i t w i l l be e l i g i b l e f o r Government funds; i n s t e a d of t h e r e b e i n g a r i g i d s e t u p where t h e F e d e r a l Government can o n l y pay f o r c e r t a i n t y p e s of r o a d , w i t h a r e s u l t a n t waste of m i l l i o n s of d o l l a r s . A l l t h r e e proposed e x p r e s s r o u t e s f o r Route 240 D.C: throug Potomac R i v e r / W i s c o n s i n Avenue-Glover-Archbold/ and Rock Creek P a r k / a r e e q u a l l y e s s e n t i a l . There i s no c h o i c e . Potomac R i v e r Route: T h i s s h o u l d be b u i l t f i r s t . The most p r a c t i c a l l o c a t i o n f o r t h e w e s t e r n l e g of Route 240, from t h e D. C. l i n e t o t h e c e n t e r ox D. D., river. i s along the With a l l the thousands of a c r e s of unused l a n d t h e r e , i t s h o u l d not be n e c e s s a r y t o t a k e down anyone's home t o make room. I t s h o u l d be h i g h enough t o be out o f the f l o o d a r e a , and not i n the way o f f u t u r e dams. T h i s i s an e x c e l l e n t l o c a t i o n f o r s e v e r a l r e a s o n s : I t can connect n i c e l y w i t h t h e new Cabin John B r i d g e , d i v e r t i n g i n t e r s t a t e t r a f f i c c o m p l e t e l y around Washington. Itis p i c t u r e s q u e , making a l o v e l y p l e a s u r e d r i v e and an a p p r o p r i a t e c o n t i n u a t i o n o f t h e George Washington Memorial B o u l e v a r d . It would p r o v i d e a c c e s s t o b e a u t i f u l open c o u n t r y f o r a t h l e t i c s and r e c r e a t i o n , which i s so d e s p e r a t e l y needed t o b u i l d h e a l t h and r e l i e v e t h e s t r a i n of modern h i g h - p r e s s u r e l i v i n g , which i s f i l l i n g our c o u n t r y w i t h mental and p h y s i c a l w r e c k s , and �412 adult and j u v e n i l e delinquents, but most of a l l , i t would provide r a p i d , uninterrupted t r a f f i c flow, because of few intersections. Anyone who would p r o t e s t t h i s i s exceedingly l a c k i n g i n p r a c t i c a l thinking, and i n c o n s i d e r a t e of the welfare of the most people who could be benefited. T h i s land has been a u s e l e s s , i n a c c e s s i b l e j u n g l e s i n c e the beginning of time, and without a road probably w i l l remain that way u n t i l the end of time. Only a few hardy h i k e r s can now enjoy i t . A road only takes up a small area, and there would s t i l l be l e f t many square m i l e s of v i r g i n country with e x c e l l e n t p o t e n t i a l i t i e s f o r r e c r e a t i o n , which thousands could enjoy. One h i k i n g path should be placed adjacent t o the road, which would be a s a f e r p l a c e f o r people t o walk, e s p e c i a l l y women and c h i l d r e n , than the woods. New York C i t y and v i c i n i t y has made e x c e l l e n t use of land along i t s waterways f o r express reads, which has expedited t r a f f i c i n one of the most congested p l a c e s i n the world. An express route i s e s p e c i a l l y needed t o get the present dangerous and e x c e s s i v e i n t e r s t a t e and l o c a l t r a f f i c o f f the s t r e e t s of t h i s l o v e l y r e s i d e n t i a l s e c t i o n , where people have contributed m i l l i o n s of d o l l a r s , through t h e i r homes, toward the b e a u t i f i c a t i o n of our c a p i t a l c i t y . This a r e a should be protected from b l i g h t , which has made much of �Washington u n s i g h t l y , and which c a u s e s s o much l o s s i n t a x e s , r e h a b i l i t a t i o n , and p e r s o n a l ownership. At p r e s e n t many s t r e e t c r o s s i n g s a r e death t r a p s , and poisonous g a s fumes have d i s p l a c e d f r e s h a i r . I t i s i n c o r r e c t t o t h i n k a park road f o r car passenger t r a f f i c o n l y , through h e r e , would save t a x p a y e r s ' money, s i m p l y because park r o a d s a r e p a i d f o r 100 p e r c e n t by t h e N a t i o n a l Government. N a t i o n a l Government funds a r e a c q u i r e d through t a x e s p a i d by t h e people o f t h i s s e c t i o n , a s w e l l a s everywhere e l s e , s o i t i s t h e i r money which i s p a y i n g f o r i t and i t would c o s t much more o f t h e i r money t o b u i l d t h e widened W i s c o n s i n Avenue r o u t e , i n s t e a d o f o r i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e Potomac R i v e r Route. I t i s a p h y s i c a l i m p o s s i b i l i t y t o have an e x p r e s s r o a d down t h e W i s c o n s i n Avenue c o r r i d o r , a s i t i s through an urban s e c t i o n where t h e maximum speed c o u l d o n l y be 35 m i l e s an h o u r j whereas, an e x p r e s s road t o be any good s h o u l d have a maximum speed o f a t l e a s t 00 m i l e s an hour. Another b r i d g e over t h e Potomac R i v e r between Key and Chain B r i d g e s h a s t o be b u i l t , anyhow, a s Key and Chain B r i d g e s a r e not adequate f o r t r a f f i c volume, s o t h a t c o s t s h o u l d n o t be added t o t h e Potomac R i v e r Route. The new b r i d g e s h o u l d l o g i c a l l y be p l a c e d a t t h e end o f t h e e x p r e s s road through G l o e r - A r c h b o l d P a r k , a s t h a t i s where t h e l a r g e s t t r a f f i c f l o w would o c c u r ; not a t t h e end o f A r i z o n a o r Nebraska �414 Avenues, a s t h a t would p e r p e t u a t e dangerous i n t e r s t a t e traffic through one o f t h e n i c e s t r e s i d e n t i a l s e c t i o n s o f Washington, where i t i s now s o bad and they do not have good c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h main r o u t e s . I t would be most p r a c t i c a l t o have t h e George Washi n g t o n 'Memorial B o u l e v a r d on t h e V i r g i n i a s i d e o f t h e r i v e r for t h e p a r k r o a d ; and t h e r o a d on t h e D.C.-Maryland side f o r the i n t e r s t a t e e x p r e s s r o u t e f o r passenger and t r u c k t r a f f i c . I t i s i m p r a c t i c a l t o have both r o a d s f o r p a r k s e r v i c e o n l y . W i s c o n s i n Avenue-Glover-Archbold P a r k Route: Potomac R i v e r and Rock Creek Routes s h o u l d be b u i l t The first, which would r e l i e v e much t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n on W i s c o n s i n Avenue. for Then i t c o u l d be b e t t e r e s t i m a t e d how much p r o v i s i o n t r a f f i c would be needed t h e r e . The t u n n e l d i v e r t i n g taffic around B a l t i m o r e h a s a l r e a d y reduced t r a f f i c 30 p e r c e n t on c i t y s t r e e t s t h e r e , a l t h o u g h i t h a s c n l y been o p e r a t i n g a few weeks. To t r y t o make a major r o u t e f o r i n t e r s t a t e traffic down W i s c o n s i n Avenue o r p a r a l l e l i n g I t , would be h i g h l y impractical. I t would be a g r e a t waste o f money t o t e a r down many b u i l d i n g s and pay f o r e x p e n s i v e l a n d . too T h i s area i s already congested and needs t o have t r a f f i c d i v e r t e d . I t would be i m p o s s i b l e t o make t h i s an e x p r e s s r o a d u n l e s s i t were e l e v a t e d , w h i c h i s u n s i g h t l y , o r d e p r e s s e d , a s t h e r e a r e t o o many busy i n t e r section?;. I t l e a d 3 t r a f f i c r i g h t through t h e h e a r t o f �415 the c i t y i n s t e a d of around i t and i t would c o s t $13,000,000 more than the Potomac E l v e r Route. However, better p r o v i s i o n needs t o be made f o r local t r a f f i c and some i n t e r s t a t e t r a f f i c , which h a s t o go through h e r e , and d i v e r t i n g I t through the Glover-Archbold P a r k would c h a n n e l i t around t h e more c e n t r a l l y l o c a t e d c i t y streets. The G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d without delay. e x p r e s s road need3 t o be b u i l t I t i s i d e a l l y l o c a t e d , going through a t h i c k l y b u i l t up a r e a , and l y i n g i n a v a l l e y which makes overhead crossroads easy t o b u i l d . I t i s unused l a n d , which would e l i m i n a t e t h e t e a r i n g down o f b u i l d i n g s . owned by t h e Government. The l a n d i s a l r e a d y L i k e t h e l a n d along t h e Potomac H i v e r , i t i s p r a c t i c a l l y u s e l e s s now. I ti s filled with t a n g l e d v e g e t a t i o n ; much o f t h e t e r r a i n i s too s t e e p f o r r e c r e a t i o n a l u s e and t h e l a n d t h e r o a d would take up would s t i l l l e a v e space f o r some r e c r e a t i o n a l equipment and i n s t e a d of e l i m i n a t i n g i t s u s e f o r r e c r e a t i o n , a r o a d would make i t possible. Inasmuch a s t h e l a n d was donated t o t h e c i t y f o r r e c r e a t i o n , t h e consent o f t h e donors a r o a d s h o u l d be o b t a i n e d , to u s e p a r t o f i t f o r but i f t h i s i s i m p o s s i b l e , t h e o n l y honorable c o u r s e f o r t h e c i t y t o f o l l o w i s t h e u s u a l procedure o f condemning s u f f i c i e u t l a n d f o r t h e r o a d and p a y i n g t h e donors f o r i t . The Government s h o u l d agree t o develop a d j a c e n t land �416 for r e c r e a t i o n and p r o v i d e compensatory r e c r e a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s i n o t h e r p a r k 3 , e s p e c i a l l y along t h e Potomac R i v e r nearyby, w h i c h h a s much b e t t e r p o t e n t i a l i t i e s f o r t h i s . This would make up f o r t h e s m a l l l o s s o f l a n d h e r e . T h i s r o u t e i s e s p e c i a l l y w e l l l o c a t e d t o make e x c e l l e n t c o n n e c t i o n w i t h V i r g i n i a by a b r i d g e over Three I s l a n d s a t i t s Potomac R i v e r t e r m i n u s . Sisters' T h i s bridge should be c a l l e d t h e John C a r r o l l B r i d g e , i n honor o f one o f t h e a n c e s t o r s o f the Glover f a m i l y who was a s i g n e r o f t h e D e c l a r a t i o n o f Independence. A b r i d g e h e r e would be much more p r a c t i c a l t h a n Key B r i d g e , w i t h i t s h o p e l e s s b o t t l e n e c k s a t both ends, and inadequate a c c e s s t o t h e George Washington Memorial B o u l e v a r d on t h e V i r g i n i a s i d e o r t h e f u r t h e r ing develop- o f C h a i n B r i d g e , which would p r e s e n t e n g i n e e r i n g d i f f i c u l - t i e s , or t h e proposed b r i d g e a t t h e end o f Nebraska Avenue, which would p e r p e t u a t e t r a f f i c through t h i s n i c e r e s i d e n t i a l s e c t i o n , and does not connect w i t h any main r o u t e s . Rock Creek V a l l e y Route: I t i s exceedingly s h o r t - s i g h t e d f o r people t o p r o t e s t t h i s l o c a t i o n . now w i t h none o f t h e s a f e g u a r d s . road i s u s e l e s s f o r r e c r e a t i o n . I t i s a speedway The l a n d occupied by t h e The r o a d i s s o narrow and w i n d i n g , i t i s even hazardous f o r h i k i n g . s i d e s cannot be used f o r r e c r e a t i o n . The s t e e p l y s l o p i n g I n s t e a d of a road being u n d e s i r a b l e , i t would g i v e b e t t e r a c c e s s t o t h e p a r k and make a s a f e r and n i c e r d r i v e f o r p l e a s u r e . I t i s i d e a l f o r an �417 expressway, a s i t runs the whole length, and r i g h t through the heart of the c i t y , and i s i n a v a l l e y , which a l l o w s f o r overhead c r o s s r o a d s very w e l l . Express roads going a c r o s s the park a r e a l s o badly needed. To prevent the s e r i o u s waste of our n a t u r a l r e sources, which s c i e n t i s t s a r e warning us about, e f f e c t i v e measures should be taken without delay to reduce the \'olume of i n d i v i d u a l c a r s , by b u i l d i n g express roads on which p u b l i c conveyances can move q u i c k l y , reducing l o c a l f a r e t o 10 cents, and not t a x i n g t r a n s p o r t a t i o n companies f o r income t o make up for l o s s of revenue. T h i s t a x comes out of the pockets of the people, not the companies, so they a r e r e a l l y paying i t t o themselves,and providing f a s t e l e c t r i c t r a i n s f o r long-distance commuting, which make i t p o s s i b l e f o r f a m i l i e s t o l i v e i n t h e h e a l t h f u l country a t lower c o s t . T h i s i s e s p e c i a l l y needed f o r r e a l slum r e h a b i l i t a tion. At present o l d housing i s being d i s p l a c e d by new, but the o l d bad congested c o n d i t i o n s remain, and c h i l d r e n have no p l a c e but t h e s t r e e t s t o play. Land would be cheaper i n the country, so oach family could have more space t o l i v e i n . I t i s i m p r a c t i c a l t o use expensive property i n the heart of the c i t y f o r t h i s ; a l s o u n d e s i r a b l e t o have i t so near our b e a u t i f u l Government b u i l d i n g s . Low f a r e s encourage people t o use p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ; every time f a r e s have been r a i s e d , passenger volume �418 t29 dropped, reducing income. And the l a r g e saving of n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s and i n d i v i d u a l t r a v e l c o s t s would make t h i s a most economical measure. Also, a great saving v/ould be e f f e c t e d through reduced automobile insurance premiums, which a r e now so high, because of many a c c i d e n t s and high damage s u i t s . Thank you. MR. PEABODY: Mr. Chairman. I have about a two- minute statement. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Are you on the l i s t ? MR. PEABODY: Yes, s i r . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Which organization i s i t ? STATEMENT OF FRED S. PEABODY, ORCHARDALE CITIZENS XXX ASSOCIATION MR. PEABODY: I'm Fred S. Peabody of the Orchardale C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n i n Bethesda-Chevy Chase Area of Maryland. The following r e s o l u t i o n was unanimously adopted a t the September 23, 1957 q u a r t e r l y meeting of the Orchardale Citizens Association: "Be i t r e s o l v e d that the Orchardale C i t i z e n s Ass o c i a t i o n unanimously endorses the recommendations of the Clarkeson Engineering Company, Incorporated, t o the D i s t r i c t of Columbia's D i r e c t o r of the Department o f Highways, favoring the u t i l i z a t i o n of the P a l i s a d e s route f o r the southwest extension of Highway 240 i n t o Washington." The Clarkeson Survey i s the only s c i e n t i f i c �419 e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e e n g i n e e r i n g problems encountered construction project. i s contemplated, i n this When an u n d e r t a k i n g o f t h i s magnitude our A s s o c i a t i o n f e e l s t h a t l o c a l p r e s s u r e s , i n d i v i d u a l p r e f e r e n c e s , and l o c a l p r e j u d i c e s should be submerged i n t h e f a c e o f e n g i n e e r i n g f a c t s . out r e i t e r a t i n g Consequently, a l l o f t h e v e r y cogent and r e a l i s t i c with- reasons p r e s e n t e d by t h e C l a r k e s o n E n g i n e e r i n g Company, we w i s h t o re-emphasize t h a t our A s s o c i a t i o n i s 100 p e r c e n t i n a c c o r d w i t h t h e recommendations o f t h i s f i r m . Thank you v e r y much. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you, s i r . I haven't h e a r d anyone t e s t i f y h e r e i n two days now c a l l i n g f o r t h i s f a c i l i t y i n h i s ov/n neighborhood. Some of u s j u s t want t o go underground l i k e an o s t r i c h and t h e o t h e r s s a y , " P u t i t around t h e o t h e r way." Mr. D a v i s , A r t h u r P. D a v i s , and then I b e l i e v e Colonel Hart has a l e t t e r t o read here. I s t h i s Mr. D a v i s ? MR. DAVIS: Y e s . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: W i l l you s t e p up and then C o l o n e l H a r t . letter. He h a s w a i t e d a day and a h a l f t o r e a d a He w i l l f o l l o w you. STATEMENT OF ARTHUR P. DAVIS, 1726 M STREET, NORTHWEST, WASHINGTON, D. C. MR. DAVIS: i s A r t h u r P. D a v i s . Mr. Chairman, Commissioners, my name I'm an a r c h i t e c t . I'm not connected �420 ^31 w i t h any o r g a n i z a t i o n or any p r o p e r t y or a n y t h i n g and have no ax to g r i n d . I*m p r e s e n t i n g h e r e w i t h f o r your c o n s i d e r a t i o n an a l t e r n a t e t o Route A which I have c a l l e d Route A-3. T h i s pro- posed Route A-3 would be t h e same a s Route A from the I n n e r Lopp connection n e a r Washington C i r c l e westward t o the Archbold Park entrance. Glover- From t h a t p o i n t on I am proposing t h a t t h e roadway be c o n s t r u c t e d along t h e Potomac R i v e r n e a r t h e E a s t Bank. bed I t would be b r i d g e c o n s t r u c t i o n over w a t e r and l a n d , e l e v a t e d h i g h enough t o meet f l o o d c o n d i t i o n s . The f o l l o w i n g remarks a r e i n r e g a r d t o t h a t p o r t i o n of t h e p r o j e c t . One, westward from the G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d Park entrance the roadway b r i d g e c o n s t r u c t i o n over w a t e r would be extended f o r approximately 3/4 of a m i l e . distance of approximately The roadway f o r t h e 2-1/2 remaining m i l e s t o t h e Maryland line would be e l e v a t e d b r i d g e c o n s t r u c t i o n over t h e dry r i v e r and e r e c t e d c l o s e t o the r i v e r bank. bed T h i s p o r t i o n of the r i v e r bed i s waste r o c k y l a n d and d e n s e l y wooded, enough t o s c r e e n proposed roadway. the The s c e n i c a s p e c t s along t h i s p o r t i o n of t h e Potomac R i v e r would not be i m p a i r e d by the roadway. Two, the same number o f t r a f f i c changes a s shown f o r Route A-2 A f u l l interchange would be I will inter- provided. can be made a t C h a i n B r i d g e , not p o s s i b l e under Route A and Route Three — l a n e s and A-2. e l i m i n a t e t h e f i r s t sentence because �421-422 I was i n e r r o r and p u t i n t h e f o l l o w i n g : The D i s t r i c t o f Columbia a l r e a d y owns t h e water r i g h t s f o r t h a t p o r t i o n o f t h e roadway over water. The por- t i o n o f 2-g m i l e s westward over t h e n o r m a l l y d r y r i v e r bed i s owned by t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e . T h e r e should be no d i f f i - c u l t y i n t r a n s f e r r i n g land f o r a right-of-way way for the express- s i n c e t h e P a r k S e r v i c e h a s no u s e f o r t h e l a u d , which i s l i a b l e to flood conditions. I t would, t h e r e f o r e , be unneces- s a r y i n t h i s c a s e t o buy p r o p e r t i e s f o r a r i g h t - o f - w a y . would be no preemption o r d i s t u r b i n g o f t h e p r o p e r t y There rights and homes o f many c i t i z e n s a s proposed i n t h e o t h e r schemes. I t would not be n e c e s s a r y t o g e t i n t o a s t r u g g l e w i t h t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e and t h e N a t i o n a l Congress over t h e l a n d r e q u i r e d f o r Routes A o r A-2. F o l l o w i n g t h e above, i t s h o u l d be e m p h a t i c a l l y noted t h a t no D i s t r i c t p r o p e r t i e s w i l l be taken o f f t h e t a x r o l l s . Thus, t h e r e w i l l be no l o s s o f p r o p e r t y t a x e s f o r t h e D i s t r i c t where an e x c e s s o f u n t a x e d l a n d i s a major problem. The e s t i m a t e d c o s t f o r t h e r i g h t - o f - w a y o f t h i s p o r t i o n o f t h e p r o j e c t f o r Route A would be $3,506,000.00j f o r Route A-2, $2,500,500,00. F o r my suggested scheme, Route A-3, i t would be n o t h i n g . There w i l i be no i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h t r a f f i c construction. during The o t h e r p l a n s have p l e n t y . T h e r e w i l l be no d i s r u p t i o n o r r e p l a c i n g o f p u b l i c �423 £33 u t i l i t i e s , s u c h a s s e w e r s , w a t e r l i n e s , gas and e l e c t r i c s e r v i c e s with t h e i r attendant costs. T h e r e w i l l be no r o a d g r a d i e n t o r s l o p e problems a s t h e roadway w i l l f o l l o w t h e l e v e l o f t h e r i v e r . The o t h e r r o u t e s w i l l r e q u i r e e x p e n s i v e d r a i n a g e systems. directly Route A-3 w i l l r e q u i r e none a s t h e w a t e r can be l e t i n t o the r i v e r . The r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e Chesapeake and Ohio C a n a l w i l l not be a f f e c t e d by my p l a n . i s one o f t h e c r i t i c i s m s That o f t h e Route A-2 scheme. The proposed Route A-3 w i l l e l i m i n a t e any need f o r the u s e o f s e v e r a l hundred a c r e s o f a d j a c e n t r i v e r l a n d owned by t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e , which i t i s l o a t h t o g i v e up. I t has o b t a i n e d t h i s l a n d f o r u s e a s t h e George Washington Memorial Parkway. The Parkway c o u l d s e r v e a s an o v e r f l o w f o r peak hour t r a f f i c and a s a hedge a g a i n s t p o s s i b l e f u t u r e expanded t r a f f i c needs i n t h i s a r e a . Thus, t h i s e x t r a f a c i l i t y f o r passenger c a r s o n l y w i l l not be a d u p l i c a t i o n o f roadways but w i l l p r o v i d e a r e l i e v i n g Expressway. a d j u n c t t o t h e Route 240 I n c i d e n t a l l y , c o n t r a c t s f o r t h e c o n n e c t i n g Parkway i n Maryland a r e p r e s e n t l y b e i n g n e g o t i a t e d . F i n a l l y , i n c o n s i d e r i n g my proposed Route A-3 i n i t s e n t i r e t y from t h e Maryland l i n e t o t h e I n n e r Loop Conn e c t i o n , e s t i m a t e d c o s t s based on r e l i a b l e s o u r c e s have been prepared. As might be e x p e c t e d , i t i s not t h e c h e a p e s t , due �424 t o t h e e l e v a t e d type b r i d g e c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t f o r t h e Route i s $56,170,000. The t o t a l e s t i m a t e d T h i s compares w i t h $44,777,000.00 f o r Route A and $46,990,000.00 f o r Route A-2. Thus, t h e proposed Route A-3 i s $11,393,000.00 more t h a n Route A and $9,180,000,000 more t h a n Route A-2, not t o o l a r g e a percentage. Route A-3 i s $3,440,000.00 l e s s t h a n Route C and $7,483,000.00 l e s s t h a n Rout© D. I n comparison w i t h R o u t e s A and A-2 i t t h e r e f o r e h a s t o be decided whether t h e many f a v o r a b l e a s p e c t s o f t h e proposed Route A-3 c o u n t e r balance the e x t r a c o s t s . I n my o p i n i o n , Route A-3 i s t h e answer f o r t h e many d i v e r s e i n t e r e s t s i n t h i s k n o t t y p u b l i c problem. A t t a c h e d i s an addenda g i v i n g t h e c o s t breakdowns of t h e proposed Route A-3 and comparisons w i t h t h e o t h e r r o u t e s . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: of What would be t h e danger flood? MR. DAVIS: Avenue. The l a s t f l o o d was i n '33, came up t h e I . don't know whether i t h a s e v e r been up t h e bank of t h e C a n a l o r over t h e bank o f t h e C a n a l . h e r e l o n g e r t h a n I have. You have l i v e d My i d e a i 3 j u s t t o have a roadbed l e v e l o r below t h e t o l l r o a d , t h e t o l l r o a d a l o n g t h e bank. I t wouldn't be any h i g h e r than t h a t and would be w e l l p r o t e c t e d . MR. PETER: MR. DAVIS: the I have seen i t over. You a r e going t o have dams b u i l t a l l time w h i c h w i l l g i v e you f l o o d c o n t r o l . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you v e r y much. �425 Mr. E a r t . STATEMENT OF GEORGE L. HART, J R , CN BEHALF OF ROBERT V. FLEMING, FEDERAL C I T Y COUNCIL MR. HART: i f . Chairman and members o f t h e Board: My name i s George L. H a r t , J r . Mr. Robert V. F l e m i n g , a member o f t h e F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l had hoped t o be hero t o g i v e you h i s i d e a s , b u t he had t o be out o f town and he h a s asked me i f I would r e a d t h i s l e t t e r addressed t o t h e "Board of Commissioners" i n t o t h e r e c o r d . " I have your n o t i c e o f a p u b l i c h e a r i n g on J a n u a r y 6, 1953, t o c o n s i d e r t h e proposed r o u t e s f o r Highway 240 i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. Due t o absence from t h e c i t y , I w i l l be u n a b l e t o t e s t i f y i n person, but I d e s i r e t o have t h i s l e t t e r i n c o r p o r a t i n g my p e r s o n a l o p i n i o n s made a p a r t of t h e r e c o r d o f t h i s h e a r i n g . " A f t e r considering t h e f a c t s presented i n your n o t i c e o f h e a r i n g and, a s a member o f t h e E x e c u t i v e Committee of t h e F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l , h a v i n g h e a r d a thorough p r e s e n t a t i o n o f the matter, I have g i v e n c a r e f u l thought t o each o f t h e proposed r o u t e s and I am c o n v i n c e d t h a t Route A-2 i s b e s t s u i t e d t o a c c o m p l i s h t h e b a s i c purpose o f t h i s inter- s t a t e and n a t i o n a l d e f e n s e highway and i n s o doing w i l l cause the l e a s t damage t o Washington's f i n e s t r e s i d e n t i a l 'Specifically, "a. area. I believe: T h a t t h i s highway s h o u l d be b u i l t along t h e �426 t3G r i v e r f o r a t t e a t l o c a t i o n i t o f f e r s minimum d i s l o c a t i o n t o existing s u r f a c e t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s , t o f a m i l y d w e l l i n g s , t o b u s i n e s s houses and t o r e c r e a t i o n a l a r e a s . "b. T h a t t h e u t i l i s a t i o n o f the Route A-2 by t r u c k t r a f f i c would not d e s t r o y t h e p u b l i c ' s enjoyment of t h e beauty of t h i s s c e n i c r o u t e . "c. T h a t s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n must be g i v e n t o the $13 m i l l i o n d i f f e r e n t i a l between the c o s t of A-2 and any W i s c o n s i n Avenue - G l o v e r Archbold-Parkway r o u t e . "d. That f u t u r e population gro\?th of Montgomery County which w i l l g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e the p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y of the R o c k v i l l e - G a i t h e r s b u r g - P o t o i a a c Area, makes i t mandatory t h a t the t r a f f i c induced by t h i s growth be encouraged t o e n t e r Washington by a r o u t e o t h e r t h a n the a l r e a d y overburdened W i s c o n s i n Avenue c o r r i d o r . "e. T h a t the p r e s e n t peak l o a d commuter t r a f f i c o r i g i n a t i n g i n the Bethesda-Chevy Chase a r e a s should be encouraged t o c o n t i n u e t o u t i l i z e W i s c o n s i n Avenue, Massac h u s e t t s Avenue and t h e East-West s t r e e t s n o r t h of H S t r e e t and thereby d i s t r i b u t e p o i n t s where t h e t r a f f i c w i l l the i n n e r loop r a t h e r t h a n c o n c e n t r a t e t r a f f i c a l l a t one "f. i t with enter interstate point. That the t e r m s of the g i f t of p a r k l a n d by doners of t h e G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d t r a c t s h o u l d be honored by t h e D i s t r i c t Government and t h a t the l a n d be u t i l i z e d as the �427 contemplated a t t h e time o f t h e acceptance o f t h e g i f t s . "g. T h a t t h e added expense o f $30-$40 m i l l i o n f o r a t r u c k r o u t e t u n n e l a s proposed by t h e s t a f f o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission i s e n t i r e l y u n j u s t i f i e d . That the u t i l i z a t i o n of Normanstone D r i v e f o r a f o u r - l a n e t r u c k r o u t e would d e s t r o y one o f t h e most v a l u a b l e r e s i d e n t i a l areas of our c i t y . "k. T h a t immediate a p p r e c i a t i o n must be had o f t h e f i n a n c i a l c o n d i t i o n o f t h e D i s t r i c t Highway Fund which a l r e a d y i s inadequate even w i t h 90-30 F e d e r a l a i d t o f i n a n c e t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e i n t e r s t a t e system i n Washington, complet i o n of which i s a b s o l u t e l y e s s e n t i a l t o prevent traffic s t r a n g u l a t i o n i n t h e n e x t decade. "i. T h a t t h e s e r i o u s n e s s o f r o u t i n g t h i s highway through t h e 23 a c r e development o f t h e o f f i c e s o f t h e Government Employees I n s u r a n c e Company a s proposed i n t h e W i s c o n s i n Avenue r o u t e must be r e c o g n i z e d , s i n c e I understand t h e company h a s a l r e a d y suspended c o n s t r u c t i o n on a m u l t i m i l l i o n d o l l a r i n v e s t m e n t r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e t y p e of i n d u s t r y b a d l y needed i n t h e Washington m e t r o p o l i t a n area. The l o s s o f 10 o f 28 a c r e s might f o r c e t h i s company t o abandon t h i s s i t e and seek a new s i t e o u t s i d e o f Washington. "For t h e above r e a s o n s I d e s i r e t o go on r e c o r d a s f a v o r i n g Route A-2." COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you. �423 t38 Mrs. Laura F. W a r f i e l d . STATEMENT OF MRS. LAURA F. WARFIELD, 7 MC KAY XXXXX CIRCLE, BETHESDA 14, MARYLAND MRS. WARFIELD: Board: Mr. Chairman and members of the I have ashed t o come here and be allowed t o give you my two c e n t s worth because I am concerned that you be mindful of v a l u e s that a r e f a r g r e a t e r than the d o l l a r and c e n t s cost of the highway. Your morning newspaper yesterday c a r r i e d a t l e a s t four p i c t u r e s of D i s t r i c t a r e a c i t i z e n s enjoying the C&O Canal Park. I f you had taken walks there, a s I d i d t h i s weekend, you would have seen many others not only i c e - s k a t ing, but walking f o r p l e a s u r e , both with c h i l d r e n and without, and canoeing a p r o f e s s i o n a l handicap course with outstanding performance which was a c c u r a t e l y timed. These many persons were a l l having fun and they represented a l l age groups. I t i s of maximum importance that the Potomac R i v e r , e s p e c i a l l y the land i n v o l v i n g the C&O Canal, be r e t a i n e d f o r these purposes alone and t h a t roads be kept out of the s e c t i o n . I t i s a mistake on the p a r t of a l l planners of t h i s highway t o attempt to connect an i n t e r s t a t e highways system with the h e a r t of .a metropolitan a r e a . Admittedly the planning i s more than a decade too l a t e , but even so, a 4 plan could and should be worked out which would not t r a v e r s e the most h i s t o r i c a l s e c t i o n of the c i t y . Certainly, mechanized �429 mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n must not be permitted to k i l l the w i l d e r n e s s - l i k e advantages of the C&O Canal Parkway, which i s so a c c e s s i b l e t o i n d i v i d u a l s without any but d a i l y t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o f f e r e d t o the p u b l i c a t l a r g e . I have l i v e d as a mature adult f o r t h i r t y y e a r s . I perhaps am unique among people who have t a l k e d with you, e s p e c i a l l y those I have heard s i n c e ten o'clock t h i s morning, i n never having owned a c a r . But, I have walked more than h a l f the t o t a l length of the C&O Canal Towpath and I walk i t frequently and have done so f o r more than 23 y e a r s . I have r e s i d e d i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia f o r more than t h a t length of time, p a r t i c u l a r l y a period of 18 years i n a room and a h a l f apartment while I was r e a r i n g two c h i l dren. I have been able to do t h i s because I could take my c h i l d r e n to the C&O Canal Towpath. There I have i n s t r u c t e d them i n t h i n g s that concerned botany; that concerned b i r d s ; that concerned weather; that concerned outdoor l i v i n g a t l a r g e and v/e have a l l returned t o t h a t room and a h a l f a p r t ment r e f r e s h e d and strengthened f o r our l i v e s . We have been a b l e t o do t h i s because of that towpath. I could l i v e on a highway i f I s t i l l had the C&O Canal Towpath that I could get away from that highway and come to be the person that I l i k e t o be and l i v e the kind of i n d i v i d u a l l i f e t h a t I l i k e to l i v e . Myself and daughter a r e both c e r t i f i e d members of �430 the L e v e l Walkers. She earned her c a r d b e f o r e she was s i x . C h i l d r e n need more than s i d e w a l k s and highways t o t r a i n them i n outdoor l i f e . A d u l t s need more than highways f o r t h e s t r e n g t h and r e c r e a t i o n i n t h e i r l i v e s . the park w i t h a highways system. P l e a s e don't d e s t r o y I am q u i t e w i l l i n g t o g i v e you my home, t o g i v e you my c h u r c h , t o g i v e you e v e r y t h i n g t h a t t h e r e i s j I would even be w i l l i n g t o g i v e you my l i f e i f you would l e a v e t h a t C&O C a n a l Parkway. I a l s o d e s i r e t o p l e a d f o r t h e s m a l l home-owner r e s i d i n g i n t h e v i c i n i t y where i t i s proposed t o c o n s t r u c t t h i s i n t e r s t a t e highway system. r e s i d e a d j o i n s t h e C&O The p r o p e r t y where I now C a n a l P a r k a l s o , but I l o c a t e d m y s e l f t h e r e because I l o v e d i t . To be s u r e , I hope t h a t t h e v a l u e s of the wonderful n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s of t h i s watershed a r e not a l l o w e d t o be harmed by t h e e n g i n e e r i n g o f a highway j u s t because i t i s more e x p e d i e n t and c u t s down on your c o s t , does l e s s harm t o fewer people by p u t t i n g i t t h e r e because then you w i l l t a k e away t h e s e v a l u e s t h a t a r e a v a i l a b l e t o a l l o f t h e c i t i z e n r y , both those now l i v i n g and f u t u r e g e n e r a t i o n s . Leave t h e P a r k f o r t h e people t o enjoy f i r s t h a n d w i t h o u t paved r o a d s . I t would be e s p e c i a l l y a p p r e c i a t e d i f I c o u l d speak w i t h t h e tongues o f a n g e l s , f o r I would do e v e r y t h i n g p o s s i b l e t o have you understand t h e f i r s t and most important use f o r t h e l a n d i n q u e s t i o n i s m a i n t a i n i n g a park f o r �431 e d u c a t i o n a l and r e c r e a t i o n a l purposes. P l e a s e do not con- s i d e r f o r a s i n g l e moment p l a c i n g a highway a l o n g t h e r i v e r . DEvote t h e l a n d a l o n g t h e r i v e r o n l y t o t h e P a r k . I would l i k e t o add t h a t one o f t h e c h i l d r e n t h a t has been brought up w a l k i n g t h i s C a n a l h a s p l a c e d t h i r d i n t h e whole 14 Coast Guard D i s t r i c t i n t h e P a c i f i c a s champion sailor. The boy was n o t brought up around b o a t s and I t h i n k t h e r e a s o n he was a b l e t o do t h a t i s because he had t h a t C&O C a n a l . He l e a r n e d weather and he l e a r n e d outdoor life and he l e a r n e d i t from t h a t a r e a and I t h i n k t h a t t h i s i s an important v a l u e t h a t we g i v e t o people and I would a s k you t o c o n s i d e r and be m i n d f u l o f t h e s e v a l u e s when you a r e p u t t i n g in highways, I thank you f o r t h e chance t o t e l l you t h e s e t h i n g s t h a t a r e v e r y deep i n s i d e o f me and I know t h a t t h e r e a r e thousands o f people who f e e l and b e l i e v e t h e s e t h i n g s and who can l i v e on highways, super highways, expressways, e t cetera, but who cannot l i v e w i t h o u t t h i s t y p e o f r e s o u r c e f o r r e storing their lives. Thank you. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you v e r y much, Mrs. Warfield. (Applause.) COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Constant Southworth. �432 t42 STATEMENT OF CONSTANT SOUTHWORTH, 4000 CATHEDRAL XXXXX AVENUE, NORTHWEST, WASHINGTON, D.C. MR. SOUTHWORTH: Southworth, Mr. Chairman, my name i s Constant 4000 C a t h e d r a l Avenue. L i k e the l a s t speaker, I appear a s an i n d i v i d u a l , though i n somewhat perhaps d i f f e r e n t slant. I have j u s t a s i n t e n s e a d e v o t i o n t o t h e C&0 C a n a l , I t h i n k , p r o b a b l y a s s h e though my approach i s — I will e l a b o r a t e s l i g h t l y here — ' d i f f e r e n t . I am a member o f and am i n a c c o r d w i t h t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f c e r t a i n o r g a n i z a t i o n s and a s s o c i a t i o n s t h a t came h e r e y e s t e r d a y , C&O C a n a l A s s o c i a t i o n , t h e Audubon S o c i e t y and t h e W e s t c h e s t e r Corporation. I n a word, my p o s i t i o n i s t h a t no new highway s h o u l d be b u i l t a t t h i s t i m e , b u t t h a t i f humanely a new highway cannot be a v o i d e d , Route A o r Route A-2 s h o u l d be chosen. On t h e f i r s t p o i n t , the t r a f f i c angle, that there s h o u l d be no new t r a f f i c a r t e r y a t t h i s t i m e , I suggest w i t h g r e a t h e s i t a t i o n t h a t t h e p l a n n e r s , among whom I have many v a l u e d f r i e n d s and highway men,as G e n e r a l Grant presumably i n a j o k i n g way r e f e r r e d t o highway e x p e r t s y e s t e r d a y , may be v u l n e r a b l e a t t i m e s l i k e a l l p r o f e s s i o n a l men and w i t h t h e b e s t w i l l and g r e a t e s t s i n c e r i t y i n t h e w o r l d t o o c c u p a t i o n a l disease. U n l e s s they have b o l d , c h a l l e n g i n g new r o a d p r o j e c t s t o work on, t h e y may f a c e a tendency t o d e s i c c a t i o n . B a s i c a l l y , I c o n s i d e r i t a f a l l a c y t o b r i n g a dense �433 t43 c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f e s s e n t i a l l y commuter t r a f f i c i n t o any b i g c i t y t o debouch a t one o r two s p o t s . almost The t r a f f i c jam l a s t F r i d a y i n Norwalk, C o n n e c t i c u t , t h e day a f t e r t h e C o n n e c t i c u t T u r n p i k e opened, sounded a warning. Most o f t h e proposed r o u t e s under c o n s i d e r a t i o n here today, d e s p i t e c e r t a i n e x p e n s i v e s u g g e s t i o n s f o r p a r t i a l s i p h o n i n g o f f t r a f f i c from t h e W i s c o n s i n Avenue c o r r i d o r North o f C a n a l Road o r p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e t u n n e l t h a t h a s been worked out by t h e P l a n n i n g Commission s t a f f i n v o l v e — however, my p o i n t i s now t h a t most o f t h e r o u t e s t h a t come i n t h a t a r e proposed i n v o l v e a tremendous i n c r e a s e i n t r a f f i c on t h e W h i t e h u r s t Freeway where t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n a t r u s h hours i s already formidable. I t i s sounder, a s h a s j u s t been advocated by Mr. B u r m e i s t e r , t o keep t h e t r a f f i c d i s p e r s e d a l o n g existing a r t e r i e s and t o make r e a s o n a b l e b o t t l e n e c k widenings provements. 4:00 and im- F o r i n s t a n c e , some s o r t o f a ramp t o e l i m i n a t e t o 6:30 p.m. t r a f f i c , l i k e stoppage a t Massachusetts Avenue and Waterside D r i v e might c l e a n up most o f t h e cong e s t i o n on t h a t Avenue. I t h a s a l s o been suggested p o s s i b l y i t would h e l p t o g e t t h e embassies t o have t h e i r p a r t i e s a t noon i n s t e a d of evening r u s h hours. Or perhaps we s h o u l d t r y t o muster t h e money f o r a subway b e f o r e even encouraging more t r a f f i c a r t e r i e s and t h e f u r t h e r b u i l d i n g o f surburban homes t o �434 send their" autos on the Whltehurst Freeway. However, i t has been shown that s u g g e s t i o n ox r a p i d t r a n s i t comes i n t o a r e a l m ox t w i l i g h t and p a r t i c u l a r l y , I not b e i n g an e n g i n e e r , have no s p e c i f i c s u g g e s t i o n s , I w i l l c o n f e s s , on t h a t . But i n any e v e n t , 1 t h i n k we s h o u l d completion of t h e Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Survey now await being con- ducted by r e s p o n s i b l e a g e n c i e s . Furthermore, a s Mr. Cover, s p e a k i n g f o r the C&O C n a l A s s o c i a t i o n s a i d l a s t n i g h t , we s h o u l d a v o i d i n our a p l a n n i n g f o r Washington, l i m i t i n g our c o n s i d e r a t i o n to f a c t o r , the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c t o r . one So, up t o t h i s p o i n t , I'm f u l l y i n a c c o r d w i t h P a l i s a d e s and Brookmont c i t i z e n s , but now I w i l l p a r t company and come to ray second p o i n t , t h e c o n s e r v a t i o n a n g l e , which i s t h a t i f a new a r t e r y must be b u i l t , l e t i t do minimum damage t o p a r k l a n d . P a r k s , s e c l u d e d wooden open s p a c e s a r e j u s t important t o men as a s t o s q u i r r e l s and once gone, of c o u r s e , they c a n ' t be r e s t o r e d . The immediate q u e s t i o n h e r e a s r e g a r d s c o n s e r v a t i o n i s whether t h e r o u t e , t h e expressway through G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d would i n j u r e p a r k l a n d more o r l e s s than one a l o n g t h e r i v e r i n t h e D i s t r i c t and i n t h e v a l l e y o f L i t t l e F a l l s Branch i n Maryland, through which Maryland, a p p a r e n t l y , i s q u i t e w i l l i n g and would l i k e t o c o n t i n u e t h a t route. On t h a t , I o f f e r the f o l l o w i n g thoughts: Glover- �A r c h b o l d P a r k i s one o f Washington's v e r y s p e c i a l i r reprodueible assets. I know from 25 y e a r s o f roaming i n i t . I t s charm i s i n i t s s e c l u s i o n , i n i t s freedom from r o a d s . The proposed expressway through i t , which i s d i v i d e d i n t o two f a r s e p a r a t e d r o a d s , a b s o r b i n g p r a c t i c a l l y t h e p a r k ' s whole w i d t h , would mark i t s end a s a woodland r e t r e a t and a s r e p e a t e d l y emphasized y e s t e r d a y , break f a i t h w i t h i t s donors. On t h e l a t t e r p o i n t , I p a r t i c u l a r l y c a l l your a t t e n t i o n t o what G e n e r a l G r a n t s a i d l a s t n i g h t — I have t a l k e d w i t h him o c c a s i o n a l l y over many y e a r s on t h a t s u b j e c t and I know how deeply he f e e l s about t h a t . I n c i d e n t a l l y , conser- v a t i o n i s t s have by no means g i v e n up hope t h a t t h e park v a l u e s of G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d w i l l be p r e s e r v e d even from a p a r t o a y . T h a t i s a p o i n t I won't b r i n g up now a s i t i s not i n v o l v e d i n t h i s hearing. The R i v e r r o u t e , i t i s t r u e , i n v o l v e s a somewhat w i d e r r o a d a l o n g t h e r i v o r i n t h e D i s t r i c t than I n t e r i o r ' s proposed parkway t h e r e and i t would be used f o r t r u c k s , but C a n a l Road w i t h i t s heavy t r a f f i c a l r e a d y c l o s e l y b c r d e r s the C a n a l i n t h e D i s t r i c t f o r most of t h i s d i s t a n c e . And the parkway which I n t e r i o r i s ruggedly determined s h a l l l i n k up w i t h i t s r e c e n t l y s t a r t e d George Washington Memorial Parkway i n Maryland would damage t h e p a r k v a l u e s o f t h e C a n a l perhaps o n l y s l i g h t l y l e s s t h a n would an expressway and the v a l l e y of L i t t l e F a l l s B r a n c h i n Maryland p a r a l l e l i n g the B&O freight �436 l i n e , which would presumably p i c k up the R i v e r r o u t e i n t h e D i s t r i c t , does not p o s s e s s , e x c e p t i n one or two s h o r t narrow s t r e t c h e s , a n y t h i n g f a i n t l y approaching the a t t r i b u t e s of G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d a s a n a t u r a l r e c r e a t i o n a l park. To sum up from t r a f f i c and from t h e c o n s e r v a t i o n p o i n t of v i e w , I b e l i e v e t h a t no new a r t e r y s h o u l d be built. B u t , i f t h e r e must be one, l e t i t worsen i n a m i l d way the p r o p o s a l f o r Route A or Route A-2 a t i o n of the C&O with the p r e s e n t p a r k s i t u - C a n a l i n t h e D i s t r i c t and t h e s i t u a t i o n planned t h e r e by I n t e r i o r r a t h e r than r u i n the r e c r e a t i o n a l v a l u e s of a h i t h e r t o uncontaminated n a t u r a l park. S i n c e w r i t i n g t h a t , I have heard both G e n e r a l Grant and Mr. D a v i s , who spoke a moment ago, v/ho suggested i n t e r e s t i n g Route A-3. an I knew n o t h i n g about i t but i t might be worth s t u d y i n g a s an a l t e r n a t i v e t o A or A-2. Thank you, s i r . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you, s i r . We w i l l suspend f o r l u n c h and reassemble a t two o ' c l o c k and we w i l l keep d r i v i n g u n t i l we f i n i s h t h i s j o b . (Whereupon, a t 12:30 o ' c l o c k p.m., was adjourned t o reconvene of the same day.) a t 2:00 the b e a r i n g o'clock p.m. �^37 1-7-5b l i s TM Barther-1 AFTERNOON SESSION (2:QQ p.m.) CHAIRMAN MC LAUGHLIN: We w i l l now h e a r Doctor Haworth r e p r e s e n t i n g the American U n i v e r s i t y P a r k C i t i z e n s A s s o c iation. STATEMENT OF E L L I S HAWORTH ON BEHALF OF AMERICAN xxxxxxxx UNIVERSITY PARK CITIZENS ASSOCIATION DR. HAWORTH: The American U n i v e r s i t y P a r k C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n a t a meeting which i t h e l d l a s t e v e n i n g a u t h o r i z e d me t o p r e s e n t t h e f o l l o w i n g statement r e l a t i v e t o our p o s i t i o n r e g a r d i n g t h e Route 240. (1) We recommend t h e p l a n f o r a c o n n e c t i n g f o u r - l a n e highway t o j o i n Route 240, known a s Route A-2, because: (a) I t i s one o f t h e l e a s t c o s t l y o f a l l t h e proposed r o u t e s ; (b) I t w i l l i n v o l v e t a k i n g t h e s m a l l e s t amount o f p r i v a t e l y owned p r o p e r t y o f f the t a x r o l l s ; (c) I t w i l l tend t o promote a growth i n p o p u l - a t i o n t o the west o f t h e D i s t r i c t where t h e r e i s ample room f o r growth; (d) the (2) I t c a n be c o n s t r u c t e d w i t h t h e l e a s t harm t o scenic q u a l i t i e s o f the route. We a r e opposed t o h a v i n g any major p a r t o f Route 240 go through t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. T h i s highway s h o u l d by-pass Washington t o the west and enable through �438 t r a f f i c t o go n o r t h and south w i t h o u t h a v i n g t o go through the c i t y . (3) We a r e opposed t o t h e u s e o f any p a r t o f Rock Creek P a r k o r t h e G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d Park f o r a c o n n e c t i n g highway t o Route 240 and we a r e opposed t o t h e use o f any highways w i t h i n t h e s e p a r k s by t r u c k s e x c e p t f o r c r o s s i n g the p a r k s i n a g e n e r a l l y e a s t - w e s t d i r e c t i o n . (4) We a r e opposed t o a t u n n e l r u n n i n g roughly parallel to M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue from W i s c o n s i n Avenue t o Rock Creek P a r k on t h e ground t h a t t h i s p r o j e c t w i l l be too e x p e n s i v e f o r t h e o b j e c t i v e s i n mind. Our a s s o c i a t i o n was n o t aware o f the p r o p o s a l made t h i s morning by Mr. A r t h u r D a v i s o f a r o u t e which he d e s i g n a t e d A-3 o f an e l e v a t e d highway over t h e r i v e r bed. I t h i n k many o f t h e f a c t o r s t h a t l e d u s t o recommend Route A-2 would a l s o cause u s t o approve h i s s u g g e s t i o n i f t h e c o s t was p o s s i b l e and i f i t was p o s s i b l e from an e n g i n e e r i n g viev/point. We thank you f o r a l l o w i n g u s t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o p r e s e n t our statement. CHAIRMAN MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you, Doctor. I s t h e r e a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e American F e d e r a t i o n o f Labor and CIO? (No response.) And s t i l l no r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e F r i e n d s h i p H e i g h t s �439 D3-3 Citizens Association? (No response.) I b e l i e v e we n e x t come t o Mr. W i l l i a m Mason Shehan. (No response.) Mr. Edward D. H o l l a n d e r ? (No response.) Mrs. Max M. (No Kampelraan? response.) Mr. C h a r l e s T. xxxxxxxx .Tittmann. STATEMENT OF MR. CHARLES T. TITTMANN, 1713 CONNECTICUT AVENUE, N.W. MR. TITTMANN: Gentlemen, I have found these h e a r i n g s v e r y i n s t r u c t i v e and e n t e r t a i n i n g a t t i m e s . T. T i t t m a n n . I am C h a r l e s I l i v e a t 1718 C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue, and I am r e p r e s e n t i n g f o u r p r o p e r t y owners i n t h a t neighborhood on C o n n e c t i c u t and on R S t r e e t . Now, t o b o i l t h i n g s down, I t h i n k t h a t t h e b e s t t h i n g i s f o r me t o r e a d an e d i t o r i a l here from t h e Washington Post o f December 16, 1957. I t e x p r e s s e s our v i e w s , t h e v i e w s o f each o f u s , and w i t h your p e r m i s s i o n I w i l l r e a d t h i s . w i l l o n l y t a k e a minute. I t The heading i s " T r a n s i t and t h e Future." "The U n i v e r s i t y o f Maryland B u s i n e s s and Economic R e s e a r c h Bureau w i s e l y v/arns Washington t o look more t o improved mass t r a n s i t and l e s s t o superhighways f o r t h e c u r e �440 of i t s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems. We hope t h e forthcoming t r a n s p o r t a t i o n report of the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Planning Commission w i l l r e f l e c t a more b a l a n c e d approach, a s between mass t r a n s i t and t h e p r i v a t e auto than h a s been i m p l i c i t i n t h e Commission's p l a n s u n t i l now. "There h a s been a l t o g e t h e r too g r e a t a tendency t o r e g a r d t h e w i d e s p r e a d i n d i v i d u a l p r e f e r e n c e f o r automobile commuting a s something t h a t s i m p l y h a s t o be accommodated, whatever t h e c o s t . Now t h a t t h e c o s t i s being reckoned i n hundreds o f m i l l i o n s o f d o l l a r s , t h e i n v a s i o n o f p r e c i o u s p a r k l a n d s and t h e s e t t i n g a s i d e o f v a s t a r e a s o f t h e i n n e r c i t y f o r p a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s merely t o s e r v e traffic t h a t i s a l r e a d y p r e s e n t and f o r e s e e n f o r t h e immediate f u t u r e , i t i s time t o a s k where such a p h i l o s o p h y w i l l lead. " A l r e a d y t h e D i s t r i c t devotes more space t o s t r e e t s t h a n t o homes. of I n t h e p l a n s f o r redevelopment and renewal t h e n e a r Northwest a r e a , a l a r g e p a r t o f t h e a r e a i s e n t a t i v e l y earmarked f o r roadways. B u t t h e more f r i g h t e n i n g a s p e c t o f t h e a l l - o u t superhighway approach t o urban t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i s t h a t t h e s e f a c i l i t i e s have a way o f merely i n d u c i n g more and more t r a f f i c . A new freeway i s seldom opened t h a t i s not used t o c a p a c i t y from t h e o u t s e t and soon overburdened. "Buses, s t r e e t c a r s and commuter t r a i n s a r e o f c o u r s e �441 DB-5 v a s t l y ;nore e f f i c i e n t means f o r moving l a r g e numbers o f people around i n a c i t y . No p a r k i n g space i s r e q u i r e d a t t h e 'work' end o f t h e t r i p , and any f r i n g e p a r k i n g that i s needed a t t h e suburban end c a n be w i d e l y d i s p e r s e d o r l a r g e l y e l i m i n a t e d by t h e e f f e c t i v e u s e o f c o n n e c t i n g s h u t t l e service. less. The r i g h t - o f - w a y requirements a r e d r a s t i c a l l y The i n d i v i d u a l c o s t t o t h e commuter i s probably l e s s i n most c a s e s . Convenience, a s t o frequency o f t r i p s and l o c a t i o n o f r o u t e s , and comfort a r e t h e main problems i n overcoming t h e c o s t l y p r e f e r e n c e for private car travel. None o f t h e s e problems need be insurmountable i f t h e r e i s a c l e a r - c u t community d e c i s i o n t o t a c k l e them by p o l i c i e s t h a t f a v o r mass t r a n s i t development and d i s c o u r a g e auto travel. " I t h i n k t h a t i s a l l I need t o r e a d from t h i s . CHAIRMAN MC LAUGHLIN: T h a t i s a v e r y good e d i t o r i a l . I might s a y t h e E n g i n e e r Commissioner i s a member o f t h e National C a p i t a l Planning the R e g i o n a l P l a n n i n g Commission and Chairman o f C o u n c i l and t h e r e f o r e i n v o l v e d i n t h e h a l f m i l l i o n d o l l a r mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s t u d y , and I am Chairman o f t h e S t e e r i n g Committee on t h a t study and a l s o Chairman o f t h e T r i - S t a t e Commission s e t up f o r t h e purpose o f s t u d y i n g mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , so we a r e p r e t t y water-logged i n mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , too. I agree w i t h t h a t e n t i r e l y , except t h a t I t h i n k there �442 DB-6 a r e some o t h e r t h i n g s t h a t s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d a s w e l l . MR. TITTMANN: Thank you. CHAIRMAN MC LAUGHLIN: (No response.) CHAIRMAN MC LAUGHLIN: (No S c o t t Seegers? Mrs. Warren T. Faircloth? response.) I s t h e r e a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e p r e s e n t of the Young Democratic Club? STATEMENT OF THEODORE J . PRAHINSKI ON BEHALF OF xxxxxxxxx YOUNG DEMOCRATIC CLUB OF MR. PRAHINSKI: THE D.C. S i r s , my name i s Theodore P r a h i n s k i and I am v i c e - c h a i r m a n o f the D i s t r i c t A f f a i r s Committee o f the Young Democratic Club. Our chairman i s at this handing out c o p i e s o f the d e t a i l e d statement. time We would l i k e t o summarize b r i e f l y . As between the Potomac r o u t e and the Wisconsin c o r r i d o r r o u t e , we f a v o r the W i s c o n s i n r o u t e because i t i s l o c a t e d to s e r v e so many more people and because i t w i l l have u t i l i t y a s a mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n r i g h t - o f - w a y . I think i t would h e l p t o end t h e s e snow t i e - u p s because a medium s t r i p r a i l r o a d would not be t i e d up when auto t r a f f i c i s . I just wanted t o add t h a t becauseof what you s a i d b e f o r e . I t h i n k i t w i l l save the D i s t r i c t t a x p a y e r s money i n the long run because i t w i l l save t h a t f o u r and a million G l o v e r A r c h b o l d Parkway. half I t w i l l save the unknown �443 sum t h a t any mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n r i g h t - o f - w a y i s going t o cost. We s u s p e c t t h a t Rock Creek r o u t e might be even b e t t e r than a W i s c o n s i n c o r r i d o r o r Potomac r o u t e . I don't know what t h e f a c t o r s were t h a t l e d you t o not s t u d y t h e c o s t o f t h a t r o u t e , but we t h i n k t h e c o s t s t u d y would s t i l l be justified. We don't t h i n k any i n t e l l i g e n t d e c i s i o n i s p o s s i b l e w i t h o u t such f i g u r e s . I t i s obvious t h a t a Rock Creek r o u t e would s e r v e more people and reduce t h e i n t e r change problems. We don't t h i n k t h a t t h e C l a r k s o n Report objections t o t h e W i s c o n s i n c o r r i d o r r o u t e a r e v e r y important compared w i t h t h e advantages o f t h e W i s c o n s i n r o u t e . F i n a l l y , we don't t h i n k t h e d e c i s i o n on t h e r o u t e l o c a t i o n s h o u l d be based too much on t h e e f f e c t on r e s i d e n t i a l property. However, e v e r y e f f o r t s h o u l d be made t o minimize the e f f e c t a s f o r example by c o n s t r u c t i n g two o r t h r e e routes i n s t e a d o f one b i g r o u t e . We t h i n k s u i t a b l e p r o v i s i o n s h o u l d be made f o r s c r e e n ing; t a l l e v e r g r e e n s o r f i r s would h i d e t h e r o a d s and c u t t h e sound t o some degree. We t h i n k t h e r e s h o u l d be a p r o v i s i o n o f enough o v e r p a s s e s o r underpasses s o t h a t r e s i d e n t i a l neighborhood w i l l not be s p l i t . I n c o n c l u s i o n , we would l i k e t o r e t u r n t o our b a s i c �DB-b point, that the most important thing i s what road w i l l serve the most people and what w i l l be cheap for the taxpayers, and I think the Wisconsin route i s i t . Thank you. (The complete statement submitted by Mr. Prahinski i s a s follows: I. The Wisconsin route saves the D i s t r i c t taxpayer money i n the long run because i t serves more people and i s b e t t e r located for a mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n r i g h t of (1) I t w i l l serve the most people. way. The road the Park S e r v i c e intends to b u i l d w i l l take care of the 146,000 autos d a i l y the Ciarkson Report estimates w i l l use a Potomac route. Only a Wisconsin c o r r i d o r route can serve the estim- ated 164,000 autos that w i l l d a i l y use that route. (2) Only the Wisconsin Corridor Route i s properly l o c a t e d f o r a mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n right-of-way. The 146,000 Potomac area auto d r i v e r s already have the f a s t e s t p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n the area i n the Cabin John s t r e e t c a r line. I f p u b l i c mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i s not provided the expressway w i l l only c l o g downtown with more c a r s . (3) The Wisconsin Corridor Route w i l l be cheaper i n the long run. The d i f f e r e n c e i n c o s t of D.C.'s share between Route A and Route C i s only $1.26 F e d e r a l 90% i s paid. m i l l i o n a f t e r the The Glover Archibold Parkway cost i s estimated a t $4^ m i l l i o n . Any mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n �445 right-of-way w i l l no doubt a l s o c o s t much more than $1.26 million. II. A Rock Creek P a r k r o u t e might be b e t t e r than . e i t h e r a Potomac Route or a W i s c o n s i n c o r r i d o r r o u t e . We f e e l a s t u d y o f the c o s t s of c o n s t r u c t i n g a through Rock Creek P a r k would be j u s t i f i e d . This route route would s e r v e many more people both a s an auto r o u t e or a s a mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n r i g h t of way. f i g u r e s we III. Without d e t a i l e d do not f e e l an i n t e l l i g e n t d e c i s i o n i s p o s s i b l e . The C l a r k e s o n Report o b j e c t i o n s t o the W i s c o n s i n C o r r i d o r Route a r e e a s i l y answered. (1) S i n c e the P a r k S e r v i c e f a v o r s a W i s c o n s i n C o r r i d o r Route the 1948 an agreement p r o h i b i t i n g t r u c k s s h o u l d not be obstacle. (2) The heavy r i g h t - o f - w a y speaks o f , $6.3 c o s t s the C l a r k e s o n Report m i l l i o n , a r e l e s s than the $6.7 m i l l i o n Route A w i l l r e q u i r e , the $12 m i l l i o n f o r Route D, or the $14 m i l l i o n f o r Route B. (3) The e x t r a c l i m b i n g l a n e needed f o r t r u c k s i n the G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d P a r k r e p r e s e n t s only a c o m p a r a t i v e l y small e x t r a c o s t w h i c h i s i n c l u d e d i n the $59.6 t o t a l f o r Route C. The s a v i n g s i n mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o n s t r u c t i o n o t h e r road c o n s t r u c t i o n j u s t i f y t h i s t o t a l h i g h e r IV. and cost. The d e c i s i o n s h o u l d not be based p r i m a r i l y on e f f e c t on a d j a c e n t property. the �DB-10 As many people seem to be a f f e c t e d by e i t h e r route, we do not f e e l the e f f e c t w i l l be a s s e r i o u s a s many adjacent property owners b e l i e v e . I n any event, the needs of the whole c i t y outweigh the i n t e r e s t s of a few, but no e f f o r t should be spared to minimize (1) the e f f e c t on even a few: S e v e r a l s m a l l e r routes, r a t h e r than one l a r g e route should be constructed to minimize the impact i n any s i n g l e a r e a . t r a f f i c needs. T h i s would b e t t e r serve the c i t y ' s The immediate c o s t of a Wisconsin Corridor Route could be reduced by planning on Rock Creek and Potomac Parkways. (2) S u i t a b l e screening, such a s t a l l evergeeen firs should be provided to hide the road, and cut the sound. (3) Enough overpasses and underpasses should be b u i l t to prevent s p l i t t i n g of neighborhoods. ) CHAIRMAN MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you, s i r . I s Mr. P o t t e r STATEMENT OP ALDEN A OTTER, ON BEHALF OF MATTHEWS here? xxxxxxx AND POTTER, CONTRACTORS & BUILDERS MR. POTTER: Mr. Chairman, I would l i k e to abbreviate what I say, what I would l i k e to say, by reading a very b r i e f statement of the general philosophy that c o n t r o l s my thinking. Highway and l o c a t i o n engineering i s l i m i t e d by geometry and geography. To enlarge the space on t h i s �447 globe so a s t o make more room f o r more people w i t h o u t limit i s literally impossible a s p o i n t e d out so f o r c e f u l l y by Dr. P a u l S e a r s o f Y a l e i n h i s r e c e n t P r e s i d e n t i a l address t o the American A s s o c i a t i o n f o r the Advancement o f S c i e n c e in I n d i a n n a p o l i s i n which he s p e c i f i c a l l y r e f e r r e d t o Washington and i t s problems. So i t i s t h a t t o b u i l d more roads f o r more s u r f a c e v e h i c l e s can not s e r v e any u s e f u l purpose when i t i n v a d e s the space needed f o r o t h e r elements o f the community. What t h e s e elements a r e today i s v i r t u a l l y u n r e l a t e d t o what they may o f 1980. be i n the t e c h n i c a l l y remodeled communities I f we meet the one problem t h a t must be met, p r e s e r v e peace on e a r t h , t h a t i s , i f we undertake to to f i t p o p u l a t i o n t o space i n s t e a d o f t r y i n g t o adapt space t o p o p u l a t i o n , v/e have t o p r e v e n t the growth o f p o p u l a t i o n and a l s o o f a number o f v e h i c l e s they a r e u s i n g i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . I t f o l l o w s t h a t any attempt to s u r v e y p r e s e n t traffic and p r e d i c t the f u t u r e by e x t r a p o l a t i n g the p a s t growth t h e r e o f i s e l e m e n t a l l y unsound. The f a i l u r e o f 30 many t o l l roads t o meet even the i n t e r e s t on investment i s p l a i n evidence o f t h i s f a l l a c i o u s so-called-, e n g i n e e r i n g . P o p u l a t i o n and automobiles number. have t o be r e s t r i c t e d i n The highways and o t h e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n u t i l i t i e s t h a t s e r v e the n a t i o n must be engineered on a g e o m e t r i c a l . p r i n c i p l e o f hexagonal i n t e r s e c t i o n s f o r r a d i a t i n g g r e a t �44S DB-12 c i r c l e s such a s an a i r l i n e system begets on p r e c i s e l y the same d e s i g n a s the avenues o f Washington have been c o r r e c t l y b u i l t to i n t e r s e c t . A i r l a n e s have to underpass and p a s s each o t h e r a t d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s . over- I n highway networks they must proceed s i m i l a r l y a t t h r e e d i f f e r e n t grades having served. i n t e r s e c t i o n s i f unhindered passage i s to be But unhindered passage can not be made a v a i l a b l e as a rule. There a r e v a r i o u s f a c t o r s which s e v e r e l y r e s t r i c t what can be done. Land i s but a s m a l l p a r t o f the e a r t h ' s s u r f a c e . The c o n t i n e n t a l c o n t o u r s and d r a i n a g e c o n t r o l what can done. be Moreover, a d e n s e l y developed a r e a of p o p u l a t i o n can nol be e c o n o m i c a l l y remodeled to f i t a statistically p r o j e c t e d growth p a t t e r n f o r v e h i c u l a r t r a f f i c at the same models used today. I f a p o p u l a t i o n has been i m m o b i l i s e d i n c e n t e r s , f i x e d by waterways and s e r v e d by the now p o r t w i t h h o r s e s and buggies and primitive trans- t r o l l e y c a r s and r a i l r o a d s , a change t o i n d i v i d u a l i s m i a t r a n s p o r t a t i o n may, n e c e s s i t y does of r e s u l t i n dispersement o f those c e n t e r s . To p r e d i c t t h e i r c o n t i n u e d growth and i t i s elementally i n g t o n and and facetious. t r y to e n g i n e e r That a p p l i e s n o t a b l y to Wash- i t s i n t e r l o o p s f o r s o - c a l l e d urban r e h a b i l i t a t i o n . The p l a n i s f u n d a m e n t a l l y unsound i n i t s q u i d d i t y , i t s geography, and demography. This interloop i s in engineering �449 i n s h o r t an extravaganza. I would l i k e t o do most o f my talking from the map, Mr. Chairman, and i n o r d e r to do so, I have t o t a l k o f f the cuff. I w i l l say t h a t I w i l l f i l e w i t h the Commissioners, w i t h o u t r e a d i n g i t , a statement which i s prepared, entitled "Remarks on the L o c a t i o n and Economics of I n t e r s t a t e way High- 240 i n the Northwest S e c t i o n of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia b e f o r e the Board of Commissioners, January 6, 1958." I n s t e a d of r e a d i n g t h a t and t a k i n g your time t o r e a d i t , I w i l l file i t w i t h the Board. I w i l l a l s o f i l e a l e t t e r t o C o l o n e l W e l l i n g under d a t e of 11 November 1957 c r i t i c i s i n g the r e p o r t on the InnerLoop. Now; going t o the maps, t h i s i s the map the c a l l f o r t h i s h e a r i n g . d i r e c t e d t o t h i s map I t o l d Mr. My p r i n c i p l e which goes w i t h criticism will i n o r d e r t o d i s c l o s e the be facts. McLaughlin t h i s noon I was going t o be the f i r s t w i t n e s s t o advocate a highway where I have p r o p e r t y . I want t o show him how much I f o o l e d him w i t h t h a t because I have p r o p e r t y i n t h r e e d i f f e r e n t places at T h i s i s where I l i v e , and t h i s map interest. i s not c o r r e c t be- cause a s I drove out of the p l a c e t h i s morning t h e r e was a s u r v e y i n g p a r t y c o r r e c t i n g the a n g l e s made l a s t summer i n the s u r v e y i n g of t h i s highway. I t r e a l l y bends s h a r p l y h e r e �450 and comes r i g h t a c r o s s my house, r i g h t there, and then across. I t does not come down s t r a i g h t l i k e t h i s and i s not on property that i 3 a l r e a d y owned by the government, a s i t should be. I would save the government the bother of buying ray property i f they would put the highway a s t h i s map shows i t and there a r e some c o m p l i c a t i o l n s involved with the i n t e r change here with the Parkway because t h i s i s a very diffi- c u l t p l a c e to put an interchange. Here i s Rock Run; the hearing on the Cabin John s i t u a t i o n d i d not cover t h i s highway; John Creek; t h i s i s not a Cabin i t i s Carther Rock ( ? ) Bridge where the Naval T e s t i n g Base i s and here i s Rock Run. I t i 3 a stream that runs r i o t i n the case o f bad weather. I t i s almost a s b i g as Cabin John Creek. — route 240 o r i g i n a l l y came s t r a i g h t down here l i k e t h i s . ( I n d i c a t i n g on map.) And the bridge that was o r i g i n a l l y I think s i t t i n g i n the audience i s the s e n i o r highway engineer of the Maryland and National Park Planning Commission from S i l v e r Spring, Mr. William Adams, and B i l l has been on our sawmill on our place helping us a t times, so I know these people very w e l l indeed. And he p o i n t s out t h a t the o r i g i n a l course f o r t h i s was designed by the Maryland National C a p i t a l Planning Commission, the o r i g i n a l map showed t h i s highway c r o s s i n g here a t Cabin John. I t came i n t o Dead Run — or i s i t Turkey Run — r i g h t near �451 DB-15 h e r e i n V i r g i n i a and t h a t wasn't where V i r g i n i a wanted get i t so they had t o move i t up, a s f a r a s they c o u l d / i t u p - r i v e r and here was t h e Naval t e s t i n g base i n t h e way, s o the n a t u r a l t h i n g was t o b r i n g i t a c r o s s h e r e a s f a r up a s they c o u l d g e t i t . Well, the present f a c t i s that the contract f o r t h i s parkway, w h i c h i s I b e l i e v e a l r e a d y l e t , does n o t e x t e n d beyond a p p r o x i m a t e l y where t h i s arrow on t h i s map i s . does n o t c a r r y t h e Parkway beyond t h i s i n t e r c h a n g e . I t I have m y s e l f designed a n i n t e r - c h a n g e which I have s u b m i t t e d f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e a u t h o r i t i e s which does not i n v o l v e a c l o i ' e r l e a f a s h a s been t e n t a t i v e l y designed by t h e Maryl a n d S t a t e Roads Commission. I n v i s i t i n g F r a n k D r y e r o f t h e Maryland S t a t e Roads Commission l a s t September, I l e a r n e d something which I w i l l r e f e r t o i n a moment, because t h i s map does not show w h a t i s on page 13 o f t h e a u t h o r i z e d mileage map f o r t h i s p a r t i c u l a r highway i n d i s p u t e . T h i s i s the o r i g i n a l design f o r t h e mileage a l l o c a t e d t o t h e d i f f e r e n t s t a t e s ; this i s the Maryland mileage o f c o u r s e , and t h i s i s p a r t l y are Maryland and p a r t l y D i s t r i c t m i l e a g e . The f u n d s / a s s i g n e d by m i l e a g e , not by d o l l a r s and s i n c e t h i s map i s c o r r e c t r e g a r d i n g t h e authorization — t h i s was p r i n t e d i n 1955, b u t i t was designed i n 1944 — i n a s e s s i o n o f a l l t h e S t a t e Roads Commissions and I suppose t h e D i s t r i c t Highway Department �A DB-16 participated. Kt r They d e s i g n e d t h e whole system o f i n t e r - s t a t e highways i n 1944 and t h a t h a s n o t been m a t e r i a l l y changed. I t h a s changed o c c a s i o n a l l y , i n s t i g a t e d by v a r i o u s S t a t e Roads Commissions and approved by t h e Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads. The Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads h a s no i n i t i a t i v e i n making any such changes. So, going t o t h i s map o v e r h e r e i n w h i c h t h i s i s i n d i c a t e d a s t h e problem a r e a , i f t h e C l a r k e s o n branch a s shown on t h i s map, a s i t i s h e r e , you wouldn't have had any r e f l e c t i o n on tie C l a r k e s o n Company o r t h e D i s t r i c t Department. Highway A s one o f t h e l a d i e s who spoke h e r e from t h e C a t h e d r a l H e i g h t s A s s o c i a t i o n s a i d , i t i s suggested t h a t t h e P a l i s a d e s Group had q u e s t i o n e d — w e l l , a t l e a s t t h e r e was a r e f l e c t i o n a g a i n s t t h e D i s t r i c t Highway Department and t h e C l a r k e s o n Company. I don't t h i n k t h a t r e f l e c t i o n i s w a r r a n t e d a t a l l , because when you put t h i s map i n h e r e , you c a n s e e t h a t t h e Highway Department h e r e a n a t h e C l a r k e s o n Company were o n l y c a r r y i n g o u t i n s t r u c t i o n s w h i c h t h e law had g i v e n r e s p e c t i n g t h a t mileage. So I am compeled t o conclude t h a t t h e r e i s no c r i t i c i s m a g a i n s t t h e C l a r k e s o n Company f o r s i m p l y d e s i g n i n g t h e highway where i t was o r i g i n a l l y ( l a i d o u t way back i n 1944. B u t i f they do put i t up t h e r e , then Matthews and P o t t e r , who a r e n o t — do n o t i n c l u d e m y s e l f ; i t i s my younger son �453 and a p a r t n e r , i s i n v o l v e d i n t h i s p a r t o f i t , because they a r e b u i l d i n g a new a d d i t i o n h e r e c a l l e d Potomac Overl o o k and i t Comprises houses up t o $40,000 and t h a t i s the s t y l e o f b u i l d i n g t h e y have done a l l through t h i s a r e a . How t h i s a r e a would be d i r e c t l y invaded by t h i s r o u t e . S t a r t i n g h e r e and going s t r a i g h t down on top o f t h e P a l i s a d e s above McArthur B o u l e v a r d and r i g h t s t r a i g h t through Mr. Thorson's home, and you remember Mr. Thorson t o l d you o f a d i s c u s s i o n he had back — was i t May o r June — our . a s s o c i a t e , Mr. B e n n e t t o f t h e Bennett C o n s t r u c t i o n Company was i n on a c o n f e r e n c e i n A n a p o l i s w i t h Mr. P r i t c h a r d and Mr. F r a n k D r y e r , t h e l o c a t i o n e n g i n e e r f o r t h e Maryland State Roads Commission, and i t was then d e c i d e d on t h e statement t h a t t h e r e were too many l a n e s a l r e a d y down t h e r i v e r , which you c a n s e e , i s a p p a r e n t , and Mr. P r i t c h a r d was v e r y much f o r t h i s way o f g e t t i n g a t 240. B u t he v/as disuaded and i t was e v e r s i n c e t h e n , h a s been a by-word w i t h t h e Maryland S t a t e Hoads Commission and o t h e r a u t h o r i t i e s t h a t they w i l l n o t b u i l d t h i s branch. However, i n t h e c o n f e r e n c e w i t h Mr. D r y e r l a s t September i n h i s o f f i c e i n B a l t i m o r e , t h e o f f i c e s o f t h e S t a t e Roads Commission, i n v/hich he was r e v i e w i n g f o r me t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h i s i n t e r - c h a n g e h e r e which was a 30 o r 40 a c r e c l o v e r l e a f which I t h i n k s h o u l d not be constructed-^I t h i n k i t i s a n e x p e n s i v e n e e d l e s s p r o p o s i t i o n t o b u i l d such �454 DB-1S a c l o v e r l e a d and v e r y d i f f i c u l t because they have t o c l o p i t down on top o f Rock Run and t h a t i s an e n g i n e e r i n g f e a t t h a t w i l l c o s t a l o t o f money. voluntarily — to Mr. D r y e r s a i d t o me, I d i d n ' t a s k him about i t — he p o i n t e d t h i s c u t - o f f here, t h i s Clarkeson spur that i t i s c a l l e d , and he s a i d t h a t i s not dead y e t . I n a d i s c u s s i o n on t h a t same p o i n t w i t h Mr. Brewer t h e v i c e chairman o f t h e Maryland N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k and P l a n n i n g Commission, I was t r y i n g t o g e t a c o n f e r e n c e w i t h him and B l a i r Lee and I d i d n ' t succeed, but I d i d g e t t o t a l k t o Mr. Lee and Mr. Adams and a n o t h e r f r i e n d o f mine i n t h e o f f i c e s a t S i l v e r S p r i n g , and Mr. Brewer s a i d , nope, we w i l l never b u i l d t h i s spur a t a l l . That i s out. I t a l k e d w i t h him about t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s and t o l d him what Mr. D r y e r had s a i d , and he s a i d , w e l l , maybe i t i s n ' t dead. Now I want t o p o i n t out t h a t subsequent t o t h e s e e x p e r i e n c e s , t h i s i d e a was hatched. Why d i d they b r i n g t h i s up? t h i s one h e r e . ( I n d i c a t i n g on map.) Because they wanted t o keep That i s my way o f s i z i n g i t up. So I am between t h e D e v i l ,and t h e deep b l u e s e a because r i g h t over h e r e on t h i s p l a c e i n Bethesda i s something c a l l e d a Farm Women's Market, and my w i f e was one o f t h e o r i g i n a l o r g a n i z e r s o f t h a t and she s t i l l s e l l s not v e r y much; i n t h a t market — she i s c r i p p l e d and c a n ' t g e t o u t , but she h a t e s t o g i v e i t up. T h a t market would be v e r y s e r i o u s l y �455 a f f e c t e d , j u s t a s Woodward and L o t h r o p ' s Budget S t o r e v;ould be a f f e c t e d . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , perhaps, although o f c o u r s e Woodward and L o t h r o p ' s main s t o r e would be much more s e r i o u s l y a f f e c t e d , t h e Budget S t o r e , which i s r i g h t n e x t t o t h e market would be a f f e c t e d t h e same way, caught between t h e D e v i l and t h e deep b l u e s e a . Now how e a s y i t i s f o r me t o d e c i d e on one o f t h e s e p r o p o s i t i o n s ; w h i c h one do I chose, g e t t i n g r i d o f t h i s o r t h i s or t h i s ? I n e i t h e r c a s e I am c h o s i n g a g a i n s t m y s e l f and perhaps a l s o f o r myself. I p o i n t e d o u t t h a t i f we.are compeled t o chose between t h i 3 and t h i s , I choose t h i s , on map.) (Indicating And i t i s r i g h t S t r a i g h t through t h e s u b d i v i s i o n i n . w h i c h Matthews and P o t t e r a r e b u i l d i n g , t h e Bennett C o n s t r u c t i o n Company. Nov/ I w i l l p o i n t out a l s o t h a t Mr. Adams, who i s s i t t i n g here i n t h e a u d i e n c e , h a s designed a v e r y h e l p f u l a s p e c t o f t h i s s i t u a t i o n , namely, he h a s persuaded t h e Army E n g i n e e r s — t h i s was i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e Cabin John h e a r i n g s on t h i s s t r u c t u r e i n h e r e , p l a n n i n g f o r t h e Cabin John a r e a — t h e r e i s a s e r v i c e road t o be c o n s t r u c t e d so a s t o c a r r y heavy a x l e s t o t h e n a v a l t e s t i n g base, and t h a t s e r v i c e r o a d i s a l r e a d y mapped and i t comes o u t h e r e from Goldsboro Road ( ? ) a l o n g s i d e — thereis plenty of room on t h e McArthur B o u l e v a r d r i g h t - o f - w a y w i t h o u t g e t t i n g �453 DB-20 on the conduits and Cabin John Bridge i s to be r e b u i l t by the Army Engineers a t t h e i r expense to c a r r y heavy a x l e s . Then t h i s highway i s to be continued up to Thomason Avenue to connect a c r o s s Seven-locks Road and to connect w i t h a r e - c o n s t r u c t e d Persimmon Tree Road. T h i s road i s now necessary f o r the t r a v e l of the Naval T e s t Base to bring loads of sand and g r a v e l and any other heavy s t u f f i t has to c a r r y ; i t has to be brought out Massachusetts Avenue, here, and over to R i v e r Road and out here and down Persimmon Tree Road and down here to t h i s l i t t l e road which i s a very rough p r o p o s i t i o n , and down a very steep h i l l — a truck got away from i t s e l f once there and ran down to the bottom of the h i l l and crashed — t h i s l i t t l e road c r o s s e s Rock Run and then goes by a s p e c i a l s e r v i c e road over a very make-shift bridge on Rock Run — no, I have i t wrong. I have my p o i n t e r wrong. I t goes down t h i s l i t t l e road and c r o s s e s Rock Run, on a very make-shift bridge, only 90 square f e e t i n i t , and when t h i s stream runs w i l d , i t t e a r s out a l l the fences there. I t d i d so l a s t year. I t d i d an immense amount of damage and they have to put i t back where i t was. Nov; t h i s proposal which Mr. William Adams, our s e n i o r highway engineer has devised i n connection v/ith the Army Engineers, c a r r i e s out here l i k e t h i s and a l s o out here. The map so f a r doesn't go any f u r t h e r thanout to here, any �457 f u r t h e r than Persimmon T r e e Road. But i t i s I n d i c a t e d t h a t t h i s can be c o n t i n u e d and c a r r y t h e s e heavy a x l e s t o the Naval T e s t i n g Base and of c o u r s e t h i s 240 p r o p o s i t i o n i s a m a t t e r o f t r u c k s , not commuters t o the n a v a l t e s t i n g basin. That would h e l p the commuter t r a f f i c from the Naval B a s i n immensely. I t i s awkward t o get on t h i s narrow r o a d and I l i v e on i t so I know about how i t i s crowded — i t i s not crowded e x c e p t a t r u s h hour. Now what I want t o do i s p o i n t out t h a t t h e r e a r e t h a t can be d i l e m a s o f t h i s k i n d / p a r t l y s o l v e d by t h i s s e r v i c e road. And t h a t a f f e c t s the way t h i s highway can s e r v e t o c a r r y commuter t r a f f i c connected w i t h the problem o f i n t e r c h a n g i n g here. The Commuter t r a f f i c would not bother t o t a k e t h i s road i f they wanted t o go down to t h i s p a r t o f Washington; they would come a c r o s s h e r e and go down and go back over t h e s e b r i d g e s back i n t o Washington. T h i s i s a wonderful highway h e r e , s i x - l a n e speedway. Now the s p e c i f i c p a r t of t h i s design t o which I w i s h to t a k e e x c e p t i o n i s t h i s s e c t i o n r i g h t h e r e . Key B r i d g e i n i t and anybody who I t has d r i v e s t h i s s e c t i o n knows t h a t a l l the b o t t l e n e c k s a r e t h e r e . G e n e r a l P r e n t i s s , who i s the former E n g i n e e r i n g Commissioner, gave me the f a v o r o f almost an hour's c o n f e r e n c on t h i s q u e s t i o n and i n i t he p o i n t e d out t h a t nobody would t h i n k o f b u i l d i n g a b r i d g e a s Key B r i d g e i s b u i l t today. �45S DB-22 When they b u i l t i t , the G e n e r a l s a i d t h a t he had a s a t i s f a c t o r y b r i d g e head f o r Key B r i d g e which c o u l d not be b u i l d because you oouldn't get the funds t o b u i l d i t . Both Key B r i d g e and a s he s a i d Chain B r i d g e a r e not b u i l t anybody would b u i l d them today. as They had t o r e b u i l d Chain B r i d g e because i t was an o l d p l a n k b r i d g e and when the i c e gorge formed i n 1948, the s p r i n g I b e l i e v e i t was, i t was a l l but t o r n out. and r i v e r there / I f you put an A-3 system out i n the such an i c e gorge forms, i t would probably t e a r i t a l l to p i e c e s . T h e r e f o r e t h i s was put i n merely a t the same p l a c e the o l d p l a n k b r i d g e was put I n and our house h a s p l a n k s taken out o f t h a t o l d b r i d g e and i n t o the r a f t e r s . factory level. put T h a t , everybody knows, i s not a s a t i s - I t s h o u l d have been a h i g h b r i d g e and the reason f o r b u i l d i n g the A r i z o n a Avwnue B r i d g e i s because t h i s one i s not p r o p e r l y p l a c e d and COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: designed. I wonder i f we c o u l d see the hands o f a l l the people who want t o t e s t i f y t h i s after- noon? (Showing o f hands,) Thank you. MR. POTTER: Now t h i s map does not r e p r e s e n t the c i r - cumstances w h i c h a t r u c k f a c e s when i t comes down any way get i n t o t h i s segement o f the highway because i t shows a c l o s e d i n t e r - l o o p here. Now I w i l l p o i n t out t h a t this to �459 map over here shows t h a t t h e i n t e r - l o o p i s not c l o s e d here not because i t i s n o t a t r u c k highway and t r u c k s a r e not p e r m i t t e d i n h e r e , t h e r e f o r e t h i s map r e p r e s e n t s t h e f a c t t h a t i f a t r u c k comes down h e r e and w i s h e s t o go t o t h e w a t e r f r o n t i n Washington, i t comes down h e r e l i k e this, then i t c a n ' t t u r n t h i s way, i t h a s t o go t h i s way and down h e r e . I f i t w a n t s t o , i t c a n go t o t h e r e a r y a r d s over h e r e , but i t h a s t o come down h e r e and around way this t o where ho wants t o go. I t h i n k t h a t t h e Commissioners c a n r e a d i l y s e e t h a t t h i s i s a d i l e m a , n o t o n l y f o r me but f o r them. You have t o choose between e v i l s and I would l i k e t o make a c o n s t r u c t i v e s u g g e s t i o n o f a way i n which t h e r e w i l l be no such conflicts a s have been p r e s e n t e d here i n t h e s e h e a r i n g s and I have marked t h e p o i n t by t h i s l i t t l e r e d s t r i p because i t i n v o l v e s R i v e r Road. R i v e r Road i s a s t r a i g h t l i n e , i f you c o n t i n u e d i t down t o M e r i d i a n H i l l Park, where t h e t r u c k s want t o go. They don't have t o go around l i k e i n v o l v e d i n a C h i n e s e w a l l around t h e c i t y — Chinese w a l l , you know, and so i s t h i s . this, this i s a They c a n go t o M e r i d i a n P a r k and come s t r a i g h t out where they want t o go. There i s no roundaboutness t o i t . about t o r e b u i l d R i v e r Road. i s a death t r a p . Everybody Moreover, Maryland i s I t i s an a w f u l mess now. I t admits t h a t . I t h a s long needed r e b u i l d i n g , and h e r e i t i s ready t o be r e b u i l t i n Maryland. �460 DB-24 The o n l y q u e s t i o n i s how s h a l l i t be used? Road I f R-ver . underpasses W i s c o n s i n Avenue r i g h t h e r e , where a l l t h i s t a n g l e i s , and then i s kept underground t o t h e grounds o f t h e N a t i o n a l Bureau o f S t a n d a r d s , which i s t o be v a c a t e d not v e r y soon, i t c a n emerge v e r y e a s i l y — this i s a l l high ground i n h e r e , no t r o u b l e about s t a y i n g under any s u r f a c e construction a t a l l ; you don't have t o condemn any p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y e x c e p t perhaps i n here where you have t o enter the tunnel. Your t u n n e l i s down here and you come out and on t h i s ground we c a n a r r a n g e an i n t e r c h a n g e w i t h C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue t o h e l p t h e t r a f f i c o f f C o n n e c t i c u t g i v e i t convenience o f use, and you come Avenue/down here i n Rock Creek and down t h e K r i n g l e Road i n t e r c h a n g e , you come from t h e Bureau o f Standards down the K r i n g l e Road i n t e r c h a n g e , down t h e zoo f e n c e t o H a r v a r d and o u t t o 1 6 t h S t r e e t , and a t u n n e l under 16th and M e r i d i a n Hill. I n o t i c e t h a t t h i s t u n n e l here i s no l o n g e r — s h o r t e r than t h i s d i s t a n c e from here t o h e r e . t u n n e l p a r t i s much — i s no T h i s non- q u i t e a b i t s h o r t e r than from h e r e down t o here and then t h i s t u n n e l i s about t h e same l e n g t h as that. I f i g u r e w i t h Mr. K e i t h t h a t i f t h e s e t u n n e l s were b u i l t , i f t h i s c o s t 36 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s , t h i s would c o s t / p o s s i b l e 50 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s . The Commissioners a r e p r e p a r e d t o spend 5 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s on t h e s e roads i n t h e D i s t r i c t , I imagine, because most o f t h e p r o p o s a l s have �461 DB-25 approximated 50 m i l l i o n d o l a r s . a t a l l t o Maryland I t would c o s t n o t h i n g i n a sense l e s s than n o t h i n g because i f they b u i l t t h e road w i t h o u t any c o n n e c t i o n w i t h 240, they w i l l g e t a 50-50 h e l p , and i f they b u i l d i t a s p a r t o f 240, they g e t a 90-10 h e l p . G e n e r a l P r e n t i s s p o i n t e d out t o me t h a t t h e proper way t o b r i n g t h i s i n i s n o t t o come up t h e r i v e r h e r e , but to go o u t on L i t t l e R i v e r Parkway t o an i n t e r - c h a n g e w i t h R i v e r Road and then out. B u t t h a t i n v o l v e s a l l t h i s down h e r e , a l l t h e c o n f u s i o n , a l l t h e o p p o s i t i o n t h a t was engendered by t h e s e here. T h i s doesn't even engender any opposition a t a l l except the vaguely expressed opposition of some o f t h e Bethesda groups t h a t they do not approve o f t h e use o f R i v e r Road f o r any p a r t o f t h i s system. They a r e going t o g e t a new road, they a r e going t o pay f o r i t , i t i s badly needed and t h e o n l y q u e s t i o n remains i s what t r a f f i c i s going t o u s e i t . Now I t h i n k I have e x p l a i n e d w e l l enough what my p r o p o s a l i s and have e x p l a i n e d t h a t i f you t a k e t h i s t u n n e l system and move i t up h e r e , a t a v e r y s l i g h t l y g r e a t e r c o s t i t would save a l l t h i s monkey b u s i n e s s down h e r e . Thank you. (Applause.) (The o f f i c i a l statement and l e t t e r r e f e r r e d t o by Mr. P o t t e r a r e a s f o l l o w s : �>m2 Remarks on t h e L o c a t i o n and Economics o f I n t e r s t a t e Highway 240 i n t h e n o r t h w e s t s e c t i o n o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, b e f o r e t h e Board o f Commissioners, 1958 — ing J a n u a r y 6, By Alden P o t t e r , 8400 MacArthur B l v d . , r e p r e s e n t - Matthews and P o t t e r The e y e s o f t h e n a t i o n a r e on u s here today; f o r t h e i r a t t e n t i o n was focused s p e c i f i c a l l y on Washington and i t s space problems by t h e Y a l e U n i v e r s i t y E c o l o g i s t , Dr. Paul Sears, i n h i s recent p r e s i d e n t i a l address t o the American A s s o c i a t i o n f o r t h e Advancement o f S c i e n c e ( o f which I have been a F e l l o w and L i f e Member f o r many y e a r s ) on space l i m i t a t i o n s v e r s u s p o p u l a t i o n growth. I n a day o f t r a v a i l t h i s n a t i o n s t a n d s i n g r a v e need of t h e guidance o f such a l i m i t i n g p r i n c i p l e , opposing t h e U t o p i a n m a t e r i a l i s m o f t h e a l l e g e d " i d e a l s " i n a program o f "atoms f o r peace." We c a n never beat o u r swords i n t o plow- s h a r e s c a p a b l e o f t u r n i n g up a p a r a d i s e u n l i m i t e d . the It i s p l a i n , i m p e r s o n a l t r u t h , n o t t h e h y p o c r i t i c a l dreams o f a l t r u i s m t h a t c a n a l o n e make p o s s i b l e peace on e a r t h and good w i l l among men — even among men possessed by t h e i l l w i l l o f c o n t r o v e r s i e s o v e r c i v i l r i g h t s and c i v i l defense and c i v i l war and even t h e c i v i l e n g i n e e r i n g o f highways. It i s economy, n o t e x t r a v a g a n c e t h a t t h e s e h e a r i n g s a r e charged by lav/ t o c o n s i d e r i n t h e l o c a t i o n o f a highway, asking Federal a i d . before �463 I wish I could stand before you a s a member of the Bethesda-Chevy Chase Chamber o f Commerce which has r e c e n t l y been so ably guided by Donal Chamberlin of the Kenwood Club, whom I have known f o r many y e a r s . T h i s I wish because of t h e i r r e c e n t r e s o l u t i o n applying t h i s e c o l o g i c a l p r i n c i p l e , t h i s s t r i c t u r e a g a i n s t t r y i n g to s t r e t c h space i n t o i n f i n i t y , t o assuage the brainstorms that have been indulged i n planning the d e s t i n a t i o n , i f any, o f Maryland's wandering Route 240, which seems about to be c h r i s t e n e d the Washington National P i k e . In the face of a flood of propaganda to the contrary, by a r e s o l u t i o n emanating from the Kenwood Club and passed by the Executive Committee o f the Bethesda Chamber of Commerce on which my wife i s represented through the Farm Women's Market, we have been given a guiding p r i n c i p l e , to w i t , that no high-speed, l i m i t e d a c c e s s throughway s h a l l be d r i v e n anew through the length and breadth of any densely developed community, not even under the hypoc r i t i c a l pretense o f b e n e f i t i n g that community. any community needs a highway; Surely but not a t the expense o f d e s t r o y i n g the community. I beg to note that the a p p l i c a t i o n of t h i s Bethesda r e s o l u t i o n to Washington i t s e l f would, a s i t c e r t a i n l y should, bar a t once the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f any Inner Loop speedway to d i r e c t t r a f f i c , not i n t o the c i t y , but through i t a t 50 MPH. �464 DB-28 What t h e Bethesda p r i n c i p l e does n o t b a r i s t h e economy o f space i m p l i c i t i n t u n n e l i n g such a s i s p r o j e c t e d under C a p i t o l H i l l a t a c o s t d u p l i c a t i n g t h a t o f t h e I n n e r Loop, o f over a q u a r t e r b i l l i o n d o l l a r s . way e n g i n e e r One need n o t be a h i g h - t o know t h a t t u n n e l i n g i s not g e n e r a l l y c a l l e d f o r where t h e r e i s no h i l l t o t u n n e l . One need o n l y be o l d enough t o have t r a v e l e d t h e r a i l r o a d s o f t h e n a t i o n through t h e i r p i c t u r e s q u e mountain t u n n e l s . I t h a s been t h e s e same r a i l r o a d t u n n e l s t h a t have made f e a s i b l e t h e o u t s t a n d i n g s u c c e s s i n m u l t i - l a n e t o l l roads, t h e P e n n s y l vania Turnpike. I t should be p o i n t e d o u t t h a t C a p i t o l H i l l i s o n l y the l e a s t o f a number o f h i l l s t h a t surround Washington. downtown Thus t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g s t a f f h a s come up w i t h a d e s i g n f o r such a t u n n e l f o r t r u c k s i n t o the I n n e r Loop, t o p a s s under t h e grounds o f t h e Washington C a t h e d r a l and s e r v e t h e l a u d a b l e purpose o f r e l i e v i n g t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n on M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue i n s t e a d o f dumping more t r a f f i c on t h a t overburdened highway a s does the BeLeuw-Cather d e s i g n f o r an I n n e r Loop. Thus t h e tunneling o f these h i l l s can serve the very necessary purpose o f u n d e r p a s s i n g , o r sometimes o v e r - p a s s i n g t h e c i t y ' s North-South r a d i a l highways i n o r d e r t o s e t up East-West r a d i a l s t h a t do not i n t e r s e c t a t grade and r e q u i r e stop lights. T h i s i s t h e problem t h a t f a c e s t h e e n t r a n c e o f t h i s fearsome Route 240 a s a t r u c k r o u t e i n t o the c i t y from �435 DB-29 the West. In the proposed c o n s t r u c t i o n of a N-S Wisconsin Avenue C o r r i d o r there are no h i l l s to tunnel so as to remove i t from s u r f a c e d i f f i c u l t i e s . Neither i s there any place for t u n n e l l i n g i n the design of highways adjacent to the Potomac R i v e r along i t s b e a u t i f u l P a l i s a d e s . The V i r g i n i a s e c t i o n of the George Washington Memorial Parkway now under c o n s t r u c t i o n has required 14 very expensive bridges to help i t mar the p a l i s a d e s . No one i s more frank to admit the very expensive blundering involved i n the two p a l i s a d e bridges already i n use, than former Engineer Commissioner, Major General Prentiss. Already the Georgetown Key Bridgehead has under- gone one expensive r e c o n s t r u c t i o n job, and i t badly needs another to remove the stop l i g h t s s e r v i n g to l e t Canal Road t r a f f i c through i n t o M S t r e e t . Already, with a new Chain Bridge only b r i e f l y i n use, i t i s proposed to r e c o n s t r u c t i t on a higher, more expensive l e v e l . How h i g h - l e v e l , p a l i s a d e bridges must be b u i l t many more, c o s t l y i n the attempt to s t e e r t r a f f i c a c r o s s i n t o V i r g i n i a and o f f the r i v e r s i d e i n Maryland and the D i s t r i c t where i t i s to be d e l i b e r a t e l y dumped by a s o - c a l l e d freeway i n t o the c i t y for Route 240? I dare say such escape bridges w i l l work both ways; t r a f f i c w i l l be welcome on n e i t h e r s i d e of the river. the �436 r DB-30 ^ 3e cana 3 - » t h e t r o l l e y c a r t r a c k s , the c i t y w a t e r c o n d u i t s , r e s e r v o i r s and pumping s t a t i o n a r e c o m p l i c a t e d enough w i t h o u t adding an i n a c c e s s i b l e speedway f o r t r u c k s t o t h i s r i v e r s i d e melange. I n such a r i v e r s i d e s i t e , l i m i t e d accessi- b i l i t y i s r e v e r s e d i n t o u n l i m i t e d i n a c c e s s i b i l i t y f o r the community through which the highway p a s s e s ; I know f o r we l i v e t h e r e and our p r o p e r t y i s under t h r e a t o f condemnation f o r t h e Carderock B r i d g e h e a d , m i s t a k e n l y s t i l l c a l l e d i n the p r e s s the C a b i n John B r i d g e . The economy o f downtown Washington i s c e n t e r e d on i t s c h i e f i n d u s t r y , government. While n a t i o n a l w e l f a r e d i c t a t e s t h a t i t should not grow any b i g g e r , a s i t has i n f a c t k e p t on growing i t s components have i n f a c t been moved i n t o t h e o u t l y i n g c o u n t i e s j u s t a s i n d u s t r y has done i n o t h e r c i t i e s . Boston, f o r example, has seen b i g b u s i n e s s t a k e o v e r i t s c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l r o u t e 123. I n p l a i n f a c t t h e r e a r e today more and more people who do not l i v e i n o r seek t o e n t e r the charmed i n n e r c i r c l e s o f our b i g c i t i e s . I t i s l i k e t r y i n g t o sweep back t h e t i d e w i t h a broom t o t r y t o stem t h i s movement by s h o r t e n i n g the t r i p time i n t o the c i t y from d i s t a n t suburbs. This i n - e v i t a b l e d i s p e r s a l i n t o suburban a r e a s w i t h new c e n t e r s does not c a l l f o r t e a r i n g up t h e near suburbs i n o r d e r t o g i v e more d i s t a n t ones the same t r i p time t o t h e I n n e r Sanctum. �467 I have r e a s o n t o knw a l l about such urban d i s p e r s a l f o r I own a o n e - t h i r d l e s s o r ' s i n t e r e s t i n a 100-year l e a s e on a s m a l l downtown p r o p e r t y i n a l a r g e w e s t e r n c i t y . This l e a s e h a s n e v e r made much money f o r t h e l e s s e e because o f t h e d i s p e r s a l o f t h e c i t y i n t o t h e suburbs. l e s s e e f i g u r e d on some 90 y e a r s o f The o r i g i n a l easy money; b u t he d i d n ' t r e c k o n w i t h those y e a r s c o r r e c t l y i n f i g u r i n g t h a t h o r s e s and buggies and t r o l l e y c a r s and r a i l r o a d s would dominate t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . preserve Only i n f l a t i o n , has. s e r v e d t o t h i s lease a t a l l . The n a t i o n today w i l l be i n d u l g i n g i n a s s i l l y a prophecy o r worse i f i t way t r i e s t o p l a n now f o r a 1930 h i g h - system based on o u r p r e s e n t sweptwing automobile t r a f f i c , or on our p r e s e n t b u s s e s , o r by r e s o r t t o m o n o r a i l schemes f o r mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . R u s s i a n s c i e n c e , i f not o u r own, c o u l d e a s i l y make t h i s whole American scene p a s s e ' w i t h such a development a s t h a t r e c e n t l y o u t l i n e d by Moscow f o r t r a n s m i t t i n g power w i t h o u t w i r i n g . I n that case each i n d i v i d u a l might have h i s own e l e c t r i c and e l e c t r o n i c o r n i t h o p t e r ; then I c a r u s would t u r n o v e r I n h i s g r a v e a s he s e e s human b i r d f l i g h t a f u l l y accomplished f a c t . developed o r n i t h o p t e r s ; bigger appropriations where a r e o u r s ? Russia has already W a i t i n g on for so-called basic research i n aero- n a u t i c a l l a b o r a t o r i e s to provide the equations f o r design? �463 DB-32 Highway problems a r e j u s t f o r today, gentlemen. They r e q u i r e p l a n n i n g , not f o r u l t i m a t e m i l e a g e , but f o r p r i o r ities; for getting f i r s t things f i r s t i n construction. Washington they c a l l f o r more under p a s s e s andoverpasses now; on o u t e r M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue, f o r example. those p l a n s ? In Where a r e B u r i e d under t h e I n n e r Loop dreams o? t h e DeLeuw-Cather R e p o r t ? Such g r a n d i o s e p l a n s must be curbed and reduced t o s e r v i n g p r e s e n t needs r a t h e r than d e v e l o p i n g the e n g i n e e r i n g b r a i n s t o r m s produced by s t a t i s t i c a l e x t r a p o l a t i o n s i n t o a d i s t a n t f u t u r e t h a t i s e n t i r e l y imaginary. We c a n s e r v e n a t i o n a l defense o n l y through t h e p r i o r needs of today t h a t a r e obvious w i t h o u t any e x p e n s i v e s o - c a l l e d " s u r v e y s " o f t h e problem. I n t h e c a s e o f R i v e r Road,tunnels c a n bo b u i l t much sooner than any I n n e r Loop c a n be c o n s t r u c t e d and w i t h o u t any o f t h e semi-permanent d e t o u r s t h a t w i l l be r e q u i r e d f o r I n n e r Loop c o n s t r u c t i o n . Such t u n n e l i n g c a n e a s i l y under- p a s s t h e h i g h ground a l o n g Wisconsin Avenue and s t a y down deep belov; s u r f a c e c o n s t r u c t i o n t o emerge on t h e p r e s e n t grounds o f t h e N a t i o n a l Bureau o f Standards, o v e r p a s s C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue i n t o T i l d e n S t r e e t , o v e r p a s s Rock Creek dov/n t o t h e H a r v a r d S t r e e t h i l l a t t h e Zoo, thence by t u n n e l 1 under 1 6 t h S t r e e t and M e r i d i a n H i l l t o l e t t h e t r a f f i c d i s p e r s e a t low speeds onto t h e c i t y ' s s t r e e t s a t F l o r i d a Avenue r i g h t where t h e I n n e r Loop's n o r t h l e g i s �4S9 planned and c o u l d , t h e r e f o r e , be dispensed w i t h by a s u r f a c e s t r e e t improvements. traffic, T h i s plan d e l i v e r s truck which i s the nub o f the 240 problem a s p r e s e n t e d by the r e q u i r e m e n t s o f the 1956 bottleneck a c t , not i n t o the r i v e r s i d e a t Key B r i d g e a s a l l your c u r r e n t p l a n s but r i g h t where most t r u c k s want t o go, the few do, to the v i c i n i t y of railyards. This t r a f f i c t u n n e l would soon put that section of the c i t y northwest o f Union S t a t i o n t o b e t t e r use any heavy s u b s i d y for rehabilitation; without f o r example, a s a c o n v e n t i o n c e n t e r w i t h ample motel and h o t e l accommodations and shopping f a c i l i t i e s f o r t r a n s i e n t s and t o u r i s t s , none o f the s e c t i o n to be preoccupied by speedways to accommodate through t r a f f i c i n v i o l a t i o n o f the Bethesda p r i n c i p l e . Such accommodation should not be p r o v i d e d even i f i t d i d not co3t anything. Moreover, the c o s t o f t h i s t u n n e l cannot a l l be charged to t r u c k s e r v i c e by any means; f o r the l o t h s t r e e t underpass w i l l be j u s t what the d o c t o r ordered f o r c a r s coming down Rock Creek P a r k r o a d s so they can a v o i d the Zoo f o r d s and the g a u n t l e t o f bridgehead i n t e r c h a n g e s Park on the speedway by the r i v e r b e f o r e t u r n i n g e a s t i n t o the c i t y . t h i s R i v e r Road t u n n e l a s a t o l l s e r v i c e and Build i t would d i s - p l a c e a t once a l l Maryland use o f the I n n e r Loop as a freeway, e x c e p t f o r r i v e r s i d e communities s e r v e d by �470 DB-34 M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue a s a \?ay t o a v o i d g e t t i n g i n t o t h e Key B r i d g e b o t t l e n e c k . I t s g r e a t e s t s e r v i c e t o such Maryland t r a f f i c would be t h a t i t would draw a l l o t h e r t r a f f i c away from M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue and make t h a t e x c e l l e n t highway never unduly congested. I t s great temples and embassies should be g r a t e f u l f o r such a r e l i e f a s a g a i n s t the c e r t a i n p r o s p e c t o f i n c r e a s i n g c o n g e s t i o n under t h e I n n e r Loop p l a n s . Even i f t h e whole c o s t o f t u n n e l i n g be charged a g a i n s t a R i v e r Road e x t e n s i o n i n t o and a c r o s s t h e D i s t r i c t , i t could not exceed $50 m i l l i o n . The I n n e r L o o p - r i v e r s i d e p l a n s w i l l r u n i n t o h a l f a b i l l i o n d o l l a r s and s t i l l not s o l v e t h e t r a f f i c problems p r e s e n t e d , and w i l l v i o l a t e t h e r u l e a g a i n s t c o n s t r u c t i o n o f speedways f o r through t r a f f i c i n urban a r e a s which t h e R i v e r Road t u n n e l s would a l t o g ether avoid. F o r Maryland a r e s p e c t a b l e development o f R i v e r Road would c o s t l e s s than n o t h i n g because o f b r i n g i n g w i t h i n t h e 90-10 F e d e r a l a i d funds a p r e s e n t l y p r o j e c t e d r e c o n s t r u c t i o n a t s t a t e and l o c a l c o s t w i t h much l e s s a i d from t h e Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads. I t would a l s o e l i m i n a t e f u t u r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a h i g h dam on t h e Potomac above G r e a t F a l l s a t a c o s t o f many m i l l i o n s o f d o l l a r s u n w i s e l y s p e n t ; f o r t h a t dam i s p r o j e c t e d r i g h t where R i v e r Road must b r i d g e t h e r i v e r t o connect w i t h t h e i n c r e a s i n g l y urgent c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the s o - c a l l e d Crozet Superhighway �471 through n o r t h e r n West V i r g i n i a under the R a r l e y S t a g g e r s Bill. P e r s o n a l l y , I do not admit any need f o r any e x t e n s i o n o f Route 240 beyond w h e r e i t i s now; but o f c o u r s e this does not c o v e r the C i r c u m f e r e n t i a l Highway a s a s o - c a l l e d " l e g " o f Route 240, T h i s freeway i s b a d l y needed f o r t r u c k i n g which i s prevented by the Maryland-National Capital P a r k and P l a n n i n g Commission and the county c o u n c i l p r o h i b i t i n g i t s use f o r commercial t r a f f i c a c r o s s Rock Creek. F e d e r a l a i d from the £0-10 funds should not be available, under the law, f o r any o f t h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n u n t i l t h a t ban is lifted. G i v e n t h i s u n r e s t r i c t e d use o f the C i r c u m f e r - e n t i a l Highway, a l l t r a f f i c from Route 240, i n c l u d i n g t h a t commuting from our bedroom suburbs, c o u l d and should be s c a t t e r e d t o any and a l l r a d i a l roads out o f Washington, i n c l u d i n g and e s p e c i a l l y R i v e r Road. T h i s country lane o f c o u n t r y c l u b s has been a death t r a p l o n g enough and a t long l a s t i s about t o be rebuilt. The o n l y q u e s t i o n r e m a i n i n g seems to be, s h a l l this new and modern highway s e r v e o n l y the c o u n t r y c l u b s and s q u i r e s i t has been s e r v i n g h e r e t o f o r e ? To p e r m i t such e x c l u s i o n can o n l y beget e x t r a v a g a n t schemes l e a d i n g i n t o s e r i o u s b o t t l e n e c k s a l o n g the r i v e r and t o c o n t i n u e d , i n e x c u s a b l e c o n g e s t i o n on M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue. What the sponsors o f such r e s t r i c t i o n a r e u r g i n g i s s i m p l y the �472 DB-3S continued dumping o f R i v e r Road t r a f f i c onto W i s c o n s i n Avenue where i t goes now and i s c a r r i e d down i n t o the i n c r e a s i n g l y impassable congestion They want a new road but no new of M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue. t r a f f i c on i t . That s p e c i a l p r i v i l e g e f o r those a l r e a d y t a x - p r i v i l e g e d c o u n t r y must be c a t e g o r i c a l l y denied them. not own clubs F o r t u n a t e l y , they do our p u b l i c highways and cannot put up no t r e s p a s s i n g s i g n s o r impose passage by p e r m i t o n l y . "The 'consumer' o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and the nontechnical c i t i z e n can f o l l o w programs, p l a n s and developments and p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e i r e v o l u t i o n by c a r e f u l o b s e r v a t i o n of maps, v i s u a l p r o j e c t i o n s , s p e c i f i c a t i o n s , and o f f i c i a l ments. state- A h e a l t h y s k e p t i c i s m i s an important a t t r i b u t e i n t h i s observation," s a y s the U n i v e r s i t y o f Maryland's December r e p o r t on the Potomac R i v e r B a s i n and "Perhaps the most d i f f i c u l t adds: s i t u a t i o n o c c u r s when officials do not p r o v i d e adequate i n f o r m a t i o n , o r when r e p o r t s , f o r instance, of p u b l i c hearings, are 'slanted* i n favor of the o f f i c i a l a t t i t u d e . " We have, c o n t i n u e s Cover, focused Dr. a t t e n t i o n upon "concepts and upon the dangers attending unquestioning completely t h i s e x c e l l e n t a n a l y s i s by a c c e p t a n c e o f p r e m i s e s which s may v i t i a t e o b j e c t i v e e v a l u a t i o n o f f a c t o r s and thereby prevent a l o g i c a l and p r a c t i c a l p l a n . As these c o n c e p t s a r e expanded i n t o p r o p o s i t i o n s , a s t r u c t u r e i s �473 e s t a b l i s h e d which channels t h i n k i n g a u t o m a t i c a l l y along prescribed directions. These channels become accepted a s ' l o g i c ' and a mathematical formula may be c a l l e d upon as a machine to c a r r y through the q u a n t i t a t i v e s o l u t i o n . formula may be i n a p p r o p r i a t e ; the assumptions may The be f a l s e ; the observations may be l i m i t e d or s p e c i a l . Under any or a l l of these circumstances the r e s u l t i s erroneous and may be i n c o n f l i c t with p u b l i c i n t e r e s t . " I t i s g r e a t l y to be d e s i r e d that a Potomac V a l l e y Authority urged by Dr. Cover s h a l l be created by law to take over and coordinate the outrageously i n t r i c a t e s e t of bureaucracies now c r e a t i n g untold confusion and maintaining p u b l i c ignorance of p l a n s u n t i l they are s e t f o r t h as a f a i t accompli, a t s o - c a l l e d p u b l i c hearings. We must hope and t r u s t that such an a u t h o r i t y w i l l not attempt to promote s o c i a l i s t i c i n v a s i o n s of u t i l i t y f i e l d s that can and should be p r i v a t e l y operated without any subsidy from any p u b l i c funds or by tax exemptions or p r i v i l e g e s . Taxes or t o l l s for highway use must not be so d i s t r i b u t e d as to e i t h e r p e n a l i z e or s u b s i d i z e the b u s i n e s s of any p a r t i c u l a r group such as t r u c k e r s . The ICC should give p a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n to preventing the omission of dividends or i n t e r e s t from the r a t e s allowed to common c a r r i e r s when and i f they are not c o n t r o l l e d a s they should be by competition, not between d i f f e r e n t corporations, but between the �474 D3-38 1 i n c r e a s i n g l y numerous forms of modern t r a n s p o r t . Col.A.C. Welling, Engineer Commissioner, District of Columbia My dear C o l o n e l : Since addressing you l a s t (Oct.28) I have purchased and read the DeLeuw-Cather Report on an Inner Loop design for Washington. I beg to o f f e r some c r i t i c i s m s which, l e t me r e i t e r a t e , emanate from the b a s i c f a c t of nonE u c l i d e a n geometry, to w i t , that the s h o r t e s t d i s t a n c e between two p o i n t s that a r e not imaginary i s not i n a Euclidean plane. I t l i e s i n a c i r c l e ; but not i n such s u r f a c e - centered c i r c l e s a s c o n s t i t u t e the t h e o r e t i c a l b a s i s f o r highway planning along the metropolitan A t l a n t i c Coast, t r a f f i c from which i s focused on the D i s t r i c t of Columbia because of the unbridgeable Cheaspeake tidewater. The s h o r t e s t d i s t a n c e , equivalent to the time between two p o i n t s l i e s i n a great c i r c l e . least trip I t follov/s that the DeLeuw-Cather design i s b a s i c a l l y f a l l a c i o u n ; for t h e i r brochure s t a t e s that the t r a f f i c advantage of Washington's o r i g i n a l design l i e s not i n the g r e a t - c i r c l e p r i n c i p l e of our Avenues with t h e i r complex c i r c l e s , but r a t h e r i n the width of our s t r e e t s . The brochure does not s t a t e the b a s i c a l t e r n a t i v e s on which the a l l e g e d savings �475 DB-39 i n t r i p time a r e computed t o be c a p i t a l i z e d a s a j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e e s t i m a t e d c o s t ( i n e x c e s s o f 1/4 b i l l i o n . ' ) o f t h e I n n e r Loop. The " s a v i n g s " seem t o have been f i g u r e d c h i e f l y on r a i s i n g t h e speed l i m i t from 30 t o 50 MPH; c e r t a i n l y not from t h e a l t e r n a t i v e o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f r o u t e s on t h e s h o r t e s t p o s s i b l e l i n e s . The b a s i c f a u l t i n d e s i g n i s compouned i n s e v e r a l ways. There i s t h e s t a t e d attempt t o p r e s e r v e t h e c i t y ' s economic v a l u e s by encouraging, not d i s p e r s i o n , but c e n t r i - p e t a l covergence o f p o p u l a t i o n and t r a f f i c . T h i s outmoded i d e a i s r e s p o n s i b l e , a s I have s a i d , f o r t h e h i g h l y confused and c o n f u s i n g b e l t l i n e t h e o r y o f b y - p a s s i n g t h e urban c e n t e r s n o r t h e a s t o f t h e Chesapeake and Potomac t i d e w a t e r system which a t p r e s e n t i n t e r x m p t s t h e c o a s t w i s e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f highways and h a s c o n c e n t r a t e d through t r a f f i c onto Washington's b o t t l e n e c k b r i d g e s thu3 keeping c o a s t w i s e t r a f f i c from an optimum development c o m m e r c i a l l y . O b v i o u s l y , any use o f t h e system i n n a t i o n a l defense must encounter t h e same o b s t r u c t i o n s . Another c o r r e l a r y o f t h e c e n t e r e d - c i t y t r a d i t i o n i s t h e u n d i s g u i s e d attempt t o s u r v e y t h e e x i s t i n g traffic a s a b a s i s f o r d e s i g n and l o c a t i o n o f f r e e w a y s t o accommodate the t r a f f i c a s p r o j e c t e d from t h e s e s u r v e y s t o t h e y e a r 1980. Design should be used t o r e l i e v e , not t o accommodate excessive flows. No f r e e w a y s should be b u i l t t o f a c i l i t a t e �476 DB-40 any t r a f f i c through the c i t y t o and from p o i n t s o u t s i d e the D i s t r i c t a s i s p r e s e n t l y the c a s e and so i s extended by the s u r v e y method i n t o the 1980 p i c t u r e p r e s e n t e d i n the brochure's flow c h a r t s . The c i t y c e n t e r i n Washington should be v e r y g r a d u a l l y and p r i v a t e l y ( n o t by huge government c o n t r a c t s i n staged u p h e a v a l s ) transformed — government — t o accommodate i t s c e n t r a l a c t i v i t y and i t s b y - p r o d u c t s o f s i g h t s e e i n g and l o b b y i n g . There i s too much o f an element o f s c h o o l s and p a r k s f o r l o c a l r e s i d e n t s a s a g a i n s t t r a n s i e n t accommodations i n the c u r r e n t r e h a b i l i t i a t i o n plans. The R i v e r Road t u n n e l p l a n I ' v e proposed, l i n k e d a s a Potomac P i k e w i t h the C r o z e t Superhighway p r o j e c t i n West V i r g i n i a , would be e s p e c i a l l y s u i t e d t o s e r v e both t r a n s i e n t m o t e l s and h o t e l s ( t h e a r e a should have a modern c o n v e n t i o n hall nearby t h e Union S t a t i o n , w i t h a h e l i c o p t e r p o r t on i t s r o o f ) and the commerce and i n d u s t r y s u r r o u n d i n g t h e N.E. railyards. The c u r r e n t l y adopted Loop p l a n i s , i n c o n t r a s t , v e r y e x p e n s i v e l y b o t t l e n e c k e d on t h e west, open o n l y t o the east. I t i s a c t u a l l y designed t o c l o g Massachusetts Avenue w i t h a f l o w o f n e a r l y 20,000 v e h i c l e s each way d a i l y , added t o what f l o w s up from the c i t y d i r e c t l y . T h i s western b o t t l e neck i s so o b v i o u s t h a t , i n s t e a d o f p l a n n i n g underpasses and o v e r p a s s e s on out e r M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue and redesigning �477 DB-41 the Key bridgeheads, another W h i t e h a r s t Freeway i s p r o - j e c t e d out i n the r i v e r so a s t o l i n k Washington w i t h the r e s t o f t h e n a t i o n on the west over a northbound highway, t o w i t , Route 240, by an a l l but i m p o s s i b l e freeway system up the r i v e r s i d e . A l l t h i s i s done on t h e premise t h a t the I n n e r Loop, c o n c e i v e d along w i t h the S t a t e ( l a b e l e d " i n t e r s t a t e " ) H i g h way System i n t h e 1944 r u s h i n t o boondoggling a g a i n s t postwar unemployment, i s ( t o quote DeLeuw-Cather) "as sound today a s when o r i g i n a l l y proposed but - - ." and s a d l y t r u e — How surely i f one r e a d s on a f t e r t h a t "but".' So l e t ' s f o r g e t the I n n e r Loop and c u t c o s t s a t l e a s t i n two by promptly b u i l d i n g much needed under and overpasses i n t o the D i s t r i c t ' s s t r e e t s and avenues a s they now are, instead of providing a contractor's paradise i n building w h i t e e l e p h a n t s l i k e the Pentagon w i t h i t s messy maze o f i n t e r c h a n g e s and b o t t l e n e c k s . New designed b r i d g e s and the highways they s e r v e should not and b u i l t p i e c e m e a l . be I f this jurisdictionally l o c a l i z e d " p l a n n i n g " i s c o n t i n u e d , Washington w i l l e're long be surrounded by r e l a t i v e l y unused by-passes w h i l e some b r i d g e s w i l l s t i l l be b o t t l e n e c k e d a s Key B r i d g e i s now. What w i l l happen t o the b i g M a r y l a n d - V i r g i n i a t o l l b r i d g e , for example, when i t has been f l a n k e d by V i r g i n i a ' s planned causeway and t u n n e l from Cape C h a r l e s a c r o s s t h e mouth o f �478 Chesapeake Bay on one s i d e and a J o n e s P o i n t B r i d g e on t h e other? I t w i l l be about a s w h i t e e l e p h a n t a s the West V i r g i n i a P i k e o r Route 240. The F e d e r a l Government, and o n l y the F e d e r a l Government, should p l a n and c o n s t r u c t t h e t r u n k l i n o highways f o r the n a t i o n a s a whole, j u s t a s the Army E n g i n e e r s have a l w a y s done f o r the waterways o f the c o u n t r y . The 1956, 90-10 Highway Act i s producing u n m i t i g a t e d c o n f u s i o n i n l o c a t i o n s and p r i o r i t i e s because i t l e a v e s i n i t i a l p l a n n i n g t o t h e individual state authorities. Very s i n c e r e l y y o u r s , Alden P o t t e r Bethesda, Md. 11 November, 1957 (The f o l l o w i n g map was a l s o submitted by Mr. P o t t e r f o r i n c l u s i o n i n the r e c o r d , but appears i n the o r i g i n a l transcript only.) �479 DB-43 COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Mr. Consloy ( V ) , how much time d i d you want to take? MR. CONSLEY: I am guessing about e i g h t o r nine minutes. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: We have had people w a i t i n g here f o r • day and a h a l f to t e s t i f y . to proceed with t h i s l i s t . minute — I thought, I think ws w i l l have i f you j u s t had a do you want t o put your statement i n ? Have you got i t ? MR. CONSLEY; I have a statement, yes, s i r . I have been running back and f o r t h between these meetings and the C i v i l Aeronautics Board. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: We have had people w a i t i n g here c o n s t a n t l y s i n c e yesterday morning through the s e s s i o n l a s t night. I f you have something typewritten t h a t you want to put i n , we can g i v e you a coupieof minutes to t a l k about i t , but otherwise we w i l l have to go ahead with t h i s list. I don't know what time we a r e going to get through t h i s afternoon. I think we have to go ahead with our l i s t . The record w i l l be open u n t i l F r i d a y i f you want to submit a statement, t h a t i s , u n t i l the 1 0 t h . The next on the l i s t i s Mr. Scott Seegers. STATEMENT OF MR. SCOTT SEEGERS, R.F.D. 3, MC LEAN, xxxxxxxx VIRGINIA MR. SEEGERS: Mr. Chairman, Members o f the Board: name i s Scott Seegers. I l i v e i n Langlcy, V i r g i n i a . I My �480 DB-44 I t h i n k t h e gentleman who d e s c r i b e d t h e 240 c o n t r o v e r s y a few weeks ago a s a q u e s t i o n o f " s q u i r r e l s v e r s u s people" missed t h e r e a l p o i n t . I b e l i e v e i t i s more n e a r l y a ques- t i o n o f automobiles v e r s u s people. Not a l l o f u s l i k e t o r e s t o r e o u r s o u l s w i t h the s o l i tude o f a walk i n t h e woods, b u t many do f i n d i t o f v e r y r e a l value. To a l l o f u s , o f c o u r s e , t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f our homes i s o f f i r s t importance. The p e a c e f u l c h a r a c t e r o f our n e i g h - borhoods i s e q u a l l y v i t a l . So i s t h e e x i s t e n c e o f s a f e and b e a u t i f u l playgrounds f o r o u r c h i l d r e n . B u t i t seems t h a t wherever any o f t h e s e v a l u e s come i n t o c o n f l i c t w i t h t h e convenience o f t h a t modern Juggernaut the automobile, i t i s t h e human v a l u e s t h a t must y i e l d . forests The and playgrounds must be o b l i t e r a t e d , t h e homes must be t o r n down, neighborhoods d e s t r o y e d . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Have you some i n t e r s t i n t h i s c o n t r o v e r s y o t h e r than j u s t your i n t e r e s t i n parks? We have heard t h e people from Maryland because o f t h e i r i n t e r e s t , b u t I s e e you l i v e i n V i r g i n i a . MR. SEEGERS: principal Y e s . I have a number o f i n t e r e s t s . The one i s — COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: I am j u s t t r y i n g t o push ahead. MR. SEEGERS: of p a r k s ; My prime i n t e r e s t i s i n the preservation my secondary i n t e r s t i s i n n o t h a v i n g C h a i n B r i d g e �431 DB-45 so i n v o l v e d w i t h i n t e r c h a n g e s , the one t h i n g we can h a r d l y use i n V i r g i n i a . I s that legitimate? COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: MR. SEEGERS: I t h i n k so. Thank you.Of the r o u t e s under c o n s i d e r - a t i o n h e r e today I can o n l y a s k : downtown Washington? who wants more t r u c k s i n The c i t y s t r e e t s a r e a l r e a d y choked beyond c a p a c i t y w i t h bumper-to-bumper t r a f f i c . s t r e e t s a r e not e l a s t i c ; These they w i l l not expand t o t a k e a d d i t i o n a l volume o f automobiles t h a t s t i l l another high- speed expressway w i l l pour i n t o them. Anyone who has c r e p t through Washington i n an auto- mobile d u r i n g t h e r u s h hour knows t h a t the c i t y has reached the p o i n t where the automobile has become t h e l e a s t e f f i c i e n t o f a l l means o f passenger t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . E v e r y c i t y o f t h i s s i z e has sooner o r l a t e r had t o f a c e t h e f a c t t h a t some form o f r a p i d t r a n s i t , e i t h e r s u r f a c e o r subway, connecting the h e a r t of the c i t y w i t h o u t l y i n g d i s t r i c t s is the o n l y p r a c t i c a b l e method o f h a n d l i n g the t e n s o f thousands o f people who surge back and f o r t h t w i c e d a i l y . I do not know what the money c o s t o f such a would be. system I t c e r t a i n l y would not i n t h e long r u n exceed the c o s t o f d i g g i n g up another 50 o r 60 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s e v e r y t e n y e a r s o r so t o b u i l d s t i l l another expressway a s t h e growing p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e a r e a buys s t i l l more c a r s . A l s o , t h e r e a r e o t h e r v a l u e s j u s t a s v a l i d a s money v a l u e . �482 DB-46 E v e r y new such p l a n i n v o l v e s s t i l l more s h a t t e r e d neighborhoods, homes, and l i f e l o n g i n d i v i d u a l p l a n s d e s t r o y e d , more f o r e s t l a n d l a i d waste. On a somewhat s m a l l e r s c a l e , how do you l o n g - s u f f e r i n g gentlemen r e l i s h t h e p r o s p e c t o f s i t t i n g through such a s e s s i o n a s y e s t e r d a y ' s e v e r y few y e a r s , and then wading through t h e t e s t i m o n y a f t e r ward, and t h e f i n a l agony o f making t h e d e c i s i o n ? Route A w i l l p a r a l l e l t h e George Washington Memorial Parkway i n p l a c e s l e s s than 100 y a r d s away. purpose c a n be s e r v e d by such d u p l i c a t i o n ? What u s e f u l And c a n you imagine t h e mechanized bedlam t h i s w i l l c r e a t e i n t h e n e i g h borhood between t h e two highways? E v e r y home i n t h a t s t r i p w i l l be d e s t r o y e d a s s u r e l y a s i f t h e b u l l d o z e r s had scraped i t out o f e x i s t e n c e . Route A-2, a s p l i t - l e v e l arrangement, w i l l s i m p l y do t w i c e a s much damage a l o n g t h e Potomac a s one road w i l l do. The lower end o f Route C w i l l , f o r p r a c t i c a l wipe out t h e b e a u t i f u l G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d P a r k . purposes, The same o b j e c t i o n a p p l i e s t o much o f Route D. Whatever r o u t e may be chosen f o r t h e s e e x t r a t r u c k s and a u t o s we need i n t h e c i t y s t r e e t s , t h e r e i s a t s t a k e here today a p r i n c i p l e c o n s i d e r a b l y more important t h a n where any road might go. I t i s t h e q u e s t i o n o f how much our Government's word i s worth. �4S3 DB-47 The G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d P a r k came i n t o e x i s t e n c e many y e a r s ago through p a r c e l s o f l a n d g i v e n s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r p a r k purposes. I t i s t r u e t h a t a 100-foot r i g h t - o f - w a y f o r a road a l r e a d y e x i s t e d through t h e a r e a . Presumably, however, t h a t r i g h t - o f - w a y was c o n c e i v e d b e f o r e anyone thought s e r i o u s l y o f t h e a r e a a s a p a r k . I n view of the terms o f t h e g i f t s and t h e terms o f t h e i r acceptance by t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s f o r p a r k purposes, i t seems r e a s o n a b l e t h a t j u s t t h i s once, t h e automobile might be t h e one t o y i e l d . Now i n c r e a s i n g p o p u l a t i o n and i n c r e a s i n g t r a f f i c i s the excuse a l w a y s g i v e n f o r d e s t r o y i n g p a r k l a n d s i n f a v o r of automobiles. As p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e s , does not t h e need f o r u n d e f i l e d p a r k s i n c r e a s e i n p r e c i s e l y t h e same proportion? There wasn't any q u e s t i o n r e g a r d i n g t h e i n t e n t o f t h e people who gave t b i s l a n d . Mr. C h a r l e s C. G l o v e r wrote " I hereby donate t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia f o r park and playground purposes a l l t h e l a n d shown hereon" and so f o r t h . The generous o l d man was s o keen on making h i s i n t e n t i o n c l e a r t h a t he r e p e a t e d t h e p h r a s e " f o r park and playground p u r p o s e s " a g a i n i n t h e same s h o r t paragraph. That does not sound l i k e p r o v i s i o n f o r a highway. Mrs. Anne A r c h b o l d , a s a memorial t o h e r f a t h e r , gave the o t h e r p i e c e o f l a n d , a s she put i t " i n c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f $1.00 and h e r i n t e r s t i n t h e development o f t h e P a r k �484 DB-48 System of the National C a p i t a l . " That hardly sounds l i k e a highway e i t h e r . Congress d i d not authorize the D i s t r i c t Commissioners to accept e i t h e r p i e c e of land a s a p o t e n t i a l highway. The 68th Congress passed a b i l l a u t h o r i z i n g the C h i e f o f Army Engineers ". . . t o accept a c e r t a i n t r a c t of land from Mrs. Anne Archbold donated to the United S t a t e s f o r park purposes. . " The same Congress used almost i d e n t i c a l language i n accepting Mr. Glover's g i f t . The D.C. Board of Commissioners r e f e r r e d to Mr. Glover's donation i n l y r i c a l words. " I t" — the land — " is covered i n great p a r t by some of the f i n e s t t r e e s i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, and i s s i t u a t e d i n part of the D i s t r i c t where no parks have been provided." I never heard a superhighway right-of-way described i n j u s t that f a s h i o n . More than s i x months l a t e r , o f f i c i a l s wrote on the p l a t of Mr. Glover's g i f t that they r e s e r v e d the r i g h t to put a s many roads through the property a s they might c a r e to. Mr. Glover d i d not s i g n t h i s amendment. The purpose o f Mr. Glover and Mrs. Archbold i n making these magnificent g i f t s could not have been made more clear. The language o f Congress was e q u a l l y s p e c i f i c i n a u t h o r i z i n g the D i s t r i c t of Columbia to accept the land. "Park purposes "does not mean "highway purposes." �4S5 DB-40 Y e t the N a t i o n a l P a r k s S e r v i c e , w h i l e c o n t i n u a l l y b e w a i l i n g the l a c k o f park l a n d , wants t o c u t the great t r e e s , t u r n the b u l l d o z e r s l o o s e on the l o v e l y l i t t l e and entomb the r e s u l t beneath the c o n c r e t e o f Route valley 240. T h a t e n t i r e e q u a t i o n o f automobiles v e r s u s people was summed up v e r y g r a p h i c a l l y a few months ago by no l e s s an a u t h o r i t y than Conrad L. W i r t h , D i r e c t o r o f the N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e . Mr. s t r e e t s a r e now W i r t h s a i d , "What were q u i e t suburban through highways o v e r t a x e d w i t h n o i s y , s m e l l y t r a f f i c day and n i g h t * The open f i e l d s and woodlands you remember i n the wake o f b u l l d o z e r s have disappeared c l e a r i n g the way f o r more s t r e e t s and highways, houses, and shopping c e n t e r s . " Mr. W i r t h r e f e r r e d n o s t a l g i c a l l y t o "the n a t u r a l b e a u t i e s o f the c o u n t r y , i t s s t r e a m s , and l a k e s and ocean s h o r e s , i t s woods and g r e a t open s p a c e s . " He a l s o had a remedy f o r our n a t i o n a l b u l l d o z e r p s y c h o s i s . "Our immediate urgent need i s t o s e t a s i d e a l o t more l a n d and w a t e r a r e a f o r p a r k s and r e c r e a t i o n purposes i n and around m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s . " Mr. W i r t h was s p e a k i n g b e f o r e t h e American I n s t i t u t e o f P a r k E x e c u t i v e s on September 23, How l e t u s see how 1957. h i s r e p o r t o f accomplishment b e a r s out h i s spoken s e n t i m e n t s . He h a s under h i s p r o t e c t i o n a m a g n i f i c e n t l a n d and w a t e r a r e a along the V i r g i n i a p a l i s a d e s �436 DB-50 o f the Potomac. That once-inspring s t r e t c h of n a t u r a l scenery i s today a shambles of b l a s t e d c l i f f s , raw e a r t h , destroyed vegetation and s h a t t e r e d t r e e s . I ti sa real monument to what the b u l l d o z e r can do with u n l i m i t e d p u b l i c money and with the b l e s s i n g o f the National Park S e r v i c e . I t was done f o r the sake of a high-speed highway. A few weeks ago Mr. Wirth's agency approved the c o n t r a c t which w i l l s h o r t l y send more b u l l d o z e r s crunching i n t o the s y l v a n r e t r e a t beside the C&O Canal. i s f o r the sake o f a high-speed highway. This also And now, f o r the sake of Route 240, Mr. Wirth would l i k e to e r a d i c a t e the Glover-Archbold Park, given and accepted f o r park purposes. Here a r e three c u r r e n t examples of the f a t e of park and r e c r e a t i o n lands i n and around a metropolitan area. What does the National Park S e r v i c e want with a l o t more of these? To destroy them i n t h e i r turn so that more con- c r e t e may be poured atop the r u i n s ? And f i n a l l y , what i s the word of our Government worth? I f a United S t a t e s c i t i z e n cannot make an agreement with the United S t a t e s Congress that w i l l be respected by our a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o f f i c i a l s , I suggest t h a t we could do with a b i t of agonizing r e a p p r a i s a l r i g h t here a t home. Thank you, gentlemen. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Mrs. F a i r c l o t h . Thank you. Now we come to She was not here. �487 Mr. Inuaer, Sheridan-Kaiorama Neighborhood C o u n c i l and Dupont C i r c l e C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n . STATEMENT OF JOHN R. IMMER, CHAIRMAN, ZONING COMMITTEE, SHERIDAN-KALORAMA NEIGHBORHOOD COUNCIL — DUPONT CIRCLE C I T I Z E N S ASSOCIATION MR. IMMER: Commissioners: Mr. Chairman and Members o f t h e Board o f My name i s John R. Immcr. 19th S t r e e t Northwest. I l i v e a t 1735 I am chairman o f t h e I n n e r Road o r I n n e r Loop Committee o f t h e Dupont C i r c l e C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n , and chairman o f t h e Zoning Committee o f t h e S h e r i dan-Kaiorama Neighborhood C o u n c i l . The statement which I am about t o r e a d h a s been approved by t h e E x e c u t i v e Committee o f t h e Sheridan-Kaiorama Neighborhood C o u n c i l and e a r l y l a s t e v e n i n g was approved unanimously by a meeting o f t h e Dupont C i r c l e C i t i z e n s Association. The statement f o l l o w s : We a p p r e c i a t e t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o p r e s e n t t h e v i e w s o f o u r a s s o c i a t i o n on t h i s v i t a l topic. We propose t h a t t h e f o l l o w i n g c r i t e r i a be f o l l o w e d i n l o c a t i n g t h e c o n n e c t i n g l i n k t o Route 240 f o r t h e f o l l o w ing reasons: (1) A l l through t r a f f i c , t r u c k and passenger, s h o u l d be r o u t e d around t h e c i t y . (a) Through t r a f f i c s h o u l d be r o u t e d around t h e �488 D S _52 c i t y on t h e c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l Highway o v e r proposed C a b i n John Bridge. T h i s s e c t i o n w i l l probably be completed b e f o r e the D i s t r i c t Connecting L i n k i s completed. (b) S u r v e y s show t h a t t L I s would keep 97 p e r c e n t o f t h e t r a f f i c on Route 240 out o f t h e c i t y a s o n l y three percent o f t h i s t r a f f i c has to enter the D i s t r i c t . (2) T r a f f i c i n t o Washington, D.C. from Route 240 should be k e p t s e p a r a t e d from l o c a l l y g e n e r a t e d t r a f f i c . (a) L i n k t o c i t y s h o u l d be a s c l o s e t o t h e r i v e r as p o s s i b l e . (b) Keep Route 240 t r a f f i c away from W i s c o n s i n and M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue t r a f f i c . (3) T r a f f i c i n t o Washington, D.C. from Route 240 should feed i n t o t h e i n n e r loop a s f a r south a s p o s s i b l e . ( a ) E n t r y o f a l l Route 240 t r a f f i c t o i n n e r loop should be s o u t h o f incoming t r a f f i c from M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue and k e p t c o m p l e t e l y s e p a r a t e from i t . (b) Most commercial t r a f f i c w i l l follow s o u t h e r n aria o f t h e i n n e r loop r a t h e r t h a n t h e n o r t h e r n arm. I n a d d i t i o n t o the above we note the f o l l o w i n g o b j e c t i o n s t o proposed r o u t e s C and D. specific We a r e s t r o n g l y opposed t o r o u t e s C, D and X f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g r e a s o n s : (1) There i s a l e g a l q u e s t i o n a s t o whether o r not the government o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia can a p p l y t h e r i g h t o f eminent domain t o t h e p r o p e r t y o f a f o r e i g n government. �439 (2) Route D w i l l r e q u i r e the removal o f 11 embassies and c h a n c e r i e s and w i l l d i s r u p t the e n t i r e a r e a around S h e r i dan C i r c l e where many o f t h e d i p l o m a t i c m i s s i o n s a r e located. now Would each o f t h e s e governments a f f e c t e d be p e r - m i t t e d t o buy o t h e r p r o p e r t y i n near-by C l a s s A r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s and c o n v e r t them t o c h a n c e r i e s and o f f i c e b u i l d i n g s ? (3) The c o s t o f r o u t e s C ($59,610,000) and D i s s u b s t a n t i a l l y g r e a t e r than t h a t of r o u t e s A and A-2 (4) ($63,658,000) ($44,777,000) ($46,990,000). Heavy v e h i c u l a r t r a f f i c so c l o s e t o Y/ashington C a t h e d r a l w i l l cause v i b r a t i o n s which, i n time, w i l l a f f e c t the s t a b i l i t y o f t h i s s t r u c t u r e . (5) Route D (Whitehaven) w i l l d e s t r o y one o f the few r e m a i n i n g c l o s e - i n wooded a r e a s , i . e . , Montrose P a r k and Dunbarton Oaks P a r k i n a d d i t i o n t o c l e a v i n g G l o v e r P a r k down the middle. (6) Rock Creek P a r k from t h e M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue b r i d g e t o t h e Q S t r e e t b r i d g e would be and c r i s s - c r o s s i n g (7) a jumble o f b r i d g e s traffic. 'The proposed method o f r u n n i n g r o u t e D a l o n g the south s i d e o f M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue and i t s awkward j u n c t i o n w i t h the i n n e r loop w h i l e c r o s s i n g o r r u n n i n g underneath M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue w i l l not o n l y produce an e x t r e m e l y awkward t r a f f i c maze but w i l l e f f e c t i v e l y d e s t r o y what beauty and a t t r a c t i v e n e s s t h i s s e c t i o n o f the avenue h a s l e f t . It �490 DB-54 must be kept i n mind that a j u n c t i o n of t h i s type r e q u i r e s a complicated (8) interchange under the very best of conditions. The interchange a t Massachusetts Avenue and the inner loop would destroy Sheridan C i r c l e and r e q u i r e the removal of the Cosmos Club. I am not saying whether t h a t i s good or not; I am j u s t p o i n t i n g that out. (Laughter.) (9) I t i s d i f f i c u l t to b e l i e v e that the truck tunnel, route X, was proposed s e r i o u s l y . another parkway — t h i s yet — T h i s would destroy the l a s t one t h a t hasn't been touched on Normanstone Park, and would damage the r e s i d e n t i a l c h a r a c t e r of t h i s e n t i r e area. (a) V i b r a t i o n s from truck t r a f f i c would lower property v a l u e s and, i n time, would c o n s t i t u t e a g r e a t e r t h r e a t to the s t a b i l i t y o f the c a t h e d r a l . For the above reasons we b e l i e v e t h a t i t i s to the b e s t i n t e r e s t s of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and i t s c i t i z e n s t h a t the connecting l i n k to Route 240 be i n the v i c i n i t y of the Potomac R i v e r and enter the inner loop a s f a r south a s possible. Now, i n a d d i t i o n to that I would l i k e to make f o r the record a few comments which have come out of observations of the hearings, s i n c e they s t a r t e d yesterday morning. One. the requirements of mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n should be �491 D3-55 considered i n a l l these p l a n s . • Two, i t i s assumed that whatever plan i s f i n a l l y adopted by t h e D i s t r i c t , i t w i l l have to be i n time approved and accepted by the F e d e r a l Bureau o f Roads, and we a l s o presume that t h i s plan w i l l have to s a t i s f y the c o n d i t i o n s which they have s e t f o r t h . L a s t evening, Mr. C h a t e l a i n pointed out that these requirements included a maximum of a three percent grade. I would l i k e to read once sentence from page 3 of the Clarkeson Report on t h i s grade r e l a t i n g to the route D. "To get under Sheridan C i r c l e would r e q u i r e about a four percent continuous grade f o r a d i s t a n c e of about 6,000 f e e t from the point near Rock Creels to the i n t e r s e c t i o n of Wisconsin and Massachusetts Avenue." T h i s would not come w i t h i n the three percent l i m i t a t i o n s e t by the Bureau of Roads. I n a d d i t i o n he pointed out t h a t a 300-foot was r e q u i r e d . right-of-way Now you can Imagine the impact o f a 300- foot right-of-way on the route D l e g there, through the back of Dunbarton Oaks, which would cover almost e n t i r e l y t h a t s t r e t c h o f Rock Creek Park i n there and would take out everything e a s t o f Sheridan C i r c l e t o 2 1 s t S t r e e t . One o t h e r aspect o f t h i s i s the f a c t t h a t i n any case on both l e g C and D you have a drop on l e g C o f almost 400 f e e t w i t h i n 10,000 f e e t and on D you have 340-foot drop on a 3,000 foot s t r e t c h . T h i s means t h a t you would have �492 an u n i n t e r r u p t e d t h r e e p e r c e n t grade f o r 2 m i l e s and a half. Now I would l i k e t o suggest the impact upon the a r e a o f heavy t r u c k s coming down o r s h i f t i n g g e a r s going up a continuous t h r e e p e r c e n t grade. That doesn't sound l i k e much, but i t i s a c o n s i d e r a b l e l o a d f o r t r u c k s going up, and t h e r e i s p l e n t y o f b a c k f i r e of t r u c k s coming down. T h i s , i n a d d i t i o n t o the n u i s a n c e of the v i b r a t i o n s . Of c o u r s e t h i s i s s t i l l i n c i d e n t a l t o the important question W i l l t h e s e p l a n s be approved by the Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads? Three: Mention has been made o f the e x t r a c o s t o f the A r i z o n a Avenue B r i d g e and w h i l e i t i s t r u e t h a t t h a t b r i d g e i s o f c o n s i d e r a b l e concern t o u s i n c o n s i d e r i n g the t o t a l t r a f f i c p a t t e r n , t h a t b r i d g e has n o t h i n g whatsoever t o do w i t h the l i n t e r - I i n k o f an i n t e r s t a t e highway such a s we a r e c o n s i d e r i n g h e r e a t the p r e s e n t Then, f o u r : time. I would l i k e t o recommend t h a t t h e r e be s e r i o u s study and an e n g i n e e r i n g e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e r o u t e A-3 proposed t h i s morning by Mr. Arthur Davis. I feel that i f i t i s engineeringly f e a s i b l e , that there i s a p o t e n t i a l i t y o f a c o n s i d e r a b l e c o s t s a v i n g i n the t h i n g , and t h e r e i s no doubt i n my mind but t h a t the r o u t e A-3 would provide f o r c o n s i d e r a b l y l e s s i n t e r f e r r e n c e t o the l i f e o f the community w h i l e t h i s e n t i r e p r o j e c t i s b e i n g Thank you. constructed. �493 D3-57 COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you, s i r . Next, a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f Columbia F e d e r a l Savings and Loan A s s o c i a t i o n . STATEMENT OF CLARENCE E . KEFAUVER, PRESIDENT, • xxxxxxxxx COLUMBIA FEDERAL SAVINGS AND MR. KEFAUVER: o f Commissioners: Mr. LOAN ASSOCIATION P r e s i d e n t and Members o f the Board My name i s C l a r e n c e E. K e f a u v e r , and I am p r e s i d e n t o f Columbia F e d e r a l S a v i n g s and Loan A s s o c i a t i o n which i n March o f 1957 opened a branch o f f i c e r a t the c o r n e r o f W i s c o n s i n Avenue and J e n i f e r S t r e e t s , Northwest, Washington, D.C. The A s s o c i a t i o n c o n s t r u c t e d an a t t r a c t i v e f o u r - s t o r y o f f i c e b u i l d i n g which i s f u l l y occupied by a s e l e c t group o f t e n a n t s on the upper f l o o r s , the f i r s t f l o o r b e i n g used by the Columbia F e d e r a l S a v i n g s and i t s branch o f f i c e . i t s c h a r a c t e r and Loan A s s o c i a t i o n a t T h i s l o c a t i o n was s e l e c t e d because o f f u t u r e p l a n s o f development i n t h i s a r e a . T h i s a s s o c i a t i o n v i g o r o u s l y o b j e c t s to the l o c a t i o n o f t h e proposed U.S. Highway Route 240 a l o n g the sO-called W i s c o n s i n Avenue c o r r i d o r r o u t e which g e n e r a l l y f o l l o w s Route C o r D i n the C l a r k e s o n R e p o r t . The o b j e c t i o n o f t h i s A s s o c i a t i o n i s p r e d i c a t e d upon the f a c t t h a t the l o c a t i o n o f a l i m i t e d a c c e s s highway o f the s i z e and o f the proposed U.S. character Highway Route 240 w i l l d e s t r o y t o a v e r y s u b s t a n t i a l degree t h e p r e s e n t h i g h q u a l i t y o f commercial �494 development i n this area and make plans f o r f u r t h e r important commercial development i n t h i s area impossible. The area p r e s e n t l y r e p r e s e n t s one of the most a c t i v e and l a r g e s t r e g i o n a l shopping a r e a s i n Northwest Washington. J u s t over the Maryland l i n e there i s located the Woodward & Lothrop Department etore, the l a r g e Chevy Chase Shopping Center which i n c l u d e s Raleigh Haberdasher's a s w e l l a s other s t o r e s of f i n e reputation and n a t i o n a l standing. A medical c l i n i c has been erected on the D i s t r i c t s i d e of the l i n e . F o r many y e a r s the Wisconsin Avenue frontage i n t h i s area has been zoned and developed f o r commercial use. I n recent years the q u a l i t y and c h a r a c t e r of the commercial use i n t h i s s e c t i o n of Wisconsin Avenue has s t e a d i l y improved and a l l future i n d i c a t i o n s point to f u r t h e r important growth a t and near the i n t e r s e c t i o n o f Wisconsin Avenue and Western Avenue. The future plans i n the area p r e s e n t l y include the l o c a t i o n of one of the l a r g e s t local insurance companies upon a 28-acre t r a c t immediately west of the Woodward & Lothrop Department Store. Construction of t h i s p r o j e c t has been brought to a h a l t i n recent months by reason o f the t h r e a t o f l o c a t i n g U.S. Highway Route 240 over a p a r t o f t h i s property. Immediately south of the Government Employees Insurance Companies' t r a c t and on the D i s t r i c t s i d e , there i s located a l a r g e unimproved t r a c t of land. T h i s i s one of the most d e s i r a b l e future commercial �495 DB-5S s i t e s i n t h e e n t i r e M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington a r e a . I f this p r o p e r t y were made a v a i l a b l e and u t i l i z e d f o r commercial purposes, s u b s t a n t i a l r e a l e s t a t e and s a l e s t a x revenues would i n u r e t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. The proposed h i g h - way would d e s t r o y t h e f u t u r e development o f t h i s t r a c t and would have s e r i o u s consequences upon t h e u t i l i z a t i o n o f t h e Government Employees I n s u r a n c e Companies' site. The l o c a t i o n o f t h e proposed highway along t h e Wiscons i n Avenue c o r r i d o r would c o m p l e t e l y d i s r u p t t h e p r e s e n t c h a r a c t e r o f t h e neighborhood and would c r e a t e an i m p o s s i b l e s i t u a t i o n during the period o f c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r the f o l l o w ing reasons: (1) W i s c o n s i n Avenue s e r v e s a s a p r i n c i p a l l o c a l s t r e e t . The u t i l i z a t i o n o f W i s c o n s i n Avenue would be s u b s t a n t i a l l y impaired because o f t h e n e c e s s i t y o f c o n s t r u c t i n g t u n n e l s under t h e highway j u s t n o r t h o f Western Avenue, south o f Western Avenue and i n t h e T e n l e y C i r c l e a r e a . (2) The highway would c o m p l e t e l y c u t o f f a c c e s s from e a s t t o w e s t e x c e p t on a l i m i t e d number o f s t r e e t s which w i l l e i t h e r b r i d g e o v e r o r t u n n e l under t h e l i m i t e d a c c e s s highway. (3) B u s i n e s s e s l o c a t e d i n t h e a r e a w i l l be m a t e r i a l l y a f f e c t e d because customers w i l l f i n d i t d i f f i c u l t t o r e a c h t h e i r d e s t i n a t i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y during the period o f c o n s t r u c t i o n which we understand w i l l t a k e many months. �496 DB-60 ( 4 ) The Wisconsin Avenue area i s one o f the f i n e s t r e s i d e n t i a l and b u s i n e s s areas i n the f a r northwest s e c t i o n . The l o c a t i o n o f the proposed l i m i t e d a c c e s s highway will s e r i o u s l y and permanently a f f e c t the neighborhood, and i n my opinion i t changes the neighborhood which i n c l u d e s our own property o f Columbia F e d e r a l from a f i r s t c l a s s commerc i a l area with a great future p o t e n t i a l t o a second c l a s s neighborhood, with a (5) very l i m i t e d prospect f o r the future. T h i s A s s o c i a t i o n i s informed that the c o s t o f c o n s t r u c t i o n and land a c q u i s i t i o n o f a highway along Wisconsin Avenue w i l l c o s t s u b s t a n t i a l l y more than other proposed r o u t e s and that the a d d i t i o n a l c o s t i s not j u s t i f i e d , We b e l i e v e f o r the above reasons that the Commission should approve a route other than the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r f o r the l o c a t i o n of the proposed U.S. Highway Route 240. Thank you. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you. Mr. W. Edward Gallagher, Claims Attorney, Law Department, Washington Gas L i g h t Company. STATEMENT OF W. EDWARD GALLAGHER, ON BEHALF OF THE r.x> xxxxxx WASHINGTON GAS LIGHT COMPANY MR. GALLAGHER: Mr, P r e s i d e n t , Members o f the Board: My statement here today w i l l be r a t h e r b r i e f . We thought i t appropriate t o appear so that the Commissioners might �497 DB-S1 u n d e r s t a n d the impact and a f f e c t t h a t the e x t e n s i o n o f U.S. Route 240 w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e c o s t of r e l o c a t i n g the company's f a c i l i t i e s would be. These f a c i l i t i e s , a s you know from the s t u d y , a c a s u a l s t u d y o f the map, w i l l i n d i c a t e a great concentration them a l o n g the W i s c o n s i n Avenue c o r r i d o r . . i n mind the method i n which we We of have a l s o f e e l the c o s t s should be paid. R o u t e s C and D w i l l c o s t t h e company r o u g h l y s i x or seven t i m e s t h a t o f r o u t e s A and A-2. Nov/ under the S e c t i o n 111 o f the U.S. Act o f 1956, Highway A i d p r o v i s i o n i s made f o r the payment o f t h e s e c o s t s t o s t a t e s under c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s p r o v i d e d o f c o u r s e t h a t the s t a t e can q u a l i f y f o r t h e s e payments, which i n t h i s c a s e i s the D i s t r i c t Government. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: I s n ' t t h a t q u a l i f i e d on a f f i r m a t i v e a c t i o n o f the s t a t e l e g i s l a t u r e ? MR. GALLAGHER: I t h i n k t h a t i s how i t has been con- s t r u e d so f a r . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: So how does t h a t a p p l y t o the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia? • MR. GALLAGHER: COMMISSIONER MC lature. MR. Being a s t a t e LAUGHLIN: We — haven't got a s t a t e l e g i s - I t would have t o be Congress, wouldn't i t ? GALLAGHER: No, I t h i n k the law f S e c t i o n 111-A, s t a t e s t h a t u n l e s s i t i s i n c o n f l i c t w i t h the law o f the �498 s t a t e , then such r e l i e f i s a v a i l a b l e . I t i s a touchy l e g a l question. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Our present s i t u a t i o n would be that the u t i l i t y — I know you wouldn't want to commit y o u r s e l f on t h i s , but i t i s my r e c o l l e c t i o n the u t i l i t y would normally have to pay f o r r e l o c a t i o n o f i t s f a c i l i t y . MR. GALLAGHER: Normally i t would. We thought perhaps there would be some hope under t h i s Act for r e l i e f i n that respect. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: You would r a t h e r we run i t up the r i v e r , wouldn't you? MR. GALLAGHER: Well, I am not here to oppose or speak i n favor o f any l o c a t i o n , of course. But economically speaking, the impact i s much greater on u s with the Wiscons i n Avenue c o r r i d o r . Now we think that the c o s t of such a p r o j e c t should a c t u a l l y properly be included i n the c o s t of c o n s t r u c t i o n of the highway and these c o s t s should be borne by the u s e r s of the highway and not by the customers of the company, who i n the f i n a l a n a l y s i s must bear such c o s t s u n l e s s r e l i e f i s obtained under the Act. Hence we o f f e r that for your consideration. That i s a l l we have to say. COMMISSIONER KARRICK: Thank you. You s a i d the c o s t was s i x or seven times, but you didn't give an absolute. �499 MR. GALLAGHER: I don't have an absolute y e t . In the absence of d e t a i l on which we can base a d o l l a r f i g u r e COMMISSIONS?* KARRICK: You mean i f i t i s $1,000 i n one place and $6,000 i n another, i t i s n e g l i g i b l e , but i f i t i s 1 m i l l i o n or 6 m i l l i o n MR. GALLAGHER: — I t w i l l be somewhere i n the neighbor- hood of $250,000, and $500,000 on the Wisconsin Avenue. COMMISSIONER KARRICK: I see. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you very much. I s counsel here f o r the Baltimore and Ohio R a i l r o a d ? MR. STEWART: or present i t . We would be happy to f i l e our statement, I t i s about 10 minutes long. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: I think i t would be w e l l i f you summarize a l i t t l e b i t and give us your p o i n t s and then f i l e the whole statement. STATEMENT OF EUGENE L. STEWART OF STEPTOE & JOHNSON ON BEHALF OF THE BALTIMORE AND MR. STEWART: OHIO RAILROAD COMPANY Mr. P r e s i d e n t and Commissioners: I am Eugene L. Stewart, a member of the law firm of Steptoe & Johnson, counsel f o r the Baltimore and Ohio R a i l r o a d . On behalf of the B&O we are presenting t h i s statement. I should l i k e to say a t the o u t s e t t h a t the Baltimore and Ohio has always enjoyed the most amicable and harmonious r e l a t i o n s with the D i s t r i c t Commissioners and the Highway Department, and e q u a l l y we take p r i d e i n the work and the �500 DB-64 p l a n n i n g o f the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission t o p r e s e r v e the beauty o f the C a p i t a l C i t y which we We a r e a l s o v e r y m i n d f u l o f the v e r y p a t i e n t share. consider- a t i o n t h a t everyone has g i v e n i n the s e l e c t i o n o f a proper route. What we have t o s a y i s not t o be i n t e r p r e t e d therefore a s t a k i n g s i d e s w i t h any p a r t i c u l a r recommendation, but i n v i t i n g your s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n as t o c e r t a i n f a c t o r s which we c o n s i d e r e s s e n t i a l t o the h e a l t h o f the B a l t i m o r e and Ohio R a i l r o a d . We a r e h e r e today p r i n c i p a l l y t o c a l l a t t e n t i o n the f a c t t h a t r o u t e s A, A-2 leg to and C i n v o l v i n g a s they do a i n j u s t a p o s i t i o n w i t h the i n d u s t r i a l a r e a a t the foot o f Georgetown, might w e l l i n v o l v e harm t o both t h e B&O other i n d u s t r i a l organizations ana there located i f c e r t a i n f a c t o r s were not t a k e n i n t o account. We f e e l c e r t a i n , however, t h a t t h e s e f a c t o r s can w i l l be t a k e n i n t o So t h a t you may and consideration. have them f u l l y i n mind, we r e s p e c t f u l l y c a l l them t o your a t t e n t i o n . First, the i n d u s t r i a l a r e a , which i s s i t u a t e d a t f o o t o f Georgetown, g e n e r a t e s about 25 p e r c e n t o f the load t r a f f i c enjoyed by the B&O politan area. the car- i n t o the Washington Metro- The number o f c a r l o a d i n g s run a t the r a t e o f about 5,000 t o 6,000 a year. �501 I f t h e major i n d u s t r i e s t h a t a r e t h e r e located, those which u t i l i z e t h e t r a c k s i n t h a t area,were t o be i m p a i r e d by t h e manner i n which t h e i n t e r s t a t e highway i s brought down t h a t p a r t i c u l a r way, i f one o f t h e s e is three r o u t e s / s e l e c t e d , i t co u l d cause u s i n j u r y by d r y i n g up t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s or causing them t o r e l o c a t e . E q u a l l y , i f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n were c a r r i e d o u t i n a way which would impinge upon o u r r i g h t - o f - w a y , which would make i t n e c e s s a r y unduly, o r f o r u s t o g i v e up t h e usage o f some o f those t r a c k s , t h a t a l s o c o u l d cause u s ceve:?e harm. One o f t h e f a c t o r s w h i c h many s t u d i e s o f t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a h a s brought o u t i s t h a t Washington h a s r e l a t i v e l y a s m a l l amount o f i n d u s t r y t o c o n t r i b u t e t a x - w i s e t o t h e support o f t h e D i s t r i c t and t o p r o v i d e employment. The B&O i s one o f t h o s e few i n d u s t r i e s which a r e l o c a t e d h e r e which c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e w e l f a r e o f t h e D i s t r i c t through t a x r e v e n u e s and by p r o v i d i n g employement. With r e g a r d t o t h e manner i n which t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n might be c a r r i e d o u t , i t i s t h e w e l l - c o n s i d e r e d view o f t h e highway department o f t h e B&O t h a t i f t h e r o u t e selected s h o u l d c r o s s t h e B&O o r o v e r l a p i t , a l l t h e p r e s e n t l y maint a i n e d t r a c k s and f a c i l i t i e s o f t h e r a i l r o a d should be spanned i n such a manner a s t o r e q u i r e no b r i d g e s u p p o r t s on railroad property. �502 DB-66 Now the r a i l r o a d does not w i s h t o be i n t e r p r e t e d a s making a s e n s e l e s s recommendation i n t h i s r e s p e c t . The p h y s i c a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s c o u l d o b v i o u s l y r e q u i r e , from a sound e n g i n e e r i n g p o i n t o f v i e w , some support. But t o the e s t e n t t h a t p l a n n i n g makes i t p o s s i b l e t o a v o i d the n e c e s s i t y f o r b r i d g e s u p p o r t s on the B&O r i g h t - o f - w a y , we r e s p e c t - f u l l y r e q u e s t t h a t t h a t be done t o the e x t e n t t h a t i t i s p o s s i b l e and we f e e l c o n f i d e n t t h a t the Highway Department o f the D i s t r i c t and the Commissioners would w i s h t h a t the encroachments on our r i g h t - o f - w a y be k e p t t o a minimum. F i n a l l y , w i t h r e s p e c t t o the q u e s t i o n of c o s t s , i f the r o u t e s s e l e c t e d should i n v o l v e c r o s s i n g the B&O or o v e r l a p p i n g , o f course a grade s e p a r a t i o n s t r u c t u r e would n e c e s s a r i l y be r e q u i r e d because t h i s would be an e x t e n s i o n o f a highway i n t o an a r e a where the B&O i s p r e s e n t l y oper- a t i n g and i t s t r a c k s a r e i n p l a c e . Under the c r i t e r a o f the Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads t h a t would c o n f e r no b e n e f i t upon the r a i l r o a d and we would not e x p e c t t o pay any p o r t i o n o f the c o s t s , and under the e x i s t i n g c i r c u m s t a n c e s which a f f e c t the r a i l r o a d , and o t h e r r a i l r o a d s , we f e e l s u r e t h a t i f we were r e q u i r e d t o pay a p o r t i o n o f such e x p e n s e s , i t would be v e r y harmful t o the r a i l r o a d . I would l i k e t o say i n c o n c l u s i o n t h a t we o f course a r e c o n f i d e n t t h a t t o the f u r t h e r e s t e x t e n t o f t h e i r ability �503 the Commissioners and Highway Department w i l l a v o i d d e c i s i o n s which would c o n f l i c t w i t h t h e f a c t o r s we have mentioned. We have o n l y t a k e n t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o b r i n g them t o your a t t e n t i o n because we f e e l t h a t you perhaps would a p p r e c i a t e knowing o u r p o i n t o f v i e w on t h e s e m a t t e r s . Thank you v e r y much. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you. Are you s t i l l going t o t a k e those t r a i n s o f f t o New Y o r k ? MR. GALLAGHER: I should s a y t h a t I t h i n k t h e r a i l r o a d would welcome a r e s u r g e n c e i n patronage which would make possible a favorable decision. Mr. P r e s i d e n t , I a l s o r e q u e s t t h a t my statement be incorporated. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Y e s , i t w i l l be. (The statement r e f e r r e d t o i s a s f o l l o w s : As i t s c o u n s e l i n Washington, D.C. we a r e p r e s e n t i n g t h i s statement i n b e h a l f o f t h e B a l t i m o r e and Ohio R a i l r o a d Company. The B a l t i m o r e and Ohio h a s long enjoyed harmonious r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Government and i t s Highway Department. As a b u s i n e s s o r g a n i z a t i o n w i t h a r a t h e r c o n s i d e r a b l e employment i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, the B a l t i m o r e and Ohio R a i l r o a d a l s o t a k e s p r i d e i n t h e beauty o f o u r N a t i o n ' s c a p i t a l and i t s o r d e r l y development and i n �504 htl i n t h e c a r e f u l p l a n n i n g of thrst development w h i c h h a s been c a r r i e d f o r w a r d by t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Comm i s s i o n a s w e l l a s other agencies. F u l l y m i n d f u l , t h e r e f o r e , of t h e v e r y s e r i o u s and p a t r i o t i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n w h i c h h a s been g i v e n by a l l concerned t o t h e s e l e c t i o n of a proper r o u t e f o r t h e e x t e n s i o n of U.S. 240 i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia, t h e B a l t i m o r e and Ohio R a i l r o a d r e s p e c t f u l l y a s k s t h a t t h e f u l l e s t and most s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n be g i v e n t o the f o l l o w i n g f a c t o r s a p p l i c a b l e t o a t l e a s t t h r e e of t h e proposed r o u t e s w h i c h a r e under c o n s i d e r a t i o n , Routes A, A2 and C. 1. The i n d u s t r i a l a r e a grouped beneath t h e Y/hitohurst Freeway a t t h e f o o t of Georgetown i s of major importance t o t h e B a l t i m o r e and Ohio R a i l r o a d , a s w e l l a s other i n d u s t r i a l and b u s i n e s s o r g a n i s a t i o n s whose e s t a b lishments are located there. A c t u a l l y , the i n d u s t r i a l t r a c t s , s w i t c h y a r d s , and team t r a c k s l o c a t e d between Key B r i d g e on t h e w e s t , and T h i r t i e t h S t r e e t on t h e e a s t , a r e t h e major j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e e n t i r e b r a n c h of t h e B a l t i m o r e and Ohio R a i l r o a d s t r e t c h i n g from Georgetown j u n c t i o n i n S i l v e r S p r i n g through Bethesda and Chevy Chase a l o n g t h e Potomac R i v e r and i n t o t h e i n d u s t r i a l a r e a a t t h e f o o t of Georgetown. I n d u s t r i e s l o c a t e d or s e r v e d by t h e t r a c k a g e l o c a t e d between Key B r i d g e and T h i r t i e t h S t r e e t account �505 f o r a t l e a s t 25 p e r c e n t of t h e c a r l o a d t r a f f i c h a n d l e d by t h e B&O R a i l r o a d f o r i n d u s t r i a l and commercial f i r m s l o c a t e d i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. During the past throe years t h e number of c a r l o a d s and tonnage h a n d l e d i n t o Georgetown, D. C. b y t h e B&O R a i l r o a d were a s f o l l o w s : Year 1955 6,444 280,653 1956 5,544 242,059 1957 The Cars Tons ( 1 1 mos.)3,449 150,185 s e l e c t i o n of a r o u t e and t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of an i n t e r s t a t e highway of t h e s i s e under c o n s i d e r a t i o n destroy o r damage t h e B a l t i m o r e could and Ohio R a i l r o a d i n s e v e r a l ways: (a) I f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n i t s e l f were c a r r i e d out i n a way w h i c h p r e v e n t e d f u l l u s e by t h e £&Q of t h e i n d u s t r i a l trackage l o c a t e d a t t h e f o o t of Georgetown. (b) I f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n and l o c a t i o n of t h e h i g h - way were d e t e r m i n e d i n a manner w h i c h would p r e v e n t a l l or a s u b s t a n t i a l p a r t of t h e i n d u s t r i a l and b u s i n e s s activity i n t h a t arog from b e i n g c a r r i e d on i n t h e f u t u r e . (c) I f t h e B&O were t o be s a d d l e d with any p o r t i o n o f t h e c o s t of grade s e p a r a t i o n s t r u c t u r e s n e c e s s a r i l y r e q u i r e d i n connection with a route which would c r o s s or o v e r l a p t h e BkO t r a c k s . 2. I f a route i s s e l e c t e d w h i c h c r o s s e s or �506 overlaps the trackage t r a c k s and of t h e B&O, a l l p r e s e n t l y maintained f a c i l i t i e s of t h e r a i l r o a d s h o u l d bo s o spanned a s t o r e q u i r e no b r i d g e s u p p o r t s on r a i l r o a d p r o p e r t y . 3. B e c a u s e Route 240 i s an i n t e r s t a t e highway being extended i n t o the D i s t r i c t that extension separation c r o s s t h e B&O a l o n g nev/ r o u t e s , t r a c k s a t any p r o j e c t s required to avoid would under t h e c r i t e r i a should place, the grade c r o s s i n g a t grade of t h e Bureau of P u b l i c Roads c o n f o r no b e n e f i t upon tho B&O, and of s u c h p r o j e c t s s h o u l d be p l a c e d no p o r t i o n of the cost upon or borne by the B&O. f So f a r a s t h e B&O s i n t e r e s t s i n t h i s m a t t e r c o n c e r n e d , we r e s p e c t f u l l y suggest that thero i s more i n v o l v e d t h a n t h e more impairment or d e s t r u c t i o n of values. Tho f r e i g h t r e v e n u e s r e c e i v e d by t h e B&O from t h e i n d u s t r i e s and are property Railroad commercial f i r m s l o c a t e d on i t s l i n e , or s e r v e d by i t i n tho D i s t r i c t of Columbia, account i n l a r g e measure f o r t h e f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t of t h e B&O, and make p o s s i b l e i n g r e a t p a r t the maintenance of s e r v i c e i n t h o s e a r e a s and outside i n adjacent of t h e D i s t r i c t p a r t s of m e t r o p o l i t a n of Columbia p r o p e r , a s w e l l . t h e s u p p o r t p r o v i d e d by t h e s e n o t b a b l y Georgetown, D. Washington C, i n d u s t r i a l areas, the Baltimore and including Ohio R a i l r o a d would be u n a b l e t o c o n t i n u e t o s u p p l y i t s p r e s e n t and d e p e n d a b l e s e r v i c e t o v a r i o u s government Without daily installations, i n c l u d i n g t h e West C e n t r a l B o a t i n g P l a n t a t Georgetown, D.C. �507 4ht I n t h e many s t u d i e s of employment conditions i n the metropolitan and economic a r e a of Washington, a t t e n t i o n h a s r e p e a t e d l y been g i v e n t o t h e r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l amount of i n d u s t r y w h i c h c a n be depended upon t o p r o v i d e employ- ment f o r t h e c i t i z e n s of t h e a r e a and t o g e n e r a t e t a x r e v e n u e s f o r the support of t h e D i s t r i c t . So p r e c i o u s a r e t h e e x i s t i n g i n d u s t r i a l a r e a s i n t h i s r e s p e c t t h a t o v e r y c o n c e i v a b l e amount of deference s h o u l d bo g i v o n t o u p h o l d i n g and s u s t a i n i n g t h e i r d e d i c a t i o n t o such a c t i v i t y . continued F o r example, i n r e c e n t y o a r s , t h e B a l t i m o r e and Ohio R a i l r o a d i t s e l f h a s p a i d r e a l e s t a t e t a x e s i n e x c e s s of $125,000 a y e a r on i t s f a c i l i t i e s w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and h a s p r o v i d e d employment f o r more t h a n 250 p e o p l e . The abandonment of t h e Georgetown b r a n c h , w h i c h would have t o be c o n s i d e r e d by t h o B&O i f t h e proposed e x t e n s i o n of Route 240 were c a r r i e d out i n a manner w h i c h would d e s t r o y or i m p a i r t h e i n d u s t r i a l c e n t e r a t Georgetown, D. C., would i n i t s e l f c o n s t i t u t e a major blow t o tho economic r e s o u r c e s of t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia. r e l a t i v e e f f e c t s upon t h e i n d u s t r i a l and b u s i n e s s The c o r organiza- t i o n s s e r v e d by t h e Georgetown b r a n c h l i n e of t h e 3&0 would a l s o r e p r e s e n t a s e r i o u s l o s s t o t h e economic r e s o u r c e s of the District. It i s not i n a p p r o p r i a t e i n a h e a r i n g devoted t o �508 t h e l o c a t i o n of highways f o r p u r p o s e s w h i c h i n c l u d e t h e a l l e v i a t i o n of t r a f f i c c o n d i t i o n s w i t h i n t h o D i s t r i c t t o r e m i n d t h o s e c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e d e c i s i o n t h a t t h e abandonment by t h e B&O of i t s Georgetown b r a n c h l i n e would place an a d d i t i o n a l and hoavy burden of t r u c k t r a f f i c upon t h e r o a d s of t h e D i s t r i c t t o h a n d l e s u c h f r e i g h t t r a f f i c a s would s t i l l be r e q u i r e d i n and out of t h o s e i n d u s t r i e s w h i c h r e m a i n e d , a t l e a s t f o r a time, i n o p e r a t i o n i n t h o a r e a s e r v e d by t h e b r a n c h . We a r e c o n f i d e n t t h a t t h e Commissioners of t h e District of Columbia would n o t i n t e n t i o n a l l y f i n a l i z e plan f o r Route 240 i n a manner w h i c h would damage an i m p o r t a n t i n d u s t r i a l and b u s i n e s s r e s o u r c e s u c h a s t h e B&O or t h e f i r m s w h i c h i t s e r v e s a l o n g i t s Georgetown b r a n c h and i n Georgetown, D, C. The purpose of t h i s memorandum i s t o r e m i n d t h e Commissioners w e l l i n advance of t h e i r of t h e v e r y s e r i o u s i n j u r y v/hich c o u l d r e s u l t decision i f their d e c i s i o n were t o be made w i t h o u t a f u l l a w a r e n e s s of t h e v u l n e r a b i l i t y of t h e B&O and i t s i n d u s t r i a l c u s t o m e r s i n Georgetown, D. C. i n t h i s r e g a r d . �509 D8-1 COMMISSIONER MC LAUGKLIN: Mr. O l s o n , o f N a t i o n a l Capital Parks Association. STATEMENT OF SIGURD F . OLSON, PRESIDENT, NATIONAL xxxxxxxxxx PARKS ASSOCIATION, WASHINGTON, D.C. MR. OLSON: I want t o r e a d t h i s s t a t e m e n t , w h i c h i s r a t h e r b r i e f , and I may f o l l o w with a personal remark l a t e r on. Mr. Chairman, and Members o f t h e B o a r d : The N a t i o n a l P a r k s A s s o c i a t i o n i s p r i m a r i l y concerned with the p r o t e c t i o n o f a r e a s which have been r e s e r v e d and d e d i c a t e d f o r the r e c r e a t i o n and s p i r i t u a l w e l f a r e o f o u r p e o p l e . We a r e opposed t o any p l a n o f highway c o n s t r u c t i o n w h i c h might j e o p a r d i z e i n any way t h e p r i c e l e s s n a t i o n a l h e r i t a g e these parks represent. T h r e e o f Washington's most v a l u a b l e and b e a u t i f u l p a r k p r o p e r t i e s a r e i n v o l v e d i n t h e highway being considered, proposals p r o p e r t i e s which g i v e t o t h i s c i t y a u n i q u e and e n v i a b l e p o s i t i o n i n t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n of t h i s country. The i s s u e s a r e o f f a r g r e a t e r cance than the r e - r o u t i n g o f t r a f f i c . areas signifi- They have t o do w i t h s o c i a l and h u m a n i t a r i a n v a l u e s , b e a u t y and g r a c i o u s n e s s , l i v i n g room and s p a c e . Any s o l u t i o n which f a i l s t o t a k e these i n t o account w i l l break f a i t h not only with those who gave t h e s e a r e a s t o t h e n a t i o n , b u t a l s o w i t h future g e n e r a t i o n s whose need may be much g r e a t e r t h a n ours. �510 DB-2 The t h r e a t o f a superhighway r u n n i n g t h e l e n g t h Rock C r e e k P a r k h a s been c o n s i d e r e d and so adverse to l o c a l i n t e r e s t t h a t l e g i s l a t i o n was of national introduced into Congress to p r o h i b i t i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n . The Cheaspeake and ordinary Ohio Canal possesses extra- o p p o r t u n i t y f o r t h e development o f a r e c r e a t i o n a l a r e a b e c a u s e o f i t s b e a u t y and i t s proximity i t was an h i s t o r i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e and to the g r e a t p o p u l a t i o n s of the e a s t . When i n danger o f b e i n g i n v a d e d by a highway, I was one o f t h e group v;ho w i t h J u s t i c e W i l l i a m 0. D o u g l a s made the famous h i k e what was from Cumberland t o Washington t o d e m o n s t r a t e at stake. e n t i r e i s s u e i n one At t h a t t i m e t h e J u s t i c e summed up b r i e f statement. "We the set aside s a n c t u a r i e s f o r w i l d l i f e , " he s a i d , " i s n ' t i t about t i m e we s e t a s i d e a few The p e o p l e responded m a g n i f i c e n t l y p r o p o s a l was designate National s a n c t u a r i e s f o r men?" dropped and now and C o n g r e s s h a s been a s k e d to a s u b s t a n t i a l p a r t of the c a n a l property as a H i s t o r i c Park. However, t h e r e i s s t i l l t h a t some o f t h e p l a n s b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d danger a t t h i s t i m e might v i o l a t e i r r e p a r a b l y t h e bwer p a r t o f t h i s The t h e highway t h i r d r e s e r v a t i o n endangered i s area. Glover-Arcfabold P a r k w h i c h l i e s i n t h e b e a u t i f u l w a t e r s h e d o f Foundry Creek. I t i s a wonderful experience Washington and t o l e a v e downtown w i t h i n j u s t a few m i n u t e s s e n s e t h e quiet �511 DB-S of this s t i l l n a t u r a l wooded v a l l e y . G i v e n t o t h e n a t i o n by p r i v a t e d o n o r s a s a p l a c e where p e o p l e might r e c a p t u r e some o f t h e o l d s e r e n i t y a l e s s populous c i t y knew, i t i s now t h r e a t e n e d by a highway w h i c h would r u n i t s e n t i r e length i n d i r e c t v i o l a t i o n o f t h e p u r p o s e f o r w h i c h i t was s e t aside. We t a k e o u r s t a n d i n t h e b e l i e f t h a t any p r o p o s a l t o u t i l i s e t h e s e t h r e e p a r k s o r any o t h e r s i n o r a d j a c e n t to the metropolitan area l a c k s f u l l understanding r e a l issues involved. of the The Comprehensive P l a n f o r t h e C a p i t a l and i t s E n v i r o n s , p u b l i s h e d i n 1950 by t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k s and P l a n n i n g Commission, states that the D i s t r i c t of Columbia must n o t o n l y a l l e v i a t e i t s t r a f f i c congestion but must a l s o p r o v i d e more open s p a c e s w i t h e q u a l u r g e n c y . The p r e s e n t p r o p o s a l s a p p a r e n t l y i g n o r e t h e l a t t e r s u g g e s t i o n e n t i r e l y though i t i s i m p o s s i b l e t o s e p a r a t e one need from t h e o t h e r i n a c i t y t h a t h a s i n c r e a s e d i t s p o p u l a t i o n almost h a l f a m i l l i o n during the l a s t t e n y e a r s . Many i d e a s have been advanced f o r b r i n g i n g Route 240 i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t . E a c h p l a n h a s i t s own a d v o c a t e s and opponents. Some a r e b a s e d on e i n g i n e e r i n g s t u d i e s , s o l e l y on t h e d e s i r a b i l i t y o f b y p a s s i n g c e r t a i n areas. others residential The r e s u l t i s a s e n s e o f u r g e n c y and c o n f u s i o n i n w h i c h t h e r e i s danger o f unwise and p r e c i p i t a t e a c t i o n t h a t would i g n o r e t h e m a j o r i s s u e s . �512 DB-4 We and at do n o t f e e l q u a l i f i e d t o p o i n t t o any o f t h e s e p l a n s s a y " T h i s i s t h e o n l y r i g h t one." t h i s t i m e t h e soundness b e h i n d b e f o r e any final R a t h e r we them a l l and d e c i s i o n i s reached, question feel that a e s t h e t i c and s o c i o - l o g i c a l v a l u e s must be a s s e r i o u s l y c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e p h y s i c a l p r o b l e m s posed by compounded t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . Any p l a n p r e d i c a t e d on the p r e m i s e i s to b r i n g t r a f f i c than keeping t h a t the major o b j e c t i v e i n t o the h e a r t of the D i s t r i c t rather out a s much o f i t a s p o s s i b l e i s unsound. I f t h r o u g h t r a f f i c c a n be d i v e r t e d around t h e c i t y by cir- c u m f e r e n t i a l highways and c o n t r o l l e d a c c e s s p o i n t s w i t h t h e improvement o f e x i s t i n g c h a n n e l s , t h e problem would eased m a t e r i a l l y . I f t h e w e s t e r n e x t e n s i o n o f Highway c o u l d t h e n be c o o r d i n a t e d w i t h a p l a n w h i c h would v e h i c l e s from the c i t y be 240 take r a t h e r t h a n f o r c i n g them i n t o i t , we might be on t h e road t o a s o l u t i o n . The N a t i o n a l P a r k s A s s o c i a t i o n w i l l , however, oppose any p l a n w h i c h does not i n c l u d e complete p r o t e c t i o n o f a l l p a r k s and n a t u r a l a r e a s i n v o l v e d . c h o i c e s now new I t w i l l a l s o oppose t h e being considered i n the f i r m b e l i e f t h a t a study i s warranted based on a v i s i o n o f t h e f u t u r e r a t h e r t h a n on t h e immediate n e e d s o f today and t h a t s u c h a s t u d y c a n produce a p l a n w h i c h w i l l not o n l y g i v e Washington the r e l i e f from t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n i t so d e s p e r a t e l y needs, but an a s s u r a n c e a s w e l l t h a t i t w i l l c o n t i n u e a s one �513 DB-5 o f t h e most b e a u t i f u l and l i v e a b l e c i t i e s The i n the world. h i s t o r i c s t a t e m e n t o f J . Horace M c F a r l a n d a t t h e G o v e r n o r ' s C o n f e r e n c e c a l l e d by P r e s i d e n t Theodore R o o s e v e l t i n 1908 seems p a r t i c u l a r l y a p p l i c a b l e now. "The true glory o f the United S t a t e s , " he s a i d , r e s t and h a s r e s t e d upon a d e e p e r f o u n d a t i o n her purely m a t e r i a l resources. "must than t h a t o f I t i s the love o f country t h a t l i g h t s and k e e p s g l o w i n g t h e h o l y f i r e o f p a t r i o t i s m , a l i g h t e x c i t e d p r i m a r i l y by t h e b e a u t y o f t h e c o u n t r y . " In t h i s controversy t h e r e f o r e l e t u s not be f o r c e d i n t o h a s t y d e c i s i o n s w h i c h may be r e g r e t t e d i n t h e y e a r s t o come. L e t u s h o l d t o t h e c o n v i c t i o n t h a t any r e s o u r c e s o f b e a u t y we s t i l l p o s s e s s a r e beyond p r i c e and t h a t a n y t h i n g we c a n do t o p r e s e r v e them i s an i n v e s t m e n t love o f country i n our and t h e r e f o r e o u r s t r e n g t h . T h a t i s my o f f i c i a l s t a t e m e n t . word and I w i l l be b r i e f . now f o r two d a y s and I j u s t want t o add a I have l i s t e n e d t o t h e t e s t i m o n y I have l e a r n e d a g r e a t d e a l . Being an e c o l o g i s t , w h i c h i s my p r o f e s s i o n , w h i c h i s a s t u d y o f the r e l a t i o n s h i p o f animals h e l p b u t be i m p r e s s e d t o t h e i r environments, I can't w i t h t h e s i m i l a r i t y between t h e p r o b l e m s c o n f r o n t i n g we human b e i n g s h e r e i n Washington today and t h e problems c o n f r o n t i n g a n i m a l communities. A n i m a l s , when t h e y a r e c o n f r o n t e d over-production, by s e v e r e competition, and l a c k o f l i v i n g room, i n v a r i a b l y become �514 affected physiologically. lemming, f o r example, who We are f a m i l i a r with the migrates to the sea i n great h o r d e s and swims o u t i n t o t h e s e a and d i e s . We a r e f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e r a b b i t and b e a v e r and o t h e r a n i m a l s t h a t have undergone t h e same s o r t o f t h i n g . As I l i s t e n e d t o t h i s t e s t i m o n y today Z c o u l d not h e l p , as a biologist, i n drawing c e r t a i n p a r a l l e l s . We human b e i n g s f o r t u n a t e l y don't have t o do what t h e lemming does; we don't have t o head i n t o t h e Potomac o r t h e o c e a n . We f l a t t e r o u r s e l v e s i n t h i n k i n g we have b r a i n s and c a n f i g u r e o u t t h e s e s o l u t i o n s and maybe we have. At l e a s t the challenge i s here before us. As I l o o k a t tiie s i t u a t i o n o f the c i t y o f today, t h e c i t y t h a t h a s grown a c c o r d i n g t o t h e f i g u r e s some h a l f a m i l l i o n i n t h e l a s t decade, and i s s t i l l growing and w i l l c o n t i n u e t o grow f o r d e c a d e s t o come, a s 2 r e a l i z e the c o m p e t i t i o n t h a t has developed i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , l i v i n g room, and t h e u s e o f open s p a c e s , when I r e a l i z e what i s happening t o u s a s a p e o p l e h e r e i n a f a v o r e d environment, I wonder i f t h e same s i t u a t i o n i s not c o n f r o n t - ing us as i s confronting the other c r e a t u r e s b i o l o g i c a l l y b e c a u s e i n t h e l a s t a n a l y s i s we c a n not e s c a p e t h e b i o l o g i c a l p r i n c i p l e s w h i c h g o v e r n mankind and a l l l i v i n g things. I f we a r e t o e s c a p e t h e r e s u l t s o f p u r e p r e s s u r e �515 DB-7 e c o l o g i c a l l y on n s , i t seems t o me v;e s h o u l d embark on a b o l d e r more v i s i o n a r y p l a n t h a n a n y t h i n g t h a t h a s been mentioned h e r e today, a p l a n t h a t w i l l not be j u s t ary expedient, traffic a tempor- w h i c h w i l l not pyramid the c o n f u s i o n i n the c i t y , but w h i c h may solve, as i t solved i n o t h e r c i t i e s some o f t h e o t h e r problems c o n f r o n t i n g today and what I am of us t h i n k i n g of i s p o s s i b l y i n l i e u of a l l o f t h e s e p r o p o s a l s a subway s y s t e m v/hich w i l l b r i n g i n t o t h e c a p i t a l t h e p e o p l e who have t o come i n which w i l l do away w i t h t h e compounding o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n on the s u r f a c e , w h i c h i n t h e same b r e a t h w i l l g i v e u s p r o t e c t i o n i n an atomic age. Someone s a i d not l o n g ago — just the o t h e r day — i f a bomb v/as dropped on Memorial B r i d g e today we d e s t r o y t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f a l l t h e b r a i n s and i n t h i s a r e a , and i t i s probably Why p o r t a t i o n system; lots, would ability we ai'e g o i n g s h o u l d n ' t we b u i l d an underground why have true. Other c i t i e s i n other p a r t s of the world underground. that trans- s h o u l d n ' t we b u i l d underground p a r k i n g underground p r o t e c t i o n d e v i c e s f o r our p e o p l e t h a t l o o k ahead t o t h i s age and l o o k ahead t o t h e time when s u r f a c e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n may be obsolete. I b e l i e v e we c a n meet t h a t c h a l l e n g e ; a new s t u d y i s n e c e s s a r y ; a new transportation. I believe s t u d y i s underway now on mass 1 hope a s a r e s u l t o f t h a t s t u d y , a l l o f �516 DB-8 t h e s e temporary s o l u t i o n s w i l l be p u t a s i d e and we w i l l embark on a r e a l e f f o r t t o s o l v e t h e problems c o n f r o n t i n g us. Thank you v e r y much. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Mr. A r t h u r C l a r e d o n D.C. Thank y o u . Smith, J r . , r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e Trucking Association. You ought t o be p o p u l a r h e r e today, Mr. Smith. STATEMENT OF MR. ARTHUR CLARENDON SMITH, J R . , PRESIDENT, xxxxxxxxxxxx D.C. TRUCKING ASSOCIATION MR. SMITH: Commissioners: And Mr. P r e s i d e n t , Members o f t h e B o a r d o f I have a v e r y s h o r t s t a t e m e n t about t h e p o p u l a r i t y s i t u a t i o n , they a l l c a l l i t a t r u c k highway; t o read. I might s a y t h a t I would l i k e t o remind t h e w i t n e s s e s and a l l t h a t t h i s i s n o t a t r u c k highway; i s an I n t e r s t a t e highway, I b e l i e x ^ e . s o u t h highway c o n n e c t i n g this I t i s a n o r t h and points i n the north with points i n t h e s o u t h and they h a v e t o come through Washington, w h i c h we a r e a l l v e r y happy about. T h a t i s , i f i t e v e r comes through. T h i s i s very b r i e f . A t o u r November 1957 Board Meeting, our o r g a n i z a t i o n a s k e d me t o appear i n t h e i r b e h a l f and f a v o r t h e Potomac R i v e r and C a n a l Route e n t r a n c e o f Route 240 t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. �517 We f a v o r t h i s r o u t e a s we u n d e r s t a n d t h i s i s the l e a s t c o s t l y and would have l e a s t d i s r u p t i v e impact on p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. We b e l i e v e t h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a r e n a t u r a l and t h e most i m p o r t a n t and would p r e c l u d e t h e s e l e c t i o n o f any r o u t e . Our o n l y hope i s t h a t your d e c i s i o n be r e a c h e d i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e and c o n t r a c t s be l e t f o r t h i s r o u t e a s soon a s possible. The highway u s e r s have a l r e a d y p a i d f o r t h o s e highways from t h e i r i n c r e a s e d f u e l and e x c u s e t a x e s and p r e v i o u s t a x e s c o l l e c t e d f o r highway improvements n e v e r s p e n t f o r highway p u r p o s e s b u t on o t h e r o p e r a t i n g g e n e r a l expenses. I would l i k e t o add now a few n o t e s I made. Over as i t i s 80 p e r c e n t o f t h e t r a f f i c , I am s u r e , w i l l be/on a l l h i g h - ways, o v e r SO p e r c e n t p a s s e n g e r c a r t r a f f i c . Trucks u s e t h e r o u t e s y s t e m a s b e s t s u i t s t h e i r needs. t r u c k s come i n t o t h e c i t y — i f possible — economical will I f the t h e y would p r e f e r t o s t a y o u t t h e y w i l l u s e t h e r o u t e w h i c h i s t h e most t o them, w h i c h i s u s u a l l y t h e one t h a t will s a v e time, b e c a u s e o v e r 50 p e r c e n t o f o u r c o s t i s t i m e , or labor. I f t r u c k s a r e g o i n g through Washington, o r down i n t o t h e V i r g i n i a a r e a , t h e y would l i k e t o b y p a s s i t ; t h e y hope t h i s w i l l e v e n t u a l l y happen, t h a t 240 w i l l b y p a s s and c o n n e c t w i t h a n o t h e r highway o v e r i n V i r g i n i a . But i f they �518 DB-10 a r e coining t o make d i s c h a r g e s o f goods i n t h e a r e a , p i c k - u p o r d e l i v e r , t h e y w i l l go t o w h e r e v e r t h e i r of discharge i s by t h e l e a s t c o s t l y method. any highway t h a t w i l l g e t them t h e r e to point It will be cheapest. That i s a l l I have. COMMISSIONER MC Mr. LAUGHLIN: Thank you, Mr. Smith. Mack, P r e s i d e n t t h e North C l e v e l a n d P a r k C i t i z e n s * Association. I s Mr. Mack p r e s e n t ? (No response.) MR. THORNETT: f i l e i n the I have a l e t t e r from them t h a t we can record. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Mr. Coerper, P r e s i d e n t of the Friendship Heights C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n . STATEMENT OF MILO G. COERPER, PRESIDENT, FRIENDSHIP xxxxxxxxx HEIGHTS C I T I Z E N S ASSOCIATION MR. COERPER: here to represent iation. Mr. P r e s i d e n t , Commissioners: I am the F r i e n d s h i p Heights C i t i z e n s Assoc- Friendship Heights i s a s p e c i a l taxing area i n Maryland c o n t a i n i n g about 104 homes. I t i s one of the o l d e s t Maryland communities i n t h e Washington a r e a . r u n by It is an E x e c u t i v e Committee w h i c h i s an e l e c t e d body h a s t h e u n i q u e s t a t u s o f b e i n g one o f t h e few and incorpor- a t e d t a x i n g a r e a s i n t h e Montgomery County. I would l i k e t o c o n t i n u e my remarks with the use of �519 D3-11 t h e map i f I might. I might p r e f a c e any f u r t h e r r e m a r k s by s t a t i n g your d e c i s i o n i n t h e D i s t r i c t i s of very v i t a l o u r community i n Maryland b e c a u s e that i n t e r e s t to i f you d e c i d e on t h e W i s c o n s i n Avenue c o r r i d o r , o u r community w i l l be d e s t r o y e d . F r i e n d s h i p H e i g h t s i s t h i s l i t t l e community r i g h t i n h e r e ( i n d i c a t i n g on map) t o t h e n o r t h and west o f t h e Woodward and L o t h r o p s t o r e , and i t b o r d e r s on Sommerset, which i s a newer community, j u s t to the north o f Friendship Heights. As you s e e , t h e W i s c o n s i n Avenue p r o p o s a l i n Maryland i s t o come down t h e e a s t e r n s i d e o f W i s c o n s i n , and t h e n c r o s s o v e r through o u r community. for Maryland, T h i s i s t h e one p r o p o s a l i f you c h o o s e t h e W i s c o n s i n c o r r i d o r , and t h e o t h e r p r o p o s a l i n Maryland, i f you choose t h e V i s c o n s i n c o r r i d o r i s down R i v e r Road and come i n a c r o s s our community e a s t and w e s t . B o t h o f t h e s e Maryland p r o p o s a l s w i l l d e s t r o y u s . I f t h e y u s e t h e R i v e r Road r o u t e , t h e y w i l l have t o condemn some 30 o r 40 homes o u t o f 104 p r e s e n t l y i n t h e community. I f t h e y u s e t h e W i s c o n s i n Avenue c o r r i d o r and whip a c r o s s W i s c o n s i n through 20 homes. o u r community, t h e y w i l l d e s t r o y 15 t o I am h e r e m e r e l y t o p o i n t o u t t h a t we would like t o keep our community. We don't have any g r e a t p l a n n i n g p r o p o s a l s n o r do we i �520 DB-12 know much about tho e n g i n e e r i n g o f highways and have t o l e a v e t h a t t o t h e p e o p l e who s u r e t h a t one we do know, but will I am o f t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s w i l l be t h e amount o f improved r e a l e s t a t e , p a r t i c u l a r l y r e s i d e n c e s , w h i c h would be d e s t r o y e d a s a r e s u l t o f any p a r t i c u l a r p l a n . I would l i k e t o submit f o r t h e r e c o r d a l e t t e r w h i c h v/e have w r i t t e n t o t h e S t a t e Roads Commission o f Maryland, Maryland N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k and P l a n n i n g o f Montgomery County and Commission a l s o t h e Montgomery County and I would l i k e t o r e a d c e r t a i n e x c e r p t s from t h a t and t h e n submit i t f o r t h e Council) letter record. "At a j o i n t m e e t i n g o f t h e F r i e n d s h i p H e i g h t s C i t i z e n Committee and t h e E x e c u t i v e Committee o f the Heights C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n t h i s date, Friendship the v a r i o u s p r o p o s - a l s f o r r o u t i n g t h e highway w h i c h have come t o our t i o n were d i s c u s s e d . was D u r i n g the meeting, atten- consideration a l s o g i v e n t o the f a c t t h a t , a t a meeting of the s h i p Heights C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n h e l d f o r the e l e c t i o n o f o f f i c e r s on December 5, 1957, r e q u e s t was made o f t h e new Friend- annual a spontaneous P r e s i d e n t t h a t a v o t e be t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s e n t i m e n t o f t h e members p r e s e n t on taken the proposed r o u t i n g o f t h e highway t h r o u g h t h e community o f Friendship Heights. The v o t e was unanimous a g a i n s t t h e o f any p a r t o f the community a s p a r t o f t h e f o r t h e highway. T h i s r e s u l t was reported use right-of-way i n t h e Washington �521 DB-13 Post and E v e n i n g •'"tar on Demcember 6, "We b e s e e c h you to consider 1957. the g r a v i t y of a d e c i s i o n destx'oy an e n t i r e community whore s u c h a d e c i s i o n does not r e s u l t from c o m p e l l i n g and I overriding considerations." c a n do no more t h a n emphasize t h a t f a c t t o you hope i t w i l l be taken i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n with a l l the f a c t o r s you must I know we are a l l concerned with the p u b l i c have t o c o n s i d e r involved, and other consider. i n d e t e r m i n i n g where t h i s highway s h o u l d go, you and but interest I think some o f t h e p r i v a t e i n t e r e s t s t h a t are t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f an e n t i r e community f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f a r o a d v/hich d o e s n ' t a b s o l u t e l y have t o t h r o u g h t h a t community would seem t o me go t o be a r a t h e r reckless decision. Thank you, s i r . COMMISSIONER MC v e r y p r o p e r o f you LAUGHLIN: t o make t h e s e Thank you. I think i t i s statements. We would be s u s p i c i o u s o f a community t h a t wanted u s t o come through and t e a r them (The up. l e t t e r mentioned by Mr. Coerper i s as Montgomery County C o u n c i l Rockville, Dear follows: December 7,1957 Md. 3irs: It i s our u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t t h e r e i s t o be m e e t i n g o f t h e Montgomery County C o u n c i l , a joint the M a r y l a n d - to �522 DB-14 N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k and P l a n n i n g Commission, and t h e S t a t e Roads Commission on Monday, December 9, 1957 t o d i s c u s s t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e proposed U.S. 240 Highway. The community o f F r i e n d s h i p H e i g h t s , a special taxing a r e a c o n t a i n i n g 103 homos i s u n d e r s t a n d a b l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h two p o s s i b l e p r o p o s a l s P a r k and P l a n n i n g o f tho Maryland-National C a p i t a l Commission w h i c h would r o u t e through F r i e n d s h i p t h e highway Heights. At a j o i n t m e e t i n g o f t h e F r i e n d s h i p H e i g h t s C i t i z e n Committee and t h e E x e c u t i v e Committee o f t h e F r i e n d s h i p Heights Citizens.* A s s o c i a t i o n , t h i s date, proposals the various f o r r o u t i n g t h e highway w h i c h have come t o o u r a t t e n t i o n were d i s c u s s e d . a t i o n was a l s o g i v e n D u r i n g t h e meeting, consider- t o the f a c t t h a t , a t a meeting o f the F r i e n d s h i p Heights C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n held f o r the annual e l e c t i o n o f o f f i c e r s on December 5, 1957, a s p o n t a n e o u s r e q u e s t was made o f t h e new P r e s i d e n t t h a t a v o t e be t a k e n t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s e n t i m e n t o f t h e members p r e s e n t on t h e proposed r o u t i n g o f t h e highway t h r o u g h t h e community o f F r i e n d s h i p Heights. The v o t e was unanimous a g a i n s t t h e u s e o f any p a r t o f t h e community a s p a r t o f t h e r i g h t - o f - w a y f o r t h e highway. T h i s r e s u l t was r e p o r t e d i n t h e Washington P o s t and E v e n i n g S t a r on December 6,1957. At t h e j o i n t m e e t i n g o f t h i s d a t e , i t was u n a n i m o u s l y v o t e d t h a t an e x p r e s s i o n o f o u r s e n t i m e n t a g a i n s t t h e �523 DB-15 r o u t i n g o f t h e highway through o u r community be t o you. Our forwarded v i e w s encompass two b a s i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s : ( 1 ) t h e immediate p h y s i c a l e f f e c t on o u r community and (2) the o v e r a l l b e n e f i t to the county. The two p o s s i b l e r o u t i n g s through o u r community p r o - posed by t h e P a r k and P l a n n i n g Commission would e f f e c t i v e l y d e s t r o y u s a s a community. The p r o p o s a l r u n n i n g from West t o E a s t would r e q u i r e the condemnation o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y o r 40 r e s i d e n c e s and would i n e f f e c t d e m o l i s h t h e w e s t e r n p o r t i o n o f t h e community. 30 entire The p r o p o s a l r u n n i n g n o r t h t o s o u t h would c u t t h e community i n h a l f and from also r e s u l t i n t h e condemnation o f a s u b s t a n t i a l number o f residences. Moreover, n e i t h e r o f t h e s e p r o p o s a l s c o u l d be economically t i e d i n w i t h e i t h e r r o u t e C o r D (two p o s s i b l e r o u t e s s e t f o r t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia P l a n o f J u n e 1057 prepared o f Columbia. by C l a r k e s o n E n g i n e e r i n g Co.) Accordingly, we f o r the District f e e l t h a t i t would be nothing s h o r t o f r e c k l e s s t o d e s t r o y our community u n l e s s t h e r e a r e o v e r r i d i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f w h i c h we have not a s y e t been a p p r i s e d . The p r o p o s a l s f o r r o u t e s C and D f o r t h e D i s t r i c t Columbia w h i c h a r e converged a t Western Avenue, t h e Maryland l i n e , c r o s s t h e l i n e e a s t o f W i s c o n s i n of D.C.- Avenue. The most e c o n o m i c a l and e f f e c t i v e c o n t i n u a t i o n o f t h i s l i n e i n t o Maryland would be up t h e e a s t e r n s i d e o f W i s c o n s i n Avenue �524 BB-16 and p a r a l l e l w i t h i t through l a n d which i s p r e s e n t l y v a c a n t o r p a r k i n g a r e a and t h r o u g h a few p i e c e s o f improved t o t h e Chevy C h a s e C l u b a r e a where one Commission p r o p o s a l s c o u l d c o n n e c t o f t h e P a r k and with i t . Planning I t seems com- p l e t e l y u n e c o n o m i c a l and e v e n r e c k l e s s t o c o m p l e t e l y r e g a r d s u c h a n a t u r a l r o u t e and t o c r i s s - c r o s s dis- Wisconsin Avenue d e v a s t a t i n g an e n t i r e community t o a c c o m p l i s h same r e s u l t . property the The c r i s s - c r o s s r o u t i n g coming n o r t h from the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia would r e q u i r e t h r e e s e p a r a t e grade s e p a r a t i o n s a t W i s c o n s i n Avenue i n D . C , at Wiliard Avenue i n Maryland, and a g a i n a t W i s c o n s i n Avenue i n Maryland, respectively. R o u t e s A and A-2 o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia P l a n r e f e r r e d t o above would appear t o r e s u l t i n t h e most e c o n omical t i e - i n f o r the county i n t h a t such r o u t e s could f o l l o w t h e B and 0 r a i l w a y c o r r i d o r a l o n g unimproved l a n d and thus avoid the Wisconsin a g r e a t d e a l more improved We beseech you Avenue c o r r i d o r w h i c h c o n t a i n s land. to c o n s i d e r the g r a v i t y of a d e c i s i o n t o d e s t r o y an e n t i r e community where s u c h a d e c i s i o n does not r e s u l t from c o m p e l l i n g and o v e r r i d i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . Very sincerely, Mark Shoemaker Chairman,Friendship ^eights Citizens Committee M i l o G. Coerpor President,Friendship Heights C i t i z e n s Assoc. �525 DB-16 COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Merrimack P a r k C i t i z e n s Association? MR. THORNETT: I have a l e t t e r t o f i l e COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: tal f o r them. Mrs. P o w e l l , N a t i o n a l C a p i - Garden C l u b League. STATEMENT OF MRS. BENJAMIN A. POWELL ON BEHALF OF THE NATIONAL CAPITAL GARDEN CLUB LEAGUE MRS. POWELL: Mr. Chairman, C o m m i s s i o n e r s o f t h e D i s - t r i c t o f Columbia: What I have t o s a y h a s been s a i d b e f o r e and w i l l be s a i d a g a i n . I beg y o u r i n d u l g e n c e b e c a u s e I speak f o r s e v e r a l thousand p e o p l e who w i l l be a f f e c t e d by your d e c i s i o n . My name i s Mrs. B e n j a m i n A. P o w e l l . I r e s i d e a t 5805 H i g h l a n d D r i v e , Chevy Chase, Maryland, an a d d r e s s which w i l l no l o n g e r e x i s t i f t h e a l t e r n a t e C goes t h r o u g h i n Maryland. I However, t h a t i s a p e r s o n a l m a t t e r . am c o n s e r v a t i o n c h a i r m a n o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Garden C l u b League, w h i c h i s a f e d e r a t i o n o f g a r d e n o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n Washington, D.C. and i t s s u r r o u n d i n g suburban areas. It i s my p r i v i l e g e t o speak f o r o u r membership o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 6,000 men and women who a r e unanimously on r e c o r d a s opposed t o any i n v a s i o n o f o u r p a r k s by s o - c a l l e d superhighways o r s i x o r e i g h t - l a n e expressways. • �526 DB-17 We r e s p e c t u a l l y u r g e t h a t you, i n e v a l u a t i n g t h e v a r i o u s p r o p o s a l s f o r a D i s t r i c t o f Columbia r o u t e f o r highway 240, w i l l p r o t e c t and p r e s e r v e what n a t u r a l a r e a s we s t i l l have. We s u b m i t t h a t t h i s i s i n t h e p u b l i c i n t e r s t , and i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h sound p l a n n i n g . R e c r e a s t i o n must be r e c o g n i z e d a s a n i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n o v e r a l l planning. Present recreational f a c i l i t i e s are not adequate t o o u r c o n c e n t r a t e d p o p u l a t i o n . Protected n a t u r a l p l a c e s where t h e r e i s some r e s p i t e from t e n s i o n and frenzy a r e w o e f u l l y l a c k i n g i n our t r a f f i c - c o n s c i o u s urban development. Here i n t h e N a t i o n ' s c a p i t a l we have Rock C r e e k P a r k , G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d P a r k , t h e Chesapeake and Ohio C a n a l , and o t h e r u n i q u e p a r k s w h i c h add g r e a t l y t o t h e b e a u t y and i n t e r e s t and d i s t i n c t i o n o f o u r c i t y . Americans take g r e a t p r i d e i n Washington. The need f o r adequate h i g h w a y s i s r e a l and s e r i o u s . B u t i f we h e r e p e r m i t encroachment on t h e p a r k s which have been s e t a s i d e i n good f a i t h , we b e a r t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f s e t t i n g a p r e c e d e n t w h i c h may have f a r - r e a c h i n g and national implications. And once t h e s e n a t u r e r e g i o n s a r e despoiled, o r destroyed, they a r e i r r e t r i e v a b l e . I t i s o u r e a r n e s t p l e a t h a t i n making your most diffi- c u l t d e c i s i o n a s t o a p r o p e r r o u t e f o r 240, some r o u t e be found w h i c h does n o t preempt o u r p a r k l a n d s . will �527 DB-18 COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: do You h a v e n ' t any recommendations, you? MRS. POWELL: No, s i r , I wouldn't presume. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Mr. Thank you. Norwood? STATEMENT OF WILLIAM K. NORWOOD ON BEHALF OF THE CHEVY CHASE C I T I Z E N S ASSOCIATION. MR. NORWOOD: Mr. Chairman, and Membersof t h e Board o f C o m m i s s i o n e r s : My name i s W i l l i a m K. Norwood, and I r e p r e s e n t t h e Chevy Chase C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n . any I can't add new f a c t s o r a n g l e s t o t h e problem we a r e d i s c u s s i n g o t h e r t h a n t h o s e t h a t have a l r e a d y been d i s c u s s e d . None o f t h e p r o p o s a l s f o r e x t e n s i o n o f Highway 240 come t h r o u g h our p a r t i c u l a r a r e a . However, t h e y do come c l o s e enough t o i t t o g i v e u s some l i t t l e c o n c e r n and interest. However, we t r y t o l o o k a t t h i s problem o b j e c t i v e l y t o d e t e r m i n e a c c o r d i n g t o the b e s t o f our a b i l i t y what p r o p o s a l would seem t o be t h e b e s t f o r t h e community. am a u t h o r i z e d by o u r E x e c u t i v e Committee and by t h e iation I Assoc- t o favor the r i v e r o r c a n a l route, which i s i n d i c a t e d on t h e map a s Our A-2. r e a s o n s f o r t h i s a r e t h a t we f e e l t h a t s u c h a r o u t e w i l l be l e s s d i s r u p t i v e t o the property v a l u e s i n v o l v e d . I t w i l l be m a t e r i a l l y l e s s e x t e n s i v e t h a n any o f t h e other �528 proposed r o u t e s . The c a n a l o r r i v e r r o u t e would a l s o e l i m i n a t e t h e a d d i t i o n o f a heavy t r a f f i c f l o w t o a r o u t e w h i c h i s a l r e a d y overcrowded. And i t would not t h i s a d d i t i o n a l t r a f f i c through the b u s i e r p a r t s o f bring the city. A l s o , a s h a s been p o i n t e d out i n the p a s t , t h i s route would a v o i d some o f t h e s t e e p e r g r a d e s which would be engineering an problem. I f t h e W i s c o n s i n - C a r v e r r o u t e were used, v i a the G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d Parkway, you would t h e n be p r e e m p t i n g f o r through t r a f f i c a r o u t e w h i c h h a s been wholly f o r l o c a l I practically use. r e a l i z e there are o b j e c t i o n s to t h i s proposal t h e r e a r e t o any o t h e r . our s t u d y , balancing However, our r e v i e w o f t h e l e a d s our A s s o c i a t i o n t o the c o n c l u s i o n t h e human f a c t o r s i n v o l v e d and the Thank route interests. LAUGHLIN: Thank you. S t e l l h o r n , r e p r e s e n t i n g the Maryland-National C a p i t a l P a r k and Planning STATEMENT OF MR. Commission. ARTHUR K. STELLHORN ON MARYLAND-NATIONAL CAPITAL PARK AND MR. that you. COMMISSIONER MC Mr. situation, practical n e e d s o f our community, t h a t t h e r i v e r o r c a n a l would be b e s t i n t h e o v e r - a l l as STELLHORN: Thank you. Mr. BEHALF OF THE PLANNING COMMISSION Chairman, and Members �529 DB 20 o f t h e Board o f C o m m i s s i o n e r s : Stellhorn. My name i s A r t h u r K. I am P l a n n i n g E n g i n e e r w i t h t h e Maryland N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k and P l a n n i n g Commission. I do n o t come t o you a t t h i s l a t e s t a g e i n p r e s s i n g any p a r t i c u l a r route 7 b u t r a t h e r t o make a few comments t h a t I t h i n k a r e appropriate. F i r s t o f a l l , I would l i k e t o a d v i s e you, i n t h e e v e n t you have n o t a l r e a d y been a d v i s e d , t h a t t h e Maryland-National C a p i t a l P a r k and P l a n n i n g Commission, i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e Maryland S t a t e Roads Commission and t h e Montgomery County Council, w i l l hold a counterpart o f t h i s hearing January 29 a t 8 p.m. a t t h e L e l a n d J u n i o r High S c h o o l i n B e t h e s d a , w h i c h i s a t 4 4 t h and L e l a n d Streets. I f our h e a r i n g s a r e a s w e l l attended a s y o u r s have been, and I r a t h e r t h i n k t h e y w i l l be, I d a r e s a y t h a t t h e h e a r i n g s w i l l have t o be c o n t i n u e d f o r more t h a n one evening. I would l i k e t o j u s t o b s e r v e t h a t we a r e a P a r k and P l a n n i n g Commission and t h a t we do n o t h o l d t h e p a r k i n any l e s s e s t e e m t h a n we do o u r p l a n n i n g activity activity. Money-wise i t r e p r e s e n t s o f c o u r s e a much g r e a t e r p o r t i o n o f o u r budget and o u r a c t i v i t y . And parks. I might s a y we r e a l i z e t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e s e From time t o t i m e I t h i n k r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s a r e made t h a t would l e a d p e o p l e t o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e o n l y t y p e o f �530 If p a r k t h a t i s worth w h i l e h a v i n g i s t h e type o f p a r k which i s a w i l d e r n e s s where you c a n g e t away from i t a l l , and a l m o s t g e t away from any form o f We civilisation. have l e a r n e d a l i t t l e b i t about o p e r a t i n g a p a r k s y s t e m o u r s e l v e s , and we have l e a r n e d t h a t t h e r e a r e many ways o f e n j o y i n g p a r k s . To one p e r s o n a p a r k i s o n l y a p a r k when he h a s a t h l e t i c equipment and he i s e n a b l e d to r u n up a s c o r e a l i t t l e h i g h e r t h a n somebody e l s e ' s s c o r e or perhaps lower, i n the c a s e of g o l f . Other people t h i n k o f p a r k s a s ornamental l a n d s c a p e , p e r h a p s l i t t l e more t h a n a t r i a n g l e features of intersecting s t r e e t s t h a t i s b e a u t i f i e d i n summer and s p r i n g w i t h b u l b s and o t h e r p l a n t s . Others q u i t e l e g i t i m a t e l y enjoy such a c t i v i t i e s h o r s e b a c k r i d i n g and w i l d e r n e s s h i k e s and so I of would l i k e t o o b s e r v e t h a t on the map as on. a t the r i g h t t h e c e n t e r I c a l l your a t t e n t i o n t o t h e Washington C i r c u m f e r e n t i a l Highway,that month o r s i x weeks ago, i s the o u t e r r o u t e . " About a t h e west h a l f o f t h a t p o r t i o n which i s shown i n g r e e n was a c t u a l l y opened t o t r a f f i c . T h a t would be t h e p o r t i o n between W i s c o n s i n Avenue and C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue. Th e Commission h a s owned t h a t l a n d f o r many many y e a r s , o n l y a v e r y s m a l l p o r t i o n o f i t h a s been a c c e s s i b l e t o any t r a f f i c e x c e p t t h o s e who were t h e most h a r d y and who wished �t o h i k e through b r a m b l e s and w i l d e r n e s s and s o on. i n any s e n s e d e p r e c i a t i n g t h a t form o f a c t i v i t y , Without I think i t would be no e x a g g e r a t i o n t o s a y i n t h e more t h a n s i x weeks t h e r o a d h a s been open, t h e r e p r o b a b l y have been t e n t i m e s a s many p e o p l e who enjoy i t , in h a v e s e e n t h e p a r k , been a b l e t o t h a n i n t h e p r e c e d i n g 10 o r 15 y e a r s i t was existence. Many p e o p l e e n j o y t h e i r r e c r e a t i o n a l u s e o f p a r k s s i m p l y by d r i v i n g c a r s through people and l o o k i n g a t them. Many f i n d t h a t no o t h e r u s e o f p a r k s i s p o s s i b l e f o r them, e l d e r l y p e o p l e , p e o p l e who find i t d i f f i c u l t to get o u t and w a l k and h i k e . I would l i k e t o o b s e r v e t h a t o u r Commission f e e l t h a t t h i s problem c a n be w i s h e d away; we do doesn't not f e e l t h a t t h e problem c a n be s o l v e d by b u i l d i n g c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l r o u t e s around t h e c i t y . We Thatis often advocated. a d v o c a t e a c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l highway, and a s a m a t t e r of f a c t I am proud t o s a y t h a t t h e f i r s t p o r t i o n o f t h a t h a s been b u i l t i n Montgomery County and a s I s a i d i s open to t r a f f i c . traffic, I f t h a t were t h e l o g i c a l way i t seems t o me of handling a l l t h e t r u c k s would e v e r be a b l e t o do o r even most p a s s e n g e r c a r s , would be t o g e t somewhere n e a r t h e edge o f a c i t y and be r o u t e d t o some o t h e r p l a c e and when t h e y g o t t o t h a t o t h e r p l a c e , t h e y would routed to s t i l l be a n o t h e r p l a c e ; e x c e p t f o r t h e exchange o f �532 D3-23 farm produce, i t seems t o me t h a t would not be g e t t i n g t r a f f i c where i t wants t o Most p e o p l e do I really go. l i v e i n u r b a n a r e a s and i t i s necessary, t h i n k I c a n s a y w i t h complete b a c k i n g o f my Commission, t h a t we b e l i e v e t h a t a r o a d i n t o t h e c i t y i s n e c e s s a r y and i s i m p o r t a n t and by simply skirting Put do not f e e l t h e problem c a n be solved t r a f f i c around the edge. a n o t h e r way, v/e do not f e e l that a l l of 1 g a s o l i n e t a x money t h a t i s c o l l e c t e d t — the I . dare say most o f t h e g a s o l i n e i s burned up on c i t y s t r e e t s — be used t o b u i l d h i g h w a y s g o i n g from one We should s t a t e to another. f e e l that a portion of that, a f a i r proportion, shouio be u s e d t o put good r o a d s u n d e r t h e w h e e l s o f v e h i c l e s where t h e y want t o I go. have j u s t one other point t h a t i s perhaps p e c u l i a r t o Maryland, a s i n d i s t i n c t i o n w i t h t h e D i s t r i c t . i n s p e c t i o n o f y o u r maps and problem, I t h i n k you with; knowledge o f t h e have two From my District's t y p e s o f l a n d you are dealing t h e open l a n d i s p r e t t y much i n p u b l i c o w n e r s h i p a t the present time. up o r n e a r l y s o . d i f f e r e n t problem. Your o t h e r We, land i s probably already built on t h e o t h e r hand, have q u i t e a We have a g r e a t d e a l o f p r i v a t e l y owned l a n d w h i c h h a s not y e t been b u i l t up. These a r e our problem a r e a s . I t i s t h e hope and i n t e n t i o n o f our Commission t h a t when �533 a r o u t e c a n be s e l e c t e d , u s i n g , e n a b l i n g u s t o u s e l e g i s l a t i o n w h i c h was g r a n t e d t o o u r Commission by t h e S t a t e o f Maryland, t h a t we w i l l p l a c e t h e r o u t e o r r o u t e s , i f more t h a n one i s s e l e c t e d , on o u r o f f i c i a l m a s t e r p l a n o f h i g h ways, t h e r e b y g i v i n g t h e l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s l e g a l r i g h t t o deny b u i l d i n g p e r m i t s ings i n this f o r the erection of additional b u i l d - area. T h i s i s one o f t h e problems w i t h which we a r e g r a p p l i n g c o n s t a n t l y and one we f e e l p o i n t s t o w a r d s your s e l e c t i o n of a route. May I a g a i n i n v i t e t h e D i s t r i c t t o send i t s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s to our hearing; we would be v e r y happ* t o have them a t t e n d . Thank you. VOICE: May I a s k Mr. S t e l l h o r n a q u e s t i o n ? COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: No, we c a n * t have c r o s s - questioning. Mr. R i c h a r d D. D a n i e l s o f Chevy Chase, M a r y l a n d . �534 STATEMENT OF RICHARD D. DANIELS ON BEHALF OF RESIDENTS OF CHEVY CHASE VILLAGE MR. DANIELS: Mr. Chairman, members o f t h e Commission: I have a v e r y b r i e f s t a t e m e n t h e r e w h i c h i s f i l e d on b e h a l f o f t h e 48 r e s i d e n t s o f Chevy C h a s e V i l l a g e , who by r e a s o n o f i l l n e s s o r i n a b i l i t y t o a t t e n d t h e h e a r i n g s have a s k e d me t o submit t h i s i n their behalf. I t i s very brief. (The s t a t e m e n t r e f e r r e d t o i s a s f o l l o w s , i n d u p l i c a t e i n o r d e r t o i n c l u d e a l l s i g n a t u r e s a s r e q u e s t e d by Mr. Daniels: �5s{ I ,l¡f BEFORE ?HE COMMISSICNERS OF THE DISTRICT OF COIUMBIA In the Matter of the Extension of Route 24O ller the undereigned residents of Chevy Chase Vlllage, Montgonery County, being unable to personally attend the neetlng of January 6, L958,.wish to go on record as oppoeing the extension Ìof route.2¿O by iay of what is knorn as the "WisconsÍn Avenue Corrldor". We rish to adopt the' argunent made on behalf of the Village , '. by 1ts Soun-Qe|.r,.i|q1j-p-F, -l{gr$irrqpn -and,ends.r:se. -the alùernate pro: - :r" ?,i¡'n;:äÊj .: ":' " 'posal'set fortb ia*ìhie etatement. We also endorse, as though fully set f orth, h€rein the argulents of Gr:egçryl$itn"er*¡E$qulre, . attoraey for the Chevy Chase Club. iIe also iavite the Commis, sionerts attentlon to the ¡esolution of the dfreetors of the Betheeda-Chavy Chase Chamber of Comr¡eree aE adopted in their oeeting Decenber 30, L957. That resolution supports the Poto¡ñac River ¡ route, - and oondemns the bullding of the eonienplated highway through the present built up areas as selected in the recommenda- tloo of the llaryland Natlonal Capito.l Park and P1-aoning fron iloi ks t llill eoutb to the District LÍne. t Commission hardship of the residents and businessnen in the Bethesda-Chevy area, t ease 1n point being the suspension of construction ' , of a nultl-htllion d'ólLar off ice builAtåg qr,a'i'tllscoasÍa .A.venue at the Distriet Line in the contenplatetl path of route 24O. Respectfully submitted, Chasc a NA{$S: ADDRESS I li '7-t-"- '[ ' ¿lot? O-L;*e,, , 4d t {.'! Þ ,r ¡ ' t- "i '. ¡. .1. ? OA'-.1 4I Såt-. �I I :! .: ',: }. '"' .¡ .' ,r''-, './.: /l .ry ry? Pul øF '? -r J t) !>"r.-r.- .r , -c/oê 1 4¡l--, -!r: . 4..^ ai.y:-1 s }\lz1.'.f-Yl :.,.1.L ....çt,,/l' i .1.-- 'üi{.i i !: ua:lr N 1çS �.ft/ Î}IE COM!{ISSTONSNS OF ?Eg DISTRICl OT COLU¡iBIA BEFORB In the f,latter of the Extenalo¿ of Route 24O the undereigned resi'åents of Chevy Chaee Villager i llontgonery County, being unable to pereonally attend the neetlng 'of Jenuary 6, L958r rish to go on record eÊ opposlng tbe extenslon of route 2d0 by way of shat 1s known as tbe ',flsconoln Avenue Corrldor[. tle sleh to adopt the argunent made on behalf of the Vlllage by ite couneel, Edrin S. Northropr rnd endorge the alternate proposal eet forth Lo 'l.hid.ãtatônent. 116 aleo endorser âG though fuLly set forth, hereln tbe argurnenta of Gregerfl?rince.iåEsqul.re, attorney for the Chevy Cbaee tlub. l/e aLso lnvlte the'Connfselonerte attention to the resolutfon of the dtrectors of the Setbesda-Cbevy Cheee Chamber of Co¡¡¡nerce êa adopted 1n their meetin¿j Deoenber JO, L957. That resolution su¡rports the Potonae River route, - anil condemns the but3.ding of the contenplated highray thrcugh the preeent built up ereas as seLected in the reconmendatlon of the ålsryland Håttona!. tapitol Park and Planning Corgnisslon from Pooket nltL eouth to the District tíne. the attentloa of thr: eo¡anl.selonetrs is further invlted to the hardshíp of the reeidonts and bueineessen in tbe Bethesda-Cbevy Chaae area, I osae in point being the suepeneton of constructlon of e nuLtf-niLlion dollar office buil-diag near llioconsin i.venue at the Distrlet Line in the.,]ontemplated path of routc Z¿rO, Respectfully subnitted, lYer :. N.AII¡"t . (' : :.,. ..i ,/l .l L, ? ADDRESS '\. ¿.--j t '\=\, /' i-L - , '- l: -j '. _ r.-ì.:í.r".rt 1 i r' t - :,i)" S;i '..¡. ¿., t t*^*¡r"* ffi. i.o..,,-r--^.i t*-t \11 I 7-; i j' --7 ^r''-*--.'1.1.'- j,. ("..' t' ¿ I' ,/ .-r=.-1, .7..',.-- ' t.;t-i ,.lrt"- [ ll { ;' .g '11. lùrr '*.¿-å,*t¡ .i'å, �'I ¡ì t. I I i j { I -r I I I I I 1i It t' I il ,: I il i I I' i ii I I I i i ti t 'l ; ; i I i I I I li j ii I I rl ti I I 1; I I (.. l. t; l: lr ir :¡¡" irrl, I il I t L ri I I ¡, I .ift I _-,.1-' t-'..ì'i ì. ' ,/ ' ¡ -...¡11,7 t.1,ç"î I I f. 't¡ . ¡: . 1.,. 'i ' !r ií il f I 4 I t I tg;/r"rr) lgft .t ^ ,"1 :, ir I t ,tl-n: '' llt {i É'þr ii I ,{ ah, I ¡l .Tn, ".!ui ['o ì' i¡ l, J r,// ii i,,-{-f/f i4|" ., ,' '7+',f ' :u$' ,/ -' t ?.,..'r>¡9 o,.// ..C ¡'t ?.1n].t.! ¡? - tI --¿" L, Lt?,'.¿ ¡'1" - ., /,,t, ,,' 'b,!'-' I, ,l/," .----l -i".í l^yy1! _*t:-/ t;: {r ll I t. t ii i (-y i¡ 1i åtl ll iì \ì,í ^rrÍ .-nrr,1u,{ - .t' ', i,, I ! /.f -,r.7 !' í '\?. :"-z'þ-'I'' çà-Z +',{l ¡""+"4 ) il I rì ii ffi ss[E6qv I {: l, 3îs - l: t¡ it ¡ : �539 MR. DANIELS: I a l s o w i s h t o add t o t h a t o u r e n d o r s e - ment and i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f t h e s t a t e m e n t made by G e n e r a l P r e n t i s s who spoke f o r t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e c t i o n o f t h e Washington Board o f T r a d e . There i s a l i t t l e a m p l i f i c a t i o n o f t h a t i n t h i s ing l e t t e r which I w i l l simply f i l e u n d e r s t a n d t h e r e c o r d i s open u n t i l the one copy o f t h e s i g n a t u r e s . cover- f o r t h e r e c o r d , and I the 10th. I have b u t I f you would l i k e p h o t o s t a t e d , I w i l l g e t i t done, o r that i f the D i s t r i c t has f a c i l i t i e s f o r p h o t o s t a t i n g i t , I w i l l pay f o r i t . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: I f you want t o t r u s t t h e r e p o r t e r w i t h y o u r copy, you c a n g e t i t back from t h e reporter. I s that a l l right. MR. DANIELS: Y e s . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: (The as covering l e t t e r Thank you. r e f e r r e d t o by Mr. D a n i e l s i s follows: 5S02 E i r k s i d e D r i v e Chevy C h a s e 15, Maryland J a n u a r y 6, 1958 Hie Honorable Board o f C o m m i s s i o n e r s o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia District Building Washington, D.C. I n r e : R o u t e 240 �540 Sirs: The u n d e r s i g n e d r e s i d e n t and p r o p e r t y owner i n Chevy Chase V i l l a g e a t t a c h e s h e r e t o a l i s t o f f o r t h - e i g h t r e s i dents o f t h e V i l l a g e unable t o attend today's oppose t h e u s e o f t h e W i s c o n s i n h e a r i n g s and Avenue C o r r i d o r f o r reasons set f o r t h i n t h e i r signed statement. ate a s though s e t f o r t h h e r e i n i n i t s e n t i r e t y t h e p e r t i n - ent p o r t i o n s o f the statements We w i s h t o i n c o r p o r - made a t t h e h e a r i n g by Highway D i r e c t o r J . M. R o b e r t s o n and D o u g l a s B r i n k l e y , Chief Planning i d e o f t h e D i s t r i c t Highway D i v i s i o n , a s t o the d e s i r a b i l i t y o f an e x p r e s s w a y a l o n g t h e Potomac R i v e r Route. We a l s o w i s h t o i n c o r p o r a t e a s a p a r t o f o u r j o i n t statements t h e statement made i n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e W i s c o n s i n Avenue C o r r i d o r by G e n e r a l L o u i s W. P r e n t i s s , who spoke for t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S e c t i o n o f t h e Washington Board o f Trade. The w r i t e r r e s i d e s a t t h e Southwest c o r n e r o f E i r k s i d e D r i v e and G r a f t o n S t r e e t — section o f Grafton one b l o c k e a s t o f t h e i n t e r - S t r e e t and W i s c o n s i n Aveaue — proposed t u n n e l would b e a r w e s t i n c r o s s i n g Avenue. -fhere t h e Wisconsin T h i s i s a n i n t e r s e c t i o n p a t r o l l e d by emergency T r a f f i c D i r e c t o r s d u r i n g s c h o o l h o u r s and f u r n i s h e s p r o t e c t i o n f o r t h e c h i l d r e n o f Chevy C h a s e V i l l a g e t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l a t Somerset, Maryland. whether G r a f t o n attending I t i s not c l e a r S t r e e t would be c l o s e d o f f a t t h i s intersection �541 BB-28 by r e a s o n o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e t u n n e l o r what s t e p s would be t a k e n f o r t h e r e l i e f o f t r a f f i c coining down G r a f t o n S t r e e t t o go i n t o W i s c o n s i n Avenue i n t h e e v e n t the w i d e n i n g o f t h e W i s c o n s i n Avenue C o r r i d o r . of Grafton S t r e e t f u r n i s h e s t h e r o u t e f o r t r a f f i c coming e a s t from C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue and Chevy C h a s e C i r c l e t o e n t e r W i s c o n s i n Avenue. F o r t h i s and o t h e r r e a s o n s s e t f o r t h i n the g i v e n b e f o r e t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r s and t h e documents testimony submitted by v a r i o u s w i t n e s s e s a t t o d a y ' s h e a r i n g , t h e w r i t e r takes t h e same p o s i t i o n i n o p p o s i n g t h e W i s c o n s i n Avenue C o r r i dor a s do my f e l l o w - r e s i d e n t s who have s i g n e d t h e a t t a c h e d statement. Respectfully submitted, / s / R i c h a r d D. Daniels R i c h a r d D. Daniels �542 DB-29 COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Who e l s e w i s h e s t o be heard? (No response.) COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: I f no one e l s e w i s h e s t o be h e a r d , t h e r e c o r d w i l l be k e p t open f o r any additional s t a t e m e n t s u n t i l t h e c l o s e o f b u s i n e s s on t h e 10th and t h e S e c r e t a r y w i l l t u r n over t o the r e p o r t e r f o r i n c l u s i o n i n t h e r e c o r d any l e t t e r s w h i c h h a v e been r e c e i v e d o r communi- c a t i o n s a f f e c t i n g the hearing. I f t h e r e i s n o t h i n g f u r t h e r t o be brought b e f o r e hearing, this i t i s concluded. (Whereupon, a t 4:00 p.m. t h e h e a r i n g i n t h e above m a t t e r was c o n c l u d e d . ) _ COLUMBIA EXECUTIVE O F F I C E S WASHINGTON J a n u a r y 6, 1958 MEMORANDUM: The f o l l o w i n g l e t t e r s have been r e c e i v e d w i t h respect t o t h e P u b l i c H e a r i n g t o be h e l d on Monday J a n u a r y 6, 1958 to consider l o c a t i o n o f I n t e r s t a t e U.S. L e t t e r d a t e d December 3 1 , 1957, George B i s s e t , Highway attached, 240: from Mr. S e n i o r V i c e P r e s i d e n t , Potomac E l e c t r i c �543 power Company, g i v i n g e s t i m a t e d c o s t for r e l o c a t i o n of s a i d company's f a c i l i t i e s a l o n g e a c h o f the f o u r recommended t o t h e Board o f Commissioners and following statement: r e l o c a t i o n o f our "On routes containing our a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e c o s t facilities, l o c a t e d on p r i v a t e the of property w i l l be b o r n e by t h e D i s t r i c t o f Colv .tbia, t h e a d o p t i o n o f e i t h e r Route A, Route A-2 i n v e s t m e n t by u s o f new Route C. o r Route D would r e q u i r e less c a p i t a l t h a n would the a d o p t i o n o f N a t u r a l l y , i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f o u r s e l v e s and r a t e p a y e r s we must f r a n k l y s a y t h a t we o f Route A, Route A-2 o r Route D. favor the our adoption T h i s i s e s p e c i a l l y so s i n c e a s we u n d e r s t a n d i t , t h i s b e i n g a F e d e r a l A i d P r o j e c t , t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia w i l l be r e i m b u r s e d t o t h e o f 90 p e r c e n t o f t h e r i g h t o f way L e t t e r d a t e d December 7, F r a n k C. Broadbent, s u g g e s t i n g c o s t o f the p r o j e c t . " 1957, attached, from Sir. t h a t c o n s i d e r a t i o n be t o t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a c q u i r i n g t h e r i g h t o f way Baltimore and given of the Ohio B r a n c h L i n e which c r o s s e s under Y f i s c o n s i n Avenue ( R t . 2 4 0 ) i n B e t h e s d a between Elm L e t t e r d a t e d December 7, Morris, extent 1957 and from Mrs. Railroad Street. Edward B. Secretary, Federation of C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n s the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, a t t a c h e d , requesting r e c o r d o f the h e a r i n g on proposed e x t e n s i o n that Federation a c t i o n e x p e c t e d t o be the o f Route be k e p t open a f t e r t h e J a n u a r y 6 h e a r i n g d a t e so of 240 that taken a t i t s r e g u l a r meeting �544 oa J a n u a r y 9 might be i n c l u d e d . L e t t e r d a t e d November 30, 1-957 a t t a c h e d from W i l l i a m E . Shepherd, P r e s i d e n t , Georgetown C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n , s u b m i t t i n g it r e s o l u t i o n adopted a t i t s m e e t i n g on November 25,1957 a s f o l l o w s : "RESOLVED T h a t t h e Georgetown Citizens A s s o c i a t i o n recommends t o a l l a g e n c i e s c o n c e r n e d t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia component o f t h e highway l i n k between t h e new Route 240 e x p r e s s w a y i n Maryland and downtown Washi n g t o n be l o c a t e d s o u t h o f K S t r e e t i n George town and a l o n g t h e l i n e o f C a n a l Road e x t e n d e d t o t h e D.C.-Maryland boundary, a s s p e c i f i e d f o r Route A-2 i n t h e C l a r k e s o n E n g i n e e r i n g Co's r e p o r t , r e f e r r e d t o i n t h e f i r s t p a r a g r a p h o f above preamble." L e t t e r d a t e d December 12, 1957 from George de Sibrik, attached, opposing proposal o f the C l a r k e s o n Engineering Company. L e t t e r d a t e d December 26, 1957, a t t a c h e d , from A l v i n L . Newmyer, A t t o r n e y f o r t h e M i l t o n Hopfenmaier Company, o p p o s i n g l o c a t i o n o f t h i s highway a s proposed i n Route A, A2 o r Route C. L e t t e r from W i l l i a m E d g a r Shepherd, d a t e d November 26, 1957, a t t a c h e d , t r a n s m i t t i n g h i s v i e w s on s e v e r a l long- r a n g e p l a n n i n g t o p i c s w h i c h may come b e f o r e t h e p l a n n i n g A d v i s o r y C o u n c i l i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e , and s u b m i t t i n g a r e p o r t on Route 240 c o n t a i n i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g recommendations: �545 B8-32 " I n viev; o f t h e f o r e g o i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , i t i s recommended t h a t a l l a g e n c i e s concerned e n d o r s e : R e f e r e n c e a, Route ( a ) i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f R i v e r Road and L i t t l e F a l l s B r a n c h Park- way i n Maryland, and R e f e r e n c e b, Route A-2, i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, u t i l i z i n g C a n a l Road extended, p a r a l l e l i n g the Potomac R i v e r and p a s s i n g s o u t h o f K S t r e e t i n Georgetwon. It i s f u r t h e r recommended t h a t a s t u d y be u n d e r t a k e n t o l o c a t e an a c c e s s i b l e , m u n i c i p a l l y o p e r a t e d f r i n g e - p a r k i n g l o t n e a r t h e n o r t h ramp o f Key B r i d g e i n Georgetown." Resolution of the spring Valley-Wesley Heights A s s o c i a t i o n adopted a t a s p e c i a l m e e t i n g 1958, Citizens on J a n u a r y 2, reading as follows: "NOW THEREFORE BE I T RESOLVED t h a t t h e S p r i n g V a l l e y - Wesley H e i g h t s C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n goes on r e c o r d a s opposi n g t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d P a r k by t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e i n t e r s t a t e highway known a s Route 240 through "BE s a i d p a r k , and I T FURTHER RESOLVED t h a t t h e S p r i n g V a l l e y - W e s l e y H e i g h t s C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n goes on r e c o r d a s f a v o r i n g t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e proposed i n t e r s t a t e highway known a s Route 240 a s recommended by t h e C l a r k e s o n E n g i n e e r i n g Company i n t h e i r r e p o r t , o r a minor v a r i a t i o n t o t h i s r e p o r t e d recommendation a s proposed by t h e Highway Department, D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. " L e t t e r d a t e d J a n u a r y 2, 1958, a t t a c h e d , from R o b e r t J . �546 DB-33 B i r d , opposed t o t h e W i s c o n s i n Avenue C o r r i d o r . L e t t e r from t h e M a s t e r B u i l d e r s A s s o c i a t i o n d a t e d December 4, 1957, a t t a c h e d , e n c l o s i n g a pamphlet entitled " R e l o c a t i o n H o u s i n g , " w h i c h he b e l i e v e s may be o f some u s e to the Commissioners. T e l e g r a m from Mr. Orme W i l s o n d a t e d J a n u a r y 5, 1958, attached, as follows: " I am informed t h a t i t i s p l a n n e d t o Route U.S. 240 under M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue and Circle. Sheridan I own t h e r e s i d e n c e a t 2406 M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue which w i l l be s e r i o u s l y and i n j u r i o u s l y a f f e c t e d . accept t h i s telegram a s my p r o t e s t a g a i n s t s u c h Please construc- tion." L e t t e r from J o h n A. Logan, 2238 Que S t r e e t , N.W. ington, D.C. d a t e d J a n u a r y 3, 1958 a t t a c h e d , s a y s , "As a r e s i d e n t and p r o p e r t y Heights area, Wash- i n which he owner i n t h e Kalorama I s t r o n g l y u r g e t h a t c o n s t r u c t i o n o f Highway 240 be on t h e s o - c a l l e d R i v e r Route i n d i c a t e d a s r o u t e s and A-2. Such r o u t i n g f o l l o w s t h e p a t t e r n o f o t h e r highway developments, w i t h w h i c h I am a c q u a i n t e d the United my o p i n i o n , S t a t e s and 'Europe. A- major throughout R o u t e s A and A-2 would, i n b e s t serve the purposes o f the r e s i d e n t s of the suburban a r e a and t h e b u s i n e s s e s t a b l i s h m e n t s town Washington a r e a . May I a s k a l s o t h a t an i n t h e downopportunity be g i v e n more r e s i d e n t s o f t h e Kalorama H e i g h t s a r e a t o express t h e i r opposition t o any r o u t e through o r near this �547 BB-34 section of the c i t y , i f c o n s t r u c t i o n o f such r o u t e s i s s e r i o u s l y c o n s i d e r e d by t h e Board o f Commissioners o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia." L e t t e r d a t e d J a n u a r y 6, 1958 from Edward D. H o l l a n d e r , 2425 C h a i n B r i d g e Road, N.W., attached, opposing the p r o - posed r o u t e f o r U.S. 240, and s t a t i n g , "Under t h e c i r c u m - s t a n c e s i t v/ould be a s c a n d a l o u s m i s u s e o f F e d e r a l and District funds; and i f t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r s i n s i s t on a c c e p t i n g t h e p l a n s o f t h e Highway Department, I would p r o - pose a c o n g r e s s i o n a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e w a s t e o f p u b l i c monies on t h i s i l l - c o n c e i v e d and w a s t e f u l v e n t u r e . means, c i t i z e n s might s a v e t h e c i t y from t h i s g r e a t By s u c h folly." L e t t e r d a t e d J a n u a r y 6, 1958 from F r e d J . K e l l y , P r e s i d e n t , Western B e t h e s d a Community P l a n n i n g A s s o c i a t i o n , a t t a c h e d , c o n t a i n i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g r e s o l u t i o n adopted by i t s Board o f G o v e r n o r s on J a n u a r y 2, 1958: "WHEREAS, t h e l o c a t i o n o f Route 240 i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia w i l l i n e v i t a b l y a f f e c t t h e l o c a t i o n o f r o u t e 240 i n Montgomery County, Maryland, and "WHEREAS t h e more t h a n 1100 members o f t h e Western B e t h e s d a Community P l a n n i n g A s s o c i a t i o n a r e v i t a l l y inter- e s t e d i n m i n i m i z i n g t h e impact o f Route 240 upon t h e i r f u l l y d e v e l o p e d r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a i n B e t h e s d a and a d j a c e n t Montgomery County, "IT I S RESOLVED t h a t we s t r o n g l y u r g e t h e a d o p t i o n o f �548 a Potomac R i v e r r o u t e f o r Route 240, e x t e n d i n g a l l t h e way t o C a b i n John, M a r y l a n d . " L e t t e r d a t e d J a n u a r y 3, 1958, a t t a c h e d , B. Hewes, 2358 M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue, N.W. from Clarence protesting against t h e r o u t i n g o f U.S. Highway 240 under t h e S h e r i d a n Circle area. L e t t e r from t h e Merrimack P a r k C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n d a t e d J a n u a r y 4, 1958, a t t a c h e d , s i g n e d by M i l t o n Eisen- b e r g , P r e s i d e n t , u r g i n g endorsement o f t h e W i s c o n s i n Avenue C o r r i d o r r o u t i n g f o r 240 w i t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. L e t t e r from t h e B-thesda-Chevy C h a s e Chamber o f Commerce d a t e d J a n u a r y 6, 1058 c o n t a i n i n g t h e f o l l o w i n g r e s o l u t i o n : "Be i t f u r t h e r r e s o l v e d t h a t t h e Board o f D i r e c t o r s s t r o n g l y u r g e s t h e u s e o f e i t h e r o r both t h e Potomac P a l i s a d e s and Rock C r e e k P a r k l o c a t i o n s a s t h e l e a d - i n l e g s f o r this route." L e t t e r from A l e x a n d e r G. Henderson, d a t e d J a n u a r y 4, 1958, attached, i n w h i c h he s t a t e s : " I hope t h a t you w i l l be a b l e t o adopt a p l a n w h i c h w i l l p r e s e r v e present and f u t u r e the parks f o r generations." S e c r e t a r y t o t h e Board. (The l e t t e r s and communications mentioned i n t h e preceding memorandum, a l o n g w i t h o t h e r s in the o r i g i n a l transcript only.) , follow �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Stenographic transcript : hearing on Route U.S. 240 : 7 January 1958 Subject The topic of the resource Public hearings United States Route 240 (VA and D.C.) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ace Reporting Company District of Columbia. Executive Office Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 7, 1958 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Description An account of the resource The hearing for Route US 240 took place on <a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6418" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="January 6, 1958">January 6, 1958</a> and <a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6419" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="January 7, 1958">January 7, 1958</a> and are divided into two volumes. https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/650f321d9391c6cbb9ed6129f48ad564.pdf?Expires=1779321600&Signature=dVfE1P2hbbSPEvAQeSSDKLCIJM-xmSiU9iADdCjv5lJua0w3nXIKRFQ4OIRfFoViJBhYFyQnPrGi6Zqc5e4eljFgxqUjm3fUm3sdEjwBQ5ilIFbvSUXeqlaIVpRl7KReD2oRu78c6wJe%7EFOIoIKxZc2PbyAkVdc5fs11wCYq0ovKZUwqBzpdADjyr77VXQuDgwgXNnpG%7ErDBNqqWKt76TD0V01sIM90iQuA0ADY2YK4igM1AJadswMEiYuV0E-0-uU1AbQpFMqXP8VT1C3dl90nrPXVI9YkJKAxqU3c0G9ZLFyAuYxCzzYzmPROHSQ7t541ekNmmaUzl5ed-zAE3XA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 87fcea71ca3837b61757161007fae67d PDF Text Text Report on I N N E R LOOP F R E E W A Y SYSTEM DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ENGINEERING STUDIES AND OCTOBER DE LEUW, CATHER & COMPANY • ESTIMATES 1955 CONSULTING ENGINEERS • CHICAGO �I �Report on INNER LOOP F R E E W A Y SYSTEM DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ENGINEERING STUDIES AND Prepared for ESTIMATES the BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS W A S H I N G T O N , D. C. OCTOBER DE LEUW, CATHER & COMPANY 1955 • CONSULTING ENGINEERS • CHICAGO ��COMMISSIONERS DISTRICT O F COLUMBIA S A M U E L S P E N C E R , Commissioner T H O M A S A . L A N E , Engineer Commissioner Brigadier General, Corps of Engineers, U S A R O B E R T E . M C L A U G H L I N , Commissioner DEPARTMENT O F HIGHWAYS D I S T R I C T O F COLUMBIA J . N . R O B E R T S O N , Director In Cooperation With BUREAU O F PUBLIC ROADS U. S. D E P A R T M E N T O F C O M M E R C E ��ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Bureau of P u b l i c Roads, Department of Commerce Capital T r a n s i t Company Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company Department of Highways, District of Columbia Department of Sanitary Engineering, District of Columbia Department of Vehicles and Traffic, District of Columbia District of Columbia Redevelopment L a n d Agency National Capital P a r k s , Department of Interior National P a r k Service, Department of Interior National Capital P l a n n i n g Commission /V/ -! 2 Office of the Assessor, District of Columbia Office of the Surveyor, District of Columbia Pennsylvania R a i l r o a d , Eastern Region ~7~~ ' Potomac E l e c t r i c Power Company P u b l i c B u i l d i n g Service, General Services Administration P u b l i c Utilities Commission, District of Columbia U . S . Engineers, District of Columbia Office Washington Gas Light Company Washington T e r m i n a l Company Western Union Telegraph Company ��DE LEUW,CATHER & COMPANY ENGINEERS 150 NORTH WACKER DRIVE CHICAGO 6 Fl NANCIAL 6-0424 October 31, 1955 Board of District Commissioners of Columbia Washington, D. C. Gentlemen: The accompanying DISTRICT report, OF COLUMBIA, mendations for a system and government recommended district freeway INNER contains arteries It was felt greatest this traffic subsequent increase in excess Traffic Inner which Loop studies were and predictions undertaken must be a fully indicated of future volumes during the next 25-year of cost for the Inner in this report, have been prepared Loop highway Freeway on this areas. of and the traffic plan. forecasts and use of motor indicate system that the constructed to handle the traffic The general System, of However, surveys, if it is to adequately period. distribution in the 1944 as a part of our study, grade-separated streets. has produced ownership cost. the areas of Washington on origin-destination design standards estimates Area motor vehicles the highest possible anticipated to by-pass and employment based for the to be a system for a more orderly of the street capacities growth, traffic of the Metropolitan plans and pairs of one-way provide in the use of private volume of population vehicles growth in 1944, was proposed encourage business of construction shopping into the principal the phenomenal volumes and would general estimates of broad avenues would SYSTEM- the central It includes system and preliminary such facilities congestion circumscribing of Washington. consisting FREEWAY the results of our study of and recom- of freeways The Inner Loop plan, conceived of surface LOOP which are plans and combined basis. vii �The 17.6-mile network grate the principal permit traffic Washington traffic to avoid of freeways arteries presently the central area before and safely merging the area congestion inte- and would in passing through to ramps near destinations with surface vehicles. movement of traffic at speeds of 50 miles per hour, the legal allowable limit average Tfie cost of this loop business and government tion of District-owned vehicle operators These savings alone district, forming a figure including periods 8 around rights-of-way engineering at savings using the proposed justify Inner recommended herein would Loop an expenditure the for contingen- Freeway of about period of years. This These benefits would include lessened vehicles, which would deficiencies and the protection suffer through the entire provide them within have recommended, first, provide assure viii therefore, of the system as completed, street and highway necessary or financial worse. immediately, to 12 years. We which needed and be properly area standpoint, of stage construction could public would second, integrated into systems. that, based approvals grow is needed most sorely of transportation of time than perhaps a program to congestion in the central if present System financed accrue the operation values a physical period which would and gradually Freeway either from those portions It is heartening printing, to continue a shorter that each portion, the existing of property Inner Loop it would not be feasible, affect lack of accessibility would be allowed While as it would the computation the community particularly benefits by System. 1.4 times the even greater transit reloca- be realized does not take into account streets, the central if the latter were to be interest rates over a reasonable on surface of acquisition, and an allowance that substantial as a whole. the $272,667,000. would cost of the facilities at liberal system, indicated motor peak served. utilities, cies, has been estimated that during be under 40 miles per hour because of traffic to be Our studies provide less. It is contemplated speed would probably heavy volumes would within safe be somewhat standards would for the continuous would the design herein serving the zone of greatest or to move swiftly Although recommended on this report, were obtained for but even an initial before portion its final of the �Inner Loop System preliminary of freeways. Final to actual construction contract drawings specifications being prepared. It is hoped that the balance of the system will meet with the same spirit of cooperation and understanding facilities of the need for urgency for the Washington have been met as promptly plexities involved We cannot operation number played in a project express we received of individuals "Acknowledgments". throughout are currently and Metropolitan of this as permitted highway by the great will com- magnitude. our appreciation the preparation representing superior Area. If so, the public needs and efficiently adequately during in providing of this report the various We are particularly our study by members from the organizations grateful for listed LEUW, Charles cogreat under the fine spirit of your Department Very DE for the generous truly CATHER of dis- Highways. yours, & E. De Leuw, COMPANY President ix �T A B L E OF C O N T E N T S Page Summary of Report 1 Introduction 5 I Basis of Route Selection General Connections to Radial Routes Description of Recommended Route • * 8 13 West Route North Route—Northwest Section North Route—Northeast Section 13 13 16 East Route Center Route South Route—Southwest Section Alternate Route via Independence Avenue 21 23 23 26 South Route—Southeast Section 27 Design Standards 28 Estimate of Cost 31 Construction Costs Contingencies Engineering Costs Right-of-Way Costs Traffic Volume Studies 31 32 33 33 35 Importance of Estimates Origin-Destination Survey 35 35 Methods of Allocating Traffic Population Expansion Factors Traffic Volumes 37 37 38 41 Economic Justification 41 Coordination with Transit Modernization 51 Inner Loop System for the Interim Period 56 Stage Construction 59 Stage 1 Stage 2 Stages 3 and 4 Stage 5 Stages 6 and 7 Stages 8 and 9 Parking Structures Over Freeways x 59 60 60 61 61 61 63 �L I S T OF E X H I B I T S Number 1 Existing and Proposed Major Streets, Parkways and Freeways in Relation to Proposed Inner Loop Freeway System 2 Cut-away Showing Whitehurst Freeway Connection to Inner Loop—Looking East 3 View of Interchange Between the East and Northeast Sections—Looking West 4 Suggested Layout for a Fringe Parking Lot and Bus Terminal at Interchange C 5 Suggested Layout for a Recreation Area at Interchange C 6 Typical View Showing Freeway in Cut with Ramp Connections 7 View Showing Typical Cut and Cover Section 8 View of Proposed Washington Channel Bridge and Freeway Connections to Highway Bridges—Looking South 9 Typical View of Freeway in Open Cut 10 Population Distribution by Districts—1948 and 11 Mass Transit Passenger Trip Desire Lines and Potential Express Bus Patronage to Destination Area A 12 Mass Transit Passenger Trip Desire Lines and Potential Express Bus Patronage to Destination Area B 13 Mass Transit Passenger T r i p Desire Lines and Potential Express Bus Patronage to Destination Area F 14 1980 Mass Transit Passenger Trip Desire Lines and Potential Express Bus Patronage to Destination Area G 15 Recommended First Stage of Construction of the Inner Loop Freeways and an Interim Belt of Existing Streets xi �APPENDIX A Estimates of Cost Page Summary 67 West Route 68 North Route 70 Northwest Section 70 Northeast Section 72 East Route 74 Center Route 76 South Route 78 Southwest Section 78 Southeast Section 80 Alternates 82 Center Route 82 Southwest Section 84 xii �APPENDIX B Preliminary Plans Sheet Key to Plan and Profile Sheets 1 to 9 1 West Route—Lincoln Memorial to 18th and T Streets N.W. 2 West Route—K Street Connection to Whitehurst Freeway 3 North Route—18th Street and T Street N.W. to 2nd Street N . E . 4 North Route—2nd Street N . E . to Benning Road 5 East Route—Anacostia River to C Street N . E . 6 East Route—C Street N . E . to Mount Olivet Road 7 Center Route—D Street S.W. to 0 Street N.W. 7A Center Route Alternate—Southwest Freeway to Massachusetts Avenue 8 South Route—Lincoln Memorial to 4th Street S.W. 8A South Route Alternate (Independence Avenue)—Lincoln Memorial to 4th Street S.W. 9 South Route—4th Street S.W. to John Philip Sousa Bridge 10 Typical Cross Sections 11 Typical Cross Sections 12 Typical Cross Sections 13 Typical Cross Sections MAPS IN BACK P O C K E T Recommended Stages of Construction of the Inner Loop Freeway Recommended One-Way Streets in Relation to Proposed Inner Loop Freeway System xiii ��SUMMARY O F R E P O R T The rapid increase in volumes of vehicular traffic moving in and through the central business and government district of Washington during the past decade has created a problem no longer capable of solution by improvement of existing streets and roadways or the construction of new at-grade facilities in the area. Transit patronage has decreased almost 50 percent since 1944 and automobile usage has increased proportionately, taxing the present street systems f a r beyond their practical capacities. Remed i a l measures—street widening, one-way streets and reversible flow streets — h a v e been instituted but their benefits have been of momentary significance due to the increased use of the private automobile. It has long been recognized that i f the District's business and government activities are to continue to flourish, some means w i l l have to be provided to safely and expeditiously move vehicular traffic in and through the central area. A n Inner Loop highway system circumscribing the central district and connecting with p r i n c i p a l traffic arteries serving the area was first proposed i n 1944. T h e basic concept of this Inner Loop is as sound today as when o r i g i n a l l y proposed but our studies of present traffic volumes and those anticipated in the foreseeable future indicate that such a Loop system must, i f it is to satisfactorily handle these volumes, be constructed as a f u l l y grade separated f a c i l i t y with adequate connections to and from existing streets. We have estimated that there would be approximately 580,000 d a i l y trips on the Inner Loop System in 1980 representing about 1,318,000 vehiclemiles per day. Commercial vehicles would account for approximately oneeighth of this traffic. T h e average length of trip would range from 2.24 miles for passenger cars to 2.49 miles for commercial vehicles. The Inner Loop F r e e w a y System recommended herein is approximately 17.6 miles in length—14.6 miles of m a i n freeway roadways, three miles of connecting r o a d w a y s — a n d forms a figure 8 around the central district of the city. There are approximately four miles of eight-lane freeway, nine miles of six-lane freeway and 1.5 miles of four-lane freeway. There are six miles of 2-lane, one-way connecting roadways in interchanges and in connections to existing traffic arteries. A l l traffic lanes are a m i n i m u m of 12 feet in width. 1 �Center malls separating opposing traffic are 4 feet wide i n fill or elevated sections and on bridges and 1 1 feet wide i n depressed sections. The alignment and grades of the Inner Loop F r e e w a y as recommended herein would provide for the continuous, safe movement of traffic at speeds of 5 0 miles per hour even though the legal allowable limit would be somewhat less. I t is also anticipated that during peak periods the average speed would probably be under 4 0 miles per hour because of the heavy volumes of traffic to be served. I n our selection of freeway route location, we were governed by several factors. The freeway should be so located that it would 1. be properly integrated with other existing and proposed street and highway facilities, 2. provide for the preservation of historical sites, parks, playgrounds, and institutional buildings insofar as possible, and 3. provide the m a x i m u m in traffic service, attracting sufficient traffic to justify its construction in accordance with highest possible standards of design. It is our opinion that the freeway routes recommended herein meet the abovelisted requirements. Almost the entire route of the Inner Loop Freeway System is within areas which have been recommended for redevelopment. We realize that the existing pattern of surface streets within such areas may be changed in the planning for renewal of the area. W e recommend that close cooperation between the agencies responsible for the urban renewal planning and the Department of Highways be maintained to assure that rights-of-way for the freeway w i l l be provided and that any change in the pattern of surface streets w i l l fit the traffic pattern for the area when the freeway is completed. T h e Inner Loop Freeway System and its relationship to existing and proposed major streets, parkways and freeways is shown on E x h i b i t 1 . The several segments—east, west, center, north and south—which make up the entire system are shown in more detail on Sheets 1 to 9 inclusive. Alternate alignments considered for the center and south portions are shown on Sheets 7A and 8 A . Although these alternatives would satisfactorily handle the traffic anticipated, their construction would require an expenditure of approximately 14.5 m i l l i o n dollars more than the recommended Routes. 2 Center and South �The total cost of the recommended Inner Loop F r e e w a y System has been estimated at $272,667,000. T h i s total includes $146,601,000 for construction; $36,657,000 for engineering and contingencies; and $89,409,000 for rights-of-way. T h i s represents a per-mile cost of approximately $15,500,000. I t must be remembered that this f a c i l i t y is entirely urban in nature and that numerous connections must be made to existing and proposed trafficways i f the Inner Loop Freeway is to satisfactorily f u l f i l l its purpose. The magnitude of the entire project can probably be better understood by the following summation. There would be 1 4 1 structures along the recommended Inner Loop Freeway. O f these, 8 8 would c a r r y streets over the freeway or connecting r a m p s ; 22 would c a r r y the freeway and ramps over streets; 14 would grade separate the freeway roadways and connections; 9 would c a r r y railroads over the f r e e w a y ; 6 would carry the freeway over r a i l roads; and 2 would c a r r y the freeway over waterways. There would also be 76 ramps connecting the Inner Loop System with existing or proposed streets, parkways, or other freeways. Estimated quantities of various items of work include 5,445,000 cubic yards of excavation, 2,525,000 cubic yards of embankment and 9 3 1 , 0 0 0 square yards of pavement. W e have made a study of the economic justification for this proposed expenditure of almost 2 7 3 m i l l i o n dollars. Based on the traffic volume studies, we found that the Inner Loop System would save approximately 1,900,000 passenger vehicle-minutes d a i l y in 1980 and 270,000 commercial vehicleminutes. T i m e saved by vehicle operators can be translated into dollars and cents and the potential savings to motorists and commercial vehicle operators using the Inner Loop would amount to approximately $19,300,000 per year at 1980 traffic levels. T h i s saving would amortize a 40-year bond issue f a r in excess of the estimated cost of the Inner Loop Freeway System. It is estimated that a vigorous planning and construction program could complete the Inner Loop F r e e w a y System in about 12 years. T o accomplish this, we have recommended a program of stage construction which would provide for construction of the system on a priority basis. Those portions of the system to be built in each stage are shown on one of the maps in the back pocket of this report. recommended I n addition, certain existing streets have been for improvement to facilitate the movement of traffic during the initial stage of Inner Loop construction. �It is recognized that construction of the Inner Loop System cannot progress without some interference to mass transportation facilities however, changes in routes and operations, therefore, should he coordinated with the construction stages. More detailed plans for the Inner Loop System than those contained i n this report have been filed with the District of Columbia Department of Highways. Official adoption of these plans, after a l l required preceding steps have been taken, w i l l protect the needed rights-of-way. Without such designation of routes for future highways, new developments could take place which would make the cost of the freeways prohibitive. Adoption of the p r e l i m i n a r y plans and profiles w i l l also permit a l l official agencies as w e l l as private builders to plan and construct their projects in complete coordination with the highway program. Plans w i l l not alleviate traffic congestion, however. It is urged, there- fore, that prompt action be taken following adoption to transform these plans into steel and concrete. O n l y in this way can the motorist and trucker, the transit patron and pedestrian, and the businessman and property owner be given the benefits envisioned from the building of the Inner Loop System. 4 �INTRODUCTION Washington has the problem in its central business and district of accommodating government a r a p i d l y increasing number of moving vehicles on a street system designed long before the advent of the motorcar. W h i l e Washington's streets are wider than those of most cities, their capacity is seriously curtailed by the great number of complex intersections created by diagonal streets superimposed on a basically rectangular pattern. It is known from various traffic studies that many of the vehicles in the most congested area have no purpose there except to pass through or to reach points on the opposite side of the area from which they entered. Removal of such vehicles by provision of a highway of superior design standards circling the downtown area would bring substantial time savings to vehicles in both of these classifications. T h i s would, at the same time, provide additional capacity for anticipated increases in the number of vehicles terminating in the area. T h i s would be p a r t i c u l a r l y advantageous to transit buses which must enter the area of greatest congestion because it is the region in which most of their passengers have destinations. The Inner Loop is intended to relieve the congestion on the city street system by providing additional lanes of roadway for faster movement of vehicles within the District. It is intended to further relieve the congestion on the city street system by serving as a by-pass route for vehicles which at present are moving through the District on surface streets. Connections have been provided at the Highway Bridges, the proposed Constitution Avenue Bridge, Whitehurst F r e e w a y , and New Y o r k Avenue which w i l l encourage through traffic on the Interstate routes to use the Inner Loop as a by-pass artery through the central business and government area. Connections to the Anacostia R i v e r Bridges and the proposed Anacostia Freeway, to South Capitol Street, Massachusetts Avenue, Rhode Island Avenue, 16th Street N.W., North Capitol Street, West V i r g i n i a Avenue and many other major surface arteries is intended to relieve congestion on these main thoroughfares. The problem was approached on the basis of designing a highway which would provide the greatest relief of traffic congestion for a l l groups at the �lowest investment, considering at a l l times the effect of the proposed highw a y facilities on other aspects of the City's functions. I n considering the many facets of urban l i f e concerned with a major undertaking of this scope, we had the cooperation of officials and staff members of innumerable organizations. T h e names of organizations whose representatives made substantial contributions are acknowledged hereinbefore. It was found impractical to list the i n d i v i d u a l s who took part, however, because of their great numbers. T h i s fine cooperation permitted the development of a plan integrated with many important projects now being considered for the continued enhancement of Washington as the Nation's capital city. It is important in this era of rapid urban growth and redevelopment that plans for freeways be adopte'd officially even though construction of some sections may be several years away. T h u s , rights-of-way for these indispensable facilities can be preserved against use in other projects which would make the later development of the highway system financially impractical. E v e n during the short time required to prepare this report, at least one new building was placed under construction which required changes to be made in the recommended alignment. 6 �BASIS O F R O U T E S E L E C T I O N General The problem of selecting the route for a limited access highway is complicated by the inter-relationship of many factors. T h e physical problems of line and grade imposed by higher or lower design standards must be weighed against estimated construction costs under each. The highway must also be integrated with other existing and proposed facilities so that it w i l l complement them and serve them rather than interfere with their best development. I n selecting the route for the freeway, the preservation insofar as possible of historic sites, parks and playgrounds, and institutional buildings must be considered as w e l l as the intrinsic value of the property. F i n a l l y , the highway must be so located and designed that it w i l l provide the m a x i m u m i n traffic service, considering a l l elements of cost. F o r this reason, the studies considered the economic justification for the Inner Loop System. Selection of a suitable route for the Inner Loop System was based on the assumption that a properly located highway would attract sufficient traffic to justify its construction to the highest possible standards of design. These design criteria w i l l provide a f u l l y grade separated highway with no cross traffic, no left turns from the express roadways, and limitation of access to properly designed interchanges. These interchanges w i l l be so spaced that vehicles w i l l have appropriate distances in which to accelerate or decelerate when entering or leaving the streams of through-traffic. T h e design criteria are described more f u l l y on page 29. I n general, the standards are such as to permit safe and continuous travel at speeds of approximately 50 miles per hour. Freeways provide more capacity per lane than any other type of highway. The Committee on Highway Capacity of the Department of Traffic and Operations of the Highway Research B o a r d published a report in 1950 which states that a multi-lane highway has a basic capacity of 2,000 passenger vehicles per lane per hour and a practical capacity of 1,500 passenger vehicles per lane per hour. I n this study the 1980 volumes desiring to use each of the ramps and roadways have been estimated. I t is recognized that in 7 �places the f a c i l i t y as designed w i l l have to operate at a capacity per lane in excess of the above indicated practical capacity i f it is to handle a l l of the traffic assigned. I n such instances, a slight reduction in average speed may take place but the overall attractiveness of the freeway and the intended function of the Inner Loop w i l l be maintained. Thus the proposed Inner Loop Freeway should c a r r y the estimated traffic demands for 1980 with the possible loss of some freedom of movement as volumes approach basic capacity. The freeways w i l l be so superior to the p a r a l l e l surface streets in safety, capacity, and time-saving features that they w i l l attract vehicles from a wide area even at the expense of somewhat greater distances to be traveled by some motorists. Connections to Radial Routes It became apparent that a limited access highway of the design standards proposed for the Inner Loop System should be connected wherever possible with highways of comparable quality radiating to various parts of the Metropolitan A r e a . I t would be undesirable and p a r t i c u l a r l y hazardous to have short sections of surface streets, with a l l their inherent disadvantages, between these r a d i a l freeways and the Inner Loop, whereas integration of a l l limited access highways in the area into a continuous network would be obviously desirable and worthy of achievement. Routes were selected, therefore, to provide limited access connections between the Inner Loop and the proposed Constitution Avenue Bridge, Whitehurst F r e e w a y , and a new freeway to connect to the Washington-Baltimore P a r k w a y along New Y o r k Avenue. Connections are also provided to West V i r g i n i a Avenue, Benning Road, John P h i l i p Sousa Bridge, Anacostia R i v e r Bridge (11th Street S . E . ) including a new bridge p a r a l l e l to the existing structure, and Highway Bridge as proposed to be improved by construction of a second one-way bridge. Exhibit 1 shows the existing and proposed major streets, parkways and freeways in relation to the Inner Loop. Connections w i l l be made by means of properly designed ramps to other principal streets. M a j o r arterials in this group include Massachusetts Avenue N.W., 16th Street N.W., Rhode Island Avenue N.W., North Capitol Street, 8 ��South Capitol Street, and others. W h i l e these are not of limited access characteristics, they c a r r y substantial volumes of traffic. A study was made of the possibility of connecting the proposed Inner Loop System with Rock Creek and Potomac P a r k w a y as w e l l as with Connecticut Avenue N . W . i n the vicinity of Calvert Street. T h e study i n cluded investigations of the physical feasibility, approximate cost, and desirability from the traffic standpoint. Traffic assignments were based on the assumption that the connection would provide only for movement on the Inner Loop to and from the east, since existing roadways i n and p a r a l l e l i n g Rock Creek P a r k w a y , as proposed to be improved, w i l l in a sense supplement the west leg of the Inner Loop. Three alternate routes were found for a physically feasible connection between the proposed freeway, the P a r k w a y , and Connecticut Avenue. E a c h of these routes involved substantial length of tunnel, however, so that the estimated cost of providing a four-lane connection would be approximately $29,000,000. A two-lane connection was considered impractical because of the restriction on passing that would be imposed for a distance of approximately 2,700 feet i n the tunnel section. The volumes of traffic which were estimated as potential to such a connection were found to be substantial. T h i s traffic, i f added to that normally tributary to the North Route of the Inner Loop System, would load that route f a r beyond any capacity that could reasonably be provided. This finding illustrates the fact that the Inner Loop System cannot stand alone as the solution to a l l of the District's traffic problems. I n this particular instance, consideration should be given to future completion of a second highway loop at an intermediate distance from the central business district. T h i s loop which could be constructed to lower standards w i l l serve to funnel off crosstown traffic and c a r r y it expeditiously between outlying areas. Appropriate ramps are provided on the proposed Inner Loop System for Connecticut Avenue traffic which could not conveniently use the intermediate loop highway. Such traffic would route itself southbound v i a Calvert Street Bridge and 18th Street N . W . , and northbound v i a T Street N . W . and Connecticut Avenue. 11 �Benning R o a d , Sousa, and Eleventh Street Bridges are w e l l placed to serve traffic attempting to by-pass Central Washington as w e l l as that moving between areas east of the Anacostia and northwest and southwest sections of Washington. These bridges, therefore, have been given direct connections to the Inner Loop System. The proposed Anacostia Freeway w i l l connect to Sousa and Eleventh Street Bridges. T h e direct connections between the Inner Loop and these two bridges w i l l provide for movements between the Inner Loop System and the Anacostia F r e e w a y . R a m p connections have been provided between the East Route of the Inner Loop Freeway System and existing surface streets which w i l l serve as temporary approaches to East Capitol Street Bridge. More direct connections may be provided when plans are developed for the improvement of bridge approach streets either prior to or coincident with development of the East Capitol M a l l . �DESCRIPTION O F RECOMMENDED ROUTE West Route The West Route of the Inner Loop System w i l l begin at L i n c o l n Memori a l C i r c l e and extend northerly at surface grade through an interchange with the proposed new Potomac R i v e r Bridge in the vicinity of Constitution Avenue. See Sheet 1 . T h e interchange ramps as shown i n broken lines on Sheet 1 are not included in our cost estimates. T h e freeway w i l l displace a number of unsightly and non-conforming structures between the N a v y buildings just south of E Street N.W. and park lands bordering the Potomac River. North of E Street N.W. the freeway w i l l swing to the east of the proposed Potomac P l a z a development in the several blocks formerly occupied by the Washington Gas Light Company's plant. T h e freeway w i l l continue north on the east side of 24th Street and pass under Washington Circle in a covered 6-lane section with controlled access connections with Whitehurst Freeway serving traffic to and from the north. See E x h i b i t 2 and Sheet 2. Continuing north along the east side of 21st Street N.W., the freeway w i l l lie below the grade of surface streets with appropriate ramp connections in sufficient number to serve anticipated traffic. A l l important surface streets w i l l be carried over the freeway on architecturally attractive structures. North of Massachusetts Avenue the freeway w i l l swing to the east, still one level below street grade. It w i l l pass under the streetcar ramp in Connecticut Avenue just north of R Street N.W., connecting with the Northwest Section of the North Route at 18th Street N . W . and T Street. North Route—Northwest Section The freeway forming the North Route of the Inner Loop System w i l l lie just north of T Street in the section between 18th Street N . W . and 10th Street N . W . See Sheet 3. I n this location it w i l l be a buffer between the commercial properties along U Street N.W. and the church, hotel, and apartment district south of T Street N.W. 13 �CUT-AWAY SHOWING WHITEHURST FREEWAY CONNECTION TO INNER LOOP — LOOKING EAST �VIEW OF INTERCHANGE B E T W E E N E A S T AND NORTHEAST SECTIONS — LOOKING WEST �E a s t of 16th Street N . W . the freeway w i l l be built to an 8-lane depressed section providing 4 lanes of traffic i n each direction. Appropriate ramps w i l l serve traffic originating north of the freeway. Continuing on a profile below surface grade, the freeway w i l l swing southeasterly at 10th Street N . W . to Interchange A with the Center Route of the Inner Loop System south of Q Street N.W. just east of New Jersey Avenue. I n the same general area, ramps w i l l provide connections with such important surface thoroughfares as North Capitol Street, Rhode Island Avenue, New Jersey Avenue, and 1st Street N.W. North Route—Northeast Section The freeway w i l l continue east of North Capitol Street as an 8-lane f a c i l i t y on elevated structure. See Sheets 3 and 4. T h e alignment skirts the existing Peoples D r u g Company warehouse and their proposed new warehouse, and passes over the Washington T e r m i n a l tracks just south of and p a r a l l e l to F l o r i d a Avenue. Connections with New Y o r k Avenue designed to Interstate Highway standards w i l l be provided as w e l l as an off-ramp into F l o r i d a Avenue. A number of plans for the freeway structure at the r a i l r o a d were tested before finally selecting the recommended alignment. Profiles were studied for both over-passing and under-passing the r a i l r o a d and alignments both north and south of F l o r i d a Avenue were examined before selecting the route. The problem i n crossing F l o r i d a Avenue and the r a i l r o a d was complicated by an existing 15x17.5-foot sewer which lies just below the street surface i n F l o r i d a Avenue. See Sheet 4. East of the r a i l r o a d , freeway routes both north and south of F l o r i d a Avenue were investigated, those on the north involving the use of a portion of the lands of Gallaudet College. A location was finally selected south of F l o r i d a Avenue which w i l l give excellent alignment and profile and permit construction at a reasonable cost. T h e freeway i n the section east of 5th Street N . E . w i l l consist of an 8-lane f a c i l i t y on fill one level above existing street grade until it connects with the East Route at 11th Street N . E . in Interchange B . Side slopes w i l l be adequately landscaped by using appropriate ground cover planting and low shrubs. 16 ���E x i s t i n g F l o r i d a Avenue east of 4th Street N . E . w i l l become a one-way street westbound, and a new eastbound roadway w i l l be provided south of the freeway. A n interchange w i l l be provided at 11th Street N . E . between the Northeast Section and the East Route of the Inner Loop System. See E x h i b i t 3. No connection between the Northeast Section and West V i r g i n i a Avenue w i l l be necessary since the volume of traffic potential to such a connection is small and can be readily accommodated on the street system. The freeway w i l l continue east of the interchange as a 6-lane f a c i l i t y one level above existing street grade and w i l l over-pass existing streets i n cluding M a r y l a n d Avenue and 15th Street N . E . A t 16th Street N . E . the profile w i l l drop from one level above existing grade to a depressed section, and the freeway w i l l continue easterly one level below grade to connect with Benning Road in Anacostia P a r k just east of Oklahoma Avenue. East Route The East Route of the Inner Loop System w i l l start at the Anacostia R i v e r . See Sheet 5. Either a new 8-lane bridge or two 4-lane bridges w i l l need to be built to provide the required capacity. Continuing north between 11th and 12th Streets S . E . , the East Route w i l l connect with the Southeast Section of the South Route at Interchange C i n the vicinity of K Street S . E . and 11th Street. T h i s interchange w i l l accommodate a l l movements except those between the east and the south, these having been found too small in number to justify provision for them. T h e area inside the interchange can be developed to provide an off-street fringe parking lot which w i l l accommodate 4 0 0 vehicles with direct pedestrian access to a bus terminal which is suggested as a replacement of the existing terminal at B a r n e y Circle. See E x h i b i t 4. A playground can be provided i n the area inside of the southwest quadrant to replace some of the park area occupied by the interchange. See E x h i b i t 5. A t the interchange the freeway w i l l dip from one level above surface grade to one level below and continue north between 11th and 12th Streets. R a m p connections w i l l be provided between the East Route and existing 21 �TYPICAL VIEW SHOWING FREEWAY IN CUT WITH RAMP CONNECTIONS �streets to serve East Capitol Street Bridge traffic until improvements to the bridge approach streets have been made. Future plans for the East Capitol M a l l and improvements to bridge approach streets should provide for connections to the East Route to serve traffic generated by such improvements. The profile w i l l change to one level above grade south of G Street N . E . and the freeway w i l l pass over the Northeast Section of the North Route with connections to provide for movements to and from the west. See Sheet 6. Ramps w i l l connect with West V i r g i n i a Avenue which w i l l be improved as far north as Corcoran Street to accommodate the increased traffic. A grade separation w i l l be provided for northbound traffic at Corcoran and West V i r g i n i a Avenue and Corcoran Street w i l l be improved to a connection with Mount Olivet R o a d . Center Route The Center Route w i l l begin at an interchange with the Southwest Section i n the vicinity of 1st and F Streets S.W. and extend north as a 6-lane depressed roadway under both branches of the Pennsylvania R a i l r o a d . See Sheet 7. T h e freeway w i l l pass through T h e M a l l at depressed grade and continue north on the west side of 2nd Street N . W . I t w i l l swing to the west near Massachusetts Avenue to a north and south alignment between 3 r d and 4th Streets N . W . The Center Route w i l l connect with the Northwest Section at Interchange A between 1st Street N . W . and New Jersey Avenue north of 0 Street. Structures w i l l be provided at cross streets to c a r r y surface traffic over the freeway and ramps w i l l provide for movement between surface streets at such major arteries as Independence Avenue, Constitution Avenue, Massachusetts Avenue, and New Y o r k Avenue. See E x h i b i t 6. A n alternate alignment to provide for a covered section through T h e M a l l is shown on Sheet 7 A . A typical covered section is shown i n E x h i b i t 7. Estimates of cost for the alternate alignment are given i n Appendix A . South Route—Southwest Section The Southwest Section w i l l begin at the north portal of the 6-lane covered section under L i n c o l n Memorial C i r c l e and extend southeasterly through 23 �H - J VIEW SHOWING TYPICAL CUT AND COVER SECTION �VIEW OF PROPOSED WASHINGTON CHANNEL BRIDGE AND F R E E W A Y CONNECTIONS TO HIGHWAY BRIDGES— LOOKING SOUTH �Potomac P a r k as a 4-lane f a c i l i t y . See Sheet 8. T h e profile w i l l be approximately at the existing grade of Ohio D r i v e to connect with the existing Highway Bridge and the proposed new Highway Bridge in the vicinity of Jefferson M e m o r i a l . A f t e r passing the Highway Bridges, the freeway w i l l continue east through E a s t Potomac P a r k as an 8-lane f a c i l i t y and over a new 8-lane 2way bridge over Washington Channel and Maine Avenue. See E x h i b i t 8. Between Maine Avenue and South Capitol Street, the Southwest Section of the Inner Loop System w i l l consist of the long discussed Southwest Freeway forming the north boundary of Project A r e a B of the Redevelopment Agency. Land T h e Southwest F r e e w a y w i l l be integrated with the 10th Street M a l l as proposed to be developed in Webb & K n a p p ' s plan for Project A r e a C. Suitable ramps to handle the traffic destined for this section w i l l be provided. The Southwest Section w i l l connect to the Center Route at Interchange D in the v i c i n i t y of 1st Street S.W. which w i l l provide for movements be- tween the Center Route and sections of the Inner Loop System both east and west of the interchange. I n addition, connections w i l l be provided between South Capitol Street and the Southwest Freeway and between South Capitol Street and the Center Route. T h e northbound movement from South Capitol Street to the Center Route, however, w i l l be made v i a C a n a l Street to a ramp at 1st and D Streets S.W. Alternate Route via Independence Avenue A n alternate route has been developed for that part of the Southwest Section between L i n c o l n Memorial and the Southwest Freeway at Maine Avenue. See Sheet 8 A . The Independence Avenue route would extend easterly from the cov- ered section under L i n c o l n M e m o r i a l C i r c l e on approximately the existing alignment of Independence 17th Avenue to an interchange at the south end of Street where grade separation structures would provide between 17th Street and the freeway. connections A new bridge over a portion of the T i d a l B a s i n would be required. F r o m this interchange, the freeway would extend southeasterly along the north side of the T i d a l B a s i n and pass under 14th Street and the Penn- 26 �sylvania R a i l r o a d tracks on an alignment paralleling Maine Avenue. Connections would be made to the Southwest Freeway at Maine Avenue and 12th Street S . W . Fifteenth Street traffic would overpass the freeway to provide for movement to Highway Bridge and the Jefferson Memorial area as w e l l as to and from H a i n s Point. A new 6-lane 2-way bridge over Washington Channel and a 6-lane roadway across East Potomac P a r k would connect the Highway Bridges with the Southwest F r e e w a y . South Route—Southeast Section The Southeast Section of the Inner Loop System w i l l extend east from South Capitol Street on a 6-lane elevated structure over the railroad yards and New Jersey Avenue, and cross to the north side of V i r g i n i a Avenue at 2nd Street S . E . See Sheet 9. T h e freeway w i l l extend southeasterly p a r a l l e l to V i r g i n i a Avenue to K Street where it w i l l swing east on a fill section one level above street surface and connect with the East Route at Interchange C, previously described. The freeway w i l l continue easterly as a 4-lane f a c i l i t y on fill and terminate at grade at the approaches to John P h i l i p Sousa Bridge. Service drives w i l l be provided flanking the freeway between 2nd and 7th Streets S . E . to provide access to and from the freeway. The existing roadway on V i r g i n i a Avenue w i l l be used for eastbound traffic and a new westbound roadway w i l l be constructed on the north side of the freeway. A pair of ramps w i l l be provided in the vicinity of 13th and 14th Streets S . E . for traffic terminating in that area. �DESIGN STANDARDS The design of the Inner Loop System was based on the standards for the National System of Interstate Highways. I n a few instances it has been necessary to modify these standards because of physical obstacles, but in a l l essential respects, these high standards have been met. It is anticipated that an average speed of 4 0 miles per hour w i l l prev a i l during most hours of the day. A design speed of 50 miles per hour has been adopted for the main freeway, however, so that higher-than-average speeds w i l l not be unsafe. A l l sections of the system w i l l be f u l l y grade-separated, with no left turns from main roadways, no traffic control signals, and no pedestrians on the traveled roadways. T y p i c a l cross sections for the main roads show either two, three or four lanes i n each direction divided by center malls v a r y i n g in width from 4 feet to 1 1 feet. A l l of the lanes w i l l be 12 feet in width with one foot added where barrier curbs are used. T h e outer lane w i l l be flanked with a hard surfaced 7-foot shoulder i n retaining w a l l sections and a 10-foot stabilized shoulder in open cut or fill sections. See Sheets 10, 1 1 , 12, and 1 3 . F o r the most part the freeways w i l l l i e below the grade of existing streets. A sufficient number of these streets w i l l be carried over the freeway to accommodate a l l anticipated surface traffic. Where possible, these roadways w i l l be bordered by landscaped side slopes on a m a x i m u m grade of 2 horizontal to 1 vertical. See E x h i b i t 9. Where required by high land cost or restrictive physical conditions, the roadways w i l l lie between walls set back from the traveled lanes a sufficient distance to impose no psychological hazard on motorists. 28 �Ramps have been designed for safe and comfortable operation at 3 0 miles per hour after leaving the freeway. These ramps have been connected to the main freeway with tapered acceleration lanes 5 0 0 feet in length and deceleration lanes 2 5 0 feet long. The following tabulation shows the applicable geometric design criteria: Horizontal Control Minimum radii M a i n roadway 9 5 5 feet (6°) Connecting roadways at directional interchanges Loop ramps 5 0 0 feet 2 3 0 feet M i n i m u m distance between reverse curves. . . 3 0 0 feet Stopping sight distance 4 0 0 feet V e r t i c a l Control M a x i m u m grade Main roadway Ramps and connecting roadways M i n i m u m grade 3.0 percent 5.0 percent 0.3 percent V e r t i c a l clearance over railroads 26.0 feet V e r t i c a l clearance under structures 14.5 feet Stopping sight distance 4 0 0 feet The above criteria have been adhered to throughout the project with a few minor exceptions where a substantial economy was realized or where a physical obstruction indicated that the practical solution would be a slight deviation from standards. These locations are few and have i n no w a y impaired the safety or overall efficiency of the f a c i l i t y . 29 �TYPICAL VIEW OF FREEWAY IN OPEN CUT �ESTIMATE O F COST T h e total estimated cost of the Inner Loop System is $272,667,000. The length i n miles and total costs by routes or sections of routes are shown herewith, while a breakdown of these costs by items is given i n Appendix A . M a j o r subdivisions of project costs are construction, contingencies, engineering, and rights-of-way. SUMMARY OF ESTIMATE OF COST Route or Section Construction Contingencies and Engineering Rights-of-Way Total 2.47 2.13 2.86 2.90 1.70 3.36 2.19 $26,163,000 23,050,000 21,850,000 14,469,000 18,751,000 26,443,000 15,875,000 $6,542,000 5,763,000 5,463,000 3,618,000 4,689,000 6,612,000 3,970,000 $19,946,000 20,366,000 17,995,000 8,664,000 12,382,000 1,290,000 8,766,000 $52,651,000 49,179,000 45,308,000 26,751,000 35,822,000 34,345,000 28,611,000 Total . . . 17.61 $146,601,000 $36,657,000 $89,409,000 $272,667,000 $22,607,000 32,674,000 $5,653,000 8,170,000 $14,237,000 1,353,000 $42,497,000 42,197,000 West Northwest Northeast East Center Southwest Southeast Miles in Length ALTERNATES Center Southwest 1.72 3.16 Construction Costs Construction costs are based on the design standards described heretofore which have been incorporated to provide facilities of adequate capacity for the safe and efficient handling of the predicted volumes of traffic. These costs are based on an analysis of conditions, study of availability of local materials, current bid prices, and contractors and suppliers costs on work of s i m i l a r character. O n certain items, prices have been fixed after consultation with local contractors experienced on projects of the type involved. Experience on s i m i l a r highway projects has proven that separate contracts f o r the demolition or relocation of existing buildings should be let p r i o r to awarding actual construction contracts. L a t e r , contractors are not impeded or delayed i n the prosecution of their work since they have a clear 31 �site available throughout the entire length of each project. I n some instances sites are available where existing buildings can be moved a few hundred feet and placed on new foundations. I n other locations, buildings are of such low value that it w i l l be more economical to demolish them. The item for clearing rights-of-way is based upon prevailing prices. After demolition, a time lapse prior to the start of actual construction may make it necessary to fill existing cellars under buildings which have been razed or moved. The cost of this work has been included herein. A number of utilities w i l l be encountered during construction of the Inner Loop System. These include sanitary and storm sewers, water supply systems, mass transportation facilities, gas mains, underground electric systems, telephone and telegraph lines, and railroads. I n most instances, the freeways have been so located as to minimize the amount of interference with utilities but, in certain locations, extensive changes w i l l need to be made. The estimates presented herein include ample allowances for such changes to publicly-owned facilities only. These estimates are based upon a study of existing plans and field reconnaissance in each instance. I n order to maintain traffic on existing highways, transit routes, and railroad lines, special consideration must be given to coordinating the construction program. I t has been found in other instances that detailed plans for this item must be worked out well in advance because of the length of time the particular f a c i l i t y may be affected. The estimate for this item, therefore, includes such facilities as tempor a r y bridges and signs, special lights, temporary roadways, leasing of rightsof-way, et cetera, and is based upon the cost of work of a s i m i l a r character performed in other localities. A l l of the foregoing is included in the Summary of Estimates of Cost as Construction. Contingencies A contingency item amounting to 15 percent of the estimated construction cost has been included to cover miscellaneous small items not included otherwise and to take care of any unforseen construction costs inherent in a project of this kind within an urban area. 32 �Engineering Costs Engineering costs include items for p r e l i m i n a r y and detailed surveys; the preparation of complete construction plans, specifications, and contract documents; general supervision of construction; detailed inspection of materials and workmanship; bid analysis and contract a w a r d s ; preparation of construction estimates; and the coordination of a l l construction and mater i a l contracts. T h i s item is figured at 10 percent of the construction cost. Right-of-Way Costs Right-of-way costs form a large part of the total project cost, and these w i l l v a r y according to the character of the properties traversed. I n estimating these costs, a field survey of each route was made and assessment records were secured. The estimates of right-of-way costs are based upon currently assessed valuations for both land and buildings, to which appropriate factors have been applied to bring the estimates to actual present day values. T a b u l a tions showing property required for rights-of-way in each square are on file with the District of Columbia Department of Highways. Costs incidental to the acquisition of rights-of-way include engineering, legal and administrative costs. These items cover the preparation of surveys, property plats, appraisals, searching of records, court costs, moving of tenants and other expenses. A total estimated to amount to 10 percent of the actual value has been included. 33 ��TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDIES Importance of Estimates T h e volume of traffic on the proposed Inner Loop System w i l l increase during the l i f e of the freeways. I t is important to know the amount of traffic for some target year i n order to preclude the possibility that the freeways w i l l be either over-designed or under-designed. Estimates of traffic, there- fore, were made for the year 1980. Origin-Destination Survey T h e Washington Metropolitan Transportation Study A r e a is comprised of approximately 2 0 0 square miles with a 1948 population of approxi- mately 1,175,600. I n addition to the City of Washington, the study area also contains the cities of A l e x a n d r i a and F a l l s Church, V i r g i n i a , Arlington County and portions of F a i r f a x County, V i r g i n i a , and Montgomery and Prince Georges Counties i n M a r y l a n d . T h e study was a personal interview type of origin-destination traffic survey. T h i s survey was conducted i n the summer and f a l l of 1948 by the P l a n n i n g Section of the District of Columb i a Department of Highways under the joint sponsorship of the Highway Departments of V i r g i n i a , M a r y l a n d and the District of Columbia. A s a highway study eligible for F e d e r a l a i d , it was carried out i n cooperation with the U . S. B u r e a u of P u b l i c Roads, Department of Commerce. I n order to obtain complete information on traffic movements the area was divided into 9 sectors which were subdivided into 6 5 districts and further subdivided into 2 8 7 zones. T h e zones were also divided into subzones but for this analysis the zone was used as the smallest subdivision except for special studies. T h e basic procedure of the study was designed to obtain detailed information concerning the travel on an average weekday by persons l i v i n g in the Washington Metropolitan A r e a . I t also revealed the characteristics of travel generated elsewhere, but which involves use of highways within the study area. I n general the method followed the sampling technique de- veloped by the B u r e a u of the Census, with certain modifications to adapt it to an urban traffic study. 35 �The origin-destination study was divided into two phases: 1. Internal Survey (a) Selection of samples for homes, trucks, and taxicabs (b) Home interviews ( c ) T r u c k interviews (d) 2. T a x i cab interviews E x t e r n a l Survey (a) Traffic counts (b) Roadside interviews A total of 16,648 samples were selected on the basis of 5 percent of a l l dwelling units listed i n accredited sources of information, supplemented in certain areas by field information. Interviews were completed at approximately 9 4 percent of the units selected in the sample. Approximately 6 6 percent of these interviews were made i n the District of Columbia, 19 percent in V i r g i n i a and 15 percent in M a r y l a n d . I n the case of both taxicabs and trucks, a 10 percent sample was used. The required data on travel habits were drawn from these internal survey interviews. Information on travel inside the cordon by persons entering from points beyond its limits was obtained by an external survey. T h i s was made concurrently with the internal survey. T h e method consisted of stopping and interviewing as many vehicle operators as possible without causing serious congestion. Interviews were conducted at 34 stations established for this purpose along the cordon line around the periphery of the survey area. The stations were situated so as to intercept traffic on a l l important county roads and interstate trunk highways serving the Metropolitan A r e a . Approximately two-thirds of a l l vehicles passing the survey stations on an average 24-hour summer day were interviewed. T h e basic facts on origin-destination collected in the external survey were supplemented by volume counts which classified traffic by type of vehicle and direction. The origin-destination survey was f u l l y described, with summarized data, in a report published in 1950 by the various agencies that conducted the survey. Since copies of that report were widely distributed and are still a v a i l a b l e , this report w i l l not give details presented in the survey report. 36 �Methods of Allocating Traffic I n allocating traffic to the freeways, private automobiles and commerc i a l vehicles were separated so as to know the number of each type of vehicle that would be served. Traffic was assigned to specific points of access to estimate probable usage of each ramp as an a i d i n designing the freeway. T h e estimated traffic for 1980 is shown alongside each ramp on the strip maps. Traffic was assigned to the different sections of the freeway system by making a detailed analysis of zone-to-zone and external station-to-zone movements. Based on experience with other s i m i l a r highways i n the Washington area, it was assumed that of the vehicles moving between any two zones, the proportion attracted to the freeway system would increase i n relation to time savings. A l l trips between a p a i r of zones were allocated to the freeway system when its use would result in time savings of 8 minutes or more. S m a l l e r proportions of the total number of trips were allocated for relatively smaller time savings, while no allocations to the freeways were made for trips losing 2 minutes or more. T h e allocation curve used is very s i m i l a r to the one shown on page 32 of the Highway Research B o a r d B u l l e t i n 6 1 i n M r . D a r e l L . Trueblood's study of S h i r l e y Highway traffic movements. I n using this method, present travel time over the best surface route was estimated and compared with the probable time using surface streets to the nearest access ramp serving the freeway system, thence over this f a c i l i t y to the egress ramp nearest the zone of destination, and thence over surface streets to the destination. Population One of the most important factors to consider when predicting future traffic increases is population growth, including possible redistribution of population. T h e estimate of 1948 population and population destribution within the Washington Metropolitan A r e a was based on reports of the U . S . Census B u r e a u , as w e l l as on data prepared by the National Capital P l a n ning Commission. There were approximately 1,175,600 persons within the survey area i n 1948. O f these, 778,000 were i n the District of Columbia, 206,100 in M a r y l a n d counties, and the remaining 191,500 i n V i r g i n i a . 37 �I n 1948 the National Capital P l a n n i n g Commission prepared a population spot map on which it showed the distribution of predicted population for the Metropolitan A r e a in the year 1980. Information from this spot map was adjusted to reflect information i n the 1950 U . S . Census B u r e a u report, as w e l l as in various estimates of 1954 population. The following table shows estimated 1948 and 1980 population by political subdivisions within the study area. 1948 1980 778,000 900,000 Montgomery County, M a r y l a n d * . . 106,000 252,500 Prince Georges County, M a r y l a n d * 100,100 243,700 Arlington County, V i r g i n i a 119,700 210,500 F a i r f a x County, V i r g i n i a * 10,300 61,500 Alexandria, Virginia* 56,100 75,800 5,400 10,200 1,175,600 1,754,200 F a l l s Church, V i r g i n i a Total * P o r t i o n s of these political subdivisions outside of the survey a r e a are e x c l u d e d from these population figures. E x h i b i t 10 shows estimated 1948 and 1980 populations for the 6 5 districts within the survey area. I t is apparent from this exhibit that increases w i l l occur p r i n c i p a l l y in the suburban areas of V i r g i n i a and M a r y l a n d , with only slight increases in the District of Columbia. Expansion Factors The population expansion factor for each of the 6 5 districts was obtained by dividing the 1980 estimated population by the 1948 population. A n additional factor of 1.56 was used to adjust for anticipated increase in number of motor vehicles per capita. I n 1948 there were approximately 2 1 3 vehicles per 1,000 people in the Washington Metropolitan A r e a . T h e number of vehicles per 1,000 population increased to 2 6 8 in 1954 and it is expected to increase further to 3 3 3 in 1980. B y combining the factors for population and for vehicles per 1,000 people, we obtained a traffic expansion factor for each district. F o r vehicles traveling between any two districts, the average of the two district factors was used, except that judgment was applied in determining expansion factors for trips to and from zones in the central business district. 38 �EXHIBIT 10 Thousands of Persons INNER LOOP FREEWAY SYSTEM-WASHINGTON, D.C. POPULATION DISTRIBUTION BY DISTRICTS 1948 AND 1980 OCTOBER 1955 DE LEUW,CATHER S COMPANY Consulting Engineers Chicago ��Traffic Volumes The predicted number of vehicles that would use the freeway system between any combination of zones was obtained by multiplying the 1948 traffic volume times the expansion factor, times the percentage allocation as computed on a time saving basis. A l l of the zone-to-zone, external station-to-zone, and external stationto-station movements were analyzed and tabulated by statistical machines. A s previously mentioned, the estimated traffic for 1980 is shown alongside each ramp and each section of main road on the strip maps. There w i l l be approximately 580,000 trips using the Inner Loop System during an average weekday in 1980. These trips w i l l represent approximately 1,318,000 vehicle-miles. Approximately 12.6 percent of this travel w i l l be by commercial vehicles. The average length of trip on the freeway system w i l l be 2.24 miles for automobiles and 2.49 miles for commercial vehicles. Economic Justification The time savings as computed i n the allocations were applied to the number of vehicles assigned to the Inner Loop System and the resultant savings in vehicle-minutes for both automobiles and commercial vehicles were estimated for an average weekday i n 1980. Operators of passenger vehicles w i l l save approximately 1,900,000 vehicle-minutes per day i n 1980. Operators of commercial vehicles w i l l save approximately 2 7 0 , 0 0 0 vehicle-minutes. I t has been found on various toll roads and toll bridges that the average motorist values his time at approximately 2 cents per minute and that the average trucker values his time at approximately 5^/2 cents per minute. I f the Washington Inner Loop System were credited for its benefits to users at these rates i n accordance with the time savings, the f a c i l i t y would save its users $19,300,000 per year at 1980 traffic levels, or approximately $16,600,000 in the median y e a r of 1970. T h a t amount of money could amortize a 3 percent 40-year bond issue of $385,000,000. The annual saving i s verified by an economic analysis conducted by the City of L o s Angeles, Street and P a r k w a y Design D i v i s i o n , and reported i n " A Study of F r e e w a y System Benefits—September, 1 9 5 4 . " T h i s study, 41 �which was based on savings per vehicle-mile rather than per vehicle-minute, may be summarized as follows: Average Benefit P e r Vehicle-Mile Classification of Vehicle Passenger cars Average Benefit per Vehicle-Mile 3.73 cents Trucks 9.93 Pickups 4.66 Weighted average vehicle 4.16 The saving to passenger car operators of 3.73 cents per mile can be further itemized as follows: Basis of Savings Savings per Vehicle-Mile Gasoline 0.33 cents Maintenance costs 0.24 Accidents 0.56 Time 2.60 Total 3.73 cents Based on the weighted average vehicle saving of 4.16 cents per vehiclemile and the 1,318,000 vehicle-miles per average day i n 1 9 8 0 , the 1 9 8 0 annual benefits would be approximately $20,000,000. T h i s agrees very closely with the estimated $19,300,000 saving based on time saving benefits. The computations above do not take into account the intangible benefits of greater driving ease for users of the f r e e w a y s ; the time savings and other benefits to those continuing to use the surface streets, including patrons of transit buses, who w i l l experience lessened congestion; nor the benefits to property owners, businessmen, and a l l other taxpayers by assuring the continued accessibility of the central area, thereby protecting it against loss in value. �EXHIBIT INNER LOOP F R E E W A Y S Y S T E M - W A S H I N G T O N , D.C. MASS TRANSIT TRIP DESIRE LINES AND POTENTIAL EXPRESS BUS PATRONAGE TO DESTINATION AREA A OCTOBER 1955 DE LEUW, CATHER S COMPANY Consulting Engineers Chicago II ��EXHIBIT 1 2 INNER LOOP FREEWAY S Y S T E M-WASHINGTON, D.C. MASS TRANSIT TRIP DESIRE LINES AND POTENTIAL EXPRESS BUS PATRONAGE TO DESTINATION AREA B OCTOBER 1955 DE LEUW, CATHER S COMPANY Consulting Engineers Chicago ��E X H I B I T 13 INNER LOOP F R E E W A Y S Y S T E M - W A S H I N G T O N , D.C. MASS TRANSIT TRIP DESIRE LINES AND POTENTIAL EXPRESS BUS PATRONAGE TO DESTINATION AREA F OCTOBER 1955 DE LEUW,CATHER 8 COMPANY Consulting Engineers Chicago ��E X H I B I T 14 INNER LOOP FREEWAY SYSTEM-WASHINGTON, D.C. MASS TRANSIT TRIP DESIRE LINES AND POTENTIAL EXPRESS BUS PATRONAGE TO DESTINATION AREA G OCTOBER 1955 DE LEUW, CATHER 8 COMPANY Consulting Engineers Chicago ��COORDINATION W I T H TRANSIT MODERNIZATION The 1 9 4 8 survey of origins and destinations secured data on transit passenger movements. These were analyzed as a part of the current studies for purposes of this report. Specifically, studies were made of trips to and from s i x major employment zones plus the p r i n c i p a l shopping area, as follows: Area Location A West M a l l and N a v y Group B Central Business District C Federal Triangle D Independence Avenue F e d e r a l Group E Pentagon B u i l d i n g F K Street N . W . District G North Central A r e a (North of N Street N . W . ) The pattern of trips to and from the four largest traffic generators is shown i n E x h i b i t s 1 1 to 14. I t w i l l be noted that most of the heavier movements are at right angles to the routes of the Inner Loop System rather than tangential. T h e loop freeways w i l l not be useful for bus operation, therefore, except i n isolated instances. T h e operation w i l l consist of a s m a l l number of express bus trips from certain residential areas to the larger employment areas, at starting and quitting times, rather than trunk line service. Buses making such express runs w i l l use the ramps provided f o r gene r a l use. Since no stops w i l l be made by these buses along the freeway routes, no special facilities need be planned. W i t h the flexibility accorded by bus operation it is not necessary at this time to plan for bus service i n detail. T h e following examples, however, w i l l illustrate heavy movements of transit passengers at the time of the 1 9 4 8 survey. I f these movements are still substantial when the freeways are ready for use, they should be served by express bus routes using portions of the Inner Loop System. South on 16th Street N . W . to f r e e w a y ; freeway to Constitution A v e n u e ; Constitution Avenue to West M a l l F e d e r a l Buildings. 51 �South on North Capitol Street; Center Route freeway system to E Street N . W . ; E Street N . W . to central business district. South on 16th Street N.W. to f r e e w a y ; east and south on freeway to 3 r d Street N . W . and Constitution A v e n u e ; Constitution Avenue to F e d e r a l T r i a n g l e . South on 16th Street N . W . to f r e e w a y ; east, south and west on freeway to 6th Street S . W . ; 6th Street S.W. to Independence Avenue. South on North Capitol Street; south and west on Center Route and Southwest Section of freeway system to Highway B r i d g e ; Pentagon network of highways to Pentagon B u i l d i n g . Construction of the Inner Loop System w i l l not require abandonment or reconstruction of a major length of any streetcar track presently operated. I f a l l parts of the present r a i l system are still in use at the time the freeways are built, however, r a i l and underground power distribution facilities w i l l have to be installed on cross street structures as shown by Table 1 to serve the routes indicated. It may prove desirable to operate many routes with buses, successively, as construction of the freeways proceeds in stages. T h i s w i l l reduce the expense of installing temporary facilities to maintain r a i l transit service during construction. Proposed one-way operation to facilitate movement to and from freeway ramps w i l l affect transit routes on certain streets. Locations where this w i l l occur and the streetcar and bus routes affected are shown by Tables 2 and 3. I f streetcar operation is discontinued on 8th Street S . E . south of South Carolina Avenue, 7th and 8th Streets may become a pair of one-way streets from South C a r o l i n a Avenue to M Street S . E . It w i l l be necessary, because of physical limitations, to close certain minor streets now crossing the route of the proposed freeways. I n a few instances, buses presently operate on these streets. The places where this situation exists, and the bus routes affected, are shown by T a b l e 4. A proposed transit transfer terminal, shown in E x h i b i t 4, w i l l serve passengers from east of the Anacostia R i v e r . These passengers w i l l transfer from feeder routes to trunk line service at this new terminal, proposed to be built near the intersection of 13th Street S . E . and Pennsylvania Avenue. �TABLE 1 STREETCAR LINES WHICH CROSS ROUTE OF PROPOSED FREEWAY Crosses Freeway on Street Route Number Route or Section of Freeway Crossed Pennsylvania Avenue N.W. Connecticut Avenue N.W. 14th Street N.W. 11th Street N.W. 7th Street N.W. New Jersey Avenue N.W. N. Capitol Street. New York Avenue N.E. Florida Avenue N.E. 80, 20, 30, 3 1 * , and 33* 40, 42, 45*, and 49* 50, 54, and 53* 60, 63*, and 67* 70, 72, and 74 90 and 91 * 80 82 and 85* 92 West West Northwest Northwest Northwest Northwest North Northeast Northeast 8th Street N.E. D Street N.E. C Street N.E. E. Capitol Street Pennsylvania Avenue S.E. 92 42 42 40 30 Northeast East East East East 7th Street S.W. New Jersey Avenue N.W. 72, 74, and 67* 90 and 9 1 * Southwest Center New York Avenue N.W. G Street N.W. D Street N.W. Indiana Avenue N.W. Pennsylvania Avenue N.W. Independence Avenue S.W. 2nd Street S.W. 82 and 85* 80, 42 and 45* 40 40 20 and 54 30 70, 33*, 53*, and 63* Center Center Center Center Center Center Center and and and and 45* 45* 45* 90 Remarks Relocation necessary—eastbound only—due to relocation of street Northbound only Eastbound only Westbound only Relocation necessary because of change in terminal at east end of line Relocation necessary between M and O Streets Westbound only Eastbound only Relocation necesary—northbound only •Route numbers marked (*) are rush hour routes only 53 �TABLE 2 BUS ROUTES WHICH WILL NEED TO BE RELOCATED TO CONFORM TO PROPOSED ONE-WAY STREETS Bus Route Numbers* On Street Proposed Direction of Street P Street N.W. 18th Street N.W. G-2 1-2 Westbound Southbound 9th St. N.W. J-3*, Y-9*, and F-2 Northbound 9th Street N.W. 13th Street N.E. E-1*, F-l*, F-3*, F-9*, J - 3 * , Southbound Y-9*, F-2, F-4, and V-2 Northbound B-2 17th Street N.E. B-2 Northbound 15th Street S.E. B-2 Southbound 4th Street S.E. A-4, A-6, A-8, A-l *, and A-3 V-6 Southbound 11th Street S.W Northbound Proposed One-Way Between Streets** 20th and 22nd Streets N.W. Florida and New Hampshire Avenue N.W. Rhode Island and Florida Avenue N.W. New York Avenue and The Mall B Street N.E. and Florida Avenue N.E. Pennsylvania Avenue S.E. and Florida Avenue N.E. South Carolina S.E. and L Street S.E. North Carolina S.E. and M Street S.E. D and E Streets S.W. •Route numbers marked (*) are rush hour bus routes only "Does not include portions of streets that are presently one-way TABLE 3 STREETCAR ROUTES WHICH WILL NEED TO BE RELOCATED TO CONFORM TO PROPOSED ONE-WAY STREETS 1 On Street 9th Street N.W. Proposed One-Way Proposed DirecBetween Streets** tion of Street New York Avenue and Southbound The Mall Route and Blocks Affected 60—2 blocks between E and G Streets N.W. 63* and 67*—4 blocks between Pennsylvania and G. Street N.W. 13th Street N.E. Northbound Constitution Avenue and Florida Avenue 42 and 4 5 * — 1 block between C and D Streets N.E. 15th Street N.E. Southbound F Street N.E. and L Street S.E. 40 and 4 5 * — % block between East Capitol Street and entrance to car barn 1 * Route numbers marked {*) are rush hour streetcar routes only **Does not include portions of streets that are presently one-way 54 �TABLE 4 BUS ROUTES WHICH WILL NEED TO BE RELOCATED DUE TO STREETS BEING CLOSED AT FREEWAY Street Closed Between Streets Bus Route Numbers* E Street N.W. 23rd and 25th Streets N.W. R-6 21st Street N.W. Q and R Street N.W. L-4 (northbound only) Q Street N.W. 5th and 1st Street N.W. X-3* P and 3rd Street N.W. New Jersey Avenue and R Street N.W. G-2 Virginia and Potomac Ave. and K Street S.E. G, 13th, K and 8th Street S. E. A - 1 * , A-3*, A-4, A-6, A-8, V-6, W-6 and W-8 11 th Street S.W. Maine Ave and D Street S.W. V-6 23rd Street and Ohio Drive S.W. Lincoln Memorial Area R-4 2nd and Canal Streets S.W. 2nd and 1st Street S. W. A-1 *, A-3*, A-5*, A-9*, A-2, A-4, A-6, and A-8 *Bus route numbers marked (*) are rush hour routes only 55 �INNER LOOP SYSTEM FOR T H E INTERIM PERIOD T h e assignment requires the consultant to: " P r e p a r e drawings showing which sections of the Inner Loop can function below the ultimate design standards, how they w i l l operate and for what period of t i m e . " I t is the considered opinion of the consultant that it would be highly undesirable to attempt construction of the Inner Loop System in the recommended by progressive improvements from surface one-way streets or location comparable standards to a f u l l limited access design. The eventual development of the Inner Loop as a limited access highway is certain to disrupt streets i n its vicinity during the construction period. I f these streets have previously been improved, thereby drawing traffic to them, there w i l l be a substantial increase i n the cost of construction, including the cost of temporary facilities to handle traffic. On the other hand, i f the interim program provides surface streets with appropriate improvements at a distance of at least three or four blocks from the alignment of the future freeways, the construction of the latter w i l l proceed with little disruption of traffic and with minimum expense for temporary traffic facilities. Also of importance in this regard is the fact that the Inner Loop System w i l l serve only a portion of the traffic now on the surface streets. T h e r e w i l l always be need for additional routes to serve motorists making short trips or trips between points not conveniently served by the Inner Loop System. T h i s traffic, i f concentrated on streets adjacent to the freeways, would seriously reduce the capacity of ramps to and from the express roadways. Improved streets provided for the interim period, therefore, w i l l continue to serve indefinitely, i f properly located, without abandonment of any capital investment after completion of the Inner Loop System. E x h i b i t 15 shows the proposed first stage of construction of the Inner Loop System to freeway standards, together with a recommended belt of one-way and two-way streets to serve while and after subsequent stages of construction are planned and financed. T h i s belt of streets should be improved through street widening, channelization, parking restrictions, lighting, adequate traffic signal control, and other standard traffic engineering techniques. 56 ��STAGE CONSTRUCTION The successful performance of the large amount of construction work necessary to complete the entire Inner Loop System requires that a caref u l l y planned program of construction be developed. T h e length of time required to complete the entire project depends upon: 1. Development of a realistic construction schedule; 2. A v a i l a b i l i t y of f u n d s ; 3. Acquisition of rights-of-way, and 4. Maintenance of traffic during construction. The present budget is not adequate for a project of this magnitude and it is evident that i f the Inner Loop is to be completed in the foreseeable future, additional funds must be made available. W e estimate that without considering the financial problem and with expeditious handling, the entire system could be completed i n from 12 to 15 years. Stages 1 to 4, which are most urgently needed, could be finished in approximately 7 years. W e have no way of knowing at this time what funds w i l l be made a v a i l able to the District for construction of the Inner Loop or when these funds w i l l be made available. W e have not, therefore, considered the problem i n setting up our recommended financial stage construction program but rather have based our recommendations on traffic requirements. The I n n e r Loop has been divided into nine stages. These are shown on the map in the pocket in the back of the report. Summaries of each stage and reasons for the recommended sequence are given in the following paragraphs. Stage 1 T h i s stage includes that part of the South Route from L i n c o l n Memorial to the access ramps at 4th Street S . E . , the Center Route as f a r north as Independence Avenue, and the approaches to the proposed Constitution Avenue Bridge. Completion of the work included i n this stage w i l l provide for the distribution of traffic crossing the Potomac R i v e r on the new Constitution 59 �Avenue and Highway Bridges wishing to terminate in the central business and government district. I t w i l l also provide an improved route for traffic crossing the Potomac in the Highway Corridor destined for M a r y l a n d over South Capitol Street, Eleventh Street and Sousa Bridges. Stage 2 It is recommended that Stage 2 include completion of the South Route to provide freeway connections with the Anacostia R i v e r bridges and the proposed Anacostia Freeway. Stage 2 also includes that part of the East Route south of Independence Avenue with ramps connecting to Independence Avenue to accommodate traffic crossing the Anacostia R i v e r on the new East Capitol Street Bridge. Interchange C would be constructed in this stage. Stages 3 and 4 Stages 3 and 4 w i l l complete the Center Route to Interchange A and the North Route through the interchange to connect with New Y o r k Avenue and F l o r i d a Avenue at the existing r a i l r o a d underpass. Completion of work under these two stages w i l l provide a route through the central area for the heavy truck traffic now using New Y o r k Avenue and 3 r d Street N.W. It w i l l also provide a freeway route for through traffic between the Highway Corridor and F e d e r a l Highways 1 and 5 0 in M a r y l a n d . The heavy volumes of traffic on North Capitol Street and Rhode Island Avenue w i l l have access to the Center Route over the ramps provided for this purpose 60 in Interchange A . �Stage 5 Stage 5 was selected as next in importance to intercept traffic originating in the north and northwest sections of the City and destined for the downtown business district or for New Y o r k Avenue or F l o r i d a Avenue and Benning Road to the east. Stages 6 and 7 Completion of work under Stages 6 and 7 w i l l provide a loop of freeways around the downtown business district. I n addition, a direct connection w i l l exist upon completion of this phase between Whitehurst Freeway on the west and Washington-Baltimore Freeway v i a the Inner Loop and the proposed freeway connection along New Y o r k Avenue. Stage 6 should be completed before Stage 7 to c a r r y bridge traffic farther north for better distribution. T h e ramps at H and I Streets N.W. w i l l be used by traffic crossing the Potomac R i v e r on the Constitution Avenue Bridge or proceeding south and east over tbe Southwest Section. Stages 8 and 9 W o r k scheduled under Stage 8 w i l l complete the second loop of the Inner Loop System and w i l l provide an artery for the movement of traffic between the north and the northwest sections of the Metropolitan A r e a and the southeast section. The connections to New Y o r k Avenue over West V i r g i n i a Avenue and Mount Olivet Road and the extension of the North Route from Interchange B to Benning Road Bridge is scheduled under Stage 9. �T h e summary given above divides the Inner Loop into 9 stages. A more detailed schedule should be prepared for each stage taking into consideration the a v a i l a b i l i t y of funds, construction material and labor, and engineering services f o r the preparation of contract plans. T h e detailed schedule should also provide f o r proper timing i n the award of contracts so that almost simultaneous completion of the work within a n y one stage w i l l result i n a useable section of freeway being opened to traffic. Before award of contracts i n any stage of construction, routes should be determined to take care of traffic during construction and any work required under the contracts should be specified therein. A l s o , i n preparing a more detailed construction schedule, it is extremely important that a l l agencies having a n interest i n urban renewal work be consulted so that freeway plans and actual construction are compatible with the plans for redevelopment of the area. The following table gives estimated length of two-way freeway i n each stage, and the estimated cost divided between construction, contingencies and engineering, rights-of-way, and total. SUMMARY OF ESTIMATE OF COST BY STAGES OF CONSTRUCTION Stage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total Length in Miles 4.12 2.82 1.05 1.31 1.55 0.62 1.96 2.48 1.70 . .17.61 Construction $ 32,517,000 18,875,000 13,024,000 12,127,000 16,173,000 3,003,000 25,258,000 18,196,000 7,428,000 $146,601,000 Contingencies and Engineering $ 8,131,000 4,720,000 3,257,000 3,032,000 4,044,000 751,000 6,315,000 4,550,000 1,857,000 $36,657,000 Rights-ofWay Total $ 2,453,000 11,433,000 8,956,000 10,793,000 12,499,000 5,226,000 18,315,000 12,499,000 7,235,000 $89,409,000 $ 43,101,000 35,028,000 25,237,000 25,952,000 32,716,000 8,980,000 49,888,000 35,245,000 16,520,000 $272,667,000 �PARKING STRUCTURES OVER FREEWAYS The consultants were directed to investigate and report on the various aspects involved in incorporating parking structures in the highway facility. One consideration would be economics. Preliminary plans were prepared, therefore, and estimates of cost made for such structures. It was found that the first level of parking—that is, the one at the level of existing streets—would cost approximately $15.00 per square foot more to provide above a freeway than it would on the surface adjacent to the freeway. A single level of parking, therefore, would involve the abnormally high cost of $4,500 per car space, and even for a multi-level structure it would be more economical to buy land for a site if it could be bought for $15.00 per square foot or less. Another consideration should be the effect of such parking structures on the safety and efficiency of operation on the freeways. From the standpoint of safety, roofing over long sections of freeway would require motorists to operate first in bright sunshine at approximately 3000 foot-candles of illumination and then in artificial light which could not be provided practicably at a level above 15 foot-candles. While the human eye can adjust to either level, given sufficient time, it cannot change rapidly enough to meet such problems safely at freeway speeds. Moreover, the time required for adjustment increases materially if there are a series of changes in light intensity, as there would be, for example, with garages built over the freeways in alternate blocks. The freeway system has been given as many access and egress ramps as could be provided at reasonable cost, and without deviating from the design standards necessary for safety and capacity. It would not be physically feasible, therefore, to provide additional ramps to serve the parking garages exclusively. Vehicles leaving the freeways and wanting to park in one of the structures would have to use a ramp with other traffic and then seek an entrance to the garage on a public street. In the meantime, surface 63 �traffic having no interest in the freeway would be drawn to the same public street by the presence of the garage. The resulting congestion could cause traffic to back up on the freeway ramps and quickly block the entire f a c i l i t y . It is recommended that parking garages not be built as a part of the freeways. Rather, such structures should be kept f a r enough away from them to permit the surface streets between to afford a cushioning effect. 64 �APPENDIX A ESTIMATES OF COST �INDEX TO ESTIMATES Page Summary 67 West Route 68 North Route 70 Northwest Section 70 Northeast Section 72 E a s t Route 74 Center Route 76 South Route Southwest Section 78 78 Southeast Section 80 Alternates 82 Center Route 82 Southwest Section 84 �SUMMARY OF ESTIMATE OF COST Route or Section West Northwest Northeast East Center Southwest Southeast Total Construction Contingencies and Engineering Rights-ofWay Total $ 26,163,000 23,050,000 21,850,000 14,469,000 18,751,000 26,443,000 15,875,000 $ 6,542,000 5,763,000 5,463,000 3,618,000 4,689,000 6,612,000 3,970,000 $19,946,000 20,366,000 17,995,000 8,664,000 12,382,000 1,290,000 8,766,000 $ 52,651,000 49,179,000 45,308,000 26,751,000 35,822,000 34,345,000 28,611,000 $146,601,000 $36,657,000 $89,409,000 $272,667,000 $ 22,607,000 32,674,000 $ 5,653,000 8,170,000 $14,237,000 1,353,000 $ 42,497,000 42,197,000 Alternates Center Southwest SUMMARY OF ESTIMATE OF COST BY STAGES OF CONSTRUCTION Stage Construction 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 $ 32,517,000 18,875,000 13,024,000 12,127,000 16,173,000 3,003,000 25,258,000 18,196,000 7,428,000 Total. $146,601,000 Contingencies and Engineering Rights-ofWay Total ' $ 8,131,000 4,720,000 3,257,000 3,032,000 4,044,000 751,000 6,315,000 4,550,000 1,857,000 $~2,453,000 11,433,000 8,956,000 10,793,000 12,499,000 5,226,000 18,315,000 12,499,000 7,235,000 $ 43,101,000 35,028,000 25,237,000 25,952,000 32,716,000 8,980,000 49,888,000 35,245,000 16,520,000 $36,657,000 $89,409,000 $272,667,000 67 �WEST ROUTE ESTIMATE OF COST Item LINCOLN MEMORIAL TO 18TH AND T STREETS N.W. Unit Price Unit Description Quantity Amount GRADING AND DRAINAGE 1 2 3 4 5 6 Unclassified Excavation Embankment (Material from Excavation) . Embankment (Material from Borrow) . . . 7 8 9 10 L.S. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. $ — 2.00 5.00 5.00 1.00 3.00 — — — — Sub-Total—Grading and Drainage . . . — $ 865,000 160,000 26,000 — — — — — — 942,000 1,730,000 800,000 130,000 — — 10,000 345,000 159,000 7,000 $ 4,123,000 SURFACING 11 12 13 14 Cement Concrete Pavement Base Course for Cement Concrete Pavement Base Course for Bituminous S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. 15 6.50 1.50 1.50 85,000 85,000 23,000 5.00 3.00 $ $ 23,000 13,000 552,500 127,500 34,500 115,000 39,000 $ 868,500 $ 375,000 114,000 24,000 36,000 54,000 MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTION 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 L.S. L.F. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.S. L.S. Freeway Lighting Sub-Total—Miscellaneous $ — 3.00 2.00 2.50 4.00 4.00 3.50 2.50 — 38,000 12,000 14,400 1 3,500 — 8,000 66,000 — — Construction . — — 150.00 110.00 54.00 22,300 — 28,000 165,000 18,000 475,000 $ 1,289,000 RETAINING WALLS 26 27 28 Retaining Walls (Excavation S h o r e d ) . . . Retaining Walls (Excavation not Shored) Stone Facing on Retaining Walls S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. $ — 22,300 $ 3,345,000 — 1,204,200 . $ 4,549,200 68 �Item Description Unit Unit Price Quantity Amount STRUCTURES 29-1 29-2 29-3 29-4 29-5 29-6 29-7 29-8 29-9 29-10 29-11 29-12 29-13 29-14 29-15 29-16 29-17 29-18 29-19 29-20 29-21 29-22 29-23 29-24 30 31 Virginia Ave., 24»h St. and F St. N.W. (1) . (2) G St. N.W . (3) . (4) G St. N.W . (5) 1 St. N.W Cut and Cover Section—Sta. 4 7 + 7 0 to 5 2 + 2 0 Cut and Cover Section—Whitehurst Eastbound Sta. 4 + 6 0 to 1 4 + 0 0 Cut and Cover Section—Whitehurst Eastbound Sta. 2 0 + 2 0 to 23 + 50 Cut and Cover Section—Whitehurst Westbound Sta. 4 + 3 0 to 10 + 70 Cut and Cover Section—Whitehurst Westbound Sta. 17 + 00 to 2 0 + 3 0 . . . 25th St. N.W • (6) 22nd St. N.W . (7) L St. N.W . (8) New Hampshire Ave., 21st St. and M St. N.W (9) N St. N.W (10) P St. N.W (11) Massachusetts Ave. N.W (12) Q St. N.W (13) Special Retaining Wall Section—Sta. 90 + 00 to 9 8 + 0 0 R St. N.W (14) Connecticut Ave. N.W (15) 20th St. and S St. N.W (16) 19th St. N.W (17) 18th St. and T St. N.W (18) PUBLIC UTILITIES Sewer Relocation L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. $ — — — — — — — — — — $ 726,000 145,000 40,000 74,000 172,000 L.F. 4,000.00 450 1,800,000 L.F. 2,400.00 940 2,256,000 L.F. 1,300.00 330 429,000 L.F. 1,800.00 640 1,152,000 L.F. L.S. L.S. L.S. 1,300.00 330 429,000 94,000 521,000 295,000 L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.F. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 2,500.00 1,488,000 158,000 136,000 239,000 154,000 800 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 2,000,000 179,000 454,000 390,000 177,000 704,000 $14,212,000 $ 1,001,000 120,000 $ 1,121,000 $26,162,700 Note:—Numbers in parentheses refer to structure numbers on Plan and Profile Sheets. SUMMARY Total Estimated Construction Cost Contingencies Engineering $26,163,000 3,925,000 2,617,000 Rights-of-Way $32,705,000 19,946,000 Total—West Route $52,651,000 69 �NORTHWEST SECTION OF NORTH ROUTE ESTIMATE OF COST Item 18TH AND T STREETS N.W. TO NORTH CAPITOL STREET Unit Price Unit Description Quantity Amount GRADING AND DRAINAGE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Embankment (Material from Excavation) . Embankment (Material from Borrow) . . . . Special Pumping Stations L.S. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. $ — 2.00 5.00 5.00 1.00 3.00 — — — — — 1,350,000 100,000 27,000 175,000 — — — — — $ 1,267,000 2,700,000 500,000 135,000 175,000 — 25,000 175,000 161,000 99,000 $ 5,237,000 SURFACING 11 12 13 14 Base Course for Cement Concrete Pavement Bituminous Concrete Pavement Base Course for Bituminous Concrete 15 S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. 6.50 1.50 1.50 120,000 120,000 50,000 5.00 3.00 $ $ 50,000 13,000 780,000 180,000 75,000 250,000 39,000 $ 1,324,000 MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTION L.S. L.F. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.S. L.S. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Sub-Total—Miscellaneous $ — 3.00 2.00 2.50 4.00 4.00 3.50 2.50 — 41,000 9,000 33,000 15,000 7,000 14,000 127,000 — — Construction — — 150.00 110.00 54.00 23,200 5,200 28,400 $ 325,000 123,000 18,000 82,500 60,000 28,000 49,000 317,500 25,000 406,000 $ 1,434,000 RETAINING WALLS 26 27 28 Retaining Walls (Excavation Shored) . . . . Retaining Walls (Excavation not Shored) Stone Facing on Retaining Walls S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. $ $ 3,480,000 572,000 1,533,600 $ 5,585,600 �Item Unit Description Unit Price Quantity Amount STRUCTURES 29-1 29-2 29-3 29-4 29-5 29-6 29-7 29-8 29-9 29-10 29-11 29-12 29-13 29-14 29-15 29-16 29-17 29-18 29-19 29-20 29-21 29-22 (19) 17th St. N.W . ..(20) New Hampshire Ave. N.W 16th St. N.W. (Southbound) , ,(21) 16th St. N.W. (Northbound) ..(22) (23) 15th St. N.W ...(24) 14th St. N.W ..(25) 13th St. N.W , . .(26) 11th St. N.W Vermont Ave., J 0th St. and T St. N.W. ( 27) . (28) 9th St. N.W 8th St., 7th St. and S St. N.W.. . . . . . (29) ...(30) Rhode Island Ave. N.W (31) 6th St. and R St. N.W (32) 5th St. N.W . . . (33) .,.(34) ,,.(35) (36) ...(37) ...(38) Westbound and 1st St. N.W Eastbound and 1st St. N.W. . . . . . . ( 3 9 ) (40) L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ — — — — $ 2,114,000 130,000 176,000 290,000 148,000 279,000 380,000 352,000 166,000 237,000 937,000 420,000 810,000 262,000 529,000 232,000 770,000 97,000 55,000 83,000 525,000 116,000 201,000 160,000 $ 7,225,000 PUBLIC UTILITIES L.S. L.S. 30 31 Ciih-Totnl Public Utilities $ 2,244,000 . $23,049,600 Note:—Numbers in parentheses refer to structure numbers on Plan and Profile Sheets. SUMMARY Total Estimated Construction Cost Contingencies Engineering $23,050,000 3,458,000 2,305,000 Rights-of-Way $28,813,000 20,366,000 Total—Northwest Section $49,179,000 71 �NORTHEAST SECTION OF NORTH ROUTE ESTIMATE OF COST Item NORTH CAPITOL STREET TO BENNING ROAD Unit Price Unit Description Quantity Amount GRADING AND DRAINAGE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Embankment (Material from Excavation) Embankment (Material from Borrow) . . . L.S. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. $ — 2.00 5.00 5.00 1.00 3.00 — — — — — $ 1,038,000 860,000 430,000 — — 35,000 410,000 380,000 175,000 410,000 1,140,000 60,000 120,000 172,000 — — — — — $ 3,975,000 SURFACING 11 12 13 14 Cement Concrete Pavement Base Course for Cement Concrete Pavement Bituminous Concrete Pavement Base Course for Bituminous Concrete 15 S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. 6.50 1.50 1.50 84,500 84,500 37,600 5.00 3.00 $ 37,600 24,000 $ 549,250 126,750 56,400 188,000 72,000 . $ 992,400 $ 200,000 100,500 16,000 39,000 42,000 62,000 49,000 312,500 15,000 655,000 MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTION 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 L.S. L.F. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.S. L.S. Sidewalk and Safety Walk Sub-Total—Miscellaneous Construction . $ — 3.00 2.00 2.50 4.00 4.00 3.50 2.50 — — — 33,500 8,000 15,600 10,500 15,500 14,000 125,000 — — . $ 1,491,000 RETAINING WALLS 26 27 28 Retaining Walls (Excavation Shored) . . . Retaining Walls (Excavation not Shored) Stone Facing on Retaining Walls S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. $ 150.00 110.00 54.00 $ 1,425,000 1,133,000 1,069,200 9,500 10,300 19,800 . 72 $ 3,627,200 �Item Unit Description Unit Price Quantity Amount STRUCTURES 29-1 29-2 29-3 29-4 29-5 29-6 29-7 29-8 29-9 29-10 Elevated Structure—Sta. 9 4 + 5 0 to 126+00 (Incl. Ramp Structures) . 8th St. N.E 9th St. N.E 10th St. N.E Westbound at 12th St. and K St. N.E Eastbound at K St. N.E Eastbound at 12th St. N.E 13th St. N.E Elevated Structure—Sta. 1 7 1 + 7 0 t 179+00 17th St. N.E 19th St. N.E 21st St. N.E Westbound at 24th St. N.E Eastbound at 24th St. N.E Westbound at Benning Road N.E.. . . Westbound at 26th St. N.E Eastbound at Oklahoma Ave. N.E.. . (41) (42) (43) (44) L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. (45) (46) (47) (48) L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. (49) (50) (51 ) (52) (53) (54) (55) (56) L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. 0 29-11 29-12 29-13 29-14 29-15 29-16 29-17 29-18 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — • — $ 6,938,000 389,000 248,000 207,000 258,000 — — — — 338,000 295,000 113,000 169,000 — — — 870,000 165,000 125,000 139,000 114,000 102,000 534,000 111,000 140,000 — — — — — — — $1 1,255,000 PUBLIC UTILITIES $ L.S. L.S. Water Main Relocation . 494,000 15,000 $ 30 31 509,000 $21,849,600 Note:—Numbers in parentheses refer to structure numbers on Plan and Profile Sheets. SUMMARY Total Estimated Construction Cost Contingencies Engineering $21,850,000 3,278,000 2,185,000 Rights-of-Way $27,313,000 17,995,000 Total—Northeast Section $45,308,000 73 �EAST ROUTE ESTIMATE OF COST Item ANACOSTIA RIVER TO MOUNT OLIVET ROAD 1Unit 1»rice Unit Description Amount Quantity GRADING AND DRAINAGE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Embankment (Material from Excavation) Embankment (Material from Borrow) . . . L.S. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. $ $ 2.00 5.00 5.00 1.00 3.00 — — — — 600,000 1,200,000 — — 23,000 295,000 — — — — — 519,000 115,000 295,000 — 35,000 65,000 274,000 — $ 2,503,000 SURFACING 11 12 13 14 Base Course for Cement Concrete Pavement Bituminous Concrete Pavement Base Course for Bituminous Concrete 15 S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. 6.50 1.50 1.50 69,500 69,500 77,000 5.00 3.00 $ 77,000 20,000 $ 451,750 104,250 115,500 385,000 60,000 $ 1,116,500 MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTION 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 L.S. L.F. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.S. L.S. Sidewalk and Safety Walk Sub-Total—Miscellaneous Construction. $ — 3.00 2.00 2.50 4.00 4.00 3.50 2.50 — — — 32,000 10,000 16,600 7,500 6,500 13,000 81,000 — — $ 200,000 96,000 20,000 41,500 30,000 26,000 45,500 202,500 25,000 369,000 . $ 1,055,500 RETAINING WALLS 26 27 28 Retaining Walls (Excavation Shored) . . . Retaining Walls (Excavation not Shored) S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. $ 150.00 110.00 54.00 15,000 3,400 18,400 $ 2,250,000 374,000 993,600 3,617,600 74 �Item Unit Description Unit Price Quantity Amount STRUCTURES 29-1 29-2 29-3 29-4 29-5 29-6 29-7 29-8 29-9 29-10 29-11 29-12 29-13 29-14 29-15 29-16 29-17 29-18 29-19 C St. S.E Independence Ave. S.E East Capitol St. S.E East Capitol St. N.E C St. N.E D St. N.E . (57) . (58) . (59) . (60) . (61) . (62) . (63) ..(64) . (65) . (66) . (67) (68) ..(69) G St. N.E Elevated Structure—Sta. 2 0 0 + 7 0 to 204 + 40 Elevated Structure—Southbound from West Virginia Ave. Sta. 0 + 00 to 2 0 + 0 0 Elevated Structure—Southeastbound Sta. 204 + 40 to 2 1 0 + 5 0 Elevated Structure—Northwestboun d Sta. 2 0 4 + 4 0 to 217 + 60 Elevated Structure Northbound to West Virginia Ave. Sta. 0 + 0 0 to 8 + 0 0 Elevated Structure—Northbound over West Virginia Ave. (Southbound) Sta. 2 4 + 1 0 to 30 + 70 L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — L.S. — — 438,000 L.S. — — 827,000 L.S. — — 315,000 L.S. — — 716,000 L.S. — — 330,000 L.S. — — 243,000 $ 5,441,000 L.S. L.S. N St. S.E — — — — $ $ 163,000 255,000 425,000 243,000 197,000 1 30,000 1 34,000 132,000 129,000 189,000 147,000 267,000 161,000 PUBLIC UTILITIES 30 31 $ 715,000 20,000 735,000 $14,468,600 Note: Estimate for entire Interchange C is included in estimate for Southeast Section of South Route. Numbers in parentheses refer to structure numbers on Plan and Profile Sheets. SUMMARY Total Estimated Construction Cost Contingencies Engineering Rights-of-Way Total—East Route $14,469,000 2,171,000 1,447,000 $18,087,000 8,664,000 $26,751,000 75 �CENTER ROUTE ESTIMATE OF COST Item SOUTHWEST SECTION TO NORTHWEST SECTION Unit Description Price Quantity Amount GRADING AND DRAINAGE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Embankment (Material from Excavation) Embankment (Material from Borrow) . . . L.S. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. $ — 2.00 5.00 5.00 1.00 3.00 — — — — — $ 1,150,000 — 713,000 2,300,000 — 26,000 130,000 — — — — — — — — 60,000 40,000 246,000 119,000 $ 3,608,000 SURFACING 11 12 13 14 Base Course for Cement Concrete Pavement Bituminous Concrete Pavement Base Course for Bituminous Concrete 15 S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. 6.50 1.50 1.50 72,500 72,500 34,600 5.00 3.00 $ $ 34,600 18,000 471,250 108,750 51,900 173,000 54,000 $ 858,900 $ 300,000 87,000 30,000 27,500 16,000 10,000 49,000 285,000 20,000 502,000 MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTION 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 L.S. L.F. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.S. L.S. Sidewalk and Safety Walk Sub-Total—Miscellaneous $ — 3.00 2.00 2.50 4.00 4.00 3.50 2.50 — 29,000 15,000 11,000 4,000 2,500 14,000 114,000 — — Construction . — — 150.00 110.00 54.00 18,200 $ 1,326,500 RETAINING WALLS 26 27 28 Retaining Walls (Excavation Shored) . . . Retaining Walls (Excavation not Shored) S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. $ — 18,200 $ 2,730,000 — 982,800 $ 3,712,800 �Item Unit Price Unit Description Quantity Amount STRUCTURES 29-1 29-2 29-3 29-4 29-5 29-6 29-7 29-8 29-9 29-10 29-11 29-12 29-13 29-14 29-15 29-16 29-17 29-18 29-19 29-20 29-21 29-22 D St. S.W Independence Ave. S.W Maryland Ave. S.W Pennsylvania Ave. N.W Constitution Ave. N.W C St. N.W (70) (71) (72) (73) (74) (75) (76) (77) (78) (79) (80) (81 ) (82) 2nd St. N.W D St. N.W E St. N.W F St. N.W G St. N.W Massachusetts Ave. N.W Cut and Cover Section— Sta. 55 + 40 to 5 9 + 4 0 Cut and Cover Section—Ramp from Massachusetts Ave. N.W Cut and Cover Section—Ramp to 3rd St. N.W (83) K St. N.W (84) L St. N.W (85) New York Ave. N.W (86) M St. N.W (87) N St. N.W (88) O St. N.W L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. $ — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ 291,000 248,000 249,000 371,000 328,000 241,000 342,000 137,000 168,000 252,000 158,000 213,000 170,000 L.F. 4,000.00 400 1,600,000 L.F. 1,000.00 410 410,000 L.F. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. 1,000.00 320 320,000 270,000 166,000 303,000 168,000 190,000 173,000 — — — — — — — — — — — — $ 6,768,000 PUBLIC UTILITIES L.S. L.S. 30 31 — — — — $ 2,390,000 86,000 $ 2,476,000 . $18,750,200 Note:—Numbers in parentheses refer to structure numbers on Plan and Profile Sheets. SUMMARY Total Estimated Construction Cost Contingencies Engineering $18,751,000 2,813,000 1,876,000 Rights-of-Way $23,440,000 12,382,000 Total—Center Route $35,822,000 77 �ESTIMATE OF COST Item SOUTHWEST SECTION OF SOUTH ROUTE LINCOLN MEMORIAL TO SOUTH CAPITOL STREET Unit Price Unit Description Quantity Amount STRUCTURES 29-1 29-2 29-3 29-4 29-5 29-6 29-7 29-8 29-9 29-10 29-11 29-12 29-13 29-14 29-15 29-16 29-17 Cut and Cover Section— Sta. 8 + 10 to 14+10 Ramp Tidal Basin Inlet Bridge Highway Bridge Approach Highway Bridge Approach (89) (90) (91) (92) 14th St. Approach Pennsylvania Railroad (94) (95) Elevated Structure— Ramp to 11th St. S.W 9th St. S.W 7th St. S.W 4th St. S.W Interchange D Pennsylvania Railroad Interchange D Pennsylvania Railroad L.F. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. $4,000.00 600 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ 2,400,000 216,000 461,000 291,000 306,000 197,000 362,000 676,000 3,445,000 (97) (98) (99) (100) L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. — — — — — — — — — — 630,000 334,000 295,000 280,000 226,000 (101 ) L.S. — — 702,000 L.S. — — 1,661,000 L.S. — — 3,157,000 Elevated Structure— Sta. 137+00 to 154 + 00 $15,639,000 PUBLIC UTILITIES — — L.S. L.S. 30 31 — — $ 1,766,000 25,000 $ 1,791,000 $26,443,000 RETAINING WALLS 26 27 28 Retaining Walls (Excavation Shored) . . . Retaining Walls (Excavation not Shored) S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. $ 300.00 275.00 54.00 4,100 6,800 10,900 $ 1,230,000 1,870,000 588,600 . $ 3,688,600 78 �Item Unit Price Unit Description Quantity Amount GRADING AND DRAINAGE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Embankment (Material from Excavation) Embankment (Material from Borrow) . . . Protecting Existing Buildings L.S. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. $ — 2.00 5.00 5.00 1.00 3.00 — — — — — $ 445,000 — — 57,000 390,000 — — — — — — 890,000 285,000 390,000 — 45,000 — 287,000 60,000 . $ 1,957,000 SURFACING 116,000 S.Y. S.Y. 1.50 1.50 116,000 76,600 174,000 114,900 S.Y. S.Y. Base Course for Cement Concrete 13 14 754,000 6.50 5.00 3.00 76,600 36,000 383,000 108,000 S.Y. 11 12 Base Course for Bituminous Concrete 15 $ $ $ 1,533,900 MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTION L.S. L.F. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.S. L.S. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Sub-Total—Miscellaneous Construction. $ — 3.00 2.00 2.50 4.00 4.00 3.50 2.50 — — — 68,000 13,500 36,600 19,500 20,500 14,000 136,000 — — $ 375,000 204,000 27,000 91,500 78,000 82,000 49,000 340,000 65,000 522,000 . $ 1,833,500 Note:—Numbers in parentheses refer to structure numbers on Plan and Profile Sheets. SUMMARY Total Estimated Construction Cost Contingencies Engineering $26,443,000 3,967,000 2,645,000 Rights-of-Way $33,055,000 1,290,000 Total—Southwest Section $34,345,000 79 �SOUTHEAST SECTION OF SOUTH ROUTE ESTIMATE OF COST tern SOUTH CAPITOL STREET TO SOUSA BRIDGE Description Unit Price Unit Quantity Amount GRADING AND DRAINAGE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Embankment (Material from Excavation) . Embankment (Material from Borrow) . . . L.S. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. $ — — 2.00 5.00 5.00 1.00 3.00 — — — — 1 $ 130,000 260,000 — — 21,000 130,000 745,000 — — — — 556,000 105,000 130,000 2,235,000 50,000 15,000 84,000 — $ 3,435,000 SURFACING Base Course for Cement Concrete 13 14 Base Course for Bituminous 15 $ 471,250 6.50 72,500 S.Y. S.Y. 1.50 1.50 72,500 12,600 108,750 18,900 S.Y. S.Y. 5.00 3.00 12,600 26,000 63,000 78,000 S.Y. 11 12 $ $ 739,900 $ 1 25,000 85,500 8,000 45,000 24,000 108,000 31,500 300,000 25,000 483,000 .$ 1,235,000 $ 210,000 1,155,000 264,600 $ 1,629,600 MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTION L.S. L.F. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.S. L.S. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 $ — 3.00 2.00 2.50 4.00 4.00 3.50 2.50 — — — 28,500 4,000 18,000 6,000 27,000 9,000 120,000 — — Sub-Total—Miscellaneous Construction RETAINING WALLS 26 27 28 80 Retaining Walls (Excavation S h o r e d ) . . . Retaining Walls (Excavation not Shored) S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. $ 300.00 275.00 54.00 700 4,200 4,900 �Item Unit Unit Price — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — $ 4,130,000 ..(103) .,.(104) (105) (106) (107) . (108) . (109) ...(110) . . (Ill) (112) ,.(113) L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. LS. L.S. L.S. (114) ,(115) .,.(116) (117) .,(118) (119) (120) L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 207,000 (144) L.S. — — 212,000 Description Quantity Amount STRUCTURES 29-1 29-2 29-3 29-4 29-5 29-6 29-7 29-8 29-9 29-10 29-11 29-12 29-13 29-14 29-15 29-16 29-17 29-18 29-19 29-20 Elevated Structure— Sta. 154 + 00 to 191+50 13th St. S.E 14th St. S.E 15th St. S.E Pennsylvania Ave. S.E. M St. S.E 12th St. S.E. and Pennsylvania Railroad 367,000 360,000 422,000 206,000 203,000 163,000 586,000 223,000 179,000 219,000 196,000 174,000 131,000 104,000 291,000 162,000 239,000 $ 8,774,000 PUBLIC UTILITIES L.S. L.S. 30 31 ^nh Tntnl Pnhlir — — — — $ $ Utilities 46,000 15,000 61,000 . $15,874,500 Note:—Numbers in parentheses refer to structure numbers on Plan and Profile Sheets. SUMMARY Total Estimated Construction Cost Contingencies Engineering $15,875,000 2,382,000 1,588,000 $19,845,000 Rights-of-Way Total—Southeast Section 8,766,000 $28,611,000 81 �ALTERNATE CENTER ROUTE ESTIMATE OF COST Item SOUTHWEST SECTION TO NORTHWEST SECTION imil P'rice Unit Description Amount Quantity GRADING AND DRAINAGE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Embankment (Material from Excavation ) . Embankment (Material from Borrow) . . . . Protecting Existing Buildings Sub-Total—Grading L.S. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. $ 2.00 5.00 5.00 1.00 3.00 1,010,000 802,000 2,020,000 22,600 11 3,000 60,000 25,000 140,000 118,000 $ and Drainage. $ 3,278,000 SURFACING 11 12 Cement Concrete Pavement Base Course for Cement Concrete 13 14 Base Course for Bituminous 15 S.Y. 6.50 63,000 S.Y. S.Y. 1.50 1.50 63,000 32,000 S.Y. S.Y. 5.00 3.00 32,000 14,000 $ 409,500 94,500 48,000 160,000 42,000 $ Mountable Type Curb Sidewalk and Safety Walk Special Planting Freeway Lighting $ L.S. L.F. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.S. L.S. $ 3.00 2.00 2.50 4.00 4.00 3.50 2.50 RETAINING WALLS Retaining Walls (Excavation Shored). . . Retaining Walls (Excavation not Shoreci ) . 1,437,000 33,000 1 2,000 11,400 7,000 3,500 12,000 95,000 Sub-Total—Miscellaneous Constructi 26 27 28 300,000 99,000 24,000 28,500 28,000 14,000 42,000 237,500 20,000 644,000 $ MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTION 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 754,000 $ S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. $ 150.00 110.00 54.00 13,500 $ 2,025,000 13,500 729,000 $ 2,754,000 82 �Item Unit Unit Description Price Quantity Amount STRUCTURES 29-1 29-2 29-3 29-4 29-5 29-6 29-7 29-8 29-9 29-10 29-11 29-12 Cut and Cover Section— Sta. 11 + 7 0 to 25 + 50 Constitution Ave. N.W 2nd St. N.W D St. N.W E St. N.W 2nd St. and F St. N.W G St. N.W Massachusetts Ave. N.W Cut and Cover Section— Stn 29-13 29-14 29-15 29-16 29-17 29-18 29-19 29-20 $ — — — — $ 327,000 59,000 (121) . . (122) 5 5 + 40 Jo L.S. L.S. L.F. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. 4,000.00 . ..(123) ,.(124) . (125) (126) ...(127) .. .(128) . ..(129) ....(82) L.F. 4,000.00 400 1,600,000 L.F. 1,000.00 410 410,000 L.F. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. 1,000.00 320 320,000 270,000 166,000 303,000 168,000 190,000 173,000 594-40 Cut and Cover Section— Ramp from Massachusetts Ave. N.W.. . Cut and Cover Section— Ramp to 3rd St. N.W ....(83) K St. N.W ....(84) L St. N.W ....(85) New York Ave. N.W ....(86) M St. N.W ....(87) N St. N.W ....(88) O St. N.W — — — — — — — — — — — — 5,520,000 466,000 127,000 479,000 142,000 272,000 527,000 219,000 170,000 1,380 — — — — — — — — — — — — — $11,908,000 PUBLIC UTILITIES $ 2,390,000 86,000 L.S. L.S. 30 31 Sub-Total Tfttnl $ 2,476,000 Public Utilities f n n c r f r i i r t i n n . Cf%<t $22,607,000 Note:—Numbers in parentheses refer to structure numbers on Plan and Profile Sheets. SUMMARY Total Estimated Construction Cost Contingencies Engineering $22,607,000 3,392,000 2,261,000 Rights-of-Way $28,260,000 14,237,000 Total—Alternate Center Route $42,497,000 83 �ALTERNATE SOUTHWEST SECTION OF SOUTH ROUTE ESTIMATE OF COST Item LINCOLN MEMORIAL TO SOUTH CAPITOL STREET Description Unit Price Unit Quantity Amount GRADING AND DRAINAGE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Embankment (Material from Excavation) . Embankment (Material from Borrow) . . . . Protecting Existing Buildings L.S. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. $ — 2.00 5.00 5.00 1.00 3.00 — — — — — 470,000 $ — — 940,000 — 55,000 470,000 555,000 275,000 470,000 1,665,000 135,000 — — — — — 338,000 95,000 $ 3,918,000 Sub-Total—Grading and Drainage. . . SURFACING Base Course for Cement 13 14 Bituminous Concrete Pavement Base Course for Bituminous 15 $ 867,750 6.50 133,500 S.Y. S.Y. 1.50 1.50 123,500 85,000 185,250 127,500 S.Y. S.Y. 5.00 3.00 80,000 36,000 400,000 108,000 S.Y. 11 12 $ $ 1,688,500 $ 375,000 226,500 42,000 65,000 78,000 104,000 52,500 500,000 70,000 748,000 .$ 2,261,000 $ 750,000 3,410,000 804,600 MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTION 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Sidewalk and Safety Walk Freeway Lighting L.S. L.F. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.S. L.S. $ — 3.00 2.00 2.50 4.00 4.00 3.50 2.50 — — — 75,500 21,000 26,000 19,500 26,000 15,000 200,000 — — Sub-Total—Miscellaneous Construction RETAINING WALLS 26 27 28 Retaining Walls (Excavation Shored) . . . Retaining Walls (Excavation not Shored) . Stone Facing on Retaining Walls S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. $ 300.00 275.00 54.00 2,500 12,400 14,900 $ 4,964,600 84 �Item Unit Description Unit Price Quantity Amount STRUCTURES 29-1 29-2 29-3 29-4 29-5 29-6 29-7 29-8 29-9 29-10 29-11 29-12 29-13 29-14 29-15 29-16 29-17 29-18 29-19 29-20 29-21 29-22 Cut and Cover Section — Sta. 1 7 + 3 0 to 2 3 + 3 0 L.F. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.F. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. $4,000.00 600 $ 2,400,000 289,000 274,000 395,000 510,000 408,000 382,000 454,000 656,000 327,000 200,000 453,000 2,884,000 Highway Bridge Approach Washington Channel Bridge. Elevated Structure—Eastbound Sta. 9 3 + 4 0 to 100 + 20 Elevated Structure— Ramp to 11th St. S.W Elevated Structure— Westbound at 12th St. and Maine Ave. S.W 9th St. S.W 7th St. S.W 4th St. S.W Pennsylvania Railroad 29-23 Pennsylvania Railroad 29-24 Elevated Structure— Sta. 137 + 00 to 154+00 (Including Ramp Structures) . (137) (138) (139) , . (140) — — — — — — — 1,600 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 3,157,000 $18,050,000 L.S. L.S. 15th St. S.W 14th St. S.W — — — — — — — 410.00 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — L.S. (130) (131) . (132) (133) .(134) (135) (136) — — — — $ 1,766,000 25,000 $ 1,791,000 L.S. L.S. L.S. ..(141) . .(142) ..(143) ...(99) . (100) L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. ..(101) L.S. . L.S. (102) 700,000 394,000 184,000 440,000 334,000 340,000 280,000 226,000 702,000 1,661,000 PUBLIC UTILITIES 30 31 $32,673,100 Note:—Numbers in parentheses refer to structure numbers on Plan and Profile Sheets. SUMMARY Total Estimated Construction Cost Contingencies Engineering Rights-of-Way Total—Alternate Southwest Section $32,674,000 4,902,000 3,268,000 $40,844,000 1,353.000 $42,197,000 85 �I �APPENDIX B PRELIMINARY PLANS �INDEX T O SHEETS Sheet Key to Plan and Profile Sheets 1 to 9 1 West Route—Lincoln Memorial to 18th and T Streets N.W. 2 West R o u t e — K Street Connection to Whitehurst Freeway 3 North Route—18th Street and T Street N.W. to 2nd Street N . E . 4 North Route—2nd Street N . E . to Benning Road 5 East Route—Anacostia River to C Street N . E . 6 East R o u t e — C Street N . E . to Mount Olivet Road 7 Center Route—D Street S.W. to 0 Street N.W. 7A 8 8A Center Route Alternate—Southwest Freeway to Massachusetts Avenue South Route—Lincoln Memorial to 4th Street S.W. South Route Alternate (Independence Avenue)—Lincoln Memorial to 4th Street S.W. 9 South Route—4th Street S.W. to John Philip Sousa Bridge 10 Typical Cross Sections 11 Typical Cross Sections 12 Typical Cross Sections 13 Typical Cross Sections �������������������I �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Report on inner loop freeway system, District of Columbia : engineering studies and estimates Subject The topic of the resource Express highways -- Washington (D.C.) -- Estimates and costs Traffic engineering -- Washington (D.C.) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource DeLeuw, Cather & Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 1955 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Description An account of the resource Please note: This report includes irregularly-sized pages. If the report is not visible, try scrolling to the right or left or using the zoom in (+) or zoom out (-) functions in the PDF viewer window. https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/fbdcca106a1946b6b83badac9724fc93.pdf?Expires=1779321600&Signature=LOarAYUytUauyl8vKJJpbemjeMAcUgR1alATC0Nly2Kutv4uDzuIgXBLrqVvHiK398i4Z0EGn8E1Qupky%7EcP3us0kGjUL4Zsee8j-3ICz29zwufjj4WsdORwvozKPddNJfcFJE%7Eu9iSo63ffxP7U6KbsK4G9f-fnxu44HhBUwVPOzo9wdJ3unCVDEJKjQ%7EjKP%7E25jiwGEI-lsXJ7JGulSsn4A0PgFENdV-TVRO7JMgRdtWO0W3Uxlg1y-oqTvuSCpfz8WbMf0utcaSUdy2XRT6GTENzqdGsP32gRKiinOtSVJPz06X6uVTHtiPardqgU1TKf51MxwAlkr6h5TmZ-oA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 1744e51c7fe83ecb545922bbbb4add12 PDF Text Text STENOGRAPHIC TRANSCRIPT LIBRARY COPY RETURN TO OFFICE I F PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING DEPT. OF HIGHWAYS ANB TRAFFIC GOVT. OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA FILE NO: V'IZiL ACE R E P O R T I N G COMPANY 2 6 1 C O N S T I T U T I O N A V E . , N . W. WASHINGTON 1 , D. C. Official Reporters MEtropolitan 8-4780 �1 Government of tho D i s t r i c t of Columbia, Executive O f f i c e , Hearing on Route 240, Washington, D. C , 6 January 1953. C O N T E ^TSB S T A T E M E N T CB: %^ J . N . Robertson, a. &%>_ \ -< c D i s t r i c t of Columbia. D. S. Brinfcley, Planning Engineer, Department of Highways. ^ <) « | A 11 VV^-l^L % Claude W. Owen, ^ Acting Chairman, National C a p i t a l Pianningv Commission, accompanied by » John Nolen, J r . , D i r e c t o r , and Robert K e i t h , T r a f f i c Planning Engineer. 28 63 Donald J . Chaney, General Counsel, National C a p i t a l Planning Commission. 65 Conrad L. f i r t h , D i r e c t o r , National Paris S e r v i c e , as presented by Harry T. Thompson. 94 Major General Louis W. P r e n t i s s (USA Retd.), Chairman, Transportation Committee, Washington Board of Trade. 105 Morris Kanfer, Vice-Chairman, Associations. 114 Federation of C i t i z e n s Gregory S. P r i n c e , Chevy Chase Club. 115 Robert B. C u r t i s s , The P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s ' A s s o c i a t i o n . 121 182 Colonel Horace R. Higgins, P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s * Association Roads Conim-J t t e e . 121 �STATEMENT OF (continued) * PAGE William J . Hays, P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s ' Association Eoads Committee. 127 A l f r e d P. Dennis, P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s ' Association Roads Committee. 133 Richard Friedman, P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s * Association Roads Committee. 139 L i o n e l V. Kurphy, P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s ' Association Roads Committee. 145 Lawrence N. Bloomberg, P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s ' Association Roads Committee. 150 John H. Rick, P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s ' Association Roads Committee. 157 J u l i a n Frechtman, P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s ' Association Roads Committee. 165 Charles Stewart, P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s ' Association Roads Committee. 173 Mrs. James R. E i r k l a n d , Second Vice-President, P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s ' Association. 187 P h i l l i p Thorson, Chairman, Roads Committee, Potomac V a l l e y Communities. 190 William G. Smith, On behalf of the P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s * Association. 201 The Honorable Edward S. Northrop, On behalf of the V i l l a g e of Chevy Chase. 211 �STATEMENT OF (continued): PAGE Major General U. S. Grant, I I I , R e t i r e d , President, The American Planning and C i v i c Association. 215 Charles A. Phelan, J r . , Executive D i r e c t o r , American Planning and C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n . 227 Hugh H. Obear, Counsel f o r Anne Archbold, accompanied by John D. Archbold. 233 252 Charles C. Glover, J r . 251 Washington I . Cleveland, Secretary, American Automobile Association. 253 L. 0. Bolton, A s s i s t a n t Urban Engineer, V i r g i n i a Department of Highways. 259 James C. Wilkes, Counsel, Government Employees Insurance Company. 262 Andrew Parker, President, Woodward & Lothrop, accompanied by John T. Koehler, Attorney. 276 William S. Canning, Engineering D i r e c t o r , Keystone Automobile Club. 2S4 287 Rear Admiral N e i l l P h i l l i p s , USN, ( R e t i r e d ) , Vice-President, The Georgetown C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n ; Vice-President, The Audubon Society of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia; and on behalf of Tho Nature Conservancy;, The River Farm Garden Club of Alexandria; The Garden Club of F a i r f a x , V i r g i n i a ; and the Wanderbirds Hiking Club of Washington. �ir.;,i.o:v-:;:,'u;:: C7 (aoz^ir.uod) : ; PAGE John H. Cover, On behalf of tho Chesapeake & Ohio Canal A s s o c i a t i o n . 234 Paul M. Hawkins, President, Erookdalo C i t i z e n s Association. 300 Samuel G. K e l l y , President, The Westchester Corporation. 306 Charles R. Richey, President, B u r l e i t h C i t i z e n s Association. 308 Mrs. Walter A. S e l l e r s , Cathedral Heights, Cleveland Park C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n . 314 Paul J . S e l t z e r , President, Spring V a l l e y - Wesley Heights C i t i z e n s Association. 320 Michael Nadel, A s s i s t a n t Executive Secretary, The Wilderness Society. 325 Harold Leventhal, West Glover-Archbold C i t i z e n s Association. Leon C h a t e l a i n , J r . , Member, President's Consulting Committee, Federal C i t y Council. M f\ 338 Opening Statement, Commissioner McLaughlin. 3 Notice of Hearing. 4 Plan of v a r i o u s proposed routes f o r U.S. Route 240. Chart, comparative values of tho a l t e r n a t e routes. 0 �C O N T E N T S (continued) PAGS L e t t e r of dedication, Anne Archbold. 23G Acceptance of Archbold dedication. 237 239 Deed, Anno Archbold. 252 L e t t e r , Secretary of I n t e r i o r Krug. 244 L e t t e r , Washington Real E s t a t e Board, I n c . 282 B l u e p r i n t , Archbold Parkway. 252 Afternoon Session. 105 Evening 253 Session �2 PUBLIC HEARING ON ROUTE 240 GOVERNMENT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA EXECUTIVE OFFICE Board Room (Room 500) D i s t r i c t Building Washington, D. C. Monday, 6 January 1958 Mot, pursuant to notice, a t 10:00 a.m. BEFORE: Board of Commissioners: Robert E. McLaughlin, PresidentDavid B. K a r r i c k A l v i n C. Welling, Colonel, U. S. Army G. M. Thornett, Secretary �a 0 E 5 2 £ EERL 2 £ £ COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Good morning, l a d i e s and gentlemen. I am s o r r y that wo haven't enough seats f o r a l l of you i n s i d e . As I s a i d p r e v i o u s l y , s e a t s w i l l be pro- vided i n the c o r r i d o r , and there i s a m p l i f i c a t i o n out thoro. I b e l i e v e i t i s better f o r us t o proceed here than t o have a l l of us move across the s t r e e t t o the auditorium of the Commerce Department. T h i s hearing has been c a l l e d t o obtain the views and opinions of persons and organisations on the l o c a t i o n of IF. S. Highway No. 240 w i t h i n the Northwest section of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. The statements presented here w i l l be of considerable a s s i s t a n c e t o the Board of Commissioners i n a s c e r t a i n i n g which of the a l t e r n a t i v e l o c a t i o n s would best serve the public i n t e r e s t . The Federal Highway Act of 195G r e q u i r e s the holding of public hearings on proposed f e d e r a l - a i d highway p r o j e c t s t o be located w i t h i n c i t i e s , towns, or v i l l a g e s . I n compliance with the 1956 Act, a t r a n s c r i p t of the record of the hearing w i l l be submitted t o the Commissioner of P u b l i c Roads. Every e f f o r t has been made t o a d v e r t i s e the time and place of the hearing. P u b l i c hearing notices were d i s t r i b u t e d t o persons and organisations known t o be i n t e r ested i n the l o c a t i o n of u. s . Highway No. 240. Notice of �4 the hearing —- and i n c i d e n t a l l y t h i s hearing w i l l have t o bo conducted with s u f f i c i e n t order and decorum so a s not t o l e t our emotions c a r r y us away too tauch; t h i s i s not a n a t i o n a l p o l i t i c a l convention — Palisades and we w i l l t r y t o got the people e a r l y i n the program i n case any of you are i n a hurry and want t o get home — notice of the hearing was a d v e r t i s e d i n The Evening S t a r and The Washington D a i l y News on November 25, 1957, The Washington Post and Times E a r a i d on November 26, 1957, and the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Register on December 2, 1937. A copy of the notice w i l l now be incorporated i n t o the record of the hearing. (The notice r e f e r r e d t o f o l l o w s : ) GOVERNMENT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA EXECUTIVE OFFICES WASHINGTON 4, D. C. November 25, 1957 NOTICE The Commissioners of tho D i s t r i c t of Columbia w i l l hold a P u b l i c Hearing i n the Board Room, Room 500, D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g , 14th and E S t r e e t s , Northwest, on Monday, January 6, 1958, a t 10 A.M. t o obtain the views and opinions of i n t e r e s t e d persons and organisations on the l o c a t i o n of I n t e r s t a t e U.S. Highway 240 w i t h i n the Northwest Section of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. Location of the P u b l i c Hearing Room may be changed �i f subsequent developments i n d i c a t e that tho Board Room i s inadequate. The P u b l i c Hearing i s i n compliance w i t h the p r o v i s i o n s of the F e d e r a l Highway Act of 1956. Four (4) possible a l t e r n a t i v e routes w i l l be under consideration at tho hearing, each of these a l t e r n a t i v e s having been given p r e l i m i n a r y study by a consultant to the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Government, the Clnrkeson Engineering Company. The Clarkeson report i s dated June, 1957. The p r o j e c t i n v o l v e s a l i m i t e d access expressway to be constructed t o i n t e r s t a t e standards. be used by t r u c k s , buses and passenger The route w i l l cars. The Department of Highways of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia has recommended t o the Board of Commissioners a route designated as A-2 i n tho Clarkeson r e p o r t . Route A-2 begins a t the D i s t r i c t of ColumbiaMaryland l i n e between the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and the t r a c k s of the Baltimore and Ohio R a i l r o a d , The route i s divided i n t o two roadways, one on the b l u f f between tho t r a c k s and Potomac Avenue and the other at the bottom of the b l u f f along the Canal. The lov/er roadway meets Canal Road at Chain Bridge; the upper roadway remains on the b l u f f to GloverArchbold Park. From t h i s point, the westbound roadway would j o i n the Whitekurst Freeway; the four eastbound lanes would be located adjacent t o the modified Whitehurst Freeway. Both �0 the westbound and eastbound lanes would be connected t o the We3t Leg of the Inner Loop Freeway. I n addition t o the route recommended by the Highway Department, consideration w i l l bo given t o the route recommended by the Clarkeson Engineering Company and t o a l t e r n a t i v e routes approved by the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission. The Clarkeson Engineering Company recommended as i t s choice a route designated as "A" i n i t s report of J u l y 3.0. Route A begins a t the D i s t r i c t of Columbia-Maryland Line i n the same v i c i n i t y a s Route A-2. From that point t o the Glover-Archbold Park, Route A roughly p a r a l l e l s Route A-2 except t h a t a l l lanes of Route A would be on the b l u f f . From the Glover-Archbold Park t o the West Leg of the Inner Loop Freeway, Route A would be i d e n t i c a l t o Route A-2. At i t s meeting on June 18, 1957, the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission approved a committee report which recommended "that e i t h e r Route C or Route D, subs t a n t i a l l y as s e t out i n the previous presentation of the Clarkeson Engineering Company, be approved a s a Route f o r U. S. 240." Route C begins a t the D i s t r i c t of ColumbiaMaryland Line near Wisconsin Avenue and g e n e r a l l y f o l l o w s the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r t o Tenley C i r c l e and then f o l l o w s Glover-Archbold Park t o �meet Route A-2 l a the v i c i n i t y of Canal Road and thence along Route A-2 as above described. Route D f o l l o w s the same beginning at the D i s t r i c t of Columbia-Maryland L i n e , then f o l l o w s Glover-Archbold F a r t t o Whitehaven Parkway, thence e a s t e r l y through Dumbarton Oaks Park across Rock Creek Park and under Sheridan C i r c l e t o connect with the West Leg of the Inner Loop Freeway. The Planning Commission has not completed i t s d e t a i l e d plan i n furtherance of i t s June 18 a c t i o n . Inclosure No. 1 i n d i c a t e s the general l o c a t i o n of the four routes described i n t h i s notice and as proposed by the Clarkeson Engineering Company. I t i s t o be noted, how- ever, t h a t the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission has not f i n a l i z e d on the d e t a i l e d l o c a t i o n of i t s Route C or D and t h e r e f o r e i s not committed t o the l o c a t i o n s shown on I n c l o s u r e No. 1 , f o r those two routes. Engineering and other r e l a t e d data as developed f o r the four routes by the Clarkeson Engineering Company are shown on I n c l o s u r e No. 2. I t i s t o be noted, however, that the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission has not f i n a l i z e d on the d e t a i l s of i t s Route C or D and therefore i s not committed t o the data shown on I n c l o s u r e No. 2 f o r those routes. D e t a i l e d maps showing the l o c a t i o n of the four two �§6 8 routes under consideration (except perhaps Routes C and D) w i l l be a v a i l a b l e i n Room 400 of the D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g during normal working hours u n t i l completion of the hearing. Copies of the Clarkeson report w i l l a l s o be a v a i l a b l e . A copy of the committee report of the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission on t h i s subject w i l l be s i m i l a r l y a v a i l a b l e . The p u b l i c w i l l be permitted t o study these data but removal c£ the r e p o r t s and maps from the room w i l l not be permitted. Any f u r t h e r information needed may be obtained by a p p l i c a t i o n t o the Department of Highways, D i s t r i c t B u i l d ing, Washington, D. C. Addresses are requested t o com- municate the foregoing information t o any persons known t o be i n t e r e s t e d i n t h i s Highway improvement and who not being known t o t h i s o f f i c e d i d not r e c e i v e a copy of t h i s p u b l i c notice. I n d i v i d u a l s and r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of organizat i o n s intending t o present a statement a t the bearing are requested t o f u r n i s h t h e i r names and addresses and telephone numbers t o the S e c r e t a r y , Board of Commissioners i n w r i t i n g not l a t e r than the close of business on January 2, 1958, so that the name of each person intending t o make a statement may be placed on t h s l i s t of speakers. G. M. Thornett Secretary, Board of Commissioners, D. C. 2 Inclosures. INSERT NO. I ( I n c l o s u r e No. 1 f o l l o w s : ) �9 Inclosure No. 2 COMPARATIVE VALUES OF THE ALTERNATE BOOTES ITEM ROUTE A ROUTE A-2 E0HTE * ROUTE D* Length, miles 4.57 4.57 5.65 5.28 Construction 38,081,000 41,389,500 53,266,000 51,676,000 Right of Way 6,696,000 5,600,500 6,344,000 11,982,000 44,777,000 46,990,000 59,610,000 63,658,000 COST Total PROPERTY TAKINGS Dwellings Route 240-Main L i n e 120 43 74 118 Inner Loop Connection 149 149 149 114 0 0 0 35 35 36 35 304 227 259 278 Embassies or Chancelleries Commercial & Other Total SERVICE (1980) Number of v e h i c l e s served 146,500 146,500 164,500 161,600 Number of v e h i c l e m i l e s per day 330,700 330,700 528,800 539,500 * D e t a i l e d data not yet a v a i l a b l e f o r route approval by National C a p i t a l Planning Commission. �1C COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: The p r o j e c t i n v o l v e s the construction of a l i m i t e d access freeway a s a segment of the National System of I n t e r s t a t e and Defense Highways. A r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the Department of Highways w i l l e x p l a i n the f e d e r a l standards required f o r the design and construction of such p r o j e c t s . He w i l l then describe the v a r i o u s l o c a t i o n s p r e s e n t l y under consideration i n tho Northwest section of the c i t y . Persons who have expressed t h e i r i n t e n t i o n of presenting statements w i l l be c a l l e d i n the following order: r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of government agencies, r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of organizations and a s s o c i a t i o n s , and i n d i v i d u a l s . Thereafter, persons d e s i r i n g t o present a statement, who have not heretof o r e expressed t h e i r i n t e n t i o n t o do so, w i l l be recognized. I would l i k e now t o c a l l on the D i r e c t o r of the Department of Highways, Mr. Robertson. STATEMENT OF J . N. ROBERTSON, DIRECTOR, DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. MR. ROBERTSON: Ladies and gentlemen, t h i s morning f i r s t the Department of Highways w i l l have Mr. B r i n k l e y , the Planning Engineer of our Department, describe the four routes that were studied by the Clarkeson Engineering Boston. Company of A f t e r he has completed h i s d e s c r i p t i o n of the four routes, I w i l l again come t o the mike and give my recommendat i o n a s t o why I recommended t o the Commissioners A-2, which i s along tho Potomac R i v e r from the D i s t r i c t l i n e . �11 STATEMENT OF D, S, BRINKLEY, PLANNING ENGINEER, DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS. MR C BRINKLEY: l a d i e s and gentlemen. Good morning,Mr, Chairman and I am Douglas B r i n k l e y , Planning Engineer f o r the Department of Highways Before pro- ceeding with a d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n of the routes under consideration, a b r i e f word of explanation i s i n order. F i r s t , on the concept of the I n t e r s t a t e Highway system., The "national system of I n t e r s t a t e and Defense highways" i s a road network of 41,000 miles across the nation connecting the p r i n c i p a l c i t i e s and providing a t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e r v i c e of the highest type knov/n to man. T h i s i s a system f o r which the Congress, i n 1956, passed .the financing measures whereby 90% of the cost w i l l be paid by f e d e r a l funds and 10% by s t a t e funds. Within the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, there are approximately 28.5 miles of i n t e r s t a t e highways, indicated on the map to the left. The portion we w i l l discuss t h i s morning i s a connection between the west l e g of the inner-loop f r e e way and the D i s t r i c t of Columbia-Maryland l i n e , The applicable s t a t u t e s provide f o r development of the i n t e r s t a t e system to geometric and construct i o n standards approved by the s e c r e t a r y of Commerce i n cooperation with the State Highway departments that are adequate to accommodate the type and volume of t r a f f i c �12 expected to use such a system as f o r e c a s t f o r a t l e a s t the year 1975, and the standards adopted s h a l l be u n i formly applied i n a l l s t a t e s . The adopted standards provide f o r the construct i o n of a freeway having divided roadways with f u l l c o n t r o l of access. Control of access i s one of the most important requirements of the standards. Access w i l l be c o n t r o l l e d by a c q u i r i n g access r i g h t s outright p r i o r to construction or by the c o n s t r u c t i o n of frontage roads, or by a combination of the two. A l l at-grade i n t e r s e c t i o n s of p u b l i c highways w i l l be eliminated by means of bridges c a r r y i n g the roadway of one over the other or the connecting road terminated, rerouted, or intercepted by frontage roads except as t r a f f i c may eater or leave the through roadways by merging or diverging l a n e s . The design speed f o r through roadways w i t h i n urban areas s h a l l be a t l e a s t 50 miles per hour. Gradients on a l l through roadways w i l l genera l l y not exceed three percent. T r a f f i c lanes w i l l not be l e s s than 12 f e e t i n width. Shoulders usable i n a l l weather w i l l be provided on the r i g h t s i d e of t r a f f i c l a n e s , with usable width of 10 f e e t or more. �Every feature of design, i n c l u d i n g c o n t r o l of access, i s being incorporated i n the development of the system to insure s a f e t y , permanence, and u t i l i t y , , This f a c i l i t y w i l l provide s e r v i c e for a l l types and c l a s s e s of motor v e h i c l e s . There are four a l t e r n a t i v e routes under conside r a t i o n at afchis hearing, each of which has been given study by a consultant to the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Government, the Clarkeson Engineering Company of Boston, Massachusetts,, The Clarkeson report i s dated June, The four routes are designated as "A", "A2", 1957. "C" and "0". Route "A" has been recommended by the Clarkeson Engineering f i r m . Route "A2" has been recommended by the Depart- ment of Highways. mended by the E i t h e r route "C" or "D" has been recom- National C a p i t a l Planning Commission* And as 1 describe each route, i t w i l l be traced on Map Number 1, the i n t e r s t a t e system: On the f i r s t e x h i b i t you w i l l see the approved i n t e r s a t e system for the metropolitan area of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. Although a connection between the west leg of the inner-loop freeway i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and route 240 i n Maryland, along the bank of the Pptomac r i v e r , was part of the i n i t i a l system approval, i t was understood that a d e t a i l e d engineering study would be made of the area before a d e f i n i t e d e c i s i o n was made with �14 respect to i t s exact l o c a t i o n . For that reason you see a l i n e w i t h arrow heads i n d i c a t i n g that the f i n a l s e l e c t i o n of alignment i s s t i l l pending. an overlay on that problem area map. We w i l l now place The overlay sheet shows the four routes, studied by the consultant, w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, and t h e i r r e l a t i o n to the r e maining portions of the i n t e r s t a t e system. You w i l l notice that a gap s t i l l remains between the D i s t r i c t l i n e and route 240 i n Maryland. A f t e r a route s e l e c t i o n i s made i n the D i s t r i c t , the Maryland State Roads Commission w i l l complete i t s studies that w i l l determine the manner i n which the route w i l l be projected through that s t a t e . On the center map, high on the t a b l e , we go to a d e s c r i p t i o n of the four routes under consideration here t h i s morning. Route "A", r i v e r side l o c a t i o n recommended by the Clarkeson Engineering Company, has i t s beginning at the D i s t r i c t l i u e between the Chesapeake & Ohio canal and the f r e i g h t - l i n e t r a c k of the Baltimore Ohio r a i l - road, passing under the t r a c k and following generally along the soutli s i d e of S h e r r i e r Place northwest to Arizona Avenue. At two l o c a t i o n s (Newark S t r e e t and Macomb S t r e e t ) the through route w i l l pass beneath these street;., to provide access to the r e s i d e n t i a l property remaining on the r i v e r side of the expressway. �Upon reaching Arizona Avenue, p r o v i s i o n i s made for an interchange with a proposed Potomac r i v e r bridge serving V i r g i n i a t r a f f i c . The route continues eastward on the northerly s i d e of the P a l i s a d e s Playground, u t i l i z i n g the present right-of-way of the D. C. T r a n s i t Company and bends s l i g h t l y toward the r i v e r where, a t Nebraska Avenue, i t p a r a l l e l s Canal Road. I t continues eastward, s t i l l using, i n p a r t , the D. C. T r a n s i t Company right-of-way, passes the Georgetown r e s e r v o i r i n the area between the r e s e r v o i r and Canal Road. As i t approaches F o x h a l l Road the route bends away from the z'iver and crosses F o x h a l l Road j u s t south of the i n t e r s e c t i o n of McArthur Boulevard providing f o r an interchange with the proposed Glover-Archbold Parkway. Opposite the entrance to the Georgetown U n i v e r s i t y gymnasium, the route crosses Canal Road and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal with the inbound roadway entering a s t r u c t u r e over the waters of the Potomac r i v e r and passing under the f i r s t water span of Key Bridge, coming back on the shore to an elevatqd s t r u c t u r e s i m i l a r i n width and design t o the e x i s t i n g Whitehurst Freeway and thence to connect with tho west l e g of the I n n e r Loop Freeway j u s t west of Washington C i r c l e . The Whitehurst Freeway w i l l serve as the outbound roadway. The number of t r a f f i c lanes on t h i s route �16 are as f o l l o w s : From the D i s t r i c t l i n e to Arizona Avenue a four-lane divided highway; from Arizona Avenue to the Glover-Archbold Parkway - a s i x lane divided highway; and from the Glover-Archbold Parkway to the west l e g of the Inner-loop Freeway - an eight-lane divided highway. Route "A2", a l s o a r i v e r s i d e l o c a t i o n , i s recommended by the Department of Highways. I t has i t s beginning at the same point on the D i s t r i c t l i n e as route "A" except that the roadways are separated to a greater e x t e n t . I n general the outbound roadway a higher e l e v a t i o n than the inbound roadway. i s at The f i r s t about p a r a l l e l to and on the r i v e r s i d e of Potomac Avenue to the v i c i n i t y of Arizona Avenue, and the l a t t e r on a lower l e v e l using present Canal Road almost to the Glover-Archbold Parkway. T h i s route does not separate r e s i d e n t i a l areas and t r a v e r s e s the r i v e r s i d e of the P a l i s a d e s Playground. From the Glover-Archbold Parkway to the InnerLoop Freeway the alignment and design are the same as i n route "A". The required number of t r a f f i c lanes are a l s o the 3ame as i n route "A". Route "C" i s the Wisconsin Avenue - GloverArchbold route and begins at the D i s t r i c t l i n e to the �17 north and east of Wisconsin Avenue. I t t r a v e l s diagon- a l l y from the i n t e r s e c t i o n of Western Avenue and L i v i n g ston S t r e e t , c r o s s i n g 42nd S t r e e t , and 41st S t r e e t , through the w e s t e r l y part of F o r t Reno and down 40th S t r e e t between the WTOP Broadcast House and the Woodrow Wilson High School, under Tenley C i r c l e and i n t o the north end of the Glover-Archbold Park. Following the Park v a l l e y , passing beneath Massachusetts Avenue, Cathedral Avenue, Nov; Mexico'Avenue and Reservoir Road. I t connects w i t h the Canal Road area at the r i v e r and the plan from that point to the west leg of the Inner-Loop Freeway i s the same as that p r e v i o u s l y described f o r routes "A" and "A2". The number of lanes required to serve the assigned t r a f f i c volumes a r e : From the D i s t r i c t l i n e to the north end of the Glover-Archbold Park (Van Ness S t r e e t ) - a s i x - l a n e divided highway and from that point to the west l e g of the Inner-Loop Freeway - an eight-lane divided highway. I n a d d i t i o n , because of an extended length of continuous three percent grade through the GloverArchbold Park, a climbing lane f o r slow movicg t r a f f i c would have to be added to the outbound roadway, making a t o t a l of nine lanes at c e r t a i n l o c a t i o n s w i t h i n the parkland. �18 This route, or the a l t e r n a t i v e route "0" that f o l l o w s , have been recommended by the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission. Route "D" begins a t the same l o c a t i o n on the D i s t r i c t l i n e as route "C", follows the same alignment down through the Glover-Archbold Park to the Whitehaven Parkway which i s a point j u s t north of Reservoir Road. Here, instead of continuing down the park to Canal Road, the route curves sharply eastward through Whitehaven Parkway, underpassing Wisconsin Avenue, t r a v e l s through Dumbarton Oaks Park and j o i n s Rock Creek Park and Potomac Parkway, p a r a l l e l i n g Massachusetts Avenue f o r a short distance. I t then leaves Rock Creek Park, curves under Sheridan C i r c l e and connects with the west l e g of the Inner-Loop Freeway j u s t north of Massachusetts Avenue and 21st S t r e e t . The number of t r a f f i c lanes required are the same as i n route "C"; that i s : A s i x - l a n e divided highway from the D i s t r i c t l i n e to Van Ness Street and an e i g h t - l a n e divided highway f o r the remainder of the distance. Moving to the next chart on the r i g h t , comparat i v e values of the a l t e r n a t e routes, we have shown here a t a b u l a t i o n of the right-of-way and c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t s . Your a t t e n t i o n i s now d i r e c t e d to the chart �19 where we have shown the right-of-way and construction costs of the s e v e r a l routes, together w i t h the length of each; t h e i r e f f e c t on property; and the number of v e h i c l e s each route i s expected to c a r r y d a i l y i n the year 1980. Running b r i e f l y down each route, route "A", the length i s 4.57 miles. $45,000,000. The t o t a l cost i s j u s t under The t o t a l number of p r o p e r t i e s taken would be 304. And the s e r v i c e to v e h i c l e s i n the year 1980, averaging d a i l y t r i p s , 146,500. Route "A2", the length i s the same. i s about $3,000,000 higher. The cost The t o t a l number of proper- t i e s , 227. And the same number of v e h i c l e s served. Route "C" i s s l i g h t l y longer, 5.65 miles. I t s t o t a l cost w i l l be j u s t under $60,000,000. The properties taken number 259. And the v e h i c l e s e r v i c e , 164,500. On the f i n a l route, route "0", 5.28 miles loug, j u s t over 63-1/2 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s , with 278 properties taken, and the v e h i c l e s s e r v i c e d 131,600. I would c a l l your a t t e n t i o n to routes "A" and "A2". The p r i v a t e property dwellings i n the Palisades Park area on the b l u f f s of the P a l i s a d e s a t the west of M Arizona Avenue, route A" would take 120 houses; route "A2", only 43. Because of the importance of t r a f f i c considerat i o n s i n the s e l e c t i o n of new highways, i t seems appropriate �20 that the further remarks be devoted to t h i s element of the study. R e f e r r i n g back to the large s c a l e maps which show the s e v e r a l routes contained i n the Clarkeson Engineering Report, you w i l l note that we have included f i g u r e s representing average d a i l y t r a f f i c volumes f o r the year 1980. various c o l o r s — They are pasted on s l i p s of paper i n pink, yellow, and blue. These volumes d i c t a t e d the design required f o r the I n t e r s t a t e Highway system. From the design, accurate cost estimates were compiled and submitted to the Bureau of P u b l i c Roads, who i n turn w i l l submit them to t h i s s e s s i o n of Congress i n support of the program. The following i s an e x t r a c t from the guides s e t up f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g the proper design of i n t e r s g a t e routes, and I quote: " I t w i l l not always be p r a c t i c a b l e to develop an i n t e r s t a t e system highway to accommodate a l l t r a f f i c which could be added up i n a t r a f f i c c o r r i d o r . I n many cases, p a r t i c u l a r l y r a d i a l highways i n t o urban a r e a s , a s i n g l e i n t e r s t a t e highway may a t t r a c t and generate more t r a f f i c by 1975 than i t s p r a c t i c a l c a p a c i t y , even though i t i s designed w i t h what i s considered to be the p r a c t i c a l and economical maximum number of lanes f o r that location. Additional c o r r i d o r capacity f o r p r i m a r i l y l o c a l t r a f f i c movements should be provided by s t r e e t s or �21 highways other than that of the i n t e r s t a t e system." I n e f f e c t , t h i s statement means that v/e should choose a plan which represents the best o v e r a l l balance of t r a f f i c on the proposed and e x i s t i n g highway network. I f f u r t h e r means that the proper route through an i n t e r s t a t e c o r r i d o r i s not n e c e s s a r i l y the route which w i l l a t t r a c t the greatest number of v e h i c l e s . Two of the routes under d i s c u s s i o n here today, those designated as "C" and "D", f a l l i n t o that category. As indicated previously, the s e c t i o n of route "C" between Key Bridge and the Inner-Loop Freeway, has an assignment of 152,000 v e h i c l e s per day. T h i s i n d i c a t e s a peak hour volume of over 9000 v e h i c l e s i n one d i r e c t i o n . Since the capacity range f o r an eight-lane divided freeway i s 6000 to 7000 v e h i c l e s per hour i n one d i r e c t i o n , i t i s r e a d i l y apparent that t h i s s e c t i o n of route "C" would have a demand approximately 50 percent greater than the maximum f a c i l i t y we could provide. S i m i l a r l y , route "D" has a demand f o r s e r v i c e for 170,000 v e h i c l e s d a i l y f o r that s e c t i o n along the Whitehaven Parkway. I n terms of peak hour volume, t h i s means 10,200 v e h i c l e s i n one d i r e c t i o n , or an overload of the f a c i l i t y of about 60 percent. The two r i v e r routes, "A" and "A2", each represent i d e n t i c a l t r a f f i c s e r v i c e f o r the i n t e r s t a t e �route. At t h e i r point of highest t r a f f i c volume, be- tween Key Bridge ana the Inner-Loop Freeway, the t r a f f i c desaand i s f o r 114,000 d a i l y v e h i c l e s , or 5,800 v e h i c l e s i n the peak d i r e c t i o n of flow. This volume i s w i t h i n the required design c r i t e r i a and i n d i c a t e s that e i t h e r of these routes would f u n c t i o n properly as the i n t e r s t a t e connection. They would a l s o be i n accord with the prev- i o u s l y stated i n t e r s t a t e p o l i c y which s t a t e s that much of the l o c a l t r a f f i c , i n and adjacent to large urban a r e a s , nmst of n e c e s s i t y use s t r e e t s and highways other than the i n t e r s t a t e system. I n the f i n a l s e l e c t i o n of a route by the Department of Highways, these f a c t o r s were considered to be of tho utmost importance. They show that the best balanced use of our e x i s t i n g and proposed highway network i s obtained by constructing a route along the r i v e r . By using such a route, i n combination w i t h a four-lane parkway through the Glover-Archbold Park, enough r e l i e f i s afforded the e x i s t i n g s t r e e t system..to absorb that Maryland t r a f f i c which tends to overload the "C" and "0" routes. Mr. Chairman, that concludes ay remarks. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Brinkley. Mr. Robertson? Thank you, Mr, �23 STATEMENT OF J , K. ROBERTSON DIRECTOR, DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS, 0. C. (resumed) MR. RODERTSON: gentlemen: Mr. President, l a d i e s and A f t e r exhaustive hearings, the Congress en- acted the Pederal Aid Highway Act of 1856. The fiot recog- nizes that i t i s e s s e n t i a l to the n a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t to provide for the e a r l y completion of the I n t e r s t a t e System, including extensions through urban areas. T h i s places a r e s p o n s i b i l i t y upon the Department of Highways of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia to f i n d a l o c a t i o n for a properly designed freeway i n northwest Washington between the Maryland-D.C. Line and the Inner Loop. The l o c a t i o n must give due recognition t o engineering, economic and a e s t h e t i c factors. While a c r o s s i n g of the Potomac R i v e r i n the b Chain Bridge area i s not a part of the I n t e r s t a t e System, good planning r e q u i r e s that proper a t t e n t i o n be given t o the t r a f f i c demands between Washington and V i r g i n i a i n that area. Population estimates for the Metropolitan Area serve as a b a s i s for estimating the t r a f f i c volumes and a bridge i n the Arizona Avenue area with properly designed approaches w i l l have to be b u i l t regardless of the l o c a t i o n s e l e c t e d for the I n t e r s t a t e System. S i x lanes w i l l have t o be provided from the Arizona Avenue bridgehead to the Glover-Archbold Parkway and eight lanes �24 from the Glover-Archbold Farkv/ay to the lunar Loop. I want to f u r t h e r emphasize that the cost of building t h i s bridge i s not i n any way t i e d i n to the cost of building the connection to Route 240. This bridge i s a f a c i l i t y that w i l l serve 32,000 c a r s per day i n 1980 that w i l l be going to and from V i r g i n i a . The cost of constructing Route A-2 i s s l i g h t l y higher than the cost of constructing Route A, However, the Department of Highways i s recommending Route A-2 because: (1) I t w i l l not b i s e c t the community or Palisades Park, but w i l l be on the r i v e r side of same. I t i s , therefore, the l e a s t d e s t r u c t i v e to p r i v a t e property and the l e a s t d i s r u p t i v e to established neighbor hoods. T h i s i s borne out by the chart showing the com- parison of the number of p r i v a t e properties a f f e c t e d , Route A-2 a f f e c t s only one-third of the number of houses or properties v/hich would be a f f e c t e d by Souto A i n the Palisades area. (2) Route A-2, together v/ith the construction of the Glover-Archbold f a c i l i t y as a four-lane Parkway, w i l l o f f e r the best balance i n t r a f f i c s e r v i c e to the areas involved. (3) Because of the t e r r a i n , i t i s f e l t that there i s l e s s opportunity to adequately develop the Park �25 facilities. We have determined from plans submitted to us that Route A-2 i s at approximately the same l o c a t i o n as the four-lane read proposed by the Park Service and the encroachment on t h i s P a l i s a d e s area i s v i r t u a l l y the same. (4) The s e l e c t i o n of Route A-2 would provide a b e a u t i f u l l y d i g n i f i e d entrance to the Nation's C a p i t a l . I don"t b e l i e v e any other entrance to Washington v/culd have a comparable a e s t h e t i c appeal. (5) Route A-2 v / i l l cost t h i r t e e n m i l l i o n d o l l a r s l e s s than the l e a s t expensive route i n the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r . (6) I t i s expected that v a r i o u s proposals w i l l be transmitted during the course of these hearings, embodying minor and i n some cases major r e v i s i o n s , or perhaps e n t i r e l y new a l t e r n a t e s f o r the I n t e r s t a t e System i n Northwest Washington. A l l of such proposals v/hich have c r e d i b l e merit w i l l be c a r e f u l l y studied on engineering, economic, a e s t h e t i c and general s e r v i c e p r i n c i p l e s to the end that the best p o s s i b l e s o l u t i o n can be found i n the i n t e r e s t of everyone. I t i s ray understanding that one group at the s t a f f l e v e l has prepared an a l t e r n a t e , embodying a l i n e which would connect the Inner Loop at about 21st Street and Massachusetts Avenue by a tunnel to Rock Creek Park, thence, over a s t r u c t u r e and grade up Normanstone Drive to a point j u s t east of 34th �26 S t r e e t , K.W. where the l i n e would agaiu eater a tunnel passing under Massachusetts and Wisconsin Avenues and other s t r e e t s and p r i v a t e property to Glover-Archbold Parkway i n the v i c i n i t y of Macomb S t r e e t . I t i s not known a t t h i s time whether borings have been made and s o i l conditions studied to such an extent as to permit the development of a reasonably sound estimate. I t has been suggested that such a l i n e might r e q u i r e the construction of two s e c t i o n s of tunnel, one about one mile i n length and the other approximately one-half mile long, plus the bridge across Rock Creek Park and the normal type of construction up Normaustone Drive, T r a f f i c assignments to such a l i n e would require not l e s s than three lanes i n the eastbound roadway and four lanes i n the westbound roadway. The a d d i t i o n a l lane i n the westbound roadway i s required because of the length of adverse three percent and v i r t u a l l y two percent grades and hence t h i s climbing lane i s needed so that the heavier v e h i c l e s w i l l not unduly r e t a r d the movement of passeuger cars. On the b a s i s of the l i m i t e d information at hand, i t i s estimated that such an a l t e r n a t e from the Inner Loop to the D i s t r i c t of Columbia-Maryland Line would cost about $110,000,000. T h i s cost i s more than double the estimated cost of Route A-2. �27 For these reasons, the Department of Highways recommends the construction of Route A-2 as the I n t e r s t a t e connection between Maryland and the West Leg of the Inner Loop Freeway. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGBLIN: Do you have any questions? COLONEL WELLING: I have none. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGBLIN: Do you have any questions? COMMISSIONER KARRICK: I have none. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGBLIN: Thank you very much, Mr. Robertson. The National C a p i t a l Planning Commission, represented by Claude W Owen, Acting Chairman. . With him w i l l be John Nolea, J r . , D i r e c t o r of the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission, and Robert K e i t h , T r a f f i c Planning Engineer. �28 STATEMENT OF CLAUDE W OWEN, ACTING CHAIRMAN, . NATIONAL CAPITAL PLANNING COMMISSION, ACCOMPANIED BY JOHN NOLEN, JR., DIRECTOR, AND ROBERT KEITH, TRAFFIC PLANNING ENGINEER. MR. OWEN: Mr. Chairman, gentlemen of the Commission, Ladies and gentlemen: The Planning Commission r e a l i z e s f u l l y , a s everyone does, the very c o n t r o v e r s i a l nature of the matter under d i s c u s s i o n . We know t h a t , however, t h i s route i n t o Washington w i l l be determined, that i t i s going t o adversely a f f e c t somebody's property. F o r t h a t reason the S t a f f of the Planning Commission and the Commission i t s e l f has given a great deal of very c a r e f u l study and consideration t o the questions i n volved. I n May of 1957 the matter was r e f e r r e d t o a committee of the Planning Commission, of which I was Chairman. T h i s i s r e f e r r e d t o a s the Commission's inner-loop committee because t h i s must connect with the inner loop somewhere. I have before me the report of that committee of the Planning Commission which was approved i n June — June 18, 1957, by the Planning Commission. The report, as i t w i l l show, approved routes "C" o r "D", down through the Glover-Archbold Parkway a s i n d i c a t e d on the map on �29 the t a b l e . T h i s was not a unanimous report. I t was a majority report which was signed by myself a s Chairman, and Mr. Thompson, representing the National Park S e r v i c e , and Mr. P e t e r s , representing the Commissioner of P u b l i c V e h i c l e s . There was a minority report which was signed by General Lane, Engineer Commissioner f o r the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, and Mr. H. J . Spelman, representing the Commissioner of P u b l i c Roads. I would l i k e to read that report. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGBLIN: Row long i s the report? MR. OWEN: Two pages. The Commission's Inner Loop Committee, a t the March 1957 meeting of the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission, was d i r e c t e d to study the proposed l o c a t i o n s f o r I n t e r s t a t e Route 240 i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia as submitted by the Clarkeson Engineering Company, consultants t o the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Highway Department a s w e l l as other information a s may be a v a i l a b l e . A f t e r s e v e r a l meetings of the Inner Loop Committee, the following a c t i o n was taken on May 22, 1957 "That the Committee recommend that the route along the northeast s i d e of the Potomac R i v e r i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia should be developed a s a parkway �so as heretofore proposed i n hansoay w i t h and s i m i l a r i n character to the George Washington Memorial Parkway along other s t r e t c h e s of the Potomac E i v e r . "That the Committee recommend that e i t h e r Route C or Route E, which l a t e r became Route D, subs t a n t i a l l y a s s e t out i n the previous presentation of the Clarkeson Engineering Company, be approved as a route f o r US 240." Approved: Claude W. Owen, Chairman. Harry T. Thompson, representing Conrad L, Wirth, National Park S e r v i c e . Charles A. P e t e r s , representing F. Moraa McConihe, Commissioner of P u b l i c B u i l d i n g s . Dissenting: B r i g . Gen. T. A. Lane, Engineer Commissioner, D i s t r i c t of Columbia. H. J.. Spelman, representing Commissioner of P u b l i c Roads. The Committee i n i t s d e l i b e r a t i o n s f e l t that s i n c e the Clarkeson Engineering Company had determined t h a t two expressways w i l l be x*equired to serve the t r a f f i c needs i n the Northwest s e c t o r of the c i t y by 1980, i t would be l o g i c a l to plan f o r two such routes now by using the already planned and p a r t i a l l y financed George Washington Memorial Parkway i n Maryland and i t s parkway extension —• through P a l i s a d e s Park i n the D i s t r i c t �31 fox* passenger t r a f f i c . Such t r a f f i c c o n s t i t u t e s ninety percent o f t h e contemplated Route 240 t r a f f i c . The second expressway would be Route 240, located w i t h i n tho Glover-Archbold - Wisconsin Avenue corridor. T h i s c e n t r a l l y - l o c a t e d route would not only provide t r a f f i c s e r v i c e f o r the primary r e s i d e n t i a l and commercial concentrations i n the Northwest portion of the c i t y and i n Maryland but could a l s o provide the opportunity f o r a c e n t r a l l y located t r a n s i t f a c i l i t y , which the Potomac R i v e r Route could not do because of i p e r i p h e r a l l o c a t i o n i n respect t o these r e s i d e n t i a l and commercial areas. Land-use-wise tho Parkway along the Potomac R i v e r both i n the D i s t r i c t and i n Maryland w i l l make the s c e n i c beauty of the Potomac V a l l e y a v a i l a b l e to many and tend t o enhance the predominant low-density r e s i d e n t i a l developments i n i t s v i c i n i t y much tho same way a s the Mt. Vernon Memorial Parkway below Alexandria i n the F t . Foote a r e a . S i m i l a r i l y , Route 240 express- way located i n the Wisconsin Avenue Corridor w i l l lend i t s e l f t o the more densely populated areas and provide a coBimercial access t o the many r e t a i l and s e r v i c e estab lishments along i t s route. Opposition has been expressed t o the Potomac R i v e r l o c a t i o n f o r Route 249, by p e t i t i o n and a t p u b l i c �32 hearings before Congress, based p r i m a r i l y on i t s d i s r u p t i v e e f f e c t upon r e s i d e n t i a l neighborhoods and Potomac V a l l e y Scenic resources, whereas a l o c a t i o n f o r Route 240 i n the Wisconsin Avenue Corridor i s f e a s i b l e and would be l e s s d i s r u p t i v e of e x i s t i n g land uses s i n c e i t could be located i n a t r a n s i t i o n a l area between commercial and r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s . I t i s evident from the t r a f f i c data presented by the Clarkeson Engineering Company that an i n t e r i o r route such a s C or 0 would provide v a s t l y superior t r a f f i c service. According to t h e i r 19S0 t r a f f i c estimates 70,000 v e h i c l e s — r e q u i r i n g s i x lanes — would use Route C or D a t the D i s t r i c t l i n e during a 24-hour period, whereas Route A. the Potomac R i v e r Route, would a t t r a c t 32,000 — r e q u i r i n g four lanes — same period. f o r the Besides tho f a c t t h a t more v e h i c l e s w i l l use an i n t e r i o r route, the cost per land would be lower, the b e n e f i t s to motorists would be greater, and r e l i e f to l o c a l a r t e r i e s such as Connecticut, Wisconsin, and Massachusetts Avenues would a l s o be much greater s i n c e Route C o r D would accommodate 38,000 more v e h i c l e s a t the D i s t r i c t l i n e than Route A which would leave t h i s t r a f f i c t o be d i s t r i b u t e d on the preceding avenues. The Clarkeson Engineering Company has mentioned two conditions which had a l a r g e bearing on t h e i r �33 d e c i s i o n t o make Route A t h e i r f i r s t choice and Route C t h e i r second choice f o r Route 240. The tWO conditions a r e ( 1 ) t h a t Maryland p r e f e r r e d the R i v e r Route, and (2) the Glover-Archbold Parkway would not be a v a i l a b l e f o r highway purposes. A meeting was hold a t the Maryland State Roads Commission i n Baltimore on May 2 1 , 1957, w i t h representat i v e s from the Montgomery and P r i n c e Georges County governing bodies and the Maryland-National C a p i t a l Pari and Planning Commission. At t h i s meeting, i t was voted unanimously that Route 240 should not come down the Potomac R i v e r V a l l e y but a route f u r t h e r north would be p r e f e r r e d . I t i s a l s o a f a c t that a 100-foot roadway for highway purposes e x i s t s i n the Glover-Archbold Parkway which could be u t i l i z e d w i t h minor additions f o r Route 240. The Wisconsin Avenue Corridor l o c a t i o n f o r Route 240 a s proposed by t h i s Committee has been coordinated w i t h t h e Maryland-National C a p i t a l Park and Planning Commission S t a f f who have i n d i c a t e d that such a l o c a t i o n i n t h e D i s t r i c t can be j o i n e d t o e i t h e r a R i v e r Road o r Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r l o c a t i o n i n Maryland. These two general l o c a t i o n s a r e now under study by the s t a f f of the Maryland-National C a p i t a l �34 Park and Planning Commission. That i s tho ond o f the E i a j o r i t y report. There i s a minority report which has been f i l e d w i t h you w i t h the majority r e p o r t . Some statements i n t h a t minority report which a r e not sustained by evidence today because of changed conditions and those i n a c c u r a c i e s i n the minority report w i l l be pointed out by Mr, Nolen i n a few minutes. The f o l l o w i n g i s the minority report on locations f o r I n t e r s t a t e Route 240: The undersigned members of the committee appointed by the NCPC t o study t h e connection between Route 240 i n Maryland and the Inner Loop i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia hereby submit t h i s minority report on the f i n d i n g s o f the committee. The report i s presented i n opposition t o the m a j o r i t y report o f the other three members of t h e committee a f t e r c a r e f u l consideration of the f o l l o w i n g four questions which a r e b a s i c t o the l o c a t i o n o f t h i s I n t e r s t a t e Route. T h i s report i s being prepared without having seen any approved v e r s i o n o f the m a j o r i t y report. O v e r a l l Planning Considerations: F i r s t o f a l l the b a s i c requirement o f t h i s route a s prescribed i n the Federal A i d Highway Act of 1956 i s t h a t t h i s f a c i l i t y s h a l l be a f u l l freeway w i t h �35 f u l l c o n t r o l of access, b u i l t to I n t e r s t a t e standards as adopted i n J u l y 1957, and be capable of handling the t r a f f i c estimated f o r the route i n the year 1975. means among This other things t h a t t r u c k s must be allowed on the Route. I t a l s o means t h a t the 1975 t r a f f i c demand i s going to r e q u i r e s i s to eight-lane s e c t i o n s on some portions of the route. The impact of these requirements on the routes studied by the Clarkeson Engineering Company, which pass through Glover-Archbold Parkway, Whitehaven Parkway, and Rock Creek Park have not been adequately studied by t h i s Commission or i t s committee. Such study should not be made u n t i l the Clarkeson Engineering Company has made i t s f i n a l report and a l l of the f a c t s a r e a v a i l a b l e . A route along the Potomac R i v e r as recommended by the Clarkeson f i r m i n i t s p r e l i m i n a r y f i n d i n g s appears to have the l e a s t impact at the present time. No s t a f f report or b a s i s was presented t o the f u l l committee on which a c t i o n taken by the m a j o r i t y of the committee could be j u s t i f i e d . Connection w i t h the S t a t e of Maryland: The Department of Highways has a l e t t e r from a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the Maryland S t a t e Roads Commission which s t a t e s t h a t a connection to the D i s t r i c t of Columbia portion of t h i s route a t a point c l o s e to the Potomac �36 R i v e r i s d e s i r a b l e . The Maryland S t a t e Roads Commission has never Changed t h e i r p o s i t i o n on t h i s point. That group, although considering a l t e r n a t e routes f u r t h e r i n l a n d i n Maryland, have s t i l l maintained f i r m l y to the Department of Highways that they p r e f e r t o meet the D i s t r i c t of Columbia I n t e r s t a t e connection a t the same point on the D i s t r i c t l i n e a s p r e f e r r e d i n i t i a l l y . This consideration of the Maryland connection i s s t i l l a paramount one i n e s t a b l i s h i n g the l o c a t i o n of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia portion of the route. Plans and Agreements of the National Park S e r v i c e i n preliminary contacts w i t h the National Park S e r v i c e , i t was found t h a t there a r e no e x i s t i n g plaxis of that agency t o b u i l d a parkway along the Potomac R i v e r i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. Further, the National Park S e r v i c e o r i g i n a l l y i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e i r needs would be adequately served by connecting the Maryland portion of the George Washington Memorial Parkway w i t h the D i s t r i c t of Columbia portion of the I n t e r s t a t e connection to Route 240. T h i s then would presume that there i s no c o n f l i c t w i t h the Park S e r v i c e Plans f o r a route along the Potomac R i v e r , As f o r the other routes suggested by the Clarkeson f i r m , there i s a d e f i n i t e agreement between the National Park S e r v i c e and the D i s t r i c t of Columbia �37 f o r a four-lane parkway through tho Glover-Archbold Parkway which would p r o h i b i t t r u c k s . The above considerations a r e a l l i n c o n f l i c t w i t h the m a j o r i t y report of t h i s committee. The Clarkeson Engineering Study: We a r e of the opinion t h a t any d e f i n i t i v e a c t i o n a t t h i s time i s premature and may r e s u l t i n a s e r i o u s mistake being made by the Commission. Our recommendation t o t h e Subcommittee was t o await a report on t h i s p r o j e c t c u r r e n t l y being prepared by the Clarkeson Engineering Company before reaching a d e c i s i o n . The report w i l l contain f u l l information on the s e v e r a l routes studied and w i l l present a t r u e and accurate comparison of these routes so they could be thoroughly and i m p a r t i a l l y evaluated. Much of t h e data considered by the Subcommittee leading t o t h e i r support of the Glover-Archbold Parkway alignment i s drawn from the memories of the members of information contained i n preliminary r e p o r t s submitted by r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the Clarkeson Engineering Company i n the e a r l y stages of t h e i r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s . Many d e t a i l s have s i n c e been changed and new c o n t r o l l i n g f a c t o r s introduced i n t o the p i c t u r e . Some delays have been encountered i n g e t t i n g the Clarkeson report p r i n t e d . However, i t i s now expected �38 t h a t the report w i l l be a v a i l a b l e by J u l y 15, 1957. Copies of the report w i l l be furnished the NCPC a s soon a s p o s s i b l e . i n view o f these very compelling reasons, we s t r o n g l y urge that the NCPC r e j e c t the majority report and send i t back t o the Subcommittee w i t h a d i r e c t i v e to present a new d e c i s i o n a t the next Commission meeting based upon a f u l l study o f the completed report o f t h e Clarkeson Engineering Company. T h i s i s signed by H. J . Spelman, Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads, and T. A. Lane, Engineer Commissioner, D i s t r i c t of Columbia. I am appearing here a s the V i c e Chairman of the Commission. The Chairman, Mr. Bartholomew, w i l l be out of town f o r three weeks and asked me t o appear i n h i s place. I have a memorandum prepared by him i n December, which X would l i k e t o read. few pages. I would l i k e t o leave I t i s only a h i s thoughts w i t h you. I t i s headed '•Motes on Planning Commission's views, Route 240, prepared by Harland Bartholomew, Chairman, December 1957." The Planning Commission's Subcommittee gave much study t o t h i s problem, and t h i s Committee recommended Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r f o r US 240 and r e f e r r e d �39 to i t a s s u b s t a n t i a l l y Clarkeson's Route C or D. The Planning Commission voted t o approve the a c t i o n of t h i s Committee. I might add i n f a i r n e s s that when the report of the Committee, which I read to you a moment ago, was presented t o the Commission f o r approval, i t v;as approved by a divided vote. �40 T h i s i s a Matter w i t h numerous r a m i f i c a t i o n s , f o r whatever route i s chosen w i l l have a profound e f f e c t on land use and property v a l u e s , on the p u b l i c com'enience, and on t r a f f i c flow and t r a f f i c congestion problems i n much of the v a s t Northwest s e c t i o n of Washington as w e l l as i n the a d j o i n i n g area of Maryland. The most s i g n i f i c a n t considerations i n tho problem of whether the R i v e r Route or Wisconsin c o r r i d o r s h a l l be s e l e c t e d a r e : (1) S e r v i c e afforded to the population, (2) T o t a l e f f e c t on the p a t t e r n of t r a f f i c flow, t h a t i s , t r a f f i c r e l i e f , (3) and Economies involved. There a r e c e r t a i n other considerations which should be taken i n t o account, which the Committee did take cognizance of i n i t s endeavor to f i n d the most d e s i r a b l e and the most p r a c t i c a l s o l u t i o n of t h i s problem and which would be of the g r e a t e s t a l l - a r o u n d b e n e f i t to the community. For example, one of the other more impor- tant considerations i s the l e g a l question of the GloverArchbold route. Our counsel has made an exhaustive study of that question, and s t a t e s unequivocally these lands have the same s t a t u s as a l l other lands i n the park system, �and t h a t i n the Glover lands the D i s t r i c t Commissioners s p e c i f i c a l l y reserved "the r i g h t to modify, open, widen, or extend any s t r e e t or s t r e e t s . . . " A s i m i l a r question w i l l probably a r i s e on any route t h a t may be s e l e c t e d . I t i s not the dominant question involved. Whatever i s best f o r the community can and must be voted. The dominant questions a r e ( 1 ) S e r v i c e afforded, ( 2 ) T r a f f i c r e l i e f , and ( 3 ) Economics Involved. I w i l l d i s c u s s the h i g h l i g h t s of each b r i e f l y . On t h i s laap a r e shown a l l of the routes involved i n the Northwest area as submitted by Clarkeson, and a3 suggested by the Planning Commission's s t u d i e s . That i s the same map t h a t was used by the Highway Department a moment ago. I. S e r v i c e Afforded: Using a c o r r i d o r comprising a s t r i p one-half m i l e on e i t h e r s i d e of the two routes under consideration, we f i n d t h a t the population t h a t would be served i s : 1955 1980 R i v e r Route 25,000 45,000 Wisconsin Route 72,000 39,000 (86,000 to 90,000) There can be very l i t t l e question as to which route would a f f o r d the convenience to the g r e a t e s t number of people. Another s e r v i c e which we b e l i e v e would be afforded by the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r i s mass �42 transportation. The Mass Transportation Survey has not been completed and no f i n a l conclusions would have been drawn as t o the form of t r a n s i t that might be required i n t h i s Northwest a r e a . However, i t i s c l e a r t h a t the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r could provide a s u i t a b l e f a c i l i t y , whereas the R i v e r route would not. We do not say t h a t high-speed t r a n s i t should be included i n Route 240, but we b e l i e v e the p o s s i b i l i t y of i t s i n c l u s i o n should be preserved a t t h i s time. II. Traffic Relief: The Clarkeson Report estimate — most data r e f e r r e d to i n t h i s paper i s from t h e i r repox»t — of v e h i c l e s using the two routes r e s p e c t i v e l y a t the D i s t r i c t Line a r e : A o r A-2 32,000 v e h i c l e s per day C or D 70,000 v e h i c l e s per day. I repeat, t h a t i s a t the D i s t r i c t l i n e . Surely t h i s shows a great measure of t r a f f i c relief. The f a c t t h a t the D i s t r i c t contemplates a f o u r - lane l o c a l route f o r the Glover-Archbold Parkway i s not a t a l l a s u b s t i t u t e f o r the placement of US 240 i n the Wisconsin c o r r i d o r f o r there the I n t e r s t a t e route would be of great s e r v i c e t o twice a s many people and to more than two times a s many v e h i c l e s . The George Washington Memorial Parkway along the R i v e r Route w i l l f u l l y s a t i s f y �43 the t r a f f i c needs of that a r e a . How one matter not g e n e r a l l y understood i n t h a t Route A-2 w i l l preclude the use of Chain Bridge as we now know i t . One could not go from Georgetown on t h i s A-2 Route and over Chain Bridge t o V i r g i n i a as today. That i s one of the reasons why I understand Clarkeson does not f a v o r Route A-2 Tout p r e f e r s A. T h i s a l s o e x p l a i n s i n p a r t why Clarkeson has brought the Arizona Avenue Bridge i n t o the US240 plan report so prominantly. When the f u n c t i o n of the Chain Bridge i s impaired, i t becomes necessary to s u b s t i t u t e a new bridge — thus adding the bridge cost to the t o t a l f o r the R i v e r Route. How l e t us take a b r i e f look a t what would be accomplished i f we put US 240 i n the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r ; 1. traffic Two e n t r i e s t o Inner Loop — greater relief. 2. Ho new bridge imperative — G M connects WP w i t h Chain Bridge. Now picture. l e t us take a look a t the whole t r a f f i c I f we a r e going to b u i l d a bridge to V i r g i n i a i n the near f u t u r e , the g r e a t e s t t r a f f i c r e l i e f w i l l be afforded by one a t 3 S i s t e r s a t the foot of GloverArchbold Parkway, because i t would best meet the maximum �44 demand from the Northwest and nearby Maryland to the Pentagon and the A i r p o r t , the biggest employment centers in Virginia. T h i s would not be achieved by a bridge a t Arizona Avenue. The Arizona Avenue bridge w i l l serve an altogether d i f f e r e n t purpose i n the general plan. traffic I t could be a part of our mid-term c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l highway g e n e r a l l y known as F o r t D r i v e . I t i s not planned as an expressway of the Wisconsin Route type. Of s t i l l greater s i g n i f i c a n c e , however, than the h i g h l y s i g n i f i c a n t function of 3 S i s t e r s Bridge would be the t r a f f i c r e l i e f to the whole C e n t r a l Northwest area — by d i v e r t i n g l a r g e volumes of t r a f f i c v i a Glover-Archbold and 3 S i s t e r s Bridge and George Washington Memorial Parkway i n V i r g i n i a , a very d i r e c t route from Northwest t o Pentagon and A i r p o r t . III. economies Involved: I n i t i a l p r o j e c t c o s t s a r e an important economic consideration. B e n e f i t s to motorists r e s u l t i n g from the new construction a r e a l s o a major economic measure. Route A-2 has been estimated to cost $47 m i l l i o n , but t h i s route e l i m i n a t e s Chain Bridge from t r a f f i c s e r v i c e and makes a new bridge i n t h a t v i c i n i t y mandatory. This bridge has been estimated to cost $13 m i l l i o n and i t would r e c e i v e 50-50 f e d e r a l a i d , not 90-10 a i d . Route A-2's t o t a l cost then becomes $60 m i l l i o n . T h i s i s the �45 same f i g u r e estimated f o r Route C, and compares w i t h an estimate of $33 m i l l i o n f o r Route D. B e n e f i t s t o motor- i s t s on Route A-2, assuming a new bridge, were estimated by Clarkeson a t $4.6 m i l l i o n per year. I might say p a r e n t h e t i c a l l y , Mr. Chairman, that the t r a f f i c engineers have a formula by which they determine, by d o l l a r s and cents, the value t o the p u b l i c of c e r t a i n routes. F i g u r e s f o r Routes C and D were not published, but a reasonable estimate can be made based on t h e i r u n i t f i g u r e s , and a f i g u r e of 7.3 m i l l i o n f o r Route C and 7.4 m i l l i o n f o r Route D r e s u l t . Under t h i s comparison, i t i s c l e a r that a l l the routes have about the same t o t a l c o s t ; the D i s t r i c t ' s share of t h e t o t a l cost i s highest w i t h Route A-2; and the b e n e f i t s t o mototists a r e t h e lowest on Route A-2. Based on the D i s t r i c t ' s share o f the c o s t s , the r a t i o of b e n e f i t s t o motorists over c o s t s shows Route C o r D t o be approximately three times more economical than Route A-2. An a n a l y s i s using Route A-2's cost without a new bridge and using the " T o t a l Cost" f i g u r e — not j u s t D.C.'s share — shows Routes C and D t o be twenty percent more economical. Without any disparagement whatsoever t o t h e e x t e n s i v e s t u d i e s made by the Clarkeson Engineering �46 f i r s , or to Mr. Robertson and h i s s t a f f who have a l s o given much time and thought to t h i s matter, i t has been most apparent to the Planning Commission and i t s s t a f f — which has i n c i d e n t a l l y a l s o given c a r e f u l study to the matter — t h a t from the standpoint of S e r v i c e to be Rendered, from the standpoint of T r a f f i c R e l i e f Afforded, and from the standpoint of Economics, the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r i s superior i n a l l three r e s p e c t s . Mr. Chairman, I would l i k e to c a l l upon Mr. John Nolen, who i s the D i r e c t o r of the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission, to e x p l a i n the r e l a t i o n s h i p of Route 240 to tho comprehensive plan, a f t e r which Mr. Robert K e i t h , who i s T r a f f i c Planning Engineer w i t h the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission, w i l l deal w i t h the s p e c i f i c a t i o n s of the Clarkeson Report and tho t e c h n i c a l reasons i n support of the f i n d i n g of the Commission. �47 COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: For tho information of a l l of you l a d i e s and gentlemen, v;e w i l l r e c e s s a t 12:15 f o r lunch, and bo back here a t a quartor of two. I t appears v e r y l i k e l y that the f i r s t s i x items w i l l take up the morning, and I b e l i e v e i t w i l l be i n tho i n t e r e s t of everyone, probably, i f we bring the Palisades i n between Items 6 and 7, because there a r e so many present. I would t h i n k that that wouldrelease anyone not wishing t o remain f o r the r e s t of the morning session who could not be heard u n t i l t h i s afternoon, that i s , anyone beginning with Item 7, the Chovy Chase Club, I t w i l l a l s o r e l e a s e p o s s i b l y the members of tho Palisados C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n who wish t o be heard and r e t u r n t o t h e i r homos. W i l l you proceed, Mr. Nolen? MS. NOLEN: Mr. President and Commissioners: My name i s John Nolen, J r . I am D i r e c t o r of the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission. Mr. Owon s a i d I would comment on the minority report of the Commission which was submitted l a s t June. Many of the points that were made i n that report a s reasons f o r delaying a c t i o n by the Planning Commission have been answered or made out of date by subsequent events. t o go through those i f you wish. I would bo glad However, I t h i n k there i s only one main point which I need deal w i t h . �48 Tho report concludes as? f o i l ova: * I n view of these v a r i o u s compelling reasons, we s t r o n g l y urge that the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission r e j e c t tho m a j o r i t y report and send i t back t o the subcommittee with a d i r e c t i v e to present a new d e c i s i o n a t the nest Commission meeting, based upon a f u l l study of the completed report of the Clarkeson Engineering Company." Subsequent t o t h i s June meeting a t which t h i s report was submitted, the Clarkeson report was received. The Commission, of course, has been f a m i l i a r w i t h i t s content because on s e v e r a l occasions during the spring of l a s t year r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the Clarkeson Engineering Company had appeared before tho Commission and discussed t h e i r ©commendations, the forthcoming recommendations i n considerablo d e t a i l . As soon a s the report was a v a i l a b l e i t was d i s t r i b u t e d t o members of tho Commission and there was no move, a s recommended by the m i n o r i t y , by the Commission t o reconsider i t s June a c t i o n . On the contrary, s t u d i e s of the s t a f f continued, based upon the d e t a i l s made a v a i l a b l e i n the Clarkeson r e p o r t , and they a l l tended t o s u b s t a n t i a t e the recommendation of the m a j o r i t y as expressed by Mr. Owen, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n the statement of the chairman. My c h i e f f u n c t i o n here t h i s morning i s t o present to you o r a l l y the plans t h a t have been prepared by the �49 Commissions which represent and back up the statements made i n the r e p o r t . F i r s t I would l i k e t o give the broad background f o r the Commission's approach t o t h i s problem. The f u n c t i o n , of course, of the planning agency i s t o prepare a general plan f o r the whole community, which concerns not only highways but other forms of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . I t i n v o l v e s land uso, the d i s t r i b u t i o n of population, and employmentWe have under way now s t u d i e s through the Transp o r t a t i o n Survey i n a l l of these v e r y important f i e l d s . On the l e f t we have put up here a copy of the p r e l i m i n a r y r e g i o n a l thoroughfare plan which was prepared by the Regional Planning Council i n cooperation w i t h a l l the member agencies, i n c l u d i n g not only the National Planning Commission —- but the planning agencies of the surrounding territory. T h i s plan i s not simply a plan of general c i r c u l a t i o n f o r the e n t i r e a r e a , i t i s a plan r e l a t e d t o the r e a l i t i e s of e x i s t i n g and proposed development i n the area. I t a l s o i s based upon the concepts presented by the Highway Department e a r l i e r hero of the modern type of c i r c u l a t i o n system f o r highway t r a v e l . You w i l l note t h a t i n heavy l i n e s there a r e i n d i c a t e d expressways, which are being pointed out t o you now. There are a l s o i n d i c a t e d i n green express parkways, �50 which are part and p a r c e l of the c i r c u l a t i o n system, as proposed by the Commission. However, i t i s t r u e that under the terms of tho I n t e r s t a t e Highway A c t , express parkways cannot be considered a s a part of the i n t e r s t a t e system. T h i s t o many seems most unfortunate. However, the plans t h a t have been l a i d out many years i n advance of the 1956 I n t e r s t a t e Highway Act contemplated t h a t a system of c i r c u l a t i o n i n t h i s region, a s i n many other regions throughout the United S t a t e s , would have a parkway system equal i n q u a l i t y of s e r v i c e t o the highway system. I t i s l i k e the Boston area, which has the New York area, p a r t i c u l a r l y Westchester County and Long I s l a n d . I c i t e the Chicago waterfront, a l s o . You could go through the major c i t i e s of the United S t a t e s and f i n d many p a r a l l e l s . The reason f o r these parkways — I am d i v e r t i n g f o r a moment here from my b a s i c remarks t o point out that the parkways i n the Washington area, since t h i s i s the n a t i o n a l c a p i t a l , have always r e c e i v e d major consideration by Congress through l e g i s l a t i o n and appropriations. The George Washington Memorial Parkway was provided f o r on both s i d e s of the Potomac R i v e r back a s f a r a s 1930. I t has boon a long and tedious j o b of land assemblage and f i n a n c i n g t o secure the land i n Maryland and V i r g i n i a , and the counterpart of the parkway, the P a l i s a d e s Park, i n the D i s t r i c t . We have c e r t a i n other parkways that have been �51 ©scouted, which X night c i t e a s examples of major contribut i o n s t o tho c i r c u l a t i o n problem of the metropolitan area. The Suitlnnd Parkway i s one, Baltimore Parkway i s another, and the extensions of the George Washington Memorial Parkway to the south, namely the Mount Vernon Highway, which was completed i n 1932 i n time f o r the b i c e n t e n n i a l , and theproposed Fort Washington Parkway on tho opposite side of the river. I r o c a l l t o your mind the s t a b l e r e l a t i o n s h i p that i s e s t a b l i s h e d along the Mount Vernon Highway between the highway i t s e l f and the adjoining r e s i d e n t i a l areas, showing how a parkway can bo a good neighbor t o sound r e s i d e n t i a l development. T i l l s c i r c u l a t i o n system that i s shown on the r e g i o n a l thoroughfare plan, i s based upon a s e r i e s of c i r c u m f o r e n t i a l s as w e l l as r a d i a l s . loop. Thero i s on inner I t i s hard t o see on t h i s small s c a l e . Also, an intermediate loop, a t l e a s t on the D i s t r i c t s i d e . And an outer loop, sometimes c a l l e d an inner county b e l t l i n e i n Maryland. And f u r t h e r out, an outer, outer loop which has been added f o r purposes of t r a f f i c a n a l y s i s and a s a possible f u t u r e , d i s t a n t f u t u r e need. T h i s e n t i r e plan i s being analyzed under the Transportation Survey t o determine tho v a l i d i t y of i t s d i f f e r e n t parks* �52 Let mo take now the portions of t h i s plan t h a t r e l a t e t o the problem a t hand i n the Northwest section. Route 240 comes i n and touches the outer loop between Eocfcv i l l e and the Bethesda area. You w i l l note t h a t the plan provides f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n t o tako place east and west t o the northern and w e s t e r l y l e g s of the outer loop. That i s intended t o take out of the downtown area the present flov; of through t r a f f i c which plagues not only the suburban areas but the downtown area. Much of the t r u c k t r a f f i c , f o r example, that goes t o V i r g i n i a now uses V i r g i n i a Avenue. Wisconsin Avenue, through Georgetown, would be d i v e r t e d over tho loop t o V i r g i n i a and s t r a i g h t on down t o U.S. 1 . S i m i l a r l y , any t r a f f i c on 240 destined t o the northern p a r t s of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia or adjacent Maryland or out U.S. 1 t o the northeast would never como i n t o downtown Washington. So t h a t the outer loop would have a chance t o f u n c t i o n t o r e l i e v o t h i s present s i t u a t i o n . From there on i n you w i l l note there a r e s e v e r a l routes f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n s of t r a f f i c i n t o the center of the city. We do not propose t h a t a l l of the t r a f f i c coming i n over 240 should n e c e s s a r i l y have t o use one route only t o reach the downtown area. C e r t a i n l y analyses w i l l show that not a l l the t r a f f i c wishes t o reach the downtown area. Much of i t wishes t o d i s t r i b u t e i n t o the intermediate areas, between the downtown area and the outer loop. �And so tho system of r a d i a l s and e i r c u m f e r e n t i a l s w i l l provide f o r that d i s t r i b u t i o n . Now i f we can switch t o a magnified portion of the thoroughfare plan shown here on the r i g h t , Mr. K e i t h w i l l point out some of the things I wish to bring t o your a t t e n t i o n . L e t ' s i d e n t i f y the d i f f e r e n t elements shown on t h i s plan. the map, Route 240 comes i n from the northwest corner of i t comes i n and d i s t r i b u t e s t r a f f i c not destined f o r the i n t e r n a l part of the c i t y , west and east over the two l e g s of tho outer loop that I r e f o r r e d to. You w i l l note t h a t there are two r a d i a l connections suggested here on t h i s plan from the outer loop, coming tangent t o or connecting a l s o w i t h 240. One i s the Wisconsin Avenue route and the other i s the r i v e r route, shown as a parkway. The Wisconsin Avenue route i s , as shown on the plan, quite obviously the more d i r e c t route. Lot me t a l k about the need f o r s e r v i c e t o the e n t i r e northwest sector of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and adjoining Maryland. I f your oye w i l l move west over the sector from Rock Creek Park over t o the Potomac R i v e r , l e t me d i s c u s s the f u t u r e of that area, i t s present character and i t s f u t u r e , because what we are concerned w i t h here i s not f i n d i n g a l o c a t i o n f o r a s i n g l e route, i t i s f i n d i n g a �54 s o l u t i o n f o r a c i r c u l a t i o n system f o r the e n t i r e northwest area, of which 240 w i l l j u s t he one p a r t . Along the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r — the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r i s the main backbone of t h i s e n t i r e area, both i n Maryland and tho D i s t r i c t . northwest I t i s the business c o r r i d o r , i t i s tho t r a f f i c c o r r i d o r , i t i s the employment corridor. You w i l l r e c a l l that beginning a t the Naval Hospital and moving on i n , the Naval Hospital and Health Center*, there are concentrated there some 12 t o 15-thousand employees. That has been a major f a c t o r i n tho development of tho Bethesda Center. Bethesda i s a v e r y l a r g o , growing, and prosperous business center. Adjoining i t are many m u l t i - f a m i l y develop- ments, high d e n s i t y population concentrations. At the D i s t r i c t l i n e there i s a growing shopping center, a l s o , and along Wisconsin Avenue i n the D i s t r i c t there have been, c l e a r on down t o Georgetown, a growing number of business e s t a b l i s h ments. The t r a f f i c pressure on that c u ,idor i s great now. I t has a t times reached capacity. I t i s not uncommon t o wait three and four t r a f f i c l i g h t s a t the D i s t r i c t l i n e t o get through the shopping center a t that l o c a t i o n . The congestion i s caused by concentration a t t h a t l o c a t i o n . Yet Wisconsin Avenue i s the only main c o r r i d o r t o serve t h i s tremendous growing area . I t alone e x i s t s f o r t h a t , and i t �55 has l i m i t e d c a p a c i t y , a s I have i n d i c a t e d . On e i t h e r s i d e of Wisconsin Avenue are high c l a s s s i n g l e - f a m i l y detaches r e s i d e n t i a l developments, both t o the east and t o the west, and s t r e t c h i n g c l e a r t o the r i v e r . They are low d e n s i t y i n character, they do not contribute, acre f o r acre, the amount of t r a f f i c that i s concentrated along the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r . The report Mr. Owen read, prepared by the c h a i r man, roughly r a t e d the t r a f f i c - g e n e r a t i n g q u a l i t y , as f a r as population was concerned, two t o one. Along the r i v e r f o r many years under the CapperCramton Act the Planning Commission has had a plan, a very d e f i n i t e plan f o r development of a parkway. v a r i o u s concepts. T h i s has had O r i g i n a l l y perhaps i t was considered a s a merely widening of a conduit road. L a t e r i t developed t h a t we should have a divided four-lane road e v e n t u a l l y , and land was acquired on t h a t b a s i s , and the appropriations f o r that land were j u s t i f i e d before the Congress and the contribut i o n s from Maryland were a l s o j u s t i f i e d on that b a s i s . I n s i d e the D i s t r i c t we planned a four-lane divided road two a t the upper l e v e l and two a t the lower l e v e l , which I w i l l r e f e r t o on t h i s s p e c i f i c plan i n a moment. not been a parkway along the r i v e r alone. part of tho park system. T h i s has I t has been a There was a part proposed i n Maryland along L i t t l e F a l l s branch, i n d i c a t e d a s extending �56 on i n t o the Bethesda r e s i d e n t i a l Wisconsin Avenue. area, hut not over t o I t i s intended p r i m a r i l y t o make the b e n e f i t s of the s c e n i c route i n t o the c i t y a v a i l a b l e t o the l o c a l area i n Bethesda. Then we have the Foundry Branch or Glover Parkway tapping i n a t tho lower end, j u s t west of Georgetown. I might mention the other green route which i s shown on the plan, which i s the intermediate loop r e f e r r e d to on the Thorofare Plan a s on important f a c t o r because you v / i l l note i t connects w i t h the Wisconsin Avenue route a t Tenley town, so t h a t t r a f f i c coming i n Wisconsin Avenue d e s i r i n g t o move i n t o tho northern portions of the c i t y can r e a d i l y d i s t r i b u t e over t h a t route without coming i n t o the downtown area and then oving out. L e t ' s consider the t r a f f i c s e r v i c e f o r a moment r e f e r r e d t o by Mr. Owen and i n the chairman's r e p o r t . I understand that a t the present time the volume of t r a f f i c on Route 240, about midway between Gaithersburg and F r e d e r i c k , i s only 5,000 v e h i c l e s per day on the average. That travel b u i l d s op, a s you approach the metropolitan center, to about 45,000 a t the Bethesda — the center of the Bethesda business d i s t r i c t , drops o f f somewhat t o the D i s t r i c t l i n e , but t o another peak of something l i k e 25 or more thousand a t the shopping center, and then i s sustained and b u i l t up f u r t h e r as i t approaches i n s i d e the D i s t r i c t . �57 That i s important i n t h i s problem because t h i s l o c a t i o n f o r Route 240 i s not only t o serve the i n t e r s t a t e needs a s such, but t o serve major needs of the metropolitan area that a r e c l o s e l y i n t e r l o c k e d , i n e v i t a b l y i n t e r l o c k e d with whatever l o c a t i o n i s chosen f o r 240. I f you w i l l think of the large f i g u r e s that are shown on the Highway Department's plan, amounting t o a b u i l d up down a t the D i s t r i c t l i n e of some 150,000 — innor loop, I should say — down a t the of some 150,000, you w i l l r e c a l l I mentioned that today on Route 240 there a r e only 5,000 v e h i c l e s out beyond the edge of the metropolitan d i s t r i c t . You w i l l see that wherever t h i s route i s located, a large proportion of i t s t r a f f i c i s going t o o r i g i n a t e i n the metropolitan area. I f that t r a f f i c i s not siphoned off whatever t r a f f i c , l e t us say — — i s not siphoned off over t h i s express route, i t i s going t o remain on the l o c a l s t r e e t s . So the problem a s we see i t i s t o provide a l o c a t i o n that w i l l have the minimum of impact, adverse impact upon the community, and the maximum of b e n e f i t t o the community, and the Wisconsin Avenue corridor route seems t o meet that problem. We have r u n i n t o n a t i o n a l opposition t o the use of Glover-Archbold Park f o r such an i n t e r s t a t e route, e s p e c i a l l y i n view of the large volumes i t w i l l b u i l d up. We are t r y i n g a t the moment t o f i n d a s o l u t i o n and an answer t o that �" ' opposition. f i n d a way, 58 On© thing i s c l e a r , that i f wo can p o s s i b l y i t would bo d e s i r a b l e , aside from the r e l a t i o n - ship of the park, t o d i v i d e t h i s l a r g e amount of t r a f f i c that i s a t t r a c t e d t o such a f a c i l i t y , whether i t be along the r i v e r or along the Wisconsin Avenue route, f o r better d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h i n the c i t y . We have a plan that w i l l be r e f e r r e d t o by Mr. K e i t h l a t e r , which suggests the need f o r studying the p o s s i b i l i t y , the f e a s i b i l i t y of a tunnel which would — going back t o the plan now on the r i g h t — provide another means of d i s t r i b u t i n g t r a f f i c that would be c o l l e c t e d by 240, l a r g e l y from the suburban area now, mind you, d i s t r i b u t i n g i t a t another l o c a t i o n on the inner loop. S p e c i f i c a l l y t h i s would be near the north l e g of the inner loop. So that there would be two places of contact, major contact, between t h i s c o l l e c t o r loop and the inner loop. I would l i k e t o r e f e r t o the s p e c i f i c plans that we have f o r the George Washington Memorial Parkway and P a l i s a d e s Parkway, which have been of long standing the Commission. of years. the with They have been evolved over a long period T h i s p a r t i c u l a r plan that i s before you now i s adapted from one prepared i n 1951 and submitted t o the Highway Department and the Park Service at that time f o r a n a l y s i s . There were some a l t e r n a t e plans submitted. i s the one that appears to be the best now, This and i t has been �59 s l i g h t l y modified and brought up to date i n l i n e with the facts. I t does not require any more land a c q u i s i t i o n than that which has been p r e v i o u s l y programmed. We have at the moment a l l the funds f o r completing t h i s a c q u i s i t i o n . The P a l i s a d e s Park, a l l t o l d , what we c a l l the P a l i s a d e s , that i s the c l i f f part of the p r o j e c t and the f l a t s which l i e g e n e r a l l y on the r i v e r side of the c a n a l , w i l l cost when we complete our a c q u i s i t i o n i n the neighborhood of $1,000,000. Most of that cost has been f o r the Palisades Park that i s involved i n t h i s current i s s u e , and has involved some r a t h e r expensive properties. I believe about h a l f of the t o t a l i s involved i n the route that i s shown here occupied by the two parkway roads. The scheme i s t h i s : outbound would be two l a n e s , constructed on the h i l l s i d e , almost e n t i r e l y r i v e r side of the e x i s t i n g Potomac Avenue. I n one or two cases, I b e l i e v e the lower end, Potomac Avenue i s involved. acquired the frontage i n that case. But we have These would be developed according to parkway standards and would r e q u i r e a minimum of right-of-way. They would be designed f o r passenger car use and would be landscaped. There would be a minimum of r e t a i n i n g w a l l s and a maximum of sloped landscape. Inbound the t r a f f i c would be brought i n at the lower l e v e l , w i t h a new road t o be constructed adjacent the canal between the D i s t r i c t l i n e and Chain Bridge. to �60 At Chain Bridge, i n order not t o have i n t e r ference w i t h the turning movement a t t h a t p o i n t , we propose an overpass of the approach, a simple overpass f o r the two l a n e s , and then a merging of the t r a f f i c w i t h the bridge traffic. I n the s e c t i o n between Chain Bridge and Arizona Avenue, i t w i l l be necessary t o have two-way movement. There i s s u f f i c i e n t room, we b e l i e v e , there t o accommodate the twoway movement by a d d i t i o n a l widening over that which has r e c e n t l y taken place. At Arizona Avenue there would be an interchange t o permit t r a f f i c outbound t o use the upper loop and make a c i r c l e and come down and use the bridge. I n other words, the parkway plan i s integrated w i t h the e x i s t i n g f u n c t i o n of Chain Bridge. From there on i n Canal Boad, perhaps widened s l i g h t l y t o make i t a more adequate f a c i l i t y as a one-way road, would be an inbound route. There would be a connection at Reservoir Road and of course a connection a t GloverArchbold Park. Mention has been made of the problem of whether i t would be appropriate t o use Glover-Archbold Park f o r commercial t r a f f i c . L e t ' s see what the f a c t s a r e ; l e t ' s see what our o b j e c t i v e s a r e ; and what s o l u t i o n we might be able t o work out. �61 On these two small plans which Mr, K e i t h i s Standing beside are two small maps shewing tho extent of tho pax-k i n green, and i n orange, on the map on the l o f t , i s tho e x i s t i n g 100 foot right-of-way that was e s t a b l i s h e d p r i o r t o the establishment of the park. The hundred foot right-of-way 2 am informed was dedicated a s f a r back a s 1393. I t has never been p h y s i c a l l y improved, although tho D i s t r i c t government has constructed a largo combined sewor i n i t s right-of-way many years ago. I t does not f o l l o w tho stream but i t f o l l o w s the bottom of the v a l l e y . T h i s park i s some 200 acres i n extent, of which Mr. Glover, S r . , dedicated some 73 a c r e s i n 1924, and a t the same time ?.!ers. Archbold made an i n i t i a l dedication which was f i n a l l y completed i n 1932, of about a l i t t l e over t h i r t y acres, 2 b e l i e v e . Those two dedications were made i n the area between Massachusetts Avenue and Eesorvo.tr Xiond. They do not c o n s t i t u t e the whole part of the park, the present park i n those areas. Hie Planning Commissiou, s i n c e those dedica- t i o n s , has bought about an equal amount of land, so that of tho t o t a l park, the 200-odd a c r e s , about h a l f has boon dedicated and about h a l f acquired. The Glover dedication was made t o the D i s t r i c t Commissioners, subject t o t h e i r r i g h t t o open, widen, extend any s t r e e t or highway t h a t they deemed nocessary. �Tho Arobbold d e d i c a t i o n , which was csade to tho Chief of Engineers of the Army, who had j u r i s d i c t i o n over the parks a t that time, was made w i t h no such r e s t r i c t i o n , but i t was incorporated i n t o the general park system so that i t has become, t o a l l i n t e n t s and purposes, part and p a r c e l of the whole system and subject to a l l tho general r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s and laws that govern the park system. The Planning Commission of the Park Service t r i e d f o r many years to secure tho c l o s i n g of t h i s p o t e n t i a l s t r e e t , and the Commissioners d i d not accede t o that request. So i n 1948, on a proposal that was then current by the Highway Department t o open Arizona Avenue as a s t r e e t , an agreement was entered i n t o between the Highway Department and the Park S e r v i c e , and approved by tho Planning Commission, f o r r e a l i g n i n g t h i s roadway so as to make i t more acceptable t o tho park development. The plan on the r i g h t i s a t y p i c a l qxamplo of tho proposal that was intended t o be c a r r i e d out under t h i s agreement. I t shows a system of d i v i d e d roads f i t t e d i n t o the topography, avoiding the l a r g e r t r e e s , r e l a t i n g the roads t o the stream and a l l i n i n t e g r a t i n g the roadway plan w i t h the park. That i s the plan, of course, that the Planning Commission and the Park S e r v i c e would l i k e t o see c a r r i e d out. When the problem on 240 was presented, the Commission f e l t i t had throe choices, so f a r as parks wore �concerned. 63 T h i s i s outside of t i e planning reasons, general planning reasons f o r l o c a t i o n . To take over tho Potomac V a l l e y f o r a general purpose highway, w i t h i t s previous park plans, abandon those plans i n t h e i r e n t i r e t y ; drive t h i s superhighway down through Bock Creek Park, which has been proposed and i s s t i l l favored by soao of the Maryland a u t h o r i t i e s ; or f o l l o w t h i s intermediate route down tho Wisconsin Avenue backbone and use a portion or a l l of Glover Parkway, depending on whether route C or D was used. I don't b e l i e v e any member of tho Commission l i k e d that proposal and 1 am sure the member of tho Park S e r v i c e who was on the Committee and voted i n favor of the report f e l t unhappy about i t . So we undertook t o f i n d an a l t e r n a t i v e t h a t would obviate t h i s objection. given a good deal of study t o t h i s problem. We have Whether the s o l u t i o n which Mr. K e i t h i s t o s h o r t l y present i s the f i n a l s o l u t i o n , we don't know. We b e l i e v e i t has s u f f i c i e n t merit t o warrant engineering study. We do not n e c e s s a r i l y say that t h i s i s f e a s i b l e because i t has not had the study t h a t i s r e q u i r e d t o make t h a t determination. . I might point out, however, t h a t tunnels have been b u i l t i n Washington. There i s the Washington acquaduct tunnel that runs from D a l e c a r l i a a t deep l e v e l s t o McMillan Reservoir through a part of the area of t h i s proposed �tunnel. There i s a l s o the Pinoy Branch i n t e r c e p t i n g sewer which was a d r i v e n tunnel and intercepted as recently as the l a s t t e n or f i f t e e n years. At t h i s point, Mr. President, I would l i k e t o have Mr. K e i t h present t o you the r e s u l t s of h i s study, and I would a l s o l i k e t o say that Mr. Chanoy, who i s our general counsel, i s here t o comment on tho l e g a l aspects of the use of park lands f o r an i n t e r s t a t e highway route. prefere t o hear him short — I f you h i s report i s r a t h e r short perhaps i t would be better t o proceed that way. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGBLIN: I think i t would be w e l l i f we a l l took three or four minutes t o stand and stretch. (Thereupon, a short r e c e s s was taken.) — �S5 COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Tho hearing w i l l be i n order. W i l l you proceed? STATEMENT OF DONALD J . CHANEY, GENERAL COUNSEL, NATIONAL CAPITAL PLANNING COMMISSION. MR. CHANEY: My name i s Donald J . Chancy, General Counsel, National C a p i t a l Planning Commission. Sometime ago the Commission requested me t o review the l e g a l problems that might be attendant i n the c o n s t r u c t i o n of a major roadway through the GloverArchbold lands. The f i r s t question t h a t had t o be reviewed r e l a t e d t o the dedications Mr. Nolen has already mentioned. A f t e r studying the dedications, which were p l a t dedications of the lands, I came t o the conclusion t h a t these lands, t h a t i s , the Glover-Archbold lands, were i n the same s t a t u s , t h e same category, a s any other Park lands i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. From time t o time uses were made o f Park lands f o r road and highway purposes, and some t r a n s f e r s have been made under e x i s t i n g s t a t u t e s . However, i n the case of the major construction here, I came t o the conclusion t h a t the use of the land f o r highway purposes probably would be so e x t e n s i v e t h a t the agency administering t h e lands, namely the National �G6 Park S e r v i c e of the Department o f the I n t e r i o r , probably would want and probably should have the consent of the Congress f o r use f o r these purposes. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you very much. Mr. K e i t h ? STATEMENT OF ROBERT KEITH, TRAFFIC PLANNING ENGINEER, NATIONAL CAPITAL PLANNING COMMISSION. MR. KEITH: Mr. Chairman and Commissioners: The purpose of t h i s p r e s e n t a t i o n i s t o describe a plan f o r t h e l o c a t i o n of I n t e r s t a t e Route 240 i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. Before presenting the plan i n d e t a i l and the reasons behind the Commission's p o s i t i o n on t h i s plan, we should l i k e t o review b r i e f l y the philosophy which served a s a b a s i s f o r our a n a l y s i s . We should understand why we b u i l d expressways, or freeways, o r superhighways, o r however e l s e they might be r e f e r r e d t o . F i r s t , what i s an expressway? Expressways represent the f i r s t major change i n highway design p r i n c i p l e s s i n c e wheeled v e h i c l e s were invented. T h i s v a s t change i s t h e r e f o r e bound t o r e q u i r e changes i n our concepts of what our roads and s t r e e t s should be, and what they can do f o r u s . An expressway i s a roadway of l i f e - l o n g , h i g h - t r a f f i c c a p a c i t y where the primary design o b j e c t i v e i s t h e e l i m i n a t i o n o f t r a f f i c c o n f l i c t s . �67 For example, by c o n t r o l l i n g the l o c a t i o n and number of ramns, we allow the expressway t o serve neighborhoods and communities r a t h e r than sorve a l l the i n d i v i d u a l streets. T h i s i s based upon the idea of s e r v i n g the m a j o r i t y of t h e people as e f f e c t i v e l y a s p o s s i b l e f o r the l e a s t r e l a t i v e c o s t . Now, why do we b u i l d expressways? As a general r u l e , we b u i l d expressways because: 1. They a r e s a f e r . 2. They c a r r y l a r g e volumes of t r a f f i c . 3. They save on t r a v e l time. 4. They reduce v e h i c l e operating c o s t s . 5. They improve t r a n s i t operations. 6. They improve property values and t a x t a b l e s . 7. They pay f o r themselves. These s e v e r a l reasons f o r b u i l d i n g expresswaj^s represent the more important b e n e f i t s t o be derived from an expressway; c l e a r l y , however, one l o c a t i o n f o r an expressway could take much greater advantage of these b e n e f i t s than an a l t e r n a t e l o c a t i o n . T h i s viewpoint forms the b a s i s f o r our p o s i t i o n . We l o c a t e and b u i l d expressways where engineering s t u d i e s show they w i l l best serve a p a r t i c u l a r area's needs. Whether the route should be along a r i v e r o r through b l i g h t e d areas or through tunnels depends on �6£ a n a l y s i s of a l l the f a c t o r s involved. Any one answer could bo r i g h t f o r any one p a r t i c u l a r c i t y , o r even p a r t of a c i t y . I n making the l o c a t i o n d e c i s i o n , we must consider not only p r o j e c t c o s t s and t r a f f i c s e r v i c e but p o s s i b l e harmful e f f e c t s to present property, potent i a l improvements to present property, and the e f f e c t s upon f u t u r e land use. A b r i e f word on the I n t e r s t a t e System concept i s now i n order. Many people think of the I n t e r s t a t e System as one t h a t w i l l only c a r r y i n t e r s t a t e , i n t e r c i t y , long-distance t r a v e l , and they b e l i e v e that Congres had only t h i s i n mind when passing the I n t e r s t a t e Act of 1356. A c t u a l l y , the I n t e r s t a t e System w i l l u s u a l l y not c a r r y a preponderance of i n t e r s t a t e , i n t e r - c i t y t r a v e l when w i t h i n urban areas, except p o s s i b l y i n s p e c i a l cases s i m i l a r to tho c o r r i d o r between Washington and Baltimore. I n t e r s t a t e routes a r e s e l e c t e d w i t h four o b j e c t i v e s i n mind, namely: 1. I n t e r - c i t y commerce, 2. L o c a l commerce, 3. National ( m i l i t a r y ) defense, 4. C i v i l defease. Thus we understand t h a t the term " I n t e r s t a t e System" i s an abbreviated t i t l e only; the proper �G9 terminology as e s t a b l i s h e d by Congress i s the "National System of I n t e r s t a t e and Defense Highways." I t i s for l o c a l t r a v e l and defense needs that we o f t e n j u s t i f y the l o c a t i o n of I n t e r s t a t e routes through b u i l t - u p areas i n and near the c i t y center. Route 240 i s such a route. Now, presentation. to summarise the f i r s t p a r t of the Rather than a d i r e c t summary, we would l i k e t o r e s t a t e our philosophy from a d i f f e r e n t approach. We — public a l i k e — and I include o f f i c i a l s , t e c h n i c i a n s , and a r e j u s t beginning to r e a l i z e what express- ways can and should do f o r us. The very f a c t that we r e a l i z e that these roads can do t h i n g s f o r us and t h a t we can look ahead and see what we want them to do i s r a t h e r s t r i k i n g , although i t seems simple enough now that we understand i t . T h i s r e a l i z a t i o n leads us to another new conclusion. needs. Expressways must be located on the b a s i s of T h i s philosophy sometimes places consideration of cost i n a secondary p o s i t i o n . To approach the l o c a t i o n from the low-cost viewpoint causes a negative outlook from the beginning. An expression which I picked up, I am a f r a i d , from having worked i n New York C i t y a number of years i s " I t only c o s t s a l i t t l e more t o go f i r s t c l a s s . " �70 T h i s i s often t r u e i n choosing urban highway l o c a t i o n s . And I b e l i e v e that the p u b l i c has shown i n recent years t h a t they are w i l l i n g to pay f o r good highways. While we suggest t h a t enough money ought t o be spent to do i t r i g h t , a f u l l evaluation of c o s t s of the 240 a l t e r n a t e l o c a t i o n s shows that maybe i t doesn't cost e x t r a to have a c e n t r a l route. We w i l l e x p l a i n the cost e v a l u a t i o n i n a minute, but I would now like t o pick up one point from the prepared t e x t . NCPC r e s o l u t i o n favoring Wisconsin Avenue corridor: The Planning Commission gave considerable thought to the above seven reasons f o r having expressways When adopting i t s r e s o l u t i o n of l a s t June favoring a route through the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r . It is recognised a t the outset that there i s one f a c t o r that a f f e c t s many of the values which needs to be compared when considering a l t e r n a t e routes. f a c t o r i s t r a f f i c volume. That one important Engineering a n a l y s i s of the t r a f f i c p o t e n t i a l f o r the s e v e r a l routes shows j u s t what the man-in-the-street might guess: At the D.C. line, the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r route would a t t r a c t more than twice a s many v e h i c l e s each day as would a route along the R i v e r . Therefore, i t was found that the f o l l o w i n g f i v e items — a l l taken from the e a r l i e r l i s t �71 of seven reasons f o r b u i l d i n g expressways — indicated the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r t o be strongly favored because so many more v e h i c l e s would use the c e n t r a l facility: 1. Safer driving. S t a t i s t i c s show that expressways a r e twice a s s a f e a s c i t y s t r e e t s i n terms of f a t a l accidents, f i v e times a s s a f e i n terms of t o t a l accidents. 2. Time savings. For example, a ten-mile expressway t r i p from home t o work would save about f i f t e e n minutes each way, a d a i l y round-trip saving of t h i r t y minutes; t h i s f a c t o r i s most important f o r commercial v e h i c l e operators and businessmen. 3. Lower v e h i c l e operating c o s t s . For example, gasoline savings and l e s s stop-and-go wear and t e a r t r a v e l save the t y p i c a l d r i v e r a t l e a s t one-half cent per mile of expressway t r a v e l . 4. Improved business on l o c a l s t r e e t s . For example, expressways remove through t r a v e l from l o c a l business s t r e e t s , making them more a t t r a c t i v e t o womend r i v e r shoppers; a l s o , expressways enable more people t o t r a v e l from greater distances t o reach the l o c a l business a r e a s ; i n a d d i t i o n , expressways reduce the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o s t s of goods, thereby reducing the cost o f doing b u s i ness. �72 5. t a x base. Improved property values and r e a l e s t a t e For example, not only i s business improved but a l l property has the p o t e n t i a l f o r improvement when located near expressways; often increased taxes them- s e l v e s can repay the cost of expressways. I t i s f o r these s e v e r a l reasons that a t t r a c t i n g many more v e h i c l e s to a f a c i l i t y i s one very important consideration a s t o why an expressway along the E l v e r would not be a s d e s i r a b l e a s one i n t h e Wisconsin Avenue corridor. There a r e other reasons. For example, t h e d i f f e r e n t number of v e h i c l e s that would be a t t r a c t e d by the two routes has an a d d i t i o n a l s e r i o u s i m p l i c a t i o n . S e l e c t i o n of t h e R i v e r route would mean t h a t every day there would be 40,000 v e h i c l e s which would use a c e n t r a l route but not the R i v e r route. These 40,000 w i l l be forced t o use l o c a l s t r e e t s i n the Wisconsin Avenue corridor. There i s not capacity f o r t h i s today. This means a d d i t i o n a l capacity f o r these l o c a l s t r e e t s must be b u i l t and paid f o r ; more undesirable t r a f f i c and parking r e s t r i c t i o n s adopted; more t r a f f i c control devices purchased and s e t i n t o place. We would l i k e t o e x p l a i n f u r t h e r one of the items mentioned p r e v i o u s l y : and r e a l e s t a t e t a x base. Improved property values That these new routes have the p o t e n t i a l f o r considerably improving the value of �73 adjacent p r o p e r t i e s i s w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d . However, i n the case ox the Route 240 a l t e r n a t e s i t i s r e a d i l y apparent that most a l l land adjacent to the E l v e r l o c a t i o n i s today low-density, single-dwelling residen- t i a l , i n a c t u a l use as w e l l as i n zoning. This contrasts w i t h the Wisconsin Avenue area where much of the route today i s used as w e l l as zoned f o r commercial and density — apartment house — residential. high- I n t h i s case, i t i s c l e a r to us t h a t the R i v e r l o c a t i o n a c t u a l l y has l i t t l e p o t e n t i a l f o r an o v e r a l l increase i n property values, w h i l e the Wisconsin Avenue l o c a t i o n has erable p o t e n t i a l . consid- I f a R i v e r l o c a t i o n should be s e l e c t e d , there might develop considerable pressure to r e v i s e the zoning along the P a l i s a d e s , causing a complete change i n the character of the a r e a . A l l of the p r e v i o u s l y - r e f e r r e d - t o b e n e f i t s apply as w e l l i n the Maryland portion of the route as i n the D i s t r i c t portion. A Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r f o r 240 has been recommended by the t e c h n i c a l s t a f f of the Maryland-National C a p i t a l Park and Planning Commission i n preference to a route along R i v e r Road. While the Maryland State RoadsCommission has not i n d i c a t e d t h e i r choice of a route, i t should be noted that they would not b u i l d a route p a r a l l e l to the George Washington Memorial Parkway along the R i v e r i n Maryland. �74 T h i s then n u l l i f i e s t h e statement of the Highway Department's consultant, the Clarkeson Engineering Company, a s to one o f t h e important reasons f o r a R i v e r l o c a t i o n i n the D i s t r i c t . I t a l s o means that a Potomac R i v e r l o c a t i o n i n t h e D i s t r i c t would apparently require Maryland t o b u i l d along L i t t l e F a l l s Branch Parkway and on out R i v e r Road. On the other hand, a l o c a t i o n i n the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r , i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, Maryland a choice of two routes: gives ( 1 ) R i v e r Road; (2) near Wisconsin Avenue. I t was noted previously that many b e n e f i t s r e s u l t i n g from expressways a r e d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e amount of t r a f f i c that would be a t t r a c t e d t o the s e v e r a l p o s s i b l e routes. We repeat our conclusion concerning the proper l o c a t i o n f o r 240: The b e n e f i t s r e s u l t i n g from a Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r would be approximately double the b e n e f i t s r e s u l t i n g from a Potomac R i v e r l o c a t i o n and t h i s c e n t r a l l o c a t i o n ought not t o be denied. Now, t h e next major aspect considered was the cost of the a l t e r n a t e routes. A f t e r reviewing the c o s t s f o r you, we s h a l l then consider the b e n e f i t s t o be gained i n l i g h t of these c o s t s . That i s , we s h a l l analyze the d o l l a r r e t u r n we would r e c e i v e per d o l l a r invested i n the a l t e r n a t e l o c a t i o n s w i t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia. �75 I n i t i a l project costs: A proper evaluation of the p r o j e c t c o s t s i s most important. The Clarkeson Firm's estimates show Route A-2 c o s t i n g $47 m i l l i o n , Route C c o s t i n g $60 m i l l i o n , and Route D costing $63 million. There i s one important point, however, that changes the r e l a t i v e p o s i t i o n of these c o s t s . A-2 would e l i m i n a t e Chain Bridge — Route i t i s one reason why the Consultant recommended against Route A-2 — and makes a new c r o s s i n g i n the v i c i n i t y mandatory. T h i s new c r o s s i n g , proposed to be a t Arizona Avenue, would cost $13 m i l l i o n and, what i s most important, i t would r e c e i v e only 30-50 f e d e r a l a i d i n contrast to 240's 90-10 a i d . The s t a f f does not b e l i e v e that a new expressway-type bridge i s needed there i n the near future, a t least. However, we w i l l evaluate the cost data on Routes C and D both w i t h and without the Clarkeson proposed bridge a t Arizona Avenue. The p r o j e c t c o s t s then becomes a s f o l l o w s : A-2 ( w i t h new bridge a t Arizona Avenue) — C or D ( w i t h new bridge) — $60 m i l l i o n . $73 t o 76 m i l l i o n . C o r D (without new bridge) — $60 to 63 m i l l i o n . Using the appropriate f e d e r a l a i d formulas, the D i s t r i c t ' s share of each p r o j e c t ' s cost becomes: A-2 ( w i t h new bridge) — $11.2 m i l l i o n . �78 C or 0 (With new bridge) — $12.5 C or O (without now bridge) — We now to 12.8 $6 to 6.3 million. million. note only a small d i f f e r e n c e under one comparison, and a great d i f f e r e n c e favoring the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r i f the Clarkeson's proposed $13 bridge i s not required. Now million by comparing these costs to the- b e n e f i t s derived by tho proposed construction, we get a most important measure of the economic value of each route. B e n e f i t s to motorists over tho project c o s t s : R e l a t i n g b e n e f i t s from one proposed f a c i l i t y to i t s c o s t , and then comparing the r e l a t i v e data of a l t e r n a t e routes, we are able to see which l o c a t i o n i s to be preferred from an economic viewpoint. T h i s technique i s used by highway engineers, automobile a s s o c i a t i o n s , and similar organizations to determine the r e l a t i v e economic p o s i t i o n of a l t e r n a t e routes* I might add here, j u s t as a source reference, i f such be needed, that i n the Manual, "A P o l i c y on A r t e r i a l Highways i n Urban Areas," put out by the A s s o c i a t i o n of State Highway O f f i c i a l s , on Page 93, they point out t h a t t h i s i s the way of comparing economic data. While a low i n i t i a l cost might appear a t t r a c t i v e , p a r t i c u l a r l y when there i s a shortage of highway funds, i t �77 i s poor economy not to t r y to get the most d o l l a r r e t u r n per d o l l a r invested. The Clarkeson f i r m , while not reporting t h i s economic comparison of the a l t e r n a t e routes, did measure the d i r e c t d o l l a r b e n e f i t s f o r t h e i r recommended R i v e r l o c a t i o n . By using the Consultant's u n i t f i g u r e s , i t i s p o s s i b l e to develop approximate values f o r the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r route and then r e l a t e these b e n e f i t s to the D i s t r i c t ' s share of the costs. The data on the c o s t s , the b e n e f i t s , and ratio between the two are shown by the accompanying c h a r t . The d o l l a r b e n e f i t s to motorists — potential increased r e a l e s t a t e taxes are not included — annually: Route A-2, are, $4.6 m i l l i o n ; Route C or D, $7.3 million. The r a t i o of b e n e f i t s over the D i s t r i c t ' s c o s t s shows the c e n t r a l — Wisconsin Avenue — corridor t o be f o r t y percent more economical than the R i v e r l o c a t i o n when the Clarkeson-proposed R i v e r crossing i s included w i t h the c e n t r a l route. Without the new bridge, t h i s route i s 200 percent more economical. By showing t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p from a d i f f e r e n t approach, the economics a r e even more s t r i k i n g . I f the Route A-2 b e n e f i t - c o s t r a t i o of 0.41, as shown on the c h a r t , i s maintained i n developing a c e n t r a l route, one could, other f a c t o r s not considered, j u s t i f y the D i s t r i c t ' s �78 share of the cost of the c e n t r a l route climbing t o $17.3 million. T h i s means that Route A-2 a t $11.2 m i l l i o n would have the same economic value t o the D i s t r i c t of Columbia a s a c e n t r a l route costing $17.3 m i l l i o n . Trans- l a t e d t o t o t a l p r o j e c t c o s t s and i n c l u d i n g the questionable new bridge, the c e n t r a l route i t s e l f could have a t o t a l cost of $113 m i l l i o n a s compared t o Route A-3's $47 m i l l i o n . I t i s not proposed here t h a t such a c o s t l y p r o j e c t be c a r r i e d out, but we simply point out t h e i m p l i c a t i o n s of such an economic comparison. I f the a d d i t i o n a l r e a l e s t a t e t a x e s that would come from improved properties on tho c e n t r a l route were included, i t would f u r t h e r emphasize the poor r e l a t i v e p o s i t i o n of the R i v e r route. �79 ROUTE 240 cl5 Comparative Co3ts and B e n e f i t s of Clarkeson Route Studies a s Prepared by MCPC S t a f f A l t e r n a t e Routes* Costa i n M i l l i o n s Annual Ratio Benefits to Benefits T o t a l P r o j e c t B.C.Share Motorists Over B.C. i n M i l l i o n s Costs A-2 w i t h new Arizona Avenue 3ric!; :o $80 $11.2 C o r D w i t h new Arizona Avenue Bridge $73 $12.5 ) ) ) $ 6.0 ) ; C o r 0 without new Arizona Avenue Bridge * $60 $4.6 0.58 $7.3 Route A-2 e l i m i n a t e s Chain Bridge, making a new c r o s s i n g mandatory here; KCPC s t a f f does not b e l i e v e such a new expressway-type c r o s s i n g i s needed here otherwise. However, the data a r e shown under both conditions f o r the c e n t r a l routes, C and D. 0.41 1,22 �30 A d d i t i o n a l rev lev/ of Clarkeson Engineering Company's r e p o r t : A b r i e f a d d i t i o n a l review of the Consultant's report i s important i n t h i s presentation. While the Commission adopted i t s r e s o l u t i o n j u s t p r i o r to p u b l i c a t i o n of the r e p o r t , the Commission and s t a f f were g e n e r a l l y f a m i l i a r w i t h i t s contents through continuing c o n s u l t a t i o n s w i t h the Highway Department and t h e i r Consultant. The Consultant recommended a R i v e r l o c a t i o n and gave supporting reasons f o r the s e l e c t i o n a t s e v e r a l instances i n the r e p o r t . The p r e f e r r e d plan of Clarkeson was Route A. Since r e c e i v i n g the r e p o r t , the D i s t r i c t Highway Department has r e j e c t e d Route A and now recommends Route A-2. The Consultant r e j e c t e d A-2 because "The e f f e c t which t h i s route has on the r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s i n the v i c i n i t y of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and along the Potomac R i v e r which i s used by many D i s t r i c t r e s i d e n t s and the l o s s of the f u l l use of the e x i s t i n g Chain Bridge lead to recommending against t h i s route." Without intending t o b e l i t t l e t h i s e x t e n s i v e engineering study, we do wish to point out where there a r e d i f f e r e n c e s of opinion or where the f a c t s no longer apply. Reasons supporting the Route A s e l e c t i o n f i r s t occur i n the l e t t e r of t r a n s m i t t a l . Seven reasons were given here and these reasons, each followed by our s t a f f �comments, a r e a s f o l l o w s : "1. The t o t a l cost o f construction, i n c l u d i n g right-of-way, i s l e s s than any other route studied." Comment: When the Arizona Avenue crossing i s included w i t h Route A-2 and c o s t s a r e evaluated i n l i g h t of the b e n e f i t s , there i s some doubt, "2. I t does l e s s damage t o e x i s t i n g park and r e c r e a t i o n areas, both present and planned." Comment: The statement i s based on Route A, not A-2. "3. I t has no adverse grades where L i n e s B, C, and D do have, thus e l i m i n a t i n g c o s t l y a d d i t i o n a l climbing lanes o r t r a f f i c delays." Comment: Climbing lanes have been provided t o e l i m i n a t e t r a f f i c delays, and t h e i r c o s t s have been included i n a l l the comparisons. "4. The recommended route f o l l o w s the presently approved l i n e f o r the I n t e r s t a t e Highway network a s approved by the U.S. Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads, Department of Commerce." Comment: The approval i s preliminary and the l o c a t i o n can be r e v i s e d . "5. I t does no disturbance t o foreign l e g a t i o n s , et c e t e r a . " Comment: T h i s i s equally t r u e f o r Route C. �82 "6. A minimum i n t e r f e r e n c e can be a n t i c i p a t e d w i t h e x i s t i n g t r a f f i c during c o n s t r u c t i o n . " Comment: The Consultant's cost estimate d e t a i l s show Route A t o have the c o s t l i e s t " T r a f f i c Maintenance" item. "?. I t should not be involved i n e x t e n s i v e l e g a l embroilments due t o excess use by general t r a f f i c i n areas dedicated t o park and passenger t r a f f i c uses." Comment: Route A-2 i n v o l v e s major use o f park land and t h e r e f o r e r a i s e s the same b a s i c l e g a l questions, however t h a t land use was o r i g i n a l l y acquired. There appears then t o be l i t t l e s i g n i f i c a n c e to the seven reasons i n the l e t t e r o f t r a n s m i t t a l . L e t us a l s o examine a d d i t i o n a l reasons. I t was s t a t e d on Page I I I t h a t the Route A s e l e c t i o n was "based upon consideration o f s a f e t y , t r a f f i c s e r v i c e v a l u e , c o s t s , and e f f e c t on environment." But a l l expressways provide high standards o f s a f e t y , and more v e h i c l e s would be exposed t o improved s a f e t y on a c e n t r a l route. He have already pointed out the over- whelmingly s u p e r i o r t r a f f i c s e r v i c e t o a c e n t r a l route. Costs appear t o be lower on the R i v e r route u n t i l we f u l l y evaluate these c o s t s . The e f f e c t on environment i s d i f f i c u l t t o measure, but an all-purpose expressway, such a s Route A-2, through t h e P a l i s a d e s w i l l , a s pointed �33 out by the Clarkeson report, " e f f e c t i v e l y eliminate possible development" of the park land; f u r t h e r , i t would make i t more d i f f i c u l t to r e t a i n the single** f a m i l y home character of the P a l i s a d e s . I t was s t a t e d l a t e r i n the report that the Consultant had three other major reasons f o r having s e l e c t e d Route A: 1. The Glover-Archbold passenger c a r r e s t r i c - 2. The b e l i e f that Maryland p r e f e r r e d a R i v e r tion; l o c a t i o n i n Maryland; and 3. That a need e x i s t e d f o r a new r i v e r - c r o s s i n g f a c i l i t y i n the Arizona Avenue area, to accommodate Virginia t r a f f i c . However, i t now appears t h a t the Maryland State Roads Commission does not n e c e s s a r i l y p r e f e r a R i v e r l o c a t i o n i n Maryland. As w i l l be discussed i t i s not a t a l l c l e a r to our s t a f f t h a t a new later, expressway- type R i v e r crossing i n the Arizona Avenue area i s needed i n the near f u t u r e . Therefore, the Glover-Archbold l i m i t a t i o n appears to be the one reason i n support of the Consultant's recommendation. I t does not appear l o g i c a l that t h i s s i n g l e f a c t o r should outweigh the t r a f f i c s e r v i c e p o t e n t i a l s and economic values of a more c e n t r a l l y located route u n t i l the question of Glover- �84 Archbold use i s more thoroughly analysed, and a l t e r n a t i v e routes f u r t h e r explored. The Consultant a l s o r e f e r r e d i n the report to the need f o r coordination of expressways and mass t r a n s i t , and implied t h a t the R i v e r route would w e l l meet t h i s requirement. A c t u a l l y , Route A or A-2 would not be a s a t i s f a c t o r y l o c a t i o n f o r mass t r a n s i t , whereas a more c e n t r a l l y located route could provide e x c e l l e n t s e r v i c e . Proposed Arizona Avenue c r o s s i n g : A crossing at Arizona Avenue would not be j u s t i f i e d , on the b a s i s of the Consultant's own data, because i t would r e s u l t i n a d u p l i c a t i o n of r a d i a l highway f a c i l i t i e s along both s i d e s of the R i v e r . I n f a c t , the t r a f f i c data a c t u a l l y seem to emphasize the need f o r an expressway-type c r o s s i n g f a r t h e r downstream. The Clarkeson-proposed crossing would cause r a d i a l t r a f f i c , which would otherwise come downtown on the new George Washington Memorial Parkway along the V i r g i n i a shore t o use the proposed 240 R i v e r route along the D i s t r i c t shore. Then the t r a f f i c data shows the new four-lane George Washington Memorial Parkway i n V i r g i n i a would c a r r y so l i t t l e t r a f f i c that i t would need only h a l f the roadway now being b u i l t , w h i l e the D i s t r i c t ' s Route 240 would need to be increased from four t o s i x l a n e s , a l l because of the Clarkeson-proposed crossing. T h i s seems to be a d u p l i c a t i o n of f a c i l i t i e s �and expense. No highway or planning agency, i n s o f a r a s we know except r e c e n t l y i n the case of the D i s t r i c t Highway Department, has proposed a crossing of t h i s type at t h i s location. A c r o s s i n g f a r t h e r downstream — Three S i s t e r s — Nebraska or would serve most of the same r a d i a l t r a f f i c ; i t would f i n d more p o t e n t i a l c r o s s - r i v e r t r a f f i c ; and i t would not r e s u l t i n d u p l i c a t i o n of roadways along the R i v e r . I f the new crossing were t o be downstream, the small volume of c r o s s - r i v e r t r a v e l i n the Arizona Avenue area would then continue to use Chain Bridge, i f i t I s l o c a l t r a f f i c , or would use Cabin John, Key Bridge, et c e t e r a , i f i t i s other than l o c a l t r a f f i c . This would be t r u e except under the Route A-2 plan which makes Chain Bridge u s e l e s s . Because t h i s proposed Arizona Avenue crossing would provide n e a r l y one-half the t r a f f i c p o t e n t i a l to a R i v e r route f o r 240, i t might be d i f f i c u l t to j u s t i f y such a route without t h a t c r o s s i n g . I n summary, i t appears that the Glover-Archbold passenger c a r l i m i t a t i o n i s the s i n g l e major reason f o r the Consultant's s e l e c t i o n of a R i v e r route. Contrasted w i t h t h i s a r e the many major reasons supporting a c e n t r a l route. The purpose of the s t a f f study, t o be described i n the next s e c t i o n , was to f u l l y explore the f e a s i b i l i t y of a route i n the much-desired c e n t r a l c o r r i d o r . �86 STAFF PLAN FOR ROUTE 240 IN THE WISCONSIN AVENUE CORRIDOR: The plan which follows has been prepared by the s t a f f . I t has no o f f i c i a l s t a t u s as a Commission plan, but the s t a f f has been i n s t r u c t e d to present i t at t h i s hearing. The plan to be presented includes more than the "tunnel plan" f o r Route 240; i t includes a t o t a l program of expressways f o r thet area i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia l y i n g between Rock Creek Park and the Potomac River. I t i s f a r better to plan programs rather than i n d i v i d u a l p r o j e c t s , and 240 would be simply a part of the needed program. The f i r s t roadway i n the plan would be the Palisades Parkway f o r passenger c a r s only, to be developed by the Park S e r v i c e . and This roadway i s the l o g i c a l planned extension of the George Washington Memorial Parkway i n t o the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, and i t terminates at the j u n c t i o n of the Glover-Archbold Parkway and Canal Road. The next roadway l a the program i s the GloverArchbold Parkway f o r passenger c a r s only, to be developed by the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. This roadway too has been long planned. I t would begin a t a point near Van Ness S t r e e t and terminate a t the j u n c t i o n of the Palisades �87 Parkway and Canal Road. From t h i s j u n c t i o n point of Glover-Archbold and the P a l i s a d e s Parkway at Canal Road, the plan i n cludes widening of Canal Road i n t o Key Bridge, including new connections to M S t r e e t . T h i s improvement had been planned by the Highway Department as an extension of the Whitehurst Freeway and would c a r r y c a r s and t r u c k s . The next roadway proposed i s I n t e r s t a t e Route 240 i t s e l f , which would c a r r y both passenger c a r s and trucks i n i t s entirety. I t i s proposed that t h i s road begin at the D i s t r i c t L i n e west of Wisconsin Avenue, at a point developed by the Maryland-National C a p i t a l Park and Planning Commission s t a f f and o u r s e l v e s . The route would proceed southerly as a s i x - l a n e expressway w i t h s u f f i c i e n t space a v a i l a b l e i n the right-of-way f o r the p o s s i b i l i t y of future t r a n s i t s e r v i c e , o r presumably tv/o more highway lanes, depending on which was more needed i n the f u t u r e . I t would c r o s s Wisconsin Avenue between Fessenden and G a r r i s o n S t r e e t s and continue i n a southe r l y d i r e c t i o n to underpass Tenley C i r c l e and again emerge through the F t . Reno area, the long-planned F t . D r i v e , the region's intermediate loop, would be connected with Route 240 w i t h a high-type interchange. I n the Van Ness-Upton Street area, an i n t e r - �83 change i s proposed and south of t h i s point the roadway, now eight l a n e s , would diverge i n t o two routes; four laues i n t o Glover-Archbold Parkway and the other four lanes remaining as Route 240. The Glover-Archbold route would have an interchange with Massachusetts Avenue and continue southerly through the Park as p r e v i o u s l y described. Route 240 turns southeasterly and enters the f i r s t tunnel p o r t a l s e v e r a l hundred yards northwest of the i n t e r s e c t i o n of McComb and 39th S t r e e t s . The route g e n e r a l l y follows t h e r e a f t e r the Massachusetts Avenue alignment a t depths u s u a l l y i n excess of 100 f e e t , thereby causing v i r t u a l l y no d i s turbance to the ground s u r f a c e . The t u n n e l , about one mile long, terminates j u s t east of the i n t e r s e c t i o n of Fulton Street and 34th Street i n the Kormanstone V a l l e y . The route then continues through the V a l l e y a t approximately the e x i s t i n g s u r f a c e grades. At the edge of Rock Creek Park the road would t r a v e r s e a h i g h - l e v e l bridge and enter a second tunnel below Belmont Road. This second tunnel, approximately one-half miles i n length, would terminate near the i n t e r s e c t i o n of F l o r i d a Avenue, R S t r e e t , and Decatur Place. Upon l e a v i n g the tunnel p o r t a l here, a high-type interchange i s made immediately w i t h the Inner Loop. T h i s point of connection w i t h the Inner Loop i s very c l o s e to the �point s e l e c t e d by the Clarkeson f i r m f o r the termination of Routes B and D„ The important exception to t h i s i s the f a c t that i t does not appear necessary to d i s t u r b any of the f o r e i g n l e g a t i o n s , as was the case with Routes B and 0. The t o t a l length of t h i s Route 240, from the D i s t r i c t L i n e to the Inner Loop through the tunnel, would be 4*5 m i l e s , approximately the same length as Routes A, A-2, and B, and approximately C and D. one mile l e s s than Routes T h i s saving i n route length together w i t h the f a c t that approximately one-half of the Route 240 t r a f f i c would use Glover-Archbold r e s u l t s i n the cost of Route 240 being quite s i m i l a r to a l l of the routes considered by Clarkeson. Our estimate of the costof Route 240 as herein proposed i s $55 m i l l i o n , as compared to the other routes ranging from approximately million. $45 m i l l i o n to $63 To the cost of t h i s Route 240 i f i s necessary to add the cost of Glover-Archbold and the improvement of Canal Road i n t o Key Bridge. I would l i k e to add one remark regarding these costs. I t i s t r u e we do not have boring data, we do not have e x t e n s i v e engineering m a t e r i a l to base t h i s on i n the Washington area. However, i f there i s no boring data, the Highivay Department had some l i t t l e time to study the plan �90 we are sorry to see them go on record as saying i t w i l l cost $110,000,000. We based our cost on i n t e r s t a t e tunnels under construction and i n operation i n the Pittsburgh area, and have had correspondence w i t h those o f f i c i a l s , which i n d i c a t e s how u n i t p r i c e s would be reasonable. To r e t u r n to the t e x t : The described location of 240 i s one of s e v e r a l l o c a t i o n s t u d i e s made by the staff. I t i s believed that the proposed route i s the best of those s t u d i e s , but f u r t h e r engineering study could show one of the other routes, or some other s i m i l a r route to be most s a t i s f a c t o r y . There appear to be a l t e r - nates i n the area between the D i s t r i c t Line and the Tenley C i r c l e area, and there would be s e v e r a l a l t e r n a t e tunnel l o c a t i o n s south of Tenley C i r c l e . I would l i k e to add to that,, on the map, For example, Mr. Nolen, there i s studied l o c a t i o n which i s southwest of the l i n e shown, wiich goes to the edge of the Naval Observatory grounds and comes out i n t o Normansfone V a l l e y at the lower end. This appears f e a s i b l e a l s o and would simply r e s u l t i n a l i t t l e higher construction cost. We do not s p e c i f i c a l l y say that the l i n e on the map i s the only l i n e that we think should be studied. Advantages to proposed program: The following are the more important advantages to the proposed program: �91 1. I t advances the Commission's r e s o l u t i o n of l a s t June which favored a c e n t r a l route, s u b s t a n t i a l l y 5 s i m i l a r to C l a r k e s o n s Routes C or D« 2. I t i s consistent with the l a t e s t Commission Thorofare Plan. 3. I t maintains the passenger car s t a t u s of Glover-Archbold 4. Parkway. The gradient problem of Clarkeson's c e n t r a l routes would be eliminated i n general. 5. The t r a f f i c s e r v i c e value of the t o t a l program, and r e l i e f to l o c a l s t r e e t s , would be f a r greater than would r e s u l t from the program outlined i n the Clarkeson report. 6. The d o l l a r b e n e f i t s to motorists and the p o t e n t i a l increase i n r e a l e s t a t e taxes would be f a r greater than i n the Clarkeson plan. 7. The cost of the t o t a l program compares favorably with the program outlined i n the Clarkeson report„ 8. Neighborhoods and land use would be nearly undisturbed. 9. T r a f f i c i s brought to the Inner Loop from the Northwest at two p o i n t s , allowing f o r e a s i e r t r a f f i c distribution. The program of expressways as presenter i n the �92 Clarkeson report included three f a c i l i t i e s : The Glover- Archbold Parkway; Route 240; and the new Arizona Avenue Bridge. The cost of the Parkway has been estimated by the Highway Department at $4.6 m i l l i o n and i t would r e c e i v e 50/50 Federal A i d . The t o t a l p r o j e c t cost for these three f a c i l i t i e s would be $64.7 m i l l i o n ; the D i s t r i c t ' s share of the cost would be $13.6 m i l l i o n . The t o t a l program cost as proposed by the Commission's s t a f f study would be as f o l l o w s : Facility T o t a l Cost Route 240 (Tunnel Plan) $55.0 M i l l i o n D„C. Share of Cost $5.5 M i l l i o n Glover-Archbold Parkway 4,6 2.3 Palisades Parkway 5.2 0.0 Canal Road, to Key Bridge 4,3 2.2 Total $69.1 M i l l i o n $10.0 M i l l i o n The P a l i s a d e s Parkway and the Canal Road costs were based on an estimate of the Regional Highway Committee Report of 1952, and have been increased to r e f l e c t cost increases s i n c e then. I f the Clarkeson-proposed bridge at Arizona Avenue i s considered to be an e s s e n t i a l part of any program i n t h i s Northwest area, and the s t a f f does not accept t h i s , then the bridge cost would need to be addedo The comparison would show that the D i s t r i c t ' s share of the cost then becomes $16.6 m i l l i o n as compared w i t h the Clarkeson program of $13.6 m i l l i o n . �93 The s t a f f ' s expressway program cost i n e i t h e r case would be s a t i s f a c t o r y when measured i n terms of the e x t r a d o l l a r b e n e f i t s to be derived* The s t a f f believe t h i s plan presents a f e a s i b l e s o l u t i o n to the 240 l o c a t i o n problem, as w e l l as meeting the needs for the e n t i r e area between Rock Creek Park and the Rtomac River„ I t is our opinion that the plan should be studied by the Highway Department and a more thorough engineering analysis be undertaken of t h i s plan. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you, Mr. K e i t h . That concludes your presentation, Mr. Owen, does it? MR. NOLEN: I have one question on the costs v/hich has not been brought out. Should the r i v e r route be chosen, the problem of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n the northwest area, out through Wisconsin Avenue and Bethesda, has not been s o l i d i f i e d . An a d d i t i o n a l cost of major magnitude i n e v i t a b l y i s going to be incurred, and the advantage of the 90-10 money to solve that problem of course would not be a v a i l a b l e . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you. Have we r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the National Park Service? Mr„ Thompson? �94 STATEMENT OF CONRAD L. WIBTH, DIRECTOR, NATIONAL PARS SERVICE, AS READ BY HARRY T. THOMPSON. MR. THOMPSON: Mr. Chairman, my D i r e c t o r , Mr. Wirth, was hopeful of coming. I n h i s absence, i f you would accept my reading of t h i s v e r y b r i e f statement, I would appreciate i t . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Yes, indeed. Would you proceed? A f t e r Mr. Thompson's reading of the statement of the National Park S e r v i c e we w i l l stop f o r lunch and be back here a t 1:45. MR. THOMPSON: Mr. President, I am Harry Thompson. I am an Associate Superintendent of the National C a p i t a l Parks and I am reading here a v e r y b r i e f prepared s t a t e ment on behalf of the National Parks S e r v i c e . I t i s dated January 6, 1953, and i t i s the statement by the National Park S e r v i c e on the l o c a t i o n of i n t e r s t a t e U. S. Highway 240 i n the northwest s e c t i o n of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. The National Park S e r v i c e welcomes t h i s opp o r t u n i t y t o present i t s views upon the possible a l t e r n a t i v e r o u t e s being considered by the Commissioners of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and the Bureau of P u b l i c Roads on the s e l e c t i o n of a l o c a t i o n f o r I n t e r s t a t e U. S. Highway 240 w i t h i n the northwest s e c t i o n of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. The notice �95 issued by tho government of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia on November 25, 1957, c a l l i n g p u b l i c a t t e n t i o n t o these hearings i n d i c a t e s that the Department of Highways of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia does not concur i n the "A" route as recommended by the consultants t o the D i s t r i c t Government, but has i n s t e a d recommended t o the Board of Commissioners a route designated as "A-2" i n the Clarkeson Engineering Company's r e p o r t . The National Park Service i s opposed t o e i t h e r route "A" or route "A-2". Both of these routes are i n c o n f l i c t w i t h approved plans of long standing f o r the development of the park and parkway System of the nation's c a p i t a l and the a d j o i n i n g metropolitan area, which have reached the point of f i n a l construction. Over a period of some 25 y e a r s , the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission, w i t h the approval of the D i s t r i c t Commissioners and the Congress of the United S t a t e s , has been assembling land i n conformity w i t h approved plans f o r the P a l i s a d e s Park, which i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia i s the counterpart f o r the George Washington Memorial Parkway i n Maryland and Formal agreements w i t h these j u r i s d i c t i o n s Virginia. have been i n e f f e c t f o r many years under which land a c q u i s i t i o n i s now being completed w i t h funds matched on a 50-50 b a s i s . The purpose of the George Washington Memorial Parkway and the a c q u i s i t i o n of the P a l i s a d e s Park i n the �D i s t r i c t of Columbia was, as s t a t e d i n tho Capper-Cramton Act of 1930, " f o r the protection and preservation of the n a t u r a l scenery of the gorge and Great F a l l s of the Potomac". The George Washington Memorial Parkway and the Potomac P a l i s a d e s Parkway were shown on the "Comprehensive Plan f o r the National C a p i t a l and i t s Environs, 1950" of the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission. While the Capper-Cramton Act d i d not s p e c i f i c a l l y define the character of the road which would be provided w i t h i n the park and parkway areas provided under t h i s a u t h o r i t y , the roadway has been planned from the beginning as a parkway type of road s i m i l a r t o t h a t which the National Park S e r v i c e i s now constructing i n Maryland and s i m i l a r t o the type of roads constructed i n National Parks throughout the United S t a t e s . Contracts have r e c e n t l y been awarded f o r two lanes of parkway road i n Maryland from the D i s t r i c t l i n e t o Carderock, Maryland. The National Park Service has funds on hand f o r the construction of a two-lane connecting l i n k between the D i s t r i c t l i n e and Chain Bridge. Land has been acquired by the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission, both i n the D i s t r i c t and i n Maryland, f o r the eventual construction of a park road, aligned and graded so a s t o enhance the enjoyment of the scenic f e a t u r e s of the park and preserve n a t u r a l and h i s t o r i c conditions t o the maximum. A l l of �97 the lands e s s e n t i a l f o r the parkway along the P a l i s a d e s have been or are now being acquired. S p e c i f i c plans f o r t h i s parkway f a c i l i t y were approved by the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission i n 1951. Preparation of construction drawings f o r the P a l i s a d e s Parkway has been requested from the Bureau of P u b l i c Roads. Funds f o r the construction of t h i s parkway have been programmed by the National Park Service under i t s Mission 66 program, t o be s t a r t e d i n 1960. I n consequence of these long-range plans, the National Park S e r v i c e i s opposed tothe abandonment of i t s plans and program t o develop t h i s element of the park and parkway system of the nation's c a p i t a l i n deference t o the construction of an ail-purpose truck route i n t h i s same location. I n s u b s t a n t i a t i o n of t h i s p o s i t i o n , the Clarkeson Engineering Company i n t h e i r report t o the D i s t r i c t of Columbia recommended against the use of route "A-2". The report s t a t e d t h a t : " T r a f f i c volumes do not i n d i c a t e a need f o r both an a l l - v e h i c l e expressway and a high t r a f f i c parkway," and, speaking of the t r a f f i c flow across the r i v e r on Chain Bridge, the report says t h a t route "A-2": "#**serioualy reduces the t r a f f i c s e r v i c e a v a i l a b l e on t h i s bridge***eliminates s e r v i c e t o t r a f f i c from �98 tho D i s t r i c t of Columbia t o V i r g i n i a by way of Chain Bridge and a l s o from V i r g i n i a t o Maryland." I t further states: "The e f f e c t which t h i s route has on the r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s i n the v i c i n i t y of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and along the Potomac R i v e r , which i s used by many D i s t r i c t r e s i d e n t s and the l o s s of the f u l l use of the e x i s t i n g Chain Bridge leads t o recommending against t h i s route. While L i n e A-2 uses land f o r which a parkway has been considered, s t u d i e s do not i n d i c a t e the need f o r both an expressway and a parkway i n t h i s area." The National C a p i t a l Planning Commission recommended that e i t h e r route "C" or "D", s u b s t a n t i a l l y as set out i n the Clarkeson Engineering Company's report — Avenue Corridor — the Wisconsin bo approved f o r I n t e r s t a t e Route 240. In the d i s c u s s i o n of t r a f f i c a n a l y s i s , the Clarkeson report stated: "This a n a l y s i s of t r a f f i c i n northwest Washington q u i c k l y i n d i c a t e d t h a t no one highway f a c i l i t y could provide enough c a p a c i t y t o serve a l l of the t r a f f i c potential to i t . T h i s f a c t had a great bearing on the recommendations concerning the l o c a t i o n of the I n t e r s t a t e Highway Route i n Northwest Washington. Since i t was obvious t h a t one route could not solve �09 Ght tho t r a f f i c problem i n the area, the t r a f f i c a s s i g n ments have been adjusted so that the route proposed herein (route "A") w i l l be only part of the system of expressways and parkways t h a t should be developed and i n place i n Northwest Washington i n 1980." T h i s observation i n the Clarkeson report comports with a c t i o n recommended by the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission. L a s t June the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission approved a report of a s p e c i a l committee that recommended, (1) "The route along the northeast s i d e of the Potomac River be developed as a parkway as heretofore proposed, i n harmony w i t h and s i m i l a r i n character t o the George Washington Memorial Parkway along other s t r e t c h e s of the Potomac R i v e r j " and (2) the Wisconsin Avenue-Glover-Archbold Parkway Route connecting e i t h e r t o the Whitehaven Parkway or the Whitehurst Freeway — s u b s t a n t i a l l y as presented i n a study by the Clarkeson Engineering Company — be approved as a route f o r U.S. 240. The National Park S e r v i c e p a r t i c i p a t e d i n the d e l i b e r a t i o n s leading up t o t h i s report and concurred i n i t s approval. We understand t h a t the s t a f f of the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission has prepared a study of a route f o l l o w ing the Wisconsin Avenue-Glover-Archbold Parkway Corridor, which has been presented f o r consideration during these �100 7ht hearings. T h i s route begins at the D i s t r i c t of Columbia l i n e j u s t west of the Woodward and Lothrop Store Wisconsin Avenue, extends on southward t o cross Wisconsin Avenue at Fessenden S t r e e t t o the west edge of Fort Reno and an i n t e r s e c t i o n w i t h F o r t D r i v e , then continues south on the F o r t Drive right-of-way t o underpass Tenley C i r c l e and enter Glover-Archbold Park, where four lanes would f o l l o w the route of Glover-Archbold Parkway t o Canal Road. An a d d i t i o n a l four lanes would enter a tunnel from Glover-Archbold Park northwest of the i n t e r s e c t i o n of Macomb. S t r e e t and 39th S t r e e t t o Normanstone V a l l e y west of Rock Creek. T h i s route would cross Rock Creek on an overhead s t r u c t u r e and enter a tunnel east of Rock Creek extending t o an interchange with the proposed inner loop. T h i s s o l u t i o n , u t i l i z i n g the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r , m e r i t s c a r e f u l a n a l y s i s and d e t a i l e d engineering studies. and cost I t would place t h i s major highway project at the l o c a t i o n of the greatest t r a f f i c demand and i n an area where the e x i s t i n g s t r e e t s are already overloaded by the rush-hour t r a f f i c . For a l a r g e part of i t s length from the D i s t r i c t 11m through the Glover-Archbold Park, t h i s f a c i l i t y w i l l t r a v e r s e lands now i n p u b l i c ownership; that i s , from Fessenden S t r e e t t o Tenley C i r c l e and from Upton S t r e e t t o the Potomac River. T h i s s o l u t i o n i n d i c a t e d by the s t a f f study does �101 include those f e a t u r e s which the Clarkeson Engineering Company found t o be objectionable i n i t s c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the Wisconsin Avenue a l t e r n a t e l o c a t i o n s . The Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r route w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t crm bo j o i n e d with e i t h e r tho E i v e r Road Route or a route p a r a l l e l i n g Wisconsin Avenue i n Maryland. The D i s t r i c t of Columbia has f o r many years owned a s t r i p of land 100 f e e t wide i n the bottom of the Foundry Branch V a l l e y , extending from Van Ness S t r e e t to Canal Road, which separates the Glover-Archbold Park i n t o two p a r t s , one l y i n g to the e a s t and one t o the west. This s t r i p of land, formerly known as Arizona Avenue, has been a v a i l a b l e t o the D i s t r i c t f o r the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the s t r e e t system of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia f o r approximately 65 y e a r s . In 1948 the National Park S e r v i c e entered i n t o an agreement with the D i s t r i c t Highway Department to permit the c o n s t r u c t i o n of a f o u r - l a n e , d i v i d e d parkway-type road i n l i e u of a s i n g l e all-purpose D i s t r i c t highway i n the l i n e of tho former Arizona Avenue, which occupied the bottom of the v a l l e y i n accordance with the Highway Plan s i n c e abouv 1893. The motivation f o r such an agreement was t h a t tho D i s t r i c t Government has repeatedly i n d i c a t e d that they would not c l o s e Arizona Avenue, a l r e a d y dedicated as a 100-foot right-of-way, but would consider a realignment �102 of roadways t o f i t the topography so a s t o avoid the onn e c e s s a r y d e s t r u c t i o n of f i n e t r e e s i n tho c e n t r a l part of the v a l l e y . The D i s t r i c t Commissioners, on t h e i r behalf, agreed t o the e x c l u s i o n of t r u c k s on the road scheduled f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n under t h e i r program of proposed f e d e r a l a i d highway p r o j e c t s . We understand the D i s t r i c t Government proposes the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the Glover-Archbold Parkway beginning i n I960, t o be completed i n 1961, a t a cost of approximately $4-1/2 m i l l i o n . Thus, i t w i l l be c l e a r t h a t a four-lane parkway-type development i n the Glover-Archbold V a l l e y and a s i m i l a r parkway-type development along the P a l i s a d e s of the Potomac R i v e r from the D i s t r i c t l i n e t o Georgetown are already scheduled f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n independent of any of the a l t e r n a t e l o c a t i o n s f o r the i n t e r s t a t e highway system i n northwest Washington. In i t s endeavors t o f i n d a s o l u t i o n f o r the routing of Highway 240 i n t h i s s e c t i o n of the c i t y , the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission f e l t that a f t e r a comparison of a l t e r n a t i v e proposals f o r the use of major parks, i . e . , the P a l i s a d e s Park along tho r i v e r on the one hand and Rock Creek Park on the other, and s i n c e the r i g h t t o c o n s t r u c t a commercial highway a l r e a d y e x i s t e d i n GloverArchbold Parkway, then t h i s l a t t e r parkway would be s u i t a b l e a s a l o c a t i o n f o r Route 240, e s p e c i a l l y a s the major portion �103 of the through t r u c k t r a v e l would be d i v e r t e d t o V i r g i n i a over the outer c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l highway v i a Cabin John Bridge or t o f o l l o w other r o u t e s . Current s t u d i e s made by the Planning Commission s t a f f are d i r e c t e d towards e l i m i n a t i n g the need f o r using the Glover-Archbold Parkway f o r general t r a f f i c by u t i l i z i n g a tunnel f o r commercial t r a f f i c roughly p a r a l l e l i n g the present route of 240 along Massachusetts Avenue t o a new connection w i t h the inner loop. T h i s would have the f u r t h e r advantage of avoiding an over-concentration of t r a f f i c i n Glover-Archbold Parkway, which would then be constructed a s proposed under the 1948 agreement. The c o n s u l t a n t s t o tho D i s t r i c t Government have made i t q u i t e c l e a r that more than one h i g h - c a p a c i t y t r a f f i c f a c i l i t y would be needed t o serve t h i s s e c t i o n of t h e c i t y . A parkway along the r i v e r a t a l l - f e d e r a l expense w i l l be provided and a parkway i n the Glover-Archbold V a l l e y i s t o be constructed by the D i s t r i c t Government. The proposal of the Planning Commission f o r the s o l u t i o n of the U. S. Route 240 problem i s c o n s i s t e n t with these commitments, and a p p r o p r i a t e l y and e f f e c t i v e l y supplements the t r a f f i c c a p a c i t i e s t h a t they w i l l provide t o serve the f u t u r e needs of the e n t i r e northwest s e c t i o n of the D i s t r i c t and a d j o i n i n g Maryland. That, Mr. Chairman, completes the statement of the D i r e c t o r of the National Park S e r v i c e . �104 COMMISSIONER HC LAUGHLIN: Thank you. We 7 / i l l r e a s s e m b l e a t 1:45 i n t h i s rocm. (Thereupon, a t 12:20 p.m. noon, tho meeting was r e c e s s e d , t o reconvene a t 1:45 p.m., same d a t e . ) this �105 TM/mc 1 F l s GM AFTERNOON SESSION (1.55) COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: L e t ' s come t o o r d e r , please. Next we w i l l h e a r from G e n e r a l P r e n t i s s . Major G e n e r a l L o u i s W. P r e n t i s s , R e t i r e d , Ex-Commissioner o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e Washington Board o f Trade. xxx STATEMENT OF MAJOR GENERAL LOUIS V. PRENTISS (USA RETD.) CHAIRMAN, TRANSPORTATION COMMITTEE WASHINGTON BOARD OF TRADE GENERAL PRENTISS: the Mr, Chairman and Members o f B o a r d , I am L o u i s W. P r e n t i s s , Chairman o f t h e T r a n s - p o r t a t i o n Committee o f t h e Washington Board o f T r a d e . This statement r e p r e s e n t s t h e v i e w s o f t h e Board o f Trade a s adopted by i t s Board o f D i r e c t o r s a f t e r c o n s i d e r i n g recommendations developed and submitted by t h e Committee on Transportation. We recommend t h a t t h e Commissioners o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia s e l e c t t h e r o u t e d e s i g n a t e d A-2 i n t h e n o t i c e o f t h e s e h e a r i n g s i s s u e d on November 25, 1957« We conclude t h a t r o u t e A-2 i s t h e most d e s i r a b l e for the following reasons: (l) Route A-2 would s e p a r a t e i n t e r s t a t e traffic from t h e heavy l o c a l t r a f f i c u s i n g t h e B e t h e s d a - W i s c o n s i n �106 Avenue c o r r i d o r and t h u s a v o i d t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n of both t y p e s o f t r a f f i c e n t e r i n g t h e i n n e r loop which would be t h e c a s e i f t h e G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d o r r o u t e C were used. (2) C o n s t r u c t i o n o f Route 240 a t A-2 would cause the minimum d i s l o c a t i o n o f e x i s t i n g t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s n e a r d w e l l i n g s , b u s i n e s s houses and r e c r e a t i o n a l a r e a s . (3) The use o f A-2 would i n v o l v e t h e a c q u i s i t i o n of only 43 d w e l l i n g s o f l i m i t e d r e a l e s t a t e v a l u e between t h e D i s t r i c t L i n e and t h e i n n e r loop, f a r fewer t h a n would need t o be demolished i f r o u t e C were used. (4) T o t a l c o s t o f u s i n g r o u t e A-2 would be a t l e a s t 13 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s l e s s t h a n t h e W i s c o n s i n AvenueG l o v e r Archbold Parkway r o u t e . (5) P o p u l a t i o n p r o j e c t i o n s contemplate signifi- cantly increased density i n the Rockville-GaithersburgPotomac a r e a , hence i t i s h i g h l y important t h a t t h e r e s u l t i n g t r a f f i c be encouraged t o e n t e r t h e c e n t r a l a r e a by u s e o f a r o u t e o t h e r t h a n t h e h e a v i l y burdened W i s c o n s i n Avenue one w h i c h may a l s o expect i n c r e a s e d t r a f f i c a s p o p u l a t i o n grows. (6) Route A-2 i s planned t o l i e r i v e r w a r d o f a l l homes and r e a l e s t a t e developments i n t h e a r e a and we do not b e l i e v e t h a t i t s use by t r u c k t r a f f i c would d e s t r o y t h e p u b l i c ' s enjoyment o f t h e beauty o f t h i s s c e n i c r o u t e . I n our judgment t h e r e a r e s u f f i c i e n t r e a s o n s f o r �107 not u s i n g t h e G l o v e r Archbold Parkway t o remove t h a t r o u t e from f u r t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . (1) The G l o v e r Archbold Parkway was donated by p u b l i c s p i r i t e d c i t i z e n s f o r parkway use. We b e l i e v e i t s donors terms should be honored. (2) The c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e r e q u i r e d roadway t h r o u g h t h e G l o v e r Archbold Parkway would p r a c t i c a l l y comp l e t e l y d e s t r o y any p a r k c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n a major p o r t i o n of t h e parkway because o f t h e w i d t h o f t h e r i g h t of ways needed. (3) We c o n s i d e r t h e p r o p o s a l f o r a t r u c k r o u t e t u n n e l t o be u n n e c e s s a r i l y expensive i n that i n addition to t h e c o s t o f t u n n e l c o n s t r u c t i o n i t would d e s t r o y one o f t h e most v a l u a b l e r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s o f t h e c i t y and would r e q u i r e the removal o f numerous o t h e r p r o p e r t i e s and some o f t h e best r e s i d e n c e s i n t h e a r e a . (4) B r i n g i n g Route 240 down W i s c o n s i n Avenue would i n a d d i t i o n be tremendously expensive i n nearby Mary- land i n t h a t i t would r e q u i r e v a l u a b l e b u s i n e s s property c u r r e n t l y under development. We b e l i e v e t h a t t h e C l a r k s o n r e p o r t prepared f o r t h e D i s t r i c t Highway Department i s an e x c e l l e n t a p p r a i s a l o f t h e s i t u a t i o n and s t r o n g l y recommend t h a t t h e A-2 r o u t e .Included i n t h e r e p o r t be adopted. Gentlemen, befoio I f i n i s h , I want t o s a y one o r �108 two o t h e r words. I t h i n k t h a t you a r e f a c e d w i t h a v e r y tough d e c i s i o n t o make. However, i t i s o n l y the f i r s t of those w i t h which you a r e going t o be f a c e d as t h i s i n t e r s t a t e highway program i n the D i s t r i c t p r o g r e s s e s . we I believe that ought t o have an a p p r e c i a t i o n of why the F e d e r a l Govern- ment was w i l l i n g t o change t h e r a t i o of Federal p a r t i c i p a - t i o n i n highway c o n s t r u c t i o n from the 60-40 which e x i s t e d p r i o r t o J u l y 1 , 1956, t o the 90-10 and I am s u r e t h a t i t was f o r the i n t e r s t a t e system, done because t h e y f e l t t h e r e are F e d e r a l v a l u e s t h e r e which j u s t i f i e d them so doing. W h i l e t h e r e i s no o b j e c t i o n t o the I n t e r s t a t e system h e l p i n g t o c l e a r up t r a f f i c s i t u a t i o n s which a r e of a l o c a l i n t r a s t a t e n a t u r e , i t i s not the purpose of the i n t e r s t a t e system t o t r y t o s o l v e those problems. t h a t we should r e a l i z e t h a t i n the M e t r o p o l i t a n I think a r e a of Washington, l o o k i n g a t the t r a f f i c problem as a whole, t h a t u n t i l we get the e n t i r e proposed system b u i l t , we a r e going t o have many, many problems. The key, i n my e s t i m a t i o n , the key t o the t r a f f i c problem l i e s i n the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the inner belt. We can b r i n g a l l of the l a t e r a l s I n t o town t h a t we want, e x p r e s s w a y s , but the expressways w i l l cease to f u n c t i o n j u s t as the S h i r l e y Highway ceases t o f u n c t i o n when you get a couple of c a r s t i e d up on the b r i d g e and you back t r a f f i c a l l the way to Alexandria. I f we don't get t h i s i n n e r b e l t b u i l t so t h a t the �109 t r a f f i c c a n be d i s t r i b u t e d and d i s s i p a t e d , we a r e going t o have expressways t h a t a r e jammed f u l l o f c a r s t h a t can't get o f f o f i t . I t h i n k we ought t o r e c o g n i z e t h a t you Gentlemen a r e f a c e d w i t h a s e t o f f a c t s from w h i c h d i a m e t r i c a l l y opposed c o n c l u s i o n s have been reached. I have been f a c e d w i t h t h e same f a c t s and I have come t o my own conclusions w h i c h I have e x p r e s s e d and w h i c h have been accepted by t h e Board o f T r a d e . I t h i n k t h a t we ought t o see t h a t i n t h i s setup t h e r e i s o n l y so much money and we should not look upon t h i s 90-10 money as being u n l i m i t e d i n q u a n t i t y . T h i s week, we a r e going t o have p r e s e n t e d t o t h e Congress by t h e S e c r e t a r y o f Commerce and t h e F e d e r a l Highway Administrator, t h e new c o s t e s t i m a t e f o r the n a t i o n a l i n t e r - s t a t e system o f 40,000 m i l e s o f highways. The b e s t informa- t i o n t h a t I have r e c e i v e d i s t h a t those c o s t e s t i m a t e s a r e g o i n g t o show a marked i n c r e a s e i n t h a t c o s t . There i s not now enough money i n t h e Highway T r u s t Fund t o even pay f o r t h e e x i s t i n g 40,000 m i l e s o f road a t t h e 195^ c o s t and estimates, i f e v e r y c i t y i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s looks upon t h e 90-10 money as b e i n g something we should t a k e advantage o f , t h e i n t e r s t a t e system i s n o t going t o be b u i l t . I t i s going t o be b u i l t I n s h o r t s e c t i o n s and t h e Country a s a whole i s going t o l o s e t h e advantage o f i t . The D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s i n a t i g h t f i x from a f i n a n c i a l p o i n t o f view f o r highways. �110 We have a r e m a i n i n g s i x y e a r s o f a t e n y e a r program f o r which t h e Highway Department does not now have enough money t o see i t s way c l e a r t o meet t h e F e d e r a l funds t h a t a r e a v a i l a b l e t o i t and do t h e o t h e r c o n s t r u c t i o n s that the Highway Department o f t h e D i s t r i c t h a s t o do. T h e r e a r e s h o r t a g e s o f funds s t a r i n g us i n t h e f a c e f o r t h e next s i x y e a r s and we have t o remember t h a t t h i s F e d e r a l a i d a c c e l e r a t e d highway program i s a 13-year program w h i c h w i l l c a l l f o r 15 y e a r s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n , p r o v i d e d t h e funds a r e t h e r e . I t h i n k we ought t o a l s o remember t h a t when we t a l k about t h e s e F e d e r a l f u n d s , we a r e t a l k i n g about your money and my money. I t i s highway u s e r s ' money t h a t goes i n t o t h i s Highway T r u s t Fund and i t I s highway u s e r s ' money t h a t has been added t o t h e highway b i l l t h a t we have been paying b e f o r e f o r t h e s p e c i f i c purpose o f a c c e l e r a t i n g t h e program. And t h e r e i s not going t o be p l e n t y t o be doled out t o everybody t h a t wants t o use i t . I t h i n k you ought t o remember a l s o t h a t t h e F e d e r a l Government h a s a 50-50 program f o r t h e s p e c i f i c purpose o f a s s i s t i n g s t a t e s and t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i n t h e p r i m a r y highway program and c e r t a i n l y , t h e p r i m a r y highway program i s one t h a t c a n be u t a l i z e d and should be u t a l i z e d i n those a r e a s where t h e problems a r e l a r g e l y i n t e r s t a t e i n n a t u r e d e s p i t e t h e f a c t t h a t t h e y a r e crossing i n t e r s t a t e l i n e s . �Ill I t h i n k i t I s n e c e s s a r y f o r us t o g i v e c a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n t o t h e n a t u r e o f t h e I n t e r s t a t e highway — n a t u r e o f i n t e r s t a t e highway t h a t c r e a t e s a s i t does a b a r r i e r a g a i n s t any s u r f a c e movement whether i t be by p e d e s t r i a n o r by v e h i c l e . The highway i s i n v i o l a t e and i t h a s t o be a i n t e r s t a t e through highway w i t h t h e s a f e t y r e quirements t h a t a r e s e t up by t h e F e d e r a l Government. We have t o l o o k a t t h i s W i s c o n s i n Avenue c o r r i d o r and i f you look a t t h a t map up t h e r e a t t h e p o i n t where P o o l s v i l l e i n t e r c h a n g e s , you w i l l f i n d t h a t t h e r e a r e 28 s t r e e t s , t h e r e about, t h a t t h i s highway has t o c r o s s b e f o r e I t reaches the D i s t r i c t L i n e . Now everyone o f t h o s e s t r e e t s i s e i t h e r going t o be blocked o r t h e r e has t o be a grade s e p a r a t i o n , and i f t h e r e i s a grade s e p a r a t i o n , i t means t h e r e i s s t r u c t u r e , and more s t r u c t u r e s p e r m i l e t h e more i t i s going t o c o s t per mile. L i k e w i s e , we speak o f b r i n g i n g I t on down through t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, and W i s c o n s i n Avenue c o r r i d o r . I t h i n k t h e r e a r e another 10 o r 12 i n t e r s e c t i o n s between t h e D i s t r i c t L i n e and C a n a l Road where we e i t h e r have t o b u i l d s t r u c t u r e s o r we b l o c k t h e s u r f a c e movement o f c a r s and people. We speak i n terms o f how t h i s I s going t o s e r v e that area. I t i s going t o s e r v e t h a t a r e a o n l y i f we a r e going t o permit t r a f f i c t o g e t on and get o f f , and we have �112 mc8 t o remember t h i s , t h a t t h i s highway I s going t o be b u i l t i n accordance w i t h F e d e r a l s p e c i f i c a t i o n s w h i c h c o n t r o l t h e way traffic e n t e r s and t h e way t r a f f i c l e a v e s t h e highway, and i t means t h a t t h e r e a r e c e r t a i n minimum r e q u i r e m e n t s t h a t a r e r e q u i r e d f o r t h e a n g u l a r c u r v a t u r e o f t h e highway for t h e grade t h a t c a n be b u i l t on and o f f t h e highway and t h e f a c t t h a t where you do have t h e s e merging l a n e s , you a r e going t o have not e i g h t l a n e s , but n i n e o r t e n i f t h e y are p a r a l l e l t o each o t h e r . I t h i n k we have got t o r e c o g n i z e t h a t u n l e s s we approach t h i s from a p o i n t o f view o f g e t t i n g t h e whole j o b done w i t h i n t h e r e s o u r c e s o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia a s s i s t e d by t h e F e d e r a l Government, we a r e going t o be throwi n g money away. I f each one o f t h e s e l a t e r a l s o r each one o f t h e s e roads l e a d i n g I n t o t h e l o n e r B e l t i s b u i l t r e g a r d l e s s o f c o s t , we a r e going t o end up w i t h o u t h a v i n g enough money t o complete t h a t I n n e r B e l t , and t h e n we w i l l h a v e a problem t h a t w i l l cause us t o , i n s t e a d o f l o o k i n g t o t h e f u t u r e , we w i l l have o u r f u t u r e behind us and we w i l l be s t r a n g l e d by t h e t r a f f i c . I t h i n k t h a t i n e v a l u a t i n g what you have heard h e r e t o d a y , you have t o r e c o g n i z e one t h i n g , and t h a t i s t h a t t h e Highway Department o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia h a s a r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , i t h a s a r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r spending t h i s money. The Commissioners have t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r r a i s i n g �113 t h i s money, d e c i d i n g how much o f t h i s money ought t o be spent on highways. I am s u r e no D i r e c t o r o f Highways i s w a n t i n g t o spend t h i s money u n n e c e s s a r i l y i n s o l v i n g t h i s s i t u a t i o n and I f e e l t h a t you should g i v e c a r e f u l e v a l u a t i o n t o t h e recommendations o f t h e D i r e c t o r o f Highways because i n t h e f i n a l a n a l y s i s , he i s t h e one t h a t i s c r i t i c i z e d f o r t h e r e s u l t s t h a t a r e obtained. Thank you v e r y much. (Applause.) COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Kanfer, Vice-chairman tion Mr. K a n f e r . Mr. M o r r i s of the Federation of C i t i z e n s ' Associa- — MR. THORNETT: ( i n t e r p o s i n g ) Mr. Chairman, we have a l e t t e r from t h e F e d e r a t i o n o f C i t i z e n s 1 Associations r e q u e s t i n g t h a t t h e r e c o r d o f t h e h e a r i n g be kept open unt i l a f t e r t h e i r r e g u l a r meeting on J a n u a r y 9. I t came i n from Miss Mabel M o r r i s . COMMISSIONER WELLING: ment. L e t ' s t a k e i t under a d v i s e - l We d o n t have t o r u l e on i t r i g h t now. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Off the record. (Discussion o f f the record.) COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: you proceed, Mr. K a n f e r ? On t h e r e c o r d . Will How long do you t h i n k you w i l l take? MR. KANFER: J u s t about t h r e e o r f o u r m i n u t e s . �114 COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: That i s f i n e . STATEMENT OP MORRIS KANFER, VICE-CHAIRMAN, FEDERATION OF CITIZENS ASSOCIATIONS MR. KANFER: Mr. P r e s i d e n t and Members o f the B o a r d , I am M o r r i s K a n f e r , V i c e - C h a i r m a n of t h e C i t y P l a n n i n g Committee o f the F e d e r a t i o n of C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n s . I wanted t o note f o r the r e c o r d t h a t on December 7, 1957, S e c r e t a r y o f t h e F e d e r a t i o n , Mrs. Edward B. M o r r i s , the addressed a l e t t e r t o t h e D. C. Board of Commissioners, s t a t i n g t h a t Mr. Robert Banks was the Chairman o f t h e C i t y Planning Committee, and a s k i n g t h a t the r e c o r d be kept open t o g i v e the F e d e r a t i o n the o p p o r t u n i t y of c o n s i d e r i n g t h i s matter at i t s n e x t F e d e r a t i o n meeting w h i c h w i l l be h e l d on T h u r s day of t h i s week. S i n c e Mr. me, Banks i s out of t h e C i t y , he has asked as V i c e - C h a i r m a n , t o t a k e over the c a r e of the meeting o f the C i t y P l a n n i n g Committee, which i s scheduled tomorrow evening, and we have i n v i t e d Mr. for Nolen of t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k and P l a n n i n g Commission t o p r e s e n t his v i e w s t o our Committee tomorrow evening, and Mr. Harrison o f t h e D i s t r i c t Highway Department t o p r e s e n t h i s v i e w s , so i n a s e n s e , my job tomorrow evening and the members of the Committee, w i l l be s i m i l a r t o y o u r s , t o r e a c h a d e c i s i o n tomorrow evening as t o what k i n d of r e s o l u t i o n we a r e t o p r e s e n t t o t h e F e d e r a t i o n a t i t s meeting Thursday evening. �Now, I want t o a s s u r e you t h a t t h e F e d e r a t i o n t a k e s v e r y s e r i o u s l y t h i s m a t t e r , and wanted t h e o p p o r t u n i t y of h a v i n g t h e e x p e r t s r a t h e r t h a n r e a c h a d e c i s i o n on an ex-parte b a s i s . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you, Mr. K a n f e r . We w i l l keep t h e r e c o r d open, and f o r those o t h e r s i n t e r e s t e d , we w i l l keep t h e r e c o r d open t o t h e t e n t h f o r t h e submission of any a d d i t i o n a l s t a t e m e n t s . I u n d e r s t a n d t h a t Mr. P r i n c e has t o meet w i t h some 25 t o 30 p r e s i d e n t s o f r a i l r o a d s tomorrow, o r something l i k e t h a t , so we w i l l t a k e him n e x t . Mr. Gregory P r i n c e , r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e Chevy Chase Club. STATEMENT OF GREGORY S. PRINCE, CHEVY CHASE CLUB MR. PRINCE: Mr. Chairman, Members o f t h e Commis- s i o n , I g r e a t l y a p p r e c i a t e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y of appearing be- f o r e you today i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h i s m a t t e r on b e h a l f o f the Chevy Chase Club. The Chevy Chase Club has over 2200 members, about 1500 o f whom l i v e i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f Washington, so we do have an i n t e r e s t I n t h i s . I presume t o come b e f o r e you on b e h a l f o f an o r g a n i z a t i o n whose p r o p e r t y l i e s i n Maryland f o r two p r i n c i p a l r e a s o n s : One, t h e Chevy Chase Club, I t h i n k , i s a p a r t o f t h e l i f e o f t h e community o f Washington. The D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i t s e l f has no c o u n t r y c l u b and, I �116 t h i n k , everyone r e c o g n i z e s t h a t c o u n t r y c l u b s have become an important p a r t o f community l i f e . We have always had many d i s t i n g u i s h e d members o f t h e c l u b who l i v e i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and f o r t h a t r e a s o n , I f e e l t h a t t h e e f f e c t upon t h e Club i s something t h a t you a r e e n t i t l e d t o hear and t h a t you should g i v e some c o n s i d e r a t i o n t o . The second r e a s o n i s t h a t by t h e time t h i s matter comes b e f o r e Maryland a u t h o r i t i e s , t h e major q u e s t i o n w i l l have been decided and our v i e w s w i l l be l a r g e l y academic. T h e r e w i l l be t h e d e c i s i o n l e f t , o f c o u r s e , a s t o where t h e routes should r u n i n Maryland i t s e l f . C and D — I f you were t o s e l e c t a p p a r e n t l y t h e r e a r e two r o u t e s i n Maryland t h a t would s t i l l be under c o n s i d e r a t i o n , namely, one r u n n i n g dowr t h e e a s t s i d e o f W i s c o n s i n Avenue, and t h e o t h e r along R i v e r Road. I have been a u t h o r i z e d by t h e Board o f Governors o f t h e Club t o t a k e a p o s i t i o n i n o p p o s i t i o n t o e i t h e r o f these r o u t e s . Wow t h e r e a s o n s f o r o p p o s i t i o n t o e i t h e r r o u t e a r e t o some degree common t o both r o u t e s and t o some e x t e n t , t h e y a r e s e p a r a t e a s t o each r o u t e . I should l i k e t o p r e s e n t t o you t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s that r e l a t e s p e c i f i c a l l y t o the p a r t i c u l a r a l t e r n a t i v e that would a f f e c t t h e Chevy Chase Club most a d v e r s e l y and most d i r e c t l y , namely, t h e r o u t e r u n n i n g along t h e e a s t s i d e o f W i s c o n s i n Avenue. I would l i k e t o d i s c u s s t h e e f f e c t on �117 t h e Club v e r y b r i e f l y and g i v e you t h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s as f a c t u a l l y as p o s s i b l e . I t h i n k you may have enough o f t h e e m o t i o n a l s i d e p r e s e n t e d and goodness knows your problem i s hard enough -without h a v i n g t o have t h a t f o i s t e r e d upon you. The r o u t e along t h e e a s t s i d e o f W i s c o n s i n Avenue would e n t e r t h e Club's p r o p e r t y a t i t s n o r t h boundry on B r a d l e y Lane, and r u n south through t h e Club p r o p e r t y t o i t s s o u t h e r n boundry on K e s k e t h S t r e e t , a d i s t a n c e of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3000 f e e t . Now t h e p r e c i s e r o u t e has not been l a i d out w i t h e x a c t i t u d e t h a t would p e r m i t us t o say e x a c t l y how much of t h e Club p r o p e r t y would be t a k e n by t h e r o u t e , but based on i n f o r m a l i n q u i r i e s addressed t o Maryland a u t h o r i t i e s , i t would appear l i k e l y t h a t by r e a s o n o f t h e p l a c e s a t which t h e r o u t e would e n t e r t h e n o r t h p a r t o f t h e Club's p r o p e r t y , i t would t a k e a s t r i p o f l a n d t a p e r i n g , be a d j a c e n t t o Wiscons i n Avenue, and t a p e r i n g from a depth o f about 600 f e e t a t t h e n o r t h end t o about 300 f e e t a t t h e south end. I f you would assume the average depth o f t h a t t o be about 450 feet, t h a t would mean a t a k i n g of Club p r o p e r t y of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 1 a c r e s , and I t would l i e along t h e p a r t of t h e Club occupied p r e s e n t l y by two o f t h e h o l e s of t h e g o l f c o u r s e , and would t a k e a v e r y s u b s t a n t i a l p a r t of the t h i r d hole. On our p r o p e r t y , t h e a r e a f o r t h e g o l f c o u r s e i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 175 a c r e s , so 3 1 a c r e s would be no i n c o n s i d e r a b l e �118 part of the property. We cannot s a y t o y o u , and I don't want t o i n any way t r y t o make o f t h i s more t h a n i t would be from t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f t h e C l u b , we cannot s a y t o you d e f i n i t e l y , t h a t i t would not be p o s s i b l e t o l o c a t e e i g h t h o l e s on t h e t h e n r e m a i n i n g s h a r e o f t h e p r o p e r t y we would have. I t would t a k e a g o l f course a r c h i t e c t t o determine tion. t h a t ques- I would l i k e t o s a y t h a t t h i s much i s c l e a r , we c o u l d not s i m p l y r e c o n s t r u c t t h r e e h o l e s t o s u b s t i t u t e f o r t h e the t h r e e h o l e s t h a t would be t a k e n by t h e c o r r i d o r r u n n i n g along through t h e Club p r o p e r t y . I n order t o do i t , i n o r d e r t o get a f i r s t c l a s s g o l f c o u r s e , 18 h o l e c o u r s e , i n t h e r e m a i n i n g p r o p e r t y , i f indeed, i t c o u l d be done, would r e q u i r e a remaking o f t h e e n t i r e g o l f c o u r s e . That, of c o u r s e , would be a v e r y d i f f i c u l t and c o s t l y t h i n g t o do. But t h e r e i s another c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h a t I t h i n k i s perhaps o f more importance importance t o us. t o you and c e r t a i n l y o f e q u a l The Chevy Chase C l u b , through t h e con- duct o f i t s a c t i v i t i e s , h a s attempted through t h e y e a r s t o conduct i t s e l f a s a good c i t i z e n and a s a good neighbor of o t h e r people i n t h e community. We have enjoyed excellent r e l a t i o n s w i t h l o c a l and s t a t e a u t h o r i t i e s i n t h e a r e a , and I t h i n k w i t h t h e o t h e r members o f t h e community. it So, I f e e l i s a p p r o p r i a t e f o r me t o mention some o f t h e community a s p e c t s t h a t would be a f f e c t e d by t h i s c o r r i d o r . F i r s t , i t would c l e a r l y d i v i d e t h e community what �119 p r e s e n t l y i s and always h a s been a s i n g l e coiamunity. Just as an example, c h i l d r e n l i v i n g on t h e e a s t s i d e o f W i s c o n s i n Avenue a t t e n d t h e s c h o o l l o c a t e d t o t h e west o f W i s c o n s i n Avenue now. Many people l i v i n g west o f W i s c o n s i n Avenue a t t e n d churches l o c a t e d on t h e e a s t s i d e o f W i s c o n s i n . Now t h i s roadway r u n n i n g a l o n g t h e e a s t o f W i s c o n s i n Avenue would d i v i d e t h e community, i t would c l e a r l y d i v i d e i t , I t h i n k , as much a s a body o f w a t e r between t h e two. There i s one o t h e r f a c t o r t h a t I would a s k you t o b e a r i n mind, I don't know how much weight you f e e l i t should be g i v e n , but I do t h i n k i t i s e n t i t l e d t o some. The Chevy Chase r e s i d e n t i a l suburban d i s t r i c t i s perhaps t h e o l d e s t suburban r e s i d e n t i a l d i s t r i c t i n t h e Washington a r e a . I t d a t e s back more t h a n 60 y e a r s . Now those p r o p e r t y v a l u e s have been b u i l t up, t h e homes t h e r e have been b u i l t up, and h a v e been t h e r e f o r t h e s e long many y e a r s and I f e e l t h a t a r o u t e t h a t would j e o p a r d i z e those p r o p e r t y v a l u e s and those r e s i d e n c e s p r i m a r i l y i n s o f a r a s comparison w i t h o t h e r r o u t e s are concerned, p r i m a r i l y t o p r o v i d e g r e a t e r convenience f o r t h e commutation s e r v i c e t o people who have r e c e n t l y moved i n t o t h e o u t e r suburbs beyond Chevy Chase, I s n o t a c o n s i d e r a t i o n that i s all-powerful. I t h i n k t h e r i g h t s o f those who have l i v e d t h e r e through t h e y e a r s should be g i v e n some weight i n t h i s p i c t u r e . Now, f i n a l l y , Gentlemen, i t seems t o me t h a t from �120 t h e s t a n d p o i n t and c o n s i d e r a t i o n s t h a t have been p o i n t e d out by t h e D. C. Department o f Highways j u s t now by G e n e r a l P r e n t i s s , from t h e s t a n d p o i n t of t h e e f f e c t on community life, on p r o p e r t y v a l u e s , r e s i d e n t i a l p r o p e r t i e s , and w i t h due r e g a r d , w h a t e v e r you may f e e l i t i s , f o r t h e r i g h t s of t h o s e who have been t h e r e t h e l o n g e s t , i t seems t o me from a l l o f t h o s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , t h a t t h e Potomac R i v e r r o u t e i s the l e a s t objectionable o f t h o s e t h a t you have b e f o r e you. You have i n support o f t h a t a l s o t h e Clarkeson Company, and your own D. C. Department of Highways. I know t h a t you have a most d i f f i c u l t problem and i t would probably t a k e t h e wisdom o f Solomon t o d e c i d e i t i n a way t h a t would please everyone, I see t h a t t h e Chairman says even t h a t wouldn't be s u f f i c i e n t — well, I sympathize w i t h you, but I do a s k you t o b e a r i n mind t h e s e few c o n s i d e r a t i o n s that I have p r e s e n t e d t o you, and I am v e r y g r a t e f u l f o r t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o do i t . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you, Mr. Prince. (Applause.) COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: the Who l i t t l e group c a l l e d t h e P a l i s a d e s ? ward, p l e a s e . W i l l you come f o r - What i s your number? MR. CURTISS: My number i s 33- COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: MR. i s representing CURTISS: Yes, s i r . Your number i s 33? �121 COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: S t a t e your name f o r t h e r e c o r d , p l e a s e , and whom you r e p r e s e n t . STATEMENT OF MR. ROBERT B. CURTISS, THE PALISADES C I T I Z E N S ' ASSOCIATION MR. CURTISS: Vice-President My name i s Robert B. C u r t i s s . I am of t h e P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s * A s s o c i a t i o n and Chairman o f t h e Roads Committee. The P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s ' A s s o c i a t i o n l i e s i n t h e a r e a bound by t h e Potomac R i v e r , D i s t r i c t L i n e , Loughboro Road and F o x h a l l Road. We have i n e x c e s s o f 2,000 members. Our a s s o c i a t i o n , a t s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t meetings, unamiously endorsed our g e n e r a l o p p o s i t i o n s A-2, t o r o u t e s A and r o u t e s t h a t would c l e a v e through our homes, not a g o l f course. Mr. P r e s i d e n t ( a p p l a u s e ) and Members o f t h e Board, I p r e s e n t C o l o n e l H i g g i n s who w i l l g i v e us our i n t r o d u c t i o n . STATEMENT OF COLONEL HORACE R. HIGGINS, PALISADES C I T I Z E N S ' ASSOCIATION ROADS COMMITTEE COLONEL HIGGINS; Mr. Chairman, Commissioners of the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and f e l l o w c i t i z e n s , my name i s L t C o l o n e l H r a c e R. H i g g i n s and I l i v e a t 5311 0 N. W. I have been d e s i g n a t e d Potomac Avenue, t o be t h e l e a d - o f f man f o r t h e testimony of the P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s ' A s s o c i a t i o n of which I have long been a member. Washingtonian. I n c i d e n t a l l y , I am a n a t i v e born �122 mo 18 We expecting and come t o t h i s h e a r i n g i n good f a i t h , a s k i n g and o n l y t h a t our t e s t i m o n y w i l l be j u d i c i o u s l y weighed considered without b i a s . v i s i o n e d umpires who A l l we a s k f o r a r e c l e a r know the r u l e s and we are confident t h a t we can win t h i s b a t t l e . I use the word " b a t t l e " r a t h e r t h a n "game" - because we a r e engaged i n a v e r y s e r i o u s b u s i n e s s . The decisions reached by t h e D i s t r i c t Government h e r e today w i l l a f f e c t t h i s c i t y f o r generations. You have w i t h i n your power today the o p p o r t u n i t y of e i t h e r making w i s e d e c i s i o n s under which our c i t y can f l o u r i s h , and upon w h i c h v a l u a b l e contributions can be made t o our t r a f f i c and our mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p r o blems, or you can f o l l o w the l i n e of l e a s t r e s i s t e n c e approve the C l a r k e s o n recommendation f o r an expressway along the r i v e r which i s the l a s t p l a c e i t i s needed, and represents money. and a p o t e n t i a l waste o f $60,000,000. of therefore taxpayers' The proposed r i v e r s i d e r o u t e does not a c c o m p l i s h one i o t a of good f o r the r e s i d e n t s of the D i s t r i c t , and i t w i l l b l i g h t and scourge the n a t u r a l beauty of Washington, the most b e a u t i f u l c a p i t a l c i t y i n the w o r l d w i t h o u t s o l v i n g of the D i s t r i c t ' s t r a f f i c We any problems. do not p r e t e n d t o know where an expressway should be l o c a t e d o u t s i d e of t h e P a l i s a d e s a r e a . I n f a c t , we do not b e l i e v e t h a t a c a s e has been made f o r an expressway i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t a t any p o i n t . We do however,know t h i s �12J (Applause.) COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: L a d l e s and Gentlemen, t h i s m i t e r i s going t o be decided on l o g i c and f a c t s , and I t h i n k t h i s consumes a l o t o f t i m e , and I don't t h i n k i t adds a n y t h i n g t o t h e l o g i c , so p l e a s e r e f r a i n from applause. COLONEL HIGGINS: We do, however, know t h i s : There i s not one shred o f evidence t o support t h e c o n c l u s i o n reached i n t h e C l a r k e s o n r e p o r t f o r a r o u t e along t h e r i v e r . I t i s our purpose today t o a n a l y z e t h e C l a r k e s o n p r o p o s a l - and t o demolish i t . We a r e going t o t e a r i t a p a r t so t h o r o u g h l y t h a t no r e s p o n s i b l e person would even dream o f t r y i n g .to a c t on t h e b a s i s o f i t s s o - c a l l e d "findings". We a r e not p l a n n e r s - we a r e j u s t o r d i n a r y c i t i z e n s who pay our t a x e s and expect our government - and i t s o f f i c i a l s - t o a c t i n our b e s t I n t e r e s t . But t h e r e a r e pro- f e s s i o n a l p l a n n e r s , and i t seems t o u s t h a t i t would have been o n l y good common horse sense t o have c o n s u l t e d them long ago, b e f o r e t h i s proposed r i v e r s i d e Route 240 got n e a r l y as f a r as i t has. a planning o u t f i t . The C l a r k e s o n E n g i n e e r i n g Company i s not I t i s , a s i t s name i n d i c a t e s , an e n g i n e e r - i n g f i r m , and p o s s i b l y a good one. B u t , even a non-expert l i k e m y s e l f c a n examine t h e C l a r k e s o n r e p o r t and conclude on t h e b a s i s o f i t s c o n t r a d i c t i o n s , i t s m i s c a l c u l a t i o n s , and i t s g e n e r a l incompetence, t h a t i t s a u t h o r s were not p l a n n e r s i n any sense o f t h e word. �mc20 124 We a r e not t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e x p e r t s , but i t seems to us t o be t h e h e i g h t o f f o l l y t o even c o n s i d e r a p r e c i s e l o c a t i o n f o r t h e e n t r y o f Route 240 i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t before t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study a r e known - a study now b e i n g made and on which some $400,000 i s b e i n g spent. We merely a s k t h i s v e r y simple q u e s t i o n ; How does t h e C l a r k e s o n p r o p o s a l f i t i n t o t h e mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia? Where, i n t h e C l a r k e s o n r e p o r t , i s t h e r e any d i s c u s s i o n , indeed, where i s t h e r e a s i n g l e r e f e r e n c e t o t h e v i t a l m a t t e r o f h i g h speed mas3 transportation? We a r e not important and i n f l u e n t i a l c i t i z e n s a b l e t o muster such support i n h i g h p l a c e s t h a t our neighborhood i s a u t o m a t i c a l l y excluded from c o n s i d e r a t o o n as a p o s s i b l e express route. We a r e t r u e l y l i t t l e people f i g h t i n g a g a i n s t t h e grave t h r e a t o f i n j u s t i c e . We do not have t h e p o w e r f u l R e a l E s t a t e Board o r the i n f l u e n t i a l Board o f Trade h e l p i n g u s . have endorsed t h e C l a r k e s o n p r o p o s a l . B o t h o f them B u t on what grounds? Merely t h a t t h e r i v e r s i d e r o u t e would do t h e l e a s t harm not t h a t i t would do t h e most good. We a r e not r e p r e s e n t e d on t h e F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l w h i c h a l s o endorsed t h e C l a r k e s o n r o u t e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e announcement made by Major G e n e r a l P r e n t i s s , Chairman o f t h e C o u n c i l s ' S p e c i a l P o l i c y Commission. General P r e n t i s s i s �125 mc 21 a l s o t h e E x e c u t i v e V i c e P r e s i d e n t o f t h e American Road B u i l d e r s ' A s s o c i a t i o n and a former D i s t r i c t o f Columbia E n g i n e e r Commissioner. We have no such i n f l u e n t i a l spokes- man, no s a l a r i e d e x p e r t s . We a r e j u s t amateurs f i g h t i n g f o r j u s t i c e , and j u s t i c e must p r e v a i l . What we do have i s something more important t h a n a l l the r e s t . our side. We have an aroused c i t i z e n r y w i t h r i g h t on T h a t i s a c o m b i n a t i o n w h i c h cannot be l i c k e d by anyone - i n a f r e e and d e m o c r a t i c c o u n t r y such as o u r s . We have worked h a r d , w i t h t h e l i m i t e d means a t our d i s p o s a l , t o d i g i n t o and t o study t h e whole background of t h e proposed Route 240 l e g along t h e Potomac P a l i s a d e s . We i n t e n d t o show h e r e today: One, t h a t i t i s q u e s t i o n a b l e whether t h e proposed r o u t e , w h i c h can o n l y t e defended as p a r t o f a suburban-feeder s y s t e m , i s e l i g i b l e f o r a 90$ F e d e r a l g r a n t under t h e Highway Act. Two, t h a t up t o t h i s time we have been f a i r l y d e a l t w i t h by e i t h e r D i s t r i c t o r F e d e r a l o f f i c i a l s whose announcements, d e n i a l s , and g e n e r a l l a c k o f c o o p e r a t i o n have l e d us in a l l directions. one T h r e e , t h a t t h e r e i s o n l y / c o n c r e t e f a c t t h a t we have been a b l e t o f i n d i n b l a c k and w h i t e ; namely, t h a t the D i s t r i c t f o r m a l l y a p p l i e d f o r and r e c e i v e d a p p r o v a l from t h e Bureau of P u b l i c Roads o f t h e r i v e r s i d e r o u t e i n 1955 before �126 t h e Highway Act was even passed. Pour, t h a t we have been d e c e i v e d by statements t h a t t h e proposed P a l i s a d e s r o u t e r e p r e s e n t s t h e product of c a r e f u l and t h o u g h t f u l p l a n n i n g when, i n f a c t , i t was s e l e c t e d i n 1955 a f t e r a c a s u a l "afternoon f i e l d trip". F i v e , t h a t the c o n t r a c t w r i t t e n w i t h the Clarkeson Company was not designed t o p r o v i d e a comprehensive analysis of t r a f f i c i n northwest Washington, but i n s t e a d was t o p r e v e n t such an a n a l y s i s and t o r e q u i r e t h a t C l a r k e s o n "back up" t h e r o u t e a l r e a d y s e l e c t e d . S i x , t h a t the C l a r k e s o n r e p o r t i t s e l f i s a house o f c a r d s from a marked deck. Seven, t h a t t h e p r o p o s a l I s unsupported by and i t s acceptance would be u n t h i n k a b l e by any fact reasonable o f f i c i a l s as i t would be a g r o s s waste o f p u b l i c funds. I do not mean t h e s e t o be h a r s h words. But you w i l l have t o admit a f t e r you have h e a r d our t e s t i m o n y t h a t t h e s e a r e t h e o n l y c o n c l u s i o n s we c o u l d r e a c h on t h e b a s i s o f t h e date we have been a b l e t o o b t a i n . Gentlemen, we have c o n f i d e n c e i n your wisdom and good judgment. t h a t you l i s t e n c a r e f u l l y and withhopen minds. We o n l y ask T h e r e can be no o t h e r c o n c l u s i o n but t h a t i n a l l r e a s o n a b l e n e s s - and on t h e b a s i s o f f a c t - you w i l l r e j e c t t h e D i s t r i c t Highway Department p r o p o s a l , backed by the C l a r k e s o n Report. T h e r e should be no, I r e p e a t , t h e r e should be no �127 R i v e r s i d e r o u t e 240. There i s not one s i n g l e c o n c r e t e , c l e a r , o r l o g i c a l r e a s o n f o r s e l e c t i o n o f t h e proposed r i v e r r o u t e . I t s s e l e c t i o n -would be c o n t r a r y t o e v e r y sound p l a n n i n g con- s i d e r a t i o n - and more i m p o r t a n t - c o n t r a r y t o p u b l i c purpose. I do not need t o remind you gentlemen t h a t t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i s upon t h e D i s t r i c t t o prove t h a t a p u b l i c purpose i s bei n g s e r v e d b e f o r e t h e f i n a l r o u t e i s a c t u a l l y s e l e c t e d and condemnation p r o c e e d i n g s a r e entered i n the courts f o r the a c q u i s i t i o n o f land f o r i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n . Thank you. (Applause.) COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: MR. CURTISS: Who i s n e x t ? The n e x t w i t n e s s f o r P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s ' A s s o c i a t i o n i s Mr. W i l l a i m Hays. STATEMENT OP WILLIAM J . HAYS PALISADES C I T I Z E N S ' ASSOCIATION ROADS COMMITTEE MR. HAYS: and Gentlemen; Mr. Chairman, Commissioners, L a d i e s My name i s W i l l i a m J . Hays. 4863 Potomac Avenue, N. W. Citizens 1 I live at I am a member o f t h e P a l i s a d e s Association. I want t o d i r e c t my t e s t i m o n y t o t h e h i s t o r y o f our d e a l i n g s w i t h o f f i c i a l s of t h e D i s t r i c t Government on the s u b j e c t o f Route 240. As c i t i z e n s we b e l i e v e t h a t we have t h e r i g h t t o f u l l and complete d i s c l o s u r e by our o f f i c i a l s �mc24 128 and some l o b i e and c o n s i s t e n c y i n t h e i r deeds and a c t s . I n s t e a d , t h e whole h i s t o r y o f t h e proposed Route 240 i s an i n s u l t t o our i n t e l l i g e n c e . We have been t r e a t e d t,o a c a p r i c i o u s n e s s and a d i s t o r t i o n o f f a c t w h i c h does l i t t l e credit to public o f f i c i a l s . d e t a i l e d below. The shameful r e c o r d i s The a r t o f Government i s not measured by t h e s k i l l and c l e v e r n e s s w i t h which o f f i c i a l s f o o l t h e governed, b u t r a t h e r by t h e c a p a c i t y t o a c h i e v e the i n t e r e s t and w e l f a r e o f t h e p u b l i c . The f i r s t announcement o f t h e proposed Route 240 along t h e Potomac P a l i s a d e s was made i n J a n u a r y 1957. I t i s t r u e t h a t such a r o u t e was o u t l i n e d i n t h e "General L o c a t i o n o f N a t i o n a l System o f I n t e r s t a t e Highways", by t h e B u r e a u o f P u b l i c Roads i n September 1955. This r e - p o r t was n o t g e n e r a l l y d i s t r i b u t e d n o r d i d t h e p r e s s its content. published report C e r t a i n l y , we who l i v e i n t h e P a l i s a d e s were not aware t h a t werwere t h r e a t e n e d before January 1957. Now l e t u s see what had a l r e a d y t r a n s p i r e d . On June 10, 1955, J . N. R o b e r t s o n , D i r e c t o r o f Highways, D. C, submitted a map t o t h e Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads showing t h e proposed l o c a t i o n o f Route 240 a l o n g t h e r i v e r . On Septem- b e r 2 3 , 1955, t h e B u r e a u o f P u b l i c Roads approved t h e l o c a t i o n r e q u e s t e d by t h e D i s t r i c t ' t h i s l e t t e r was s i g n e d by C. D. C u r t i s s , Commissioner o f P u b l i c Roads. On November 11, 1956, and t h e n one y e a r later, �129 t h e D i s t r i c t e n t e r e d i n t o a c o n t r a c t -with t h e C l a r k e s o n E n g i n e e r i n g Company. L a t e r t e s t i m o n y w i l l d i s c u s s the terms of t h i s unusual c o n t r a c t . 1956, N o n e t h e l e s s , by December 21, o n l y s i x weeks l a t e r , t h e C l a r k e s o n Company wrote t o J . N. Robertson o f the D i s t r i c t recommending Route A along the P a l i s a d e s . C l a r k e s o n reached h i s c o n c l u s i o n on the b a s i s of e n t i r e l y negative considerations. He r e j e c t s t h e Route through G l o v e r - A r c h b a I d by saying: "The f i r s t unknown r e l a t e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n o f use o f the G l o v e r - A r c h b a l d parkway f o r mixed t r a f f i c . . . t h e r e seems t o be doubt whether a d e c i s i o n t o use the parkway f o r mixed t r a f f i c c o u l d stand t h e t e s t of a c o u r t d e c i s i o n ... I t appears that a t l e a s t some i n f l u e n t i a l o f f i c i a l s would look upon such a proposal w i t h d i s f a v o r . " and because "A second major unknown r e l a t e s t o t h e degree of o p p o s i t i o n t h a t might develop i n Maryland concern- i n g an i n t e r s t a t e c o n n e c t i o n i n t h e v i c i n i t y of W i s c o n s i n Avenue. T h e i r r e c e n t l e t t e r t o you ( l e t t e r o f December 6, 1956) i n which t h e y i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e y were ' f i r m l y c o n v i n c e d ' t h a t Route A was most d e s i r a b l e so f a r as Maryland was concerned, s u b j e c t t o the s o l u t i o n of the problem w i t h the �mc26 130 parkway, seems t o suggest t h a t Route C might p r e c i p i t a t e an extended s t r u g g l e -with Maryland on t h e I n t e r s t a t e c o n n e c t i o n . " I t i s h a r d t o see how anyone c o u l d have been more m i s t a k e n i n t h e l i g h t of subsequent events. On May 28, 1957, Maryland abandoned i t s p a r t o f t h e Route 240 c o n n e c t i o n along the r i v e r . I n November, 1957, according to the press report: "Use of t h e W i s c o n s i n Avenue c o r r i d o r as a s o u t h v e s t l e g f o r t h e nev Route 240 i n Montgomery County v a s recommended y e s t e r d a y by t h e t e c h n i c a l s t a f f of t h e M a r y l a n d - N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k and P l a n n i n g Commission." But t o r e t u r n t o our chronology. C l a r k e s o n l e t t e r o f December 2 1 , wrote t o Robertson, 1956, F o l l o w i n g the t h e same day C l a r k e s o n J . N. Robertson addressed a memorandum t o t h e E n g i n e e r Commissioner recommending t h a t t h e Board of Commissioners approve Route A "To p e r m i t our C o n s u l t a n t t o complete p r e l i m i n a r y p l a n s on t h e r o u t e s e l e c t e d . . . " Board o f Commissstoners approved on J a n u a r y 8, The the r o u t e we a r e informed, 1957. I t was about t h i s t i m e t h a t we i n the P a l i s a d e s a r e a f i r s t knew o f t h e Route 240 t h r e a t . I believe i n a l l f a i r n e s s you gentlemen must agree t h a t c o n s i d e r a b l e w a t e r had a l r e a d y gone over t h e dam. I n f a c t , a very firm decision �131 had a l r e a d y been made w i t h o u t any p u b l i c d i s c u s s i o n . How f i r m t h i s d e c i s i o n was, w i l l be covered i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h the t e s t i m o n y n e x t t o be p r e s e n t e d I n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h the B u r e a u o f P u b l i c Roads. From t h e n on we t r i e d i n v a i n t o o b t a i n some def i n i t i v e i n f o r m a t i o n from o f f i c i a l s o f the D i s t r i c t Government. I f you w i s h , we w i l l f u r n i s h f o r the r e c o r d c o p i e s of o u r l e t t e r s and t h e b r u s s - o f f r e p l i e s we r e c e i v e d over a p e r i o d of seven months F i n a l l y , a f t e r our treatment by the D i s t r i c t Gover ment, we sought r e c o u r s e t o the Congress which h e l d a p u b l i c h e a r i n g on May 28, 1957. T h i s was a h e a r i n g of t h e House D i s t r i c t Committee and p r e s i d i n g was t h e Honorable O'ames C. Davis of Georgia. At t h i s h e a r i n g B r i g a d i e r G e n e r a l Thomas A Lane, t h e n E n g i n e e r i n g Commissioner s a i d : ""'in a t t e m p t i n g t o f i x the l o c a t i o n of the highway w i t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t , our own Department of Highways e n t e r e d i n t o a c o n t r a c t w i t h t h e C l a r k e s o n E n g i n e e r i n g Company t o e x p l o r e a l l o f the p o s s i b l e r o u t e s between Rock Creek P a r k and t h e Potomac R i v e r and t o recommend what the c o n s u l t a n t found t o be t h e b e s t l o c a t i o n f o r Route 240 We i n the area. want you t o c a r e f u l l y note, gentlemen, t h a t G e n e r a l Lane d i d not say a s i n g l e word about the 1955 �mc28 132 d e s i g n a t i o n o f t h e r i v e r r o u t e o r t h e a p p r o v a l w h i c h had a l r e a d y been g i v e n by t h e Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads. he gave t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t t h e m a t t e r was s t i l l fluid I n fact, entirely by s a y i n g : " i t h i n k t h a t g i v e s t h e background o f our p l a n n i n g . I t h i n k you w i l l see t h a t we a?e more or l e s s i n mid-stream a t p r e s e n t . These a r e m a t t e r s undecided by Maryland a s t o t h e r o u t e i t p r e f e r s t o t a k e , t h e D i s t r i c t i s i n a p o s i t i o n o f some f l e x i b i l i t y where e i t h e r r o u t e may be used, and we a r e a w a i t i n g t h e f u r t h e r developments on t h e Maryland s i d e and completion o f t h e r e p o r t by our c o n s u l t a n t b e f o r e proceeding t o take a c t i o n . " We want t o make I t v e r y c l e a r t h a t s i n c e E n g i n e e r Commissioner W e l l i n g assumed o f f i c e we have had t h e warmest c o o p e r a t i o n from him. I n f a c t , he reviewed our p r e v i o u s r e q u e s t s t o t h e D i s t r i c t which had been denied and i n s t r u c t e d t h e Highway Department t o make i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e t o us w h i c h had f o r m e r l y been w i t h h e l d . Our t e s t i m o n y today I s i n l a r g e measure based on t h a t I n f o r m a t i o n . We a p p r e c i a t e t h e a s s i s t a n c e t h a t Commissioner W e l l i n g h a s g i v e n u s . We b e l i e v e t h a t t h e r e must be mutual r e s p e c t and confidence officials. - both on t h e p a r t o f c i t i z e n s and government We have d e t a i l e d our s o r r y e x p e r i e n c e s simply t o p o i n t out t h a t i n t h e long r u n , government o f f i c i a l s c a n �133 expect support and commendation o n l y i f t h e y a r e e n t i r e l y open and f r a n k . I f t h e y a r e n o t , a v i g i l a n t people will c a t c h up w i t h them - a t the p o l l s and elsewhere through publ i c o p i n i o n I n Washington. Thank you, Gentlemen. (Applause.) COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: MR. CURTISS: Thank you, s i r . Mr. A l f r e d P. Dennis w i l l speak on t h e s u b j e c t of t h e Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads. STATEMENT OP ALFRED P. DENNIS PALISADES CITIZENS' ASSOCIATION ROADS COMMITTEE MR. at 5717 DENNIS: My name i s A l f r e d P. Dennis. Potomac Avenue, Northwest, I live and I am a member of the Palisades Citizens' Association. I n c o n s i d e r i n g t h i s p r o p o s a l f o r the e x p e n d i t u r e o f about $60,000,000 s e v e r a l q u e s t i o n s have a r i s e n which r e q u i r e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n and o f f i c i a l answers. To the e x t e n t a p p r o p r i a t e and r e a s o n a b l e , we have d i r e c t e d our i n q u i r i e s to t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia Commissioners. However, s e v e r a l p o i n t s have a r i s e n which go t o t h e h e a r t of t h e F e d e r a l A i d Highway Act of 1956. To o b t a i n answers we wrote t o Commission- e r C u r t i s s , of t h e Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads. We have r e c e i v e d a p o l i t e r e p l y but our q u e s t i o n s were not answered. In o r d e r p r o p e r l y t o p r e s e n t our case c o n c e r n i n g r o u t e 240 b e f o r e t h i s h e a r i n g , we needed t h e f o l l o w i n g I n f o r m a t i o n from the �mcJO 134 Bureau of P u b l i c Roads. I quote p e r t i n e n t p a r t s of t h i s letter: "1. The documents and s t u d i e s r e l a t i n g t o t h e d e c i s i o n t o l o c a t e Route 240 along t h e n o r t h bank o f t h e Potomac R i v e r , as such; "a. A copy of your s t a f f ' s study., f i n d i n g , and acceptance of the D. C. 1955 proposal ( w h i c h were r e q u i r e d i n order t o have i t I n cluded i n t h e d e s i g n a t e d r o u t e s p u b l i s h e d i n t h e September 1955 "General L o c a t i o n of N a t i o n a l System of I n t e r s t a t e "b. Highways'.' A copy of t h e agreement between the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and Maryland p r o v i d i n g f o r the s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n where Route 240 i s planned t o c r o s s the D i s t r i c t L i n o , "c. R e l e v a n t correspondence between Maryland and t h e Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads c o n c e r n i n g t h i s proposed c o n n e c t i o n s i n c e May 1957 when Maryland decided not t o use t h e r i v e r r o u t e . "2. what i s t h e n a t u r e o f the June 30. 1957, f i l i n g requirement by s t a t e s o f proposed r o u t e s ? Has t h i s d e a d l i n e been extended? f i l e f o r r o u t e 240? C. what d i d t h e y f i l e i n order to meet t h i s d e a d l i n e ? and a c c e p t a b l e ? Did t h e D. Was the f i l i n g i n o r d e r �mcjl 135 "3. Members o f our A s s o c i a t i o n have r e c e i v e d s e v e r a l communications from your o r g a n i z a t i o n conc e r n i n g t h i s proposed r o u t e . W h i l e t h e y have been s i m i l a r i n c o n t e n t , we r e f e r t o the l e t t e r dated A p r i l 9, 1957, ond d e l i v e r e d May 1 t o t h e under- s i g n e d ( R . B. C u r t i s s ) over t h e s i g n a t u r e o f J o s e p h 3 a r n e t t , Deputy A s s i s t a n t Commissioner f o r Engineering. I n t h i s l e t t e r * he s a y s : 'The Route i n w h i c h you a r e i n t e r e s t e d i s on t h e N a t i o n a l System o f I n t e r s t a t e and Defense Highways. The l o c a t i o n was s e l e c t e d by the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Department o f Highways a f t e r e n g i n e e r i n g and economic s t u d i e s had been made of a l t e r n a t e linos. The l o c a t i o n was approved by t h e Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads J a n u a r y 17 because t h e s e l e c t e d location s e r v e s t h e purpose f o r w h i c h t h e r o u t e i s t o be developed i s r e a s o n a b l y d i r e c t , and can be e c o n o m i c a l l y improved t o t h e s t a n d a r d s j u s t i f i e d f o r t h e s e Important highways.• "We have s e v e r a l q u e s t i o n s and comments on t h i s statement and would a p p r e c i a t e your r e p l y t o them. ;, a. We would l i k e a copy o f t h e s t a f f r e v i e w on which your J a n u a r y 17 a p p r o v a l was based. "b. We would l i k e an e x p l a n a t i o n o f how t h i s p r o - p o s a l 'serves t h e purpose f o r w h i c h t h e r o u t e i s t o be �136 developed' i n view o f known a l t e r n a t e highways planned t o s e r v e t h e same a r e a . We have i n mind t h e d u a l h i g h - way being b u i l t on t h e V i r g i n i a s i d e o f t h e Potomac R i v e r and t h e e x p e n d i t u r e o f F e d e r a l funds by t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e t o a c q u i r e r i g h t o f way f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a s i m i l a r d u a l highway on t h e Maryland s i d e o f t h e Potomac R i v e r . "c. Your a p p r o v a l s o f t h i s proposed r o u t e i n 1955 and on J a n u a r y 17, 1957, have been made w i t h o u t t h e proposed r o u t e ' s b e i n g c l e a r e d by a l l l e g a l l y established l o c a l authorities including the National C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission. Do you t h e r e f o r e r e g a r d your a p p r o v a l as f i n a l a s i n d i c a t e d i n t h e l e t t e r o f A p r i l 9, o r a r e you i n agreement w i t h our i n t e r p r e t a t i o n t h a t t h i s a p p r o v a l i s p r e l i m i n a r y and t e n t a t i v e . "d We b e l i e v e t h a t f o r a r o u t e t o be s e l e c t e d i t must be approved by t h e l o c a l government which i n t h i s case would be t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Board o f Commissioners, not t h e i r Highway Department, u n l e s s t h a t department has been s p e c i f i c a l l y granted t h a t a u t h o r i t y and t h a t g r a n t o f a u t h o r i t y i s a c c e p t a b l e under t h e Highway A c t o f 1956. W i l l you p l e a s e enlight< us on t h e a u t h o r i t y used i n t h i s c a s e . " I c o n t i n u e t o quote p e r t i n e n t s e c t i o n s o f t h e same letter. �"What has your s t a f f done s i n c e t h e n to r e c o n s i d e r the J a n u a r y 17, 1957? a p p r o v a l i n the l i g h t of the v a r i o u s p o i n t s developed at t h i s h e a r i n g , such as Commissioner Lane's t e s t i m o n y t h a t he had on the r o u t e an open mind l o c a t i o n and t h e r e f o r e could not the c r i t i c i s m s o f f e r e d a g a i n s t t h i s route by o f f i c i a l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the N a t i o n a l and the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g answer the Park-Service Commission and by Congressmen F o r r e s t e r and Hyde. "5. I n our d i s c u s s i o n of t h i s q u e s t i o n w i t h Commis- s i o n e r Lane on J u l y 2 he i n d i c a t e d t h a t you had e x p r e s s e d t o him the b e l i e f t h a t the Bureau of P u b l i c Roads might permit the c o n s t r u c t i o n of p o r t i o n s of the i n t e r s t a t e highways l o c a t e d i n d e n s e l y b u i l t - u p urban a r e a s t o depart from the e s t a b l i s h e d s t a n d a r d s of p a r a l l e l l a n e s w i t h median s t r i p and no i n t e r s e c t i o n s . We would a p p r e c i a t e your a d v i s i n g us whether t h i s dard i s w r i t t e n i n t o the Highway Act of 1956 where. and i f so, I f i t i s a r e g u l a t i o n of your agency, we would l i k e t o know i f any m o d i f i c a t i o n s mitted, stan- of i t have been p e r - and i f so, where? T h i s question i s of c r i t i c a l importance because i f the 90 p e r c e n t f e d e r a l grant can be made f o r o t h e r t h a n l i m i t e d a c c e s s , e x p r e s s w a y s , the D i s t r i c t of Columbia might be a b l e t o use the f e d e r a l funds f o r improvement of streets. existig �138 I continue t o quote from t h e same l e t t e r : "We understand t h a t a comprehensive t r a f f i c survey i s about t o be completed f o r the M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a and t h a t i t i s b e i n g f i n a n c e d j o i n t l y by the three affected local jurisdictions u s i n g F e d e r a l funds. Do you b e l i e v e t h a t i t i s w i s e t o complete t h e p r o gramming o f a l l highways t o be i n c l u d e d i n the inter- s t a t e p l a n f o r t h i s a r e a b e f o r e such a s u r v e y i s completed. What weight w i l l be g i v e n t o such f i n d i n g s ? " I n closing Curtiss 1 I would l i k e t o quote from Commissioner r e p l y of December 23, 1957, to a follow-up letter: "As you were p r e v i o u s l y a d v i s e d , t h e l o c a t i o n as proposed by the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Department o f Highways wa3 approved by t h e B u r e a u of P u b l i c Roads on t h e b a s i s t h a t i t was r e a s o n a b l y d i r e c t , s e r v e d the i n t e n d e d purpose of the r o u t e and c o u l d be economically dovoloped t o t h e s t a n d a r d s j u s t i f i e d f o r t h e s e highways. important N e v e r t h e l e s s , as you were a d v i s e d . P u b l i c Roads w i l l g i v e s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n t o any other r o u t e chosen by the D i s t r i c t and Maryland when accomp a n i e d by j u s t i f y i n g d a t a which show t h a t t h e proposed l o c a t i o n i s e q u a l or s u p e r i o r t o the approved l o c a t i o n . " T h a t i s the l e t t e r we r e c e i v e d . Thus, Gentlemen, i t would appear t h a t your ness of l a s t w i n t e r t o o b t a i n a p p r o v a l w i l l now cause eageryou �d i f f i c u l t y , because t o s e l e c t an a l t e r n a t e t o t h e P a l i s a d e s r o u t e , you must g e t concurrence o f Maryland and p r o v i d e proof of the s u p e r i o r i t y o f t h a t a l t e r n a t e . (Applause ) COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: MR. CURTISS: Thank you, s i r . The next speaker i s Mr Richard Friedman on l e g i s l a t i v e h i s t o r y . STATEMENT OF RICHARD FRIEDMAN, 1 PALISADES C I T I Z E N S ASSOCIATION ROADS COMMITTEE MR. FRIEDMAN: R i c h a r d Friedman. Mr. Chairman, Gentlemen; I l i v e a t 5033 V S t r e e t , N. ¥. My name I have l i v e d t h e r e f o r e i g h t y e a r s and expect t o continue l i v i n g i n the P a l i s a d e s a r e a . I am a member o f t h e P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s ' Association. Tie b e l i e v e i t i s i n s t r u c t i v e t o c o n s i d e r the loca- t i o n o f Route 240 i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i n t h e l i g h t of t h e l e g i s l a t i v e h i s t o r y o f t h e F e d e r a l A i d Highway A c t . Of t h e 40,000 m i l e s o f highway t o be developed under t h e F e d e r a l A i d Highway A c t o f 1944 a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2400 m i l e s was t o be c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l and r a d i a l c o n n e c t i n g w i t h i n metropolitan areas. routes I t lias been proposed by t h e Department o f Highways o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and accepted by t h e B u r e a u o f P u b l i c Roads t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t p o r t i o n o f Route 240 q u a l i f y as an i n t e r s t a t e highway f o r 90 p e r c e n t F e d e r a l a i d as a p a r t o f t h i s 2400 m i l e s . �140 I n view o f t h i s f a c t i t i s p e r t i n e n t t o examine whether t h i s f a c i l i t y comes w i t h i n t h e i n t e n t o f t h e Cong r e s s w i t h r e s p e c t t o F e d e r a l a i d highway l e g i s l a t i o n . In t h i s c o n n e c t i o n the f o l l o w i n g passages I would l i k e t o c i t e from t h e h e a r i n g s b e f o r e a Subcommittee o f t h e Committee on P u b l i c Works of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s S e n a t e , E i g h t y - f o u r t h Congress, 1 s t S e s s i o n , on b i l l s r e l a t i n g t o t h e N a t i o n a l Highway Program: T h e r e i s f i r s t a P o l i c y a n d Procedure Memorandum Ho 20 4 Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads August 4 1954 - P o l i c y on I n t e r s t a t e System P r o j c t s 5, Urban a r e a s ( b ) Where the d e v e l o p ment o f a r o u t e t o i n t e r s t a t e s t a n d a r d s through a community would r e s u l t i n such s u b s t a n t i a l damage t o t h e a b u t t i n g p r o p e r t y or t o the community t h a t t h e development would be unr e a s o n a b l e and not i n t h e p u b l i c i n t e r e s t , t h e i n t e r s t a t e r o u t e should be l o c a t e d around t h e community where i t can be developed t o i n t e r s t a t e s t a n d a r d s . I would l i k e t o a l s o quote from 3ome remarks by S e n a t o r Gore a t those h e a r i n g s : "Senator Gore: signation? What a r e your s t a n d a r d s f o r de- We have 2400 m i l e s you have t o d e s i g n a t e , and yoti say you have r e q u e s t e d t h e S t a t e s t o submit plans. "By what s t a n d a r d s do you r e n d e r and r e a c h your d e c i s i o n on d e s i g n a t i o n o f a c e r t a i n c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l o r bypass r o u t e w i t h i n a m i n i c i p a l i t y ? �141 "Commissioner- o f P u b l i c Road's C u r t i s s : Practically a l l o f t h e S t a t e s have made what we c a l l o r i g i n and d e s t i n a t i o n s t u d i e s o f t r a f f i c w i t h i n urban a r e a s o f the c i t i e s w i t h i n the S t a t e . "The t r a f f i c p a t t e r n i s thus e s t a b l i s h e d , and t h e need f o r r a d i a l and d i s t r i b u t i n g r o u t e s comes out o f t h e s e s t u d i e s ; and t h e S t a t e s i n s u b m i t t i n g t h e i r r e q u e s t w i l l submit t h e r e q u e s t s f o r t h e i r d e s i g n a t i o n and w i t h i n t h e l i m i t a t i o n o f t h e remaining mileage, we w i l l accept and approve as many of those as we can." S e n a t o r Gore t h e n s a i d : "You have not g i v e n u s t h e s t a n d a r d s by which you r e a c h a d e c i s i o n on d e s i g n a t i o n or d e c l i n a t i o n t o designate. Suppose a S t a t e sub- m i t t e d a p l a n w h i c h o b v i o u s l y upon your e x a m i n a t i o n was for the a l l e v i a t i o n o f municipal t r a f f i c r a t h e r than t o p r o v i d e a n adequate i n t e r s t a t e c o n n e c t i o n , what would be your d e c i s i o n ? " Commissioner C u r t i s s r e p l i e d : " I do not t h i n k we c o u l d approve such an a d d i t i o n . " Gentlemen, we b e l i e v e t h i s t o be a v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t statement. As we w i l l show l a t e r , t h e D i s t r i c t Highway Depart- ment admits t h a t t h e r e i s no economic j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e Route 240 expressway on t h e b a s i s o f i n t e r s t a t e from beyond t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a . be j u s t i f i e d f o r r e a s o n s o f l o c a l t r a f f i c traffic I t can only - and i n c i d e n t a l l y , �142 Route A o r A-2 i s not t h e b e s t f o r t h a t purpose. We b e l i e v e t h a t t h e r e i s a r e a l q u e s t i o n under t h e law whether t h e p r o posed r o u t e i s e l i g i b l e f o r a 90 p e r cent F e d e r a l g r a n t . May I r e f e r a g a i n t o t h e remarks o f S e n a t o r (fore. "Senator Gore: Can you t e l l us what s t a n d a r d s you use i n d e s i g n a t i n g t h e s e r o u t e s ? 11 Commis s i oner C u r t i s s : I t would have t o permit t h e f r e e f l o w o f t r a f f i c i n t o , t h r o u g h , and around t h e s e urban a r e a s . "Senator Goro: "Mr. C u r t i s s : Primarily Interstate traffic? Interstate i n character, yes, s i r . " Now, i f I may, I would l i k e t o make r e f e r e n c e s a g a i n t o t h e e x c e r p t s o f t h e h e a r i n g s where S e n a t o r Case s a y s : "There i s one requirement which I have d i s c o v e r e d exists. I f t h e r o u t e goes a c r o s s a s t a t e l i n e , apparent- l y concurrence i s r e q u i r e d by t h e a d j o i n i n g s t a t e - where t h e p r o p o s a l was made by a s i n g l e s t a t e t o e n t e r another s t a t e a t a c e r t a i n p o i n t , t h a t t h e concurrence o f t h e o t h e r s t a t e where t h e r o u t e goes I s r e q u i r e d , o r i f m o d i f i c a t i o n were t o be made today, where i t c r o s s e s a s t a t e l i n e , t h e concurrence o f both S t a t e highway commissioners i s a p p a r e n t l y r e q u i r e d . " And Commissioner C u r t i s s r e p l i e d : S e n a t o r Gore t h e n s a i d : "That i s c o r r e c t . " "You would l i k e some time t o p r e p a r e a statement a s t o what s t a n d a r d s t h e Bureau �1*3 o f P u b l i c Roads uses o r w i l l u s e i n f u r t h e r d e s i g n a tions?" Mr. C u r t i s s r e p l i e d ! "Yes, s i r ; we w i l l submit t h a t promptly." Gentlemen, we b e l i e v e i t i s o f i n t e r e s t t h a t t h e f o l l o w i n g two c r i t e r i a submitted by Commissioner C u r t i s s i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h i n t e r s t a t e highways i n u r b a n a r e a s would be d i r e c t l y v i o l a t e d by l o c a t i o n o f 240 on t h e P a l i s a d e s . F i r s t , I n t e r s t a t e System r o u t e s should be s e l e c t e d i n accord w i t h t h e h i g h e s t t r a f f i c volumes I n t h e a r e a s t r a v e r s e d , s e r v i n g a share o f t h e t o t a l highway movement g r e a t l y exceeding t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e t o t a l highway mileage involved. Second, C o n s i d e r a t i o n o f topographic f e a t u r e s i s Important i n t h e s e l e c t i o n o f some I n t e r s t a t e System r o u t e s . Conformation o f t h e l a n d and t h e c o u r s e s of p r i n c i p a l r i v e r s may i n f l u e n c e t o some e x t e n t t h e l o c a t i o n o f c e r t a i n r o u t e s . F u r t h e r i n the testimony Mr. Gore s a i d : "Mr. C u r t i s s , a s long a s t h e F e d e r a l c o n t r i b u t i o n was 5 0 - 5 0 on a l l o f t h e d i f f e r e n t systems, t h i s was not a c o n s e q u e n t i a l m a t t e r , but when we r a i s e t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o 60-40 matching b a s i s , and t h e s m a l l e s t o f t h e proposals before t h i s committee i s t w o - t h i r d s - o n e - t h i r d , and perhaps an i n c r e a s e i n t h a t , t h i s becomes a v e r y consequential matter. �144 "Our good f r i e n d s t h e mayors a r e going t o be pushing t h e i r highway departments f o r maximum d e s i g n a t i o n of i n t e r s t a t e r o u t e s w i t h i n t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a , t o use your language, so t h e committee i s going t o e x p e c t , I t h i n k , t h e B u r e a u o f Roads t o be something more t h a n a y e s - y e s agency f o r the v a r i o u s s t a t e highway d e p a r t ment s." And f i n a l l y , S e n a t o r Gore s a i d and I b e l i e v e t h i s was p r o p h e t i c : " I f under t h i s broad i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , t h e Bureau of Roads should be so i n c l i n e d , - and I am happy t o say I have n e v e r d e t e c t e d any such i n c l i n a t i o n - p o l i t i c a l f a v o r s c o u l d be shown c e r t a i n c i t i e s and c e r t a i n a r e a s , w i t h t h e r e s u l t t h a t 9 0 per cent o f t h e c o s t o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s t r e e t s w i t h i n metropolitan areas could be bestowed. I should hope t h a t t h e Bureau o f Roads would n e v e r be so i n c l i n e d , but the p o s s i b i l i t y would e x i s t , would i t n o t , Kv. Curtiss?" I n t h e l i g h t o f t h e above t e s t i m o n y i t would appear t h a t some o f t h e s e r i o u s doubts e x p r e s s e d by members o f Congress about the p o s s i b l e misuse o f t h i s l e g i s l a t i o n have been abundently born out by t h e a c t i o n s o f t h e D. C. Highway Department. Thank you. (Applause.) �145 COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: MR. CURTISS: Thank you. Our next speaker w i l l be Mr. L i o n e l Murphy on g e n e r a l t r a f f i c analysis. STATEMENT OF LIONEL V. MURPHY, PALISADES CITIZENS' ASSOCIATION ROADS COMMITTEE MR. MURPHY: Mr. P r e s i d e n t and Member Commissioners: My name i s L i o n e l V. Murphy and I l i v e a t 5^06 C a r o l i n a P l a c e , N. W. As a member o f the P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s ' A s s o c i a t i o n , I want t o d i s c u s s the Washington t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s a s t h e y a f f e c t the P a l i s a d e s a r e a . We r e c o g n i z e t h a t the problem o f t r a f f i c i s complex. We want t o do our p a r t a s good c i t i z e n s t o b r i n g about d e c i s i o n s w h i c h p o i n t t o p o s i t i v e s o l u t i o n s i n terms o f known f a c t s and t r e n d l i n e s . W h i l e the p r e v i o u s t e s t i m o n y i n d i c a t e s t h a t no one wants a r o u t e through h i s neighborhood, i t should a l s o be apparent t h a t t o p u t the expressway where i t i s n o t needed i s a g r o s s u s e o f p u b l i c f u n d s . T h i s A s s o c i a t i o n sees the Washington t r a f f i c i n terms o f where t h e t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n s a r e now, w h i c h t r a f f i c areas need r e l i e f the most w i t h i n t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f t h e I n t e r s t a t e Highway A c t , and what t r e n d s toward the newer a r e a s o f growing c o n g e s t i o n . The A s s o c i a t i o n sees the inter- r e l a t e d t r a f f i c improvements under c o n s t r u c t i o n i n the Maryland and V i r g i n i a suburban a r e a s a s p a r t i a l s o l u t i o n s t o Washington's t r a f f i c problem I n i t s l a r g e r c o n t e x t . These �146 improvements i n nearby Maryland and V i r g i n i a v i l l lessen r a t h e r t h a n i n c r e a s e the t r a f f i c p r e s s u r e s upon the P a l i s a d e s area. L e t us c o n s i d e r what the n a t u r e of the traffic p a t t e r n i s i n the P a l i s a d e s a r e a and what f a c t o r s c r e a t e I t : F i r s t , i t i s passenger c a r t r a f f i c a l o n g McArthur B o u l e v a r d and C a n a l Road. that flows T h i s passenger t r a f f i c comes i n p a r t from upper Potomac i n Maryland f r o m V i r g i n i a by way of C h a i n B r i d g e . i s m o s t l y commuter t r a f f i c . T h i s feeder and traffic Hence i t s n a t u r e i s not through traffic. Second, t r a f f i c i n the P a l i s a d e s a r e a i n c l u d e s l i t t l e interstate truck t r a f f i c . S t u d i e s i n d i c a t e and D i s - t r i c t o f f i c i a l s acknowledge t h a t t r u c k t r a f f i c i n the Potomac northwest Washington w i l l c o n t i n u e t o be n e g l i g i b l e i n cont r a s t t o t h a t which e x i s t s elsewhere i n Washington. Now l e t us wee what c u r r e n t highway c o n s t r u c t i o n i s doing t o the P a l i s a d e s t r a f f i c p a t t e r n . On t h e V i r g i n i a s i d e of t h e upper Potomac the George Washington Memorial Parkway w i l l soon p r o v i d e a four-lane divided route f o r prac- t i c a l l y a l l upper V i r g i n i a commuter t r a f f i c f o r e n t r y i n t o Washington a t t h e down-town b r i d g e s . I n c i d e n t a l l y , the C l a r k e s o n r e p o r t f a i l s t o acknowledge e i t h e r the e x i s t e n c e o f t h i s parkway o r t o p r o v i d e for i t i n i t s t r a f f i c estimates. C u r r e n t highway c o n s t r u c t i o n and road p l a n s i n the �147 upper Potomac a r e a i n Maryland w i l l o f f e r through traffic on Route 240 d e s t i n e d south o f Washington a r i v e r c r o s s i n g at C a b i n John and a road t h a t w i l l t i e i n w i t h the S h i r l e y Highway and o t h e r r o u t e s southward, Thu3, i n view o f t h e s e i n c r e a s e d highway improvements on t h e Potomac i n V i r g i n i a a i d i n Maryland t h e traffic p a t t e r n i n Potomac N r t h w e s t Washington w i l l r e f l e c t t h e s e 0 f a c t s and a r e l a t i v e l y uncongested a r e a w i l l o b t a i n abundant r e l i e f without the expressway: F i r s t , the volume o f through t r a f f i c and commuter t r a f f i c does not and w i l l not j u s t i f y t h e huge e x p e n d i t u r e s n e c e s s a r y f o r t h i s expressway riverside. on t h e D i s t r i c t ' s Potomac I t would d e f a c e t h e top o f the P a l i s a d e s b l u f f s and u n n e c e s s a r i l y b l i g h t t h e r i v e r s i d e r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a . Such a defacement t o t h i s b e a u t i f u l r i v e r s i d e must not be p e r m i t t e d . Second, t h e volume o f t r u c k t r a f f i c which the p r o ponents o f t h e r i v e r s i d e r o u t e s admit i s n e g l i g i b l e i n t h e Potomac northwest a r e a makes t h e t r u c k requirement for g e t t i n g F e d e r a l a i d o n l y a f i c t i o n a l r e a s o n when highway monies a r e so much more b a d l y needed elsewhere i n the D i s t r i c t . T h i r d , e i t h e r proposed r i v e r s i d e A or A-2 route would p a r a l l e l an a l r e a d y good uncrowded major t h o r o f a r e i n MacArthur B o u l e v a r d f o r p r e s e n t and f o r e s e e a b l e needs i n the Palisades Area. A-2 But worse, e i t h e r r i v e r s i d e r o u t e A or p a r a l l e l t h e P a l i s a d e s Park l a n d s f o r which t h e n a t i o n a l �148 mc-44 S e r v i c e h a s l o n g had p r e p a r e d p l a n s f o r -their u s e by t h e p u b l i c , l o c a l l y as w e l l as n a t i o n a l l y . A riverside express i n t h e P a l i s a d e s a r e a would r o u t e f o u r s e p a r a t e highway s y s tems i n elbow d i s t a n c e of each o t h e r f o r t h e e n t i r e r i v e r f r o n t i n Northwest D. C. Highway improvements scheduled by I 9 6 0 w i l l b r i n g an a d d i t i o n o f a t l e a s t e i g h t through t r a f f i c l a n e s t o t h i s a r e a now c u r r e n t l y s e r v e d by s i x l a n e s . How c a n a f u t u r e t r a f f i c o u t l o o k f o r f o u r more t h r o u g h t r a f f i c l a n e s o f expressway i n t h i s a r e a be j u s t i f i e d i n terms o f l i m i t e d space and needed m i l l i o n s o f d o l l a r s f o r highways needed b a d l y elsewhere i n t h e Washington m e t r o p o l i t a n The area. C l a r k e s o n r e p o r t f a i l s t o prove such a need e x i s t s . The t r a f f i c problem i n Washington o b v i o u s l y h a s many i n t e r - r e l a t e d a s p e c t s . This Associationtelieves that tho Washington t r a f f i c p a t t e r n should be t r e a t e d i n terms of i t s e n t i r e n a t u r e and t h e p e c u l a r l t i e s t h a t c o n t r i b u t e t o i t s uniqueness. As a c i t i z e n s ' group, t h i s A s s o c i a t i o n b e l i e v e s t h a t any r e a s o n a b l e e f f e c t i v e a t t a c k on t h i s problem must come w i t h i n t h i s framework o f c o n c e p t s : F i r s t , Washington e x i s t s f o r t h e e n t i r e n a t i o n , not f o r i t s e l f . Second, Washington must be b u i l t f o r t h e c e n t u r i e s because t h e f r e e w o r l d depends so much on t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . T h i r d , s o l u t i o n s must proceed on t h e premise t h a t the n a t i o n a l e x p e c t a t i o n s o f t h e c i t y Washington, a s t h e s e a t �inc45 149 of Government, must be p r e s e r v e d and r e a l i s e d . c l u d e s Washington's the This i n - b e a u t i f u l e n v i r o n s w h i c h belong t o a l l American people. Washington's r i v e r f r o n t beauty once d e s t r o y e d , cannot be r e s t o r e d . F o u r t h , long-range p l a n n i n g t h a t has so long been a c c e p t e d i n the n a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t must be safeguarded and e v e n t u a l l y accomplished. Thus, Washington must cor.tinue t o l i v e f o r t h e N a t i o n , not f o r i t s e l f . sons. Other c i t i e s exist f o r l o c a l rea- Washington has both n a t i o n a l and l o c a l problems. N e i t h e r k i n d of problem can be s a f e l y i g n o r e d , except a t g r e a t expense and i r r e t r i e v a b l e l o s s e s t o n a t u r a l surroundings. To summarize: 1. There i s no excuse f o r making Washington through t r a f f i c c i t y . a S u f f i c i e n t road3 a r e a l r e a d y i n e x i s - t e n c e or planned t o r o u t e t r a f f i c around and not through the area. 2. There i s no need t o b r i n g t r u c k t r a f f i c the northwest. now into i s t o go through t h i s a r e a enroute e l s e w h e r e . j5. Route A o r A-2 E s s e n t i a l l y t h e o n l y r e a s o n any come3 i n I f i t i s contended t h a t t h e proposed C l a r k e s o n i s p r i m a r i l y a suburban f e e d e r r o u t e , would anyone i n h i s r i g h t mind l o c a t e such a r o u t e i n a way i t has a c c e s s from o n l y one side. that �150 mc 46 4. F i n a l l y , we do not need t h e C l a r k e s o n r e p o r t t o show US where t h e t r a f f i c problems i n t h e northwest a r e a exists. A l l you gentlemen would have t o do i s t o d r i v e on MacArthur B o u l e v a r d i n t h e morning end a f t e r n o o n r u s h hours and compare t h e r e l a t i v e l y l i g h t f a s t t r a f f i c t h e r e w i t h the bumper t o bumper c o n d i t i o n s along M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue, W i s c o n s i n Avenue, C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue and S i x t e e n t h Street,, Thank you. (Applause.) MR. CURTISS: Our n e x t speaker w i l l be Mr. Lawrence Bloomberg on the C l a r k e s o n summary, xxx STATEMENT OF LAWRENCE N. BLOOMBERG, PALISADES C I T I Z E N S ' ASSOCIATION ROADS COMMITTEE MR. BLOOMBERG: My name i s Lawrence N, Bloomberg. I l i v e a t 2426 C h a i n B r i d g e Road, N. W., and I am a member of t h e P a l i s a d e s Citizens? A s s o c i a t i o n . Mr. Chairman and Members o f t h e Commission: We have a l r e a d y shown t h a t t h e r e does not appear t o be an excuse f o r a Route 240 expressway c o n n e c t i o n i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia a t any p o i n t . To r e i t e r a t e , t h e D i s t r i c t i s not a through t r a f f i c c i t y ; t h e r e a r e a l r e a d y p r o v i d e d , or soon w i l l be p r o v i d e d , ample means f o r through t r a f f i c t o move i n a n y d i r e c t i o n around t h e D i s t r i c t w i t h o u t p a s s i n g through i t . We have a l r e a d y shown t h a t t h e i n t e n t o f t h e F e d e r a l Highway Act was t o p r o v i d e a n a t i o n - w i d e i n t e r - c i t y highway system. �I t was not intended t o p r o v i d e suburban f e e d e r systems. I n p a r t i c u l a r , we w i l l demonstrate t h a t the soc a l l e d Route A, or i t s minor v a r i a t i o n , Route A - 2 , recom- mended by the C l a r k e s o n E n g i n e e r i n g Company i s an o f f e n s e to good sense and o r d i n a r y judgment. Moreover, we will prove beyond q u e s t i o n t h a t the $ 8 5 , 0 0 0 C l a r k e s o n r e p o r t i s i n no sense a p l a n n i n g document. ing I t i s a study o f e n g i n e e r - a l t e r n a t i v e s f u r n i s h e d the f i r m by the D i s t r i c t Highway Department, w h i c h , we charge, made no p l a n n i n g s t u d i e s of i t s own nor d i d i t use s t u d i e s made by or seek t h e a d v i c e o f t h e p l a n n i n g agencies b e f o r e i t s o r i g i n a l d e s i g n a t i o n of the r i v e r r o u t e as p a r t o f the I n t e r - S t a t e Highway System i n The C l a r k e s o n l e t t e r o f J u l y 10, 1957, 1955. found a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f the r e p o r t , summarizes the major reasons for s e l e c t i o n of Route A. One of these major reasons i s as follows: "The recommended r o u t e f o l l o w s the p r e s e n t l y approved l i n e f o r t h e I n t e r s t a t e Highway network as approved by the U. S. Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads, Department o f Commerce." On May 9, 1957., we wrote t o Commissioner McLaughlin and asked t h e D i s t r i c t t o f u r n i s h us w i t h the s t u d i e s backing up t h e o r i g i n a l d e s i g n a t i o n o f 1955 p a r t of the I n t e r - S t a t e Highway System. of t h i s r o u t e as We c o u l d get no i n f o r m a t i o n u n t i l t h e p r e s e n t Engineer Commissioner W e l l i n g �152 d i r e c t e d t h e Highway Department t o g i v e us t h e i n f o r m a t i o n we had r e q u e s t e d . On October 24, 1 9 5 7 , t h r e e members o f our A s s o c i a t i o n met w i t h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e Highway Department. were t o l d - and t h i s i s a d i r e c t quote, gentlemen; We "Traffic r e q u i r e m e n t s were not t a k e n i n t o account i n d e t e r m i n i n g t h e 1955 l o c a t i o n of the D i s t r i c t i n t e r s t a t e connection." This statement, i n view o f i t s v e r y s e r i o u s c o n t e n t , was r e a d back t o t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e Highway Department and he was t o l d t h a t we planned t o use t h i s i n p u b l i c h e a r i n g , such a s t h e one we a r e h a v i n g today, so t h a t he c o u l d make an amendment i f he wished. He s t a t e d t h a t he stood on h i s statement and f u r t h e r added, "We make a f i o l d investigation one a f t e r n o o n . " I n t h e w r i t t e n statement handed us a t t h e same time as t h e i n t e r v i e w t h e Highway Department s a i d ; " i n 1955 t h e r e was no d e c i s i o n by t h e Commissione r s t o l o c a t e t h e expressway on t h e h i g h bank o f t h e r i v e r . . . T h e d e c i s i o n was o n l y one t o d e s i g n a t e a r o u t e f o r t h e i n t e r s t a t e c o n n e c t i o n from t h e D i s t r i c t t o Route 240 i n Maryland..." We a r e t h u s f a c e d w i t h a v e r y c u r i o u s s i t u a t i o n a s i t u a t i o n which would indeed be funny i f i t s consequences were not p o t e n t i a l l y so t r a g i c . The C3.arkeson Report g i v e s as one o f i t s major r e a s o n s f o r recommending Route A, t h e �mc49 153 f a c t that i t conforms t o the p r e s e n t l y approved i n t e r s t a t e l i n e - a l i n e w h i c h the D i s t r i c t Highway Department admits d i d not t a k e i n t o account t r a f f i c requirement." and was upon a f t e r o n l y a few hours f i e l d i n v e s t i g a t i o n . p e r f e c t p i c t u r e of a dog decided T h i s i s the going around i n c i r c l e s b i t i n g i t s ta.il. At page 10, the C l a r k e s o n Report s a y s : " I t i s r e c o g n i z e d t h a t the recommended l o c a t i o n does not s e r v e t h e t r a f f i c d e s i r e p o t e n t i a l as w e l l as o t h e r a l t e r n a t e l o c a t i o n s studied." T h i s i s a m i l d understatement; the c h a r t s graphs of the r e p o r t show beyond q u e s t i o n t h a t the and Palisades c o r r i d o r i s about the l a s t p l a c e i n the D i s t r i c t northwest a r e a i n w h i c h an expressway should be r e a s o n g i v e n by t h e C l a r k s o n i s the located. The only f o r the r i v e r r o u t e i s t h a t i t l i n e of l e a s t r e s i s t a n c e . But l i s t e n t o the Wnshing- t o n Post e d i t o r i a l of J a n u a r y J , I95<3: "Probably t h e major q u e s t i o n the Commissioners w i l l have t o d e c i d e w i l l be whether t o t a k e the course or t o I n s i s t upon the b e t t e r s o l u t i o n . easier We t h i n k t h a t the b e t t e r course should be chosen, even i f t h e i n i t i a l c o s t s appear t o be h i g h e r , f o r the city p r o b a b l y w i l l n e v e r a g a i n have the o p p o r t u n i t y t o link t h e downtown a r e a w i t h the h e a v i l y populated Northwest and B e t h e s d a a r e a s a t today's c o s t s . " �mc50 154 Had t h e C l a r k e s o n Company'one ounce o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o a d v i s e t h e D i s t r i c t on t h e b a s i 3 of good p l a n n i n g p r a c t i c e , i t c o u l d have come t o no o t h e r c o n c l u s i o n t h a n t h a t s t a t e d i n t h e Washington P o s t . But no, C l a r k e s o n had t o s e l l i t s c l i e n t s what t h e y wanted. The d a t a i n t h e C l a r k e s o n r e p o r t i n d i c a t e t h a t I t s proposed r o u t e could not be e c o n o m i c a l l y j u s t i f i e d on the b a s i s o f i n t e r s t a t e t r a f f i c from beyond t h e Washington metrop o l i t a n area. At t h e meeting we had w i t h t h e D i s t r i c t Highway Department on October 24, 1957, i n answer t o a d i r e c t q u e s t i o n , the D i s t r i c t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a i d : "Obviously, Route A c o u l d not be e c o n o m i c a l l y j u s t i f i e d except f o r t h e suburban t r a f f i c i t w i l l c a r r y - and i f you a r e a s k i n g whether i t I s t h e b e s t l o c a t i o n f o r c a r r y i n g suburban t r a f f i c , 1 t h e answer i s . • n o . " I n o t h e r ways t h e C l a r k e s o n Report i s m i s l e a d i n g and incompetent. F o r example, t h e r e p o r t quotes as a source o f t h e expressway's economic e f f e c t s an author who denies t h a t h i s study j u s t i f i e d or even r e l a t e d t o t h e s i t u a t i o n i n the D i s t r i c t . O b v i o u s l y , C l a r k e s o n quoted a r e p o r t which he hadn't even r e a d — or a t b e s t couldn't understand. To be s p e c i f i c , t h e f o l l o w i n g i s found a t the top o f page 10 o f t h e r e p o r t ; "The opening o f a new expressway, experience indi- c a t e s , has a profound e f f e c t upon l a n d uses and v a l u e s �mc51 155 i n the a r e a i t t r a v e r s e s . " I t h i n k no one would q u a r r e l w i t h t h a t statement. Then the statement goes on t o s a y : " P r e v i o u s s t u d i e s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e r e i s a cons i d e r a b l e a p p r e c i a t i o n of land v a l u e s along such r o u t e s w i t h p a r t i c u l a r heavy growth of land v a l u e s i n the v i c i n i t y of i n t e r c h a n g e s adequate c o n t r o l G i v e n proper guidance w i t h highway-impelled i n c r e a s e s i n l a n d v a l u e s can be advantageous t o the community." Now, stripped of i t s v e r b i a g e t h i s statement i s o b v i o u s l y c a l c u l a t e d t o make the reader b e l i e v e t h a t the expressway recommended by the r e p o r t w i l l i n c r e a s e v a l u e s along i t s r o u t e . A source c i t e d by the property Clarkeson Company to prove i t s c o n t e n t i o n , and t h i s i s a m i s t a k e , I t h i n k , i s a study made by B a y a r d 0 . Wheeler of the U n i v e r s i t y of Washington a t S e a t t l e . son r e p o r t . See footnote 1, page 12 o f the C l a r k e - I t so happens t h a t Dr. Wheeler i s a v e r y c l o s e p e r s o n a l f r i e n d of mine and he v i s i t e d the P a l i s a d e s a r e a . I wrote him and r e c e i v e d t h i s l e t t e r aid I w i l l be gl.'d t o give i t to you. Here i s a quote from a l e t t e r of December 2 2 , "The purpose of t h e study ( t h a t was cited 1957: by C l a r k e s o n ) was t o i d e n t i f y the e f f e c t of freeway a c c e s s upon an a r e a of i n i t i a l low d e n s i t y , predominantly r u r a l and s e m i - r u r a l l a n d use. The s u b j e c t a r e a had poor �156 a c c e s s w i t h r e l a t i v e l y long t r a v e l time t o c e n t r a l . p o i n t s o f employment.. " I t i s a case study o f a p a r t i c u l a r l o c a l situa- t i o n , and i t h a s no r e l e v a n c e t o other a r e a s u n l e s s s i m i l a r i n economic and developmental characteristics.." I don't b e l i e v e t h a t anyone c a n contend t h a t Palisades area i s r u r a l or semi-rural. How c a n C l a r k e s o n contend t h a t Route A o r A-2 have a n y t h i n g i n common w i t h t h e r o u t e s t u d i e d by Dr, Wheeler? T h i s i s j u s t another example o f t h e many m i s l e a d i n g s t a t e ments i n t h e r e p o r t . We a s k b l u n t l y : Can any confidence be p l a c e d i n any p a r t o f i t ? We f u r t h e r ask: I n view o f a l l o f t h e evidence we have p r e s e n t e d h e r e today, d i d t h e C l a r k e s o n E n g i n e e r i n g Company have a f r e e hand i n making I t s recommendations? Or were t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s and l i m i t a t i o n s p l a c e d upon t h e company by t h e D i s t r i c t Highway Department such t h a t i t c o u l d come t o no o t h e r c o n c l u s i o n ? There are' no r e a l p l a n n i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n t h i s report. And i n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n i t i s important t o note t h a t t h e r e i s n o t a s i n g l e p l a n n i n g agency o f t h e D i s t r i c t o r o f Maryland t h a t supports t h e C l a r k e s o n c o n c l u s i o n s . Tho C l a r k e s o n r e p o r t may be a f i n e e n g i n e e r i n g a n a l y s i s o f a g i v e n r o u t e b u t we contend t h a t i t does not i n any sense s u p p o r t , from a p l a n n i n g and economic c o n s i d e r a t i o n s t h e �157 r o u t e s d e s i g n a t e d e i t h e r as A o r A-2. Thank you. (Applause.) MR. CURTISS: H Our next speaker w i l l be Mr John R i c k , w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e C l a r k e s o n r e p o r t on b r i d g e s STATEMENT OP JOHN H. RICK, PALISADES CITIZENS' ASSOCIATION ROADS COMMITTEE MR. RICK: payers: Mr. P r e s i d e n t , Commissioners, and t a x - My name j s John H. R i c k r i e r P l a c e , N. W., I have l i v e d a t 5243 S h e r - s i n c e 1 9 2 9 , b e f o r e t h e r e was an A r i z o n a Avenue and b e f o r e S h e r r i e r P l a c e was c u t through. I am a member o f t h e P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s ' A s s o c i a t i o n . I t i s necessary t o include a d i s c u s s i o n of bridges i n c o n s i d e r i n g t h e p r o p o s a l t o p u t t h e 240 expressway along t h e Potomac P a l i s a d e s i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, s i n c e t h e D. C. Highway Department s t a t e s t h a t t h e A r i z o n a Avenue h i g h l e v e l b r i d g e must and w i l l be b u i l t i f r o u t e A o r A-2 i s adopted. The C l a r k e s o n p r o p o s a l and r e p o r t d i s c u s s e s t h e high l e v e l bridge briefly. They make i t c l e a r t h a t t h i s i s a n e s s e n t i a l p a r t o f t h e A o r A-2 r o u t e but t h e y do not i n clude t h e b r i d g e c o s t i n t h e i r e s t i m a t e o f t h e c o s t o f t h e route. to The o m i s s i o n i s i n t e n t i o n a l and n e c e s s a r y i n order s u s t a i n t h e premise t h a t t h e P a l i s a d e s r o u t e i s t h e most economical of the several a l t e r n a t i v e s . On page 2 1 and 3 2 , �C l a r k e s o n j u s t i f i e s t h e b r i d g e by s a y i n g , "There seems t o be a concensus among those f a m i l i a r w i t h the problem t h a t more c a p a c i t y i s r e q u i r e d f o r c r o s s i n g the r i v e r between Key B i r d g e and a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia l i n e above Chain Bridge." I f you w i l l examine the C l a r k e s o n report., you will note a b e a u t i f u l f r o n t i s p i e c e I n w a t e r c o l o r -- you gentlemen have probably a l l seen t h a t ( i n d i c a t i n g ) — d e p i c t i n g a pro- posed b r i d g e a c r o s s t h e Potomac at A r i z o n a Avenue. i s no doubt t h a t t h i s b r i d g e I s an I n t e g r a l and p a r t o f r o u t e A and A-2. t r a f f i c flow c h a r t s . There essential The b r i d g e appears i n the C l a r k e s o n E x h i b i t s 13 27. 28 and 2 9 ; t u r e d i n c o n s t r u c t i o n p l a n s , E x h i b i t s 6, 7 , i t i s fea- 9 , 20 and 35; i t i s on t h e l a r g e s c a l e b l u e p r i n t s prepared by the C l a r k e s o n Company; i t i s counted i n t o t a l l i n g t h e number of homes t h a t w i l l be d e s t r o y e d by r o u t e s A and A-2. discussed i n t h e t e x t pages 15, 32, and 3 6 . Tho b r i d g e i s The c o s t o f the b r i d g e i s l i s t e d on page 36 as $27 3 l 4 000 i n c l u d i n g expenses o f r i g h t of way, approaches and n e c e s s a r y interchanges on the Washington and V i r g i n i a s i d e s . But i f you look a t C l a r k e - son's c o s t comparisons of t h e f o u r a l t e r n a t e l o c a t i o n s f o r Route 240 (page 40) you w i l l note a s i n g u l a r omission: high l e v e l bridge. no I f t h i s bridge i s included i n construc- t i o n p l a n s and t r a f f i c p r o j e c t i o n s , i t must be counted i n t o t a l c o s t s i n c l u d i n g t h e net D i s t r i c t c o n t r i b u t i o n . �15.9 mc 55 For t h e f o l l o w i n g r e a s o n s i t appears t o us t h a t c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e proposed h i g h l e v e l b r i d g e cannot be supported on any sound p l a n n i n g b a s i s and a l s o i n v o l v e s the automatic abandonment o f an e x i s t i n g adequate s t r u c t u r e , t h a t i s , Chain Bridge. L e t ' s look a t t h i s b r i d g e p r o p o s a l a l i t t l e 1. How much would i t c o s t ? closer The C l a r k e s o n r e p o r t o n page 3 6 i n d i c a t e s t h a t i t would c o s t i n V i r g i n i a a t o t a l of $ 1 4 , 7 0 5 , 0 0 0 and i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia an a d d i t i o n a l $ 1 3 , 1 0 9 , 0 0 0 f o r a grand t o t a l c o s t of $ 2 7 , 8 1 4 , 0 0 0 . The esti- mate a l l o w s o n l y $ 5 4 4 , 0 0 0 f o r " e n g i n e e r i n g and c o n t i n g e n c i e s " w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t portion. 4 . 3 5 $ of the cost. T h i s f i g u r e r e p r e s e n t s about However, g e n e r a l l y throughout t h e r e p o r t an a l l o w a n c e f o r c o n t i n g e n c i e s i s about 15 p e r c e n t or t h r e e t i m e s as much. Does t h i s d i f f e r e n c e between 4 t o 15 p e r c e n t r e p r e s e n t a s a v i n g o f $ 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 i n c o s t of t h e b r i d g e or an understatement i n t h e p o t e n t i a l c o s t of $ 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 . 2. the What about V i r g i n i a ? Does anyone know whether A r l i n g t o n or V i r g i n i a S t a t e o f f i c i a l s i n v o l v e d might know about t h i s p r o p o s a l or have any i n t e r e s t i n i t ? Nothing i n the r e p o r t s u g g e s t s that t h e y have e i t h e r been c o n s u l t e d or have any e n t h u s i a s m f o r t h i s D. C. p r o p o s a l f o r them t o spend about $ 1 5 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 . C l a r k e s o n does p r o v i d e some maps and d i s c u s s i o n about how i t might be good p l a n n i n g and u s e f u l t r a f f i c h a n d l i n g f o r t h e V i r g i n i a a u t h o r i t i e s , but he doesn't �rac56 160 show t h a t t h e y want o r a p p r e c i a t e such work i n t h e i r b e h a l f . I n d u s c u s s i n g t h i s g r a t u i t o u s p r o p o s a l , Mr. Sam H a r r i s o n o f t h e Highway Department has s a i d t h e D i s t r i c t would pat t h e A r i z o n a Avenue b r i d g e t o t h e V i r g i n i a shore and l e t V i r g i n i a t a k e c a r e o f i t from t h e r e on out. I t i s reflective o f the g e n e r a l l y loose approach of t h e s e a u t h o r i t i e s i n c l u d ing C l a r k e s o n and t h e D. C. Highway Department, t o p l a n such an e x p e n d i t u r e , but not t o bother c o n s u l t i n g t h e i r about i t - p r o b a b l y because of t h e unsupported neighbors n a t u r e of the proposal. 3. T a x p a y e r s must view w i t h h o r r o r the p r o p o s a l t o build roads i n such a way t h a t t h e y abandon an e x i s t i n g , modern, and g e n e r a l l y s a t i s f a c t o r y bridge - Chain B r i d g e , and s u b s t i t u t e f o r i t another b r i d g e c o s t i n g about.$30,000,000. B e f o r e i t i s determined t h a t Chain B r i d g e should be elimin- a t e d , and b u i l d i n g t h e 240 r o u t e a t the top of the P a l i s a d e s as proposed i s a c l e a r p r o p o s a l t o e l i m i n a t e i t , perhaps i t would be u s e f u l t o see what t h e new V i r g i n i a George Washingt o n Memorial Highway does t o t r a f f i c need3 and the volume of t r a f f i c u s i n g C h a i n B r i d g e . B e f o r e t h e s e f e d e r a l 90 per cent funds became a v a i l a b l e , C h a i n B r i d g e p l a y e d an important r o l e i n t h e D. C, Highway Department p l a n 3 f o r h a n d l i n g r i v e r crossing t r a f f i c . demonstrated We have r e c e n t l y seen the I n g e n u i t y by t h i s Department i n improving Key B r i d g e , why not l e t them use s i m i l a r c a p a b i l i t i e s on C h a i n B r i d g e . �161 ac57 A f t e r a l l , t h e new b r i d g e roadway was o n l y opened t o t r a f f i c in I9'$Q, and i t i s s t i l l a rugged s t r u c t u r e . 4. Avenue? Who pays f o r t h e proposed b r i d g e a t A r i z o n a I t would be d i f f i c u l t t o f i n d any scheme o r j u s t i f i - c a t i o n f o r i n c l u d i n g i t on t h e i n t e r s t a t e system and t h e r e f o r e e l i g i b l e f o r the 90 percent f e d e r a l grant. Yet i t c e r t a i n l y cannot be s e r i o u s l y c o n s i d e r e d without t h a t g r a n t because t h e $14,000,000 o r more i t i s e s t i m a t e d t o c o s t t h e D i s t r i c t r e p r e s e n t s t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f $140,000,000 o f highway c o n s t r u c t i o n where t h e f e d e r a l g r a n t c a n be used. 5. District? Who would use t h e h i g h l e v e l b r i d g e i n t h e A f t e r a l l , we should c o n s i d e r f i r s t t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. T h i s b r i d g e could not s e r v e much t r a f f i c originating w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t . I t c e r t a i n l y would not s e r v e i n t e r s t a t e t r a f f i c going from Maryland t o V i r g i n i a because s u c h t r a f f i c w i l l be s e r v e d by t h e Cabin John B r i d g e , and would not v e n t u r e i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t . U n t i l t h a t bridge i s f i n i s h e d t h e s e few d r i v e r s use Chain B r i d g e . I t would not s e r v e much commerical and i n d u s t r i a l t r a f f i c because t h e r e i s no l i k e l y p l a c e where such t r a f f i c c o u l d o r i g i n a t e which would not be u s i n g o t h e r c l o s e r b r i d g e s . T h e r e f o r e , most o f i t s use would be commuters and t h e s e commuters would o n l y use i t because b r i d g e s were not a v a i l a b l e where d e s i r e d . Few commuters w i l l be added t o t r a f f i c i n t h i s a r e a because o f t h e D i s t r i c t approaches. The S p r i n g V a l l e y development i s an �mc58 162 e f f e c t i v e t e r r i e r a t t h i s time f o r through commuters. How- e v e r , once t h e b r i d g e e x i s t e d , a j u s t i f i c a t i o n might a r i s e f o r c r e a t i n g through t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s i n t h i s p e r t o f our community. C e r t a i n l y once such a b r i d g e e x i s t e d i t would be n e c e s s a r y t o improve t r a f f i c flow and a c c e s s t o i t , and such improvement would r e q i i r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a d d i t i o n a l f e e d e r r o a d s , l a r g e l y because without them t h e t r a f f i c t o use t h e b r i d g e would have few p l a c e s t o go once t h e y had c r o s s e d the b r i d g e . The C l a r k e s o n r e p o r t i t s e l f s t a t e s on page v " s t u d i e s do not i n d i c a t e t h e need f o r both an expressway and a parkway i n t h i s a r e a . " A g a i n on page 17 " T r a f f i c volumes do not I n d i c a t e a need f o r both an a l l v e h i c l e expressway and a h i g h t r a f f i c volume parkway." Y e t the C l a r k e s o n r e - p o r t c l a i m s on page i i i t h a t t h e recommended r o u t e relieve existing "will c i t y s t r e e t s now overburdened w i t h an e x - c e s s i v e t r a f f i c l o a d " and on page i v , "provides m e r i t o r i o u s improvement from a t r a f f i c s e r v i c e s t a n d p o i n t . " I t would appear a x i o m a t i c t h a t D. C. b r i d g e s should be planned t o b r i n g commuters i n t o the c i t y a t a p o i n t c l o s e s t t o t h e i r work, so t h a t t h e i r home s t a t e woud, have t h e burden o f p r e p a r i n g highways r a t h e r t h a n t h e D i s t r i c t . I f t h i s i d e a i s v a l i d , t h e A r i z o n a Avenue b r i d g e i d e a should be dropped because commuters would need many m i l e s o f D. C. highways, s i n c e t h e r e i s no employment r e q u i r i n g a b r i d g e a t �inc59 162 or n e a r A r i z o n a Avenue. To summarize our p o s i t i o n on t h e A r i z o n a Avenue Bridge: 1. Wo j u s t i f i c a t i o n o r p r o o f h a s been provided t o I n d i c a t e t h e need f o r i t . Therefore, i t represents a waste o f an a d d i t i o n a l $28,000,000. H a l f t o be p a i d by t h e District. 2. The c o s t would a l l be charged t o D. C. t a x - p a y e r s s i n c e i t c o u l d not q u a l i f y f o r t h e 9 0 p e r cent f e d e r a l grant. 3. The c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h i s proposed b r i d g e would be tantamount t o abandoning C h a i n B r i d g e , which c a n and w i l l continue to serve required t r a f f i c needs i n t h i s a r e a f o r many y e a r s t o come. 4. The b r i d g e would r e q u i r e V i r g i n i a cooperation and t h e r e I s no evidence t h a t V i r g i n i a has any i n t e r e s t o r d e s i r e t o have t h i s 5- bridge. The b r i d g e , r e p r e s e n t i n g an a d d i t i o n a l D i s t r i c t o u t l a y o f $14,000,000 must be i n c l u d e d i n a p p r a i s i n g t h e c o s t o f t h e P a l i s a d e s r o u t e 240 p r o p o s a l because i t i s an i n t e g r a l part of the proposal. I thank you. (Applause.) VOICE PROM THE FLOOR: Fir. Chairman. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Y e s . �164 VOICE; Mx*. Chairman, a s much i n sympathy a s I am i n p o s i t i o n w i t h t h i s group, I wonder, f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f the r e s t o f u s , i f t h e d i s c u s s i o n i s n o t t o be l i m i t e d the time o f any one group, i f we might have some i d e a o f how long t h i s p a r t i c u l a r on d i s c u s s i o n i s going on by t h i s group? MR. CURTISS; E x a c t l y a l i t t l e over two h o u r s . We a r e r i g h t on schedule o r a l i t t l e ahead o f s c h e d u l e . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: You mean t o r u n on t h e n u n t i l what - 4 : 3 0 ? MR. CURTISS: To 4 : 3 0 , y e s , s i r . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN; You have s i x more s p e a k e r s who a r e going t o t a l k f o r an hour? MR. CURTISS; I haven't added t h i s up, but we a r e a l i t t l e ahead o f s c h e d u l e , a l i t t l e l e s s t h a n an hour. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: W e l l , I don't l i k e t o s p l i t t h i s up i n t h e m i d d l e . MR. CURTISS: I don't e i t h e r . I f we can keep i t going, I would l i k e t o f i n i s h , i f we c a n . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: L e t ' s t a k e a t h r e e minute r e c e s s w h i l e we t a l k about what we a r e going t o do. (A s h o r t r e c e s s was t a k e n . ) �165 COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: L e t ' s come t o o r d e r , l a d i e s and gentlemen. MR. man, who CURTISS: Our n e x t speaker i s Mr. Julian Frecht- w i l l speak on s t a t i s t i c s w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o the C l a r k e s o n Report. Mr. Frechtraan. STATEMENT OF MR. JULIAN FRECHTMAN, PALISADES C I T I Z E N S ' ASSOCIATION ROADS COMMITTEE. MR. l i v e a t 5361 FRECHTMAN: My name i s J u l i a n Frechtraan. S h e r r i e r P l a c e , N.1V., and I I am a member of the Palisades Citizens' Association. F i v e weeks a f t e r the C l a r k e s o n Company s i g n e d i t s c o n t r a c t w i t h the D i s t r i c t t o recommend a s i t e f o r r o u t e 240 on December 17, the c o n s u l t a n t made h i s o r a l p r e s e n t a t i o n and recommendations. I t was not u n t i l J u l y 10, 1057, eight months a f t e r making h i s recommendations t h a t h i s a n a l y s i s of c o s t s , l o a d s , u t i l i t y and other f a c t o r s was p r e s e n t e d w r i t t e n document. N a t u r a l l y , we must wonder about i n the conclusions which r e q u i r e d e i g h t more months of study t o j u s t i f y - when presumably these s t u d i e s formed the b a s i s of the conclusions. T h i s i s i n the " A l i c e i n Wonderland" t r a d i t i o n , gentlemen, of sentence f i r s t , v e r d i c t a f t e r w a r d s . The r e p o r t attempted t o p r e s e n t some j u s t i f i c a t i o n i n terms of s e r v i c e which the s e v e r a l r o u t e s c o n s i d e r e d p r o v i d e i n 1980. I t shows p r o j e c t i o n s of p o p u l a t i o n , number of v e h i c l e s s e r v e d , and so on, i n 1980. would of These a r e �166 the r e a s o n s g i v e n f o r b u i l d i n g t h i s expressway, i f not l o c a t i n g i t a l o n g the r i v e r r o u t e . at for L e t ' s t a k e a c l o s e look the n a t u r e of t h e s e p r o j e c t i o n s and see what b a s i s they have i n r e a l i t y . F i r s t , what i s a " p r o j e c t i o n " ? so f r e e l y used by C l a r k e s o n a s a c r e d sound. The word has been t h a t i t has come t o have almost Mind t h a t i n a l l t h i s d i s c u s s i o n , no one has t a l k e d a t a l l of f o r e c a s t s . A forecast i s a f i n a l analysi of what the f u t u r e w i l l be. so w i t h a p r o j e c t i o n . Not j e c t i o n merely s a y s t h a t i f t h i n g s behave a s the A pro- projector s t i p u l a t e s , then a s i t u a t i o n w i l l e x i s t i n a c e r t a i n way. example: "Sunday w i l l be a n i c e day" o t h e r hand, "Sunday w i l l be a n i c e day, i s a projection. One The o t h e r s a y s : says: i s a forecast. For On the i f i t doesn't r a i n , " " T h i s i s what I'm b e t t i n g on." " I f I'm wrong, go t e l l the c h a p l a i n your troubles." These p r o j e c t i o n s a r e based upon what our own way department c a l l s g i n n i n g w i t h 194S "standard engineering high- techniques." Be- t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s , c e r t a i n expansion f a c t o r s a r e a p p l i e d , a s o r t of v e r y e l a b o r a t e a r i t h m e t i c a l computation i s developed, and from t h i s comes the 1980 projections. Now bear i n mind what I ' v e t o l d you about the meaning of a projection — exist. t h a t the c o n d i t i o n s Therein t h a t a r e s t i p u l a t e d must l i e s the "gimmick" i n the whole These " e x p a n s i o n f a c t o r s " w h i c h a r e a p p l i e d a r e business. the �167 s t i p u l a t i o n s which make or break t h e whole a n a l y s i s . "expansion f a c t o r " i s someone's guess. Each L e t me r e p e a t t h i s : Each expansion f a c t o r i s someone's guess. L a s t Monday, I spoke w i t h Mr. R i v a r d , the a s s i s t a n t p l a n n i n g e n g i n e e r of the highway department who had t h i s t o say about t h e assumptions: another * s . " Now, "One man's guess i s a s good a s when I was t h e r e , I saw the De Leuw - Cather and Company r e p o r t on 1980 t r a f f i c p o t e n t i a l , the r e p o r t on which C l a r k e s o n based i t s p r o j e c t i o n . L e t me t a k e a s an example the e s t i m a t e of Potomac R i v e r c r o s s i n g s f o r w 1980, made i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e " i n n e r - l o o p s t u d i e s . The C l a r k e s o n r e p o r t t e l l s us t h a t r o u t e A or A-2 w i l l dump about 146,000 c a r s per day i n t o t h e i n n e r loop, about 100,000 of t h e s e i n v o l v i n g r i v e r c r o s s i n g s i f c h a r t number 13 i n the report i s accurate. De Leuw - Cather e s t i m a t e d 348,000 r i v e r c r o s s i n g s d a i l y i n 1980. One important expansion f a c t o r i s the per v e h i c l e " f a c t o r . I t works t h i s way and I would l i k e to draw a s i m p l e c h a r t . e s t i m a t e d t h e r e were 4.70 (Up a t t h e board) I n 1948 they p a s s e n g e r s per v e h i c l e i n the D i s t r i c t , and i n 1954, t h e r e were 3.76 (indicating). "passenger p a s s e n g e r s over t h e r e Drawing a s t r a i g h t l i n e between the two, i n some f a s h i o n , t h i s was p r o j e c t e d t o an e s t i m a t e d passenger per v e h i c l e of 3.00 Now, i n 1980. i f the De Leuw-Cather people and Mr. Clarkeson �168 people had f o l l o w e d t h e i r i n i t i a l impulses, followed a s t r a i g h t l i n e and p r o j e c t e d i t down h e r e , they would have come out w i t h a minus .3 p a s s e n g e r s per c a r . of s i l l y , so they moved i t up t o 3.00. This i s kind Why 3.00? Why not 1.006, f o r example, which might have gone down here ( d e m o n s t r a t i n g ) or up here ( d e m o n s t r a t i n g ) . make i t c u r v e d i n t h i s f a s h i o n ? Why d i d they Why not cover i t i n t h i s fashion (demonstrating) or i n t h i s f a s h i o n (demonstrating)? Why? The r e a s o n i s t h a t one man's guess i s a s good a s another's. Now, i f t h a t i s s o , I'm going t o make my own guess i t i s s t r i c t l y legitimate. Beginning w i t h t h e i r — figures, I'm going t o come out w i t h a c o m p l e t e l y d i f f e r e n t e s t i m a t e of c r o s s i n g s . I f anybody knows any s t a t i s t i c s , they know t h a t a f i g u r e l i k e 4.70 p a s s e n g e r s p e r v e h i c l e f i g u r e i s based upon a sample. A sample i s n o t h i n g but an attempt t o e s t i m a t e a t r u e o r maybe a normal f i g u r e . Now, i t i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of sampling o f t h i s k i n d , t h a t you c a n r e p r e s e n t t h e range, u s u a l l y o n e - t h i r d , one way or t h e o t h e r . I'm going t o be c o n s e r v a t i v e . Instead of taking the h i g h , I'm going t o t a k e t h e s m a l l e r e r r o r , l e s s than oneh a l f and put my adjustment f i g u r e h e r e , 4.10. I'm going t o assume t h i s f i g u r e i s too h i g h f o r 1948. There was a c a r shortage i n 1948 and a s t r o n g tendency t o c a r pools. I f t h e r e had been enough c a r s , t h e r e might not have been such a �169 tendency t o c a r p o o l i n g . 3.76. The f i g u r e , you w i l l r e c a l l , was You w i l l r e c a l l t h a t here ( i n d i c a t i n g ) . going t o do t h e same t h i n g . Here I'm T h i s might be a normal to t a k e my f i g u r e up here ( i n d i c a t i n g ) 4.16. to 1980 on a s t r a i g h t l i n e b a s i s . error I will project I n t h i s fashion, I w i l l come up v/ith about 4.4. Now, a f i g u r e such a s t h i s f o r c a r s such a s t h i s (indicating) i s subject to a forecasting error. You go out beyond your a c c u r a t e range t h e r e and you a r e more a p t t o have t h i s e r r o r accumulate and i n t h i s f a s h i o n , a c u r v e (demons t r a t i n g ) and then v a r i e s s h a r p l y down, so we c u r v e and i t goes way up t o here ( d e m o n s t r a t i n g ) . T h i s means t h a t t h e f o r e c a s t can r e a s o n b l y be e x p e c t e d t o l i e between here and here ( d e m o n s t r a t i n g ) . o b v i o u s l y any f i g u r e down here ( i n d i c a t i n g ) i s s i l l y . are Now You never going t o have l e s s than one passenger p e r c a r . I f c a r s don't change too r a d i c a l l y , we can e x p e c t no more than s i x p e r s o n s per c a r , so you go h e r e ( i n d i c a t i n g ) . v e r y good. This i s I t t e l l s u s i n 1980, we w i l l have somewhere between one and s i x p a s s e n g e r s p e r c a r . Now, why t a k e t h r e e ? number. W e l l , t h r e e i s a n i c e round I t i s r i g h t here i n the middle and l e a d s t o a n i c e expansion f a c t o r w i t h a 56 p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e over 1948. Nov/, you t a k e my e s t i m a t e o f 5.0 because i t i s not too f a r from t h e * p r o j e c t i o n , I can g e t an e x p a n s i o n f a c t o r — t h i s i s 1.56 — I �170 can g e t an expansion f a c t o r by t a k i n g my 4.1, d i v i d i n g i t by 5.0 and g e t .82. Now, doing e x a c t l y what they d i d i n t h e i r standard e n g i n e e r i n g t e c h n i q u e s , i f I t a k e my .82 and s u b s t i t u t e t h e i r 1.56, i n s t e a d o f coming out w i t h 348,000 r i v e r c r o s s i n g s , 1 w i l l come o u t w i t h 173,000 c r o s s i n g s . T h i s i s j u s t one o f t h e expansion v e r y important expansion by C l a r k e s o n — factor — factors. Another i n f a c t , t h e b a s i c one used concerns t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a and how i t w i l l be d i s t r i b u t e d d i s t r i c t by d i s t r i c t w i t h i n the c i t y . I 'a not going t o bore you w i t h a long t e c h n i c a l a n a l y s i s of the a r t of population p r o j e c t i o n . Let i t s u f f i c e t o s a y t h a t t h e p o p u l a t i o n p r o j e c t i o n s have almost the same l a c k o f meaning t h a t t h e passengerfl por c a r f i g u r e s have. The Census Bureau, w i t h i t s s t a f f o f s k i l l e d demographers and w i t h i t s f i g u r e s on a l l the n a t i o n ' s v i t a l s t a t i s t i c s , would never dream o f doing what t h e C l a r k e s o n people have done, e s t i m a t i n g a c i t y ' s p o p u l a t i o n some twenty-odd y e a r s hence i n great d e t a i l . There a r e o t h e r expansion f a c t o r s used. One more abou which I s h a l l not go i n t o g r e a t d e t a i l , i s t h e automobile registration factor. Our highway p l a n n e r s make e s t i m a t e s o f the change i n p e r c a p i t a c a r r e g i s t r a t i o n . T h i s they do not o n l y f o r t h e c i t y a s a whole, but f o r each d i s t r i c t w i t h i n t h e city. F o r each d i s t r i c t they f i g u r e out not o n l y the �171 • p o p u l a t i o n , but t h e g e n e r a l economic l e v e l , c u l t u r a l and s o c i a l p a t t e r n s , t h e n a t u r e o f l o c a l community development, and t h e l e v e l o f b u s i n e s s a c t i v i t y , and decide how many c a r s w i l l be r e g i s t e r e d i n each d i s t r i c t i n 1980. Where i s t h e r e p u t a b l e , t r a i n e d economist who would p r e d i c t w i t h conf i d e n c e a s much a s one y e a r ahead. Most o f u s , I f e e l s u r e , would not l i k e t o b e t a n y t h i n g on v/here w e ' l l be o r how w e ' l l be s i t u a t e d two y e a r s from now. The C l a r k e s o n people, however, a r e w i l l i n g t o do t h i s f o r an e n t i r e c i t y t w e n t y - f i v e y e a r s from now, d i s t r i c t by d i s t r i c t . Nowhere i n a l l t h i s u n t e n a b l e p r o j e c t i o n b u s i n e s s does anyone have t h e modesty or t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l honesty t o say t h a t t h e s e a r e a l l guesses, that a l l expert opinion i n the f i e l d o f demography and economics would be a p p a l l e d a t t h e e f f r o n t e r y o f such p l a n n e r s . numbers a s t h e gospel Andyet, we're g i v e n these truth. Now, even g r a n t i n g f o r t h e sake o f argument t h a t t h e s e p r o j e c t i o n s mean something, we come f a c e t o f a c e w i t h another odd f a c t . I f a l l t h e proposed roads a r e b u i l t , we w i l l have a c a p a c i t y o f about 150,000 v e h i c l e s p e r day p a s s i n g along or c l o s e by t h e r i v e r . The C l a r k e s o n Company h a s g i v e n us o r a l e s t i m a t e s o f about 35,000 v e h i c l e s per day c r o s s i n g t h e D i s t r i c t l i n e from Maryland along t h e r i v e r r o u t e s i n 1980. L e t ' s assume t h e y ' r e a b i t c o n s e r v a t i v e , and t h a t they �172 s h o u l d have s a i d 50,000. Then, why b u i l d f o r 150,000? I f 50,000 i s r i g h t , t h e r e ' s no need f o r t r i p l e t h a t c a p a c i t y , and i f t h e 150,000 i s r i g h t , i t s e r i o u s l y q u e s t i o n s t h e competence o f C l a r k e s o n i n p r o v i d i n g u s w i t h an e s t i m a t e o f 35,000. Gentlemen, I submit t h a t t h i s k i n d o f p l a n n i n g i s e g r e g i o u s nonsense. C l a r k e s o n and our highway people have been a good d e a l l e s s t h a n c a n d i d i n not l a b e l l i n g a l l t h e i r 1980 p r o j e c t i o n s w i t h the caption: "Source - t h i n a i r . " Let us not be d e c e i v e d by t h e e l a b o r a t e methods o r i m p r e s s i v e documentation used i n making t h e e s t i m a t e s . E v e r y such system, no m a t t e r how i n t r i c a t e , must be I n t e r n a l l y honest and must draw i t s c o n c l u s i o n s on c e r t a i n b a s i c assumptions. When t h e l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h e system a r e not s e t f o r t h , t h e e n t i r e system must be s u s p e c t . When t h e assumptions a r e pure g u e s s e s , t h e c o n c l u s i o n s , no m a t t e r how e l a b o r a t e l y a r r i v e d a t , a r e pure guesses. When we a r e t o l d "one man's guess i s a s good a s a n o t h e r ' 3 , " and when we know t h a t some o f the b a s i c guesses a r e n o n s e n s i c a l , i t ' s t h e h e i g h t o f f o l l y t o spend using these guesses a s j u s t i f i c a t i o n . $60,000,000, I t ' s an enormous g u e s s i n g game and i t c a n have d i s a s t r o u s consequences e c o n o m i c a l l y and s o c i o l o g i c a l l y , t o waste our s u b s t a n c e on t h e s e most nebulous c o n j a c t u r e s about our f u t u r e needs. What i s t h e answer? Fundamental common sense d i c - t a t e s t h a t r o a d s s h o u l d be b u i l t where t h e need f o r them �173 exists. The Commonwealth o f Massachusetts, f o r example, w i t h what i s probably t h e most p r o g r e s s i v e highway program i n t h e n a t i o n , h a s a master p l a n encompassing t h e p r e s s i n g p r e s e n t , r a t h e r than the i n t a n g i b l e f u t u r e . As t h e development o f i t s system g e n e r a t e s new needs i t m o d i f i e s i t s master p l a n to meet t h e changed r e q u i r e m e n t s . But c e r t a i n l y i t does not by-pass t h e p r e s e n t need f o r what i t h a s no r e a l way o f knowing may never come. C e r t a i n l y t h e r e i s no p r e s e n t need i n t h e P a l i s a d e s a r e a , and no meaningful i n d i c a t i o n t h a t i t w i l l e x i s t i n the future. Let's f i l l today's needs today, r a t h e r than some h i g h l y s p e c u l a t i v e needs which may never m a t e r i a l i z e . The N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e and NCPC and o t h e r s i n our A s s o c i a t i o n w i l l demonstrate where a proposed expressway w i l l s e r v e t h e g r e a t e s t number of p e r s o n s , and consequently b e s t s e r v e t h e community. Thank you. (Applause.) MR. CURTISS: The n e x t speaker i s Mr. C h a r l e s S t e w a r t and he w i l l t a l k on how much w i l l Route A r e a l l y cost. Mr. S t e w a r t . STATEMENT OF CHABLES STEWART, PALISADES CITIZENS' ASSOCIATION ROADS COMMITTEE MR. STEWART: Mr. Chairman, members o f t h e Commis- s i o n , «ny na«te i s C h a r l e s S t e w a r t . I l i v e a t 5420 Carol*-..* �174 !'lace and am a member o f the P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s ' A s s o c i a t i o n . How much w i l l Route A r e a l l y c o s t ? No one knows. The t o t a l c o s t t o t a x p a y e r s w i l l exceed $72,591,000, much more t h a n t h e W i s c o n s i n c o r r i d o r Route C a t $59,610,000, or even Route D a t $63,685,000. pay o n l y 10 p e r c e n t L o c a l governments w i l l have t o of the c o s t s o f t h e F e d e r a l highways proper, so t h a t d i f f e r e n c e s i n c o s t s between t h e cheapest and the most e x p e n s i v e r o u t e i s low — l e s s than two m i l l i o n d o l l a r s . But l o c a l governments may have t o pay t h e f u l l c o s t o f the A r i z o n a Avenue b r i d g e , which c o u l d never q u a l i f y a s p a r t o f the F e d e r a l i n t e r s t a t e highway program. I n terms o f c o s t s t o l o c a l governments, then, t h e Potomac r o u t e might c o s t $32,292,000, more t h a n f i v e t i m e s a s much a s W i s c o n s i n r o u t e s C and D. T h i s morning, Mr. B r i n k l e y s t a t e d t h a t t h e G l o v e r A r c h b o l d parkway must be b u i l t i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h Route A. I n c i d e n t a l l y , t h i s Parkway i s shown on t h e t r a f f i c f l o w c h a r t of Route A ( C h a r t 1 3 ) . T h i s Parkway may have t o be p a i d f o r i n f u l l by t h e D i s t r i c t ; i t cannot q u a l i f y a s p a r t o f t h e i n t e r s t a t e highway system u n l e s s i t i s b u i l t a s a p a r t o f t h e W i s c o n s i n , and not t h e Potomac, r o u t e . The t o t a l c o s t of Route A would then be c o n s i d e r a b l y g r e a t e r t h a n $75,000,000 and t h e c o s t t o t h e l o c a l governments would be g r e a t e r than $40,000,000 or s i x t o seven t i m e s t h a t o f W i s c o n s i n Route C. The Potomac R i v e r l o c a t i o n i s by f a r t h e most e x p e n s i v e . We �175 have been m i s l e d by a s i m p l e but v e r y s e r i o u s a r i t h m e t i c a l e r r o r i n t h e C l a r k e s o n Report. O t h e r s have shown t h a t C l a r k e s o n ' s t r a f f i c p r o j e c t i o n s a r e guesses. We can p l a c e no c o n f i d e n c e i n them. F u r t h e r , Clarkeson g i v e s c o n t r a d i c t o r y p r o j e c t i o n s of f u t u r e t r a f f i c on a l t e r n a t e r o u t e s 240. are The t r a f f i c f l o w c h a r t s out o f l i n e w i t h C l a r k e s o n ' s p o p u l a t i o n p r o j e c t i o n s f o r t h e a r e a s t o be s e r v e d by t h e a l t e r n a t e r o u t e s . 4. See The t r a f f i c f i g u r e s on page V, which show v e r y Exhibit little d i f f e r e n c e between the two a l t e r n a t e r o u t e s (146,000 c a r s a day on r o u t e A and 164,000 on r o u t e C) a r e c o m p l e t e l y of l i n e . out Could they be the r e s u l t o f another s i m p l e but serious arithmetic error? What w i l l we get f o r our money, b e s i d e s a wide s t r i p of c o n c r e t e ? for The j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r Route 240, any highway, i s s e r v i c e , not c o s t . I f one or location r e n d e r s t w i c e t h e s e r v i c e of another, i t i s worth t w i c e the cost. The W i s c o n s i n Avenue c o r r i d o r a t p r e s e n t c a r r i e s many t i m e s the t r a f f i c o f the Potomac R i v e r c o r r i d o r . TheClarke- son Report, e x h i b i t s 13 and 28, show t h a t Wisconsin Route C w i l l c a r r y a t l e a s t t w i c e a s many v e h i c l e s a s the r i v e r r o u t e , even w i t h t h e A r i z o n a Avenue b r i d g e a c r o s s the Potomac i n operation. The Wisconsin r o u t e w i l l s e r v e a t l e a s t f o u r t i m e s a s much t r a f f i c a s the Potomac r o u t e w i t h o u t A r i z o n a Avenue b r i d g e . the T h e r e f o r e , i f comparison o f r o u t e s i s �176 tl2 t o be based on s e r v i c e rendered, proves the d e s i r a b i l i t y i t i s c l e a r that Clarkeson of e i t h e r C or D r a t h e r than the r i v e r route. S e r v i c e i s not o n l y a q u e s t i o n of t h e number o f c a r s and commuters, but of need. Are e x i s t i n g highways i n the Potomac R i v e r c o r r i d o r adequate f o r p r e s e n t and probable future t r a f f i c ? an u n q u a l i f i e d y e s . are not adequate. As v/e have a l r e a d y shown the answer i s On the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r they A h i g h c a p a c i t y expressway w i l l have t o be b u i l t along the Wisconsin c o r r i d o r , and b u i l t soon. Robertson, Mr. J . N. head of the Highway Department s a i d i n the A p r i l 1957 i s s u e o f "American M o t o r i s t , " and I quote: "On t h e b a s i s o f e s t i m a t e d t r a f f i c volumes i n Northwest Washington f o r 1980 another h i g h - t y p e traffic f a c i l i t y w i l l e v e n t u a l l y be r e q u i r e d c o n n e c t i n g the I n n e r Loop t o the northwest a r e a o f Washington west of Rock Creek Park." The o n l y q u e s t i o n s t i l l open i s whether t h e D i s t r i c t w i l l pay t h e f u l l c o s t of a Wisconsin Avenue expressway 10 p e r c e n t . Who w i l l b e n e f i t from the Potomac Route A? or o n l y Pro- j e c t e d t r a f f i c e n t e r i n g t h e D i s t r i c t from Maryland i n 1980 e s t i m a t e d a t 25,000 c a r s a day, l a s t s p r i n g and now was 34,000 c a r s . T h i s volume o f t r a f f i c c o u l d be adequately handled by other highways a l r e a d y i n e x i s t e n c e and planned f o r t h e near future. I f Route A i s not b u i l t , the volume o f t r a f f i c a t the D i s t r i c t �177 l i n e i n 1980 w i l l be about 10,000 c a r s , a s shown on E x h i b i t 13 o f t h e C l a r k e s o n r e p o r t . $70,000,000 expressway So t h i s $60,000,000 t o w i l l a t t r a c t a mere 15,000 - 24,000 c a r s a day from the W i s c o n s i n Avenue s e r v i c e a r e a , and then o n l y on t h e assumption t h a t no adequate f a c i l i t y w i l l be cons t r u c t e d i n t h e W i s c o n s i n Avenue c o r r i d o r . way I f an e x p r e s s - i s b u i l t along the Wisconsin c o r r i d o r , a s Mr. Robertson i n s i s t s must be done, the Potomac r o u t e near t h e D i s t r i c t l i n e w i l l s e r v e no need. The next i n f l u x of t r a f f i c e n t e r s t h e Potomac r o u t e a t A r i z o n a Avenue, a c r o s s the proposed Potomac R i v e r b r i d g e . C l a r k e s o n e s t i m a t e s t h a t about 35,000 c a r s per day w i l l c r o s s the bridge. T h i s t o t a l seems absurd i n the l i g h t o f the completion o f the George Washington Memorial Parkway on the Virginia s i d e ; i t i s i n c r e d i b l e i n the l i g h t of the fact t h a t the Parkway was i n i t i a t e d b e f o r e , not a f t e r , t h e s t a r t o f t h e C l a r k e s o n study. Even a c c e p t i n g C l a r k e s o n ' s f i g u r e , we must s u b t r a c t from i t the s u b s t a n t i a l t r a f f i c handled by C h a i n B r i d g e i n order t o compute t h e a d d i t i o n a l s e r v i c e p r o j e c t e d f o r t h e A r i z o n a Avenue b r i d g e . In fact, Chain b r i d g e w i l l s e r v e a d e q u a t e l y a l l t r a f f i c needs of t h e a r e a once t h e V i r g i n i a Parkway i s completed. So $28,000,000, the p r i c e t a g on the b r i d g e , i s e x o r b i t a n t when i t w i l l s e r v e no need. The D i s t r i c t Highway Department i s commended on i t s g e n e r o s i t y i n o f f e r i n g t o p r o v i d e expressway service for �178 V i r g i n i a commuters whose needs a r e t h e f i n a n c i a l respon- s i b i l i t y of V i r g i n i a , not of t h e D i s t r i c t . From the A r i z o n a Avenue b r i d g e a l l t h e way t o Glover-Archbold Parkway, s o r e than two m i l e s , t h e r e i s no a c c e s s t o t h e r o u t e , Only a v e r y s h o r t s e c t o r of Route A from Key B r i d g e t o t h e I n n e r Loop s e r v e s subs t a n t i a l amounts of t r a f f i c and r e l i e v e s crowded s t r e e t s . I f the Glover-Archbold Parkway i s b u i l t , f u n n e l i n g t r a f f i c from t h e Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r t o t h e Potomac, then an a d d i t i o n a l s h o r t s e c t o r of the expressway above Key B r i d g e w i l l handle heavy t r a f f i c and c a n be j u s t i f i e d on the b a s i s of s e r v i c e . As t o the g r e a t e r p a r t of the R i v e r r o u t e , i t s j u s t i f i c a t i o n f a i l s t o f i n d support C l a r k e s o n Report i n the statistics. S t u d y i n g 1080 e s t i m a t e s of t r a f f i c along t h e r i v e r r o u t e a s d e s c r i b e d i n the C l a r k e s o n r e p o r t c h a r t 13 and e l s e w h e r e , v/e f i n d : 1, About 35,000 c a r s per day e n t e r from Maryland and use the r o u t e f o r t h e f i r s t 0.9 m i l e s . 2. At t h e proposed A r i z o n a Avenue b r i d g e some of t h i s t r a f f i c l e a v e s t h e expressway and about 30,000 more c a r s per day e n t e r t h e expressway, for a t o t a l of about 60,000 c a r s per day, which use the expressway f o r the next more than two B i l e s J an e x p r e s s way w i t h a c a p a c i t y w e l l i n e x c e s s of 100,000 c a r s a day. �179 3. At t h e G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d l o a d doubles. Parkway the t r a f f i c T h e r e f o r e , although C l a r k e s o n s a y s on page 40 t h a t tho r i v e r r o u t e w i l l c a r r y 146,000 c a r s per day f o r 25 p e r c e n t of i t s l e n g t h i t w i l l c a r r y o n l y 35,000 c a r s per day and f o r t h e next 45 p e r c e n t o f i t s l e n g t h i t w i l l c a r r y o n l y 60,000 c a r s . We contend t h a t t h e s e f i g u r e s a r e so f a r a p a r t t h a t i t i s i n c o r r e c t t o d e s c r i b e t h e expressway a s an a l t e r n a t e t o t h e W i s c o n s i n Avenue r o u t e . I t may be o f i n t e r e s t to D i s t r i c t o f f i c i a l s t h a t j ] f o r over t h r e e m i l e s (70 p e r c e n t of t h e l e n g t h ) o f the r i v e r r o u t e only 15,000 c a r s per day w i l l be D i s t r i c t traffic. I f t h i s expressway i s to serve D i s t r i c t r e s i - d e n t s , i t must be l o c a t e d e l s e w h e r e . the spending How can we j u s t i f y o f sucht&snendous amounts of D i s t r i c t funds w i t h no s i g n i f i c a n t b e n e f i t s t o D. C. r e s i d e n t s . On page V of the C l a r k e s o n Report we find e s t i m a t e s of t o t a l c a r - m i l e s f o r the a l t e r n a t e r o u t e s . D i v i d i n g t h e t o t a l c a r - m i l e s by t h e number of c a r s , we o b t a i n an average t r i p per c a r on t h e Potomac r o u t e of o n l y 2.2 m i l e s ; t h e average t r i p s on r o u t e s C and D along the W i s c o n s i n Avenue c o r r i d o r a r e much l o n g e r ; 3.2 and 3.3 m i l e s r e s p e c t i v e l y . route i s the r e s u l t The l i m i t e d use of t h e Potomac of t h e f a c t t h a t n e a r l y a l l i t s t r a f f i c o r i g i n a t e s near t h e downtown t e r m i n u s or i s �180 a l l e g e d l y l u r e d from V i r g i n i a over the A r i z o n a Avenue b r i d g e , whereas v e r y l i t t l e t r a f f i c along t h i s r o u t e o r i g i n a t e s i n Maryland and t r a v e l s i t s e n t i r e c o u r s e and p r a c t i c a l l y none of the t r a f f i c i s o f D i s t r i c t A l a r g e p r o p o r t i o n of the t r a f f i c along the origin. Wisconsin c o r r i d o r , on the other hand, uses the whole l e n g t h of the highway and, t r a f f i c a t t h e D i s t r i c t border 75,000 per day, i f an expressway being i s b u i l t through empty l a n d c o n n e c t i n g i t t o a l a r g e c i t y , houses and s t o r e s may r i s e alongside i t . I s i t the purpose of Route 240 t o s u b s i d i z e a p r i v a t e r e a l e s t a t e boom or t o c r e a t e t r a f f i c where none exists? T h i s would not appear t o be t h e i n t e n t o f the F e d e r a l i n t e r s t a t e highway program. Route 240 should s e r v e t r a f f i c a l r e a d y on hand or s a f e l y a n t i c i p a t e d i n the near f u t u r e . I f d i r e c t r o u t e s between homes and work-places a r e not b u i l t , or a r e blockaded, go f a r out of t h e i r people w i l l way. I s i t the purpose of a c c e s s r o u t e development to f o r c e commuters t o go s e v e r a l m i l e g out of t h e i r way? Can commuters from the d e n s e l y populated Eethesda-Chevy Chase a r e a be f o r c e d t o go downtown by the c i r c u i t o u s Potomac r o u t e by denying them a more d i r e c t expressway? Comparing C l a r k e s o n * s e s t i m a t e s on c h a r t s 13 and 28 we f i n d t h a t no more than 15,000 or 20,000 such c a r s can be �181 d i v e r t e d t o t h e Potomac. The e x t r a m i l e s added t o t h e i r j o u r n e y w i l l more than c a n c e l out the s a v i n g s i n c o s t per mile. I t would c o s t a commuter from t h e Bethesda-Chevy Chase a r e a $50 t o $100 more per year t o use the Potomac r o u t e than t o use the W i s c o n s i n Avenue r o u t e . Maryland r e s i d e n t s would d e r i v e l i t t l e b e n e f i t from a Potomac R i v e r l o c a t i o n o f Route 240. D i s t r i c t obtain? What b e n e f i t would the The expressway would s e r v e v e r y few D i s t r i c t r e s i d e n t s and i t would r e l i e v e no congested streets. Thank you. (Applause.) �182 STATEMENT OF ROBERT B. CURTISS, MEMBER, PALISADES C I T I Z E N S ' ASSOCIATION MR. CURTISS: I w i l l introduce myself. Mr. Chairman, Members o f t h e Board, my name i s R o b e r t B. C u r t i s s . I l i v e a t 3801 T S t r e e t , N.W., h a v i n g j u s t r e c e n t l y moved from 5208 MacArthur B o u l e v a r d , N.Yf. I am a member o f t h e P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s ' A s s o c i a t i o n . I am a l s o a cave d w e l l e r h a v i n g been born i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. I am Chairman o f t h e P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n Roads Committee, not an e x p e r t on c o n t r a c t s ; however, we have had e x p e r t s l o o k over t h e copy o f t h e c o n t r a c t w i t h t h e C l a r k e s o n E n g i n e e r i n g Company and t h e copy t h a t was f u r n i s h e d us by t h e D. C. Commissioners. T h i s document i s e n t i t l e d "Agreement f o r E n g i n e e r i n g Services." But t h e r e a r e t h i n g s about t h e "agreement" between t h e D i s t r i c t and t h e C l a r k e s o n E n g i n e e r i n g Company which t r o u b l e me. There a r e q u i t e a few p o i n t s which bother a l l o f u s . The agreement seems mighty odd. What we don't understand i s t h e p u b l i c i t y that i n d i c a t e s t h a t an "independent", " u n b i a s e d " e x p e r t cons u l t a n t looked over t h e e n t i r e f i e l d , and f i n a l l y , e x e r c i s i n g h i s b e s t judgment, p i c k e d t h e r i v e r r o u t e . T h i s would be f i n e , i f i t were t r u e . But, i s i t true? Was t h e independent e x p e r t r e a l l y independent? I'd like �183 t o ask a few questions. The agreement appears t o me t o mean the following: Although the agreement uses the term and the preamble r e a d s a s though t r u e c o n s u l t i n g s e r v i c e s were d e s i r e d , i t does not p r o v i d e f o r any independent e x e r c i s e of the judgment of the e n g i n e e r i n g ask: "consultant" Wny firm. We not? To the c o n t r a r y , the agreement p r e c l u d e s any such e x e r c i s e of independent judgment and makes the cons u l t a n t a s o r t of s u b o r d i n a t e engineering bureau of the D i s t r i c t , which can be r e l i e d on t o a c t on b e h a l f of the D i s t r i c t under the same immediate c o n t r o l a s a group of employees. We a s k , i s t h a t why he came up so magically w i t h the r i v e r r o u t e , the r o u t e everyone knows has alY/ays been d e s i r e d by the D i s t r i c t Highway Department? To go f u r t h e r , the agreement makes c e r t a i n t h a t c o n s u l t a n t does not take any s t e p or p o s i t i o n which d i s p l e a s e the D i s t r i c t . T h i s i s achieved c o n s u l t a n t a t the mercy of the D i s t r i c t manner. may by p l a c i n g the i n an amazing I n the f i r s t p l a c e , the D i s t r i c t has had i t w i t h i n i t s power t o cause the c o n s u l t a n t g r e a t a d d i t i o n a l expense w i t h o u t a d d i t i o n a l compensation. U n l e s s the f i r s t p r o p o s a l of the c o n s u l t a n t were approved by a l l of the v a r i o u s a g e n c i e s which the D i s t r i c t has named, the the �184 D i s t r i c t could r e q u i r e e n d l e s s reappearances of c o n s u l t a n t b e f o r e such a g e n c i e s . tho Thus the D i s t r i c t could cause the c o n s u l t a n t t o miss d e a d l i n e s , and i f he d i d something "unpopular", c o s t him i n c o l d But t h a t i s not a l l . cash. The p r i n c i p a l p r o v i s i o n s d e s t r o y i n g the independence of the c o n s u l t a n t a r e those r e s e r v i n g f o r the Highway Department the power t o terminate the agreement and t o f i K the c o n s u l t a n t ' s compensation, both a t the D i s t r i c t ' s u n f e t t e r e d d i s c r e t i o n . These p r o v i s i o n s can h a r d l y f a i l to have the e f f e c t of making the c o n s u l t a n t s u b s e r v i e n t t o the w i s h e s of the Highv/ay Department, however i n f o r m a l l y communicated. The p r o v i s i o n s a g a i n s t s u b c o n t r a c t i n g e f f e c t i v e l y c l o s e s what might have been a loophole i n t h i s schema of tight control. We a s k , under these s u r p r i s i n g c i r c u m s t a n c e s , i s n ' t i t l o g i c a l t o expect the c o n s u l t a n t f i r s t t o a s c e r - t a i n the w i s h e s of the D i s t r i c t as t o l o c a t i o n of the r o u t e , and then go t o work and do h i s b e s t to j u s t i f y , and get a p p r o v a l f o r t h a t l o c a t i o n ? We submit, t h i s i s the r e a l meaning of the agreement, a l t h o u g h i t i s of course not openly acknowledged therein. You can u n d e r s t a n d , t h e n , Mr. Chairman, why c i t i z e n s r e s e n t b i t t e r l y the c o n s t a n t a s s e r t i o n of the we �18S "independence" and t h e "unbiased n a t u r e " ox t h e C l a r k e s o n report. Then we read i n t h e papers t h a t Harold L„ A i t k e n who worked w i t h t h e C l a r k e s o n E n g i n e e r i n g Company a s p r o j e c t d i r e c t o r on t h e study c o n c e r n i n g Route 240, i s now appointed s p e c i a l a s s i s t a n t to the D i s t r i c t D i r e c t o r o f Highways t o work on t h e new highv/ay program. We a r e not c r i t i c i s i n g t h e a b i l i t i e s or q u a l i f i c a t i o n s of Mr. A i t k e n ; we j u s t a s k , i s n ' t t h i s another p o i n t t o be e v a l u a t e d when v/e c o n s i d e r j u s t how "unbiased" was. One o f t h e p r i n c i p a l "independent", c o n s u l t a n t s now suddenly District — work. the report "unbiased" has a $12,000 j o b w i t h t h e s h o r t l y a f t e r the c l o s e of h i s c o n s u l t a n t ' s I f Mr. A i t k e n had been a government employee would he have been a b l e t o work f o r a c o n t r a c t o r t o t h e government w i t h i n two y e a r s a f t e r l e a v i n g t h e government? I n c o n c l u s i o n , Mr. Chairman, v/e a s k , why not l a b e l t h i s agreement f o r what i t r e a l l y was? — an attempt by t h e D i s t r i c t t o " j u s t i f y " a r o u t e which had a l r e a d y been chosen a s t h e f a v o r e d one. L e t ' s stop pretending Clarkeson Company was "independent'-'. Engineering L e t ' s r e c o g n i z e he was l i t t l e more than a h i r e l i n g o f t h e D i s t r i c t , doing i t s b i d d i n g , and l o y a l l y f o l l o w i n g o r d e r s . And whatever i s done i n f i n a l l y choosing t h e �186 Route, Mr, Chairman, l e t ' s not base t h e d e c i s i o n on t h e recommendation o f t h e C l a r k e s o n E n g i n e e r i n g Company, L e t ' s not pretend any longer t h a t an "unbiased" e x p e r t picked the r i v e r route. We know t h e f i n a l judgment o f t h e Commissioners w i l l be f a i r and j u s t . T h a t ' s why we f e e l c o n f i d e n t you w i l l not be i n f l u e n c e d by t h e C l a r k e s o n r e p o r t t o any g r e a t e r degree t h a n by any other employee o f t h e D i s t r i c t . Thank you. (Applause.) �18 7 MB. who CURTISS: w i l l speak on The n e s t speaker i s Mrs. K i r k l a n d , schools. STATEMENT OF MRS. JAMES R. KIRKLAND, SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT, PALISADES C I T I Z E N S ' ASSOCIATION. MRS. KIRKLAND: I am Mrs. Loughboro Road, Washington, D. C. James R. K i r k l a n d , 5226 I am Second V i c e - P r e s i d e n t of the P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s ' A s s o c i a t i o n and a p r o p e r t y owner in the a r e a w h i c h would be a f f e c t e d should Route 240 b u i l t along t h e r i v e r . I am a l s o one be of those r a r e persons s t i l l r e s i d i n g i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia, a n a t i v e Washing-;; onian. I am opposed t o P l a n A and P l a n A-2 ing f o r the f o l l o w - reasons: T h i s aroa i s j u s t about t h e l a s t of the r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s i n tho D i s t r i c t of Columbia i n which p e r s o n s of a l l income groups a r e r e p r e s e n t e d , all and i n t o w h i c h p e r s o n s of income l e v e l s a r e s t i l l moving. The exodus of f a m i l i e s from t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia i s a l a r m i n g , and we want t o keep our f a m i l i e s i n the P a l i s a d e s a r e a , w h i c h i s s t i l l e n t i r e l y r e s i d e n t i a l by d i n t of many y e a r s of t h e p a r t of i t s r e s i d e n t s . in effort on We have s u b s t a n t i a l , f i n e f a m i l i e s t h i s a r e a and t h e y c o n t r i b u t e g r e a t l y t o the c i t i z e n r y of Washington, D. C. The p r e s e n t P r e s i d e n t of the Federation of C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n s l i v e s i n t h i s a r e a , and the factt h a t he was e l e c t e d t o the p r e s i d e n c y of t h i s l a r g e c i t y - w i d e �188 o r g a n i s a t i o n s h o u l d f e l l you t h a t wo a r e an a c t i v e , v i b r a n t community t h a t i s aware of i t s c i v i c responsibilities. We have i n our community one of t h e model p l a y grounds i n t h e c i t y , w i t h a f i n e f i e l d house, c o n t a i n i n g an e x c e l l e n t a u d i t o r i u m , t h e f o c a l p o i n t of a l l community activities. We have a t h l e t i c f i e l d s , t e n n i s c o u r t s , and p l a y a r e a s , a l l of w h i c h were s e c u r e d by tho c i t i z e n s of t h i s a r e a through y e a r s and y e a r s of h a r d work t o g e t t h e necessary funds. We do not want t h e s e t h i n g s d e s t r o y e d by t h i s proposed highway, w h i c h would c u t through t h e r e c r e a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s and make them p r a c t i c a l l y u s e l e s s . The F r a n c i s S c o t t Key S c h o o l , l o c a t e d a t Dana P l a c e and H u r s t T e r r a c e , Northwest, i s a p u b l i c elementary s c h o o l and h a s an e n r o l l m e n t of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 210 p u p i l s , w i t h a l i v e l y crop of p r e - s c h o o l y o u n g s t e r s who w i l l e n t e r w i t h i n t h e n e x t few y e a r s . A rough count of t h e p r e s e n t enrollment r e v e a l s the f o l l o w i n g : 8 1 l i v e i n homos w h i c h would be d e s t r o y e d by t h e proposed highway; 8 l i v e i n homes t o bo l e f t , b u t s t a n d i n g i m m e d i a t e l y a d j a c e n t t o t h i s proposed highway; 2 5 more l i v e i n homes t o be a f f e c t e d b y t h e A r i z o n a Avenue b r i d g e ; 38 l i v e where t h e y would have t o c r o s s t h e highway or i t s r e l a t e d s t r u c t u r e s en r o u t e t o school. T h i s , gentlemen, i s 152 out of 210 p u p i l s . I n b r i e f , t h e s e e s t a b l i s h e d c i v i c f a c i l i t i e s and t h e e x t e n s i v e and v a l u a b l e use made of them by a v e r y �189 a c t i v e community would be e f f e c t i v e l y wiped out b y e i t h e r of those r i v e r s i d e routes. Does t h i s s o r t of s t a t i s t i c appear i n t h e r e p o r t s recommending our a r e a f o r Route 240? Ho, because e n g i n e e r - i n g f i r m s do not t a k e t h e t r o u b l e t o make such a s u r v e y ; but we know, we l i v e h e r e . a w o n d e r f u l way of l i f e . We have found i n our community We do not want t o l o s e i t . We r e a l i z e t h a t your d e c i s i o n i s a mighty tough one and we know t h a t sentiment h a s a s m a l l p l a c e where a superhighway i s concerned. I do not s e e , however, where s c i e n c e or r e a s o n have proven t h a t t h i s i s t h e p l a c e f o r a highway. Why s h o u l d t h e P a l i s a d e s a r e a , w i t h i t s c i t y renown r e c r e a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s , i t s p u b l i c , p r i v a t e and p a r o c h i a l s c h o o l s , c h u r c h e s and homes, i t s g r e a t natural b e a u t y , become a b l i g h t e d area when m i l l i o n s a r e b e i n g spent t o r e v i t a l i z e your f e d e r a l c i t y , t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia, s o t h a t a l l c i t i z e n s of t h e s e U n i t e d S t a t e s may be proud of t h e i r capital? B e f o r e you d i s m i s s t h e s e e m o t i o n a l considerations c o n c e r n i n g t h e d e s t r u c t i o n of our community, which t h e proposed e x p r e s s w a y would c e r t s i n l y d e s t r o y , l e t mo emphasise t h a t such d e s t r u c t i o n by t h e words of your own o f f i c i a l s i s u n n e c e s s a r y and w i l l not a v o i d s i m i l a r d e s t r u c t i o n where . else- �190 Mr. B r i n k l e y made i t c l e a r t h i s morning t h a t t h e Glover-Archbold Parkway must be b u i l t and w i l l be b u i l t even i f Route 240 i s p l a c e d a l o n g t h e r i v e r . There appears t o be consensus among a l l t h e p l a n n i n g a g e n c i e s t h a t t r a f f i c r e l i e f must be made a v a i l a b l e i n t h e W i s c o n s i n Avenue a r e a . Mr. R o b e r t s o n , i n h i s A p r i l a r t i c l e i n t h e American M o t o r i s t , the C l a r k e s o n R e p o r t , and o t h e r D. C. o f f i c i a l s have emphasised t h e need f o r t h o s e other r o u t e s . Then i f t h e d e s t r u c t i o n of our community does n o t p r e v e n t s i m i l a r d e s t r u c t i o n e l s e w h e r e and cannot bo j u s t i f i e d , and i n f a c t has not been j u s t i f i e d by t h e C l a r k e s o n s t u d y , why d e s t r o y this community? (Applause.) MB. CURTISS: Our next speaker w i l l be Mr. P h i l l i p Thorson, who w i l l speak on t h e Maryland communities and t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h 240. STATEMENT OF P H I L L I P THORSON, CHAIRMAN, ROADS COMMITTEE, POTOMAC VALLEY COMMUNITIES. MR. THORSON: Gentlemen of t h e Commission: My name i s P h i l l i p Thorson and I l i v e a t 7 0 0 1 MacArthur B o u l e v a r d , Washington 16, D. C. I am Chairman of t h e Roads Committee of t h e Potomac V a l l e y Communities. That committee c o n s i s t s of r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s from t h e e l e v e n communities l y i n g a l o n g t h e Potomac R i v e r from P a l i s a d e s i n t h e D i s t r i c t a t t h e lower end t o C a b i n John, Maryland, a t t h e upper. �191 I act s u r e you know t h e s e communities, t h e y a r e Brookmont, Brook T e r r a c e , Glen Echo H e i g h t s , T u l i p H i l l , t h e town of G l e n Echo, F a i r w a y H i l l s , Bannockburn C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n , Bannockburn C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n , and Cabin John. Our Committee was formed about a year ago, s h o r t l y a f t e r t h e f i r s t r e p o r t of t h e C l a r k e s o n E n g i n e e r i n g Company was made p u b l i c . i t s proposals. We have g i v e n a g r e a t d e a l of s t u d y t o I have been asked t o speak a l o n g w i t h t h e P a l i s a d e s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s because of t h e i d e n t i t y of i n t e r e s t ed? a l l t h e suburbs along t h e r i v e r and because c e r t a i n cons i d e r a t i o n s t h a t e x i s t i n t h e Maryland s e c t o r have an important b e a r i n g on t h o problem i n t h e D i s t r i c t . One of those c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i s t h e a t t i t u d e o f t h e Maryland a u t h o r i t i e s a s t o where Route 240 should e n t e r the D i s t r i c t . A p p a r e n t l y t h e C l a r k e s o n Company, t h e D. C. Highway Department and t h e D. C. Commissioners were s t r o n g l y i n f l u e n c e d a y e a r ago by an assumption t h a t t h e Maryland o f f i c i a l s p r e f e r r e d t h e " r i v e r r o u t e " f o r 240. T h e i r assumption a p p a r e n t l y r e s t e d on a l e t t e r t h a t C h i e f Engineer Norman M. P r i t c h e t t of t h e Maryland S t a t e Roads Commission had w r i t t e n on December 6, 1956 t o Mr. Robertson of t h e D i s t r i c t Highway Department. I t read as f o l l o w s : " A f t e r our r e c e n t f i e l d i n s p e c t i o n w i t h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of your c o n s u l t a n t , t h e C l a r k e s o n E n g i n e e r i n g Company, and subsequent d i s c u s s i o n i n your o f f i c e �192 Silt c o n c e r n i n g the l o c a t i o n f o r t h e i n t e r s t a t e r o u t e between F r e d e r i c k and Washington, wo a r e f i r m l y con- vinced that t h i s route should g e n e r a l l y follow the Potomac R i v e r from the C a b i n John a r e a t o t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia l i n e . " T h a t l e t t e r and some r e l a t e d assumptions e v i d e n t l y p l a y e d an important p a r t i n the p r e l i m i n a r y recommendations t h a t the C l a r k e s o n Company made on December 21, 1956, t h e D. C. Highway Department. declared to T h e i r l e t t e r of t h a t d a t e i n e f f e c t t h a t the W i s c o n s i n Avenue c o r r i d o r t h e b e s t l o c a t i o n but was f i r s t unknown was s u b j e c t t o two unknowns. t h e p o s s i b l e l e g a l d i f f i c u l t y of was The using G l o v e r A r c h b o l d Parkway. Then the l e t t e r s a y s : "A second major unknown r e l a t e s t o the degree of o p p o s i t i o n t h a t might develop i n Maryland c o n c e r n i n g an i n t e r s t a t e c o n n e c t i o n i n the of W i s c o n s i n Avenue. vicinity T h e i r r e c e n t l e t t e r addressed t o you. seems t o suggost t h a t Route C might p r e c i p i t a t e an extended s t r u g g l e w i t h Maryland on the i n t e r s t a t e c o n n e c t i o n . There- f o r e , i n summarizing w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o Route C, i t i s h i g h l y d e s i r a b l e from the s t a n d p o i n t of t r a f f i c s e r v i c e , economics and the f a c t t h a t i t i s q u i t e c e n t r a l l y l o c a t e d i n Northwest Washington, but becsuse of the above two p o i n t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o number one, we doubt the p r a c t i c a l i t y of the route." and seriously . . �193 ht7 I might comment t h a t a s a layman I was rather s u r p r i s e d t o f i n d a company h i r e d f o r i t s e n g i n e e r i n g t a l e n t s coming t o a s o l i d e n g i n e e r i n g c o n c l u s i o n based on t r a f f i c s e r v i c e and c o s t s , but t h e n r e j e c t i n g i t because of a l l e g a t i o n s a s t o l e g a l and p o l i t i c a l d i f f i c u l t i e s . had e x p e c t e d t h a t e n g i n e e r s would hew I to the l o g i c of the facts. The Mr. D. C. Highway Department l i k e w i s e r e l i e d P r i t c h e t t ' s l e t t e r i n s u p p o r t i n g i t s own t i o n t o t h e D. C. Commissioners. the American M o t o r i s t , ing as Clarkeson — corridor — i t , one Mr. on recommenda- I n the A p r i l i s s u e of Robertson adopts t h e same r e a s o n - t h a t Route C, t h e W i s c o n s i n Avenue makes sense but t h e r e a r e two s t r i k e s against of w h i c h i s t h a t Maryland i s " f i r m l y c o n v i n c e d " t h a t Route A s h o u l d be u s e d . The D. C. Commissioners must a l s o have g i v e n c o n s i d e r a b l e weight t h e m s e l v e s t o P r i t c h e t t ' s p r e f e r e n c e i n t h e i r own f o r Route A on J a n u a r y 3 a y e a r ago. preliminary The press Mr. decision articles a t t h a t t i m e e x p l a i n i n g t h e i r d e c i s i o n g i v e prominence t o Mr. Pritchett's declaration. L e t u s now see how Maryland's v i e w h e l d up. a c t i o n s was One t h a t key assumption a s to o f our Committees f i r s t a l o n g c o n f e r e n c e l a s t March w i t h Mr. P r i t c h e t t and h i s b o s s , Mr. Robert 0. B o n n e l l , Chairman o f t h e Mary- l a n d S t a t e Roads Commission. We p o i n t e d out t o Mr. Bonnell �194 8ht t h a t s i n e s Congress and f i r s t author isac" i t i n 193c*, urarfc had gone f o r w a r d toward e x t e n d i n g t h e George Washington Memorial Parkway a l o n g tho s t r e t c h of t h e Potomac i n Slaryl a n d above Washington. Tho Maryland N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k & P l a n n i n g Commission and t h e P a r k S e r v i c e had j o i n t l y bought t h e l a n d s along gho r i v e r f o r such a parkway. W© noted t h a t t h e P a r k S e r v i c e was p r e p a r e d t o b e g i n cons t r u c t i o n of t h e parkway i n t h e e a r l y f u t u r e . We added t h a t t h e parkway would c a r r y a l l of t h e t r a f f i c t h a t p r o b a b l y want t o come down t h e v a l l e y and t h a t t h e P a r k S e r v i c e would b u i l d i t a t no c o s t t o t h e s t a t e or t h e l o c a l authorities. A c c o r d i n g l y , wo f e l t Maryland would be w e l l - a d v i s e d t o use i t s own money and t h e 00 p e r c e n t f e d e r a l a i d t o b u i l d e x p r e s s w a y s whore t h e y wore a c t u a l l y needed elsowhere. A p p a r e n t l y t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s we p o i n t e d out had some e f f e c t . On May 2 1 , Chairman B o n n e l l announced t h a t t h e S t a t e Roads Conraiscion, and t h e P a r k & P l a n n i n g Commission and tho Montgomery County C o u n c i l were " u n a l t e r a b l y opposed" t o a r i v e r s i d e r o u t e f o r 240 t h a t would p a r a l l e l t h e George Washington Memorial Parkway. He f u r t h e r set- f o r t h t h e d e c i s i o n i n a l e t t e r t h a t Congressman DeWitt S. Hyde o f Maryland r e a d a t a C o n g r e s s i o n a l h e a r i n g lastMay 28. The k e y p a r t of h i s l e t t e r r e a d a s f o l l o w s : "To attempt t o crowd another a l l - p u r p o s e �195 I n t e r s t a t e , dual-lane highway i n t o the samo c o r r i d o r w i t h the George Washington Memorial Parkway f o r t r a f f i c which can he e n t i r e l y by the Washington Memorial Parkway — served and a t t h e c o s t of many m i l l i o n s of d o l l a r s and the dis- r u p t i o n of a g r e a t many Maryland c i t i z e n s makes no sense t o u s . and have been — Wo are therefore — exploring o t h e r p o s s i b l e r o u t e s from 240 t o the D i s t r i c t l i n e . . ." T h i s d e c i s i o n , of c o u r s e , c o m p l e t e l y negated Mr. P r i t c h e t t ' s p r e l i m i n a r y v i e w s and t h u s d e s t r o y e d assumption on which the C l a r k e s o n the Company r e s t e d a good p r t of i t s c a s e f o r the " r i v e r r o u t e " . Chairman Bonnell*s d e c i s i o n has boon r e i n f o r c e d i n the l a s t few weeks by the f a c t t h a t the P a r k S e r v i c e has awarded a c o n t r a c t f o r the g r a d i n g of one r i b b o n of the Memorial Parkway from Brookmont t o s p o i n t beyond C a b i n John. The c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h a t segment i s e x p e c t e d t o be completed by 1960. I t i s p o s s i b l e , of c o u r s e , t h a t i f the D. C. o r i t i e s i n s i s t on b r i n g i n g Route 240 auth- up the r i v e r t o the D i s t r i c t l i n e , the Maryland a u t h o r i t i e s c o u l d s t i l l meet i t by u s i n g a r a t h e r c i r c u i t o u s r o u t e a l o n g L i t t l e Creek and R i v e r Road. Palls But t h e r e i s c e r t a i n l y no b a s i s t h a t I know of f o r the D. C. a u t h o r i t i e s s u p p o r t i n g the "river r o u t e " w i t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t "because Maryland wants i t " . �196 Mr. Chairman, I have i n d i c a t e d t h a t we urged tho Maryland a u t h o r i t i e s t o l e t t h e Park S e r v i c e b u i l d t h e r i v e r s i d e parkway, and use t h e i r own monoy i n s t e a d t o b u i l d 240 where i t i s r e a l l y needed. I n that connection, I would l i k e t o r e f e r b r i e f l y t o t h e e x c e l l e n t r e p o r t b y the t e c h n i c a l s t a f f of t h e Maryland N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k & P l a n n i n g Commission. I t was i s s u e d l a s t month and i s e n t i t l e d "Report on F e a s i b i l i t y S t u d i e s f o r t h e E x t e n s i o n and L o c a t i o n o f U. S. 240 t o Connect w i t h the. D i s t r i c t of Columbia." I wculd l i k e t o p u t a copy of t h i s r e p o r t i n the r e c o r d f o r your f u r t h e r e x a m i n a t i o n . I have copies here. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: for the record. I t w i l l be r e c e i v e d How e x t e n s i v e i s i t ? MR. THORSON: I t i s s e v e r a l pages. .. . COMMISSIONER KG LAUGHLIN: I don't b e l i e v e we c a n p r i n t i t because of t h e maps. MR. THORSON: I w i l l quote t h e s i g n i f i c a n t p a r t s of i t . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: MR. THORSON: Thank you. T h i s r e p o r t by t h e t e c h n i c a l e x p e r t s p o i n t s o u t , Mr. Chairman, t h a t t h e main u s e of any urban highway such a s t h i s w i l l be t o t a k e c a r e of b u s i n e s s and v cemmutor t i i p s w i t h i n t h e D. C. m e t r o p o l i t a n number of l o n g - d i s t a n c e area. The t r a v e l e r s t h a t w i l l use i t w i l l be �197 minor by comparison w i t h tho l o c a l . Tho r o p o r t ccmmonts t h a t " i f i n t e r s t a t e highways had t o be j u s t i f i e d on the t r a f f i c volumes t h a t occur by t r i p s of 100 m i l e s or more, few, i f any, i n t e r s t a t e highways c o u l d e v e r be justified at a l l . " The r e p o r t then p o i n t s out t h a t volumes of r e s u l t b a s i c a l l y from the amounts of p o p u l a t i o n and a c t i v i t y that e x i s t i n various areas. I t says: business "The greatest- c o n c e n t r a t i o n of p o p u l a t i o n and a c t i v i t y i s along W i s c o n s i n Avenue c o r r i d o r . traffic the P o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y i s the lowest i n the a r e a a d j a c e n t t o the Potomac R i v e r along e i t h e r the P a l i s a d e s r o u t e or the R i v e r r o u t e , and the amount of t r u c k t r a f f i c i s t r i v i a l here. Furthermore, there i s every reason t o b e l i e v e t h a t tho p a t t e r n of p o p u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n w i l l continue i n the f u t u r e t o bo along p r e s e n t l i n e s or even more a c c e n t u a t e d . " , . The r e p o r t then shows the numbers of people i n the Maryland suburbs t h a t would be s e r v e d by a Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r r o u t e a s compared w i t h a R i v e r Road r o u t e . The most r e c e n t d a t a a v a i l a b l e show 99,500 people t h a t would be s e r v e d by the c e n t r a l r o u t e a s a g a i n s t 27,000 f o r the s i d e r o u t e , or f o u r t o one. I n 1980 the e s t i m a t e s a r e 163,900 a g a i n s t 67,400, or n e a r l y 100,000 more people t o use tho c e n t r a l c o r r i d o r . The r e p o r t a l s o g i v e s c o u n t s which a r e even more s t r i k i n g . traffic �198 The r e p o r t does not d e s c r i b e t h e d i f f e r e c o s i n b u s i n e s s a c t i v i t y along t h e two r o u t e s . However, a s you know, t h e W i s c o n s i n Avenue c o r r i d o r would g i v e a c c e s s t o t h e l a r g e and growing b u s i n e s s c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a t W i s c o n s i n and Western Avenues and i n Bethesda proper. I t would s e r v e t h e numerous l a b o r a t o r i e s and s c i e n t i f i c p l a n t s t h a t have grown up around Bethesda. F a r t h e r out i t would s e r v e t h e g r e a t h o s p i t a l and r e s e a r c h i n s t i t u t e s along Wisconsin Avenue and g i v e a c c e s s t o t h e b u s i n e s s a r e a along B o c k v i l l e Pike. By comparison, t h e R i v e r Road r o u t e would s e r v e the Army Map S e r v i c e p l a n t near Brookmont and t h e s m a l l industrial a r e a near Kenwood. Farther out, the only a c t i v i t y I c a n r e c a l l i s B u r n i n g T r e e G o l f Course, and how many people a day want t o go t o Burning Tree? As a r e s u l t of t h e s e f a c t o r s , t h e r e i s r a t h e r g e n e r a l agreement among t h e e x p o r t s t h a t a Route 240 along t h e c e n t r a l c o r r i d o r would c a r r y a p p r o x i m a t e l y three times more c a r s a d a y a t t h e D i s t r i c t l i n e t h a n would Route 240 along t h e r i v e r or R i v e r Road. Mr. A i t k e n when he was w i t h the C l a r k e s o n Company gave one e s t i m a t e of about 70,000 c a r s a day f o r t h e W i s c o n s i n c o r r i d o r i n 1980 a g a i n s t 25,000 f o r Route A a t t h o D i s t r i c t l i n e . Maryland N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k & P l a n n i n g Commission e x p e r t s more r e c e n t l y have e s t i m a t e d t h e f i g u r e s a t 75,000 a g a i n s t 25,000, or t h r e e t o one. �199 Those f i g u r e s l e a v e a h a r d q u e s t i o n — i f Route 240 i s b u i l t a l o n g t h e r i v e r , how w i l l t h e s e other 50,000 c a r s a day be t a k e n c a r e of i n t h o f u t u r e ? Mr. Robertson h a s w r i t t e n t h a t i n such c a s e "another h i g h - t y p e traffic f a c i l i t y w i l l e v e n t u a l l y be r e q u i r e d c o n n e c t i n g t h e i n n e r loop t o t h e n o r t h w e s t a r e a of Washington west of Rock Creek P a r k . " That i s obvious, b u t where i s t h a t " h i g h - type t r a f f i c f a c i l i t y " t o be b u i l t ? Parkway? Along G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d I f s o , why not Rock Creok P a r k ? Maybe when those 50,000 c a r s a day g e t s u f f i c i e n t l y s n a r l e d up, t h e highway b u i l d e r s w i l l be a b l e t o f o r c e t h e i r way down Rock Creek P a r k over t h e p r o t e s t s of those who have s o f a r r e f u s e d it. But i f Rock Creek P a r k i s indeed t h e s o l u t i o n t h a t i s i n t e n d e d , i t s h o u l d be brought out i n t o t h e open now and d i s c u s s e d f r a n k l y f o r what i t i s . Mr. Chairman, t h e b e s t summary of my statement t h a t I can t h i n k of i s t o r e a d t h e c o n c l u s i o n drawn by t h e t e c h n i c a l e x p e r t s of t h e Maryland N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k & P l a n n i n g Commission. They w r i t e i n t h e s t u d y t h a t I have referred to: "As p r e v i o u s l y c i t e d , many o b s t a c l e s w h i c h would r e q u i r e c o n s i d e r a b l e time and a change i n l e g i s l a t i o n r u l e out t h e uso of Rock Creek f o r such a major highway. The p o p u l a t i o n and t r a f f i c volume counts p r e v i o u s l y s e t f o r t h argue conclusively �2G 0 14ht a g a i n s t t h e wisdom of u s i n g e i t h e r R i v e r Road or t h o Potomac P a l i s a d e s r o u t e s . T h i s i s an a r e a of low p o p u l a t i o n and t r a f f i c volumes both e x i s t i n g and p o t e n t i a l , and we b e l i e v e t h e previously described George Washington Memorial Parkway and t h o c o n t r o l l e d a c c e s s d e s i g n f o r ths c o n s t r u c t i o n of R i v e r Road w i l l amply s e r v e a r e a w i t h two e x c e l l e n t r a d i a l r o u t e s this . . . We b e l i e v e t h a t t h o f i g u r e s p r e v i o u s l y c i t e d i n conn e c t i o n w i t h t h e W i s c o n s i n Avenue c o r r i d o r speak for t h e m s e l v e s and t h a t t h e e v i d e n c e i s o v e r - whelming i n i n d i c a t i n g t h i s a s t h e needed and d e s i r e d f a c i l i t y t h a t s h o u l d be b u i l t i n t h e near future. I n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n , i t s h o u l d be noted t h a t W i s c o n s i n Avenue i s now c a r r y i n g i t s maximum t r a f f i c c a p a c i t y , and cannot be s e r i o u s l y cons i d e r e d a s adequate t o c a r r y t h e d a i l y traffic t h a t w i l l be g e n e r a t e d by a p o p u l a t i o n of 163,000 by 1980." Sir. Chairman, i n any q u e s t i o n of t h i s k i n d there a r e bound t o be l o t s of emotions and l o t s of p r e s s u r e s . A d m i t t e d l y t h e r e w i l l bo more emotions e x p r e s s e d a g a i n s t the c e n t r a l c o r r i d o r because many moro people l i v e near i t than near t h e s i d e r o u t e a l o n g t h e r i v e r . From a p o l i t i c a l p o i n t of v i e w , t h e recommendation of t h e Highway �201 Department w i l l be t h e e a s i e s t . But t h e r e a r e a l s o t h e h a r d e n g i n e e r i n g f a c t s of where t h e t r a f f i c i s and where ht!5 t h e t r a f f i c wants t o go. 1 t h i n k , Mr. Chairman, t h a t seeming parados i s the r e a l key t o the s i t u a t i o n . And i f i s p r e c i s e l y because more people l i v e near t h e c e n t r a l c o r r i d o r and more a c t i v i t i e s t a k o p l a c e a l o n g i t , t h a t the e x p r e s s r o a d i s needed t h e r e . That l o c a t i o n w i l l b e s t s e r v e the g e n e r a l p u b l i c i n t e r e s t . I hopo i n your d e c i s i o n you w i l l l e t t h e f a c t s and the general public i n t e r e s t p r e v a i l . Thank you. (Applause.) MB. CURTISS: Mr. W i l l i a m G. Smith w i l l g i v e the c o n c l u d i n g t a l k f o r t h e P a l i s a d e s group. XXXX STATEMENT OF WILLIAM G. SMITH, ON BEHALF OF THE PALISADES CITIZENS ASSOCIATION. MR. SMITH: Mr. Chairman, Honorable l a d i e s and gentlemen: 2435 C h a i n B r i d g e Road. I am W i l l i a m G. Smith. Commissioners, I l i v e at I am c o n c l u d i n g t h e t e s t i m o n y of the P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s Association. We a r e prepared t o s u p p l y documentation and s u p p o r t i n g d e t a i l f o r e v e r y s t a t e ment made by our r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s today. Able and i n f l u e n t i a l people have appeared here to ing t e s t i f y i n f a v o r of a p r o p o s a l by t h e C l a r k e s o n E n g i n e e r Company, endorsed by the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, and �202 a l r e a d y approved by the Bureau of P u b l i c Roads, t o c o n s t r u c t 16ht a l i m i t o d - a c c e s s , high-speed e x p r e s s w a y along the Potomac P a l i s a d e s a s p a r t of the i n t e r s t a t e highway system. On t h e other hand we l i t t l e people i n the P a l i s a d e s a r e a a r e not t r a i n e d i n p l a n n i n g highways, we o b v i o u s l y a r e not i n f l u e n t i a l , nor a r e we a b l e and e x p e r i e n c e d f y i n g about p u b l i c i s s u e s . in testi- Most of u s a r e n e e d l e s s l y s c a r e d about l o s i n g our homes s i m p l y because we appear t o be sufficiently f r i e n d l e s s t h a t no hue and o u t c r y w i l l be r a i s e d i f t h i s expressway goes through our a r e a . We a r e f i l l e d w i t h r i g h t e o u s i n d i g n a t i o n a t the n a t u r e of the p r o p o s a l and i t s i m p l i c a t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g o p e r a t i o n of our l o c a l government. We cannot s t a n d by and watch our o f f i c i a l s waste $60,000,000 or tha idly more. F e d e r a l G r a n t - i n - A i d f u n d s a r e not a w i n d f a l l t o be gambled away a t the c a p r i c e of o f f i c i a l s who determine $60,000,000 e x p e n d i t u r e s on the b a s i s of a f t e r n o o n trips. We can o n l y conclude t h a t when Uncle Sam h i s T r e a s u r y f o r the highway program w i t h a 90 grant, the g l i t t e r field opened percent of a l l t h a t gold must have b l i n d e d our o f f i c i a l s because we f i n d them groping d e s p e r a t e l y even today t o j u s t i f y a p r o p o s a l approved two and a h a l f years ago. Wo 1956 have looked a t t h e F e d e r a l A i d Highway Act of t o see how i t a p p l i e s t o the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. We �203 q u e s t i o n not o n l y t h i s proposed use of t h e Highway A c t but a l s o t h e manner i n which i t i s b e i n g a d m i n i s t e r e d i n the District. I t has been suggested t o us t h a t t h e law not r e q u i r e t h a t t h e s e f e d e r a l g r a n t s o n l y be f o r l i m i t e d a c c e s s , h i g h speed e x p r e s s w a y s . may available I f we wrong, perhaps an amendment t o t h e 1953 A c t should are be proposed i n order t h a t our n a t i o n ' s c a p i t a l can meet i t s t r a f f i c problems w i t h o u t d e s t r o y i n g i t s b a s i c boauty and character. We a r e not i n agreemtn w i t h the o p i n i o n of Mr. C l a r k e s o n , e x p r e s s e d y e s t e r d a y i n a t e l e v i s i o n show, t h a t an a d d i t i o n a l s i x r i b b o n s of c o n c r e t e w i l l improve t h e b e a u t y and n a t u r a l a t t r a c t i o n s of our r i v e r v a l l e y . t h i n k of adding ton more l a n e s of c o n c r e t e c o u n t i n g Just the f o u r a c r o s s t h e r i v e r t o t h i s v a l l y when t h e s i x t r a f f i c l a n e s i n e x i s t e n c e a r e almost adequate.* A p r i m a r y purpose of our h e a r i n g today i s t o c o n s i d e r t h e C l a r k e s o n r e p o r t and recommendation t h a t t h i s e x p r e s s w a y go a l o n g t h e P a l i s a d e s . We have proved t h a t t h i s e n t i r e p r o p o s a l i s a house b u i l t on sand. We have demonstrated t h a t : 1. The C l a r k e s o n c o n c l u s i o n s aro u n r e l a t e d t o his findings. 2. The s t a t i s t i c s a r e i n c o n s i s t e n t one w i t h another and m i s l e a d i n g . �204 3. H i s r e p o r t c o n t a i n s numerous e r r o r s . 4. I n order t o o b t a i n t r a f f i c t o support the p r o p o s a l , C l a r k e s o n h a s gone t o V i r g i n i a w i t h a $28,000,000 b r i d g e t h a t i s not needed, t h a t i s not endorsed by V i r g i n i a , and abandons Chain Bridge. C l a r k e s o n i g n o r e s e x i s t i n g and p r o j e c t e d highway p l a n s f o r t h e r i v e r a r e a , o v e r l o o k i n g c o m p l e t e l y the f a c t t h a t w i t h i n a y e a r t h e V i r g i n i a George Washington Memorial Parkway w i l l be s e r v i n g a l a r g e percentage of the c u r r e n t l y u s i n g Chain B r i d g e and C a n a l Road. For traffic an e x p e n d i t u r e of $85,000 the C l a r k e s o n Company has produced no now t r a f f i c s t u d i e s or economic d a t a . Wo have asked about t h e p r o p r i e t y of t h e c o n t r a c t w h i c h D i s t r i c t o f f i c i a l s s a y gave C l a r k e s o n complete o b j e c t i v i t y and independence when i n f a c t a c a s u a l r e a d i n g of t h i s c o n t r a c t s u g g e s t s t h a t C l a r k e s o n had no alternative but t o support the c o n c l u s i o n s t h a t D. C. o f f i c i a l s held. already We have p o i n t e d out t h a t i t took C l a r k e s o n l e s s than f i v e weeks t o recommend tho P a l i s a d e s r o u t e , and then t h a t i t took him e i g h t months t o prepare a r e p o r t j u s t i f y i n g t h a t conclusion. I n f a c t d u r i n g t h e i n t e r v e n i n g p e r i o d the reasons f o r t h e i r December 1956 roccmmondation wore proved by Park S e r v i c e and Maryland o f f i c i a l s t o be unsound. We a r e unable t o understand how under the circumstances r e s p o n s i b l e and r e p u t a b l e businessmen a s w e l l a s top �205 government o f f i c i a l s i n t h i s c i t y c o u l d endorse and s u b s c r i b e t o C l a r k e s o n ' s proposed e x p e n d i t u r e of more than $80,000,000. C e r t a i n l y none of t h o s e businessmen r e p r e s e n t e d on t h e Board of Trade, t h e F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l , or t h e B a a l E s t a t e Board, would e v e r t h i n k of spending $60,000,000 or a n y t h i n g l i k e i t on such a f l i m s y b a s i s a s t h a t o f f e r e d by t h e C l a r k e s o n R e p o r t , which t h e y endorse. The Highway Department o f f i c i a l s have a b a s i c r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h i s proposal. We spent e i g h t months t r y i n g t o get a c c e s s t o p u b l i c documents. We f i n d t h e head of t h e Highway Department and h i s a s s i s t a n t f r e q u e n t l y admitting t h a t the P a l i s a d e s area l o c a t i o n f o r t h e expressway would not meet t h e e x i s t i n g D i s t r i c t t r a f f i c needs, and t h a t other major highway improvement programs a r e immediately needed i n order t o s e r v e e x i s t i n g commuter demands f o r northwest Washington. Sir. B r i n k l e y c o n c u r r e d i n our a n a l y s i s t h i s morning when he s a i d t h a t t h e G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d Parkway was an e s s e n t i a l p a r t of tho P a l i s a d e s r o u t e . So we f i n d • p r o p o s a l listed a s c o s t i n g $47,000,000 but of no v a l u e u n l e s s a $28,000,000 b r i d g e and parkway of tremendous c o s t a r e a l s o b u i l t . That Parkway of c o u r s e w i l l be the source of p r a c t i c a l l y a l l of t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia t r a f f i c u s i n g the r i v e r expressway. We f i n d t h a t no s i n g l e p l a n n i n g group or o r g a n i z a t i o n has a t any time endorsed or agreed w i t h the C l a r k e s o n �206 proposal. Wo f i n d t h a t no a t t e n t i o n h a s been p a i d t o t h e b a s i c problem of mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . I n f a c t t h i s proposal f o r t h e r o u t e along t h e P a l i s a d e s w i l l d e s t r o y one a v a i l a b l e s i t e in northwest Washington f o r r a p i d t r a n s i t facilities. We f i n d t h a t t h e i r r e a s o n s a r e d i f f e r e n t each time over t h e p a s t two and one h a l f y e a r s t h e y have advocated s e l e c t i n g t h i s P a l i s a d e s r o u t e and t h a t no r e a s o n i s sound or s t i l l valid. Because of those c o n d i t i o n s we charge t h a t no one h a s h o n e s t l y e s t i m a t e d t h e c o s t of t h i s p r o p o s a l , and t h a t i t r e p r e s e n t s by f a r t h e most e x p e n s i v e r o u t e . It i s even more u n d e s i r a b l e because f e d e r a l 90 p e r c e n t a i d f u n d s a r e o n l y a v a i l a b l e f o r l e s s than t w o - t h i r d s o f t h e c o s t . I t i s apparent t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t Highway Department c h o i c e i s n o t based on t h e f a o t s but t h e i r b e l i e f t h a t t h e P a l i s a d e s a r e a i s l e a s t l i k e l y t o cause p o l i t i c a l d i f f i c u l t y . Finally i t i s c l e a r t h a t D. C. Highway o f f i c i a l s know i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o b u i l d t h e a l t e r n a t e r o u t e anyway but w i l l not do s o w i t h t h e 90 p e r c e n t f e d e r a l a i d . Why, we a r e unable to understand. S t u d i e s t h e Bureau of P u b l i c Roads presumably s h o u l d make b e f o r e approving e x p e n d i t u r e s of many m i l l i o n s of d o l l a r s a r e u n a v a i l a b l e . On September 2 3 , 1955, and a g a i n on J a n u a r y 17, 1957, Commissioner C u r t i s s of t h o Bureau of �21ht 207 P u b l i c Roads approved t h i s p r o p o s a l . How t h i s y e a r he s a y s we a r e s t u c k w i t h i t , and by i m p l i c a t i o n t h a t t h i s h e a r i n g we a r e h o l d i n g now, r e q u i r e d by law, i s a s i d e show w i t h no b e a r i n g on h i s p r i o r a p p r o v a l or subsequent a c t i o n s . We have shown t h a t t h i s p r o p o s a l would f o r a l l p r a c t i c a l purposes d e s t r o y a f i n e s c h o o l , a f i n e r e c r e a t i o n c e n t e r , and a f i n e r e s i d e n t i a l s e c t i o n . I h a s t e n t o remind you f i r s t t h a t the d e s t r u c t i o n of those community a s s e t s i n t h i s l o c a t i o n i s not n e c e s s a r y , and second, your own o f f i c i a l s and your c o n s u l t a n t f a i l t o prove i t i s necess a r y t o d e s t r o y t h i s neighborhood, and t h a t such d e s t r u c t i o n would not prevent s i m i l a r d e s t r u c t i o n e l s e w h e r e . Now, about the a l t e r n a t i v e s : The f i r s t a l t e r n a t i v e i s no expressway, and i n s t e a d t o r e t u r n t o p l a n s f o r t h e improvement of the D i s t r i c t Highway system developed i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h Maryl a n d and V i r g i n i a i n 1952. I n our a r e a these p l a n s would c a l l f o r a widening and improvement of C a n a l Road a t an expense of l o s s than t e n p e r c e n t of the more than $60,000,000 r e q u i r e d f o r r o u t e 240 through t h e P a l i s a d e s . T h i s suggestion embodies an i d e a advanced sometime ago by tho Chairman of t h e N o t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, t o t h e e f f e c t t h a t a l l main avenues and t h o r o u g h f a r e s i n t o the D i s t r i c t improved t o handle t h e i n c r e a s i n g t r a f f i c p r a c t i c a l m a t t e r , r e g a r d l e s s of whatever loads. be As a other s o l u t i o n i s �208 adopted, t h i s w i l l have t o be done anyway. The second a l t e r n a t i v e i s t o u t i l i s e t h e G l o v e r Archbold Park. We don't want t o j o i n t h e c h o r u s of c i t i s e n s a s s o c i a t i o n s who a r e p r o p o s i n g t h a t t h i s highway be p l a c e d i n other p e o p l e ' s back y a r d s ; however, i t i s g e n e r a l l y conceded t h a t a d u a l parkway w i l l be c o n s t r u c t e d through the G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d P a r k , the C l a r k e s o n Report i n d i c a t e s i t s endorsement f o r t h i s r o u t e , and t h e Highway Departments a y s i t i s e s s e n t i a l t o the P a l i s a d e s r o u t e . the To a layman l e g a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n v o l v e d i n t h e c o n v e r s i o n of a parkway i n t o an e x p r e s s w a y would seem t o be e a s i e r t o s o l v e by use of eminent domain t h a n t o use eminent domain t o d e s t r o y from 100 t o 200 homes. Tho i n t e r - u r b a n t r u c k t r a f f i c w i l l certainly a v o i d downtown Washington and l o c a l t r a f f i c would b e n e f i t from t h e t r a f f i c r e l i e f r e s u l t i n g from passenger c a r s b e i n g d r a i n e d o f f t h e main t h o r o u g h f a r e s by t h e G l o v e r A r c h b o l d Parkway. The t h i r d a l t e r n a t i v e , t h e W i s c o n s i n Avenue a r e a , i s c e r t a i n l y t h e most d i r e c t l i n k between t h e c e n t e r of Washington and t h e congested Bothesda-Chevy Chase a r e a and a t t h e same time would e l i m i n a t e the demands f o r b u i l d ing a parkway through Rock Creek P a r k . I t would appear a l s o t h a t t h e W i s c o n s i n Avenue a r e a e n j o y s a g r e a t e r p o p u l a r i t y among Maryland t r a f f i c p l a n n i n g officials. �209 To summarize, the p r o p o s a l t o l o c a t e an i n t e r s t a t e l i m i t e d a c c e s s expressway along the P a l i s a d e s a r e a i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia has the f o l l o w i n g major deficiencies: 1. I t f a i l s t o s e r v e t h e r e s i d e n t s of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia because f o r t h r e e m i l e s from t h e D. C. boundary t o the G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d Parkway t h e r e would be o n l y one a c c e s s p o i n t , A r i z o n a Avenue. 2. The road would r e p r e s e n t a g r o s s waste of u n t o l d m i l l i o n s of d o l l a r s of p u b l i c f u n d s because i t would bo b u i l t whore the people do not need i t and where adequate highways e x i s t . Furthermore, even by o p t i m i s t i c p r o j e c t i o n of t r a f f i c volume d u r i n g the next 25 y e a r s C l a r k e s o n i s unable t o f i n d enough t r a f f i c t o j u s t i f y the r o u t e . Today improved highways f o r our commuter t r a f f i c a r e needed i n other p a r t s of t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia. I t i s hard t o b e l i e v e t h a t s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n can be g i v e n t o spending the l i m i t e d a v a i l a b l e f e d e r a l f u n d s f o r the improve- ment of such t r a f f i c c o n d i t i o n s i n an a r e a which does not have t r a f f i c problems. 3. for When l o c a t i o n of major expressways 90 p e r c e n t f e d e r a l g r a n t s can be determined a l i n e on a map," eligible by "drawing we a r e e i t h e r w a s t i n g funds on h i r i n g s t a f f and c o n s u l t a n t s or wo a r e unable or u n w i l l i n g t o use f a c t s i n g u i d i n g t h e d e c i s i o n on e x p e n d i t u r e s of many �24ht 210 millions. I n e i t h e r case t h e s i t u a t i o n c a l l s f o r i n v e s t i g a - tion. 4. The p l a n n i n g f o r c e n t u r i e s f o r t h e improvement of the beauty of our n a t i o n ' s c a p i t a l cannot be thrown away s i m p l y because 90 p e r c e n t f e d e r a l f u n d s became a v a i l a b l e suddenly We a r e not c o n v i n c e d , a f t e r s t u d y i n g a v a i l a b l e d a t a , t h a t our r i v e r v a l l e y must be d e s t r o y e d or b a d l y damaged any more than t h a t anyone h a s proved our community must be d e s t r o y e d . that I n f a c t we have proved t h i s p r o p o s a l w i l l not s o l v e t r a f f i c problems and t h e r e f o r e such d e s t r u c t i o n of n a t u r a l and human v a l u e s i s needless. F i n a l l y , even t h e l a r g e s s of the f e d e r a l T r e a s u r y i s not u n l i m i t e d ; f e d e r a l funds. t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia cannot I t must spend them where needed. waste We are c o n f i d e n t t h a t you gentlemen on thorough r e v i e w of t h i s p r o p o s a l w i l l conclude t h a t t h e s e l i m i t e d f e d e r a l a i d funds must be spent t o moot t h e e x i s t i n g and immediately seeable t r a f f i c fore- needs. We have concluded the t e s t i m o n y of the P a l i s a d e s Citisens Association. While we must a p o l o g i z e f o r t a k i n g so l o n g , we remind you t h a t we have s t u d i e d t h i s problem long and h a r d , and t h a t t h i s p r o p o s a l would d i s r u p t t h r e e m i l e s of Washington's community u n n e c e s s a r i l y . Thank you. �SSht COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you, Mr. Smith. (Applause.) MR. CURTISS: Board of Commissioners. Thank you, Mr. P r e s i d e n t , and t h e That conoludes t h e P a l i s a d e s presentation. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you, Mr. C u r t i s s . I t i s v e r y e x h a u s t i v e and an e x h a u s t i n g r e p o r t , v e r y w e l l done. MB. CURTISS:- Thank you, s i r . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: The v i l l a g e of Chevy Chase, Maryland, Senator Edward S. Northrop. STATEMENT OF THE HONORABLE EDWARD S. NORTHROP, ON BEHALF OF THE VILLAGE OF CHEVY CHASE, MARYLAND. MR. NORTHROP: mission: My name i s Edward S. Northrop, and I r e p r e s e n t Chevy Chase v i l l a g e . privilege Mr. Chairman, members of t h e Com- I might s a y t h a t I have had t h e of r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e v i l l a g e f o r over t w e n t y y e a r s , and o f c o u r s e have had a c l o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h tho Chevy Chase a r e a a l l of my l i f e . I make t h i s statement because I do not want anyone t o g e t t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t my c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e v i l l a g e i s one of r e c e n t d a t e . 1 might s a y t h a t my statement w i l l bo b r i e f and c o n f i n e d p a r t i c u l a r l y t o what t h e W i s c o n s i n Avenue c o r r i d o r , a s i t i s c a l l e d , what e f f e c t tho Chevy Chase v i l l a g e . i t h a s on �212 Chevy Chase v i l l a g e was one of tho f i r s t planned communities i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s and of c o u r s e was one of the f i r s t i f not t h e f i r s t Washington. i n t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a of I t i s i m m e d i a t e l y n o r t h of Chevy Chase C i r c l e and r u n s a s f a r a s B r a d l e y Lane t o t h e n o r t h of Western Avenue, i t s s o u t h e r n boundary, and over t o W i s c o n s i n Avenue on t h e w e s t , and t o t h e E a s t B r o o & v i l l e Road and Broad Branch Road. I t embraces around, Z would r o u g h l y s a y , 650 houses, and h a s a p o p u l a t i o n of a l i t t l e over 2,000 persons. Through t h e y e a r s i t has m a i n t a i n e d a d i s t i n c t l y r e s i d e n t i a l c h a r a c t e r of t h e h i g h e s t t y p e and around i t have grown s u b s t a n t i a l r e s i d e n t i a l communities. The Board of Managers of t h e Chevy Chase Village, which i s a m u n i c i p a l c o r p o r a t i o n , have ashed me t o appear here t o d a y t o oppose t h e W i s c o n s i n Avenue c o r r i d o r . particular i t i s their feeling that t h i s corridor Zn will d e s t r o y anywhere from f i v e t o t w e l v e houses w i t h i n the m u n i c i p a l b o u n d a r i e s of t h e v i l l a g e . I t i s their feeling t h a t i t w i l l have a d r a s t i c and a d v e r s e e f f e c t upon t h e a r e a because i t w i l l s p l i t a t W i s c o n s i n Avenue communities of Somerset, Kenwood, Drummond, the Bethesda commercial a r e a from Chevy Chase. For one t h i n g , a s an example of t h i s , l e t me s a y t h a t a g r e a t p o r t i o n of t h i s community i s s e r v e d from t h e Chevy Chase P o s t O f f i c e l o c a t e d on C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue �between K i r Ice and Lenox S t r e e t s . There i s a s u b s t a n t i a l movement t o the e a s t and west i n t h i s a r e a f o r c h u r c h e s , s c h o o l s , and commercial f a c i l i t i e s which would be r e t a r d e d by t h i s c o r r i d o r . But above a l l of t h i s , t h e Board i s of the unanimous o p i n i o n t h a t the c o r r i d o r would b l i g h t not o n l y the community i n i t s immediate v i c i n i t y , but i n tho not too d i s t a n t f u t u r e the e n t i r e area. The heavy t r a f f i c g e n e r a t e d by t h e l i m i t e d a c c e s s r o a d would cause n o i s e , fumes, and other d i s a g r e e a b l e atmospheres which a r e not conducive and c o u l d not be conducive t o c o n t i n u a n c e of suburban l i v i n g . With t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n of t h i s r o a d , i t i s tho thought t h a t t h e l a r g e r e s i d e n c i e s i n t h e community would f i r s t become a rooming house s i t u a t i o n and then t u r n i n t o commercial developments of a not too a t t r a c t i v e typo. N a t u r a l l y t h i s would have an economic e f f e c t on Montgomery County a s w e l l a s t h e S t a t e of Maryland inasmuch as s u b s t a n t i a l t a x p a y e r s would be f o r c e d t o move e l s e w h e r e . As a good neighbor i n t h e community i t i s f e l t t h a t a s i m i l a r e f f e c t would be f e l t a l o n g R i v e r Road on tho Kenwood community. A l s o Chevy Chase V i l l a g e s t a n d s a l o n g w i t h t h e Betaosda-Chovy Chase Chamber of Commerce i n f e e l i n g t h a t t h e f i n e commercial community i n t h e Bethesday a r e a would be v e r y d r a s t i c a l l y a f f e c t e d , a s w e l l as the h i g h c a l i b r e commercial community t o t h e s o u t h a t �ht28 214 W i s c o n s i n and Western Avenues. T h e r e f o r e , i t i s f e l t t h a t your d e c i s i o n t o meet 240 a t t h e D i s t r i c t l i n e near W i s c o n s i n Avenue a t Western Avenue would be b r i n g i n g about t h e d e s t r u c t i o n of one of t h e b e s t r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s i n and around Washington. Gentlemen, t h a t i s my s t a t e m e n t . I am not going i n t o any o t h e r problems t h a t you have t o f a c e . I know t h a t you w i l l do a v e r y f i n e j o b . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: General Grant? long. Thank you. I am s o r r y we have been s o �215 STATEMENT OF MAJOR GENERAL U. S. GRANT 3RD, RETIRED, PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN PLANNING AND C I V I C ASSOCIATION. GENERAL GRANT: I t h a s been most e d u c a t i o n a l . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: G e n e r a l U. S. Grant 3 r d i s P r e s i d e n t o f t h e American P l a n n i n g and C i v i c Association. You have w i t h you Mr. C h a r l e s A. P h e l a n , J r . , Executive director of the Association? GENERAL GRANT: Yes, s i r . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: W i l l you proceed? GENERAL GRANT: Mr. P r e s i d e n t and members o f t h e Board o f Commissioners: On b e h a l f o f t h e two o r g a n i s a t i o n s I have t h e honor t o r e p r e s e n t today, I thank you f o r t h i s opportunity t o e x p r e s s o u r v i e w s on t h e important q u e s t i o n b e f o r e you. I t h a s s p e c i a l importance because i t i n v o l v e s not o n l y t h e l o c a t i o n i n o u r c i t y o f a major freeway, t h a t w i l l c a r r y a l a r g e volume o f t r a f f i c and s o have a s e r i o u s impact on t h e neighborhoods i t p a s s e s through and t h e t r a f f i c p a t t e r n o f t h e c i t y , but a l s o and more s e r i o u s l y because i t i n v o l v e s t h e c o n f i d e n c e and t r u s t t h a t c i t i zens w i l l i n g t o g i v e t h e i r p r o p e r t y f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f t h e i r f e l l o w c i t i z e n s and t h e c i t y a s a whole c a n have i n t h e i r municipal a u t h o r i t i e s . �216 The American P l a n n i n g and C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n , a n a t i o n a l organization, has f o r over h a l f a century been f i g h t i n g f o r b e t t e r p l a n n i n g f o r t h e development o f o u r c i t i e s and h a s c o n s i s t e n t l y supported a l l efforts f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f t h e N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l and i t s b e i n g developed i n a manner worthy o f i t s d i g n i t y and i t s beauty and i t s r e t e n t i o n o f t h e e m e n i t i e s a s such that i s , a s the National C a p i t a l . — Thus i f h a s a l w a y s f a v o r e d adequate f e d e r a l a p p r o p r i a t i o n s and i s opposed h e r e a s e l s e w h e r e t o t h e preemption o f park l a n d f o r highway r i g h t s - o f - w a y . The Committee o f 100, l o c a l c h a p t e r o f t h e s a i d n a t i o n a l a s s o c i a t i o n , h a s l e d i n many o f t h e movements f o r t h e improvement o f o u r c i t y and, i n f u l l a c c o r d w i t h t h e s a i d g e n e r a l p r i n c i p l e , i s opposed t o any misuse o f t h e Foundry Branch V a l l e y f o r highway purposes t h a t would d e s t r o y i t s v a l u e a s a park and v i o l a t e t h e agreement under which Mr. G l o v e r and Mrs. A r c h b o l d g e n e r o u s l y gave a l a r g e p a r t o f i t t o t h e public. My u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e Committee's a t t i t u d e i s t h a t a two-lane park d r i v e , such a s we have i n Rock Creek P a r k , which would make t h e v a l l e y more a c c e s s i b l e f o r park u s e s such a s p i c n i c s and p l a y and g a t h e r i n g p l a c e s f o r t h e urban p o p u l a t i o n a n x i o u s t o escape t h e �217 s t r e e t t r a f f i c and n o i s e and dangers t h e r e o f , would not he c o n t r a r y t o t h e p u b l i c i n t e r e s t s ; but t h a t any f o u r l a n e d i v i d e d highway i n i f , such a s agreed upon by t h e n a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e and t h e Commissioners, would i n e v i t a b l y d e s t r o y t h e n a t u r a l c h a r a c t e r and topography of t h i s narrow and p i c t u r e s q u e v a l l e y , and would d e p r i v e t h e p u b l i c f o r which most o f i t was g i v e n and t h e remainder a c q u i r e d w i t h funds f o r t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f park l a n d , o f t h a t " t o u c h o f n a t u r e which makes t h e whole w o r l d k i n " and d e s t r o y i t a s a p l a c e where "...Nature, hushed, assures the s o u l . " P e r m i t me t o emphasize t h a t , even though l i m i t e d t o p a s s e n g e r - c a r t x * a f f i c , such a d i v i d e d f o u r l a n e highway i n t h i s narrow v a l l e y would be a danger to t h o s e f o r c e d t o u s e i f a s a park — mindful that the c o n s t a n t l y i n c r e a s i n g c o n g e s t i o n o f urban p o p u l a t i o n w i t h i t s i n c r e a s i n g need f o r open spaces f o r r e c r e a t i o n and r e l a x a t i o n i s a m u n i c i p a l requirement t h a t d e s e r v e s p r o v i s i o n f o r t h e f u t u r e , a s i m p o r t a n t and a s i m p e r a t i v e a s t h e demand f o r t h e r e l i e f o f t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n . I n o t h e r words, X would l i k e t o emphasize t h a t we b e l i e v e t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f urban c o n g e s t i o n demand p r o v i s i o n f o r t h e i r r e l i e f a s much a s t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s of t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n , and t h a t t u r n i n g t h i s park i n t o such a high-speed parkway would d e f i n i t e l y v i o l a t e t h e �218 terms under vrtiich the G l o v e r and A r c h b o l d p r o p e r t i e s were g i v e n and a c c e p t e d by the a p p r o p r i a t e a u t h o r i t i e s . The o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e v a l l e y a c q u i r e d by purchase were i n some c a s e s — and I have t o speak from memory because I d i d not c a r r y on t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s p e r s o n a l l y — some c a s e s a c q u i r e d f o r r e a s o n a b l e p r i c e s because i t was understood they would become p a r t o f a park and a b e n e f i t to the ground remaining were i n therefore i n p r i v a t e ov/nership, and so t h e b r e a c h of f a i t h would s t i l l e x i s t , though l e s s formally expressed. I n any c a s e , s i n c e the need f o r more p a r k s has r e c e i v e d n a t i o n - w i d e r e c o g n i t i o n , i t i s r e s p e c t f u l l y s u b m i t t e d t h a t our m u n i c i p a l a u t h o r i t i e s would be most unwise and a c t i n g i n d i s r e g a r d o f t h e p u b l i c i n t e r e s t s t o d e s t r o y the park v a l u e s o f any such l a r g e and valuable park t h e c i t y a l r e a d y owns i n a r a p i d l y - d e v e l o p i n g resi- d e n t i a l neighborhood. I f I may i n t e r p o l a t e , i t doesn't seem n e c e s s a r y , because i f t h e Commissioners would u t i l i z e t h e r i g h t - o f way already acquired f o r the s o - c a l l e d F o r t Drive b u i l d t h e F o r t D r i v e on i t , and i t would, a s shown i n t h i s p l a n on t h e l e f t , p i c k up t h e t r a f f i c and, through what i s not shown, c a r r y i t down through C a n a l Road by a s h o r t e r d i s t a n c e than the Glover-Archbold i s shown on t h i s map. Parkway w h i c h You can see t h e b l a c k l i n e , which �219 i s the intermediate loop on t h a t g e n e r a l map, and t h e map shows where i t would come i n , I t h i n k two m i l e s o r a m i l e and a h a l f up s t r e a m from where t h e A r c h b o l d Foundry B r a n c h V a l l e y comes o u t . So t h a t t h e purposes c o u l d be f u l l y met by t h e u s e o f t h e r i g h t - o f - w a y which you a l r e a d y own, and t a k i n g t h e t r a f f i c o f f o f t h e incoming 240, assuming t h a t you w i l l t u r n 240 o f f t o the e a s t . I am tempted t o a s k y o u r i n d u l g e n c e . L e t me quote one s e n t e n c e from t h e r e p o r t made by t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Maryland: "Each i n d i v i d u a l h a s s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t s , and too f r e q u e n t l y t h e i n t e r e s t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p r o f e s s i o n a l o r o t h e r work, o r income a c t i v i t y , business, a r e so predominant a s t o o b l i t e r a t e t h e consumer i n t e r e s t s o f t h e same person, t o h i s d e t r i m e n t . T h i s i s t r u e when the road c o n t r a c t o r o r highway e n g i n e e r i n h i s c a p a c i t y a s an o f f i c i a l , but w i t h b u s i n e s s and p r o f e s s i o n a l a t t i t u d e s dominant, approves d e s t r u c t i o n o f p a r k s t o p r o v i d e highways." T h a t i s q u i t e an i n t e r e s t i n g r e p o r t on o u r metropolitan problems, w i t h o u t seeming t o be p e r t i n e n t . I t h i n k , i f I may be p e r m i t e d t o i n t e r p o l a t e f u r t h e r , I have some response t o t h e r a t h e r astonishing s t a t e m e n t s made a s t o t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e g i f t s o f Mr. G l o v e r and Mrs. A r c h b o l d , because I t h i n k t h e y l e f t out a very important item. �220 W h i l e t h e y , a s f a r a s they go, a r e l e g a l l y c o r r e c t , I suppose — I am not a l a w y e r and wouldn't want t o argue i t from t h e t e c h n i c a l o r l e g a l s t a n d p o i n t — I too happen t o have p e r s o n a l knowledge o f t h e s i t u a t i o n t h a t a r o s e b e f o r e those gentlemen who gave t h e i r o p i n i o n s on t h e m a t t e r e v e r came t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. The g i f t o f Mr. G l o v e r had been made j u s t a l i t t l e w h i l e b e f o r e I was s e n t h e r e t o be D i r e c t o r o f P u b l i c B u i l d i n g s and P u b l i c P a r k s . T h e r e was no one a u t h o r i s e d t o a c c e p t such g i f t s o f park l a n d i n t h e District. Mr. G l o v e r gave t h e t i t l e t h e r e f o r e t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, and i t was accepted by t h e Commiss i o n e r s a f t e r they had r e c e i v e d l e g i s l a t i v e a u t h o r i t y t o a c c e p t i t f o r park purposes. I t i s t r u e t h a t on t h e map o f t h e deed was shown t h e r i g h t - o f - w a y o f A r i z o n a Avenue, which was a highway-planned s t r e e t a t t h a t t i m e . A r i z o n a Avenue had been d e d i c a t e d by t h e l a n d owners through t h e V a l l e y a u t h o r i z e d t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t might have t h e l e g a l r i g h t t o b u i l d a sewer t h e r e , which was v e r y much needed. And t h e r e was e v e r y u n d e r s t a n d i n g a t t h a t t i m e t h a t t h e r e was no i n t e n t i o n t o b u i l d A r i z o n a Avenue i t s e l f . The P l a n n i n g Commission was s e t up i n 1926 w i t h t h e a u t h o r i t y t o a c c e p t l a n d , and i f a c c e p t e d t h e second p a r t o f Mrs. A r c h b o l d ' s g i f t . Certainly the �221 u n d e r s t a n d i n g w i t h h e r was t h a t t h i s was going t o be park l a n d , and t h a t v/e would g e t t h e r i g h t - o f - w a y o f A r i z o n a Avenue t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e D i r e c t o r o f P u b l i c B u i l d i n g s and P u b l i c P a r k s f o r park u s e s o a s t o complete t h e park c h a r a c t e r o f t h e V a l l e y . The Commissioners promised — X haven't got the l e t t e r , t h e l e t t e r i s i n t h e f i l e s o f the Park S e r v i c e , but I have seen i t s i n c e I came back t o Washington — t h e Commissioners promised t o t r a n s f e r t h a t l a n d , t h a t r i g h t of-way, t o t h e s o - c a l l e d A r i z o n a Avenue a t t h a t t i m e , t o t h e park a s p a r t o f t h e park a s soon a s we had l e g a l a u t h o r i t y f o r them t o make t h e t r a n s f e r . We s e c u r e d an a c t under which p r o p e r t y c a n be t r a n s f e r r e d from one government agency t o another i f i t i s approved by t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k and P l a n n i n g Commission. T h e r e seemed t o be no g r e a t h u r r y about g e t t i n g i t t r a n s f e r r e d , and i t wasn't t r a n s f e r r e d i n t h a t time. occasional We d i d , I b e l i e v e , through t h e y e a r s , make r e q u e s t s o f t h e Highway Department t o i n i t i a t e the t r a n s f e r . I t h a s n e v e r been t r a n s f e r r e d . B u t c e r t a i n l y a t t h e time i t was g i v e n i t was understood that i t was park l a n d and f o r park purposes, and t h i s r e s e r v a t i o n o f A r i z o n a Avenue was t o be t r a n s f e r r e d e n t i r e l y t o the Park S e r v i c e . I thought I s h o u l d make t h a t c l e a r because i t was not made c l e a r . �222 S u b s e q u e n t l y , t h e m a t t e r came up w i t h t h i s highway program which G e n e r a l Robinson proposed i n , I t h i n k , 1952, and o b j e c t i o n was made t o i t o f c o u r s e by many o f u s , t h e p r o p o s a l t o put a f o u r - l a n e highway, s t r e e t highway, through Foundry Branch V a l l e y . A t t h a t t i m e we had a d i s c u s s i o n w i t h G e n e r a l Young, who was t h e e n g i n e e r Commissioner on t h e P l a n n i n g Commission, and f i n a l l y t h e r e was agreement t h a t a park r o a d s h o u l d be — agreement — and t h i s i s my u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e a park road through A r e h b o l d - G l o v e r l a n d , which would be designed by t h e P a r k S e r v i c e and b u i l t i n accordance w i t h t h e w i s h e s and d e s i r e s o f t h e P a r k S e r v i c e , o r words t o t h a t effect. Then an agreement was drawn up between t h e D i s t r i c t Commissioners and t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e , w h i c h i s o f c o u r s e t h e c u s t o d i a n o f t h e park l a n d , and t h a t came o u t w i t h t h e p r o v i s i o n t h a t t h e r e s h o u l d be two two-lane r o a d s . T h a t i s t h e f o r m a l agreement o f t h e P a r k S e r v i c e w i t h t h e Commissioners, it. no q u e s t i o n about I don't t h i n k i t i s q u i t e what we understood when t h e P l a n n i n g Commission gave i t i t s a p p r o v a l . Over a c e n t u r y ago — parks — Walt Whitman warned u s : whip your h o r s e s t o t h e utmost — politics! — and I am s p e a k i n g o f "Go on my dear excitement! Americans, money! open a l l your v a l v e s and l e t h e r go — �swing, w h i r l w i t h t h e r e s t — you w i l l soon get under such momentum you c a n ' t s t o p i f you would. p r o v i s i o n betimes, o l d s t a t e s and new thousand i n s a n e asylums. Only make states, for several You a r e i n a f a i r way t o c r e a t e a whole n a t i o n o f l u n a t i c s . " The i n c r e a s e o f i n s a n e and n e u r o t i c a l l y un- b a l a n c e d people, a s a r e s u l t o f the p r e s s u r e s o f modern l i f e , i s a r e c o g n i z e d f a c t , and t h e o n l y r e f u g e and o p p o r t u n i t y f o r r e s t o r i n g t h e b a l a n c e of h i s n e r v e s and f a c u l t i e s o f f e r e d t h e c i t y d w e l l e r a r e a f f o r d e d by p a r k s , where he i s unconscious o f t h e w h i r r i n g w h e e l s and h u r r y and deadly danger o f c r o s s i n g t h e s t r e e t . And now i t seems t h e new model 1958 highwayman i s bent on t a k i n g , f o r more w h i r r i n g w h e e l s and l e t h a l machines, t h e p a r k s which our f o r e s i g h t e d f o r e b e a r s have w i s e l y p r o v i d e d for vis. I t w i l l take a generation to e r a d i c a t e the work of t h e steam s h o v e l s and g r a d e r s and b u l l d o z e r s i n a b e a u t i f u l , p i c t u r e s q u e v a l l e y l i k e Foundry Branch, and then i t w i l l o n l y be n o t i c e a b l y an a r t i f i c i a l p a r k . I t can never be r e c o n s t i t u t e d t h e work o f n a t u r e i f now i s ; not o n l y w i l l t h e ground c o v e r have been r a d i c a l l y changed, but t h e b i r d s and s m a l l a n i m a l l i f e t h a t a r e a h a r v e s t f o r t h e a p p r e c i a t i v e eye w i l l be gone. On t h e o t h e r hand, a s one h a v i n g had over �224 t h i r t y y e a r s o f e x p e r i e n c e and p r a c t i c e i n c i t y p l a n n i n g , I acknowledge t h a t t h e Routes C and D — and I would l i k e t o c a l l i t B-2 i f I nay, r a t h e r t h a n B - l , a s t h e Highway Department proposed — t h e Routes C and D, proposed by t h e P l a n n i n g Commission and t h e P a r k S e r v i c e , a r e b e t t e r p l a n n i n g t h a n t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s from t h e standpoint o f improving the t r a f f i c pattern. I would c e r t a i n l y n o t presume t o d i f f e r from Mr. Bartholomew, Mr. Owen, o r Mr. W i r t h on a q u e s t i o n of c i t y planning, except i n s o f a r a s I f e e l a personal o b l i g a t i o n t o oppose any v i o l a t i o n o f t h e terms under w h i c h t h e A r c h b o l d and G l o v e r g i f t s were a c c e p t e d , and b e l i e v e t h a t t h e Commissioners a r e under o b l i g a t i o n t o keep f a i t h w i t h t h e i r c i t i z e n s , and t o s t o p Route 240 n o r t h o f t h e i r g i f t s , d i v e r t i n g i t a l o n g Route D w i t h out encroachment on t h e i r l a n d — from y o u r diagram — pared t h i s — i t i s not q u i t e c l e a r and t h a t i s a l l I had when I p r e - whether i t e n t i r e l y m i s s e s such e n c r o a c h - ment; but i t i s e v i d e n t now i t doesn't m i s s t h e e n c r o a c h - ment a t a l l but goes a l l through t h e Foundry B r a n c h V a l l e y , a s planned by t h e Highway Department, and e s p e c i a l l y t h e p a r t t h a t was g i v e n by Mrs. G l o v e r , and I t h i n k most of what was g i v e n by Mr. A r c h b o l d . And so t h e o n l y one t h a t does what I suggest h e r e i s p o s s i b l e , l i m i t i n g any road through t h e i r g i f t s �225 ell t o a narrow t w o - l a n e park d r i v e , i s t h i s D-2 r o u t e t h a t i s proposed by t h e s t a f f o f t h e P l a n n i n g Commission. A g a i n may I add, i f you need f o u r l a n e s down Foundry B r a n c h t o c a r r y t h e t r u c k and t h e passenger traffic, two l a n e s down Foundry B r a n c h f o r p a s s e n g e r s o n l y would be b e t t e r t h a n f o u r l a n e s f o r p a s s e n g e r s o n l y because f o u r l a n e s w i l l n o t t a k e c a r e o f t h e t r u c k traffic. B u t you have room i n t h e r i g h t - o f - w a y o f F o x h a l l Road t o add two l a n e s t o t h a t w h i c h c o u l d t a k e the to overcharge. I n o t h e r words, i t i s p e r f e c t l y p o s s i b l e g e t f o u r l a n e s down t h a t g e n e r a l d i r e c t i o n by p u t t i n g a narrow two-lane r o a d down through t h e p a r k , and two a d d i t i o n a l l a n e s on F o s h a l l Road. When we t u r n t o Route A and Route A-2, we f i n d a n o t h e r encroachment f o r highway purposes on t h e George Washington Memorial Parkway r i g h t - o f - w a y , preempting a c c e s s t o t h i s parkway, a Memorial t o t h e founder o f the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l , and a s such e n t i t l e d t o your c o n s i d e r a t i o n and t o p r o t e c t i o n . C e r t a i n l y i t would be h i g h l y i n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e purpose o f t h e l e g i s l a t i o n , passed i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e B i c e n t e n n i a l C e l e g r a t i o n of h i s b i r t h , t o have t o e n t e r t h i s Memorial Parkway o u t s i d e o f t h e c i t y he founded o v e r a h e a v i l y t r a v e l l e d commercial f r e e w a y . I v e n t u r e t o submit t h a t , i n o r d e r t o a v o i d �22S a n o t h e r t a k i n g o f park l a n d f o r highway purposes, i t would he w o r t h c o n s i d e r i n g h a v i n g Route 240 c r o s s o v e r t h e George Washington Memorial Parkway, o r under i t , and be c a r r i e d on t h e r i v e r s i d e o f t h e C&O C a n a l along t h e r i v e r bank, p a r t f i l l and p a r t r i v e r bank, t o where i t c a n be j o i n e d t o Route A and A-2 w e l l w i t h i n t h e city limits. I have no p l a n n i n g s t a f f a t my d i s p o s a l t o check t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f t h i s s u g g e s t i o n , but i t would c l e a r up what i s now an u n s i g h t l y and u s e l e s s conglomerat i o n o f s h o a l s and sometimes f l o o d e d sometimes d r y r i v e r bank, p a r t l y covered w i t h a t h i c k e t o f s c r u b growth, and i t would a v o i d p i l i n g onto t h e C a n a l Road highway an a d d i t i o n a l l a r g e volume o f t r a f f i c , something i t cannot be made t o c a r r y except by a v e r y e x p e n s i v e s t r u c t u r e ; a t l e a s t such a n e x p e n s i v e s t r u c t u r e would be needed f o r but a s h o r t d i s t a n c e . I t h i n k i t i s worth looking i n t o . As I s a y , 1 have no way o f making a s u r v e y o r e s t i m a t e . But i t would r e l i e v e t h e problem v e r y much, i t seems t o me, i f you f i n a l l y d e c i d e d t h a t t h e r i v e r r o u t e i s w o r t h considering at a l l . I n c o n c l u s i o n and t o summarize: The two o r g a n i z a t i o n s 1 r e p r e s e n t a r e opposed t o t h e t a k i n g o f park o r parkway l a n d f o r highway r i g h t s - o f - w a y . We �227 submit t h a t , i f an e x p e n s i v e f r e e w a y i s j u s t i f i e d i n t h e p u b l i c i n t e r e s t , t h e j u s t i f i c a t i o n must i n c l u d e t h e c o s t o f w h a t e v e r r i g h t o f way i s needed, and t h a t p a r k l a n d w h i c h cannot be r e p l a c e d i n i t s n a t u r a l s t a t e and t h e u s e o f w h i c h f o r p a r k purposes s u c h a highway w i l l w h o l l y d e s t r o y , h a s a tremendous v a l u e f o r t h e c i t y d w e l l e r and t h a t t h i s v a l u e i s r a p i d l y i n c r e a s i n g w i t h p o p u l a t i o n growth and more l e i s u r e t i m e ; and f i n a l l y , t h a t t h e m u n i c i p a l a u t h o r i t i e s have a n e q u a l e t h i c a l o b l i g a t i o n t o f u l f i l l t h e agreements under w h i c h g i f t s were a c c e p t e d by t h e i r p r e d e c e s s o r s , a s i f they p e r s o n a l l y e n t e r e d i n t o t h e agreement. Thank you v e r y much. Mr. P h e l a n may have something t o s a y , Mr. President. STATEMENT OF CHARLES A. PHELAN, J R . , EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, AMERICAN PLANNING AND C I V I C ASSOCIATION. MR. PHELAN: Mr. Commissioners, American P l a n n i n g and C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n and o u r Committee o f 100 on t h e F e d e r a l C i t y I am s u r e would a l l be v e r y proud o f t h e i r Commissioners today i n t h e i r openmindedaess, t h e i r p a t i e n c e and c o u r t e s y . We would a l s o be v e r y proud o f t h e c i t i z e n o r g a n i z a t i o n s t h a t became so r i l e d t h a t t h e y came i n h e r e t o s e e what i t was a l l about. We need t h a t k i n d o f , I would s a y , e x c i t i n g i n t e r e s t o f o u r c i t i z e n r y , more o f �22S i t a c r o s s our c o u n t r y . T h i s h e a r i n g today reminds me j u s t a l i t t l e bit — i t i s q u i t e s i m i l a r , although we had a more d i f f i c u l t problem, b e l i e v e me — a s an immediate p a s t d i r e c t o r of M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n n i n g o v e r about 750 m i l e s o f community. We p i c k e d on t h e c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l out o f 63 m i l e s o f proposed expressways, one area. square remote We thought i f v/e c o u l d f i n i s h t h a t , we might g i v e people a t a s t e o f what t h e y c o u l d have i n f l u i d transportation. We found t h a t our f i r s t i n t e r c h a n g e was a cemetary, near a h i g h - l i n e , a g o l f c o u r s e , two and a h a l f f i n i s h e d s u b d i v i s i o n s , r e s i d e n t i a l , i n d u s t r i a l , comm e r c i a l , and even p a r k s . me, B e f o r e we got through — excuse t h e r e were churches a s w e l l . B e f o r e we got through t h e m i n i s t e r s c a l l e d u s d u r i n g t h e week. They had become p l a n n e r s . g o l f e r s had become p l a n n e r s . i t anywhere but w i t h u s . The The d e v e l o p e r s s a i d , "Put Put i t on t h e o t h e r f e l l o w , he can s t a n d i t b e t t e r t h a n we c a n . " The power l i n e h e l d , and o f c o u r s e t h e cemetary would h o l d i n s p i t e o f everything. The r e s u l t was we had n i n e a l t e r n a t e p r o p o s a l s for t h e f i r s t i n t e r c h a n g e on 68 m i l e s o f expresswayr- were p r e t t y d e s p e r a t e and X had t o s i t on t h e l i d w h i l e We �229 c >-• '. .' t h e tempest s e e t h e d . The r e s u l t was t h a t because we had a major s t r e e t p l a n , and we had 68 m i l e s o f i n t e r s t a t e highway — t h a t i s , t h a t p a r t o f t h e Highway System — superimposed on t h e major s t r e e t p l a n t o s i p h o n o f f t h e over-burden o f t r a f f i c from t h e major s t r e e t p l a n , making t h e s t r e e t s a f e r and more u s e f u l t o t h e r e s i d e n t s of t h e d i f f e r e n t a r e a s , even i n c r e a s e d p r o p e r t y v a l u e s , a l t h o u g h most people t h i n k t h e y w i l l d e p r e c i a t e — a l l o f t h a t we f i n a l l y after cane back t o t h e Bureau o f Hoads, because t h e y had approved o u r c i t y , o u r county, our s t a t e p l a n , and t h e y put t h e i n t e r c h a n g e back where i t was e n g i n e e r e d a f t e r i t had been d i s t o r t e d and t w i s t e d out o f shape t o t h e p o i n t where i t would have been b e t t e r not t o b u i l d i t , i t was put back on t h e o r i g i n a l l o c a t i o n because i t was f e l t t h e r e i t c o u l d s e r v e t h e people b e s t , most o f our people. Today we have h e a r d v e r y l i t t l e o f mass t r a n s portation. I t h i n k something v e r y g r a t i f y i n g i s going on i n C h i c a g o . I am s u r e you a r e a l l f a m i l i a r w i t h i t , where a l l o f t h e expressway r i g h t s - o f - w a y a r e wide enough and a r e b e i n g developed w i t h r a p i d t r a n s i t through t h e center. T h a t r a p i d t r a n s i t comes i n t o t h e loop and d i s a p p e a r s a s p a r t o f t h e subway d u r i n g i t s t o u r and s e r v i c e i n the loop. �230 cI6 I have made s e v e r a l t r i p s j u s t r e c e n t l y through t h e b e a u t i f u l new $140 m i l l i o n Harbor T u n n e l p r o j e c t i n B a l t i m o r e , where you s l i p through a t u n n e l and limited- a c c e s s road and h a r d l y know t h a t B a l t i m o r e i s on t h e any more. map $140 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s t o a c c o m p l i s h t h a t . So I b e l i e v e , a s we look a t t h i s whole p i c t u r e , f i r s t o f a l l we would l i k e t o s t r e s s t h e need f o r t h e r i g h t s - o f - w a y wide enough, wherever t h e y a r e b u i l t o r bought, f o r r a p i d t r a n s i t o f some k i n d , e i t h e r s e p a r a t e bus l a n e s f o r e x p r e s s b u s s e s on t h e e x p r e s s w a y s , o r some o t h e r t y p e o f r a p i d t r a n s i t between t h e v e h i c u l a r l a n e s . Otherwise v i s u a l i s e — and I am s u r e you saw t h e t e l e v i s i o n from Hew York when t h e Long I s l a n d c u t i t s r e c e n t c a p e r and c u t t h e i r s e r v i c e , and you looked a t t h e e x p r e s s w a y s choked w i t h a u t o m o b i l e s . E x p r e s s w a y s a r e not a c u r e - a l l . We have t o have t h e mass t r a n s i t c o o r d i n a t e d w i t h e x p r e s s ways. A3 we t h i n k o f t h e s e problems, I would j u s t l i k e to o f f e r a possible suggestion. would mind t h a t . I don't t h i n k you I t might be a h e l p f u l one. T h i s week, and t h e t h i r d week o f t h i s month what we might c a l l absentee p r o p e r t y owners i n our f e d e r a l c i t y a r e meeting h e r e . The Board o f Governors o f t h e American I n s t i t u t e o f P l a n n e r s from a l l o v e r t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a r e meeting h e r e . The t h i r d week t h e �231 cl7 American S o c i e t y o f Landscape A r c h i t e c t s board o f Governors w i l l meet h e r e . You have t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f o v e r 3,000 p r o f e s s i o n a l minds i n p l a n n i n g from a l l o v e r t h i s c o u n t r y coming r i g h t i n t o your v e r y d o o r s t e p . I t might not be a bad i d e a , j u s t a s a s u g g e s t i o n , t o a s k them i f t h e y would look o v e r your s h o u l d e r s i n an e f f o r t t o h e l p you e v a l u a t e t h e m e r i t s o f t h i s k n o t t y problem. I have been w i t h t h e board o f g o v e r n o r s of both r e c e n t l y . They a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n a l l long-range p l a n n i n g , both h e r e and a f a r , and I would s a y t h a t t h e y would be most w i l l i n g t o v o l u n t e e r t o h e l p you gentlemen, i f they c a n , t o s o l v e t h i s problem. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Bo you t h i n k we would get 3,000 d i f f e r e n t d e s i g n s out o f them? MR. PHELAN: I wouldn't suggest t h e 3,000, Mr. Commissioner, no, s i r . J u s t t h e boards o f g o v e r n o r s . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: T h e r e wasn't any c o n n e c t i o n between t h a t and t h e i n t e r c h a n g e you a r e g e t t i n g out o f town? MR. PHELAN: Ho, s i r . Although we d i d g e t i t back where i t s h o u l d be, and t h a t i s t h e t h i n g we must remember. T h e s e have t o be e n g i n e e r e d f o r a l l o f t h e people, and t h e people from t h e P a l i s a d e s , I am s u r e , a r e m o t i v a t e d by a f e a r o f l o s s on t h e s a l e o f t h e i r �232 property, t h e l o o s o f t h e i r homes, re3.ocatioa problems, and I was a l i t t l e i n t e r e s t e d when t h e y suggested t h a t you put i t on t h e people i n t h e W i s c o n s i n Avenue c o r r i d o r , and t h e y i n t u r n , I am s u r e , would l i k e t o put i t on t h e Palisades. T h a t i s o u r way o f l i f e . But we have 65 m i l l i o n a u t o m o b i l e s now. I t i s e s t i m a t e d we w i l l have about 115 m i l l i o n i n l e s s t h a n twenty y e a r s , 172 m i l l i o n people now and 230 m i l l i o n people i n 25 y e a r s . I would j u s t l i k e t o l e a v e t h i s thought w i t h you: We a r e i n a f a s t pace. I r e c e n t l y h e a r d t h a t 175 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s h a s been s p e n t i n t h e l a s t y e a r f o r t h e s e d i f f e r e n t k i n d s o f s o o t h i n g p i l l s ~~ n e r v e p i l l s . T h a t would be about one d o l l a r w o r t h p e r person i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s today. So I t h i n k we s h o u l d look a t t h i s problem, and I know you w i l l , s t r a i g h t i n t h e f a c e . I would l i k e t o suggest t h a t maybe A I P and ASLA would be h e l p f u l . Thank you. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you. Mr. Obear? I s Mr. A r c h b o l d w i t h you? �STATEMENT OF HUGH H. OBEAR, COUNSEL FOR ANNE ARCHBOLD, ACCOMPANIED BY JOHN D. ARCHBOLD. MR. OBEAR: Mr. A r c h b o l d i s w i t h mo, t o o . Mr. Chairman and Commissioners, I would l i k e t o f i r s t p r e s e n t a l e t t e r from Mrs. A r c h b o l d t o t h e Board. I t i s very brief. With your p e r m i s s i o n I w i l l r e a d i t . "Board of D i s t r i c t of Columbia Commissioners, D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g , Washington 4, D. C. "Dear S i r s : " I r e g r e t t h a t c i r c u m s t a n c e s compel me t o bo absent from t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia i n J a n u a r y , 1958, and I s h a l l , t h e r e f o r e , be unable t o appear i n person a t t h e h e a r i n g you have s e t on t h e proposed l o c a t i o n s of Route 240 i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia. "My c o u n s e l , Hugh H. Obear, E s q u i r e , and my s o n , John D. A r c h b o l d , e x p e c t t o be p r e s e n t and I r e q u e s t t h a t you p e r m i t them t o be h e a r d on my b e h a l f . " I w i s h , however, here and now t o r e i t e r a t e what I s t a t e d t o you i n my l e t t e r of J u l y 5, 1957, t h a t 1 p r o t e s t w i t h a l l my v i g o r t h e use of t h i s parkway f o r purposes other than t h a t f o r which i t was donated and I a p p e a l t o you a s t h e d u l y c o n s t i t u t e d g o v e r n i n g body f o r t h e people of t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia t o preserve the i n t e g r i t y the of t h i s D i s t r i c t and p r e v e n t r u t h l e s s d e s t r u c t i o n and d e s e c r a t i o n of t h i s �234 b e a u t i f u l n a t u r a l v a l l e y which was g i v o n and accepted i n good f a i t h f o r 'park purposes.' "Respectfully yours, Anne A r c h b o l d . " Mr. Chairman, I would l i k e t o have t h a t f i l e d a s a p a r t of my statement. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: I t w i l l appear i n t h e record. MR. OBEAR: U n t i l G e n e r a l Grant spoke, I had hoard no v o i c e r a i s e d t o q u e s t i o n t h e p r o p r i e t y of t h e t s k i n g of t h i s p a r k f o r a j u n c t i o n w i t h Route 240, or f o r other purposes. I would l i k e t o p o i n t out t o you t h a t t h e r e i s a v e r y g r e a t d i f f e r e n c e between park l a n d s which a r e owned and h e l d by a m u n i c i p a l i t y a s a r e s u l t of purchase, a s a r e s u l t of eminent domain. They f a l l i n one c a t e g o r y . l a n d s t h a t a r e donated, howovcr, f o r park purposes, i n t o an e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t c a t e g o r y . Park fall And t h e l a w on t h e s u b j e c t i s f u l l and c l e a r t h a t l a n d s which a r e donated f o r p a r k purposes cannot be used f o r any other purpose. law i s a l s o c l e a r t h a t a highway such a s contemplated The here, or such even a s i s contemplated by a f o u r - l a n e d r i v e w a y t h a t t h e y have been t a l k i n g about, i s not a u s e f o r park purposes. I t h i n k i t would bo w e l l , gentlemen, i f we c o u l d �235 3ht intra back t o tho o r i g i n of t h e s e g i f t s . B e f o r e I r e f e r t o t h e s e d e d i c a t i o n s and t h e i r a c c e p t a n c e s by Congress, I s h o u l d l i k e t o s a y t h a t G e n e r a l Grant was q u i t e c o r r e c t t h a t p r i o r t o t h e d e d i c a t i o n s t h e r e was a roadway, t h a t i s , t h e r e was l i n e d out on t h o map a 100-foot s t r i p r u n n i n g a l o n g what was then Foundry Branch which had been d e d i c a t e d t o t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia. I s h a l l have more t o s a y about t h a t s t r i p i n a few minutes. But t h e r e i s no q u e s t i o n about i t , t h a t title t o t h a t s t r i p was and, f o r t h a t matter s t i l l i s , i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia, although i t may w e l l be t h a t i t i s impressed w i t h some form of t r u s t . I am not s t a t i n g t h a t . However, l e t u s d i s p o s e of t h a t f o r a minute. T h e r e i s no one here s u g g e s t i n g t h a t t h a t s t r i p be used f o r t h i s highv/ay purpose. inadequate. T h a t s t r i p would be w h o l l y What we a r e t a l k i n g about then a r e park l a n d s , and t h e s t r i p p l a y s no p a r t i n i t . I am going t o r e f e r a l i t t l e l a t e r on t o a l e t t e r from G e n e r a l G r a n t t o me t e l l i n g about t h e o r i g i n of t h e agreement between t h e P a r k S e r v i c e and t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia t h a t I am going t o c a l l "Operation Bootstrap." I f I may f o r a moment, I would l i k e t o p r e s e n t Mrs. A r c h b o l d ' s d e d i c a t i o n , and I would l i k e t o r e a d t h a t dedication. I t was t w o f o l d , one r e l a t i n g t o l a n d s on one h a l f of t h a t 100 f o o t s t r i p f o r m e r l y c a l l e d A r i z o n a Avenue, �236 now changed t o G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d Parkway. November 10, T h i s i s dated 1924: "As a memorial t o my f a t h e r I hereby d e d i c a t e t o the United S t a t e s a s a p a r t of the P a r k System of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia t o be administered under t h e C h i o f of E n g i n e e r s U. S. Army, a l l t h a t p a r t or p a r c e l 29/1 l y i n g on the west s i d e of A r i z o n a Avenue between Glovor Park- way And and R e s e r v o i r Road a s shown hereon i n r e d . " t h e n t h e r e i s Mrs. witnesses. A r c h b o l d ' s s i g n a t u r e and Then comes t h e second p a r t of t h e on November 10, two dedication 1924: " I a l s o d e d i c a t e t o the U n i t e d S t a t e s t h a t p o r t i o n of p a r c e l 29/1 shown hereon i n green, l y i n g between the E a s t e r l y l i n e of Arizona Avenue and t h e E a s t e r l y l i n e of 42nd S t r e e t a s proposed by the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Highway P l a n ; t h i s d e d i c a t i o n t o be e f f e c t i v e o n l y i n c a s e t h e l a n d l y i n g E a s t of the proposed 42nd S t r e e t and a d j a c e n t t h e r e t o , s h a l l be subd i v i d e d by me And and my h e i r s or a s s i g n s . " t h e n comes tho acceptance of C o l o n e l "I, H a r r y T a y l o r , C h i e f of E n g i n e e r s " — t h i s i s d a t e d November I I — 1924 — Taylor: the next day and — "hereby a c c e p t the two d e d i c a t i o n s shown �237 hereon f o r i n c o r p o r a t i o n i n t o and t o become a p a r t of t h e Park System of tho D i s t r i c t of Columbia, s u b j e c t t o a p p r o v a l Congress." of s a i d a c t i o n by Signed by C o l o n e l T a y l o r , C h i e f of E n g i n e e r s , a c d Chairman of t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k Commission. The m a t t e r d i d not r e s t t h e r e . passed t h i s a c t . T h e r e a f t e r Congress Boar i n mind t h a t t h e d e d i c a t i o n s were November 10 and a c c e p t e d by G e n e r a l T a y l o r on November 1 1 , and t h i s a c t was passed on F e b r u a r y 2 5 , 1925: "An A c t a u t h o r i s i n g t h e C h i e f of E n g i n e e r s of the U n i t e d S t a t e s Army t o a c c e p t a c e r t a i n t r a c t of l a n d from Mrs. Anne A r c h b o l d , donated t o t h e United S t a t e s f o r park purposes: Be i t e n a c t e d t h a t t h e Senate and House of R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the U n i t e d S t a t e s of America i n Congress assembled, t h a t t h e C h i e f of E n g i n e e r s , U n i t e d S t a t e s Army, be, and he i s hereby a u t h o r i s e d and d i r e c t e d t o a c c e p t a s an a d d i t i o n t o t h e park system of t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia, t h e l a n d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 28-1/2 a c r e s i n e x t e n t l y i n g along Foundry Branch between G l o v e r Parkway and R e s e r v o i r Road, donated by Mrs. Anne A r c h b o l d t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s f o r park purposes, i n accordance w i t h t h e terms of her d e d i c a t i o n a s shown on t h e map of s a i d a r e a �238 dated November 10, 1924 on f i l e i a t h e O f f i c e of P u b l i c B u i l d i n g s and Grounds, which t r a c t be known a s t h e A r c h b o l d Parkway" — be known a s t h e A r c h b o l d Parkway — shall which shall "and t h e C h i e f of E n g i n e e r s U n i t e d S t a t e s Army s h a l l be and i s hereby f u r t h e r a u t h o r i z e d t o accept d e d i c a t i o n s of a d d i t i o n a l l a n d i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia and a d j a c e n t t h e r e t o on r e q u e s t of t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Park Commission, and i n accordance w i t h t h e p l a n of s a i d Commission f o r t h e e x t e n s i o n of tho p a r k system of tho D i s t r i c t of Columbia under t h e a u t h o r i t y c o n t a i n e d i n P u b l i c A c t No. 202 of t h e 6 8 t h Congress, approved June 6, 1924." T h i s A c t t h a t I have r e a d t o you, t h i s solemn d e c l a r a t i o n on t h e p a r t of t h e Congress of the U n i t e d S t a t e s , w i l l be found i n c h a p t e r 3 2 1 , 4 3 r d s t a t u t e s , 978, Second S e s s i o n of t h e 6 8 t h Congress: I t was Rouse Report 10,348, and p u b l i c number 469. P r i o r t o Mrs. A r c h b o l d ' s d e d i c a t i o n Mr. G l o v e r , i n Juno of 1924, had d e d i c a t e d 77 a c r e s of l a n d f o r park purposes. The Congress of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s was asked t o approve of t h a t d o n a t i o n f o r such purposes. The Congress of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s r e f e r r e d t h e b i l l t o t h e Commissioners, a s t h e y do t o you, and c a l l e d f o r a r e p o r t . And t h e �239 l e g i s l a t i v e h i s t o r y shows t h a t on J a n u a r y 10, 1924, Commissioner Rudolph, a s P r e s i d e n t of the Board of Comm i s s i o n e r s of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, w r o t e : "The Commissioners of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia have t h e honor t o t r a n s m i t h e r e w i t h a d r a f t of a b i l l a u t h o r i z i n g t h e acceptance of a d e d i c a t i o n by Mr, C h a r l e s C. G l o v e r of c e r t a i n l a n d i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia f o r park purpose The proposed parkway and c h i l d r e n ' s playground i s l o c a t e d a l o n g t h e v a l l e y of Foundry Branch between M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue and R e s e r v o i r S t r e e t and c o n t a i n s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 77-1/2 a c r e s . I ti s covered i n g r e a t p a r t by some of t h e f i n e s t t r e e s i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia and i s s i t u a t e d i n a p a r t of the D i s t r i c t where no p a r k s have y e t been p r o v i d e d . The b l u e p r i n t a t t a c h e d shows i n r e d t h e l a n d d e s i g n a t e d . hereto I n submitting t h i s b i l l t o Congress t h e Commissioners d e s i r e t o r e c o r d t h e i r s i n c e r e and g r a t e f u l a p p r e c i a t i o n of t h e g e n e r o s i t y m a n i f e s t e d by Mr. G l o v e r i n donating t h i s v e r y v a l u a b l e a d d i t i o n t o the park system of t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia." And I s h o u l d s a y t h a t Congress f o l l o w e d t h e rocom mendation of t h e Board of Commissioners i n 43 s t a t u t e , page 464, an A c t a u t h o r i z i n g t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia �240 Commissioners t o accept c a r t a i n l a u d s i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia d e d i c a t e d by C h a r l e s C. G l o v e r f o r park purposes, "Be i t e n a c t e d , " and s o f o r t h . That b i l l , a n t e d a t i n g Mrs. A r c h h o l d ' s , a l s o p r o v i d e d " t h a t t h e same Commissioners a r e f u r t h e r a u t h o r i s e d t o a c c e p t any d e d i c a t i o n s of a d d i t i o n a l l a n d cont i g u o u s t o t h e t r a c t f o r park purposes." I t i s w e l l , t h e n , f o r u s t o observe t h a t t h i s i s d e d i c a t e d l a n d , donated l a n d , l a n d s h e l d i n t r u s t f o r a particular purpose — park purposes. You w i l l r e c a l l t h a t I s a i d t h a t t h e r e a r e two p o r t i o n s of >Srs. A r c h h o l d ' s d e d i c a t i o n . One had t h e c o n d i t i o n , which you r e a d , aboat tho l a n d b e i n g s u b d i v i d e d for her h e i r s . and because I t was deemed a d v i s a b l e by t h e P a r k S e r v i c e , I b e l i e v e t h a t l a n d which hod been donated w i t h the c o n d i t i o n a t t a c h e d about s u b d i v i s i o n was s t i l l t a x e d t o Mrs. A r c h b o l d , i t was deemed a d v i s a b l e t h a t t h a t be deeded t o t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia. And s o about f i v e y e a r s l a t r e r , i n 1933, a deed was prepared and Mrs. A r c h b o l d s i g n e d i t . , w h i c h , i n e f f e c t , took away t h e r e s t r i c t i o n t h a t had been on t h i s o r g i n a l dedication. And may I d i g r e s s h e r e a t t h i s moment. This i s a m a t t e r of r e c o r d i n t h e s u r v e y o r ' s o f f i c e of t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia. I s h o u l d n e v e r t h e l e s s l i k e t o have t h i s �241 ht9 I d e n t i f i e d and made a p a r t of our statement h e r e . Coming back t o t h i s deed i n 1933: " T i l l s deed made t h i s 8 t h day of March i n the year 1933, by Anne A r c h b o l d , of t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia, p a r t y of t h e f i r s t p a r t , and t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s of America, p a r t y of t h e second part: W i t n o s s e t h , t h a t f o r and i n c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e sum of $ 1 and i n t e r e s t of s a i d p a r t y h e r e t o of t h e f i r s t p a r t i n t h e development of the park system of t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l , t h e s a i d p a r t y does hereby convey", e t c e t e r a . X would l i k e t o have t h a t made a p a r t y of my s t a t e m e n t . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Those w i l l be made a p a r t of t h e r e c o r d . MR. OBEAR: Now, s i r , coming t o t h e statement t h a t G e n e r a l Grant made, i t was not contemplated t h a t t h e 100f o o t s t r i p s h o u l d be used a s a roadway or s t r e e t , a l t h o u g h , a s I s a i d , t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia had t h e r i g h t , and I t h i n k s t i l l h a s t h e r i g h t , t o use t h a t p a r t i c u l a r 100-foot strip. Nevertheless, they did — t h e Commissioners a t t h a t time d i d t a k e t h o p o s i t i o n t h a t i t s h o u l d be f o l d e d in, a s i t were, i n t o t h e park l a n d s , and G e n e r a l Grant wrote me some y e a r s ago — and I may s a y f o r t h o s e who do not know, t h i s i s not t h e f i r s t time t h a t Mr. G l o v e r , t h e �242 lOht son of the donor, and Mrs. A r c h b o l d , a donor, havo had t o f i g h t t o t r y t o m a i n t a i n t h e i r c h a r i t a b l e and p u b l i c s p i r i t e d g i f t t o t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia. There have been more than t h r e e a s s a u l t s , t o my knowledge, one i n 1948, one i n 1952, and t h i s p r e s e n t o c c a s i o n . G e n e r a l Grant wrote me this: "As soon a s the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Park and P l a n n i n g Commission had adopted the p o l i c y of a c q u i r i n g the e n t i r e v a l l e y f o r a park, as D i r e c t o r of P u b l i c B u i l d i n g s and P o r k s I r e q u r e s t e d Mr. F r e d e r i c k Law Umstead's a s s i s t a n c e t o p l a n i t s proper development, which was done. And I r e q u s s t e d t h e Commissioners t o t r a n s f e r t o t h e p a r k system t h e i r unimproved A r i s o n a Avenue r i g h t - o f - w a y . Q u e s t i o n s of t h e i r a u t h o r i t y t o c l o s e a d e d i c a t e d s t r e e t d e l a y e d a c t i o n u n t i l December 6, 1952. "On t h a t d a t e t h e y , by l e t t e r , informed me, i n t e r a l i a , a f t e r d i s c u s s i n g the j u r i s d i c t i o n a l question" — and t h i s i s a q u o t a t i o n from the l e t t e r t h a t G e n e r a l Grant r e f e r r e d t o , and you can undoubtedly f i n d i t i n the f i l e s of the D i s t r i c t Commissioners, and t h i s i s a l e t t e r t o him t h e Commissionersi from "However, tho Commissioners a r e of the o p i n i o n t h a t t h e avonue s h o u l d becocs a p a r t of t h e G l o v e r Parkway and t h a t e v e r y e f f o r t �243 s h o u l d bo made t o f i n d l e g a l means of e f f e c t i n g the t r a n s f e r . The Commissioners a r e t h o r o u g h l y i n a c c o r d w i t h the use of A r i z o n a Avenue a s a p a r k a r e a , and a r e a g r e e a b l e t o t h e c r e a t i o n of a border s t r e e t a s o u t l i n e d i n your p l a n " General Grant's plan — be needed. — " a t such time a s i t may There i s no i n t e n t i o n of d e s t r o y i n g any of t h e f o l i a g e or topography w i t h i n the l i n e s of A r i z o n a Avenue, and no r e a s o n can be seen i t cannot remain a s i s , g i v i n g your o f f i c e why full a u t h o r i t y t o t r e a t i t a s a park s i m i l a r t o the a b u t t i n g pork p r o p e r t y . I f t h e pending street c l o s i n g b i l l becomes a law, then f u l l l e g a l a u t h o r i t y w i l l e x i s t f o r t h e c l o s i n g and u l t i m a t e t r a n s f e r t o your office." As G e n e r a l Grant t o l d you, s u c h a b i l l was on December 15, 1932. However, no t r a n s f e r was G e n e r a l G r a n t was t r a n s f e r r e d t o another approved forthcoming. jurisdiction, and when he came back and assumed t h e head of the P a r k and P l a n n i n g Commission, i n 1943 t h e r e was drawn up between t h e P a r k and P l a n n i n g Commission and tho Commissioners of t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia an agreement, a compact which I r e f e r r e d t o a l i t t l e w h i l e ago a s "Operation B o o t s t r a p " a s f a r a s we a r e concerned because i t was the P a r k S e r v i c e and t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia d e c i d e d what t h e y were going �244 12ht t o do w i t h o u t r e f e r e n c e t o tho r i g h t s and powers, and Mr. A r c h b o l d was not a p a r t y t o t h a t agreement and Mrs. G l o v e r was not a p a r t y t o i t . And s o f a r a s t h e i r d o n a t i o n s and d e d i c a t i o n s a r e concerned, i t was u n a f f e c t e d t h e r e b y , and I had o c c a s i o n t o c a l l t h e a t t e n t i o n of t h o P a r k and P l a n n i n g Commission t o t h a t i n June of l a s t y e a r when t h e y almost a s a steamr o l l e r had d r i v e n through t h e i r adoption by f i v e t o f o u r of those p r e s e n t and over t h e o p p o s i t i o n of t h e D i s t r i c t authorities on t h a t board, tho p l a n C or D, a p l a n a u t h - o r i s i n g t h o d e s t r u c t i o n of t h e G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d p r o p e r t y . There can be no doubt, I t a k e i t — no p o s s i b l e doubt i n anybody's mind — t h e r e can be t h a t such a highway, e i g h t , n i n e , o r more l a n e s coming down through t h i s p a r k , would be u t t e r l y and a b s o l u t e l y d e s t r u c t i v e of i t a s a parkway and f o r t h e purposes f o r which i t was g i v e n . Back i n 1948 one of -these a s s a u l t s took p l a c e , and i t was an e f f o r t t o put through s p e e d i l y and almost s u r r e p t i t i o u s l y an a c t of Congress which would have a u t h o r i s e d t h e Commissioners t o c o n s t r u c t a d i v i d e d highway i n Foundry Branch. T h a t was d e f e a t e d . Mrs. A r c h b o l d p r o t e s t e d t o t h e then S e c r e t a r y of t h e I n t e r i o r and tho S e c r e t a r y of t h e I n t e r i o r wrote '/his l e t t e r t o h e r , dated January 20, 1948. (The letter follows:) cur �"My Dear Mrs. A r c h b o l d : I concur i n th© 245 o p i u i o n e x p r e s s e d i n your l e t t e r of J a n u a r y 6 t h a t t h e c o n v e r s i o n of Foundry Branch Parkway" — bear i n mind t h a t Foundry Branch Parkway was the old nam© by which t h i s t r a c t of l a n d was known — " t h a t t h e c o n v e r s i o n of Foundry B r a n c h Parkway t o a commercial f r e e w a y would be a v i o l a t i o n of the purpose f o r w h i c h t h e l a n d was donated by you and Mr. C. C. G l o v e r . T h i s Department w i l l t h e r e f o r e oppose t h e enactment of S. 1924, *A B i l l A u t h o r i z i n g and d i r e c t i n g t h e Commissioners of t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia t o p r e p a r e p l a n s and s u b s e q u e n t l y c o n s t r u c t a d i v i d e d highway i n Foundry Branch s u b s t a n t i a l l y i n l i n e of A r i z o n a Avonue between C a n a l Road and T e n l e y C i r c l e ( W i s c o n s i n Avemue), and f o r other purposes.* " I am d e e p l y a p p r e c i a t i v e of t h e i n t e r e s t w h i c h you and Mr. G l o v e r d i s p l a y e d i n t h e w e l f a r e of t h e people, and p a r t i c u l a r l y of t h e c h i l d r e n , of t h o N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l , w h i c h was i n d i c a t e d by your d o n a t i o n of t h i s b e a u t i f u l and v a l u a b l e t r a c t of p a r k l a n d and a s s u r e you t h a t we w i l l make e v e r y e f f o r t p o s s i b l e t o r e t a i n t h i s p r o p e r t y for t h e usage i n t e n d e d by i t s donors." "Sincerely yours, J . A. Krug, S e c r e t a r y of t h e I n t e r i o r . " �246 I a s k , Mr. Chairman, i f t h a t may bo f i l e d a s a p a r t of my s t a t e m e n t . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: MB. OBEAR: I t w i l l be. A s I s t a t e d a few moments ago, there a r e two phases t o t h e t o t i n g of t h i s l a n d . p u r e l y l e g a l one. I s there a r i g h t ? One i s t h e I do not t h i n k s o . I do n o t b e l i e v e you w i l l be s o a d v i s e d — a t l e a s t two of your members a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d l a w y e r s , and I know you a r e not s i t t i n g h e r e i n a l e g a l c a p a c i t y , and t h a t you are s i t t i n g h e r e a s e x e c u t i v e s , and I have no doubt t h a t perhaps one other Commissioner may have had somo e x p e r i e n c e i n such c a s e s i — I have no doubt C o r p o r a t i o n C o u n s e l , your a d v i s e r , i f he l o o k s i n t o t h e l a w w i l l a d v i s e you t h a t t h e r e i s no power, no power on t h e p a r t of t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia t o t a k e t h i s l a n d and d e s t r o y t h e park by p e r m i t t i n g that 240 j u n c t i o n t o come through i t . T h i s i s a problem t h a t h a s a r i s e n on many, many occasions, and I t h i n k i t might be i n t e r e s t i n g t o r e f e r t o j u s t two o r t h r e e t o see what t h e c o u r t s have s a i d . One q u o t a t i o n t h a t I would l i k e t o r e a d h e r e i s almost a s i f I t were w r i t t e n f o r t h i s s i t u a t i o n . L e t us take t h e ease of R i v e r s i d e a g a i n s t McLean, i n I l l i n o i s . I n 1S69 c e r t a i n l a n d s wore d e d i c a t e d f o r park purposes by t h e owner t h e r e o f by common l a w d e d i c a t i o n . corporation I n 1875 t h e m u n i c i p a l was o r g a n i z e d and r e c o g n i s e d t h e d e d i c a t i o n �247 and m a i n t a i n e d t h e l a n d a s a p a r k . The q u e s t i o n came on, t h e Court r e j e c t e d t h e argument t h a t t h e proposed r o a d was a p l e a s u r e d r i v e w a y , h o l d i n g t h a t i t was a highway. The Court h e l d t h a t a d e v i a t i o n from such use by t h e v i l l a g e " i s i n v i o l a t i o n of i t s d u t i e s a s t r u s t e e f o r t h e p u b l i c , and r e s u l t s i n damage t o t h e p r o p e r t y of a p p e l l e e s and d e s t r o y s t h e i r easement i n t h e p a r k . " And f u r t h e r , t h e Court s a i d t h i s : "Whore such a t r a c t h a s been d e d i c a t e d and a c c e p t e d a s a p u b l i c p a r k , " d e d i c a t e d and accepted — — "the acceptance i s an important p a r t of i t , and a d j u d i c a t e d t o be s u c h , t h o m u n i c i p a l i t y has no power t o c o n v e r t any p o r t i o n of i t i n t o a p u b l i c highway because such u s e i s i n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h and d e s t r u c t i v e of i t s use a s a park. Tho power cannot e x i s t t o d i v e r t p r o p e r t y from tho purpose f o r which i t was donated. This p l a t was a solemn d e d i c a t i o n of t h e ground f o r t h e c o r p o r a t i o n , t o be h e l d i n t r u s t f o r t h e use of t h e p u b l i c . The d o n a t i o n was made f o r c e r t a i n s p e c i f i c and d e f i n e d purposes. Tho c i t y a c c e p t e d t h o t r u s t . A p l e a s u r e d r i v e w a y may be a l e g i t i m a t e f e a t u r e of a p u b l i c p a r k c r e a t e d b y a m u n i c i p a l i t y , but i n a d e d i c a t e d p a r k i t i s a l w a y s a q u e s t i o n of t h e i n t e n t i o n of t h e donor." Nov/ X r e f e r t o one i n C a l i f o r n i a . I n New York C i t y t h e r e i s o n l y one — referring �248 t o t h i s o p i n i o n , an o p i n i o n t h a t I have hero — there i s o n l y one d e d i c a t e d square or park ground i n t h e e n t i r e c i t y of New York, and t h a t i a a parkway c a l l e d S t u y v e s a n t Park. There was a movement a f o o t t o c o n v e r t t h a t p a r k , t h a t square of ground, i n t o a playground, and one of t h e h o s p i t a l s a b u t t e d on t h e parkway f i l e d an i n j u n c t i v e and an i n j u n c t i o n was g r a n t e d . suit That i s B e t h I s r a e l H o s p i t a l A s s o c i a n v e r s u s Moses, Commissioner ox P a r k s , 9 NE 2d 838 (1037). The Court g r a n t e d t h e i n j u n c t i o n . I would l i k e t o t u r n t o t h i s case i n C a l i f o r n i a for a moment, Take t h i s case i n Colorado. Mclntyre against t h e Board of Commissioners of E l Paso County, 61 P a c i f i c , Colorado, 257: " A c t i o n t o e n j o i n t h o use by county com- m i s s i o n e r s of p u b l i c park i n t h e c i t y of Colorado S p r i n g s a s a s i t e f o r a county c o u r t house." I n 1871 Colorado S p r i n g s C o r p o r a t i o n , a p r i v a t e c o r p o r a t i o n , l a i d o f f and p l a t t e d a s a t o w n s i t e f o r t h o c i t y of Colorado S p r i n g s , a c e r t a i n t r a c t i t was tho ownor. of l a n d , of which Two s i t e s were r e s e r v e d f o r p u b l i c p a r k s , i n c l u d i n g t h e p u b l i c square. The two s i t e s were t a k e n i n t o p o s s e s s i o n by t h e c i t y a u t h o r i t y f o r p a r k s , improved a t p u b l i c expense f o r p a r k s , and m a i n t a i n e d a s p u b l i c p a r k s a t p u b l i c expense. I n 1899 t h e c i t y c o u n c i l was about t o permit t h e l a n d t o bo used f o r t h e e r e c t i o n of a c o u r t house. Tho �249 c o u r t "hold I t t o bo w e l l s e t t l e d by the u n i v e r s a l c u r r e n t a u t h o r i t y that the m u n i c i p a l i t y holds tho dedicated grounds f o r the use and b e n e f i t of i t s o l f l s s n s f o r purposes o n l y of i t s dedication, city — The t r u s t e e H — t h a t i s t o any, t h e "cannot Impose upon i t any servitude or burden i n - c o n s i s t e n t with these purposes, or tending t o i m p a i r thorn. Neither can i t a l i e n a t e the ground or r e l i e v e i t s e l f of the a u t h o r i t y f,ad d u t y t o r e g u l a t e the same. I f the d e d i c a t i o n of the square i n coo trover ay wes s o l e ? f o r t h e purpose of a p u b l i c park f o r use and b e n e f i t of tho c i t i z e n s of Colorado S o r i n g s , t h e r e i s no q u e s t i o n t h a t i t i s w h o l l y w i t h o u t t h e power of the c i t y a u t h o r i t i e s t o convoy i t or permit i t t o bo used f o r the e r e c t i o n t h e r e o n of a county c o u r t house. I t would be a use u t t e r l y i n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h a t f o r which i t was dedicated. The lav; on the s u b j o c t i s w o l l s o t t l e d , t h a t i f i t i s d e d i c a t e d a s a p u b l i c parkway, and accepted a s such-, i t i s w i t h o u t the power of the m u n i c i p a l i t y t o use it. But q u i t e a p a r t from t h e l e g a l q u e s t i o n , I come t o tho much more s e r i o u s and much more important q u e s t i o n , a t l e a s t a s f a r a s I am concerned, i s s u e , i s i t proper. and t h a t i s the moral I s i t proper f o r o f f i c i a l s t o permit c i t i z e n s t o d e d i c a t e l a r g e t r a c t s of v a l u a b l e l a n d f o r a p a r t i c u l a r purpose, f o r t h e purpose of a park and then r e g a r d l e s s of your power, would you bo w i l l i n g , would you �250 bo w i l l i n g then t o permit t h a t l a n d t h a t you accepted f o r pari: purposes t o be d e s t r o y e d b e f o r e your v e r y e y e s ? Do you imagine t h a t i f Mr. C h a r l e s C. G l o v e r v/ore a l i v e and were about t o d e d i c a t e 77 a c r e s , or Mrs. A r c h b o l d were about t o d e d i c a t e her 28 and some-odd a c r e s , and t h e y were t o l d t h a t t h i s i s going t o be used f o r an e i g h t - l a n e highway t h a t t h e y would have d e d i c a t e d i t ? Would you, or* y o i , or you, or any of you i n t h i s room have dono t h a t f o r a moment? And i f you d e d i c a t e d your v a l u a b l e l a n d f o r park purposes, out of the g e n e r o s i t y of your h e a r t , would you bo w i l l i n g t o see t h a t park d e s p o i l e d and used f o r a h i g h way? I s a y t o you t h a t t h a t phase of t h i s matter i s by f a r tho most s e r i o u s and the most i m p o r t a n t t h a t you Comm i s s i o n e r s have t o d e c i d e . whether That you w i l l have t o d e c i d e , or not you a r e w i l l i n g t o become p a r t n e r s t o any p l a n which j o i n s i n the d e s p o i l i n g of l a n d s t h a t have been i n good f a i t h accepted and g i v e n . And f i n a l l y , i f you t a k e t h i s , i f you d e c i d e t o tako t h i s G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d Parkway, you w i l l come f a c e t o f a c e w i t h the f r i g h t f u l i r r e v o c a b i l i t y of such an a c t . I t i s f r i g h t f u l , and i t i s f r i g h t e n i n g because onco you d e s t r o y t h a t park you c a n ' t put i t back. You a r e v e r y much i n tho p o s i t i o n , and you w i l l pardon me a c l a s s i c a l O t h e l l o when ho h o l d s a candlo and s a y s : a l l u s i o n , of " I f I quench t h e e , �251 I can thy l i g h t relume, should I repent rao." And then ho t u r n s t o the b e a u t i f u l Dosdemona and says: "But once thy l i g h t i s out, thou cunningost pattern of e x c e l l i n g nature, I know not where i s that Promethean heat that can thy l i g h t relume." So I say t o you gentlemen that the dreadul i r r e v o c a b i l i t y of tho step of destroying a b e a u t i f u l park that other c i t i e s would pay m i l l i o n s t o obtain, i f they p o s s i b l y could, and which you cannot replace — i n your power t o replace i t — i t isn't I say i t i s a f r i g h t f u l d e c i s i o n that you have t o make i f you make a d e c i s i o n t o destroy i t . With t h a t , s i r , I w i l l leave tho matter w i t h you. (Applause.) COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: watching the c l o c k , Mr. Obear. You must have been I t i s j u s t e x a c t l y s i x o'clock. Thank you v e r y much. STATEMENT OP CHARLES C. GLOVER, JR. MR. GLOVER: I am Charles C. Glover, J r . , and I would l i k e t o s t a t e that I am opposed t o the use of the park f o r the truck route. I also d e s i r e t o s t a t e that having l i s t e n e d t o General Grant I was g r e a t l y impressed v/ith h i s l a s t suggestion that maybe t h i s route could be c a r r i e d outside the Canal. I stood on the Chain Bridge and looked up and down the r i v e r a t that long area of �252 wasteland, r o c k s , bushes, and, a f t e r the r a i n y season, stagnant water, and I think a route c a r r i e d down that area would tako away no houses and would destroy no beauty, and that that might be a s o l u t i o n t o the objections which have been r a i s e d heretofore. COBC3ISSIONJSR KC LAUGHLIN: Thank you. (Applause.) (Blueprint of the Archbold Parkway and Deed of Anne Archbold f o l l o w : ) �252-A htil MR. OBEAR: Would you permit Sir. Archbold t o make I statement? COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Yes, indeed. STATEMENT OP JOHN D. ARCHBOLD. MR. ARCHBOLD: I concur f u l l y with Mr. Oboar. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: We w i l l reconvene here at 7:30. (Thereupon, a t 6:03 o'clock p.m., the hearing was recessed, t o reconvene at 7:30 o'clock p.m., t h i s same date.) �253 EVENING SESSION 7:30 p.m. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Come to order, please. Next we have the American Automobile Association to make a presentation, Mr. Washington I.Cleveland, Secretary. STATEMENT OF WASHINGTON I . CLEVELAND, SECRETARY AMERICAN AUTOMOBILE ASSOCIATION. MR. CLEVELAND: Board of Commissioners: Mr. Chairman, and Members of the My name i s Washington I Cleveland,* I am the Secretary of the D. C. D i v i s i o n , American Automobile A s s o c i a t i o n , and I am here to present the recommendations of the D. C. Advisory Board of that organization. The D. C. Advisory Board of the American Automobile Association c a l l s a t t e n t i o n to the urgent need f o r prompt construction of the connecting l i n k between the Inner Loop surrounding the c e n t r a l business area of the C i t y of Washington and Route 240 at the Maryland-District of Columbia l i n e . I n a r r i v i n g a t a decision as to the best l o c a t i o n for t h i s s e c t i o n of the Federal I n t e r s t a t e and Defense Highway System, we have been guided by three p r i n c i p l e s : F i r s t , U. S. 240 should be brought i n t o the D i s t r i c t of Columbia over a route which would be of the �254 maximum s e r v i c e to the greatest number of users while at the same time being constructed according to the highest engineering standards and a t the most economical cost to the taxpayers; Second, the b u i l d i n g of t h i s highway should create the minimum of damage to p r i v a t e property; T h i r d , i t should be located so as not to create such overwhelming opposition that the p r o j e c t might be t i e d up i n l i t i g a t i o n and Congressional hearings over a period of years. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Are you s t a t i n g them i n the order of p r i o r i t y ? MR. CLEVELAND: I hadn't thought about the p r i o r i t y , s i r , but perhaps based on these c r i t e r i a t a n d the extended study by the Highways and Bridges Committee of the D. C. Advisory Board, American Automobile Assocation, i t i s recommended that Route 240 be constructed on the proposed A-2 route as approved by the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Department of Highways. The primary purpose of the I n t e r s t a t e Highway System i s to accommodate through, or i n t e r s t a t e and defense t r a f f i c . did The Federal Aid Highway l e g i s l a t i o n not contemplate the construction of the i n t e r s t a t e route f o r the p r i n c i p a l purpose of accommodating the great volume of l o c a l commuter t r a f f i c w i t h i t s o r i g i n �255 and d e s t i n a t i o n w i t h i n the l o c a l area. Our Board c a l l s a t t e n t i o n to the f a c t that the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r which has been suggested by the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission i s already overcrowded. I t would seem to be u n r e a l i s t i c to bring i n t o t h i s already overcrowded t r a f f i c a r t e r y the i n t e r s t a t e t r a f f i c which flows over Route 240. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Doesn't that come mostly over the Wisconsin a r t e r y now? MR. CLEVELAND: I t does. What we are t r y i n g to i n d i c a t e i s that i t would c e r t a i n l y r e l i e v e the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r i f you could get i t o f f of there. On the other hand, the proposed Route A-2, following the Potomac River from the Maryland-District of Columbia l i n e to the Inner Loop, i s not so overcrowded with l o c a l t r a f f i c and could accommodate the i n t e r s t a t e v e h i c l e s without c r e a t i n g undue congestion. I f the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r were adopted as the means of bringing Route 240 into the D i s t r i c t of Columbia i t would have a very disastrous a f f e c t upon the northwest s e c t i o n of the C i t y because i t would c o n s t i tute a b a r r i e r separating the area east of Wisconsin Avenue from the area west of ?/isconsin Avenue. Our Board i s conscious of the f a c t that no one route w i l l accommodate a l l the t r a f f i c flowing into �258 the D i s t r i c t of Columbia from the Maryland suburbs. I t recognizes that a l l of the p r i n c i p a l a r t e r i e s leading i n t o the c e n t r a l c i t y must be improved, including Wiscons i n Avenue. Unless t h i s i s done, future t r a f f i c needs w i l l not be met and congestion on such routes as Georgia Avenue, 16th S t r e e t , Connecticut Avenue, T/isconsin Avenue and Massachusetts Avenue w i l l become i n t o l e r a b l e . I t i s our opinion that t h i s commuter t r a f f i c should be dispersed so that i t w i l l flow over a l l of these routes rather than have a large portion of i t funnaled i n t o one main a r t e r y as i s contemplated by the advocates of the Wisconsin Avenue corridor p r o j e c t . One of the great advantages i n the s e l e c t i o n of the A-2 route along the Potomac River i s that i t e l i m i n a t e s the construction of many expensive highv/ay overpasses such as would be required i f the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r route were adopted. The damage to important business properties along the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r route i s v a s t l y greater than the damage to abutting property along route A-2. For example, since the Wisconsin Avenue route has been brought i n t o serious d i s c u s s i o n , the Government Employees Insurance Company whose l o c a t i o n would be adversely a f f e c t e d , has stopped construction pending the outcome although close to a m i l l i o n d o l l a r s has already �257 been invested by that f i r m . By c o n t r a s t , along the A-2 route, only f o r t y - t h r e e dwellings of a minor r e a l e s t a t e value, would have t o be acquired. ( T h i s f i g u r e i s taken from report of June 1957 of Clarkeson Engineering Company, I n c . ) Another advantage to the use of route A-2 i s that i t would make unnecessary the use of Glover-Archbold Parkway as a portion of the I n t e r s t a t e System. This f a c t i s important because much of the Glover-Archbold Parkway c o n s i s t s of land donated for park use only. As trucks must be permitted to use the I n t e r s t a t e System there i s a r e a l question as to whether Glover-Archbold Parkway could be b u i l t for t h i s purpose. Another important aspect of t h i s problem i n volves the question of damage to adjacent property. The A-2 route following the Potomac R i v e r i s located on the r i v e r side of a l l r e s i d e n t i a l dwellings between MaeArthur Boulevard and the proposed highway, thereby c r e a t i n g a minimum of disturbance and damage to adjacent property owners. Of outstanding importance i s the matter of comparative c o s t s . The A-2 route would cost approximately t h i r t e e n m i l l i o n d o l l a r s l e s s than the Wisconsin Avenue corridor route. F i n a l l y , i t should be borne i n mind, as s t a t e d �258 e a r l i e r , that the p r i n c i p a l consideration i n connection w i t h the l o c a t i o n of Route 240 i s to f a c i l i t a t e the purpose of an i n t e r s t a t e route and not to solve the D i s t r i c t of Columbia t r a f f i c problems. Route A-2 v / i l l serve i n t e r - s t a t e t r a f f i c more expeditiously by keeping i t out of the main stream of l o c a l t r a f f i c . The D. C. Advisory Board of the American Automob i l e A s s o c i a t i o n strongly urges the Commissioners of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia to approve the plan as recommended by the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Department of Highways; namely Route A-2 along the Potosac R i v e r , as the l o c a t i o n of that portion of Route 240 between the Maryland-District of Columbia l i n e and the Inner Loop. I want to thank you very much for the p r i v i l e g e of presenting t h i s , and say that you c e r t a i n l y are to be commended f o r the e x c e l l e n t way that you have conducted t h i s hearing. You c e r t a i n l y have given everybody t h e i r f u l l day i n Court, and I am sure, as one of those who has been here today, i t i s deeply appreciated. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: That i s the only way v/e can s a t i s f y everybody. Thank you, Mr. Cleveland. Mr. L. 0. Bolton, A s s i s t a n t Urban Engineer, V i r g i n i a Department of Highways. Mr. Bolton, we are very glad t o have you. �259 STATEMENT OP MR. L. 0. BOLTON, ASSISTANT URBAN ENGINEER, VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS. MR. BOLTON: Mr. Chairman, I am L.O. Bolton, AfElstant Urban Engineer, V i r g i n i a Department of Highways, appearing i n response to your i n v i t a t i o n . On behalf of the department I would l i k e to thank you f o r the opportunity to present our views. I n accepting your i n v i t a t i o n , we advised that we could not make any recommendations concerning the l o c a t i o n of I n t e r s t a t e Route 240 s i n c e no part of t h i s route l i e s w i t h i n the State of V i r g i n i a . We are informed that the Department of Highways of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia favors the route designated as A-2. There i s one recommendation included i n the route A-2 proposal which v i t a l l y concerns V i r g i n i a . I am r e f e r r i n g t o the proposed Potomac R i v e r Bridge a t Arizona Avenue. A bridge a t Arizona Avenue provides V i r g i n i a an e x c e l l e n t s o l u t i o n to the e v e r - i n c r e a s i n g t r a f f i c congestion problem a t Chain Bridge. This location i s also most favorable for the c o n s t r u c t i o n of adequate approach roads and connections on the V i r g i n i a s i d e . Should the Board of Commissioners f i n d that a bridge a t t h i s l o c a t i o n v / i l l serve the best i n t e r e s t s of the D i s t r i c t , the V i r g i n i a Department of Highways i s �260 prepared to provide proper appsaches and connections to the new bridge i n A r l i n g t o n County. Thank you. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Bolton — I s i t t r u e , Mr. I haven't quite understood which i t i s , and I should ask someone e l s e , probably — that Chain Bridge becomes obsolete under the A-2 plan? Mi'. Robertson should answer t h a t . Would i t be obsolete i n a l l r e s p e c t s , or j u s t with respect to c e r t a i n highways? MR. ROBERTSON: Mr. President and gentlemen, you have heard a l o t of d i s c u s s i o n s about more bridges needed across the Potomac R i v e r . We a l l agree we do need more bridges across the Potomac R i v e r . Chain Bridge, a f t e r the Arizona bridge i s b u i l t , w i l l act more as a l o c a l connection to the v i c i n i t y adjacent to the bridge on each s i d e . We b e l i e v e a f t e r the Arizona Avenue bridge that Chain Bridge w i l l probably c a r r y f i v e to s i s thousand v e h i c l e s a day. I t i s a t h i r t y - f o o t v i d e , t h i s roadway. now we have three lanes. Right But as soon as the new Government b u i l d i n g opens up over there we w i l l probably have to put i t back to two lanes. U n t i l the time that we build the new bridge, which again I say i s not part of the 240 connection, Chain Bridge w i l l c a r r y a t e r r i f i c load because �261 Canal Road w i l l have to be used from Arizona Avenue to the bridge as two-way operation. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: l a t e r on. We w i l l go i n t o that Thank you very much. Are there any questions? I f not, thank you, Mr. Bolton. Mr. James C. ?/ilkes, Counsel f o r the Government Employees Insurance Company. �262 STATEMENT OF JAMES C. WILKES, COUNSEL GOVERNMENT EMPLOYEES INSURANCE COMPANY. MR. WILKES: Board of Commissioners. Mr. President and Members of the My name i s James C. Wilkes. I appear here today on behalf of tho Government Employees Insurance Company, one of the l a r g e r insurance companies located i n the Washington metropolitan area. The p r i n c i p a l o f f i c e s o f t h i s company are i n s e v e r a l o f f i c e building i n the C i t y of Washington a t t h i s time. The Government Employees Insurance Company i n 1955 acquired a t r a c t of land of s l i g h t l y more than 28 acres i n s i z e located immediately west of the Chevy Chase Braneh of the Woodward and Lothrop Department store on Wisconsin Avenue and Western Avenue. This s i t e has s t r e e t frontage on Western Avenue and i s located i n Montgomery County, Maryland. I n August, 1957, the company commenced construction of a new operat i o n s b u i l d i n g on t h i s s i t e to contain 212,000 square feet of f l o o r space. approximately Thereafter, a t considerable hardship and c o s t , construction was suspended f o r reasons which w i l l hereafter be given. Three of the routes under consideration here today involve the l o c a t i o n of U. S. Highv/ay 240, along routes C and D, east of Wisconsin Avenue as designated i n the Clarkeson r e p o r t , or a route generally following �263 routes C and D but i n t e r s e c t i n g Western Avenue at a point west of Wisconsin Avenue and taking a portion of the Government Employees Insurance Company s i t e . I f t h i s l a t t e r route i s s e l e c t e d , the highway a u t h o r i t i e s would take approximately 6.8 acres of the Insurance Company's s i t e , I might say at that point that as against 28 acres, 6.8 might not sound l i k e so much, but because of topography, the requirements of the neighbors i n connection with zoning concessions which were given, and the requirements of the County a u t h o r i t i e s , the 6.8 acres which we would lose i s as good as any other land and i s approximately one-half — i s s l i g h t l y l e s s than one-half — as a matter of f a c t , i t of the area which i s a v a i l a b l e under present zoning for the construction of t h i s office building. The Company i s therefore v i t a l l y i n t e r e s t e d i n the route selected for U. S. Highway 249. This s i t e was selected by the Insurance Company following extensive s t u d i e s , s i t e inspection of t h i s property, as w e l l as other l o c a t i o n s i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and nearby Maryland and V i r g i n i a , and the securing of the necessary zoning following approvals. Assuming that the route s e l e c t e d for U. S. Highway 240 follows the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r , the Company w i l l have a v a i l a b l e a s i t e of only 20 acres �264 because of the addition to the land to be taken for the highway. The Company, a t the request of the Maryland National C a p i t a l Park and Planning Commission, had dedicated a l i t t l e more than two acres of the land for public purposes. A s i t e of 20 a c r e s , according to the study prepared by engineering and space consultants of the Company, i s approximately 40 percent smaller than the s i t e recommended to take care of the f u t u r e growth of the Company f o r a f o r t y - y e a r period. That i s taking i n t o consideration the topographical and other conditions referred to. The Company i s therefore confronted with the very s e r i o u s threat to the s i t e selected to serve the Company's needs f o r tho l o c a t i o n of i t s operational b u i l d i n g f o r a minimum of 20 years to be so reduced i n s i z e as to preclude the long-range use of the property based upon the most appropriate type of land utilization from the Company's operating standpoint. I would l i k e to point out that among the cons i d e r a t i o n s which were given t o t h i s s i t e i s the f a c t that the topography was such that there could be a parking l o t on the south entering i n t o the second f l o o r , a parking l o t to the north entering i n t o the f i r s t f l o o r . The r e s u l t i s that the b u i l d i n g being only a �265 three-story b u i l d i n g , would not involve the necessity of having any elevator- i n s t a l l e d for the use of the personnel. The foundation and the part of the building above the foundation has been completed, and i t w i l l be impracticable, i n the opinion of the a r c h i t e c t and of the b u i l d e r , to u t i l i z e to any advantage the part of the s t r u c t u r e which has already been completed and construction upon which has been temporarily suspended u n t i l we can f i n d out where we stand. The Company has proceeded v/ith i t s construction program a f t e r completing one of the most exhaustive site s t u d i e s undertaken by any company i n t h i s area. Public o f f i c i a l s , both of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and of Montgomery County, as w e l l as the State Roads Commission of Maryland, are f a m i l i a r with the plans of the Company to locate i t s operations on the t r a c t of land immediately west of the Chevy Chase Branch of the Woodward and Lothrop s t o r e . Since l a t e 1954 the o f f i c i a l s of the Montgomery County have been advised of a l l of the plans of the Company. Following the securing of the o r i g i n a l zoning of the property i n the spring of 1955, the Maryland National C a p i t a l Park and Planning Commission has been kept f u l l y posted si to the plans of the Insurance Company. On October 18, 1957, the Company f i r s t learned, �266 through a newspaper a r t i c l e , of the p o s s i b i l i t y of l o c a t i n g U. S. 240 over a portion of the Company's s i t e , the a s s o c i a t i o n i n the area were kept f u l l y informed as to the plans of the Insurance Company p r i o r to that date. I n J u l y of 1957, ground-breaking ceremonies were held and County o f f i c i a l s were present a t that occasion. I n August, 1957, the construction commenced, and from that date to s h o r t l y a f t e r October 18, 1957, when the Company learned of the threat that United States Route 240 might be located over a portion of the s i t e , almost a m i l l i o n d o l l a r s v/as spent i n acquiring the s i t e and i n preparing the plans for the b u i l d i n g , and an a d d i t i o n a l $500,000 for on-site construction, that i s , s t e e l and concrete . Although the Insurance Company's p o s i t i o n from the standpoint of i t s future building plans a t Western Avenue are m a t e r i a l l y a f f e c t e d , the Company recognises that progress can not be retarded or stopped by a s i n g l e company. The Company a l s o recognizes that the o v e r a l l community requirements must be s a t i s f i e d although i t may s e r i o u s l y a f f e c t many property owners. I n t h i s regard i t i s obvious that wherever the highv/ay i s located must of necessity a f f e c t the area through v/hich i t runs. The Insurance Company nevertheless b e l i e v e s that the l o c a t i o n �267 of U. S. 240 along the modified routes C and D, which i s west of Wisconsin Avenue, i s not the most appropriate or d e s i r a b l e l o c a t i o n for highway 240, The Company has considered the e f f e c t of l o c a t i n g the highv/ay along the above routes as v/ell as other suggested routes i n the area and i t i s the Company's b e l i e f that the routes designated as A or A-2 i n the Clarkeson report best serve the i n t e r e s t s of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia the surrounding area and the i n t e r s t a t e t r a f f i c using Highway 240. Some of the most important f a c t s supporting the Company's p o s i t i o u are s e t f o r t h as f o l l o w s : 1. The l o c a t i o n of U.S. Highway 240, along e i t h e r routes C or D, or the modified routes C or D, or along R i v e r Road connecting with Wisconsin Avenue corridor at the D i s t r i c t l i n e below Montgomery County, w i l l have the most s e r i o u s adverse e f f e c t upon the established neighborhoods both i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and i n Montgomery County of any of the routes concerned. I n t h i s connection i t i s s i g n i f i c a n t to f u l l y appreciate that the above routes pass through the most h e a v i l y developed area i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia or Montgomery County west of C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue and Rock Creek Park. Thus, by n e c e s s i t y , more promptly improve- ments w i l l be e f f e c t e d both i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia �268 and i n Montgomery County i f Route C or Route 0 or the modified routes C or D are s e l e c t e d . As members of the Board of Commissioners you have had an opportunity to observe the s e r i o u s problems which a f f e c t a neighborhood or area when i t i s placed i n such an uncertain s t a t u s . I n the southwest area of Washington we observed that property owners s u f f e r e d many s e r i o u s problems and hardships once that area was scheduled f o r redevelopment. No b u i l d i n g permits were obtainable, property ov/ners found i t d i f f i c u l t to r e t a i n tenants, r e s p e c t i v e purchasers directed t h e i r needs to other a r e a s , a l l of which materi a l l y a f f e c t e d the market value and the l i v a b i l i t y of tho southwest area. Obviously the same problems and d i s l o c a t i o n v / i l l r e s u l t i n the establishment of a highway of the s i z e of U. S.-240. Property ov/ners and r e s i d e n t s of Wisconsin Avenue and Glover-Archbold Parkway area w i l l soon discover that a large l i m i t e d access highv/ay located w i t h i n that area w i l l forever change the character of the area. On the other hand, the u t i l i z a t i o n of the Clarkeson route A or A-2 along the Potomac r i v e r w i l l have s u b s t a n t i a l l y l e s s adverse e f f e c t upon the surrounding area and v / i l l a f f e c t fewer property owners. 2. The l o c a t i o n of the highway along routes �269 C and O i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia w i l l not from a t r a f f i c standpoint s u b s t a n t i a l l y a i d the r e s i d e n t s of the northwest s e c t i o n of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. Because U» S. Highway 240 i s a limited-access highway i t w i l l be d i f f i c u l t f o r most r e s i d e n t s of t h i s s e c t i o n of the C i t y to gain access to the expressway. There w i l l be probably only two or possibly three points of access to the highway from the D i s t r i c t l i n e to the Glover-Archbold } .rkway. Unless s u b s t a n t i a l and major highv/ay improve- nts are made along these approach r o u t e s , many of the people v / i l l f i n d that the congestion i n reaching the express highway eliminates any advantage i n using i t . We b e l i e v e that the same condition applies i n the South Bethesda aroa of Montgomery County, The resi- dents of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and lower Montgomery County v / i l l be best served by improving Wisconsin Avenue and other s t r e e t s i n the a r e a , v/ith emphasis on taking care of l o c a l t r a f f i c needs. The l o c a t i o n of the proposed r.oute along the Clarkeson routes A and A-2 w i l l best serve tho t r a f f i c requirements of the C i t y by routing i n t e r s t a t e t r a f f i c around the C i t y and prevent the over-concentration of t r a f f i c a t one point on the Inner Loop as w i l l occur through the u t i l i z a t i o n by the Clarkeson routes C and D along the s o - c a l l e d Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r . �270 A l l concede that no s i n g l e highv/ay can adequately take care of a l l of the t r a f f i c of the northwest s e c t i o n of Washington, D. C. and the a f f e c t e d area of Montgomery County. Therefore the i n t e r e s t of the r e s i d e n t s of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia w i l l be served best by l o c a t i n g 240 along a route that has the l e a s t adverse impact upon the C i t y as a whole. 3. The Clarkeson report d i s c l o s e s that the s e c t i o n of the route along Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r , that i s , C and D, w i l l create the mo3t serious d i s r u p t i o n of t r a f f i c during the period of construction as compared with other routes considered. I have i n mind that the underpass going below DuPont C i r c l e took almost two years to b u i l d . And v/hile t h i s i s an uneducated guess, I would say perhaps four years would be a minimum time v/hich v/ould be required to do the major part of t h i s t r a n s i t i o n should C and D be utilized. 4. The cost of construction of U. S. Highway 240 and the cost of land a c q u i s i t i o n along e i t h e r the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r or the River Road connecting with Wisconsin Avenue corridor at the D i s t r i c t l i n e i s the more expensive route and s u b s t a n t i a l l y exceeds the cost of the route along the Potomac R i v e r . 5. The construction of U. S, Highv/ay 240 along �271 routes A or A-2 w i l l have l e s s adverse e f f e c t upon the r e c r e a t i o n a l park areas of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia than the routes along the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r . And I would l i k e to point out i n that connection that i n addition to the area which was r e f e r r e d to by counsel f o r Mr, Glover and Mrs. Archbold, i f the tunnel were ever b u i l t , i t would involve a u t i l i z a t i o n of the parkway which i s contiguous to and north of Massachusetts Avenue, which i s a very b e a u t i f u l parkway, and a parkway which I am sure has been enjoyed by people i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia f o r many years. 6. Federal plans f o r tho l o c a t i o n of U. S. Highway 240 u t i l i z e generally the routes designated as A and A-2. T h i s l o c a t i o n has been included i n the general l o c a t i o n of approved i n t e r s t a t e highway systems i n the v i c i n i t y of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and approved by the Bureau of Public Roads as of September, 1955. There appears to be no j u s t i f i a b l e reason at t h i s time f o r changing the l o c a t i o n of IJ. S. Highway 240 from the l o c a t i o n heretofore approved as part of the I n t e r s t a t e Highv/ay System. S i t t i n g here today and p a r t i c u l a r l y observing the map which i s mounted highest of the s e v e r a l e x h i b i t s , i t occurred to me that a s i t u a t i o n would have to be quite compelling from the point of view of a l l of the people �272 of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia — f o r g e t t i n g the i n d i v i d u a l i n t e r e s t s of d i f f e r e n t property ov/ners, to erect a v e r i t able Chinese w a l l through the very heart and almost equally b i s e c t i n g the northwestern s e c t i o n of the C i t y of Washing- ton. Of course that Chinese w a l l v/ould serve w e l l people i n d i s t a n t p a r t s of Maryland. But i t v/ould c e r t a i n l y not serve but be a very great d i s s e r v i c e to people i n the northwest s e c t i o n of the C i t y of Washington, and that scar w i l l be with us f o r many generations to come. I was impressed i n that connection with the statement v/hich the gentleman speaking on behalf of the Palisades C i t i z e n s Association made i n r e f e r r i n g to the l e g i s l a t i v e h i s t o r y . He pointed out that the function of these i n t e r s t a t e highway routes i s not to a l l e v i a t e or to solve l o c a l t r a f f i c conditions, but to c a r r y t r a f f i c from one portion of the s t a t e to another portion of the same s t a t e or an adjoining s t a t e , and then to provide connecting l i n k s where necessary. I f C and D have anything a t a l l to recommend them, as I know the p i c t u r e , to the l i m i t e d extent v/hich i I do, i t serves a l o c a l t r a f f i c s i t u a t i o n , but no more. That i s v/here the s e r v i c e stops. Now as against t h a t , A-2 does the l e a s t harm that any approach from t h i s i n t e r s t a t e road i n t o the C i t y �273 of Washington could possibly have. obvious. And the reason i s The topography i s such that i t i s low with r e - l a t i o n to most of the homes i n that s e c t i o n . I n addition to t h a t , when you are next to a r i v e r , you are next to a r a v i n e and anything on the r i v e r side i s n ' t going to hurt you too much. I b e l i e v e that anywhere i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, north, south, east or west, you couldn't f i n d an approach which would do l e s s harm to the C i t y of Washington and to i t s residents than could t h i s A or A-2 route. And then I would l i k e to supplement that by t h i s f u r t h e r observation. preserve parks. We a l l want to But parks are cot for a few people v/hc s t r o l l through them. people. We a l l love parks. Parks, I submit, are f o r a l l of the And I can't imagine any finer-way to go home than i t would be to overlook the Potomac R i v e r . I can't imagine any f i n e r way t o come to work or to. approach the C i t y or to leave the C i t y , I don't believe that the wonderful Palisades of the Potomac and the b e a u t i f u l Potomac over which I have canoed hundreds of times, would be m a t e r i a l l y a f f e c t e d , p a r t i c u l a r l y so i f ycu spend the d i f f e r e n c e between what C and D v/ould cost from i s o l a t i n g , from an a e s t h e t i c point of view, the road from the r e s i d e n t s and from the people using the Potomac R i v e r . �274 I submit that from anything that I have heard today, independent of my ov/a representation, C and D have l i t t l e to recommend them excepting i t s u t i l i z a t i o n f o r local traffic. And I would l i k e to make t h i s f i n a l statement on behalf of the Masser family which owns some r e a l e s t a t e which w i l l be bisected i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia j u s t opposite the Government Employees Insurance Company s i t e . Since we have had the s a l e s t a x i t has been proven beyond any possible controvery that the f i n e s t pickings f o r the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, f i n a n c i a l l y , come from the s a l e s t a x . I t costs almost nothing to administer, and almost nothing to c o l l e c t . And i t requires almost no s e r v i c e i n connection with the s e r v i c i n g of the cause for bringing i n t h i s revenue. On the north side of the Maryland-District of Columbia l i n e the Maryland a u t h o r i t i e s have s t o l l e n a march. They a r e very w i s e l y , from t h e i r point of view, had erected a very f i n e shopping center on the northweste r l y i n t e r s e c t i o n , and Woodward and lothrop i s f i n e , the department s t o t e — one a t the northeast and one a t the northwest i n t e r s e c t i o n . Those two uses bring i n many hundreds of thousands of d o l l a r s i n t a x e s , and much of i t comes from the people i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. The property on the D i s t r i c t of Columbia side �275 has been under-developed and there i s a wonderful opport u n i t y t o get, r i g h t today, one of the f i n e s t Nev/ York s t o r e s , one of the highest c l a s s Mew York s t o r e s v/hich i s presently negotiating f o r the Masser s i t e , and t o have t h i s highv/ay r u i n that f o r a l l time i s a minor f a c t o r from the point of view of the whole consideration, but i t would be very d i f f i c u l t f o r the D i s t r i c t of Columbia to ever adequately capture the income which i t now has as a possibility. Thank you. . . -• , - COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you, Mr. Wilkes Woodward and Lothrop, Mr. Xoehler and Mr. Parker �278 MR. KOEHLER: Mr. Chairman and Commissioners: My name i s John T. Eoehler, attorney. Although I have l i s t e d my appearance on behalf of Woodward and Lothrop, I request your permission t o have my statement presented by the President of that corporation, Mr. Andrew Parker. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you. STATEMENT OF ANDREW PARKER, PRESIDENT, WOODWARD AND LOTHROP, ACCOMPANIED BY JOHN T. KOEHLER, ATTORNEY REPRESENTING WOODWARD AND LOTHROP. MR. PARKER: Mr. President, members of the Board of Commissioners: I appear before you today representing Woodward and Lothrop, I n c . , a Washington i n s t i t u t i o n engaged i n the department-store business i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia s i n c e 1880. The company, i n a d d i t i o n to i t s main s t o r e i n downtown Washington, operates f i v e branch s t o r e s , one of which i s the Chevy Chase branch a t Wisconsin and Western Avenues i n Jaontgomery County, Maryland. I am authorized to advise you that Woodward and Lothrop, by unanimous vote of i t s Board of D i r e c t o r s , opposes the s o - c a l l e d Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r i n Northwest Washington f o r Route 240 f o r the reason that the use of t h i s c o r r i d o r f o r t h i s purpose would very s e r i o u s l y and adversely a f f e c t the business and growth of our Chevy Chase branch. �277 Woodward and Lothrop, asido from the government, i s one of the l a r g e s t employers of personnel i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. Our Chevy Chase branch alone employs 450 people and does an annual business o f approximately $10 m i l l i o n . An a d d i t i o n t o the Chevy Chase branch i s presently under construction which, a f t e r completion, w i l l increase the t o t a l s e l l i n g area of t h i s branch by approximately 70 percent. The t o t a l investment of the company i n the Chevy Chase branch, a f t e r completion of the addition, w i l l be approximately $5,300,000. The Chevy Chase branch was opened f o r business i n 1950 and was the f i r s t s u b s t a n t i a l r e t a i l e s t a b l i s h ment i n the area immediately north of Western Avenue. Since t h a t time, a l a r g e shopping center has been cons t r u e t e d on tho eastern s i d e of Wisconsin Avenue d i r e c t l y across the s t r e e t from the Chevy Chase branch. This center includes u n i t s of such well-known s t o r e s a s Raleigh Haberdasher, R i c h ' s , Mclntyre Hardware, Fanny Farmer, Giant Food Stores, Camaller and Buckley, Peoples Drug Store, Arcade Sunshine Laundry, R. H a r r i s and Company, e t c e t e r a . I n a d d i t i o n , a medical center has been e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h i s area i n recent years. Both the large shopping center i n t h i s area and the Chevy Chase branch of Woodward and Lothrop �278 provide s u b s t a n t i a l and convenient shopping f a c i l i t i e s f o r the r e s i d e n t s of Northwest Washington a s w e l l a s f o r many r e s i d e n t s of Montgomery County, Maryland. These f a m i l i e s , by and l a r g e , use automobiles i n making t h e i r shopping t r i p s to and from t h i s area, i t being estimated by Woodward and Lothrop o f f i c i a l s t h a t 95 percent of a l l s a l e s a t i t s Chevy Chase branch a r e t o customers who have d r i v e n t h e i r own c a r s t o the s t o r e . The l o c a t i o n of an eight-lane expressway through the most t h i c k l y populated area of Northwest Washington would d i s r u p t , and doubtless permanently change, the e s t a b l i s h e d shopping patterns of r e s i d e n t s of t h i s area, would deprive them of ready access t o convenient shipping f a c i l i t i e s and would cause a s e r i o u s curtailment of business i n the area, both during and a f t e r the long period of construction of t h i s expensive f a c i l i t y . Should the Commissioners of the D i s t r i c t approve the use of the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r to the D i s t r i c t l i n e a s the roadway f o r the D i s t r i c t portion of Route 240, present plans would c a l l f o r t h i s new route to end a t a point on Western Avenue i n the D i s t r i c t which, when extended i n t o Maryland, would cross over property owned by the Government Employees Insurance Company and by Woodward and Lothrop. The extent of the damage which w i l l thereby accrue t o the business of these �270 two corporations w i l l depend, i n p a r t , upon matters which are s t i l l somewhat c o n j e c t u r a l , namely, the exact l o c a t i o n of the road, the width of the s t r i p needed t o accommodate i t , the l e v e l a t which the road w i l l c r o s s t h i 3 property whether a t e x i s t i n g grade, below o r above i t — — the date construction w i l l commence, the period of c o n s t r u c t i o n , and other f a c t o r s which, understandably enough, have not been resolved a t the present time. To c i t e but one example, and a s counsel f o r Government Employees Insurance Company has already pointed out, i f present t e n t a t i v e plans a r e made f i n a l , the b u i l d i n g programs of t h i s company w i l l be abruptly ended w h i l e , a t the same time, a portion of the parking f a c i l i t i e s of the Chevy Chase branch w i l l be taken over. I n the event, however, t h a t the t e n t a t i v e width of the s t r i p i s increased o r i t s l o c a t i o n s h i f t e d eastward, tho e f f e c t on the Chevy Chase branch would be even more severe s i n c e e i t h e r of these moves would r e s u l t i n greater, o r perhaps complete, l o s s of our parking f a c i l i t i e s i n that area. I t i s axiomatic i n the department-store business t h a t , g e n e r a l l y speaking, branch s t o r e s i n or near suburban shopping centers depend upon tho use of p r i v a t e automobiles f o r p r a c t i c a l l y a l l of t h e i r business. The l o s s of t h i s Woodward and Lothrop parking l o t would, t h e r e f o r e , �280 almost completely destroy one of the important segments of the business of the company. The appropriate a u t h o r i t i e s of Montgomery County, Maryland, befoer i s s u i n g a b u i l d i n g permit f o r our Chevy Chase a d d i t i o n , required us to increase our parking f a c i l i t i e s to 1100 c a r spaces, which f i g u r e was determined on the b a s i s of the square footage of s e l l i n g and other space i n the enlarged Chevy Chase branch. And I might add t h a t t h i s new a d d i t i o n w i l l be costing Woodward and Lothrop $2,325,000. A l o s s of any of our parking space i n t h i s area would, therefore, wholly a s i d e from i t s detrimental e f f e c t on our business, place us i n the unenviable p o s i t i o n of being i n v i o l a t i o n of the l e g a l requirements of Montgomery County respecting parking f o r suburban s t o r e s through no f a u l t of our own, and of being unable to cure t h i s v i o l a t i o n by the a c q u i s i t i o n of more l a n d . Another aspect of the case m e r i t s b r i e f consideration. I f tho D i s t r i c t Commissioners approve the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r as the l o c a t i o n i n the D i s t r i c t f o r Route 240, the extension of t h i s road i n t o Maryland w i l l mean t h a t the Chevy Chase branch w i l l be bounded on the east by Wisconsin Avenue — busy thoroughfare — which i s i t s e l f a and on the west, and perhaps a l s o on the north, by a new e i g h t - l a n e express highway. �281 The r e s u l t of t h i s road encirclement w i l l he t h a t the Chevy Chase branch w i l l become an i s o l a t e d business u n i t , impossible of access from a t l e a s t two s i d e s during a long period of construction, and presumably d i f f i c u l t of access t h e r e a f t e r from these s i d e s . Woodward and Lothrop r e a l i z e s that Route 240 must come i n t o the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, somewhere. The u l t i m a t e d e c i s i o n f o r such l o c a t i o n r e s t s w i t h you gentlemen. I n making t h i s d e c i s i o n , the Commissioners w i l l , of course, be governed by many considerations i n c l u d i n g property damage, damage t o r e s i d e n t s , damage to business i n t e r e s t s , a e s t h e t i c values and other r e l e v a n t matters. Woodward and Lothrop urges the Commissioners not t o l o c a t e t h i s road i n an area which i s h e a v i l y populated. Such l o c a t i o n would not only s e r i o u s l y , and perhaps permanently, d i s r u p t e s t a b l i s h e d l i v i n g patterns respecting schools and churches, but would a l s o g r e a t l y c u r t a i l the shopping conveniences presently enjoyed by the r e s i d e n t s of t h i s a r e a . I n addition, such l o c a t i o n would r e s u l t i n a very s u b s t a n t i a l reduction i n the business of Woodward and Lothrop and a consequent l o s s of income and employment to many i n d i v i d u a l s r e s i d i n g i n metropolitan Thank you, gentlemen. Washington. �282 COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN; Thank you, Mr. Parker. I s there a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e here from the Washington Real E s t a t e Board? MR. THORNETT: I have a l e t t e r t h a t they f i l e d and would l i k e t o have put i n the record. I t i s a very short l e t t e r . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: We w i l l incorporate t h i s i n the record. MR4 THORNETT: That l e t t e r i s i n favor of Route A-2. (The above-mentioned l e t t e r i s a s f o l l o w s : ) Washington Real E s t a t e Board, I n c . An a s s o c i a t i o n of r e a l t o r s . 1000 Investment B u i l d i n g , 1511 K S t r e e t , NW. Washington 5, D. C. December 20, 1957 Board of Commissioners D i s t r i c t of Columbia D i s t r i c t Building Washington, D. C. Gentlemen: I n accordance w i t h your recent request f o r comments on the l o c a t i o n of Route 240 w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, I am please t o transmit below the o f f i c i a l �283 statement of the Washington Real E s t a t e Board f o r i n c i s i o n i n your testimony a t the January 6, 1953, p u b l i c hearings: "At a meeting of the Zoning Committee held December 13, 1957, attended by the f u l l Committee, i t was unanimously recommended t h a t Route A-2, a s shown on the attached report of the Clarkeson Engineering Company, dated June 1057, be s e l e c t e d a s the route of 240 through the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, and that the Glover-Archbold Parkway not be considered. " I t v/as f u r t h e r recommended that the government immediately take the necessary steps to acquire the rights-of-way. "The suggested A-2 would not s p l i t up e x i s t i n g neighborhoods to the degree which would e x i s t s e l e c t i o n of Routes A, C, and D. i n the T h i s route would bo l e s s c o s t l y t o the D i s t r i c t of Columbia i n a c q u i r i n g rights-of-way and would r e s u l t i n the lowest l o s s i n r e a l e s t a t e t a x e s to the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. "We r e s p e c t f u l l y submit t h i s r e s o l u t i o n f o r consideration a t the hearing to be held January 0, 1958." Thank you f o r your consideration. Respectfully, s/ J u s t i n Hinders t/ J u s t i n Hinders Executive Vice-President �234 COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Mr. Canning, Engineering D i r e c t o r of the Keystone Automobile Club. STATEMENT OP WILLIAM S. CANNING, ENGINEERING DIRECTOR, KEYSTONE AUTOMOBILE CLUB. MR. CANNING: Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the Commission: I am William S. Canning, Engineering D i r e c t o r of the Keystone Automobile Club. I am here by d i r e c t i o n of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia advisory board of that organization to s t a t e very b r i e f l y — and I assure you that I am not going to repeat that v/hich has been s a i d before — the p o s i t i o n of that organisation and that advisory board. On Tuesday, November 28, 1957, the advisory board took up the subject of the l o c a t i o n of Route 240 as i t v/ould enter the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. They examined the maps and the plans that were then a v a i l a b l e to them. They l i s t e n e d to the d i s c u s s i o n , they considered the proposals t h a t had been advanced by the Clarkeson Engineering Company, and knowing f u l l w e l l the purposes behind the designation of the I n t e r s t a t e Highway System, they gave consideration to the manner i n which the s e v e r a l proposed routes would serve the purposes of that 90-10 I n t e r s t a t e System program. As a consequence, by the vote of those present, they decided to support the proposal A-2, as has been �285 clO designated by the Clarkeson report and on the map that i s before u s here t h i s evening. At that meeting we were f u l l y cognizant of the f a c t that t h i s highway can not be a n t i c i p a t e d t o c a r r y a l l of the t r a f f i c that might be assigned t o a I n t e r s t a t e Route w i t h i n the c o r r i d o r . I r e f e r again t o the c r i t e r i a that has been s e t up by the Bureau of P u b l i c Roads f o r the purpose of studying o r measuring the value of I n t e r s t a t e Routes, wherein they say that i t i s not a t a l l possible t o c a r r y a l l of the t r a f f i c w i t h i n a c o r r i d o r which might be assigned t o a s p e c i f i c I n t e r s t a t e Route. We point out that much of the t r a f f i c which w i l l follow the Wisconsin Avenue proposal i s r a t h e r l o c a l i n character, and a s such the Federal A i d commitments are on the 50-50 b a s i s on the urban portion of the a l l o c a t i o n s of the Federal Aid, and a s such that can and should be applied t o the improvement t h a t may be necessary t o provide adequate s e r v i c e t o the area along the Wisconsin Avenue. We f e e l that Route A-2 would serve best the purpose behind the designation of the I n t e r s t a t e Highway System. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you, Mr. Canning. �286 Are you t h i n k i n g , Mr. Canning, that there w i l l s t i l l have to be f u r t h e r improvements along the c e n t r a l c o r r i d o r , the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r , but that i t i s b e t t e r to do i t on a 50-50 b a s i s than 90-10? MR. CANNING: F r a n k l y , yes. I think that there w i l l have to be improvements of many of the l o c a l highways of the primary system, of what i s the highway system of any m u n i c i p a l i t y , over and above that which i s designed to be the I n t e r s t a t e System, because, a s I say, you can't design an I n t e r s t a t e System to c a r r y both the type and character of t r a f f i c that an I n t e r s t a t e System i s presumed to c a r r y , and a t the same time serve the l o c a l needs. Therefore, the l o c a l needs must be served by an a d d i t i o n a l system or network which may be known as the primary system. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: I t i s because of l i m i t e d access? MR. CANNING: P a r t l y because of l i m i t e d access, and p a r t l y because of the n e c e s s i t y f o r having more frequent access to the primary roads. I can think of primary roads being l i m i t e d access a s w e l l , but we must not forget that when t h i s enormous sum of money i s invested i n our I n t e r s t a t e System, we can not a f f o r d , e i t h e r i n the matter of s a f e t y or i n the matter of c a p a c i t y , to i n t e r f e r e w i t h the c a p a c i t y , the designed �287 capacity and the designed s a f e t y that i s put i n t o the I n t e r s t a t e System by the geometric designs t h a t are required f o r that system. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thanh you, Mr. Canning. William E. Shepherd? MR. THORNETT: He i s out of the country. Admiral P h i l l i p s i s here. STATEMENT OP REAR ADMIRAL NEILL PHILLIPS, USN, RETIRED, VICE PRESIDENT, THE GEORGETOWN CITIZENS ASSOCIATION; VICE PRESIDENT, THE AUDUBON SOCIETY Of THE DISTRICT Off COLOMBIA; AND ON BEHALF 0? THE NATURE CONSERVANCY, THE RIVER FARM GARDEN CLUB OF ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA, THE GARDEN CLUB OF FAIRFAX, VIRGINIA, AND THE WANDERBIRDS HIKING CLUB OF WASHINGTON. ADMIRAL PHILLIPS: w i t h s e v e r a l people. s e v e r a l times. Mr. Chairman, I am here I assure you I am not appearing Except f o r Item 17, there, o r Item 18, The Progressive C i t i z e n s . I am not speaking f o r them. Mr. Peter speaks f o r them tomorrow. My testimony i s very b r i e f , e s p e c i a l l y i n deference t o the l a t e n e s s o f the hour and the wonderful patience that has been shown a t the hearing. My name i s N e i l l P h i l l i p s . I l i v e a t 3053 �288 cl3 P S t r e e t , Northwest. I am representing the Georgetown C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n (approximately 950 members) and the Audubon Society of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia (approximately 1500 members); and I am v i c e president of both these organisations. I have a l s o been asked t o speak f o r The Nature Conservancy, a n a t i o n a l organization of s e v e r a l thousand membersj The R i v e r Farm Garden Club, Alexandria, V i r g i n i a ; The Garden Club of F a i r f a x , V i r g i n i a ; and the Wanderbirds Hiking Club of Washington. We e a r n e s t l y recommend t h a t Route A-2 o r i t s a l t e r n a t i v e , Route A, as s p e c i f i e d and recommended by the Clarkeson Engineering Company report, and approved by the Board of Trade and tho D i s t r i c t Highway Department, be u t i l i z e d f o r Route 240 i n the D i s t r i c t . We strongly oppose e i t h e r Route C o r Route D, because they would bring d i s a s t e r t o some of the noblest areas of the Nation's C a p i t a l , would r e i n f o r c e tho dangerous precedent of allowing our precious parklands to be gobbled up by concrete, and, l a s t l y , because these Routes are i n f e r i o r t r a f f i c - w i s e and economically t o Routes A o r A-2. We b e l i e v e there i s t h e o r e t i c a l value i n Route X — the tunnel route p a r a l l e l i n g Massachusetts Avenue — but f e e l we can take no stand on t h i s u n t i l more p r e c i s e �2S9 engineering plans are worked out t o avoid damage to the National Cathedral and the l o v e l y unspoiled Nonaanstone Drive area. S p e c i f i c a l l y , we would urge t h a t , i f a tunnel wore decided on, i r o n c l a d precautions be set up to insure the b u i l d i n g of a tunnel, not j u s t an open trench. Before I take up b r i e f l y our reasons f o r the stand we take, permit me t o say that preliminary newspaper d i s c u s s i o n s and reports i n d i c a t e a growing lack of focus and perspective. For instance, j u s t what a r e the b a s i c aims of the v a r i o u s planning bodies working on th© problem of 240? Are the aims: ( 1 ) t o seek an arrangement j u s t t o bring i n the maximum obtainable f e d e r a l funds, and that w i l l pour a s much t r a f f i c i n t o downtown Washington a s possible, disregarding s c e n i c and a e s t h e t i c v a l u e s ; o r a r e th© aims: ( 2 ) t o lessen t r a f f i c problems, and t o save Washington's parks and beauty spots by making a l l possible e f f o r t s t o route t r a f f i c around r a t h e r than through? Surely the best aims are expressed by the l a t t e r alternative. I f t h i s be so, then every t h i n k i n g c i t i z e n i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, Maryland, and V i r g i n i a should be g i v i n g primary consideration and major e f f o r t t o g e t t i n g a bridge b u i l t a t Cabin John and t o g e t t i n g the southwest �290 leg of 240 completed to t h i s bridge. T h i s would i n e f f e c t be our "Baltimore Tunnel," w i t h i t s b l e s s i n g s of g r e a t l y reducing t r a f f i c i n t o the c i t y . Continuing t h i s l i n e of thought, but r e t u r n i n g to Route 240 i n s i d e the D i s t r i c t , X suggest that proponents of what i s c a l l e d the Wisconsin Avenue Plan — t r a s t e d t o the R i v e r Route Plan — behind the times. a s con- a r e some t h i r t y years About t h i r t y years ago when the modern f e d e r a l - s t a t e highway network was beginning, i t was the custom f o r towns and c i t i e s to clamor f o r the highways to be b u i l t smack through t h e i r main s t r e e t s . on the theory that i t "was good f o r business," i n t r a d e , " and "speeded up t r a f f i c " . T h i s was "brought Well, before many years elapsed i t became apparent t h a t such p r a c t i c e a c t u a l l y brought massive t r a f f i c s n a r l s and urban b l i g h t . I n recent years every town and c i t y i n the country makes constant e f f o r t to route t r a f f i c around r a t h e r than through. Witness our proposed Washington Inner and Outer Loops. Yet here we see an e f f o r t made to f l o u t t h i s time-tested theory by seeking approval f o r Routes C or D that v/ould ram t r a f f i c through the center of Washington's most wonderful park and c u l t u r a l areas and soae of i t s b u s i e s t s t r e e t s . We submit, therefore, that the concept of Routes C or D i s outdated, i l l - a d v i s e d , and hopelessly �291 incompatible w i t h th© f u r t h e r development of Washington a s a splendid c a p i t a l , r a t h e r than merely a mammoth g r i d of truck routes. Following t h i s l i n e of thought, we again come back t o Routes A o r A-2 and urge t h e i r approval by the Commissioners, a s they already have been approved by th© D i s t r i c t Highway Department and the Clarkeson Company, because e i t h e r of these Routes A or A-2 do, we submit, show respect f o r the p r i n c i p a l of routing t r a f f i c around r a t h e r than through. But our opposition to Routes C and D i s based on f a r more important f a c t o r s than the i n f e r i o r i t y of these routes t r a f f i c - w i s e . I t i s based on our passionate c o n v i c t i o n t h a t parks and c i t y beauty spots and c u l t u r a l areas mist be declared i n v i o l a b l e and must b© protected r i g i d l y from f u r t h e r highway encroachment; e l s e our i n c r e a s i n g l y mechanised and urbanised s o c i e t y w i l l become i n t o l e r a b l e and w i l l l o s e a l l j u s t i f i c a t i o n . This i s a matter of concern a l l over th© country, and example and precedent s e t i n Washington i s of prim© importance. We t h e r e f o r e regard a s f a n t a s t i c any highway plan l i k e Rout© C o r D t h a t would push m u l t i l a n e t r a f f i c through such unique and p r i c e l e s s areas a s Glover-Archbold Park, Dumbarton Oaks, the south end of Rock Creek, and the Sheridan C i r c l e a r e a . I f we can do no b e t t e r than �292 t h a t , then we might as w e l l say to the Hussions, " A l l r i g h t , your philosophy wins. Materialism and expediency a r e a l l t h a t count." But I hope and pray that we can do b e t t e r than t h a t , that we can reach a maturity i n the near f u t u r e wherein i t w i l l no longer be accurate f o r the U n i v e r s i t y of Maryland Bureau of Business and Economic Research t o say, as they d i d say i n a recent report, that "public parks are now regarded by o f f i c i a l s as expendable." I n c l o s i n g 1 wish to i n v i t e your a t t e n t i o n to two very important d e t a i l s : 1. The s e r i o u s l e g a l and moral problems that would a r i s e i n the case of opining Glover-Archbold Park as a highway c o r r i d o r i n v i o l a t i o n of the terms by which the Park was accepted by Congress. 2. The specious plea that Routes C or D would save "the s c e n i c v a l u e s of the C&Q Canal and the Georgetown w a t e r f r o n t . " The Georgetown waterfront i s i n d u s t r i a l and has no s c e n i c value downstream from Key Bridge. I t s appearance would, i n f a c t , be g r e a t l y improved by the plans f o r Route A or A-2 as shown i n the Clarkeson Company drawings. As f o r the C&O Canal, we c o n s e r v a t i o n i s t s are dedicated to the j o b of t r y i n g to save i t s n a t u r a l and h i s t o r i c v a l u e s , but where such v a l u e s a r e now i n great �293 p e r i l i s above Chain Bridge, where a s t a r t i s being made on a calamitous plan of the Park S e r v i c e and National C a p i t a l Planning Commission t o l a y down a super highway alongside the Canal up t o Great F a l l s and p o s s i b l y beyond, thus destryong a l a r g e part of the n a t u r a l , unspoiled character. T h i s i s a c o n s t r u c t i o n t h a t we hope w i l l not be completed. The p a r t of the CSsO Canal area i n s i d e the D i s t r i c t , w i t h which t h i s hearing i s concerned, i s already e i t h e r a throughway — that i s , Canal Road — throughway — P a l i s a d e s Park — about a o r an i n d u s t r i a l area — that i s , the Georgetown Waterfront. We t h e r e f o r e have no h e s i t a t i o n i n choosing t h i s s e c t i o n f o r t r u c k s i n place of Glover-Archbold, Dnmbartop Oaks, Rook Creek, ana Sheridan C i r c l e . We e a r n e s t l y hope the Commissioners w i l l have no such h e s i t a t i o n e i t h e r . �294 COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: There i s no one here from the Progressive C i t i z e n s Association tonight, i s there? MR. THORHETT: No, s i r . They were here e a r l i e r . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: They v / i l l be bach tomorrow. Dr. Cover, representing the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal A s s o c i a t i o n . STATEMENT OF JOHN H. COVER, ON BEHALF OF THE CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO CANAL ASSOCIATION. MR. COVER: Mr. Chairman, gentlemen, my name i s John H. Cover, and I present a d i s c u s s i o n on behalf of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Association. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal A s s o c i a t i o n , Inc., emerged from the Cumber landto-Washington tov/path hike i n 1954 l e d by J u s t i c e William 0. Douglas. T l i i s hike was i n protest against encroachment of roads upon tho r i v e r s i d e park and canal. We s t i l l r e t a i n power f o r a d d i t i o n a l mileage as pedestrians. I note, w i t h congratulations t o the Commission, t h a t the population of Washington has net increased i n the past twelve months. Presumably the proposed Route 240 i s t o bring bock t o the D i s t r i c t some of those who have moved out. The p o s i t i o n on tho Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Association i s that Route 240 or i t s equivalent should not be brought i n t o tho D i s t r i c t of Columbia i n any form �295 whatsoever. The argument i s t h r e e f o l d : 1. A l l proposals submitted f o r hearing today are d e s t r u c t i v e of b a s i c community a s s e t s e s s e n t i a l t o human w e l f a r e . 2. Forcing t h i s highway i n t o Washington would be i n d i c a t i v e of r e l e n t l e s s determination t o promote roads r e g a r d l e s s of the d e s t r u c t i v e aspects and of other needs which only an o v e r a l l , integrated r e g i o n a l plan can evaluate 3. A l t e r n a t i v e s t o these proposals f o r Route 240 are a v a i l a b l e , many on sketch maps and on tho drawing boards of our p u b l i c agencies. I should l i k e t o summarise these p o i n t s : I. Among b a s i c a s s e t s t o human l i v i n g are parks and other open spaces; uncontaminated a i r t o breathe; recourse t o n a t u r a l environment f o r pleasure and recuperation. Threatened i n tho routes suggested f o r 240 are Glover and Archbold Parks, p o s s i b l y Rock Creek Park, tho Potomac R i v e r banks near the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, and the b e a u t i f u l wooded b l u f f of tho Potomac R i v e r . I n the r i v e r borderland alone t h i s plan would add a t h i r d highway withta a distance of about two blocks. These open recreational and r e s i d e n t i a l areas are precious i n h e r i t a n c e s which wo should augment and bequeath t o p o s t e r i t y , not destroy. should not s u b s t i t u t e exhaust fumes f o r f r e s h a i r , noise We �296 f o r q u i e t , lanes of asphalt and concrete f o r woodlands, streams, and f i e l d s . 2. Wo are t o l d that t h i s speedway i s approach- ing the boandarioa of oar homo community and that we should now decide which gate i t should enter. I s t h i s planning? May we expect tomorrow another emergency highway to ue accommodated? Of coarse government agencies and consultants whose functions a r c t o b u i l d or t o plan roads are i n t e r e s t e d i n more and largor-diraensiooal highways. These agencies do not propose, and are not competent t o plan, a complete, integrated program f o r the D i s t r i c t , i n which those highway proposals would be forced t o compete w i t h tho many other and raoro important needs of our r e s i d e n t s f o r tho same land. What a r c tho competitive posed r i g h t s of way? land uses of these pro- Some of them a r e apparent i n the e x i s t i n g parhs and r e s i d e n t i a l areas. I s there a v a i l a b l e a comprehensive evaluation of p o t e n t i a l uses, a human u t i i t y chart? W i l l today's hearing be followed by hearings on r e s i d e n t i a l s i t e s , r e c r e a t i o n a l developments, water r e q u i r e ments, r e f o r e s t a t i o n , s o i l - e r o s i o n prevention, and the i n t e r r e l a t i o n s of the D i s t r i c t and r e g i o n a l governments i n integrated planning of t h i s land area from E o c k v i l l e and Great F a l l s t o C a p i t o l E i l l ? monopoly consideration? Or i s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o have �297 1 am reminded, Mr. Chairman, t h a t Washington's f i r s t planner, L'Enfant, was discharged because one of h i s roads destroyed the horn© of a prominent r e s i d e n t . 3. Counter plans and programs f o r r e l a t e d t r a n s - portation systems and divers© f a c i l i t i e s are a v a i l a b l e i n o f f i c i a l maps and on drawing boards of f e d e r a l , s t a t e , l o c a l , and i n t e r s t a t e agencies. Let Tho h i t i s f u l l of them. us i d e n t i f y a few. (a) A Rapid T r a n s i t System, f r e q u e n t l y provoca- t i v e l y c a l l e d "mass t r a n s p o r t " , should "swing through" Washington, not dump passengers a t Pennsylvania Avenue and Twelfth S t r e e t , or other congested t e r m i n a l s . a t t r a c t i v e l y planned, e f f i c i e n t , depressed, An sub-surface system of t h i s type, with feeder l i n o s and t r a n s f e r s t a t i o n s , i s e s s e n t i a l and long overdue. I t would obviate tho need of today's hearing, provide more e f f i c i e n t transport a t smaller per patron cost than Rout© 240, and avoid i n f r i n g e ment upon parks and residences. How many automobiles a r r i v i n g i n th© c i t y today, d r i v e n by commuters, c a r r y only on© person — th© d r i v e r ? Ar© w© p u b l i c l y t o finance t h i s hind of w a s t e f u l t r a f f i c ? Where and under what auspices s h a l l the estimated increase i n the 240 t r a f f i c , encouraged by construction of those v e r y expensive spoedways, bo parked or stored downtown? Why are we obsessed w i t h diagrams of wheels, �298 hubs and spobes, or of spider-webs which contemporary, 7ht advanced planning has discarded? I s n ' t i t obvious that wo should concentrate upon planning and b u i l d i n g a r a p i d transit service? (b) Maryland has s t a r t e d construction of a Washington C i r c u m f e r e n t i a l Highway which v/ould enable motorists to dodge the D i s t r i c t north, northwest, and e a s t . northeast Route 240 w i l l connect w i t h t h i s e n c i r c l i n g highway out i n Maryland and can merge i n t o i t . Distribu- t i o n of t r a f f i c from points on t h i s a r c , or b e l t , can be both by way of the proposed r a p i d t r a n s i t f a c i l i t i e s and by v a r i o u s v o r t i c a l and h o r i z o n t a l s t r e e t s already i n use: MacArthur Boulevard, Massachusetts Avenue, R i v e r Road, Wisconsin Avenue, Connecticut Avenue, Sixteenth S t r e e t , Georgia Avenue, i f properly renovated, and many others. I might note t h a t the use of one-way s t r e e t s already has been discovered. I f forced i n , Route 240 would not disperse t r a f f i c i n the D i s t r i c t but r a t h e r add to the congestion and confusion i n downtown Washington. (c) Another consideration i s a f u n c t i o n of long- time and integrated planning: the d i s p e r s a l of government agencies can be accompanied, i f adequately planned, by tho l a y i n g out of pleasant community developments f o r residences and f o r the r e l a t e d s e r v i c e establishments. Employees of these agencies would not need t o commute d a i l y from �299 Ght Washington i f the f e d e r a l government included of t h e i r welfare i n tho r e l o c a t i o n plans. consideration Their use of 4 Route 24G i n t o Washington would not be r e l e v a n t i f the Bureau of Standards, tho Atomic Energy Commission, the David Taylor Model Basin, and other i n s t a l l a t i o n s f a c i l i t a t e d development of neighboring r e s i d e n t i a l areas f o r t h e i r c i v i l employees. Mr. Chairman, the issue i s s e r i o u s . We are oonvinced that Route 240 as proposed i s not d e s i r a b l e , should not have access t o Washington; that i t would destroy a s s e t s of t h i s b e a u t i f u l American c a p i t a l which are i r r e p l a c e able; that the highv/ay has no p r i o r i t y among tho major needs of our f e l l o w c i t i z e n s ; that a l t e r n a t i v e s are a v a i l a b l e , more adequate t o t r a n s p o r t a t i o n requirements, and i n the aggregate more economical. Wo urge that we now r e s o r t t o that long-neglected, integrated, a l l - i n c l u s i v e planning of the c i t y and i t s environment f o r the f u t u r e welfare and happiness of r e s i d e n t s and of v i s i t o r s . American ingenuity? Where i s t h i s We should apply i t t o the nation's capital. 1 thank you. (Applause.) COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Doctor, where d i d you say you put that recessed route? MR. COVER: I didn't s p e c i f y the p o s i t i o n . �300 COMMISSIONER 1IC LAUGHLIN: I know. Wo W i l l have the same trouble a l l over again when we t r y t o locate that recessed route, I am a f r a i d . Mr. Hawkins, of the Brookdale C i t i z e n s Association. STATEMENT OF PAUL M. HAWKINS, PRESIDENT, BROOKDALE CITIZENS ASSOCIATION. MR. HAWKINS: Mr. President and members of the Commission: I am Paul M. Hawkins. Ovorbrook Road, Washington 16, D. C. My address i s 4700 I appear here today as President of the Brookdale C i t i z e n s Association representing a paid membership of 313 property owners. The geographical l o c a t i o n of our community can roughly be described as an area i n Mongomery County, Maryland, bounded on the south by Western Avenue — the D i s t r i c t l i n e , on the west by Dover Road, on the north by Newport Avenue, and on tho east by Cortland Road. R i v e r Road b i s e c t s our community. While we are r e s i d e n t s of Montgomery County, Maryland, our appearance here today i s predicated on the f a c t that the d e c i s i o n of t h i s Board as t o the l o c a t i o n of Route 240 w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia can a f f e c t our community as much as i f we wore d i r e c t l y under your j u r i s d i c t i o n . A f t e r c a r e f u l and lengthy study by our f e d e r a l and s t a t e highway committee, which includes outstanding engineering t a l e n t , our a s s o c i a t i o n on December 16, 1957, �301 unanimously adopted the f o l l o w i n g r e s o l u t i o n : "The Brookdale C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n on December 16, 1057, i n s p e c i a l meeting assembled f o r consideration of the l o c a t i o n of the extension of Washington National Pike (U.S. Route 240) f o r e n t r y i n t o the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, "Having considered the report of the Clarkeson Engineering Company t o tho D i r e c t o r s of tho Departmont of Highways of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia; the p u b l i c announcement of the recommendation of the t e c h n i c a l s t a f f of the Maryland-National C a p i t a l Park and Planning Commission f o r the extension and l o c a t i o n of U.S. 240 t o connect with the D i s t r i c t of Columbia; and report of o f f i c e r s and members of t h i s A s s o c i a t i o n concerning meetings attended and conferences with responsible officials, hereby "Endorses a route through lower Montgomery County which w i l l connect w i t h the route recom- mended by tho Clarkeson Engineering Company designated i n the report of that Company and the Commission as Route A or A-2 along the Potomac R i v e r , and, "Opposes e i t h e r of tho proposed routes which would bring U.S. 240 i n t o the D i s t r i c t of �302 Columbia a t a point on Western Avenue j u s t west of Wisconsin Avenue." In r e t a i n i n g the s e r v i c e s of the Clarkeson Engineering Company, the government of tho D i s t r i c t of Columbia i s t o be congratulated on i t s approach taken t o a problem charged w i t h emotion and t e c h n i c a l d i f f i c u l t i e s . A b u s i n e s s l i k e a p p r a i s a l and recommendation has been r e c e i v e d f r e e of personal i n t e r e s t , and based upon sound knowledge and experience. Having c a r e f u l l y considered the most economical expenditure of t a x money, the minimum damage t o valuable property, and a h i g h l y acceptable access t o the D i s t r i c t of Columbia w i t h i n the terms of the F e d e r a l Highway Act, the Clarkeson Engineering Company, and l i k e wise the D. C. Highway Commission, recommends a route f o r the new i n t e r s t a t e highway along the Potomac R i v e r . As our A s s o c i a t i o n views the i s s u e before the Board, i t i s simply the recommendation of the Clarkeson Engineering Company and the Highv/ay Department "against the f i e l d , " and the f i e l d , wo must point out, i n v o l v e s a l t e r n a t e routes which would r e q u i r e a greater outlay of tax monies, d e s t r u c t i o n of communities i n the higher t a x base b r a c k e t s , and f o r c i n g a remodeling of r e s i d e n t i a l communities i n t o commercial or semi-commercial areas. Cost: The Clarkeson report estimates that a l t e r n a t e Route C and D through the Glover-Archbold Park �303 area would cost approximately $9,000,000 more than Route A. While there are those who f e e l that cost i s not a f a c t o r i n consideration of the l o c a t i o n of the road because the f e d e r a l government i s t o f u r n i s h 90 percent of the cost, l e t us not forget that we foot the b i l l every time we buy a g a l l o n of gasoline or a new t i r e or tube. Although the t o t a l amount t o be spent i s c o l l e c t e d from m i l l i o n s of people throughout tho country, thoso who spend i t are t r u s t e e s of the contributors and thus must i n v e s t i t wisely. Destruction and Downgrading of Communities: I t i s recognised that the construction and use of a l i m i t e d access highway through h e a v i l y populated areas w i l l of n e c e s s i t y r e s u l t i n the d e s t r u c t i o n of many e x i s t i n g p r o p e r t i e s and the depreciation of property values i n adjoining sections. I n tho f i n a l s e l e c t i o n of a l o c a t i o n for t h i s highway, these f a c t o r s of v i t a l influence on neighboring communities become extremely important. We are convinced that Route A or A-2 as recommended i n the Clarhoson Report with i t s necessary connection t o Route 240 through lower Montgomery County w i l l r e s u l t i n l e s s d e s t r u c t i o n and depreciation of property values than the other proposed routes. By s e l e c t i n g the recommended route, fewer communities v / i l l bo downgraded and fewer w e l l e s t a b l i s h e d areas w i l l be b l i g h t e d , e s p e c i a l l y by the �304 i n c u r s i o n of commercial a c t i v i t i e s . At the same time, the report i n d i c a t e s that the i n t e r s t a t e and urban highv/ay needs of t h i s aroa v / i l l be mot. T r a f f i c problems: L e t no one think that the construction of Highway 240 alone w i l l solve suburban-D.C. t r a f f i c problems. Ho s i n g l e road could do t h a t . Instead, i t w i l l only handle a portion of the t o t a l t r a f f i c . In addition, improvement of other main s t r e e t s and t r a f f i c a r t e r i e s w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t and surburban areas should proceed. When combined w i t h the new highv/ay, m a t e r i a l progress can thus be made toward improving t r a f f i c conditions i n the Washington area. We therefore conclude that the recommended Route A or A-2 w i l l provide s u i t a b l e access t o the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and a t the same timo improve suburban t r a f f i c conditions. Commercial rezoning: I n Brookdale we a r e par- t i c u l a r l y conscious of zoning problems. Being a "closo i n " community of f i n e homes and bordering on commercial areas, v/e have had s e r i o u s problems i n the past few years i n regard to "buffer a r e a " zoning. A l i t t l e over a year ago v/e thought we had solved our l a s t b i g zoning problem, s e t t l i n g the use of adjoining property and s t i l l maintaining the high value of our property. That was described t o you i n tho t e s t i - mony of Mr. Wilkes i n connection w i t h tho Government �305 Employeos Insurance Company. Based upon our experience i n t h i s f i e l d , involving long hours of study, we f e e l c e r t a i n t h a t the s e l e c t i o n of any other than Route A or A-2 by the Board w i l l re-open problems upon which so much time and e f f o r t has been spent. I t i s g e n e r a l l y recognised that commercialisation of property a d j o i n i n g i n t e r s t a t e highways i s but a matter of time. T h i s being tho case, we s t r o n g l y urge t h a t any route s e l e c t e d should go through an area of the lowest property v a l u e s , comparatively speaking, so that a l e s s e r damage o v e r - a l l w i l l r e s u l t . meet Route A or A-2, we f e e l , t h i s requirement, while the other proposed routes do q u i t e the contrary. Conclusion: Wo appeal t o you today, as owners of property adjoining the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, t c f o l l o w the recommendations of your consultants, the Clarkeson Engineering Company, and your Highway Department. I n so doing, i t i s our s i n c e r e b e l i e f , you v / i l l be best serving the r e s i d e n t s of your j u r i s d i c t i o n and the t r a v e l i n g p u b l i c , and make i t possible f o r a l o g i c a l continuation of the highv/ay through the State of Maryland. I f you a c t otherwise, not only w i l l greater cost be imposed upon taxpayers, but unnecessary l o s s and i n convenience w i l l be l e v i e d upon a greater number of people. We i n Brookdale commend again the approach the D i s t r i c t �306 of Columbia government has taken t o t h i s problem, and urge that you do not deviate a t t h i s point i n f o l l o w i n g through on t h a t l o g i c a l course. We appreciate very much your indulgence i n allowing us t o express our views on t h i s important s u b j e c t . COMMISSIONER LAUGHLIN: The Westchester Corporat i o n , Mr. K e l l y , President. STATEMENT OP THE WESTCHESTER CORPORATION, SAMUEL G. KELLY, PRESIDENT. ME. KELLY: Gentlemen, my name i s Samuel K e l l y . As President of the Westchester Corporation I represent some 560 homo owners r e s i d e n t i n the Westchester Cooperative p r o j e c t on Cathedral Avenue adjoining the Glover-Archbold Park land. As home owners we protest emphatically against tho d e s i r e of tho National C a p i t a l Planning Commission t o use the Giovor-Archbold expressway. Parkway as an eight-lane motor I w i l l not d i s c u s s the engineering aspects of ono route versus another. Instead, I would l i k e t o emphasise three f a c t o r s which I b e l i e v e deserve your mosts e r i o u s consideration. F i r s t , the i n v i o l a b i l i t y of the g i f t of tho park area by Mrs. Archbold and Mr. Glover. What i f these two generous donors a few years ago, when r e a l e s t a t e values s t a r t e d t o climb, had sought l e g a l means t o break t h e i r �307 g i f t t o tho D i s t r i c t of Columbia i n order t o p r o f i t by present-day land v a l u e s t o the oxtont of m i l l i o n s of dollars? Would they not have been condemned and c r i t i c i z e d by a l l , including the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission? We have of course no such s i t u a t i o n t o consider. do wo have? But what Tho proposal by t h i s same Commission that the government of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia now betray the t r u s t of the donors and d i v e r t the use of t h i s part land t o an expressway f o r t r u c k s and automobiles. Second, the major purpose of the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission i s "to plan an appropriate and orderly development of the D i s t r i c t and t o conserve i t s n a t u r a l and h i s t o r i c a l f e a t u r e s . " I ask i n a l l s i n c e r i t y i f planning an eight-lane expressway t o destroy our l i m i t e d park land area conserves the n a t u r a l f e a t u r e s of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. T h i r d , o f f i c i a l s and planning agencies of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia have worked e n e r g e t i c a l l y t o remove the b l i g h t areas i n Southwest Washington. W i l l you not creato a new b l i g h t area i n Northwest Washington by r e p l a c i n g a woodland area w i t h an expressway choked with thousands of t r u c k s and automobiles? F i n a l l y , tho 560 homo owners of the Westchester Cooperative are appalled a t t h i s t h r e a t t o tho values of t h e i r p r o p e r t i e s and the i n e v i t a b l e economic l o s s such a �308 proposed expressway w i l l i n f l i c t . Wo urge you t o v i s i t t h i s area and v i s u a l i z e f o r yourselves the e f f e c t of an oight-lane expressway through Archbold-Glover Parkway. We therefore appeal t o you Commissioners f o r protection. V/e ask that you protect our park land area i n the Glover-Archbold Parkway. the present value of our homes. We ask t h a t you protect We most e a r n e s t l y ask you t o protect the i n t e g r i t y of the g i f t of the parkland by Mrs. Archbold and Mr. Glover. I thank you. (Applause.) COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you, Mr. K e l l y . B u r l e i t h C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n , Mr. Richoy. MR. THORNETT: here. I don't b e l i e v e Mr. Richey i s He asked me t o f i l e t h i s statement. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: That w i l l be incorporated i n tho record. (Th© statement of Mr. Richoy f o l l o w s : ) STATEMENT OF CHARLES R. RICHEY, PRESIDENT, BURLEITH CITIZENS ASSOCIATION. My name i s Charles R. Richey. I am a p r a c t i c i n g attorney and President of the B u r l o i t h C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n , which i s composed of r e s i d e n t s i n the area bounded by Whitehaven Parkway on the north and Reservoir Road on tho south �309 and 39th S t r e e t on the west and 35th S t r e e t on the e a s t . I t i s an area, as you perhaps know, c o n s i s t i n g of approximately 600 f a m i l i e s , and i s a f i n e and w e l l - e s t a b l i s h e d s e c t i o n of Washington. I t i s e n t i r e l y r e s i d e n t i a l and does not include any commercial establishments, except one small grocery store at 35th and T S t r e e t s , Northwest. In view of tho subject matter of the current hearing, I might add t h a t we are a l s o adjacent to Glover-Archbold and Whitehaven parks, which wo understand are possible subjects f o r t h i s new " t r a f f i c c o r r i d o r " i n t o the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, which w i l l connect w i t h Route 240 from Maryland. Our Association has considered the v a r i o u s pro- posals, with the exception of tho proposed Route X, as i t was designated on page A9 of the Sunday Star f o r January 5, 1958, and has come to the conclusion or gone on record as being opposed to the use of Glover-Archbold Park or Whitehaven Parkway f o r the extension of t h i s major highway. V/e a l s o endorse the action of the Northwest Council of C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n s as expressed i n i t s r e s o l u t i o n of November 25, 1957, which r e s o l u t i o n , as I understand i t , i s before your body f o r consideration today. As an old college debater, I r e c a l l that there were two things we were always asked to consider i n analyzing e i t h e r an a f f i r m a t i v e or negative case i n v o l v i n g some great p u b l i c question. The f i r s t i s tho need and the �310 socond deals w i t h the p r a c t i c a b i l i t y of whatever plan that may be presented. I n t h i s case, I have searched i n v a i n f o r s s a t i s f a c t o r y answer t o the problem of need. The thought occurs t o me that i t would be much more i n t e l l i g e n t t o delay any f i n a l d e c i s i o n on the extension of t h i s highway i n t o the D i s t r i c t of Columbia u n t i l such time as a National C a p i t a l Regional Planning Council and the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission have completed t h e i r current mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n survey at a cost i n excess of one-half m i l l i o n d o l l a r s , according t o information v/hich has come to me. I f t h i s expenditure of p u b l i c funds i s now being made f o r t h i s worthy purpose, i t would seem t o be wise p u b l i c p o l i c y t o wait u n t i l such survey i s completed before mating a d e c i s i o n on the extension of Route 240 i n t o the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. I know others w i l l be heard t o say, i n regard t o t h i s proposition, that Maryland w i l l not w a i t , and that they must have our ansv/er now. I know others v / i l l bo hoard t o soy t h a t , i f we do not act now, wo w i l l not be able t o get the b e n e f i t of a f e d e r a l c o n t r i b u t i o n towards the cost of t h i s highway corridor i n t o the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. F r a n k l y , I am not i n a p o s i t i o n t o say whether or not t h i s w i l l be the case, but I do know that we should have a l l a v a i l a b l e f a c t s and information before us before v/e moke a d e c i s i o n i n v o l v i n g �311 tail l i o n s of d o l l a r s of taxpayers' money. Our decision must be r i g h t , and we cannot a f f o r d t o make a mistake, not only because i t involves public monies, but a l s o because i t w i l l involve d i s r u p t i o n and cause the l o s s of thousands of d o l l a r s worth of property owned by i n d i v i d u a l s and business concerns i n the whole northwest o r b i t of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia r e g a r d l e s s of which route i s u l t i m a t e l y determined upon. Another thought that has occurred t o me on the question of v/hether there i s a r e a l need f o r bringing a new highway from Maryland i n t o downtown Washington, and that i s the question of adequate parking f a c i l i t i e s i n the downtown area of our c i t y . I t seems that i t i s already impossible t o park our c a r s downtown during the rush hours, or otherwise. the There c e r t a i n l y i s not a v a i l a b l e space on s t r e e t s when we need i t f o r parking purposes. Therefore, i f we do have a new highway, where w i l l we park our c a r s ? Where w i l l our v i s i t o r s do so? Why couldn't we expend t h i s money that we propose t o spend or that seme propose t o spend on t h i s highway, and use i t for the purpose and establishment of f r i n g e parking l o t s i n the outlying areas of our c i t y , which parking l o t s which would, i n t u r n , be served by a r a p i d t r a n s i t system such as we have i n Cleveland and i n other c i t i e s where i t has worked so well. �312 I b e l i e v e that i f we encourage and a s s i s t the D. C. T r a n s i t System, a p r i v a t e e n t e r p r i s e system, as we should, we can r e a l l y solve t h i s problem of mass t r a n s portation i n t o and out of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, v/ith the l o a s t possible expense t o the taxpayer and t o the advantage of everyone concerned with the problem of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and well-planned f e d e r a l c i t y . Before concluding, I am v e r y much concerned about the proposal t o use land v/hich has been dedicated to the c i t y f o r "park purposes." It seems t o me t h a t i t would be a s e r i o u s breach of t r u s t , and discourage f u t u r e dedicat i o n s , and g i f t s of p r i v a t e lands f o r public purposes, i f we were now t o e s t a b l i s h a highway i n the Glover-Archbold Park, which park was dedicated and given to the people with c e r t a i n v e r y reasonable and proper r e s t r i c t i o n s . I f we were to v i o l a t e those convenants and r e s t r i c t i o n s , which were part and p a r c e l of the o r i g i n a l grant, I say i t would amount t o a s e r i o u s breach of t r u s t and breach of f a i t h , and t h e r e f o r e , would bo improper. Of course, i t would not only be improper i n terms of breach of t r u s t , but i t again v/ould mean the d e s t r u c t i o n of one of the fev/ remaining a t t r a c t i o n s of nature which we have l e f t i n our c i t y . I f we are t o destroy, as t h i s proposal c e r t a i n l y would, our park, we are t a k i n g away more than we could ever expect to gain i n the use of t h i s parkland �313 or these parklands f o r highway purposes. I submit that we already have f a r too much concrete i n t h i s c i t y — what wo need i s t o preserve what l i t t l e we have l e f t of nature and beauty i n the c a p i t a l of the world. �314 COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Cathedral Heights, Cleveland Park C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n , Mrs. S e l l e r s . STATEMENT OF MRS. WALTER A. SELLERS, CATHEDRAL HEIGHTS, CLEVELAND PARS CITIZENS ASSOCIATION. MRS. SELLERS: Mr. President and members o f the Board of Commissioners: My name i s Mrs. Walter A. S e l l e r s and I appear on behalf of the Cathedral Heights - Cleveland Park C i t i z e n s ' A s s o c i a t i o n i n my capacity a s Chairman of i t s zoning committee. T h i s A s s o c i a t i o n has approximately 800 members a l l r e s i d e n t s and property owners i n i t s area, which l i e v/ithin the following boundaries: From 34th S t r e e t and Massachusetts Avenue, NW, proceeding north on 34th S t r e e t t o P o r t e r S t r e e t , then west on P o r t e r t o Wisconsin Avenue, a c r o s s Wisconsin Avenue t o Macomb S t r e e t , v/est on Macomb t o Massachusetts Avenue, out Massachusetts Avenue t o Nebraska Avenue, then south on Nebraska t o New Nexico Avenue, on New Nexico t o i n c l u d e Tunlaw Road, then along the northern boundry o f Mr. A l t o H o s p i t a l east t o Fulton, on Fulton to Wisconsin Avenue, on Wisconsin Avenue t o C a l v e r t S t r e e t , east on C a l v e r t t o Observatory C i r c l e , north around C i r c l e t o 34th and Massachusetts Avenue. We are g r a t e f u l f o r the opportunity of expressing our views on t h e l o c a t i o n of I n t e r s t a t e US Highway 240 �315 w i t h i n the northwest s e c t i o n of our c i t y . We r e a l i z e that the l o c a t i o n of t h i s route i n the Washington area w i l l be the most important planning d e c i s i o n to be made f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s and that wherever i t goes, the new expressway w i l l be d i s r u p t i v e to a degree unprecedented i n Washington's experience. I t s l o c a t i o n demands the most thoughtful a t t e n t i o n of c i t i z e n s groups and i n d i v i d u a l s as v/e 11 as t h a t of planners and o f f i c i a l s . Our recommenda- t i o n r e f l e c t s the views of members of the a s s o c i a t i o n . Four p o s s i b l e a l t e r n a t i v e routes a r e under consideration. Two of such routes, designated A and A-2 would extend along the Potomac R i v e r from the D i s t r i c t l i n e north of Chain Bridge to a point below Georgetown U n i v e r s i t y and would d i s t u r b a r e l a t i v e l y small amount of privatoly-owned business and r e s i d e n t i a l property. Two other routes, designated C and D would enter the D i s t r i c t near Wisconsin Avenue, g e n e r a l l y f o l l o w Wisconsin Avenue to Tenley C i r c l e and thence through the Glover-Archbold Park, w i t h Route D branching east through Whitehaven Parkway and Route C continuing down to the Potomac R i v e r . Both such routes would destroy a great amount of r e s i d e n t i a l and commercial property by being throust through h e a v i l y populated s e c t i o n s of Bethesda and Northwest Washington. Glover-Archbold Park would be p r a c t i c a l l y �316 o b l i t e r a t e d and the values of h i g h - c l a s s residences and apartments bordering the Park would be s e r i o u s l y devaluated. The Clarkeson Sngineering report recommends Route A, a Potomac R i v e r Route. As t h i s report points out, a route along the Potomac R i v e r would be f a r l e s s d e s t r u c t i v e t o r e s i d e n t i a l and commercial property than any of the other proposed routes p r i n c i p a l l y because the area i s l e s s densely developed and g r e a t e r freedom of choice i n the l o c a t i o n of the right-of-way would be provided without spending m i l l i o n s f o r the d e s t r u c t i o n of property and expensive land. Further, c o n s t r u c t i o n along the Potomac R i v e r could be accomplished w i t h a minimum i n t e r r u p t i o n or d i s l o c a t i o n of e x i s t i n g t r a f f i c . Construction along Wisconsin Avenue would cause a s e r i o u s i n t e r r u p t i o n of t r a f f i c and commercial a c t i v i t y would be v i r t u a l l y paralyzed f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s . The A s s o c i a t i o n i s of the opinion t h a t business i n t e r e s t s on Wisconsin Avenue and v i c i n i t y should not be • compelled t o go through the same ordeal t h a t business i n t e r e s t s on Connecticut Avenue d i d when the DuPont C i r c l e Underpass was constructed u n l e s s i t i s proven beyond a s i n g l e doubt t h a t the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r i s the most m e r i t o r i o u s . We do not b e l i e v e t h a t i t has been �317 proven t h a t Wisconsin Avenue i s the best route. Also, the A s s o c i a t i o n i s of the united opinion that the use of land i n the Glover-Archbold Park f o r i n t e r s t a t e highway purposes would c o n s t i t u t e a breach of good f a i t h and abuse of ground given and accepted by Congress f o r park purposes. Advocates of the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r seek to overcome objections to the use of Glover-Archbold Park by t r u c k s by suggesting deep underground tunnels whereby t r u c k s would be d i v e r t e d from the park. T h i s f a n t a s t i c a l idea i s of dep i n t e r e s t to t h i s A s s o c i a t i o n , and has been given considerable study s i n c e such tunnels would be located i n the area served by the A s s o c i a t i o n . Tunneling i n v o l v e s very expensive c o n s t r u c t i o n and i s seldom undertaken u n l e s s there are no other a l t e r n a t i v e s . Approaches to tunnels — and i n t h i s case they would be located adjacent to h i g h - c l a s s r e s i d e n t i a l property or parks area — a r e never d e s i r a b l e or a t t r a c t i v e from the standpoint of property owners. Extremely v a l u a b l e property i s located a l l along or adjacent to the route proposed f o r the tunnels. There i s always danger of damages to property I n the proximity of b l a s t i n g . The D i s t r i c t has had some ex- perience from damage to property during b l a s t i n g f o r sewers and apartments. �318 A p r o j e c t such a s contemplated could r e s u l t i n considerable l i t i g a t i o n . The tunnel proposal i s held objectionable, f a n t a s t i c , undesirable, and i m p r a c t i c a l and i t i s our unanimous opinion t h a t there i s no sound b a s i s f o r i t s consideration. Apparently, the idea was conceived s o l e l y to j u s t i f y us© of Glover-Archbold w i t h no consideration of c o s t s to the taxpayers. Park We a r e u n a l t e r a b l y opposed to the tunnel scheme. The Cathedral Heights - Cleveland Park C i t i z e n s ' A s s o c i a t i o n approves Route A-2 favored by the c i t y highway officials. The reasons f o r our approval a r e : 1. I t i s the most p r a c t i c a l l o c a t i o n and w i l l provide r a p i d uninterrupted t r a f f i c flow w i t h few i n t e r sections. 2. Construction c o s t s w i l l be considerably 3. I t w i l l r e s u l t i n l e s s damage to parks less. and r e c r e a t i o n a l areas. We b e l i e v e that the R i v e r w i l l be seen and enjoyed by more people s i n c e automobiles w i l l continue to be the major method of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and travel. 4. Route A-2 w i l l be l e s s d e s t r u c t i v e to r e s i d e n t i a l and business property, and r e s u l t i n l e s s l o s s to the c i t y from the removal of t a x a b l e property from the t a x r o l l s . �319 5, I t w i l l r e s u l t i n a minimum i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h e x i s t i n g t r a f f i c , whereas i t would be impracticable to pyramid i n t e r s t a t e t r a f f i c on top of Wisconsin Avenue t r a f f i c which i s already overloaded. 6, I t w i l l be l e s s d i s r u p t i v e to homes, schools, churches, and businesses during the c o n s t r u c t i o n period. 7, B e t t e r balanced t r a f f i c s e r v i c e w i l l r e s u l t s i n c e the R i v e r route w i l l not overload i n t e r s t a t e f a c i l i t i e s as w i l l the other suggested routes but w i l l d i v e r t such t r a f f i c from Washington. At the hearing t h i s afternoon we heard the f a i r play and i n t e g r i t y of the D i s t r i c t Commissioners and the Highway o f f i c i a l s challenged. While c e r t a i n recommendations have been made by the Park officials, and by the Planning Commission, adversely a f f e c t i n g our area, which we a r e not i n accord w i t h , we wish to express complete confidence i n the o f f i c i a l s of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and tho Paris and Planning o f f i c i a l s . I n conclusion, permit me to thank you f o r the p r i v i l e g e of expressing our views i n the hope t h a t we may be h e l p f u l to your o f f i c e i n s e t t l i n g t h i s controversy to the best i n t e r e s t s of a l l . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Mr. S e l t z e r , president of the Spring V a l l e y - Wesley Heights C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n . �320 STATEMENT OF PAUL J . SELTZER, PRESIDENT, SPRING VALLEY - WESLEY HEIGHTS CITIZENS ASSOCIATION, MR. SELTZER: President McLaughlin, Commissioner Welling, Commissioner K a r r i c k : I would do w e l l to j u s t second the remarks of Mrs. S e l l e r s , who preceded me. However, I too have a sacred t r u s t . My name i s Paul S e l t z e r and I am appearing on behalf of the Spring Valley-Wesley Heights C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n , of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, of which I am president. T h i s A s s o c i a t i o n has more than 400 members, who r e s i d e i n an area which w i l l be d i r e c t l y a f f e c t e d by Routes C and D, or the s o - c a l l e d Wisconsin Avenue Corridor. Our A s s o c i a t i o n held a s p e c i a l meeting on January 2, 1958, to consider any a c t i o n t o be taken i n connection w i t h the l o c a t i o n of Route 240. A f t e r pre- s e n t a t i o n of the f a c t s regarding the proposals f o r l o c a t i n g t h i s highway, our A s s o c i a t i o n adopted, by unanimous vote, a r e s o l u t i o n , opposing the construction of Route 240 through the Glover-Archbold Park, and favored the l o c a t i o n of t h i s highway a s recommended by the Clarkeson Engineering Company i n t h e i r report, or a minor v a r i a t i o n thereof, as proposed by the D i s t r i c t Highway Department. �321 A copy of the r e s o l u t i o n adopted by our Associat i o n on January 2, 1958, has been delivered-to the Commiss i o n e r s , and I now request t h a t t h i s copy be incorporated i n the record of t h i s hearing, a s a part of the testimony. The report of the Clarkeson Engineering Company, i n the opinion of our A s s o c i a t i o n i s a thorough study of t h i s matter, and the conclusions and recommendations of that report appear t o be sound. The report has been evaluated by the D i s t r i c t Highway Department and has t h e i r general approval. We submit t h a t , u n l e s s there a r e h i g h l y persuasive f a c t s t o outweigh the Clarkeson and Highway Department conclusions, the Commissioners adopt the Clarkeson recommendations and the minor modification thereof. We a r e not f a m i l i a r w i t h any f a c t s which outweigh the d e s i r a b i l i t y of e i t h e r the proposed Rout© A or A-2. I am t a k i n g the opportunity, t o emphasise a few of the f a c t o r s i n f a v o r of our recommendations, many of which, as ycu know, a r e r e p e t i t i o u s . As the Clarkeson report i n d i c a t e s , th© r i g h t of-way i n Glover-Archbold Park i s only 100 f e e t wide and t h i s i s not adequate t o accommodate the required eight lanes. Although circumstances ar© not i d e n t i c a l , we think t h e Glover-Archbold Park area should be e n t i t l e d to a t l e a s t a s much respect a s Roosevelt I s l a n d . The conditions of grant o f land f o r a designated p u b l i c use �322 should s u r e l y not he v i o l a t e d u n l e s s there i s no reasonable a l t e r n a t i v e , and there i s a reasonable a l t e r n a t i v e , namely Route A o r A-2. The o r i g i n a l owners of s a i d land, known a s Glover-Archbold Park, and t h e i r descendants have i n d i cated t h e i r opposition to the d i v e r s i o n of s a i d park land f o r use a s an i n t e r s t a t e highway, and such use might be a breach of f a i t h , i n v i o l a t i o n of s a i d t r u s t , and a l s o a l o s s t o the c i t i z e n s of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia of t h i s p u b l i c park. Much of t h i s land i s used f o r p i c n i c s and playgrounds i n densely-populated areas of apartment b u i l d i n g s . I t i s the consensus of the opinion of the members of our A s s o c i a t i o n that such I n t e r s t a t e Highway through Glover-Archbold Park would depreciate l a r g e a d j o i n i n g areas of v a l u a b l e r e s i d e n t i a l property. I t has been estimated that t o place Route 240, as proposed through Glover-Archbold Park, would cost the c i t i z e n s of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and the United States a s i g n i f i c a n t l y greater amount than other proposed r o u t e s . The proposed Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r would d i v i d e neighborhood f a c i l i t i e s . I n many instances, r e s i d e n t s w i l l f i n d that some of t h e i r e s s e n t i a l community f a c i l i t i e s , such a s schools, playgrounds, �323 clO churches, f i r e protection, and shopping f a c i l i t i e s , w i l l be located on one side of the highway and they w i l l be located on the other, thus c r e a t i n g a b a r r i e r . The l o c a t i o n of a highway through a developed community would undoubtedly change the present character and f u t u r e development of the area. Construction along the Potomac R i v e r can be accomplished with a minimum of i n t e r r u p t i o n and d i s l o c a t i o n of e x i s t i n g t r a f f i c . The l o c a t i o n of US Highway 240 along the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r w i l l bring s u b s t a n t i a l t r a f f i c of a non-neighboring character through a very f i n e r e s i d e n t i a l s e c t i o n of Northwest Washington, 0. C., without any s u b s t a n t i a l benefit to the r e s i d e n t s of t h i s area. The l o c a t i o n of Route 240 along the Potomac R i v e r w i l l provide the best means of moving i n t e r s t a t e t r a f f i c around the D i s t r i c t of Columbia with l e a s t i n t e r r u p t i o n and delay to l o c a l t r a f f i c or to the i n t e r s t a t e t r a f f i c , which i s the trend i n modern planning throughout the country. The l o c a t i o n of a limited-access highway along the s o - c a l l e d Wisconsin Avenue or R i v e r Road c o r r i d o r would encourage and emphasize the use of privately-owned c a r s as a means of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r people employed i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and r e s i d i n g �324 i n Montgomery County. T h i s may c r e a t e parking problems and congestion i n the c i t y of Washington which w i l l be impossible to s o l v e . Again the cost of construction w i l l be subs t a n t i a l l y greater along the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r or along the R i v e r Road c o r r i d o r , a s compared w i t h the construction of a highway along the Potomac R i v e r . Also, f o r s e v e r a l years no doubt, t r a f f i c would be i n t e r r u p t e d through the business s e c t i o n of Wisconsin Avenue i n the Bethesda-Chevy Chase area, c r e a t i n g a great l o s s to business. For these reasons, which we consider sound, the Spring V a l l e u - Wesley Heights C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n goes on record a s opposing the proposed route through the Glover-Archbold Park, by the construction of I n t e r s t a t e Highway known as Route 240 through s a i d park, and f a v o r i n g the l o c a t i o n of proposed I n t e r s t a t e Highway known as Route 240 a s recommended by the Clarkeson Engineering Company i n t h e i r report, or a minor v a r i a t i o n to t h i s report recommendation as proposed by the Highway Department of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. Thank you, gentlemen, f o r t h i s opportunity to present the views of our A s s o c i a t i o n . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: The r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the F o x h a l l C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n w i l l t e s t i f y tomorrow �325 morning. We come now t o Number 26, Friendship Heights C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n , Mr. Milo G. Coerper. I s there a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e here tonight? (No response.) The American Federation of Labor and Congress of I n d u s t r i a l Organizations? (No response) I s there a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e here of the American U n i v e r s i t y Park C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n here tonight? I know one w i l l be here tomorrow. (No response.) Northwest Council of C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n s , Mr. P e r r i n , o r Mr. Burmeister? (No response.) I imagine these people w i l l be i n tomorrow. The C i v i l League of Brookmont and V i c i n i t y ? (No response.) Tho Wilderness Society? STATE&iENT OF MICHAEL HA DEL, ASSISTANT EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, THE WILDERNESS SOCIETY. MR. NADEL: Mr. Chairman, members of the Board: My name i s Michael Nadel. I am a s s i s t a n t executive s e c r e t a r y of the Wilderness Society, a n a t i o n a l non-profit conservation organization, i n whose behalf I am presenting t h i s statement. The headquarters of the �326 Society, which was founded i n 1935, are a t 2144 P S t r e e t , N.W., Washington 7, D. C. We do not appear a t t h i s hearing t o advocate any p a r t i c u l a r route but r a t h e r t o urge that any route should be l a i d out w i t h respect f o r the parks i n the city. Whatever route o r routes are established f o r the t r a f f i c t o and from Washington on Route 240, these arrangements should be made with concern f o r the parks that have already been set aside f o r preservation. They should be made w i t h c a r e f u l regard f o r the value of n a t u r a l areas and open spaces i n t h i s c i t y . I t i s r e g r e t t a b l e that the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission, f o r instance, i s reported t o favor a route that would push an esspressway or a parkway through narrow stream-valley Glover-Archbold Park, turning i t i n t o two narrow s t r i p s separated by through traffic. The f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d i e s f o r t h i s area there- f o r e appear t o be i n favor of headlong m o b i l i t y , w i t h Q u a l i t a t i v e needs of the people of the c i t y put a s i d e . Thus one of the open spaces dedicated f o r preservation, f o r now and i n t o the f u t u r e , v/ould be mortgaged a s a t r a f f i c v e i n which i t s e l f v/ould be headed f o r obsolescence a t b i r t h . The Park, i f held i n t a c t , w i l l never become obsolete, but w i l l develop even r i c h e r meaning �327 cl4 f o r people becoming more f i r m l y mired by asphalt and concrete Proposed Route A-2 would have one of i t s lanes so c l o s e to the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal as to i n t e r f e r e w i t h important r e c r e a t i o n a l v a l u e s i n t h i s a r e a . Another route, designated a s A, and recommended to the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Government by i t s consultant, Clarkeson Engineering Company, and presented i n more complete d e t a i l than the others, seems to avoid encroachment' upon a valued n a t u r a l area, and thus i s l e s s object i o n a b l e than the other routes, assuming t h a t i t i s a l s o i n other respects a good route. There should be some understanding whether Route A, or any other route, w i l l i n i t s course p a r a l l e l a projected George Washington Memorial Parkway. The National C a p i t a l Planning Commission opposes t h i s route as being i n c o n f l i c t w i t h plans i t has announced f o r the Parkway — although these plans do not seem c l e a r i n t h e i r e n t i r e t y to many who would be i n t e r e s t e d . Would t h i s opposition d e c i s i v e l y a f f e c t the plans f o r Route A? What would be the compromises? would be the a l t e r n a t i v e s to the a l t e r n a t i v e s ? What Are the present a l t e r n a t i v e s so frozen t h a t the choices l i e i n e v i t a b l y among A, A-2, C, or D as a t present described? As a matter of f a c t , i t i s understood that d e t a i l e d �32S s t u d i e s have not been made of C or D. There seems to be only one c e r t a i n t y that we can express i n t h i s statement, which must remain a statement of p r i n c i p l e s . That c e r t a i n t y was expressed i n a study of the Potomac R i v e r B a s i n by the Bureau of Business and Economic Research of the U n i v e r s i t y of Maryland, published only l a s t month. I t was s t a t e d by i m p l i c a t i o n i n W i l l i a m H. White J r . ' s a r t i c l e , "Urban Sprawl," i n a current i s s u e of Fortune magazine. I t has been r e i t e r a t e d again and again by the conscience of the people. That c e r t a i n t y i s that our parks and n a t u r a l areas are not expendable. The repugnance of people f o r the convenience f e a s i b i l i t y planning of the development-minded that impinges upon, denigrates, or destroys our receding n a t u r a l areas — our green i s l a n d s of freedom — grows stronger with the advancing concrete and asphalt sprawl. Let no one read i n t o t h i s an o b j e c t i o n to expressways or parkways i n themselves, but r a t h e r a hope that i n t e l l i g e n t d i r e c t i o n w i l l give us such needed a r t e r i e s and a t the same time respect our other needs. The r i g h t s of i n d i v i d u a l s to unmolested enjoyment of r e c r e a t i v e n a t u r a l areas, e n t i r e l y removed from the s i g h t s of "improvements," are as v a l i d as the other s o c i a l or economic r i g h t s , and bear t a n g i b l e f r u i t s . �329 Our best minds agree that r e g i o n a l planning, i n the face of population trends and needs, must embrace the s e r v i c e s of s p e c i a l i s t s , and we must not forget those who represent a l s o the i n t a n g i b l e needs of the people. Bearing i n mind these needs, we need only to remind the engineers t h a t they are among the most r e s o u r c e f u l of our people. T h e i r i n c r e d i b l e f e a t s i n over- coming the impossible stand as monuments to the ingenuity of man. L e t them not be so modest as to b e l i e v e that they can not b u i l d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a r t e r i e s , i f urgently needed, without s p o i l i n g the remaining n a t u r a l areas i n this city. Let them recognize that one condition they should meet i n planning any route i s a respect f o r a l l areas of park that are now available. I should l i k e to c l o s e t h i s statement w i t h the words of the National C a p i t a l Park and Planning Commission i n i t s A p r i l 1950 Monograph No. 1, as quoted i n the Clarkeson Report of June 1957: "Washington, the 'Seat of Government.' should o f f e r a s e t t i n g f o r e f f e c t i v e conduct of our n a t i o n a l and world a f f a i r s . For i t s own people i t should be a good place to l i v e . For a l l the people of the United States i t should be an i n s p i r i n g symbil of t h e i r country." Gentlemen, I thank you very much f o r the p r i v i l e g e of making t h i s statement. �330 COMMISSIONER KARRICK; I think you neglected t o t e l l us how many members your A s s o c i a t i o n has. Would you give us the approximate number? MR. NADEL: Yes. We have some 10,000 or 11,000 members throughout the country. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: National W i l d l i f e Federation? (No response.) West Glover-Archbold C i t i z e n s Association, Mr. Leventhal. STATEMENT OF HAROLD LEVENTHAL, WEST GLOVERARCHBOLD CITIZENS ASSOCIATION. MR. LEVENTHAL: Mr. Chairman, members of the Commission: T h i s statement i s on behalf of West GloverArchbold C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n . As i n d i c a t e d by the l e t t e r of our president, Mr. C e c i l Wilkinson, to the Secretary of the Board of Commissioners, t h i s i s a newlyorganised unincorporated association. I t s ' members a r e those ^7ho own property west of Glover-Archbold Park, and the other boundaries a r e the properties east of F o x h a l l Road, south of Forest Lane, which i s the southern boundary of Wesley Heights, and north of W Street. I t i s a small area, but t o paraphrase Daniel Webster, there a r e those who love i t . �331 cl8 My name i s Harold Leventhal. I r e s i d e a t 2406 44th S t r e e t , NW« T h i s i s the p o s i t i o n that has been adopted by the A s s o c i a t i o n : ,{ The A s s o c i a t i o n opposes the proposal to use the s o - c a l l e d Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r , which e i t h e r immediately or one step removed means heavy highway use of Glover-Archbold Park. The A s s o c i a t i o n supports i n - stead the p o s i t i o n that one of the s o - c a l l e d r i v e r routes be used f o r the l o c a t i o n of Highway 240, as recommended by the Clarkeson Report. "The Wisconsin Avenue Corridor f o r US 240 i n v o l v e s e x c e s s i v e and unnecessary expenditure of public funds, and i s a jeopardy to e x i s t i n g communities, residences and property values. "Such highv/ay use of Glover-Archbold Park would be a d e s t r u c t i o n of a n a t u r a l park, which i s a p r i c e l e s s and i r r e p l a c e a b l e c i v i c asset of the C i t y of Washington." Mr. Commissioners, I notice s i n c e I have been a t the hearing that some of the speakers have challenged the conclusion that any route f o r US 240 need be provided i n the D i s t r i c t . We don't presume to be such students of c i t y planning w i t h s u f f i c i e n t breadth and experience t o challenge that conclusion, and t h i s �332 cl9 statement i s based on the p r a c t i c a l assumption that i f US 240 i s coming r i g h t down to the D i s t r i c t l i n e from the north, something i s going to be done to provide an egress out on the southern boundary. Moreover, I don't propose to dwell here on r e c i t a t i o n of the f a c t s , s t a t i s t i c s and conclusions concerning c o s t s and t r a f f i c potentions and economic d i s r u p t i o n s and other f a c t o r s that we have given consideration to. Those s u b j e c t s have been e x t e n s i v e l y analyzed by others. I n our opinion, they do lead to conclusions f a v o r i n g the R i v e r route, and I would l i k e to s t r e s s again what has already been mentioned by your Highway Department, that some of the s t a t i s t i c s of heavy highway use, which have been o f f e r e d i n support of routes C and D, r e f l e c t t r a f f i c demand r a t h e r than r e a l i s t i c p r o j e c t i o n s of use, and that they r e s t on c a l c u l a t i o n s that would assume highway use during peal; hours subs t a n t i a l l y i n excess of capacity, so that they are not r e a l i s t i c data, as we see them. On behalf of our A s s o c i a t i o n I should l i k e to focus p a r t i c u l a r l y on the i s s u e s of parks and good f a i t h to property owners. The c i t i z e n s of our area of course a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y d i s t r e s s e d by the proposal to transform our quiet park neighborhood i n t o the tumult that borders on �333 c20 an i n t e r s t a t e truck highway. We s e t t l e d here i n the understanding that Glover-Archbold Park had been dedicated and v/ould be maintained a s a n a t u r a l park. The proposal to Route 240 through the Park would be a gross breach of f a i t h . Moreover, Mr. Commissioners, i t i s the c i t y of Washington a s a whole, and not merely the a d j o i n i n g neighborhoods, v/e b e l i e v e , that would s u f f e r i r r e p r a b l e l o s s from the use of the Park s i t e . Other c i t i e s i n the land which have l o s t a l l t r a c e of n a t u r a l park land envy us t h i s h e r i t a g e of ours. I am reminded that i n conversations during the war, when Jean Monnet the French statesman, was here. He remarked on Glover-Archbold Park as one of the r e a l t r e a s u r e s of the c i t y , whose paths had given him great joy. I should l i k e to add a personal observation. I don't b e l i e v e there i s a more rewarding or even e x c i t i n g v i s i o n than a walk through Glover-Archbold Park when -the Park i s a carpet of s p r i n g flowers. For the b l e s s i n g of t h i s Park we ov/e a great deal t o the philanthropy, and beyond that to the v i s i o n of Mr. Glover and Mrs. Archbold, because they have t r i e d to preserve what they knew could never be replaced. I don't mean to be f a c e t i o u s , but to borrow from a famous �song, "Only God can make a Park." what he can not replace. But man can destroy T h i s i n t e r s t a t e highway through Glover-Archbold Park would be a Juggernaut that crushed the Park beneath i t s wheels. We a r e a l s o aware of the f a c t that the R i v e r route i s the s i t e of a park. I n a l l candor, i t seems t o us t o be p l a i n that the R i v e r route doesn't involve the same kind of park destruction. There i s a narrow s i t e f o r the park, there a r e b l u f f s , and i n any event i t has been marred, a s other speakers pointed out, by the heavyt r a v e l e d Canal Road. V/e have a l s o given a t t e n t i o n to the s o - c a l l e d tunnel proposal of the s t a f f of the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission. We a r e s c e p t i c a l whether the enormous expense of a tunnel could ever be approved. V/e a r e f e a r f u l that the tunnel proposal would j u s t be there as a t h e o r e t i c a l conception, w h i l e the Wisconsin Avenue coridor would disgorge a l l of i t s t r a f f i c i n t o Glover-Archbold Park. Even assuming, however, that t r u c k s and buses could be s u c c e s s f u l l y d i v e r t e d i n t o a tunnel, t h i s proposal means heavy highway use of Glover-Archbold Park as the egress f o r passenger v e h i c l e s t r a v e r s i n g US 240 along the proposed Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r . I don't know whether the conception of Glover-Archbold Park would �335 c22 be designated a s part of the I n t e r s t a t e Highway System. But i f that v/ere t r u e , you would have so much c l e a r e r dedication t o heavy highway use. So that we favor the R i v e r routes. I l i s t e n e d with some i n t e r e s t t h i s afternoon to s e t t i n g f o r t h of some of the l e g i s l a t i v e h i s t o r y of the Highway Act by a spokesman f o r one of the previous citizens' associations. I f I did not u t t e r l y misaprehend the import of what I heard, i t seemed to me that Senator Gore's bax'bed remarks that he feared l e s s than 90-10 d i v i s i o n would become an i n c e n t i v e t o d i s t o r t the I n t e r s t a t e Highway program i n t o a s o l u t i o n of metropolitan t r a f f i c area problems, these being the remarks that were c i t e d by the speakei* f o r the other c i t i z e n s ' a s s o c i a t i o n s , seemed t o me t o support rather than t o undercut the observation that was previously made by General P r e n t i s s that the l e g i s l a t i v e i n t e n t i o n was to provide the 90-10 funds p r i m a r i l y f o r t r u l y I n t e r s t a t e rather than f o r metropolitan area t r a f f i c . C e r t a i n l y i t can not be denied t h a t the s t a f f of the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission i s predominantly geared to and motivated by consideration of t r a f f i c w i t h i n a metropolitan area. A previous spokesman of another c i t i z e n s ' a s s o c i a t i o n a l s o seemed t o believe that there was somehow a breach of f a i t h , o r something wrong w i t h statements �336 c23 t h a t have been made that i f i t were not f o r some suburban t r a f f i c there would not be a US 240 coming i n t o the D i s t r i c t , and because, i t seemed to be argued, there was some consideration to the suburban t r a f f i c , the nest thing to do was to go to the route that gave predominant consideration to the suburban t r a f f i c . I don't see that that follows a t a l l . The conception of the Highway Department i s that of a balanced highway program. sense. That seems to me to make good I t has a f u r t h e r conception that instead of running a Chinese Wall i n the heart of a c i t y , that i t provides a modest expenditure that i s not such a one- sidedly commutor expressway. V/e submit that we shouldn't use US 240 p r i m a r i l y and predominantly to solve a problem of metrop o l i t a n area t r a f f i c . I f we j u s t i f y t h i s on the ground that i t i s a bargain because the f e d e r a l government i s paying 90 percent, then we are doing j u s t what Senator Gore f e a r s , and t h i s would not only be a breach of f a i t h w i t h Congress but i t would be a breach of f a i t h w i t h the c i t y as i t stands, causing an unnecessary and economic and personal excessive disruption. I t seems to me, Mr. Commissioners, that the standards of the I n t e r s t a t e Highway seem to be inappropr i a t e to the problems of metropolitan-area traffic. �I don't b e l i e v e there can be any true s a t i s f a c t i o n i n wearing a coat merely because i t has been l a r g e l y paid f o r by a r i c h r e l a t i v e , when i t does not s u i t you e i t h e r i n s i z e or i n c o l o r or general t e x t u r e . I n conclusion, we wish again to thank the Commissioners f o r g i v i n g us the opportunity of appearing at t h i s hearing. No one who p a r t i c i p a t e s i n t h i s hearing can f a i l to be impressed by the splendid manner i n which you are proceeding to dischage your o f f i c i a l d u t i e s . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: I might say a t t h i s time t h a t people have paid us compliments f o r s t a y i n g on here. We c e r t a i n l y want to pay you com- pliments f o r your s t a y i n g on w i t h us. Now we have come to one of our most d i s t i n guished men of the time, Mr. Leon C h a t e l a i n , who speak f o r the Federal C i t y Council. will �STATEMENT OF LEON CHATELAIN, JR., MEMBER, PRESIDENT'S CONSULTING COMMITTEE, FEDERAL CITY COUNCIL. MR. CHATELAIN: Board of Commissioners: Mr. President and members of the I do thank you f o r w a i t i n g a few more moments, and I assure you I won't take more than a few moments. My name i s Leon C h a t e l a i n , J r . , President of the American I n s t i t u t e of A r c h i t e c t s , and member of the Federal C i t y Council, Board of Trustees and the Planning Committee. I am t e s t i f y i n g t h i s evening on behalf of the Council. I am appearing to urge that the Commissioners s e l e c t the R i v e r Route, or A-2, as the l o c a t i o n f o r the D i s t r i c t portion of U. S. Route 240, and that they make t h i s d e c i s i o n known as r a p i d l y as i t i s f e a s i b l e . The F e d e r a l C i t y Council has taken t h i s p o s i t i o n a f t e r long and c a r e f u l a n a l y s i s of the v a r i o u s proposed routes. On December 9, a l l pertinent data r e l a t i n g t o the Route 240 issue was presented t o the President's Consulting Committee, the group v/hich recommends p o l i c y to the f u l l Council Board. A f t e r considering the r e l a t i v e m e r i t s of these r o u t e s , the Committee voted unanimously to support the R i v e r Route. of Trustees — T h i s stand was r e a f f i r m e d by our f u l l Board again without d i s s e n t i n g vote — when i t �339 met on December 23. Our a n a l y s i s has proceeded from one basic consideration: the f a c t that Highway 240 i s part of the new n a t i o n a l i n t e r s t a t e system. T h i s means that i t must be constructed t o meet the requirements of the Federal Highway Act of 1956. In other words, the connecting l i n k t o 240 must be b u i l t as a limited-access highway, capable of s a f e l y accommodating i n t e r s t a t e t r a f f i c a t speeds of up t o 70 miles per hour. I t must provide f o r maximum grading — ordinary conditions — under of not more than 3 percent. supply a right-of-way of approximately 300 f e e t . I t must Finally, i t must be open t o a l l types of motor v e h i c l e s , including heavy duty d i e s e l t r u c k s . Let us apply t h i s consideration t o both of the major aqternate routes: that i s , the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r , and the B l v e r Route. I f the Wisconsin Avenue c o r r i d o r were s e l e c t e d , a l i m i t e d - a c c e s s highway would be imposed upon one of the c i t y ' s most populous and h e a v i l y - t r a v e l e d areas. This would mean that Wisconsin Avenue would become a b a r r i e r to east-west t r a f f i c i n t h i s e n t i r e area, unless a s e r i e s of extremely high-cost crossings wore constructed. Examination of t h i s route from Pook's H i l l t o i t s ultimate connection with the inner loop shows that �340 approximately 45 crossings would be involved. Creation of such a Chinese Wail would undoubtedly have many adverse e f f e c t s , i n addition t o the s u b s t a n t i a l l o s s i n pedestrian and v e h i c u l a r t r a f f i c from one side of the highway t o the other. I t would, i n some instances, tend t o d i v i d e neighborhood f a c i l i t i e s ; i t would change the present character and future development of the area; i t would present a hazard t o c h i l d r e n where playgrounds are located on the opposite side of the route from t h e i r homes, and would tend t o lower many property values. S e l e c t i o n of the c o r r i d o r would s e r i o u s l y a f f e c t many homes and businesses, e x i s t i n g and planned. For example, i t would knowck out the new $5.5 m i l l i o n o f f i c e headquarters of Government Employees Insurance Company, by lopping o f f an end of that company's 28-acre t r a c t a t Western and Wisconsin Avenue. T h i s would mean a l o s s of p o t e n t i a l t a x revenues and would c o n s t i t u t e a blow t o the e n t i r e community. The proposed River Route presents a sharp contrast t o a l l of these disadvantages. I t was o r i g i n a l l y selected by one of the nation's leading consultant f i r m s , Clarkeson and Company, a s the most l o g i c a l s i n g l e route i n t o the D i s t r i c t , and the one which would r e s u l t i n the l e a s t d i s l o c a t i o n t o t r a f f i c and property values. T h i s route f o l l o w s a basic concept recommended �341 by a l l leading planners, including those on our Planning Commission. I t i s this: When bringing a major highway i n t o a c i t y a "seam" route should be chosen, i n order t o occasion the l e a s t possible d i s r u p t i o n t o already-established neighborhoods. The E l v e r Route has p r a c t i c a l l y no i n t e r s e c t i o n s . Since i t runs along the r i v e r i t would c o n s t i t u t e no b a r r i e r to t r a f f i c . I t would present the most d i r e c t , speediest and most economical route t o the c e n t r a l c i t y . I am not going i n t o any f u r t h e r d e t a i l of the reasons f o r our p o s i t i o n , since these are summed up i n the r e s o l u t i o n I am about t o read: "WHEREAS, an e a r l y d e c i s i o n as t o where U.S. Route 240, an i n t e r s t a t e and n a t i o n a l defense highway, should enter the D i s t r i c t i s of paramount importance t o Washington and i t s surrounding area, a s part of the n a t i o n a l accelerated highway program; and "WHEREAS, the mounting delay i n pinpointing the route i s leading t o confusion, u n c e r t a i n t y and, i n some instances, economic l o s s , as i s demonstrated i n recent c r i t i c i s m by the press and by o f f i c i a l s involved; and "WHEREAS, as an i n t e r s t a t e highway, t h i s route must be b u i l t a s a limited-access thoroughfare w i t h expensive grade separations a t every i n t e r s e c t i o n (unless the highway i s t o c o n s t i t u t e a t o t a l b a r r i e r t o pedestrian and v e h i c u l a r �342 t r a f f i c a t these i n t e r s e c t i o n s ) , able t o accommodate the expected t r a f f i c volumes of 1957; and "WHEREAS, c a r e f u l and thorough i n v e s t i g a t i o n by the Federal C i t y Council has shown the proposed r i v e r route, A-2, would be superior t o a l l other suggested l o c a t i o n s for the f o l l o w i n g "(a) reasons: I t would cost $13 m i l l i o n l e s s t o construct than e i t h e r Routes C or D; "(b) I t would be f a r l e s s d e s t r u c t i v e t o p r i v a t e property and, because the route has only two i n t e r s e c t i o n s , i t would involve much l e s s d i s r u p t i o n of e s t a b l i s h e d t r a f f i c patterns than the other a l t e r n a t i v e s ; ••(c) Better-balanced t r a f f i c s e r v i c e s would r e s u l t from use of the r i v e r route, since i t would not overload connecting i n t e r s t a t e f a c i l i t i e s — as would any of the other routes suggested; "(d) Taking i n t o account the a n t i c i p a t e d growth of upper Montgomery County, A-2 would help t o siphon o f f the expanded t r a f f i c from t h i s area, r a t h e r than funneling a l l of i t through the already overloaded Wisconsin Avenue route; "THEREFORE BE I T RESOLVED THAT members of the Federal C i t y Council o f f i c i a l l y support A-2 as the connecting l i n k t o U. S. Route 240, and that t h i s p o s i t i o n be made known t o the Commissioners a t the public hearing on �343 January 6, 1958, by tho proper Council spokesman." We want t o thank you v e r y much f o r w a i t i n g a few minutes f o r me. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you, s i r . We w i l l a l l go home now, and resume tomorrow a t 10:00 a.m. (Thereupon, a t 9:40 o'clock p.m., the hearing was adjourned, t o reconvene a t 10:00 o'clock a.m., Tuesday, January 7, 1958.) �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Stenographic transcript : hearing on Route U.S. 240 : 6 January 1958 Subject The topic of the resource Public hearings United States Route 240 (VA and D.C.) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ace Reporting Company District of Columbia. Executive Office Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 6, 1958 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Description An account of the resource The hearing for Route US 240 took place on <a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6418" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="January 6, 1958">January 6, 1958</a> and <a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6419" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="January 7, 1958">January 7, 1958</a> and are divided into two volumes. https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/6cdfeb1447bc1739c01196dd5f1e84f3.pdf?Expires=1779321600&Signature=rQkXIpYsHPCZ%7EIe8904W-7S6aIxYSvWsjjK9ee6b8BhG67OyXq-t1TSLUrCzbvgsuQZMpCfo3aLBx5u4Zm-XxYifWEzkfgXkIqIZKeHEnmwBWG%7E-jEzVptreK9bLohTH2kZNfcSBO2aWNXY2uW%7ExCmR455Um7RJNDi9nY%7ETJk-PbevisBJGAlwDOS4TAd%7E4jnk00A%7EV6ykzM%7EXAnezWKGMxBegAuq5QJtXNEm-lM52LPVKPQEjt%7Eyb9YVkecEQ6RLt-2HcSgGAyewCoX90ff1tMMKWF3TYy5pbL5ndg69JDhzpF9ePm4CWyREsolWP-hZUdMOswo-gvNLY43Mbt8pQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM a9aeeb5cb7a589c2db10303f5a8663bc PDF Text Text CONFIDENTIAL A SURVEY OF PUBLIC OPINION I N WASHINGTON, D.C. REGARDING NEW FREEWAYS Study #1209 March 19&9 Prepared by OLIVER QUAYLE AND COMPANY S t a t i o n Park B u i l d i n g ikl Parkway Road B r o n x v i l l e , N.Y. �f �CONFIDENTIAL TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE A WORD ABOUT THIS SURVEY 1 TIMING 1 + BACKGROUND 5 A PROFILE OF WASHINGTON ADULT RESIDENTS 8 ATTITUDES TOWARD THE PRESENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 13 KNOWLEDGE OF NEW FREEWAY PROPOSALS AND GENERAL ATTITUDE TOWARD NEW FREEWAYS 2k ATTITUDES TOWARD SPECIFIC PLANS FOR FREEWAYS AND THE QUESTION OF FREEWAYS OR NO FREEWAYS 37 PREFERENCE BETWEEN LIMITED AND SUBURBAN-ACCESS PLANS FOR FREEWAYS 6U PREFERENCE AMONG SUBGROUPS FOR PLANS A OR B 65 FREEWAY OR NO FREEWAY - SECOND TIME ASKED 70 NEW FREEWAYS OR NO NEW FREEWAYS SUBGROUP PREFERENCES 72 A FINAL LOOK AT THE ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST NEW FREEWAYS 77 THE INFLUENCE OF SOME OF THE PERSONALITIES INVOLVED I N THE FREEWAY CONTROVERSY 81+ �- 1 - CONFIDENTIAL A WORD ABOUT THIS SURVEY T h i s s u r v e y r e p o r t s on opinions D.C. p e r t a i n i n g t o proposed new f o r and o p p o s i t i o n to new freeways freeways of a d u l t r e s i d e n t s o f Washington, i n their city. I t measures support g e n e r a l l y , and more s p e c i f i c a l l y , atti- tudes toward a p l a n which w i l l connect w i t h suburban highways as opposed t o one l i m i t e d to i n t e r n a l c i t y r o u t e s . I t determines why residents f e e l as t h e y do, and what arguments used by both s i d e s they f e e l a r e most persuasive. how I t t e s t s p u b l i c knowledge o f the proposed new freeway program, h e a v i l y these freeways would be used as compared to the Metro Rapid T r a n s i t System, and i t r e p o r t s on how people g e n e r a l l y f e e l about the prob- lem o f g e t t i n g around t h e i r c i t y and t o i t s suburbs. I t a l s o shows what p a r t i c u l a r groups o f r e s i d e n t s a r e most and l e a s t i n c l i n e d to f a v o r freeways and t o support a c i t y - t o - s u b u r b system. A l l of t h i s information i s provided how new Washingtonians f e e l about new The o p i n i o n s freeways to give an a c c u r a t e p i c t u r e o f for their city. of Washington r e s i d e n t s , on w h i c h t h i s r e p o r t i s based, were gathered by t r a i n e d members o f our f i e l d s t a f f who conducted p e r s o n a l i n t e r v i e w s w i t h 400 r e s i d e n t s , 2 1 y e a r s o l d or o l d e r , r e p r e s e n t i n g an acc u r a t e c r o s s s e c t i o n o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia's a d u l t A c t u a l i n t e r v i e w i n g was Saturday, 15th, February The Sample. done between S a t u r d a y , F e b r u a r y 8th, and 1969• Respondents i n t e r v i e w e d f o r t h i s study were s e l e c t e d a c c o r d i n g to a m o d i f i e d Meyer Cosnowsky. population. a r e a p r o b a b i l i t y sample, drawn by statistician I n t h i s methodology, the number of sampling p o i n t s d e s i g - nated i s c o n t r o l l e d by the c l u s t e r s i z e ( t h e number of i n t e r v i e w s conducted a t each sample p o i n t ) . The c l u s t e r s i z e was k e p t s m a l l i n c r e a s i n g the number o f p o i n t s sampled i n order to o b t a i n the most a c c u r a t e p o s s i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n �- 2 of Washington's a d u l t p o p u l a t i o n . Our CONFIDENTIAL e x p e r i e n c e shows t h a t c l u s t e r sizes o f between f o u r and s i x i n t e r v i e w s per p o i n t y i e l d h i g h l y a c c u r a t e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n a l samples and s t i l l produce an e f f i c i e n t sample d e s i g n . p a r t i c u l a r sample a c l u s t e r s i z e of f i v e was used, producing In this 80 sample p o i n t s f o r a t o t a l o f kOO completed i n t e r v i e w s . Sampling p o i n t s were s e l e c t e d i n the f o l l o w i n g manner: 128 Washington's p r e c i n c t s were ranked i n order of p o p u l a t i o n s i z e a c c o r d i n g t o t h e popu- l a t i o n e s t i m a t e s f o r t h e c i t y as made by the Demographic A n a l y s i s U n i t S t a t i s t i c a l I n f o r m a t i o n Systems Group i n May 1968. Then sampling p o i n t s were a s s i g n e d t o p r e c i n c t s p r o p o r t i o n a t e t o t h e i r s i z e making s u r e t h a t the f o u r major a r e a s o f t h e c i t y — and t h e Southeast — sample. Age the Northwest, the Southwest, the N o r t h e a s t , were a l s o p r o p o r t i o n a l l y r e p r e s e n t e d i n the final and sex quotas, based on census t r a c t i n f o r m a t i o n , were a s s i g n - ed t o groupings o f f o u r sample p o i n t s . Interviewing. A t each p r e c i n c t sample p o i n t i n t e r v i e w e r s s t a r t e d a t a c e n t r a l p o i n t i n the p r e c i n c t and worked i n c o n c e n t r i c c i r c l e s around t h a t s t a r t i n g p o i n t u n t i l t h e y had met t h e i r quotas. A l l i n t e r v i e w s were conducted i n respondent's homes, not on s t r e e t c o r n e r s or a t p l a c e s o f business. A l l i n t e r v i e w s w i t h men, a f t e r 5:00 p.m. e x c e p t s h i f t w o r k e r s , were conducted on weekdays or over weekends. Only Negroes i n t e r v i e w e d Negro respondents and w h i t e i n t e r v i e w e r s o n l y i n t e r v i e w e d w h i t e No quotas were e s t a b l i s h e d f o r Negro or w h i t e respondents; respondents. i n s t e a d we relied on the laws of p r o b a b i l i t y t o o b t a i n an a c c u r a t e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f r e s i d e n t s of each r a c e . Of the t o t a l number o f completed i n t e r v i e w s , 77 p e r c e n t were conducted w i t h Negroes. T h i s i s t e n p e r c e n t h i g h e r than r e c e n t e s t i m a t e s t h a t 67 p e r c e n t Washington's p o p u l a t i o n i s Negro. N e v e r t h e l e s s , our method of sampling of �- 3 - CONFIDENTIAL c o u l d not r e s u l t i n more t h a n a 4 t o 5 p e r c e n t e r r o r . T h e r e f o r e , we feel t h a t an a c c u r a t e f i g u r e i s between 72 and 82 p e r c e n t which r e f l e c t s i n c r e a s e d Negro m i g r a t i o n (and w h i t e e m i g r a t i o n ) s i n c e the l a s t e s t i m a t e was made. No respondent was g i v e n any i d e a as t o the i d e n t i t y o f the c l i e n t , and a l l were a s s u r e d o f p e r s o n a l anonymity. Each i n t e r v i e w r e q u i r e d ap- p r o x i m a t e l y hO minutes t o complete. The Q u e s t i o n n a i r e . A c a r e f u l l y s t r u c t u r e d q u e s t i o n n a i r e was used which a l l o w e d respondents numerous o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o e x p r e s s themselves p e r s o n a l terms. These responses were r e c o r d e d v e r b a t i m . in Completed ques- t i o n n a i r e s were r e t u r n e d to our B r o n x v i l l e o f f i c e where t h e y were coded f o r f i n a l computation on an IBM 360/45 s e r i e s computer. The A n a l y s i s . T h i s r e p o r t i s d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e t y p e s of i n f o r m a t i o n . F i r s t , the s t a t i s t i c a l f i n d i n g s a r e g i v e n . t h i s data i s explained. Second, and o n l y when n e c e s s a r y , F i n a l l y , when a p p r o p r i a t e , under s i n g l e - s p a c e d paragraphs marked Observations , our comments a r e g i v e n as t o the i m p l i c a t i o n s of t h e data and what i n f e r e n c e s can be drawn from them. statistical Thus, w h i l e t h e i n f o r m a t i o n and e x p l a n a t i o n s of t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n a r e o b j e c t i v e i n n a t u r e , Observations Monition. are s u b j e c t i v e . As i n a l l Quayle s t u d i e s , should any p o r t i o n of t h i s r e p o r t appear i n the p r e s s or any other p u b l i c medium, O l i v e r Quayle and Company r e s e r v e s the r i g h t t o make p u b l i c i t s e n t i r e c o n t e n t s , i n c l u d i n g the wording o f q u e s t i o n s , a d e f i n i t i o n of the sample and i t s s i z e , methods and t i m i n g of i n t e r v i e w i n g , and the i d e n t i t y of the c l i e n t . �- k - CONFIDENTIAL ANALYSIS Timing The r e a d e r should understand t h a t events t a k i n g p l a c e d u r i n g the days when i n t e r v i e w i n g i s conducted can i n f l u e n c e the o p i n i o n s of respondents Thus, i t i s important to bear i n mind t h a t i n t e r v i e w i n g f o r t h i s s u r v e y done between F e b r u a r y 8th and F e b r u a r y 15th, 1969. D u r i n g the e a r l y p a r t of t h i s week, o i l l e a k s from o f f s h o r e Southern C a l i f o r n i a w e l l s and p o l l u t i o n t h r e a t t h e y posed were f e a t u r e d i n h e a d l i n e s . the Secretary of I n t e r i o r W a l t e r H i c k e l ordered a l l d r i l l i n g stopped i n the a l r e a d y S a n t a B a r b a r a Channel. was Heavy snows whipped the N o r t h e a s t , but Nixon escaped them by spending a l o n g weekend i n Key B i s c a y n e . polluted President He was back i n Washington, however, on Tuesday and announced t h a t he was making no changes i n h i s p l a n s to v i s i t B e r l i n l a t e r i n t h e month i n s p i t e of the E a s t Germans' h o s t i l i t y to the h o l d i n g of West Germany's P r e s i d e n t i a l E l e c t i o n i n that c i t y . L a t e r i n the week, the s e l e c t i o n of a j u r y to t r y S i r h a n S i r h a n f o r the murder of Robert Kennedy was O r l e a n s the s t a t e ' s key w i t n e s s completed, and a g a i n s t C l a y Shaw s a i d he was not in New absolutely c e r t a i n t h a t he had h e a r d Shaw t a l k about murdering P r e s i d e n t Kennedy. A f t e r a v i s i t to Washington, Governor Nelson R o c k e f e l l e r of Y o r k announced t h a t he had New suggested t o P r e s i d e n t Nixon t h a t f e d e r a l f i n a n c i a l a i d to s t a t e s and l o c a l governments be i n c r e a s e d e v e n t u a l l y by 30 b i l l i o n d o l l a r s and t h a t t h i s be done by k e e p i n g the 10 p e r c e n t income tar. s u r c h a r g e and e a r m a r k i n g revenue f o r s t a t e and D i s t u r b a n c e s on the n a t i o n ' s news as the N a t i o n a l Guard was U n i v e r s i t y of W i s c o n s i n . local aid. c o l l e g e campuses were v e r y much i n the c a l l e d i n t o q u e l l a student s t r i k e a t the I n Durham, North C a r o l i n a the p o l i c e used t e a r to b r e a k up a crowd of 1000 Duke U n i v e r s i t y s t u d e n t s , most of them w h i t e . gas �- 5 - CONFIDENTIAL Then as the week c l o s e d , a one day t r u c e was announced i n V i e t to mark the T e t , or Lunar New U.S. York h o l i d a y . Nam I t was emphasized by both the and the South Vietnamese t h a t t h e t r u c e was kept b r i e f t h i s y e a r t o d i s c o u r a g e the type o f enemy o f f e n s i v e which almost o v e r r a n South Vietnamese c i t i e s during the Tet h o l i d a y l a s t y e a r . Background To d r a m a t i z e the need f o r a c t i o n t o s o l v e Washington's t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems, i t has been p o i n t e d out t h a t i n t h e p a s t 20 y e a r s over 26 trans- p o r t a t i o n s u r v e y s o f t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia have been completed a t an e s t i m a t e d c o s t o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 20 m i l l i o n dollars. I n c o n t r a s t t o t h i s investment i n p l a n n i n g , p r o g r e s s i n terms of new highway c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t h i n t h e c i t y has been e x t r e m e l y slow. Under the F e d e r a l I n t e r s t a t e Highway program the B e l t w a y , the S h i r l e y Highway, and the A n a c o s t i a , Southwest, and W h i t e h u r s t Freeways have been b u i l t i n the a r e a i n and around the D i s t r i c t . A l s o , l a s t f a l l v o t e r s i n Washington's subT urban c o u n t i e s approved o f bond i s s u e s which w ould f i n a n c e t h e i r s h a r e o f the Metro Rapid R a i l T r a n s i t System. Y e t , p r a c t i c a l l y a l l the freeways b u i l t s e r v e the p e r i p h e r y o f the D i s t r i c t and p r a c t i c a l l y none o f the i n n e r c i t y l e a d i n g out t o t h e p e r i p h e r y . T h i s l e a v e s Washington w i t h an incompleted and what many b e l i e v e i s an inadequate freeway system. T h i s s i t u a t i o n p r e v a i l s m a i n l y because the c i t y has been r a c k e d by 15 y e a r s of c o n t r o v e r s y as t o whether f u r t h e r freeways should be b u i l t and i f so where they should be l o c a t e d . the c r i s i s I t has now reached stage s i n c e Congress has h i n t e d t h a t i t w i l l not a p p r o p r i a t e i t s share of funds f o r Metro r a i l system u n t i l the c i t y shows " c o n c r e t e " evidence t h a t i t has agreed upon a p l a n t o complete i t s u n f i n i s h e d f r e e w o r k network. �- 6 - CONFIDENTIAL Thus, i t seems t h a t the y e a r s of c o n t r o v e r s y c i t y ' s l e a d e r s must r e a c h must end, and the some d e c i s i o n . So f a r t h i s d e c i s i o n has been h e l d up i n p a r t by what would seem to be w i d e s p r e a d o p p o s i t i o n from c i t i z e n groups to new freeway c o n s t r u c t i o n a t l e a s t t o f r e e w a y s c o n n e c t i n g the c i t y t o the suburbs. opponents to any new homes and freeways argue t h a t t h e s e new Out and highways would or out destroy neighborhoods, d i s p l a c e p e o p l e , cause g r e a t e r a i r p o l l u t i o n , and rob many s e c t i o n s of Washington of t h e i r n a t u r a l b e a u t j r and charm. These opponents come from both the w h i t e and b l a c k segments of community l e a d e r s h i p , but the overtones a r e h e a v i l y r a c i a l as t y p i f i e d by the a c c u s a t i o n that f r e e w a y s "are w h i t e men's roads through b l a c k men's homes". Then t h e r e i s another v i e w p o i n t , as r e p r e s e n t e d by the most r e c e n t d e c i s i o n of the C i t y C o u n c i l and N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, which would not connect the D i s t r i c t ' s new herents freeways w i t h suburban highways. Ad- argue t h a t by e l i m i n a t i n g such gateways to the c i t y as the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and the North C e n t r a l Freeway t h a t suburban commuters, d i s couraged from b r i n g i n g t h e i r c a r s i n t o downtown Washington, w i l l thus r e l i e v e downtown c o n g e s t i o n . I n other words, t h e y contend t h a t the f l o w of commuter t r a f f i c can be stemmed by l i m i t i n g f r e e w a y f a c i l i t i e s . They back t h i s up by s t a t i n g t h a t the Washington r e s i d e n t i a l community does not want suburbanaccess freeways and t h a t the downtown b u s i n e s s Indeed, t h e y f e e l t h a t the c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s t h a n h e l p e d by such community does not need them. d i s t r i c t would be h u r t r a t h e r freeways. F i n a l l y , s u p p o r t e r s of f r e e w a y s which would l e a d d i r e c t l y i n t o suburban highways argue t h a t the Washington a r e a must have a b a l a n c e d r e g i o n a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system to i n c l u d e f r e e w a y s , proved bus r a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t , im- s e r v i c e , and more p u b l i c p a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s ; t h a t each one of �- 7 - CONFIDENTIAL t h e s e systems must complement t h e o t h e r ; and t h a t any e f f o r t s t o f o r c e u n r e a l i s t i c l i m i t a t i o n s on one of t h e s e n e c e s s a r y improvements w i l l result i n d e f i c i e n c i e s which cannot be c o r r e c t e d by the other segments o f t h e system. As an example of t h i s , t h e s e freeway b a c k e r s p o i n t out t h a t , d e s p i t e the e x i s t e n c e of a r a p i d r a i l system, a l a r g e number of people w i l l still use t h e i r c a r s e i t h e r to commute t o Washington or t o r e v e r s e commute t o t h e suburbs, and e f f o r t s t o d i s c o u r a g e cannot be successful. These proponents a l s o argue t h a t u n l e s s such a b a l a n c e d system, i n c l u d i n g freeways l e a d i n g d i r e c t l y t o the suburbs, i s i n i t i a t e d traffic immediately c o n g e s t i o n w i l l make Washington's r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s u n l i v a b l e , w i l l cause economic s t a g n a t i o n downtown, and w i l l p r e v e n t Washington's l a r g e number of low and u n s k i l l e d workers from r e a c h i n g job o p p o r t u n i t i e s now opening up i n the suburbs. Under such c o n d i t i o n s o f c o n g e s t i o n , s t a g n a t i o n , and urban b l i g h t , t h e y contend the c i t y ' s t a x base w i l l be so reduced that i t w i l l be f o r c e d t o c u t back on v i t a l p u b l i c s e r v i c e s such as s c h o o l s and h o s p i t a l s , and p o l i c e p r o t e c t i o n , and w i l l be t o t a l l y unable to p l a y i t s proper r o l e as the governmental c e n t e r o f our n a t i o n . No matter what p o i n t of v i e w i s t a k e n on a q u e s t i o n as c o n t r o v e r s i a l as new urban f r e e w a y s , i t i s always a t e m p t a t i o n t o c l a i m t h a t "the people want t h i s and the people want t h a t " . The purpose of t h i s s t u d y i s t o f i n d out e x a c t l y what the people o f Washington want i n terms of freeways or no f r e e w a y s , or suburban connected freeways or f r e e w a y s l i m i t e d t o the c i t y proper, and why they f e e l the way t h e y do. T h i s l e a d s us t o these a t t i t u d e s of Washington r e s i d e n t s , but l e t us t a k e a b r i e f l o o k a t e x a c t l y who Washington r e s i d e n t s a r e . A P r o f i l e o f Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s first �- 8 - CONFIDENTIAL DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF WASHINGTON, D.C. ADULT RESIDENTS A l l Washington Adult Residents % (Read V e r t i c a l l y ) Sex Male Female 47 53 Age 21-3-4 y e a r s 35-49 y e a r s 50-6U y e a r s 65 y e a r s and over 32 34 25 9 Socio-Economic L e v e l Upper and upper-middle Middle Lower 24 53 23 Annual F a m i l y Income $ 3 , 0 0 0 and under $3,100 t o $5,000 $5,100 t o $ 7 , 5 0 0 $ 7 , 6 0 0 t o $10,000 $10,100 t o $15,000 Over $15,000 Don't know or r e f u s e d 13 20 25 16 10 12 4 Occupation B u s i n e s s , p r o f e s s i o n a l and small business White-collar Blue-collar R e t i r e d , widow Unemployed or student Housewife 9 32 37 15 4 3 Head Of Household Employed By F e d e r a l government P r i v a t e b u s i n e s s or o r g a n i z a t i o n S e l f employed C i t y government Wot employed 30 40 4 4 22 Union A f f i l i a t i o n Union household Nonunion household 16 84 �- 9 - CONFIDENTIAL DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF WASHINGTON, D.C. ADULT RESIDENTS - Cont'd. A l l Washington Adult Residents * (Read V e r t i c a l l y ) L o c a t i o n Of Employment Washington, D.C. V i r g i n i a Suburbs Maryland Suburbs Not employed 58 8 12 22 Method Of G e t t i n g To Work Household c a r Car p o o l One bus Two or more buses Walk a l l t h e way Take t a x i Other means Depends, v a r i e s Don't go t o work 42 6 11 12 5 1 l 2 20 Time R e q u i r e d To Get To Work (Employed O n l y ) 15 minutes or l e s s 16 t o 25 minutes 26 t o 30 minutes 31 t o 45 minutes 46 minutes or more 25 22 19 19 15 Automobile Ownership Own one c a r Own two or more c a r s Do n o t own c a r 40 Race White Negro 23 77 Religion Protestant Catholic Jewish Other o r r e f u s e d 68 17 2 13 Major P r o t e s t a n t Denominations Baptist Methodist Fundamentalist Episcopal 41 11 7 4 46 Ik �- 10 - CONFIDENTIAL DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF WASHINGTON, D.C. ADULT RESIDENTS - Cont'd. A l l Washington Adult Residents (Read V e r t i c a l l y ) Length Of Residence I n Washington Less than 2 years 2 t o 10 y e a r s 1 1 t o 20 y e a r s Over 20 y e a r s 7 18 16 59 Home Ownership Own home Rent home 45 55 Type Of D w e l l i n g L i v e d I n One-family house Apartment o r m u l t i - f a m i l y house 56 kk P o l i t i c a l Registration Republican Democrat Independent Not r e g i s t e r e d 8 60 k 28 A r e a Of Residence (See map I n Appendix A F o r A r e a D e f i n i t i o n ) Northwest Southwest Northeast Southeast 2k 28 23 25 �- 11 - CONFIDENTIAL T h i s t a b l e g i v e s a thumbnail s k e t c h o f D i s t r i c t a d u l t s . Thus, we f i n d t h a t women outnumber men among people who l i v e i n t h e c i t y by 53 t o 47 p e r c e n t and t h a t people under 50 outnumber t h o s e over 50 by a p p r o x i m a t e l y two t o one. From a s t r i c t l y s u b j e c t i v e a p p r a i s a l o f t h e way people l i v e , ( a s viewed by our f i e l d s t a f f ) t h e r e a r e almost a s many p o v e r t y - s t r i c k e n r e s i d e n t s a s w e l l - t o - d o ones, b u t t h e m a j o r i t y (53 p e r c e n t ) a r e members o f America's g r e a t middle c l a s s . I f t h i s middle c l a s s i s t o be d e f i n e d a s f a m i l i e s h a v i n g incomes o f between 3 , 1 ° ° ^ d 10,000 d o l l a r s then 6 l p e r c e n t o f Washington's households a f a l l i n t o t h i s c l a s s , b u t a c c o r d i n g t o our s t a f f ' s a p p r a i s a l h a l f of those With incomes o f between 3 , 1 0 0 and 5 , 0 0 0 d o l l a r s a r e l i v i n g under p o v e r t y conditions. Indeed, one might a s k how any f a m i l y w i t h t h e head o f t h e house- h o l d making between 3 , 0 0 0 and 5,000 d o l l a r s could be c l a s s i f i e d a s middle socio-economic s t r a t a . These would be m a i n l y f a m i l i e s where both t h e husband and w i f e work and p a r t i c u l a r l y f a m i l i e s w i t h no c h i l d r e n o r perhaps o n l y one o r two. As t o how t h e s e incomes a r e earned, more people work a t b l u e - c o l l a r than a t w h i t e - c o l l a r jobs. F u r t h e r m o r e , a p p r o x i m a t e l y one a d u l t r e s i d e n t i n f i v e i s e i t h e r r e t i r e d o r unemployed. Although Washington i s t h e C a p i t a l C i t y , fewer than one r e s i d e n t i n t h r e e works f o r t h e F e d e r a l Government, and p r i v a t e business The and o r g a n i z a t i o n s a r e t h e c i t y ' s l a r g e s t employers. g r e a t m a j o r i t y o f Washingtonians work i n t h e i r home c i t y , b u t as many as 20 p e r c e n t commute t o e i t h e r Maryland or V i r g i n i a . No m a t t e r where t h e y work, n e a r l y h a l f g e t t o t h e i r j o b s by c a r w h i l e n e a r l y one i n f o u r u s e e i t h e r one or more b u s e s . I n o t h e r words, t h e b a s i s o f Washington's economic l i f e depends h e a v i l y on f o u r wheels and t h e i n t e r n a l combustion engine. T h i s i s underscored by our f i n d i n g t h a t t h r e e out o f f i v e r e s i d e n t s �- 12 own at l e a s t one c a r . CONFIDENTIAL Whether they d r i v e , catch a bus, or walk a l l the way, as many as 53 percent of those employed take over 26 minutes to get from home to t h e i r job l o c a t i o n . We have already commented on the higher-than-expected Negro popul a t i o n i n the c i t y , and therefore i t follows that Protestants outnumber a l l other r e l i g i o u s groups by more than two to one. This higher-than-estimated number of black r e s i d e n t s i s p a r t i a l l y accounted for by our f i n d i n g that 25 percent of Washington's adults moved to the c i t y w i t h i n the past ten y e a r s . The c i t y i s p r e t t y evenly divided between r e s i d e n t s who own homes or rent them and between those who those who than own own their l i v e i n one family houses and l i v e i n m u l t i - f a m i l y houses or apartments. However, more rent and the m a j o r i t y l i v e i n one family homes. Now that Washington r e s i d e n t s have the r i g h t to vote, we f i n d that most are r e g i s t e r e d Democrats, but that as y e t 28 percent have not r e g i s t e r e d to vote. F i n a l l y , the area d e f i n i t i o n of the c i t y , as used i n t h i s study, i s given on the map found i n Appendix A of t h i s report. Observation: The c l a s s i c image of Washington, D.C. i s that i t s r e s i d e n t s are e i t h e r r a t h e r a f f l u e n t whites l i v i n g i n Georgetown and i n the Northwestern p a r t of the c i t y or p o v e r t y - s t r i c k e n blacks crammed into the b l i g h t e d inner c i t y . To some extent t h i s i s an accurate p i c t u r e , but i t leaves out a major i n g r e d i e n t , because there are obviously a l a r g e number of middle-income Negroes i n Washington today, many of whom are homeowners and enjoy many of the other p l e a s u r e s and standards of America's middle class. Our f i n d i n g that Washington's economic e x i s t e n c e depends h e a v i l y on the automobile and the bus comes as no s u r p r i s e , but i t does focus on the c r i t i c a l importance of r e s o l v i n g problems i n v o l v i n g the movement of these vehicles. �- 13 - CONFIDENTIAL A t t i t u d e s Toward The Present Transportation System. Washington r e s i d e n t s were asked how q u i c k l y and conveniently they thought they normally get or can get from t h e i r homes to other places w i t h i n the c i t y or w i t h i n i t s immediate suburbs. ATTITUDE TOWARD SPEED AND CONVENIENCE OF GETTING FROM HOME TO OTHER PLACES IN WASHINGTON OR IN CITY'S IMMEDIATE SUBURBS A l l Washington Adults: With Undecided I n With Undecided Out * Can Get To These P l a c e s : Very q u i c k l y and conveniently 13 Ik Quite q u i c k l y and conveniently 38 ko Quite slowly and inconveniently 28 29 Very slowly and inconveniently 16 17 Not sure - 5 Favorable U6 Unfavorable A l l but 5 percent o f respondents have an opinion on t h i s question, and of those holding one, 5^ percent f e e l t h a t they can get from t h e i r home to other p l a c e s w i t h i n the c i t y or t o the suburbs e i t h e r very or quite conveniently. The g r e a t e s t number s e l e c t the modifying term "quite" while only 14 percent go t o the top of the s c a l e and use "very". On the other hand, few (17 percent) f e e l t h a t they face a very d i f f i c u l t time i f they want t o get from one p l a c e t o another i n or around the D i s t r i c t . �- Ik - CONFIDENTIAL Observation: This somewhat favorable f e e l i n g toward the speed and convenience of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n w i t h i n the c i t y and to i t s nearest suburbs shows that the m a j o r i t y of Washington r e s i d e n t s do not view t h e i r personal t r a n s p o r t a t i o n as a c r i t i c a l or overwhelming problem. Most are reasonably s a t i s f i e d although a l a r g e minority i s somewhat d i s s a t i s f i e d . Getting more s p e c i f i c , we asked r e s i d e n t s t o r a t e Washington's system of s t r e e t s , roads, highways, and parkways on a four-part s c a l e . RATING GIVEN WASHINGTON'S PRESENT SYSTEM OF ROADS, STREETS, HIGHWAYS, AND PARKWAYS A l l Washington Adult Residents: With Undecided I n With Undecided Out t 6 6 P r e t t y good 34 36 Only f a i r 38 40 Poor 17 18 5 - Excellent Not sure # * • * • * * Favorable 42 Unfavorable 58 Of those with an opinion, nearly three out of f i v e give the road and highway system a negative r a t i n g . city's Twice as many say " f a i r " than say "poor", but those who are completely derogatory outnumber those who enthuse or say " e x c e l l e n t " by three t o one. Observation: Residents may f e e l that Washington i s not chocked by t r a f f i c (as i n d i c a t e d by the m i l d l y p o s i t i v e reading they give on convenience and speed of g e t t i n g around the c i t y ) , but a rather considerable m a j o r i t y a l s o f e e l that the present system of roads, s t r e e t s , and highways i s g e n e r a l l y u n s a t i s f a c t o r y . Nevertheless, t h i s r e a c t i o n i s not strongly negative, and thus i s a second i n d i c a t i o n that c i t y r e s i d e n t s do not view t r a n s p o r t a t i o n d i f f i c u l t i e s as an extremely s e r i o u s personal problem. Using the same four-part s c a l e , we asked r e s i d e n t s t o r a t e Washington's downtown parking f a c i l i t i e s . �- 15 - CONFIDENTIAL RATING OF D W T W PARKING FACILITIES ONON A l l Washington Adult Residents: With Undecided I n With Undecided Out i i Excellent 2 2 P r e t t y good 8 9 Only f a i r 20 23 Poor 58 66 Not sure 12 - * * * * * Favorable 11 Unfavorable 89 Obviously, most r e s i d e n t s have had some experience with or heard something about the experience of others regarding downtown parking. A l l but 12 percent can r a t e the f a c i l i t i e s , and t h e i r r e a c t i o n i s overwhelmingly negative. The o v e r - a l l 89 percent unfavorable r a t i n g f a l l s f a r below those given s t r e e t s and highways and general speed and convenience. More than t h a t , p r a c t i c a l l y two-thirds of those with an opinion a r e h i g h l y c r i t i c a l of measures taken to date to provide adequate downtown parking. Observation: While the m a j o r i t y of r e s i d e n t s cannot get g r e a t l y e x e r c i s e d about the other two t r a n s p o r t a t i o n aspects examined, they can over downtown parking. They obviously f e e l that more parking spaces a r e needed. Thus, i f new freeways are b u i l t without providing f o r more parking, t h i s aggravation could be exacerbated. To show how many r e s i d e n t s own automobiles we repeat the information shown on page 9? but a l s o show how r e s i d e n t s use these c a r s . �- 16 - CONFIDENTIAL AUTOMOBILE OWNERSHIP I N HOUSEHOLDS A l l Washington Adult Residents 4 Household owns: One c a r hi More t h a n one c a r 14 39 Household owns no c a r s PURPOSE FOR WHICH HOUSEHOLD CAR(S) I S (ARE) USED MOST OFTEN A l l Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s Whose Household Owns C a r ( s ) A l l Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s Whose Household Owns ( A ) C a r ( s ) Who I s : White Negro € € 61 55 66 19 29 14 To g e t t o work o u t s i d e o f Washington 9 6 10 F o r shopping and e r r a n d s o u t s i d e o f Washington 5 5 k For p l e a s u r e i n Washington 4 k k For p l e a s u r e o u t s i d e o f Washington 2 1 2 4 W To g e t t o work i n Washington For shopping and e r r a n d s i n Washington 1° w �- 17 - CONFIDENTIAL PURPOSE FOR WHICH HOUSEHOLD C A R ( s ) I S USED NEXT MOST OFTEN A l l Washington Adult Residents i F o r shopping and e r r a n d s i n Washington 56 F o r p l e a s u r e i n Washington 17 For shopping and e r r a n d s o u t s i d e o f Washington 11 F o r p l e a s u r e o u t s i d e o f Washington 7 To get t o work i n Washington 6 To get t o work o u t s i d e o f Washington 3 ( 6) Not sure P r i m a r i l y , r e s i d e n t s d r i v e t h e i r household c a r s t o get t o and from work w i t h i n Washington. T h i s holds f o r both w h i t e s and Negroes, but e s p e c i a l l y f o r Negroes. Approximately t w o - t h i r d s o f t h e Negro households owning c a r s use them most o f t e n f o r t h i s purpose. Whites a r e more apt t o d r i v e m a i n l y t o shop and do e r r a n d s than Negroes, b u t o v e r - a l l shopping and errand r u n n i n g w i t h i n the c i t y i s t h e second use made o f Washington's cars. I t i s a l s o noteworthy t h a t one Negro household i n t e n owning a c a r u s e s i t m a i n l y t o get t o and. from j o b s l o c a t e d o u t s i d e o f Washington. We r e t u r n now t o t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n h a b i t s o f a l l r e s i d e n t s , r e g a r d l e s s o f whether or n o t t h e y own c a r s . i n f o r m a t i o n shown i n the Demographic T h i s next t a b l e repeats the P r o f i l e , on how t h e heads o f house- holds o r respondents get t o work, but a l s o does so a c c o r d i n g t o the s e c t i o n o f the c i t y i n which they l i v e . �- 18 - CONFIDENTIAL METHOD OF TRANSPORTATION MOST OFTEN USED BY RESPONDENT OR HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD TO GET TO WORK A l l Washington A d u l t Residents L i v i n g I n : A l l Washington Adult Residents Northwest Southwest Northeast Southeast i i i i i Use household c a r k2 51 2k 39 53 Take two o r more buses 12 6 13 13 17 Take one bus 11 12 13 12 8 Use c a r pool 6 5 9 3 6 Walk a l l t h e way 5 1 12 2 2 Taxi 1 1 2 2 1 Other means 1 2 1 1 - Depends, v a r i e s ( v o l u n t a r y ) 2 1 5 1 2 20 21 21 27 11 No one i n household works A l l Working Washington R e s i d e n t s Who Get To Work B y : U s i n g Household Car o r Car Pool % U s i n g Bus i Rate Convenience And Speed A s : Favorable 61 k6 Unfavorable 39 5k C a r s , i n c l u d i n g c a r p o o l s , a r e most used f o r commuting t o work by r e s i d e n t s i n t h e two economic estremes o f the community — r e s i d e n t s o f the more a f f l u e n t Northwest and r e s i d e n t s o f t h e l e a s t a f f l u e n t S o u t h e a s t . The secondary means o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n buses — i n f o u r i n a l l s e c t i o n s e x p e c t t h e Northwest. a r e used b y one r e s i d e n t F u r t h e r m o r e , i n t h e Southwest �- 19 and Northeast approximately CONFIDENTIAL as many have t o t a k e two buses as t a k e one t o g e t t o work each day. Next, we i s o l a t e d a l l working Washington r e s i d e n t s who u s e a c a r ( o r c a r p o o l ) t o d r i v e t o work and those who u s e buses and a n a l y z e d each o f t h e s e two group's a t t i t u d e s on t h e convenience and speed o f g e t t i n g t o where t h e y want t o go i n t h e c i t y and w i t h i n the immediate suburbs. ATTITUDE TOWARD SPEED AND CONVENIENCE OF GETTING FROM HOME TO OTHER PLACES I N WASHINGTON OR I N CITY'S IMMEDIATE SUBURBS A l l Washington Adult Residents A l l Working Washington R e s i d e n t s Who Get To Work: By Car By Bus o r Buses i * Favorable 54 61 46 Unfavorable 46 39 54 Observation: I t i s c l e a r t h a t d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h t h e ease and speed o f g e t t i n g around t h e i r c i t y comes h e a v i l y from people f o r c e d t o t a k e buses t o work. I n c o n t r a s t , those who d r i v e t o t h e i r j o b s a r e q u i t e s a t i s f i e d w i t h the present s i t u a t i o n . One o f t h e r e a s o n s f o r t h i s becomes e v i d e n t when we examine how l o n g i t t a k e s f o r people t o g e t t o t h e i r j o b s a c c o r d i n g t o the means o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n they use. �TTMR R'ROTITR'R'n T O OW.T T O WORK A l l Employed Washington Adult Residents of h 15 minutes and l e s s 25 16 t o 25 minutes 22 26 t o 30 minutes 19 31 t o 45 minutes 19 More t h a n 45 minutes 15 A l l Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s Whose Means Of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n To Work I s : P r i v a t e Car o r Car F o o l 10 • One Bus t Two o r More Buses % 15 minutes and l e s s 30 10 16 t o 25 minutes 27 12 15 26 t o 30 minutes 18 37 6 31 t o 45 minutes 19 19 27 6 22 52 More t h a n 45 minutes B e t t e r than h a l f (57 p e r c e n t ) o f those d r i v i n g , c o m p r i s i n g 48 p e r c e n t o f a l l r e s i d e n t s , g e t t o t h e i r p l a c e o f employment w i t h i n 25 m i n u t e s . On t h e o t h e r hand 78 p e r c e n t o f those t a k i n g a bus a r e f o r c e d t o r i d e 26 minutes o r l o n g e r t o r e a c h t h e i r jobs and 52 p e r c e n t o f those t a k i n g two buses o r more f a c e a j o u r n e y o f more than 45 m i n u t e s . O b s e r v a t i o n : A l l o f t h i s shows t h a t i t i s people who use p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n d a i l y t o go t o work who a r e l e a s t s a t i s f i e d w i t h Washington's t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system. I f i t i s d e c i d e d , t h e r e f o r e , t o b u i l d new f r e e w a y s , then optimum use should be made o f them by t h e c i t y ' s bus s e r v i c e . T h i s \TOuld be one way o f p r o v i d i n g a s i g n i f i c a n t p r o p o r t i o n o f Washington's worki n g p o p u l a t i o n w i t h e a s i e r and f a s t e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . �- 21 - CONFIDENTIAL Leaving present methods of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n used by r e s i d e n t s , we asked them to t h i n k i n g e n e r a l terms of t h e i r personal needs and the needs of other people who l i v e and work i n the D i s t r i c t . Then we asked them to t e l l us what they f e l t was the most needed improvement i n the c i t y — more freeways, a new r a p i d r a i l or subway system, or more downtown parking facilities. MOST NEEDED TRANSPORTATION IMPROVEMENT A l l Washington Adult R e s i d e n t s : A l l Washington Adult Residents Who Are: With Undecided I n With Undecided Out i i Negro 52 New r a p i d r a i l or subway system White 6k k8 More freeways 21 25 21 26 More downtown parking facilities 20 23 15 26 Not 14 - ( 7) (16) sure R e s i d e n t s , having an opinion, opt by b e t t e r than two to one f o r the r a p i d r a i l system w i t h almost equal numbers s e l e c t i n g freeways parking f a c i l i t i e s . and The overwhelming demand for t h i s Metro system comes from both b l a c k s and whites, but more b l a c k s than whites f e e l parking and freeways are most important and fewer give top p r i o r i t y to Metro. Then we asked, r e s i d e n t s which of these t h r e e improvements they f e l t was l e a s t needed. �- 22 - CONFIDENTIAL LEAST NEEDED TRANSPORTATION IMPROVEMENT A l l Washington Adult R e s i d e n t s : A l l Washington Adult Residents Who Are: With Undecided I n With Undecided Out % i More freeways 37 50 56 More downtown parking facilities 28 37 32 37 New r a p i d r a i l or subway system 10 13 12 11+ Not sure 25 (19) (26) - White Negro i Whether they are white or b l a c k , r e s i d e n t s give new freeways the lowest p r i o r i t y , but whites are more i n c l i n e d t o do so than Negroes. I n sum, the previous two t a b l e s show that r e s i d e n t s (both b l a c k and w h i t e ) f e e l the g r e a t e s t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n need i s for a rapid r a i l system, that second p r i o r i t y should go t o improving downtown parking, and freeways a r e given the t h i r d spot. We then reminded r e s i d e n t s t h a t plans had been approved f o r the Metro r a i l t r a n s i t system t o run between the suburbs and downtoxvn Washington, and asked them how f r e q u e n t l y they planned t o use t h i s system once i t was b u i l t . �- 23 - CONFIDENTIAL ANTICIPATED USE OF METRO RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM A l l Washington Adult Residents: A l l Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s Who L i v e I n : With Undec i d e d Out Northwest % With Undecided I n * Southwest Northeast Southeast i i i 21 31 23 26 ki 39 7 10 Ik 10 ii 5 10 14 19 15 9 9 9 13 12 19 11 11 Less often 22 32 32 30 28 36 Not 31 ( 9) (29) (51) (35) Almost d a i l y At l e a s t t w i c e a week A t l e a s t once a week At l e a s t once a month sure •* * * * * Once a week or more o f often 55 56 51 61 53 L e s s than once a week 45 kk k9 39 kl O b s e r v a t i o n : Although a n t i c i p a t e d use may be h i g h e r t h a n a c t u a l and a l t h o u g h respondents were n o t g i v e n a map showing t h e Metro r o u t e s , i t i s e v i d e n t from t h e s e f i n d i n g s t h a t t h e Metro system w i l l be h e a v i l y u t i lized. Many ( 3 1 p e r c e n t ) a r e p r o b a b l y not s u f f i c i e n t l y f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e r o u t e s t o s t a t e how o f t e n t h e y would use Metro, b u t o f those who f e e l t h e y are f a m i l i a r w i t h p l a n s , 55 p e r c e n t s a y t h e y w i l l use t h e system once a week or more o f t e n , and n e a r l y a t h i r d w i l l use i t d a i l y . H e a v i e s t d a i l y use w i l l be made o f i t by N o r t h e a s t e r n and S o u t h e a s t e r n r e s i d e n t s w h i l e a more s c a t t e r e d b u t r e g u l a r patronage w i l l come from Northwestern r e s i d e n t s . Even i n t h e Southwest 5 1 p e r c e n t o f those a b l e t o s t a t e how f r e q u e n t l y t h e y w i l l use Metro s a y i t w i l l be a t l e a s t once a week. The g r e a t e s t u n c e r t a i n t y or perhaps l a c k o f knowledge about t h e system i s d i s p l a y e d by N o r t h e a s t e r n r e s i d e n t s o f whom more t h a n h a l f cannot s t a t e how o f t e n t h e y w i l l use i t . I n g e n e r a l , t h e n , i t i s our c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e r e i s no g r e a t enthusiasm f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia but n e i t h e r i s t h e r e any c o n s i d e r a b l e amount o f s e r i o u s concern. A m a j o r i t y f a v o r t h e Metro system and a m a j o r i t y f a v o r more f r e e w a y s . More f a v o r t h e former than the l a t t e r . There i s c o n s i d e r a b l e complaint about t h e inadequacy o f downtown p a r k i n g . Negroes a r e more l i k e l y t o f a v o r f r e e w a y s than w h i t e s b u t t h e r e i s no evidence o f a n y t h i n g l i k e r a c i a l p o l a r i z a t i o n on t h i s m a t t e r . �- 2k - CONFIDENTIAL Knowledge o f New Freeway R r o p o s a l s And G e n e r a l A t t i t u d e Toward New Freeways. R e s i d e n t s were asked e a r l y i n our i n t e r v i e w whether t h e y had heard or r e a d a n y t h i n g about t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f o r p l a n s f o r b u i l d i n g new freeways or highways over t h e n e x t few y e a r s i n t h e C i t y o f Washington. �25 - CONFIDENTIAL KNOWLEDGE OF P O S S I B I L I T I E S OF OR PLANS FOR BUILDING NEW FREEWAYS I N THE C I T Y A l l Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s Who A r e : A l l Washington Adult Residents White Negro i i i Have heard or r e a d about them 63 83 57 Have not heard or r e a d about them 29 14 34 8 3 9 Not s u r e A l l Washington Adult Residents A l l Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s Who A r U :: wno H X e Upper And Upper-Middle Low Middle Income Income Income i i Have heard or r e a d about them 63 8l 61 46 Have not heard o r r e a d about them 29 18 28 45 8 1 11 9 Not s u r e i I TT J_ AA l Tl Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s Residing I n : North- South- North- Southeast west east west ^ . A l l Washington Adult Residents * 1 % 87 58 60 46 29 9 34 30 kk 8 k 8 10 10 i t Have h e a r d or r e a d about them 63 Have not heard or r e a d about them Not s u r e �- 26 O v e r - a l l knowledge i s r a t h e r h i g h . CONFIDENTIAL B e t t e r t h a n t h r e e out o f f i v e r e s i d e n t s have heard o r r e a d something about freeway p l a n s or p r o p o s a l s . Knowledge, however, w h i l e e x t r e m e l y h i g h among w h i t e s i s a g r e a t d e a l lower among Negroes o f whom a l a r g e m i n o r i t y s a y e i t h e r t h a t t h e y a r e not s u r e o r t h a t t h e y have heard o r r e a d n o t h i n g about new f r e e w a y s . Degree o f awareness a l s o f o l l o w s up and down t h e socio-economic l a d d e r w i t h a huge m a j o r i t y o f t h e w e l l - t o - d o i n d i c a t i n g knowledge and fewer t h a n h a l f o f t h e people i n t h e lower s t r a t a showing some f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h freeway p l a n s o r p r o p o s a l s . The a r e a a n a l y s i s shows t h e i d e n t i c a l p a t t e r n and r e f l e c t s t h e d i s t r i c t economic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f r e s i d e n t s i n each o f these f o u r p a r t s o f t h e c i t y . R e s i d e n t s who c l a i m e d knowledge were n e x t asked t o t e l l u s i n t h e i r own words e v e r y t h i n g t h a t t h e y had heard o r r e a d about t h e proposed new f r e e w a y s . �CONFIDENTIAL - 27 - INFORMATION HEARD OR READ ABOUT PROPOSED NEW FREEWAYS A l l Washington Adult Residents Who Have Heard Or Read About P r o posed Freeways % Positive Freeways w i l l ease c o n g e s t i o n , t r a f f i c peoblems Freeways a r e needed Would h e l p r e s i d e n t s get t o and and from suburbs Would h e l p c i t y grow i n s i z e A l l Washi.ngton A d u l t Re£;idents Who Have Heard Or Read Aboi.it Proposed Freeways Who A r e : White Negro 1 lU 8 8 4 7 3 h 2 1 6 3 l 1 Neutral Have heard o f freeway p l a n s , that's a l l Have h e a r d o f freeway c o n t r o v e r s y There a r e a l t e r n a t e p l a n s , v a r i o u s proposals Many people w i l l be d i s p l a c e d , relocated Freeway w i l l pass nearby or through t h i s area Supposed t o r e l i e v e c o n g e s t i o n , regulate t r a f f i c Have h e a r d o f p l a n f o r North C e n t r a l Freeway Hear t h a t C o n g r e s s i o n a l money was blocked I am not i n t e r e s t e d Have h e a r d o f one p l a n t o t h e suburbs Have heard o f e x t e n t i o n o f i n n e r loop f o r c i t y Have h e a r d o f freeway a c r o s s Three S i s t e r s Bridge 11 65 lit 13 12 6 16 17 11 12 11 12 9 6 10 6 7 5 k k 3 k 1 5 3 3 3 6 3 2 3 _ k 2 1 2 1 k - Negative W i l l cause d i s l o c a t i o n o f homes, d i s p l a c e m e n t o f people Am opposed t o new f r e e w a y s Would b e n e f i t o n l y s u b u r b a n i t e s Need subways more t h a n f r e e w a y s Freeways w i l l cause more c o n g e s t i o n , hurt the c i t y Freeways a r e b e i n g f o r c e d on Negroes by w h i t e i n t e r e s t s Freeways w i l l go through t h i s a r e a , don't l i k e i t 28 * • * * tt * 21 bi 9 5 3 3 13 11 3 7 8 2 3 2 3 10 _ 3 _ k 2 3 �CONFIDENTIAL - 28 INFORMATION HEARD OR READ ABOUT PROPOSED NEW FREEWAYS - Cont'd. A l l Washington Adult Residents Who Have Heard Or Read About Proposed Freeways A l l Washington Adult Residents Who Have Heard Or Read About Proposed Freeways Who Are: White Negro * Have Heard Or Read About Freeways, But Can't Say S p e c i f i c a l l y What Have Heard Or Read Positive Neutral Negative 16 lU 13 63 24 14 50 36 13 68 19 �- 29 - CONFIDENTIAL Most comments g i v e n t a k e no s i d e s i n the c o n t r o v e r s y . Rather, people making t h e s e n e u t r a l remarks are most i n c l i n e d t o say r a t h e r g e n e r a l l y t h a t t h e y have m e r e l y heard about p l a n s , heard about t h e cont r o v e r s y , o r t h a t v a r i o u s p l a n s are b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d . Others say t h a t people would be d i s p l a c e d by freeways but do not i n d i c a t e t h a t t h i s i s necessarily bad. Of the b a l a n c e o f i n f o r m a t i o n g i v e n by r e s i d e n t s , more i s n e g a t i v e t h a n p o s i t i v e by a two-to-one margin, and t h e s e u n f a v o r a b l e r e a c t i o n s come more from w h i t e s t h a n from Negroes. R e g a r d l e s s o f r a c e , t h e most f r e q u e n t l y s t a t e d n e g a t i v e i s the f e e l i n g t h a t too many people w i l l be d i s p l a c e d w h i l e the h e a v i e s t p o s i t i v e i s t h a t t r a f f i c congestion w i l l be relieved. O b s e r v a t i o n : A t t i t u d e s e x p r e s s e d here by r e s i d e n t s who b e l i e v e t h e y know something about p r o p o s a l s f o r new freeways show t h a t o p i n i o n has not p o l a r i z e d on t h i s q u e s t i o n . N e v e r t h e l e s s , knowledge tends t o make people more u n f a v o r a b l e than f a v o r a b l e toward new f r e e w a y s , and t h i s t e n dency i s s t r o n g e r among knowledgeable w h i t e s t h a n among knowledgeable blacks. R e s i d e n t s who showed some awareness o f f r e e w a y p l a n s were asked where t h e y r e c e i v e d most o f t h e i r i n f o r m a t i o n on the s u b j e c t . SOURCE OF MOST INFORMATION ON FREEWAYS A l l Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s Who Have Heard About Freeways A l l Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s Who Have Heard About Freeways And Who A r e : White Negro of h of fo < lo Newspapers 36 50 30 Friends, relatives, neighbors 3k 29 36 Television 18 12 20 Radio 7 U 8 Organizations 3 k 3 Other 2 1 3 �- 30 - CONFIDENTIAL Newspapers and f r i e n d s , r e l a t i v e s , or neighbors are almost e q u a l l y important sources of information c i t y w i d e . Among white r e s i d e n t s , however, by f a r the c h i e f source i s newspapers while among Negroes information i s derived more from f r i e n d s , r e l a t i v e s , and neighbors than from the d a i l y press. T e l e v i s i o n , widely watched by most r e s i d e n t s , (as we s h a l l s e e ) , ranks a poor t h i r d . This i s s u r p r i s i n g because when we turn our a t t e n t i o n to a l l r e s i dents again we f i n d that approximately four out o f f i v e watch t e l e v i s i o n at l e a s t four to f i v e times a week. �- 31 - CONFIDENTIAL TELEVISION VIEWING HABITS A l l Washington Adult Residents Who Are: A l l Washington Adult Residents White Negro * * i Watch k to 5 times a week 78 72 80 Watch l e s s than k to 5 times a week 22 28 20 TELEVISION STATIONS WATCHED MOST OFTEN A l l Was hington Washington Adult R esidents Residents Who Are Are: A l l Washington Adult Resident£i White Negro i i 39 21 * T e l e v i s i o n S t a t i o n Watched Most WRC - Channel 4 24 WTOP - Channel 9 2k 15 26 W A - Channel 7 ML 20 10 23 WTTG - Channel 5 14 3 16 WETA - Channel 26 1 3 - 17 30 14 Not sure �- 32 - CONFIDENTIAL Channels k and 9 are watched most often by a l l r e s i d e n t s , but Channel k i s most favored by whites while Channel 9 holds a favored p o s i t i o n among Negroes. Channel 7, while i t seems to do r a t h e r poorly with whites, i s tuned i n more f r e q u e n t l y by Negroes than Channel 4, the white residents' favorite. Observation: I f i t i s d e s i r e d to spread more information about freeways t o Washington's r e s i d e n t s , then i t seems t h a t t e l e v i s i o n should be used much more than i t i s today as a medium. Regardless o f whether or not r e s i d e n t s said they had heard anyt h i n g about the proposed new freeways, we asked a l l respondents to r a t e the i d e a of b u i l d i n g new freeways i n the c i t y . RATING OF IDEA OF BUILDING NEW FREEWAYS IN CITY A l l Washing 'ton Adult Residents: With Undecided I n With Undecided Out % A l l Washington Adult Residents Who Are: White % Negro i E x c e l l e n t idea 20 23.0 17 27 P r e t t y good i d e a 26 30.5 27 32 Only f a i r i d e a Ik 16.0 20 16 Poor i d e a 26 30.5 36 28 Not sure lk - (ll) (15) 53-5 kk 56 46.5 56 kk Favorable 50 40 53 Unfavorable 50 6o 47 * # * * * Favorable Unfavorable 1 Weighted �- 33 The concept of new 53•5 percent r a t i n g . outnumber those who CONFIDENTIAL freeways r e c e i v e s a s l i g h t l y favorable Residents who f e e l i t i s a poor idea, however, say i t i s an e x c e l l e n t one by 3 0 . 5 to 2 3 . 0 percent. I f we u t i l i z e the more s o p h i s t i c a t e d manner of a p p r a i s i n g t h i s r a t i n g by applying double weights to each of these extremes, the r a t i n g to the break-even point of 50 - 5 0 . falls Without weighting, whites and Negroes e x h i b i t meaningful d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e i r a t t i t u d e s toward the proposal with whites g i v i n g i t a 56 percent unfavorable and b l a c k s a 56 percent favorable r a t i n g . Observation: This i s the f i r s t reading so f a r i n t h i s r e p o r t t h a t we have on i t s major question and i t r e v e a l s t h a t r e s i d e n t s are almost e q u a l l y divided with s l i g h t l y more support f o r the concept of new freeways than against i t . I t a l s o i n d i c a t e s t h a t Negroes are more inclined, to favor a t l e a s t the idea of new freeways than w h i t e s . A f t e r having people r a t e t h i s i d e a , we next asked them to s t a t e f i r s t a l l the major advantages they thought could be gained by them and people such as themselves from the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f new freeways i n the c i t y , and then a l l the disadvantages. produce t h i s p r o f i l e for new freeways. T h e i r responses to these questions �- 3k - CONFIDENTIAL NEW FREEWAYS PROFILE A l l Washin gton A d u l t R e s i d e n t s Who Are: A l l Washington Adult Residents White Negro i % i Advantages Would p r o v i d e f a s t e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n W i l l r e l i e v e c o n g e s t i o n on l o c a l streets W i l l h e l p t o get t o work f a s t e r W i l l provide e a s i e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n W i l l make i t q u i c k e r t o get t o and from downtown a r e a W i l l be s a f e r , c u t down on t r a f f i c a c c i d e n t s , make s t r e e t s s a f e r W i l l make i t e a s i e r t o get t o work W i l l make i t e a s i e r t o shop W i l l make i t e a s i e r t o get t o and from suburban j o b s W i l l make shopping i n suburbs e a s i e r W i l l h e l p c i t y grow and prosper L i k e t h e i d e a , they a r e needed 69 21 58 19 71 21 13 12 5 ll» 7 5 13 13 5 5 8 k 3 3 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 -1 1 2 1 1 1 Disadvantages W i l l d i s p l a c e too many people, d e s t r o y homes W i l l cause more c o n g e s t i o n W i l l be hazardous, too many c a r s going too f a s t W i l l t a k e away c i t y ' s charm P r o p e r t y v a l u e s w i l l be d e p r e c i a t e d W i l l cause more a i r p o l l u t i o n , smoke W i l l change t h e a r e a , chop i t up C i t y people need subways ( r a p i d t r a n s i t ) more t h a n t h e y need freeways Don't need them, have enough roads now W i l l increase taxes The c o n s t r u c t i o n w i l l be a mess W i l l o n l y b e n e f i t s u b u r b a n i t e s , not c i t y people W i l l destroy l o c a l businesses W i l l be too n o i s y W i l l reroute l o c a l t r a f f i c I f they'd improve bus s e r v i c e , wouldn't need them Won't b e n e f i t me, don't own c a r C r e a t e s p a r k i n g problems D i s l i k e the idea 88 121 81 U6 5 38 12 49 k k k _ 5 l 5 1 2 * * * •* •* 3 3 - 12 1 10 8 3 2 2 2 10 l 6 2 2 1 1 h k 1 1 1 1 1 l k 1 k k k 3 h 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 �- 35 - CONFIDENTIAL NEW FREEWAYS PROFILE - Cont'd. A l l Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s Who A r e : A l l Washington Adult Residents White Negro i Unable To Give Advantages Or D i s a d v a n t a g e s Of New Freeways Favorable Unfavorable 11 _8 12 kk 56 32 68 47 53 �- 36 - CONFIDENTIAL A l l b u t 1 1 p e r c e n t o f the c i t y ' s r e s i d e n t s have a t l e a s t somet h i n g t o s a y about t h e r e l a t i v e advantages freeways. and d i s a d v a n t a g e s o f new Of a l l t h e remarks made kk p e r c e n t a r e f a v o r a b l e and 56 a r e u n f a v o r a b l e g i v i n g new freeways a s l i g h t l y u n f a v o r a b l e p r o f i l e . White r e s i d e n t s see more d i s a d v a n t a g e s t h a n Negroes and t h e i r p r o f i l e o f freeways i s h e a v i l y n e g a t i v e a t 68 p e r c e n t w h i l e t h e p r o f i l e g i v e n by b l a c k s i s o n l y s l i g h t l y so (53 p e r c e n t n e g a t i v e ) . O b s e r v a t i o n : I n c o n t e m p l a t i n g t h i s we would urge t h e reader t o minimize t h e o v e r - a l l r e l a t i o n s h i p o f p o s i t i v e t o n e g a t i v e r e m a r k s . White people a r e more n e g a t i v e . We t h i n k i t a l s o can be assumed t h a t t h e y a r e more a r t i c u l a t e . T h i s a t l e a s t h e l p s e x p l a i n t h e g r e a t e r number o f n e g a t i v e remarks. There a r e t h r e e b a s i c advantages o f new freeways a c c o r d i n g t o r e s i d e n t s o f both r a c e s : l ) F a s t e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n g e n e r a l l y . o f c o n g e s t i o n on l o c a l s t r e e t s . ( p a r t i c u l a r l y among Negroes). 2)Relief 3 ) F a s t e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o work Next comes ease o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o work, t o shop, and t o g e t downtown. The one major and completely dominant p e r c e i v e d disadvantage a s seen by r e s i d e n t s , both b l a c k and white but e s p e c i a l l y b l a c k , i s t h a t freeways w i l l d i s p l a c e too many people and d e s t r o y t o o many homes. Of a l l t h e drawbacks s t a t e d more t h a n h a l f a r e s t a t e d i n these t e r m s . Among Negroes 58 p e r c e n t o f t h e o b j e c t i o n s i n v o l v e t h i s r e l o c a t i o n problem. The r a t i o i s lower among w h i t e s , b u t i t i s s t i l l t h e p r i m a r y perceived disadvantage. Whites, however, a l s o tend t o f e e l t h a t f r e e - ways w i l l cause more c o n g e s t i o n , d e s t r o y t h e c i t y ' s charm, and cause p o l l u t i o n w h i l e few Negroes speak o f t h e s e d i s a d v a n t a g e s . Furthermore, w h i t e s r a t h e r than Negroes s a y t h a t c i t y people need subways more t h a n t h e y need f r e e w a y s . O b s e r v a t i o n : When people v e r b a l i z e t h e i r o p i n i o n s about new freeways t h e y a r e more a p t t o s t a t e d i s a d v a n t a g e s than advantages, b u t t h e margin between t h e two i s n o t g r e a t e x c e p t among w h i t e r e s i d e n t s . Negro r e s i d e n t s a r e a g r e a t d e a l more i n c l i n e d t o f e e l t h a t t h e y w i l l p e r s o n a l l y b e n e f i t from t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f new f r e e w a y s , and t h e one r e a s o n f o r c i n g many t o f e e l o t h e r w i s e i s t h e problem o f displacement and r e l o c a t i o n . �- 37 - CONFIDENTIAL A t t i t u d e s Toward S p e c i f i c P l a n s f o r Freeways and t h e Question o f Freeways o r No Freeways. I n t h i s s e c t i o n we cone f a c e t o f a c e w i t h r e s i d e n t s ' o p i n i o n s on two s p e c i f i c freeway p r o p o s a l s and t h e q u e s t i o n o f whether or not t h e y want any new freeways b u i l t i n t h e c i t y . To i n t r o d u c e t h e f i r s t p r o p o s a l we e x p l a i n e d t o respondents t h a t , g e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g , two d i f f e r e n t p r o p o s a l s have been suggested f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f new freeways i n Washington. We went on t o s a y t h a t t h e f i r s t one would b u i l d new freeways t o connect d i f f e r e n t p o i n t s w i t h i n the c i t y , b u t would n o t connect d i r e c t l y t o manor suburban h i g h ways. I t s purpose, we s t a t e d , would be t o improve bus and automobile t r a n s p o r t a t i o n w i t h i n Washington. A t t h i s p o i n t , we handed r e s i d e n t s a map l a b e l e d "Plan A" and e x p l a i n e d t h a t t h i s map showed t h e freeway r o u t e s under t h i s p r o p o s a l w i t h the proposed new r o u t e s shown i n green and t h e p r e s e n t freeways i n r e d . Appendix B t o t h i s (A copy o f t h i s map i s i n c l u d e d as report). At t h e same time we p o i n t e d out t h e approximate t h e i r home on t h i s map. location of Then we asked them t o l o o k i t o v e r , and t e l l us whether t h e y tended t o approve or disapprove o f t h i s p l a n . ATTITUDE TOWARD NEW FREEWAY PLAN WHICH DOES NOT CONNECT DIRECTLY TO SUBURBAN HIGHWAYS (PLAN A) A l l Wash:Lngton A d u l t R e s i d e n t ;3 Wno A r e : A l l Washing ton Adult Residents : With Undecided I n < With Undecided Out 1o White Negro i 1o Approve 42 56 62 54 Disapprove 33 kk 38 46 Not 25 (29) (23) sure m �- 38 - CONFIDENTIAL A p p r o v a l of t h i s l i m i t e d freeway p l a n ( r e f e r r e d t o as P l a n i s r e g i s t e r e d by 9 p e r c e n t more than disapprove o f i t , and one i n f o u r cannot t a k e a p o s i t i o n on the q u e s t i o n . a m a j o r i t y , a l b e i t a s m a l l one, put i t another way, supports A) resident Of those w i t h an opinion t h i s type of freeway program. To i f a l l the p r e s e n t l y undecided r e s i d e n t s e v e n t u a l l y make up t h e i r minds a c c o r d i n g t o the p a t t e r n s e t by d e c i d e d r e s i d e n t s , t h e P l a n A program would r e c e i v e support from a s l i g h t m a j o r i t y o f the community. A g r e a t d e a l more support comes from w h i t e t h a n from Negro r e s i d e n t s f o r these s t r i c t l y i n t e r n a l r o u t e s . I n f a c t , Negroes g i v e i t lukewarm support a t b e s t . We next asked r e s i d e n t s t o t e l l us why this plan. t h e y f e l t as t h e y d i d about �- 39 - CONFIDENTIAL REASONS FOR APPROVING OR DISAPPROVING OF NEW FREEWAY PLAN WHICH DOES NOT CONNECT DIRECTLY WITH SUBURBAN HIGHWAYS (PLAN A ) A l l Washington Adult Residents Who A r e : A l l Washington Adult Residents White Negro i i i Reasons F o r A p p r o v i n g W i l l provide f a s t e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n W i l l provide e f f i c i e n t t r a f f i c c o n t r o l . and s o l v e t r a f f i c problems, l e s s congestion W i l l provide e a s i e r transportation W i l l provide f a s t e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n within city W i l l make i t e a s i e r t o get t o work W i l l provide f a s t e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n and out o f c i t y W i l l cause l e s s r e l o c a t i o n o f homes Weed more and b e t t e r roads Would h e l p i n t h i s a r e a , easy t o get t o and from freeways proposed i n t h i s plan Would r e s u l t i n s a f e r d r i v i n g ko 11 kk "5 39 12 8 6 8 5 8 6 k 3 5 5 k 3 2 2 2 It 5 It 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Reasons F o r D i s a p p r o v i n g W i l l d e s t r o y homes and d i s p l a c e people T h i s p l a n doesn't s o l v e e x i s t i n g problems T h i s p l a n won't b e n e f i t me Subways and o t h e r p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n w i l l do the j o b b e t t e r W i l l d i s r u p t , c o m m e r c i a l i z e , and d e s t r o y p r o p e r t y v a l u e s i n n i c e neighborhoods Freeways w i l l i n c r e a s e t r a f f i c i n c i t y , won't s o l v e t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n problems Don't need f r e e w a y s , should u t i l i z e e x i s t i n g roads W i l l o n l y b e n e i f t people from suburbs W i l l breed more t r a f f i c , more d i r t , and smoke Would i n c r e a s e t a x e s Would not h e l p people i n t h i s a r e a Dangerous f o r c h i l d r e n Would d i s p l a c e too many Negroes, b e n e f i t whites only Don't l i k e the p l a n kQ 17 kl 13 52 15 5 it 8 1 k 5 it 6 it k 3 it 3 6 3 3 2 5 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 # # * * 1 1 1 1 1 1 �- he - CONFIDENTIAL REASONS FOR APPROVING OR DISAPPROVING OF NEW FREEWAY PLAN WHICH DOES NOT CONNECT DIRECTLY WITH SUBURBAN HIGHWAYS (PLAN A ) - Cont'd. A l l Washington Adult Residents Who A r e : A l l Washington Adult Residents White Negro lo lo 26 30 25 45 55 48 52 43 57 d E i t h e r Not Sure Whether Approve Or Disapprove Or Could Give No Reason Approval Disapproval �- 41 - CONFIDENTIAL Observation: Again we f i n d t h a t a n t i - f r e e w a y people a r e the most v o c a l . Although o v e r - a l l a p p r o v a l i s given t o t h i s p l a n , reasons g i v e n f o r d i s a p p r o v i n g outnumber those g i v e n f o r approving of i t . These r e a s o n s , both pro and con, a r e much the same as the p o s i t i v e and n e g a t i v e comments g i v e n when r e s i d e n t s e x p r e s s what t h e y know about proposed freeways g e n e r a l l y . Negroes, e s p e c i a l l y , c i t e f a s t e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n as the major r e a s o n f o r app r o v i n g o f P l a n A, and ease of g e t t i n g around the c i t y and l e s s c o n g e s t i o n a r e s u p p o r t i n g arguments. Opposition t o P l a n A i s based p r i m a r i l y on the f e a r t h a t homes w i l l be d e s t r o y e d and people f o r c e d t o f i n d new ones. Some a l s o say t h a t t h i s p l a n w i l l not s o l v e the c i t y ' s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems, and i t i s s i g n i f i c a n t t h a t o n l y one p e r c e n t o f the Negroes c l a i m t h a t t h e s e suggested r o u t e s would d i s p l a c e too many Negroes and a r e designed f o r the b e n e f i t of w h i t e s o n l y . W h i l e s t i l l showing them the map matter how t h e y f e l t about i t , how proposed new o f P l a n A, we asked r e s i d e n t s , no o f t e n t h e y thought t h e y would use these r o u t e s by bus or c a r i f t h e y were b u i l t . ANTICIPATED USE OF FREEWAYS PROPOSED IN PLAN A A l l Washingj t o n A d u l t Residents: With Unde- With Undecided I n c i d e d Out A l l Washington Adult Residents Who A r e : White Negro t t i i 19 27 ik 31 A t l e a s t t w i c e a week 9 13 15 13 A t l e a s t once a week 7 10 A t l e a s t once a month 6 Would Use: Almost d a i l y 8 5 11 11 7 55 38 Less often 30 k2 Not 29 - (23) (3D A t l e a s t once a week or more o f t e n 50 3U 55 L e s s than once a week 50 66 45 sure # • » # * �- 42 - CONFIDENTIAL R e f e r r i n g back t o page 2 3 , i t i s e v i d e n t t h a t a n t i c i p a t e d use o f t h e s e new i n t e r n a l r o u t e s would be l e s s t h a n t h a t f o r the Metro system, but not a g r e a t d e a l l e s s . Negroes more t h a n w h i t e s would use t h e f r e e - ways, e s p e c i a l l y on a d a i l y b a s i s . I n d e e d , w h i t e usage would be e x t r e m e l y l i m i t e d d e s p i t e our f i n d i n g t h a t w h i t e s f a v o r t h i s p l a n more t h a n do Negroes. Next, we t u r n e d r e s i d e n t s ' a t t e n t i o n t o a second proposed p l a n f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f new f r e e w a y s . T h i s one, we e x p l a i n e d , would b u i l d the same freeways a s the f i r s t one, but would a l s o b u i l d two a d d i t i o n a l ones t o connect c i t y freeways w i t h major highways r u n n i n g i n t o suburban Maryland and V i r g i n i a . We went on t o s a y t h a t t h i s p l a n ' s purpose would be t o im- prove bus and automobile t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r people w i t h i n t h e c i t y , and a l s o t o improve bus and automobile t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r people who wanted t o r e a c h the suburbs or come i n t o the c i t y . As done w i t h P l a n A, we handed respondents a map o f P l a n B ( s e e Appendix C ) , e x p l a i n e d the green and r e d l i n e s , and l o c a t e d the approximate p o s i t i o n of t h e i r home on t h e map. Then we asked them whether t h e y tended t o approve or d i s a p p r o v e o f t h i s p r o p o s a l . ATTITUDE TOWARD NEW FREEWAY PLAN WHICH WOULD HAVE ALL NEW FREEWAYS PROPOSED I N PLAN A AND ALSO HAVE TWO ADDITIONAL FREEWAYS TO CONNECT WITH SUBURBAN HIGHWAYS (PLAN B ) A l l Washin gton A d u l t Residents: W i t h Unde- With Undecided I n c i d e d Out A l l Wash:Lngton A d u l t Re: i d e n t s s VJho A r e : White Negro i t i Approve he 59 57 59 Disapprove 32 Ul 43 Ul Not s u r e 22 - (20) (22) �- 43 - CONFIDENTIAL Mere r e s i d e n t s approve (k p e r c e n t more) of t h i s suburban a c c e s s plan t h a n approve of the more l i m i t e d P l a n A, and one p e r c e n t fewer disapprove of i t . T h i s g i v e s a p p r o v a l of P l a n B a 14 p o i n t margin over d i s a p p r o v a l . Of those w i t h an o p i n i o n , n e a r l y t h r e e out o f f i v e r e s i d e n t s support t h i s expanded program. Whites and b l a c k s g i v e i t almost equal support, but w h i t e s a r e more f a v o r a b l e t o the l i m i t e d program w h i l e b l a c k s g i v e more support t o t h i s expanded one. �- kk - CONFIDENTIAL REASONS FOR APPROVING OR DISAPPROVING OF NEW FREEWAY PLAN WHICH WOULD HAVE ALL NEW FREEWAYS PROPOSED IN PLAN A AND ALSO HAVE WO ADDITIONAL FREEWAYS TO CONNECT WITH SUBURBAN HIGHWAYS (PLAN B ) A l l Washin gton Adult Residents Who Are: A l l Washington Adult Residents White Negro d W al W 4 w Reasons For A p p r o v i n g Would be f a s t e r r o u t e to and from suburbs i n V i r g i n i a and Maryland W i l l provide f a s t e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n W i l l provide f a s t e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n and out of c i t y Would be c o n v e n i e n t t o where I l i v e , I would use i t W i l l provide f a s t e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n to work T h i s p l a n i s b e t t e r , i t s o l v e s more problems W i l l ease c o n g e s t i o n W i l l speed up t r a f f i c i n the c i t y Would make t r a v e l s a f e r , fewer a c c i d e n t s T h i s p l a n would not condemn p r o p e r t y i n my neighborhood 52 k6 2l 14 10 20 11 13 9 8 2 9 5 1 6 4 2 4 4 o -J 7 2 1 2 4 1* 2 1 1 1 1 Reasons For D i s a p p r o v i n g Would cause d i s l o c a t i o n o f homes, d i s placement of people Would b e n e f i t s u b u r b a n i t e s o n l y W i l l i n c r e a s e l o c a l congestion, i n c r e a s e p a r k i n g problems Have enough super-highways, don't need more roads T h i s p l a n i s i n c o n v e n i e n t f o r me, wouldn't use i t Need subways, not freeways Don't l i k e t h i s p l a n Taxes would go up Would i n c r e a s e n o i s e and a i r p o l l u t i o n k6 59 k2 18 6 20 4 17 6 5 12 3 4 8 3 4 3 3 2 1 2 7 5 1 k 2 3 2 2 - - - * * # -- * x E i t h e r Not Sure Whether Approve Or Disapprove Or Could Give No Reason Approval Disapproval 20 i2 53 47 kk 56 56 44 �CONFIDENTIAL 45 L e s s v e r b a l o p p o s i t i o n e x i s t s f o r P l a n B than f o r P l a n A e s p e c i a l l y among Negro r e s i d e n t s . W h i t e s , however, more than b l a c k s approve o f P l a n B because i t p r o v i d e s f o r f a s t e r r o u t e s t o t h e suburbs w h i l e Negroes tend t o l i k e i t because not o n l y would i t g i v e them f a s t e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n b u t a l s o i t would be convenient t o t h e i r homes. I n d i s a p p r o v i n g o f i t , r e s i d e n t s e x p r e s s seme f e e l i n g t h a t i t would b e n e f i t suburbanites s o l e l y and w h i t e r e s i d e n t s e s p e c i a l l y c i t e i n c r e a s e d downtown p a r k i n g problems should t h i s p l a n be c o n s t r u c t e d . Nevertheless, major o p p o s i t i o n s t i l l comes from r e s i d e n t s who f e a r displacement o f people. ANTICIPATED USE OF FREEWAYS PROPOSED I N PLAN B A 11 Washingrton A d u l t B esidonts: W i t h Unde- W i t h Undec ided I n c i d e d Out % i A l l Washington A d u l t Re s i d e n t s Who A r e White Negro * i Would Use: Almost d a i l y 17 25 11 30 At l e a s t t w i c e a week 11 16 10 19 At l e a s t once a week 7 11 9 12 At l e a s t once a month 8 12 16 10 Less often 2k 36 5h 29 Not 33 - (25) (36) A t l e a s t once a week or more o f t e n 52 30 6l L e s s t h a n once a week k8 70 39 sure * * * * * �- 1+6 - CONFIDENTIAL S l i g h t l y more Washington r e s i d e n t s would make a t l e a s t w e e k l y use of the P l a n B r o u t e s t h a n would o f t h o s e proposed i n P l a n A. more Negroes would — would do so. Q u i t e a few e s p e c i a l l y on a t w i c e w e e k l y b a s i s , but fewer w h i t e s The d a i l y usage of f r e e w a y s proposed i n both p l a n s would be a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e same. O b s e r v a t i o n : So f a r we have seen t h a t a l t h o u g h n e i t h e r proposed p l a n r e c e i v e s an overwhelming mandate from the people most ( o f t h o s e w i t h an o p i n i o n ) approve o f b o t h . Support f o r t h e expanded p l a n which would l e a d d i r e c t l y t o suburban highways r e c e i v e s g r e a t e r support t h a n t h a t f o r the r e s t r i c t e d p r o p o s a l m a i n l y because a s i g n i f i c a n t number o f r e s i d e n t s l i k e t h e i d e a o f b e i n g a b l e t o r e a c h t h e s e suburbs e a s i e r and f a s t e r . No g r e a t d i v i s i o n o f o p i n i o n e x i s t s e i t h e r pro or con between b l a c k s and w h i t e s , b u t b l a c k s would use the r o u t e s proposed i n both p l a n s more o f t e n t h a n other r e s i d e n t s , and they a l s o a r e the s t r o n g e s t s u p p o r t e r s o f f r e e ways connected t o the suburbs. We next put t h e major q u e s t i o n t o Washington r e s i d e n t s by g i v i n g them a c h o i c e between a d o p t i n g new f r e e w a y s as proposed by P l a n s A, B, or s i m i l a r p l a n s and b u i l d i n g no new f r e e w a y s . We b e l i e v e t h i s q u e s t i o n i s o f p i v o t a l importance. CHOICE BETWEEN BUILDING NEW FREEWAYS AS PROPOSED BY PLANS A AND B OR SIMILAR PLANS AND BUILDING NO NEW FREEWAYS A l l Washington A d u l t Residents: With Unde- With Undecided I n c i d e d Out of h A l l Washington Adult Residents Who A r e : White Negro of fo 4 of, New f r e e w a y s a s proposed by P l a n A, B or a s i m i l a r p l a n 50 58 54 60 Ho new freeways 36 42 46 ko Not s u r e Ik - (10) (16) } �- 47 - CONFIDENTIAL E x a c t l y h a l f of t h e c i t y ' s r e s i d e n t s choose some s o r t o f p l a n f o r new f r e e w a y s , and the margin of support (14 p o i n t s ) i s t h e same as the margin o f a p p r o v a l over d i s a p p r o v a l f o r P l a n B. I n t h i s c a s e , however, fewer r e s i d e n t s a r e undecided (14 compared t o 22 p e r c e n t ) . however, i s s i m i l a r . The net N e a r l y t h r e e out of f i v e endorse freeways and result, this sentiment i s more h e a v i l y e x p r e s s e d by Negroes t h a n by w h i t e s . The r e a s o n s r e s i d e n t s g i v e f o r making t h e i r c h o i c e on t h i s q u e s t i o n are p r a c t i c a l l y the same as t h e y g i v e f o r e i t h e r approving or d i s a p p r o v i n g o f the two s p e c i f i c p l a n s . �- k8 - CONFIDENTIAL REASONS FOR CHOOSING NEW FREEWAYS, AS PROPOSED BY PLAN A OR PLAN B, OR CHOOSING NO NEW FREEWAYS 9 A l l Wastl i n g t o n A d u l t R«i s i d e n t s Who Are; A l l Wii s h i n g t o n Adult Residents White lo % Negro Reasons For New Freeways W i l l provide f a s t e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n W i l l r e l i e v e c o n g e s t i o n on l o c a l s t r e e t s W i l l provide e a s i e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n W i l l provide s a f e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n L i k e the i d e a , t h e y ' r e needed, need b e t t e r roads W i l l h e l p c i t y grow and prosper W i l l make i t e a s i e r t o get t o work W i l l make i t f a s t e r to get t o work I t w i l l be q u i c k e r t o get t o and from downtown W i l l g i v e employment t o people 65 17 14 9 5 57 10 11 8 4 65 19 15 10 5 5 3 3 6 10 l l 4 2 3 3 3 2 4 2 3 1 Reasons A g a i n s t Any New Freeways W i l l d i s p l a c e too many people, d e s t r o y too many homes, cause f i n a n c i a l h a r d s h i p Don't need them, have enough roads now W i l l increase taxes C i t y people need subways W i l l cause more c o n g e s t i o n W i l l o n l y b e n e f i t s u b u r b a n i t e s , not c i t y people W i l l be hazardous, too many c a r s going too f a s t W i l l cause more smoke and a i r p o l l u t i o n W i l l change t h i s a r e a , chop i t up W i l l t a k e away c i t y ' s charm and beauty W i l l h u r t Negroes, t a k e away t h e i r homes and b u s i n e s s e s D i s l i k e the i d e a o f more freeways They w i l l be too n o i s y I f they'd improve bus s e r v i c e , wouldn't need more freeways Won't b e n e f i t me W i l l destroy l o c a l business Should use money f o r other t h i n g s 53 71 18 4 4 4 3 13 4 2 10 10 19 4 5 2 1 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 7 5 6 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 _ k j+8 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 1 1 1 1 20 16 22 55 45 43 57 58 42 1 — » * # # « E i t h e r Not Sure Whether For Or A g a i n s t New Freeways Or Could Give No Reason For New Freeways A g a i n s t New Freeways �CONFIDENTIAL 49 The most v o c a l o p p o s i t i o n t o new freeways comes from w h i t e r e s i d e n t s w h i l e t h e e x a c t opposite i s t r u e among Negroes. I n t o t a l , however, more r e s i d e n t s can e x p r e s s reasons f o r h a v i n g t h a n f o r not h a v i n g new freeway construction i n the c i t y . A major q u e s t i o n t o he answered by t h i s s u r v e y was whether i n c r e a s e d knowledge about t h e proposed new freeways tended t o make c i t y r e s i d e n t s more o r l e s s f a v o r a b l e toward them. To answer t h i s we a n a l y z e d o p i n i o n f o r and a g a i n s t f r e e w a y s i n g e n e r a l and f o r and a g a i n s t P l a n s A and B a c c o r d i n g t o whether o r n o t r e s i d e n t s had heard or r e a d a n y t h i n g about t h e proposed new c o n s t r u c t i o n . (See page 2 5 ) . RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE OF NEW FREEWAYS AND OPPOSITION TO OR SUPPORT OF THEM A l l Washington Adult Residents A l l Washington R e s i d e n t s Who: E i t h e r Not Sure Or Have Not Heard Or Have Heard Or Read About New Read About New Freeways Freeways * i i 58 56 63 h2 kk 37 (ik) (10) (21) Choose: P l a n A, B, or s i m i l a r p l a n f o r new f r e e ways ITo new freeways Not sure Approve o f P l a n A 56 50 83 Disapprove o f P l a n A Mi 50 17 (25) (23) (27) Approve o f P l a n B 59 56 83 Disapprove o f P l a n B kl kk 17 (22) (18) (27) Not Not sure sure �- 50 - CONFIDENTIAL Of those h a v i n g knowledge, 56 p e r c e n t support new f r e e w a y s . those l a c k i n g knowledge, 63 p e r c e n t do so. Of I n other words, the more a person has h e a r d about new freeways the more he or she tends t o be a g a i n s t them. who The same p a t t e r n becomes even more d i s t i n c t when we l o o k a t those e i t h e r support or oppose the two s p e c i f i c p l a n s . knowledge e i t h e r s p l i t Residents claiming e v e n l y or n e a r l y e v e n l y between a p p r o v a l and dis- a p p r o v a l o f each p l a n w h i l e those s a y i n g t h e y had heard or r e a d n o t h i n g about t h e new freeways g i v e both p l a n s t h e i r overwhelming endorsement. The v o l u n t a r y responses r e s i d e n t s gave i n e x p r e s s i n g t h e i r knowledge o f proposed freeway p l a n s and the reasons g i v e n f o r e i t h e r opposing or s u p p o r t i n g freeways i n g e n e r a l or the two s p e c i f i c p l a n s submitted have shown t h a t t h e major r e a s o n people want more freeways i s t h a t t h e y w i l l p r o v i d e f a s t e r , e a s i e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n and out of Washington and r e l i e v e l o c a l congestion. will The prime r e a s o n g i v e n by those opposing f r e e - ways i s t h a t t h e y w i l l d e s t r o y homes and f o r c e people t o move elsewhere. To check f u r t h e r on why Washington r e s i d e n t s f e e l as they do about t h i s c o n t r o v e r s y we prepared two c a r d s -- one l i s t i n g e l e v e n arguments f o r new freeway c o n s t r u c t i o n and the other l i s t i n g f o u r t e e n arguments a g a i n s t such c o n s t r u c t i o n . We a l t e r n a t e d between respondents presented as t o which c a r d was first. L e t us l o o k a t t h e r e s u l t s from the f a v o r a b l e arguments f i r s t . one of t h e e l e v e n arguments was r e a d t o respondents Each as t h e y f o l l o w e d on the c a r d , and f o r each the respondent was asked whether he or she tended to s t r o n g l y agree w i t h i t , s l i g h t l y agree w i t h i t , s l i g h t l y d i s a g r e e w i t h i t , or s t r o n g l y d i s a g r e e w i t h i t . Then we asked respondents t o look over the e n t i r e l i s t and s e l e c t the two arguments t h e y f e l t were most c o n v i n c i n g or most important t o them and t h e i r family. �CONFIDENTIAL - 51 - AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT WITH MAJOR ARGUMENTS FOR NEW FREEWAYS A l l Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s Who: A l l Washington Adult Residents Saying ; Argument I s Mosit C o n v i n c i n g W i t h Undecided I n DisNot Agree agree Sure i t "New f r e e w a y s w i l l make i t e a s i e r and f a s t e r f o r most c i t y r e s i d e n t s t o g e t around Washington" 36 68 "New freeways w i l l r e l i e v e t h e c o n g e s t i o n on l o c a l s t r e e t s making t h e s e s t r e e t s s a f e r and h e a l t h i e r p l a c e s on which to l i v e " 18 "New freexrays w i l l make i t e a s i e r and f a s t e r f o r c i t y and f o r suburban r e s i d e n t s t o g e t i n and out o f t h e city" % With Undecided Out Weii ghted Agree Disagree * i t 20 12 77 23 6o 28 12 69 31 18 78 12 10 88 12 " D i s p l a c e d r e s i d e n t s w i l l be p r o v i d e d w i t h o p p o r t u n i t i e s to o b t a i n e q u a l i f n o t b e t t e r h o u s i n g " 16 l+l 36 23 51 49 " S i n c e c i t y buses w i l l u s e t h e new f r e e w a y s , bus t r a n s p o r t a t i o n w i l l be a g r e a t d e a l f a s t e r " 16 65 19 16 78 22 "New freeways w i l l t a k e some people's homes, b u t we must be concerned w i t h what i s b e s t f o r t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e c i t y ' s r e s i d e n t s " 12 1+8 35 17 58 12 + "New f r e e w a y s w i l l enable many people who need them most t o g e t t o new j o b s now a v a i l a b l e i n t h e suburbs" 11 65 23 12 74 26 "The Metro R a p i d T r a n s i t System w i l l h e l p , b u t t h e r e s t i l l a r e many people who w i l l n o t be a b l e t o u s e i t and must g e t t o work by e i t h e r bus or c a r " 10 70 16 11+ 82 18 �- 52 - CONFIDENTIAL AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT WITH MAJOR ARGUMENTS FOR NEW FREEWAYS - Cont'd. A l l Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s: Who: A l l Washington Adult Residents S a y i n g Argument I s Most C o n v i n c i n g % W i t h Undecided I n DisNot Agree agree Sure % i With Undecided Out Weig ;hted Agree Disagree % "Unless new f r e e w a y s a r e " b u i l t , b u s i n e s s and government o f f i c e s w i l l l e a v e t h e c i t y and cause i n c r e a s e d unemployment" 3 29 53 18 33 67 "Unless new f r e e w a y s a r e b u i l t , t h e c i t y w i l l f o r c i n g an i n c r e a s e i n t a x e s " 3 25 52 23 31 69 3 29 47 24 35 65 decay, "Unless new f r e e w a y s a r e b u i l t , t h e c i t y w i l l decay, l o s e t a x r e v e n u e , and w i l l be unable t o improve s c h o o l s , h o s p i t a l s , and other p u b l i c s e r v i c e s " �CONFIDENTIAL 53 - The f i r s t column on t h i s t a b l e shows the percentage of r e s i d e n t s s e l e c t i n g each argument as convincing, and the arguments a r e ranked i n t h i s order. I n the next t h r e e columns, we have combined the s l i g h t l y and strongly agree and disagree responses. Then i n the f i n a l two columns, we have given double weight to the intense or strong disagreement or agreement answers and removed the undecided responses. Thus, t h i s a n a l y s i s gives us a reading on how important each argument i s t o r e s i d e n t s and how r e c e p t i v e or unr e c e p t i v e they are t o i t . Let us evaluate both a t t i t u d e s on each argument. Degree of Importance I n t e n s i t y of Agreement or Disagreement Highly Important F a s t e r and e a s i e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r r e s i d e n t s around the c i t y i t s e l f Strong agreement Important R e l i e v e congestion, make l o c a l s t r e e t s s a f e r and h e a l t h i e r E a s i e r and f a s t e r f o r c i t y and suburban r e s i d e n t s to get i n and out of c i t y Displaced persons w i l l be provided with equal i f not b e t t e r housing Bus t r a n s p o r t a t i o n w i l l be f a s t e r Moderately strong agreement Extremely strong agreement Almost as much disagreement as agreement Strong agreement Only Moderately Important Some people's homes w i l l be taken, but concern must be with what i s b e s t for the m a j o r i t y People who need them most w i l l be able to get to jobs i n the suburbs Metro system w i l l h e l p , but many w i l l s t i l l have to get t o work by car or bus Mild agreement Strong agreement Extremely strong agreement Unimportant Increased unemployment because government and b u s i n e s s e s w i l l be forced to leave city C i t y w i l l decay f o r c i n g taxes to increase C i t y w i l l decay and w i l l be unable to improve schools, h o s p i t a l s , and other public services Moderately strong disagreement Moderately strong disagreement Moderately strong disagreement �- 54 - CONFIDENTIAL By combining the f a c t o r s of importance with degree of agreement i t can be r e a d i l y seen t h a t r e s i d e n t s ' f e e l t h a t the best arguments f o r new freeways are: 1. F a s t e r and e a s i e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n the c i t y . 2. F a s t e r and e a s i e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n for r e s i d e n t s and suburbanites t o get i n and out of the c i t y . 3. Bus t r a n s p o r t a t i o n w i l l be f a s t e r . 4. Congestion w i l l be r e l i e v e d on l o c a l s t r e e t s making them s a f e r and h e a l t h i e r places on which to l i v e . I t i s a l s o most evident for r e s i d e n t s within t h a t the economic arguments — unemployment, high taxes, and rundown s e r v i c e s c u t l i t t l e i c e with Washington r e s i d e n t s . Next we analyzed degree o f receptiveness white and among Negro r e s i d e n t s . of each argument among �55 CONFIDENTIAL AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT WITH MAJOR ARGUMENTS FOR NEW FREEWAYS A l l White Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s Who: A l l Washington Adult Residents S a y i n g Argument I s Most C o n v i n c i n g A l l Negro Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s Who: With Undecided I n Wei glit ed DisNot Agree agree Sure W i t h Undecided Out Weighted DisNot Agree agree Sure i t % 67 33 (11) 81 19 (13) 18 52 k8 (11) Ik 26 (13) "New f r e e w a y s w i l l make i t e a s i e r and f a s t e r f o r c i t y and f o r suburban r e s i d e n t s t o g e t i n and out o f t h e c i t y " 18 81 19 (12) 88 12 (10) " D i s p l a c e d r e s i d e n t s w i l l be p r o v i d e d w i t h opport u n i t i e s t o o b t a i n e q u a l i f not b e t t e r h o u s i n g " 16 56 kk (27) 50 50 (22) " S i n c e c i t y buses w i l l use t h e new f r e e w a y s , bus t r a n s p o r t a t i o n w i l l be a g r e a t d e a l f a s t e r " 16 68 32 (18) 81 19 (16) 'New f r e e w a y s w i l l t a k e some people's homes, b u t we must be concerned w i t h what i s b e s t f o r t h e majority of thecity's residents" 12 55 45 (19) 57 43 (16) "New f r e e w a y s w i l l enable many people who need them most t o g e t t o new j o b s now a v a i l a b l e i n the suburbs" ll 58 k2 (17) 79 21 (11) "The Metro Rapid T r a n s i t System w i l l h e l p , b u t t h e r e s t i l l a r e many people who w i l l not be a b l e t o u s e i t and must g e t t o work b y e i t h e r bus o r c a r " 10 70 30 (12) 85 15 (15) "New f r e e w a y s w i l l make i t e a s i e r and f a s t e r f o r most c i t y r e s i d e n t s t o g e t around Washington" 36 "New f r e e w a y s w i l l r e l i e v e t h e c o n g e s t i o n on l o c a l s t r e e t s making these s t r e e t s s a f e r and h e a l t h i e r p l a c e s on which t o l i v e " % 1o t �- 56 - CONFIDENTIAL AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT WITH MAJOR ARGUMENTS FOR NEW FREEWAYS - Cont'd. A l l White Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s Who: A l l Washington Adult Residents S a y i n g Argument I s Most C o n v i n c i n g A l l Negro Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s Who: With ' Undecided I n Weighted DisNot Agree agree Sure W i t h Undecided Out Wei ghted DisNot Agree agree Sure * i "Unless new f r e e w a y s a r e b u i l t , b u s i n e s s and government o f f i c e s w i l l l e a v e t h e c i t y and cause i n c r e a s e d unemployment" 3 31 "Unless new f r e e w a y s a r e b u i l t , t h e c i t y decay, f o r c i n g an i n c r e a s e i n t a x e s " 3 3 * % t t i 69 [Ik) 36 6k (19) 21 79 (20) 35 65 (24) 27 73 (20) 37 63 (2k) will "Unless new freeways a r e b u i l t , t h e c i t y w i l l decay, l o s e t a x r e v e n u e , and w i l l be unable to improve s c h o o l s , h o s p i t a l s , and other public services" �- 57 - CONFIDENTIAL The b e s t reasons f o r s u p p o r t i n g new freeways a c c o r d i n g t o Negroes are: 1. F a s t e r and e a s i e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r r e s i d e n t s w i t h i n the c i t y . 2. F a s t e r and e a s i e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r r e s i d e n t s s u b u r b a n i t e s t o get i n and out of t h e c i t y . 3. Bus t r a n s p o r t a t i o n w i l l be k. Congestion w i l l be r e l i e v e d on l o c a l and faster. streets. W h i t e s , a g r e a t d e a l l e s s t h a n Negroes, see v a l i d i t y i n t h e argument t h a t l o c a l c o n g e s t i o n w i l l be r e l i e v e d . A l s o t h e y a r e l e s s l i k e l y t o sub- s c r i b e t o the i d e a t h a t f r e e w a y s mean f a s t e r i n t e r n a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and improved bus s e r v i c e . These two arguments t h e r e f o r e p l a y a secondary among w h i t e s t o the major r e a s o n t h e y would support f r e e w a y s -- role easier a c c e s s t o t h e suburbs. F i n a l l y , w h i t e s g i v e l i t t l e support t o the h y p o t h e s i s t h a t new ways mean new suburban j o b s f o r the people who f i n d t h i s most r e l e v a n t . free- need them, w h i l e Negroes I t t h u s becomes an important secondary r e a s o n f o r t h e i r support of new f r e e w a y s , which t h e y b e l i e v e w i l l l e a d t o more and better jobs. The major arguments a g a i n s t new f r e e w a y s were p r e s e n t e d and a n a l y z e d i n t h e same manner as those f o r f r e e w a y s . �- 58 - CONFIDENTIAL AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT WITH MAJOR ARGUMENTS AGAINST NEW FREEWAYS A l l 1,-Jashingto n A d u l t R e s i d e n t s Who: A l l Washington Adult Residents S a y i n g Argument I s Host C o n v i n c i n g With Undecided I n DisNot Agree agree Sure % i "New f r e e w a y s w i l l d e s t r o y too many homes and r u i n too many neighborhoods" 30 "Homeowners d i s p l a c e d b y f r e e w a y s won't r e c e i v e h i g h enough p r i c e s f o r t h e i r homes t o enable them t o buy another house e q u a l l y a s good" With Undecided Out Wei<j h t e d Agree Disagree € i lo i 61 25 14 73 27 2k 61 22 17 79 21 "The people who w i l l b e n e f i t most from new freeways l i v e i n t h e suburbs and n o t i n t h e c i t y " 16 6k 26 10 75 25 " R e s i d e n t s who w i l l be d i s p l a c e d by t h e f r e e w a y s w i l l n o t be a b l e t o buy o r r e n t t h e k i n d o f h o u s i n g t h e y need" 15 58 2k 18 72 28 "No new f r e e w a y s s h o u l d be b u i l t because t h e y a r e o n l y w h i t e men's roads through b l a c k men's homes" 10 35 48 17 44 56 "New f r e e w a y s w i l l i n c r e a s e a i r p o l l u t i o n " 9 52 29 19 65 35 "There won't be enough downtown p a r k i n g t o t a k e c a r e o f a l l t h e c a r s which would u s e new f r e e w a y s " 8 62 2k Ik 76 24 "New f r e e w a y s w i l l tend t o d e s t r o y t h e b e a u t y and unique c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f Washington" 7 Mi 41 15 53 kl lo �CONFIDENTIAL AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT WITH MAJOR ARGUMENTS AGAINST NEW FREEWAYS - Cont'd. A l l Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s Who: A l l Washington Adult Residents S a y i n g Argument I s Most C o n v i n c i n g W i t h Undecided I n DisNot Agree agree Sure W i t h Undecided Out Weighted Agree Disagree of lo of h of of fo nf l'0 nl "New f r e e w a y s w i l l n o t be needed once the Metro Rapid T r a n s i t System i s b u i l t " 6 35 42 23 49 51 "No new f r e e w a y s s h o u l d be b u i l t because t h e y o n l y encourage more people t o d r i v e t h e i r c a r s i n s t e a d o f u s i n g p u b l i c means o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n " 6 40 44 16 49 51 "New f r e e w a y s w i l l c r e a t e more n o i s e i n r e s i d e n t i a l neighborhoods t h a n we have now" 4 51 36 13 6l 39 "Highway p l a n n e r s and s u p p o r t e r s o f more f r e e w a y s t e n d t o be h e a r t l e s s and don't c a r e about p e o p l e " 3 40 39 21 54 46 "New f r e e w a y s may h e l p b u s i n e s s and government i n t e r e s t s , b u t t h e y w a l l o n l y h u r t w o r k i n g people" 3 28 52 20 38 62 "New f r e e w a y s w i l l h u r t r a t h e r than h e l p promote t h e p r o s p e r i t y o f downtown b u s i n e s s " 3 48 20 40 60 32 lo �- 6o The r e a c t i o n h e r e t o arguments CONFIDENTIAL a g a i n s t f r e e w a y s c o n f i r m s t h e spon- taneous e x p r e s s i o n s r e s i d e n t s r e c o r d e d e a r l i e r i n t h i s r e p o r t . Degree o f Importance I n t e n s i t y of Agreement or Disagreement Highly Important_ W i l l d e s t r o y homes and r u i n too many neighborhoods D i s p l a c e d r e s i d e n t s w i l l not r e c e i v e enough f o r t h e i r homes t o enable them to buy e q u a l l y good ones S t r o n g agreement S t r o n g agreement Important Suburbanites r a t h e r than c i t y r e s i d e n t s w i l l b e n e f i t most from new f r e e w a y s D i s p l a c e d r e s i d e n t s w i l l be unable t o buy or r e n t t h e k i n d of h o u s i n g t h e y need S t r o n g agreement S t r o n g agreement Only Moderately Important Freeways a r e w h i t e men's roads through b l a c k men's homes W i l l increase a i r pollution Downtown p a r k i n g w i l l be inadequate Rather M i l d disagreement Moderately s t r o n g agreement S t r o n g agreement Unimportant W i l l d e s t r o y beauty and unique c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of c i t y W i l l not be needed because o f Metro system W i l l encourage too many people t o d r i v e their cars Almost a s much disagreement as agreement S l i g h t l y more disagreement t h a n agreement S l i g h t l y more disagreement t h a n agreement Unimportant W i l l c r e a t e more n o i s e Highway p l a n n e r s a r e h e a r t l e s s Help b u s i n e s s and government, b u t not w o r k i n g people H u r t r a t h e r t h a n h e l p downtown economy Moderately s t r o n g agreement S l i g h t l y more agreement t h a n disagreement Moderately s t r o n g disagreement Moderately s t r o n g disagreement O b s e r v a t i o n : A g a i n we f i n d t h a t t h e o v e r r i d i n g r e a s o n f o r opposing new f r e e w a y s i s t h a t t h e y w i l l throw people out of t h e i r homes and b r e a k up neighborhoods; t h a t t h e people so d i s p l a c e d w i l l not be r e i m b u r s e d s u f f i c i e n t l y f o r t h e i r houses t o enable them t o buy as good a home; and t h a t i n genera], d i s p l a c e d people w i l l be unable t o find"decent" h o u s i n g . These �- 61 - CONFIDENTIAL f e e l i n g s a r e coupled w i t h grave s u s p i c i o n s on t h e p a r t of many ( a s shown on page 51) t h a t d i s p l a c e d f a m i l i e s w i l l be g i v e n o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o get h o u s i n g e q u a l t o or b e t t e r t h a n t h a t w h i c h t h e y have now. Moreover, as a l s o noted on page 5 1 , a s i z a b l e p r o p o r t i o n of a l l r e s i d e n t s do not subs c r i b e to the i d e a t h a t a few must make s a c r i f i c e s so t h a t the m a j o r i t y can benefit. Indeed, p r a c t i c a l l y a l l o p p o s i t i o n t o new f r e e w a y s h i n g e s on t h e s e f e e l i n g s t h a t i t i s u n j u s t and a r b i t r a r y t o f o r c e people from t h e i r hemes w i t h o u t s t r o n g e r guarantees t h a t t h e y w i l l be a b l e to f i n d as good i f not b e t t e r new homes w i t h i n the c i t y . I n a d d i t i o n , r e s i d e n t s a t t a c h importance t o and s t r o n g l y agree w i t h the concept t h a t new freeways w i l l p r i m a r i l y help suburbanites. T h i s a t t i t u d e s e r v e s t o support t h e i r a g g r a v a t i o n over t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t o f c i t y r e s i d e n t s . Although more d i s a g r e e t h a n agree w i t h the "white men's roads through b l a c k men's homes" theme, the s i g n i f i c a n t number who s u b s c r i b e t o t h i s f i t i n t o the same p i c t u r e . The o t h e r arguments a g a i n s t f r e e w a y s a r e r e l a t i v e l y unimportant t o r e s i d e n t s as a whole, and a g a i n the economic ones a r e f u r t h e s t down the list. �62 CONFIDENTIAL AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT WITH MAJOR ARGUMENTS AGAINST NEW FREEWAYS A l l Washington Adult Residents S a y i n g Argument I s Most C o n v i n c i n g A l l Wll i t e Washiii g t o n A d u l t R e s i d e n t s Who: Wei/ ghted DisNot Agree agree Sure A l l N(2gro Washiii g t o n A d u l t R e s i d e n t s Who: Wei^ dited DisNot Agree agree Sure i $ "New f r e e w a y s w i l l d e s t r o y t o o many homes and r u i n too many neighborhoods" * 30 69 31 (20) 74 26 (13) "Homeowners d i s p l a c e d b y f r e e w a y s won't r e c e i v e h i g h enough p r i c e s f o r t h e i r homes t o enable them t o buy another house e q u a l l y a s good" 24 74 26 (27) 80 20 (13) "The people who w i l l b e n e f i t most from new f r e e w a y s l i v e i n t h e suburbs and not i n t h e c i t y " 16 8l 19 (16) 75 25 ( 8) " R e s i d e n t s who w i l l be d i s p l a c e d by the f r e e w a y s w i l l n o t be a b l e t o buy or r e n t t h e k i n d o f h o u s i n g t h e y need" 15 70 30 (26) 74 26 (15) "No new f r e e w a y s should be b u i l t because t h e y a r e o n l y w h i t e men's roads through b l a c k men''s homes" 10 31 69 (25) 47 53 (14) "New f r e e w a y s w i l l i n c r e a s e a i r p o l l u t i o n " 9 65 35 (16) 66 34 (21) "There won't be enough downtown p a r k i n g t o t a k e c a r e of a l l t h e c a r s which would u s e new f r e e w a y s " 8 79 21 (13) 75 25 (14) "New f r e e w a y s w i l l t e n d t o d e s t r o y the b e a u t y and unique c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f Washington" 7 69 31 (16) 49 51 (14) "New f r e e w a y s w i l l n o t be needed once t h e Metro R a p i d T r a n s i t System i s b u i l t " 6 52 48 (23) 48 52 (23) lo % �- 63 - CONFIDENTIAL AGREEMENT AMD DISAGREEMENT WITH MAJOR ARGUMENTS AGAINST NEW FREEWAYS - Cont'd. A l l Washington Adult Residents S a y i n g Argument I s Most C o n v i n c i n g A l l W h i t e Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s Who: Weighted DisNot Agree agree Sure al p % 'No new f r e e w a y s should be b u i l t because t h e y o n l y encourage more people t o d r i v e t h e i r c a r s i n s t e a d o f u s i n g p u b l i c means o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n " 6 kk 'New f r e e w a y s w i l l c r e a t e more n o i s e i n r e s i d e n t i a l neighborhoods t h a n we have now" k 'Highway p l a n n e r s and s u p p o r t e r s o f more f r e e w a y s tend t o be h e a r t l e s s and don't c a r e about people" of 1° al A l l Negro Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s Who: Wei*?hted DisNot Agree agree Sure al h al h al % 56 (19) 50 50 (15) 65 35 (13) 60 1+0 (13) 3 5k 16 + (26) 5k 16 + (20) 'New f r e e w a y s may h e l p b u s i n e s s and government i n t e r e s t s , but t h e y w i l l o n l y h u r t w o r k i n g people" 3 30 70 (21) 1+0 60 (19) 'New f r e e w a y s w i l l h u r t r a t h e r t h a n h e l p promote t h e p r o s p e r i t y o f downtown b u s i n e s s " 3 40 60 (21+) 1+0 60 (20) �- 6h - CONFIDENTIAL O b s e r v a t i o n : A l l of t h e r e l o c a t i o n and displacement o f people arguments a r e h i g h l y r e c e p t i v e t o both b l a c k s and w h i t e s , but i t should come as no s u r p r i s e t h a t Negroes, who would p r o b a b l y be most a f f e c t e d , a l s o f e e l most i n t e n s e l y about t h e s e problems. N e v e r t h e l e s s , w h i t e s a r e more l i k e l y than b l a c k s to f e e l t h a t the c h i e f b e n e f a c t o r s would be suburban r e s i d e n t s a l t h o u g h , as might be e x p e c t e d , Negroes a r e more apt t o agree w i t h t h e "white men's roads through b l a c k men's homes" p r o p o s i t i o n . The o n l y other major d i f f e r e n c e s between the o p i n i o n s of w h i t e s and Negroes appear among the l e s s important arguments. F e a r s t h a t freeways w i l l d e s t r o y Washington's beauty come p r i m a r i l y from w h i t e s w h i l e b l a c k s more t h a n w h i t e s f e e l t h a t f r e e w a y s w i l l h e l p b u s i n e s s and government but h u r t w o r k i n g people. P r e f e r e n c e Between L i m i t e d And Suburban-Access P l a n s For Freeways Near the v e r y end of our i n t e r v i e w and a f t e r respondents had been a b l e t o g i v e and respond t o a l l major arguments f o r and a g a i n s t f r e e w a y s , we a g a i n took out t h e maps of P l a n A and P l a n B and handed both t o r e s i d e n t s . We asked them t o assume t h a t i t was d e f i n i t e l y decided t o b u i l d new ways and t h a t t h e y had a c h o i c e between P l a n A., which would not free- connect d i r e c t l y t o the suburbs, and P l a n B, which would connect t o the suburbs. Then we asked them t o l o o k over t h e maps a g a i n and t o s t a t e t h e i r p r e f e r e n c e between the two p l a n s . PREFERENCE BETWEEN PLAN A AND PLAN B FOR PROPOSED NEW FREEWAYS A l l Washington A d u l t Residents: W i t h Unde- W i t h Undecided I n c i d e d Out A l l Washington Adult Residents Who A r e : Negro i % White t Plan A 22 35 35 3h Plan B hi 65 65 66 Not 37 - (28) (38) sure �- 65 - CONFIDENTIAL Observation: Nearly two out of f i v e r e s i d e n t s are unable to s t a t e a preference, but among those holding an opinion Plan B or the expanded routes to the suburbs are favored by an almost two-to-one margin. I f new freeways are to be b u i l t , the expanded plan would r e c e i v e a great deal more community support than the one l i m i t e d to s e r v i n g i n t e r n a l Washington. Moreover, t h i s support comes e q u a l l y from both Negroes and whites. I n other words, the f e e l i n g p r e v a i l s t h a t i f Washington i s to b u i l d new freeways, then the f u l l job should be done to make i t g e n e r a l l y e a s i e r for both c i t y and suburban r e s i d e n t s to get i n and out of the D i s t r i c t . Moreover, as seen, Negroes p a r t i c u l a r l y , b e l i e v e t h a t e a s i e r and f a s t e r access to the Maryland and V i r g i n i a suburbs w i l l mean more and b e t t e r j o b s . Preference Among Subgroups For Plans A Or B 1 To determine which subgroups c o n s t i t u t i n g Washington s adult popul a t i o n are most l i k e l y to support e i t h e r of the proposed p l a n s , we preferences for the plans w i t h i n each of these groups. analyzed �- 66 - CONFIDENTIAL KEY GROUP ANALYSIS PLAN A OR FLAN B A l l Washington Adult Residents Choosing: Freeway Plan A of h Freeway Plan B of h Not Sure of h Over-all 35 65 (37) Sex Male (47) Female (53) 37 30 63 70 (27) (46) 38 30 29 48 62 70 71 52 (29) (37) (47) (40) 39 28 49 61 72 51 (43) (29) (48) k2 34 38 23 30 38 58 66 62 77 70 62 -** #* (52) (49) (28) (33) (15) (38) (**) 45 26 35 46 55 74 65 54 #* #* ** ** (40) (30) (33) (52) (**) (**) 36 6k (33) 31 69 (3D i+l 32 59 68 (26) (39) 21-34 years 35-49 years 50-64 years 65 and over (32) (34) (25) (9) Socio-Economie L e v e l Upper and upper-middle Middle (53) Lower (23) (2k) Annual Family Income $3,000 and under (13) $3,100 to $5,000 (20) $5,100 to $7,500 (25) $7,600 to $10,000 (16) $10,100 to $15,000 (10) Over $15,000 (12) Refused ( 4 ) Occupation B u s i n e s s , p r o f e s s i o n a l and small business (9) W h i t e - c o l l a r (32) B l u e - c o l l a r (37) R e t i r e d , widow (15) Unemployed, student ( 4 ) Housewife (3) Employed By F e d e r a l government (30) P r i v a t e business or organization (40) Union A f f i l i a t i o n Union household ( l 6 ) Nonunion household (8k) �- 67 - CONFIDENTIAL KEY GROUP ANALYSIS PLAN A OR PLAN B - Cont'd. A l l Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s Choosing: Freeway P l a n A Freeway P l a n B Not Sure al h of lo Over-all 35 65 (37) L o c a t i o n Of Employment Washington, D.C. (58) V i r g i n i a Suburbs ( 8 ) Maryland Suburbs (13) R e t i r e d / N o t employed (21) 32 30 32 18 + 68 70 68 52 (32) (26) (30) (53) Method Of G e t t i n g To Work Car (48) One bus (11) Two or more buses (12) 31 45 30 69 55 70 (28) (36) (39) 30 (37) (32) (3D (29) (3D of h Time R e q u i r e d To Get To Work (Employed O n l y ) 15 minutes and l e s s (25) l 6 minutes t o 25 minutes (22) 26 t o 30 minutes (19) 31 t o 45 minutes (19) 1+6 minutes and more (15) 29 35 1+1 70 75 71 65 59 Car Ownership Own one c a r (1+6) Own two or more c a r s Do not own c a r (1+0) 35 1+1 31 65 59 69 (32) (35) 35 34 65 66 (38) (37) 30 39 70 61 ** (33) (39) (**) 25 31 75 69 (3h) 35 37 65 63 lh 36 61+ (39) (39) (27) (39) (Ik) Race White (23) Negro (77) Religion P r o t e s t a n t (68) C a t h o l i c (17) Jewish (2) P r o t e s t a n t Denomination B a p t i s t (1+1) Methodist ( l l ) Length Of R e s i d e n c e I n Washington Less than 2 years ( 7 ) * 2 t o 10 y e a r s ( l 8 ) 10 t o 20 y e a r s (16) Over 20 y e a r s (59) 25 ** 26 (1+1+) (1+2) �- 68 - CONFIDENTIAL KEY GROUP ANALYSIS PLAN A OR PLAN B - Cont'd. A l l Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s Choosing: Freeway P l a n A Freeway P l a n B Not Sure % % Over-all 35 65 (37) Came To Washington W i t h i n L a s t Twenty Y e a r s From ( 4 1 ) Southern s t a t e s (2k) Elsewhere ( 1 7 ) 30 35 70 65 (37) (33) Owner/Renter Own home ( 4 5 ) Rent heme ( 5 5 ) 35 35 65 65 (41) (33) 32 68 (36) 38 62 (39) 26 37 74 63 w* 33 67 (23) (40) (**) (36) Area Northwest ( 2 4 ) Southwest ( 2 8 ) Northeast (23) Southeast (25) 28 39 31 37 72 61 69 63 (30) (30) (60) R a t i n g Convenience Of G e t t i n g Around Washington And Suburbs Favorable ( 4 1 ) Unfavorable ( 4 4 ) 32 38 68 62 (35) (37) R a t i n g Of Downtown P a r k i n g F a c i l i t i e s Favorable (10) Unfavorable (68) 54 32 46 68 (40) (34) A n t i c i p a t e d Use Of Metro Rapid Once a week or more ( 3 8 ) L e s s than once a week ( 3 1 ) 36 29 6k (30) (29) T?/pe Of D w e l l i n g One-family house ( 5 6 ) Apartment and m u l t i - f a m i l y house (kk) Political Affiliation Republican ( 8 ) * Democrat ( 6 0 ) Independent (k) Not r e g i s t e r e d ( 2 8 ) (3D Transit *Base too s m a l l f o r s t a t i s t i c a l **Base too s m a l l f o r s t a t i s t i c a l reliability analysis 71 �- 69 - CONFIDBMTIAL The o v e r - a l l p r e f e r e n c e s between the'two p l a n s a r e shown a c r o s s t h e t o p o f t h i s t a b l e a f t e r undecided r e s i d e n t s have been removed. Then t h e p r e f e r e n c e s w i t h i n each subgroup a r e shown going down t h e page. The b r a c k e t e d f i g u r e by each subgroup t i t l e r e p e a t s t h e i n f o r m a t i o n g i v e n on Page 8 and shows t h a t group's percentage o f the t o t a l c i t y population. By comparing subgroup p r e f e r e n c e s w i t h o v e r - a l l c h o i c e s , those groups w h i c h g i v e p a r t i c u l a r support t o e i t h e r P l a n A or P l a n B c a n be readily identified. F o r i n s t a n c e , 65 p e r c e n t o f a l l a d u l t r e s i d e n t s support P l a n B, b u t 63 p e r c e n t o f a l l men and 70 p e r c e n t o f a l l women do so. Thus i t i s c l e a r t h a t women more than men want a freeway p l a n which w i l l l e a d d i r e c t l y t o the suburbs. Using t h i s a n a l y s i s method, here are t h e major s u p p o r t e r s f o r each o f the two p l a n s : E s p e c i a l l y Strong f o r Plan B Women R e s i d e n t s between 35 and 64 y e a r s old Middle socio-economic s t r a t a F a m i l i e s w i t h incomes o f between 7,600 and 1 5 , 0 0 d o l l a r s White-collar f a m i l i e s F a m i l i e s whose head o f household i s employed by p r i v a t e b u s i n e s s Nonunion f a m i l i e s People who work g e n e r a l l y , b u t e s p e c i a l l y those who work i n V i r g i n i a People who d r i v e t o work o r t a k e two or more buses R e s i d e n t s who t a k e under 30 minutes t o get t o work R e s i d e n t s who do n o t own c a r s Protestants Baptists R e s i d e n t s who moved t o Washington w i t h i n t h e p a s t 20 y e a r s from Southern s t a t e s People who l i v e i n o n e - f a m i l y houses Registered Republicans R e s i d e n t s o f t h e Northwest and Northeast R e s i d e n t s who r a t e convenience o f g e t t i n g around Washington and t o suburbs f a v o r a b l y R e s i d e n t s who r a t e p a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s u n f a v o r a b l y R e s i d e n t s who a n t i c i p a t e r a t h e r i n f r e q u e n t use o f Metro system �CONFIDENTIAL - 70 E s p e c i a l l y Strong f o r P l a n A Over 65 y e a r s o l d Lower and upper socio-economic s t r a t a Under 3 , 0 0 0 d o l l a r incomes or over 1 5 , 0 0 0 d o l l a r incomes B u s i n e s s , p r o f e s s i o n a l , s m a l l b u s i n e s s and r e t i r e d f a m i l i e s Union f a m i l i e s People who t a k e one bus t o work People who t a k e 1+5 minutes or more t o get t o work F a m i l i e s who own two c a r s R e s i d e n t s o f Southwest R e s i d e n t s who r a t e downtown p a r k i n g f a v o r a b l y O b s e r v a t i o n : G e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g , t h i s a n a l y s i s shows t h a t P l a n B d e r i v e s most o f i t s support from middle inccme w h i t e - c o l l a r working people, b o t h b l a c k and w h i t e , who l i v e i n the N o r t h e a s t e r n and Northwestern p a r t s o f the c i t y . By t h e same t o k e n , major support f o r the more r e s t r i c t e d p l a n comes from o l d e r , r e t i r e d or b u s i n e s s and p r o f e s s i o n a l people who a r e e i t h e r r a t h e r a f f l u e n t o r p o v e r t y - s t r i c k e n , and who tend t o l i v e i n the Southwestern area of the D i s t r i c t . Freeways or No Freeways — Second Time Asked A l s o a t the end o f our i n t e r v i e w , and a f t e r we had asked f o r a choice between P l a n s A and B, we again asked r e s i d e n t s t o t e l l us which t h e y favored — new c i t y freeways a c c o r d i n g t o p l a n s shown i n Maps A or B or a c c o r d i n g t o p l a n s somewhat s i m i l a r t o these or no new c i t y freeways. At t h i s j u n c t u r e our respondents had. been s u b j e c t e d t o t h e main arguments f o r and a g a i n s t f r e e w a y s . PREFERENCE BETWEEN NEW FREEWAYS, AS PROPOSED I N PLANS A AND B, OR SIMILAR PLANS, AND NO NEW FREEWAYS (SECOND TIME ASKED) A l l Washington Adult Residents: A l l Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s Who A r e : With Unde- With Undecided I n cided Out White i Negro i New freeways as proposed by F l a n A, B, or a s i m i l a r p l a n 1+5 57 49 59 No new 3h 43 51 ui 21 mm (20) (21) Not freeways sure �CONFIDENTIAL - 71 - O b s e r v a t i o n : A f t e r a l l the arguments have been g i v e n on e i t h e r s i d e o f t h i s q u e s t i o n , t h e r e i s s t i l l more support f o r new freeways t h a n f o r no f r e e w a y s . A comparison, however, between t h i s t a b l e and t h a t appearing on Page 46 when t h e q u e s t i o n was f i r s t asked shows t h a t 7 p e r c e n t more o f the r e s i d e n t s became undecided a f t e r t h e y had heard a l l arguments; t h a t s u p p o r t e r s o f freeways f a l l 5 p e r c e n t ; and t h a t o p p o s i t i o n t o freeways f a l l s 2 p e r c e n t . I n o t h e r words, the more a r e s i d e n t h e a r s t h e arguments t h e more h e s i t a n t he or she becomes, and a l t h o u g h more d e s e r t t h e r a n k s o f freeway s u p p o r t e r s than l e a v e the r a n k s o f t h e o p p o s i t i o n , the r e m a i n i n g m a j o r i t y s t i l l f a v o r new freeway c o n s t r u c t i o n . Moreover, Negroes hold s t e a d i e r t o t h i s p o s i t i o n t h a n w h i t e s and i n t h e end f a v o r new freeways by a t h r e e - t o - t w o margin w h i l e w h i t e s a r e almost e v e n l y d i v i d e d . I n o t h e r words, a f t e r t h e smoke has c l e a r e d a s l i g h t m a j o r i t y o f Washington's r e s i d e n t s want new f r e e w a y s and i f t h e y a r e t o be b u i l t t h e y s t r o n g l y f a v o r doing a complete j o b and c o n n e c t i n g these f r e e w a y s t o suburban highways. To make t h i s l a t t e r p o i n t even c l e a r e r we a n a l y z e d r e s i d e n t s ' c h o i c e s between t h e two p l a n s a g a i n s t how t h e y s t a t e d t h e i r p o s i t i o n s for t h e second, time on freeways g e n e r a l l y . SWITCHER ANALYSIS - BETWEEN FREEWAYS OR NO FREEWAYS (SECOND TIME ASKED) AND PLAN A OR PLAN B A l l Washington Adult Residents: A l l Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s Who Choose: Freeways, P l a n Not With Unde- With Unde- A, B, or No New cided. I n cided Out S i m i l a r P l a n Freeways Sure % * i A l s o Choose: Plan A 22 35 2k 27 7 Plan B kl 65 69 22 13 Not sure 37 - 7 51 80 O b s e r v a t i o n : N e a r l y seven o u t o f t e n who f a v o r new c o n s t r u c t i o n a l s o f a v o r the expanded p l a n . Thus, i t i s c l e a r t h a t t h e more a r e s i d e n t f a v o r s new freeways t h e more he i s a l s o i n c l i n e d t o f a v o r t h e suburban a c c e s s p l a n . B e t t e r t h a n h a l f o f t h e people opposing new freeways cannot decide between the two p l a n s , b u t those who can decide t e n d t o l e a n s l i g h t l y toward t h e more r e s t r i c t e d p r o p o s a l . F i n a l l y , among those who cannot make a d e c i s i o n on t h e g e n e r a l f r e e w a y q u e s t i o n , f o u r o u t o f f i v e a l s o cannot decide between F l a n s A and B, b u t those who can f a v o r P l a n B by b e t t e r t h a n a two-to-one margin. �CONFIDENTIAL - 72 - A l l o f t h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t i f the Washington community i s t o decide t h i s freeway c o n t r o v e r s y , the major q u e s t i o n t o be focused upon f i r s t should be new freeways or no new freeways r a t h e r than on which p l a n i s p r e f f e r r e d . Once the major q u e s t i o n i s r e s o l v e d , then the problem o f which s p e c i f i c p l a n t o adopt would seem t o be e a s i e r t o s o l v e . New Freeways or No New Freeways Subgroup P r e f e r e n c e s C h o i c e s between new freeways and. no new freeways a c c o r d i n g t o subgroups c o n s t i t u t i n g Washington's a d u l t p o p u l a t i o n were a n a l y z e d i n t h e same manner as those between P l a n s A and B. �CONFIDENTIAL - 73 KEY GROUP ANALYSIS — NEW FREEWAYS OR NO FREEWAYS (SECOND TIME ASKED) NEW A l l Washington Adult. R e s i d e n t s Choosing: New Freeways As Proposed By P l a n s No New A Or B Or S i m i l a r Plans Freeways Not Sure % t * Over-all 57 hi (21) Sex Male ( 4 7 ) Female ( 5 3 ) 6k 51 36 49 (17) (24) 60 63 54 37 40 37 46 63 (19) (27) (20) ( 9) 47 66 43 53 34 57 (23) (16) A n n u a l F a m i l y Income $3,000 and under ( 1 3 ) $ 3 , 1 0 0 t o $5,000 ( 2 0 ) $ 5 , 1 0 0 to $7,500 ( 2 5 ) $ 7 , 6 0 0 t o $10,000 ( 1 6 ) $10,100 t o $15,000 ( 1 0 ) * Over $15,000 (12) R e f u s e d (k) 51 62 65 59 66 37 49 38 35 41 34 63 (26) (25) (21) (20) (10) (13) (**) Occupation B u s i n e s s , p r o f e s s i o n a l and small business (9) W h i t e - c o l l a r (32) B l u e - c o l l a r (37) R e t i r e d , widow ( 1 5 ) Unemployed, student (k) Housewife ( 3 ) 43 64 66 34 57 36 34 66 *# *•* *-* (19) (18) (26) (14) (**) (**) Age 21-34 y e a r s ( 3 2 ) 35-49 y e a r s ( 3 4 ) 50-64 y e a r s ( 2 5 ) 65 and over ( 9 ) Socio-Economic L e v e l Upper and upper-middle Middle ( 5 3 ) Lower ( 2 3 ) (2k) #•* (3D Employed By F e d e r a l government (30.) P r i v a t e b u s i n e s s or organization (40) 55 45 (19) 70 30 (22) Union A f f i l i a t i o n Union household ( l 6 ) Nonunion household (Qk) 57 57 43 43 (15) (22) �CONFIDENTIAL - 74 KEY GROUP ANALYSIS NEW FREEWAYS OR NO NEW FREEWAYS (SECOND TIME ASKED) - Cont'd. A l l Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s Choosing: New Freeways As Proposed By P l a n s No New A Or B Or S i m i l a r Not Sure Freeways Plans 1o 1 i (21) Over-all 57 L o c a t i o n Of Employment Washington, D.C. ( 5 8 ) V i r g i n i a Suburbs ( 8 ) * Maryland Suburbs ( 1 2 ) R e t i r e d / N o t employed ( 2 2 ) 60 71 68 40 40 29 32 60 (22) (23) (20) (17) Method Of G e t t i n g To Work Car ( 4 8 ) One bus ( l l ) Two or more buses ( 1 2 ) 57 63 76 43 37 24 (15) (29) (1+1) Time R e q u i r e d To Get To Work (Employed O n l y ) 15 minutes or l e s s ( 2 5 ) 16 t o 25 minutes ( 2 2 ) 26 t o 30 minutes ( 1 9 ) 3 1 t o 45 minutes ( 1 9 ) 46 minutes and more ( 1 5 ) 53 61 58 71 75 hi 39 42 29 25 (20) (22) (22) (21) (30) C a r Ownership Own one c a r ( 4 6 ) Own two or more c a r s ( 1 4 ) Do not own c a r (1+0) 58 44 61 42 56 39 (14) (25) (27) Race White ( 2 3 ) Negro ( 7 7 ) 59 51 41 (20) (21) Religion Protestant (68) Catholic (17) Jewish (2) 59 56 *•* 1+1 1+4 ** (20) (21) (**) P r o t e s t a n t Denomination Baptist (41) Methodist ( l l ) 60 40 1+6 (21) (13) 11 (32) (27) (13) (20) Length Of R e s i d e n c e I n Washington Less than 2 years ( 7 ) * 2 t o 10 y e a r s ( l 8 ) 10 t o 20 y e a r s ( 1 6 ) Over 20 y e a r s ( 5 9 ) 5h 89 56 60 53 11 ++ 1+0 hi �- 75 - CONFIDENTIAL KEY GROUP ANALYSIS — NEW FREEWAYS OR NO NEW FREEWAYS (SECOND TIME ASKED) - Cont'd. A l l Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s Choosing New Freeways As Proposed By P l a n s No New A Or B Or S i m i l a r Freeways Not Sure Plans t % 1o Over-all 57 Came To Washington W i t h i n L a s t Twenty Y e a r s From Southern s t a t e s ( 2 4 ) Elsewhere (17) 73 55 27 45 (26) (18) Owner/Renter Own home ( 4 5 ) Rent home ( 5 5 ) 42 70 58 30 (17) (24) 48 52 (16) 71 29 (27) 59 54 41 46 (10) (20) (**) (25) Type Of D w e l l i n g One-family house ( 5 6 ) Apartment o r m u l t i - f a m i l y house (kk) (21) Political Affiliation Republican ( 8 ) * Democrat ( 6 0 ) Independent ( 4 ) Not r e g i s t e r e d ( 2 8 ) 70 30 Area Northwest (2k) Southwest ( 2 8 ) Northeast ( 2 3 ) Southeast ( 2 5 ) 50 54 52 72 50 46 R a t i n g Convenience Of G e t t i n g Around Washington And Suburbs Favorable (51) U n f a v o r a b l e (kk) ## 28 ( 9) (16) (40) (20) 56 59 kk kl (20) (22) R a t i n g Washington's Roads, S t r e e t And Highway System Favorable (40) Unfavorable (55) 53 61 47 39 (22) (18) R a t i n g Of Downtown P a r k i n g F a c i l i t i e s Favorable ( 1 0 ) * Unfavorable (68) 56 54 44 46 (20) (17) A n t i c i p a t e d Use Of Metro Rapid . T r a n s i t One a week o r more o f t e n ( 3 8 ) L e s s t h a n once a week ( 3 1 ) 62 56 38 (16) (14) *Base t o o s m a l l f o r s t a t i s t i c a l r e l i a b i l i t y *-*Base t o o s m a l l f o r s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s 48 kk �- 76 - CONFIDENTIAL Here are the major sources of support f o r each point o f view: For New Freeways Men g e n e r a l l y Residents under 50 y e a r s o f age Middle socio-economic s t r a t a (by n e a r l y a two-to-one margin) F a m i l i e s with incomes o f 3,100 t o 7,500 d o l l a r s and those with incomes of 10,100 t o 15,000 d o l l a r s Blue- and w h i t e - c o l l a r f a m i l i e s (by n e a r l y a two-to-one margin) F a m i l i e s whose head o f household i s employed by p r i v a t e b u s i n e s s or organization People who work i n the suburbs and to a l e s s e r degree people who work i n the D i s t r i c t People who get t o work by bus People who t r a v e l 16 to 25 minutes or over 3 1 minutes t o work People who don't own c a r s Negroes more than whites Baptists Residents who have come to Washington w i t h i n the past 20 y e a r s from southern s t a t e s Renters and r e s i d e n t s who l i v e i n m u l t i - f a m i l y dwellings Residents who are not r e g i s t e r e d to vote Residents o f the Southeastern area Residents who r a t e the c i t y ' s s t r e e t and highway system unfavorably Heaviest a n t i c i p a t e d u s e r s o f the Metro system Against New Freeways Women g e n e r a l l y Residents over 65 Upper, upper-middle and lower socio-economic s t r a t a F a m i l i e s with incomes of 3,000 d o l l a r s and under and f a m i l i e s with incomes o f over 15,000 d o l l a r s Business, p r o f e s s i o n a l , s m a l l b u s i n e s s , and r e t i r e d f a m i l i e s People who take 15 minutes or l e s s to get t o work F a m i l i e s who own two c a r s White r e s i d e n t s Home owners Residents who l i v e i n one-family houses Residents i n the Northwestern and Northeastern areas Residents who r a t e the c i t y ' s s t r e e t and highway system f a v o r a b l y Observation: These two l i s t i n g s make i t c r y s t a l c l e a r t h a t support f o r new freeway construction comes p r i m a r i l y from Washington's middle c l a s s working people who, as seen p r e v i o u s l y i n these f i n d i n g s , f e e l that new freeways w i l l provide them with f a s t e r and e a s i e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o and from t h e i r j o b s . On the other hand, i t i s a combination o f more a f f l u e n t b u s i n e s s and p r o f e s s i o n a l people, nonworking older and r e t i r e d people and. the c i t y ' s t r u l y poor r e s i d e n t s who are most strongly opposed t o new freeways. Furthermore, there i s a d i r e c t c o r r e l a t i o n between how r e s i d e n t s f e e l about the c i t y s t r e e t and highway system and how they f e e l about new freeways. Those who b e l i e v e the system i s only f a i r or poor opt f o r new freeways and the opposite tends t o hold for those �- 77 - CONFIDENTIAL who rate i t e x c e l l e n t or v e r y good. Nevertheless, a n t i c i p a t i o n t h a t they w i l l use the Metro system r a t h e r r e g u l a r l y does not tend to prevent r e s i d e n t s from supporting new freeway c o n s t r u c t i o n . On the contrary, these working people who w i l l use the subway system r e g u l a r l y a l s o f e e l t h a t new freeways are needed. This confirms our previous f i n d i n g that r e s i dents g e n e r a l l y see l i t t l e importance i n and tend to disagree with the argument t h a t new freeways w i l l not be needed once the Metro system i s built, I n sum, the g r e a t e s t opposition to freeways comes from w e l l to-do whites and poor. Negroes. The great middle c l a s s (mainly Negro) favors freeways by two to one. A F i n a l Look at the Arguments For and Against New Freeways I t has now been shown how r e s i d e n t s l i n e up on the freeway or no freeway controversy and on an expanded versus a l i m i t e d plan f o r them. We have a l s o i d e n t i f i e d the types of r e s i d e n t s who tend to take each of these p o s i t i o n s . Now new l e t us recheck a t t i t u d e s toward arguments, pro and freeways, to determine which mean most to r e s i d e n t s t a k i n g these positions. con �- 78 - CONFIDENTIAL MOST CONVINCING ARGUMENTS FOR BUILDING NEW FREEWAYS A l l Washington Adult Residents S a y i n g Argument I s Most C o n v i n c i n g i A l l w a s h i n g t o n AduI t R e s i d e n t s S a y i n g Argument I s Mos t Conv i n c i n g ; Who: Choos e: Choose: P l a n A, B, P l a n P l a n Not Or S i m i l a r No Not A Plan Sure B Freeways Sure 4 w i * * * 21 54 21 24 20 13 19 14 19 11 24 15 21 15 17 16 13 15 18 12 22 15 " S i n c e c i t y buses w i l l use t h e new f r e e w a y s , b u t bus t r a n s p o r t a t i o n w i l l be a g r e a t d e a l f a s t e r " 16 16 20 12 22 9 16 "New f r e e w a y s w i l l t a k e some people's homes, b u t we must be concerned w i t h what i s b e s t f o r t h e majority o f the c i t y ' s r e s i d e n t s " 12 7 14 12 11 14 10 "New f r e e w a y s w i l l enable many people who need them most t o g e t t o new j o b s now a v a i l a b l e i n t h e suburbs" 11 16 13 h 15 10 2 1o "New f r e e w a y s w i l l make i t e a s i e r and f a s t e r f o r most c i t y r e s i d e n t s t o get around Washington" 36 hi 48 "New f r e e w a y s w i l l r e l i e v e t h e c o n g e s t i o n on l o c a l s t r e e t s making t h e s e s t r e e t s s a f e r and h e a l t h i e r p l a c e s on which t o l i v e " 18 21 "New f r e e w a y s w i l l make i t e a s i e r and f a s t e r f o r c i t y and f o r suburban r e s i d e n t s t o g e t i n and out o f t h e c i t y " 18 " D i s p l a c e d r e s i d e n t s w i l l be p r o v i d e d w i t h opport u n i t i e s t o o b t a i n e q u a l i f not b e t t e r h o u s i n g " �- 79 - CONFIDENTIAL MOST COIWINCING ARGUMENTS FOR BUILDING NEW FREEWAYS - Cont'd. A l l Washington Adult Residents S a y i n g Argument I s Most C o n v i n c i n g A l l Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s S a y i n g Argument I s Most C o n v i n c i n g Who: Choose: Choose: P l a n A, B, P l a n P l a n Not Or S i m i l a r No Not A Plan Sure Freeways Sure B i i t t i i % 10 17 6 11 6 18 8 "Unless new f r e e w a y s a r e b u i l t , b u s i n e s s and government o f f i c e s w i l l l e a v e t h e c i t y and cause i n c r e a s e d unemployment" 3 5 3 3 3 3 h "Unless new f r e e w a y s a r e b u i l t , t h e c i t y decay, f o r c i n g an i n c r e a s e i n t a x e s " 3 2 2 3 3 2 k 3 1 k 2 4 1 1 "The Metro R a p i d T r a n s i t System w i l l h e l p , b u t t h e r e s t i l l a r e many people who w i l l not be a b l e t o use i t and must get t o work by e i t h e r bus o r c a r " will "Unless new freeways a r e b u i l t , t h e c i t y w i l l decay, l o s e t a x r e v e n u e , and w i l l be unable t o improve s c h o o l s , h o s p i t a l s , and other p u b l i c services" �- 80 - CONFIDENTIAL T h i s t a b l e a g a i n shows t h a t f a s t e r and e a s i e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n order t o get around Washington i s the pro-freeway argument selected, as most c o n v i n c i n g by the h i g h e s t number o f r e s i d e n t s (36 f i n d t h a t hi l o o k i n g t o t h e r i g h t we and 48 p e r c e n t o f those b a c k i n g I n o t h e r words, t h i s argument i s s l i g h t l y more important t o P l a n B t h a n t o P l a n A s u p p o r t e r s . t h r e e columns t o t h e r i g h t , however, we r e s i d e n t s who want new When we look a t the n e x t f i n d t h a t 54 p e r c e n t o f a l l freeway c o n s t r u c t i o n b e l i e v e t h i s argument i s h i g h l y c o n v i n c i n g w h i l e o n l y 21 p e r c e n t o f those opposing new b e l i e v e i t i s . Thus, i t can be t h a t new Then p e r c e n t o f a l l r e s i d e n t s choosing P l a n A f e e l t h i s argument i s h i g h l y c o n v i n c i n g P l a n B f e e l the same way. percent). freeways said, t h a t the more a r e s i d e n t b e l i e v e s f r e e w a y s w i l l p r o v i d e them w i t h an e a s i e r and f a s t e r means o f t r a v e l i n g w i t h i n t h e i r c i t y , the more l i k e l y he or she i s t o support new freeways. By comparing these d i f f e r e n c e s f o r each major argument, another check i s p r o v i d e d on what a t t i t u d e s are m o t i v a t i n g r e s i d e n t s most i n a r r i v i n g a t t h e i r d e c i s i o n s on the e n t i r e freeway question. Highly Motivating Arguments f o r New Freeways F a s t e r and. e a s i e r t o get around Washington F a s t e r bus t r a n s p o r t a t i o n Important M o t i v a t i n g Will and Will on Arguments f o r New Freeways make i t e a s i e r and f a s t e r f o r c i t y and suburban r e s i d e n t s t o get i n out o f the c i t y r e l i e v e c o n g e s t i o n on l o c a l s t r e e t s and. make them b e t t e r p l a c e s which t o l i v e Highly Motivating Argument f o r P l a n B as Opposed t o P l a n A W i l l make i t e a s i e r and f a s t e r f o r c i t y and i n and out o f the c i t y Important M o t i v a t i n g suburban r e s i d e n t s t o Arguments f o r P l a n B as Opposed t o P l a n A F a s t e r and e a s i e r t o get around Washington P a s t e r bus s e r v i c e get �- 81 - CONFIDENTIAL Observation: These f i n d i n g s underscore p r e v i o u s i n f o r m a t i o n showed which pro-freeway arguments r e s i d e n t s found most important and a c c e p t a b l e . �- 82 - CONFIDENTIAL MOST CONVINCING ARGUMENTS AGAINST BUILDING NEW A l l Washington Adult Residents Saying Argument I s Most Convincing FREEWAYS A l l Wa shing ton Adu I t Residents Saying Arg ;ument I s Mos t Conv i n c i n p ; Who: Choose Choose: Plan A, B, Plan P l a n Not Or S m i l i a r No Not A Plan B Sure Freeways Sure % i i i i "New freeways w i l l destroy too many homes and r u i n too many neighborhoods" 30 36 2k 33 21 in 30 "Homeowners d i s p l a c e d by freeways won't r e c e i v e high enough p r i c e s f o r t h e i r homes to enable them to buy another house e q u a l l y as good" 2k 2k 2k 2k 23 2k 27 "The people who w i l l b e n e f i t most from new f r e e ways l i v e i n the suburbs and not i n the c i t y " 16 16 20 10 17 13 16 "Residents who w i l l be d i s p l a c e d by the freeways w i l l not be able to buy or r e n t the k i n d of housing they need" 15 17 19 8 15 19 7 "No new freeways should be b u i l t because they are only white men's roads through b l a c k men's homes" 10 6 11 12 8 "New freeways w i l l i n c r e a s e a i r p o l l u t i o n " 9 8 ll» k 16 k 5 "There won't be enough downtown parking to take care of a l l the c a r s which would use new freeways" 8 10 11 5 13 k 6 "New freeways w i l l tend to destroy the beauty and unique c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Washington" 7 3 10 7 9 10 l "New freeways w i l l not be needed once the Metro Rapid T r a n s i t System i s b u i l t " 6 9 6 5 7 7 k 10 Ik �-• 83 - CONFIDENTIAL MOST CONVINCING ARGUMENTS AGAINST BUILDING MEW FREEWAYS - Cont'd. A l l Washington Adult Residents S a y i n g Argument I s Most C o n v i n c i n g at A l l Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s S a y i n g Ar;gument I s Most C o n v i n c i n g Who: Choose: Choose: P l a n A, B, P l a n P l a n Not Or S i m i l a r New Not Plan Sure A B Freeways Sure i° To lo al fo 6 9 6 5 "New f r e e w a y s w i l l c r e a t e more n o i s e i n r e s i d e n t i a l neighborhoods t h a n we have now" 4 2 h "Highway p l a n n e r s and s u p p o r t e r s o f more f r e e w a y s t e n d t o be h e a r t l e s s and don't c a r e about people" 3 3 "New freeways may h e l p b u s i n e s s and government i n t e r e s t s , but they w i l l only h u r t working people" 3 "New f r e e w a y s w i l l h u r t r a t h e r t h a n h e l p promote the p r o s p e r i t y o f downtown b u s i n e s s " 3 "No new f r e e w a y s should be b u i l t because t h e y o n l y encourage more people t o d r i v e t h e i r c a r s i n s t e a d o f u s i n g p u b l i c means o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n " of al at % % % 7 7 1 k 6 2 1 3 3 3 3 3 5 k 1 5 2 2 1 2 k 3 2 5 �- 8k - CONFIDENTIAL U s i n g the same t e c h n i q u e s of a n a l y s i s , h e r e a r e the a n t i - f r e e w a y arguments which a r e most m e a n i n g f u l t o opponents of new c o n s t r u c t i o n and t o proponents of P l a n A. H i g h l y M o t i v a t i n g Argument A g a i n s t New Freeways The d e s t r u c t i o n of homes and t h e b r e a k i n g up o f neighborhoods. Important M o t i v a t i n g Arguments A g a i n s t New Freeways D i s p l a c e d persons w i l l not be a b l e t o buy or r e n t t h e k i n d of h o u s i n g t h e y need. New freeways a r e w h i t e men's roads through b l a c k men's homes. H i g h l y M o t i v a t i n g Argument F o r P l a n A As Opposed To P l a n B The d e s t r u c t i o n of homes and b r e a k i n g up of neighborhoods. M i l d l y M o t i v a t i n g Arguments For P l a n A As Opposed To P l a n B New f r e e w a y s w i l l not be needed when the Metro system i s b u i l t . New f r e e w a y s w i l l o n l y encourage more people t o d r i v e t h e i r c a r s i n s t e a d o f u s i n g p u b l i c means of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . O b s e r v a t i o n : Here a g a i n we see t h a t the prime f o r c e behind o p p o s i t i o n to freeways i s the f e e l i n g t h a t t h e y w i l l d e s t r o y people's homes and t h a t those a f f e c t e d w i l l be unable to f i n d decent p l a c e s t o l i v e . The I n f l u e n c e Of Some Of The P e r s o n a l i t i e s I n v o l v e d I n The Freeway C o n t r o v e r s y As i n any community, c e r t a i n c i v i c and p u b l i c l e a d e r s and other men h e r e i n Washington have t a k e n v i s i b l e and v o c a l p o s i t i o n s on t h i s matter. spokes' freeway I t i s always q u e s t i o n a b l e how much d i r e c t i n f l u e n c e such people have on r e s i d e n t s . To t e s t e l e v e n o f t h e s e Washington spokesmen and l e a d e r s ' i n f l u e n c e on t h e community, we handed r e s i d e n t s a l i s t of t h e i r names. asked respondents how o f t e n t h e y tended t o agree w i t h p o s i t i o n s t a k e n or statements made on c i t y problems by each one o f t h e e l e v e n . We �- 85 - CONFIDENTIAL ATTITUDE TOWARD POSITIONS TAKEN BY VARIOUS WASHINGTON C I V I C LEADERS A l l Washington A d u l t R e s i d e n t s S t a t i n g T h e i r A t t i t u d e Toward P o s i t i o n s Taken By These L e a d e r s : Seldom Or Almost Always Almost Never Or O f t e n Not Sure Agree Agree i % Thomas F l e t c h e r 78 22 (72) John Hechinger 75 25 (58) Samme Abbott 71 29 (94) Peter Craig 68 32 (95) E l i z a b e t h Rowe 63 37 (92) A l a n Boyd 63 37 (84) J a c k s o n Graham 58 42 (96) W i l l i a m Natcher 52 48 (92) Grosvenor Chapman 50 50 (96) R e g i n a l d Booker 48 52 (95) Thomas A i r i s 41 59 (96) i Favorable Neutral Unfavorable With t h e e x c e p t i o n o f Deputy Mayor Thomas F l e t c h e r and former C i t y C o u n c i l Chairman John Hechinger, most r e s i d e n t s do not know'what t h e i r p o s i t i o n would be on s t a t e m e n t s made by t h e s e p u b l i c l e a d e r s . Even the p o s i t i o n s g e n e r a l l y t a k e n by t h e Deputy Mayor and Mr. Hechinger a r e unknown t o the m a j o r i t y of r e s i d e n t s , but most w i t h an o p i n i o n tend t o agree w i t h them. �- 86 - CONFIDENTIAL O b s e r v a t i o n : Thus, i t would seem t h a t both men have a l i m i t e d but f a v o r a b l e i n f l u e n c e on r e s i d e n t s , and t h a t the former C o u n c i l Chairman has a much w i d e r i n f l u e n c e t h a n the Deputy Mayor. The s t r o n g l y a n t i - f r e e w a y l e a d e r s — Sanme Abbott, P e t e r C r a i g , and Mrs. E l i z a b e t h Rowe — have f a i l e d to make a p e r s o n a l stamp on the community. The same a l s o h o l d s f o r the pro-freeway a d v o c a t e , G e n e r a l J a c k s o n Graham, and t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t f o r the former S e c r e t a r y of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , A l a n S. Boyd. Y e t , the few who seem t o know something about t h e i r p u b l i c p o s i t i o n s on c i t y problems tend t o agree more t h a n d i s a g r e e w i t h them. Each of t h e s e people, however, l a c k s a p u b l i c f o l l o w i n g . The o t h e r f o u r men -- Congressman N a t c h e r , Chairman of the D i s t r i c t Subcommittee of the House A p p r o p r i a t i o n s Committee, a n t i - f r e e w a y f i g h t e r s R e g i n a l d Booker and Grosvenor Chapman, and D i r e c t o r of Highways and T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Thomas A i r i s -- a l l h o l d p r a c t i c a l l y i n d e f i n a b l e p o s i t i o n s acc o r d i n g t o the huge m a j o r i t y of Washington r e s i d e n t s . When t h e i r p o s i t i o n s a r e known by r e s i d e n t s , the Congressman and Mr. Chapman arouse p r a c t i c a l l y as much o p p o s i t i o n as support. As f o r Messrs. A i r i s and Booker, among people who f e e l t h e y know where t h e s e two men s t a n d , more d i s a g r e e t h a n agree w i t h what t h e y have to say. I t i s c l e a r from t h i s e x a m i n a t i o n t h a t , w i t h the e x c e p t i o n of Mr. Hechinger, none of these l e a d e r s t e s t e d have had any s i g n i f i c a n t i n f l u e n c e on p e r s u a d i n g r e s i d e n t s to f o l l o w t h e i r l e a d i n the f r e e w a y c o n t r o v e r s y . Conclusions: V e r y b r i e f l y , we can be drawn from t h e s e f i n d i n g s . summarize t h e major c o n c l u s i o n s 1. Washington, D.C. r e s i d e n t s a r e n e i t h e r h i g h l y c r i t i c a l nor g r e a t l y d i s t u r b e d over t h e i r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems. Y e t , t h e y a r e a n y t h i n g but s a t i s f i e d w i t h the p r e s e n t s i t u a t i o n . They want improvements, m a i n l y t o enable them t o get t o and from work f a s t e r and e a s i e r . 2. Although the community i s s p l i t between two l a r g e segments on the freeway q u e s t i o n , more r e s i d e n t s f a v o r t h a n oppose the b u i l d i n g of new freeways. 3. I f f r e e w a y s a r e b u i l t most would want an expanded network which would p r o v i d e d i r e c t a c c e s s t o suburban highways. k. N e i t h e r t h i s nor the e n t i r e f r e e w a y q u e s t i o n i s s u e . Although t h e r e i s a d e f i n i t e f e e l i n g t h a t t h e y , more t h a n w h i t e s , would be f o r c e d homes by f r e e w a y s , Negroes want new freeways whites. 5. R e s i d e n t s most s t r o n g l y i n f a v o r of new freeways tend to be middle c l a s s w o r k i n g people ( w h i t e and Negro) i n w h i t e - and b l u e - c o l l a r f a m i l i e s and a r e a l s o i n c l i n e d t o be men more than women. is a racial by Negroes out of t h e i r more t h a n which �- 87 - CONFIDENTIAL 6. R e s i d e n t s who most s t r o n g l y oppose new freeways tend to come from e i t h e r the upper or the lower segments o f the c i t y ' s p o p u l a t i o n . They a r e a l s o the o l d e r , r e t i r e d people who e i t h e r do not go t o work or who a r e p r o f e s s i o n a l s , s m a l l b u s i n e s s owners, or top l e v e l businessmen. 7. The most t e l l i n g arguments f o r new f r e e w a y s a r e t h a t t h e y w i l l p r o v i d e f a s t e r and e a s i e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o and from work both i n the c i t y and t o t h e suburbs, f a s t e r , b e t t e r bus t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and w i l l r e l i e v e c o n g e s t i o n on l o c a l s t r e e t s . The opening up o f new job o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o Negroes i n t h e suburbs i s a l s o r a t h e r important t o b l a c k r e s i d e n t s . 8. The one overwhelming r e a s o n f o r opposing new freeways i s t h a t t h e y w i l l throw people out of t h e i r homes, and t h a t t h e s e v i c t i m s w i l l be unable t o f i n d adequate and decent replacement housing. 9. On the whole, r e s i d e n t s r e a l i z e t h a t t h e new Metro system cannot r e p l a c e the need f o r new f r e e w a y s . 10. The more a r e s i d e n t now knows about proposed p l a n s f o r new freeway c o n s t r u c t i o n , t h e more l i k e l y he or she i s to oppose them, but a f t e r a l l arguments have been a i r e d , new freeways a r e s t i l l more popular than no new f r e e ways . 11. Although r e s i d e n t s a r e h i g h l y d i s s a t i s f i e d w i t h downtown p a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s , as y e t t h e argument t h a t newfreeways w i l l o n l y aggravate t h i s s i t u a t i o n i s not a major m o t i v a t i n g f a c t o r behind o p p o s i t i o n t o freeway construction. 12. The arguments t h a t freeways w i l l e i t h e r h e l p or d e s t r o y the c i t y ' s economy a r e not p a r t i c u l a r l y p e r s u a s i v e . � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Survey of public opinion in Washington, D.C. regarding new freeways Subject The topic of the resource Express highways -- Washington (D.C.) -- Public opinion Highway planning -- Washington (D.C.) -- Public opinion Public opinion -- Washington (D.C.) Description An account of the resource Please note: This report includes irregularly-sized pages. If the report is not visible, try scrolling to the right or left or using the zoom in (+) or zoom out (-) functions in the PDF viewer window. Study #1209 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Oliver Quayle and Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 1969 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/900f5d4a296eee9f98824d680bae2c1f.pdf?Expires=1779321600&Signature=g8AfXoGQo2nqCM1gt5ymSZ8p0Y%7EMgtFzEvzeWYSgIbyFPs0wSp1U-Hin-uss8fl8JJNYY%7ESUPM6mOI6zXwO33nVOKnG5mwUwt0vDfQeKXRa52D6Bly14qO-jgDbbldnTvNzelp4OIT2Awet5YhmSTsyYcBgaZE9Ea0-FKJiufCPM60%7E5Uyidxe8D%7EuciKEebkDElytwzZNjVzp%7ElOfEIn0ZhRoFADXv3Oug6TbJKntN820Ohohqht1%7Ekat2iRP4eiahHwX1Q0BXyibqk%7E-SPMeZgfMe82KdvWGtsHck8%7EZgobQjIyunhAp4C68BT9zs62s32UfgQDui69Maje215Jg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ee0dff1f342e320fe5050dfefef123b0 PDF Text Text RECEIVED, Deputy Director For Design, Engineering and Research OCT 18 1965 Department of Highways and Traffic O c t o b e r 1 5 , 1965 MEMORANDUM TOT H E F I L E SUBJECT: CENTER L E G A t 5:30 P . M . on 14th O c t o b e r , G e n e r a l D u k e p h o n e d m e s a y i n g t h a t M r . O w e n of O w e n ^ S k i d m o r e a n d M e r r i l h a d j u s t t e l e p h o n e d h i m i n f o r m i h g h i m t h a t the S p e a k e r of t h e H o u s e a n d t h e V i c e P r e s i d e n t h a d a u t h o r i z e d t h e s t r a i g h t e n i n g out of the C e n t e r L e g . A c c o r d i n g l y , i t w a s the G e n e r a l ' s wi»h that w e i m m e d i a t e l y affect a change i n our plans for this p r o j e c t . On 15 O c t o b e r , M r . W o o d b r i d g e t e l e p h o n e d m e r e p e a t i n g t h e a b o v e i n f o r m a t i o n a n d i n d i c a t i n g t h a t I s h o u l d get i n c o n t a c t w i t h t h e A r c h i t e c t of the C a p i t o l . S o o n a f t e r M r . W o o d b r i d g e c a l l e d , G e o r g e S t e w a r t , A r c h i t e c t of the C a p i t o l t e l e p h o n e d r e i t e r a t i n g t h e a b o v e i n f o r m a t i o n a n d a s k i n g t h a t I discuss the matter with h i m this afternoon. M e s s r s . S a w y e r , Hanson, M o s c a and m y s e l f v i s i t e d the A r c h i t e c t ' s o f f i c e a n d m e t w i t h h i m a n d h i s a d v i s o r s to d i s c u s s t h e s t r a i g h t e n i n g out of the t u n n e l . H e h a n d e d m e t h e a t t a c h e d d o c u m e n t s i n d i c a t i n g i n g e n e r a l t h e l i m i t s to w h i c h t h e s t r a i g h t e n i n g p r o c e s s c a n be a p p l i e d , a n d t h e d e s i r e of the P e n n s y l v a n i a A v e n u e C o m m i s s i o n i n s o f a r a s t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e R e f l e c t i n g P o o l a n d r e l o c a t i o n of L o u i s i a n a A v e n u e i s c o n c e r n e d . I h a v e a c c e p t e d t h e a b o v e i n f o r m a t i o n a s f i r m a n d I h a v e o r d e r e d M r . S a w y e r to stop w o r k on t h e c u r b a l i g n m e n t a n d to i m m e d i a t e l y c o m m e n c e w o r k on t h e r e v i s e d s t r a i g h t e n e d out a l i g n m e n t of t h e C e n t e r L e g T u n n e l . F u r t h e r d r a w i n g s w i l l f o l l o w f r o m M r . W o o d b r i d g e of O w e n , S k i d m o r e a n d M e r r i l l , a n d a s s o o n a s w e c a n p r e s e n t a n a l i g n m e n t of o u r p r o p o s e d t u n n e l , M r . S t e w a r t w i l l give us h i s authorization i n w r i t m g . T. F . A I R I S , Director D e p a r m e n t of H i g h w a y s a n d T r a f f i c , F I L E TO: M r . Sawyer CC: M r . Grant D. C. �ARCHITECT OF T H E CAPITOL WASHINGTON, D.C. October 14, 1965 H o n o r a b l e J o h n W. McCormack S p e a k e r o f t h e House o f Representatives United States Capitol Washington, D. My d e a r Mr. Speaker: C. As y o u know, authorizing construct, Public Law 8 8 - 3 8 1 was e n a c t e d the Commissioners of D i s t r i c t of S e c o n d and C S t r e e t s , Columbia, Southwest, C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue N o r t h w e s t , and a u t h o r i z e d u n d e r S q u a r e W-576, grounds, D i s t r i c t of 2 1 , 1964, Columbia to m a i n t a i n , and o p e r a t e a v e h i c u l a r t u n n e l i n t h e C i t y Washington, System, the July extending to the v i c i n i t y of as a p a r t o f that a portion which i s a p a r t of and R e s e r v a t i o n from t h e v i c i n i t y of the 12, which i s a p a r t of of T h i r d and Innerloop s u c h t u n n e l be the U. S . of Freeway located Botanic t h e U. Garden S. Capitol Grounds, T h i s Act District and of Columbia a r e a u t h o r i z e d Reservation tunnel, subject The leaves t o make s u c h u s e o f 12 a s may be n e c e s s a r y to the approval law d o e s n o t S q u a r e W-576 o r It f u r t h e r p r o v i d e s t h a t the Commissioners specify Reservation t h i s matter of i n the for of the Square the construction of the A r c h i t e c t of the W-576 the Capitol. any p a r t i c u l a r a r e a w i t h i n 12 i n w h i c h t h e t u n n e l must be hands o f the A r c h i t e c t of the located. Capitol. �l i o n . J o h n W. McCormack The House O f f i c e did B u i l d i n g Commission, to t h i s legislation, tion of t h e t u n n e l would not Grant Memorial October - 2 - 1 4 , 1965 in lending its so w i t h t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t t h e d i r e c t l y west d i s t u r b the t r e e s of the C a p i t o l relocation straighter of these tunnel. Mall permit which has the of to permit the c o n s t r u c t i o n of w i t h the plan being Beautification in order support of developed for and i t s of felt 1 have Minority on t h e C a p i t o l indicated Capitol of of pool in of the on in the Public location to of Works t h i s tunnel Grounds. bin that before t h i s proposed change I would c o n c u r i n the as Chairman of same, 1 the t h e S e n a t e and House P u b l i c Works C o m m i t t e e s . t h a t s i n c e t h i s new p l a n a f f e c t s Grounds, i t President. a savings B u i l d i n g C o m m i s s i o n , a n d w i t h t h e C h a i r m e n and R a n k i n g Members a l s o thought a the C a p i t a l . t h e m a t t e r s h o u l d be d i s c u s s e d w i t h y o u , Mouse o f f i c e effect the b e a u t i f i c a t i o n M r . Owings h a s c o n s u l t e d w i t h me a b o u t and c o n s t r u c t i o n of M r s . J o h n s o n and h e r Committee t h e House and S e n a t e a s t o t h e effect require a reflecting T h e r e was a l s o some c o n c e r n e x p r e s s e d Committees the Grounds. 1 am a d v i s e d t h a t t h i s w i l l $ 2 , 0 0 ( ) , l ) ( ) i i and w i l l accordance trees construc- i n the area of The p l a n s now p r o p o s e d by t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r s w o u l d the approval might be w e l l an a r e a a d j a c e n t to to d i s c u s s the matter w i t h the I the Vice �l i o n , J o h n IV. Public the t u n n e l change it to Law 8 8 - 3 8 1 , I will be made. make t h i s as to offer you and t o t h e no o b j e c t i o n In any e v e n t , by t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r s . other to l e a d e r s whom I such change no a d d i t i o n a l If legislation the authorize i s required regards, Sincerely, J . Geo r g e S t ewa r t A r c h i t e c t of the C a p i t o l of have but w i l l change. W i t h warm 1 4 , 1965 I n d i c a t e d , permits the c o n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e manner now p r o p o s e d i s agreeable mentioned, October McCormack to ��� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Memorandum to the file : subject : Center Leg Subject The topic of the resource Express highways -- Washington (D.C.) Traffic engineering -- Washington (D.C.) Description An account of the resource Memorandum from T. F. Airis, Director of the Department of Highways and Traffic; letter from Architect of the Capitol, J. George Stewart, to John W. McCormack, Speaker of the House of Representatives <a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/items/show/101" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Center Leg photographs">Center Leg photographs</a> associated with these documents are also available. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Airis, T. F. Stewart, J. George Architect of the Capitol Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 14, 1965 October 15, 1965 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource McCormack, John W., 1891-1980 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Images Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Prints Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Archival Box 4 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/960d3cb72964ca046454a6b35fa67aec.pdf?Expires=1779321600&Signature=nVdBKRXrIV69PNygafCzErncPQekB2MvGGqwmobedTZkVhlV0JYpXqcE2Cyf7Fito5EC4pjTrx0JUbw1NowkTzoWi9Qvf-FKh4X%7EdYmOcA8HU2qXO5HeTX6iYPvOSh6Ui8WrCXdC921FEfK3IfarUm-NO%7EQ6qFZLoTHPgys0Efy0sHDBmNxmvNuM5NzV9HjN2NSfg21kRvBMrZXpAaN4tQ6Ja2t-Xs66P7qftdhqGD9l%7EeRAWO5Sc4zWv1jdsVZ8sM0TkwdIgMEguaej-hTA-pNf6bRoWxIY7YsVyH-3s4%7EMJj0mIkAM9UpdMV8bhbxVBlEPtl5nKT0Q31vl-uYLbw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c6cbc55af6198b72282bed2568557817 PDF Text Text T H E L O O P AND CRISIS Is I N N E R IN T R A N S P O R T A T I O N Yesterday's (A of t h e N o r t h w e s t Transportation C A P I T A L -- P L A N N I N G "Solution" T o m o r r o w ' s Report for T H E N A T I O N A L Mistake? Committee Planning) Washington, D. October 1961 27, C. �T a b l e o f Contents Page F i n d i n g s o f T h i s Report 1 The I s s u e I s R a i s e d 5 H i s t o r y o f I n n e r Loop P l a n n i n g 9 National C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Act of I 9 6 0 . , 13 The C r a s h Program t o B u i l d I n n e r Loop 17 R e - E v a l u a t i n g the I n n e r Loop 26 D i r e c t Costs 31 Other C o s t s 33 1. Land Use 33 2. Population 35 3. Neighborhoods 37 4. The D i s t r i c t Budget 37 5. Park and R e c r e a t i o n a l F a c i l i t i e s 40 6. Public Transportation 42 7. A r e a Growth 44 8. Community A c c e p t a b i l i t y 46 C o n c l u s i o n s and Recommendations 47 �October 2 7 , THE INNER LOOP AND THE NATIONAL CAPITAL 1961 — C R I S I S I N TRANSPORTATION PLANNING I s Y e s t e r d a y ' s " S o l u t i o n " Tomorrows's M i s t a k e ? (A Report o f the Northwest Committee for Transportation Planning) 1 / F i n d i n g s o f T h i s Report 1. A n a l y s i s o f the I n n e r Loop cannot be d i v o r c e d from the e n t i r e freeway program, o f which i t i s an i n t e g r a l part. T h a t a n a l y s i s shows t h a t both the I n n e r Loop and the r e - l a t e d system of r a d i a l freeways and widened s t r e e t s and expressways would not a c h i e v e t h e i r o r i g i n a l purpose of r e l i e v i n g Washington from t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n , but i n s t e a d would f o s t e r worse c o n g e s t i o n w i t h i r r e p a r a b l e i n j u r y t o the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l . 2. During the 1 9 5 0 ' s , the D i s t r i c t Highway Depart- ment, i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h o t h e r a g e n c i e s , e v o l v e d a master way p l a n t h a t would i n v o l v e the e x p e n d i t u r e of about one free- billion d o l l a r s w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia f o r new freeways, s t r e e t widening and r e l a t e d highway improvements. f o u n d a t i o n of The t h i s p l a n was a proposed I n n e r Loop c o s t i n g about $325 m i l l i o n . 1 / The r e a d e r i s c a u t i o n e d t o note t h a t although e s t i m a t e s of c o s t s , t a x revenue l o s s e s , p o p u l a t i o n and l a n d use f i g u r e s i n t h i s r e p o r t a r e a s a c c u r a t e as p r e s e n t l y a v a i l a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n p e r m i t s , most o f the problems d i s c u s s e d have not been a n a l y z e d by the l o c a l p l a n n i n g a g e n c i e s . Undoubtedly a more comprehensive and d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s of the q u e s t i o n s r a i s e d by t h i s r e p o r t would r e s u l t i n upward or downward adjustments i n the e s t i m a t e s used. �- 3. 2 - T h i s freeway p l a n was p a r t of a P l a n " submitted t o Congress i n 1959 "Transportation t h a t proposed the expendi- t u r e of two b i l l i o n d o l l a r s w i t h i n the m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a by 1980 f o r highway improvements ( o n e - h a l f w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t ) and only o n e - f o u r t h t h a t amount f o r r a p i d t r a n s i t . 4. A f t e r e x t e n s i v e h e a r i n g s on the P l a n " , Congress i n i 9 6 0 enacted "Transportation the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a - t i o n Act which r e j e c t e d the highway emphasis i n t h a t p l a n and e s t a b l i s h e d the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency t o dev e l o p a new T r a n s i t Development Program g i v i n g emphasis and p r i o r i t y t o a r a p i d t r a n s i t system. 5. Congress found: A. "The most important f a c t t h a t was brought t o l i g h t by the h e a r i n g s was the almost u n i v e r s a l a p p r o v a l of the proposed r a p i d t r a n s i t system. " B. "At the same time, the November h e a r i n g s produced r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e support f o r the i d e a of an expanded highway program. I n deed, many w i t n e s s e s p r o t e s t e d t h a t even the highways a l r e a d y planned w i l l damage the beauty and l i v a b i l i t y of the Nation's C a p i t a l , while taking valuable property o f f the t a x r o l l s . " C. "... the use of e x i s t i n g r a i l r o a d s and new r a p i d t r a n s i t l i n e s t o c a r r y people between downtown Washington and the suburbs may permit a s u b s t a n t i a l r e d u c t i o n i n the number of highways t h a t must be b u i l t i n t o the c i t y , l e a d i n g t o a s u b s t a n t i a l s a v i n g i n p u b l i c funds and a v o i d i n g the h a r m f u l e f f e c t s o f t e n a t t e n d a n t on the c o n s t r u c t i o n of freeways through r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s . " �- D. 6. 3 - " I n any c a s e , any a d d i t i o n a l highways t h a t w i l l e v e n t u a l l y be b u i l t should be def e r r e d u n t i l the r a i l r o a d s and r a p i d t r a n s i t l i n e s have had an o p p o r t u n i t y t o dev e l o p t h e i r f u l l patronage, s i n c e e x p e r i e n c e has shown t h a t a new highway p r o v i d e s comp e t i t i o n t h a t no r a i l l i n e can meet." (House and Senate Committee R e p o r t s ) The mandate of Congress has not been I n the f i f t e e n months s i n c e the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l followed. Transportation Act became law, the D i s t r i c t ' s highway program has been stepped up t o a r e c o r d pace. was Whereas an average of $5 m i l l i o n a n n u a l l y spent on highway c o n s t r u c t i o n i n the f i r s t decade a f t e r World War I I , the D i s t r i c t Highway Department now over $60 m i l l i o n a n n u a l l y on new 7. and The f r e e w a y s and p l a n s to spend s t r e e t widenings. D i s t r i c t cannot a f f o r d t h i s freeway program i t should be immediately c u r t a i l e d f o r the following reasons: A. The I n n e r Loop and r e l a t e d s t r e e t widenings and a r t e r i a l freeways would not s o l v e t r a f f i c con- g e s t i o n problems but r a t h e r would c r e a t e an even worse s t r a n g u l a t i o n of the c i t y by automobile t r a f f i c , further i n j u r i n g public and r e n d e r i n g transportation remote the o p p o r t u n i t y f o r a sustaining rapid transit system. self- ^ �- B. 4 - The freeway program would r e s u l t I n a net l o s s i n p o p u l a t i o n w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t of a t l e a s t 7 5 , 0 0 0 r e s i d e n t s , p r i n c i p a l l y among middle or upper-middle income f a m i l i e s t h a t the D i s t r i c t can i l l a f f o r d t o l o s e . C. The D i s t r i c t ' s freeway program would take over t h r e e square m i l e s (about 2 , 0 0 0 a c r e s ) from e x i s t i n g r e s i d e n t i a l , commercial, p a r k or r e c r e a t i o n a l use t o be devoted e x c l u s i v e l y t o the movement of motor v e h i c l e s . D. The freeway program would f u r t h e r c r i p p l e the D i s t r i c t ' s f i n a n c e s by c a u s i n g the l o s s of about $ 1 m i l l i o n i n g a s o l i n e and o t h e r road u s e r * t a x e s , about $3 m i l l i o n i n p r o p e r t y t a x e s , and about $4 m i l l i o n i n income, s a l e s " a n d e x c i s e ' t a x revenues each y e a r , w h i l e adding about m i l l i o n a n n u a l l y i n road maintenance $2.5 requirements and adding f u r t h e r s t r a i n s t o the e d u c a t i o n , h e a l t h and w e l f a r e r e q u i r e m e n t s of the D i s t r i c t budget. E. The freeway program would a c c e n t u a t e the e x i s t i n g t r e n d of suburban s p r a w l and c e n t r a l c i t y decay t h a t can be c o r r e c t e d o n l y through prompt s t e p s t o i n t r o d u c e an e f f i c i e n t r a p i d t r a n s i t system. �- 8. Except 5 - f o r freeways o r s t r e e t p r o j e c t s now i n a c t i v e c o n s t r u c t i o n , a complete moratorium should be d e c l a r e d p r o h i b i t i n g any f u r t h e r e x p e n d i t u r e s on t h e freeway program u n t i l t h e completion by the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency o f i t s T r a n s i t Development Program. The Issue I s Raised Over a decade ago, i n 1 9 5 0 , t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission adopted a "comprehensive p l a n " a s a guide f o r f u t u r e p l a n n i n g t h a t contemplated t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of an "Inner Loop" — a mammoth") freeway t h a t would e n c i r c l e t h e c e n t r a l business dllnstrlct. T h i s l i n e , superimposed on t h e map of t h e F e d e r a l C i t y , was t h e product o f i t s times — from a c o n s c i o u s n e s s springing o f t h e growing p o p u l a t i o n p r e s s u r e s upon the Washington m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a , t h e upsurge i n automobile ownership and a l a r m i n g i n c r e a s e s i n auto t r a v e l which, p r o j e c t e d i n t o t h e f u t u r e , made i t appear e v i d e n t t h a t i f s t r a n g u l a t i o n o f t h e downtown s t r e e t s was t o be a v e r t e d a conduit was n e c e s s a r y t o d i v e r t through t r a f f i c around t h e c e n t r a l business district. Today, e l e v e n y e a r s l a t e r , the I n n e r Loop i s no longer a l i n e on a p l a n n e r ' s map. B u l l d o z e r s and c o n s t r u c t i o n crews have long been a t work i n the Southwest c o n s t r u c t i n g the f i r s t " l e g " o f t h e I n n e r Loop. As t h i s e l e v a t e d highway r i s e s , many a c r e s o f l a n d a r e b e i n g condemned i n Foggy Bottom f o r another �... 6 - p o r t i o n o f the I n n e r Loop system. The Highway Department, a v a l a n c h e d w i t h an a c c e l e r a t e d flow of m i l l i o n s o f d o l l a r s of F e d e r a l a i d , i s embarked on a c r a s h program t o speed the comp l e t i o n o f the I n n e r Loop w i t h i n t e n y e a r s . as i t n e v e r was b e f o r e j the p l a n s a r e t h e r e . Commissioner, from the D.C. The money i s t h e r e , From the E n g i n e e r Highway Department, from the h i g h - way e n t h u s i a s t s -~ l e d by the American Automobile A s s o c i a t i o n come the p e r s i s t e n t demands t h a t y e s t e r d a y ' s " s o l u t i o n " be per- a/ m i t t e d t o be completed. ^~ — J ^^f^C ^^° On October 5, 1 9 6 1 , the D i s t r i c t Highway Department went t o the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission of f o u r more segments of the I n n e r Loop f o r approval - the "South L e g " t u n n e l i n g beneath the L i n c o l n Memorial, the "Center L e g " s l i c i n g through the middle of downtown, the "East L e g " t a k i n g a b l o c k wide a r e a from K S t r e e t , N E., t o K S t r e e t , S.E., and "Inter- change C ", a s p r a w l i n g c l o v e r l e a f t h a t would connect the Southe a s t Freeway, E a s t Leg and A n a c o s t i a rounding 1 1 t h and K, S.E. as i t had been the P l a n n i n g Freeway i n the a r e a sur- A p p r o v a l was e x p e c t e d t o be r o u t i n e , Commission i t s e l f w h i c h had first proposed the I n n e r L:>op. The i n i t i a l it?" r e a c t i o n , however, was "Do we r e a l l y A l e x a n d e r C. Robinson, I I I , of C l e v e l a n d , issue, noting, need Ohio, r a i s e d the " I ' v e watched the damage done i n other c i t i e s and I'm wondering i f t h e r e a r e n ' t b e t t e r ways. I b e l i e v e we a r e �- 7 j u s t i f i e d i n t a k i n g another look a t t h i s , i n the l i g h t of what i s happening e l s e w h e r e . We should f i n d out whether we really need a l l the I n n e r Loop p r o j e c t s t h a t have been proposed, and whether we may not be s p o i l i n g the C i t y of Washington." Y o r k Times, October 2 2 , 1 9 6 l , p. 5 6 ) (New By a vote of 4 t o 2 , the P l a n n i n g Commission voted t o d e f e r d e c i s i o n u n t i l i t s next meeting, scheduled f o r November 9, 1 9 6 l . As a l e g a l m a t t e r , the f o u r I n n e r Loop p r o j e c t s now before the P l a n n i n g Commission c o u l d not be b u i l t w i t h o u t the f o r m a l a p p r o v a l o f the P l a n n i n g Commission. By the terms of S e c t i o n 6 of the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission Act of 1952, any thoroughfare p l a n or mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n f o r the D i s t r i c t of Columbia or any r e v i s i o n t h e r e o f r e q u i r e s the j o i n t a p p r o v a l of both the P l a n n i n g Commission and the D i s t r i c t Commissioners. The 1959 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n r e l a t i n g t o an over a l l freeway program i n c l u d i n g the I n n e r Loop was approved by the P l a n n i n g Commission, but was never adopted by the D i s t r i c t Commissioners and was r e j e c t e d by C o n g r e s s . ^ T h e s p e c i f i c I n n e r Loop p l a n s now b e f o r e the P l a n n i n g Commission a r e not submitted t o the Commissioners u n l e s s f i r s t adopted by the P l a n n i n g Commission. The f a t e of the I n n e r Loop c o u l d t h e r e f o r e be a l l y a f f e c t e d by the n e x t meeting of the P l a n n i n g critic Commission. �8 - Can Washington t u r n back? back? I t i s the c o n c l u s i o n Washington can and Should Washington t u r n of t h i s r e p o r t not o n l y that should, but t h a t i t has no a l t e r n a t i v e i f i t i s t o a v e r t a f a t e worse than t h a t of Los A n g e l e s . Today, w i t h the b e n e f i t of e l e v e n y e a r s ' i t i s evident hindsight, t h a t the freeway i s not the s o l u t i o n to the city's t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problem as i t once appeared but r a t h e r the beginn i n g of a much l a r g e r , more f r i g h t f u l problem -- urban sprawl and the d i s i n t e g r a t i o n of a c e n t r a l c i t y i n t o s c o r e s of yj s c a t t e r e d shopping c e n t e r s , a steady e r o s i o n of the t a x base t h a t l e a v e s the c i t y government unable to meet i t s p u b l i c s e r v i c e o b l i g a t i o n s , the f o r c e d e v i c t i o n of thousands of f a m i l i e s t o the suburbs, the d e s t r u c t i o n of p a r k s , s c h o o l s , and playgrounds i n s t i t u t i o n s t h a t can n e v e r be r e p l a c e d , and a s e r i o u s impairment to C o n g r e s s i o n a l and m u n i c i p a l transit. plans f o r rapid Another s o l u t i o n must be found - - a r e q u i r e s not only a f r e s h s t a r t but a l s o a new premises and tomorrow's hopes. but i t s s e a r c h must s t a r t now, of the new w i t h the c o n s c i e n t i o u s yesterday's guidance Agency and w i t h full Commission, the D i s t r i c t Commissioners, the a r e a ' s governments, the Congress and T h a t such a new look at I t w i l l not be an e a s y s o l u t i o n , National C a p i t a l Transportation support from the P l a n n i n g solution that the p u b l i c . l o o k be made was, i n f a c t , the mandate of Congress when, by an overwhelming vote of a p p r o v a l , the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Act of i 9 6 0 . i t enacted �9 H i s t o r y of I n n e r Loop P l a n n i n g What had s t a r t e d as a loop on a map i n 1955 I n 1950 became a d e t a i l e d b l u e p r i n t of a huge f i g u r e e i g h t . y e a r , DeLeuw C a t h e r & Co., engineering I n that c o n s u l t a n t s , submitted t h e i r recommendation f o r the I n n e r Loop which no longer one loop but two: one was c i r c l i n g the White House, the other the C a p i t o l and Union S t a t i o n w i t h a common "Center Leg" i n the middle. T h i s I n n e r Loop soon became the f o u n d a t i o n D i s t r i c t ' s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n program. of the Added impetus f o r i t came 1956, when Congress passed the F e d e r a l A i d Highway Act of a u t h o r i z i n g 90$ F e d e r a l a i d f o r a n a t i o n w i d e network of 4 1 , 0 0 0 m i l e s of new freeways, f i n a n c e d p r i m a r i l y from g a s o l i n e t a x e s . With f i n a n c i n g seemingly a s s u r e d , the D.C. Department launched one city's history. I n 1958, freeway master p l a n . Loop. The of the l a r g e s t highway programs i n any i t e v o l v e d a massive $871 Over 40$ s t a t e " highway p r o j e c t s . Highway million of t h i s p l a n r e p r e s e n t e d Foundation f o r the p l a n was the Inner l o c a t i o n of v a r i o u s l e g s of the 1 7 - m i l e f i g u r e e i g h t had been pinned down, a t l e a s t t e n t a t i v e l y , by the D.C. Department. "inter- Highway V a r y i n g between s i x l a n e s and e i g h t l a n e s i n w i d t h , the huge freeway was then e s t i m a t e d or almost $20 m i l l i o n a m i l e . to c o s t $272 m i l l i o n , With the c o o p e r a t i o n of the Bureau of P u b l i c Roads, p o r t i o n s of the I n n e r Loop were as p a r t s of the new designated " i n t e r s t a t e " system and a network of r a d i a l �10 - freeways proposed t h a t s t r e t c h e d from the I n n e r Loop through the c i t y ' s e x i s t i n g p a r k and r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s t o mushrooming suburbia. The f i r s t e v a l u a t i o n of t h i s b l u e p r i n t was undertaken i n 1 9 5 8 - 5 9 by the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission i n the p r e p a r a t i o n of i t s " T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n " f o r 1 9 8 0 . Unfortunately, however, t h i s study was l i m i t e d t o too narrow an i n q u i r y . S t a r t i n g v/ith the premise t h a t a l l highways then proposed ( i n c l u d i n g the I n n e r Loop) would be b u i l t , the study made no comprehensive a n a l y s i s of whether they should be b u i l t . In s t e a d , the study c o n f i n e d i t s e l f t o the i n q u i r y of what, i f any, a d d i t i o n a l t r a f f i c a r t e r i e s should be c o n s t r u c t e d t o meet the m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a ' s p r o j e c t e d 1980 r e q u i r e m e n t s . Particularly when the s t u d y ' s l i m i t a t i o n s a r e r e c o g n i z e d , i t s c o n c l u s i o n s become s i g n i f i c a n t : 1. The study concluded t h a t the I n n e r Loop would be rendered o b s o l e t e as a cure t o c o n g e s t i o n before i t was constructed. On the b a s i s of e s t i m a t e d 1980 a r e a p o p u l a t i o n and a p r o j e c t i o n t h a t the a u t o - o r i e n t e d s p r a w l of 19^5 would continue t o 1 9 8 0 , 60 the study concluded t h a t the proposed I n n e r Loop and the freeway system c o u l d handle o n l y a f r a c t i o n of the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n requirements twenty y e a r s hence; i n t o l e r able c o n g e s t i o n would e x i s t i n the downtown a r e a . The study r e c o g n i z e d t h a t the proposed freeways would generate as much �new t r a f f i c as they could c a r r y , so t h a t the D i s t r i c t ' s s t r e e t system, both downtown and i n r a d i a l t r a f f i c c o r r i d o r s , would remain loaded to c a p a c i t y even a f t e r an I n n e r Loop, Loop and Intermediate r a d i a l freeways were b u i l t . 2. Only by c o n s t r u c t i o n of a r a p i d t r a n s i t system, w i t h subway l i n e s r a d i a t i n g from the c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s c o u l d the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs of 1980 be R e j e c t i n g what i t c o n s i d e r e d an p o r t a t i o n p l a n f o r 1980, the P l a n n i n g district, met. "auto-dominant" t r a n s Commission proposed what i t s t y l e d a "balanced" t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n . I n retrospect, however, i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o r e c o g n i z e much "balance". The plan proposed t h a t two b i l l i o n d o l l a r s be spent i n the Washington metropolitan a r e a on 1 , 8 0 0 lane-miles of highways ( i n c l u d i n g both the highways, l i k e the I n n e r Loop, t h a t had p r e v i o u s l y been planned by the D.C. Highway Department, and new had been added t o f i l l highways t h a t the i n t e r s t i c e s of a freeway n e t w o r k ) j only o n e - f o u r t h of t h a t amount was proposed t o be spent f o r r a p i d t r a n s i t , a l i m i t e d 66 l a n e - m i l e s . S t a r t i n g w i t h the premise t h a t a l l p r e v i o u s l y proposed freeways would be b u i l t , the never explored a l t e r n a t i v e s t h a t q u e s t i o n e d t h i s assumption. C r i t i c s were soon t i p o i n t out the d e f e c t s of Transportation Plan Plan. the To b u i l d a l l the highways contemplated by i t would r e q u i r e the condemnation of t e n square m i l e s of i t w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. Already, 30$ a t the time the �- 12 - P l a n was i s s u e d i n 1959> t h i r t y p e r c e n t of the l a n d a r e a i n t h e D i s t r i c t was devoted t o the moving o f automotive v e h i c l e s -• y i e l d i n g not a penny o f revenue except f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of more highways. I f the l i n e s i n the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n became r e a l i t y , one out o f e v e r y twenty b l o c k s i n t h e D i s t r i c t would be added t o t h i s highway network i n 1 9 8 0 , r a i s i n g t o about 35$ w the amount of the l a n d a r e a devoted e x c l u s i v e l y t o the movement' of motor v e h i c l e s . N e i t h e r the P l a n n i n g Commission nor t h e D i s t r i c t government appear t o have e v a l u a t e d the o v e r a l l impact o f t h i s plan. An e s t i m a t e was made o f the d i r e c t c o s t s . the other c o s t s ? But what o f F o r a c i t y t h a t had s u f f e r e d a s e v e r e drop i n p o p u l a t i o n between 1950 and i 9 6 0 , how many more thousands would be f o r c e d t o l e a v e t o f i n d homes i n s u b u r b i a ? What would be the r e s u l t i n g l o s s t o the D i s t r i c t i n r e a l e s t a t e t a x e s , s a l e s t a x e s , income t a x e s , g a s o l i n e t a x e s , and l i c e n s e f e e s ? would be t h e impact and playground on requirements What on t h e c i t y ' s s c h o o l s , on i t s l i m i t e d park a r e a s , on i t s d w i n d l i n g r e s i d e n t i a l neighborhoods, f o r p u b l i c housing, r e l i e f , e t c . ? freeway p l a n even h e l p r e l i e v e t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n ? Would the Or would such freeways s i m p l y make c o n g e s t i o n worse by g e n e r a t i n g more new m o t o r - v e h i c l e t r i p s than t h e f r e e w a y s , i t s i n t e r c h a n g e s , ramps, approaches or t h e downtown s t r e e t s and p a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s could handle? �- 13 - N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Act of i 9 6 0 The l i f e of the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n was but b r i e f . colorful V e r b a l l y a s s a u l t e d from a l l q u a r t e r s (except the most a v i d highway e n t h u s i a s t s ) i n e x t e n s i v e h e a r i n g s Congress, the P l a n s e r v e d a t l e a s t as a c a t a l y s t f o r bold a c t i o n --- the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Act of By t h i s new before new i960. l e g i s l a t i o n , Congress e s t a b l i s h e d the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency (NCTA) w i t h the mandate to s t a r t anew w i t h a T r a n s i t Development Program f o r the Washington m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a w i t h r a p i d t r a n s i t as i t s f o u n d a t i o n . F i n d i n g t h a t r a p i d t r a n s i t had u n i v e r s a l support but t h a t the highway network proposed by the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n had valid and widespread o p p o s i t i o n , Congress d i r e c t e d t h a t emphasis and p r i o r i t y be devoted t o the development of a subway system and t h a t highway p r o j e c t s be a t l e a s t d e f e r r e d where p o s s i b l e i n the hope t h a t t h e i r c o n s t r u c t i o n (and t h e i r d e s t r u c t i v e n e s s ) c o u l d be avoided. Two way and G l o v e r Archbold specific projects the Northwest F r e e - Parkway -•- were stopped u n t i l a f t e r r a p i d t r a n s i t had f i r s t r e c e i v e d a f a i r t r i a l : as to the remainder, the l o c a l highway p l a n n e r s were d i r e c t e d t h e r e a f t e r to c o o r d i n a t e t h e i r p l a n s w i t h the new l e g i s l a t i o n ' s o b j e c t i v e s c o u l d be NCTA so t h a t the achieved. �- 14 - T h i s C o n g r e s s i o n a l purpose i s demonstrated i n t h e f o l l o w i n g e x c e r p t s from the committee r e p o r t s : "The N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency . . . would have v a r i o u s f u n c t i o n s , m a i n l y of a nonrevenue producing n a t u r e . Those would i n clude p r e p a r a t i o n of a comprehensive up to~date t r a n s i t development program, c o n s i s t i n g of p l a n s , proposed r o u t e s and l o c a t i o n s f o r the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o f persons i n t h e r e g i o n , t o g e t h e r w i t h a t i m e t a b l e f o r t h e p r o v i s i o n o f f a c i l i t i e s and f i n a n c i a l e s t i m a t e s o f c o s t s and r e v e n u e s . 11 • # • • "The most important f a c t t h a t was brought t o l i g h t by the h e a r i n g s was the almost u n i v e r s a l a p p r o v a l o f t h e proposed r a i l t r a n s i t system. T h i s was endorsed by t h e Bureau of the Budget, by the Board o f Commissioners o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, by s e v e r a l o t h e r F e d e r a l a g e n c i e s , by r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f l o c a l governments and p l a n n i n g a g e n c i e s , and by a host o f b u s i n e s s and c i v i c groups. " * * * # "At t h e same time, the November h e a r i n g s produced r e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e support f o r t h e i d e a of an expanded highway program. Indeed, many w i t n e s s e s p r o t e s t e d t h a t even t h e highways a l r e a d y planned w i l l damage the beauty and l i v a b i l i t y o f the Nation's C a p i t a l , w h i l e t a k i n g v a l u a b l e p r o p e r t y o f f the t a x r o l l s . " # * # * "Washington, l i k e e v e r y o t h e r l a r g e American c i t y , has been s u f f e r i n g from s t e a d i l y worsening t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n . F o r more than a decade a f t e r World War I I , t h e r e was a steady d e c l i n e i n t r a n s i t r i d e r s h i p , and a r a p i d i n c r e a s e i n the number of p r i v a t e automobiles on the s t r e e t s and h i g h ways. The Highway Departments o f t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia, Maryland, and V i r g i n i a have never been a b l e t o c a t c h up w i t h t h i s i n c r e a s e i n t r a f f i c , �15 nor does i t appear l i k e l y t h a t they can do so i n the n e a r f u t u r e . Furthermore, i t i s becom i n g i n c r e a s i n g l y e v i d e n t t h a t any attempt t o meet the a r e a ' s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs by h i g h ways and p r i v a t e automobiles alone w i l l wreck the c i t y - i t w i l l demolish r e s i d e n t i a l n e i g h borhoods, v i o l a t e p a r k s and playgrounds, d e s e c r a t e the monumental p o r t i o n s of the Nation's C a p i t a l , and remove much v a l u a b l e p r o p e r t y from the t a x r o l l s . " * * * # " I t i s now g e n e r a l l y r e c o g n i z e d t h a t a h e a l t h y mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system i s e s s e n t i a l to every metropolis. I n no o t h e r way can l a r g e numbers of people be c a r r i e d q u i c k l y and econom i c a l l y to t h e i r p l a c e s of work each day. I n no o t h e r way can the downtown a r e a be r e v i v e d as a c e n t e r of b u s i n e s s , f i n a n c e , c u l t u r a l e v e n t s , and o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s t h a t draw people from a l l p a r t s of the m e t r o p o l i s . * * * I t i s f u r t h e r c l e a r t h a t prompt a c t i o n , i n the case of new r a p i d t r a n s i t l i n e s , w i l l c o n t r i b u t e to o r d e r l y m e t r o p o l i t a n growth and hence s i m p l i f y and ease t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems i n the f u t u r e ; w h i l e d e l a y s i n p r o v i d i n g the needed r a p i d t r a n s i t w i l l a l l o w f u r t h e r det e r i o r a t i o n of c e n t r a l c i t y b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t s and employment c e n t e r s , and a c c e l e r a t e suburban s p r a w l , and thus make i t s t i l l more d i f f i c u l t to p r o v i d e mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n f u t u r e y e a r s . " * * # * "[N]ew r a p i d t r a n s i t l i n e s to c a r r y people between downtown Washington and the suburbs may permit a s u b s t a n t i a l r e d u c t i o n i n the number of highways t h a t must be b u i l t i n t o the c i t y , l e a d i n g to a s u b s t a n t i a l s a v i n g i n p u b l i c funds and a v o i d i n g the h a r m f u l e f f e c t s o f t e n a t t e n d a n t on the cons t r u c t i o n of freeways through r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s . I n any c a s e , any a d d i t i o n a l highways t h a t w i l l e v e n t u a l l y be b u i l t should be d e f e r r e d u n t i l the r a i l r o a d s and r a p i d t r a n s i t l i n e s have had an o p p o r t u n i t y t o develop t h e i r f u l l patronage, s i n c e e x p e r i e n c e has shown t h a t a new highway p r o v i d e s c o m p e t i t i o n t h a t no r a i l can meet." * * * * �- 16 - "While the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n of 1959 i s a v a l u a b l e s t a r t i n g p o i n t f o r the new Agency, the j o i n t committee b e l i e v e s t h a t i t would be a mistake t o a c c e p t t h a t p l a n without f u r t h e r study. * * * No other government agency i s w e l l s u i t e d t o c o n t i n u i n g the comprehensive job of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s u r v e y and p l a n n i n g t h a t was begun by the Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Survey. I f this job i s not c o n t i n u e d , t h e r e i s a danger t h a t e f f o r t s t o meet t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs w i l l s u f f e r from the s e p a r a t e and perhaps c o n f l i c t i n g a c t i v i t i e s of a number of d i f f e r e n t government a g e n c i e s , a l l f o r the l a c k of up-to-date areawide data and p l a n s , embracing a l l forms of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . For these r e a s o n s , the committee has added a requirement t h a t the Agency continue the r e s e a r c h and s u r v e y work begun by the Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Survey, and proceed w i t h the e x p e r i m e n t a l , d e s i g n , and development work as c a l l e d f o r by changing conditions. " What has been the impact on the I n n e r Loop of t h i s new d i r e c t i o n i n planning? Thus f a r , n o t h i n g . Indeed, i f t h e r e has been any r e a c t i o n t o the C o n g r e s s i o n a l mandate of i960, i t has been o n l y redoubled Loop to an e a r l y e f f o r t s to speed the I n n e r completion. I n t h i s , the D i s t r i c t highway p l a n n e r s a r e not e n t i r e l y t o blame. instructions They can t r u t h f u l l y p o i n t t o c o n f l i c t i n g from Congress. F o r , as Congress was f i r s t con- s i d e r i n g and then d e c i d i n g on the course which t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g should t a k e i n the Washington m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a , the e f f e c t s of e a r l i e r l e g i s l a t i o n r e l a t i n g t o i n t e r s t a t e highways (the F e d e r a l - A i d Highway A c t ) were beginning t o be felt. �- 17 - During the f i s c a l y e a r s 1946 through 1955, D i s t r i c t spent about $5 m i l l i o n a n n u a l l y on new tion. the road Under the impetus of the F e d e r a l - A i d Highway Act i t s 90$ s u b s i d y , however, t h i s f i g u r e rose r a p i d l y . 1958, may By highway e x p e n d i t u r e s had almost t r i p l e d , t o $15 By f i s c a l i 9 6 0 , 196l, construc- they had v a u l t e d t o $28 m i l l i o n . they jumped a g a i n t o $45 m i l l i o n . r e a c h $70 m i l l i o n . and fiscal million. In fiscal I n f i s c a l 1962, The E n g i n e e r Commissioner and they District Highway D i r e c t o r f o r e c a s t t h a t t h i s spending l e v e l w i l l cont i n u e a t $ 6 0 - 7 0 m i l l i o n over the n e x t f i v e y e a r s . And most of t h i s money has been f u n n e l e d i n t o the I n n e r Loop and i t s supp o r t i n g freeway complex. The C r a s h Program t o B u i l d I n n e r Loop When the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Act passed by Congress i n J u l y i 9 6 0 , and the 1 2 t h was only the Southwest Freeway S t r e e t Expressway were under c o n s t r u c t i o n . Other- w i s e , the e n t i r e I n n e r Loop and i t s huge i n t e r c h a n g e s and ramp connections were o n l y on the drawing boards. S i n c e t h a t time, however, t h e r e have been f i f t e e n months of unprecedented a c t i v i t y i n s p u r r i n g the completion of the I n n e r Loop, c o n t r a r y t o the b a s i c p o l i c i e s announced by Congress t o guide t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g f o r the Capital. Nation's �- 18 1. Southwest Freeway. -• S t a r t e d i n 1958, t h i s $40.4 m i l l i o n e l e v a t e d e i g h t - l a n e freeway was a l r e a d y w e l l under 1964. c o n s t r u c t i o n by mid-1960 w i t h completion expected by I n September i 9 6 0 , the D i s t r i c t Highway Department announced t h a t $4-5 m i l l i o n would be d i v e r t e d t o t h i s p r o j e c t f o r e a r l i e r c o n s t r u c t i o n of an i n t e r c h a n g e i n the a r e a between D, F, and 2nd S t r e e t s , S . U . 1st The c o n t r a c t was awarded i n November i 9 6 0 , and completion of the e n t i r e freeway from the F o u r t e e n t h S t r e e t b r i d g e s t o the f o o t of C a p i t o l H i l l i s now e a r l y 1963, expected by one y e a r e a r l i e r t h a n f o r m e r l y planned. Congress had a s k e d , i n the r e p o r t accompanying the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n A c t , t h a t the D i s t r i c t Highway Department cease f u r t h e r c o n s t r u c t i o n on the r e l a t e d 1 2 t h Street Expressway ( c o s t i n g $5.4 m i l l i o n ) t o permit c o o r d i n a t i o n w i t h the NCTA. T h i s s u g g e s t i o n was q u i c k l y r e j e c t e d , and the Highway Department has a l s o moved ahead t o an e a r l y of t h i s new D.C. completion underpass. 2. Southeast Freeway. As o r i g i n a l l y planned, l e g would be an e x t e n s i o n of the Southwest this Freeway from the i n t e r c h a n g e a t the s o u t h e r n f o o t of C a p i t o l H i l l e a s t w a r d t o the A n a c o s t i a R i v e r . By F e b r u a r y 1 9 6 1 , the D.C. Highway Depart- ment had announced i t s i n t e n t i o n t o f i n i s h t h i s freeway by f i s c a l 1966 w i t h a c q u i s i t i o n of the r i g h t of way t o commence this year. �3. Interchange "C" and 1 1 t h S t . Bridge. Inner Loop p l a n s had a l s o p r o v i d e d f o r a huge i n t e r c h a n g e i n the area surrounding 11th and K, S.E., w i t h the Southeast Freeway c o n t i n u i n g e a s t w a r d t o the P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue Sousa b r i d g e , and the E a s t Leg proceeding 11th south t o a new "twin" bridge at S t r e e t where the road meets the $ 4 l m i l l i o n A n a c o s t i a Freeway, a l s o under c o n s t r u c t i o n . E x p e d i t i o n of these p l a n s was announced by September I 9 6 0 w i t h the a d d i t i o n of a budget r e q u e s t f o r f i s c a l 1962 m i l l i o n 11th t o s t a r t c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r the S t r e e t b r i d g e , t o be completed by 1 9 6 4 . m i l l i o n Interchange "C" i t s e l f was $11.8 scheduled f o r completion by 1966. fiscal 4. E a s t Leg and Northeast Freeway. The E a s t Leg had been planned as a p a r t of I n t e r s t a t e Route 9 5 , on a n o r t h - s o u t h course from the 1 1 t h proceeding Street Anacostia River c r o s s i n g t o an i n t e r s e c t i o n w i t h the North Leg a t F l o r i d a K, N.E., r a z i n g the b l o c k between 1 1 t h July 23, i960, the D.C. and 1 2 t h Streets. and On Highway Department u n v e i l e d a 45-page e n g i n e e r i n g study by the C l a r k e s o n E n g i n e e r i n g Co. proposed the f u r t h e r northward the $14.1 The which e x t e n s i o n of t h i s freeway as ''third route t o B a l t i m o r e " -- 4 . 1 4 m i l e s of s i x and e i g h t - l a n e freeway w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t c o s t i n g an e s t i m a t e d $74 ($85.1 million m i l l i o n i f a median s t r i p were p r o v i d e d f o r r a p i d t r a n s i t ) T h i s e s t i m a t e d c o s t i n c l u d e d $31 m i l l i o n f o r r i g h t - o f - w a y �- 20 - a c q u i s i t i o n t h a t i n v o l v e d the r a z i n g o f 1 , 2 9 0 p r o p e r t i e s ( 1 , 0 9 5 homes, 1 0 3 apartment b u i l d i n g s , 5 1 commercial b u i l d i n g s , 39 i n d u s t r i a l s i t e s and one c h u r c h ) . On November 7 , I 9 6 0 , the D.C. Highway Department p r e s e n t e d i t s p r o p o s a l t o the Commissioners i n p u b l i c r e v e a l i n g t h a t t h e E a s t Leg would be c o n s t r u c t e d hearings, i n sections f o r completion by e a r l y 1967 and t h a t t h e N o r t h e a s t Freeway would be f i n i s h e d "about 1 9 7 0 " . Leg was e s t i m a t e d depressed E a s t t o c o s t $60 m i l l i o n , i n c l u d i n g $25 m i l l i o n f o r the right-of-way. Over 300 persons a t t e n d e d t h e h e a r i n g s , w i t h widespread opposition affected areas. The e i g h t - l a n e e x p r e s s e d by c i v i c groups i n the At the suggestion of W i l l i a m E. F i n l e y , s t a f f d i r e c t o r of the Planning Commission, the D i s t r i c t High- way Department agreed t o study s h i f t i n g t h e E a s t Leg westward one b l o c k ( t o r a z e the a r e a between 1 0 t h and 1 1 t h r a t h e r than 1 1 t h and 1 2 t h ) i n order t o save i n t r u s i o n on L i n c o l n Park and the d e m o l i t i o n o f " P h i l a d e l p h i a Row". C i v i c opposition per- s i s t e d , however, a s t o e i t h e r route w i t h the recommendation advanced t h a t , i f c o n s t r u c t e d at a l l , low the west bank o f t h e A n a c o s t i a The t h e E a s t Leg should f o l R i v e r s e r v i n g the new Stadium. D.C. Highway Department r e j e c t e d such an a l i g n m e n t , however, and went t o the P l a n n i n g Commission w i t h the p r o p o s a l t h a t t h e l O t h - l l t h S t r e e t route f o r t h e E a s t Leg be approved, t o g e t h e r w i t h a N r t h e a s t Freeway a d j o i n i n g t h e B & 0 R a i l r o a d t r a c k s . Cost e s t i m a t e s were shaved t o $ 5 8 . 5 m i l l i o n f o r the E a s t Leg and $ 5 5 . 8 m i l l i o n f o r the N o r t h e a s t Freeway. �- 21 - C i v i c o p p o s i t i o n p e r s i s t e d , w i t h renewed p l e a s t o look f o r a l e s s d e s t r u c t i v e l o c a t i o n . I n August, 1 9 6 l , however, the D.C. Highway Department announced t h a t the t i m e t a b l e N o r t h e a s t Freeway would be advanced f o u r y e a r s w i t h b e g i n n i n g i n 1964 f o r completion by f i s c a l 1 9 6 6 . f o r the construction I t was proposed t h a t $ 4 . 0 m i l l i o n be spent f o r r i g h t of-way a c q u i s i t i o n commencing i n 1 9 6 2 . On September 2 9 , 1 9 6 l , the D.C. Highway D i r e c t o r went before t h e D i s t r i c t Commissioners t o e x p l a i n h i s s t a n d on the E a s t Leg and N o r t h e a s t Freeway. P l e a s t o c o n s i d e r the west bank o f the A n a c o s t i a a s a s u b s t i t u t e l o c a t i o n f o r the E a s t Leg fit were r e j e c t e d ; i n s t e a d , he recommended t h a t such a highway a l s o be b u i l t a l o n g the r i v e r a s a supplement t o the E a s t Leg t o s e r v e the Stadium. He urged proceeding w i t h e a r l i e r p l a n s f o r the E a s t Leg freeway between 1 0 t h and 1 1 t h w i t h s l i g h t modifica- t i o n s f o r the i n t e r c h a n g e and spur roads a t F l o r i d a Avenue, N.E., s u g g e s t i n g t h a t the e n t i r e E a s t Leg and N o r t h e a s t Freeway be completed by f i s c a l 1 9 6 8 . H i s e s t i m a t e was t h a t the t o t a l of the two c o n n e c t i n g freeways would be $102 m i l l i o n . cost An e s t i m a t e d 3 , 4 6 0 d w e l l i n g u n i t s would be d e s t r o y e d ; over 1 0 , 0 0 0 D i s t r i c t residents 5. displaced. C e n t e r Leg. While i r a t e c i v i c o p p o s i t i o n clamored i n v a i n f o r s i d e t r a c k i n g the E a s t Leg and N o r t h e a s t Freeway, C o n g r e s s i o n a l o p p o s i t i o n stymied the D.C. Highway Department's �- 22 - p l a n s f o r the Center Leg, which had been proposed t o extend from the e n t r a n c e t o the Southwest Freeway near the t h i r d House O f f i c e B u i l d i n g d i r e c t l y north to another large interchange near F l o r i d a Avenue, N.W., c r o s s i n g the M a l l by t u n n e l and proceeding as a depressed freeway between 2nd and 3rd S t r e e t s , N.W. C a p i t o l A r c h i t e c t , J . George S t e w a r t , i n September i 9 6 0 , s a i d t h a t t h e r e was i s needed". " s t i l l some q u e s t i o n whether the c e n t e r l e g I n 1 9 6 l , the D i s t r i c t Highway Department sought to a v e r t t h i s o p p o s i t i o n by proposing t o move the Center Leg westward, t a k i n g the b l o c k between 5 t h and 6 t h S t r e e t s , S t e w a r t and the C o n g r e s s i o n a l l e a d e r s were unmoved. 1 9 6 l , S t e w a r t announced t o newspaper r e p o r t e r s t h a t N.W. I n September Congress wished t o keep freeways away from the C a p i t o l grounds and even the westward s h i f t of the C e n t e r Leg would take p r o p e r t y needed f o r e x p a n s i o n of the B o t a n i c a l Gardens. Subsequently, the D i s t r i c t Highway Department e x p r e s s e d a l a r m over planned p r i v a t e improvements i n the c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t t h a t would, i t was a s s e r t e d , i n c r e a s e the c o s t of the C e n t e r Leg from $55 m i l l i o n t o $75 m i l l i o n . 6. South Leg ( L i n c o l n Memorial T u n n e l ) . Until 196l, the l e g of the I n n e r Loop from the 14th S t r e e t b r i d g e s to the Theodore R o o s e v e l t b r i d g e i n t e r c h a n g e was proposed t o be a s i x l a n e parkway, not p a r t of the I n t e r s t a t e system and c l o s e d t o truck t r a f f i c . I n September i 9 6 0 , the N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e �- 23 - u n v e i l e d p l a n s f o r t h i s l e g which i n v o l v e d a 1 , 4 3 5 beneath the L i n c o l n Memorial grounds. approach roads i n the a r e a , was foot tunnel Total cost, including f o r e c a s t t o be $18 million, funds t h a t n e i t h e r the Park S e r v i c e nor the Highway Department thought t h e y c o u l d s p a r e . E f f o r t s were t h e r e f o r e i n i t i a t e d by the Highway Department t o o b t a i n the Bureau of P u b l i c Roads' consent f o r adding the two m i l e l i n k t o the I n t e r s t a t e w i t h i t s guarantee of 90$ F e d e r a l a i d . was o b t a i n e d by June 1 9 6 l , system Success of t h i s whereupon the D i s t r i c t Highway Department announced t h a t e n g i n e e r i n g work would s t a r t l y , w i t h c o n s t r u c t i o n t o begin i n 1962 by venture immediate- and the work completed 1965. 7. R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e and Potomac Freeway Approach. With the $ 2 4 . 5 m i l l i o n Theodore R o o s e v e l t bridge under c o n s t r u c - t i o n and due f o r completion by m i d - 1 9 6 3 , the D i s t r i c t Highway Department p r e s s e d t o implement the i n t e r c h a n g e s t h a t would t i e t h i s b r i d g e to the I n n e r Loop. On October 1 , i960, the District Highway Department announced t h a t i t had o b t a i n e d the consent of the N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e to t a p the George Washington Memorial Parkway on the V i r g i n i a s i d e of the b r i d g e . Meanwhile, p l a n s f o r the i n t e r c h a n g e w i t h the I n n e r Loop and an E S t r e e t E x p r e s s way (depressed t o 2 0 t h S t r e e t ) were being f o r m u l a t e d and, March 15, 196l, on the F i n e A r t s Commission gave i t s r e l u c t a n t a p p r o v a l t o t h i s t r i p l e deck i n t e r c h a n g e , r e i t e r a t i n g that i t �- 24 - remained " s t r o n g l y opposed" to the I n t r u s i o n of the approaches and I n n e r Loop on p a r k l a n d and t h a t i t was to "disavow a l l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y " f o r the p r o j e c t . 196l, bridge forced I n September condemnation proceedings were f i l e d to a c q u i r e a t h r e e - b l o c k a r e a f o r the c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h i s In July i960, interchange. immediately a f t e r passage of the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n A c t , the Highway Department l e t the f i r s t c o n t r a c t f o r i t s proposed $39 m i l l i o n e i g h t -lane Potomac R i v e r Freeway, p a r a l l e l i n g the W h i t e h u r s t Freeway, t h a t would l i n k w i t h the I n n e r Loop immediately e a s t of Rock Creek Park. The c o n t r a c t provided f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n of the sub s t r u c t u r e f o r a ramp over Rock Creek D r i v e j u s t n o r t h of the Water S p o r t s Center. on the $ 4 . 4 At v i r t u a l l y the same time, work commenced m i l l i o n K S t r e e t Expressway ( w i t h t u n n e l beneath Washington C i r c l e ) and w i t h i n weeks the Highway Department announced an a c c e l e r a t i o n of i t s long-range p l a n s t o c o n s t r u c t not only the Potomac R i v e r Freeway but a l s o a new a t Three S i s t e r s I s l a n d s . r i v e r crossing With p l a n s f o r t h i s e i g h t - l a n e bridge approved by the P l a n n i n g Commission i n J u l y 1 9 6 1 , the Highway Department then announced t h a t s t i l l another r i v e r c r o s s i n g a t A r i z o n a Avenue was being added t o i t s s i x - y e a r program. The Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e had been j u s t i f i e d by a s s e r t i o n t h a t the s i x - l a n e Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e would not be wide enough t o accommodate i n c r e a s e d motor v e h i c l e t r a f f i c from A r l i n g t o n . the By the summer of the 1961 i t was �- 25 a s s e r t e d t h a t even t h i s a d d i t i o n a l e i g h t - l a n e be enough and a t h i r d b r i d g e a t A r i z o n a b r i d g e would not Avenue, p r e v i o u s l y d i s a p p r o v e d by the Highway Department, a l s o would be The necessary. Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e was scheduled f o r com- p l e t i o n i n mid-1963. A c q u i s i t i o n of l a n d f o r t h e r i g h t - o f - w a y f o r t h e Potomac R i v e r Freeway and Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e was scheduled t o commence by e a r l y 1 9 6 3 , w i t h both t o be completed by 1 9 6 6 . A c q u i s i t i o n of right-of-way f o r the A r i z o n a Avenue b r i d g e was scheduled f o r f i s c a l 1 9 6 8 w i t h the $ 1 1 . 1 m i l l i o n p r o j e c t completed by 1 9 7 0 . 8. E x i s t i n g plans W e s t L e g , North Leg and North C e n t r a l Freeway. of the Highway Department f o r t h e northwest s e c t i o n o f the I n n e r Loop p r o c e e d i n g a l o n g the e a s t s i d e of Rock Creek from K S t r e e t t o Massachusetts Avenue and 2 1 s t , or t h e l o n g - a r c h i n g N.W., North Leg p a r a l l e l i n g F l o r i d a Avenue n o r t h - west o f DuPont C i r c l e t o 1 1 t h S t r e e t , N.E., have not been publ i c l y announced. One newspaper, however, c l a i m e d i n October i 9 6 0 t h a t the t e n t a t i v e t i m e t a b l e f o r t h e North Leg p r o v i d e d f o r work t o s t a r t i n 1966 and t h a t the Northwest s e c t i o n would be b u i l t i n about t e n y e a r s . An e i g h t - l a n e North C e n t r a l Freeway i s planned, c o s t i n g $ 8 7 m i l l i o n , t h a t would connect w i t h the North Leg n e a r G r i f f i t h Stadium a t a n o t h e r l a r g e interchange. �26 - R e - E v a l u a t i n g the I n n e r Loop I n r e c e n t y e a r s , m i l l i o n s of d o l l a r s have been spent on p l a n n i n g w i t h r e g a r d t o the I n n e r Loop and i t s r e l a t e d freeway network, but not one cent has been devoted to s t u d y i n g the fundamental i s s u e of whether i t should be a t a l l , i f the D i s t r i c t i s , as Congress has decided, built to g i v e top p r i o r i t y t o r a p i d t r a n s i t . M i l l i o n s of d o l l a r s have been a p p r o p r i a t e d f o r det a i l e d s t u d i e s of route a l i g n m e n t s , c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t s , motor v e h i c l e t r a f f i c p r o j e c t i o n s , and d e s i g n p l a n s , but they a l l have s i m p l y assumed t h a t the p l a n n i n g d e c i s i o n f i r s t made e l e v e n y e a r s ago i s s t i l l a correct The tragedy of t h i s course any p e r s u a s i v e reason why s u b s t a n t i a l evidence the Nation's one. i s t h a t t h e r e i s no longer the I n n e r Loop should be b u i l t , and t h a t i t would be a d i s a s t r o u s blunder for Capital. I n 1950, the p l a n had some l o g i c . Then i t c o u l d be argued t h a t the I n n e r Loop was n e c e s s a r y t o save the c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t from s t r a n g u l a t i o n by motor v e h i c l e s . On the premises t h a t the a r e a ' s p o p u l a t i o n growth would be limi t e d , t h a t t h e r e would be a steady growth i n automobile use f o r commuting, and t h a t t h e r e would not be t r a f f i c t i o n f o r r a p i d t r a n s i t , i t was arguable justifica- t h a t an I n n e r Loop �- 27 - could siphon o f f s u f f i c i e n t through t r a f f i c t o permit a f r e e f l o w o f v e h i c u l a r t r a f f i c on t h e downtown s t r e e t s . By 1 9 6 1 , the P l a n n i n g Commission v i r t u a l l y conceded t h a t t h e former panacea, t h e e l a b o r a t e freeway system and the I n n e r Loop, c o u l d not do i t s i n t e n d e d j o b and would soon become a w h i t e e l e p h a n t . s i o n concluded: Looking t o t h e y e a r 2 , 0 0 0 , the Commis- "Even i f the freeway system were t o make pos- s i b l e g r e a t e r volumes o f t r a f f i c t o the c e n t r a l a r e a , i t i s d o u b t f u l whether t h e s u r f a c e s t r e e t system i n t h a t a r e a c o u l d handle these g r e a t e r volumes." I t t h e r e f o r e suggested t h e n e c e s s i t y i n t h e f u t u r e f o r d i s c o u r a g i n g use o f t h e f r e e w a y s by such means a s " c o n t r o l o f t h e number o f v e h i c l e s a l l o w e d on f r e e w a y s d u r i n g peak h o u r s " and " l i m i t a t i o n o f long-term parking i n employment a r e a s . " A l l more r e c e n t i n q u i r i e s have proven the premises o f 1950 t o have been i n c o r r e c t . Between 1950 and i 9 6 0 , the metro- p o l i t a n a r e a p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e d 35 percent from 1 . 5 t o 2 . 0 million. The l a t e s t p r o j e c t i o n s o f t h e P l a n n i n g Commission f o r e c a s t 2 . 6 m i l l i o n by 1 9 7 0 , o v e r 3 . 0 m i l l i o n by 1980 and about 5 . 0 m i l l i o n by t h e y e a r 2 , 0 0 0 . The P l a n n i n g Commission's 1950 Comprehensive P l a n , however, had p r e d i c t e d t h a t an a r e a populat i o n o f 2 . 0 m i l l i o n would not be a c h i e v e d u n t i l 1 9 8 0 . ure This f i g - was passed i n t e n y e a r s , r a t h e r than t h i r t y , w i t h a f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e o f f i f t y p e r c e n t now p r e d i c t e d by 1 9 8 0 . I n view of �- 28 » t h i s change, no element of the 1950 p l a n can go w i t h o u t a c r i t i c a l r e - e x a m i n a t i o n , l e a s t of a l l the I n n e r Loop. By 1 9 5 9 , the P l a n n i n g Commission had concluded t h a t r a p i d t r a n s i t --• once d i s m i s s e d as a mere pipe-dream - was not o n l y e c o n o m i c a l l y f e a s i b l e but an a b s o l u t e n e c e s s i t y . With- out r a p i d t r a n s i t and w i t h c o n t i n u e d dependence on the p r i v a t e automobile, the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n i s s u e d i n 1959 concluded t h a t the D i s t r i c t would be i n t o l e r a b l y congested w i t h auto t r a f fic. Even w i t h a l i m i t e d r a p i d t r a n s i t system (but assuming t h a t both the I n n e r Loop and o t h e r then-planned highways would be b u i l t ) , the P l a n concluded t h a t the I n n e r Loop would t o a c h i e v e i t s purpose and t h e r e f o r e added a second Loop" t o the freeway network. the study d i d not fail "Intermediate As p r e v i o u s l y noted, however, on f i n d i n g the then-planned freeway system c o u l d not a c h i e v e i t s purpose - - r e - e v a l u a t e the need f o r t h a t freeway system i n the f i r s t place. I t must be apparent now t h a t the I n n e r Loop cannot and w i l l not a c h i e v e i t s o r i g i n a l purpose of s a v i n g the c e n t r a l c i t y from i n u n d a t i o n by a u t o m o b i l e s . I n f a c t , a l l evidence now p o i n t s t o i t s h a v i n g the o p p o s i t e e f f e c t . Converging on the I n n e r Loop and C e n t r a l W a s h i n g t o n , would be t r a f f i c from a t l e a s t 36 new l a n e s of a r t e r i a l f r e e w a y s : f o u r more from S h i r l e y Highway (under the p r o p o s a l t o expand t h a t a r t e r y t o e i g h t l a n e s ) , s i x more from Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e , a t l e a s t f o u r more from the Potomac R i v e r Freeway, e i g h t more from a proposed North Cent r a l Freeway, a t l e a s t s i x more from the N o r t h e a s t Freeway, a t l e a s t �- g^- e i g h t from s p u r s from the A n a c o s t i a R i v e r c r o s s i n g s to the E a s t Leg, not to mention a d d i t i o n a l t r a f f i c from widened a r t e r i a l s t r e e t s such a s North or South C a p i t o l S t r e e t s . t i o n o f the a v a l a n c h e o f added auto t r a f f i c I n anticipa- t h a t these f r e e w a y s would f u n n e l onto the I n n e r Loop and the downtown s t r e e t s , the D i s t r i c t Highway Department i s s t e a d i l y condemning v a l u a b l e downtown l a n d , c u t t i n g t r e e s and widening s t r e e t s to make room f o r more a u t o m o b i l e s : the 1 2 t h S t r e e t Expressway, the 9 t h Street Expressway, the K S t r e e t Expressway, the E S t r e e t Expressway, etc. T h i s a c t i v i t y and the r i s i n g demands f o r more downtown p a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s from such groups a s the AAA a r e r a t h e r c u r i ous r e s p o n s e s , i f i t i s s t i l l b e l i e v e d t h a t the I n n e r Loop would siphon t r a f f i c away from the c e n t r a l c i t y r a t h e r than induce more t r a f f i c i n t o i t . Mere c o n j e c t u r e on t h i s p o i n t i s not n e c e s s a r y . The d e s i g n model i s a t hand i n the c i t y of Los Angeles, a c i t y many y e a r s "ahead" of Washington i n i t s freeway program. I n the words o f S. S. T a y l o r , manager o f the Department o f T r a f f i c Los Angeles ( T r a f f i c Q u a r t e r l y , J u l y 1959, PP. 356-57): "One freeway i n t e r c h a n g e i n Los Angeles i s consuming a p p r o x i m a t e l y 80 a c r e s of l a n d a r e a , and each average m i l e o f freeway i s r e q u i r i n g about 30 a c r e s . O n e - t h i r d o f our e n t i r e Los Angeles l a n d a r e a i s a l r e a d y r e q u i r e d f o r transportation f a c i l i t i e s . " U l t i m a t e l y , i t appears t h a t Los Angeles w i l l have a freeway network forming a c i t y of square c o l o s s a l b l o c k s where topography w i l l a l l o w them, of �- 30 - w i t h a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 m i l e s of on each s i d e . * * * freeway "The i n a b i l i t y of our present s t r e e t s and p a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s to continue to carry this ever-increasing transportat i o n l o a d t h r e a t e n s to choke o f f the economic b r e a t h of our m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a . Meanwhile, i t s v e h i c l e exhaust fumes aggravate the b r e a t h i n g c i t i z e n r y under a unique atmospheric i n v e r s i o n . " Today, Washington i s not f a r behind Los Whereas about 6 6 $ of c e n t r a l Los Angeles i s now Angeles. devoted to the movement and storage of motor v e h i c l e s , the corresponding figure i n Washington's c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t had a l r e a d y passed by I 9 6 0 . I f the I n n e r Loop, i t s a c c e s s roads and 56$ interchanges and p r e s e n t l y planned s t r e e t widenings a r e completed, i t i s probable t h a t downtown Washington w i l l soon s u r p a s s Los Angeles i n the percentage of l a n d a r e a devoted to motor v e h i c l e s . Even without the I n n e r Loop and a r a d i a l freeway work, Washington a l r e a d y s u r p a s s e s Los Angeles i n one net- dubious d i s t i n c t i o n -- a f a r l a r g e r percent of a l l r u s h hour t r i p s to the c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t a r e made by p r i v a t e automobile ( t w o - t h i r d s ) than i s t r u e i n Los Angeles or i n any o t h e r major United S t a t e s c i t y . T h i s has been Washington's h e r i t a g e from the L ' E n f a n t P l a n and i t s wide avenues and the i n v e n t i o n y e a r s l a t e r of the automobile. Mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n has been l i m i t e d to s u r f a c e s t r e e t c a r s and buses which, w i t h no r i g h t - o f - w a y , have been rendered 100 reserved s t e a d i l y l e s s a t t r a c t i v e to the �- 31 - t r a v e l i n g p u b l i c as they have had to cope w i t h more and more private vehicles. Even the P l a n n i n g Commission's 1959 trans- p o r t a t i o n p l a n would not have changed t h i s unhealthy develop- ment. highway By proposing facilities t h a t f o u r d o l l a r s be spent on new f o r e v e r y d o l l a r spent on r a p i d t r a n s i t , the p l a n f o r e c a s t t h a t the percentage of t o t a l t r a v e l to t h e central b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t by p r i v a t e automobile would remain v i r t u a l l y the same i n I 9 8 O . What would have been the r e s u l t i f the D i s - t r i c t ' s freeway p l a n s had been abandoned, the study d i d not say, f o r i t d i d not even make t h a t i n q u i r y . I f the "why" appeared, the "why t h a t j u s t i f i e d the I n n e r Loop has n o t s " a r e becoming i n c r e a s i n g l y e v i d e n t : D i r e c t Costs. I n 1958, i t was e s t i m a t e d t h a t the I n n e r Loop would c o s t $272 m i l l i o n . has i n c r e a s e d t h a t amount. tember i 9 6 0 ) dis- Each subsequent e s t i m a t e The l a t e s t p u b l i s h e d e s t i m a t e (Sep- p l a c e d the p r i c e t a g a t $325 m i l l i o n . These f i g u r e s r e l a t e o n l y to the I n n e r Loop i t s e l f . The t o t a l freeway and s t r e e t improvement program, now moving a t an a c c e l e r a t e d pace, would r e s u l t i n the e x p e n d i t u r e by the D i s t r i c t o f c l o s e to one b i l l i o n Too figures. dollars. l i t t l e concern has been e x p r e s s e d over these To many, they c o n t a i n a hollow r i n g , d i v o r c e d from r e a l i t y because the funds a r e " a u t o m a t i c a l l y " a v a i l a b l e f o r highway c o n s t r u c t i o n and not a v a i l a b l e f o r any o t h e r p u b l i c works, �however much more d e s e r v i n g o f a t t e n t i o n they may be. Most of the highway money comes from t h e F e d e r a l t r e a s u r y i n e v e r i n c r e a s i n g q u a n t i t i e s , r e p l e n i s h e d by F e d e r a l t a x e s on g a s o l i n e , t i r e s and a c c e s s o r i e s . The remainder i s a l s o funded a u t o m a t i c - a l l y from the D i s t r i c t ' s Highway Fund, s o l e c u s t o d i a n of a l l l o c a l g a s o l i n e t a x revenues. The way f a c t t h a t t h e burgeoning F e d e r a l and l o c a l high- funds a r e now earmarked f o r "highways o n l y " does not mean t h a t t h i s p r a c t i c e should be a c c e p t e d a s i n e v i t a b l e i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n planning or i n o v e r a l l municipal ning leads to the conslusion planning. I f sound p l a n - t h a t more roads a r e not needed o r t h a t they a r e l e s s e s s e n t i a l i n the p u b l i c i n t e r e s t than r a p i d t r a n s i t , improved s c h o o l s , h o s p i t a l s . o r o t h e r p u b l i c works, i t becomes p o i n t l e s s t o i n s i s t t h a t t a x e s d e r i v e d from road u s e r s must c o n t i n u e t o be spent on roads. Any such compartmentaliza- t i o n o f t h e p u b l i c t r e a s u r y r e n d e r s government p o l i c y and p l a n n i n g no l o n g e r t h e i n s t r u m e n t o f p u b l i c i n t e r e s t but the v i c t i m of i t s own s o u r c e s o f revenue. I t has no place i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g any more than i n the a l l o c a t i o n o f o t h e r p u b l i c I t i s r e c o g n i z e d t h a t these o b s e r v a t i o n s a b a s i c credo o f some highway a d v o c a t e s . strike at Purporting f o r the motoring p u b l i c , t h e American Automobile resources. to speak Association f r e q u e n t l y has a s s e r t e d t h a t t h e p u b l i c w i l l not t o l e r a t e the use o f g a s o l i n e t a x e s f o r any purpose o t h e r than b u i l d i n g roads. �- 33 The - l i m i t e d evidence a v a i l a b l e i s to the c o n t r a r y . theme of w i t n e s s e s a p p e a r i n g b e f o r e at A persistent the D i s t r i c t Commissioners r e c e n t h e a r i n g s on the budget c r i s i s was the recommendation t h a t funds be d i v e r t e d from the highway fund f o r e s s e n t i a l school needs. published A r e c e n t G a l l u p p o l l on August 26, 1961, "What America T h i n k s " , d i s c l o s e d t h a t 72$ of the general p u b l i c f a v o r e d f i n a n c i n g f r e e w a y s by t o l l s r a t h e r than by t a x ation. Other C o s t s . The public expenditures f o r highway p l a n n i n g , a c q u i s i t i o n of r i g h t - o f - w a y and highway c o n s t r u c t i o n a r e not the o n l y c o s t s of the I n n e r Loop and the r e l a t e d f r e e way system. other costs — Too l i t t l e a t t e n t i o n has been devoted to f i n a n c i a l and social. these A few t h a t r e q u i r e the c o n s c i e n t i o u s a t t e n t i o n of p l a n n e r s , the government and the p u b l i c a r e s e t f o r t h below: 1. Land Use. Even w i t h o u t the freeway program, a d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e amount of the D i s t r i c t ' s l a n d a r e a has been devoted to s t r e e t s and highways. D i s t r i c t i s only 61.5 The t o t a l l a n d a r e a of the square m i l e s ( 3 9 , 3 6 0 a c r e s ) . Of this, an e v e r - i n c r e a s i n g amount has been devoted to s t r e e t s and ways. high- D i s t r i c t - o w n e d s t r e e t s and a l l e y s i n c r e a s e d from about 7 , 9 0 0 a c r e s i n f i s c a l 19^0 to about 8 , 4 0 0 a c r e s i n f i s c a l and to about 9 , 0 0 0 a c r e s i n f i s c a l i 9 6 0 . owned roads, a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1950 Including Federally- 1 1 , 5 0 0 a c r e s or 30$ of the total �l a n d a r e a was devoted to s t r e e t s and highways i n the by f i s c a l i 9 6 0 . District T h i s i s s u b s t a n t i a l l y h i g h e r than i n o t h e r 1/ cities. I n c o n t r a s t , r e s i d e n t i a l , commercial and o t h e r t a x y i e l d i n g l a n d has been s t e a d i l y s h r i n k i n g . such l a n d a r e a was In fiscal 1935, 1 7 , 9 8 9 a c r e s i n the D i s t r i c t ; by i 9 6 0 i t had d e c l i n e d to 1 4 , 3 2 5 a c r e s o r only 3 6 . 5 $ of the District's land area. The experience i n o t h e r c i t i e s has been t h a t each m i l e of freeway consumes 30 a c r e s of l a n d and can consume up to 90 a c r e s of l a n d . that Although the interchanges District Highway Department has endeavored to minimize l a n d - t a k i n g proposing e l e v a t e d freeways o r depressed freeways with by sheer stone w a l l s , i t n e v e r t h e l e s s i s l i k e l y t h a t the t o t a l freeway program, i n c l u d i n g s t r e e t w i d e n i n g s , would devour about 2 , 0 0 0 a c r e s o f l a n d when completed. T h i s would mean about 35$ of the t o t a l l a n d a r e a of the D i s t r i c t would be devoted to s t r e e t s and highways by I 9 8 O . tial, Conversely, o t h e r l a n d uses -- r e s i d e n - commercial, e d u c a t i o n a l , r e l i g i o u s and would have to be c u r t a i l e d . recreational -- Indeed, i t i s i n e v i t a b l e , i f the 1/ The P l a n n i n g Commission's 1950 comprehensive p l a n r e p o r t e d t h a t the average f o r D a l l a s , L o u i s v i l l e , S t . L o u i s and Memphis was 19.5$. �- 35 - p r e s e n t freeway program i s c o n t i n u e d , t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t would have more l a n d i n t a x - f r e e s t r e e t s and highways by 198O than i t would have i n a l l forms o f p r i v a t e l a n d use combined. 2. Population. Between 1943 and i 9 6 0 , p o p u l a t i o n dropped from 9 0 0 , 0 0 0 t o 7 6 4 , 0 0 0 . between 1950 and i 9 6 0 , the D i s t r i c t I n the t e n y e a r s the D i s t r i c t l o s t f i v e percent o f i t s r e s i d e n t s even though t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a grew by 3 5 $ . E s t i m a t e s o f t h e f u r t h e r l o s s t h a t w i l l r e s u l t from t h e D i s t r i c t ' s freeway program, i n c l u d i n g t h e I n n e r Loop, v a r y between a low of 1 7 , 0 0 0 ( F r a n c i s X. S e r v a i t e s , N.C.H.A. d i r e c t o r , May 2 , 1961) to a high of 75,000 P l a n n i n g Commission). ( W i l l i a m E. F i n l e y , s t a f f d i r e c t o r , P l a n n e r s may d i f f e r a s t o whether this w i l l cause a f u r t h e r n e t l o s s i n D i s t r i c t p o p u l a t i o n because o f o f f - s e t t i n g new r e s i d e n t i a l c o n s t r u c t i o n (Southwest r e d e v e l o p ment, e t c . ) , but t h e r e i s no d e n i a l o f t h e f a c t t h a t r e s i d e n - t i a l l a n d t a k e n f o r f r e e w a y s w i l l e f f e c t i v e l y reduce the number of persons t h a t would o t h e r w i s e be a b l e t o l i v e i n t h e D i s t r i c t . I t i s t h e e s t i m a t e o f t h e Northwest Committee f o r T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n n i n g t h a t i f t h e D i s t r i c t c o u l d a d e q u a t e l y and c o m f o r t a b l y house 8 0 0 , 0 0 0 r e s i d e n t s w i t h o u t t h e proposed freeway network, 1 / Economist Jerome P. P i c k a r d , Urban Land I n s t i t u t e , has f o r e c a s t t h a t the D i s t r i c t ' s p o p u l a t i o n w i l l drop to 7 3 3 , 0 0 0 i n 1970 and 7 0 0 , 0 0 0 i n 1 9 8 0 . �- 36 - t h i s p o t e n t i a l would drop to 7 0 0 , 0 0 0 i f the pending highwayprogram i s completed. Whether t h i s d i f f e r e n c e i s 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 , or more than t h a t , or l e s s than t h a t , the consequences a r e v e r y r e a l to the e n t i r e metropolitan area. Immediately, as f o r the 1 0 , 0 0 0 or more D i s - t r i c t r e s i d e n t s l i v i n g i n the path of the E a s t Leg and North- e a s t Freeway, the freeway program means e v i c t i o n from t h e i r homes, t h e i r neighborhoods, t h e i r s c h o o l s , and t h e i r churches. F o r the D i s t r i c t , i t means a c o r r e s p o n d i n g l o s s of r e s i d e n t s e i t h e r the e v i c t e d r e s i d e n t s must f i n d new homes i n the -- sub- urbs or, a s i s more l i k e l y , a c h a i n r o a c t i o n i s s t a r t e d t h a t r e s u l t s i n a c o r r e s p o n d i n g number of r e s i d e n t s l e a v i n g D i s t r i c t who a r e f a r removed from the a c t u a l l o c a t i o n of freeway i t s e l f . r e s i d e n t s who the The the u l t i m a t e l o s s would o c c u r p r i m a r i l y among are white, upper or middle income, w i t h c h i l d r e n . The Negro f a m i l y i s not welcomed i n the suburb; the lower- income f a m i l y cannot a f f o r d the suburb; the c h i l d l e s s f a m i l y has l i t t l e i n c e n t i v e to move to the suburb. Therefore, where ( a s i s u s u a l l y the c a s e ) i t i s the Negro f a m i l y or even the low-income f a m i l y t h a t i n i t i a l l y i s e v i c t e d to make room f o r the freeway, the m i g r a t o r y p r e s s u r e s would end, as they have over the past twenty y e a r s , w i t h a f u r t h e r s h i f t i n the t r i c t ' s p o p u l a t i o n m i x t u r e toward a h i g h e r percentage of metropolitan area's Disthe t o t a l nonwhite, lower income or c h i l d l e s s �- 37 1/ r e s i d e n t s than would o t h e r w i s e be the c a s e . 3. to Neighborhoods. Also v e r y r e a l but difficult measure i n terms of numbers o r d o l l a r s i s the a d v e r s e e f - f e c t o f the I n n e r Loop and r e l a t e d f r e e w a y s upon r e s i d e n t i a l neighborhoods -- not the d w e l l i n g u n i t s t h a t a r e taken but that are not. Any new homes t h a t a r e l e f t . those freeway c r e a t e s a b a r r i e r between the Where, a s i s o f t e n the c a s e , a freeway b i s e c t s e x i s t i n g neighborhoods ( a s would the E a s t L e g ) , n e i g h borhood p a t t e r n s a r e s h a t t e r e d and new Furthermore, even where s k i l l f u l ones must be c r e a t e d . e n g i n e e r i n g p e r m i t s the l o c a - t i o n o f a freeway around, r a t h e r than through, e x i s t i n g n e i g h borhoods, the a d j o i n i n g r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s a r e a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d . 4. The D i s t r i c t Budget. One of the most s u r p r i s i n g f a c t s r e g a r d i n g the p l a n n i n g f o r the I n n e r Loop and the D i s t r i c t ' s freeway master p l a n has been the t o t a l absence of a n a l y s i s o f i t s impact on the D i s t r i c t budget -- e i t h e r on s o u r c e s o r on e x p e n d i t u r e r e q u i r e m e n t s . revenue Such an a n a l y s i s i s 1/ I n Southwest Washington, where f a m i l i e s were d i s p l a c e d i n the 1950's by the Southwest Urban Renewal p r o j e c t and the Southwest Freeway, o n l y s i x p e r c e n t moved d i r e c t l y to the subu r b s . A s p e c i a l study by the R.L.A. o f such f a m i l i e s l e a v i n g the D i s t r i c t i n a t h r e e - b l o c k a r e a i n the Southwest found t h a t 100$ o f them were w h i t e and most o f them were middle-income. The r e m a i n i n g 94$ -- m o s t l y Negro -- r e l o c a t e d w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t , p r i m a r i l y i n a r e a s which a c c o r d i n g to the i 9 6 0 census l o s t s u b s t a n t i a l numbers o f middle-income w h i t e f a m i l i e s d u r i n g the decade. �- l o n g overdue. 38.- Among the f a c e t s of t h i s problem t h a t need examination a r e : (a) Road User Revenues. I n December i 9 6 0 , Engineer Commissioner C l a r k e was quoted a s o b s e r v i n g t h a t by b u i l d i n g freeways the D i s t r i c t was encouraging the l o s s of gas t a x r e v enue. E s t i m a t e s by the o i l companies a t t h a t time f o r e c a s t t h a t the g a l l o n s purchased i n the D i s t r i c t would d e c l i n e from a peak o f 205 m i l l i o n to 195 m i l l i o n by 1 9 6 5 , l o s s of $ 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 . A f t e r 1965, c a u s i n g an annual i f more f r e e w a y s a r e f i n i s h e d , t h i s l o s s i n annual revenue would i n c r e a s e . Corresponding losses would a l s o o c c u r i n auto r e g i s t r a t i o n f e e s and d r i v e r l i c e n s e f e e s as the number o f D i s t r i c t r e s i d e n t s (and d r i v e r s ) d e c l i n e d by reason of p o p u l a t i o n d i s p l a c e m e n t . freeway system i s completed, By the time the proposed the t o t a l l o s s i n road u s e r t a x e s should exceed $ 1 m i l l i o n a n n u a l l y . (b) Requirements. Road Maintenance, R e p a i r and T r a f f i c C o n t r o l The proposed freeway system, a s p r e v i o u s l y noted, would i n c r e a s e from 3 0 $ to about 35$ the t o t a l l a n d a r e a i n the D i s t r i c t devoted to the movement of motor v e h i c l e s . I t i s like- l y , moreover, t h a t the annual requirements f o r maintenance, re- p a i r , snow-removal and t r a f f i c c o n t r o l would i n c r e a s e by a t l e a s t the same degree. I f t h e r e has been any r e l i a b l e estimate of t h e s e added burdens to the D i s t r i c t budget, they have not been publicized. I t i s likely, however, t h a t the annual requirements �- 39 - f o r maintenance, r e p a i r , snow-removal and t r a f f i c would be substantial. Annual maintenance c o s t s a r e c u r r e n t l y to be about $40,000 per m i l e f o r modern f r e e w a y s . estimated At t h i s r a t e , the D i s t r i c t would be i n c u r r i n g a d d i t i o n a l budget r e q u i r e ments o f about $2.5 m i l l i o n a n n u a l l y . (c) P r o p e r t y Tax Revenues. The p r e s e n t l y - e n v i s a g e d freeway program, i f completed, would i n v o l v e the e x p e n d i t u r e o f over $200 m i l l i o n f o r a c q u i s i t i o n o f the r i g h t s - o f - w a y i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. Assuming the a p p r a i s e d t a x v a l u e o f the c o s t o f the p r o p e r t y a c q u i r e d , the D i s t r i c t ' s 55$ general fund would l o s e about $3 m i l l i o n a n n u a l l y from t h i s t a x source alone a t c u r r e n t r a t e s . T h i s t a x l o s s i s s u b j e c t to f a i r l y e x a c t measurement, y e t t h e r e i s no i n d i c a t i o n t h a t p l a n n e r s have g i v e n i t c o n s i d e r a t i o n . (d) Income Tax Revenues. J u s t a s r e a l but more d i f f i c u l t to measure w i t h any p r e c i s i o n i s the n e t l o s s i n income t a x revenues r e s u l t i n g from the displacement o f income- e a r n i n g D i s t r i c t r e s i d e n t s and p r i v a t e b u s i n e s s e s by nont a x y i e l d i n g freeways. A c o n c e r v a t i v e e s t i m a t e of the n e t l o s s from t h i s source would be f i v e percent o f the y i e l d i n f i s c a l 196l o r about $1.8 m i l l i o n a n n u a l l y a t c u r r e n t r a t e s . (e) S a l e s and E x c i s e Tax Revenues. course, be c o r r e s p o n d i n g There would, of l o s s e s i n s a l e s and e x c i s e t a x e s a s former D i s t r i c t r e s i d e n t s , e v i c t e d t o the suburbs by the �D i s t r i c t ' s new f r e e w a y s , purchased t h e i r food, a p p l i a n c e s , l i q u o r and c i g a r e t t e s a t suburban clothing, shopping t e r s r a t h e r than from the D i s t r i c t ' s merchants. cen- Even i f t h i s l o s s , too, were o n l y 5$ of c u r r e n t t a x y i e l d s , i t would mean the a d d i t i o n a l l o s s of $ 2 . 3 m i l l i o n a n n u a l l y by the D i s t r i c t government a t c u r r e n t r a t e s . T h i s i s , o r c o u r s e , o n l y a p a r t i a l l i s t i n g of the consequences of the freeway program upon the D i s t r i c t ' s budget To be measured a g a i n s t the minimum annual l o s s of $8 m i l l i o n i n t a x revenues must be weighed the i n c r e a s e d demands upon the D i s t r i c t ' s G e n e r a l Fund f o r more t r a f f i c p o l i c e , new sewer con s t r u c t i o n r e s u l t i n g from f r e e w a y s , even added h e a l t h and w e l f a r e requirements. I t i s not a t a l l i n c o n c e i v a b l e t h a t f o r e v e r y d o l l a r i n revenue l o s t by reason o f f r e e w a y s d i s p l a c i n g t a x s o u r c e s , a n o t h e r d o l l a r i n added disbursements would be required. I n any e v e n t , n e i t h e r the p l a n n e r s nor the respon- s i b l e government o f f i c i a l s should any l o n g e r r e f r a i n from anal y z i n g t h e s e f i s c a l consequences of the I n n e r Loop and the r e l a t e d a r t e r i a l freeways. 5. Park and R e c r e a t i o n a l F a c i l i t i e s . There has been a n a t u r a l tendency f o r f r e e w a y s to g r a v i t a t e to p u b l i c l y owned l a n d s . required. The l a n d i s "cheaper" because no condemnation i s The c i v i c o u t c r y i s l e s s because no d w e l l i n g u n i t o r commercial property i s razed. T h i s does not render the �- 41 - freeway a b a r g a i n , however. Land p r e s e n t l y devoted to park or playground use, once t a k e n f o r highways, cannot e f f e c t i v e l y be r e p l a c e d . No The e n t i r e p u b l i c i s the l o s e r . estimate D i s t r i c t ' s park and i s a v a i l a b l e of the t o t a l l o s s to r e c r e a t i o n system t h a t would r e s u l t from the e n t i r e freeway p r o p o s a l . i t t h r e a t e n s to be the However, i f the past i s prologue, staggering. The new l 4 t h S t r e e t bridge and the Washington channel c r o s s i n g of the Southwest Freeway e l i m i n a t e d one f o o t b a l l f i e l d and 36 t e n n i s c o u r t s . The Anacostia Freeway caused the l o s s of 4 S o f t b a l l diamonds, 2 b a s e b a l l d i a monds, 2 h a n d b a l l 1 courts, 1 football f i e l d , 1 v o l l e y b a l l l 8 - h o l e g o l f course, and c o l n Memorial t u n n e l and 1 miniature g o l f course. The Lin- r e l a t e d f a c i l i t i e s would e l i m i n a t e 8 s o f t b a l l diamonds, 1 b a s e b a l l diamond, 1 s o c c e r f i e l d , 1 hockey a r e a and court, 1 lacrosse f i e l d . The field Southeast freeway would eliminate 1 s o f t b a l l f i e l d , 1 basketball court, 1 tennis court, a b a s k e t b a l l apparatus area, a v o l l e y b a l l court, a playfield and a r e c r e a t i o n b u i l d i n g . W r i t i n g to the Board o f Commissioners about developments i n March, 1 9 6 1 , dent of R e c r e a t i o n , Milo F. C h r i s t i a n s e n , these Superinten- r u e f u l l y remarked, "Rather than p a r k s playgrounds f o r the enjoyment of l i f e , and the symbol of Washington's f u t u r e appears to be the o n r u s h i n g blade of the b u l l d o z e r and grinding concrete m i x e r producing r i b b o n s of concrete and the masses �- 42 of mortar and s t o n e . " 6. P u b l i c T r a n s p o r t a t i o n . A f u l l y adequate p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system i s one of a c i t y ' s most important publ i c assets. I t i s p l a i n l y e v i d e n t from the consensus of p l a n - n e r s t h a t the Washington m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a d i r e l y needs a r a p i d t r a n s i t system. Y e t the a d v e r s e impact o f f r e e w a y s upon p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n appears too f r e q u e n t l y to be overlooked. The v a s t road improvements s i n c e World War I I -- r e moving s t r e e t c a r t r a c k s , r e p a v i n g s t r e e t s , widening streets, one-way t r a f f i c r e g u l a t i o n s , t i m i n g o f t r a f f i c s i g n a l s , c u r b s i d e p a r k i n g l i m i t a t i o n s , l e f t - t u r n l i m i t a t i o n s , added t r a f f i c p o l i c e and, of c o u r s e , new f r e e w a y s -- have s u b s t a n t i a l l y i n - c r e a s e d the convenience and a t t r a c t i v e n e s s o f auto commutation w i t h no m a t e r i a l b e n e f i t to p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . F o r example, the maximum running time, ( i . e . , the r u n n i n g time d u r i n g the hours of peak t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n ) f o r a s t r e e t c a r from Mount P l e a s a n t to Union S t a t i o n i s now 42 minutes d u r i n g the morning r u s h hour compared w i t h 38 minutes i n 1 9 4 6 . Even where buses have r e p l a c e d s t r e e t c a r s , a s on the W i s c o n s i n Avenue l i n e , the r e s u l t s have been comparable. The maximum running time f o r bus s e r v i c e from F r i e n d s h i p H e i g h t s to C a p i t o l H i l l (1st and Independence) i s now 6 1 minutes compared w i t h the s t r e e t c a r time of 53 1/2 minutes i n 1 9 4 6 . 1/ Having to contend w i t h an 1 / During o f f - p e a k hours, r u n n i n g t i m e s have remained comparable or shown a s l i g h t improvement. On the Mount P l e a s a n t - U n i o n S t a t i o n run, the minimum r u n n i n g time was 24 1/2 minutes i n 1946, 22 minutes i n 1 9 6 1 . On the F r i e n d s h i p H e i g h t s - C a p i t o l H i l l r u n , the minimum r u n n i n g time was 30 minutes i n both 1946 ( s t r e e t c a r ) and 1961 ( b u s ) . �an ever-mounting horde o f a u t o m o b i l e s , a v e r a g i n g l e s s than two occupants each, the e x i s t i n g p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ve-h i d e s have been i n c r e a s i n g l y handicapped from s e r v i n g t h e i r function. As might be e x p e c t e d , p u b l i c patronage of the D i s t r i c t t r a n s i t company has s t e a d i l y d e c l i n e d — r i d e r s per month i n 1944 to 33 m i l l i o n i n 1 9 4 9 , 1954 and 14.5 m i l l i o n i n i 9 6 0 . from 44 m i l l i o n 18 m i l l i o n i n The burden of t h i s l o s s i s not borne a l o n e by the i n v e s t o r s ; i t i s s h a r e d by the e n t i r e public -- t r a n s i t r i d e r s must pay h i g h e r f a r e s ; the D i s t r i c t bud- get and a l l t a x p a y e r s must s h a r e the burden of s e r v i c i n g the s t e a d i l y r i s i n g number of p r i v a t e v e h i c l e s on the D i s t r i c t ' s roads. But, i f the highway program has been c r i p p l i n g to e x i s t i n g p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , i t c o u l d be d e s t r u c t i v e to rapid t r a n s i t . The u n d e r l y i n g premise o f Congress when i t approved the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Act of i 9 6 0 was t h a t the prompt c o n s t r u c t i o n of a subway network would a v e r t the need f o r heavy p u b l i c e x p e n d i t u r e s on f r e e w a y s . I f a free- way network i s f i r s t rushed to completion w i t h o u t r e g a r d to any p r i o r i t y f o r r a p i d t r a n s i t , Congress w e l l might look askance a t the j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r rapid t r a n s i t appropriations. However, even i f the freeway network d i d not d e f e r o r d e s t r o y r a p i d t r a n s i t p l a n s , i t would s e r i o u s l y i m p a i r the chances f o r a �- 44 - s e l f - s u f f i c i e n t r a p i d t r a n s i t system capable o f e a r n i n g adequate revenues. The danger of d e l e t e r i o u s c o m p e t i t i o n i s apparent from the e x p e r i e n c e i n o t h e r c i t i e s which a l r e a d y had r a p i d t r a n s i t systems b e f o r e the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f new urban f r e e w a y s . I n Chicago, the Northwestern Railway c o n s i s t e n t l y operated i t s r a i l commuter s e r v i c e a t a p r o f i t u n t i l i t s s e r v i c e s were p a r a l l e l e d by a Northwest Expressway. I n Boston, the o p e r a t i n g d e f i c i t o f the M.T.A. has mounted as each new way e x t e n s i o n has been completed. S i m i l a r e x p e r i e n c e has c u r r e d i n o t h e r major c i t i e s such a s New and Los freeway or f r e e oc- York, P h i l a d e l p h i a Angeles. 7. Area Growth. F o r over twenty y e a r s , the Wash- i n g t o n m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a has been d r i f t i n g to a f o r m l e s s autodominant s p r a w l . The p r e s e n t freeway f e v e r would a c c e n t u a t e t h a t t r e n d ; o n l y a s u b s t i t u t e d dependence upon r a p i d t r a n s i t can r e s t o r e s t r u c t u r e and o r d e r l y development to the metropol- i t a n area. Throughout the c o u n t r y , o t h e r c i t i e s and c i t y p l a n n e r s a r e coming to a r e a l i z a t i o n o f t h i s f a c t . San F r a n c i s c o b e l a t e d l y c a l l e d a complete moratorium upon freeway c o n s t r u c t i o n i n order to l a u n c h a r a p i d t r a n s i t system t h a t would r e s t o r e o r d e r to i t s m e t r o p o l i t a n growth and p r e s e r v e i t s c e n t r a l city. S i m i l a r planning r e v o l u t i o n s are occurring with other �- 45 - c i t i e s throughout the U n i t e d S t a t e s . The p l a n n e r s have seen what can happen when c i t i e s depend upon the freeway and a r e i n g e n e r a l agreement t h a t the r e s u l t s a r e i n d e f e n s i b l e . The primary example i s u s u a l l y Los Angeles, a v a s t s p r a w l i n g urban a r e a t h a t no l o n g e r has a downtown. g i n a l l y had been the c i t y ' s core now What o r i - p r i m a r i l y s e r v e s the func t i o n o f a f u n n e l to channel e n d l e s s l i n e s o f auto t r a f f i c one s u b - c i t y to another. from For mile a f t e r mile there s t r e t c h e s an unending sea of suburbs enmeshed among ribbons o f f r e e w a y s . What was once green i s now gone before the b u l l d o z e r . The l e s s o n of Los Angeles has been l e a r n e d by P l a n n i n g Commission. I t needs o n l y implementation. the I n the Commission's "Year 2 , 0 0 0 P l a n " , t h e r e i s b e l a t e d r e c o g n i t i o n o f the n e c e s s i t y to s t r u c t u r e Washington's m e t r o p o l i t a n growth by dependence upon r a p i d t r a n s i t l i n e s r a d i a t i n g from the core. Only i n t h i s way, the p l a n f i n d s , can p r e s e r v e d and f o r m l e s s s p r a w l be city "green s p a c e s " be avoided. The c r i t i c a l d e f e c t o f the "Year 2 , 0 0 0 P l a n " , howe v e r , i s t h a t i t would s t a r t 20 y e a r s too l a t e . s t a r t w i t h the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system I t does not t h a t Washington has today. I n s t e a d , i t s t a r t s w i t h what a p r i o r p l a n had v i s u a l i z e d f o r the y e a r 1980, a p l a n t h a t would have perpetuated the Washing- ton s p r a w l of the p a s t 15 y e a r s f o r another 20 i n the f u t u r e , and a p l a n t h a t Congress found unacceptable when, i n i 9 6 0 * . i t �- 46 - e s t a b l i s h e d the N a t i o n a l develop a new Capital Transportation Agency to T r a n s i t Development Program based on t r a n s i t , r a t h e r than f r e e w a y s , rapid as the means f o r s t r u c t u r i n g f u t u r e growth. 8. i t was Community A c c e p t a b i l i t y . encompassed i n the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n The P l a n of 1959, n e v e r adopted by the D i s t r i c t Commissioners. as s t a t e d to Congress by G e n e r a l W e l l i n g was freeway p l a n , as was Their position, i n November, 1959, as f o l l o w s : "Although the s u b j e c t goes beyond the scope of the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s u r v e y , the Board of Commissioners, i n weighing the advantages and d i s a d v a n t a g e s of the p l a n , must c o n s i d e r to what e x t e n t , i f any, the p l a n a s s i s t s i n the s o l u t i o n of one of the most c r i t i c a l problems i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, namely, the c o n d i t i o n s and w e l f a r e of the p o p u l a t i o n l i v i n g i n the d e t e r i o r a t e d s e c t i o n s of the c i t y w i t h t h e i r e v e r - i n c r e a s i n g requirements f o r s e r v i c e s and f o r f a c i l i t i e s o t h e r than t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . That problem i s r e l a t e d to the continuous l o s s by the D i s t r i c t to the suburbs of middle and high-income f a m i l i e s , a s i t u a t i o n which would be i n t e n s i f i e d by the p r o v i s i o n of f r e e w a y s on which people can t r a v e l q u i c k l y , even when t r a f f i c i s the h e a v i e s t . "Within the D i s t r i c t t h e r e have been from some p u b l i c q u a r t e r s marked and v a l i d o b j e c t i o n s to c e r t a i n new highway p r o p o s a l s of the p l a n , and the m a j o r i t y of the Board of Commissioners has s t a t e d o b j e c t i o n s to one such p r o p o s a l . On the o t h e r hand, the p u b l i c may be disposed to w e l come a subway system; so would be the Commissioners . �- 47 - ! ' " I n l i g h t o f a l l the above f a c t o r s , the Board o f Commissioners cannot commit the D i s t r i c t to the t o t a l p l a n . " E l a b o r a t i n g on t h i s t e s t i m o n y , the former E n g i n e e r Commissioner explained, " I f t h i s committee had not been e s t a b l i s h e d , had not h e l d t h e s e h e a r i n g s , I f i r m l y had i n mind t h a t the Commissione r s should have p u b l i c h e a r i n g s r u n n i n g over a p e r i o d of days i n o r d e r to determine what the community wants, [ f o r ] the p l a n must be c o n s i d e r e d , amongst o t h e r t h i n g s , i n terms of community acceptability. " At the same C o n g r e s s i o n a l h e a r i n g s and t h e r e a f t e r , by t e s t i m o n y , r e s o l u t i o n s , l e t t e r s and t e l e g r a m s , the D i s t r i c t r e s i d e n t s have r e a c t e d w i t h a unanimity t h a t has r a r e l y been duplicated — "Subways, y e s ; but f r e e w a y s , no." C o n c l u s i o n s and Recommendations 1. N e i t h e r the ready a v a i l a b i l i t y of D i s t r i c t and F e d e r a l highway funds f o r f r e e w a y s nor l i n e s drawn on a map i n the 1950's should b i n d the Nation's C a p i t a l to a course t h a t i s no l o n g e r j u s t i f i e d . 2. Pending a complete r e - e v a l u a t i o n o f the need f o r and t o t a l impact o f p r e s e n t l y - p l a n n e d f r e e w a y s , a l l f u r t h e r e x p e n d i t u r e s f o r the p l a n n i n g , d e s i g n , a c q u i s i t i o n o f rights- of-way or c o n s t r u c t i o n of new highway f a c i l i t i e s i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia should be stopped, except f o r the completion of �- 48 - f a c i l i t i e s a l r e a d y c l o s e to completion, such a s the Southwest Freeway, the Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e , the K S t r e e t and the 12th S t r e e t M a l l 3. underpass underpass. The N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency, a s r e q u i r e d by S e c t i o n 2 0 4 ( f ) of the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Act of I 9 6 0 , should assume the primary for responsibility t h i s r e - e v a l u a t i o n , working i n c l o s e c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h the Board of D i s t r i c t Commissioners, the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, the Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Area T r a n s i t Commission, and o t h e r Washington a r e a a g e n c i e s and p r i v a t e o r g a n i z a t i o n s . Such r e - e v a l u a t i o n should i n c l u d e , but not be l i m i t e d t o , the problems o u t l i n e d i n t h i s r e p o r t . 4. The N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency, i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h the a r e a ' s o t h e r p l a n n i n g a u t h o r i t i e s , should work toward e a r l y f u l f i l l m e n t of the C o n g r e s s i o n a l mandate to p r o v i d e a new, ing comprehensive T r a n s i t Development Program, g i v - emphasis and p r i o r i t y to r a p i d 5. transit. D i s t r i c t and n e i g h b o r i n g governmental bodies should undertake to g i v e the NCTA t h e i r complete c o o p e r a t i o n i n p e r f e c t i n g and implementing 6. the T r a n s i t Development Program. Immediate s t e p s should be t a k e n to permit the use o f a v a i l a b l e D i s t r i c t and F e d e r a l highway funds f o r any p r o j e c t contemplated by t h e T r a n s i t Development Program, w i t h - out a r t i f i c i a l l i m i t a t i o n to roads to the e x c l u s i o n of r a p i d transit. �- 49 7. - Immediate s t e p s should be taken by the Maryland and V i r g i n i a governments, i n c o o p e r a t i o n District, w i t h the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency and the Bureau of Publ i c Roads, to t e r m i n a t e i n t e r s t a t e Routes 6 6 , the C a p i t a l B e l t w a y , 70-S and 95 a t pending completion and C o n g r e s s i o n a l p r o v a l of the T r a n s i t Development Program. ap- Maximum e f f o r t should be d i r e c t e d to an e a r l y completion of the C a p i t a l B e l t way, p e r m i t t i n g i n t e r s t a t e t r a f f i c to bypass the urban a r e a . 8. Immediate s t e p s should be taken by the respon- s i b l e a r e a government a g e n c i e s , i n c l u d i n g the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency and the Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Area T r a n s i t Commission, to improve the speed, convenience and a t t r a c t i v e n e s s of e x i s t i n g mass t r a n s i t f a c i l i t i e s and to discourage commuting by p r i v a t e automobile by such means as r e s e r v e d l a n e s f o r bus bus s e r v i c e , improved r u s h hour e x p r e s s s e r v i c e to suburban a r e a s , new on e x i s t i n g r a i l r o a d r o u t e s , and, commuter passenger s e r v i c e i f necessary, special tolls or t a x e s f o r rush-hour commuting by p r i v a t e automobile or a l l day p a r k i n g i n employment a r e a s . 9. C i v i c p l a n n i n g groups, i n c l u d i n g but not l i m i t e d to the F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l , the Committee of 100 on the F e d e r a l C i t y , the Washington Housing A s s o c i a t i o n , and the v a r i ous c i v i c and c i t i z e n s a s s o c i a t i o n s and l e n d t h e i r f u l l counsel and federations, should support to the achievement of the �- 90 - g o a l s o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n A c t o f i 9 6 0 and the T r a n s i t Development Program o f the NCTA developed t h e r e under. NORTHWEST COMMITTEE FOR TRANSPORTATION PLANNING By Study Group on I n n e r Loop P e t e r S. C r a i g , chairman Sydney M. Cone, m , member Mrs. Edward C. Mazique, member George J . S i e f e r t , member October 2 7 , 1 9 6 1 �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Inner Loop and the National Capital : crisis in transportation planning : is yesterday's "solution" tomorrow's mistake? : (a report of the Northwest Committee for Transportation Planning) Subject The topic of the resource Inner Loop Freeway Center Leg Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Northwest Committee for Transportation Planning Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Archival Box 4 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 27, 1961 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic. Office of Planning and Programming Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/a1ab38a242a5d2936f2f7573458bf3a0.pdf?Expires=1779321600&Signature=EtOph1itay6To4hGW9giThwLyuvB4VR7n3HHGXiWVxnKU8h5wN8a7br8PgJmiVhiCOi5v048i5rgXIe2imEeDJ32ikqes1IIQLeb9fwr6acmrZJrjZ7ms2QvD4PGFz21mlwfutsvyLNZ15Xj1GFOMr9g9PdmxTuaSF-cIz7FvC4GODpdjDsNyO%7ESUoz0M4OLSxwdD2PgNsZpDsb8vSshuD1LAi-tt1CTYhvyCjAAvPqfvcAHWKGJQdhPlHAz7bETHLRnZlQMDA1J7J6CGUfRCqRBZiZVTSvBaGZMeVdy0TZznP9UumliE5F4P70VGBxc0i5WXYRJjhnCm7V7s%7E-ZGg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM aa0fe4325100976a4dfe91e8636da0d6 PDF Text Text JUSTIFICATION OF CENTER LEG As P a r t Of D I S T R I C T OF COLUMBIA INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS AND TRAFFIC PREPARED BY OFFICE OF PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS AND TRAFFIC DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA A p r i l 28, 1961 �GOVERNMENT OF DEPARTMENT THE DISTRICT OF HIGHWAYS OF COLUMBIA AND T R A F F I C W A S H I N G T O N 4 . D. C . ADDRESS DIRECTOR OF REPLY HIGHWAYS TO AND TRAFFIC A p r i l 28, 1961 Mr. John A. Hanson D i v i s i o n Engineer Bureau of P u b l i c Roads, Region Two Department of Commerce Room 1032, Pennsylvania B u i l d i n g 425 T h i r t e e n t h S t r e e t , N.W. Washington 4, D.C. Dear Mr. Hanson: Transmitted herewith i s a report i n answer to your l e t t e r of March 9, 1961 i n which you include the Bureau of P u b l i c Roads' determination removing the Center Leg from the D i s t r i c t of Columbia I n t e r s t a t e System. The D i s t r i c t of Columbia Department of Highways and T r a f f i c o b j e c t s to t h i s determination and, i n t h i s r e p o r t , o f f e r s j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r the r e t e n t i o n of the Center Leg as an e s s e n t i a l p a r t of our I n t e r s t a t e System, We f e e l t h a t t h i s document warrants your c a r e f u l consideration. S i n c e r e l y yours, H. L . AITKEN, D i r e c t o r Department of Highways and T r a f f i c , D.C. Attachment �TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. Purpose „ ... General I n t r o d u c t i o n 1 2 H i s t o r y of D i s t r i c t of Columbia I n t e r s t a t e System 5 Comparisons W i t h Other C i t i e s 10 M i l e a g e Comparisons 11 Map Comparisons 15 C o s t Comparisons 27 Summary 29 Appendix A 32 �PURPOSE T h i s document i s i n response to t h e l e t t e r o f March 9, 1961 from Mr. J„ A. Hanson, D i v i s i o n E n g i n e e r , Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads to Mr, H. L . A i t k e n , D i r e c t o r , Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c , D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. A copy o f t h i s l e t t e r i s a t t a c h e d a s Appendix A. The Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c o b j e c t s to d e t e r m i n a t i o n ( 3 ) o f this letter: " ( 3 ) The s o - c a l l e d " c e n t e r l e g " o f t h e i n n e r l o o p , along t h e g e n e r a l l i n e o f 3 r d S t r e e t , West, i s not a p a r t o f t h e I n t e r s t a t e System." I t i s t h e Department's c o n t e n t i o n t h a t t h e Center L e g i s an e s s e n t i a l l i n k o f t h e I n t e r s t a t e System and w i l l h e r e i n o f f e r j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r i t s retention. Much o f t h i s d a t a h a s been p r e s e n t e d i n p r e v i o u s submissions but w i l l be i n c l u d e d a s p a r t o f t h i s p r e s e n t a t i o n t o p r o v i d e complete documentation. �GENERAL INTRODUCTION The b a s i s f o r s e l e c t i o n o f I n t e r s t a t e r o u t e s was testimony " C r i t e r i a c o n t a i n e d i n the f o r S e l e c t i o n of I n t e r s t a t e Routes," submitted to the Subcommittee on Roads o f the Committee of P u b l i c Works of the S e n a t e on A p r i l 15, 1955 P u b l i c Roads„ urban a r e a s was by C. D. U.S. C u r t i s , then Commissioner, Bureau of When the 2300 m i l e s o f I n t e r s t a t e System i n and around a l l o c a t e d under the above c r i t e r i a , the C e n t e r L e g the I n n e r Loop was approved as an i n t e g r a l p a r t of the D i s t r i c t of of Columbia I n t e r s t a t e System. The f o l l o w i n g s e l e c t e d s e c t i o n s of the above c r i t e r i a a r e hereby quoted to show the i n i t i a l b a s i s f o r i n c l u s i o n of the C e n t e r L e g on the I n t e r s t a t e System. "The s e l e c t i o n of r o u t e s f o r i n c l u s i o n i n the i n t e r s t a t e system w i t h i n and i n the v i c i n i t y of c i t i e s i s to a cons i d e r a b l e e x t e n t a m a t t e r r e q u i r i n g l o c a l study and d e t e r m i n a t i o n . S t u d i e s a r e made c o o p e r a t i v e l y by the S t a t e Highway department and a p p r o p r i a t e l o c a l p l a n n i n g and highway a u t h o r i t i e s and o f f i c i a l s , u t i l i z i n g compreh e n s i v e s u r v e y s of the o r i g i n and d e s t i n a t i o n of t r a f f i c to the maximum e x t e n t f e a s i b l e . " Of the seven c r i t e r i a l i s t e d t h e r e i n the f o l l o w i n g have s p e c i a l a p p l i c a t i o n to the C e n t e r "1. Leg. C o n n e c t i o n w i t h c i t y approach routes F o r the s e r v i c e o f i n t e r s t a t e system t r a f f i c and o t h e r t r a f f i c bound i n and out of the c i t y to and from e x t e r i o r p o i n t s , the r o u t e s s e l e c t e d should p r o v i d e f o r c o n v e n i e n t c o l l e c t i o n and d e l i v e r y . Although the i n t e r s t a t e r o u t e s must b e a r a proper r e l a t i o n i n l o c a t i o n and c h a r a c t e r to o t h e r p a r t s of the s t r e e t s y s t e m , they w i l l be the r o u t e s of p r i n c i p a l s e r v i c e to the i n t e r s t a t e system t r a f f i c . " The C e n t e r L e g p r o v i d e s c o n n e c t i o n to p r i n c i p a l a r t e r i e s s e r v i n g Central Business D i s t r i c t to and the f o r c o n v e n i e n t c o l l e c t i o n and d e l i v e r y of t r a f f i c from e x t e r i o r p o i n t s . 2 �"2. Penetration of c i t y At t h e approaches to c i t i e s and p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e l a r g e r c i t i e s , a v e r y l a r g e p a r t o f t h e t r a f f i c on t h e I n t e r s t a t e system o r i g i n a t e s o r i s d e s t i n e d t o t h e c i t y i t s e l f . D i s t r i b u t i n g r o u t e s w i t h i n c i t i e s should be p r o v i d e d i n a d d i t i o n to c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l r o u t e s which s e r v e to bypass the t r a f f i c t h a t i s not d e s t i n e d f o r t h e c i t y . " The C e n t e r L e g i s r e q u i r e d f o r e f f i c i e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n of a large s h a r e o f t r a f f i c , i n t e r s t a t e i n n a t u r e , t h a t o r i g i n a t e s o r i s d e s t i n e d to the D i s t r i c t "5. o f Columbia. R e l a t i o n to t r a f f i c - g e n e r a t i n g f o c a l p o i n t s and t r a n s p o r t a tion terminals R a i l w a y t e r m i n a l s , both passenger and f r e i g h t , wharves and d o c k s , and a i r p o r t s generate l a r g e volumes o f s t r e e t and highway t r a f f i c a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e e s s e n t i a l i n t e r c h a n g e s between t h e s e v e r a l modes o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . The l o c a t i o n o f t h e i n t e r s t a t e system r o u t e s a t c i t i e s should be so placed as to give convenient express s e r v i c e to these v a r i o u s major t r a f f i c - g e n e r a t i n g l o c a t i o n s w i t h i n and i n t h e v i c i n i t y of c i t i e s and a l s o t o t h e b u s i n e s s c e n t e r o f t h e c i t y and main i n d u s t r i a l a r e a s . The l o c a t i o n o f t h e I n t e r s t a t e system s h o u l d p e r m i t and encourage a d e s i r a b l e c o o r d i n a t i o n o f h i g h way t r a n s p o r t a t i o n w i t h r a i l , w a t e r and a i r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . " The C e n t e r L e g w i l l p r o v i d e c o n v e n i e n t a c c e s s t o Union S t a t i o n , t h e m a j o r passenger and f r e i g h t r a i l w a y t e r m i n a l i n t h e D i s t r i c t . I n addition, the C e n t e r L e g i s f a v o r a b l e l o c a t e d w i t h r e s p e c t to the. C e n t r a l B u s i n e s s Dis- t r i c t , t h e F e d e r a l T r i a n g l e , t h e U.S. C a p i t o l , t h e M u n i c i p a l Government C e n t e r and t h e N o r t h e a s t # 1 Urban Renewal A r e a - an e n t i r e l y new i n d u s t r i a l renewal a r e a o f o v e r 80 a c r e s . A l l o f t h e s e l a n d u s e s a r e major t r a f f i c g e n e r a t o r s r e q u i r i n g s a f e and c o n v e n i e n t a c c e s s . The r e l a t i o n o f t h e C e n t e r L e g to t h e s e l a n d u s e s i s shown on F i g u r e 1 . "6. R e l a t i o n t o urban p l a n n i n g I n t e r s t a t e , system r o u t e s w i l l p r o v i d e f o r o n l y a s m a l l p o r t i o n o f t h e movement o f t r a f f i c i n most c i t i e s . The r o u t e s should be l o c a t e d and designed t o be an i n t e g r a l p a r t o f t h e e n t i r e urban transportation plan." P r o p o s a l s f o r t h e e n t i r e I n t e r s t a t e System o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i n 3. �MAJOR TRAFFIC GENERATORS CENTER LEG FIGURE 1. �e l u d i n g the C e n t e r L e g have been and a r e being c o o r d i n a t e d w i t h a l l l o c a l p l a n n i n g a g e n c i e s concerned w i t h the urban t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n , namely the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency, and the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Downtown Committee I n c . "7. Civil defense The i n t e r s t a t e system r o u t e s to be p r o v i d e d i n and n e a r any c i t y should be c a r e f u l l y s t u d i e d and i n t e g r a t e d w i t h the planning f o r c i v i l i a n defense." The C e n t e r L e g has s p e c i a l impact r e l a t i v e to C i v i l Defense due to i t s p o t e n t i a l use as an e v a c u a t i o n r o u t e s e r v i n g the U.S. C a p i t o l and the Senate and House O f f i c e B u i l d i n g s . From the f o r e g o i n g , i t can be seen t h a t the C e n t e r L e g s a t i s f i e s the c r i t e r i a f o r s e l e c t i o n o f the i n t e r s t a t e system. approved on the b a s i s o f t h i s c r i t e r i a . The C e n t e r L e g was The r e q u e s t e d and approved initially changes fo o t h e r s e c t i o n s o f the D i s t r i c t of Columbia I n t e r s t a t e System, have l i t t l e no e f f e c t on the need f o r the C e n t e r L e g i n s a t i s f y i n g t h i s criteria. or �HISTORY OF DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA INTERSTATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM The I n t e r s t a t e Highway system f o r the D i s t r i c t of Columbia was oped i n accordance w i t h c r i t e r i a e s t a b l i s h e d f o r t h i s system. l o c a t i o n of the r o u t e s M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a was ber 15, 1955, National devel- The general i n t o , through and around the Washington,D.C .-Md.-Va. approved by the Commissioner of P u b l i c Roads, Septem- T h i s system appears i n the p u b l i c a t i o n " G e n e r a l L o c a t i o n System of I n t e r s t a t e Highway" by U.S. of Department of Commerce, B u r e a u o f P u b l i c Roads. However, up to October, 1959 the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and the S t a t e o f M a r y l a n d had not o f f i c i a l l y agreed on c o o r d i n a t e d l o c a t i o n s f o r I n t e r s t a t e Routes 70S transmitted and 95. By l e t t e r of October 28, 1959 to the Bureau of P u b l i c Roads a map the D i s t r i c t of Columbia i n d i c a t i n g the t e n t a t i v e l o c a t i o n o f the I n t e r s t a t e System from the s o u t h e a s t e r l y s i d e of the Ana- c o s t i a R i v e r n o r t h e a s t w a r d toward the K e n i l w o r t h Avenue i n t e r c h a n g e and an a l t e r n a t e l o c a t i o n f o r the I n t e r s t a t e System from the same p o i n t of b e g i n n i n g n o r t h w a r d , e s s e n t i a l l y v i a 11th S t r e e t to F l o r i d a Avenue thence v i a a c o r r i dor to a p o i n t Road and i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia - Maryland l i n e between S a r g e n t 24th S t r e e t N o r t h e a s t . a r e known as the E a s t L e g and T h i s a l t e r n a t e r o u t e would comprise what the N o r t h e a s t E x p r e s s w a y . Informal discussions h e l d w i t h o f f i c i a l s o f the Maryland S t a t e Roads Commission i n d i c a t e d t h a t agreement c o u l d be r e a c h e d f o r a l o c a t i o n w i t h i n t h i s a l t e r n a t e c o r r i d o r . was It r e q u e s t e d t h a t the Bureau of P u b l i c Roads a d v i s e as a m a t t e r o f p o l i c y i t s position with reference to a p r o p o s a l , i f o f f i c i a l l y s u b m i t t e d , f o r such a s h i f t i n the I n t e r s t a t e System. I n a l e t t e r of J a n u a r y 27, 1960 on the Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads s t a t e d t h a t �"We a r e a g r e e a b l e to y o u r suggested p l a n o f removing from t h e I n t e r s t a t e System t h a t p o r t i o n o f p r e s e n t l y approved I n t e r s t a t e Route 295 ( A n a c o s t i a Freeway) from t h e A n a c o s t i a B r i d g e i n t e r c h a n g e ( 1 1 t h S t r e e t ) to t h e Maryland S t a t e l i n e and to r e l o c a t e i t along 11th S t r e e t e a s t . " The Bureau f u r t h e r s t a t e d that: "We a r e a l s o a g r e e a b l e to t h e removal from t h e I n t e r s t a t e System o f t h a t p o r t i o n o f I n t e r s t a t e Route 95 (New Y o r k Avenue C o r r i dor ) to t h e e a s t o f 1 1 t h S t r e e t a s p a r t o f t h e suggested p l a n * From t h e n o r t h l e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop, I n t e r s t a t e Route 95 would g e n e r a l l y f o l l o w a l o n g one o f the s e v e r a l r o u t e s ( N o r t h e a s t F r e e w a y ) now b e i n g s t u d i e d to t h e Maryland S t a t e l i n e , " On A p r i l 25, 1960 t h e Department o f Highways t r a n s m i t t e d to t h e Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads f o r formal a p p r o v a l , a r e v i s e d d e s c r i p t i o n and g e n e r a l l o c a t i o n o f t h e I n t e r s t a t e System i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. T h i s requested system d i f f e r e d from t h e p r e v i o u s l y approved system i n o n l y t h r e e r e s p e c t s : ( 1 ) I n t e r s t a t e Route 295 change a s i n d i c a t e d above. ( 2 ) I n t e r s t a t e Route 95 P r e v i o u s l y Approved Route - T h a t p o r t i o n from a p o i n t on North L e g o f I n n e r Loop i n v i c i n i t y o f i n t e r s e c t i o n o f F l o r i d a and New Y o r k Avenues n o r t h e a s t , thence n o r t h e a s t e r l y a l o n g New Y o r k Avenue C o r r i dor to t h e Maryland S t a t e L i n e . Requested Route - B e g i n n i n g a t same p o i n t a s above, thence a l o n g t h e North L e g , p a r a l l e l i n g F l o r i d a Avenue and 1 1 t h S t r e e t , N o r t h e a s t , thence n o r t h e r l y to a c o n t r o l a r e a on t h e D.C»-Maryland l i n e between S a r g e n t Road and 24th S t r e e t N o r t h e a s t . ( 3 ) I n t e r s t a t e Route 266 An a d d i t i o n a l r o u t e to p r o v i d e f o r I n t e r s t a t e commercial t r a f f i c which i s p r o h i b i t e d from Route 66, Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e , by l e t t e r o f the P r e s i d e n t o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i n a p p r o v i n g t h e Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e l e g i s l a t i o n (Route 266 h a s been p l a c e d upon t h e Approved 6. System �as o f l e t t e r o f March 20, 1961 from Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads.) By l e t t e r o f J u n e 1 0 , 1960, Mr. J o h n Hanson, D i s t r i c t E n g i n e e r , Bureau of P u b l i c Roads, s t a t e d t h a t t h e A p r i l 25 r e q u e s t was r e v i e w e d by t h e Washi n g t o n O f f i c e and t h a t he h a s been a d v i s e d t h a t b e f o r e formal be t a k e n on any r o u t e d e s c r i p t i o n a p p r o v a l s , a c t i o n would t h e m a t t e r o f d e l e t i o n from the I n t e r s t a t e System o f t h e C e n t e r L e g o f the I n n e r Loop must be g i v e n ther consideration. fur- I t was s t a t e d t h a t : "Such d e l e t i o n f i t s l o g i c a l l y i n t o y o u r o v e r a l l p l a n t o s u b s t i t u t e a r o u t i n g along t h e proposed e a s t l e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop i n p l a c e o f t h a t p o r t i o n o f t h e A n a c o s t i a Freeway ( I n t e r s t a t e Route 295) and New Y o r k Avenue ( I n t e r s t a t e Route 9 5 ) , e x t e n d i n g n o r t h e a s t e r l y from t h e e a s t l e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop." Such d e l e t i o n was b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d , a c c o r d i n g t o the Bureau l e t t e r f o r the f o l l o w i n g reasons: 1 . . . . . " v i e w p o i n t o f r e a s o n a b l e I n t e r s t a t e System development" 2 " a m a t t e r »f e q u i t a b l e compromise inasmuch a s t h e new I n t e r s t a t e r o u t e on t h e 1 1 t h S t r e e t l e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop would i n v o l v e c o s t l y c o n s t r u c t i o n and t h e new r o u t i n g v i a T h r e e S i s t e r s I s l a n d , a s r e q u e s t e d i n l i e u o f Key B r i d g e , would a l s o i n v o l v e s u b s t a n t i a l a d d i t i o n a l I n t e r s t a t e f u n d s . " 3 " t h e Highway A c t s ' mandate t o apply s t a n d a r d s u n i f o r m l y among t h e S t a t e s would r e q u i r e t h e 4 t h S t r e e t l i n e ( C e n t e r L e g ) to be d e l e t e d i f t h e 1 1 t h S t r e e t l i n e i s approved a s t h e r e i s no o t h e r c i t y w i t h an a d d i t i o n a l r o u t e a c r o s s an inner b e l t . " The D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c by l e t t e r o f J u n e 2 1 , 1960 t h a t " T h i s Department answered i s inalterably opposed to d e l e t i n g t h e c e n t e r l e g from t h e I n t e r s t a t e System." T h i s l e t t e r l i s t e d i n g r e a t d e t a i l t h e events l e a d i n g up to t h e A p r i l 25, 1960 s u b m i s s i o n o f t h e r e v i s e d d e s c r i p t i o n and enumerated t h e f o l l o w i n g major p o i n t s : 1. The p o s s i b i l i t y o f t h e d e l e t i o n o f C e n t e r L e g came a s a s u r p r i s e 7. �as t h e r e has been v e r y c l o s e c o o p e r a t i o n between the Department and both the D i s t r i c t and R e g i o n a l O f f i c e s o f the Bureau i n the development o f the I n t e r s t a t e r o u t e s and t h i s q u e s t i o n had never been r a i s e d p r e v i o u s l y . 2. D e l e t i o n o f t h e C e n t e r L e g from the I n t e r s t a t e System does not f i t i n t o an o v e r a l l p l a n o f s u b s t i t u t i n g a r o u t e a l o n g the E a s t L e g i n p l a c e o f the A n a c o s t i a Freeway and New Y o r k Avenue and i s not a p p r o p r i a t e from the v i e w p o i n t o f r e a s o n a b l e I n t e r s t a t e development. 3. The Bureau's statement to the e f f e c t t h a t the Highway A c t ' s mandate to apply s t a n d a r d s u n i f o r f c l y among the S t a t e s would r e q u i r e the d e l e t i o n o f the C e n t e r L e g from the system "as t h e r e i s no o t h e r c i t y w i t h an a d d i t i o n a l r o u t e a c r o s s an i n n e r b e l t " i s not borne out by the approved r o u t e s i n urban a r e a s . s t a t e systems Inter- i n s e v e r a l c i t i e s a r e much more c o m p l i c a t e d and ex- t e n s i v e than t h a t i n the Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a . These p o i n t s w i l l be developed more f u l l y i n t h i s p r e s e n t a t i o n . On J u l y 6, 1960 the Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads r e p l i e d , e n c l o s i n g a l e t t e r from the Commissioner o f P u b l i c Roads w h i c h d e s i g n a t e d the I n t e r s t a t e System, i n accordance w i t h the g e n e r a l l o c a t i o n shown on map dated May 25, 1960 pre- pared by t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, to be used as the b a s i s f o r p r e p a r a t i o n o f the 1 0 4 ( b ) 5 e s t i m a t e . 1-95. T h i s system i n c l u d e d the c e n t e r l e g as a p o r t i o n o f This l e t t e r further stated that: "The l e t t e r i s i s s u e d w i t h the u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t changes w i l l be made l a t e r , based upon the r e s u l t s o f the c o n s u l t a n t ' s s t u d y o f I n t e r s t a t e r o u t i n g s from M a r y l a n d , i n t o the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia." "The s t u d y to be undertaken should not o n l y c o v e r p o s s i b l e separ a t e c o r r i d o r s o f Routes 70S and 95 i n t o Washington, but should �a l s o c o n s i d e r the p o s s i b i l i t y o f combining t h e s e two r o u t e s from the o u t e r b e l t to the i n n e r b e l t i n t o a s i n g l e c e n t r a l l y l o c a t e d p e n e t r a t i n g r o u t e . The study should a l s o c o n s i d e r whether the c e n t r a l l e g o f the i n n e r b e l t i s j u s t i f i e d and should go i n t o the q u e s t i o n o f j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r a b r i d g e v i a T h r e e S i s t e r s I s l a n d s i n p l a c e o f Key B r i d g e . " Two o f the t h r e e items proposed above to have been i n c l u d e d i n the above-mentioned study have been r e s o l v e d as f o l l o w s : 1. P o s s i b i l i t y o f combining Routes 70S and 95 i n t o a s i n g l e penet r a t i n g route. The Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads' l e t t e r o f March 9, 1961 extends an i n t e r s t a t e r o u t e northward from the 1 1 t h S t r e e t c o r r i d o r and F l o r i d a Avenue to an a p p r o p r i a t e c o n n e c t i o n w i t h Maryland I n t e r s t a t e Route 95. T h i s determination i s interpreted to e l i m i n a t e the p o s s i b i l i t y of combining Routes 70S and 95 i n t o a single penetrating route. 2. J u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r a b r i d g e v i a Three S i s t e r s I s l a n d s i n p l a c e o f Key B r i d g e - The Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads i n a l e t t e r o f March 20, 1961 a d v i s e d t h a t Commissioner Armstrong's l e t t e r o f June 20, 1960, w h i c h d e s i g n a t e d Route 266, c o n s t i t u t e d a p p r o v a l o f Route 266 to the I n t e r s t a t e System, and a l s o a d v i s e d the Department to proceed with studies of a l t e r n a t e locations f o r t h i s route. I t has been been i n t e r p r e t e d t h a t t h e s e two d e t e r m i n a t i o n s thereby d i v o r c e t h e s e items from the c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e C e n t e r L e g as p a r t o f the I n t e r s t a t e System, although a l l t h r e e items were l i n k e d t o g e t h e r initially. I t i s the Department's c o n t e n t i o n t h a t the d e l e t i o n o f the C e n t e r L e g from the I n t e r s t a t e System was an a r b i t r a r y d e c i s i o n , made w i t h o u t d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s o f the c u r r e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f the C e n t e r L e g to the i n t e r s t a t e c r i t e r i a as compared to the o r i g i n a l compliance w i t h c r i t e r i a and subsequent approval. �COMPARISONS WITH OTHER C I T I E S The Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads, i n t h e i r statements p r i o r t o t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n d e l e t i n g t h e C e n t e r L e g from t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia I n t e r s t a t e System, i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h i s system was more e x t e n s i v e t h a n o t h e r I n o r d e r t o t e s t t h i s a comparison was made w i t h e l e v e n cities. representative c i t i e s , both l a r g e r and s m a l l e r than t h e D i s t r i c t , a c r o s s t h e N a t i o n . The b a s i s f o r s e l e c t i o n o f m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s f o r t h i s comparison was h a v i n g I n t e r s t a t e systems s i m i l a r i n some r e s p e c t t o the D i s t r i c t ' s . The s i z e ranged from Columbus, Ohio t o L o s A n g e l e s w i t h the D i s t r i c t o f Columb i a a t the median. Several areas w i t h population t r i c t were i n c l u d e d . c l o s e t o t h a t o f the D i s - n T h i s e x a m i n a t i o n was made f o r both urban a r e a s and c e n t e r c i t i e s and i n c l u d e s m i l e a g e and map comparisons. Cost estimates f o r c i t i e s were n o t a v a i l a b l e so o n l y some g e n e r a l i z e d s t a t e m e n t s c o n c e r n i n g c o s t a r e i n c l u d e d in this report. As t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s f o r a l l p r a c t i c a l purposes 100 p e r c e n t d e v e l o p e d , t h e D i s t r i c t ' s p o r t i o n o f t h i s system i s t h a t o f a c e n t r a l c i t y a r e a , and a s such i s b e s t compared t o o n l y t h a t p o r t i o n w i t h i n t h e c o r p o r ate l i m i t s of s i m i l a r center c i t i e s . includes the area w i t h i n the corporate the m e t r o p o l i t a n The term c e n t e r c i t y a s used h e r e i n l i m i t s of the c i t y a t the center of area. I n a d d i t i o n the Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a System, i n c l u d i n g Mary- l a n d and V i r g i n i a p o r t i o n s , i s compared t o o t h e r m e t r o p o l i t a n area inter- s t a t e systems. I n t h e f o l l o w i n g d i s c u s s i o n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia I n t e r s t a t e System i s t a k e n t o be t h a t d e s i g n a t e d f o r the 104(b)5 10." s t u d y and i n c l u d e s t h e C e n t e r �Leg. T h i s system i s shown a s F i g u r e 2 on t h e f o l l o w i n g page. The Center t L e g i s i n c l u d e d i n t h i s a n a l y s i s i n o r d e r t o compare t h i s urban system t o o t h e r systems t o j u s t i f y t h e r e t e n t i o n o f t h e C e n t e r L e g a s p a r t o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia I n t e r s t a t e System. MILEAGE COMPARISON T o t a l m i l e a g e o f i n t e r s t a t e systems i n urban a r e a s by i t s e l f i s n o t a t r u e measure due t o d i f f e r e n c e s i n p o p u l a t i o n , a r e a and d e n s i t i e s . T h e r e f o r e , f o r t h i s comparison r a t i o s were developed f o r each c i t y and urban a r e a . T h e s e r a t i o s a r e i n terms o f i n t e r s t a t e m i l e a g e p e r 100,000 p o p u l a t i o n and m i l e a g e p e r square m i l e . The i n t e r s t a t e m i l e a g e f o r each c i t y and i t s urban a r e a was measured on p r i n t s o f t h e l a t e s t urban a r e a maps on f i l e a t t h e Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads. CENTER C I T Y The I n t e r s t a t e m i l e a g e - p o p u l a t i o n r a t i o , T a b l e I , w i t h i n t h e c e n t e r c i t y c o r p o r a t e l i m i t s ranged from a low o f 1.5 m i l e s p e r 100,000 p o p u l a t i o n , f o r P h i l a d e l p h i a t o a h i g h o f 11.7 f o r A t l a n t a . The D i s t r i c t o f Columbia r a t i o , 3.7 m i l e s p e r 100,000 p o p u l a t i o n , ranked s i x t h o f t h e t w e l v e . Of t h e f o u r c i t i e s n e a r e s t i n p o p u l a t i o n t o t h a t o f t h e D i s t r i c t , two had l e s s m i l e age p e r 100,000; S t . L o u i s 2.8 and B o s t o n 3.4, and two had more; M i n n e a p o l i s S t . P a u l 4.4 and C l e v e l a n d 4.9. The I n t e r s t a t e m i l e a g e - l a n d a r e a r a t i o , T a b l e I , w i t h i n t h e c e n t e r c i t y c o r p o r a t e l i m i t s ranged from a l o w o f 0.22 m i l e s p e r square m i l e , Kansas C i t y , to a h i g h o f 0.57, C l e v e l a n d . of the twelve. T h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia r a t i o , 0.46 ranked tenth Of t h e f o u r c i t i e s n e a r e s t i n p o p u l a t i o n t o t h e D i s t r i c t , two had a lower r a t i o t h a n d i d t h e D i s t r i c t ; M i n n e a p o l i s - S t . P a u l 11. 0.33 and S t . L o u i s �WASHINGTON DESIGNATED SECTION URBAN INTERSTATE 104(b)(5) FIGURE 2 AREA SYSTEM ESTIMATE �0.34, and two had a h i g h e r r a t i o ; Boston 0.50 and C l e v e l a n d 0.57. T h i s comparison shows t h a t t h e I n t e r s t a t e Columbia, i n terms o f mileage System f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f i s n o t more e x t e n s i v e than o t h e r c i t i e s but r a t h e r r e p r e s e n t s average c o n d i t i o n s . METROPOLITAN AREA A s i m i l a r comparison o f I n t e r s t a t e shown i n T a b l e mileage f o r metropolitan areas i s II. The I n t e r s t a t e mileage - p o p u l a t i o n r a t i o s ranged from a low 3.1 m i l e s per 100,000 p o p u l a t i o n , P h i l a d e l p h i a t o a h i g h o f 11.9 f o r A t l a n t a . Washington D . C . - M a r y l a n d - V i r g i n i a the t w e l v e a r e a s . The A r e a r a t i o , 5.5, ranked f i f t h l o w e s t o f Of t h e f o u r a r e a s n e a r e s t i n p o p u l a t i o n to t h e Washington A r e a one had a lower r a t i o than d i d t h e Washington a r e a ; C l e v e l a n d 4.7, and t h r e e a h i g h e r r a t i o ; S t . L o u i s 6.7, M i n n e a p o l i s - S t . P a u l 7.5, and Boston 7.7. The I n t e r s t a t e mileage - land area r a t i o s f o r the metropolitan areas ranged from a low o f 0.037 m i l e s p e r square m i l e , P h i l a d e l p h i a , t o a h i g h o f 0.258, Boston. ( T h e Boston r a t i o i s somewhat d i s t o r t e d as t h e o u t e r b e l t en- compasses c o n s i d e r a b l y more a r e a than i s c o n t a i n e d i n t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a . ) The Washington a r e a r a t i o , 0.074 m i l e s p e r square m i l e , ranked s i x t h o f t h e twelve areas. Of t h e f o u r a r e a s n e a r e s t i n p o p u l a t i o n , two ranked lower i n m i l e a g e - a r e a r a t i o s ; S t . L o u i s 0.054 and M i n n e a p o l i s - S t . P a u l 0.065; and two ranked h i g h e r ; C l e v e l a n d 0.124 and B o s t o n 0.258. 12. �TABLE I Center C i t y Corporate L i m i t s 1960 Population 1,000s Land A r e a ( l ) Interstate System Mileage. (2) I n t e r s t a t e Mi.Population Ratio I n t e r s t a t e Mi.Land A r e a Ratio Sq. M i . Mile Mi/100,000 Pop. Mi/Sq. M i . Los Angeles 2,479 451 115 4.6 0.26 Philadelphia 2,003 127 30 1.5 0.24 Detroit 1,670 140 48 2.9 0.34 Cleveland 876 75 43 4.9 0.57 Minneapolis-St. Paul 796 106 35 4.4 0o33 Washington 764 61 28 3.7 0.46 St. 750 61 21 2.8 0.34 Boston 697 48 24 3.4 0.50 Cineinnati 502 75 22 4.4 0.29 Atlanta 487 130 57 11.7 0.44 Kansas C i t y 476 81 18 3.8 0,22 Columbus 471 39 16 3.4 0.34 Louis (1) As r e p o r t e d i n 1950 Census. A t l a n t a i s t h e o n l y c i t y i n t h i s group t h a t h a s annexed s u b s t a n t i a l a r e a s i n c e 1950. Land A r e a f o r A t l a n t a was approximated f o r t h i s t a b u l a t i o n . (2) I n t e r s t a t e System M i l e a g e w i t h i n t h e l i m i t s o f t h e c e n t e r c i t y was measured from l a t e s t a v a i l a b l e BPR maps showing g e n e r a l l o c a t i o n o f N a t i o n a l System o f I n t e r s t a t e Highway - Urban A r e a s . �TABLE I I M e t r o p o l i t a n Areas 1960 Population S.M.S.A.(l) Land Area S.M.A.(2) 1,000s Interstate System Mileage(3) I n t e r s t a t e Mi. Population Ratio I n t e r s t a t e Mi.Land Area Ratio Mile Mi./100,000 Pop. Mi/Sq.Mi. Sq. M i l e L o s Angeles 6,743 4,853 264 3.9 0.054 Philadelphia 4,343 3,550 133 3.1 0.037 Detroit 3,762 1,965 165 4.4 0.084 Boston 2,589 770 199 7.7 0.258 St. Louis 2,060 2,520 137 6.7 0.054 Washington 2,002 1,488 110 5.5 0.074 Cleveland 1,797 688 85 4.7 0.124 1,482 1,721 111 7.5 0.065 730 75 7.0 0.102 Minneapolis - S t .Paul Cineinnati 1,071 Kansas C i t y 1,039 1,643 88 8.5 0.054 Atlanta 1,017 1,138 121 11.9 0.106 683 538 74 10.8 0.138 Columbus ( 1 ) S.M.S.A. - S t a n d a r d M e t r o p o l i t a n S t a t i s t i c a l Area ( 2 ) S.M.A. - S t a n d a r d M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a as r e p o r t e d i n 1950 Census. G e n e r a l l y s i m i l a r 1960 S.M.S.A. ( 3 ) I n t e r s t a t e M i l e a g e f o r m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a was measured from l a t e s t a v a i l a b l e B.P.R. maps showing g e n e r a l l o c a t i o n o f N a t i o n a l System o f I n t e r s t a t e Highways - Urban A r e a s . M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a system was t a k e n a s a l l r o u t e s w i t h i n and i n c l u d i n g t h e o u t e r b e l t . Where no c l e a r l y d e f i n e d o u t e r b e l t e x i s t e d , m i l e a g e i n c l u d e s r a d i a l s and by-pass r o u t e s extended o u t t o a p o i n t where an o u t e r b e l t might have been l o c a t e d . �MAP COMPARISON The f o l l o w i n g s e r i e s of maps shows the I n t e r s t a t e system for the Washington,D.C.-Maryland-Virginia for the other urban a r e a s . Urban Area i n r e l a t i o n to the systems F o r each urban a r e a , the Washington a r e a system i s shown, i n a red o v e r l a y , a t the same s c a l e . The D i s t r i c t of Columbia I n t e r s t a t e System used f o r t h i s compari- son i s the 104(b)5 system and includes the Center L e g as s t a t e d p r e v i o u s ly, The purpose i n i n c l u d i n g the Center L e g i n t h i s comparison i s to be able to compare t h i s d e s i r e d system to other urban systems showing that the Washington area system i s not g r e a t l y d i f f e r e n t than other systems and that the "mandate to apply standards uniformly among the s t a t e s " i s being complied w i t h by the D i s t r i c t ' s 104(b)5 system. Also the compari- son shows q u i t e c l e a r l y that the statement"there i s no other c i t y w i t h an a d d i t i o n a l route a c r o s s an inner b e l t " has no b a s i s i n f a c t and to the cont r a r y other c i t i e s have i n t e r i o r loops s i m i l a r to the one contained i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia 104(b)5 system. 15. �LOS ANGELES URBAN AREA 1960 Population S.M.S.A. Center C i t y LOS ANGELES WASHINGTON 6,742,696 2,001,897 2,479,015 763,956 �Los Angeles, C a l i f o r n i a L o s Angeles was s e l e c t e d f o r t h i s a n a l y s i s because i t s system i n c l u d e s both an o u t e r and an i n n e r loop. The i n n e r loop i s formed by four i n t e r s t a t e r a d i a l s i n t e r s e c t i n g near the C e n t r a l Business District. The o u t e r loop i s formed by t h r e e by-pass r o u t e s . The p o p u l a t i o n i s more than t h r e e times t h a t o f t h e D i s t r i c t , w i t h r e s p e c t to both t h e c e n t r a l c i t y and t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n The area. t o t a l i n t e r s t a t e m i l e a g e w i t h i n t h e c e n t e r c i t y , as measured on B.P.R. Urban A r e a maps, i s 115 m i l e s , o r 4.6 m i l e s p e r 100,000 populat i o n , as compared t o 28 m i l e s t o t a l and 3.7 m i l e s p e r 100,000 p o p u l a t i o n f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. As e x p e c t e d , L o s Angeles has one o f t h e most e x t e n s i v e s y s t e m s , on a m i l e a g e - p o p u l a t i o n c i t y dedicated to t h e automobile. interstate r a t i o s i n c e i t i s commonly known as t h e T h i s o c c u r s even though t h e system p a t t e r n i s v e r y s i m p l e w i t h l i t t l e o r no d u p l i c a t i o n o f r o u t e s . 16. �PHILADELPHIA PHILADELPHIA WASHINGTON URBAN AREA 1960 Population S . .S .A. M Center C i t y 4,342,897 2,002,512 2,001,897 763,956 �Philadelphia, Pennsylvania The P h i l a d e l p h i a urban a r e a i n t e r s t a t e system c o n s i s t s o f two l l e l r o u t e s , one para- on each s i d e o f the Delaware R i v e r , p l u s an o u t e r loop i n the P e n n s y l v a n i a portion. I n a d d i t i o n , s e v e r a l i n t e r s t a t e r a d i a l s pene- t r a t e the c e n t e r c i t y a r e a c r e a t i n g i n e f f e c t a double i n n e r l o o p , p l u s t h i r d i n n e r loop e x t e n d i n g i n t o Camden, New a Jersey. T h i s r e s u l t s i n a t o t a l i n t e r s t a t e m i l e a g e , w i t h i n the c o r p o r a t e l i m i t s o f P h i l a d e l p h i a of 32 m i l e s , or 1.6 m i l e s per 100,000 p o p u l a t i o n , a r a t i o l e s s than h a l f t h a t of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. The ate. I n t e r s t a t e System f o r P h i l a d e l p h i a appears to be u n u s u a l l y elabor- However i n terms of m i l e a g e and p o p u l a t i o n i t a c t u a l l y i s one of most e f f i c i e n t . 17. the �DETROIT URBAN AREA 1960 Population DETROIT WASHINGTON S.M.S.A. 3,762,360 2,001,896 Center C i t y 1,670 ,144 763 ,956 �Detroit, Michigan The C i t y o f D e t r o i t , and i t s urban a r e a a r e about double t h e t i o n o f t h a t o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia,, Due popula- to D e t r o i t ' s l o c a t i o n along the U .S.-Canadian b o r d e r , i t s i n t e r s t a t e system i s r e q u i r e d to s e r v e o n l y a half circle. The o u t e r loop c o n s i s t s o f two by-pass r o u t e s west and n o r t h o f the city. F i v e i n t e r s t a t e r a d i a l s p e n e t r a t e the c e n t e r c i t y . These r a d i a l s form a p a r t i a l i n n e r loop w i t h an a d d i t i o n a l r o u t e a c r o s s the loop v e r y s i m i l a r to the p a t t e r n f o r D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. The t o t a l i n t e r s t a t e m i l e a g e w i t h i n the D e t r o i t c o r p o r a t e l i m i t s i s 48 m i l e s , or 2.9 m i l e s per 100,000 p o p u l a t i o n . T h i s r a t i o i s about 20 p e r - c e n t l e s s than the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia r a t i o o f 3.7 m i l e s per 100,000 population. Thus v e r y s i m i l a r systems can r e s u l t i n d i f f e r e n t measured i n m i l e a g e - p o p u l a t i o n ratios. 18. efficiencies �t MILES CLEVELAND URBAN AREA 1960 Population CLEVELAND WASHINGTON S.M.S.A. .1,796,595 2,001,896 Center 876 ,050 763 ,956 f �C l e v e l a n d , Ohio C l e v e l a n d i s s l i g h t l y l a r g e r than the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and i t s metropolitan area s l i g h t l y smaller. Due to i t s l o c a t i o n along L a k e E r i e , the C l e v e l a n d Urban a r e a I n t e r s t a t e System i s r e q u i r e d to s e r v e o n l y a half circle. The o u t e r loop c o n s i s t s o f two by-pass r o u t e s . A s e c t i o n o f the Ohio Turnpike forms a t h i r d by-pass r o u t e w h i c h i s not a p a r t o f the System. F i v e i n t e r s t a t e r a d i a l s p e n e t r a t e the c e n t r a l p o r t i o n s o f the c i t y forming The Interstate i n e f f e c t a double i n n e r loop. i n t e r s t a t e system w i t h i n the c o r p o r a t e l i m i t s o f C l e v e l a n d totals 43 m i l e s o r 4.9 m i l e s per 100,000 p o p u l a t i o n , or o n e - t h i r d g r e a t e r than the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia r a t i o o f 3.7 m i l e s per 100,000 p o p u l a t i o n . Thus t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia system can be c o n s i d e r e d to be l e s s s i v e than t h a t f o r C l e v e l a n d , a c i t y w i t h s i m i l a r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and s l i g h t l y l a r g e r i n population. 19. extenonly �MINNEAPOLIS - ST. PAUL URBAN AREA MINNEAPOLIS - ST. PAUL WASHINGTON 1960 Population S.M.S.A. Center C i t i e s 1,482,030 796,283 2,001,896 763,956 �Minneapolis'-St. P a u l , Minnesota The T w i n C i t i e s have a combined p o p u l a t i o n s l i g h t l y g r e a t e r than the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. The i n t e r s t a t e system c o n s i s t s o f an o u t e r l o o p , s l i g h t l y l a r g e r than Washingtons, p l u s s i x i n t e r s t a t e r a d i a l s , t h r e e s e r v i n g each c e n t r a l c i t y area. tral I n a d d i t i o n t h e r e i s an i n t e r s t a t e c o n n e c t i o n between the two cen- areas. The i n t e r s t a t e system w i t h i n the c o r p o r a t e l i m i t s o f the two c i t i e s t o t a l s 35 m i l e s o r 4.4 m i l e s per 100,000 p o p u l a t i o n . 20 p e r c e n t g r e a t e r than the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia r a t i o , 3.7 center T h i s i s about m i l e s per 100,000 population. Thus i t can be seen t h a t a system composed e n t i r e l y o f c r o s s i n g r a d i a l s can be j u s t as e x t e n s i v e as the D i s t r i c t ' s system o f r a d i a l s and an loop. 20. inner �ST. LOUIS URBAN AREA ST. LOUTS WASHINGTON 1960 P o p u l a t i o n S.M.S.A. Center C i t y 2,060,103 750,026 2,001,896 763,956 �St. Louis, Missouri S t . L o u i s has a p o p u l a t i o n s l i g h t l y l e s s than the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and a m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a p o p u l a t i o n s l i g h t l y g r e a t e r . I t s ' urban a r e a i n t e r s t a t e system encompasses an a r e a c o n s i d e r a b l y g r e a t e r than does the Washington system. A complete o u t e r loop i n c l u d i n g two M i s s i s s i p p i R i v e r c r o s s i n g s i s provided except f o r one s h o r t segment i n the n o r t h e a s t quadrant. F i v e i n t e r s t a t e r a d i a l s p r o v i d e a c c e s s to the c e n t e r c i t y , merging to form a s i n g l e M i s s i s s i p p i R i v e r c r o s s i n g . r i v e r c r o s s i n g s a r e p r o v i d e d by t o l l The Additional central city bridges. t o t a l i n t e r s t a t e m i l e a g e , w i t h i n the c o r p o r a t e l i m i t s o f S t . L o u i s i s e s t i m a t e d to be 21 m i l e s , or 2.8 m i l e s per 100,000 p o p u l a t i o n . T h i s i s about 25 p e r c e n t l e s s than the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia r a t i o , m i l e s per 100,000 p o p u l a t i o n . 21. 3.7 �BOSTON URBAN AREA 1960 Population BOSTON WASHINGTON S.M.S.A. 2,589,301 2,001,897 Center C i t y 697,197 763,956 �Boston, Massachusetts The C i t y o f Boston s u f f e r e d a s u b s t a n t i a l l o s s o f p o p u l a t i o n s i n c e 1950, over 100,000 and i t s 1960 p o p u l a t i o n i s about 9 p e r c e n t l e s s t h a t of the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. than However, the p o p u l a t i o n o f the Boston m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a i s about 25 p e r c e n t g r e a t e r than the Washington metropolitan area. Boston's o u t e r loop i s c o n s i d e r a b l y removed from the c e n t e r forming a h a l f c i r c l e 25 m i l e s i n r a d i u s . to an i n n e r l o o p . system but now city, Four i n t e r s t a t e r a d i a l s connect I n a d d i t i o n , Route 128, once a p a r t o f the interstate d e l e t e d , forms an i n t e r m e d i a t e loop p r o v i d i n g i n e f f e c t a third circumferential. The t o t a l i n t e r s t a t e m i l e a g e , w i t h i n the c o r p o r a t e l i m i t s o f Boston i s e s t i m a t e d to be 24 m i l e s , o r 3.4 m i l e s per 100,000 p o p u l a t i o n , which i s s l i g h t l y l e s s than the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia r a t i o , 3.7 m i l e s per 100,000 population. The B o s t o n i n t e r s t a t e system i s s i m i l a r to the D i s t r i c t ' s , both w i t h r e s p e c t to p a t t e r n and mileage. 22. �CINCINNATI URBAN AREA I960 Population CINCINNATI WASHINGTON S.M.S.A. 1,071,624 2,001,896 Center C i t y 502,550 763,956 �C i n e i n n a t i , Ohio C i n c i n n a t i , Ohio was i n c l u d e d i n t h i s a n a l y s i s because the i n n e r loop has a double c r o s s i n g o f the Ohio R i v e r , about a m i l e a p a r t . i s s i m i l a r to the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. b e l t has been a u t h o r i z e d . This Only one quadrant o f the o u t e r Three i n t e r s t a t e r a d i a l s connect from the c e n t e r c i t y t o the o u t e r b e l t , and a f o u r t h i n t e r s t a t e r a d i a l extends south into Kentucky. The t o t a l i n t e r s t a t e m i l e a g e w i t h i n the c o r p o r a t e l i m i t s o f C i n c i n n a t i i s e s t i m a t e d to be 22 m i l e s , o r 4.4 m i l e s per 100,000 p o p u l a t i o n , as compared to 28 m i l e s t o t a l and 3.7 m i l e s per 100,000 p o p u l a t i o n f o r the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. 23. �ATLANTA URBAN AREA ATLANTA WASHINGTON I960 Population S.M.S.A. Center C i t 1,017,188 2,001,896 487,45T 763,956 �Atlanta, Georgia A t l a n t a was i n c l u d e d i n t h i s a n a l y s i s because i t h a s a comp l e t e o u t e r l o o p , about t h e same d i s t a n c e from t h e C e n t r a l B u s i n e s s D i s t r i c t as i s t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia o u t e r loop. I n addition, t h e r e i s an e x t e n s i v e system o f s i x i n t e r s t a t e r a d i a l s c o n n e c t i n g t o the c e n t e r c i t y , merging t o f o u r r a d i a l s forming a r i g h t angle c r o s s i n g a t the C e n t r a l B u s i n e s s District. The t o t a l i n t e r s t a t e m i l e a g e w i t h i n t h e c o r p o r a t e l i m i t s o f A t l a n t a i s e s t i m a t e d t o be 57 m i l e s , o r 11.7 m i l e s p e r 100,000 popul a t i o n a s compared t o 28 m i l e s t o t a l and 3.7 m i l e s p e r 100,000 popul a t i o n f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. The i n t e r s t a t e m i l e a g e f o r A t l a n t a i s i n o r d i n a t e l y h i g h due to t h e e x t e n s i v e a r e a covered by t h e corporate l i m i t s . I n s p i t e o f t h e l a r g e a r e a covered by A t l a n t a t h e i n t e r s t a t e m i l e a g e p e r square m i l e o f l a n d a r e a i s 0.44, p r a c t i c a l l y the same as t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia 0.46 m i l e s per square m i l e . 24. �KANSAS CITY URBAN AREA KANSAS C I T Y WASHINGTON 1960 P o p u l a t i o n S.M.S.A. Center C i t y 1,039,493 475,539 2,001,896 763,956 �Kansas C i t y , M i s s o u r i Kansas C i t y was i n c l u d e d i n t h i s a n a l y s i s because i t s system i n - c l u d e s both an i n n e r and o u t e r loop even though i t i s c o n s i d e r a b l y s m a l l e r population-wise inner than the D i s t r i c t . Four i n t e r s t a t e r a d i a l s connect to the loop. The t o t a l i n t e r s t a t e m i l e a g e w i t h i n the c o r p o r a t e l i m i t s of K a n s a s C i t y , M i s s o u r i i s e s t i m a t e d to be 18 m i l e s , o r 3.8 m i l e s per 100,000 popul a t i o n as compared to 28 m i l e s t o t a l and 3.7 m i l e s per 100,000 p o p u l a t i o n f o r the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. .25 �COLUMBUS URBAN AREA COLUMBUS, OHIO WASHINGTON 1960 P o p u l a t i o n * Center C i t y S.M.S.A. 682,962 471,316 2,001,896 763,956 �Columbus, Ohio Columbus a l s o was s e l e c t e d f o r t h i s a n a l y s i s a s i t s system i n c l u d e s both an i n n e r loop and an o u t e r l o o p . r a d i a l s connect t o t h e i n n e r l o o p . bus Four interstate While the population i s l e s s than t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, t h e i n t e r s t a t e o f Columsystems a r e s i m i l a r and t h e r e f o r e can be compared f o r e x t e n s i v e n e s s . The t o t a l i n t e r s t a t e m i l e a g e w i t h i n t h e c o r p o r a t e Columbus i s e s t i m a t e d l i m i t s of t o be 16 m i l e s , o r 3.4 m i l e s p e r 100,000, as compared t o 28 m i l e s and 3.7 m i l e s p e r 100,000 p o p u l a t i o n District. 26. f o r the �COST COMPARISONS The D i s t r i c t o f Columbia I n t e r s t a t e System h a s been c i t e d a s being e x c e s s i v e i n c o s t a s compared t o o t h e r c i t i e s . T h i s a p p a r e n t l y i s based on p e r m i l e c o s t s i n o t h e r a r e a s a s compared t o t h e D i s t r i c t . The S e c t i o n 1 0 4 ( b ) 5 needs e s t i m a t e s f o r o t h e r a r e a s a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e D e p a r t ment t o make a d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h i s statement. However, whether o r n o t t h i s i s t h e c a s e , t h e r e a r e many elements w h i c h tend t o i n c r e a s e t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia c o s t s a s compared t o o t h e r a r e a s . These a r e l i s t e d below. 1. D i s t r i c t o f Columbia r o u t e s a r e l i m i t e d t o a c e n t r a l c i t y w h i c h i s 100 p e r c e n t developed. These r o u t e s do not i n c l u d e any e x t e n s i o n i n t o suburban o r r u r a l a r e a s a s might be t h e c a s e w i t h o t h e r urban a r e a s . There- f o r e , none o f t h e economies o f l o c a t i o n i n an a r e a o f l e s s d e n s i t y o c c u r . 2. A l l I n t e r s t a t e r o u t e s a r e g e n e r a l l y on new r i g h t - o f - w a y , r e q u i r i n g the a c q u i s i t i o n o f many e x p e n s i v e improvements. W h i l e t h e r e i s an e x t e n s i v e park system w i t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t , t h i s l a n d and o t h e r l a r g e p u b l i c h o l d i n g s f o r t h e most p a r t a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e f o r highway purposes. t h e r l i m i t s l a n d a v a i l a b i l i t y and a s a competitor This factor fur- f o r space i n a l i m i t e d a r e a tends t o r e s u l t i n h i g h e r r i g h t - o f - w a y c o s t s . 3. The e x t e n s i v e c i t y s t r e e t system t h a t e x i s t s w i t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t r e - q u i r e s numerous grade s e p a r a t i o n s t r u c t u r e s i n o r d e r t o m a i n t a i n l o c a l a c c e s s . 4. The D i s t r i c t o f Columbia boundary extends o f t h e Potomac R i v e r . to the V i r g i n i a s h o r e l i n e T h e r e f o r e t h e e n t i r e c o s t o f t h e Potomac R i v e r c r o s s i n g s must be borne by t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. have a h i g h u n i t c o s t p e r m i l e . 27. These s t r u c t u r e s would n e c e s s a r i l y �5. The D i s t r i c t of Columbia has an o b l i g a t i o n to c o n s t r u c t i n k e e p i n g w i t h i t s r o l e as the N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l . As such the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s c o n s t a n t l y b e f o r e the eyes o f the N a t i o n and imposes c o n d i t i o n s facilities the World. This t h a t tend to i n c r e a s e the c o s t o f highway c o n s t r u c t i o n , i.e.: ( a ) S p e c i a l a r c h i t e c t u r a l and a e s t h e t i c treatment f o r s t r u c t u r e s . (b) P a r k - l i k e s e t t i n g s f o r roadways. T h i s r e q u i r e s f o r the most p a r t d e p r e s s e d roadways i n o r d e r to a v o i d o b s t r u c t i n g views. A l l o f the above items i n c r e a s e the u n i t c o s t o f c o n s t r u c t i o n o f ways. However i t i s not the o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s document to argue the or u n i t c o s t s o f the D i s t r i c t of Columbia I n t e r s t a t e System. been e s t i m a t e d hightotal This cost on the b a s i s o f p r e l i m i n a r y p l a n s , i n c o o p e r a t i o n with has the Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads, to s e r v e the needs o f the community i n accordance w i t h the i n t e r s t a t e criteria. 28. �SUMMARY The Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c i s o f the o p i n i o n t h a t the I n t e r s t a t e System as p r e s e n t e d i n the 1 0 4 ( b ) 5 Needs E s t i m a t e , w i t h two e x c e p t i o n s , i s the most d e s i r a b l e system. The two e x c e p t i o n s a r e the Route 70S and the Route 266 l o c a t i o n s , each o f which i s to be the subj e c t of independent study i n accordance w i t h p r e v i o u s l y mentioned Bureau of P u b l i c Roads d e t e r m i n a t i o n s . The d e s i r e d system, i n c l u d i n g the Center L e g , i s the s h o r t e s t i n t o t a l m i l e a g e o f any D i s t r i c t o f Columbia system proposed to d a t e . i s 28.1 m i l e s t o t a l l e n g t h as compared to 28.9 The B u r e a u o f P u b l i c Road's statement i n the 1 0 8 ( d ) It system. i n r e f e r e n c e t o the Highway A c t ' s mandate to apply s t a n d a r d s u n i f o r m l y among the S t a t e s and r e q u i r i n g the C e n t e r L e g to be d e l e t e d from the system as t h e r e i s no other c i t y w i t h an a d d i t i o n a l r o u t e a c r o s s an i n n e r b e l t , i s not v a l i d f o r the following reasons: 1. A p o r t i o n o f the i n n e r b e l t i s not a p a r t o f the I n t e r s t a t e System and t h e r e f o r e the C e n t e r L e g does not c r o s s an I n t e r s t a t e i n n e r b e l t as i m p l i e d i n the Bureau's 2. statement. The Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads c r i t e r i a f o r S e l e c t i o n o f I n t e r s t a t e Roads s p e c i f i e s t h a t d e t a i l e d s t u d i e s a r e r e q u i r e d i n o r d e r t h a t sound d e c i s i o n s can be reached and that: "There i s no s t a n d a r d p a t t e r n o f c i t i e s o f m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a . The requirements f o r m i l e a g e o f highways o f i n t e r s t a t e system c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a d j a c e n t t o , i n t o and through urban a r e a s v a r y a c c o r d i n g to t h e i r a r e a , topography, p h y s i c a l b a r r i e r s such as r i v e r s and o t h e r bodies o f w a t e r , l o c a t i o n o f i n d u s t r i e s , commercial developments and r e s i d e n t i a l s e c t i o n s , v o l u m e s and types o f highway t r a f f i c , e x i s t i n g s t r e e t , b o u l e v a r d and o t h e r highways, and o t h e r s i m i l a r factors." I n a d d i t i o n to the above, i t might be p o i n t e d out t h a t the D i s t r i c t o f 29. �Columbia w i l l be c o n s t r u c t i n g o t h e r s i m i l a r f a c i l i t i e s to meet the needs o f i n t e r s t a t e and l o c a l commerce w i t h o u t These i n c l u d e G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d r e c o u r s e to i n t e r s t a t e funds. Parkway, I n t e r m e d i a t e Loop and a p o r t i o n o f the A n a c o s t i a Freeway. The m i l e a g e and map comparisons i n t h i s r e p o r t show t h a t the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia I n t e r s t a t e System: ( 1 ) i s not more e x t e n s i v e than o t h e r c i t i e s , and t h a t , ( 2 ) o t h e r systems have an i n n e r loop system s i m i l a r to the one pro- posed by the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia; f o r example, D e t r o i t , P h i l a d e l p h i a , and The Cleveland. f i n a l s u b j e c t r e l a t i v e to a comparison o f systems i s c o s t . I f the u n i t c o s t o f the D i s t r i c t I n t e r s t a t e System appears to be h i g h when compared to o t h e r s t a t e s , such a comparison does not f u r n i s h j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r the d e l e t i o n o f one s e c t i o n o f t h a t system i n order to reduce the t o t a l c o s t . T h i s r e p o r t l i s t s the v a r i o u s reasons f o r p o s s i b l e higher cost of t i n g the I n t e r s t a t e System f o r the D i s t r i c t . construc- The h i g h e r c o s t s encountered i n the D i s t r i c t a r e s t r i c t l y a f u n c t i o n o f these reasons and not because the system i s more e x t e n s i v e t h a n r e q u i r e d to s a t i s f y the criteria. Any attempt to l o w e r the c o s t by d e l e t i o n of a p o r t i o n o f the system would d e f e a t the o r i g i n a l purpose i n the e s t a b l i s h m e n t and o f the i n t e r s t a t e system the c r i t e r i a f o r r o u t e s e l e c t i o n . I n c o n c l u s i o n , we a r e c o n f r o n t e d w i t h e s p e c i a l o b l i g a t i o n s to p r o v i d e proper s e t t i n g f o r the N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l . a I n t h i s r e s p e c t the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s not e x a c t l y comparable to any o t h e r a r e a . I t has been p o i n t e d out i n the p a s t t h a t the Bureau bear i n mind the p e c u l i a r s t a t u s of t h * D i s t r i c t o f Columbia because o f the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f the F e d e r a l Government f o r c e r t a i n 30. �f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e to the area. I t i s t h e r e f o r e r e q u e s t e d t h a t the Bureau r e c o n s i d e r d e l e t e the C e n t e r L e g from the I n t e r s t a t e i t s d e c i s i o n to System i n o r d e r t h a t we may ceed w i t h i m p o r t a n t p l a n n i n g , d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h i s pro- extremely v i t a l freeway a t the v e r y door-step of the C a p i t o l , and which must s e r v e a "back-bone" f o r the p l a n n i n g f o r r e v i t a l i z a t i o n o f the b u s i n e s s o f the a r e a . 31. as district �APPENDIX A_ COPY U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS Region Two D i s t r i c t o f Columbia I n t e r s t a t e System Washington,D.C. March 9, 1961 Mr. H. L . A i t k e n Director Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c District Building Washington 4, D.C. Dear Mr. A i t k e n : A d e t e r m i n a t i o n h a s been made by P u b l i c Roads on t h e i n c l u s i o n of c e r t a i n r o u t e s i n t h e I n t e r s t a t e System a f t e r c o n s i d e r i n g t h e i n f o r m a t i o n and s u p p o r t i n g documentation t h a t h a s accompanied your submissions t o d a t e r e q u e s t i n g a p p r o v a l o f I n t e r s t a t e System l o c a t i o n s . These d e t e r m i n a t i o n s a r e as f o l l o w s : (1) The g e n e r a l c o r r i d o r o f 1 1 t h S t r e e t , E a s t , between the A n a c o s t i a B r i d g e i n t e r c h a n g e south o f t h e A n a c o s t i a R i v e r and F l o r i d a Avenue NE, i s i n c l u d e d i n t h e I n t e r s t a t e System. T h i s r o u t e forms t h e e a s t l e g o f t h e i n n e r b e l t . I t i s r e a s o n a b l e and proper t h a t i t be extended n o r t h e r l y t o an a p p r o p r i a t e conn e c t i o n w i t h Maryland I n t e r s t a t e Route 9 5 . (2) The New Y o r k Avenue c o r r i d o r enroute t o t h e K e n i l w o r t h I n t e r c h a n g e i s n o t a p a r t o f t h e I n t e r s t a t e System. (3) The s o - c a l l e d " c e n t e r leg';, o f t h e i n n e r l o o p , along the g e n e r a l l i n e o f 3 r d S t r e e t , West, i s n o t a p a r t o f t h e I n t e r s t a t e System. These a c t i o n s have been t a k e n i n o r d e r t o permit t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia t o proceed w i t h t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f f i n a l l o c a t i o n s f o r t h e s e r o u t e s a s p a r t o f t h e I n t e r s t a t e System on which t h e development o f p l a n s and u l t i m a t e advancement o f c o n s t r u c t i o n c a n be based. Very t r u l y yours, (signed) J . A. HANSON D i v i s i o n Engineer 32. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Justification of Center Leg as part of District of Columbia Interstate Highway System Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic. Office of Planning and Programming Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Archival Box 5 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 28, 1961 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/4d25581bc2646959b98bd5de3a36a2b9.pdf?Expires=1779321600&Signature=BXOKzgUXz0HNAFbS%7EcClCst5x7N5cyp45ybjlLDX-%7E54ZJFPj1QD-I-JtqPNtGkV6EDs8vCIasbbvzY0Prq6BCVS9P%7E4-eR42o14IDhGAVJpauDBTA1EaXK90F1MoDK6pPvpKtf6mJknnvrwm-ET8BJfapqCOtZCnigq8fxEqnWn8b8XptTGjaBzxy5tjFELlxTq%7E0qX6k-seA9MlbB%7EQU-1Nij5YZT71sTf100YYDfAPFpXk1t%7EmaA7Dhgr1mene1%7Ee-lZhUfJzjS5OHYUfI9UdgACzgMLPKafNTuEmp41TvoRbNb2Cg9vYrWKDaRnD1xlfOprmum11V0sgJlPZHQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM db8cc803429142bb3926d39a1435f4b4 PDF Text Text Draft Environmental Impact Statement Center Leg Inner Loop Freeway H Street and Massachusetts Avenue to New York Avenue Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration July 1972 Prepared By District of Columbia Department of Highways and Traffic �DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION Prepared DISTRICT OF by COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS AND TRAFFIC DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION for INTERSTATE ROUTE 95, MASSACHUSETTS CENTER L E G , BETWEEN AVENUE AND N E W YORK A V E N U E , NORTHWEST IN THE DISTRICT OF THIS HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENT COLUMBIA IS PROPOSED FOR F U N D I N G T I T L E 23 , U . S . UNDER C. THIS STATEMENT FOR THE IMPROVEMENT WAS D E V E L O P E D I N CONSULTATION W I T H THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY A N D IS S U B M I T T E D SECTION 102 PUBLIC LAW Date PURSUANT (2) ADMINISTRATION TO: (C) 91-190 T . F . A i r i s , Director, Department H i g h w a y s a n d T r a f f i c , D i s t r i c t of C L E A R E D BY F H W A F O R C I R C U L A T I O N A N D Date COMMENTS of Columbia �0 �TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE TITLE SHEET LIST O F FIGURES V vi SUMMARY INTRODUCTION 1 .0 1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 2 1.01 HISTORY 2 1.02 DESCRIPTION 6 1 . 03 RIGHT-OF-WAY 1 . 04 12 CONSTRUCTION COSTS AND DEVELOPMENT SCHEDULE 1 . 05 2.0 12 NEEDS AND BENEFITS 13 DESCRIPTION OF T H E PROJECT 2.01 SURROUNDINGS 15 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT 15 2 . 0 1 . 1 CLIMATE 15 2 . 0 1 . 2 AIR 16 2 . 0 1 . 3 NOISE LEVELS 21 2 . 0 1 . 4 WATER RESOURCES 22 2.01.5 OTHER DEPLETABLE NATURAL QUALITY RESOURCES 23 �2.01.6 AESTHETIC 2.01.7 GEOLOGY 24 2.01.8 FAUNA 26 2.01.9 FLORA 26 2.01.10 ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND CHARACTER PALEONTOLOGICAL 2.02 HUMAN SITES SOCIAL 2.02.2 ECONOMIC 2.02.3 MAJOR LAND U S E PATTERNS AND RELATIONSHIPS CONDITIONS ACTIVITY 3.0 COMMUNITY 37 FACILITIES 38 SERVICES TRANSPORTATION PROBABLE IMPACT O F T H E PROPOSED SYSTEMS PROJECT 40 42 42 3.01 GENERAL 3.02 SIGNIFICANT NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL 45 EFFECTS 3.02. 1 29 CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL AND 2.02.7 28 32 FEATURES 2.02.6 26 OPEN SPACE A N D RECREATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES 2.02.5 26 26 ENVIRONMENT 2.02.1 2.02.4 23 AIR Q U A L I T Y 45 �3.02.2 3.02.3 AESTHETIC 3.02.4 3.03 NOISE LEVELS GEOLOGY 48 CHARACTER 52 53 SIGNIFICANT HUMAN ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS 3.03.1 SOCIAL CONDITIONS 3.03.2 ECONOMIC 3.03.3 OPEN SPACE A N D RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY OPPORTUNITIES 3.03.4 COMMUNITY 3.03.5 54 FACILITIES AND 55 TRANSPORTATION PROBABLE UNAVOIDABLE ADVERSE 53 55 SERVICES 4. 0 53 EFFECTS SYSTEMS 56 58 4.01 58 4 . 02 AIR 58 4.03 INCREASED NOISE 4.04 DISPLACED 4.05 5. 0 GENERAL DISPLACED ECONOMIC POLLUTION LEVELS PERSONS 60 60 ACTIVITY 61 ALTERNATIVES 62 5.01 GENERAL 62 5.02 ALTERNATIVES OF ACTION 63 �5 . 03 ALTERNATIVES OF SCOPE 64 . 04 ALTERNATIVES OF DESIGN 64 5 6.0 RELATIONSHIPS LONG TERM BETWEEN SHORT TERM USES 65 PRODUCTIVITY 65 6. 01 GENERAL 6 . 02 SHORT-TERM 6.03 LONG-TERM 6. 7.0 AND CONCLUSIONS 04 66 USES 67 PRODUCTIVITY 68 IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE C O M M I T M E N T OF 69 RESOURCES 69 7.01 GENERAL 7.02 ECONOMIC 7.03 CONCLUSIONS 70 RESOURCES 71 APPENDICES A P P E N D I X 1 - Air Pollution Study Report by Research & Technology Inc. APPENDIX 2 - Environmental N o i s e Pollution Study by L . S . and Associates Goodfriend �LIST OF Figure FIGURES After Page No 2 1 Location Map 2 Project Area - 1975 6 3 Project Area - 1990 G 4 Air-Rights Housing 5 Air-Rights Housing - 6 Vicinity 7 Existing Land 8 Proposed 9 Community 10 Project Section 10 14 Map 30 Use Land 32 Use Facilities 40 40 10 Transportation Systems 11 Study Area and S e l e c t e d L o c a t i o n for A i r Q u a l i t y 12 Construction 13 Noise Impact Areas - 1975 52 14 Noise Impact Areas - 1990 52 15 Temporary O n e - W a y Noise Impact Areas Street Traffic Flow Model 46 50 58 �SUMMARY DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT A. STATEMENT ADMINISTRATIVE ACTION ( X ) Draft ( X ) Environmental Statement ( Combination Environmental/Section B. ) ( ) 4(f) Final Statement DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT The Project, the f i n a l a n d the northern m o s t s e g m e n t of C e n t e r L e g of the I n n e r Loop F r e e w a y , w i l l i n i t i a l l y c o n s i s t l a n e s of d e p r e s s e d roadway and ultimately w i l l c o n s i s t for a t o t a l d i s t a n c e of 2100 total length, 1200 the of four of n i n e f e e t i n the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a . feet w i l l comprise a tunnel section and lanes Of this air-rights platform on w h i c h a n urban r e n e w a l h o u s i n g p r o j e c t h a s been proposed to r e l o c a t e p e r s o n s projects. d i s p l a c e d by n e a r b y urban r e d e v e l o p m e n t T h i s segment w i l l i n i t i a l l y complete the connection between the w e s t F r e e w a y (Inner Loop) and N e w York A v e n u e and ultimately c o n n e c t the proposed N e w Y o r k A v e n u e I n d u s t r i a l F r e e w a y to t h e of the e x i s t i n g N e w York A v e n u e . Southwill north �C. ENVIRONMENTAL 1. IMPACTS Ground w a t e r t a b l e w i l l be d i s t u r b e d , but the situation w i l l n o t e n d a n g e r a n y e x i s t i n g or p l a n n e d f u t u r e p o t a b l e w a t e r s u p p l i e s . 2. Carbon monoxide concentrations w i l l not e x c e e d the n a t i o n a l a i r g u a l i t y s t a n d a r d s i n the v i c i n i t y of t h e P r o j e c t i n 1975 or 1990 3. Hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxides concentrations c e e d s t a n d a r d s i n the s t u d y a r e a i n 1975 centrations By 1990, ex- p r i m a r i l y d u e to b a c k g r o u n d w h i c h are a l s o e x p e c t e d to e x c e e d 4. will the con- standards. h y d r o c a r b o n a n d n i t r o g e n o x i d e s l e v e l s of con- c e n t r a t i o n w i l l be b e l o w the m a x i m u m s t a n d a r d throughout the s t u d y a r e a d u e p r i m a r i l y to s t a t u t o r y v e h i c l e e m i s s i o n 5. control. T h e s i z e of the a r e a w h i c h w i l l be a f f e c t e d by t r a f f i c n o i s e from t h e P r o j e c t w i l l be r e d u c e d by t h e t u n n e l c o v e r to s l i g h t l y m o r e t h a n h a l f of w h a t i t w o u l d b e i f t h e P r o j e c t w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d a s open depressed 6. roadway. A g r e a t i m p a c t d u e to c o n s t r u c t i o n n o i s e i n v o l v i n g driving operations pile w i l l be w i t n e s s e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 300 to 400 f e e t i n e v e r y d i r e c t i o n from the c o n s t r u c t i o n 7. an area. T h e c o m b i n a t i o n of a d e p r e s s e d freeway segment and a i r - r i g h t s d e v e l o p m e n t o v e r the t u n n e l e d s e c t i o n w i l l e n h a n c e the e x i s t i n g a e s t h e t i c c h a r a c t e r of t h e 8. 192 Site as it e x i s t s today. f a m i l i e s , i n c l u d i n g 73 l o w i n c o m e f a m i l i e s , d i s p l a c e d by the e a r l y i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of the P r o j e c t i n 9. were 1966. 28 l a r g e f a m i l y h o u s i n g u n i t s w e r e m a d e a v a i l a b l e v e r y s h o r t l y t h e r e a f t e r to t h o s e d i s p l a c e d f a m i l i e s a p p l y i n g f o r replacement housing. 10. 32 b u s i n e s s e s w e r e permanently d i s p l a c e d , w h i l e four others h a v e b e e n t e m p o r a r i l y a l l o w e d to vii continue. �11. The proposed a i r - r i g h t s development w i l l provide 7600 s g u a r e f e e t of c o m m e r c i a l 12. space. A s the l a s t s e g m e n t of the C e n t e r L e g to be b u i l t , the o p e n i n g of t h i s s e g m e n t a n d the e n t i r e C e n t e r L e g w i l l r e l i e v e t h e heavily congested D. current U . S. Alternate 1 in downtown Washington. ALTERNATIVES 1. Location Alternatives. c o n s i d e r e d for s e v e r a l r e a s o n s , L o c a t i o n a l t e r n a t i v e s w e r e not i n c l u d i n g that the Center Leg h a s under c o n s t r u c t i o n s i n c e e a r l y 1966 a n d t h i s P r o j e c t i s the l a s t been seg- ment to be b u i l t . 2. No-Action Alternative. Massachusetts New The Center Leg would c e a s e A v e n u e i n s t e a d of N e w Y o r k A v e n u e a n d the York Avenue F r e e w a y . Traffic between Massachusetts York Avenues would congest Second and Third Streets. transportation plan objectives at proposed and New Metropolitan w o u l d not be f u l l y r e a l i z e d . Urban r e n e w a l p l a n s w o u l d h a v e to be m o d i f i e d . 3. A l t e r n a t i v e s of S c o p e . These alternatives included an o p e n d e p r e s s e d s e c t i o n the e n t i r e l e n g t h of the s e c t i o n a n d t h e 1200' t u n n e l and platform w i l l p r o v i d e for the j o i n t d e v e l o p m e n t a i r - r i g h t s urban r e n e w a l project w i t h the Department of H o u s i n g a n d U r b a n D e v e l o p m e n t . The a i r - r i g h t s p r o j e c t w i l l p r o v i d e h o u s i n g for 300 f o r m e r l y d i s p l a c e d families. 4. A l t e r n a t i v e s of D e s i g n . Two basic depressed highway designs were o r i g i n a l l y considered; a retained-cut method and a n open cut method. Initially, t h e 9 0 0 - f o o t s e c t i o n n o r t h of the t u n n e l w i l l in a n open cut with some lengths retained by w a l l s . entire length w i l l be a r e t a i n e d - c u t section. viii be U l t i m a t e l y , the �E. REVIEW AGENCIES C o m m e n t s on the D r a f t E n v i r o n m e n t a l I m p a c t S t a t e m e n t for C e n t e r L e g of the I n n e r Loop F r e e w a y from H S t r e e t a n d Massachusetts A v e n u e to N e w Y o r k A v e n u e a r e reguested from the f o l l o w i n g L o c a l , R e g i o n a l a n d F e d e r a l a g e n c i e s : L o c a l and Regional 1. Agencies Executive Office Budget and E x e c u t i v e M a n a g e m e n t G o v e r n m e n t of t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a District Building Washington, D . C . 20004 (the C l e a r i n g h o u s e 2. Government) Director D. C . D e p a r t m e n t of E n v i r o n m e n t a l S e r v i c e s 415 12th S t r e e t , N . W . Washington, 3. for C i t y Executive D. C. 20004 Director National Capital Planning Commission 1325 G Street, Washington, 4. M e t r o p o l i t a n W a s h i n g t o n C o u n c i l of 1225 Connecticut Avenue, N . D. C. (the R e g i o n a l Federal W. 20036 Clearinghouse) Agencies C o u n c i l of E n v i r o n m e n t a l Q u a l i t y 722 J a c k s o n Place, Washington, 2. W. D . C . 2 0005 Washington, 1. N. D. C. Assistant Secretary N. W. 20006 for Defense (Health & Environment) Room 3 - E The 172 Pentagon Washington, D. C. ix Governments �3. Deputy Assistant Secretary for E n v i r o n m e n t a l A f f a i r s U. S . Department of Washington, 4. Commerce 20230 A s s i s t a n t S e c r e t a r y for H e a l t h and S c i e n c e A f f a i r s U . S . Department of H e a l t h , E d u c a t i o n a n d W e l f a r e H E W North Building Washington, 5. D. C. D . C . 20202 Regional Administrator U. S . Department of H o u s i n g a n d Urban ATTENTION: Environmental Clearance Curtis Building Sixth and Walnut Streets Philadelphia, 6. Deputy Assistant Secretary U. and Urban for Programs 20240 for E n v i r o n m e n t a l Systems S . D e p a r t m e n t of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Washington, 8. D. C. Assistant Secretary U. 19106 S . D e p a rtment of Interior Washington, 7. Pennsylvania D. C. 20590 D i r e c t o r of I m p a c t S t a t e m e n t s U. Office S . Environmental Protection Agency 1626 K S t r e e t , N . W . Washington, 9. D. C. 20160 Director U . S . O f f i c e of Economic Opportunity 1200 19th S t r e e t , N . W . W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . 2 0506 10. O f f i c e of t h e Secretary Department of Agriculture Washington, 11. Division D. C. 20250 Engineer Federal Highway Administration 425 13th Street, Washington, N. W. D. C. 20004 x Development Officer �INTRODUCTION T h e purpose of t h i s D r a f t Statement i s to d o c u m e n t the a n a l y s i s of a l l p r o b a b l e e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s , a l t e r n a t i v e s to the proposed a c t i o n . acts, and a l l subseguent a n d to r e v i e w a l l The Statement the N a t i o n a l E n v i r o n m e n t a l P o l i c y A c t of 1 9 6 9 , comprehensive feasible is in accordance with a l l other pertinent h i g h w a y administrative and department guidelines. T h e p r o p o s e d a c t i o n i n v o l v e s t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e f i n a l p o r t i o n o f the C e n t e r L e g of the Inner Loop F r e e w a y (See F i g u r e 1 f o l l o w i n g t h i s It i n c l u d e s the e x t e n s i o n of the d e p r e s s e d h i g h w a y from Massachusetts A v e n u e a n d H S t r e e t to N e w Y o r k A v e n u e , a n d a d e c k c o v e r i n g H Street and K Street. highway section. page). between T w o v e n t i l a t i o n t o w e r s are p r o p o s e d for the covered The p h y s i c a l boundaries and the proposed f a c i l i t i e s are detailed herein. The a n a l y s i s conducted includes a l l possible human and natural environmental factors and a l l items s p e c i f i c a l l y reguired by statutory and administrative regulations. 1 �1. 0 DESCRIPTION OF T H E PROPOSED PROJECT 1.01 HISTORY As early as 1950, a m a s t e r p l a n t i t l e d " C o m p r e h e n s i v e P l a n for the National C a p i t a l and Its E n v i r o n s " proposed by the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Park a n d P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n f e a t u r e d the C e n t e r L e g of t h e I n n e r Loop F r e e w a y a s p a r t of t h e C a p i t a l ' s f r e e w a y a n d p a r k i n g s y s t e m . This plan represents the o f f i c i a l o r i g i n s of the C e n t e r L e g . I n 19 5 9 , under a n A c t of C o n g r e s s , C o m m i s s i o n and the Regional the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Planning C o u n c i l prepared a report titled " T h e M a s s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study Report for the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n " . T h i s s t u d y , w h i c h e s t a b l i s h e d a c o m p r e h e n s i v e p l a n for the region's h i g h w a y s a n d r a i l t r a n s i t , i n c l u d e d the C e n t e r L e g - I n n e r Loop F r e e w a y a s part of a major n o r t h - s o u t h thoroughfare route. The report t i t l e d " P o l i c i e s P l a n for the Y e a r 2 , 0 0 0 , The Nation's C a p i t a l " prepared i n 1961 by the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n a n d the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n a l P l a n n i n g C o u n c i l r e a f f i r m e d the mendations recom- of the a b o v e m e n t i o n e d m a s s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s t u d y w i t h regard to t h e C e n t e r L e g a s a n o r t h - s o u t h t h o r o u g h f a r e The report titled "Recommendations route. on T r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n " p r e p a r e d i n 1962 b y the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s portation A g e n c y a l s o i n c l u d e d the C e n t e r L e g a s a r e c o m m e n d e d of the f r e e w a y s y s t e m c o m p l e m e n t i n g Then, in 1964, the proposed m a s s t r a n s i t section system. the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s and Traffic retained Tippetts-Abbett-McCarthy-Stratton, 2 Engineers and ���A r c h i t e c t s from N e w Y o r k C i t y , to p r e p a r e a p r e l i m i n a r y s t u d y of the C e n t e r L e g of the I n n e r L o o p F r e e w a y . s c h e m e s w e r e studied by T A M S , sloped embankments. Two alternate depressed highway one w i t h r e t a i n i n g w a l l s , the other w i t h A s a r e s u l t of that s t u d y , the r e t a i n i n g w a l l a l t e r n a t i v e w a s adopted s i n c e it w a s c o n s i d e r e d more adaptable land use reguirements, reguired l e s s cut to f u t u r e s p a c e to c o n s t r u c t a n d , s i n c e a l l m a j o r s t r e e t c r o s s i n g s w e r e to b e b r i d g e d , i t d i d n o t p r o v i d e a m a j o r p h y s i c a l or p s y c h o l o g i c a l b a r r i e r t h r o u g h t h e c e n t e r of the City. A problem of m a j o r c o n c e r n t h a t f a c e d the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a Department of H i g h w a y s and T r a f f i c , a s w e l l a s the B u r e a u of P u b l i c R o a d s w a s to f i n d s u i t a b l e r e l o c a t i o n h o u s i n g for f a m i l i e s l i v i n g i n the path of p r o p o s e d c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h i s w a s e s p e c i a l l y true i n the c a s e at h a n d a s the route t r a v e r s e s a n a r e a of r e l a t i v e l y h i g h d e n s i t y r e s i d e n t i a l use adjacent to t h e C i t y ' s c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t ( C B D ) . p r o p o s e d c o n s t r u c t i o n of the C e n t e r L e g s e g m e n t b e t w e e n In a l l , the Massachusetts a n d N e w Y o r k A v e n u e s h a s d i s p l a c e d a t o t a l of 146 d w e l l i n g s i n v o l v i n g 192 f a m i l i e s a n d 32 b u s i n e s s e s . on the S i t e . O n l y four b u s i n e s s e s are left operating T h e r e are no o c c u p i e d d w e l l i n g u n i t s l e f t on the Site. At f i r s t , c o m m u n i t y l e a d e r s v i g o r o u s l y opposed the C e n t e r L e g freeway w h e n it b e c a m e m a n i f e s t that s u i t a b l e replacement h o u s i n g w a s not a v a i l a b l e w i t h i n the e x i s t i n g c o m m u n i t y . T h i s s i t u a t i o n l e d to a s e r i e s of s t u d i e s c o n c e r n i n g this problem i n i t i a t e d by the Engineer C o m m i s s i o n e r o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a a n d t h e D i r e c t o r of t h e ment of H i g h w a y s a n d T r a f f i c . From t h e s e s t u d i e s , Depart- it became evident t h a t a p o s s i b l e s o l u t i o n to the p r o b l e m of s u i t a b l e r e p l a c e m e n t housing w a s to p r o v i d e a i r - r i g h t s h o u s i n g i n j o i n t d e v e l o p m e n t w i t h the f r e e w a y project. T h e p e r m a n e n t d i s p l a c e m e n t of s i t e r e s i d e n t s w a s h o p e d to be �a v o i d e d by c o n s t r u c t i n g h o u s i n g a n d s i t e i m p r o v e m e n t s o v e r the f r e e w a y . In 1967, Tippetts-Abbett-McCarthy-Stratton (TAMS), under c o n - t r a c t w i t h the D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s a n d T r a f f i c c o n d u c t e d a s t u d y to c o n s i d e r t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of d e v e l o p i n g a i r - r i g h t s h o u s i n g from H to K S t r e e t b e t w e e n 2 n d a n d 3rd S t r e e t s o v e r t h a t p o r t i o n of the C e n t e r L e g . s t u d y c o n c l u d e d t h a t the d e v e l o p m e n t of a i r - r i g h t s h o u s i n g w a s cally feasible and environmentally suitable. That economi- At a c o n f e r e n c e c a l l e d l a t e r that y e a r t h i s c o n c e p t w a s e n d o r s e d by o f f i c i a l s of the Redevelopment L a n d A g e n c y , the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l H o u s i n g A u t h o r i t y , a n d the B u r e a u of Public Roads. The T A M S report recommended that the Redevelopment Land Agency (RLA) a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the U . S . opment ( H U D ) , D e p a r t m e n t of H o u s i n g a n d U r b a n D e v e l - i n i t i a t e a n urban r e n e w a l program on the 5 . 4 block study site. two- A c c o r d i n g l y , the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n a p p r o v e d a n a m e n d m e n t to the p l a n s for the a d j a c e n t Renewal Project No. newal acre, Northwest Urban 1 m a k i n g t h e n e w S i t e a p a r t of the l a r g e r u r b a n r e - project. To o v e r c o m e t h e l e g a l p r o b l e m s of l a n d o w n e r s h i p a n d r o a d w a y easement, the R e d e v e l o p m e n t L a n d A g e n c y w i l l a c g u i r e a l l the l a n d w i t h - i n the S i t e of the p r o p o s e d j o i n t d e v e l o p m e n t p r o j e c t a n d w i l l grant D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s a n d T r a f f i c a the three-dimen- s i o n a l e a s e m e n t for c o n s t r u c t i o n of the f r e e w a y i n a t u n n e l or e n c l o s u r e . It w a s f u r t h e r a g r e e d t h a t , c o s t of the for p u r p o s e s of e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t , the t u n n e l w o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d a s part of the f r e e w a y c o s t a n d f i n a n c e d j o i n t l y b y the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s a n d T r a f f i c a n d t h e U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , B u r e a u of P u b l i c R o a d s . 4 �The f i n a l l i n k i n the i m p l e m e n t a t i o n p r o c e s s the e c o n o m i c d e s i g n e d to i n s u r e f e a s i b i l i t y of the P r o j e c t w i l l be for the R L A to " w r i t e d o w n " the l a n d a c g u i s i t i o n a n d s i t e p r e p a r a t i o n c o s t s a n d t h e n s e l l S i t e i n the u s u a l m a n n e r for h o u s i n g d e v e l o p m e n t . In this instance, the p r i v a t e s p o n s o r i s the M o u n t C a r m e l B a p t i s t C h u r c h w h i c h i s located on the S i t e a n d w h i c h w i l l e s t a b l i s h a h o u s i n g c o r p o r a t i o n i n i t s for t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of the p r o p o s e d a i r - r i g h t s p r o j e c t . the name A tentative fin- a n c i a l c o m m i t m e n t h a s b e e n o b t a i n e d through the D e p a r t m e n t of H o u s i n g and Urban Development, (3) p r o g r a m . Federal H o u s i n g Administration, Section 221 T h i s program w a s e n a c t e d b y C o n g r e s s to a s s i s t h o u s i n g d e v e l o p e r s to p r o v i d e h o u s i n g for h o u s e h o l d s renewal operations. (d) private d i s p l a c e d by urban At t h i s t i m e , h o w e v e r , no p r i v a t e d e v e l o p e r h a s been designated. D u r i n g t h i s i n t e r i m p e r i o d of the p l a n n i n g p h a s e , H i g h w a y A c t of 1 9 6 8 , w h i c h c a l l e d for c o m p l e t i o n of W a s h i n g t o n D . freeway network, was enacted. A s i t a p p l i e d to the C e n t e r L e g the Act reguired that work commence the i n t e r e s t e d a g e n c i e s the work proceed i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h the reguirements the Under that contract agreement, Harry Weese and A s s o c i a t e s , recommended that of the A c t . proposed air-rights housing con- project. a j o i n t v e n t u r e c o n s i s t i n g o f t h e f i r m s of Fry and W e l c h , and Tippetts-Abbett- M c C a r t h y - S t r a t t o n are s e r v i n g a s the h o u s i n g c o n s u l t a n t s . c o n c e p t of the 1968. R L A s i g n e d a c o n t r a c t to p r o c e e d w i t h the c e p t u a l d e s i g n s t u d i e s for t h e C.'s section, t h i r t y d a y s from A u g u s t 2 3 , I n t h e i r r e p o r t to the C o n g r e s s , In M a y 1969, the Federal Aid The final j o i n t v e n t u r e c a l l e d f o r 3 0 0 h o u s i n g u n i t s to b e constructed on a t w o b l o c k l o n g c o n c e r e t d e c k o v e r t h e f r e e w a y t h a t w i l l s e r v e a s housing project's foundation. By m e a n s of p u b l i c m e e t i n g s , the presentations, �and design r e v i e w s , the j o i n t v e n t u r e w a s a b l e to c o o r d i n a t e t h e i r s t u d y w i t h the c o m m u n i t y , a n d , i n p a r t i c u l a r , the o f f i c i a l s of the M o u n t Baptist Church. Carmel A s a r e s u l t , many of the c o m m u n i t i e s ' v i e w s r e g a r d i n g the d e v e l o p m e n t of the P r o j e c t are r e f l e c t e d i n the adopted In October plan. 1971 the D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s a n d T r a f f i c a u t h o r - i z e d T A M S to p r o c e e d w i t h the f i n a l d e s i g n of t h e v e h i c u l a r t u n n e l s e c t i o n from M a s s a c h u s e t t s A v e n u e to K S t r e e t a s w e l l a s t h e o p e n c u t from K Street to N e w Y o r k A v e n u e . section The design is currently underway with f r e g u e n t a n d c l o s e c o o r d i n a t i o n w i t h the j o i n t v e n t u r e a r c h i t e c t s to a s s u r e that the t u n n e l d e v e l o p m e n t r e m a i n s c o m p a t i b l e w i t h the future h o u s i n g plans and v i c e v e r s a . 1.02 DESCRIPTION T h e P r o j e c t a s r e f e r r e d to i n t h i s D r a f t S t a t e m e n t i s t h a t p o r t i o n of the C e n t e r L e g - I n n e r L o o p F r e e w a y e x t e n d i n g from Massachusetts A v e n u e ( b e t w e e n S e c o n d a n d T h i r d S t r e e t s ) to N e w Y o r k A v e n u e a t t h e c o r n e r of F o u r t h S t r e e t . rights development. following this T h e P r o j e c t d o e s not i n c l u d e the p r o p o s e d a i r - T h e P r o j e c t Area i s d e f i n e d on F i g u r e s 2 a n d 3 page. M e a s u r e d a l o n g i t s c e n t e r l i n e , the t o t a l l e n g t h of the segment is 2,100 feet of w h i c h 1 , 2 0 0 proposed feet i s tunnel and 900 feet i s a t e m p o r a r y c o n n e c t i o n to N e w Y o r k A v e n u e . The segment is included in S e c t i o n 2 3 (b) o f t h e F e d e r a l - A i d H i g h w a y A c t o f 1 9 6 8 t h a t considers the C e n t e r L e g a part of the e x i s t i n g a n d c o m m i t t e d m e t r o p o l i t a n h i g h w a y system. 6 �Figure 2 ��Figure 3 ��U p o n c o m p l e t i o n of t h i s s e g m e n t , depressed, high speed, north-south controlled a c c e s s freeway b e t w e e n S o u t h w e s t F r e e w a y 1-95 expected the C e n t e r L e g w i l l provide a a n d 1-695 and N e w York Avenue. to r e l i e v e t r a f f i c o n A l t e r n a t e U . S . The initial connection It i s Route One ( S i x t h S t r e e t ) , the major current n o r t h - s o u t h t r u c k route l o c a t e d g e s t e d d o w n t o w n s e c t o r of the connection i n the h e a v i l y c o n - City. b e t w e e n the north tunnel portal and N e w York A v e n u e w i l l be temporary and i n open cut w i t h s i d e s l o p e s at a m a x i m u m of 2 : 1 ( t w o h o r i z o n t a l to o n e v e r t i c a l ) . w i l l be p r o v i d e d . Some r e t a i n i n g w a l l s P e d e s t r i a n a c c e s s to the f r e e w a y w i l l be prohibited by protective f e n c i n g . I n i t i a l l y , the Third Street c o n n e c t i o n York A v e n u e w i l l be d i s c o n t i n u e d . between K Street and N e w Instead, beginning at K Street, T h i r d S t r e e t w i l l c u r v e to j o i n L S t r e e t to the w e s t . The Third Street portion south of N e w Y o r k A v e n u e w i l l terminate at c u l - d e - s a c . arly, Simil- the L Street c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n N e w J e r s e y A v e n u e and Third S t r e e t w i l l be d i s c o n t i n u e d a n d t h e r e m a i n i n g p o r t i o n w e s t of N e w J e r s e y Avenue w i l l terminate at c u l - d e - s a c . w i l l be (See Figure 2 . ) All vacant land landscaped. D e s i g n p r o v i s i o n s a r e b e i n g m a d e to a c c o m m i d a t e change connection a future inter- w i t h the p r o p o s e d N e w Y o r k A v e n u e I n d u s t r i a l F r e e w a y . T h i s future connection is in accordance w i t h the recommendations N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n c o n t a i n e d i n i t s 1969 publication of " E l e m e n t s of t h e C o m p r e h e n s i v e P l a n for the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l " . Figure 3.) of the (See �T h e i n i t i a l p h a s e of d e v e l o p m e n t i s s c h e d u l e d to o p e n to t r a f f i c i n 1975 w i t h t w o l a n e s of t r a f f i c i n e a c h d i r e c t i o n . The northbound and southbound t u n n e l tubes w i l l i n i t i a l l y be c o n s t r u c t e d w i d e enough to u l t i m a t e l y p r o v i d e 4 a n d 5 l a n e s r e s p e c t i v e l y , r e g u i r e d to accommodate t r a f f i c v o l u m e s e x p e c t e d by 1990 a f t e r the P r o j e c t i s c o n n e c t e d to the N e w York Avenue Industrial F r e e w a y . for t h i s s e c t i o n a r e 3 5 , The average daily traffic 240 i n 1975 a n d 5 3 , 981 i n 1990. forecasts These numbers c o m p a r e w i t h the 2 4 - h o u r a v e r a g e w e e k d a y v o l u m e of 2 0 , 4 0 0 v e h i c l e s c u r r e n t l y u s i n g U . S . Alternate Route 1 . The following table gives the t r a f f i c v o l u m e s f o r e c a s t e d by the Department of H i g h w a y s a n d T r a f f i c for 1975 a n d 1990. 8 �TRAFFIC (Center L e g , Between FORECASTS Massachusetts and N e w York Avenues) 2000 1975 Hourly Volume %Weekly ADT VPH 12 pm - 1 a m 1 - 2 1.5 0.8 529 282 2 - 3 0.4 141 3 - 4 0.3 0.4 Hourly Volume 106 141 529 Hour 4 - 5 5 - 6 6 - 7 1.5 6.1 VPH 432 216 162 216 810 10.0 8.2 2, 150 3,524 2, 890 3,293 5 , 398 5.3 1,868 4.1 1 , 445 2,861 2,213 4.4 4.5 4.6 1,551 1,586 1,621 2,375 2,429 2 - 3 5.1 1 , 797 3 - 4 6.8 2,396 2,753 3,671 4 - 5 8.5 2,995 2,643 7 - 8 8 - 9 9 10 11 12 1 0 - 11 - 12 a m - 1 pm 1 - 2 7.5 5 - 6 6 - 7 5.3 4.2 4,426 2,483 1,868 4,588 4,049 2, 861 2,267 3.1 1,022 1,565 3.0 1,057 1,619 2.6 9 - 1 0 10 - 1 1 1 1 - 12 1,480 1,092 2.9 7 - 8 8 - 9 916 1,404 T h e portion of the Project K Street bridges between 1,673 the M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue and w i l l be c o v e r e d b y a s t r u c t u r a l d e c k to p e r m i t t h e d e v e l - opment of urban r e n e w a l replacement above the freeway. housing by u t i l i z i n g the air-rights T h e f i n i s h e d top of the t u n n e l d e c k w i l l match the e x i s t i n g street l e v e l s . The proposed air-rights generally development, is included i n the urban r e n e w a l project known a s Northwest One and �and w i l l s e r v e a s a bridge over the f r e e w a y , reintegrating the e x i s t i n g neighborhoods The o n both s i d e s of t h e 1,200 freeway. foot t u n n e l w i l l h a v e a m e c h a n i c a l v e n t i l a t i o n T h i s s y s t e m i s d e s i g n e d to l i m i t t h e m a x i m u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n of system. carbon m o n o x i d e to 3 1 p a r t s per 1 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 p a r t s of a i r m e a s u r e d o v e r a hour period ( i . e . 250 ppm m a x i m u m 8 h o u r c o n c e n t r a t i o n ) . one The v e n t i - lation d e s i g n i s b a s e d upon this c r i t e r i a and the w o r s t p o s s i b l e traffic c o n d i t i o n of a l l n i n e t r a f f i c l a n e s f i l l e d to m a x i m u m c a p a c i t y w i t h and trucks stopped with their engines The cars running. e x h a u s t v e n t i l a t i o n d u c t s w i l l be l o c a t e d a l o n g the outside w a l l of e a c h t u n n e l tube a n d t h e s u p p l y d u c t s w i l l be l o c a t e d a l o n g roadway centerline. a r a t e s y s t e m for e a c h Thus, c r o s s v e n t i l a t i o n w i l l be p r o v i d e d by a sep- tube. F u m e s from the e x h a u s t s y s t e m w i l l be c o l l e c t e d a n d through e x h a u s t towers adjacent to t h e m i d - r i s e a p a r t m e n t l o c a t e d at the north a n d s o u t h e n d s of a i r - r i g h t s s i t e . following this page.) the conducted buildings (See Figure 4 The exterior of the t o w e r s w i l l h a v e a finish w h i c h w i l l conform i n c h a r a c t e r w i t h that p r o v i d e d for the e x t e r i o r a r c h i tecture of t h e s e r e s i d e n t i a l m i d - r i s e b u i l d i n g s . The southbound exhaust s y s t e m w i l l have an air exchange capa- c i t y of 5 7 3 , 0 0 0 c u b i c f e e t per m i n u t e , a n d the northbound e x h a u s t w i l l have an air exchange The c a p a c i t y o f 63 8 , 0 0 0 c u b i c f e e t p e r m i n u t e . t o w e r s w i l l r i s e to a p p r o x i m a t e l y 98 f e e t a b o v e s t r e e t l e v e l Figure 5 following this page), stories high. (See w h i c h i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y e g u i v a l e n t to S i n c e the m i d - r i s e apartments ment w i l l r i s e 8 s t o r i e s , system of the a i r - r i g h t s develop- the t o w e r s w i l l be e x h a u s t i n g p o l l u t a n t s 10 10 about �AIR-RIGHTS HOUSING PROJECT 0 1 100 I Figure 4 ��D 20 .••him i i 40 I AIR-RIGHTS HOUSING SECTION Figure 5 ��20 f t . , o r t w o s t o r i e s h i g h e r t h a n t h e t a l l e s t b u i l d i n g o f t h e s u r r o u n d i n g area. The system, ject. t u n n e l tubes w i l l be l i g h t e d w i t h a G r e e n e n s type lighting s i m i l a r to the s y s t e m u s e d for t h e M a l l t u n n e l s o u t h of t h i s P r o - L o n g i t u d i n a l r o w s of c e i l i n g mounted f l u o r e s c e n t l a m p s w i l l p r o v i d e d o v e r e d g e s of t h e t r a f f i c l a n e s . be Additional ceiling lighting will be p r o v i d e d a t t u n n e l p o r t a l s to e a s e d a y t i m e i n t e n s i t y t r a n s i t i o n s . maintained lighting intensity, day and night, w i l l be a p p r o x i m a t e l y 8 - 1 0 foot c a n d l e s . The i n the i n t e r i o r of the t u n n e l Nighttime l i g h t i n g at the t a l s w i l l be the s a m e a s for the t u n n e l i n t e r i o r . por- Lighting intensity at p o r t a l s d u r i n g d a y t i m e c a n b e a d j u s t e d t o a m a x i m u m of 4 0 - 5 0 f o o t the candles. L i g h t i n g of the t e m p o r a r y h i g h w a y c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n the north t u n n e l portal a n d N e w York A v e n u e w i l l be l o c a t e d a l o n g the m e d i a n a n d to a n i n t e n s i t y of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 . 5 At the p r e s e n t t i m e , completion. way foot designed candles. the C e n t e r L e g e x i s t s i n v a r i o u s s t a g e s T h e i n t e r c h a n g e of the C e n t e r L e g w i t h the S o u t h w e s t is in operation. is nearing completion,as s e g m e n t b e t w e e n t h e e n d of t h a t t u n n e l a n d D S t r e e t . of the segment Free- A t u n n e l e d s e c t i o n of the C e n t e r L e g b e t w e e n Street a n d U n i o n Sguare under the M a l l , between D Street and H The of C is the construction Street is complete except for a n a s p h a l t w e a r i n g s u r f a c e w h i c h w i l l be p l a c e d j u s t b e f o r e the entire Center L e g , including this Project, i s o p e n e d to t r a f f i c . All b r i d g e s t r u c t u r e s north to M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue accommodating crossings o v e r the d e p r e s s e d freeway s e c t i o n are in operation. K Street bridge i s currently under construction. 11 street The �1.03 RIGHT-OF-WAY The r i g h t - o f - w a y b o u n d a r i e s of the P r o j e c t a r e s h o w n on F i g u r e s 2 a n d 3 both f o l l o w i n g p a g e 6. on A l l properties w i t h i n the boundaries shown F i g u r e 2 a r e n o w o w n e d b y the D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s a n d T r a f f i c . The p r o p e r t y a c g u i s i t i o n w h i c h b e g a n i n 1966 t o t a l o f 32 b u s i n e s s e s has involved a a n d 146 d w e l l i n g s e s t i m a t e d t o h a v e h a d a f a i r m a r k e t v a l u e of $ 4 , 6 5 2 , 3 4 9 . * Most buildings have already been demo- l i s h e d a n d m a n y of t h e v a c a n t a r e a s a r e c u r r e n t l y b e i n g u s e d for bile parking. easement T h e r o a d w a y w i l l be c o n s t r u c t e d u n d e r a three granted by the Redevelopment of H i g h w a y s and T r a f f i c . L a n d A g e n c y to t h e Department initial acres. E x c e p t for a w a t e r m a i n a n d a storm s e w e r , u t i l i t y trunk l i n e s c r o s s i n g the r i g h t - o f - w a y . 36" dimensional The total land area i n v o l v e d i n the p h a s e of t h e P r o j e c t c o m e s to 1 4 . 5 automo- t h e r e a r e no major The water main is a p i p e a l o n g t h e L S t r e e t a l i g n m e n t t h a t w i l l be l o w e r e d t o a l l o w t h e highway crossing. The 3 x 4 foot storm s e w e r a l o n g K Street w i l l r e l o c a t e d to c r o s s u n d e r the p r o p o s e d h i g h w a y a l o n g the a l i g n m e n t L Street. T h i s w o r k w i l l be c o o r d i n a t e d w i t h a n d a p p r o v e d by the u t i l i t y c o m p a n y or a u t h o r i t y r e s p o n s i b l e 1.04 for t h e total estimated i n c l u d i n g the a i r - r i g h t s t u n n e l and the temporary c o n n e c t i o n A v e n u e but e x c l u d i n g the c o s t of $ 6 , 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 e s t i m a t e d 12 public SCHEDULE c o s t of the p r o p o s e d f a c i l i t i e s i s * D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s a n d T r a f f i c of service. CONSTRUCTION COSTS AND DEVELOPMENT The be $21,600,000 to N e w Y o r k for the proposed �air-rights project. Construction will involve approximately c u b i c y a r d s of e a r t h e x c a v a t i o n , concrete, 4 5 , 0 0 0 c u b i c y a r d s of portland 7 , 0 0 0 t o n s of a s p h a l t c o n c r e t e p a v e m e n t , structural steel. 400,000 cement and 5 , 2 0 0 tons E x c a v a t e d m a t e r i a l w i l l be d i s p o s e d of b y t h e of con- tractor i n a l o c a t i o n a n d manner a p p r o v e d by the Department of H i g h w a y s and Traffic. In a c c o r d a n c e power, and telephone with present operating agreements, utilities, affected gas, by the P r o j e c t w i l l be by the r e s p e c t i v e p u b l i c u t i l i t y c o m p a n i e s . electric relocated A l l u t i l i t y w o r k w i l l be con- d u c t e d w i t h o u t s i g n i f i c a n t i n t e r r u p t i o n o f s e r v i c e to t h e s u r r o u n d i n g communities. A $ 2 , 0 1 2 , 0 0 0 c o n t r a c t h a s b e e n a w a r d e d for t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n the K Street bridge and c o n s t r u c t i o n h a s commenced. the m a j o r p o r t i o n of the P r o j e c t , January 1973, however, Construction i s e x p e c t e d to start a n d to b e c o m p l e t e d w i t h i n t w o y e a r s . The deck construction permits. 18 m o n t h s , 1 . 05 tunnel A s s u m i n g a c o n s t r u c t i o n d u r a t i o n of 1976. the f r e e w a y s e g m e n t i s i n the f i n a l s t a g e s of d e s i g n p r e p a r a t i o n of c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n t r a c t documents. NEED AND BENEFITS Sixth Street, rently designated four b l o c k s to t h e w e s t of the C e n t e r L e g , i s U . S. Alternate 1 in downtown Washington. Figure 6 following this page.) and about the h o u s i n g u n i t s c o u l d be r e a d y for o c c u p a n c y by J u l y As of t h i s w r i t i n g , and of construction o f t h e a i r - r i g h t s p r o j e c t w i l l b e a b l e to p r o c e e d a s s o o n a s t h e and of badly congested As s u c h , m u c h of the t i m e . 13 cur- (See this street is h e a v i l y traveled C o m p l e t i o n of the C e n t e r L e g , �of w h i c h t h i s P r o j e c t i s i n the f i n a l s e g m e n t , w i l l alleviate this condition by e f f e c t i v e l y separating l o c a l t r a f f i c , p a r t i c u l a r l y truck traffic s e r v i n g the d o w n t o w n a r e a , a n d through t r a f f i c . The Center Leg w i l l provide d i r e c t t h r o u g h a c c e s s to t h e p r o p o s e d i n d u s t r i a l p a r k n o r t h o f t h e Area and N e w York A v e n u e . e n a c t e d the 1968 Recognizing this need, the U . S . Project Congress F e d e r a l - A i d H i g h w a y A c t , a s e c t i o n of w h i c h c a l l e d for the d i l i g e n t c o m p l e t i o n of the C e n t e r L e g . The benefits intended by t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n e r s to be d e r i v e d from the C e n t e r L e g c a n n o t r e a l i z e d u n t i l the M a s s a c h u s e t t s the be Avenue to N e w York A v e n u e segment is constructed. Specific s o c i a l and economic s t r u c t i o n of the f i n a l segment subsections benefits to be d e r i v e d from the of the C e n t e r L e g a r e d i s c u s s e d i n the u n d e r S e c t i o n 3 of t h i s D r a f t S t a t e m e n t . principal benefits con- In general, the a n t i c i p a t e d are t h o s e to be d e r i v e d by the i m p r o v e d traffic f l o w i n the d o w n t o w n c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t , the u s u a l b e n e f i t s of t i m e a n d m o n e y s a v i n g s a n d r e d u c e d a c c i d e n t r a t e s to the of the f r e e w a y a n d the b e n e f i t s presently cleared vacant site users to t h e l o c a l c o m m u n i t y o f h a v i n g t h e developed. 14 ���2.0 DESCRIPTION OF T H E PROJECT 2.01 T H E NATURAL 2.01.1 SURROUNDINGS ENVIRONMENT CLIMATE Summers in Washington are generally warm and humid. T e m p e r a t u r e s i n J u l y , the hottest month n o r m a l l y range b e t w e e n 69° and 8 7 ° F w h e r e a s relative humidity, measured in the e a r l y morning averages 75 percent.* Winters are generally mild, although normal temperatures t h e m o n t h of J a n u a r y m a y be e x p e c t e d t o r a n g e Freezing temperatures A p r i l 16, between 29° and 44° F . m a y be e x p e c t e d to o c c u r b e t w e e n O c t o b e r a c c o r d i n g to r e c o r d s kept o v e r t h e p a s t t w e n t y (20) Relative humidity averages in 21 and years. 69 p e r c e n t i n J a n u a r y . * W a s h i n g t o n m a y e x p e c t a n a v e r a g e of 1 0 2 d a y s of w e a t h e r classified as clear, 1 0 5 d a y s of w e a t h e r c l a s s i f i e d a s p a r t l y c l o u d y , a n d 158 d a y s c l a s s i f i e d a s c l o u d y . population at large may e x p e c t I n l i g h t of t h e s e f i g u r e s , the 5 7 p e r c e n t of t h e i r d a y s t o h a v e some sunshine.* Annual precipitation averages guite e v e n l y throughout the y e a r . 40.8 inches, Thunderstorms freguently occur during the summer months and are often a c c o m p a n i e d sometimes attended by damaging w i n d s , severe hailstorms, tornadoes * which is distributed by sudden and heavy rains hail and lightning. or h u r r i c a n e s a r e r a r e However, occurrences. " L o c a l Climatological D a t a , Annual Summary with Comparative D a t a , W a s h i n g t o n D . C . N a t i o n a l A i r p o r t " , U . S . D e p a r t m e n t of C o m m e r c e , W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . 1971 . �Snow accumulations rare. of m o r e t h a n 10 i n c h e s a r e a l s o r e l a t i v e l y Melt-off i s u s u a l l y quite rapid in Washington although snow of t h r e e (3") i n c h e s or more m a k e d r i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s r e s u l t s i n r e d u c e d s p e e d s or e v e n t r a f f i c h a l t s . m a y o n l y be e x p e c t e d to o c c u r a n a v e r a g e 2.01.2 Such snow and accumulations of o n c e o r t w i c e a W i n d direction and local temperature in the f o l l o w i n g hazardous depths year.* inversions are discussed subsection. AIR QUALITY This subsection i s b a s e d on t h e r e s u l t s of a s t u d y by Environmental Research Massachusetts. for reference & Technology, Inc. undertaken ( E R T ) of L e x i n g t o n , T h e i r f u l l r e p o r t i s a t t a c h e d to t h i s D r a f t S t a t e m e n t as Appendix 1 . U t i l i z i n g a n a i r g u a l i t y prediction computer a i r pollution l e v e l s , a s w e l l a s the projected v i c i n i t y of t h e S i t e , model, present pollution l e v e l s in the w e r e e v a l u a t e d by comparing the computer model r e s u l t s to the N a t i o n a l Ambient Air Q u a l i t y Standards d e v e l o p e d by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). maximum average concertrations T h e EPA s t a n d a r d s prescribe a l l o w a b l e to s i g n i f i c a n t p o l l u t a n t s v a r i o u s p e r i o d s of t h e d a y a s s h o w n i n the f o l l o w i n g table. * " L o c a l CTimatological D a t a , Annual Summary with Comparative Washington, D . C . National Airport U . S . Department Washington, D.C. 1971. 16 for of Data, Commerce, �NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS ( P r o t e c t i v e of H u m a n H e a l t h ) Pollutant L e v e l not to be Exceeded (PPM = Parts Per M i l l i o n ) Carbon 35 P P M ( 1 - hour a v e r a g e ) * Monoxide 9 PPM (8-hour average)* Hydroca rbons 0.24 PPM (6-9 A M a v e r a g e ) * * O x i d e s of N i t r o g e n 0.05 PPM (annual average) * Not to be e x c e e d e d more t h a n o n c e e a c h ** E q u i v a l e n t t o o n e - h o u r a v e r a g e of 0 . 2 9 year. PPM. T h e standards demonstrate the v a r i o u s time exposure a s s o c i a t e d w i t h e a c h of t h e p o l l u t a n t s . determined by related health e f f e c t s . periods These exposure periods were For example, for carbon there i s a o n e - h o u r and a n 8-hour standard w h e r e a s for o x i d e s nitrogen there is only an a n n u a l standard. monoxide of Health effects studies i n d i c a t e d t h a t s h o r t - t e r m e x p o s u r e s to h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of have carbon m o n o x i d e ( C O ) h a v e d e f i n i t e p h y s i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s on t h e h u m a n body w h e r e a s s i m i l a r a c u t e s h o r t t e r m e x p o s u r e s t o o x i d e s of n i t r o g e n d o not c a u s e such effects. H o w e v e r , long term e x p o s u r e to s m a l l c o n - c e n t r a t i o n s of e i t h e r p o l l u t a n t p r o d u e c s t h e o p p o s i t e The s p e c i f i c time period, effects. 6 A M to 9 A M , c h o s e n for the h y d r o c a r b o n s t a n d a r d i s r e l a t e d to the f a c t that the most .significant a d v e r s e e f f e c t of h y d r o c a r b o n s i s t h e i r p h o t o c h e m i c a l r e a c t i o n o x i d e s of n i t r o g e n . I t h a s b e e n f o u n d t h a t t h e a m o u n t of with photochemical s m o g p r o d u c e d d u r i n g a d a y i s d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e a m o u n t of h y d r o carbons r e l e a s e d during t h i s e a r l y morning period, w h e r e a s emissions r e l e a s e d d u r i n g o t h e r t i m e s of t h e d a y d o n o t h a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t �o n t h e p r o d u c t i o n of s m o g a n d o t h e r p h o t o c h e m i c a l pollutants. F o r t h e c o n v e n i e n c e of t h i s a n a l y s i s , t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n p o l l u t a n t s h a s been e v a l u a t e d for three a t m o s p h e r i c c o n d i t i o n s : neutral and unstable of stable, conditions. The stable condition represents an atmospheric inversion, during w h i c h time v e r t i c a l air motions are inhibited. During such p e r i o d s , a n y pollutant emitted at ground l e v e l tends to stagnate and a c c u m u l a t e , w h e r e a s e m i s s i o n s o c c u r r i n g w i t h i n or a b o v e t h e i n v e r s i o n do not r e a c h t h e g r o u n d a n d , t h e r e f o r e , to ground-level concentrations. on c l e a r nights w i t h light w i n d do not c o n t r i b u t e significantly T h e s e conditions occur most frequently speeds. O n the other h a n d , u n s t a b l e c o n d i t i o n s t e n d to e n h a n c e v e r t i c a l air movements. T h e r e s u l t i s t h o r o u g h m i x i n g of t h e l o w e r a t m o s p h e r e . T h e s e c o n d i t i o n s , w h i c h g e n e r a l l y o c c u r during the daytime and are c h a r a c t e r i z e d by strong s o l a r h e a t i n g a n d l i g h t to moderate w i n d c a u s e r a p i d d i f f u s i o n of a n y p o l l u t a n t e m i t t e d i n t o the speeds, atmosphere. Neutral atmospheric conditions occur during cloudy and/or windy periods. These conditions occur guite frequently in Washington a n d t e n d to c a u s e good m i x i n g a n d the g e n e r a t i o n of m e c h a n i c a l t u r b u l e n c e d u e t o t h e w i n d i n t e r a c t i n g w i t h n a t u r a l or man-made obstacles. I n o r d e r t o e v a l u a t e p o l l u t i o n l e v e l s i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e C e n t e r L e g of t h e I n n e r L o o p F r e e w a y , w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s representative o f t i m e p e r i o d s of o n e h o u r a n d o n e y e a r w e r e s e l e c t e d f o r t h e For carbon monoxide a n d hydrocarbons (less methane), the (one hour) c o n d i t i o n s w e r e e x a m i n e d . The annual average w a s c a l c u l a t e d f o r o x i d e s of n i t r o g e n . 18 study. short-term condition �P r e l i m i n a r y a n a l y s i s of t h e peak, p o l l u t a n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a f u n c t i o n of w i n d d i r e c t i o n i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e w e s t w i n d w o u l d highest short-term l e v e l s . This direction was selected it b e c a u s e of i t s r e l a t i v e l y i n f r e g u e n t o c c u r r e n c e i e c i d e d to e x a m i n e a l s o t h e s o u t h - s o u t h w e s t .irevailing wind condition). yield the w o r s t condition, as yield for a n a l y s i s , (3.9%), it w a s w i n d c o n d i t i o n (the a n n u a l Although the latter conditions would not i t i s m o r e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t y p i c a l c o n d i t i o n s . For nitrogen o x i d e s , an annual average condition w a s computed s i n g the W a s h i n g t o n N a t i o n a l Airport s t a b i l i t y w i n d r o s e a s input to tie m o d e l , since the airport i s o n l y 2-1/2 m i l e s from the Project Area -ind i s s u b j e c t t o t h e s a m e w e a t h e r i n f l u e n c e s . As s u c h , the airport d a t a p r o v i d e d a good e s t i m a t e of c o n d i t i o n s n e a r t h e f r e e w a y on a n annual basis. T h i s information w a s u s e d to compute the a i r q u a l i t y r e s u l t i n g from e v e r y w i n d d i r e c t i o n a n d s p e e d l i s t e d for e a c h pheric condition. These computed v a l u e s were then added and w e i g h t e d i n o r d e r .o o b t a i n t h e a n n u a l x The proposed development frequent changes These changes Because atmos- of a i r m a s s e s average. is in a n area that experiences marked by the p a s s a g e of s t o r m systems. t y p i c a l l y o c c u r o n t h e o r d e r of o n c e or t w i c e a w e e k . of t h e s e l a r g e - s c a l e phenomena, p r o l o n g e d b u i l d u p of p o l l u t i o n l e v e l s a n d l a r g e a d v e c t i o n of b a c k g r o u n d p o l l u t i o n l e v e l s not freguent o c c u r r e n c e s . air mass There are, h o w e v e r , o c c a s i o n a l p e r i o d s of stagnation that most often occur during the f a l l . mass stagnation is relatively infrequent, conditions are, in general, the average the a v e r a g e a i r q u a l i t y i n the v i c i n i t y of the Project. Since air microclimatic the most important elements 19 are in determining �T r a f f i c data for e v e r y s t r e e t i n the d o w n t o w n W a s h i n g t o n D . C . area w a s obtained for the y e a r 1970. a three percent (3%) i n c r e a s e T o o b t a i n s i m i l a r data for per y e a r w a s a s s u m e d . u s e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e s t u d y w a s 95 p e r c e n t a u t o m o b i l e s , 1972, The vehicle mix and five percent (5%) t r u c k s ( 2 % d i e s e l s ) . E m i s s i o n f a c t o r s for a u t o m o b i l e s , trucks and diesels were d e r i v e d from E P A d a t a a n d r e p r e s e n t the b e s t i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e to date. (See A p p e n d i x 1 , S e c t i o n 2.2). T h e ambient a i r q u a l i t y c o n d i t i o n s i n the Project Area for the existing 1972 t r a f f i c c o n d i t i o n s a r e d e t a i l e d i n A p p e n d i x 1 . i s a s u m m a r y of f i n d i n g s r e g a r d i n g e x i s t i n g a i r g u a l i t y Following conditions. During current peak hour t r a f f i c conditions and a w e s t the one-hour s t a n d a r d f o r c a r b o n m o n o x i d e i s not e x c e e d e d wind, anywhere i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e P r o j e c t A r e a u n d e r c u r r e n t u n s t a b l e a n d n e u t r a l atmospheric conditions. H o w e v e r , under stable conditions standard is presently exceeded. e x t e n d s from 1 , 5 0 0 the Project. In this instance, the area the examined t o 3 , 0 0 0 f e e t i n e a c h d i r e c t i o n f r o m t h e c e n t e r of The area i n w h i c h the standard i s g e n e r a l l y e x c e e d e d p r i m a r i l y w e s t a n d s o u t h w e s t of t h e is Site. B a c k g r o u n d l e v e l s of h y d r o c a r b o n s c u r r e n t l y e x c e e d the s t a n d a r d e v e r y w h e r e i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e P r o j e c t d u r i n g p e a k : h o u r t r a f f i c c o n d i t i o n s w i t h w e s t e r l y w i n d s for a l l three a t m o s p h e r i c examined. atmospheric stabilities However, highest values normally occur during stable conditions. T h e r e i s n o h o u r l y or d a i l y s t a n d a r d a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e nitrogen oxides (NO ) . for T h e N a t i o n a l Ambient A i r Q u a l i t y Standard for t h e a n n u a l a v e r a g e o f o x i d e s of n i t r o g e n i s 0 . 0 5 Current background levels exceed 20 0.05 parts per m i l l i o n . ppm for a p p r o x i m a t e l y one-half �the area studied by ERT w h i c h 2.01.3 NOISE i s g e n e r a l l y w e s t of t h e Site. LEVELS T h e present ambient l e v e l s w e r e m e a s u r e d at the Site on April 19th a n d 2 0 t h , L.S. 1972, throughout the daytime and nighttime hours by G o o d f r i e n d a n d A s s o c i a t e s , C o n s u l t i n g E n g i n e e r s i n A c o u s t i c s of Cedar Knolls, New Jersey. B a s e d on t h e s e f i e l d t e s t s , the Project Area w a s f o u n d to be c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a s t e a d y - s t a t e a m b i e n t n o i s e . Due t o t h e r e l a t i v e u n i f o r m i t y of t h e r e c o r d e d a m b i e n t n o i s e g u a l i t i e s , i t w a s determined that two measurement locations and s i x measurement periods w e r e s u f f i c i e n t to document a m b i e n t n o i s e l e v e l s . C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e p r e s e n t a m b i e n t l e v e l s r e c o r d e d a t t h e Site are g i v e n i n the f o l l o w i n g t a b l e . CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESENT AMBIENT NOISE M E A S U R E D AT T H E S I T E P e r i o d of D a y N o i s e L e v e l (dBA) Late Morning 52 Evening Rush Hour 55-56 Late 49-50 Evening Night 44-45 The noise l e v e l s are g i v e n in A - w e i g h t e d d e c i b e l s because the " d B A " l e v e l i s regarded a s " s t a t i s t i c a l l y i n d i s t i n g u i s h a b l e from the b e s t p s y c h o l o g i c a l d e r i v e d m e a s u r e s i n i t s r e l i a b i l i t y a s a p r e d i c t o r of human r e s p o n s e to t r a f f i c n o i s e " . * * Galloway, W . J . , Clark, Noise: Measurement, W . E . , and Kerrick, J.S., "Urban Highway Simulation and M i x e d Reactions", N C H R P Report 78, 1969 �T h e l e v e l s of h i g h w a y n o i s e f l u c t u a t e w i t h t i m e , statistical techniques be e m p l o y e d . follow are presented The noise level criteria which i n t e r m s of t h e f i f t y p e r c e n t statistical mean l e v e l . reguiring level ( A second important point on the L 5 ), Q or t h e 'statistical t i m e d i s t r i b u t i o n " c u r v e of t h e n o i s e l e v e l s i s t h e t e n p e r c e n t (10%) l e v e l (L^q) , d e f i n e d a s t h a t l e v e l e x c e e d e d t e n p e r c e n t of t h e time. The recommended d e s i g n c r i t e r i a for o u t s i d e n o i s e l e v e l s for l e s i d e n t i a l areas are a s f o l l o w s : * (dBA) L Day Night Day Night 50 45 56 51 L Maximum Permissible Level It i s , t h e r e f o r e , 50 (dBA) 10 noted that the measured ambient noise levels in the Project Area are c u r r e n t l y c l o s e to the maximum p e r m i s s i b l e design levels. 2.01.4 WATER RESO U R C E S No surface w a t e r s , such as rivers, w i t h i n t h e P r o j e c t A r e a or t h e n e a r v i c i n i t y . lakes, Project Area. a n d 1-1/4 Storm drainage from the S i t e , * Clark W . E . , and Kerrick, Measurement, Report 78, and the T i d a l B a s i n however, a l m o s t t w o m i l e s to the Noise: is conducted 22 to southeast. J.S., "Urban Highway Simulation, and M i x e d R e a c t i o n s " , 1969. of m i l e s r e s p e c t i v e l y from the the Anacostia River, Galloway, W . J . , exist The nearest bodies w a t e r are the M c M i l l a n R e s e r v o i r to the northwest to the south a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1-1/2 or s t r e a m s NCHRP �Although water bearing sand and gravel strata e x i s t near the s u r f a c e i n t h e P r o j e c t A r e a , n o w e l l s w e r e f o u n d w i t h i n t h e S i t e or a r e b e l i e v e d to e x i s t i n t h e n e a r v i c i n i t y . ve de- p t h e s e s t r a t a a s a s o u r c e of p o t a b l e w a t e r . 2.01.5 OTHER DEPLETABLE NATURAL RESOURCES The only depletable the T h e r e a r e no K n o w n p l a n s t o natural resources Project Area are sand and g r a v e l d e p o s i t s . k n o w n to e x i s t w i t h i n It i s c o n s i d e r e d im- p r a c t i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c a l l y u n f e a s i b l e to a n t i c i p a t e u s e of t h e s e on-site m a t e r i a l s a s s o u r c e s of a g g r e g a t e . 2.01.6 AESTHETIC CHARACTER The Project l i e s a l o n g t h e w e s t b o u n d a r y of t h e N o r t h w e s t Urban Renewal Project, a n a r e a b e i n g r e d e v e l o p e d b y t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia Redevelopment Land Agency. i s part of t h i s u r b a n r e n e w a l The proposed air-rights project project. P r i o r to d e m o l i t i o n , t h e u r b a n r e n e w a l a r e a c o n s i s t e d mainly of d e c a y i n g r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s b u i l t d u r i n g t h e l a t t e r p a r t o f t h e a n d t h e e a r l y part of t h e 2 0 t h c e n t u r i e s . properties, One E x c e p t for a f e w 19th isolated s u c h a s the M o u n t C a r m e l B a p t i s t C h u r c h a n d the B i b l e w a y C h u r c h t o t h e n o r t h , t h e a r e a w a s d e v o i d of p o s i t i v e a e s t h e t i c A new aesthetic character current redevelopment program. i s e m e r g i n g n o w b e c a u s e of t h e J u s t s o u t h of t h e P r o j e c t boundaries, s e v e r a l rundown structures are being replaced by large new and private office buildings. character. This redevelopment government program i s i n conformity w i t h the long s t a n d i n g z o n i n g p l a n , to convert M a s s a c h u s e t t s and C o n s t i t u t i o n A v e n u e s at t h i s point into a h i g h - g r a d e c i v i c and office district* . * TAMS, " T h e J o i n t D e v e l o p m e n t of H o u s i n g a n d F r e e w a y s " , M a r c h 2 1 , 19 �W i t h i n the N o r t h w e s t O n e , p l e t e d b y t h e e n d of 1 9 7 0 , n e w or r e h a b i l i t a t e d 588 new housing units were a n d 356 former r e s i d e n t s its By the end of 1971 t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n buildings. h a d r e t u r n e d to of several additional housing and community f a c i l i t i e s projects c o m p l e t e d w i t h more u n d e r w a y . a 9-story 60-unit, were Of particular note w a s the T y l e r a i r conditioned apartment a pedestrian w a y . housing project, L Street, park belt with C o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e T e m p l e C o u r t s , a by the Prince H a l l M a s o n s , were the G o l d e n Rule Apartments, by the B i b l e w a y C h u r c h . 212-unit was underway as a 184-unit residential complex, 2.01.7 projects including spanning the f r e e w a y between H and K Streets. GEOLOGY T h e F a l l l i n e w h i c h forms the boundary b e t w e e n the Province Type and the Atlantic C o a s t a l Plain Province, Washington, Province. D . C * . The Project is located Piedmont passes through in the A t l a n t i c C o a s t a l B e d r o c k a t t h e S i t e i s e s t i m a t e d t o be 120 t o 150 f e e t ground s u r f a c e . gneiss, sponsored I n addition s e v e r a l other redevelopment are c u r r e n t l y p l a n n e d by the RLA for the N o r t h w e s t One A r e a , the a i r - r i g h t s project the between First and w a s converted into a neighborhood sponsored by the expansion) a n d L h e 2 5 6 - b e d N u r s i n g H o m e a n d C o m m u n i t y H e a l t h C e n t e r of National Medical Association Foundation. house, building, sponsored Mount Airy Church (which itself underwent renovation and North C a p i t a l S t r e e t s , com- It c o n s i s t s schist and diorite. Plain below of c r y s t a l l i n e r o c k , principally granite, The bedrock slopes surface generally southeastward. ** Carr, Martha S. , USGS Bulleting No. Rocks and Their Geologic 967 " D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a , H i s t o r y , 1960" . "Preliminary D e s i g n Report, Phase I Alternative Studies, Center Inner Loop F r e e w a y , D Street N W to N e w York A v e . N . W . D . C , " Its Tippetts-Abbett-McCarthy-Stratton, 24 N.Y., N.Y., Leg Washington, Junel965. �Several unconsolidated the c r y s t a l l i n e b e d r o c k . sedimentary formations overlie T h e o l d e s t of t h e s e f o r m a t i o n s belong to the g e o l o g i c u n i t k n o w n a s the P o t o m a c group a n d c o n s i s t m a i n l y of sand and c l a y mixed in varying proportions. T h e u p p e r b e d s of t h e P o t o m a c g r o u p a r e c l a y s of v a r i o u s c o l o r s i n t e r b e d d e d w i t h l e n s e s light-colored sands. by terrace deposits The d e p o s i t s of t h e P o t o m a c group are o v e r l a i n o f P l e i s t o c e n e A g e a n d g e n e r a l l y 15 t o 40 t h i c k , f o r m e d c h e i f l y o f g r a v e l , s a n d a n d a m i x t u r e of s i l t , gravel. of feet sand and D e p r e s s i o n s or o l d e r o s i o n c h a n n e l s w i t h i n t h e s e d e p o s i t s become filled with fine-grained alluvium. The n o r t h e r n p o r t i o n of Site l i e s on Q u a t e r n a r y r i v e r terrace d e p o s i t s w h i l e the southern have the portion of t h e S i t e l i e s o n a l l u v i u m . I n the a i r - r i g h t s t u n n e l s e c t i o n of the P r o j e c t t h e f i n i s h e d r o a d w a y grade l e v e l s w i l l e x i s t i n g ground e l e v a t i o n s . proposed v a r y from 2 1 f e e t to 2 4 f e e t b e l o w Site boring information indicates that g r o u n d w a t e r l e v e l s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e n o r t h e r l y t h r e e q u a r t e r s of t h i s section, w i l l b e a b o v e t h e p r o p o s e d f i n i s h e d g r a d e l i n e of t h e r o a d w a y . S i n c e the b a s e of r e t a i n i n g w a l l f o u n d a t i o n s a n d s t r u c t u r e s r a n g e from s e v e n to e l e v e n f e e t b e l o w t h a t of the r o a d g r a d e l i n e , it follows d e w a t e r i n g w i l l be r e q u i r e d d u r i n g e x c a v a t i o n for f o u n d a t i o n that installations. A r e l a t i v e l y h i g h g r o u n d w a t e r l e v e l e x i s t s a l s o i n the a r e a north of the air-rights tunnel. In this section, a s w i t h the tunnel s e c t i o n , a system of u n d e r d r a i n s f o r p e r m a n e n t w a t e r p r e s s u r e r e l i e f w i l l be i n s t a l l e d . O v e r m o s t of t h e S i t e d e w a t e r i n g i n a d v a n c e of e x c a v a t i o n be e f f e c t e d b y a s y s t e m of w e l l p o i n t s . I n t h e v i c i n i t y of K will Street, however, where a perched groundwater condition in a sand and gravel stratum e x i s t s , i t m a y be d e s i r a b l e to e m p l o y s u m p - p u m p i n g methods. �2.01.8 FAUNA Few wildlife species the S i t e . Such species n a t i v e to the u r b a n e n v i r o n m e n t a r e l i m i t e d to o c c a s s i o n a l mice and gregarious bird species squirrels, such as pigeons, inhabit rats, sparrows, starlings and a few song b i r d s . M i g r a t o r y b i r d s , p a r t i c u l a r l y w a t e r f o w l , u s i n g the A t l a n t i c Flyway, m o s t l y s k i r t W a s h i n g t o n enroute to the C h e s a p e a k e Fay w i n t e r i n g a r e a a n d a r e not a t t r a c t e d to the S i t e or i t s s u r r o u n d i n g u r e a . N o r a r e or e n d a n g e r e d 2.01.9 species i n h a b i t or f r e q u e n t the FLORA E v e n prior to the c l e a r a n c e of t h e S i t e no s t a n d s of t r e e s w i t h i n t h e P r o j e c t A r e a or i t s i m m e d i a t e v i c i n i t y . a r e l i m i t e d to t h e p l a n t e d s h a d e t r e e s remaining trees, 2.01.10 Site. existed Remaining plant l i n i n g the s t r e e t s , species a n d the v a r i o u s s h r u b s , v i n e s a n d w e e d s scattered about the S i t e . ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND PALEONTOLOGICAL No r e l i c s left b y a n c i e n t peoples geologic periods are suspected FEATURES or f o s s i l r e m a i n s of p a s t to l i e i n the P r o j e c t A r e a . Furthermore, a n y s u c h d e p o s i t s w e r e more t h a n l i k e l y l o s t long ago from p r e v i o u s excavations and changes i n the natural topography i n the Project 2.02 HUMAN ENVIRONMENT 2.02.1 SOCIAL Area. CONDITIONS P r i o r to the d e m o l i t i o n of e x i s t i n g s t r u c t u r e s w h i c h b e g a n o n November 18, 1 9 6 6 , the S i t e w a s o c c u p i e d b y a m i x of g e n e r a l l y apartment h o u s e s , town houses, stores, 26 decaying o f f i c e b u i l d i n g s , a 90 y e a r o l d �public elementary school and the M t . Carmel Baptist Church complex. F e w of t h e s e s t r u c t u r e s h a d b e e n b u i l t w i t h i n the l a s t t w e n t y - f i v e y e a r s . At the p r e s e n t t i m e , a p p r o x i m a t e l y s e v e n t y Site has been c l e a r e d . the M t . (70%) p e r c e n t of the Still remaining are nine buildings w h i c h are C a r m e l B a p t i s t C h u r c h and four s m a l l b u s i n e s s e s under s p e c i a l lease agreements. in operation O n l y t h e C h u r c h i s p l a n n e d to r e m a i n . A t o t a l of 192 f a m i l i e s h a v e b e e n d i s p l a c e d b y t h e construction between Massachusetts Of t h e s e , Project and New York Avenues since 1966. 73 f a m i l i e s w e r e c o n s i d e r e d e l i g i b l e f o r p u b l i c h o u s i n g i n A p p r o x i m a t e l y 97 p e r c e n t o f t h e S i t e ' s d i s p l a c e d i n h a b i t a n t s w e r e The next l a r g e s t group w e r e y e a r s of a g e . Sex ratio differences reached a maximum between a g e s o f 2 5 a n d 44 y e a r s w h e n w o m e n o u t n u m b e r e d m e n 2 to 1 . d e n s i t y w a s a r e l a t i v e l y low 23 f a m i l i e s per a c r e . (80%) to 1 . 0 . p e r c e n t of t h e i n h a b i t a n t s b e l o n g e d Population Approximately eighty to p r i m a r y f a m i l i e s . age O n the other h a n d , e n r o l l m e n t s dropped e a c h s u c c e s s i v e of h i g h s c h o o l . In fact, o n l y f i v e o u t of s i x y o u n g s t e r s b e t w e e n a g e s of 14 a n d 18 y e a r s w e r e e n r o l l e d i n s c h o o l . Of t h e s e , * " T h e J o i n t D e v e l o p m e n t of H o u s i n g a n d F r e e w a y s " , McCarthy-Stratton, ** persons separation, School enrollment w a s quite high for e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l children. February 1967, eighty persons. C o m p l e t e f a m i l i e s o u t n u m b e r e d t h o s e i n c o m p l e t e d u e to e i t h e r slightly l e s s than 1.5 18 the or m o r e F a m i l y s i z e s c o m m o n l y r a n g e d from one to s i x or d e a t h , black.** However, nearly ( 8 0 % ) p e r c e n t of t h e d w e l l i n g u n i t s h a d d e n s i t i e s o f 1 . 0 0 divorce, 1967.* Chinese. N e a r l y one h a l f the d i s p l a c e d p o p u l a t i o n w a s l e s s t h a n per room. vacant, year the seventy-five Tippetts-Abbett- p. 8. The current r a c i a l m i x i n the immediate v i c i n i t y i s s t i l l about 87%. �( 7 5 % ) p e r c e n t c o m p l e t e d f o u r y e a r s of h i g h s c h o o l . percent had completed any further Social conditions O n l y one to three education. p r e v a i l i n g i n the P r o j e c t A r e a , p r i o r to d e m o l i t i o n m a y a l s o be c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y t h o s e c u r r e n t l y p r e v a i l i n g i n the a d j a c e n t D o w n t o w n U r b a n R e n e w a l A r e a to the w e s t . to s u r v e y s performed b y the RLA i n 1 9 7 0 , the p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t y i n t h a t a r e a r a n g e d f r o m 6 0 t o 12 0 f a m i l i e s p e r a c r e . generally inadequate moderate income. Housing was with insufficient utilities and f a c i l i t i e s a n d poor s a n i t a r y c o n d i t i o n s . According community M o s t f a m i l i e s w e r e l o w to Of the s e v e r a l hundred d w e l l i n g u n i t s w i t h i n Downtown Urban Renewal Area, ninety-four the (94%) p e r c e n t w e r e b y t e n a n t s w h i l e o n l y s i x (6%) p e r c e n t b y l a n d l o r d s a n d occupied owners. T h e N o r t h w e s t O n e A r e a , of w h i c h t h e p r o p o s e d a i r - r i g h t s w i l l be p a r t , some 2 ,000 i s c u r r e n t l y b e i n g d e v e l o p e d a s a r e s i d e n t i a l c o m m u n i t y for f a m i l i e s of l o w a n d m o d e r a t e included are new neighborhood parks, center. playgrounds, income. A l s o p l a n n e d to shopping f a c i l i t i e s , school a park area and community meeting rooms. space, new a day care A l s o , the a i r - r i g h t s w i l l p e r m i t a h i g h e r d e n s i t y of 69 f a m i l i e s p e r a c r e . Room h o w e v e r , w i l l be s u b s t a n t i a l l y l o w e r t h a n t h o s e d e n s i t i e s 2 . 02 . 2 community a p p r o x i m a t e l y 300 7 , 5 0 0 s g u a r e f e e t of c o m m e r c i a l be expansion, pedestrian w a y s and a large m u l t i - u s e The a i r - r i g h t s project w i l l contribute housing units, p r i o r to project center, project densities, that prevailed demolition. ECONOMIC ACTIVITY F o r the m o s t part o n l y minor e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y e x i s t s i n the entire Northwest One A r e a , The n o t a b l e e x c e p t i o n i s the U.S. Government Printing Office w h i c h is within easy w a l k i n g distance from t h e S i t e a n d i s a m a j o r e m p l o y e r of b o t h s k i l l e d a n d u n s k i l l e d l a b o r . 28 �Prior to d e m o l i t i o n , Area. thirty-two small businesses e x i s t e d i n the Project Of t h e s e o n l y four s t i l l r e m a i n i n o p e r a t i o n a s d i s c u s s e d i n the previous sub section. As previously stated, 7 , 6 0 0 s q u a r e f e e t of c o m m e r c i a l space h a s b e e n p l a n n e d f o r t h e g r o u n d f l o o r s of t h e p r o p o s e d a i r - r i g h t s h o u s i n g towers. S i m i l a r c o m m e r c i a l s p a c e i s b e i n g d e v e l o p e d for the G o l d e n R u l e Apartments and Temple Courts complexes presently under construction in the N o r t h w e s t One A r e a . D i r e c t l y to t h e w e s t o f t h e P r o j e c t A r e a i s W a s h i n g t o n ' s business district (CBD), metropolitan region. central the l a r g e s t r e t a i l s h o p p i n g c e n t e r i n the I t s 9 0 , 0 0 0 j o b s are the prime s o u r c e of income for m a n y of t h e C i t y ' s r e s i d e n t s a n d t a x e s from t h a t a r e a f i n a n c e a l a r g e of t h e C i t y ' s s e r v i c e s . A s of 1 9 7 0 , * f i f t e e n ( 1 5 % ) of t h e e l i g i b l e l a b o r f o r c e l i v i n g i n Northwest One w a s u n e m p l o y e d . A l m o s t a l l t h o s e e m p l o y e d , w o r k e d for a w a g e w i t h t h e p r i m a r y e x c e p t i o n of t a x i c a b o w n e r s . employed males were blue c o l l a r , n o n - s k i l l e d w o r k e r s . females were domestic etc. M o s t of Most the employed service workers, clerical workers, typists, The m a j o r i t y of t h o s e e m p l o y e d w o r k e d i n t h e C B D , N o r t h w e s t One A r e a or the s u b u r b s . automobiles. 2 . 02 . 3 O n l y one of four p e r s o n s e m p l o y e d owned M o s t w a l k e d to a n d f r o m w o r k . MAJOR LAND USE PATTERNS AND RELATIONSHIPS P r i o r to c l e a r a n c e , l a n d u s e i n the Project Area and the v i c i n i t y w a s a n u n p l a n n e d m i x of r e s i d e n t i a l , c o m m e r c i a l , business district. central M o s t structures were g e n e r a l l y under three R L A , Annual Report 1970. 29 immediate industrial a n d i n s t i t u t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s w i t h ' t h e n o t a b l e e x c e p t i o n of the * part stories �high.(See Figure 7 following this At t h i s t i m e , Ultimately, seventy page). (70%) p e r c e n t of t h e S i t e i s of the o r i g i n a l l a n d u s e s on the S i t e , cleared. o n l y the M t . Carmel Baptist Church complex will remain. H o w e v e r , the former surrounding l a n d u s e pattern h a s undergoing radical changes been o v e r the p a s t s e v e r a l y e a r s a s a r e s u l t of t h e v a r i o u s p l a n n e d u r b a n r e n e w a l projects. The area b e t w e e n the Project Area and North C a p i t o l Street and between N e w York and Massachusetts A v e n u e s (Northwest One Urban R e n e w a l Project) p r e s e n t l y u n d e r g o i n g a t r a n s i t i o n a l p h a s e of d e v e l o p m e n t . i s p r e d o m i n a n t l y v a c a n t or u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n . is a small concentration a n u m b e r of s c h o o l s , Figure No. is Its land Remaining, however, of l o w d e n s i t y r e s i d e n t i a l u s a g e a l o n g w i t h c h u r c h e s and some community f a c i l i t i e s . (See 9 f o l l o w i n g page 3 9.) Beyond North C a p t i o l Street a s far e a s t a s the B & 0 R a i l r o a d r i g h t - o f - w a y there is a rather h e a v y concentration between K Street and New York A v e n u e . of i n d u s t r i a l u s a g e In addition, there i s a s c a t t e r i n g of i n d u s t r y o c c u r r i n g m o s t l y a s w a r e h o u s i n g w i t h i n dominantly residential neighborhoods o u t s i d e of t h i s a r e a . commercial and residential usage occurs between H Streets f r o m 4 t h S t r e e t to 6 t h S t r e e t , N.W. and N Mixed " O " Street and While housing is g e n e r a l l y d i s p e r s e d t h r o u g h o u t the v i c i n i t y of the P r o j e c t , concentration pre- the largest of s o l i d r e s i d e n t i a l b l o c k s o c c u r s b e t w e e n N e w Y o r k A v e n u e Street from 2nd Street over the 6th Street, e x t e n d i n g f r o m " O " S t r e e t d o w n to h a s the h e a v i e s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n G The corridor Street a l o n g 7th Street, of r e t a i l u s a g e , is c h a r a c t e r i z e d by spot office commercial 30 N.W. N.W. a l t h o u g h the entire usage. area ���A few major office buildings are located nearby. These offices i n c l u d e the U . S . G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g O f f i c e and G e n e r a l A c c o u n t i n g Office. The Printing O f f i c e i s located at North C a p i t o l and a n d the a c c o u n t i n g o f f i c e at 4th a n d Unlike most sections open space G there a r e not or p a r k f a c i l i t i e s i n the i m m e d i a t e v i c i n i t y . space N o r t h C a p i t o l to N e w J e r s e y b e t w e e n abundant It appears s e r v e s the quandrant from "I" Street and " O " Street. The a r e a i m m e d i a t e l y s u r r o u n d i n g the Project i s z o n e d for h i g h b u l k major b u s i n e s s , employment centers, buildings and low r i s e row d w e l l i n g s . presently office The area b e t w e e n 2nd Street and 6th Street i s z o n e d for o f f i c e b u i l d i n g s a n d for apartment and hotels w i t h a F . A . R . ordinances. (floor a r e a ratio) of 6 . 0 W e s t of 3 r d S t r e e t b e t w e e n extending a little beyond L and l i e s o u t h of H of 4 . 5 . permitted by zoning H Streets and Residential use Other areas w h i c h are s i m i l a r l y zoned Street between North C a p i t o l and 2nd Street and of C o n s t i t u t i o n A v e n u e b e t w e e n 1st Street and 6th Street. F l o r i d a and Rhode I s l a n d A v e n u e s on the s o u t h , houses 12th Street i s a n a r e a z o n e d for h i g h bulk major business and as an employment center. i s l i m i t e d to a F . A . R . Street Streets. of W a s h i n g t o n , t h a t t h e b u l k of t h e r e c r e a t i o n a l G north Bounded by on the north and N e w York Avenue North C a p i t o l on the e a s t a n d 5th Street on the w e s t i s l a r g e s t s i n g u l a r z o n e d a r e a i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e P r o j e c t A r e a . i s z o n e d p r i m a r i l y for l o w r i s e d w e l l i n g s w i t h a F . A . R . c o n v e r s i o n s to m u l t i p l e d w e l l i n g s w i t h 900 This the area of 0 . 9 a n d s g u a r e f e e t of l o t p e r d w e l l i n g unit permitted. I n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e General Land Use Objectives " C o m p r e h e n s i v e P l a n for the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l - 1 9 7 0 / 1985 "prepared b y the National C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n r e v e a l s the f o l l o w i n g l a n d u s e 31 proposals �i n v o l v i n g the Project A r e a , and v i c i n i t y . (See page.) H E a s t of N o r t h C a p i t o l S t r e e t from designated industrial usage. South of H from N o r t h C a p i t o l S t r e e t to S i x t h S t r e e t , designated a s the c e n t r a l employment S i x t h S t r e e t to F o u r t e e n t h S t r e e t , is designated 2.02.4 Street to N Street is S t r e e t to C o n s t i t u t i o n A v e n u e N. W. i s a portion of the c e n t e r for the C i t y . N . W . and between a s the d o w n t o w n r e t a i l c o r e . S t r e e t from 3rd S t r e e t to S e v e n t h S t r e e t , density Figure 8 following this South of West H and M area of E Streets S t r e e t to N . W . is designated as H high residential. OPEN SPACE AND RECREATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES P r o p e r t y a c q u i s i t i o n h a s not i n v o l v e d l a n d s p e r t i n e n t to 4 (f) o f t h e 1968 D e p a r t m e n t of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n A c t . In fact, the Section only r e c r e a t i o n a l a r e a t h a t d i d e x i s t o n t h e S i t e p r i o r to d e m o l i t i o n w a s a school yard playground. The b u l k of the r e c r e a t i o n a n d open s p a c e i n the v i c i n i t y i s mainly composed playgrounds, centers. of u r b a n t y p e f a c i l i t i e s s u c h a s n e i g h b o r h o o d triangles, circles, sitting areas, and indoor M a n y of t h e s e f a c i l i t i e s a r e i n c o n j u n c t i o n o t h e r p u b l i c b u i l d i n g s or m o n u m e n t s , designated park w h i l e others recreational with schools and independently areas. Generally speaking, p r i o r to u r b a n r e n e w a l e f f o r t s , iate v i c i n i t y lacked sufficient recreational population. are parks and opportunities the immed- for the y o u t h f u l H o w e v e r , recreational f a c i l i t i e s are now a major feature the urban r e n e w a l plans. 32 in ���Recreation f a c i l i t i e s in Washington D . C . are designated i n g to t h r e e t y p e s . The district center, the community center, center which ranges between which occupies 10 a n d 15 a c r e s a n d t h e from three to f i v e a c r e s . 25 a c r e s o r m o r e , neighborhood N o d i s t r i c t c e n t e r or c o m - m u n i t y c e n t e r t y p e f a c i l i t i e s e x i s t i n t h e n e a r v i c i n i t y of t h e whereas s e v e r a l neighborhood community centers Project a f f o r d a v a r i e t y of a t h l e t i c a s w e l l a s m o r e p a s s i v e r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s to s a t i s f y needs of o l d e r p e o p l e . accord- The service area, however, the seldom exceeds a o n e - m i l e r a d i u s a n d m o s t r e s i d e n t s a r e w i t h i n w a l k i n g d i s t a n c e of t h e s e facilities. adequate M a n y of t h e s e f a c i l i t i e s are o v e r c r o w d e d a n d c o n s i d e r e d i n to p r o p e r l y s e r v e t h e i r e x i s t i n g d e m a n d . I n a d d i t i o n to t h e s e n e i g h b o r h o o d centers, there are s i t t i n g a r e a s a n d tot l o t s l o c a t e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e a r e a , built under the a u s p i c e s of the R e d e v e l o p m e n t L a n d A g e n c y a n d m a i n t a i n e d by D i s t r i c t ' s D e p a r t m e n t of R e c r e a t i o n . part of p u b l i c h o u s i n g p r o j e c t s smaller the Other recreational f a c i l i t i e s forming a r e u n d e r the j u r i s d i c t i o n of the N a t i o n a l Capital Housing Authority. A s a m p l i n g of u s a g e of n e a r b y n e i g h b o r h o o d center facilities w h e r e d a i l y r e c r e a t i o n a l programs a r e p r o v i d e d c a n be s e e n i n the following table. The second table l i s t s other open s p a c e s and parks in the v i c i n i t y of the P r o j e c t . * * C o m p r e h e n s i v e P l a n for the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l , N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Planning C o m m i s s i o n , November 5, 1970. �NEIGHBORHOOD RECREATIONAL CENTERS (Attendance for F i s c a l Y e a r 1970 - 71) Attendance Acreage Recreation 2.62 Bundy 35,875 John F . Bundy 13,737 5.63 Dunbar 12,743 3.60 J. 1.50 New York Avenue 61,675 1.7 Logan 40,607 1.13 Terrell .75 F. Center 188,658 Kennedy 105,750 Thomson 38,749 2.14 J. L . Young 59,856 2.80 J. 0. 90,076 .38 Wilson PARKS A N D O P E N S P A C E S I N T H E V I C I N I T Y O F T H E P R O J E C T TYPE OF LOCATION NAME Mount Vernon Franklin D . FACILITY 2 .74 Square Roosevelt Triangle 0 . 41 Massachusetts Ave. & M St. , N . W . Street Park 0 . 03 11th & L Sts. , N . W. Triangle 0 . 37 10th & L Sts. , N . W. 9th S t . & P e n n s y l v a n i a Ave. , N . W. Memorial r e l a t e d to Thomas Edmond Burke ACREAGE Circle Memorial Samuel Gompers Memorial 0 . 41 Park 11th & Massachusetts Triangle 0 . 02 Street Park 0 . 14 Ave. , N . W. Massachusetts Ave. & K St. , N . W . �TYPE OF NAME LOCATION FACILITY 5th S t . , & M a s s a c h u s e t t s Ave. , N . 5th S t . , & ACREAGE Street Park 0.31 Triangle 0. 01 Street Park 0.23 Triangle 0.15 0.08 Street Park 0 . 07 Triangle 0.09 Triangle 0 . 30 Street Park 0 . 12 Street Park 0.15 Street Park 0.23 W. Massachusetts Ave. , N . W. 5th S t . , & Massachusetts Ave., N. W. 1st St. , & M a s s a c h u s e t t s Ave. , N . N. Capital St. W. & Massa- chusetts Ave . , N . W . H St. & N e w York A v e . , N. 10th S t . W. & New York Ave., 9th S t . N. & New York Ave. , N . 7th S t . Logan Fountain W. 0 . 08 6th S t . & P e n n s y l v a n i a Ave. , N . W. Circle 0.28 13th & P S t s . , N . W . Circle r e l a t e d to L o g a n W. & New Jersey Ave. , N . Mellon W. & New York Ave. , N . 1st St. W. 1 . 48 12th St. & Rhode Island Triangle 0 . 25 13th St. & Vermont Ave. , N . W. Triangle 0.11 5th S t . Triangle 0.02 Ave. , N . W. & New York Ave. , N . W. 0.03 0.17 3rd S t . & N e w York Triangle 0.11 Triangle 0.53 Ave. , N . W. 1st S t . & New York Ave. , N . W. �TYPE OF LOCATION NAME N. FACILITY Capitol St. & New York A v e . , N . 1st St. Street Park 0 . 03 0 . 04 W. & New York ACREAGE Street Park 0 . 05 Triangle 0 . 04 Street Park 0 . 10 Triangle 0 . 19 Triangle 0. 09 Triangle 0. 11 Street Park 0. 09 3. 4 Ave. , N. W. 4th S t . & New Jersey Ave. , N . W. 4th St. & New Jersey Ave., 1st St. N. N. W. & Florida A v e . , W 6th & D St. , N . General Pike W. 3rd & D S t s . , N . Memorial 3rd S t . W. 5c M a s s a - chusetts Ave. , N . W . Logan E S / N E W Dunbar Playground SHS New York Avenue Playground S l a t e r - L a n g s ton E S / N E W ES N E W S h a w J H S / N E W S E A T O N ES 5 Francis JHS/Recreation 7 Center Terrell JHS/Walker-Jones ES 5. .0 2. 0 M o n t g o m e r y E S / B u n d y ES 5 ., 0 Kennedy 2 ,, 0 Cook ES/Washington Playground SHS �2.02.5 CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL Washington FEATURES is rich in landmarks and historic s i t e s . h a v e c o n t i n u a l l y been made by governmental s o c i e t i e s to f o s t e r t h e d e s i g n a t i o n a g e n c i e s and a n d p r e s e r v a t i o n of T h e N a t i o n a l H i s t o r i c P r e s e r v a t i o n A c t of 1 9 6 6 , Cites and Metropolitan efforts, Development a n d the Act have furthered historical landmarks. Demonstration preservation g i v i n g i m p e t u s to the C i t y ' s l a n d m a r k m a i n t e n a n c e T h e N a t i o n a l E n v i r o n m e n t a l P o l i c y A c t of 1 9 6 9 , to e n s u r e m a x i m u m c o m p a t i b i l i t y of e n g i n e e r i n g physical surroundings, seriously considered Efforts program. in its projects with efforts their required that landmarks and h i s t o r i c s i t e s w h e n e v a l u a t i n g t h e i m p a c t of s u c h p r o j e c t s . number of t h e s e l a n d m a r k s e x i s t w i t h i n the v i c i n i t y of the P r o j e c t however, be none e x i s t e d w i t h i n the a c t u a l p r o j e c t b o u n d a r i e s . i s a l i s t i n g of s u c h prominent m o n u m e n t s SIGNIFICANCE FACILITY Residential M a r y Surrat Religious St. Religious and structures Old Adas Israel Mary's A Area, Following found nearby. LOCATION House Church "H" S t r e e t , off 6th 5th S t r e e t , Street off " H " Street 6th and " G " S t r e e t s Synagogue Religious Greater N e w Hope Baptist Church 8th a n d " I " Streets Public Building Public Library Mt. Square Religious Religious Commercial Mt. Vernon So. Methodist Immaculate Church Place Conception N a t i o n a l Bank Washington Church of Vernon 9th Street at usetts Massach- Avenue 7th and " N " S t r e e t s 7th at " O " Streets �(cont'd.) LOCATION SIGNIFICANCE FACILITY Commercial Lansburgh's 9th a n d " F " S t r e e t s Furniture Store Commercial " O " Street Commercial Commercial Commercial V/oodward 7th a n d " 0 " Market Streets 10th and " F " S t r e e t s Buildings Lothrop " F " at 11th Streets Building Commercial Riggs National Public Building U. Public Building Ford's Public Building National Portrait Public Pension Building S. Tariff Commission Gallery Building North C a p i t o l and " L " Catholic Printing North "H" 2.02.6 Capitol North C a p i t o l - Office C i t y Post Public Building " F " and " G " Street Government Building 7th, 9 th, Streets 5th and " G " S t r e e t s Church Public " F " b e t w e e n 7th a n d 9th S t r e e t s 10th a t " F " Street Theatre St. Aloysius Religious 9th and " F " S t r e e t s Bank Office Massachusetts Avenue and North C a p i t o l C O M M U N I T Y FACILITIES AND SERVICES F o r m e r l y one e l e m e n t a r y one d a y c a r e c e n t e r , and one school built in 1881, Police Boys' Club existed h a v e s i n c e b e e n removed w i t h the n o t a b l e e x c e p t i o n three T h e r o l e the C h u r c h h a s e n j o y e d the c o m m u n i t y m a k e s surrounding i n both religious the C h u r c h the d o m i n a n t area. churches, on the S i t e . of t h e M r . B a p t i s t C h u r c h , t h e s p o n s o r of t h e p r o p o s e d a i r - r i g h t s h o u s i n g immediate " G " and Streets All Carmel project. and s o c i a l affairs of c u l t u r a l s t i m u l u s i n the �Other community f a c i l i t i e s e x i s t i n the surrounding area (see F i g u r e 9 f o l l o w i n g t h i s page) a n d a r e b e i n g p l a n n e d a n d p r o v i d e d i n the adjacent urban renewal a r e a s . other c h u r c h e s , center. four s c h o o l s , W i t h i n the N o r t h w e s t One Area are a nursing home, and a community four facilities Proposed new construction includes two new community facilities centers and two p a r k s . T h e f o l l o w i n g l i s t of a c t i v i t i e s a n d d e c e n t r a l i z e d s e r v i c e s are a v a i l a b l e at the e x i s t i n g c o m m u n i t y f a c i l i t i e s c e n t e r l o c a t e d i n the old Notre D a m e C o n v e n t B u i l d i n g on North C a p i t o l S t r e e t , * I. D e p a r t m e n t of P u b l i c H e a l t h 2 . D e p a r t m e n t of W e l f a r e 3. Metropolitan Police Boys' Club 4. Department of 5. D e p a r t m e n t of V o c a t i o n a l 6. C i t i z e n s Information Service 7. Area C Mental H e a l t h Service 8. Homemakers 9. National Capital Day Care 10. U . S. II. Home Economics Staff 12. Activities, Inc. Corrections Rehabilitation Service Employment Service Classes (a r e s i d e n t s ' g r o u p t h a t sponsors m o v i e s for a d u l t s and c h i l d r e n a n d other a c t i v i t y programs) 13. Emergency Service Center (food, 14. Summer Recreation 15. Alcoholics Anonymous 16. Food D i s t r i b u t i o n Program 17. Real Estate Program Classes *Redevelopment Land Agency 39 clothing) �F u r t h e r c o m m u n i t y f a c i l i t i e s b e i n g p l a n n e d or d e v e l o p e d of the f o l l o w i n g . consist A n u r s i n g home c u r r e n t l y under c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d spon- sored by the N a t i o n a l M e d i c a l A s s o c i a t i o n Foundation ( N M A F ) , a n o n profit corporation whose membership c o n s i s t s m a i n l y of Negro doctors from e v e r y s t a t e a n d the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a , w i l l c o n t a i n 250 b e d s an outpatient f a c i l i t y . It w i l l l a t e r be c o n n e c t e d with a medical t i v e s c h e d u l e d for c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t h the M o d e l C i t y A r e a . and coopera- The W a l k e r - Jones E l e m e n t a r y a n d T e r r e l l Junior H i g h S c h o o l are both a c q u i r i n g a d d i t i o n a l l a n d for e x p a n s i o n a n d p l a y g r o u n d a r e a s . Gonzaga Catholic High S c h o o l i s p l a n n i n g a c q u i s i t i o n of l a n d for n e w c l a s s r o o m c o n s t r u c t i o n athletic facilities. been completed and A r e c e n t a d d i t i o n to the M t . A i r y B a p t i s t C h u r c h h a s providing additional classrooms and community meeting rooms. 2.02.7 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS The primary transportation modes i n the W a s h i n g t o n area are private automobile, Metro taxi and bus. metropolitan Bus routes a n d the future (underground s u b w a y s y s t e m presently under construction) align- m e n t i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e P r o j e c t a r e s h o w n o n F i g u r e 10 f o l l o w i n g t h i s page. The Project Area is situated c l o s e Washington. to t h e c e n t e r o f d o w n t o w n Downtown Washington contains o n l y t e n (10%) p e r c e n t of both the p o p u l a t i o n a n d t o t a l l a n d a r e a of t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a , it e n c o m p a s s e s o v e r s i x t y ( 6 0 % ) p e r c e n t of t h e j o b s . This is particularly i m p o r t a n t s i n c e f u r t h e r g r o w t h of v e h i c u l a r t r a f f i c w i l l be e f f e c t e d by employment than by population. congested traffic conditions To further demonstrate i n the d o w n t o w n a r e a , t r a v e l through the C B D on a n a v e r a g e 40 yet the current i t m a y be n o t e d 24-hour w e e k d a y in 1968, more that was �����e l e v e n (11%) p e r c e n t g r e a t e r t h a n i n 1 9 6 0 . * In the i m m e d i a t e v i c i n i t y of the P r o j e c t A r e a , a n d a s on Figure 10, E , H and K Streets are the p r i n c i p a l e a s t - w e s t s e r v i n g t r a f f i c i n t h a t p o r t i o n of d o w n t o w n W a s h i n g t o n . Avenue i s a major radial street s e r v i n g the B e t h e s d a , running in a northwest-southeast at M a s s a c h u s e t t s arterials Massachusetts Maryland area d i r e c t i o n through the C i t y . ized intersection has been constructed l o c a l streets indicated and A channel- a n d i s i n o p e r a t i o n for c o n v e r g i n g Avenue. Running in a north-south 6th Street i s p r e s e n t l y d e s i g n a t e d Alternate U . S . Route 1 and direction, functions a s the m a j o r n o r t h - s o u t h d i s t r i b u t o r a n d t r u c k route through the c e n t e r of the C i t y . Traffic volumes between central area are extremely h e a v y . the adjacent surface street s o u t h w e s t W a s h i n g t o n and the north T h i s c a u s e s a d i f f u s i o n of t r a f f i c i n t o s y s t e m w i t h r e s u l t a n t i m p a i r m e n t of t h e e f f i - c i e n t o p e r a t i o n of t h i s p o r t i o n of the d o w n t o w n a r e a . Public transit in Washington, e n t i r e l y of b u s e s . surrounding streets. struction, Bus s e r v i c e operates The c l o s e s t in close Metro station, p r o x i m i t y to the P r o j e c t presently under con- i s l o c a t e d on 7th Street i m m e d i a t e l y north of N e w Y o r k A v e n u e . * D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a , I n t e r s t a t e De Leuw, D . C . i s p r e s e n t l y m a d e up a l m o s t System Cather A s s o c . , Harry Weese 41 1971 & Assoc., L t d . , Nov. 1971. on �3.0 PROBABLE IMPACT OF T H E PROPOSED 3.01 GENERAL This PROJECT s e c t i o n d i s c u s s e s the probable p o s i t i v e and n e g a t i v e e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t s a n t i c i p a t e d d u r i n g a n d a f t e r c o n s t r u c t i o n of the h i g h w a y a n d a i r rights platform. E n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s are a n a l y z e d for both 1975 1990 to d e t e r m i n e q u a l i t y t r e n d s a n d c o m p a r i s o n s . (Prior to 1 9 9 0 , c a n t n u m b e r o f p r e - 1 9 7 5 v e h i c l e s a r e e x p e c t e d t o be i n o p e r a t i o n . cally, one o f t h e s e v e h i c l e s w i l l c r e a t e t e n t i m e s t h e a m o u n t of and a signifi- Theoreti- engine e m i s s i o n a s a p o s t - 1 9 7 5 v e h i c l e d e s i g n e d s p e c i f i c a l l y to m e e t n a t i o n a l a i r quality standards.) Of a l l the e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a n a l y z e d , only a i r q u a l i t y , social conditions, noise, aesthetics, geology, economic a c t i v i t y , open space and recreation, community f a c i l i t i e s and transportation s y s t e m s are expected to be a p p r e c i a b l y a f f e c t e d d u r i n g at l e a s t one s t a g e of d e v e l o p m e n t and o p e r a t i o n . In each i n s t a n c e , and probable e f f e c t s are d e s c r i b e d both w i t h i n the P r o j e c t Area o u t s i d e the P r o j e c t ' s boundaries. The remainder of the e n v i r o n m e n t a l f a c t o r s c o n s i d e r e d w e r e d e t e r m i n e d not to be s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d by the pro- posed d e v e l o p m e n t for the f o l l o w i n g r e a s o n s : 1. Local meteorological conditions, such as wind direction, sunlight, r a i n f a l l , t e m p e r a t u r e a n d h u m i d i t y , a r e not a n t i c i p a t e d to v a r y to a n y a b l e e x t e n t b e c a u s e of c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e P r o j e c t . (It s h o u l d be n o t e d the net d i f f e r e n c e i n p a v e m e n t a r e a a s a r e s u l t of the p r o p o s e d w i l l be 2 . measurthat development negligible.) Ground w a t e r w i t h i n the v i c i n i t y of the Project h a s not been a s a source of potable w a t e r s u p p l y . A s f a r a s c a n be a s c e r t a i n e d , future p o s s i b i l i t y i s c o n s i d e r e d h i g h l y u n l i k e l y . 42 tapped such a �3. Storm d r a i n a g e w i l l be c o n d u c t e d to e x i s t i n g f a c i l i t i e s . runoff w i l l o u t f a l l into the A n a c o s t i a R i v e r , Project. t w o m i l e s t o t h e s o u t h e a s t of t h e W a t e r g u a l i t y of t h i s n a v i g a b l e s t r e a m w i l l not be a d v e r s e l y by storm w a t e r p o l l u t i o n c o n t r i b u t i o n s from the P r o j e c t 4. A l l storm affected Area. L a r g e a m o u n t s of s a n d , g r a v e l a n d c r u s h e d r o c k w i l l be r e g u i r e d during the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the P r o j e c t . Such depletable natural resources are r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e from c o m m e r c i a l s o u r c e s i n the metropolitan W a s h i n g t o n area. A s c o n t r a c t s h a v e not b e e n l e t at t h i s p o i n t , e x a c t s o u r c e c a n n o t be locations determined. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , e x c a v a t i o n of t h e t u n n e l a n d o p e n c u t s e c t i o n of t h e r o a d w a y n o r t h o f t h e t u n n e l w i l l y i e l d l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s of s p o i l m a t e r i a l s u i t a b l e for f i l l not r e q u i r e d by the P r o j e c t . B a s e d on recent e x p e r i e n c e i n the D i s t r i c t w i t h d i s p o s i n g of s u c h m a t e r i a l , the s p o i l w i l l i n a l l l i k e l i h o o d be h a u l e d some 15 t o 20 m i l e s f o r u s e a s l a n d f i l l i n M a r y l a n d o r V i r g i n i a . No d e p l e t a b l e n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s s u c h as c o a l , m i n e r a l s are s u s p e c t e d to o c c u r w i t h i n the 5. o i l , natural gas or Site. A n i m a l and b i r d l i f e may be t e m p o r a r i l y d i s p l a c e d from the throughout the c o n s t r u c t i o n p h a s e of d e v e l o p m e n t . Site However, these typical u r b a n s p e c i e s a r e e x p e c t e d to r e t u r n i n a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e s a m e n u m b e r to i n h a b i t the c o m p l e t e l y l a n d s c a p e d 6. D u r i n g the c o n s t r u c t i o n p h a s e , trees along streets However, Project. it c a n be e x p e c t e d that some shade w i t h i n a n d a t t h e p e r i p h e r y of t h e S i t e w i l l b e t a k e n d o w n . m o s t of t h e s e w i l l s u b s e q u e n t l y be r e p l a c e d or c o m p e n s a t e d part of the P r o j e c t ' s o v e r a l l l a n d s c a p i n g p r o g r a m . 43 for, as �7. A s d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t i o n 2 of t h i s D r a f t Statement, s i t e s or s t r u c t u r e s h a v e b e e n a f f e c t e d by the c l e a r a n c e no h i s t o r i c a l of t h e S i t e , and a l l p r e c a u t i o n s a r e b e i n g t a k e n to p r e s e r v e the M t . C a r m e l B a p t i s t C h u r c h . fact, the C h u r c h ' s p h y s i c a l environment w i l l be e n h a n c e d . s i g n i f i c a n t c u l t u r a l f a c i l i t i e s or opportunities ous sections and of the D r a f t Statement, S i m i l a r l y , no e x i s t e d w i t h i n the S i t e , the e x c e p t i o n of the C h u r c h s p o n s o r e d c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t i e s . In fact, the C h u r c h and i t s s e v e r a l community and conceptual p l a n n i n g of the a i r - r i g h t s h o u s i n g p r o j e c t . p s y c h o l o g i c a l f o c a l point of the a r c h i t e c t s ' d e s i g n , role w i l l be Project's the r o l e of the C h u r c h a s a c o m m u n i t y l a n d - m a r k a n d c e n t e r of c u l t u r a l a f f a i r s h a s b e e n e x p l i c i t l y e x p r e s s e d tants' with A s noted i n p r e v i - c u l t u r a l functions have continued uninterrupted throughout the d e v e l o p m e n t to d a t e . In in c o n s u l - As the its future visual prominent assured. O u t s i d e the P r o j e c t A r e a , no d e s i g n a t e d o b s c u r e d or o b s t r u c t e d , d u e to t h e P r o j e c t ' s t i o n s of the D i s t r i c t ' s z o n i n g o r d i n a n c e s . l a n d m a r k w i l l be visually compliance with height S i m i l a r l y , no l a n d m a r k restric- monuments or s t r u c t u r e s i n the n e a r v i c i n i t y of the Project (the c l o s e s t of w h i c h i s old feet e a s t of the south tunnel Government Printing Office Building, 1,500 the portal) w i l l be affected by v i b r a t i o n s incurred during e x t e n s i v e pile driving operations. 8. It i s a n t i c i p a t e d that b l a s t i n g w i l l not be As already stated i n previous sections, necessary. l a n d u s e i n the v i c i n i t y of the Project i s i n t r a n s i t i o n from old t w o - and t h r e e - s t o r y r o w - d w e l l i n g s m i x e d w i t h c o m m e r c i a l u s e s to p l a n n e d u r b a n r e n e w a l n e i g h b o r h o o d s . the f r e e w a y segment i s not d i v i d i n g or d i s r u p t i n g an e s t a b l i s h e d In this regard, neighborhood or c o m m u n i t y . 9. A l l e x i s t i n g u t i l i t y l i n e s w i t h i n the r i g h t - o f - w a y of the P r o j e c t have a l r e a d y been located and i n d i c a t e d on p r e l i m i n a r y d e s i g n d r a w i n g s prepared by T A M S . These lines include gas, electric, 44 telephone and combined sewer �connections. Where necessary, u t i l i t i e s being affected by the proposed con- s t r u c t i o n w i l l be r e l o c a t e d by the r e s p e c t i v e u t i l i t y a g e n c y w i t h o u t s i g n i f i c a n t d i s r u p t i o n to the s e r v i c e t h e y p r o v i d e to a d j a c e n t c o m m u n i t i e s . Accordingly, no s i g n i f i c a n t i m p a c t i s a n t i c i p a t e d t h e r e f r o m . 3.02 SIGNIFICANT NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL 3.02.1 EFFECTS AIR Q U A L I T Y B a s e d o n t h e r e s u l t s of t h e c o m p u t e r m o d e l a i r q u a l i t y s t u d y , p o l l u t i o n l e v e l s w e r e a n a l y z e d for two c o n d i t i o n s : mate d e v e l o p m e n t i n 1990 initial operation in 1975, and u l t i - (see study report i n c l u d e d as Appendix 1 ) . C o n c e n t r a t i o n s of carbon monoxide, h y d r o c a r b o n s , nitrogen oxides and s u s p e n d e d p a r t i c u l a t e s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d for the two s t u d y y e a r s . Also pres- e n t e d are the e f f e c t s on d o w n w i n d r e g i o n s of e m i s s i o n s from the t w o t u n n e l v e n t i l a t i n g s t a c k s , t h e i m p a c t of l e a k a g e from the e n d s of t h e t u n n e l on t h e p r o p o s e d a i r - r i g h t s b u i l d i n g s , a n d t h e e f f e c t s of s t a c k e m i s s i o n s o n n e a r b y mid-rise buildings. T h i s s u b s e c t i o n s u m m a r i z e s the r e s u l t s of the a b o v e s t u d y . F i g u r e 11 f o l l o w i n g t h i s p a g e o u t l i n e s the s t u d y a r e a i n the v i c i n i t y of the P r o j e c t a n d s h o w s s c h e m a t i c a l l y the l o c a t i o n s of s e l e c t e d trations were points where pollutant concen- computed. Carbon Monoxide, 1975. for c a r b o n m o n o x i d e i s 35 p p m . The one-hour maximum concentration A c c o r d i n g to the m o d e l , a m b i e n t t i o n s w o u l d not e x c e e d t h i s s t a n d a r d in the study a r e a . However, standard concentrasuper- i m p o s i t i o n of the f r e e w a y s e g m e n t and t u n n e l t r a f f i c e m i s s i o n s on the ground w i l l r e s u l t i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s back- w h i c h e x c e e d the m a x i m u m s t a n d a r d but o n l y w h e n a o n e - m i l e b a c k u p of s t a l l e d t r a f f i c i s a s s u m e d on a l l f o u r l a n e s . 45 �T h e s e h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w i l l o c c u r at l o c a t i o n s F i g u r e 11) w i t h a w e s t w i n d , a n d l o c a t i o n s south-southwest wind. three nearby s c h o o l s , blocks. (see 64 , 6 5 a n d 78 w i t h a the a i r q u a l i t y w i l l affect one school and s e v e r a l r e s i d e n t i a l F o r a v e r a g e v e h i c l e s p e e d s o f 20 m p h o r g r e a t e r , n o t be e x c e e d e d The 3 1 , 73 a n d 78 19 , 54 , 5 5 , I n t h e s e rare i n s t a n c e s , a day care center, 19, the standard w i l l at any location i n the study a r e a . i m p a c t of l e a k a g e f r o m t h e t u n n e l p o r t a l s a n d i t s e f f e c t on the m i d - r i s e a p a r t m e n t b u i l d i n g s t h a t a r e p r o p o s e d to b e e r e c t e d o v e r the t u n n e l w a s e x a m i n e d f o r 20 m p h a v e r a g e t r a f f i c s p e e d s studied. for a l l m e t e o r o l o g i c a l conditions C a r b o n m o n o x i d e l e v e l s are e s t i m a t e d to be b e l o w m a x i m u m s t a n - d a r d s e v e r y w h e r e a l o n g the front f a c e of the b u i l d i n g s . Carbon Monoxide, 1990. I n 1990, w h e n the n e w F e d e r a l r e g u l a t i o n s g a r d i n g v e h i c u l a r e m i s s i o n s w i l l a p p l y to a l l c a r s on the r o a d , c a r b o n ide l e v e l s a r e e s t i m a t e d to be b e l o w the m a x i m u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n monox- standard throughout the a r e a i n f l u e n c e d by t h i s P r o j e c t for e v e n the most a d v e r s e orological and worst traffic conditions Hydrocarbons, 1975. hydrocarbons is 0.29 ppm. re- mete- combined. The one-hour maximum concentration s t a n d a r d for The model predicted that background l e v e l s w i l l e x c e e d t h i s s t a n d a r d o v e r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 8 0 % of t h e s t u d y a r e a for t w o of the three meteorological remaining condition. c o n d i t i o n s s t u d i e d and o v e r the entire s t u d y a r e a for the Hydrocarbon concentrations tunnel emissions are expected to be a b o v e the s t a n d a r d n e a r l y e v e r y w h e r e i n the study area under a l l three meteorological The i n c l u d i n g the f r e e w a y and conditions studied. t w o v e n t i l a t i o n s t a c k s t h a t w i l l be c o n s t r u c t e d a t e i t h e r e n d o f t h e t u n n e l p o r t i o n of t h e P r o j e c t w i l l be a b o u t 100 f e e t h i g h . Normal operation of t h e t u n n e l w i l l b e s u c h t h a t e m i s s i o n s w i l l n o t c o n t a i n m o r e t h a n 12 5 p p m of carbon monoxide (maximum 8 hour concentration) 46 in 1975. Based on this norm, ���the i n f l u e n c e on a i r q u a l i t y of the s t a c k e m i s s i o n s a l o n e w a s e x a m i n e d the w o r s t p o s s i b l e wind directions, that i s , d o w n w i n d w h e n the plume from one s t a c k i s e v e n t u a l l y s u p e r i m p o s e d on the plume from the s e c o n d For unstable atmospheric mum s u c h a rare occurrence w i l l only affect two c h u r c h e s , the north and s o u t h of the s t a c k s i s the m a x i - w i l l be e x c e e d e d a t p o i n t s t w e e n 600 a n d 2 , 3 0 0 f e e t d o w n w i n d from the f i r s t s t a c k . be- At the p r e s e n t time, a s m o s t o f t h e l a n d to vacant. m o d e l p r e d i c t e d that due to t u n n e l a i r l e a k a g e , d a r d w i l l be e x c e e d e d stack. conditions coupled with slow wind speeds, standard for hydrocarbon concentrations The for at the f i r s t t w o or three the hydrocarbon s t o r i e s of the north m i d - r i s e b u i l d i n g and the f i r s t story of the south b u i l d i n g under the most a d v e r s e spheric stan- atmo- conditions. Hydrocarbons, expected condition 1990. D u e to t h e v e h i c u l a r e m i s s i o n c o n t r o l s w h i c h to be f u l l y i n e f f e c t b y 1 9 9 0 , the model p r e d i c t s that o n l y the ( o n e - m i l e t r a f f i c b a c k u p on a l l n i n e l a n e s ) w i l l c a u s e l e v e l s of h y d r o c a r b o n s to e x c e e d the s t a n d a r d at a f e w l o c a t i o n s study area. (See T a b l e 10, Appendix are stall concentration within the 1.) F o r t r a f f i c s p e e d s g r e a t e r t h a n 20 m p h , h y d r o c a r b o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s will remain below the standard e v e r y w h e r e i n the study a r e a . O n l y the f i r s t s t o r y of t h e n o r t h b u i l d i n g i s e x p e c t e d to r a r e l y concentrations experience a b o v e the s t a n d a r d under the m o s t a d v e r s e a t m o s p h e r i c con- d i t i o n s , d u e to a i r l e a k a g e f r o m t h e t u n n e l p o r t a l . Nitrogen O x i d e s , 1975. T h e s t a n d a r d for m a x i m u m a n n u a l a v e r a g e c e n t r a t i o n of n i t r o g e n o x i d e s i s 0 . 0 5 s t a n d a r d w i l l be s l i g h t l y e x c e e d e d ppm. Model r e s u l t s indicate that o v e r a p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e - h a l f of the a r e a , p r i m a r i l y i n the i m m e d i a t e v i c i n i t y of the open r o a d w a y . 47 conthe study �Nitrogen O x i d e s , 1990. C o n c e n t r a t i o n l e v e l s of nitrogen o x i d e s w i l l w e l l below the maximum annual average standard by be 1990. In summary, the air q u a l i t y computer model predicted the f o l l o w i n g results: - Hydrocarbon concentrations w i l l e x c e e d the 0.2 9 ppm hourly standard i n 1975 a l m o s t e v e r y w h e r e i n the s t u d y a r e a , concentrations w h i c h are a l s o expected hydrocarbon concentrations p r i m a r i l y d u e to background to e x c e e d the s t a n d a r d . w i l l not exceed In 1990, the standard e x c e p t during a s t a l l e d t r a f f i c c o n d i t i o n on a l l 9 l a n e s of the f r e e w a y segment during the adverse meteorological - conditions. C o n c e n t r a t i o n l e v e l s of nitrogen o x i d e s w i l l e x c e e d the 0 . 0 5 a n n u a l standard over about o n e - h a l f of the study a r e a i n 1 9 7 5 , due to h i g h b a c k g r o u n d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . By 1990, to be m i n i m a l . c u b i c m e t e r (m g / m ^ ) . will area. T h e s t a n d a r d f o r p a r t i c u l a t e s i s 60 m i c r o g r a m s The model predicted a n n u a l average particulate to be o f t h e o r d e r o f 3 - 1 0 The primarily T h e c o n t r i b u t i o n of the r o a d w a y to s u s p e n d e d p a r t i c u l a t e s i n the a i r i s expected 3.02.2 again ppm nitrogen oxide l e v e l s be b e l o w the m a x i m u m s t a n d a r d throughout the study - most NOISE m g / m ^ i n the study per levels area. LEVELS i m p a c t of n o i s e on the a r e a s u r r o u n d i n g the P r o j e c t w a s a n a l y z e d for three periods: Development Construction, Initial Operational Phase (1990). For the operational p h a s e s , (1975), n o i s e e m a n a t i n g from both the h i g h w a y and the t u n n e l v e n t i l a t i n g s y s t e m w a s c o n s i d e r e d . c l u d e d t h a t the a r e a w h i c h w i l l be a f f e c t e d and U l t i m a t e It i s con- by n o i s e from the P r o j e c t w i l l be r e d u c e d b y t h e t u n n e l c o v e r to s l i g h t l y m o r e t h a n h a l f o f w h a t i t w o u l d b e i f 48 �the total Project w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d as a depressed roadway. Design criteria provide that the v e n t i l a t i n g s y s t e m w i l l meet a l l a p p l i c a b l e n o i s e c r i t e r i a and s t a n d a r d s of a r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a . During construction, t h e l e v e l of e x p o s u r e a n d d e g r e e of i m p a c t , n o i s e from w i t h i n the Site w i l l depend p r i m a r i l y on d i s t a n c e from the Noise generated level. Site. b y c o n s t r u c t i o n or o p e r a t i o n of t h e P r o j e c t w i l l h a v e a n a d - verse impact only where such noise w i l l increase to o c c u r , of the a m b i e n t l e v e l . the n o i s e from the P r o j e c t m u s t be at l e a s t It has been estimated For this 5 dBA above the ambient ( s e e A p p e n d i x 2 , p a g e 2) t h a t 9 5 d B A w i l l b e m a x i m u m a v e r a g e l e v e l o f c o n s t r u c t i o n n o i s e a t 50 f e e t , a l t h o u g h i t i s that pile drivers may generate slightly higher instantaneous this maximum average buildings, peaks. possible Using l e v e l , w h i l e a s s u m i n g no b a r r i e r e f f e c t due to e x i s t i n g the l i m i t of s i g n i f i c a n t c o n s t r u c t i o n n o i s e i m p a c t * , a n d the dis- were deter- t a n c e at w h i c h the c o n s t r u c t i o n n o i s e l e v e l s e g u a l the a m b i e n t , mined and are presented i n F i g u r e 12 f o l l o w i n g t h i s p a g e . O n l y the Mt. C a r m e l B a p t i s t C h u r c h and one d a y c a r e c e n t e r l i e i n the "great i m p a c t " Several schools, ingly, c h u r c h e s a n d p a r k s l i e i n t h e a r e a of s o m e i m p a c t . activities. table**: K r y t e r , Karl D . , " T h e E f f e c t s of N o i s e on M a n " , A c a d e m i c P r e s s , York, ** con- i m p a c t d u e to c o n s t r u c t i o n a c t i v i t y i n the v i c i n i t y of the S i t e i s g i v e n i n the f o l l o w i n g * sensitive zone. Accord- s u c h i m p a c t s c o u l d be m i n i m i z e d by c a r e f u l l y s c h e d u l i n g c e r t a i n s t r u c t i o n a c t i v i t i e s n o t to c o i n c i d e w i t h v a r i o u s n o i s e The the Bolt, New 1970. Bernaek and N e w m a n , " N o i s e from C o n s t r u c t i o n Eguipment and Operations, B u i l d i n g Eguipment, and Home A p p l i a n c e s " , N T I D 300.1. �Distance Speech Sleep (feet) Average Noise Level (dBA) Interference Interference Hearing Damage Risk 100 74 Severe Severe Slight 200 63 Severe Mod erate None 300 60 Moderate Moderate None 400 57 Moderate Moderate None 600 54 Moderate Moderate None 800 51 Slight Moderate None from Source T h e i m p a c t o f t r a f f i c n o i s e m u s t be a s s e s s e d responses depends to n o i s e . b a s e d on s u b j e c t i v e The parameters upon w h i c h human response human directly are: 1 . T h e r e l a t i o n of h i g h w a y n o i s e t o t h e a m b i e n t n o i s e 2. Interference with speech, 3. General sleep, level. s t u d y and other a c t i v i t i e s . annoyance. A p r o c e d u r e h a s b e e n d e v e l o p e d w h i c h c l a s s i f i e s the i m p a c t due to for p a r t i c u l a r l a n d u s e a r e a u s i n g t h e s e p a r a m e t e r s . The assessment is noise made b y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s of the n o i s e i m p a c t a s c a u s i n g : 1. No i m p a c t — U n d e r t h i s c a t e g o r y , reaction is expected. I n an urban a r e a , v e r y l i t t l e c o m m e n t or t h i s g e n e r a l l y h o l d s w h e r e the p r e - d i c t e d n o i s e l e v e l d o e s not e x c e e d the c r i t e r i o n l e v e l . 2. individual Some i m p a c t - - U n d e r t h i s c a t e g o r y , (Sec Section some individual comment r e a c t i o n i s e x p e c t e d but no group a c t i o n i s l i k e l y . 2.01.3) and Predicted noise l e v e l s are up to f i v e d B A g r e a t e r t h a n t h e c r i t e r i o n l e v e l . 3. Great impact—Under this category, group a c t i o n m a y be e x p e c t e d . strong i n d i v i d u a l comment and P r e d i c t e d n o i s e l e v e l s a r e s i x or more dBA 50 ���a b o v e the c r i t e r i o n level. A c o m p u t e r m o d e l w a s u s e d to p r e d i c t n o i s e l e v e l s i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f h i g h w a y for p e a k hour t r a f f i c v o l u m e s i n 1975 classifications, 1. years is above presented T w o q u a l i f i c a t i o n s of t h e s e contours emphasized. The i m p a c t e v a l u a t i o n i n c l u d e s the n o i s e c o n t r i b u t i o n of t r a f f i c on M a s s a c h u s e t t s freeway is also 2 . U t i l i z i n g the the i m p a c t due to n o i s e i n the t w o f o r e c a s t i n F i g u r e s 13 a n d 14 f o l l o w i n g t h i s p a g e . s h o u l d be and 1990. the A v e n u e and N e w Y o r k A v e n u e , w h e r e n o i s e from the significant. No a s s u m p t i o n s have been projected of i m p r o v e d t e c h n o l o g y in automotive noise control made. On this basis, the p r e d i c t e d e x t e n t of the a r e a s the P r o j e c t t e n d s to be s o m e w h a t o v e r e s t i m a t e d , affected by n o i s e s i n c e i t c a n be t h a t f u t u r e motor v e h i c l e s w i l l be q u i e t e r t h a n t h o s e on the r o a d from expected today. C o n t a i n i n g the r o a d w a y i n the t u n n e l s i g n i f i c a n t l y l o w e r s the t r a f f i c n o i s e l e v e l s i n the a d j a c e n t areas. The tunnel c o v e r provides an b a r r i e r to a m a j o r p o r t i o n of t h e n o i s e g e n e r a t e d acoustical b y the f r e e w a y t r a f f i c . The d o t t e d l i n e s on F i g u r e s 13 a n d 14 i n d i c a t e t h e e x t e n t o f t h e t r a f f i c n o i s e i m p a c t a r e a if the r o a d w a y w e r e not c o v e r e d . the a r e a of s i g n i f i c a n t a c o u s t i c a l i m p a c t Massachusetts of the The extended contours between N e w York Avenue and A v e n u e i s r e d u c e d by a p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e - h a l f b y the i n c l u s i o n tunnel. T h e n o i s e r a d i a t e d from the t u n n e l portal w a s c o n s i d e r e d source s h o w that as a point e q u a l i n p o w e r to t h e a s s u m e d l e v e l o f 80 d B A w i t h i n t h e t u n n e l . ( T y p i c a l n o i s e l e v e l s i n v e h i c u l a r t u n n e l s r a n g e f r o m 70 to 80 d B A . ) 51 It was �f o u n d that the e f f e c t of t h e n o i s e e x i t i n g the t u n n e l w a s n e g l i g i b l e , not s i g n i f - i c a n t l y e x c e e d i n g t h e n o i s e l e v e l s g e n e r a t e d b y the o p e n p o r t i o n of the h i g h way. T h e r o a d w a y i s d e p r e s s e d a s it l e a v e s the t u n n e l portal w h i c h a c t s to s o m e d e g r e e a s a n a c o u s t i c a l b a r r i e r b e t w e e n the r o a d w a y t r a f f i c n o i s e a n d the a d j a c e n t a r e a . T h e d e g r e e of a t t e n u a t i o n i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y s e v e n d B A i n the a r e a a d j a c e n t to the p o r t a l . The e n c l o s u r e s of the m e c h a n i c a l eguipment and the a i r i n l e t s and outlets o f t h e t u n n e l v e n t i l a t i o n s y s t e m s a r e b e i n g d e s i g n e d to e f f e c t i v e l y c o n t r o l ventilation noise levels. T h e c r i t e r i a i s to m a i n t a i n e x t e r i o r l e v e l s i n the n e a r e s t r e s i d e n t i a l or r e c r e a t i o n a l a r e a s f i v e d B A b e l o w the a m b i e n t a n d t h u s not a f f e c t the ambient n o i s e . T h e s y s t e m s a r e a l s o b e i n g d e s i g n e d to assure that i n t e r i o r n o i s e l e v e l s i n a d j a c e n t h o u s i n g u n i t s w i l l not e x c e e d the c r i t e r i a recommended by F H A . * 3.02.3 AESTHETIC CHARACTER A n e t p o s i t i v e i m p a c t i s e x p e c t e d t o r e s u l t f r o m i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of t h e freeway segment and proposed a i r - r i g h t s project. The air-rights housing over the t u n n e l e d s e c t i o n i s e x p e c t e d to g r e a t l y e n h a n c e a e s t h e t i c a l l y the o f t h e p r e s e n t s u r r o u n d i n g s a n d t o be t o t a l l y c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e emerging a r c h i t e c t u r e of t h e N o r t h w e s t O n e a n d D o w n t o w n U r b a n R e n e w a l a r e a s . architectural themes, the l a n d s c a p e i m p r o v e m e n t s , and the c o m m u n i t y ties a s planned w i l l complement the a e s t h e t i c character The facili- c h a r a c t e r of the e x i s t i n g M o u n t C a r m e l B a p t i s t C h u r c h C o m p l e x , and the a d j a c e n t B i b l e w a y C h u r c h . * Benendt, R . D . , W i n z e r , G . E . , and Burroughs, C . B . , "Airborne, Impact, and Structureborne N o i s e — C o n t r o l in M u l t i f a m i l y D w e l l i n g s " , H U D , 1967. 52 �����3.02.4 GEOLOGY Construction dewatering a s w e l l as permanent pressure relief w i l l result i n c o n s o l i d a t i o n o f f o u n d a t i o n b e a r i n g s t r a t a i n t h e i m m e d i a t e v i c i n i t y of t h e right-of-way. Through proper d e s i g n p r o v i s i o n s , appropriate c o n t r o l l e d s e q u e n c e of c o n s t r u c t i o n o p e r a t i o n s , specifications, and responsible supervision, b u i l d i n g s e t t l e m e n t s t h a t n o r m a l l y o c c u r w i t h t h i s t y p e of c o n s t r u c t i o n w i l l i n s i g n i f i c a n t and undetectable. 3.03 SIGNIFICANT HUMAN ENVIRONMENTAL 3.03.1 SOCIAL The be EFFECTS CONDITIONS i n i t i a l s o c i a l i m p a c t s w e r e f i r s t e x p e r i e n c e d b y t h e 192 f a m i l i e s , of w h i c h w e r e l o w i n c o m e , be d i s p l a c e d i n 1966. 73 that e a r l y i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of the P r o j e c t c a u s e d S i n c e that time the c l e a r e d Site has not exerted to any s i g n i f i c a n t s o c i a l i m p a c t on i t s s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a s . T o m i n i m i z e t h e d i v i d i n g a n d d i s r u p t i n g i m p a c t s on c o m m u n i t y l i f e c i a t e d w i t h m o s t urban f r e e w a y s , the f o l l o w i n g d e s i g n a l t e r n a t i v e s chosen. T h e f r e e w a y s e c t i o n w i l l be d e p r e s s e d . streets between freeway, Massachusetts asso- were T w o of the four e x i s t i n g A v e n u e and N e w York Avenue w i l l bridge the thereby m i n i m i z i n g d i s r u p t i o n of current p e d e s t r i a n and v e h i c u l a r traffic patterns. The proposed a i r - r i g h t s project with its a s s o c i a t e d commercial and community f a c i l i t i e s w i l l provide an additional link housing, between t h e D o w n t o w n U r b a n R e n e w a l A r e a to t h e w e s t o f t h e f r e e w a y s e c t i o n a n d N o r t h w e s t O n e A r e a to the east. W i t h the p r o v i s i o n for n e w and modern r e p l a c e m e n t a i r - r i g h t s over the f r e e w a y and w i t h attendant recreational areas, the the s o c i a l c o n d i t i o n s 53 housing utilizing the community facilities including s h o u l d be g r e a t l y i m p r o v e d by the �i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of t h i s 3.03.2 ECONOMIC Project. ACTIVITY T h i r t y - t w o (32) b u s i n e s s e s , from the S i t e . many marginal, were permanently displaced N o r e c o r d s a r e a v a i l a b l e a s to t h e s u c c e s s or t h e i r e m p l o y e e s h a v e h a d i n r e l o c a t i n g . In total, these businesses however, these b u s i - nesses d i d not c o n s t i t u t e a major source of l o c a l e m p l o y m e n t . nesses r e m a i n i n operation under temporary l e a s e Four b u s i - agreements. No a d j a c e n t b u s i n e s s a c t i v i t y w a s d i s r u p t e d during d e m o l i t i o n and c l e a r ance operations. Similarly, the p l a n n e d c o n v e r t i n g of some l o c a l s t r e e t s to o n e - w a y t r a f f i c j u s t p r i o r t o t h e o p e n i n g o f t h e s e g m e n t to N e w Y o r k A v e n u e , i s n o t a n t i c i p a t e d to d e c r e a s e p a t r o n a g e of a n y o f t h e e x i s t i n g e n t e r p r i s e s . W h e n t h i s segment i s opened for t r a f f i c , l o c a l s h o p p i n g c o n d i t i o n s s h o u l d be e n h a n c e d d u e to a l e s s e n i n g o f l o c a l v e h i c u l a r t r a f f i c , g r e a t e r p a r k i n g c o n v e n i e n c e s and i m p r o v e d s a f e t y c o n d i t i o n s for p e d e s t r i a n s . In addition, the p r o p o s e d a i r - r i g h t s p r o j e c t w i l l p r o v i d e a s t i m u l u s to the l o c a l e c o n o m y b y a n i n c r e a s e of 300 f a m i l i e s and n e w c o m m e r c i a l The space. f a i r m a r k e t v a l u e for a l l the properties p u r c h a s e d t o t a l e d $ 4 , 6 5 2 , 3 4 9 . T h i s t e m p o r a r y l o s s of t a x r a t a b l e s to t h e D i s t r i c t d o e s not r e p r e s e n t a cant decrease in its tax base. In fact, i n c r e a s e d p r o p e r t y v a l u e s of signifi- adjacent l a n d d u e to the c l e a r a n c e of a s l u m c o n d i t i o n , h a v e p r o b a b l y o f f s e t the loss of t a x e s c o l l e c t e d from the Site o v e r the p a s t s e v e r a l y e a r s . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e f r e e w a y s e g m e n t i s e x p e c t e d to p r o v i d e t h e f o l l o w i n g economic benefits for i t s u s e r s . Increased operating speeds w i l l result i n time s a v i n g s and operating c o s t s s a v i n g s . w i l l be reduced r e s u l t i n g in l e s s n o i s e , 54 T h r o u g h t r a f f i c on the l o c a l air pollution and fewer streets accidents. �3.03.3 OPEN SPACE AND RECREATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES P r o p e r t y a c q u i s i t i o n for the P r o j e c t d i d not i n v o l v e t h e d e s t r u c t i o n or d i s ruption of a n y e x i s t i n g r e c r e a t i o n a l or open 4 (f) l a n d s . s p a c e f a c i l i t i e s or a n y Section T h e f r e e w a y ( o u t s i d e of t h e a i r - r i g h t s p r o j e c t ) w i l l p r o v i d e a v i s u a l s e n s e of o p e n s p a c e t o t h e r e s i d e n t s o f t h e a r e a . The freeway itself w i l l p r o v i d e no a d d i t i o n a l r e c r e a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s but i n c l u d e d i n t h e proposed a i r - r i g h t s housing project i s a park and playground a r e a . * The park i s designed as a separate provide functional usage, physical element, pool complete w i t h spouts, I t i s to h a v e a w a t e r f o u n t a i n a n d w a d i n g water slide, and s u i t a b l e embodied forms w h i c h w i l l serve a s an important neighborhood swings, to a s e n s e of s p a c e f o r t h e u s e r a n d t o b e a c e n t e r f o r wholesome year-round activity. summer for a l l a g e s . and i s l o c a t e d sculptural f o c a l point d u r i n g the A l s o to be i n c l u d e d a r e b a s k e t b a l l c o u r t s , slides, p y r a m i d a l c l i m b i n g and j u m p i n g m a s s e s for y o u n g e r c h i l d r e n and a n ice skating area. The D a y C a r e C e n t e r f a c e s onto the p a r k and it i s a n t i c i p a t e d that w i l l u s e the p a r k for o r g a n i z e d group g a m e s . park and a l o n g the promenades 3.03.4 The B e n c h e s w i l l be l o c a t e d in the on the p l a z a d e c k . COMMUNITY FACILITIES AND SERVICES f r e e w a y h a s b e e n p l a n n e d to m i n i m i z e d i s r u p t i o n of the s e r v i c e s v i d e d by the B i b l e w a y C h u r c h and the M t . C a r m e l B a p t i s t C h u r c h . tion operations minimize noise, * classes pro- Construc- i n t h e i m m e d i a t e a r e a of t h e c h u r c h e s w i l l be c o n t r o l l e d to v i b r a t i o n s a n d other d i s r u p t i v e i n f l u e n c e s on c h u r c h a c t i v i t i e s . Northwest Urban Renewal Area, Venture, November 1 , Project No. 1970. 55 1 , "Multiple Use Site" Joint �F o l l o w i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d a f t e r t h e o p e n i n g o f t h i s s e g m e n t to t r a f f i c , n e i g h b o r i n g community f a c i l i t i e s and their s e r v i c e a c t i v i t i e s w i l l be i m p r o v e d . T h i s w i l l r e s u l t from d e c r e a s i n g c o n g e s t i o n on l o c a l s t r e e t s , thereby t a t i n g e a s e of a c c e s s a n d t r a f f i c c i r c u l a t i o n i n the v i c i n i t y of the Project, including service by f i r e , police, facili- proposed ambulance and other o f f i c i a l vehicles. In conclusion, i n o r d e r to m i n i m i z e a n y a d v e r s e e f f e c t o n t h e s e n s i t i v e community f a c i l i t i e s and s e r v i c e s , tutions, s u c h a s the two r e l i g i o u s insti- h a v e been taken into c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n planning and subsequent s t a g e s of t h e P r o j e c t . design M o s t other d i s p l a c e d f a c i l i t i e s w i l l be r e p l a c e d by n e w s u c h f a c i l i t i e s a s part of the urban r e d e v e l o p m e n t programs i n the 3.03.5 community, TRANSPORTATION area. SYSTEMS This section presents the anticipated positive and negative impacts of the Project on e x i s t i n g and future transportation s y s t e m s both w i t h i n and a d j a c e n t to the P r o j e c t A r e a . ultimate operational In accordance The periods analyzed are: construction, initial and phases. with Section 1.04 of t h i s D r a f t S t a t e m e n t , b e s t a g e d to m i n i m i z e d i s r u p t i o n t o l o c a l c r o s s are the p r i n c i p a l e a s t - w e s t street traffic. construction H and K will Streets a r t e r i a l s s e r v i n g t r a f f i c i n the portion of d o w n t o w n W a s h i n g t o n between the W h i t e H o u s e and U n i o n Station and i n c l u d i n g the Project Area. The K Street bridge i s presently under c o n s t r u c t i o n . detour has been constructed during j u s t n o r t h o f e x i s t i n g K S t r e e t to h a n d l e i t s t r a f f i c construction. D u r i n g t h e f i n a l s t a g e s of c o n s t r u c t i o n 3rd S t r e e t w i l l be c l o s e d n e n t l y to t r a f f i c b e t w e e n K S t r e e t a n d N e w Y o r k A v e n u e . closed A special perma- O u t s i d e of t h i s s e c t i o n and b e c a u s e the major part of the S i t e d o e s not e n c r o a c h 56 upon �existing north-south streets, the d i s r u p t i o n of t r a f f i c i n t h i s d i r e c t i o n due to a c t u a l c o n s t r u c t i o n o p e r a t i o n s w i l l be m i n i m a l . I n the i n i t i a l o p e r a t i o n a l p h a s e and prior to the c o m p l e t i o n of the a i r rights project, fic t h e C e n t e r L e g o f t h e I n n e r L o o p F r e e w a y w i l l be o p e n e d t o t r a f - i n both north and southbound d i r e c t i o n s . It i s expected that during this p h a s e t h e r e w i l l be e x t r e m e l y h e a v y t r a f f i c i n the v i c i n i t y of the P r o j e c t a n d e s p e c i a l l y i n that a r e a bounded by N e w J e r s e y A v e n u e and 4th Street a n d from N e w Y o r k A v e n u e to G S t r e e t . I n order to m i n i m i z e the c o n g e s t i o n from t h e s e h e a v y v o l u m e s , a s y s t e m o f o n e - w a y t r a f f i c r o u t i n g i s p l a n n e d ( S e e F i g u r e 15 following this page). It i s a s s u m e d i n t h i s D r a f t Statement that by the mate p h a s e of o p e r a t i o n s F r e e w a y w i l l a l s o be in 1990, the p r o p o s e d N e w Y o r k A v e n u e - Industrial operational.* In c o n c l u s i o n , the Project w i l l h a v e some s l i g h t n e g a t i v e i m p a c t upon the l o c a l s t r e e t t r a f f i c p a t t e r n s d u r i n g the f i r s t p h a s e of i t s o p e r a t i o n s . impact i s not only temporary but u n a v o i d a b l e , connectors ulti- But this The temporary detours and a r e n e c e s s a r y e l e m e n t s to the c o n s t r u c t i o n p h a s e of the Project. I n the s e c o n d a n d u l t i m a t e o p e r a t i o n a l p h a s e s the f r e e w a y w i l l h a v e v e r y p o s i t i v e i m p a c t s upon the P r o j e c t A r e a . It will alleviate congestion s t r e e t s a n d a r t e r i a l s w i t h r e s u l t s , to a d j a c e n t on l o c a l c o m m u n i t i e s , of w e l c o m e r e d u c - tions in a i r and noise pollution and i n c r e a s e d s a f e t y . I t w i l l p r o v i d e more e f f i c i e n t a c c e s s to major a c t i v i t y c e n t e r s a n d i n d u s t r i a l a r e a s for c o m m e r c i a l vehicles. A n d , l a s t l y , by complementing the planned Metro S y s t e m , i t w i l l r e s u l t i n i m p r o v e d m o b i l i t y b e t w e e n r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s and c e n t e r s of e m p l o y ment, * education and recreation. E l e m e n t s of the C o m p r e h e n s i v e P l a n for the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l , C a p i t a l Planning C o m m i s s i o n , September 57 30, 1969. National �4.0 PROBABLE UNAVOIDABLE ADVERSE 4.01 GENERAL This section concerns investigated in Section m e n t a t i o n of the P r o j e c t , 3.0 itself with those elements previously- in which it w a s anticipated that, certain probable environmental impacts would result. and unavoidable In addition, to m i n i m i z e t h e s e h a r m f u l e n v i r o n m e n t a l 4 . 02 EFFECTS upon i m p l e - adverse steps are recommended effects. AIR P O L L U T I O N A c c o r d i n g to computer m o d e l s t u d i e s performed for t h i s D r a f t Statement, hydrocarbon concentrations the maximum c o n c e n t r a t i o n concentration) i n 19 75 a r e e x p e c t e d t o s t a n d a r d of 0 . 2 4 ppm ( m a x i m u m 6 A M - 9 A M during worst traffic conditions (stalled traffic backed one m i l e i n e a c h d i r e c t i o n from the t u n n e l on a l l four l a n e s ) . occur under certain meteorological This of h y d r o c a r b o n s i n the It m u s t be e m p h a s i z e d , moreover, t i o n s are not m e a n t to d e s c r i b e n o r m a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , that these up will c o n d i t i o n s o n l y , a n d w i l l be due m a r i l y to the a l r e a d y h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ground a m b i a n c e . exceed pri- backpredic- but rather w o r s t c a s e conditions that occur only v e r y infrequently. L e v e l s of n i t r o g e n o x i d e s w i l l e x c e e d t h e a n n u a l s t a n d a r d over a b o u t o n e - h a l f of t h e s t u d y a r e a w e s t of t h e t u n n e l i n 1 9 7 5 , due i n l a r g e part to h i g h b a c k g r o u n d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . however, l e v e l s of c a r b o n m o n o x i d e . , But by 1990, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides n o r m a l l y be b e l o w the m a x i m u m s t a n d a r d s . 58 will �TEMPORARY ONE-WAY S T R E E T TRAFFIC FLOW 0 I I I 400 Figure 15 ��The t u n n e l v e n t i l a t i o n s y s t e m i s d e s i g n e d s o t h a t i n 19 7 5 t h e l e v e l of c a r b o n m o n o x i d e i n t h e t u n n e l w i l l n e v e r e x c e e d an eight-hour period. 12 5 p p m o v e r T h e v e n t i l a t i o n of 57 p e r c e n t of t o t a l length with venting through two s t a c k s project 100 f e e t h i g h w i l l r e p r e s e n t a p o s i t i v e f e a t u r e of t h e p r o p o s e d P r o j e c t a s c o m p a r e d t o a n u n c o v e r e d and unventilated roadway configuration. M o d e l s t u d i e s s h o w t h a t e m i s s i o n s from the v e n t i l a t i n g s t a c k s w i l l not a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t o c c u p a n t s wind concentrations of n e a r b y t a l l b u i l d i n g s . of t h e t h r e e m a j o r p o l l u t a n t s s t u d i e d a r e n o t p e c t e d to e x c e e d m a x i m u m s t a n d a r d s u n d e r w o r s t t r a f f i c a n d logical conditions . Downex- meteoro- T h e o n l y e x c e p t i o n w i l l be h y d r o c a r b o n c o n c e n t r a - t i o n s i n t h e p r e s e n c e of s l o w w i n d s a n d u n s t a b l e a t m o s p h e r i c conditions when some downwind locations may experience higher than standard concentrations. T h e w i n d d i r e c t i o n s a n d s p e e d s r e q u i r e d to c a u s e h i g h hydrocarbon concentrations occur only 0.7 d o w n w i n d of the s t a c k s c a n be e x p e c t e d p e r c e n t of t h e t i m e b a s e d o n t h e a n n u a l f r e q u e n c y b u t i o n of w i n d s p e e d s to distri- and atmospheric conditions presented i n Tables 3 t o 8 of A p p e n d i x 1 . The d e s i g n of t h e v e n t i l a t i n g s y s t e m f o r t h e t u n n e l s e c t i o n , w e l l as the s y s t e m ' s proposed normal operational l e v e l s , w i l l as remove m u c h of t h e p o l l u t i o n g e n e r a t e d o n t h e r o a d w a y a n d d i s p e r s e i t t h r o u g h s t a c k s to a v o i d h i g h g r o u n d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s near the P r o j e c t . To protect m o t o r i s t s i n c a s e of v e n t i l a t i n g s y s t e m b r e a k d o w n or h i g h e r t h a n d e s i g n concentrations, a n a u t o m a t i c m o n i t o r i n g s y s t e m w i l l be i n e f f e c t to k e e p a d d i t i o n a l v e h i c l e s from e n t e r i n g the t u n n e l a n d to a d v i s e t h o s e a l r e a d y t h e r e to s h u t off e n g i n e s sary emergency a n d e v a c u a t e t h e t u n n e l or f o l l o w o t h e r procedures. 59 neces- �4.03 INCREASED NOISE LEVELS A d v e r s e e f f e c t s due to n o i s e i n the P r o j e c t A r e a w e r e s u m m a r i z e d g r a p h i c a l l y i n F i g u r e s 13 a n d 14 w h i c h s h o w t h e a r e a s i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e P r o j e c t t h a t a r e e x p e c t e d The to e x p e r i e n c e immediate certain impacts. d e f i n i t i o n of t h e s e a r e a s i s b a s e d o n s t a n d a r d s a n d m e t h o d s set f o r t h i n N a t i o n a l C o o p e r a t i v e H i g h w a y R e s e a r c h P r o g r a m R e p o r t 117 as defined i n Appendix 2 . Any p o s s i b l e a d v e r s e n o i s e e f f e c t s due to the t u n n e l v e n t i l a t i n g s y s t e m have been attenuated by careful a c o u s t i c a l d e s i g n provisions and the l o n g - t e r m i m p a c t from t h i s s o u r c e w i l l be Although some negligible. a r e a s w i l l f a l l u n d e r t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of i m p a c t " , t h e d o t t e d l i n e s i n F i g u r e s 13 a n d 14 i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e "major total a r e a a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d w i l l be m u c h s m a l l e r t h a n w h a t w o u l d be w i t h o u t the t u n n e l 4.04 configuration. DISPLACED The PERSONS displacement sidered low income, of t h i s f a c t , expected of t h e 192 f a m i l i e s , 7 3 of w h i c h w e r e was an unavoidable adverse effect. con- In recognition 28 l a r g e h o u s i n g u n i t s i n t h e F a i r m o u n t A p a r t m e n t s o n t h e S i t e f a c i n g N e w Y o r k A v e n u e w e r e r e n o v a t e d b y the D e p a r t m e n t of w a y s and T r a f f i c . the accommodations for r e p l a c e m e n t In January, 19 67 t h i s r e n o v a t i o n w a s c o m p l e t e d Highand w e r e m a d e a v a i l a b l e to d i s p l a c e d f a m i l i e s a p p l y i n g housing. 60 �4.0 5 DISPLACED ECONOMIC ACTIVITY As d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t i o n 3 . 0 3 . 2 , displaced. The were permanently F o u r o t h e r s w e r e a l l o w e d t e m p o r a r i l y to c o n t i n u e to under s p e c i a l l e a s e The 32 b u s i n e s s e s operate agreements. i m p a c t due to d i s p l a c e d e c o n o m i c activity is temporary. entire area is undergoing urban r e n e w a l w h i c h w i l l include planned commercial sites. The a i r - r i g h t s d e v e l o p m e n t over the f r e e w a y i n c l u d e 7 , 6 0 0 s q u a r e f e e t of c o m m e r c i a l 61 space. will �5.0 ALTERNATIVES 5.01 GENERAL T h e d i s c u s s i o n of a l t e r n a t i v e s t o t h e p r o p o s e d a c t i o n , covered by t h i s s e c t i o n , i s s p e c i f i c a l l y r e q u i r e d by the N a t i o n a l E n v i r o n m e n t a l P o l i c y A c t of 1 9 6 9 [ S e c t i o n 102 (2) ( C ) ( i i i ) ] . T h e p u r p o s e of the d i s c u s - s i o n i s to d e s c r i b e t h e r a n g e of a l t e r n a t i v e s c o n s i d e r e d from w h i c h t h i s scheme was selected as the optimum s o l u t i o n . A s s t a t e d i n the p r o j e c t d e s c r i p t i o n of t h i s D r a f t S t a t e m e n t , the s c o p e of t h e p r o p o s e d a c t i o n c o v e r s t h e n o r t h e r n m o s t s e g m e n t o f t h e C e n t e r L e g of t h e I n n e r L o o p F r e e w a y . T h e r a n g e of a l t e r n a t i v e s dis- c u s s e d d o e s not i n c l u d e l o c a t i o n a l t e r n a t i v e s for the f o l l o w i n g r e a s o n s : 1. P l a n s f o r t h e C e n t e r L e g d a t e b a c k t o 19 50 . 2. Existing Center Leg alignment w a s established i n 3. The C e n t e r L e g i s i n c l u d e d i n the N a t i o n a l C a p i t o l P l a n n i n g Commission's " E l e m e n t s of the C o m p r e h e n s i v e P l a n for the National C a p i t o l " dated 4. 1970. T h e o n l y r e q u i r e d p u b l i c h e a r i n g c o n c e r n i n g t h e a l i g n m e n t of t h e Center Leg w a s held September 5. 1959. 3, 1963. C o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e f i r s t s e g m e n t o f t h e C e n t e r L e g January 5, 19 6 6 w i t h t h e D S t r e e t bridge. 6. C o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e M a l l T u n n e l b e g a n N o v e m b e r 2 3 , 7. Demolition between Massachusetts November 13, 8. 1966. and New York Avenues 1966. A t t h i s t i m e 70 p e r c e n t of t h e S i t e h a s b e e n 62 began cleared. began �T h e a l t e r n a t i v e s p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n a r e d i s c u s s e d u n d e r one of the following headings: 1. 2. A l t e r n a t i v e s of S c o p e 3. 5.02 A l t e r n a t i v e s of A c t i o n A l t e r n a t i v e s of D e s i g n ALTERNATIVES OF ACTION T h e r e a r e two b a s i c a l t e r n a t i v e s to the p r o p o s e d a n d d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e P r o j e c t : a l t e r n a t i v e of d e l a y e d a c t i o n . due c o n s i d e r a t i o n to the f a c t s : t h e a l t e r n a t i v e of n o - a c t i o n , and the T h e s e alternatives are d i s c u s s e d that a l l sections with of t h e C e n t e r L e g s o u t h of t h e P r o j e c t A r e a a r e n e a r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n c o m p l e t i o n , decisions construction and that basic for t h e u r b a n r e d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e N o r t h w e s t O n e A r e a a r e s o m e w h a t dependent upon the a c t i o n t a k e n on t h i s Project. A n a l t e r n a t i v e of n o - a c t i o n w o u l d d r a s t i c a l l y r e d u c e t h e public b e n e f i t s e x p e c t e d from t h e C e n t e r L e g F r e e w a y , a n d w o u l d be h a r m f u l t o t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l c h a r a c t e r of t h e a r e a . The ramp c o n n e c t i o n s S e c o n d a n d T h i r d S t r e e t s w o u l d b e c o m e t h e n o r t h e r n e n d of t h e Leg. Center A l l c o n s t r u c t i o n north of t h e s e r a m p s , i n c l u d i n g s u p p r e s s e d ments to H S t r e e t and the c o m b i n e d M a s s a c h u s e t t s These a n d c o v e r e d s p a c e s w o u l d h a v e to be s t u d i e d for the m o s t ing community depressed appropriate O t h e r w i s e , the area would become an eyesore litter and abandon, pave- Avenue - H Street bridge s t r u c t u r e , would become w a s t e d i n v e s t m e n t s . alternative use. to of a n d a s e r i o u s h a z a r d t o a l l a s p e c t s of t h e s u r r o u n d - life. A n o - a c t i o n alternative would have a grave adverse impact upon t h e c h a r a c t e r of s o c i a l i m p r o v e m e n t s t h a t a r e e n v i s i o n e d a s p a r t of t h e 63 �Northwest One Urban Renewal Area. W i t h o u t the proposed connection, the t r a f f i c b e t w e e n the abridged f r e e w a y and N e w Y o r k A v e n u e w o u l d congest Second anc Third Streets, c a l a d v e r s e e f f e c t s to a d j a c e n t and would result in s o c i a l and p h y s i - properties and inhabitants. T h e a l t e r n a t i v e of d e l a y e d a c t i o n w o u l d h a v e r e s u l t s s i m i l a r t o t h o s e of n o - a c t i o n for the d u r a t i o n of t h e d e l a y . I n a d d i t i o n to d e l a y i n g the p l a n n e d u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t s , there w o u l d be added c o s t s r e s u l t i n g from e s c a l a t i o n w h e n the P r o j e c t i s u l t i m a t e l y 5.03 constructed. ALTERNATIVES OF SCOPE Since this Project combines j o i n t u s e d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e air- r i g h t s for m u c h n e e d e d r e p l a c e m e n t h o u s i n g w i t h t h e f i n a l l i n k of a b e n e f i c i a l f r e e w a y , t h e r e are no other f e a s i b l e 5.04 ALTERNATIVES OF a l t e r n a t i v e s of scope. DESIGN M a n y d e s i g n a l t e r n a t i v e s h a v e b e e n s t u d i e d i n the c o u r s e developing preliminary designs a n d c r i t e r i a for the p r o p o s e d Throughout the work t h e s e a l t e r n a t i v e s were e v a l u a t e d and on the b a s i s of t e c h n i c a l , considerations.* public benefits economic, sociological of Project. compared and environmental The Project as planned w i l l r e a l i z e the m a x i m u m i n with minimum adverse environmental impact. * S e e " P r e l i m i n a r y D e s i g n Report" prepared by T i p p e t t s - A b b e t t - M c C a r t h y Stratton, N e w Y o r k , J u n e 19 6 5 . 64 �6.0 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SHORT-TERM USES AND LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY 6.01 GENERAL T h i s chapter d i s c u s s e s the r e l a t i o n s h i p s between l o c a l t e r m u s e s of m a n ' s e n v i r o n m e n t a n d t h e m a i n t e n a n c e and short- enhancement of l o n g - t e r m p r o d u c t i v i t y , a s i t p e r t a i n s t o t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h i s Project. A s e x p l a i n e d i n t h e c u r r e n t g u i d e l i n e s of t h e C o u n c i l o n Environmental Quality* , this provision requires , i n e s s e n c e , that the P r o j e c t be a s s e s s e d for c u m u l a t i v e , l o n g - t e r m e f f e c t s from the t i v e t h a t e a c h g e n e r a t i o n i s t r u s t e e of t h e e n v i r o n m e n t f o r perspec- succeeding generations. In accordance 1969, w i t h t h e N a t i o n a l E n v i r o n m e n t a l P o l i c y A c t of the encouragement of t h e p r o d u c t i v e a n d e n j o y a b l e harmony b e t w e e n m a n and h i s e n v i r o n m e n t i s s t a t e d a s one of the b a s i c R e l a t i n g to t h e P r o j e c t , purposes. the environment i n v o l v e d i s a n a r t i f i c i a l urban h a b i t a t d e v e l o p e d b y m a n i n p u r s u i t of h i s s o c i a l n e e d s ; a n e n v i r o n m e n t c r e a t e d t h r o u g h a g e s of e v o l u t i o n w h i c h h a v e d e v e l o p e d m a n i n t o a s o c i a l being that can function, prosper, he a s s o c i a t e s as w i t h other h u m a n b e i n g s . * * For this a n a l y s i s , a l l references c o n s i d e r e d to i n c l u d e the s o c i o e c o n o m i c *Sec. and s u r v i v e only as long to " m a n ' s e n v i r o n m e n t " are and natural resources that will 102 ( 2 ) ( c ) ( i v ) E n v i r o n m e n t a l Q u a l i t y , C o u n c i l o n E n v i r o n m e n t a l Q u a l i t y , A u g u s t 19 7 1 **Rene Dubos, New York, "So Human an Animal" , 1969, N.Y. 65 C h a r l e s Scribner's Sons , �be a f f e c t e d by the p r o p o s e d a c t i o n , a n d the e x p e c t e d b e n e f i t s that may r e s u l t from t h i s u s e i n t e r m s of s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c v a l u e s . "Short- t e r m " c o n s i d e r s the f o r e s e e a b l e future e q u i v a l e n t to the P r o j e c t ' s life. " L o n g - t e r m " i s that p e r i o d b e y o n d the P r o j e c t ' s The useful useful life. a n a l y s i s p r e s e n t e d by t h i s c h a p t e r i s s u b d i v i d e d into three subsections. T h e f i r s t s e c t i o n c o n s i d e r s t h e s h o r t - t e r m u s e of t h e environment. The s e c o n d s e c t i o n d i s c u s s e s the long-term p r o d u c t i v i t y . A n d t h e t h i r d s e c t i o n i s a c o n c l u d i n g s t a t e m e n t of b o t h t h e r e l a t i v e s h o r t and long-term 6.02 effects. SHORT-TERM USES W i t h i n i t s s c o p e l i m i t a t i o n s , t h e s h o r t - t e r m u s e of t h i s Project w i l l b e t o p r o v i d e a n e x t e n s i o n of t h e C e n t e r L e g f a c i l i t i e s u n d e r c o n struction that w i l l , initially, provide traffic connections with New York A v e n u e a n d , u l t i m a t e l y , t i e to a n o r t h w e s t c o r r i d o r f r e e w a y s y s t e m New York A v e n u e . T h e p r o p o s e d a c t i o n w i l l o p e n to t r a f f i c a v i t a l l y n e e d e d l i n k t h a t w i l l a b s o r b m o s t of t h e t r a f f i c t h a t p r e s e n t l y Alternate U . S . Route O n e , of t h e above uses c a u s i n g c o n g e s t i o n i n the d o w n t o w n portion City. I n c o n t r a s t to the d i s c o n c e r t i n g i m p a c t t h a t m a n y f r e e w a y s t h r o u g h u r b a n a r e a s c a u s e to r e s i d e n t i a l s e t t i n g s , the 1,200 t u n n e l e d s e c t i o n b e i n g p r o p o s e d i s p l a n n e d to a c c o m m o d a t e r e d e v e l o p m e n t to s p r e a d o v e r i t s r i g h t - o f - w a y . f e e t of urban Air p o l l u t a n t s from c a r s u s i n g t h e r o a d w a y w i l l be c o l l e c t e d a n d d i s c h a r g e d a b o v e t a l l e s t s t r u c t u r e i n the v i c i n i t y . V e h i c u l a r n o i s e s w i l l not a c c e p t a b l e s t a n d a r d s for a n u r b a n s i t e . 66 the exceed �In its ultimate u s e , the P r o j e c t w i l l r e l i e v e c o n g e s t i o n of t h e city center, provide e a s i e r a c c e s s to those who s e e k its s e r v i c e s and recreations, and c r e a t e a d d i t i o n a l s i t e s for c o m p e t i t i v e business. In s u m m a r y , the Project w i l l benefit a l l metropolitan r e s i d e n t s and w i l l be c o n d u c i v e to e c o n o m i c g r o w t h . Its cumulative benefits be c o m p a t i b l e w i t h the s h o r t - t e r m o b j e c t i v e s 6.03 LONG-TERM Conjectures will of u r b a n r e d e v e l o p m e n t . PRODUCTIVITY a s t o p o s s i b l e f u t u r e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n m o d e s or u r b a n s h a p e s , a n d t h e s u i t a b i l i t y of t h e e l e m e n t s of t h e P r o j e c t to t h e m a r e b e y o n d t h e s c o p e of t h i s d i s c u s s i o n . accommodate As an inheritance to future g e n e r a t i o n s , the P r o j e c t c a n be a n a l y z e d o n l y for w h a t i s k n o w n now or w h a t i t m i g h t be w o r t h . T h e r e i s no doubt t h a t m a n w i l l c o n t i n u e to be a s o c i a l b e i n g who w i l l r e g u i r e a n appropriate urban environment for the d e v e l o p m e n t of h i s c u l t u r a l e v o l u t i o n . I n this respect, progressive t h e k i n d of e n v i r o n m e n t w h i c h w o u l d be m o s t s a t i s f a c t o r y w o u l d be one t h a t c o u l d be s h a p e d to fit m a n ' s n e e d s . By concept and by d e f i n i t i o n , it i s i m p o s s i b l e to find an urban setting w i t h p h y s i c a l l a n d s c a p e s by human i n t e r v e n t i o n . In this respect, urban redevelopment effects, combined w i t h the unaltered proposed the P r o j e c t w i l l c o n t r i b u t e to a d e s i r a b l e l a n d u s e change that w i l l i m p o s e order on the urban e l e m e n t s p a t i b l e r e l a t i o n to the i m p o r t a n t h u m a n n e e d s and open The for p e a c e , in com- guiet, privacy space. Project's contributions to e c o n o m i c growth during i t s short- term u s e r e p r e s e n t a s s u r a n c e for c o n t i n u e d a v a i l a b i l i t y of f i n a n c i a l a n d 67 �other human r e s o u r c e s r e q u i r e d to p r o m o t e f u t u r e i m p r o v e m e n t s t o t h e urban environment compatible with needs of f u t u r e g e n e r a t i o n s . the P r o j e c t b e c o m e s o b s o l e t e for d i s t a n t future u s e s a n d n e e d s , cumulative effect i n economic its progress w i l l h a v e more than offset investments being proposed by this 6.04 When the action. CONCLUSIONS B a s e d u p o n our c u l t u r a l e x p e r i e n c e , it c a n be stated that r e l a t i o n being c r e a t e d by the Project b e t w e e n the s h o r t - t e r m u s e the of l o c a l environment and its long-term potential i n p r o d u c t i v i t y are i n accordance w i t h the between man and h i s n a t i o n a l p o l i c y for c r e a t i n g a p e r p e t u a l h a r m o n y environment. 68 �7.0 IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE 7.01 COMMITMENTS OF RESOURCES GENERAL T h i s s e c t i o n c o n s i d e r s the v a r i o u s h u m a n and n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s t h a t m a y b e c o m m i t t e d t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h i s p o r t i o n of t h e Leg - I n n e r L o o p F r e e w a y , to the e x t e n t t h a t s u c h r e s o u r c e s Center cannot be I n c o n s i d e r a t i o n of a i r g u a l i t y ( a s e x p l a i n e d i n S e c t i o n 4 . 0 2 of r e c l a i m e d or r e t r i e v e d a t s o m e l a t e r date. C o n s i d e r a t i o n i s g i v e n to the f o l l o w i n g r e s o u r c e s : Air Q u a l i t y Water Quality Land Area Other Depletable Natural Resources Fluman Resources Economic this Draft Statement), Resources there w i l l be a n u n a v o i d a b l e s h o r t - t e r m deteriora- t i o n i n a i r q u a l i t y i n t h e a r e a c o n t i g u o u s to the n e w h i g h w a y d u e to increased traffic volumes . H o w e v e r , i n the l o n g - t e r m v i e w b a s e d expected advances i n automotive emission control technology with stringent new Federal regulations, i n the 1 9 8 0 ' s . Thus, on coupled t h i s s i t u a t i o n w i l l be r e v e r s e d t h i s s h o r t - t e r m i m p a c t w i l l not c o n s t i t u t e an i r r e v e r s i b l e or i r r e t r i e v a b l e c o m m i t m e n t of a i r r e s o u r c e s . T h e r e w i l l b e no i r r e v e r s i b l e or i r r e t r i e v a b l e l o s s of w a t e r quality. T h e r e a r e n o s u r f a c e w a t e r s i n or n e a r t h e P r o j e c t A r e a . l o w e r i n g of g r o u n d w a t e r l e v e l s w i l l h a v e i n s i g n i f i c a n t i m p a c t groundwater does not, potable water s u p p l y . in this c a s e , constitute a future source The since of �The i r r e v e r s i b l e or i r r e t r i e v a b l e c o m m i t m e n t of l a n d a r e a h i g h w a y u s a g e w i l l be l a r g e l y o b v i a t e d by the p r o v i s i o n for of h o u s i n g o n t h e t u n n e l to development deck. W i t h r e s p e c t to o t h e r d e p l e t a b l e natural resources, investiga- t i o n s h a v e i n d i c a t e d t h a t p o s s i b l e r e t r i e v a l of s a n d a n d g r a v e l from excavations w i t h i n the P r o j e c t b o u n d a r i e s w o u l d be uneconomical. T h i s m a t e r i a l m a y b e d i s p o s e d of i n t h e W a s h i n g t o n a r e a a s l a n d f i l l , for w h i c h there i s a d e m a n d . I m p l e m e n t a t i o n of t h e P r o j e c t w i l l not r e s u l t i n a n i r r e t r i e v a b l e or i r r e v e r s i b l e c o m m i t m e n t o f h u m a n r e s o u r c e s . adjacent Suitable housing i n c o m m u n i t i e s h a s b e e n found for p e r s o n s d i s p l a c e d a s a r e s u l t of t h e h i g h w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n . educational, I t i s not c o n s i d e r e d t h a t the occupational, or p a r t i c u l a r l i f e s t y l e s of a d j a c e n t p o p u l a t i o n s w i l l a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d by the P r o j e c t . be The s o c i a l d i s r u p t i o n during the a c t u a l c o n s t r u c t i o n p e r i o d i s t e m p o r a r y a n d i s n o t c o n s i d e r e d of s i g n i f icant, long-term impact. O n l y w i t h r e g a r d to e c o n o m i c to a n y s i g n i f i c a n t d e g r e e , resources i s i t p o s s i b l e to i d e n t i f y , a r a n g e of b e n e f i c i a l f u t u r e u s e s t h a t b e c u r t a i l e d u p o n i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of t h e P r o j e c t . A n a n a l y s i s of t h e i r r e v e r s i b l e a n d i r r e t r i e v a b l e c o m m i t m e n t of e c o n o m i c c o n t a i n e d i n the f o l l o w i n g 7.02 ECONOMIC The resources is subsection. RESOURCES capital resources government agencies sections would of t h i s D r a f t c o m m i t t e d to t h i s P r o j e c t by the v a r i o u s i n v o l v e d are o u t l i n e d i n the project Statement. 70 description �T h e e c o n o m i c f e a s i b i l i t y a n d d e s i r a b i l i t y of t h e r e g a r d to t h e a f f e c t e d c o m m u n i t y a n d i n the c o n t e x t regional transportation s y s t e m s , sections of t h i s S t a t e m e n t . . Project,with of the overall have also been discussed in earlier The question remains whether a m e n t o f a s i m i l a r a m o u n t of c a p i t a l to o t h e r p u b l i c - o r i e n t e d w o u l d h a v e more j u s t i f i c a t i o n at t h i s m a j o r p r o b l e m i n t h i s p o r t i o n of W a s h i n g t o n , has become a D . C . , and since c u r r e n t l y p r o p o s e d m a s s t r a n s i t s y s t e m i n the c a p i t a l h a s public f i n a n c i n g , it is felt that this Project expenditures resources. expenditures for the n e x t s e v e r a l d e c a d e s , independent these capital of 3 . 0 3 . 2 of t h i s S t a t e m e n t , w i l l be r e c o v e r e d t h r o u g h f i n a n c i a l b e n e f i t s u s e r s on a r e g i o n a l w i d e capital to h i g h w a y basis. E c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y on the Site that predated development P r o j e c t w a s l i m i t e d to a f e w l o w - v a l u e b u s i n e s s e s . s i d e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t to the l o c a l n e i g h b o r h o o d of t h i s Any reduction i n t h e t a x b a s e a s a r e s u l t of t h e l o s s of t h e s e b u s i n e s s e s 7.03 status. considered c a n n o t be r e g a r d e d a s i r r e t r i e v a b l e c o m m i t m e n t s As described in Section the should have priority c o m m i t t e d to t h i s P r o j e c t m u s t be irreversible commitments projects time. S i n c e a c o n d i t i o n of c h r o n i c t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n Although the f i n a n c e s commit- or r e g i o n a l i s not con- economy. CONCLUSIONS As e x p l a i n e d i n the g u i d e l i n e s i s s u e d by the E n v i r o n m e n t a l Protection A g e n c y * , t h e p u r p o s e of i n v e s t i g a t i n g t h e i r r e v e r s i b l e a n d * E n v i r o n m e n t a l Q u a l i t y - 2 n d A n n u a l R e p o r t of t h e C o u n c i l o n E n v i r o n mental Q u a l i t y , August 1971 71 �irretrievable commitments of r e s o u r c e s r e l a t e d w i t h the proposed i s t o i d e n t i f y t h e e x t e n t t o w h i c h t h e a c t i o n c u r t a i l s t h e r a n g e of ficial uses of t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . of e c o n o m i c r e s o u r c e s , able commitments posed action. In this respect, and w i t h the action bene- exception t h e r e a r e n o s i g n i f i c a n t i r r e v e r s i b l e or i r r e t r i e v - of h u m a n or n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s r e s u l t i n g from the Although the capital investment is i r r e v e r s i b l e , it i s irretrievable s i n c e the c o n s t r u c t i o n pronot of t h e P r o j e c t i s j u s t i f i e d i n t e r m s the s o c i o e c o n o m i c b e n e f i t s t h a t w i l l be d e r i v e d from i t . 72 of �X Q Z LU O- a. < ��STUDY OF THE E F F E C T S ON A I R QUALITY OF BUILDING THE CENTER LEG AND TUNNEL OF THE INNER LOOP FREEWAY I N WASHINGTON, D . C . ERT P r o j e c t MAY P-402 1972 David B. S p i e g l e r E l l i o t Newman Joseph N. G r i l l o Prepared for T I P P E T T S , A B B E T T , McCARTHY AND STRATTON E n g i n e e r s and A r c h i t e c t s New Y o r k , N . Y . 10022 by ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 5 TECHNOLOGY, I N C . 429 M a r r e t t R o a d , L e x i n g t o n , M a s s a c h u s e t t s 0 2 1 7 3 �» �T A B L E OF CONTENTS Page 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. STUDV ' APPROACH 3 2.1 Cases Selected for 2.2 D e r i v a t i o n of Study Emission 3 Factors 4 2.2.1 1972 and 1975 Automobile Factors 2.2.2 1972 and 1975 Heavey Duty T r u c k 2.2.3 1972 and 1975 Diesel 2.2.4 1972 and 1975 I d l i n g Factors 2.2.5 Emissions 5 Factors 11 Factors from s t a c k s 12 for all about Center Vehicles Leg Free- way T u n n e l 2.2.6 Leakage The M e t e o r o l o g i c a l 2.4 The T r a f f i c Description of Portals Conditions 14 Data 2.5 3. 13 from Tunnel 2.3 used i n the Models ERT H i g h w a y I m p a c t Model 22 25 A i r Q u a l i t y i n V i c i n i t y of Center Loop F r e e w a y - 3.2 Center Leg o f Inner 33 1975 A i r Q u a l i t y i n V i c i n i t y of Center Special Inner 25 A i r Q u a l i t y i n V i c i n i t y of Loop F r e e w a y 3.4 Leg o f 1972 Loop F r e e w a y 3.3 14 22 RESULTS 3.1 12 Leg o f Inner 39 1990 41 Cases 3.4.1 Impact o f Leakage 3.4.2 Effect 3.4.3 Impact o f Stack of Stack V i c i n i t y of on T u n n e l 41 Buildings E m i s s i o n s on Downwind Regions E m i s s i o n s on B u i l d i n g s Center Leg o f Inner Loop 41 in Freeway 51 �TABLE OF CONTENTS, Contd. Page 4. SUMMARY 62 REFERENCES 63 APPENDIX A Diffusion M e t e o r o l o g y and N a t i o n a l A i r Q u a l i t y 64 Standards APPENDIX B Effects of Automotive P o l l u t a n t s Receptors on Specific 70 iv �1. This Inc. report describes ( E R T ) on t h e of Columbia that between The Washington, and will Our be 500 m e t e r s carbon monoxide, and traffic flow for of the pected the center tunnel exits leg of that the there continues 500 m e t e r s will about District direction to K Street. I n n e r Loop F r e e w a y i n roadway t h a t to i n the to n o r t h be a b o u t o n t o New Y o r k A v e n u e . of depressed objectives hydrocarbons likely 300 South o f extends meters the south to D S t r e e t one-half mile south corresponds i n 1975, to have 9 lanes s t u d y were to determine ( l e s s methane), t o be p r e s e n t flow conditions 1972 in this for of of 1975 tunnel w i l l and f o r traffic, on v e h i c u l a r e m i s s i o n s 1972, existing conditions the proposed will meteorological and 1 9 9 0 . p r i o r to the of and p a r t i c u - Traffic the b u i l d i n g be open t o f o u r the y e a r 1990, b u t by t h a t levels nitrogen oxides under a v a r i e t y of the y e a r s to the (2 i n each d i r e c t i o n ) lations the are tunnel, traffic f o r a l e n g t h o f about Technology, Avenue. specific that N i n a south W From t h e n o r t h p o r t a l , freeway that Independence lates from H S t r e e t , be p a r t o f i n t o another and impact of a i r q u a l i t y of b u i l d i n g a tunnel extends D.C. of depressed portal a s t u d y by E n v i r o n m e n t a l R e s e a r c h 2nd and 3 r d S t r e e t s , tunnel w i l l INTRODUCTION lanes tunnel i s of ex- t i m e t h e new f e d e r a l regu- apply to n e a r l y a l l the v e h i c l e s in tunnel. To d e t e r m i n e proposed the expected l e v e l s of p o l l u t i o n i n the v i c i n i t y of t u n n e l we h a v e u s e d o u r s o p h i s t i c a t e d air quality prediction model i n c o m b i n a t i o n w i t h d e t a i l e d model i n p u t i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m the the �Environmental P r o t e c t i o n A g e n c y ( E P A ) and t h e D . C . D e p a r t m e n t o f H i g h w a y s and T r a f f i c . The E R T model i s a v e r s i o n of plume model h i g h l y m o d i f i e d and e x t e n d e d a c c u r a c y when a p p l i e d t o larly to r o a d s . i n the tunnel. and the p r e s e n t f l e x i b i l i t y and and p a r t i c u - i n f o r m a t i o n f o r the mix The D . C . D e p a r t m e n t o f H i g h w a y s and t i m e and h a s p r o j e c t e d t r a f f i c counts and r a t e s t r a f f i c d a t a f o r the of years 1990. The r e m a i n d e r o f t h e m a i n body o f of the the of a i r contaminants, has s u p p l i e d v e r y d e t a i l e d a c c u r a t e speed f o r 1975 to i n c r e a s e EPA h a s p r o v i d e d t h e e m i s s i o n s of v e h i c l e s expected Traffic l i n e a r sources the M a r t i n - T i k v a r t g a u s s i a n s t u d y a p p r o a c h and t h e r e s u l t s this report on t h e details obtained. The A p p e n d i x A o f t h i s r e p o r t c o n t a i n s d i f f u s i o n meteorology, focuses a thorough d e s c r i p t i o n of the ERT Highway Impact Model, the N a t i o n a l Ambient A i r Q u a l i t y S t a n d a r d s and t h e N a t i o n a l V e h i c u l a r E m i s s i o n S t a n d a r d s . Appendix B d e s c r i b e s t h e e f f e c t s o f a u t o m o t i v e p o l l u t a n t s on receptors. 2 specific �2. 2.1 Cases Selected for Study- Three c a s e s were chosen 1. Present the STUDY APPROACH traffic for analysis in this conditions I n n e r Loop F r e e w a y i s i n the This w i l l (autos, b e f o r e the of freeway, is vehicles leg of conditions and e m i s s i o n the freeway, and t u n n e l , vehicles the a r e a when t h e f r e e w a y has f o u r a n a l y z e d to study, specify since will the it of the emission of of ambient that air quality of full that out o f the lanes) 1972 lanes estimated be e f f e c t i v e l y contribution i n c l u d i n g the the tunnel y e a r when t h e lanes of of center traffic and of traffic the center leg of the volumes, mixes of and 1975 allows a determination r o a d w a y and t u n n e l on a i r q u a l i t y i n traffic. effect by 1990 service. center leg F r e e w a y and a l l o t h e r D . C . r o a d w a y s applicable and factors. the p r e d i c t e d is for u s i n g 1990 between t o be made o f controls diesels) of traffic u s i n g volumes, mixes be open t o f o u r (nine and e m i s s i o n Comparison of r e s u l t s standards, including concentrations leg, leg c o n n e c t o r to New Y o r k A v e n u e . Expanded c o n f i g u r a t i o n impact i n 1975 factors freeway w i l l have a temporary center center built. the Expected t r a f f i c 3. trucks, p r o v i d e background various pollutants 2. a r e a where the t o be c o n s t r u c t e d , volumes, mixes of v e h i c l e s factors. study: of 5 the conditions automotive a l l cars without In a l l cases, and t u n n e l (background) standards. The 1990 of the the are emission emission selected Inner for Loop are examined r e l a t i v e to �2.2 Derivation of Emission The e m i s s i o n f a c t o r s travel were developed Factors used f o r according to 1972, the 1975 and 1990 Use o f p u b l i s h e d EPA d a t a w h e r e a v a i l a b l e 2. Use o f t h e l a t e s t u n p u b l i s h e d d a t a a v a i l a b l e t h r o u g h September 1971 ( R e f . 3) 3. Use o f e n g i n e e r i n g only, where The c a t e g o r i e s breakdown a v a i l a b l e time p e r i o d , cluding often both from EPA. subdivided into moving v e h i c l e s , vehicles. moving emission f r o m EPA d a t a f r o m 1 . and and e m i s s i o n f a c t o r s reflect for each p o l l u t a n t factors set forth for: are t h a n 6000 l b s ) ; categories; Further, and f o r interpret 1) In general, (less three and b u s e s . to (Ref. criteria: necessary. l i g h t duty trucks trucks judgement of emissions separate automotive following three-step 1. 2. for and (3) a distinction CO and HC f o r 1975 (2) the and (1) in- trucks, diesel vehicles, and 1990 each cars, heavy duty i s made b e t w e e n current including idling gasoline-powered An a d d i t i o n a l d i s t i n c t i o n i s made a c c o r d i n g to the speed of vehicles. The e m i s s i o n factors are discussed in five sections, 1. 1972, 1975, and 1990 automobile 2. 1972, 1975, and 1990 heavy duty truck 3. 1972, 1975, and 1990 diesel 4. 1975 and 1990 5. 1990 factors idling for all factors factors factors factors, for vehicles 4 all vehicles as follows: and �2.2.1 1972 a n d 1975 The 1972 for (1) Automobile and 1975 auto CO and H C , w h i c h e x h i b i t for which recent lates. Factors emission factors speed-emission t e s t s h a d shown c h a n g e s i n t h e and two p r i v a t e C a r b o n Monoxide communications (see Table 14 o f urban conditions Ref. 1). 1965, 1970, evaporation, 1972, 1974, crankcase, speed 1971 of (Refs. and 1 9 7 5 ; 1970, Travel the 1972, and e x h a u s t 35 mph. was n e c e s s a r y and 1974 Adjustment speeds i n T a b l e (see The 1972 representative of published Factors were figures include f o r CO a n d HC ( s e e These were the to factors CO and HC f i g u r e s Figures each p o l l u t a n t basic curves 1 and y e a r , t h a t were u s e d ; factors. extend the Figures speed emission curves T h i s was done u s i n g t h e 1 and 2 o f R e f . 1 were t a k e n d i r e c t l y Nitrous 4). emissions. f r o m 35 t o 60 mph. Factors 1 , 3 and one national the hydrocarbon t h e y depend o n l y upon E P A ' s p u b l i s h e d It particu- published emission and 2 ) * w e r e u s e d t o d e r i v e a n e m i s s i o n c u r v e f o r s p e e d s f r o m 10 t o (3) N0^» 25 mph) and a n assumed on t h e r o a d . Urban T r a v e l Adjustment for and (2) EPA r e f e r e n c e s : The i n f o r m a t i o n u s e d i s ( w i t h an average m i x o f model y e a r s p r e s e n t l y for factors; separately and H y d r o c a r b o n The b a s e d a t a came f r o m E P A ' s book relationships; The d a t a w e r e l a r g e l y d e r i v e d f r o m t h r e e published report were d e r i v e d from these 1). for Rural The f i g u r e s for curves. Oxides and 1975 v a l u e s f o r NO were o b t a i n e d f r o m EPA A (Ref. 3). be u s e d . *Figures A c c o r d i n g to E P A ' s The f i g u r e s i n Table 1 and 2 c o n t a i n latest 2 are tests, no v a r i a t i o n w i t h s p e e d those s u p p l i e d by S i g w o r t h i n f o r m a t i o n d e r i v e d from F i g u r e s 5 should (Ref. 1 and 2 o f 3). Ref. 1. �Figure 1 Figure 2 V a r i a t i o n o f c a r b o n monoxide e m i s s i o n f a c t o r s w i t h V a r i a t i o n of hydrocarbons 6 emission factors with speed speed �TABLE EMISSION (Non-idle idle FACTORS emission emission 1 FOR EACH factors factors are are CLASS, given given in SPEED in g/veh-mi; g/veh-sec.) Speed Type Hydrocarbons Carbon Nitrogen (MPH) Vehicle Less Monoxide Oxides Methane Particulates 1972 10 C 6.3 0.30 47.0 293.0 8.8 0.45 D 3,4 19.7 38.9 1.20 C 18.0 115.0 6.3 0.30 T 38.0 188.0 8.8 0.45 D 3.4 19.7 38.9 1.20 C 12.0 75.0 6.3 0.30 T 32.5 125.0 8.8 0.45 D 25 175.0 T 15 21.0 3,4 19.7 38.9 1.20 C = Cars T = Trucks D = Diesels 7 �TABLE EMISSION (Non-idle idle FACTORS emission emission FOR 1 EACH factors factors (cont'd) are are CLASS, given given in SPEED in g/veh-mi; g/veh-sec.) Speed Type Hydrocarbons Carbon Nitrogen (MPH) Vehicle Less Monoxide Oxides Methane Particulates 1975 C 0.00500 12.5 125.0 5.0 0.30 28.2 208 .0 7.0 0.45 2.0 14.0 30.7 1.20 10.0 9.0 5.0 0.30 21.0 14.7 7.0 0.45 2.0 14.0 30.7 1.20 9.0 72.0 5.0 0.30 18.5 110.0 7.0 0.45 2.0 14.0 30.7 1.20 C 8.0 55.0 5.0 0.30 T 15.6 91.2 7.0 0.45 D 2.0 14.0 30.7 1.20 C 7.1 44.0 5.0 0.30 T 14.2 65.0 7.0 0.45 D 2.0 14.0 30.7 1.20 Cars Trucks = 1.1000 D D 0.0620 T = 0.0092 C = 0.00083 D T 0.0136 T C 0.0164 C 40 0.0039 D 25 0.00120 T 20 0.0090 C 15 0.0132 D 10 0.0023 T Idle Diesels 8 �TABLE 1 (cont'd) EMISSION FACTORS FOR EACH C L A S S , » SPEED (Non-idle emission f a c t o r s are given i n g/veh-mi; i d l e emission factors are given i n g/veh-sec.) Speed (MPH) Type Vehicle Carbon Monoxide Hydrocarbons L e s s Methane Nitrogen Oxides Particulates 1990 Idle C 0.00023 0.00132 0.0009 0.000120 T 0.00039 0.00164 0.00136 0.00008 D 0.00092 0.00620 0.0100 0.00050 C 0.454 5.0 0.688 0.316 T 0.907 6.7 0.998 0.316 D 0.399 3.62 0.770 1.140 All Speeds C = Cars T = Trucks D = Diesels 9 �TABLE DEFINITIONS S t a b i l i t y OF STABILITY Class 2 AND WIND CLASSES Definition 1 Very 2 Unstable 3 Slightly 4 Neutral 5 Wind SPEED Stable Speed Class unstable unstable Definition 1 0 - 3 2 4 - 6 3 7 - 10 4 11 - 16 5 17 - 21 6 >21 10 (Speed in Knots) �2.2.2 1972 a n d 1975 Heavy Duty T r u c k Revised estimates emissions for categories 1969 of were o b t a i n e d (HDT-2, HDT-3, total Factors (national) from EPA ( R e f . and H D T - 4 ) h e a v y d u t y u r b a n and 3) i n three f o r CO, HC and NO . vehicle rural class These were d i v i d e d A by t h e rural), total (national) and b y t h e 1969 three vehicle printout provided e a r l i e r f o r each of the above The w e i g h t e d a v e r a g e the three pollutant heavy duty t r u c k v e h i c l e m i l e s (see categories, of the as expected, shown on E P A ' s national and s p e e d s 1969 conditions. suggestion ( a l s o p r o v i d e d by S i g w o r t h ) 1972. computer T h i s y i e l d e d an e m i s s i o n were n e a r l y the d a t a were used as a base f o r of factor (urban v s . vehicle miles rural). f o r each for The d e r i v e d u r b a n and of each rural same. Sigworth Adjustment (Ref. factors were used to d e r i v e the 3), for 1975 these derived each pollutant values for urban conditions. The v a l u e s f o r 1972 and 1975 ( 4 5 mph) s p e e d s w e r e p l o t t e d emission curves; drawn through the c u r v a t u r e as people 4). pollutants, total f o r u r b a n and r u r a l F o l l o w i n g the and r u r a l Ref. categories) c a t e g o r i e s was u s e d t o g e n e r a t e one e m i s s i o n f a c t o r NO^ v a l u e s , and r u r a l class ( b y u r b a n and the 1972 and 1975 curves. i n EPA p r e v i o u s l y . (25 same g r a p h s as the and 45 mph) w i t h t h e The e m i s s i o n v a l u e s i n T a b l e (see directly. 11 Ref. 2). ( 2 5 mph) auto curves same T h i s approach had been suggested were t a k e n d i r e c t l y from t h e s e c u r v e s d e r i v e d above w e r e u s e d on t h e heavy duty t r u c k speed e m i s s i o n two known p o i n t s auto f o r CO and HC f o r u r b a n speed were general to us by 2 f o r CO and HC The NO^ v a l u e s as �2.2.3 1972 All (Ref. Ref. 3). 1). 1975. a n d 1975 D i e s e l r e l e v a n t i n f o r m a t i o n was o b t a i n e d b y p e r s o n a l The v a l u e s s u p e r s e d e 15 T h e r e i s no v a r i a t i o n w i t h s p e e d and no v a r i a t i o n f r o m 1972 to 2.2.4 1972 All 3). vehicles, that a d i e s e l v e h i c l e averages a n d 1975 Idling Factors 5 m i l e s per for A l l Vehicles communication S l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t p r o c e d u r e s were used f o r g a s o l i n e as d e s c r i b e d of gallon. r e l e v a n t i n f o r m a t i o n was o b t a i n e d b y p e r s o n a l 1975, vs. diesel below. 1990 A u t o and H e a v y D u t y T r u c k Emission factors HC, those p r e v i o u s l y published communication (See T a b l e EPA assumes (Ref. Factors and NO , t o g e t h e r w i t h i n the Idling f o r m o f " p a r t s p e r m i l l i o n " f o r CO, assumptions as to average car weight, speed, A amount o f g a s o l i n e (Ref. 3). lates, consumer p e r h o u r , Emission factors emission factors assumptions take i n t o lated with car etc., w e r e a l s o p r o v i d e d b y EPA i n "grams/hour" were c a l c u l a t e d . For p a r t i c u - i n grams/hour were p r o v i d e d d i r e c t l y ; account the f a c t that t h e EPA e x h a u s t volume h a s been weight. For heavy duty t r u c k s , Sigworth suggested as f o l l o w s : adjustment For 1.3 1.15 x ( a combined a d j u s t m e n t sec, each v e h i c l e i s 1975, autos factor and f o r c o n c e n t r a t i o n of 1.5 x auto f a c t o r s ) . assumed t o o c c u p y 6 . 9 1990 Diesel Emission factors meters - x To c o n v e r t of a line were consumed p e r h o u r . factors autos t o g/m source. Idling i n the form of " l b s per thousand gallons" f o r a l l p o l l u t a n t s were p r o v i d e d , t o g e t h e r w i t h assumptions as to of gasoline corre- From t h e s e , calculated. 12 emission factors in amount grams/hour �1975 Idling, Sigworth increase or urban and would tend decrease rural to All EPA for figures lutant our use as in toward 1990 by (Ref. factors be the assumed is being for analyses 2.2.5 were 3) be suggested factors used the for for All 1975 tunnel study (Ref. applicable. 1990. conducted These in and April dition from each 1990. are given 1975 The values for proportionate in errors the in average the of the approach side. used of peak each for 1990 were Sigworth variation figures Stacks for same found any 4 ) . No from specified was 1975; factors Emissions were as the Vehicles Emissions the that conservative emission another s t i l l Vehicles idling Factors of in All were (Ref. with provided 3) speed the best Leg Freeway to verified for any available these pol- when 1972. Above the hour Center 2 stacks and effluent used average as a to hour Tunnel exhaust air conditions function of from for t r a f f i c below: HC us N0 CO X Particulates Peak hour 3.86 24.0 1.2 0.0072 Avg. hour 1.62 10.0 0.5 0.0030 Peak hour 0.86 5.4 0.27 0.0016 Avg. hour 0.31 1.92 0.096 0.00058 1990 13 con- �2.2.6 Leakage from T u n n e l The air traffic out of the t u n n e l . For observed since area w i l l Portals e x i t i n g from the t u n n e l w i l l This i s defined the i d l e case f o r both there will as leakage. 1975 and 1990 no l e a k a g e be no t r a f f i c movement. be t h e w i d t h o f t h e r o a d w a y and e x t e n d from each p o r t a l ; each e f f l u e n t f o r 40 mph, 80 f t . d r a g some o f t h e F o r 20 mph, t h e from each p o r t a l from each p o r t a l . 1990 traffic Veh.Speed HC CO 0.36 2.36 0.118 0.32 2.20 0.106 of 0 .0036 HC - V e h . Speed and y e a r a r e g i v e n NO N0 CO x below. Particulates Particulates X 20 mph 0.130 0.858 0.042 0.0014 40 mph 2.3 t o 60 f t . 0.0040 40 mph - f o r each be leakage The e m i s s i o n s 20 mph 1975 condition will 0.121 0.849 0.034 0.0012 The M e t e o r o l o g i c a l C o n d i t i o n s Used i n t h e Models As d i s c u s s e d i n A p p e n d i x A , t h e N a t i o n a l A m b i e n t A i r Q u a l i t y Standards various f o r each of the v e h i c u l a r p o l l u t a n t s time-averaging periods. the v i c i n i t y o f the Center representative study. and h y d r o c a r b o n s are examined. calculated of less methane, The a n n u a l average nitrogen. 14 to to e v a l u a t e p o l l u t i o n l e v e l s i n conditions o f one h o u r and one y e a r w e r e s e l e c t e d (one h o u r ) c o n d i t i o n s for oxides correspond L e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop F r e e w a y , w e a t h e r o f time p e r i o d s F o r c a r b o n monoxide I n order of i n t e r e s t the for short-term condition is �A preliminary a n a l y s i s of f u n c t i o n o f wind d i r e c t i o n highest short-term because of also its examine indicated levels. representative oxides, is area being of conditions near u s e d t o compute speed the the Washington, (the it analysis, condition s t a b i l i t y wind rose miles at was d e c i d e d the w o r s t as is input to from the C e n t e r the airport computed Leg o f are v e r y using the the Inner representative f o r each D.C. a i r p o r t data) of the the annual stability are presented definitions estimate information from e v e r y wind d i r e c t i o n (atmospheric for This condition) and is and then average. classes i n Tables are presented model (using the 3 through 7. i n Table 2. Table t h e w i n d s p e e d and d i r e c t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r a l l s t a b i l i t i e s ; the table indicate g i v e n wind speed, to conditions The a i r p o r t d a t a t h u s p r o v i d e s a good summed and w e i g h t e d t h e numbers i n t h e but annual p r e v a i l i n g an a n n u a l a v e r a g e air quality resulting s p e e d and s t a b i l i t y c l a s s trates (3.9%), f r e e w a y on a n a n n u a l b a s i s . T a b u l a t e d wind r o s e s that occurrence l i s t e d f o r each s t a b i l i t y c l a s s these v a l u e s are yield for a conditions. o n l y 2-1/2 studied. (W) w i n d w o u l d o f more t y p i c a l Loop F r e e w a y and w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s the as c o n d i t i o n would not y i e l d the Washington N a t i o n a l A i r p o r t airport concentrations T h i s d i r e c t i o n was s e l e c t e d The l a t t e r The n i t r o g e n of t h e West South Southwest wind c o n d i t i o n wind c o n d i t i o n ) . because the that r e l a t i v e l y infrequent the b u t w o u l d be t h e peak p o l l u t a n t the a p p r o x i m a t e number o f h o u r s p e r wind d i r e c t i o n occur IS simultaneously. The wind 8 illus- i.e., year �TABLE 3 TABULATED ANNUAL WIND ROSE FOR WASHINGTON NATIONAL A I R P O R T , WASHINGTON, D.C. S T A B I L I T Y CLASS 1 - E X T R E M E L Y UNSTABLE ( 1 - Y E A R AVERAGE I N HOURS) WIND SPEED CLASS DIRECTION 1 3 2 4 6 5 AVG SPD N 5 20 0 0 0 0 4.4 NNE 1 10 0 0 0 0 4.3 NE 4 17 0 0 0 0 4.1 ENE 5 18 0 0 0 0 4.0 E 4 12 0 0 0 0 3.9 ESE 2 21 0 0 0 0 4.3 SE 4 18 0 0 0 0 4.3 SSE 1 13 0 0 0 0 4.4 S 5 19 0 0 0 0 4.0 SSW 0 8 0 0 0 0 4.6 SW 1 5 0 0 0 0 4.3 WSW 3 3 0 0 0 0 3.7 w 1 12 0 0 0 0 4.5 WW N 5 9 0 0 0 0 4.1 NW 3 11 0 0 0 0 4.4 NNW 5 11 0 0 0 0 4.0 AVG TOTAL 2.6 4.6 49 207 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 3.5 �TABLE TABULATED ANNUAL WIND ROSE 4 FOR WASHINGTON STABILITY (1-YEAR CLASS AVERAGE WIND NATIONAL AIRPORT, WASHINGTON, D.C. 2-UNSTABLE IN HOURS) SPEED CLASS 5 6 0 0 0 42 0 0 0 85 47 0 0 0 53 78 34 0 0 0 E 38 77 16 0 0 0 ESE 52 68 13 0 0 0 SE 37 66 28 0 0 0 SSE 42 115 64 0 0 0 S 71 231 226 0 0 0 SSW 25 45 28 0 0 0 sw 34 35 15 0 0 0 wsw 24 48 30 0 0 0 w 19 40 43 0 0 0 WNW 19 40 46 0 0 0 NW 20 54 61 0 0 0 NNW 15 56 51 0 o 0 AVG 2.8 5.2 7,5 0.0 0.0 0.0 556 1189 789 0 0 0 1 2 3 N 30 83 45 NNE 34 68 NE 43 ENE DIRECTION TOTAL 4 �TABLE TABULATED ANNUAL WIND ROSE STABILITY 5 FOR WASHINGTON CLASS (1-YEAR NATIONAL 3-SLIGHTLY AVERAGE IN AIRPORT, WASHINGTON, D.C. UNSTABLE HOURS) WIND SPEED CLASS 1 2 3 4 5 6 N 16 112 242 45 1 0 NNE 16 62 111 11 0 0 NE 14 104 81 3 1 0 ENE 28 87 71 15 0 0 E 18 62 53 7 0 0 ESE Q O D D O Z f. n n SE 24 36 49 3 0 0 SSE 8 104 132 11 0 0 S 47 313 711 112 2 0 SSW 20 125 192 49 3 (J sw 25 78 123 16 2 0 wsw 27 61 118 26 0 0 w 10 60 118 34 4 0 WNW 6 54 208 47 5 o NW 9 72 267 94 13 1 NNW 12 79 257 57 3 1 AVG 2.6 5.1 3.1 12.0 17.9 23.5 238 1464 2785 536 34 2 DIRECTION TOTAL o U �TABLE 6 TABULATED ANNUAL WIND ROSE FOR WASHINGTON NATIONAL AIRPORT, WASHINGTON, D.C. S T A B I L I T Y CLASS 4-NEUTRAL (1-YEAR AVERAGE IN HOURS) WIND SPEED CLASS DIRECTION 2 1 3 4 5 6 N 76 234 568 795 111 7 NNE 42 189 426 381 34 3 NE 54 296 544 418 40 4 ENE 76 361 564 345 36 17 E 67 233 225 93 10 2 ESE 65 166 177 69 16 2 SE 65 188 215 78 5 1 SSE 34 194 273 106 19 5 S 97 658 1458 834 51 3 SSW 43 279 717 630 89 7 sw 47 194 326 287 41 12 wsw 45 168 199 125 15 7 w 38 112 162 217 64 11 WW N 27 136 329 872 268 78 N W 28 135 487 1346 393 98 NW N 22 129 520 970 205 33 AVG 2.6 5.0 3.5 12.9 18.3 34.6 826 3672 7190 1397 290 TOTAL 1 7567 �TABLE 7 TABULATED ANNUAL WIND ROSE FOR WASHINGTON NATIONAL A I R P O R T , WASHINGTON, D . C . S T A B I L I T Y CLASS 5-STABLE ( 1 - Y E A R AVERAGE I N HOURS) WIND SPEED C L A S S 1 2 3 4 5 6 N 185 617 325 0 0 0 NNE 80 241 115 0 0 0 NE 90 287 112 0 0 0 ENE 107 270 110 0 0 0 E 61 142 38 0 0 0 ESE 67 134 56 0 0 0 SE 88 238 61 0 0 0 SSE 60 226 92 0 0 0 S 350 1108 537 0 0 0 SSW 188 934 402 0 0 0 SW 343 866 159 0 0 0 WSW 426 783 84 0 0 0 W 198 360 128 0 0 0 WW N 120 382 365 0 0 0 NW 64 440 522 0 0 0 NNW 98 416 487 0 0 0 AVG 2.6 5.0 8.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 2525 7444 3593 0 0 0 DIRECTION TOTAL �TABLE 8 TABULATED ANNUAL WIND ROSE FOR WASHINGTON NATIONAL A I R P O R T , ALL WASHINGTON, D . C . STABILITIES ( 1 - Y E A R AVERAGE I N HOURS) WIND DIRECTION N NNE NE ENE E ESE SE SSE S SSW sw wsw w WW N NW NNW AVG TOTAL SPEED CLASS 5 6 1 2 3 4 312 1066 1180 840 112 7 173 570 694 392 34 3 205 789 784 421 41 4 269 814 779 360 36 17 188 526 332 100 10 2 194 444 298 75 16 2 218 546 353 81 5 1 145 652 561 117 19 5 570 2329 2932 946 53 3 276 1391 1339 679 92 7 450 1178 623 303 43 12 525 1063 431 151 15 7 266 584 451 251 68 11 177 621 948 920 273 78 124 712 1337 1440 406 99 152 691 1315 1027 208 34 2.6 5.0 8.4 12.9 18.3 24.6 4244 13796 14357 8103 1431 292 �It s h o u l d be n o t e d stability (which contribute during congested strate stability conditions to to occurrence with low w i n d s p e e d conditions. and r e d u c e a selected the of l o w e r a i r q u a l i t y ) do n o t conditions t h e mean o f were s e l e c t e d the o r h i g h volume t r a f f i c representative similar that of to t o be Pasquill, f o r e x a m i n a t i o n w i t h each wind d i r e c t i o n . occur demon- requirements, (chosen wind speed c a t e g o r i e s necessarily Therefore, computer w i n d speed and h i g h three generally Ref. These 6) three cases were: 1. - 5 mph 2. Neutral - 3. 2.4 Unstable Stable - 5 mph The T r a f f i c D a t a Traffic was a v a i l a b l e data for for the the D . C . Department year. 1975 10 mph every street year 1970. diesels. 1972, as D.C. 1975, u s i n g a f i g u r e of t r a f f i c d a t a f o r the proposed w e r e u s e d a s model T h e model a l s o r e q u i r e s downtown W a s h i n g t o n , To o b t a i n d a t a f o r of Highways suggested In addition, projected and 1990 i n the area and 1990, 3% i n c r e a s e Inner-Loop per for input. i n p u t the mix of automobiles, The mix used throughout the t r u c k s and s t u d y was 95% a u t o m o b i l e s , 3% t r u c k s , and 2% d i e s e l s . 2.5 D e s c r i p t i o n of In order spheric to the examine E R T H i g h w a y I m p a c t Model the a i r p o l l u t i o n impact of d i f f u s i o n model i s u s e d t o p r e d i c t for representative meteorological ambient conditions. 22 a h i g h w a y , an pollutant atmo- concentrations The ERT m u l t i p l e source �d i f f u s i o n model MARTIK was u s e d t h r o u g h o u t gram r e p r e s e n t s the s t a t e of the h a s b e e n a c c e p t e d by many s t a t e can s i m u l a t e a t m o s p h e r i c steady state (short art term) air pollution computer Its EPA. and d i f f u s i o n p r o c e s s e s or v a r y i n g meteorological i n the This a g e n c i e s and t h e The E R T h i g h w a y i m p a c t model p r o g r a m study of study. i n d i f f u s i o n modeling. control transport this validity This for pro- model either conditions (long term). ( M A R T I K ) p r o v i d e s t h e means complex environment for o f an u r b a n a r e a . The program i s b a s e d upon a d i f f u s i o n model d e v e l o p e d by M a r t i n and Tikvart (Ref. Basic a description of 5). emission sources meteorological pollutant any s e t single i n p u t to located the within calculation. played for region of to the of interest, region. together Up t o six pollutants individual e.g., sources receptors A number o f o p t i o n a l and c a l i b r a t i o n f o r each p o l l u t a n t , to use p r e v i o u s l y c r e a t e d results mean the r e g i o n at in a i n a d d i t i o n to examine w o r s t - c a s e upon s e l e c t e d sensitivity analyses. the a p p l i c a t i o n of backgrounds to with may be c o n s i d e r e d S i n g l e - w i n d c a s e s may be c a l c u l a t e d long-term averages, the T h e p r o g r a m computes as a f u n c t i o n of p o s i t i o n w i t h i n of s p e c i f i e d p o i n t s . i n f l u e n c e of the data appropriate concentrations instead of program c o n s i s t s conditions. may a l s o be at The dis- p r o g r a m modes factors or enable each r e c e p t o r programs. on t o o t h e r To p r o p e r l y e v a l u a t e factors affecting meteorological and a m e a s u r e the traffic required released vehicles into or the u s i n g - a roadway. must be c o n s i d e r e d hecausc stability atmosphere the The the wind direction, atmosphere. The is directly related In a d d i t i o n , the emission 25 of rates the a h i g h w a y , many i n c l u d e the wind speed, the v e r t i c a l mixing amount o f p o l l u t a n t s t h e number o f a i r p o l l u t i o n impact of and t o p a s s r e s u l t i n g a i r p o l l u t i o n must be c o n s i d e r e d . parameters of the data banks, site the of speed some of to the pollutants �are a f u n c t i o n of quantities all of p o l l u t a n t s pertinent tion into inputs speed'. traffic the information. the p o l l u t a n t s wind speed is and r o a d available is Low w i n d s p e e d s do n o t pollutant important to d i l u t e the ventilate concentrations vehicles reduce background All pollution mathematical geographic area. This models because the emissions a region at in this report t h e one s i t e differed exact an i n p u t this of informa- meteorological the steady state t h e w i n d t h e more from any s o u r c e or and t h e r e f o r e source region. ground-level c a n be d i s t r i b u t e d and sources must be added a region in. and v a l i d a t e d f o r a c t u a l l y measured. more therefore For a complete a n a l y s i s of i s u s u a l l y done by c o m p a r i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a given predicted T h e model v a l u e s have not been c a l i b r a t e d because the measured a t w h i c h measurements air V e r t i c a l mixing provides s h o u l d be c a l i b r a t e d from the m e t e o r o l o g i c a l b a s e d on t h e computes faster well from non-road by t h e model w i t h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s sented the the o v e r a n y downwind r e g i o n . concentration. levels applies and f i n a l l y t e n d t o be h i g h e r . ground-level influence I t then converts emissions, v o l u m e i n w h i c h a g i v e n amount o f p o l l u t a n t will will T h e MARTIK p r o g r a m r e q u i r e s emission d i s t r i b u t i o n , of d i s t r i b u t i o n of which emitted. a s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of to The And t h e m i x o f pre- values were a v a i l a b l e were f o r a p e r i o d data. Thus, r e l i a b i l i t y of the that calibration a v a i l a b l e d a t a was n o t h i g h enough t o w a r r a n t c a l i b r a t i o n o f model. It s h o u l d be n o t e d , however, that u s e d and c a l i b r a t e d b y ERT p e r s o n n e l state be 90 n e a r low by 8%, Seattle. for same model h a s r e c e n t l y i n a s i m i l a r road study for Computed v a l u e s hydrocarbons the for 24 inter- c a r b o n monoxide were found h i g h by 18.5% and f o r n i t r o g e n by 70°o. been oxides to high the �3. 3.1 RESULTS A i r Q u a l i t y i n V i c i n i t y of Center 1. Carbon 1 hour s t a n d a r d traffic Loop F r e e w a y - for h o u r and f o r w e s t w i n d c o n d i t i o n s , c a r b o n monoxide anywhere i n the v i c i n i t y f o r Atmospheric 3 and 4 ) . It of Stabilities is, nearly one-quarter however, of the freeway t u n n e l ) . presently Inner 1972 Monoxide F o r t h e peak leg Leg o f exceeded center 2 (unstable) exceeded for Figure 5.) generally 35 ppm i s n o t leg of the and 4 exceeded I n n e r Loop F r e e w a y (neutral). stability a r e a examined (See is the (CO) o f i n the the (Figures 5 (stable) vicinity of The a r e a where the w e s t and s o u t h w e s t of over the center standard the is proposed tunnel. 2. Hydrocarbons Background (.24 (Less levels Methane) of hydrocarbons ppm) e v e r y w h e r e i n t h e v i c i n i t y f r e e w a y f o r peak h o u r t r a f f i c examined (2, stability 5 There is at about the conditions 3 hour center standard leg of the inner w i t h west winds f o r Figures 6 - 8 ) . all loop stabilities Highest v a l u e s occur with standard but .29 the effective one-hour standard ppm. Oxides i s no h o u r l y o r d a i l y s t a n d a r d Nitrogen Oxides (N0 ). X for an a n n u a l a v e r a g e .05 ppm f o r proposed (see i s no o n e - h o u r Nitrogen There and 5 ) of the (stable). estimated 3. 4, exceed The n a t i o n a l of N0 approximately X is .05 one-half ambient ppm. the c e n t e r l e g r o a d w a y and t u n n e l 25 at the p r e s e n t air quality Background area to (Figure time standard levels the west of 9). for exceed the �Distance (km) Figure 3 Background leg west of levels Inner wind, Loop of CO in freeway, S t a b i l i t y 2 v i c i n i t y of Washington, proposed D.C. center 1972, for �Figure 4 Background leg west of levels Inner wind, Loop of CO in freeway, S t a b i l i t y 4 v i c i n i t y of Washington, proposed D.C. center 1972, for �Distance (km) Figure 5 Background leg west of levels Inner wind, Loop of CO in freeway, S t a b i l i t y 5 v i c i n i t y of Washington, proposed D.C. center 1972, for �Distance (km) Figure 6 Background leg west of levels Inner wind, Loop of HC in freeway, S t a b i l i t y 2 v i c i n i t y of Washington, proposed D.C. center 1972, for �2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 Distance (km) Figure 7 Background leg west of levels Inner wind, Loop of HC in freeway, S t a b i l i t y 4 v i c i n i t y of Washington, proposed D.C. center 1972, for 4.0 �Distance (km) Figure 8 Background leg west of levels Inner wind, Loop of HC in freeway, S t a b i l i t y 5 v i c i n i t y of Washington, proposed D.C. center 1972, for �2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 Distance (km) Figure 9 Background proposed levels center of leg average of Inner annual Loop NO^ in freeway, vicinity 1972 of 4.C �3.2 Air Quality in Vicinity 1. Carbon Monoxides Concentrations 4 lanes of traffic) of Center and H y d r o c a r b o n s o f CO f o r the proposed indicate that Background levels the 4/5 w i t h o n l y the stability the t o be open to exceeded examined. i s quite standard of that .24 different. ppm o v e r shown i n F i g u r e s corner of the is exceeded of the the for traffic a r e a below concentrations. the 3 - 9 ) standard everywhere for be e x c e e d e d at When a v e r a g e traffic for See o f CO and HC i n d i c a t e traffic that hour s t r o n g l y in- with a one m i l e b a c k u p o f center leg of the causes f o r west w i n d , 4; and 6 l o c a t i o n s to stability Figure added, condition hourly t r a f f i c each is a summary o f maximum v a l u e s . imaginable) flow increases 1975 9 is 5 locations f o r west wind s t a b i l i t y for Table from the worst condition traffic concentrations d u r i n g t h e peak i n each d i r e c t i o n roadway. (area i s (when 35 ppm i s n o t picture 3-hour f r e e w a y and t u n n e l traffic standard expected The s t a n d a r d F o r CO, a s t a l l e d of the conditions 5. speed absolute are stabilities the northeast t h e model c a l c u l a t i o n s fluences all area 2 and 4 . When t h e p r o p o s e d the for 1975 Background peak h o u r t r a f f i c (Less Methane), extreme stabilities of Loop F r e e w a y - one h o u r s t a n d a r d o f o f HC e x c e e d approximately for 1975 Inner f r e e w a y and t u n n e l anywhere i n the v i c i n i t y For Hydrocarbons Leg o f 10 f o r volume r e m a i n s freeway the receptor 53 the 1 hour standard stability 2; zero to locations for west wind s t a b i l i t y the 20 mph, o n l y one and t h e s e (almost traffic same, location locations locator but the speed exceeds are v e r y close information. 5. the to the �TABLE MAXIMUM V A L U E S LOCATIONS (ALL CO OF MAXIMUM V A L U E S VALUES 1 Hr. FOR WHERE Standard = CO AND (WEST STANDARDS 35 9 HC (1975) WIND, ARE STABILITIES EXCEEDED ARE ATM WIND WIND V.S. HC 2,4, $ 3 Hr. Standard = .24 Standard = • Hr. MONOXIDE V.S. 5) LISTED) 1 CARBON PPM AND 2 9 PPM P P M HYDROCARBONS V.S. V.S. 40 LOC I SSIV I 5(B) 43 5(B) 78 5.7 19 1.0 43 0.9 43 77 73 14(B) 78 13(B) 78 13.4 19 2.6 43 2.3 43 7 31 32 19 78 49 65 46 i 19 74 5 2(B) 52 W 78 45 5 10 19 45 iii 31 37 t\ 7 63 i 73 48 W LOC 37 SPEED 78 20 7(B) LOC 43 6(B) LOC 43 20 V.S. 66 DIR 0 LOC 40 STAB 40 V.S. 0 LOC 12.8 19 43 1.6 Standarc exceeded everywhe r e within mainly to c ue eve rywhe r e mai n l v w i th i n c ue 43 aImost 2 km, b a c k gr o u n d e x c e e ded Sta ndarc 1.3 aI m o s t 2 km, to backg round 9(B) 31 8(B) 31 12.8 65 1.7 31 1 .6 31 SSW 10 35 65 6(B) 31 6(B) 31 7.9 78 1.2 31 1.1 31 ssw 5 89 65 16(B) 31 15(B) 31 23.1 65 2.9 31 2.8 31 51 19 50 4 54 Standard exceeded everywhere 47 35 = Vehicle LOC VS - Receptor (B) = Maximum 64 76 mainly 55 78 Speed Location Value i s See Below Fig. 10 Standard 34 within to due almost 2 km, background �5193 Distance (km) Figure 10 Selected center receptor leg of locations Inner Loop in v i c i n i t y freeway, of proposed Washington, D.C. �For south-southwest (as indicated stability i n Table everywhere, the for standard stability for Hydrocarbons, but t h i s was t r u e For example, in 9) the i s exceeded 5; for 6 locations and 2 l o c a t i o n s for 2. Once a g a i n flow of winds, for 20 mph, t h e vicinity t h a n 20 m e t e r s is the standard of background is of negligible the a t most from the n o r t h p o r t a l , stability r o a d w a y on HC locations. alone. 5 and A t two p o i n t s there is a significant ppm. The o n l y o t h e r 1 ppm t o where the condition. and t h i s It t h e HC s t a n d a r d , roadway i s n e g l i g i b l e Nitrogen surprising with s h o u l d be r e e m p h a s i z e d a l r e a d y exceeded 2. i s not a t most that and t h a t a west wind, background the less increase i n HC l e v e l s was n o t i c e a b l e was due e a s t north portal traffic concentrations from a p p r o x i m a t e l y increase about 2.4 almost concentrations the west wind c o n d i t i o n , influence exceeded points of the stable concentrations increase due t o the locations. Oxides Background concentrations for annual average NO are shown i n A Figure 11. This in area to the The e f f e c t chart the of indicates west of the adding the 1975 is shown i n F i g u r e over approximately 12. one h a l f of .05 the Thus, in immediate of ppm i s exceeded freeway. associated The NO^ c o n c e n t r a t i o n s roadway w e s t w a r d . vicinity standard f r e e w a y and i t s o f the the the the are traffic in exceeded a r e a under study - from j u s t east concentrations increased primarily roadway. 36 are �5183 Figure 11 Background proposed levels center of leg average of Inner annual Loop NO^ in freeway, v i c i n i t y 1975 of �Figure 12 Average annual N0 i n v i c i n i t y of proposed c e n t e r leg of I n n e r Loop f r e e w a y p r o j e c t e d f r e e w a y t r a f f i c i n c l u d e d , 1975 X �3. Particulates The primary Standards (mg/m for ). secondary particulates Computations average order and annual 3 - 10 mg/m in the Air Quality 1. Carbon In monoxide and the will apply levels are Of the new to in t r a f f i c per diffusion the roadway to be of of Quality cubic model to be the meter indicate of the roadway to minimal. Inner regulations to worst only Loop Freeway Table above on the the - 1990 are the well (one standard for carbon both combined. also condition vehicular road, standard conditions levels s t a l l regarding cars below t r a f f i c the values a l l be background speeds concentrations, micrograms contribution e s s e n t i a l l y and creates to Leg federal expected Hydrocarbons, Air Hydrocarbons course, indicated For Thus, Ambient highway due Center 10). tions values of Monoxide lanes) ERT Vicinity in Table 9 the expected meteorological all 60- and i s worst For 75- air 1 9 9 0 , when emissions with . National are particulate particulates 3.3 of annual at the (See below mile the standards. t r a f f i c receptor backup, loca- 10. greater including than or background equal are to 20 MPH, expected to be ambient below standards everywhere. 2. Nitrogen NO^ average area, w i l l not be a concentrations except although Oxides in the somewhat Background problem are well immediate higher levels of (.04 N0 in X 1990 as below the shown annual v i c i n i t y of ppm) s t i l l are are the Figure standard roadway, below approximately 39 in the . 0 1 ppm 13. Annual over where a l l the values, standard of everywhere. .05 ppm. �Figure 13 Average Inner annual Loop NC- freeway in v i c i n i t y projected of proposed freeway center t r a f f i c leg included, of 1990 �3.4 Special 3.4.1 Of high We Impact interest r i s e HC, up is worst for standards along the 3.4.2 The portion high. some in of preset w i l l stacks the in 1 9 9 0 , when the for of vehicle the that CO the of the lowest the tunnel. s t a b i l i t i e s , south for for the are However, 7 meters the on for south concentrations HC levels building. the a l l and and portals above for i l l u s t r a t e building for south w i l l of to the north of south below standards hydrocarbon building 3 meters be under the but north on inner keep no are much 41 at under the worst lower above Figures a factor decrease the stan- 17-19) . Regions freeway end w i l l emissions to than not levels (see either given higher are somewhat building stack information emit are Downwind loop the leakage Hydrocarbon constructed the emissions tunnel buildings. building of w i l l to due Emissions Emission controlled building, north south Stack tunnel north levels 3 meters leg speeds 14-16 and tunnel erected t r a f f i c lowest or the that be the building. north limits. be of from to indicate monoxide center the the wall south lowest Effect two Fans stacks the are for Figures for Buildings leakage 2 0 mph (north for carbon for of conditions the Tunnel that They the s t a b i l i t y concern dard along 1990, below for 1990. exceeded s t a b i l i t i e s to buildings aspect both on impact respectively. standard for the respectively, everywhere In is Leakage directions for building, the this wind building) and of apartment examined downwind CO Cases us by 1 2 5 ppm due to of be about from tunnel 100 feet exceeding TAMS in the is that 1 9 7 5 , and control devices. the 28 ppm �F i g u r e 14 CO c o n c e n t r a t i o n s on North T u n n e l b u i l d i n g due l e a k a g e , 20 mph t r a f f i c , 1975 to tunnel �H. C. (ppm) Figure 15 HC concentrations leakage, 2 0 mph on North traffic, Tunnel 1975 building due to tunnel �T A B L E 10 MAXIMUM V A L U E S O F CO $ HC AND T H E I R LOCATIONS 1 9 9 0 , WEST WIND S T A B I L I T I E S 2,4 $ 5 H o u r l y S t a n d a r d = 3 5 ppm H o u r l y S t a n d a r d = . 2 9 ppm CARBON MONOXIDE PPM Atmospheric Stability Wind Direction Wind Speed 2 West 5 V.S. 0 V.S. 20 HYDROCARBONS PPM V.S. V.S. 34 44 45 75 1.16 74 .60 75 3.54 78 1.03 79 .54 80 .45 8 1.20 19 .65 20 .39 21 1.02 31 .91 32 .58 33 .43 34 .33 44 1.78 73 .86 74 .56 75 1.63 78 .77 79 .50 44 33 3.86 T 32 .30 . 4 ( B ) 44 21 .43 6.63(B) 73 20 .45 10 19 .73 West 8 1.49 4 .77 .49 .5(B) 44 LOC 1.09 1 4 . 3 ( B ) 73 LOC 0 2.78 LOC 80 20 LOC �TABLE 10 (Contd.) » Hourly Standard CARBON Atmospheric Wind Stability Direction i West Wind Speed c = MONOXIDE V.S. 0 ppm Hourly PPM 73 20 .84(B) Standard HYDROCARBONS V.S. LOC 15.5(B) 35 V.S. LOC 0 44 = .29 ppm PPM V.S. LOC 1.09 9 .45 10 .37 LOC 8 .73 20 11 r2.76 i >- t 0 19-24 .48 r2.38 J I to 31-36 .68 rO.81 to 44-47 L0.57 .32 58 .38 59 f0.43 < L to 68-70 0.36 4.14 2.23 2 SSW 1.36 55 78 66 67 .69 45 54 .40 i 32 65 1.04 .86(B) 2.67, 2.59 65 80 1.00 9.97(B) 79 1.13 5 78 2.00 < 75 3.80 ! 74 1.52 - 73 73 .20 32 �TABLE Hourly 10 (Contd.) Standard 46 = 35 ppm Hourly Standard = .29 ppm �5180 Figure 16 HC concentrations leakage, 2 0 mph on South traffic, Tunnel 1975 building due to tunnel �Figure 17 CO concentrations leakage, 2 0 mph on North traffic, Tunnel 1990 building due to tunnel �Figure 18 HC concentrations leakage, 2 0 mph on North traffic, Tunnel 1990 building due to tunnel �Figure 19 HC concentrations leakage, 2 0 mph on South traffic, Tunnel 1990 building due to tunnel �The influence examined plume for from stack, one stack various of wind monoxide, 1975 Levels in one-hour CO For at 0.6 downwind above the to the of heights stacks the heights HC of ppm) to 130 w i l l that be model the from Stack several 80 sides the exceed and of a feet. in 0.7 on those above run to of the buildings no standards Buildings v i c i n i t y was In well of of in conand carbon left 3, is from 5. effective 0.3 1975 is and km for and the not the km but do 4 6 mph 0.2 below HC the and s t a b i l i t y 0.5 km. concentration lower the than the stack. Vicinity case for did the of the the A impact east and stack freeway are tunnel. receptors 51 of buildings the determine on downwind for the 2 mph, of ppm) second s t a b i l i t i e s approximately speeds (0.29 the concentrations. of 2 mph, the Freeway of constructed of km from on classes distances when 20-24 remain speeds wind at the Most stack was Downwind scale 1990 points standard Loop buildings at speeds Emissions The for wind For point Inner stacks). the wind plume Figures s t a b i l i t y and 1975 the atmospheric in the downwind, Concentrations for 1975 in at are to exceeded Leg from stack. 0.24 along levels f i r s t 1-hour diffusion (downwind for right alone pollutants. a l l shown 1990. unstable) effective of the downwind (unstable), Impact are on of for emissions i . e . , hydrocarbons. on 2 Center There that exceeded barely standard, 3.4.3 for the equals 3-hour from are s t a b i l i t y is computed standards (very stack superimposed 1975 and 3-hour 1 standard standards For or s t a b i l i t y HC both the concentrations 25-29 and to directions, Results distance for wind were classes. any 1-hour 1-hour 1 HC, Figures standard the km increased and due eventually concentrations of exceed CO, quality possible is in speed and air worst resulting centrations for the on to that the west specialized of the stacks east-northeast emissions "placed" on the extend cause of run at winds CO buildings. or �Distance (km) Figure 20 Downwind c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f CO ( f o r i n d i c a t e d w i n d s p e e d s ) due to s t a c k e m i s s i o n s from t u n n e l ( l e f t s i d e s c a l e 197S; r i g h t s i d e s c a l e 1990) f o r S t a b i l i t y 1 - v e r v u n s t a b l e �Distance (km) Figure 21 Downwind c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f CO ( f o r i n d i c a t e d w i n d s p e e d s ) due t o s t a c k e m i s s i o n s from t u n n e l ( l e f t s i d e s c a l e 1975; r i g h t s i d e s c a l e 1990) f o r S t a b i l i t y 2 - Unstable �Distance (km) Figure 22 Downwind c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f CO ( f o r i n d i c a t e d w i n d s p e e d s ) due t o s t a c k e m i s s i o n s from t u n n e l ( l e f t s i d e s c a l e 1975; r i g h t s i d e s c a l e 1990) f o r S t a b i l i t y 3 - s l i g h t l y u n s t a b l e �Distance (km) Figure 23 Downwind c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f CO ( f o r i n d i c a t e d w i n d s p e e d s ) due t o s t a c k e m i s s i o n s from t u n n e l ( l e f t s i d e s c a l e 1975; r i g h t s i d e s c a l e 1990) f o r S t a b i l i t y 4 - n e u t r a l �Distance (km) Figure 24 Downwind c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f CO ( f o r i n d i c a t e d wind s p e e d s ) due to s t a c k e m i s s i o n s from t u n n e l ( l e f t s i d e s c a l e 1975; r i g h t s i d e s c a l e 1990) f o r S t a b i l i t y 5 - s t a b l e �Distance (km) Figure 25 Downwind c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f HC ( f o r i n d i c a t e d w i n d s p e e d s ) due t o s t a c k e m i s s i o n s from t u n n e l ( l e f t s i d e s c a l e 197S; r i g h t s i d e s c a l e 1990) f o r S t a b i l i t y 1 - v e r y u n s t a b l e �Distance (km) Figure 26 Downwind c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f HC ( f o r i n d i c a t e d w i n d s p e e d s ) due t o s t a c k e m i s s i o n s from t u n n e l ( l e f t s i d e s c a l e 1975; r i g h t s i d e s c a l e 1990) f o r S t a b i l i t y 2 - u n s t a b l e �Distance (km) Figure 27 Downwind c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f HC ( f o r i n d i c a t e d w i n d s p e e d s ) due t o s t a c k e m i s s i o n s from t u n n e l ( l e f t s i d e s c a l e 1975; r i g h t s i d e s c a l e 1990) f o r S t a b i l i t y 3 - s l i g h t l y u n s t a b l e �Distance (km) Figure 28 Downwind c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f HC ( f o r i n d i c a t e d w i n d s p e e d s ) due t o s t a c k e m i s s i o n s from t u n n e l ( l e f t s i d e s c a l e 1975; r i g h t s i d e s c a l e 1990) f o r S t a b i l i t y 4 - n e u t r a l �5205 Distance (km) Figure 29 Downwind c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f HC ( f o r i n d i c a t e d w i n d s p e e d s ) due t o e m i s s i o n s from t u n n e l ( l e f t s i d e s c a l e 1975; r i g h t s i d e s c a l e 1990) f o r S t a b i l i t y 5 - s t a b l e stack �4. SUMMARY » In leg of general, the diffusion calculations model, air quality in the v i c i n i t y loop inner of in Washington, D. C , using freeway indicate the monoxide standard in v i c i n i t y in the meteorological everywhere, but concentrations majority t r a f f i c the HC in of a l l to s Levels about to By in the of 1/2 high 1990, v i c i n i t y of ppm w i l l 1990 under due, r i s e of the in also area. not the be exceeded worst the standard large highway anywhere t r a f f i c and the the in freeway in 1975 to part, exceed However, above almost background standard 1990, only over stalled and tunnel w i l l standard, during the cause worst conditions. nitrogen oxides the west area levels the 35 exceed which lanes background N0„ is HC the 9 meteorological w i l l this of levels of 1975 and levels the ERT center conditions. Hydrocarbon a the the following: Carbon 9 of are of do exceed the the tunnel in annual standard 1975 due, over primarily, concentrations. expected to freeway. 62 be below the standard everywhere �REFERENCES 1. McGraw, M. J . and Preliminary Research 2. Gaut, N. E. and H.: Agency, 4. Hawthorn, 5. Martin, D. Model 0. Sources," 6. P a s q u i l l , F.: and C. April of March Park, the A. C. Tikvart: Paper, Atmospheric the pp. 68-148; 65 S. C. on Air Exits 9 Agency, Quality and 10, U. on Environmental Spetember S. and General Effects Diffusion, Effect U. N. February "A Factors, of ERT 1972. Communication, N. Emission Protection 1971. between Communication, Estimating APCA Pollutant Environmental Turnpike P-370, Durham, J . N. Triangle Private Air S. Study Jersey Report LUPO, U. Park, Private for Duprey: Newman: New Research G.: Agency, E. the Preliminary Sigworth, L. Triangle Widening 3. R. Document, Air 8, Protection and Environmental July 9, 1971. Protection 1971. Atmospheric Quality of Diffusion One or More 1968. D. van Nostrand (London), 297 p. �APPENDIX A 6 DIFFUSION A.l Diffusion The air from a local for Meteorology transport structure of given of as a the road. logical elements the lower For into Past stable categories: field within sphere or the occur v e r t i c a l and the tends the primarily end of motions. enhancement and to during the of reach nights spectrum, result is turbulence. 04 of and have are ground-level clear responsible region distributions of several the pol- meteoro- s t a b i l i t y may shown be divided that inhibited. accumulate not intensity source atmosphere studies stagnate do are thermal stable. motions inversion The and and turbulence). lower diffusion flow ambient The pollutant of the ground. s t a t i s t i c s v e r t i c a l to a into dynamic direction measure the the temporal wind of the wind from the neutral and significantly opposite speed, s t a b i l i t y to and emitted by horizontal account unstable, above adjacent indirect conditions, ground contribute conditions enhance the wind measurements (inversion) emitted At the primarily spatial into STANDARDS S t a t i s t i c s originating the (an QUALITY pollutants general of including of layer take atmosphere at not the AIR Stability governed pollutants therefore emitted do are and convenience, three and diffusion Studies must NATIONAL atmospheric turbulence lutants of and source the dispersing such METEOROLOGY, the while Any ground unstable thorough These light and, wind conditions mixing of conditions pollutant effluents concentrations. with under therefore, These speeds. tend the to lower cause atmo- rapid �diffusion t h e day wind o f any p o l l u t a n t e m i t t e d and a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by i n t o the atmosphere. They o c c u r s t r o n g s o l a r h e a t i n g and light during to moderate speeds. A third stability category called n e u t r a l , occurs during cloudy or windy c o n d i t i o n s . T h e s e c o n d i t i o n s a r e n o t e d f r e q u e n t l y and cause the g e n e r a t i o n of mechanical good m i x i n g and wind i n t e r a c t i n g w i t h t r o p o g r a p h i c a l A.2 Effects The tions l a r g e - s c a l e atmospheric i n the v i c i n i t y effects near of the source The The region w i l l of the g e n e r a l wind area. of roadways are d e s c r i b e d above. stability field and The to the m o t i o n s on p o l l u t a n t c o n c e n t r a to the direction closely related micrometeorological of the wind to the intensity field and direction as d e s c r i b e d on w e a t h e r c h a r t s c o v e r i n g t h e of the atmosphere w i l l the a i r c o v e r i n g the e n t i r e r e g i o n i n which pollutants t u r b u l e n c e due to Phenomena important intensity be tend features. of L a r g e - S c a l e M e t e o r o l o g i c a l effects and/ be related the road general to the s t a b i l i t y or o t h e r source of of i s located. W a s h i n g t o n D.C. a r e a i s an a r e a t h a t i s u n d e r t h e i n f l u e n c e o f p r e v a i l i n g w e s t e r l y wind flow at midtropospheric t r a n s l a t i o n of weather systems levels. This results from west to e a s t a c r o s s the a r e a . in Under normal c o n d i t i o n s t h e r e a r e r e l a t i v e l y f r e q u e n t changes of a i r masses b r o u g h t a b o u t by the passage of storms and and warm f r o n t a l systems. one These changes t y p i c a l l y t o t h r e e t i m e s p e r week. longed There buildup of p o l l u t i o n t h e i r associated cold Because of t h e s e levels i s usually a r e , however, o c c a s i o n a l p e r i o d s most f r e q u e n t l y d u r i n g t h e f a l l occur on frontal the order of l a r g e - s c a l e phenomena, p r o an infrequent occurrence. o f a i r mass s t a g n a t i o n t h a t occur that are u s u a l l y associated with regional 65 �episodes. the mean elements Because of the relatively micrometeorological in determining the infrequent conditions average air are, in quality 66 occurrence general, in the of the these most v i c i n i t y of episodes, important a roadway. �A.3 The N a t i o n a l Ambient A i r Q u a l i t y S t a n d a r d s The N a t i o n a l A m b i e n t A i r Q u a l i t y S t a n d a r d s pollutants there are given i n Table A - l . This f o r c a r b o n monoxide t h e r e whereas f o r o x i d e s of n i t r o g e n studies trations o f CO h a v e d e f i n i t e long-term with each o f are 1-hour and 8 - h o u r that the health effects do n o t . The c o n v e r s e is Health to high on t h e human body w h i l e effects standards i s o n l y an a n n u a l s t a n d a r d . short-term exposures pol- concen- s i m i l a r acute apparently true fo exposure. The s p e c i f i c carbons there have i n d i c a t e d t h a t exposure to o x i d e s of n i t r o g e n standard associated T h e s e e x p o s u r e p e r i o d s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d by r e l a t e d For example, effects automotive-related table clearly i l l u s t r a t e s are v a r i o u s time exposure periods lutants. for time p e r i o d , is related are to the fact t h e i r photochemical been f o u n d t h a t the directly related to 6 to 9 A M . , chosen that t h e most reaction the hydrocarbon important e f f e c t s of hydro- with oxides of nitrogen. amount o f p h o t o c h e m i c a l the for smog p r o d u c e d d u r i n g a day amount o f h y d r o c a r b o n s r e l e a s e d during this TABLE A - l NATIONAL AMBIENT A I R QUALITY STANDARDS ( P r o t e c t i v e o f Human H e a l t h ) Level Pollutant not t o be exceeded 35 ppm ( 1 - h o u r average)* 9 ppm ( 8 - h o u r Carbon Monoxide average)* Hydrocarbons 0.24 ppm ( 6 - 9 AM a v e r a g e ) * * Oxides of 0.05 ppm ( a n n u a l Nitrogen * N o t t o be e x c e e d e d more t h a n o n c e e a c h **Equivalent to one-hour average of 0,29 67 It year. ppm. average) has is period �and emissions effect released during other on t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f The adoption controversy of concerning their and a r e not intent the not of T h e y h a v e been this c u r r e n t l y accepted t o compare A.4 as by t h e contributor this exhaust the effects They are used i n t h i s are They have too studies. of It these is standards. A g e n c y and s t u d y as been too they are are guidelines the v a r i o u s road emissions Figures emissions government emissions. some y e a r s i n 1976 1 and 2 i n S e c t i o n expected monoxide. configurations. to Figure total large improve standards sold in devices Oxides of nitrogen less report emissions. to to the limit emissions at g i v e some i d e a o f the effect Figure 1 i l l u s t r a t e s the change controlled are met, from 7 to t h e p o s t - 1 9 7 5 models hydrocarbons to emissions model a u t o m o b i l e s 2 of t h i s standards of In order emission control from u n c o n t r o l l e d I f the t o be a v e r y vehicles. on a u t o m o b i l e a p p r o x i m a t e l y by a f a c t o r emissions A l l 1975 model roads. has promulgated o f CO a n d h y d r o c a r b o n s . t h e new s t a n d a r d s 2, known f o r t o be e q u i p p e d w i t h be c o n t r o l l e d carbon has been federal automobile United States in that the v a l i d i t y t o p o o r a i r q u a l i t y on and n e a r situation, to reduce of health for ongoing The N a t i o n a l V e h i c u l a r E m i s s i o n Standards Automobile exhaust will by a n i n d u s t r i e s as being Environmental Protection levels predicted significant pollutants. accompanied groups have c o u n t e r e d on s u f f i c i e n t law. pollution and o i l study to q u e s t i o n adopted d a y h a v e no photochemical has been automotive based the a p p l i c a b i l i t y and v a l i d i t y . while environmental lenient of smog and o t h e r these standards l a r g e l y c r i t i c i z e d by t h e stringent times CO e m i s s i o n s 10 f r o m t h e a l l speeds. methane 68 automobiles will will average be for reduced pre-1968 Similarly, as model shown i n be r e d u c e d by a s i m i l a r �factor from the pre-1968 automobiles 1975. Nitrogen oxides, by more t h a n a f a c t o r controlled not of the f o r both feature of these emissions 1968 at figures reduced the u n c o n t r o l l e d and relationship and hydrocarbons, this emissions emission speed are higher exhibit oxides this f o r any g i v e n y e a r , diesels lower than at are it emission lower speeds. indicated is believed variability but re- between that remains the nearly range. expected standards Improvement w i l l not speeds o f two o r t h r e e to decrease f o r automotive s t a n d a r d s h a v e a l r e a d y begun t o r e d u c e mobiles be the For nitrogen c u r v e does not improvement w i l l and by f a c t o r s 10 and 50 mph. over final average. between to after carbon monoxide For both differences speed-emissions and expected t h e p r e - 1 9 6 8 and p o s t - 1 9 7 5 e m i s s i o n c u r v e s , case, The are vehicle is v a l u e s per v e h i c l e m i l e a r e measured a t constant controlled conditions. t w e e n s p e e d and e m i s s i o n s . In each fully shown g r a p h i c a l l y , 10 f o r a u t o m o b i l e s Another i n t e r e s t i n g and to continue be c o m p l e t e one n e e d s which represent until until a set of as the vehicles the interim effect. The the have c o n t r o l s . 1990. factors the mix of c o n t r o l l e d of p e r v e h i c l e on a l l vehicles emission 69 takes emissions approximately on t h e h i g h w a y . effect for The Therefore, cars, and u n c o n t r o l l e d trucks auto- �APPENDIX B E F F E C T S OF AUTOMOTIVE POLLUTANTS ON S P E C I F I C The p o l l u t a n t s consist of c a r b o n monoxide and o x i d a n t s . lutants bility of primary concern In general, on human h e a l t h , and a e s t h e t i c receptors (CO), hydrocarbons vegetation, the automobile, the e f f e c t s (NO^), of these p o l - m a t e r i a l s , weather m o d i f i c a t i o n , However, each of visi- these categories (and f r e q u e n t l y n o n - d e t e r m i n a b l e ) and s e n s i t i v i t y t o t h e d i f f e r e n t B.l with (HC), nitrogen oxides we a r e c o n c e r n e d w i t h considerations. has d i f f e r e n t associated RECEPTORS of susceptibility pollutants. C a r b o n Monoxide 3 The o n l y e f f e c t o f CO i s on human h e a l t h ; (100 ppm) c a u s e p r a c t i c a l l y no e f f e c t s primary e f f e c t i s the on h i g h e r discrimination i n normal p e r s o n s . This i n the or 10 ppm ( p a r t s p e r m i l l i o n ) . experiences impaired performance nation. This f o r 8-12 hours. levels a s h i g h a s 8%. CO k i l l s quickly. and o t h e r considered impairment of 12 mg/m symptoms a t on p s y c h o m o t o r tests e x p o s u r e may c o n t i n u e cigarette and v i s u a l experience s m o k e r s may h a v e of of safety f o r an 8 - h o u r cubic discrimi3 t o 35 mg/m carboxyhemoglobin s l i g h t l y more t h a n 1000 ppm, d i z z i n e s s , headache, lassitude, generally i n i n d u s t r y f o r h e a l t h y p e r s o n s when 70 period. pers a normal person a p p r o x i m a t e l y 100 ppm, a l e v e l w h i c h i s the upper l i m i t tissues time i n t e r v a l ( m i l l i g r a m s per A t a 5% COHb l e v e l , At concentrations Most p e o p l e Its reduces lungs to the l e v e l i s a c h i e v e d i n n o n - s m o k e r s upon e x p o s u r e s By c o m p a r i s o n , life. l e v e l i s achieved i n a sedentary 3 through exposure over an 8-hour p e r i o d to meter) 115 mg/m (COHb) w h i c h oxygen from the A 2% COHb l e v e l c a n r e s u l t of forms o f p l a n t formation of carboxyhemoglobin the c a p a c i t y of the blood to t r a n s p o r t of the body. concentrations �In addition, highly active persons, young p e r s o n s , e l d e r l y persons, and p e r s o n s w i t h p r e e x i s t i n g i l l n e s s e s a r e c o n s i d e r e d t o be much more h i g h l y susceptible high r i s k to the effects or c r i t i c a l o f e x p o s u r e s t o p o l l u t a n t s and may be c l a s s e d receptors. A summary o f t h e more s i g n i f i c a n t as effects of carbon monoxide i s g i v e n i n T a b l e B - l . B.2 Hydrocarbons No d i r e c t e f f e c t on human h e a l t h i s a t t r i b u t a b l e u s u a l ambient atmospheric c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . d i r e c t l y hazardous to v e g e t a t i o n . carbons, it ethylene represents to i n h i b i t the growth of p l a n t s . Studies of the e f f e c t s (.001 to the p r i n c i p a l However, i n j u r y effect 0.5 ppm) f o r a n 8 t o adverse e f f e c t s has been demonstrated t h a t ambient ( w h i c h do h a v e a d v e r s e e f f e c t s f u n c t i o n of gaseous of ethylene of 1.15 is has t o 575 m i c r o - 24 h o u r t i m e p e r i o d . of gaseous on human h e a l t h . l e v e l s of photochemical on h e a l t h a s w e l l since air to s e n s i t i v e p l a n t s of ambient a i r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s have not demonstrated d i r e c t direct of gaseous h y d r o - exposure to e t h y l e n e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s grams p e r c u b i c m e t e r it constituents however, to the formation of photochemical A t low c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , been r e p o r t e d a f t e r Hydrocarbons a r e , at one o f t h e g r e a t e s t h a z a r d s t o v e g e t a t i o n i s p h y t o t o x i c and c o n t r i b u t e s pollution. Of t h e to hydrocarbons However, oxidants as v e g e t a t i o n ) hydrocarbon concentrations. hydrocarbons are a Consequently, the a m b i e n t a i r q u a l i t y s t a n d a r d f o r h y d r o c a r b o n s i s p r i m a r i l y b a s e d on i n h i b i t i n g the formation of such o x i d a n t s . B.3 Nitrogen Oxides Nitrogen oxides are major p a r t i c i p a n t s i n photochemical r e a c t i o n s . most s i g n i f i c a n t o f t h e s e i s n i t r o g e n d i o x i d e 71 (N0~). Nitrogen dioxide The �is a yellow-brown trations and i s Nitrogen dioxide also concentrations. with (PAN) addition, effects on which known also to to the produce and ozone ozone and materials significantly be adversely However, hydrocarbons nitrate In gas (0^) other such as toxic to affects main reduces man at v i s i b i l i t y high vegetation concern for NO^ photochemical oxidants, both which are are known of oxidants rubber, t e x t i l e s , highly to and high concen- concentrations. when is in exposed i t s phytotoxic dyes. high participation primarily have at highly peroxyacetyl to vegetation. damaging �TABLE EFFECTS Environmental conditions 3 5 mg/m^ ( 3 0 p p m ) f o r u p to 1 2 hours OF B-l CARBON MONOXIDE Comment Effect E q u i l i b r i u m value of 5 percent blood C O H b is r e a c h e d i n 8 to 1 2 h o u r s ; Experimental exposure of nonsmokers. Reference Smith T h e o r e t i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s suggest e x p o - 8 0 p e r c e n t o f this e q u i l i b r i u m v a l u e , sure to 2 3 ( 2 0 p p m ) a n d 12 mg/m^ ( 4 p e r c e n t C O H b ) is r e a c h e d w i t h i n ( 1 0 p p m ) w o u l d result in C O H b levels 4 hours. o f a b o u t 3.7 a n d 2 p e r c e n t , respectively, if exposure was continuous for 8 or more hours. 58 mg/m^ ( 5 0 p p m ) for 90 minutes Impairment of time-interval discrimination in nonsmokers. B l o o d C O H b levels not a v a i l a b l e , b u t a n t i c i p a t e d to be a b o u t 2.5 p e r c e n t . Beard and Wertheim S i m i l a r b l o o d C O H b levels e x p e c t e d f r o m e x p o s u r e to 10 to 17 mg/m^ ( 1 0 to 15 p p m ) f o r 8 or m o r e h o u r s . 1 1 5 mg/m-' ( 1 0 0 p p m ) i n t e r m i t t e n t l y High concentrations of C O were ad- I m p a i r m e n t i n p e r f o r m a n c e of some S i m i l a r r e s u l t s m a y h a v e been o b s e r v e d p s y c h o m o t o r tests at a C O H b level at l o w e r C O H b l e v e l s , b u t b l o o d m e a - of 5 percent. through a facial mask surements were not accurate. E x p o s u r e s u f f i c i e n t to p r o d u c e b l o o d D a t a r e l y o n C O H b levels p r o d u c e d m i n i s t e r e d f o r 3 0 to 1 2 0 s e c o n d s , C O H b levels above 5 p e r c e n t has been r a p i d l y a f t e r s h o r t e x p o s u r e to h i g h and then 1 0 minutes was allowed s h o w n to place a p h y s i o l o g i c stress o n levels o f C O ; this is n o t n e c e s s a r i l y for w a s h o u t o f a l v e o l a r C O b e f o r e p a t i e n t s w i t h h e a r t disease. c o m p a r a b l e to e x p o s u r e o v e r a longer blood C O H b was measured. t i m e p e r i o d or u n d e r e q u i l i b r i u m c o n ditions. Reference: A i r Q u a l i t y C r i t e r i a f o r Carbon Monoxide, NAPCA P u b l i c a t i o n No. A P - 6 2 Schulte A y r e s et a l . ��APPENDIX II ��Project L . S . GOODFRIEND & A S S O C I A T E S Consulting Engineers in Acoustics No. 2303B 0 NOISE POLLUTION WASHINGTON AIR ENVIRONMENTAL New RIGHTS IMPACT Prepared Tippetts SECTIONS TUNNEL STATEMENT for: Abbett McCarthy Stratton 34 5 P a r k A v e n u e York, New Y o r k 10022 24 May 1972 �0 �L. S. GOODFRIEND 1.00 & ASSOCIATES P r o j e c t No. 2 303B D e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e P r o j e c t and S u r r o u n d i n g s 1.20 Ambient N o i s e The e x i s t i n g Levels ambient n o i s e levels were measured a t the proposed s i t e out t h e daytime and n i g h t t i m e h o u r s . proposed ambient n o i s e uniformity determined through- The a r e a s environment. Due t o t h e o f t h e a m b i e n t s o u n d , i t was t h a t two m e a s u r e m e n t measurement noise 1972, f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n w e r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a steady-state relative on 19 a n d 20 A p r i l periods l o c a t i o n s and s i x were s u f f i c i e n t t o document ambient levels. Approximately h a l f of the proposed s i t e had been torn down a t t h e t i m e o f t h e m e a s u r e m e n t s , a s h a d much o f the adjacent area. M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue and T h i r d S t r e e t were both h e a v i l y t r a v e l e d . The ambient n o i s e the a r e a bounded levels which a r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of b y "H," " I , " a n d 2nd a n d 3 r d S t r e e t s , are: Period Late Morning Evening Late o f Day R u s h Hour Evening 55-56 49-50 l o c a t i o n s and a c o m p o s i t e o f t h e o c t a v e band ambient n o i s e respectively. 52 44-45 Night The m e a s u r e m e n t N o i s e L e v e l (dBA) levels a r e shown i n F i g u r e s 1 and 2, �L. S. 2.00 GOODFRIEND The & ASSOCIATES Probable Impact Construction 2.08 and Ambient In 3, equipment The to the Efforts Noise figure i s t i c of Project to various source categorized levels inverse or six Shielding at the be seen, that 95 dBA a t 50 construction nature and a for noise. be in while buildings, is proportional from the noise of the would site pile distance. 3, further i t can drivers, of maximum noise is of the same in noise. assuming the feet"*". estimate evaluated character- doubling driver given with From F i g u r e an equipment 3, 50 conventional construction Figure of distance around P i l e construction intensity each w o u l d be cannot existing the presented intensity. excluding feet and the buildings sound roadway sound of decibels of other to to Effects distance in square from decrease Minimize types minimum d e c r e a s e the Related 2303B Levels are noise Project No. an impulsive manner Using the levels no barrier of bounds as effect significant due con- 2 struction noise impact construction noise termined are The level from a and the of activity for is in given the the the and i n site. the of depend in table . which were the de- 4. impact, upon impact the at ambient, Figure The residences -2- distance degree site, following the equal presented exposure from and levels construction listener , the due due to distance to v i c i n i t y of noise of construction the site, �L . S. GOODFRIEND & Distance from Source (feet) Average Noise Level (dBA) i s assumed involve If that Severe Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate any p i l e pile driving drivers quiet, Hearing Damage Risk Slight None None None None None would ultrasonic a r e used d u r i n g interference 2303B a t night, they produce s h o u l d have an on s p e e c h drivers, the daytime, insignificant a t the distances given the table. The P r o b a b l e t h e Highway 3.11 Severe Severe Moderate Moderate Moderate Slight conventional impact 3.00 Sleep Interference the use of r e l a t i v e l y the noise in Speech Interference 74 63 60 57 54 51 100 200 300 400 600 800 It P r o j e c t No. ASSOCIATES Impact o f the P r o j e c t Sections Ambient A. Noise Traffic A technique and E f f o r t s t o t h e Use of to Minimize E f f e c t s Levels Noise f o r the prediction highways, has been p r e s e n t e d 1 Highway Related R e s e a r c h Program" ". of noise levels i n the National This due t o Cooperative method w a s a d a p t e d t o a c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m by t h e M i c h i g a n D e p a r t m e n t o f S t a t e ways. The e f f e c t noise, including of a l l traffic parameters flow, significant type, grade, e t c . , a r e accounted This c o m p u t e r t e c h n i q u e was u t i l i z e d estimates.which estimates decibels level are given b e c a u s e t h e "dBA" l e v e l -3- eleva- f o r i n t h e program. f o r the noise follow. The n o i s e t o highway s p e e d , mix, roadway tion High- i n A-weighted i s regarded as level �GOODFRIEND & ASSOCIATES " s t a t i s t i c a l l y psychological Project indistinguishable derived measures from in No. the its 2303B best r e l i a b i l i t y 4 as a The predictor human r e s p o n s e of highway noise requiring that s t a t i s t i c a l The level in levels of noise terms of s t a t i s t i c a l the that is exceeded L^g above a cent of noise the condition, present levels ambient raised the are ambient, noise levels Inside are the 0 to other in to, may and The contour, be three where be five times from due three by hour to 5 are the on the noise as For to five t r a f f i c and the 6. of variations per- highway decibels noise below, levels w i l l highway noise of the the four in noise level The_J^Q to contour 10 can the ambient. decibels presented t r a f f i c , equals highway normal equal conditions: truck (10 The increments. The 31,000, expected five below adding flow (ADT) of r a i s e d when percent day, of conditions contours L_„ c o n t o u r s . r>0 . rush point time. ambient decibel obtained 1975 the of where decibels in curve present defined hour are five are (L^^), Figures contours decibels outer expected ADT, rush not the presented •- . _ the for equal employed. important the . time, or Q t r a f f i c and w i l l presented contours daily conditions. three (L^ ), noise level. levels, shown two ranges _ average ADT) a r e figures r level percent noise predicted 1975 10 I , level be follow distribution" level the which A second percent expected the to time with techniques percent level. 10 noise decibels The the level highway be mean " s t a t i s t i c a l levels at 50 t r a f f i c fluctuate predictions the to " for percent be extended ADT, or various �GOODFRIEND & ASSOCIATES truck t r a f f i c Tables w i l l new I remain the conditions The for used typical only in The level by the obtained contour to of observer a portion major acoustical generated and is to impact analyzing source portal the the 6. do not presence and row the of of buildings observer. houses may attenuation should be significantly adjacent be should aoplied exists tunnel portion roadway that the the of the not area New Y o r k approximately By covering an noise dotted of the lines t r a f f i c covered. of the provides the The extent were lowers areas. t r a f f i c . indicate by The significant Avenue and one-half Pennsylvania by the tunnel. from tunnel equal of the appropriate line-of-sight major between reduced for shown, and roadway, show radiated the the a the The at of 6, of point roadway and i f contours and This dBA, 5 inclusion noise 10 expressway contours acoustical Avenue shield. the contours extended dBA p e r 5 the roadway direct the barrier Figures of source. levels of the contours by Figures noise by no of to 2303B adjustments adding due the this tunnel-depressed noise of level five where t r a f f i c on predicted maximum of cases between The shielding three a shape between of exceed The noise A value not I I I . same. the structures as contour the A-weighted account the is to No. using through adjustment or by Project an in the tunnel noise as portal being was radiated power to the total assumed 80 dBA l e v e l predicted by a sound power within the �L. S. GOODFRIEND & ASSOCIATES tunnel. It was (Tunnel found tunnel decibel levels at tunnel noise exiting not exceeding the noise levels the open portion is depressed portal. noise an and the adjacent the further noise area, as grade. only method and dBA i n beyond by level one levels of the New Y o r k A v e n u e the entire B. Tunnel The enclosures ventilation levels in dBA b e l o w ambient. and south some roadway degree the of area to the increase the would be of to the The reduction into the in the tunnel mall tunnel area. inlets are being noise the the the to Noise air systems radiating extension roadway Ventilation and the leaves impractical. providing additional w o u l d be i t acts barriers as t r a f f i c as extending seen ventilation by practicality aesthetically north the is ground area, raise seven The would necessarily adjacent five between area. reduction this Above structurally I t level structure barrier approximately both be of adjacent exit. to exterior highway ground type acoustical is control the from This attenuation covering of the position. t r a f f i c noise typical.) the as to dBA a r e of degree, the 80 effect any the roadway to the roadway depressed 70 2303B that by The achieve of No. small, was generated Project and designed levels. nearest ambient. The - 6 - outlets systems The of to are c r i t e r i a levels also tunnel effectively recreational Such the call areas w i l l being for to not designed �L. S. GOODFRIEND & A S S O C I A T E S to assure interior that do 4.02 T h i s meets units recommended criteria . Should Noise An i n adjacent housing n o t e x c e e d NC-35. Probable Adverse Avoided levels 2303B 5 FHA 4.00 P r o j e c t No. Environmental E f f e c t s the Proposed Be 3e Implemented Pollution a s s e s s m e n t of criterion The Project Which Cannot based parameters traffic on n o i s e impact subjective upon w h i c h must use a human r e s p o n s e s t o noise. response d i r e c t l y depend this are: 1. The relation 2. Task interference sleep, 3. of highway learning, General n o i s e to the as a s s o c i a t e d and other with ambient. speech, activites. annoyance. 3 A procedure has parameters, evaluates particular land classification 1. no 2. some 3. great This been developed the impact use a r e a . of which, The due using these to noise f o r assessment the n o i s e impact i s made as being of: impact impact impact t e c h n i q u e was agreement o r found t o be w i t h i n r e a s o n a b l e 2 o t h e r p u b l i s h e d methods . -7- by �L. S. GOODFRIEND & A S S O C I A T E S The P r o j e c t No. recommended d e s i g n criteria for outside 2303B noise 3 levels for residential areas L (dBA) 50 Day Maximum P e r m i s s i b l e Level Utilizing are : L Night 50 Day 45 56 the technique of reference Night 51 3, a n d t h i s criterion, t h e impact in 7 a n d 8, f o r t h e 1 9 7 5 c o n d i t i o n . Figures should 1. due t o n o i s e (dBA) 10 The impact evaluation includes The impact Section other evaluation, buildings This "conservative" conditions conditions or 6.00 the noise i s also points contriAvenue, significant. b a s e d on t h e c o n t o u r s o f 3 . 1 1 , does n o t i n c l u d e receiver. The Two o f M a s s a c h u s e t t s A v e n u e a n d New Y o r k where t h e Expressway n o i s e of areas be e m p h a s i z e d : bution 2. a r e shown by shielding effected between t h e Expressway i s seen to r e s u l t and t h e i n a highly estimate. shown a r e f o r d a y t i m e L ^ Q l e v e l s . control t h e impact boundary o v e r These nighttime L^Q c o n d i t i o n s . The R e l a t i o n s h i p Between L o c a l S h o r t - t e r m U s e s o f Man's E n v i r o n m e n t and t h e Maintenance and Enhancement o f Long-term Productivity 6.08 F o r e s e e n Long-term Changes i n Ambient N o i s e Levels �L. S. GOODFRIEND & A S S O C I A T E S A. Traffic P r o j e c t No. Noise L o n g - r a n g e p r e d i c t i o n s w e r e made o f p r o j e c t e d noise 2303B levels f o r 1990 t r a f f i c a City Council plan. c o n d i t i o n s , b a s e d on The computer prediction of traffic noise Expressway technique used f o r l e v e l s was p r e s e n t e d i n Section 3.11. In Figures levels for due t o E x p r e s s w a y rush hour c o n d i t i o n s : t r u c k mix. day, 9 a n d 10, t h e c o n t o u r s The c o n t o u r s f o u n d by a d d i n g The criterion sented impact land four percent f o r time o f The L dBA t o t h e L,- 4.02.1. Using use, the areas f o r 1990 c o n d i t i o n s , this n 1 n levels contours. i m p a c t was pre- criterion for o f no, some, a n d g r e a t a r e presented i n Figures and 1 1 . Tunnel V e n t i l a t i o n Noise the tunnel increase with ventilation time. ventilation extended period other of one t o f i v e c a n be c o r r e c t e d With proper maintenance, the 10 p e r c e n t , f o r assessment of noise i n Section residential by i n 1990, a r e p r e s e n t e d I , I I , and I V , r e s p e c t i v e l y . are B. noise c h a n g e i n t r u c k m i x a n d c h a n g e i n ADT, by u s e o f Tables 10 traffic of A-weighted sources the noise equipment should Likewise, noise beyond levels should 1990. produced not s i g n i f i c a n t l y t h e means u s e d remain e f f e c t i v e to attenuate f o r an W i t h t h e a m b i e n t due t o i n c r e a s i n g , the long-range a c o u s t i c a l impact the ventilation equipment should -9- be n e g l i g i b l e . �L . S . GOODFRIEND & A S S O C I A T E S R e p o r t No. 2303B R E F E R E N C E S 1 . B o l t , a n d 3. K a r l York, G o r d o n , NCHRP C . G . , W. f r o m E q u i p m e n t , I m p a c t , E f f e c t s G a l l o w a y , R. a n d D w e l l i n g s , " A 1 1 7 , J . , N o i s e : R e p o r t B e n e n d t , "The N o i s e : G a l l o w a y , NCHRP D., R e p o r t Highway 5. B u i l d i n g " N o i s e C o n s t r u c t i o n a n d Home E q u i p m e n t A p p l i a n c e s , " of N o i s e on M a n , " A c a d e m i c P r e s s , 1 9 7 0 . "Highway 4. Newman, 3 0 0 . 1 . K r y t e r , New and O p e r a t i o n s , N T I D 2. B e r a n e k D e s i g n W . J . , K u g l e r , G u i d e f o r Highway a n d K e r r i c k , D., C l a r k , W. N e l s o n , D . L . , E n g i n e e r s , " E . , S i m u l a t i o n , a n d J . S . , M i x e d " U r b a n R e a c t i o n s , " 1 9 6 9 . W i n z e r , G. S t r u c t u r e b o r n e HUD, and 1 9 7 1 . M e a s u r e m e n t , 7 8 , B . A . , E . , and N o i s e 1 9 6 7 . -10- - B u r r o u g h s , C o n t r o l i n C . B . , " A i r b o r n e , M u l t i f a m i l y �S. GOODFRIEND & A S S O C I A T E S Project No. 2303B TABLE I CONTOUR ADJUSTMENT FOR E X P E C T E D TIME OF DAY FLOW CONDITIONS T i m e o f Day 12 a.m. - 1 p.m. Expected Percent W e e k l y ADT Contour A d j u s t m e n t (dBA) 4.5 -5.5 1 - 2 4.6 -5.5 2 - 3 5.1 -5.0 3 - 4 6.8 -3.0 4 - 5 8.5 -1.5 5 - 6 7.5 -2.5 6 - 7 5.3 -5.0 7 - 8 4.2 -6.0 8 - 9 3.1 -7.0 9-10 2.9 -7.0 10 - 1 1 3.0 -7.0 1 1 - 12 2.6 -8.0 1.5 -11. 5 1 - 2 0.8 -15 2 - 3 0.4 -21 3 - 4 0.3 -23 4 - 5 0.4 -21 5 - 6 1.5 -11.5 6 - 7 6.1 -4.0 7 - 8 10.1 0 8 - 9 8.2 -2 9-10 5.3 -5.0 10 - 1 1 4.1 -6.0 1 1 - 12 4.4 -5.5 12 p.m. - 1 a.m. �L. S. GOODFRIEND & A S S O C I A T E S P r o j e c t No. TABLE I I CHANGE DUE TO TRUCK MIX R E F E R E N C E MIX ONE PERCENT Change i n d B A r e One P e r c e n t M i x Mix 0 to 5% 15% 25% dBA 0 +3 TABLE dBA + 6 dBA III I F , FROM THE P R E D I C T E D 31,000 F O R 1 9 7 5 THERE I S A CHANGE I N THE ADT, THE PRED I C T E D N O I S E L E V E L MAY BE FOUND New ADT Change 140,000 100,000 75,000 55,000 35,000 25,000 10,000 inL ^ + 11 +9 +7 +5 +1 -1 -5 TABLE I V I F , FROM THE P R E D I C T E D 45,000 F O R 1990 THERE I S A CHANGE I N THE A D T , T H E PRED I C T E D N O I S E L E V E L MAY B E F O U N D New ADT 140,000 100,000 75,000 55,000 35,000 25,000 10 ,000 Change + 8 + 6 +4 + 2 - 2 - 4 - 8 i nL 5 C 2303B �REPORT MEASUREMENT LOCATIONS 1 AND 2 FOR AMBIENT N O I S E MEASUREMENTS OF 29-30 A P R I L 1 9 7 1 , I N WASHINGTON,D.C. AT THE S I T E OF THE PROPOSED A I R RIGHTS BUILDINGS. FIGURE 1 NO. 2303B �L. S. CONSULTING G O O D F R I END ENGINEERS IN 5 ASSOCIATES REPORT NO. 23033 ACOUSTICS 100 1000 I 0 000 2 Frequency in Hz C O M P O S I T E OF A M B I E N T AIR RIGHTS BUILDINGS APRIL 1971. N O I S E L E V E L S A T T H E S I T E OF T H E IN W A S H I N G T O N , D. C , MEASURED FIGURE 2 PROPOSED 29~30 �S. GOODFRIEND S A S S O C I A T E S REPORT NOISE 60 COMPACTERS E A R T H MOVING < 3 UJ o L_ CO z> CD HOES 1 1 H h-r o •z. >- —i ;_> CD O U CONCRETE <t CONCRETE X CO a; 1 MIXERS < o CRANES 1 H PUMPS —1 LJ 1 I TRUCKS cc UJ no 1 I — PAVERS _l < 1 o C —1 GRADERS o FT 1 TRACTORS s o 50 AT 9 ") 1 BACK 2303B H LOADERS SCRAPERS, (dBA) L t: V E L 80 ( ROLLERS) FRONT CO U 70 NO. 1 (MOVABLE) 1 UJ ^ - '< CRANES H (DERRICK) L'l 0. tr. ry o UJ hi PUMPS < o 1 GENERATORS i < i— H CO IMPACT EQUIPMENT 1 I COMPRESSORS 1 P N E U M A T I C WRENCHES JACK HAMMERS AND ROCK cc UJ X t— PILE 1 1 DRILLS 1 1 DRIVERS (PEAKS) r VIBRATOR o 1 SAWS 1 CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT NOISE L E V E L FIGURE 3 RANGES AT 50 FEET . 1 �L. S. GOODFRIEND S ASSOCIATES REPORT NO. 2303B 0 CONSTRUCTION NOISE FIGURE IMPACT 4 AREA �GOODFRI END t ASSOCIATES REPORT NO. 230 �GOODFRI END 6 1975 A S S O C I A T E S T R A F F I C REPORT NOISE CONTROUS F I G U R E 6 - NO. NORTH END 2303B �GOODFRI END t ASSOCIATES REPORT NO. 2303B �GOODFRIEND S ASSOCIATES REPORT FIGURE 8 NO, 2303B �L. S. GOODFR1 END t ASSOCIATES R E P O R T NO 23CHB �L. S. G O O D F R I END & ASSOCIATES REPORT FIGURE 10 NO. 2303B �L. S. GOODFRI END t R E P O R T NO. ASSOCIATES FIGURE 1 1 2303B �S. GOODFRIEND S ASSOCIATES REPORT FIGURE 12 NO, 2303B � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg Inner Loop Freeway : H Street and Massachusetts Avenue to New York Avenue : draft environmental impact statement Subject The topic of the resource Center Leg Inner Loop Freeway Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource United States. Federal Highway Administration United States. Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Archival Box 5 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/21e2e192d64378931469e74cbeabebae.pdf?Expires=1779321600&Signature=EOO-h%7EPnVCieR%7EFAmGgZWlUp5Ws9XT8GUULhP97bfsuS0pZjTyIDV1tCZlcMF%7Ehn2yCBBUls%7EdAG8v7Xb%7E-jhrd8v07EGMMYlPx9Garb9HOkcqDbNZ0bGl6DbkHyBHkjHPbumhYnnrWtfR3vQ68vxbHuSi1Xz6aJyf30h4116SJDp61huheYl-U06nZT3r698JF3T1uL7QoYB08H1C3W9X3Dd-ytU00-85faeRAhEQK4J6yyi3ICZERyNhHDQOhkFiJBUGUAv26GZ-rSju9p8gTfABXqQQhQuq3HCw3iJ52cEvuZ93s1fgbMMK1Sgw-Lib%7ECX7D9SjyUlh0Ags2HzQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM d84600f9663617fc04ca50987c28e961 PDF Text Text Supplementary R e p o r t on I n t e r s t a t e Route 266 November 4, I 9 6 4 �FOREWORD The r e p o r t e n t i t l e d " L o c a t i o n S t u d i e s • I n t e r s t a t e Route 266", • dated September 1^64, was prepared by the e n g i n e e r i n g c o n s u l t i n g f i r m of Howard, Needles, Tammen and Bergendoff f o r the V i r g i n i a Department of Highways and the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Department of Highways and Traffic. The r e p o r t p r e s e n t s a l t e r n a t e l o c a t i o n s t u d i e s f o r c o n n e c t i n 1-66 i n V i r g i n i a w i t h the Potomac R i v e r Freeway i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia v i a an a d d i t i o n a l Potomac R i v e r b r i d g e . ; S i n c e the r e l e a s e of the r e p o r t i n September 1 J64, a number of c i t i z e n s and o r g a n i z a t i o n s have expressed an i n t e r e s t i n f u r t h e r d e t a i l s o f the s u p p o r t i n g t r a f f i c data f o r the p r o j e c t . T h i s supplementary r e p o r t p r e s e n t s a g e n e r a l summary of the t r a f f i c d a t a r e l a t i v e to I n t e r s t a t e Route 266. We hope the data w i l l be i n f o r m a t i v e f o r those i n t e r e s t e d i n the I n t e r s t a t e Route 266 proj ect. V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways D. B. Fugate, Commissioner D. C. Department of Highways and T r a f f i c T. F, A i r i s , D i r e c t o r �TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Foreword 1 T a b l e of Contents 2 Introduction 3 The 1985 A. B. C. D. E. T r a f f i c Forecast The F e d e r a l A i d Highway A c t of 1964 The N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a v e l F o r e c a s t of 1962 Development of 1985 F o r e c a s t P o p u l a t i o n F o r e c a s t and Trends T r a f f i c Forecast 5 5 5 6 7 7 Analysis A. B. C. D. Summary of C e n t r a l Potomac R i v e r C r o s s i n g s F u t u r e Needs Capacity Impact of 1-266 T r a f f i c on E x i s t i n g B r i d g e s The R o l e of B r i d g e s 9 9 10 11 11 13 Conclusion 1^ Exhibits F o l l o w i n g Page E x h i b i t I . G e n e r a l L o c a t i o n Map 2 F i g u r e I . Newspaper A r t i c l e 7 on P o p u l a t i o n T a b l e I . Washington SMSA P o p u l a t i o n F o r e c a s t Table I I . C e n t r a l Potomac R i v e r C r o s s i n g C a p a c i t y Exhibit I I . Exhibit I I I . E x h i b i t IV. E x h i b i t V. T r a f f i c Flow Diagram T r a f f i c Flow Diagram Volume-Capacity R e l a t i o n s h i p s Vehicle Classification 7 10 H H H 11 ��INTRODUCTION I n any r a p i d l y growing urban a r e a as the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Region, i t i s i m p e r a t i v e t h a t a sound balanced t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system be d e v e l oped, one t h a t matches t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s w i t h demonstrated needs, and p r o v i d e s an adequate l e v e l of s e r v i c e f o r each of the v a r i o u s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs of the community. A l s c , i t must be recognized that t r a n s p o r t a t i o n planning i s a continuing process i n w h i c h new and more a c c u r a t e f o r e c a s t i n g t e c h n i q u e s and d a t a a r e c o n s t a n t l y sought f o r use i n the m o d i f i c a t i o n and updating of transportation plans. I n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n , the V i r g i n i a Department of Highways and the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Department of Highways and T r a f f i c have always supported the concept of a balanced t r a n s p o r t a t i o n network t h a t i n c l u d e s adequate highways, r a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t and improved bus t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . T h i s support i s based on the c o n v i c t i o n t h a t each mode of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n has a s p e c i a l r o l e to p l a y i n the t o t a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n network and t h a t highways and mass t r a n s i t must complement each o t h e r i n p r o v i d i n g the n e c e s s a r y c a p a c i t y and f l e x i b i l i t y to s a t i s f y a l l the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs of the community. A c o n c e r t e d and simultaneous a s s a u l t on a l l of our t r a f f i c problems i s n e c e s s a r y i f we a r e to keep pace w i t h the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n demands generated by our r a p i d urban growth. F o r t u n a t e l y , i n many communities t h e r e i s a growing sense of r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t h a t r e c o g n i z e s the importance of a t o t a l n o n - c o m p e t i t i v e c o o p e r a t i v e approach to t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g a s : t h e only s o l u t i o n to our t r a n s p o r t a t i o n dilemma. The V i r g i n i a Department of Highways and the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Department of Highways and T r a f f i c a r e d e m o n s t r a t i n g t h e i r support of the aforementioned p r i n c i p l e s . I n c u r r e n t c o o p e r a t i v e p l a n n i n g of S h i r l e y Highway improvements, p r o v i s i o n f o r bus ramps from the r e g u l a r l a n e s to the planned r e v e r s i b l e l a n e s a r e b e i n g p r o v i d e d to improve the f l e x i b i l i t y and e f f i c i e n c y of bus t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . Through the c o o p e r a t i v e e f f o r t s of the Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study, a l l t h r e e highway departments i n the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Region have assumed t h a t the complete t r a n s i t program c o n t a i n e d i n the November 1962 Report of the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency w i l l be implemented and t h a t the f u l l t r a n s i t r i d e r s h i p p r e d i c t e d by the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency w i l l be r e a l i z e d . A c c e p t i n g t h i s premise, the c u r r e n t highway system planned f o r the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Region now r e p r e s e n t s the minimum e s s e n t i a l freeway network r e q u i r e d to handle v e h i c u l a r t r a f f i c a f t e r a l l of the p r e d i c t e d t r a n s i t r i d e r s h i p has been s u b t r a c t e d from the t o t a l t r a f f i c demand. The r e v i e w and a n a l y s i s of the t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t f o r I n t e r s t a t e Route 266 t h a t f o l l o w s i s based on the above p r i n c i p l e s and assumptions and i n c l u d e s the f o r e c a s t of i n c r e a s e d mass t r a n s i t demands, as w e l l -3- �as i n c r e a s e d v e h i c u l a r t r a f f i c demand. I n b r i e f , the I n t e r s t a t e Route 266 p r o p o s a l h a s been designed to provide r e q u i r e d c a p a c i t y i n the f o r e c a s t y e a r o f 1985 f o r v e h i c u l a r t r i p s , f u l l y r e c o g n i z i n g the improved r a i l mass t r a n s i t system. T h i s means t h a t a t r a n s i t system o f the magnitude proposed by the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency i n November 1962 must be c o n s t r u c t e d i f the 1-266 f a c i l i t y i s to s a t i s f y f u t u r e v e h i c u l a r demands. -4- �THE A. 1985 TRAFFIC FORECAST The F e d e r a l A i d Highway A c t of 1964 A l l major c a p i t a l improvement p r o j e c t s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s , u s u a l l y r e q u i r e many y e a r s f o r p l a n n i n g , d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n b e f o r e the f a c i l i t i e s a r e ready f o r use by the p u b l i c . Once a c a p i t a l improvement i s completed, i t i s e x t r e m e l y d i f f i c u l t and c o s t l y f o r l a t e r enlargement o r m o d i f i c a t i o n . Therefore., major t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s must be designed not o n l y to meet c u r r e n t needs, but to a n t i c i p a t e to the e x t e n t p o s s i b l e through f o r e c a s t i n g t e c h n i q u e s , the f u t u r e demands c r e a t e d by p r o j e c t e d growth. The F e d e r a l A i d Highway A c t now r e q u i r e s t h a t a l l F e d e r a l A i d highways be planned and designed to accommodate the t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t twenty y e a r s from the s t a r t of c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h i s means t h a t a l l current, p l a n n i n g must be based on t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t s f o r the y e a r 1985 and beyond. C o n s e q u e n t l y , a new C e n t r a l Potomac R i v e r c r o s s i n g must be designed to p r o v i d e c a p a c i t y to s a t i s f y a n t i c i p a t e d needs f o r 1985. 6. \J The N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a v e l F o r e c a s t of 1962 I n 1962, the highway departments, through the Washington Metrop o l i t a n A r e a T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S t u d y , cooperated w i t h the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency i n the p r e p a r a t i o n o f a N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l f o r e c a s t to be used by each agency i n the development o f t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n programs. T h a t f o r e c a s t , which e s t i m a t e d the t o t a l d a i l y person t r i p s , was based on l a n d use p r o j e c t i o n prepared by l o c a l p l a n n i n g comm i s s i o n s . One p r o j e c t i o n , known as F o r e c a s t A,was p r e d i c a t e d on the cont i n u a t i o n o f the p r e s e n t type of urban s p r a w l development i n the Region. Subsequent to the p r e p a r a t i o n of F o r e c a s t A, the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission recommended a c o r r i d o r - t y p e o f development f o r the Region i n the " Y e a r 2000 P l a n " . A second l a n d use p r o j e c t i o n ( F o r e c a s t B ) was p r e pared by the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency to r e f l e c t the new c o r r i d o r concept development. A t the time t h a t F o r e c a s t s A and B were compiled, the f o r e c a s t y e a r was 1980. However, subsequent, s t u d i e s by the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency i n d i c a t e d t h a t the f o r e c a s t p o p u l a t i o n (1980) would be reached by 1977, as was s t a t e d i n the Agency's November 1962 Report to the P r e s i d e n t . The new F e d e r a l r e q u i r e m e n t f o r a twenty y e a r f o r e c a s t p e r i o d r e q u i r e d the t h r e e a r e a highway departments i n the R e g i o n , through the Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S t u d y to proceed to develop a 1985 t r a f f i c e s t i m a t e . T h i s r e q u i r e d the use o f new p o p u l a t i o n and land use f o r e c a s t s to update the a v a i l a b l e d a t a . s 1_/ For d e t a i l e d e x p l a n a t i o n of N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l f o r e c a s t see " T e c h n i c a l Procedures 1980 I n t e r n a l P e r s o n T r i p s " , WMATS, and"Appendix to November 1, 1962 R e p o r t , Volume I I I , " N C T A . -5- �C. Development: o f 1.985 F o r e c a s t The f o l l o w i n g d e s c r i b e s b r i e f l y t h e procedure used i n developing the 1985 t r a f f i c e s t i m a t e : 1. 1985 Land Use D a t a Land use d a t a , i n c l u d i n g i n f o r m a t i o n on 1985 p o p u l a t i o n and employment f o r t h e 550 g e o g r a p h i c a l t r a f f i c zones w i t h i n t h e Region, was developed by t h e l o c a l p l a n n i n g agencies a t t h e request: o f the Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study. W i t h i n t h e f o r e c a s t p e r i o d (1965-1985) t h e growth o f employment i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia w i l l cont i n u e and t h e b u l k of the p o p u l a t i o n growth w i l l occur i n t h e suburban a r e a s . The p r e s e n t Region p a t t e r n o f home t o work movement from t h e o u t e r c o r e o f t h e Region to t h e c e n t r a l a r e a w i l l thus c o n t i n u e w i t h o u t s i g n i f i c a n t change. 2. 1985 D a i l y T r i p s The d a i l y t r i p s were expanded from t h e 1977 t r i p f o r e c a s t s , u s i n g t h e updated 1985 p o p u l a t i o n and l a n d use d a t a f o r each t r a f f i c zone. 3. 1985 T r a n s i t T r i p s The number o f d a i l y t r a n s i t t r i p s t h a t would occur i n 1985 was e s t a b l i s h e d on the b a s i s t h a t the f u l l N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency system would be. i n p l a c e (Recommended System, November 1962 R e p o r t ) . The e s t i m a t e d t r a n s i t r i d e r s h i p was developed u s i n g the t e c h n i q u e developed by the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency.1/ The NCTA technique d i v i d e s the peak hour t r i p s i n t o t r i p s made by t r a n s i t and by auto (modal s p l i t . ) on t h e b a s i s o f t h e f o l l o w i n g f i v e f a c t o r s : a) R a t i o o f t o t a l door-to-door t r a v e l time v i a t r a n s i t b) Purpose o f t r i p - whether work o r non-work. c) R a t i o o f c o s t o f t r i p v i a t r a n s i t and v i a auto. d) R e l a t i v e s e r v i c e l e v e l , v i a t r a n s i t , and v i a auto. e) Economic l e v e l c f those making t h e t r i p . and v i a a u t o s . 4. 1.985 Auto T r i p s The r e m a i n i n g d a i l y t r i p s , a f t e r s u b t r a c t i n g t r a n s i t , were then c o n v e r t e d t o auto t r i p s on the b a s i s o f e s t a b l i s h e d person per car r a t i o s . 1/ D e t a i l e d e x p l a n a t i o n o f Modal S p l i t technique Appendix Volume I I I . ~6 a v a i l a b l e i n NCTA �5, T r a f f i c Assignments The t o t a l t r i p s were then combined w i t h t h e t r u c k and e x t e r n a l t r i p s (through t r a f f i c ) and a s s i g n e d t o t h e proposed 1985 h i g h way network. D. P o p u l a t i o n F o r e c a s t and Trends The p o p u l a t i o n p r o j e c t i o n f u r n i s h e d by the l o c a l p l a n n i n g agencies i n d i c a t e s a 1985 p o p u l a t i o n f o r the Washington SMSAI/ o f 3,779,600. T h i s r e p r e s e n t s an e s t i m a t e d growth o f 1,790,000 over the 1960 Census,£/ o r a p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e o f 72,000 per y e a r . According t o the l a t e s t Census Bureau r e p o r t , the 1963 SMSA p o p u l a t i o n was 2,243,000 o r 254,000 g r e a t e r than the 1960 p o p u l a t i o n , making the Washington a r e a the f a s t e s t growing u r b a n c e n t e r i n the N a t i o n ( s e e F i g u r e 1 ) . The a c t u a l growth over t h e p a s t t h r e e y e a r s o f over 84,000 exceeds t h e f o r e c a s t e d r a t e o f 72,000 by 15 p e r c e n t , thus i n d i c a t i n g the c o n s e r v a t i v e n e s s o f t h e 1985 f o r e c a s t . T a b l e I shows the 1960 and 1963 Census Bureau r e p o r t e d p o p u l a t i o n s f o r t h e major j u r i s d i c t i o n s , together w i t h the 1977 f o r e c a s t (average o f F o r e c a s t s A and B ) and t h e 1985 f o r e c a s t . From t h i s t a b l e , i t can be seen t h a t t h e 1963 p o p u l a t i o n f o r the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia a l r e a d y exceeds t h e 1977 f o r e c a s t . A l s o , a t the p r e s e n t r a t e o f growth i n the Region, 83,000 per y e a r , the 1977 f o r e c a s t w i l l be reached by 1973, f u r t h e r emphasizing the inadequacy o f the p r e v i o u s l y developed 1977 f o r e c a s t as a b a s i s f o r f u t u r e needs. F i n a l l y , i t should be noted i n T a b l e I t h a t t h e 1985 f o r e c a s t c a l l s f o r a 70 p e r c e n t growth o v e r 1963 f o r the Region a s a whole and n e a r l y a 100 p e r c e n t growth i n V i r g i n i a and Maryland. The V i r g i n i a growth r a t e i s e s p e c i a l l y c r i t i c a l i n e s t a b l i s h i n g the 1985 c r o s s r i v e r t r a v e l needs. E. T r a f f i c Forecast As p r e v i o u s l y i n d i c a t e d , the 1985 t r a v e l f o r e c a s t was based upon e s t i m a t e s o f 1985 p o p u l a t i o n and employment d i s t r i b u t i o n prepared by the l o c a l p l a n n i n g a g e n c i e s . T h e r e f o r e , the growth i n t h e c r o s s r i v e r t r i p s i s g e n e r a l l y r e l a t e d t o t h e growth i n p o p u l a t i o n and employment, t a k i n g i n t o account t h e t r e n d s i n p a t t e r n s o f development i n t h e r e g i o n and i n travel habits. — Washington Standard M e t r o p o l i t a n S t a t i s t i c a l A r e a - D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, Montgomery and P r i n c e Georges C o u n t i e s , Maryland and A r l i n g t o n and F a i r f a x C o u n t i e s and A l e x a n d r i a , F a l l s Church and Fairfax Cities, Virginia. 1960 Census, Washington SMSA 1,989,377. -7- �WASHINGTON POST - September 30, 1964 U p 1 2 . 8 % - i i i 3 9 Months D.C. Is Fastest-Growing Urban Center in Nation The growing m e t r o p o l - of 9000 o r 9.8 p e r c e n t . A r t h e fastest- l i n g t o n g r e w by 9.1 p e r c e n t u r b a n c e n t e r i n t h e or 15,000, f o r a p o p u l a t i o n o f country. 178,000. itan Washington area is still A n d the District According to a C e n s u s g a i n e d 34,000 r e s i d e n t s f o r a B u r e a u r e p o r t , t h e p o p u l a t i o n t o t a l o f 798,000 a n d a g r o w t h of t h e N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l a n d r a t e o f 4.5 p e r c e n t . its s u b u r b s i n c r e a s e d 12.8 p e r R a n k e d second i n growth c e n t f r o m A p r i l , 1960, to J u l y , rate was the L o s Angeles1963. L o n g Beach area, w h i c h D u r i n g that period the showed a n increase of 8 p e r population of the W a s h i n g t o n cent a n d n o w r a n k s as the a r e a j u m p e d f r o m 1,989,377 to Nation's second largest urban 2,244,000—an i n c r e a s e of 254,c e n t e r w i t h a p o p u l a t i o n of 000. 6,523,000. H a v i n g passed the greater The S a nFrancisco-Oakland St. L o u i s area, the Washington a r e a now r a n k s n i n t h i n area r a n k e d t h i r d i n growth. t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n a m o n g t h e 15 I t s p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e d b y s t a n d a r d m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s . 7.2 p e r c e n t d u r i n g t h e t h r e e According to t h e r e p o r t a n d - a - q u a r t e r y e a r s o f t h e esF a i r f a x , w i t h a l e a p of 62,000 t i m a t e p e r i o d . New York City and its to 335,000 s h o w e d a n i n c r e a s e of 22.9 p e r c e n t . P r i n c e surrounding suburbs still lead G e o r g e s C o u n t y g a i n e d 80,000 the N a t i o n i n t o t a l p o p u l a of i t s 437,000 r e s i d e n t s f o r a t i o n . T h e r e p o r t s t a t e s t h a t g r o w t h r a t e of 22.4 p e r c e n t . a n e s t i m a t e d 11,288,000 perM o n t g o m e r y C o u n t y g r e w b y sons l i v e d i n t h e N e w Y o r k 15.9 p e r c e n t o r 54,000 r e s i - a r e a o n J u l y 1, 1 9 6 3 — a n i n d e n t s , f o r a p o p u l a t i o n of 395,- c r e a s e o f 5.5 p e r c e n t o r 000 A l e x a n d r i a h a d a popu- 593,000 o v e r t h e 1960 c e n s u s l a t i o n of 100,000, a g r o w t h f i g u r e . FIGURE 1 �TABLE I WASHINGTON SMSA POPULATION FORECAST 1960 Census 1963 Census Estimate 1977 Average of Forecast A & B 1985 Local Planning Agencies From 1960 935,700 23% 17% 21% Growth to 1985 From From 1963 1977 D i s t r i c t of Columbia 763,956 798,000 Maryland^ 698,323 832,000 1,277,100 1,626,600 133% 95% 27% Virginia^ 527,098 613,000 894,700 1,217,300 130% 98% 36% 1,989,377 2,243,000 2,942,600 3,779,600 90% 69% 28% TOTAL h• 770,800 I n c i u d e s Montgomery and P r i n c e Georges Counties. 2 / I n c l u d e s A r l i n g t o n and F a i r f a x Oonnties, and A l e x a n d r i a , F a l l s Church and F a i r f a x C i t i e s , �However, the c o n t i n u e d dominance o f the c e n t r a l c i t y as the p l a c e of employment and the suburban r i n g as the p l a c e of r e s i d e n c e r e s u l t s i n a g r e a t e r p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e i n c r o s s r i v e r t r a v e l than the i n d i v i d u a l p o p u l a t i o n and employment percentage i n c r e a s e s i n the Region. I n a d d i t i o n , non-work t r i p s a r e known to be i n c r e a s i n g a t a g r e a t e r r a t e than work t r i p s which would f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e both the peak hour t r a v e l and the d a i l y t r a v e l . T h i s i s r e f l e c t e d i n the f o r e c a s t e d c r o s s r i v e r volumes p r e s e n t e d and d i s c u s s e d i n the f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n . -8- �ANALYSIS OF CENTRAL POTOMAC RIVER CROSSINGS A. Future Needs The 1985 t r a v e l f o r e c a s t was a n a l y z e d i n terms o f the demand f o r C e n t r a l Potomac R i v e r crossings^-/, both v e h i c u l a r and t r a n s i t . To b e s t i l l u s t r a t e the r e l a t i o n s h i p s , the a n a l y s i s was developed f o r f u t u r e peak hour, one d i r e c t i o n movements, and oompared t o t h e p r e s e n t volumes. The f o l l o w i n g t a b u l a t i o n shows t h i s comparison: C e n t r a l Area PERSON TRIPS - CENTRAL POTOMAC RIVER AREA WEEKDAY - PEAK HOUR - ONE DIRECTIONAL 3/ 2/ Bridges 1985 1964 Estimated Current 7, I n c r e a s e Vehicles Persons (1.7 p e r s o n s / v e h i c l e ) ^ . / 19,300 33,000 35,700 60,000 867, 867» T r a n s i t Passengers T o t a l Persons 12,000 45,000 37,000 97,000 2077, 1157, The 1985 f o r e c a s t shows a t o t a l p e r s o n t r i p i n c r e a s e o f 1157, i n C e n t r a l Potomac R i v e r c r o s s i n g s . T h i s i n c r e a s e i s d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d to the 100 p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e i n p o p u l a t i o n i n V i r g i n i a . , An a n a l y s i s o f the 1985 p o p u l a t i o n and employment p a t t e r n s f o r the Region, compared t o the p r e s e n t , showed t h a t the work t r i p s from V i r g i n i a t o the D i s t r i c t would i n c r e a s e by 907,. The a d d i t i o n a l p e r c e n t a g e i n c r e a s e i n c r o s s r i v e r t r a v e l above t h a t c r e a t e d by the a n t i c i p a t e d i n c r e a s e i n p o p u l a t i o n and employment growth, r e s u l t s p r i m a r i l y from the p r o v i s i o n o f improved t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s , both highway and t r a n s i t , f a c i l i t a t i n g freedom o f movement, and the c o n t i n u i n g i n c r e a s e i n the p r o p o r t i o n o f non-work t r i p s , i n c l u d i n g t o u r i s t s , d u r i n g the peak hour. 1/ C e n t r a l Potomac R i v e r c r o s s i n g s i n c l u d e the 1 4 t h S t r e e t , Memorial, Theodore R o o s e v e l t , Key, C h a i n and the proposed 1-266 B r i d g e s , and the R a i l T r a n s i t L i n e . l_l Based on r e c e n t counts o f C e n t r a l A r e a 3/ E s t i m a t e d from the 1985 d a i l y t r i p s a s s i g n e d River crossings. Bridges. t o the C e n t r a l Potomac �B„ Capacity Highway and t r a n s i t improvements have been planned to meet f u t u r e t r a v e l r e q u i r e m e n t s i n the Region. The c a p a c i t y of the e x i s t i n g and proposed improvements has been the s u b j e c t of much d i s c u s s i o n i n the p a s t . I t has been the g e n e r a l l y accepted p r a c t i c e of highway o f f i c i a l s to use f o r d e s i g n purposes a p r a c t i c a l capacity!./of 1500 v e h i c l e s per l a n e f o r f r e e - f l o w i n g f a c i l i t i e s i n u r b a n areas„ However, c e r t a i n of the e x i s t i n g b r i d g e s have operated a t v a l u e s above the p r a c t i c a l c a p a c i t y . For example, Memorial B r i d g e , w i t h no t r u c k t r a f f i c , has c a r r i e d 1700 v e h i c l e s per lane d u r i n g the peak hour. A l s o , the F o u r t e e n t h S t r e e t B r i d g e has c a r r i e d as h i g h as 1600 v e h i c l e s per l a n e , i n c l u d i n g t r u c k s . Although i t i s r e c o g n i z e d t h a t these r a t e d v a l u e s r e s u l t i n some d e l a y s and c o n g e s t i o n , they have been used as a b a s i s f o r the c a p a c i t y a n a l y s i s . S i m i l a r l y , a double t r a c k t r a n s i t l i n e has been r a t e d by t r a n s i t a u t h o r i t i e s to have a c a p a c i t y of from 35,000 to 40,000 p a s s e n g e r s per hour i n one d i r e c t i o n . The r a t e d c a p a c i t i e s b e i n g p r o v i d e d i n the c u r r e n t p l a n n i n g highway p r o p o s a l s a r e shown i n T a b l e I I . The r a t e d h o u r l y c a p a c i t y of the e x i s t i n g and proposed highway f a c i l i t i e s , i n c l u d i n g the 1-266 B r i d g e , i s 30,700 v e h i c l e s or 5000 v e h i c l e s (15 p e r c e n t ) l e s s than 1985 f o r e c a s t e d volume of 35,700 v e h i c l e s . The a n t i c i p a t e d r a i l u t l i z e the e n t i r e c a p a c i t y t h a t f e e d e r c o n n e c t i o n s and the t r a n s i t l i n e to u t i l i z e t r a n s i t volume of 37,000 p a s s e n g e r s w i l l of the proposed r a i l l i n e . T h i s assumes s u f f i c i e n t d e n s i t y w i l l develop a l o n g the f u l l c a p a c i t y of the f a c i l i t y . Consequently, based upon the p r e c e d i n g a n a l y s i s , some a d d i t i o n a l c r o s s r i v e r c a p a c i t y beyond t h a t p r o v i d e d by the f a c i l i t i e s l i s t e d i n T a b l e I I , w i l l be r e q u i r e d f o r the C e n t r a l Potomac R i v e r a r e a i n 1985. l_l Highway C a p a c i t y Manual, page 7. The p r a c t i c a l c a p a c i t y i s d e f i n e d as "The maximum number of v e h i c l e s t h a t can p a s s a g i v e n p o i n t on a roadway or i n a d e s i g n a t e d lane d u r i n g one hour w i t h o u t the t r a f f i c d e n s i t y b e i n g so g r e a t as to cause unreasonable d e l a y , h a z a r d , or r e s t r i c t i o n to the d r i v e r s ' freedom to maneuver under the p r e v a i l i n g roadway and t r a f f i c c o n d i t i o n s . " -10- �3 TABLE II CENTRAL POTOMAC RIVER CROSSING CAPACITY PER HOUR - ONE DIRECTION BRIDGES NUMBER OF LANES Existing Planned RATED CAPACITY (VEHICLES) Per Lane Existing 6400 6800 1700 2/ 3900 2200 Planned 14th S t r e e t Memorial Theodore R o o s e v e l t Key Chain 1-266 4 4 3 3 2 tv 3 3 2 3 1600 1700 1700 1300 3/ 1100 3/ 1600 Total Rail Transit 16 20 1 21,000 30.700 35,000 to 4 0 0 0 0 P a s s e n g e r s 1 ** 3 / Memorial B r i d g e to r e t u r n t o 3 l a n e s i n each d i r e c t i o n i n p l a c e o f p r e s e n t unbalanced 4-2 s p l i t d u r i n g peak hour. 2/ Only one l a n e c a p a c i t y c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e due to incompleted approach'network construction 3/ Reduced c a p a c i t y due to substandard l a n e w i d t h s and i n t e r r u p t e d f l o w c o n d i t i o n s a t each approach 9600 5100 5100 3900 2200 4800 a �C. Impact o f 1-266 T r a f f i c on E x i s t i n g B r i d g e s To f u r t h e r i l l u s t r a t e t h e importance o f Interstate!..Route 266 i n t h e freeway network, a s e p a r a t e a n a l y s i s was made o f the t r a f f i c a s s i g n e d t o I 266. I n the t r a f f i c assignment program, a l l t r i p s t h a t would u s e the proposed 1-266 b r i d g e were s e p a r a t e d out and p l o t t e d on E x h i b i t I I . As seen on t h i s E x h i b i t , t h e major s h a r e o f t h e t r a f f i c a s s i g n e d t o 1-266 i s l o c a l i n n a t u r e , w i t h o r i g i n and d e s t i n a t i o n i n s i d e t h e B e l t w a y i n V i r g i n i a a t one end and w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia a t the o t h e r . A l s o , t h e b u l k o f the t r a f f i c c o n t i n u e s v i a t h e Potomac R i v e r Freeway and t h e North L e g . I n the second phase o f t h e a n a l y s i s , the same s e l e c t e d t r i p s were a s s i g n e d t o t h e same highway network w i t h t h e 1-266 c o n n e c t i o n , i n c l u d i n g the B r i d g e , removed. The most d e s i r a b l e a l t e r n a t e route f o r each zone t o zone t r i p was thus e s t a b l i s h e d and p l o t t e d . This i s shown on E x h i b i t I I I . The g r e a t e s t p o r t i o n o f t h i s t r a f f i c , a s shown on E x h i b i t I I I , would be s h i f t e d t o Key B r i d g e and M S t r e e t , thus g r e a t l y o v e r l o a d i n g those two f a c i l i t i e s . E x h i b i t I V i l l u s t r a t e s g r a p h i c a l l y t h e impact on t h e C e n t r a l A r e a B r i d g e s i f the 1-266 B r i d g e i s n o t c o n s t r u c t e d . The a n a l y s i s f u r t h e r shows t h a t l i t t l e o f a s s i g n e d 1-266 t r a f f i c i s p o t e n t i a l t o e i t h e r t h e Cabin John o r Woodrow W i l s o n Bridges. The B e l t w a y arid t h e two b r i d g e s perform a s p e c i f i c f u n c t i o n as a bypass r o u t e . T h i s enables p e r i p h e r a l t r a f f i c t o remain o u t s i d e the c e n t r a l a r e a and n o t add t o t h e c e n t r a l a r e a needs. The f o r e c a s t shows t h a t t r a f f i c on these two b r i d g e s w i l l exceed t h e c a p a c i t y by 1985. D. The Role o f B r i d g e s I n modern highway and freeway p l a n n i n g , b r i d g e s a r e s y s t e m a t i c a l l y planned and scheduled a s p a r t s o f highway systems and a r e c a r e f u l l y l a i d out t o i n s u r e t h a t t h e approaches t o t h e main r i v e r c r o s s i n g w i l l n o t a c t t o c r e a t e stoppages o r d e l a y on the r i v e r c r o s s i n g . While i n t e r i m d e l a y s may develop d u r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n , a completed freeway system i s designed t o f l o w a s a n i n t e g r a t e d network. The 1-266 f a c i l i t y i s n o t planned s o l e l y t o b r i n g t r u c k s i n t o the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. As an e s s e n t i a l p a r t o f a comprehensive freeway system, 1-266 w i l l s e r v e a l l o f t h e v a r y i n g v e h i c u l a r demands i n the c o r r i d o r . T h i s v a r i e t y o f demand c a n be i l l u s t r a t e d by E x h i b i t V, which shovs t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f v e h i c l e s by type and s t a t e r e g i s t r a t i o n -11- ���evwiBrrlSE VOLUME-CAPACITY RELATIONSHIP CENTRAL AREA BRIDGES - PEAK HOUR - ONE DIRECTION VOLUMES �CLASSIFICATION OF INBOUND VEHICLES OVER T H E POTOMAC R I V E R B R I D G E S B Y T Y P E AND S T A T E REGISTRATION (Passenger cars only art classified by state registration) AUGUST 1962 �over the Potomac R i v e r b r i d g e s d u r i n g counts made i n August o f 1962. Approximately f i f t y p e r c e n t of the t r a f f i c c r o s s i n g the r i v e r b r i d g e s a t t h a t time bore V i r g i n i a l i c e n s e p l a t e s . The o t h e r f i f t y p e r c e n t i s divided as f o l l o w s : Maryland 12 p e r c e n t D i s t r i c t of Columbia 15 p e r c e n t 12.5 p e r c e n t Others 8 percent Trucks Buses 1.5 p e r c e n t There i s no r e a s o n t o assume t h a t the f a m i l y o f v e h i c l e s u s i n g an 1-266 b r i d g e would m a t e r i a l l y d e v i a t e from t h i s composition, and c u r r e n t t r e n d s toward i n c r e a s e d employment i n V i r g i n i a and i n c r e a s e d t o u r i s m i n the a r e a would tend t o i n d i c a t e a f u t u r e mix of even greater d i v e r s i t y . �SUMMARY The k e y p o i n t s o f the f o r e g o i n g be summarized as f o l l o w s : a n a l y s i s and d i s c u s s i o n may 1. The p o p u l a t i o n f o r e c a s t f o r 1985 i s n e a r l y 30% g r e a t e r than the 1977 f o r e c a s t . 2. The most r e c e n t census r e p o r t i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e p o p u l a t i o n f o r e c a s t f o r 1985 may be u n d e r e s t i m a t e d . 3. The i n c r e a s e i n p o p u l a t i o n w i l l c r e a t e a r e l a t e d i n c r e a s e i n Potomac R i v e r c r o s s i n g s , both by p r i v a t e v e h i c l e and transit. 4. The proposed f u l l t r a n s i t system w i l l c a r r y s u b s t a n t i a l l y g r e a t e r l o a d s i n 1985 than C a r r i e d on t r a n s i t today. 5. The c u r r e n t highway system i s planned f o r the 1985 v e h i c u l a r t r i p s r e m a i n i n g a f t e r f u l l p r o j e c t e d d i v e r s i o n t o mass t r a n s i t (NCTA R e p o r t , November, 1 9 6 2 ) . 6. The 1-266 l o c a t i o n r e p r e s e n t s a c r i t i c a l t r a f f i c c o r r i d o r w h i c h i s n o t s e r v e d by o t h e r e x i s t i n g o r proposed b r i d g e s . 7. Even w i t h 1-266 and the f u l l mass t r a n s i t system i n p l a c e , a d d i t i o n a l c r o s s r i v e r c a p a c i t y i n t h e c e n t r a l a r e a , beyond t h a t c o n t a i n e d i n e x i s t i n g p l a n s f o r highways and mass t r a n s i t , w i l l be r e q u i r e d to s a t i s f y t h e f o r e c a s t e d t r a v e l demand i n 1985, based on c u r r e n t l y planned growth p a t t e r n s . -13- �CONCLUSION The 1-266 r o u t e i s an e s s e n t i a l l i n k i n the c u r r e n t l y planned freeway network f o r the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Region and i t must be p r o v i d e d so t h a t the e n t i r e highway system can f u n c t i o n e f f i c i e n t l y and e f f e c t i v e l y to s a t i s f y i t s p a r t i c u l a r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n demands. S i m i l a r l y , mass t r a n s i t improvements of the scope and magnitude c o n t a i n e d i n the NCTA Report of 1962 must be completed as soon as p o s s i b l e . The d e f i c i e n c y i n c r o s s r i v e r c a p a c i t y i n 1985, even w i t h 1-266 and the f u l l mass t r a n s i t system i n p l a c e , does not a u t o m a t i c a l l y imply another b r i d g e c r o s s i n g . By such a c t i o n s as c o n t i n u i n g study of the f e a s i b i l i t y of f u r t h e r s t a g g e r i n g of work h o u r s , and c o n t i n u i n g e f f o r t s to i n c r e a s e the c a r occupancy f a c t o r by encouragements and inducements f o r c a r p o o l i n g , the highway departments a r e determined to seek e v e r y r e a s o n a b l e means to reduce peak hour v e h i c u l a r demands on our highways. A l s o , improvements i n mass t r a n s i t o p e r a t i o n a l techniques beyond those c u r r e n t l y f o r e s e e n may' a c t to i n c r e a s e f u t u r e t r a n s i t ridership. However, the highway departments and the t r a n s i t a g e n c i e s cannot a c c o m p l i s h these o b j e c t i v e s by t h e m s e l v e s . Regionwide community u n d e r s t a n d i n g and support i s e s s e n t i a l i f we a r e to a c h i e v e such improvements. To meet f u t u r e needs, development of a d d i t i o n a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n improvements beyond those c u r r e n t l y planned must e v o l v e through a cooperat i v e , c o n t i n u o u s , comprehensive urban t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s f o r the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Region. The highway departments a r e working c l o s e l y w i t h the mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a g e n c i e s , the l o c a l governments and the p l a n n i n g groups i n the Region to o r g a n i z e such a p r o c e s s , i n order to i n s u r e f u l l community u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n demands, and community agreement on the mix of new highway and mass t r a n s i t f a c i l i t i e s t h a t w i l l most e f f e c t i v e l y f u l f i l l the t r a v e l r e q u i r e m e n t s of the people i n the Region. -14- �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Supplementary report on Interstate Route 266 : 1985 traffic forecast for central Potomac River crossings Subject The topic of the resource Interstate 266 Bridges--United States--Washington (D.C.) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Virginia. Department of Highways District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Archival Box 11 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 4, 1964 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DDOT Historical Reports & Other Documents Subject The topic of the resource Transportation--Research--United States Transportation--Planning Description An account of the resource District Department of Transportation's historical reports and other documents. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource District Department of Transportation Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Abandoned Transportation Projects Subject The topic of the resource Express highways City planning Transportation planning Highway planning--United States--Washington (D.C.) Description An account of the resource Historical reports and documents related to abandoned transportation projects in Washington, D.C. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Various Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Highways Interstates Three Sisters Bridge https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/63b8996581deb4ba3a91a7ec67f40b09.pdf?Expires=1779321600&Signature=P90Ea7o-VtL2E5oQyH4scGM2eE63khUJQEn9VDwQS56ceEH7VhkklilkEN2X746YkYUwVHSUyRBqVJn-xh2XAHF-Z08tVp4dv3SZPPBFPMfTs81rCDo%7Ep2huepM61lqIf-XEGQM7jWRbpWvudmSUTgEGqIbM7bMonV7zzaepuu2%7EnhULdXiD2aawKcQxO-Cn1vd3jV-nb0XBoecoDdywYirbYIOG%7E3xJKVNV1MU3xGICIaUPD74oKGTT1-iHARHRVIsUOnQVz-ETryEzuH6Avbe49KQbJGktFvAZPFb7sr-jUx1suuC8Lw5GFH%7EMieDcLYQdsqfBRKaLdjLU52Ku1g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 821b8e7da2aed6f2cc3b04266c9801e6 PDF Text Text GOVERNMENT OF THE DISTRICT OP COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OP HIGHWAYS AND TRAFFIC I n the Matter o f : H, STREET GRADE SEPARATION Wednesday, June 23, 1971 Washington, D. C. W A R D & P A U L , INC. 410 F I R S T S T R E E T , S. E . WASHINGTON, D. C. 20003 (202) 544-6000 �HARRIS/sah GOVERNMENT OF THE DISTRICT OF C0LU?1BIA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS AND TRAFFIC I n t h e Matter o f : H STREET GRADE SEPARATION S a v a r i n D i n i n g Room Union S t a t i o n F i r s t and Massachusetts Avenue, N.E. Washington, D. C. Wednesday, June 23, 1971 The a b o v e - e n t i t l e d m a t t e r came on f o r h e a r i n g , pur- s u a n t t o n o t i c e , a t 7:30 p.m. BEFORE: JAMES P. ALEXANDER, D i r e c t o r , D i s t r i c t o f Columbia O f f i c e o f Community S e r v i c e s �5.5.9L S. 5. 5. E 3 5. 2. §L L HEARING OFFICER ALEXANDER: and gentlemen. Good evening, ladies I f I'm pushing too hard on t h i s microphone, l e t me know and I ' l l s o f t e n my v o i c e o r i f you can't hear, a l s o t e l l me. I f y o u ' l l p l e a s e be seated, the hearing i s c a l l e d to order. I am James T. Alexander, o f Columbia O f f i c e of Community S e r v i c e s . Director, D i s t r i c t I am designated by the Mayor to p r e s i d e a t t h i s combined Highway C o r r i d o r and The hearing i s being conducted to consider the need and a l t e r n a t i v e designs f o r a replacement of the underpass on H S t r e e t , N.E. between F i r s t and Second S t r e e t s . The underpass t \ s e p a r a t e s H S t r e e t from the r a i l r o a d t r a c k s of the Washington ' T r » i „ I company. e \ a The P u b l i c Hearing w i l l be h e l d i n accordance T i t l e 7, D. C. Code, T i t l e 23, U. S. Code, S e c t i o n 128, with and U. S. Department of Transportation P o l i c y and Procedure Memorandura 20-8 dated January 14, 1969. I n my c a p a c i t y as p r e s i d i n g o f f i c e r , I w i s h to remind you of the intended purposes f o r Highway P u b l i c Hearings. Thes< hearings are h e l d t o : 1. Ensure t h a t an opportunity i s afforded f o r effectt v •- i v e participation;-by i n t e r e s t e d persons i n the process of determining the need f o r , the l o c a t i o n of, and the major d e s i n f e a t u r e s of F e d e r a l - a i d highways. �o p p o r t u n i t y f o r p r e s e n t i n g v i e w s on a l t e r n a t e highway l o c a t i o n s and on major d e s i g n f e a t u r e s i n c l u d i n g the s o c i a l , economic and environmental e f f e c t s o f each a l t e r n a t i v e . With r e g a r d t o t h e H S t r e e t p r o j e c t , l o c a t i o n i s not a considera t i o n because t h e Departmentof Highways and T r a f f i c i s concerned w i t h t h e replacement of an obsolete facility. A combined C o r r i - dor and Design P u b l i c Hearing i s being held, t h e r e f o r e , f o r the purpose o f documenting your views on both the need f o r a r e placement f a c i l i t y and the a l t e r n a t i v e designs t h a t could be employed i n a new grade s e p a r a t i o n . N o t i f i c a t i o n of t h i s hearing was published land r e g i o n a l newspapers — i n local The Washington D a i l y News, The jWashington Post, The Evening and Sunday S t a r and the Afro-Amer• ican. A copy of the l e g a l n o t i c e , a c e r t i f i e d l i s t of the newspapers t h a t c a r r i e d the n o t i c e , and s p e c i f i c p u b l i c a t i o n dates w i l l be entered i n t o the record a t t h i s time. Notifi- c a t i o n of t h i s hearing was accomplished a l s o through approximately 300 d i r e c t mailings o f the n o t i c e t o other l o c a l news nedia; t o p r o f e s s i o n a l and c i v i c a s s o c i a t i o n s , t o government [agencies, and t o i n d i v i d u a l s thought t o have an i n t e r e s t i n the project. As provided f o r i n the hearing n o t i c e , a witness ias been prepared from names submitted to the Executive o f f i c e o f the Commissioner, D. C. list Secretary] The names of persons and �I o r g a n i s a t i o n s ware placed on t h e l i s t i n t h a t order; A l l others | wishing to be heard w i l l follow w i t n e s s e s on the l i s t . I ! might i n t e r j e c t a t t h i s time t h a t anybody who the i s not on l i s t and wishes to be added to the schedule of witnesses do so by contacting Mr. Mike Hartman* who s h o r t l y w i l l be s i t t i n g i n the unoccupied c h a i r a t t h a t f a r , right-hand t a b l e over t h e r e . Mr. red Hartman w i l l be t h e r e . Written statements may in can be submitted f o r i n c l u s i o n t h e record on or before F r i d a y , J u l y 9, 1971, a t 5:00p.m. Such statements w i l l be r e c e i v e d by the Executive S e c r e t a r y to the Commissioner of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, i n Room 528 of the D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g . A stenographic ceeding. record i s being made of t h i s pro- Cppies of the t r a n s c r i p t may be purchased from the I r e p o r t e r , whose name and address w i l l be furnished to you upon request d i r e c t e d to me or the Department of Highways and Traffic, Although i t i s not ray r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to make a deI c i s i o n as to the type of s t r u c t u r e t h a t i s t o be recommended for approval, i t i s my r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to see t h a t t h i s i s conducted i n a f a i r , o r d e r l y , and e f f i c i e n t manner. in hearing Only t h i s way w i l l the r e s p o n s i b l e o f f i c i a l s have a complete and j accurate record upon which to base t h f j i r d e c i s i o n . I wish t o r e i t e r a t e t h a t your views are e r n e s t l y solicited. They w i l l be considered i n e s t a b l i s h i n g the need i f o r t h i s highway improvement and i n s e l e c t i n g a f i n a l design. �You need not l i m i t y o u r s e l f t o t h e a l t e r n a t i v e d e s i g n s dev e l o p e d by t h e Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c . I t is appropriate f o r vou to propose other designs a s w e l l . I f the hearing i s not completed by midnight tonight, i I w i l l resume the hearing tomorrow evening a t 7:30 p.m. in The f i r s t w i t n e s s i s Mr. Leonard A. DeGast, A s s i s t a n t j D i r e c t o r , O f f i c e of Planning and Programming, D. C. Department of Highways and T r a f f i c . And i f I can get away from the w r i t t e n statement f o r one moment, I hope t h a t throughout t h i s evening we can keep on the schedule of the scheduled speakers, and a t the same time not be too concerned about the time c o n s t r a i n t s t h a t have been i n d i c a t e d , because we do want t o hear and we want people i t o be f r e e t o q u e s t i o n and t o r a i s e a d d i t i o n a l p o i n t s . Mr. DeGast. MR. DEGAST: Good evening l a d i e s and gentlemen. I I am Leonard A. DeGast, A s s i s t a n t D i r e c t o r f o r the O f f i c e of |Planning and Programming of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia o f Highways and T r a f f i c . .Department I hope t h a t I can be as informative I as p o s s i b l e i n e x p l a i n i n g to you the need f o r r e p l a c i n g the iH S t r e e t Underpass and the two designs we have developed f o r your c o n s i d e r a t i o n . I w i l l be b r i e f i n view of the a v a i l a b i l i t y ! of our information booklet a month i n advance of t h i s h e a r i n g . ; 1 hope you found i t convenient t o o b t a i n a copy from e i t h e r �c o p i e s a r e a v a i l a b l e here t o n i g h t . F i r s t , I i<?ill d e s c r i b e the e x i s t i n g c o n d i t i o n s . continuous s e r v i c e f o r 63 y e a r s . 3ach day i t c a r r i e s hundreds o f t r a i n s over the thousands o f c a r s and pedestrians t h a t use H Street. Annual i n s p e c t i o n by the Dspartasnt i d d l o s t e s gear j e r a l d e t e r i o r a t i o n of the s t r u c t u r e . Water leakage through ] c r a c k s i n the w a l l s and decks i s causing the c o r r o s i o n of j s t r u c t u r a l s t e e l and, during winter months, the buildup of ] p r e c a r i o u s i c e masses on the w a l l s and c e i l i n g . The picture ' ' t o - ' i n J a n u a r y , 1971 shows t h i s c o n d i t i o n . P l e a s e allow me to quote a few remarks from the I t says t h a t i n the north abutment, " a l l the concrete peering stones between the two entrances are cracked hand h o r i z o n t a l l y d i r e c t l y under the f l o o r beams. vertically There i s one ['full-height v e r t i c a l crack and a number of smaller v e r t i c a l and {horizontal c r a c k s throughout the f a c e . " I n the steelwork, i t i s reported, "there i s from 30 {percent to 100 percent l o s s of s e c t i o n i n the top flanges of |ptringers a t the bearing p o i n t s . There i s 10 from 70 percent to ;jL00 percent l o s s o f s e c t i o n i n the bottom flanges of 17 s t r i n g e r s jilt the bearings." �With r e g a r d t o t h e s o u t h abutment, " t h e r e are s e v e r a l l a r g e r v e r t i c a l and h o r i z o n t a l c r a c k s i n t h e f a c e , come o f w h i c h have heavy w a t e r l e a k a g e and there are s i g n s of g e n e r a l d i s i n t e g r a t i o n throughout." I n d e s c r i b i n g t h e columns, the report s a y s , "there i s heavy c o r r o s i o n a l o n g t h e box g i r d e r s f o r t h e i r e n t i r e length. T h i s c o n d i t i o n i s being caused by heavy ttfater seepage through t h e deck. There i s heavy c o r r o s i o n and s c a l i n g i n a l l s t e e l i n the bearing area. The end corner p l a t e s i n most columns a r e bent due to r u s t ! '-:-.nic formation." and gentlemen, t h i s ia j u s t a saMpl* of t h i s 15 page r e p o r t . I n s u f f i c i e n t l i g h t i n g i n the underpass r e q u i r e s m o t o r i s t s to use h e a d l i g h t s night and day. T h i s condition i s worsened by almost no l i g h t r e f l e c t i o n from -the w a i l s a;-r-. c e i l i n g making s t a l l e d v e h i c l e s or jaywalkers or other obstacle d i f f i c u l t to s e e . The two rows of columns, d i v i d i n g the underpass i n t o three s e c t i o n s , make the tunnel l i g h t s and on- coming auto h e a d l i g h t s look l i k e they are being turned on and o f f i n rapid succession. T h i s makes x d s i b i l i t y even worse. C e r t a i n l y a p e d e s t r i a n does not f e e l very secure i n the dark, damp and sometimes i c y underpass. But these are the c o n d i t i o n s under which the e x i s t i n g f a c i l i t y i s used. We b e l i e v e t h a t there i s , t h e r e f o r e , an urgent need to b u i l d a modern, s a f e f a c i l i t y i n the b a s t i n t e r e s t s of p e d e s t r i a n s �8 arid, m o t o r i s t s a l i k e . Now l e t me d i s c u s s t h e a l t e r n a t e design proposals. We have s t u d i e d a v a r i e t y of p o s s i b i l i t i e s . From among t h e s e , t h e Department has i d e n t i f i e d two f e a s i b l e des i g n s — a n underpass and an overpass. Since e i t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e i s implenieatable, t h e f i n a l s e l e c t i o n must be based on a comp a r i s o n of t h e b e n e f i t s and requirements of each. a s k i n g you t o a s s i s t i n t h i s assessment. We are Obviously, both a l t e r n a t i v e s w i l l l i n k the areas to the e a s t and west of the ^psjhington Terminal Company t r a c k s . On the other hand, only one o f the two designs w i l l accommodate a new bus terminal a t t h e proposed National V i s i t o r Center. There are other con- s i d e r a t i o n s as w e l l . The underpass design a l t e r n a t i v e r e t a i n s the e x i s t i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p between s t r e e t and r a i l r o a d — t h a t i s , the e l e v a - t i o n s of the r a i l r o a d and s t r e e t remain e s s e n t i a l l y as they are. T h i s design permits continued use of a l l other e x i s t i n g s t r e e t s and i n t e r s e c t i o n s i n the v i c i n i t y of the p r o j e c t . A c t u a l c o n s t r u c t i o n l i m i t s are F i r s t S t r e e t , N. s . and Second S t r e e t , N. E . The width i n c l u d e s s i x t r a f f i c l a n e s separated by a median and sidewalks on each s i d e . No right-of-way pur- chases are r e q u i r e d w i t h t h i s p l a n . One major drawback of the underpass design i s i n a c c e s s i b i l i t y to the i n t e r - c i t y bus t e r m i n a l planned i n conjunct i o n w i t h the N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r Center. The V i s i t o r Center i s �envisioned as a major t e r m i n a l where people can e a s i l y t r a n s f e r from i n t e r c i t y burses and t r a i n s to l o c a l buses, Metro s e r v i c e and taxis. B e t t e r coordination of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n modes, part i c u l a r l y the s e v e r a l forms of p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , i s \ a b s o l u t e l y necessary i n our c i t y i f government, business, j t o u r i s t a c t i v i t i e s are to grow as a n t i c i p a t e d . and Because i t • i s i m p r a c t i c a l to b u i l d bus ramps from the underpass, implementation of t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e w i l l r e s u l t i n the e l i m i n a t i o n o f a much needed union bus terminal from the V i s i t o r Center Plan. Worse than t h a t , l o s s of the bus terminal w i l l handicap four e f f o r t s t o b e t t e r i n t e g r a t e p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e r v i c e s j i n the c i t y . Now l e t s look a t the overpass a l t e r n a t e . T h i s plan |places H S t r e e t on a bridge above the Washington Texminal uy r a i l r o a d f a c i l i t i e s . F i r s t S t r e e t , N. B. and Second s t r e e t , N. B. are bridged by the ramped appro;-.;hei tb the overpass. T h i s design a l t e r n a t i v e , t h e r e f o r e , assures con- tinued use of a l l e x i s t i n g s t r e e t s , but the i n t e r s e c t i o n s of |H S t r e e t w i t h F i r s t and Second S t r e e t s are replaced by grade separations. The extent of a c t u a l c o n s t r u c t i o n i s from North C a p i t o l S t r e e t to T h i r d S t r e e t , N. E. Access t o the combined National V i s i t o r and Trans- p o r t a t i o n Center i s a s i g n i f i c a n t a t t r i b u t e of the overpass [jlesign. The design permits the operation of buses, as w e l l as I �a u t o m o b i l e s , i n t o t h e C e n t e r from t h e o v e r p a s s alternate. I The desxgn a l s o f a c i l i t a t e s an e s c a l a t o r c o n n e c t i o n I and moving s i d e w a l k fe** Metro o a t r o n s w i s h i n g t o t r a n s f e r to and from bus r o u t e s on H S t r e e t . B u t t h i s , i n c i d e n t a l l y , would a l s o be t r u e i f the underpass a l t e r n a t i v e were s e l e c t e d . The proposed o v e r p a s s i s wide; enough to accommodate t u r n s l o t s so t h a t through t r a f f i c can move f r e e l y over the structure. To g a i n t h e advantages of the overpass, however, ^property a c q u i s i t i o n i s required because the height w i l l proh i b i t continued a c c e s s from H S t r e e t to s e v e r a l abutting jpropert3.es. On the north s i d e of H S t r e e t between North C a p i t o l jland F i r s t , three b u i l d i n g s are a f f e c t e d — t h e National Savings land T r u s t Company, Quinn Patent Drawing S e r v i c e , I n c . , and the Northeast C a p i t o l Auto Wash, I n c . | 156 foot frontages | Two vacant p a r c e l s with and one p a r c e l leased to the Ken Jones Cor- p o r a t i o n w i t h a 40 foot frontage are a l s o a f f e c t e d . Access [to the 801 North C a p i t o l S t r e e t O f f i c e B u i l d i n g w i l l remain. | On the opposite s i d e of H S t r e e t to the south, the impact i s not as severe. sstore now The motorcycle shop and the l i q u o r l o c a t e d there are not permanent tenants and w i l l be irelocated i n the future i n any case as p a r t of the Drban Renewal P l a n . �On t h e s o u t h s i d e o f H S t r e e t (between Second and T h i r d S t r e e t s , N. E.)« 14 row houses and one gas s t a t i o n w i l l l o s e access to H S t r e e t . The L i t t l e S i s t e r s o f the Poor Nursing Home w i l l be minimally a f f e c t e d by the overpass design. I want t o emphasize t h a t the Department of Highways and T r a f f i c i s committed to the p o l i c y of withholding a l l property a c q u i s i t i o n u n t i l each property owner and tenant i s assured of q u a r t e r s meeting h e a l t h and s a f e t y standards and comparable to h i s vacated premises. exception. T h i s p o l i c y i s without We are e s p e c i a l l y pleased to administer a r e l o c a - t i o n program t h a t a u t h o r i s e s f i n a n c i a l compensation f o r v i r t u a l l y every c o s t a s s o c i a t e d with*moving. I f t h e overpass a l t e r n a t i v e becomes the approved design, a complete r e l o c a t i o n plan w i l l be developed by the Redevelopment Land Agency p r i o r to any property a c q u i s i t i o n . R e l o c a t i o n w i l l be d i s c u s s e d i n f u r t h e r d e t a i l by an RLA r e p r e s e n t a t i v e f o l l o w i n g my presenta«j* -L\J !<* w The social,'economic and environmental e f f e c t s of r e b u i l d i n g the H S t r e e t grade s e p a r a t i o n deserve the utmost consideration. We have s p e l l e d out the r e s u l t s of our analyses i n the information booklet. C e r t a i n l y , s a f e r c o n d i t i o n s f o r p e d e s t r i a n s and motorists w i l l r e s u l t . Modernizing t h i s f a c i l i t y w i l l not c o n f l i c t w i t h e f f o r t s to r e j u v e n a t e H S t r e e t c o r r i d o r a c t i v i t y — indeed, i t should complement these e f f o r t s . Our traffic �a n a l y s e s i n d i c a t e t h a t s i x l a n e s i s s u f f i c i e n t to s e r v e both l o c a l t r a f f i c and i n t e r c i t y t r a f f i c d e s t i n e d t o t h e V i s i t o r Center. We look v e r y e x p e c t a n t l y toward v i r t u a l l y c l e a n - a i r v e h i c l e s from t h e assembly l i n e s a t about the same t i m e t h e I S t r e e t p r o j e c t c o u l d be f i n i s h e d — a r o u n d 1 9 7 5 — either alternative i s a four and one-half year j o b . We are i n the f u t u r e , but F e d e r a l government s t u d i e s c o r r e n t i y tmdej i way p r c m r s s some heretofore non-existent n o i s e standards-. iThey w i l l probably be a p p l i c a b l e to ovr highway f a c i l i t i e s as w e l l as t o v e h i c l e s . To the extent they apply, and as t e c h - n o l o g y permits during our design p r o c e s s , we w i l l undertake measures to reduce t r a f f i c n o i s e s . As r e f l e c t e d i n our information booklet, both a l t e i n a t i v e s i n v o l v e the detouring of t r a f f i c w h i l e c o n s t r u c t i o n | i s underway. We know t h a t overpass c o n s t r u c t i o n w i l l 'jdetours t o not more than three y e a r s — p e r h a p s limit l e s s time i f jwe can work out the appropriate c o n s t r u c t i o n stages during jthe f i n a l design. The estimated co3t of the underpass i s $3.6 jpore than f o r the overpass. millioi But our F e d e r a l - a i d funds would jeover the e n t i r e c o s t of the underpass whereas the D i s t r i c t ' t [Highway Fund would have to underwrite an estimated $700,000 jjihare of the right-of-way c o s t to b u i l d the overpass. �I w i s h t o re-emphasize Mr. A l e x a n d e r ' s r e q u e s t f o r j y o u r comments and f o r any d e s i g n v a r i a t i o n s you may p r e s e n t a t t h i s time* wish t o The Department w i l l a n a l y s e the com- p l e t e h e a r i n g t r a n s c r i p t i n s e l e c t i n g the type of grade s e p a r a t i o n f o r which we w i l l p r e p a r e c o n s t r u c t i o n p l a n s . Your t e s t i m o n y w i l l i n v o l v e you i n t h e p r o c e s s of determining the j major d e s i g n f e a t u r e s o f the replacement > H S t r e e t grade sep- , • '.,r.','Gxon • Our c h o i c e f o r t h i s p r o j e c t , based on t r a n s c r i p t I e v a l u a t i o n and i n f o r m a t i o n assembled from other sources, will J be announced i n l o c a l newspapers a t the same time we submit our recommendation to the F e d e r a l Highway Administration. It is I o n l y a f t e r approval by t h a t agency of the U. S. Government i t h a t f i n a l plans can be prepared. The P u b l i c Hearing Information H S t r e e t Grade I a r a t i o n booklet, which addresses i n d e t a i l the Sep- preliminary plans and p r o f i l e s o f the two a l t e r n a t i v e s , w i l l be i n s e r t e d | i n t o the record a t t h i s time. �H STREET GRADE SEPARATION 14 PERTINENT INFORMATION AVAILABLE FOR PUBLIC INSPECTION AND COPYING Brochures 1. P u b l i c H e a r i n g I n f o r m a t i o n H S t r e e t Grade. S e p a r a t i o n . Department of Highways and T r a f f i c , I S 7 1 . D. C. 2. R e l o c a t i o n I n f o r m a t i o n f o r R e s i d e n t s l o c a t e d on Highway P r o j e c t s i n t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a . D. C. Department of Highways and T r a f f i c and Redevelopment Land Agency, 1970. 3. R e l o c a t i o n I n f o r m a t i o n f o r B u s i n e s s and N o n - P r o f i " O r g a n i z a t i o n s L o c a t e d on Highway P r o j e c t s i n t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a . D. C. Department of Highways and T r a f f i c and Redevelopment L a n d Agency, 1970. Reports 4. The F e a s i b i l i t y o f a Combined I n t e r c i t y Bus and R a i l T e r m i n a l At t h e N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r C e n t e r . The O f f i c e s of Seymour A u e r b a c h , A . I . A . , June 19, 1970. 5. Union S t a t i o n T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Center O c t o b e r 29, 1970. 6. Report Study. Conklin & Rossant, t o Model C i t i e s Committee R e g a r d i n g H S t r e e t a t N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r Center. D. C. Department of Highways a r d T r a f ' i c , R e s p o n s e to q u e s t i o n s o f m e e t i n g on J u l y 1 , 1970. 7. Impact of P a r k i n g and U n i o n Bus F a c i l i t i e s a t N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r Center. A l a n M. V o o r h e e s & A s s o c i a t e s , I n c . , O c t o b e r 1969. 8. Annual Bridge I n s p e c t i o n Report. D. C. Department of Highways T r a f f i c , F e b r u a r y 3, 1967. 9. Urban Renewal P l a n f o r t h e H S t r e e t U r b a n R e n e w a l A r e a . C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, J u n e 25, 1970. and National 10. The N a t i o n a l R e g i s t e r o f H i s t o r i c P l a c e s 1969. U n i t e d S t a t e s Department of t h e I n t e r i o r , N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e , W a s h i n g t o n , D. C , 1969. 11. Urban Renewal P l a n f o r N o r t h e a s t Urban Renewal A r e a P r o j e c t No. D. C. Redevelopment Land Agency, O c t o b e r 10, .1963. 1. �15 L e t t e r s , Memoranda, S t a t e m e n t s and T r a n s c r i p t s 12. Recommendations o f D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Model C i t i e s Commission. P h y s i c a l P l a n n i n g S t a n d i n g Committee, June 2, 1970. 13. L e t t e r s R e f l e c t i n g Community P a r t i c i p a t i o n . Model C i t i e s t o D i s t r i c t of Columbia Government and N a t i o n a l P l a n n i n g Commission, June 4, 1970. 14. C o r r e s p o n d e n c e between Department o f t h e I n t e r i o r and Department of Transportation regarding V i s i t o r Center. J a n u a r y 27, 1970. 15. A u t h o r i z a t i o n f o r P r e l i m i n a r y E n g i n e e r i n g f o r S u r v e y and P l a n Preparation. Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o D. C. Department of Highways and T r a f f i c , A p r i l 2 3 , 1964. 16. A p p r o v a l o f a R e v i s i o n o f a F e d e r a l - A i d S e c o n d a r y Highway S y s t e m i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a . B u r e a u of P u b l i c Roads t o D. C. Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c , November 1 , 1961, 17. Questions 18. C o r r e s p o n d e n c e between t h e W a s h i n g t o n T e r m i n a l Company and t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a . J a n u a r y 2 3 , 1970. 19. C o r r e s p o n d e n c e between N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission and Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a T r a n s i t A u t h o r i t y r e g a r d i n g i s s u e s i n v o l v i n g Metro S t a t i o n w i t h e n t r a n c e s from H Street. May 14, 1970. and A n s w e r s , N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r s C e n t e r P l a n s . C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission and Community. Commission Capital National Guidelines 20. A P o l i c y on A r t e r i a l Highways i n Urban A r e a s . of S t a t e Highway O f f i c i a l s , 1957. American A s s o c i a t i o n 21. C l e a n A i r Amendment o f 1970 22. C o n t r o l o f A i r P o l l u t i o n from New Motor V e h i c l e s and New Motor Vehicle Engines. Department of H e a l t h , E d u c a t i o n and W e l f a r e , 1968. 23. R e l o c a t i o n A s s i s t a n c e and Payments (TM 8 0 - 1 - 6 8 ) . U. S. Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n and F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , 1968. �16 24. Public Hearings and Location Approval (PPM 20-8). U. S. Department of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration, 1969. 25. Federal Laws, Regulations and Material Relating to the Federal Highway Administration. U. S.•Department of Transportation and Federal Highway Administration, 1970. 26. National Visitor Center F a c i l i t i e s Act of 1968. Displays for Public Inspection 27. National Visitor Center Model. 28. Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority Rapid Transit Development Program. General Plan. �I hope y c u have found tame t o look a t some o f t h e E] e x h i b i t s p l a c e d t o my r i g h t o They a r e l a r g e - s c a l e . j drawings jl o f t h e e x h i b i t s found i n t h e i n f o r m a t i o n b o o k l e t w i t h a b i t j] o f d r e s s i n g up t o h e l p you t o understand them b e t t e r . Mow, j i f you s h o u l d have q u e s t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g any of t h e s e e x h i b i t s , I o r members o f my s t a f f , Mr. Hartman, Mr. Cornwell w i l l happy t o respond, h o p e f u l l y t o your s a t i s f a c t i o n . HEARING OFFICER ALE'iANOER; Thank you, 1 I assume you w i l l be s t a n d i n g by. I who came 2.11 r i g h t now Thank you. Mr. DeGast. For the b e n e f i t of those one more government w i t n e s s and Anybody who be l a t e , 1 might point out t h a t we have on the agenda I w i t n e s s e s who nine public d e s i r e s to make a statement tonight o r to r a i s e Mike Hartman > a t t h e f a r red t a b l e , and i t w i l l be on a f i r s t - c o n e f i r s t | s e r v e b a s i s added t o t h e l i s t we p r e s e n t l y have. I Other persons s t i l l d e s i r e to p u t i n a d d i t i o n a l w r i t t e n statements j submit them onor b e f o r e F r i d a y , J u l y The next w i t n e s s i s Mr. I speak w i t h Mr. may 9. James A. Brown, and he w i l l L a r r y P r e s s i n tandem, r e p r e s e n t i n g | points a t t h i s time. | me j i n d i c a t e d a d e s i r e to make statements e a r l i e r . q u e s t i o n s t o n i g h t only needs to check i n w i t h Mr. who I RLA view- W i l l you please be s e a t e d i n f r o n t o-l and a s a matter o f sequence, gentlemen? Mr. Press. MR. PRESSJ Mr. Chairman, I am Lawre ce P r e s s , D i r - e c t o r o f the Redevelopment Land Agency's O f f i c e o f P l a n n i n g �and Design and I have a statement on b e h a l f of the Agency concerning the impact o f the proposed B S t r e e t Grade Separa t i o n on the abutting urban renewal p r o j e c t s - the Northeast Urban Renewal Area P r o j e c t No. 1 , t o the west o f the r a i l r o a d t r a c k s , and the H S t r e e t Northeast Urban Renewal Area t o the e a s t o f the t r a c k s . The p u b l i c documents provided by the D. C. Highway Department show t h a t the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f an H S t r e e t Grade Separation o r Ramp r a t h e r than the r e b u i l d i n g o f the e x i s t i n g • S t r e e t tunnel would r e s u l t i n lower c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t s and H a l s o provide a means of auto and bus access t o the north end of the parking garage which i s t o be b u i l t i n conjunction w i t h the National V i s i t o r ' s Center t o be located a t Union S t a t i o n . We have reviewed the m a t e r i a l s and d i s c u s s e d the proposal and i t s e f f e c t on these p r o j e c t s with the Highway Department and f i n d t h a t the proposed H S t r e e t Ramp would cause two major, but not n e c e s s a r i l y insurmountable, problems with r e s p e c t t o the Northeast No. 1 Urban Renewal Area. The f i r s t i s s u e would be the need t o modify the Urban Renewal Plan to c a r r y out the Ranp proposal and t h e timing o f such a Plan change. The second roblem d e a l s w i t h the d i s p o s i t i o n of those p r o p e r t i e s i n the Northeast No. 1 p r o j e c t t h a t w i l l have t o be acquired by the Highway Department i n order t o c a r r y out the Ramp proposal. �. I t s h o u l d be noted t h a t t h e a l t e r n a t i v e p r o p o s a l \ t h e r e b u i l d i n g o f t h e e x i s t i n g H S t r e e t underpass - would have j no d i r e c t impact on abutting l a n d u s e s and consequently would cause no major problems f o r the Agency i n c a r r y i n g out these r e n e w a l programs. As noted i n the informational m a t e r i a l prepared by \ t h e Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c , implementation of the - i overpass a l t e r n a t i v e would a f f e c t f i v e property owners along j t h e n o r t h s i d e of K S t r e e t i n the Northeast No. 1 Urban Renewal Area. The p r o p e r t i e s i n question are (1) the Small-Chatelain O f f i c e B u i l d i n g ; (2) the National Savings and T r u s t Company Bank; (3) the Quinn Patent Drawing S e r v i c e , I n c . , B u i l d i n g ; the Northeast C a p i t o l Auto Car Wash; and J o n e s Corporation. (5) the Of t h e s e , only the Small-Chatelain Ken Building would remain, although i t would probably be necessary to mod- j i f y access to i t s parking f a c i l i t i e s e i t h e r from H S t r e e t or ftortn caprtxQA. t>v.reeti. The Small-Chatelain B u i l d i n g , the bank b u i l d i n g , and the Quinn b u i l d i n g were constructed on the b u i l d i n g l i n e . The car-wash b u i l d i n g i s s e t bade about 20 f e e t from the b u i l d i n g line. Ken-Jonas Pood S e r v i c e has not y e t s t a r t e d c o n s t r u c t i o n . The proposed rarap would occupy the e n t i r e right-of-way space up t o the f r o n t of the bank and Quinn's and e l i m i n a t e t h e i r e x i s t i n g access from H S t r e e t . I n the case of the Small-Chata- i a i n b u i l d i n g , the ramp would begin approximately a t the j �e a s t e r n w a l l o f the b u i l d i n g and be e l e v a t e d a t a grade o f about 2 - 3 f e e t above the p a r k i n g a r e a and i t s e n t r a n c e . B u i l d i n g the Rarap a l o n g H S t r e e t a t t h e proposed grade would r e s u l t i n s t r e e t e l e v a t i o n s t h a t would b i s e c t the e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g frontage t h e new o f t h e bank and Quinn's, and s t r e e t would a c t u a l l y be above the car-wash and Ken-Jones p r o p e r t y . Thus, w i t h the e x c e p t i o n of the the Small- C h a t e l a i n b u i l d i n g , t h e r e m a i n i n g p r o p e r t i e s would have t o be a c q u i r e d and the a f f e c t e d owners r e l o c a t e d . The Agency's G e n e r a l C o u n s e l and t h e C o r p o r a t i o n C o u n s e l f o r the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia have determined t h a t i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f the Ramp p r o p o s a l would n e c e s s i t a t e a P l a n change t o the N o r t h e a s t No. One Urban Renewal P l a n , and t h i s change would, i n accordance w i t h S e c t i o n 5-711 D.C. Redevelopment A c t o f 1945, of that the r e q u i r e the v y r i t t e n c o n s e n t o f a l l t h e a f f e c t e d p r o p e r t y ©wner3. A t a meeting h e l d a t t h e Agency on A p r i l 13th the s t a f f o f t h e Agency and the Highway Department e x p l a i n e d Rarap p r o p o s a l , owners. the as w e l l as t h e r i g h t s o f the a f f e c t e d p r o p e r t y A t t h i s s e s s i o n , t h e major concerns e x p r e s s e d by t h e owners d e a l t w i t h t h e adequacy and t i m e l i n e s s o f comp e n s a t i o n f o r any p r o p e r t y a c q u i s i t i o n r e q u i r e d by t h i s p r o p o s a l , and a l s o w i t h the adequacy o f r e l o c a t i o n a s s i s t a n c e . However, S e c t i o n 5-718(a) o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbi* Redevelopment A c t o f 1945 d e n i e s any F e d e r a l o r D i s t r i c t �government Agency- t h e "power to . . . d e p a r t from any f e a t u r e o r d e t a i l o f an approved redevelopment p l a n . . . u n l e s s such . . o d e p a r t u r e be adopted by t h e Planning Commission and approved by t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia C o u n c i l . . . o r u n l e s s t h e . . . departure by approved by Act o f Congress". We b e l i e v e t h a t t h i s requirement means t h a t no d e f i n i t i v e dec i s i o n on the overpass a l t e r n a t i v e can be made u n t i l t h e r e q u i r e d P l a n change t o Northeast No. One Urban Renewal P l a n has been completed. Such a P l a n change would have t o be adopted by the National C a p i t o l P l a n n i n g Commission and, a f t e r a p u b l i c h e a r i n g approved by t h e C i t y C o u n c i l , and would have t o be proceeded by t h e w r i t t e n c o n s e n t o f t h e a f f e c t e d redavelopers. The second i s s u e i s the r e u s e o f a c q u i r e d p r o p e r t i e s . The property to be purchased by the D.C. Highway Department i n the Northeast No. 1 P r o j e c t , t o g e t h e r w i t h an e x i s t i n g l a r g e uncommitted Agency-owned p a r c e l a l o n g t h e n o r t h s i d e o f H S t r e e t , amounts t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y 100,000 s q u a r e f e e t o f l a n d w i t h a 430 f o o t H S t r e e t f r o n t a g e . The p u r c h a s e d p r o - p e r t i e s w i l l n o t be d e d i c a t e d f o r highway u s e and a c c o r d i n g l y w i l l be a v a i l a b l e f o r f u t u r e redevelopment. We a r e t h e r e f o r e concerned, w i t h t h e f u t u r e r e u s e o f t h e s e p r o p e r t i e s and w i t h t h e mechanism through w h i c h t h e s e p r o p e r t i e s w i l l be d i s p o s e d o f f o r development. The Northeast No. 1 development c o n t r o l s would still �a p p l y t o t h e p r o p e r t i e s p u r c h a s e d by t h e Highway Department and, f u r t h e r , we b e l i e v e t h a t t h i s p r o p e r t y s h o u l d be t u r n e d o v e r t o t h i s Agency f o r d i s p o s i t i o n . T h i s would a s s u r e both the i n c l u s i o n o f t h e r e n e w a l p l a n c o n t r o l s i n t h e f u t u r e development, and an a p p r o p r i a t e u t i l i z a t i o n o f t h e purchased p r o p e r t y by i t s assembly w i t h e x i s t i n g uncommitted l a n d a l ready owned by t h e Agency. T h i s l e a d s t o a second i s s u e ; t h e t e c h n i q u e by w h i c h t h e Agency would r e c e i v e t h e p r o p e r t y f o r eventual disposition. T h e r e i s i n d i c a t i o n t h a t because o f l i m i t e d f u n d s , the Department o f Housing and Urban Development would be u n w i l l i n g t o p r o v i d e any new p r o j e c t funds t o w a r d t h e p u r c h a s e of t h e s e a f f e c t e d p r o p e r t i e s by t h e Agency. Therefore, the Highway Department would have t o t r a n s f e r t h e s e p r o p e r t i e s t o t h e Agency f o r an amount n o t t o e x c e e d t h e e x p e c t e d d i s p o s i t i o n ; proceeds from Agency r e s a l e . I f t h e proceeds from t h e f u t u r e r e s a l e o f t h i s l a n d were l e s s t h a n t h e c o s t o f a c q u i s i t i o n , t h i s l o s s would have t o be borne by t h e Highway Department and not' by t h e Agency. We t h i n k t h a t i t i s i m p o r t a n t t h a t t h i s f u n d i n g c o n s t r a i n t be n o t e d , a s i t may pose a major problem f o r t h e Highway Department. F i n a l l y , t h e o v e r p a s s a l t e r n a t i v e would r e q u i r e t h e t a k i n g o f p r o p e r t i e s i n t h e H S t r e e t Urban Renewal A r e a , along t h e s o u t h s i d e o f H S t r e e t between 2nd and 3 r d S t r e e t s , N.E. T h i s f r o n t a g e i s n o t w i t h i n a d e s i g n a t e d a c t i o n a r e a , however, �t h e Agency would l i k e t o n o t e t h a t any r e u s e o f t h i s a f f e c t e d a r e a s h o u l d be c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e H S t r e e t Urban Renewal P l a n I and w i t h t h e g e n e r a l l a n d u s e o b j e c t i v e s e s t a b l i s h e d t h e r e i n . v a r i o u s i n v o l v e d community o r g a n i z a t i o n s w i l l p r e s e n t p o s i t i o n s during t h e course o f these their hearings. K i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e N o r t h e a s t #1 problem, i f , a f t e r a p p r o p r i a t e c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h the* community and w i t h t h e c o n s e n t o f t h e a f f e c t e d r e d e v e 1 o p s r s and a f t e r agreement on o t h e r s t e p s d i s c u s s e d above, s h o u l d t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Government d e c i d e t o proceed w i t h t h e Ramp p r o p o s a l , t h e Agency would do e v e r y t h i n g i t c o u l d t o e x p e d i t e t h e r e q u i r e d P l a n change and t o a s s i s t i n any way t h a t would be m e a n i n g f u l . Mr. James Brown, t h e Agency's A s s i s t a n t E x e c u t i v e Director associated with the O f f i c e of Relocation Assistance, w i l l i d e n t i f y t h e a n t i c i p a t e d r e l o c a t i o n impact which t h e Ramp p r o p o s a l would g e n e r a t e , and w i l l summarize t h e r e l o c a - t i o n s e r v i c e s and b e n e f i t s a v a i l a b l e t o a f f e c t e d r e s i d e n t s and b u s i n e s s e s . HEARING OFFICER ALEXANDER: Thank y o u , Mr. P r e s s . Mr. Brown. MR. BROWNs My name i s J a n s s A. Brown and I am Assistant Executive Director, associated with the Relocation A s s i s t a n c e O f f i c e o f t h e D. C. Redevelopment Agency. �The R e l o c a t i o n A s s i s t a n c e O f f i c e , c o n s i s t i n g o f s e p a r a t e F a m i l y and B u s i n e s s B r a n c h e s , was e s t a b l i s h e d w i t h i n t h e Agency under t h e terms of the Do C. Relocation A c t o f 1964. The p r i m a r y function o f t h e O f f i c e i s t o a s s i s t f a m i l i e s , i n d i v i d u a l s and businesses required t o move a s a r e s u l t o f any p u b l i c a c t i o n taking p l a c e i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. Such p u b l i c a c t i o n , o f course, includes highway Representatives o f t h e F a m i l y R e l o c a t i o n Branch a s s i s t f a m i l i e s and i n d i v i d u a l s i n f i n d i n g decent, s a f e and s a n i t a r y housing and a l s o p r o v i d e s r o f e r r a l s f o r s o c i a l s e r v i c e s conducted by both p u b l i c and p r i v a t e a g e n c i e s , such a s welfare s e r v i c e s , employment c o u n s e l i n g , j o b t r a i n i n g , h e a l t h s e r v i c e s and t h e l i k e . The Business R e l o c a t i o n Branch a s s i s t s b u s i n e s s e s required t o move a s a r e s u l t o f p u b l i c a c t i o n i n f i n d i n g a l t e r n a t e l o c a t i o n s f o r t h e i r o p e r a t i o n s and a l s o o f f e r s h e l p I n contacting the S m a l l Business A d m i n i s t r a t i o n and o t h e r p u b l i c and p r i v a t e o r g a n i z a t i o n s p r o v i d i n g s e r v i c e s t o ' businesses. I n o r d e r t o ease t h e burden o f moving, f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e i s a l s o a u t h o r i z e d f o r e l i g i b l e occupants i n t h e form o f r e l o c a t i o n payments o f various t y p e s w h i c h w i l l be discussed l a t e r . C l a i m s f o r these payments a r e a d m i n i s t e r e d by t h e R e l o c a t i o n A s s i s t a n c e O f f i c e . �S t a f f members o f o u r O f f i c e have conducted an e x t e r i o r s u r v e y o f t h e p r o p e r t i e s on H S t r e e t , e a s t o f t h e R a i l r o a d B r i d g e S i t e , w h i c h would be i n v o l v e d o r may be i n v o l v e d i n t h e p r o j e c t under c o n s i d e r a t i o n , I f i t i s approved I s h o u l d amend t h i s t o s a y i f t h e overpass i s approved. From t h e s u r v e y , we judge t h a t t h e r e a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y twelve t o s i x t e e n households and t h r e e b u s i n e s s e s i n t h i s a r e a , depending upon t h e number o f s t r u c t u r e s t o be i n c l u d e d i n t h e project. P r e c i s e i n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n g numbers o f f a m i l i e s , i n d i v i d u a l s and b u s i n e s s e s , f a m i l y s i z e s , income l e v e l s and o t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n i s n o t known a t t h i s t i m e . However, b e f o r e any a c q u i s i t i o n o f l a n d i s t h i s a r e a c o u l d proceed f o r t h i s p r o j e c t , i t would be n e c e s s a r y t o conduct i n d i v i d u a l i n t e r v i e w s w i t h a l l o f t h e r e s i d e n t i a l occupants t o determine t h e i r p r e c i s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and needs and a s s u r a n c e s would have t o be p r o v i d e d t h a t decent, s a f e and s a n i t a r y housing would be a v a i l a b l e t o t h e s e occupants b e f o r e t h e y were r e q u i r e d t o move. I n g e n e r a l , t h e r e l o c a t i o n payments a u t h o r i z e d under t h e new Uniform R e l o c a t i o n A c t o f 1970, w h i c h would be a v a i l a b l e i f f a m i l i e s and i n d i v i d u a l s a r e r e q u i r e d t o move from t h i s a r e a , a r e a s f o l l o w s : The f i r s t i s moving expense payments. E l i g i b l e r e s i d e n t i a l occupants a r e e n t i t l e d t o either: �26 a. d i r e c t reimbursement f o r a c t u a l and reasonable moving e x p e n s e s , o r bo a f i x e d amount determined by a schedule, not to exceed $300, p l u s a d i s l o c a t i o n allowance o f $200. Other payments a v a i l a b l e are Replacement Housing Payments. E l i g i b l e occupants who own t h e i r homes may r e c e i v e an amount not to exceed $15,00 replacement housing. t them i n p u r c h a s i n g The amount of t h i s payment may vary according to the circumstances i n each c a s e and t h e e l i g i b i l i t y requirements and the amount to be p a i d w i l l be determined a f t e r each owner-occupant i s i n t e r v i e w e d . Rent Replacement Housing Payments a r e a l s o a v a i l a b l e . Tenants, as w e l l a s some homeowners who do n o t q u a l i f y f o r t h e Replacement Housing Payment d e s c r i b e d above, may be e l i g i b l e f o r an amount n o t t o e x c e e d $4,000 o v e r a p e r i o d o f f o u r y e a r s t o help them pay r e n t o r t o make a downpayment on a r e p l a c e ment d w e l l i n g . The amounts and t h e manner o f payment may v a r y according t o c i r c u m s t a n c e s i n each c a s e t o be determined a f t e r e a c h occupant i s i n t e r v i e w e d . With r e s p e c t t o b u s i n e s s e s , t h e new law p r o v i d e s f o r reimbursement f o r a c t u a l r e a s o n a b l e moving e x p e n s e s , d i r e c t l o s s e s o f t a n g i b l e p e r s o n a l p r o p e r t y and c e r t a i n r e a s o n a b l e expenses i n s e a r c h i n g f o r a r e p l a c e m e n t b u s i n e s s l o c a t i o n . I t a l s o p r o v i d e s , under c e r t a i n c i r c u m s t a n c e s , f o r a payment i n l i e u o f a l l reimbursable expenses a t t h e o p t i o n o f the �businesses involved. T h i s payment s h a l l n o t be l e s s than $2,500 n o r more than $10,000 and i s based upon t h e average a n n u a l n e t e a r n i n g s d u r i n g t h e two t a x a b l e y e a r s immediately p r e c e d i n g t h e t a x a b l e y e a r i n which t h e b u s i n e s s moves. I n o r d e r t o be e l i g i b l e f o r t h i s payment, t h e b u s i n e s s must e s t a b l i s h t h e f a c t t h a t i t cannot r e l o c a t e w i t h o u t s u b s t a n t i a l l o s s o f patronage. I n a d d i t i o n , i t cannot be p a r t o f a commercial e n t e r p r i s e h a v i n g a t l e a s t one o t h e r e s t a b l i s h m e n t n o t b e i n g a c q u i r e d by t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . There a r e c e r t a i n t e c h n i c a l e l i g i b i l i t y requirements i n v o l v e d i n making any o r a l l o f t h e above payments. I f t h e p r o j e c t i s approved, r e l o c a t i o n c o u n s e l o r s w i l l provide w r i t t e n i n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n g such requirements and offere x p l a n a t i o n s and a s s i s t a n c e i n f i l i n g claims. O b v i o u s l y , no one s h o u l d p l a n t o move a t t h i s time u n t i l f u r t h e r word i s r e c e i v e d r e g a r d i n g a c t i o n t o be t a k e n on t h i s p r o j e c t . Of c o u r s e , i f t h e highway p r o j e c t i s n o t approved, o r i f t h e underpass i s approved, r a t h e r than t h e o v e r p a s s , you w i l l c o n t i n u e t o be Informed by o u r H S t r e e t P r o j e c t O f f i c e o f t h e p r o g r e s s o f t h e H S t r e e t Urban Renewal Project. I ' d l i k e t o add a t t h i s time t h a t brochures a m p l i f y i n g t h e s t a t e m e n t s t h a t I ' v e made r e g a r d i n g t h e r e l o c a t i o n s e r v i c e s and payments have been p r e p a r e d and a r e a v a i l a b l e a t t h e t a b l e t o my r i g h t . request t h a t these brochures — And I would l i k e t o one f o r f a m i l i e s and one f o r �businesses — be i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o the r e c o r d a t t h i s tirae . �.RELOCATION INFORMATION FOR BUSINESSES AND NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS IN HIGHWAY PROJECTS D I S T R I C T OF COLUMBIA BUSINESS RELOCATION ASSISTANCE OFFICE 815 Mt. Vernon P l a c e , N. W. Telephone: 382-6507 Hours: 8:15 A.M. - 4:45 P.M. Monday through F r i d a y or by Appointment �30 RELOCATION INFORMATION FOR BUSINESSES AND NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS IN HIGHWAY PROJECTS D I S T R I C T OF COLUMBIA If t h e p r o p o s e d p l a n f o r t h e H S t r e e t Grade S e p a r a t i o n i s approved by t h e F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , b u s i n e s s e s and nonprofit organizations required relocation t o move may be e n t i t l e d t o r e c e i v e s e r v i c e s and payments a v a i l a b l e t h r o u g h t h e B u s i n e s s R e l o c a t i o n O f f i c e o f t h e Redevelopment Land Agency. is approved, o c c u p a n t s w i l l be s o n o t i f i e d i n w r i t i n g v i s i t e d by a c o u n s e l o r from t h e R e l o c a t i o n A s s i s t a n c e will explain available. this I f the project and w i l l be O f f i c e who i n d e t a i l a v a i l a b l e s e r v i c e s and payments and e l i g i b i l i t y requirements. properties Project and r e l o c a t i o n Time s c h e d u l e s f o r a c q u i s i t i o n o f o f o c c u p a n t s would t h e n a l s o be made O c c u p a n t s a r e u r g e d t o make no p l a n s f o r moving a t time. Authority Services and payments a r e a u t h o r i z e d by t h e "Uniform R e l o c a t i o n and R e a l P r o p e r t y A c q u i s i t i o n P o l i c i e s A c t of 1971." * * * * * * * * * D e s c r i b e d below i s a summary o f t h e s e r v i c e s and payments w h i c h would be a v a i l a b l e t h r o u g h t h e B u s i n e s s R e l o c a t i o n Office. RELOCATION SERVICES H e l p i n F i n d i n g A New L o c a t i o n The Relocation Assistance of a v a i l a b l e s p a c e s f o r s t o r e s , Office f i n d s and m a i n t a i n s a l i s t o f f i c e s and o t h e r c o m m e r c i a l s p a c e s t o w h i c h s i t e o c c u p a n t s c a n b e r e f e r r e d t h a t meet t h e i r needs and z o n i n g requirements. �Loans and A d v i s o r y Service I f business concerns a r e r e q u i r e d t o move from t h e a r e a they may be e l i g i b l e f o r s p e c i a l f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e , s u c h a s l o w i n t e r e s t l e a n s and l e a s e g u a r a n t e e s by t h e S m a l l Business Administration. I n a d d i t i o n , t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e , m a r k e t a n a l y s e s , and management t r a i n i n g programs a r e o f f e r e d by t h e I n t e r - r a c i a l Council f o r Business Opportunity G u i d a n c e and Development C e n t e r and t h e S m a l l Business o f Howard U n i v e r s i t y . The R e l o c a t i o n O f f i c e would p r o v i d e more d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e s e programs t o any b u s i n e s s e s t h a t a r e i n t e r e s t e d . RELOCATION PAYMENTS S e v e r a l t y p e s o f r e l o c a t i o n payments a r e a v a i l a b l e t o b u s i n e s s e s and n o n p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n s . eligibility and t i m i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s There a r e c e r t a i n on e a c h o f t h e s e payments w h i c h v a i l be f u r t h e r e x p l a i n e d i f t h e p l a n i s a p p r o v e d . Moving E x p e n s e s B u s i n e s s e s and n o n p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n s t h a t meet c e r t a i n occupancy requirements reasonable may be r e i m b u r s e d f o r t h e i r a c t u a l and e x p e n s e s f o r moving t h e i r p e r s o n a l i n c l u d i n g goods f o r s a l e , property, t r a d e f i x t u r e s and equipment. D i r e c t Loss of Property Reimbursement i s a v a i l a b l e f o r a c t u a l d i r e c t l o s s e s o f tangible property i n v o l v e d e i t h e r i n moving o r d i s c o n t i n u i n g a b u s i n e s s o r n o n p r o f i t o r g a n i z a t i o n , not t o exceed t h e c o s t of moving s u c h items. �32 - 3 Expenses F o r S e a r c h i n g F o r a New L o c a t i o n A c t u a l r e a s o n a b l e expenses i n s e a r c h i n g f o r a new l o c a t i o n such a s t r a v e l c o s t s , meals away from home, and payment f o r time spent i n s e a r c h , a r e r e i m b u r s e a b l e . Payment i n L i e u o f Moving Expenses (Nonprofit organizations not e l i g i b l e . ) t h e above expenses, I n place of a l l a businessman may c l a i m a payment e q u a l t o t h e n e t e a r n i n g s o f two t a x a b l e y e a r s p r i o r t o t h e d a t e o f moving, p r o v i d e d he c a n e s t a b l i s h 1) a s u b s t a n t i a l l o s s o f e x i s t i n g patronage, 2) t h a t t h e b u s i n e s s i s n o t p a r t o f a commercial e n t e r p r i s e h a v i n g a t l e a s t one o t h e r e s t a b l i s h m e n t n o t b e i n g a c q u i r e d by t h e D i s t r i c t , and i s engaged i n t h e same o r s i m i l a r b u s i n e s s , 3) t h e o p e r a t i o n c o n t r i b u t e s m a t e r i a l l y t o t h e businessman's income. T h i s payment may be n o t l e s s than $2500 nor more than $10,000. Appeals When a c l a i m f o r a r e l o c a t i o n payment i s s u b m i t t e d , t h e R e l o c a t i o n A s s i s t a n c e O f f i c e determines i t s v a l i d i t y f o r payment. I f a claimant i s not s a t i s f i e d w i t h t h e i n i t i a l d e c i s i o n , he h a s t h e r i g h t t o a p p e a l and t o r e c e i v e a prompt d e c i s i o n on h i s appeal. �RELOCATION INFORMATION FOR RESIDENTS AFFECTED BY HIGHWAY PROJECTS DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Family R e l o c a t i o n A s s i s t a n c e O f f i c e 614 H S t r e e t , N. W. Telephone: Hours: 382-7981 8:15 A.M. - 4:45 P.M. Monday through F r i d a y or by Appointment �34 RELOCATION INFORMATION FOR RESIDENTS OF HIGHWAY PROJECTS D I S T R I C T OF COLUMBIA I f t h e proposed p l a n f o r t h e H S t r e e t Grade S e p a r a t i o n p r o j e c t i s approved by t h e F i d e r a l Highway f a m i l i e s and i n d i v i d u a l s r e q u i r e d Administration, t o move from t h e s i t e w i l l be e n t i t l e d t o r e c e i v e r e l o c a t i o n payments and s e r v i c e s a v a i l a b l e through t h e F a m i l y R e l o c a t i o n Redevelopment Land Agency. A s s i s t a n c e O f f i c e of t h e I f t h e p r o j e c t i s approved, s i t e r e s i d e n t s w i l l r e c e i v e a w r i t t e n n o t i c e and w i l l be v i s i t e d by a j c o u n s e l o r from t h e R e l o c a t i o n O f f i c e who w i l l e x p l a i n i n d e t a i l t h e s e r v i c e s , payments and t h e e l i g i b i l i t y schedules f o r a c q u i s i t i o n of properties requirements. Time and r e l o c a t i o n o f occupants would then a l s o be made a v a i l a b l e . Occupants a r e urged t o make no p l a n s f o r moving a t t h i s t i m e . Authority S e r v i c e s and payments a r e a u t h o r i z e d Relocation by t h e "Uniform and R e a l P r o p e r t y A c q u i s i t i o n P o l i c i e s A c t o f 1971." ************************** RELOCATION SERVICES AND PAYMENTS D e s c r i b e d below i s a summary o f t h e s e r v i c e s and payments a v a i l a b l e through t h e F a m i l y R e l o c a t i o n \ Office. �35 - 2 RELOCATION SERVICES Housing S e r v i c e s When a p r o j e c t i s approved, no one i s r e q u i r e d t o move u n t i l he has ample time t o f i n d o r has been o f f e r e d o t h e r ^ h o u s i n g i s s t a n d a r d , adequate t o h i s needs, w i t h i n h i s means and that convenient t o h i s employment, p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and o t h e r p u b l i c facilities. Relocation Counselors o f f e r a s s i s t a n c e i n f i n d i n g s a l e s or r e n t a l h o u s i n g on t h e p r i v a t e market. Those who q u a l i f y and d e s i r e , w i l l be g i v e n a p r i o r i t y f o r a d m i s s i o n t o p u b l i c so housing o r t o o t h e r g o v e r n m e n t - a s s i s t e d h o u s i n g f o r moderate o r low-income families. for H e l p can a l s o be g i v e n t o e l i g i b l e f a m i l i e s i n a p p l y i n g government a s s i s t e d mortgages a t low i n t e r e s t r a t e s . Social Services I n d i v i d u a l s and f a m i l i e s i n need of emergency r e l i e f or o t h e r f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e , h e l p w i t h employment t r a i n i n g o r r e t r a i n i n g or o t h e r s o c i a l s e r v i c e s , would be r e f e r r e d t o a p p r o p r i a t e p u b l i c and p r i v a t e a g e n c i e s f o r a s s i s t a n c e . RELOCATION PAYMENTS Moving Expenses I f f a m i l i e s or i n d i v i d u a l s a r e r e q u i r e d t o move, t h e y may be e l i g i b l e f o r reimbursement f o r t h e i r a c t u a l moving expenses t h e y may or choose t o r e c e i v e a f i x e d payment, based on t h e number of rooms t h e y occupy, p l u s a $200 d i s l o c a t i o n a l l o w a n c e . Eligible occupants must have been s i t e r e s i d e n t s on c e r t a i n r e q u i r e d d a t e s , or a t the time they r e c e i v e d a w r i t t e n n o t i c e t h a t the D i s t r i c t �36 - 3 i n t e n d s t o a c q u i r e t h e p r o p e r t y where t h e y l i v e , o r t h e y must have received a w r i t t e n order t o vacate. C l a i m s must be f i l e d w i t h i n 6 months o f t h e move. REPLACEMENT HOUSING PAYMENTS E l i g i b l e Owner Occupants Other occupants who h a v e been i n occupancy f o r a t l e a s t 180 days b e f o r e t h e i n i t i a t i o n o f n e g o t i a t i o n s t o a c q u i r e t h e i r p r o p e r t y and meet c e r t a i n o t h e r r e s i d e n c y r e q u i r e m e n t s may r e c e i v e : 1. The d i f f e r e n c e between t h e a c q u i s i t i o n p r i c e o f t h e i r s i t e p r o p e r t y and t h e amount n e c e s s a r y t o p u r c h a s e a comparable i r e p l a c e m e n t d w e l l i n g i n t h e community, o r t h e amount t h e y a c t u a l l y pay f o r a replacement d w e l l i n g , w h i c h e v e r i s l e s s , and 2. An amount t o compensate f o r t h e d i f f e r e n c e between c e r t a i n i n t e r e s t payments i n t h e o l d and new mortgage, and 3. C e r t a i n c l o s i n g and i n c i d e n t a l c o s t s i n c u r r e d i n purchasing a replacement d w e l l i n g . The combined amount f o r a l l r e p l a c e m e n t h o u s i n g payments may n o t exceed $15,000. To be e l i g i b l e f o r t h e s e payments, t h e owner occupant must p u r c h a s e and occupy a s t a n d a r d d w e l l i n g , adequate f o r h i s needs, w i t h i n one y e a r from t h e d a t e o f t h e i n i t i a t i o n o f n e g o t i a t i o n s t o a c q u i r e h i s s i t e d w e l l i n g o r one y e a r from t h e d a t e he moves, w h i c h e v e r i s l a t e r , and f i l e s a c l a i m w i t h i n \ 1 8 months from t h e d a t e h e moves. RENT REPLACEMENT HOUSING PAYMENTS The f o l l o w i n g s i t e r e s i d e n t s a r e e l i g i b l e t o r e c e i v e a r e n t •replacement h o u s i n g payment t o a s s i s t i n t h e payment o f r e n t i n �_ 4 a standard 37 d w e l l i n g , not t o exceed $4000, t o be p a i d o v e r a p e r i o d of f o u r y e a r s % 1. S i t e occupants 2. Owner o c c u p a n t s , who r e n t replacement h o u s i n g 3. Owner occupants who a r e not e l i g i b l e Housing Payment d e s c r i b e d To be e l i g i b l e f o r t h e Replacement above. t h e occupant must h a v e r e s i d e d on s i t e a t l e a s t 90 days b e f o r e t h e i n i t i a t i o n o f n e g o t i a t i o n s t o a c q u i r e t h e property. The payment i s determined by m u l t i p l y i n g 48 X t h e d i f f e r e n c e between t h e monthly economic r e n t a t h i s s i t e d w e l l i n g and t h e amount n e c e s s a r y t o r e n t a comparable, s t a n d a r d u n i t i n t h e ; community. I # ' DOWNPAYMENT ON A REPLACEMENT DWELLING An owner occupant who d i d not occupy h i s s i t e d w e l l i n g f o r 180 days b e f o r e i n i t i a t i o n o f n e g o t i a t i o n s t o a c q u i r e h i s s i t e d w e l l i n g , but d i d occupy h i s d w e l l i n g f o r 90 days b e f o r e t h a t d a t e and a t e n a n t who meets t h i s 90 day r e q u i r e m e n t may c l a i m following: The amount n e c e s s a r y the t o make a downpayment on a s t a n d a r d d w e l l i n g p l u s reimbursement f o r c e r t a i n i n c i d e n t a l c o s t s i n c u r r e d i n purchasing may a replacement d w e l l i n g . not exceed $4000. The t o t a l combined payment I f t h e c l a i m exceeds $2000 t h e claimant must pay 50% o f t h e c o s t o v e r t h a t amount. APPEALS When a c l a i m f o r a r e l o c a t i o n payment i s s u b m i t t e d , t h e R e l o c a t i o n A s s i s t a n c e O f f i c e determines i t s v a l i d i t y I f a claimant i s d i s s a t i s f i e d f o r payment. w i t h t h e i n i t i a l d e c i s i o n , he has a r i g h t t o a p p e a l and t o r e c e i v e a prompt d e c i s i o n on h i s appeal. �I f t h e r e a r e any q u e s t i o n s r e g a r d i n g r e l o c a t i o n h e s i t a t e t o c a l l our o f f i c e . Thank you. HEARING OFFICER ALEXANDER: W i l l you make c e r t a i n t h a t t h e r e p o r t s r e f e r r e d t o a r e i n the r e c o r d . And thank you, Mr. Brown and Mr. P r e s s . I take i t f o r g r a n t e d t h a t a s government w i t n e s s e s you a r e going t o bs available- f o r subsequent q u e s t i o n i n g during t h e evening. Thank you very much. The next p u b l i c w i t n e s s i s Congressman Kenneth Gray, of I l l i n o i s , who i s hare r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e P u b l i c Works Committee. I know t h e Congressman h a d a s c h e d u l i n g problem t o n i g h t and we a r e p l e a s e d t o have h i m w i t h u s . Congressman G r a y . CONGRESSMAN GRAY: Thank you,' Mr. Chairman. I a p o l o g i z e f o r my t a r d i n e s s . We had a r o l l c a l l v o t e on Food Stamps and X might be o u t o f work sometime. So I wanted t o make s u r e t h a t I g o t t o v o t e on t h a t . F i r s t , Mr. Chairman and L a d i e s and Gentlemen, l e t me thank y o u and your co-workers f o r s c h e d u l i n g t h e s e h e a r i n g s , Because a s y o u know, t h i s i s r e q u i r e d under p u b l i c l a w and w i l l have t h e e f f e c t o f e x p e d i t i n g the p r o j e c t . As a member o f t h e P u b l i c Works Committee o f t h e �House o f R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s and a mei.iber o f t h e n a t i o n a l V i s i t o r I F a c i l i t i e s A d v i s o r y Commission. 1 have a p e r s o n a l i n t e r e s t i n the development o f t h e proposed and f u l l y a u t h o r i z e d I Visitor A l s o , I have sponsored a s Chairman o f I I C e n t e r f o r Washington. • ] t h e House Sub-Committee on P u b l i c B u i l d i n g s and Grounds, many j i pieces of l e g i s l a t i o n t o authorise public buildings i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia w h i c h w i l l b e n e f i t t h e communitv and the v i s i t o r s a l i k e . J The new c o n v e n t i o n c e n t e r i s , h e n c e f o r t h , the a r e n a • t h a t i s proposed f o r Washington i s a good example o f p r o j e c t s we a r e w o r k i n g on now. The r e p l a c e m e n t o f t h e e x i s t i n g II S t r e e t s t r u c t u r e , Mr. Chairman, i s long overdue, a s anyone who d r i v e s o r w a l k s through i t c a n t e s t i f y t o t h i s f a c t . t r i a n , you do n o t f e e l s a f e . As a d r i v e r , o r pedes- J I t i s a depressing experience, xvhich s e r v e s t o s e p a r a t e two o f t h e most v i a b l e b u s i n e s s communities i n Washington - t h e downtown a r e a and t h e II S t r e e t 1 corridor. T h e r e f o r e , w i t h t h e F e d e r a l funds a l r e a d y earmarked \ j and a v a i l a b l e f o r use t o improve, t h i s b l i g h t , I encourage t h e 1 Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c t o move ahead w i t h an e l e v a t e d II S t r e e t o v e r p a s s . There has been, and i s , concern on t h e p a r t o f * i n d i v i d u a l s , who I'm s u r e a r e here t o n i g h t , who might need t o . be r e l o c a t e d due t o t h i s development. Now, Mr„ Chairman, a3 t h e one who h e l p e d co-sponsor j �the r e l o c a t i o n l e g i s l a t i o n , 1 want t o reemphasise what o f f i c i a l s of the Redevelopment Land Agency have s a i d — that i s , t h a t any r e l o c a t i o n o f f a m i l i e s and b u s i n e s s e s be will done i n advance so t h a t the needs and the r e q u i r e m e n t s o f i n d i v i d u a l s i n v o l v e d w i l l be met b e f o r e t h i s p r o j e c t can the be undertaken. From the v e r y b e g i n n i n g of the N a t i o n a l Visitor C e n t e r p r o j e c t , I have f e l t v e r y s t r o n g l y , t h a t i n a d d i t i o n providing information and programs to f o r t h e out-of-town v i s i t o r s , we s h o u l d do o t h e r t h i n g s : (1) p r o v i d e the V i s i t o r C e n t e r w i t h t h e mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . T h i s o v e r p a s s proposed f o r H S t r e e t w i l l h e l p do t h a t . (2) We p a r k i n g n e a r by — t h i s w i l l h e l p do t h a t . s h o u l d be a c c e p t a b l e interest. s h o u l d have adequate T h i r d l y , we t o the p r i n c i p a l p o i n t s o f v i s i t o r T h i s w i l l do t h a t s i n c e the N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r C e n t e r w i l l be l o c a t e d i n t h i s b u i l d i n g . F o u r t h l y , we s h o u l d b r i n g added economic v i t a l i t y t o t h i s p a r t of the city. A l l o f t h e s e p r o j e c t s a r e designed t o do t h a t . I b e l i e v e the completed d e s i g n i n c l u d i n g the e l e v a t e d H S t r e e t , does a d d r e s s i t s e l f t o t h e s e p o i n t s ; as w e l l a s t h e social, economic and e n v i r o n m e n t a l concerns t h a t we a l l l h a v e As a p a r t of the N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r C e n t e r p r o j e c t , we have developed p l a n s f o r a p a r k i n g f a c i l i t y f o r approximate-! l y 4,500 automobiles and o v e r 200 buses i n the a i r space o v e r the r a i l r o a d t r a c k s t o t h e r e a r of t h i s facility. �41 The e l e v a t e d U S t r e e t w i l l p e r m i t additional J a c c e s s t o t h i s $11 m i l l i o n d o l l a r p a r k i n g f a c i l i t y . J i t a l s o p e r m i t s i n t e r - c i t y buses t o use the t e r m i n a l . say a t t h i s p o i n t , I met here j u s t l a s t week — And X might l a s t Friday — 3 w i t h a group t o t r y t o o u t t o g e t h e r a package o f making t h i s I n o t j u s t a t r a i n t e r m i n a l , b u t a major t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t y j t o b r i n g t o g e t h e r our b u s e s , t r a i n s , and Metro — the subway — : and e n a b l i n g r e s i d e n t s and v i s i t o r s a l i k e t o be a b l e t o get around i n t h e c i t y . T h i s k i n d o f i n t e r - m o b i l e t e r m i n a l stakes sense me. As t h e to designs As t h e d e s i g n s developed f o r t h e N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r Center i t seems advantageous t o g a i n an entranceway t o i t from li S t r e e t on t h e N o r t h . The d e s i g n e r s found t h a t by e l e v a t i n g II S t r e e t t h e y c o u l d d e s i g n and b u i l d t h i s a c c e s s i n a way that would be l e s s d i s r u j i t i v e t o s t r e e t t r a f f i c and t o r a i l operations. The d e s i g n f o r H S t r e e t i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 million d o l l a r s l e s s c o s t l y , t h a t i s the e v e r p a s s , Mr. Chairman, than t h e underpass. The s a v i n g s c e r t a i n l y c o u l d be spent t o good use i n o t h e r a r e a s o f the c i t y . I f e e l t h a t i t can be c o n s t r u c t e d i n a s h o r t e r p e r i o d o f t i m e , t h a t i s t h e o v e r p a s s , and t h a t i t o f f e r s the b e s t p o s s i b i l i t y o f k e e p i n g a t l e a s t p a r t o f II S t r e e t open t o t r a f f i c most o f the t i m e . �E v e r y c o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o u l d be g i v e n to keep the t r a f f i c f l o w i n g on II S t r e e t so t h a t the s t r e e t i s not for closed the f o u r t o f o u r and one h a l f y e a r s d u r i n g the c o n s t r u e t i o n j period. The advantages t o the -immediate s u r r o u n d i n g would seem e x t r e m e l y attractive. community! I t would connect the II S t r e e t r e n e w a l a r e a w i t h dewntoiv-n Washington by an a t t r a c t i v e , w e l l l i g h t e d l a n d s c a p e d s t r e e t w i t h wide s i d e w a l k s . j I t provides a J d i r e c t and a t t r a c t i v e l i n k w i t h the economic v i t a l i t y of the new V i s i t o r C e n t e r and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s t h a t I mentioned e a r l i e r . T h i s s t r e e t , designed i n connection V i s i t o r s P r o j e c t , i s one more s t e p i n b r i n g i n g v i t a l i t y w i t h th<3 to the c i t y o f Washington and k n i t t i n g a l l p a r t s o f the C i t y i n t o one f a b r i c . j And I'm s u r e t h i s i s something we a l l d e s i r e . And xn c l o s i n g , Mr. Chairman, I want t o thank you and y o u r co-workers i n the g r e a t c i t y o f Washington, f o r y o u r v i s i o n and f o r e s i g h t i n moving ahead w i t h c l e a r i n g out the s t r e e t impediments t h a t I t h i n k has been p a r t o f the growth of t h i s p a r t of the c i t y , and even more i m p o r t a n t l y , will a l l o w us t o move f o r w a r d w i t h t h e V i s i t o r C e n t e r and a l l o f the o t h e r p r o j e c t s t h a t we have designed —Convention a r e now Canter and the Sports the A r e n a , - tiwvfc proposed f o r the Mount Vernon Square a r e a , v e r y c l o s e t o h e r e , and I'm s u r e we can make t h i s a c i t y hat w i l l be j �43 Thank you v e r y much. HEARING OFFICER ALEXANDER: Thank you v e r y much, Congressman. B e f o r e we go on t o t h e n e x t p u b l i c w i t n e s s , I s h o u l d s a y . a s I s a i d b e f o r e , t h a t anybody t h a t came i n l a t e , who w i s h e s t o be p u t on t h e w i t n e s s l i s t c a n do So s i m p l y by c h e c k i n g i n w i t h Mr. Mike Hartman a t t h e f a r r i g h t hand s i d e o f t h e room and you w i l l be added — f i r s t come, f i r s t s e r v e — to for the witness l i s t . Or a w r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t may be s u b m i t t e d the record before F r i d a y , J u l y 9 t h . The n e x t p u b l i c w i t n e s s i s Mr. S u t t o n J e t t o f t h e N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r s F a c i l i t i e s A d v i s o r y Commission. We welcome, Mr. J e t t , MR. J E T T : Thank y o u , Mr. Chairman, and L a d i e s and Gentlemen. My name i s T. S u t t o n J e t t . D i r e c t o r o f the National Park S e r v i c e . I'm A s s i s t a n t t o t h e I am a u t h o r i z e d t o submit and t o r e a d a s t a t e m e n t , s i g n e d by t h e S e c r e t a r y o f the I n t e r i o r — S e c r e t a r y Rogers Morton — and t h e Chairman o f t h e N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r s A d v i s o r y Commission. The Unique e d u c a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t y w h i c h Washington s h o u l d o f f e r t o American and f o r e i g n v i s i t o r s a l i k e i s l a r g e l y l o s t w i t h o u t p e r s p e c t i v e on t h e h i s t o r i c , p o l i t i c a l , and s y m b o l i c s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e p l a c e s and i n s t i t u t i o n s t o be �visitedo T h i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y a F e d e r a l concern. The prime a t t r a c t i o n o f Washington i s t h e p r e s e n c e here of the F e d e r a l Government. Here one can observe i t s immediate day-to-day workings, can v i s i t i t s b u i l d i n g s and s h r i n e s , and can examine t h e records of the p a s t . As a Nation, we are properly i n t e r e s t e d i n f o s t e r i n g through v i s i t o r s t o our N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l a b e t t e r a p p r e c i a t i o n of our democracy. The l o c a l community has long been aware o f the need to a s s i s t v i s i t o r s to Washington. C i t i z e n s and businessmen have expressed t h e i r concern and have c o n t r i b u t e d time and s e r v i c e s t o the N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r C e n t e r p l a n s f o r a i d i n g visitors. The Washington P o s t commented i n i t s e d i t o r i a l pages t h a t , "The N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l has an o b l i g a t i o n t o 20 m i l l i o n or so Americans who v i s i t h e r e e v e r y y e a r . t h a t has been w r e t c h e d l y n e g l e c t e d . I t i s an o b l i g a t i o n Our v i s i t o r s a r e l e f t t o f i n d t h e i r own way around a c i t y i n w h i c h d r i v i n g i s n o t e a s y and many o f the monuments a r e d i f f i c u l t t o l o c a t e . " The E v e n i n g S t a r i n i t s e d i t o r i a l pages s a i d , " I t i s good t o s e e t h i s p r o j e c t f i n a l l y move i n t o h i g h Washington's i n a b i l i t y t o p r o v i d e adequately gear. f o r i t s growing numbers o f t o u r i s t s under p r e s e n t c o n d i t i o n s grows more appare n t y e a r by y e a r . " I n 1970, more than 16 m i l l i o n p e r s o n s v i s i t e d t h e Washington a r e a ; by 1980, t h e number may r e a c h 35 million. I n November 1966, the Congress a u t h o r i z e d t h e N a t i o n a l �45 V i s i t o r Center, On March 12, I 9 6 0 , P u b l i c Law 90-264, a u t h o r i z i n g Union S t a t i o n f o r a N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r C e n t e r and c r e a t i n g t h e National V i s i t o r F a c i l i t i e s Advisory I t Provides, Commission, was a p p r o v e d / "owners ... t o make such a l t e r a t i o n s t o t h e Union S t a t i o n B u i l d i n g a s t h e S e c r e t a r y o f t h e I n t e r i o r determines n e c e s s a r y t o p r o v i d e adequate f a c i l i t i e s f o r "... owners ... i n c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h t h e S e c r e t a r y of t h e I n t e r i o r , s h a l l c o n s t r u c t a p a r k i n g f a c i l i t y . . . to accommodate a s n e a r l y a s p o s s i b l e 4,000 motor v e h i c l e s i n t h e a i r s p a c e n o r t h e r l y o f and a d j a c e n t t o t h e e x i s t i n g Union S t a t i o n b u i l d i n g ..." "... l e a s e ... s h a l l commence on a d a t e t o be m u t u a l l y a g r e e d upon c o n t i n g e n t upon when 3uch f a c i l i t i e s a r e a v a i l a b l e f o r p u b l i c u s e ... f o r a t e r m o f n o t more than 25 years." "... i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e parking facility ... t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia s h a l l ... p r o - v i d e v e h i c u l a r a c c e s s t o p u b l i c r o a d s and highways i n t h e immediate a r e a o f such f a c i l i t y ..." "... The N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r F a c i l i t i e s Commission =».. i s d i r e c t e d t o make a c o n t i n u i n g o f v i s i t o r s t o t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a * Advisory s t u d y o f needs including t h e n e c e s s i t y and d e s i r a b i l i t y o f d i f f e r e n t o r a d d i t i o n a l �v i s i t o r f a c i l i t i e s , and o f a l t e r i n g e x i s t i n g v i s i t o r f a c i l i t i e s ; ! and t o recommend ... the a c q u i s i t i o n , a l t e r a t i o n , or o f such constructs facility." On December 10, 1960, the Secretary of the I n t e r i o r and the owners of Union S t a t i o n signed a Lease Agreement prov i d i n g f o r ah annual l e a s e payment and option t o buy upon one year's notice. I f the l e a s e runs f o r the f u l l 25-year term, the property w i l l be deeded to the U n i t e d S t a t e s i n f e e ;!! >v„ On June 5, 1969, t h e owners advanced $500,000 f o r planning, and s h o r t l y t h e r e a f t e r e n t e r e d i n t o an a r c h i t e c t u r a l ? engineering c o n t r a c t w i t h Seymour Auerbach f o r t h i s p r o j e c t . The National P a r k S e r v i c e has r e c e i v e d a p p r o p r i a t i o n s i n , f i s c a l y e a r s 1970 and 1971 o f $200,000 and $600,000, r e s p e c t i v e l y , f o r t h e p l a n n i n g and p r o d u c t i o n o f program elements i n the National V i s i t o r C e n t e r . W i t h t h e c o n c u r r e n c e of t h e N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r F a c i l i t i e s A d v i s o r y Commission, a p p r o p r i a t e a p p r o v a l s were sought and o b t a i n e d as p l a n n i n g p r o g r e s s e d through t h e conc e p t u a l and s c h e m a t i c d e s i g n p h a s e s . for I n reviewing the plans t h e c o n v e r s i o n o f Union S t a t i o n i n t o t h e N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r C e n t e r , t h e A d v i s o r y C o u n c i l on H i s t o r i c P r e s e r v a t i o n f e l t t h a t t h e e s t h e t i c and h i s t o r i c i n t e g r i t y had been r e s p e c t e d . The C o u n c i l approved t h e p l a n s . E a r l y i n 1967, the National C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g �47 Commission approved the l o c a t i o n o f , and a c c e s s t o , the j r a p i d t r a n s i t s t a t i o n a t the N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r C e n t e r . | the Commission's u n d e r s t a n d i n g , "... I t was t h a t the Metro s t a t i o n d e s i g n s h o u l d a l l o w f l e x i b i l i t y f o r future connections i n t o a consolidated t r a n s p o r t a t i o n terminal development makes t h i s ... i f f u r t h e r appropriate." In June 1970, the National C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission approved the p r o j e c t design. Concern was expressed t h a t t h e Metro s t a t i o n provide c o n v e n i e n t a c c e s s f o r t r a v e l e r s and v i s i t o r s and a i d the p o t e n t i a l f u t u r e development o f t h e a i r r i g h t s over the r a i l r o a d t r a c k s n o r t h o f H S t r e e t . The Commission found t h a t the concept o f r e p l a c i n g t h e e x i s t i n g H S t r e e t w i t h an o v e r p a s s to p r o v i d e a d d i t i o n a l a c c e s s t o t h e passenger t e r m i n a l s , the bus l o a d i n g p l a t f o r m s , secondary entrances t o the garage, and a c c e s s t o p o t e n t i a l f u t u r e a i r | r i g h t s development n o r t h of H S t r e e t had s e v e r a l advantages. | . I t would g r e a t l y a s s i s t i n s e p a r a t i n g and d i s t r i b u t i n g t h e v a r i o u s t y p e s o f t r a f f i c by p r o v i d i n g s e p a r a t e e n t r a n c e s f o r t r a v e l e r s and b u s e s . I t would a l s o p r o v i d e s a f e r and more a t t r a c t i v e l i n k a g e between b u s i n e s s e s on II S t r e e t , N. E., t h e S t a n t o n P a r k community, and downtown. The p r o j e c t was p r e s e n t e d t o t h e Commission on P i n e A r t s f o r i n f o r m a t i o n a l purposes i n November 1969. The Com- m i s s i o n e x p r e s s e d concern about t h e t r a f f i c impact i n the Columbus P l a z a a r e a . I n J u l y 1970, t h e Commission approved �p l a n s f o r t h e c o n v e r s i o n o f Union S t a t i o n , r a i s i n g some q u e s t i o n s on garage b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s and d e s i g n . In April 1971, t h e d e s i g n o f t h e p a r k i n g f a c i l i t y , i n c l u d i n g t h e r a i l road?bus t e r m i n a l , , was e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y approved by t h e Commission. As p l a n n i n g f o r t h e N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r Center proceeded, and w i t h t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f o t h e r elements i n t h i s v i c i n i t y , n o t a b l y , t h e development o f a combination r a i l r o a d ? bus i n t e r m o d a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t e r m i n a l , and a p p r o p r i a t e Metro a c c e s s p r o v i d e d from t h e V i s i t o r C e n t e r p a r k i n g f a c i l i t y , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t e r m i n a l , and H S t r e e t , and t h e advantages i n t e r f a c e between c i t y buses and H S t r e e t p e d e s t r i a n t r a f f i c , t h e need t h a t H S t r e e t be e l e v a t e d became more c r i t i c a l . f a c t , without the elevated H S t r e e t , the intermodal p o r t a t i o n t e r m i n a l designed In trans- t o compliment t h e N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r Center a c t i v i t i e s , cannot be b u i l t I A d d i t i o n a l l y , the e l e v a t e d roadway would p r o v i d e u r g e n t l y needed a d d i t i o n a l a c c e s s t o t h e proposed a d j a c e n t 4,454 c a r p a r k i n g garage which i s an i m p o r t a n t and e s s e n t i a l element o f t h e N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r Center p r o j e c t . I t would a l s o p r o v i d e a p p r o p r i a t e a c c e s s t o t h e a i r r i g h t s o v e r t h e r a i l r o a d t r a c k s n o r t h o f II S t r e e t where f u t u r e developments might be l o c a t e d . I n v i e w o f t h e immediate and p o s s i b l e l o n g range b e n e f i t s t o v i s i t o r s and r e s i d e n t s o f t h e Washington Metropoli t a n a r e a , t h e N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r F a c i l i t i e s A d v i s o r y Commission �endorses and s t r o n g l y recommends t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e I I S t r e e t overpass design. S i g n e d , Rogers C. B. Morton, S e c r e t a r y o f t h e I n t e r i o r a s Chairman o f t h e N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r F a c i l i t i e s A d v i s o r y Commission. Thank you v e r y much, Mr. Chairman. HEARING OFFICER ALEXANDER: Thank you v e r y much, Mr. J e t t . How, i f y o u don't mind we a r e t r y i n g t o time t h e use o f t h i s a i r c o n d i t i o n e r s o t h a t t h e n o i s e i s n ' t w i t h u s , and we can g e t i t a l i t t l e b i t c o o l — i t , and then t u r n i t o f f and on. always and r e l a x w i t h So i f my t i m i n g i s bad and i t b e g i n s t o g e t a l i t t l e b i t too warm — — wave a handker- c h i e f o r something a t me and I w i l l g e t i t on a g a i n . The n e x t p u b l i c w i t n e s s i s Mr. Monroe C l a y , t h e S p e c i a l A s s i s t a n t f o r the National Park S e r v i c e . Mr. C l a y . MR. CLAY: Mr. Chairman, L a d i e s and Gentlemen I am Monroe A. C l a y , S p e c i a l A s s i s t a n t t o t h e D i r e c t o r o f t h e National C a p i t a l Parks. We c e r t a i n l y welcome and a p p r e c i a t e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o make t h i s s t a t e m e n t on b e h a l f o f t h e N a t i o n a Park S e r v i c e . I t h a s always been t h e i n t e n t o f t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e to provide a q u a l i t y experience f o r the n a t i o n a l visitor. I n p u r s u i t o f t h i s o b j e c t i v e , t h e proposed N a t i o n a l �V i s i t o r C e n t e r a t Union S t a t i o n w i l l provide a f a c i l i t y v i s i t o r o r i e n t a t i o n and p a r k i n g . for This facility w i l l , in tun a l l e v i a t e the severe v e h i c u l a r congestion and circulation problem which p r e s e n t l y e x i s t s i n the Mall area, by p r o v i d i n * a parking f a c i l i t y to the north of Union S t a t i o n o v e r the r a i l r o a d t r a c k s which would accommodate a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4,SCO cars. The v i s i t o r complex then would become a c e n t r a l c o l l e c - t i o n and d i s t r i b u t i o n point f o r the n a t i o n a l v i s i t o r . access to the p a r k i n g f a c i l i t y i s e s s e n t i a l t o the As intended purpose of the c e n t e r , the N a t i o n a l P a r k Service.recommends t h a t B S t r e e t , N. E . , be r e c o n s t r u c t e d as an overpass s t r u c t u r e w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e a c c e s s t o the proposed p a r k i n g facility. Thank you. HEARING OFFICER ALEXANDER! Thank you, Mr. Clay. The n e x t p u b l i c w i t n e s s l i s t e d r e p r e s e n t s the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, and i s Mr. f o r Mr. Robert H a r r i s C h a r l e s Conrad. MR. HARRIS: I am R o b e r t W. H a r r i s , C h i e f o f the O f f i c e of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Planning f o r the National C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission. I appear t o n i g h t t o d e s c r i b e the p o l i c i e s and a c t i o n s o f the Commission w i t h r e s p e c t t o the r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e H S t r e e t grade s e p a r a t i o n a t t h e Washington T e r m i n a l Company y a r d s . As t h e c e n t r a l p l a n n i n g agency f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Government p u r s u a n t to the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g �Act of IS52 1 t h e Commission r e v i e w s p l a n s f o r highway c o n s t r u c t t i c n p r o j e c t s a t " p r e l i m i n a r y and s u c c e s s i v e s t a g e s " under Section 5(a) of the Act. I n i t s r e v i e w o f D i s t r i c t o f Columbia c a p i t a l improve ment programs i n 1964 and 1966, t h e Commission recommended favorably the reconstruction o f the H S t r e e t viaduct. sequently, Sub- i n F e b r u a r y , 1969, t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c s u b m i t t e d a d e s i g n f o r t h e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e underpass f o r r e v i e w by t h e Commission. T h i s d e s i g n p l a n was withdrawn because t h e t o t a l c o n t e x t f o r t h e p r o j e c t , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r C e n t e r a t Union S t a t i o n , had n o t been f i x e d a t t h a t t i m e . d a t e has n o t been r e s u b m i t t e d The p r o j e c t t o t o t h e Commission a s r e q u i r e d by t h e A c t . I n t h e development o f p l a n s f o r t h e N a t i o n a l C e n t e r and i t 3 a s s o c i a t e d p a r k i n g garage and r a i l r o a d Visitor terminal, t h e concept o f an H S t r e e t o v e r p a s s was developed a s a means o f p r o v i d i n g a d d i t i o n a l a c c e s s t o t h e development above t h e t r a c k s b e h i n d Union S t a t i o n . P a r t l y as a r e s u l t of work done by t h e Commission on t h e c o n s o l i d a t i o n o f t e r m i n a l s f o r i n t e r c i t y t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , the developers of the National V i s i t o r Center negotiated f o r t h e i n c l u s i o n o f a bus t e r m i n a l combined w i t h t h e new r a i l r o a d t e r m i n a l a s p a r t o f t h e V i s i t o r C e n t e r development. I t was f e l t t h a t an e l e v a t e d H S t r e e t was v i t a l t o bus a c c e s s t o s u c h a bus t e r m i n a l , a s w e l l a s f o r �passengers a r r i v i n g and d e p a r t i n g the combined t e r m i n a l s so as t o a v o i d undue c o n f l i c t w i t h v i s i t o r t r a f f i c u s i n g t h e a c c e s s e s a t t h e f r o n t o f Union S t a t i o n . A t i t s meeting on March 5, 1970. t h e Commission approved t h e f o l l o w i n g development concepts f o r the N a t i o n a l o r i e n t a t i o n and i n f o r m a t i o n c e n t e r . 2. C o n s t r u c t i o n o f a p a r k i n g f a c i l i t y f o r 4,000 c a r s and a r a i l r o a d passenger t e r m i n a l o v e r t h e t r a c k s b e h i n d Union S t a t i o n . 3, L o c a t i o n o f an i n t e r s t a t e bus t e r m i n a l t o f u n c t i o n i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e r a i l r o a d t e r m i n a l and Metro station. The Commission r e q u e s t e d t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e and t h e Washington T e r m i n a l Company and i t s c o n s u l t a n t s t o e x p l o r e ways o f p r o v i d i n g a c c e s s t o t h e p a s s e n g e r t e r m i n a l from t h e n o r t h , i n c l u d i n g , a s a l t e r n a t i v e s , an H S t r e e t o v e r p a s s , a combination o v e r p a s s - u n d e r p a s s , K S t r e e t and?or New York Avenue. o r a c c e s s ramps from The Commission a l s o requested t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a T r a n s i t A u t h o r i t y t o a d j u s t t h e r a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t s t a t i o n l o c a t i o n and a c c e s s a t Union S t a t i o n t o p r o v i d e more d i r e c t and c o n v e n i e n t a c c e s s t o t h e p a s s e n g e r s t a t i o n and f u t u r e development n o r t h o f H S t r e e t . A t i t s meeting on June 4, 1970, t h e Commission �approved p r e l i m i n a r y s i t e and b u i l d i n g p l a n s f o r t h e V i s i t o r C e n t e r complex a t Union S t a t i o n . I n c l u d e d I n t h e s e p l a n s was j an e l e v a t e d H S t r e e t , w h i c h p r o v i d e d d i r e c t a c c e s s f o r autos t o the- n o r t h s i d e o f the r a i l r o a d bus t e r m i n a l and p a r k i n g garage and f o r buses t o t h e l o a d i n g p l a t f o r m s o f t h e bus terminal. The Commission recommended, w i t h r e s p e c t t o H S t r e e t , t h a t , I n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f f i n a l s i t e and b u i l d i n g p l a n s , t h e P a r k S e r v i c e , t h e Washington T e r m i n a l Company, and t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Governments 1. E l i m i n a t e one o f t h e t h r e e i n t e r s e c t i o n s on the T proposed H S t r e e t o*v erpass between F i r s t and Second S t r e e t s ; 2. Mew P r o v i d e f o r a c c e s s ramps from K S t r e e t and the Y o r k Avenue C o r r i d o r w i t h d i r e c t a c c e s s t o t h e H S t r e e t o v e r p a s s t o p r o v i d e more e f f i c i e n t t r a f f i c c i r c u l a t i o n around j t h e V i s i t o r C e n t e r P a r k i n g and T e r m i n a l facility; • 3. P r o v i d e a f o r m a l p l a z a development a t t h e H S t r e e t o v e r p a s s l e v e l t o e s t a b l i s h an a p p r o p r i a t e s e t t i n g f o r t h e T e r m i n a l e n t r a n c e , a s w e l l a s t u r n - o f f and p i c k - u p areas out o f t h e main s t r e a m o f t r a f f i c . F i n a l s i t e and b u i l d i n g p l a n s f o r the V i s i t o r Center have n o t y e t been s u b m i t t e d f o r r e v i e w o f t h e Commission. The Commission's comment on " P u b l i c H e a r i n g I n f o r m a t i o n , II S t r e e t Grade S e p a r a t i o n " d a t e d May 1971 i s based upon p r e v i o u s Commission r e v i e w s and recommendations on t h e V i s i t o r C e n t e r . The Comments a r e as f o l l o w s : �1. The Commission f a v o r s the overpass a l t e r n a t i v e . J 2. The p r o v i s i o n of an e x i t ramp f o r buses, which p a s s e s under, and connects to, the north s i d e of H S t r e e t , appears to e l i m i n a t e one of the three i n t e r s e c t i o n s between F i r s t and Second S t r e e t s , as recommended by the Commission. 3. The plan does not provide f o r connection of future ramps to and from the north s i d e o f H S t r e e t . However, i t i s assumed t h a t such ramps c o u l d be b u i l t i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h future development to the n o r t h o f H S t r e e t and c o u l d i n t e r s e c t H S t r e e t o p p o s i t e ramps s e r v i n g t h e N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r Center. 4. P r o v i s i o n ha3 been made i n t h e H S t r e e t d e s i g n f o r connections t o t u r n - o f f and p i c k - u p a r e a s a t t h e f r o n t door of t h e t e r m i n a l a t t h e N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r C e n t e r , as recommended by t h e Commission. S i n c e i t s approval of the p r e l i m i n a r y s i t e plan f o r the V i s i t o r C e n t e r , t h e Commission has r e c e i v e d a number • o f l e t t e r s r e f l e c t i n g t h e concerns o f a f f e c t e d p r o p e r t y owners i n N o r t h e a s t Urban Renewal A r e a , P r o j e c t No. 1, about t h e impact o f t h e o v e r p a s s d e s i g n on t h e i r p r o p e r t i e s . We under- s t a n d t h a t an urban r e n e w a l p l a n change would p r o b a b l y be r e q u i r e d f o r t h e development o f t h e o v e r p a s s and t h a t t h e Department o f Housing and T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Housing i s supposed t o be i n these — — I don't t h i n k and the Redevelopment Land Agency a r e c u r r e n t l y attempting t o r e s o l v e t h e f i n a n c i a l �and l e g a l q u e s t i o n s r e l a t e d t o t h e urban renewal p r o j e c t . The Commission would be p l e a s e d t o c o n s i d e r such a p l a n change, i f n e c e s s a r y , and t o r e v i e w t h e d e s i g n f o r t h e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n of H S t r e e t under S e c t i o n 5 ( a ) o f t h e A c t a t t h e a p p r o p r i a t e time a f t e r t h e Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c ha3 s e l e c t e d a recommended d e s i g n . Thank you f o r t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o p r e s e n t t h i s s t a t e ment. Cli>o V Kt* JL » I f you have any q u e s t i o n s , we w i l l be p l e a s e d t o t r y t o wi>l e HEARING OFFICER ALEXANDER? Can I persuade you t o be h e r e Thank y o u , Mr. H a r r i s . longer? MR. HARRIS: Y e s . HEARING OFFICER ALEXANDER: B e f o r e we go on t o t h e n e x t w i t n e s s , I wanted t o s a y a g a i n , f o r t h o s e o f you who have come i n l a t e — t h a t Mr, Mike Hartman, a t t h e f a r r i g h t t a b l e , i s a v a i l a b l e i f you ttfish t o have y o u r name added t o t h e w i t n e s s l i s t f o r t h i s evening's hearing. Other p e r s o n s , o f c o u r s e , may submit w r i t t e n s t a t e ments on o r b e f o r e J u l y 9 t h . The n e x t p u b l i c w i t n e s s i s Mr. R o b e r t M o r r i s o f A l a n M. Voorhees and A s s o c i a t e s . MR. MORRIS: Thank y o u , Mr. Chairman. I am R o b e r t L . M o r r i s , V i c e P r e s i d e n t o f A l a n M. Voorhees A s s o c i a t e s . We were r e s p o n s i b l e f o r d e v e l o p i n g t h e a c c e s s and c i r c u l a t i o n concepts f o r t h e V i s i t o r s C e n t e r under �56 t h e g e n e r a l s u p e r v i s i o n p f t h e a r c h i t e c t , Mr. Seymore Auerbach . I n d e v e l o p i n g our p l a n s we had two b a s i c o b j e c t i v e s . F i r s t , to minimize a V i s i t o r ' s Center — related t r a f f i c on a d j a c e n t s t r e e t s and w i t h i n a d j a c e n t neighborhoods. And second, t o p r o v i d e f o r e a s y a c c e s s f o r t o u r i s t s to the c e n t e r . I n l i g h t o f t h e s e o b j e c t i v e s , i t became c l e a r t h a t i t would be h i g h l y d e s i r e a b l e n o t t o r e l y e x c l u s i v e l y i n g r e s s and e g r e s s s o l e l y by way o f Columbus P l a z a . on Such a l i m i t a t i o n would n o t o n l y r e s u l t i n h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t r a f f i c i n a l i m i t e d a r e a a t peak p e r i o d s w i t h the r e s u l t a n t burden on a d v e r t a n t neighborhoods t o t h e e a s t . B u t i t would a l s o r e q u i r e m i x i n g o f l a r g e buses w i t h p r i v a t e automobiles. — an i n e f f e c t i v e and i n e f f i c i e n t method of operation. We t e s t e d many concepts f o r a l t e r n a t i v e a c c e s s t o the V i s i t o r ' s Center s i t e . The f o r t u i t o u s p l a n s o f t h e D. C. Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c t o r e c o n s t r u c t t h e H S t r e e t Underpass as e i t h e r a new underpass o r a b r i d g e presented c l e a r l y the b e s t opportunity f o r r e s o l v i n g t h i s access problem. We e v a l u a t e d t h e underpass v i s a v i s t h e o v e r p a s s , and our c o n c l u s i o n s were unmistakable. I s h a l l n o t consume your time t h i s e v e n i n g w i t h d e t a i l s o f our t r a f f i c a n a l y s i s . But i t i s c l e a r t h a t the �57 '1 OVGT£"PSS3 W O U l d be f a r S U P Q r i o r I n e v e r y r e s p e c t . Not OlilV •j from t h e p o i n t o f v i e w o f t h e V i s i t o r ' s C e n t e r , b u t i n o u r | o p i n i o n , from t h e p o i n t o f v i e w o f t h e C e n t e r ' s n e i g h b o r s . 1 Here a r e some o f t h e r e a s o n s . F i s r s t , an o v e r p a s s would p e r m i t l o w e r i n g t h e grade o f t h e Metro subway, w h i c h would, i n t u r n , p e r m i t r e l o c a t i o n of the station.platforms f o r b e t t e r s e r v i c e t o the area. Second, d i r e c t a c c e s s f o r b u s s e s would be a v a i l a b l e by way o f H S t r e e t from t h e C e n t e r L e g Freeway. During the peak p e r i o d , some 30 t o 60 b u s s e s p e r hour woudl be on t h i s rouue. Without t h e o v e r p a s s , t h e b u s s e s would have a more C i r c u i t o u s r o u t i n g , w i t h i n h e r e n t d e l a y s because o f l e f t c o n f l i c t s and a d d i t i o n a l t r a f f i c turn signals. T h i r d , t h e o v e r p a s s w i l l red"-e t r a f f i c circulation within the r e s i d e n t i a l areas t o the east. Fourth, there i s a cost saving o f approximately t h r e e and a h a l f m i l l i o n d o l l a r s f o r t h e o v e r p a s s -compared w i t h the underpass. F i f t h , t h e b r i d g e p r o v i d e s f o r more p l e a s a n t t r a v e l w i t h n i c e a i r and v i s i b i l i t y . ] The b e s t d e s i g n e d underpass i n e v i t a b l y appears d a r k , \ forbidding. J S i x t h , f i g u r a t i v e l y speaking, a bridge i s a l i n k , • j X'/hereas an underpass and a t u n n e l i s a b a r r i e r . One t h i n g we �I b a d l y need i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s l i n k s , r a t h e r than Seventh, a bridge w i l l provide a dramatic entrance j t o the forthcoming new H S t r e e t b u s i n e s s community. I n Summary, i n our o p i n i o n , t h e o v e r p a s s , o r b r i d g e , I would be a f a r g r e a t e r a s s e t t h a n would t h e underpass.. The I b r i d g e would b e s t s o l v e t h e t r a f f i c problems r e l a t e d t o the | V i s i t o r ' s Center. I t would have a p o s i t i v e a e s t h e t i c v a l u e and i t would have no adverse e f f e c t s on tine a d j a c e n t neighborhoods. Indeed, j i t seems t o me t h a t t h e neighborhoods w i l l b e n e f i t from the j b r i d g e j u s t as w e l l as w i l l the V i s i t o r s ' C e n t e r . Thank you, Chairman. HEARING OFFICER ALEXANDER? Thank you, Mr. M o r r i s . The n e x t p u b l i c w i t n e s s w i l l be Mr. Joseph Hennigues, I P r e s i d e n t o f Crown Automotive, VOICE: I n c o r p o r a t e d , 221 H S t r e e t , N.E. Mr. Henniques i s n o t a b l e t o be h e r e t o n i g h t . HEARING OFFICER ALEXANDER; I s he going t o send a j] s t a t e m e n t ? •VOICE:- Yes. HEARING OFFICER ALEXANDER: The n e x t p u b l i c w i t n e s s i t h e n w i l l be Mr. Robbins o f t h e law f i r m o f G r c s s b e r g , Y o c h e l s o n , Fox and Beyda, r e p r e s e n t i n g M*»*rtr-Small, owner, II 801 North C a p i t o l S t r e e t . MR. ROBBINS: Mr. Robbins. Bfr. Chairman, a f t e r l i s t e n i n g t o what �I I have h e a r d so f a r . I have t e n t a t i v e l y chanaed ray p o s i t i o n j] from o p p o s i t i o n t o the overpass t o t e n t a t i v e opposition to M t h e over©ass. I t i s q u i t e c l e a r t h a t t h e r e a r e many r e a s o n s , and II I'm not an e n g i n e e r , f o r t h e o v e r p a s s o v e r the underpass. j think i t ' s unfortunate — I i f I might i n t e r r u p t m y s e l f || h i n d s i g h t b e i n g so much b e t t e r — t h a t despite the f a c t that 1 the P l a n n i n g Commission recommended t h e r e b u i l d i n g o f t h i s 1 j l s t r u c t u r e seven y e a r s ago —- t h a t an urban r e n e w a l p l a n was || a l l o w e d t o go i n t o e f f e c t , t h a t d e v e l o p e r s came, i n t o the | a r e a r e l y i n g on t h a t p l a n , and t h a t now ! My we have a change. remarks a r e going t o be b r i e f e r t h a n I had i n t e n d e d because most o f them a r e going t o be l e g a l i n n a t u r e . I am v e r y p l e a s e d t h a t t h e Redevelopment Lan# Agency j! and t h e C o r p o r a t i o n C o u n s e l ' s o f f i c e , as e?mr««!K>vs hv Mr, 1 P r e s s , have f o r t h r i g h t l y s t a t e d what our p o s i t i o n i s . T h a t i s , i f t h e r e i s to bo the o v e r p a s s , i t w i l l be i] a change, o r as t h e law c a l l s i t , a m o d i f i c a t i o n , i n the urban r e n e w a l p l a n , which w i l l r e q u i r e not only the concurrence j! o f the P l a n n i n g Commission, the D i s t r i c t Government, b u t also the w r i t t e n consent o f t h e p r o p e r t y owners, the d e v e l o p e r s , jjj who a r e a f f e c t e d by t h e change. X t ±b our f i r m p o s i t i o n t h a t t h i s cannot be ptat i n t o j a f f e c t as an ctfttrpass w i t h o u t t h o s e t h r e e t h i n g s happening, and j t h a t once, i f &$ a r e s u l t o f t h i s h e a r i n g , d e t e r m i n a t i o n i s * �made t h a t t h e overpass i s the method t o be used, t h a t w i l l t h e n have t o go, p u r s u a n t t o the A c t , t o the P l a n n i n g Comroissioi t o t h e D i s t r i c t Government, and t h e n , and I r e p e a t and stress, t h e w r i t t e n consent o f t h e p r o p e r t y owners a f f e c t e d w i l l have t o be secured. I w i l l c l o s e on t h a t and j u s t s a y t h a t on the b a s i s o f what I have h e a r d t o n i g h t , our p o s i t i o n may be s l i g h t l y changed. We a r e not q u i t e s u r e . One o f the problems i n t h i s i s t h a t —• t h e s e a r e t h e problems t h a t x^ere a l l u d e d t o — what i s going t o happen t o t h i s a r e a i f t h e r e i s an o v e r p a s s . What changes w i l l be made i n t h e f a c t o r s t h a t l e d t h e d e v e l o p e r s t o come i n t o t h i s a r e a , and i f so whether o r not t h e change i n t h e s e f a c t o r s i s s i g n i f i c a n t enough f o r them t o oppose i t , and Z w i l l , i n accordance w i t h t h e i n f o r m a t i o n put o u t , r e q u e s t p e r m i s s i o n t o supplement w i t h a f o r m a l s t a t e m e n t , which w i l l be s u b m i t t e d by t h e n i n t h . HEARING OFFICER ALEXANDER: Thank y o u , Mr. Robbins, and we w i l l be g l a d t o see y o u r s t a t e m e n t by t h e n i n t h , and c e r t a i n t h a t i n t h e i n t e r i m any q u e s t i o n s t h a t you have — you have a d d i t i o n a l q u e s t i o n s ~ and i f we can h e l p you — I'm i f we'll be g l a d t o . The n e x t p u b l i c w i t n e s s w i l l be Mr. C. w. Shaw, J r . , manager o f The Ttfashington T e r m i n a l Company. MR. SHAW: Mr. Shaw. Mr. Chairman, f r i e n d s and neighbors, �j l a d i e s and gentlemen. F i r s t I ' d l i k e t o a p o l o g i s e f o r the v e r y untimely f a i l u r e o f our a i r c o n d i t i o n i n g system h a r e . My name i s C. W. Shaw, J r . I'm the manager o f the Washington T e r m i n a l Company. On March 12, 1968, Congress approved P u b l i c Law 90-264, a u t h o r i z i n g Union S t a t i o n t o be a l t e r e d f o r use as a National V i s i t o r Center. I n conjunction w i t h the V i s i t o r C e n t e r , a new p a r k i n g garage t o accomodate o v e r 4,000 motor v e h i c l e s and a new r a i l r o a d s t a t i o n a r e a l s o proposed t o be constructed. P r e s e n t p l a n s , p l a n s w h i c h have t h e a p p r o v a l o f the n e c e s s a r y commissions, i n c l u d i n g the F i n e A r t s Commission and ] the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, c a l l f o r a combined j r a i l r o a d and i n t e r c i t y bus t e r m i n a l t o be l o c a t e d i n the j n o r t h e r n p a r t o f t h e p a r k i n g garage j u s t t o t h e south o f "H" j Street. I t i s o f g r e a t concern t o u s , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t J v e h i c u l a r t r a f f i c f l o w i n g t o and from t h e V i s i t o r Center P a r k i n g Garage and the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C e n t e r has the advantage o f a d d i t i o n a l a c c e s s roads t o t h e s e f a c i l i t i e s from H S t r e e t , r a t h e r than b e i n g l i m i t e d t o an e n t r a n c e and e x i t from Columbus C i r c l e . ColumbU3 C i r c l e t r a f f i c today i s q u i t e congested, and, u n l e s s t h i s a d d i t i o n a l a c c e s s i s p r o v i d e d , and i t can o n l y \ �be p r o v i d e d i f H S t r e e t i s c o n s t r u c t e d as an o v e r p a s s , t h e added volume o f t r a f f i c p u t i n t o Columbus c i r c l e will make i t unmanageable. Of f u r t h e r concern t o us i s t h e d i s r u p t i o n o f r a i l r o a d passenger t r a i n t r a f f i c t h a t w i l l r e s u l t i f an underpass i s c o n s t r u c t e d . We b e l i e v e t h e r e w i l l be long and s e r i o u s d e l a y s t o t h e s e t r a i n s n e c e s s i t a t e d by t h e d e t o u r i n g and reconstruction of the track layout. T h i s , o f c o u r s e , c a n a l l be avoided by t h e con-, s t r u c t i o n o f an o v e r p a s s . An o v e r p a s s w i l l e l i m i n a t e a l l d e l a y s t o t r a i n t r a f f i c account o f d e t o u r i n g and I would a l s o think require considerably l e s s detouring f o r v e h i c u l a r t r a f f i c t h a n t h a t r e s u l t i n g from t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f an \uiderpass. Only an o v e r p a s s w i l l a l l o w f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f an e n t r a n c e t o t h e Metro s e r v i c e from H S t r e e t f o r t h e convenience and use o f t h e Mass T r a n s i t System, a s w e l l as a l l o w t h e i n t e r c i t y b u s s e s t o use t h e proposed t e r m i n a l , malting t h e complex a t r u e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n center. I t i s f o r t h e s e r e a s o n s and t h e b e n e f i t s , which we can f o r e s e e a c c r u i n g t o v i s i t o r s and r e s i d e n t s a l i k e , t h a t we, a t t h e Washington T e r m i n a l Company, h i g h l y endorse and recommend t h e replacement o f t h e H S t r e e t grade be done by utiing t h e o v e r p a s s d e s i g n a l t e r n a t i v e . Thank y o u v e r y much. separation �HEARING OFFICER ALEXANDER: Thank you x i , y much. «?r Mr. Shaw. B e f o r e we c o n t i n u e . I would l i k e t o remind everyone p r e s e n t t h a t we have two b a s i c q u e s t i o n s i n t h e h e a r i n g s being held. One, t o e n s u r e t h a t an o p p o r t u n i t y i s a f f o r d e d f o r e f f e c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n by i n t e r e s t e d persons i n t h e p r o c e s s o f d e t e r m i n i n g t h e need f o r , t h e l o c a t i o n o f , and t h e m a j o r d e s i g n f e a t u r e s o f f e d e r a l a i d highways. And, two, t o p r o v i d e a p u b l i c forum t h a t a f f o r d s a f u l l o p p o r t u n i t y f o r p r e s e n t i n g v i e w s on a l t e r n a t e highway l o c a t i o n s and on major d e s i g n f e a t u r e s i n c l u d i n g t h e s o c i a l , economic and e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s o f each a l t e r n a t i v e . The a l t e r n a t i v e s p r e s e n t e d e a r l i e r were t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s i n v o l v e d i n t h e q u e s t i o n o f an underpass v e r s u s and overpass. I f t h e r e ' s anybody h e r e who came i n f o l l o w i n g t h e i n t r o d u c t o r y comments and y o u want t o g e t on t h e agenda f o r p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t e s t i m o n y , w i l l you p l e a s e check i n w i t h Mr. Mike Hartman a t my f a r r i g h t . The n e x t p u b l i c w i t n e s s i s Mr. B u r t o n W„ Johnson, F i r e M a r s h a l l o f D. C. F i r e Department. MR. JOHNSON: Mr. Johnson. Mr. Chairman, l a d i e s and gentlemen, I am B u r t o n W. jefeiEMm,- F i r e M a r s h a l l f o r t h e �D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. Mr. Chairman, t h e D. C. F i r e Department i s indeed p l e a s e d t o have had t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o r e v i e w t h e a l t e r n a t e d e s i g n s f o r a replacement o f t h e H S t r e e t , N. E . grade s e p a r a t i o n a t t h e Washington T e r m i n a l R a i l r o a d Y a r d s between 1st and 2nd S t r e e t s . I t i s f e l t t h a t F i r e Department o p e r a t i o n s would not be a f f e c t e d i n e i t h e r d e s i g n i f c e r t a i n minimum h e i g h t and/or w i d t h p r o v i s i o n s a r e met. The e x i s t i n g f i r e h y d r a n t s , i f n o t b l o c k e d o r b a r r i c a d e d d u r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n , would p r o v i d e adequate w a t e r s e r v i c e d u r i n g any f i r e c o n d i t i o n t h a t may a r i s e . I f t h e underpass h e i g h t o f t h e underpass design i s s e l e c t e d , the c l e a r s h o u l d n o t be l e s s than 14 f e e t t o allow our ladder t r u c k s t o s a f e l y pass through. I f the overpass design i s s e l e c t e d , the width o f a c c e s s roads t o b u s i n e s s e s and b u i l d i n g s on H s t r e e t must be a minimum o f 20 f e e t f o r F i r e Department v e h i c l e s t o s a f e l y o p e r a t e on. t Whichever d e s i g n i s s e l e c t e d , t h e D. C. F i r e Department c a n and w i l l c o n t i n u e t o p r o v i d e t h e f i r e p r o t e c t i o n t h i s ' C l a s s A" r a t e d department i s c a p a b l e o f . Thank y o u . HEARING OFFICER ALEXANDER: Thank y o u , Mr. Johnson. The n e x t p u b l i c w i t n e s s i s Mr. Osborne o f 820 H �S t r e e t , N. E . , a l o c a l businessman. Mr. Osborne. MR. OSBORNE: Mr. Chairman, l a d i e s and gentlemen. I'm Osborne-, r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e businessmen on the C I C Board I here i n Northeast. Cur main concern would be i f you would give a l i t t l e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e c3.os.ing down o f H S t r e e t Freeway — how i t w i l l a f f e c t t h e b u s i n e s s e s and how much o f t h i s do you t h i n k would a f f e c t t h e business on H S t r e e t s i n c e the i n s u r r e c t i o n o r r i o t h a s passed. Most o f t h e spaces are vacant now and i f you c l o s e down, o r c u t t h e t r a f f i c down somewhat, i t would h u r t us ]| c o n s i d e r a b l y . We would l i k e t o meet with a group o r with someone II t o g i v e us r e a l l y a b e t t e r p i c t u r e o f the time t h a t i t would r e q u i r e t h e c l o s i n g down or how we can r e a l l y plan our i \ F\ * % £? " 5 vs a, 0 rr* O ^5 <" *e v * n *l Vtt ff l *»7 We would c e r t a i n l y appreciate a l l the help t h a t we could and i f we could meet with you i n your o f f i c e s , o r anyII place where we can f i n d the maximum information, we would be very g r a t e f u l . And i f you would plan t o give us i n d e t a i l how much would t h i s r e a l l y a f f e c t us i n the coming y e a r s . HEARING OFFICER ALEXANDER: Thank you, Mr. Osborne. I'm going t o ask Mr. DeGast t o make c e r t a i n t h a t II there i s a follow up and w i l l you check, Mr. Osborne, f o r a �meeting f o r such d i s c u s s i o n * The n e x t p u b l i c w i t n e s s i s Mr. John Anthony o f 102 G S t r e e t , KF. E. Mr. Anthony r e p r e s e n t s the people o f t h e community and Region 3, i f I r e c a l l r i g h t . MR. ANTHONY: Mr. Anthony. Thank you f o r t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o speak w i t h you t h i s e v e n i n g , with a problem t h a t t e r r i b l y The c i t i z e n s o f Near N o r t h e a s t have been q u i t e concerned and i n v o l v e d i n t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e V i s i t o r s ' Center and t h e e f f e c t t h a t i t w i l l have on our community. From the b e g i n n i n g , I w i s h t o s t a t e t h a t we do oppose t h e V i s i t o r s ' C e n t e r i t s e l f . We are very not concerned about t h e c l o s i n g o f H S t r e e t because we r e a l i z e t h a t i t would s e v e r e l y a f f e c t t h e economy o f H S t r e e t . I am q u i t e dismayed t h a t a l l o f t h e p r e v i o u s s p e a k e r s have attempted t o f o c u s y o u r a t t e n t i o n o n l y on the q u e s t i o n o f t h e overpass v e r s u s the underpass. To t h e b e s t o f my knowledge, they have not mentioned the s o c i a l and economic impact t h a t t h e V i s i t o r s ' C e n t e r w i l l bring to t h i s area. I would l i k e t o p o i n t out t o you t h a t we f i r s t consider the e f f e c t should t h a t w h a t e v e r t a k e s p l a c e w i l l have on t h e t a x p a y e r s o f t h i s c i t y . B e f o r e t h e r i o t s , H S t r e e t , N. B. was t h e second �h i g h e s t s a l e s a r e a i n the c i t y , v?hich meant t h a t they were j second o n l y t o downtown Washington i n t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n ! taxes t o the of city. I can s a y a l s o a t t h i s moment, w i t h a l l the depressed! a r e a s on H S t r e e t , i t i s s t i l l second o n l y t o downtown i n t a x r e t u r n s t o the We city. are very disturbed t h a t the possible j f i i t u r e development o f H S t r e e t — w i l l be s e v e r e l y h i n d e r e d I I because — I and i f — the K S t r e e t o v e r p a s s i s b u i l t . H S t r e e t depends on t r a n s i t customers who travel o r have t r a v e l l e d from a l l o v e r the c i t y t o shop a t H S t r e e t because o f t h e v a r i e t y o f s t o r e s and t h e v a r i e t y o f goods \ available. no way I f t h i s o v e r p a s s i s b u i l t , we c i t i z e n s can o f s a y i n g t h a t i t would not c r e a t e a t r a f f i c somewhere a l o n g H S t r e e t between t h e C e n t r a l Freeway see bottleneck and any o t h e r s e c t i o n o f H S t r e e t i t s e l f . Mew we a r e aware o f the minor t r a f f i c jams t h a t |j a r e c r e a t e d d u r i n g t h e r u s h hour, morning and e v e n i n g , i n j t h e v i c i n i t y o f the tunnel. B a s i c a l l y , the t r a f f i c b a c k s up on Worth C a p i t o l || S t r e e t momentarily each morning w i t h changes o f Now i f we ; o r 1,500, a day, lights. combine t h e v i s i t o r s o f 1,000, o r more, coming i n , and meeting w i t h the l o c a l t r a f f i c , t h e commuters, as w e l l as t h e shoppers, t h e r e i s no way t h e r e w i l l not be a t r a f f i c jam almost c o n s t a n t l y . that �We're a l s o t h i n k i n g about 100 o r more commercial b u s s e s t h a t x t f i i l be used — u s i n g t h i s o v e r p a s s . As a r e s u l t , t h e y have t o make t u r n s , and even a s i n g l e bus c r e a t e s a minor pause i n t h e f l o w o f t r a f f i c . Xve a l s o have t o c o n s i d e r t h e hundreds o f t o u r b u s s e s t h a t w i l l be d i r e c t e d t o t h i s c e n t e r , w h i c h have n o t been mentioned, and have n o t been mentioned i n any r e p o r t t h a t I have read. We a l s o have t o c o n s i d e r t h e economic i m p a c t t h a t w h a t e v e r f o l l o w s --and we're s u r e t h a t commercial development w i l l follow i n t h i s area i f the V i s i t o r s ' Center i s created — what e f f e c t w i l l t h a t have on t h e r e s i d e n t i a l s e c t i o n s o f Wear N o r t h e a s t . ton cannot a v o i d t h e spectrum o f h i g h - r i s e commercial f a c i l i t i e s b e i n g c r e a t e d somewhere i n t h i s area t o s u p p o r t t h e v i s i t o r s and t o u r i s t s , s i n c e they would be oornx ncf n t o fcl^s cx^iv I t would c a s t a l i g h t upon t h e r e s i d e n t i a l sections and would r a i s e t h e c o s t o f t h e r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t absentee l a n d l o r d s would be v e r y a n x i o u s t o s e l l and g e t o u t from under a t a p r o f i t , w h i l e t h e t e n a n t s must r e s i d e i n t h e D i s t r i c t , have no r e s o u r c e s 1 who other than t o f i n d p l a c e s t o l i v e t h a t a r e a t t h e moment not a v a i l a b l e . RLA i t s e l f s h o u l d r e a d i l y admit t h a t they have many many r e p l a c e m e n t problems now f o r f a c i l i t i e s f o r l a r g e f a m i l i e s �69 Just tills week —• t l i e r e was a meeting where t h e y i i n d i c a t e d t o t h e c i t i z e n s o f o u r community t h a t because t h e r e was a f a m i l y t h a t needed f o u r bedrooms, t h e y c o u l d not acq-aire t h a t p r o p e r t y f o r redevelopment. | T h i s i s how s e v e r e t h e problem appears to us i n t h e community. The community h a s s p e c u l a t e d on how to a v o i d t h e c r e a t i o n of t h e o v e r p a s s and l e a v e t h e underpass open f o r a f r e e f l o w o f t r a f f i c a l o n g H S t r e e t as a b e n e f i t not only to merchants b u t t o r e s i d e n t s o f t h e c i t y , and they propose t o the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission and a l l others ; . -red, t h a t • ramp uld he b u i l t from New I p a r a l l e l i n g the r a i l r o a d york Avtittkue ing t h a t northern flow of j t r a f f i c x n t o t h e V i s i t o r s ' Center and over K S t r e e t so as to keep the two flows of t r a f f i c separated. T h i s i s a t r e n d a l l over the n a t i o n where i t ' s p o s s i b l e t o do things i n t h i s manner, so t h a t whatever ever happens do not i n f r i n g e adversely on a neighborhood. Our concern r e a l l y i s to maintain our neighborhood i n such a way t h a t we can l i v e properly, develop economically so t h a t a l l o f us can b e n e f i t from the development ~~ the businessman, the r e s i d e n t , and the c i t y . I f t h i s overpass, as we e n v i s i o n i s b u i l t ~ really basically envision i t and we because we recognize t h a t othai) development i s going t o follow the v i s i t o r s ' Center — already �i t has p r e v i o u s l y been mentioned t h e Convention and Arena a d j a c e n t t o t h e V i s i t o r ' s C e n t e r . Sports T h a t ' s been mentioned. An Avenue o f S t a t e s a l o n g t h a t development. Taese t h i n g s will c r e a t e a b a r r i e r between N o r t h e a s t Washington and downtown. Also, taking into consideration that i t ' s quite possible — i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t x*ith the o v e r p a s s going over the r a i l r o a d t r a c k s , and 20 or more f e e t above the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system on t h e r a i l r o a d t r a c k s , y o u r s t r e e t l e v e l i s r a i s e d about 60 f e e t , w h i c h means i t ' s q u i t e p o s s i b l e f o r d e v e l o p e r s t o proceed t o b u i l d upwards t o 60, 90 f e e t , whatever t h e b u i l d i n g code i s . With a 40 f o o t s t a r t , those b u i l d i n g s too w i l l c r e a t e a b a r r i e r between t h e community and downtown Washington. We are very disturbed t h a t a l l of the previous s p e a k e r s attempted t o f o c u s your a t t e n t i o n t o t h i s one single i s s u e , but we have q u i t e a few t h i n g s t h a t we have t a l k e d d i s c u s s e d w i t h t h e v a r i o u s a g e n c i e s , and, i n c o n c l u s i o n , and I want t o p o i n t o t t o you t h a t we have had s e v e r a l meetings w i t h j the N a t i o n a l C a p i t o l P l a n n i n g Commission's s t a f f . d i s c u s s e d t h e p r o s and cons and a l t e r n a t i v e s o f planning who superior. have transportatio; i n t h i s a r e a , and our p r o p o s a l o f a ramp from York Avenue met w i t h t h e i r a p p r o v a l . i t was WE Mew They agreed w i t h us t h a t They s a i d t h e o n l y problem was the c o s t , and would pay f o r such a ramp. I t i s our c o n t e n t i o n t h a t r e g a r d l e s s o f the c o s t , we �have t o b u i l d ~~ we have t o c o n s i d e r the impact o f o t h e r d e v e l o p e r s and t h a t i f we do n o t b u i l d t h e ramp now when i t ' s p r a c t i c a l and f e a s i b l e a t some p o i n t i n t h e f u t u r e , i t ' s going p t o have t o be, because t h e t r a f f i c w i l l i n c r e a s e s o d r a s t i c a l l y t h a t t h e o v e r p a s s i s n o t going t o be a b l e t o t a k e c a r e o f t h e t r a f f i c and i t seems t o be t h a t t h e powsrs t h a t be would consider the implications i n building a t r a f f i c pattern one just for f a c i l i t y when i t ' s a l m o s t p o s i t i v e t h a t o t h e r f a c i l i t i e s of s i m i l a r nature w i l l follow. Thank you v e r y much. HEARING OFFICER ALEXANDER: Thank y o u , Mr. Anthony. I would l i k e t o p o i n t o u t t h a t , a s we i n d i c a t e d e a r l i e r , t h e w r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t s by i n d i v i d u a l s and o r g a n i z a t i o n s on t h i s m a t t e r b e f o r e us may be s u b m i t t e d f o r i n c l u s i o n i n t h e r e c o r d on o r b e f o r e F r i d a y , J u l y 9, 1971 a t 5:00 p.m. The s t a t e m e n t s s h a l l be r e c e i v e d by the E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y t o t h e Commissioner o f D.C. i n Room 520 o f t h e D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g . F o r t h o s e o f you who came i n l a t e , i f t h e r e i s anybody who s t i l l would l i k e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o be h e a r d o r i f any e a r l i e r w i t n e s s would l i k e an o p p o r t u n i t y t o supplement what you i n d i c a t e d , t h e n c e r t a i n l y we c a n c o n t i n u e t h e h e a r i n g t o h e a r you. Are t h e r e any f u r t h e r comments o r a d d i t i o n s ? (No r e s p o n s e . ) HEARING OFFICER ALEXANDER: I N that event, t h i s �h e a r i n g i s c l o s e d , and we thank you v e r y much, l a d i e s and gentlemen. (Whereupon, a t 9:05 p.m., e n t i t l e d m a t t e r was concluded.) t h e h e a r i n g i n t h e above- �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource In the matter of H Street grade separation : Wednesday, June 23, 1971 Subject The topic of the resource H Street (Washington, D.C.) Public meetings Grade separations Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ward & Paul, Inc. District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 23, 1971 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DDOT Historical Reports & Other Documents Subject The topic of the resource Transportation--Research--United States Transportation--Planning Description An account of the resource District Department of Transportation's historical reports and other documents. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource District Department of Transportation Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource H Street Subject The topic of the resource H Street (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Historical reports and documents related to H Street in Washington, D.C. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Various Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text H Street https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/34e917bd221b6d45b3a97526b06bc15d.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=KkbW%7E1SRuH-Rn-sAiOTs74XktZkHwpxdsmz%7E5IakAAxZ3X6Uls258Qzua35idfM0OfXcINR0tUhdaoa3nAxoLcW23BmIXwICOa9-CcF0bY01ZaNLu3lJ33sxanKxpGoK3is1DDhze25NgW0tT-wyVl--L%7E-73XyOVNpawUE-Z2gHrn-G%7EMp%7EuRhz581qN%7EfN4GXZQLOP9qZo%7EvoRIFuVUXDaYwyYTqRP1PQ8RKIOQE9-MStHuWTU9gMScpNWFJJ4w0EGf75hh9MpH8J7-aLyHPXoA1gMmu1n8RrUXWwy8nVNAcXNKDejpQCkTAyRpc5aCaOsFYkXKN4R0XQiRlH2kQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 4e9bd0f4936fc46f7b6cd3d1c74f97a6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 001 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This shows the northwestern approach sidewalk and roadway, looking north from the bridge onto Connecticut Avenue. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 002 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Construction workers Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of construction workers at the southeast retaining wall. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 3, 1995 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/ea6557f140b757f7c3ed468a6976177d.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=NxqIdfrNFud23ETPBJFrs0LbGOiyDuE87WvLk7V8mwkTHD12Q74ddvXAfnC-TwsoGO07Ko5KAI%7Ep8pbMNwlgqn1yIfP32MKBjehxGQhPHHwDfzBY2da4OmAJ09es7CHxjsxZQkkgD9zdmwUoQcF7ppiwIg6fupgtcdHbkAKz7CbMmGV5L-78%7EvW1gOgVatDSojEtiv4lPJPOQvtT3RU6ivHmYMAPve4UtIzOk3n3igDLiYH-J6W8wPMPkgmVqwM-zLj4JBC1desAHgfNfNrgspgKxzKtErbnOQfR5T25Htm0Aq8QkhQsRChqIvG2Y%7En5l8Smikoq-9kFqRAuFLKm3g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM aafe537db666e4419ce09f7b982d362a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 003 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the northwest lion pedestal cast blocks after the statue removal. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2, 1994 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/fe2e3f79bea69643d4a5f292e5435256.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=rpvPDH0pVH16fSXsu9iQA73cyh-qSXZkbRGOtZ7oyau6hCVkbJoCZZwN0oKVb2TmIr0umusgepKcHw80WqgTfDelI99D5glYrRVCuJsUHGspxTCXs977gpUK3DDJHE0OBPY5y64BuTKQ-5S%7Es3D9Sod3retOzjjFE-0Oz-xu2IHEohbssshiV0hH0j4T%7Ea7WJNLJWeCPm5YMfMSowIA3FXujDwAMa%7ED1me6wyFp-uGKq%7EL0vtPiX2XfQXgrDkWK7Rh2duPY8fQchlMTf3NGtTjW8gxFK08lm4WDOCkFx38YB17MTM4PKXDwSpbZK1ncC3Xw9tlm1uSj%7Eeuq4AJxYDQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 84f39e65a42aec59a1d75556b65e4502 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 004 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the stage 2 sidewalk and bridge railing, looking north from the south abutment. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2, 1994 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/088e03c7136dcd209a70e053186e77d5.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=V4pGbh4KRzDFU6HS5Z5QhyhtGB9xqNigkxnHoYEwwIpvAkrL1TAsPJ8W079H6TLJDVc3xZv3rl4qeojqllQw5rtSemaBLxwRlN21vuDYrBDtjoNkUbykB8WqDeGAm7rt-dy-H57AJ9HTP6RB6NsfEucbFXRhaqjausZsQd%7Ejvc6W7fUvyB0tt5QEooe7FB3%7E46J2QMVAmY5apV0yNevNsrN13psBFYBNhCt2N%7EHX%7EtMIeG29zCRg6v9Mdyzz4Tnqi2geKfHNk2ht9%7ELfb5G8-1T0V53ZgxmY50TqaVN8XcYC41wX3490vQXWmS-lp6DvGgVZlahGziYtnWDlvLEP9w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 20df677646e4628900f5aa128b244a68 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 005 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Graffiti Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the southwest lion pedestal plaque. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2, 1994 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d024167fd2a4dab34092a4451ed916dd.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=A50cOdMevy-7w3WKm58a%7ExbACGujMHJYX5Xjj2%7Erw7j5hlAZrCpiwbSGQ1ByIWpyHE8e5rirEiOaGYz5g0YB8ODSz1p8HOzwH1dqzCEhzWOKM8wYj5xw-LUWwVevp6KcwTLj6aglM5VGosxoR4OL9P%7Ex6Fprn3491DIOq9Y8hrD8cF3qr0ZjEToZsiLShTSjwjOHDsDYx2bmjTwxzwjrpSZWlOC1QQkjSEPcg2jYSkvcQzu1V-tALLOtjnbzDzXfRw1toR6iRhFkJzYvBMdTdFIsrQy1w5DDqI1Lth57YqtcOKwG4qKpyyxhLK67D7c0TTZsuVAG-syH6M2P1gTqJQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM eeb40c0e15d44ccdf73e2af8cb802fdc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 006 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Calvert Street (Washington, D.C.) Intersections Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the Connecticut Avenue and Calvert Street intersection, looking southeast. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 007 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of stage 3 construction cast blocks, looking south. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 9, 1995 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/f0c4f61af39030f75267c70a29f7c09a.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=SlH-FWPXxiAT1Hjl8FMaS5YS%7ESVx0Y6YrQiWukiwv%7Edkm60A-xpzmhj6vs21P4J-TL70lqFkt%7ELlV8aQrUGk1CYdqP%7EJ7SfJofjQgkVQ3-WpaIwnfSKgAn8lAM4GvK2LcVN10jzVXPOUwPF6IjXJWAxq3M%7EuRvzdhBBZ85QenaVg2ACFS1TfxGVrWsbZUOT4GNZSyQZvMJ0e%7EmZfW-dtdK1OdVRdyPqeXbnRa0sq2p07lb30Xs7P%7E5z5UCENRxPcgFD0AcXBu8EKmWiWGCBr-2NleXMm3hbEQI6UkDXdKAaQzwEXOetJcsIeSOVq0myoLMpIwr8kS0s3JinoGquqoA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ebb006e92be77d4bf3b1a58e215b28a0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 008 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Bridges Construction projects Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Snow Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of a snow covered construction site near the northeastern lion pedestal base. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 2, 1995 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/4b10b50abc6d9afd7ba7292ece426471.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=fimQ%7ElBT4pm5POnC539hg8PS1-6yEX%7Eb-ptsWQDfnwnzxyevne4KskjygX0EsOxHY8iSS16rLVBHq0R1v1ouxuShOLqTi%7E%7EwdSzaDb%7EpnEf5XQG%7EQAt3glmHnppWKuke58jnBSdE6AHcfFU9ukenJAEWGo1s6vNjxr1w6MSFJ4aWVPstTIHKrRcoRWciVtuP0xoTght1wdkMoaTPC70YB4ileXLVQ4AjjjXowOpgfh9TWGNV6FmO8UqRaOB-IsxiOCrZLs4dxlnx7mxtpOjP8JERPII3JqA3DyyykuNQ%7EjsuWxhufhEjsPIbiMMktY6NMxLByACmnSbc5QbnCEm2FA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 00a801315453fe969a6c1bf0f6330987 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 009 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Snow Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of a snow covered construction site near the cast blocks for the sidewalk. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 2, 1999 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/2537b1e5f0eb8cd3861e8b31ee5a49e2.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=jsT13ZamG5XakOg2tf8lpmTDBOVhSiCy1pvtH%7EZz1QWn-RzKbxtifvzU4u3ZJkbM7mTFKbKYQK1xqRBnUAJTBR30%7E30DW5gLM6mw662AfAWO4bVeegWELm3ymlwawSexS376PY0pgD-11Q-4cVSGorMf7m6uCYBSlAXKyQIUFiPL1PJUyptO5gekrlZiAQXULApsfqK7jMiS00Fm4QO0lB6sooGEJ26fr4tCQV77yMe8Dj9N96wcqzZr72y3p2JYRv7QIAbHn7F8XJ9PNyS1lf22j3Hw-V1cU2XSDo6girGzwIMUnir8jvXv9QSu62EUDKq9EAZ6cLBttQa6Dmg0zA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM a2e1d7ac37d31ca000b52531abb6399f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 010 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Snow Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of a snow covered construction site, looking north. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 2, 1995 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/6d123a7f346d067fe6773faac9f0d986.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=vp0Ww4Z0ZvtQQfS2IVj6N-jzBMAiqb7xAPXwJSozECluP04hkiPfL%7Enqeei7bVtl23IlrobyJ0lI2jskINHjp2HoqbmWcpunxkKa3jl40z0JXzWvSXrQFc6ABtdK2Nm%7EdkO2Y4KnRHxrySugMa7C91pRNhHnnp0TunE1IKMPMQzX1Bds4bKmFuHdrcKovq4L6VNiML7dAHNlXsVdnSjRMreLNVWPqaoOpOYM-kE0f7cs7TsbEmoIndkQtX95B5rMal2LcZGD6-XvDueNU3D7WjYHSnTwaP-OMpcR%7ENbNnMfOX5a4PfBxtN10%7EA1s40wwbWlizOkkOxBEq%7Emxpo%7E2aw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 0b3a0c54dd71a3a59d46103f482e48f0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 011 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Belmont Road (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the construction-excavation at Belmont Road. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 3, 1995 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/ae5ff50bd00531b01cf385b08f351ddb.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=KhGYwHo6Pz8Lpqk09l7Rn8%7ERysF5XngZ0BNK3dFrkSc1GSPEIARi6LL9qUVHDGcdXciJ-niE5l4xtesGqcKdvrSaZ%7Ear35EaKnDuUXMy9mE081cWZrZtWr-wRC4jE2GoIai-xMvNPYzw2lRur7KafP5DO2IICp7JOa-IqnrkB7mtEuyZM5ICRvvAPNNFnYRSUlwRhfy9tU2v-EA6BP7wJu-70uqqd0Zv5NUH%7E-80CLfOow3C9riaGmkopoElHOTWycktaOIZ26e5AK8oP5IU3AzlIh8jIq8rCyHPZUXw9PoXHoc7%7EztK8bMUzX2DBv5lL3QWiJdLjppsWaLlrtDeQA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 010eb2b363b1c7fbec79c49c94c097ba Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 012 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Construction workers Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of construction workers at the ductbank near the northern approach. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 3, 1995 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/9ac187652fe059440b47bd595f88b3ef.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=HBQwV9JFla5fbSrdVP70BKkPgiwQxPP0Tw7QLS%7EJAbg6nL23Ql2PudVGZCwGijak1mKneD9SkROp8hzaxlGLYCm4Y6rPrrMqBZli6RJgEe0T4Vouet%7EipQxWqYithfgxpwqMirJ3K6cuMfnyPtnDqu7Jgy5KhYL0p-CcjKL6A59dHCtR3LsvU2De%7EHgLVd5udMpHYzruRObvAWyB6UuK4bUHfpsN7qsPTbSioefClFRbX1J7NvrCPbGVjQU%7ENFAdAT8Ke3XVV6tPhOp-qpKWrLEgiY5aqr%7E2OuQJujwLDytce74VgSz-LEx%7EDY64f95x%7EeEW5cREk%7EqwV8uQRyF0qg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 64de0cd83fccf2bc980208749891f4bd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 013 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Calvert Street (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of Connecticut Avenue looking south from Calvert Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 30, 1995 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/6984df162bdb900acbbb1c81ccff3cdc.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=KL6GjxoeV3enU2kFypKG7q3f8kHwSCLlYckNo9UU5rIvsx9cMJXyeRh%7EUNiKxISYgQM8iGUakTFQAyoya82MJCwIBeVWzk4VGpkgTIgb8BWZ5KQVLBBklJiAJq5%7Ef6D1FKvdkJmzRcVgoPX2-jAxs-Z8I2S%7E0Ij1zflLyJwlUIq9Uw6s59pizAtpNRav6unfiDeBfE2X9giFoWxaqnmTqpZ49F%7E%7ESVQidfoYj1PeUCIktAiloP3cYwJdhDp0Wxx2YEIszywHqPXN%7EAkdAIzeJJSCZf0WmT49gAHZ95XB8W8KgFRKJNE2AIovxns47-iulTjps2SDINMDpquxu8n9Kw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 953491c2f8808b920c7b848df83caa9f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 014 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the west fascia-concrete repairs looking north from the trolley cart at span 2. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 015 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the west fascia-concrete repairs. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 016 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the concrete repairs on the north side of the bridge. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 017 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Lampposts Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the stage 2 cast iron light poles. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 018 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the stage 3 work area looking north. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 019 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a general view of the construction area, looking south. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 020 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Construction workers Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the construction site near the southern approach to the bridge. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 021 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. this is a view of the stage 3 construction bridge pavement and sidewalk, looking north. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 1, 1995 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/8021f8e479b106d2312d26ecd7732cee.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=WhkKOu334CL-dQzNbtHAgIAH54ncS75qG2d02giwoIJ1pMXlpWBHVObYPeXOvIe5e0oRe3qYOoATru9iqGhf9Sy303PPwU6y8m7CtCNHo7RxmXVgJJj6QzfnDXGV%7E7X2m3TPEdeZYXwCrzw7HugKPYcjiFkpEdANcOIGqAL5O2rVUrRcbNjLmzgHMW9V-r9TYm6HwhC3pqCVUqKgUQCpB0R8J8sM3Qa82ullCHTatfj-X%7EMOQ3oWYEGtxAgbzgBIzbkZKYG-D01P95Tn%7ErMzPDZkRNDkJed31bfs9qZo9sKLaQCCvAl2StgLd%7EOYhGhPTzLVfNfQipGynzhi1vyY3A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM fef6e09950a67c6f945cf7e546f3d3bd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 022 Subject The topic of the resource Lampposts Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the bridge handrails and light poles, looking north. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 3, 1995 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/dcff34f07ae775f2fd6b27a896a0224a.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=YyQTmNX-ypCStwl8SEGp4HIO2qntMthgEHF-e3qE7E4OTYs8vsbPatwcGObdwNYvytLi%7E5ferz33YGJFTcQfMKVEZVpTCyOPdTGr3G2Uuf94WT79RAt5t0jcDfBffvnhcnIKe9cOAOEp3afZxBgtbIlTlAfhlJ5DHmhcibxKtGE3b47EtcGOLj5RlJkUABU7awTUfylKGNhwVbR2UXbE9etZcV3JwmvL2YY2wNzAxpjag7PFawdjQ0FIGY7z9LoO0bRpSU7eHF2TxfTkCvsy-rfpUuydq5Ktw3x2zFIDm8lPatNtKQE7q%7EDrEa6VUtf0bWKBabObGI9GrQ%7EuAXAhsQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 15df203bc5803646d94cb94ff2972f5d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 023 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Construction workers Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of construction workers near the northeastern retaining wall. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 024 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the southeast lion pedestal cast blocks. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 025 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the northeastern lion pedestal cast blocks. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 026 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Construction workers Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of construction workers near the catch basin. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 1, 1995 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/fe6d7e7f5a65e086b0c450f2194d4ab2.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=Lgb9DIKhrEcEN5v9TiyGVkTYDFQtebInWowgXgUXGADKsHOJs3cED7Qk0%7EIgZEvu1LrOcJYG08WOnn7Tg1S49E%7EacGBqY8ScBBO98J5nCKDzyMOWPDqqfAvqNTljcLjMmCDbCKEL%7EGl1sTwWqWvfH7lq1goIBVky2niG5xD-jeOz9M04btFDkt2iply0N2YTGFuoip-2SHlVYoMnkWaWhuLmrhP-NaMDg6EpqEI2m7kHNH3ckwJg%7EnrdHKpJYeZg6Fo2TKE%7E8EsCI9gZjkVREUii6-Sj5-XUpkheBjK3IDD9IzhpRkqND5luCvWGlCsvC0mVSnz54gwUmjNSg8KIpg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c0c5f36ad1843d70272b634dccd911cb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 027 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Belmont Road (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the of the southern approach, looking west from Belmont Road. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 1, 1995 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/28b850fbc5044beda9f451c8e44ed148.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=X1%7E0jec6bP-cka%7E7DmQFqCfGJls5%7ES%7EgfhKvBJRCh2QUIoxhPOb2a67CqL482VbG496wLuOAFhsu6MRdQo8LUtbzJNssuPeyBgJu1SUtRE-%7EPFOVbDlHNakdWflTcQdUygbs17XUBzXptfKg9uieM7ZqsP4ypF3jaLhaHxsd3VZA45i-hHVszkOsbMGOmSUuIuKWdyGQAn3h-e21z3ezgHJOXdNqyda9uKDL4YNyZhBM44qO5caUQ-cwBAQCuTe4Fz5GHbZ3P0K8QXxTf8JhjUx2YLSObVn9ixXRM4hfzxdRoaIdYo3lXdUSPMvsUrEHTh3k3mZqYORuZTNVU4rfQg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 320db0571b4dd983f9d6b99cdaae3df0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 028 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Portable toilets Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the sidewalk at the northeastern approach to Connecticut Avenue. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 30, 1995 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/4a30a1225ef2a34e949ab326e94be811.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=JXsWu9a6BIK5ZYUeLBqSPcrPLLuEIj3qggJbSb5wsa2SUgbIfk2eKJfxX6Su0TesT5kBIdRTB8vQ-Lky1HEDxaVi6geLtrDDOCgTckMd-Z2YeCaK3FRLZszlUBQ3GVjJEU9rQlZDxG6mLm6Kos7LQKw2sxhlo97gDDvPZ2cYpSJcOYGzuXWC5kLceGq-T12uFtgCtNjxGm5JoyrkisFySnMmXQCok9bNqUklba1wnh0qT2aUa4%7ETmVRXNCH6FX2iXcCeNywybgNXj9FfR9FlYbETbWuntKDme5z-q9hksCmsPUDo%7ELLpwakgXYj6vtRBHAt8kqlWSdVD4twy8iGNpg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f6ea9b27cae1c96329e738535a19fb95 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 029 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Lampposts Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the construction area, looking south from the north end of the bridge. Light posts are visible in the background. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 30, 1995 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/121c5d8b6688eb302e572ef550570a62.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=t5BZOt5CIByurHt8u0-oTA47xhwwE9rvOfq13AyIfXj0AdgJYwOk0v8xggpQtxKp-Ymh4xKqOf%7EuV8ojmqvUayKTUSzCf3KQb2xEVSIUz1e%7EJUdCs6xl7ugNFj6HBC0gB3y%7EwpXDbjXU2Kn%7E6NswZfdRbYgX5-HSjHzL6s3n%7ETaWjYtZKTUvcqD2O9OPvWsJ5PAfis9xyikA0A7oN-Pwqxr%7EB5UrzOJi-%7EMagDF65RdfQ96%7EjRW-3pDFoEDk6OKSA6oPc7Vl-53-i7sP9dU4BCrPb15XwIhJLqsFEIJETP1I-PovTynUEGwaDqavg333MQyW63y4On4kqjAUZnCpQA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 2135f6dfa99efe144516291923cb0684 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 030 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Lampposts Graffiti Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the cast iron light poles at the southern abutment. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 30, 1995 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/fb01a9736baed10bb18dc29c2428324a.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=Fl0glIuZ8Lypf8ocFiTOctGTmhqVfIYHgovTIDSWaD8GnP8QfdaJ107Xxyudtagp2GY9EhwZeuYRMifWV3a%7ECDW5YjC5nqIb8NHywYQBLAsiU-h3fwebGPxl-8Fpzr0C6Nf5bQ1iSqDpDTeiHRlZyEZZIzbG1QP-bGRDfunyeuE%7EayqCVY3Tj2aezZzYwO2MF2s5XgtQWaWOrGEqrMfJp4o6vnKc0mNqO-p7lzLlh4Xi7vnN9m-zIPsxO5QwLSr%7EcTiFKyy4Sjq8inkKB5OcCOp-8-uBSOQ2OJNMMOZOSOApJGv9TbvUWkF4xxVqpNrZSPBeB5QeGXKsc7Gc1c8SeA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 154df92eb704ae18aecd84034d8e66a8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 031 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Traffic signs and signals Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of Connecticut Avenue at the southern approach to the roadway. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 30, 1995 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/00c174d739343aecbe485da9c2477cf8.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=pOAEjkGdDJ5jcz7Rd8%7EeLFky98RAuFt0nsp49VwHxWk6CDzm-tCoR0UH%7EG7wbQQWOpQWEa1r5lM41QreKMNbH1S2SaRttrEhqjKT61eaYhk-Ln1Y8ftvXjZ4hCGhblP8Wl4AJ6WHvRcYp5qnS5dgtAQVVDsuQls6gh57XHophNgeqAufUCifBWffjTOS9Bz-a44IufI557-mZVYQYeDo8XOUkQ2CpNVIDo%7EkPbT9WxaVIFtTze1v7JVUYO8PRhTEaxfm-E4%7Eb-9aCbjmJXCa0lqd99PZJGKzHl2p0yMLDBaDNddArD%7EZ7mDIdD3Ztghf2SWEKZTwCDhY9R6Sx8-cEw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f66a5c1202229ffa333a731998c35023 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 032 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the sidewalk at the southeastern approach to Connecticut Avenue. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 30, 1995 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/b80d41f0c6a208a9e81efd388a965682.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=LBg8BV3dlp4kcPKaaP49gYQgm1vHffEZn4R9DYUIrXHf%7EdExk91Kn98g3Cg9bGwO3LX-9M6uC3gbJQm3Tzn%7E2-xb%7EE%7E%7EK-gW--iwXTE27IMRGBRyqrzUA-jW1JHaoctyV0HtMAGAiSle%7EhSvbTAhmsuLAFE4DsvnD6DZcIT23ZjQNEVPRqvByrAwoj6AWWrZIcAfY166-Vr0n2-B8YtMJS1G2Pu8mMJi85JP17MwDJn-69-zKz4R912wbJhx659JiWCOHcCuWRSCtMJxzcpt0NWPxOPaa4FfYDTtNZnlApLuGb4WxBtg7KjG3NZpURSp4iNnSI805OBKcoim-tWc0Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM cbaf829deb272895b8cf4f1819f37021 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 033 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Perry Lions Traffic signs and signals Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the southeast lion statue molding. The famous Perry Lions in these photos were designed by the famous sculptor Roland Hinton Perry in 1906 and installed in 1907. Perry also designed the famous Court of Neptune fountain in front of the library of congress. These original lion statues were removed during the 1990s renovation project, as they were in fragile condition., and are currently stored under the Air Rights Tunnel. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 4, 1994 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d1cd3ff607b597299a014c81a99ab36f.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=h1MRZxk7HAqTRZNpq67nyxCIWkMKsb5pzV03DME1uugEQK%7EvVI4Zos5VEa5b8ddyZ3As7Zixi3LoPslxHJ%7EnrcIawZTDNBYQJEYi3t4%7EOOM-tUPOhgdHRhf9oIOSjLeHZfLysxeJQ%7EaUfCCLTLhsLTERv1GHKXAq2xOkhkQzj3cP5sEWvkL6oaxoI-86drLlE57OTR1ROd3-kqtfSnbI0t09y-1dO6L9IIi9abE8P1l%7EySWXQ8fHa8-Pq2X41%7EL8IA-TF7TbFUTNzGslSLwclHfgqVC6mpsAuJhT1sUNv6NL-TWuktvNYmEW3bjWOhwMqfoG7XNutTTfv9g18z%7EFPg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 93e5c4a79271a4ad87ff03d03b05087b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 034 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of construction workers a the stage 2 cast block installation. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 4, 1994 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/a5d87f8f1c5fadf92a7ca6f006a6762a.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=q2m6-bzXNfHmDJkieYKZtavYJa6WILZVxj4Yr02dJoNlsdIr0BJ0iqMrOcSBMfwhjLs67t4prlB3XBX1LpuzSbq1G-aaaTUn3cmSMmWTy3sbHkcB2HuMgzHhR5joYD9NBrBGQbHvf5R9tg%7E%7Epgukv9-lkbbLXL4lPDpjko%7ENLfNoGBySQ3VeYZvzOLasG%7E83DcseEc%7EAs%7EnhJmJ6NjLJ7dtobPBX7HOBolw7Hl5%7ECIFNBIrKS3kiac9J20MZWfrTpKJ8v1W6ah8MmmzY6OOQFJrtfJsutzARu3oG%7EzSmNZJGKQ4rsl5XCG7B4ojMNpo6cFX-VVUV4cfPDzY%7EyHqlHw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7c81ce3c57d61c6431fab503bb4881a0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 035 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the west fascia, looking southeast. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 4, 1994 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/8cf1116f412319c4500dcfb4fbca595d.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=SMmPgGw8pCwWQ3wRhopir6hpgMjPhWKC2WeB5ColUaoLqJnI5PjlHqqexYeeWCMpfvlLm5fKc119c-Nx5fQgsre86X1nPz6OAdRJJyrzH0ga7O3tWJ7aRoLD6yRmXeH1ULefLe1Mt6DYgQh8qo2G-EF2HbhNvKIRdlou78ByTDq18ynMfISPRuMO0TCho%7EeCqyi6PH%7EOlFwUTYQCsqtfxod%7ET3ne06KDWOBMVQ9SqDF-usXl4Td1hE2dlhgkCjZasN7XFvDFycLBCtQAJbXa2zvNUR1E4jkUOjGPAJzPJDM1T-xs8KyBOQJYqKokadh0psJMrKiaSwi96lRTp0YVMg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM fc815ad4e10f81b138cd9cc81222b3a4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 036 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the span 5 concrete repairs. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 4, 1994 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/597154de5b47fbe8d9da91eaec737ebd.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=rHG715rC7kDGZJvv1K%7EeAcBX49LXitkgiRVLvXMqJt2gRJKArALlWLIn3unmAMVdN%7EcsC8em-euSytcO29mtvHwlY43FWKSxZLsm-pzXWZwGS4NpcyF7tqQ83rd3C04v7lvvAnfhuEOrmF4Juf0amxbpeeHMQVR07egZ1yYOvHByda0LoeBZ8poSMn9d5Q-bOGG3%7EZsHrDKuK%7EHhpGChxPbqQA2684pN6ewoWruQVFG6NnED3aF4XLeUDkIB-rUsGFu-EVUSWpaihkPTKwQbr61aX3r2R%7Ec1LVsqFtcqmF-tm79XXktvtqbuux7G1QEnrHLXXMMlAtSamqki6%7ETaOw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 4537ef62bbf76eee15fc41b4dd45969a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 037 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the arch span 1 concrete repairs at the southern abutment. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 4, 1994 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/aadc223b923695ec98bda12d760bc1a5.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=UHrghov1qEjNpWeWJE8zm8dNgW2GljnTWjyBf2f6ORbomAGOfJKp%7EDzHBkKLhwsMyM7AA1MQCcH0vwhJa%7EDLN4a9s44Zu9Gx5nnfR4AuWMgGSRsMbeU6-udShBglECwPd7-JlxrhKxufOK9k1XlnJxNj50FVBIgYPEP6aS1Uy1nm20lbI2mmQJ1L3FmOmDwfReht%7E-EPSiijsW9u--1zEGiO67qBjRq816mTZlqXL7jHWfBBPxE8a8WGIPHakqjKinbOXDVT1QGlRLpK92q8-eXxWEeFBNNaihp2Z56s9kTSzjYykP8h3mkCRAKStnchq5Z6n0nEndqgrdaF6YSBWg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 113eba2a1fa78dace3c8b3366b81ab4d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 038 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Traffic cones Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of bus bay slab at the northwestern approach. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 5, 1994 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/6eea3fe7bf6779d5edf4285872034b89.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=fFd6vkdt3qA316gRgZDmLuOGqKs-s6L0789Gqb6Bynb8ShaxEVzaPW-O-Ox82E6fHZ%7E6Yc0liAbTj36nx69CpO2c8oz-1r5SS1k3Iq4vpNNNSPWuRUdO2btS5EPFugMicVX29jj0oWeyNgMUCJqzWnsY5840NK0CHGXbeNXe-FA12EFoK%7EDTaWvEDPmwMyg9%7EwfM0GXrs5LoCNHW%7ECnXSnH%7EcWRTNI1bYlVH%7EecaRP04OV8gv78a7Z0HjfLMxmUDB%7ExVmtOoV2R%7ENyZ2nx7w2DoVMNo6VDSCgDRezQ1WfjXExOqUT6hBbpGf2KUV48ifsKhSu30P9KNvYk6Io7m7kw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f4be2500f9afc89ef7cf43ba2bfc70df Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 039 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the empty southeastern lion pedestal. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 5, 1994 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/4a125aa9f3dc054da0b48bae40e03477.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=TnwUrQUyRWAST5mFOMfZN640YKYr7PArmaAuRvdVoqJnYNYBg8NmSWI0njchmX%7EMbX02Dyi9uCnZGLmOv0b-xZtPj4P-t9Zm-XYkhUB2jr7VHI5q3obtS5Nmyp-IcRmYSEoovp6SrWHdfuAIhSgHYrCATXsOMum74bOYZGGW8or4yftA4W2K3xFVOUecp8vZCOkJPZXA%7EakySM%7EBTYmO8GrLdkUEkYN1XXgpOvnlPfhY6u4epEDANXXJDaaCPwTuJWTgoU1bLryTfnwuFUHTX7tNAMwVh4Hf2rAorJH0fadqRj%7E2yWbzj5gBBzf0q1iBkbmxsRftNkwmENIUvzgjYw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM be72026b951d66deb151a23abe02fc7e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 040 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Construction workers Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 041 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the arch span concrete repairs at north half. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 042 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the arch span concrete repairs at the south and west fascia. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 5, 1994 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/f2a3f3165a2024dedada1d1cfa6dfa1a.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=pBeHcq-B0ZkDjAD2QGxCbM4UZy2bQI3bHE5RwpL1m6ys4jn2-FMr21gUauEfMHBZeimpDHWxelTk4xMWawid0dB7undPbTZv5YjDoLhIYrPQVVTQaUfgwr0bMw9N5HMBdZb8Zhn2f5pNol0icG43m29S%7EPqZdTjarOQJ3%7EL7yrxbJOqVCl0lyBm-2mj7LCX1n5g0CRlh7-fsccuiAFgm2kpDHRaSXNek3FAliiTzq9KUcqsxfQipAQKAgCqVV39aw2rEnXbJlZwu-uEvCp2G1QgpUL0fyPCNoAmivsJGVkNkAOzRp%7ErsUUyY6fnadt3Sd233Pz2Io8bwPWwhfXtreg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e970ce09a06da78061f45975ef032a9b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 043 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the roadway, looking north. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 13, 1994 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/9d1822a5d4b45e174cfd322d8fc5bb4e.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=u-bEd2B369usTeBw%7EPWH6QXzW39AmCQJa58MWaDua2n9Opqum9uVgPUfID-0yynlpucm0h24bQo9l2Q8zDHhUGJWxMANWvIm5tfddB6t2Di1W%7EXmi8ia3iGQUYTeiq653ECuBm-7u-Gel-TfS3VTY9TL8Kp%7EsWJBztyqK%7Ea3fje9oH-UbuUwpCJbWoX4jiIQoQI4sf9-VqW6clvzYaz5oDk152CQEMrIkeZt-SQ7Zs5uNhPqaXzJmWnjsrO7exK%7EtpxuBiswzJCoOmRvYmAQ2jROhTYVotBndMbcZTEBWST3unIbYmCLKUrw1pJEkQS-F60Y0guOKiG8wRRFmfv6Bw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f81c1cd0e5d1c3611177e82e30848f0b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 044 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the stage 2 construction and the southern approach to the roadway, looking north. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 3, 1994 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/a859add215b6ce2c6188589c51616ff5.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=VnlnQS4y9B5Y1A0WB2XPGwtFSGUGkstlZRQI878vdkdEheLqwq9Zd-B1W1UFo-xOF46Q9bTK-mjGY2m1cybddjkn7O62XZ-CFhQZf461dHtOAh1aT-EKpBheku4e9w1KcePYvNl0Pe-jq175CawXLdL7uqTYpwl8JIqOOHnyYARTOrsgZrC%7EZbkVEzYW3MdlhjAxsawyWL2y5fQdD0jemG2VmhBDK8r0lcsOjHclwssMyN57NphA9P%7EQaXZi3-kV7fmL%7ESK4kLP0y4GaT18%7EIwXcXRinS2PiTWie40ZkQSr0KBhX0400EbsA9IIrM0aJDH6X4dq2sY43ce28dKKgrA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3ecff3e75426ca6f58133674d6802a65 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 045 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of concrete repairs on the south side in span 1. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 3, 1994 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/dd44f4526ee43ec4f058fd697fc50374.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=triLu%7ERggRlxEdbIgdQ7SXq8UqpsuOlmRfNrFjuFpzhlcn1yMk5XYJfghmlL-s7UQlEzZVP0QJyDy%7EYQ4fD5fw9oq8AMEl45T3VMIA3Apf3t1AELX7R-RCmeGxBAed0Z9f4oq2yhhhHXZTlDnlnxeLMDX4fLuE7YUxjNgAL1jRSyMZqxV30uWGQSsuVj1q-qvMDEQI0saRk2xyZEKrNn62JuPJZ14DY%7EW4hMU5QWjZgbdGLRnApwunbJMBJ7DSkDTneYqrnjlMoeULWQy8H2VS-Pw3K9pv5ZHcEtQTj23WAZz4RvMzN1Q5BEeMJGyOdNGQup7JyLCoSyKo%7EOGqCHDA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3a75d49a20158d03be70a7892f67e8f0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 046 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the southern approach to Connecticut Avenue, looking from the southern abutment of the bridge. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 27, 1993 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/abf8dbff8577148f1f14a7f9f65e259a.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=elTj77mGqsErsZwfBuBNO7GM270fHGV2zfqtL8B5y2tk95bRtXcQ6DV0ysYAzAdn1SJL45LCzrK05IiV8imR7pQGfq6otU%7ETg0Ro4cCMfFMwDzF-GPmfAl2ikXYcTBOOnNUdUCKmw7ptiX7ObUyr5EcOhxUvRsne1u3qAUXRyiQnD0IkrsKGLYiEcGMWAysmAUg%7EpycsgIBkvBu9HO-YqMrWIhjPe3L-l6F2it32LZXU-adN1mjvJLMeyP9br90FUNk39lZ6ncNjNv-08nyvqjQJUOTDZjoCLxf4Bmpc0khgobSjjmIxGxT6koyUMTW9-TpaWa%7Ex2R-4MI65TLR2bQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 83fa654b0b382106f8fbbfdb1d846cb8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 047 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the Taft Bridge roadway, looking north from Connecticut Avenue. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 27, 1993 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/82d18173a86e9aaa8669e494249ffc2f.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=et0tVNztTZyOCCDegd7lsi4WOIEY0uqX8DyNtgEfcStgHbWJxl3Kt74dyTQInAzvSMF%7E5QPz3JRbBUwykHpOp4NBOp2OU0zeOEBsseBzQ2%7EaVNEhKWuXhT55EcWxBftUA1TtOEmh9m8PBGlrg7ehsviyuskC3UVIcmsc00TlD4qkCzqANgRTRocSNzNR8pLa96glSIAvBk16t1Xm0EZ7iloBcnAz4ugIgMMtV0Xw4a43OomYP30umV8TvkP68CnKu5GMmCZhQn9Q4atb2-PvE7vegcRzmZl4FON0O34kT3BoDxCb8S5EZewyQ6uLMr8lNCpR29tr3I-Z0u7l3HYUHA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 34011c7c37eccf47b393135adbcf1008 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 048 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of a car driving near the west fascia of the Taft Bridge, looking east. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 27, 1993 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/9aa85df7874b427188a47aaee5b87bb9.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=C5XkgeaJnqRMtWt8dPG0TAMxfyec%7E5HfTySqYbS3tHc44CNIVXexUs8K%7ESHCSe8dMrtoTmwIoFVyUyX5MH8l-Mgu8Itd3XiQYpeTPNBLsK%7Eh7Etnm8-NM5pIcEvqtIqca2qmdje3qW7VZqwAYNEOtf9pmQ04n8lzFKmAGPGVKn9UC6oWMb3o58bgXOnPkgejamNayFFhUQZjasKMN331lH3O28dRh%7EbxH5PROR2I%7EkXFHSF4R5wbzsWIw9YUs165b0Jk4EMfal4Na5UlhfOwZ4kNT-l2cQ7b%7EvqFYrzUCoooHvRu8O40g3Ijv1OVEyGNUJ09odGCe2T1hhJvxII5Rw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 0e74b92417804b327ee7f5b7815355ec Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Taft Bridge 049 Subject The topic of the resource Taft Bridge Connecticut Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Connecticut Avenue (Taft Memorial) Bridge over Rock Creek Parkway, N.W. This is a view of the bucket and trolley on the west side of the bridge, looking north. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Kiewit Eastern Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 2, 1993 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Ramnik Kotadia, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/df6748d8d169af4a7f81c82d49d12962.jpg?Expires=1779321600&Signature=tpSOstjeaZJArkdlucnU9sim5JPPNjOEqPV4OWXQ1mMCWuwB776QM-mUhGtiajZALFi78CWcyGPPgyP17bwkGQNYghajavs3Eqza3gdnhI1nTi0t7UW-YwmVI1HJopk7JhT29%7E2Y2dHTQI-SD0KWB4ZUh0-6wH2Ru7Y-txSDWVnMifJUu%7E-BwjhB9EE1-IoRYZOhsRuX438l15Mi%7ES27Ep6sKAcu9laurPS%7Esw0RSXi3dhlgk4ZJw9hcdlri-4mrPUdHObA799asohwFY01sBxu%7E7hqUw9vpzvRCmP1btLnQCUvwEE5wBHA63FywqiPAmUvlqQTp1%7EYDOQNLROAZrA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 61cdffacc8b7dc4ee96a613114f2864d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.