1 10 12 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/e2cc02cb5015cca3ec3030725b3805f3.pdf?Expires=1787788800&Signature=CACSF8xh-j-9hi01z7O%7EXqkMUBe1AJWUCYZlDZQID7FBYdxfePbLBiW%7E52FlKqIsHxNk%7EGLRijIIw02JoMVFP-RxSKgCw%7E81hrXmecxM0P7rDQY89czcU35UDDs6PMRmJvCfcpoheRuFEe%7E5Qw%7EZBn85ef1mYpcZw6XHnJupEx69nMjMpguMHXbPDBNSELInaep9cIAVKfllnEZDUgarytZFBNLnsF4UNwOKrt%7EH7UwGO7G8-vT8dhzZbdjGuFmq3xj3Q8NjKKWE4KSvhLPHI3LtHa19ltzXm66de5%7EeTrrTSohHIHs0NS0TqFHWoBswOaVzEkB9663ZjKTJUwfg-Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 943133096c4df9065c7e963ebe350af8 PDF Text Text Report on INNER LOOP FREEWAY SYSTEM DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ENGINEERING STUDIES AND ESTIMATES OCTOBER 1955 DE LEUW, GATHER & COMPANY • CONSULTING ENGINEERS • CHICAGO �Report on INNER LOOP FREEWAY SYSTEM DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ENGINEERING STUDIES AND ESTIMATES Prepared for the BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS WASHINGTON, D. C. D.C. 20003 OCTOBER 1955 DE LEUW, GATHER & COMPANY • CONSULTING ENGINEERS • CHICAGO �COMMISSIONERS DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA SAMUEL SPENCER, Commissioner THOMAS A. LANE, Engineer Commissioner Brigadier General, Corps of Engineers, USA ROBERT E. MCLAUGHLIN, Commissioner DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA J. N. ROBERTSON, Director In Cooperation With BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS * U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE �ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Bureau of Public Roads, Department of Commerce Capital Transit Company Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company Department of Highways, District of Columbia Department of Sanitary Engineering, District of Columbia Department of Vehicles and Traffic, District of Columbia District of Columbia Redevelopment Land Agency National Capital Parks, Department of Interior National Park Service, Department of Interior National Capital Planning Commission O C^ /V/ 1 -! Office of the Assessor, District of Columbia Office of the Surveyor, District of Columbia Pennsylvania Railroad, Eastern Region Potomac Electric Power Company o-eft c ° Public Building Service, General Services Administration Public Utilities Commission, District of Columbia U.S. Engineers, District of Columbia Office Washington Gas Light Company » Washington Terminal Company Western Union Telegraph Company �DE LEUW, GATHER & COMPANY ENGINEERS ISO N O R T H W A C K E R D R I V E CHICAGO 6 Fl N A N C I A L 6 - O 4 2 4 October 31, 1955 Board of Commissioners District of Columbia <* Washington, D. C. Gentlemen: The accompanying report, INNER LOOP FREEWAY SYSTEMDISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, contains the results of our study of and recommendations for a system of freeways circumscribing the central business and government district of Washington. It includes general plans for the recommended freeway system and preliminary estimates of construction cost. The Inner Loop plan, conceived in 1944, was proposed to be a system of surface arteries consisting of broad avenues and pairs of one-way streets. It was felt such facilities would encourage traffic to by-pass the areas of greatest congestion and would provide for a more orderly distribution of this traffic into the principal shopping and employment areas. However, the phenomenal growth of the Metropolitan Area of Washington and the subsequent increase in the use of private motor vehicles has produced traffic volumes in excess of the street capacities indicated in the 1944 plan. Traffic volume studies based on origin-destination surveys, forecasts of population growth, and predictions of future ownership and use of motor vehicles which were undertaken as a part of our study, indicate that the Inner Loop must be a fully grade-separated highway system constructed to the highest possible design standards if it is to adequately handle the traffic volumes anticipated during the next 25-year period. The general plans and estimates of cost for the Inner Loop Freeway System, which are combined in this report, have been prepared on this basis. vn �The 17.6-mile network of freeways recommended herein would integrate the principal traffic arteries presently serving the area and would permit traffic to avoid the zone of greatest congestion in passing through Washington or to move swiftly and safely to ramps near destinations within the central area before merging with surface vehicles. Although the design standards would provide for the continuous safe movement of traffic at speeds of 50 miles per hour, the legal allowable limit would be somewhat less. It is contemplated t'nat during peak periods the average speed would probably be under 40 miles per hour because of the heavy volumes of traffic to be served. The cost of this loop system, forming a figure 8 around the central business and government district, including rights-of-way acquisition, relocation of District-owned utilities, engineering and an allowance for contingencies, has been estimated at $272,667,000. Our studies indicated that substantial savings would be realized by motor vehicle operators using the proposed Inner Loop Freeway System. These savings alone would justify an expenditure of about 1.4 times the cost of the facilities recommended herein if the latter were to be financed at liberal interest rates over a reasonable period of years. This computation does not take into account the even greater benefits which would accrue to the community as a whole. These benefits would include lessened congestion on surface streets, particularly as it would affect the operation of public transit vehicles, and the protection of property values in the central area which would suffer through lack of accessibility if present transportation deficiencies would be allowed to continue and gradually grow worse. While the entire Inner Loop Freeway System is needed immediately, it would not be feasible, either from a physical or financial standpoint, to provide them within a shorter period of time than perhaps 12 years. We have recommended, therefore, a program of stage construction which would first, provide those portions of the system most sorely needed and second, assure that each portion, as completed, could be properly integrated into the existing street and highway systems. It is heartening that, based on this report, but even before its final printing, necessary approvals were obtained for an initial portion of the Vlll �Inner Loop System of freeways. Final contract drawings and specifications preliminary to actual construction are currently being prepared. It is hoped that the balance of the system will meet with the same spirit of cooperation and understanding of the need for urgency in providing superior highway facilities for the Washington Metropolitan Area. If so, the public needs will have been met as promptly and efficiently as permitted by the great complexities involved in a project of this magnitude. We cannot express adequately our appreciation for the generous cooperation we received during the preparation of this report from the great number of individuals representing the various organizations listed under "Acknowledgments". We are particularly grateful for the fine spirit displayed throughout our study by members of your Department of Highways. Very truly yours, DE LEUW, GATHER & COMPANY Charles E. De Leuw, President IX �TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Summary of Report 1 Introduction 5 Basis of Route Selection General Connections to Radial Routes : 7 7 8 Description of Recommended Route West Route North Route—Northwest Section North Route—Northeast Section East Route Center Route South Route—Southwest Section Alternate Route via Independence Avenue South Route—Southeast Section 13 13 13 16 21 23 23 26 27 Design Standards 28 Estimate of Cost Construction Costs Contingencies Engineering Costs Right-of-Way Costs 31 31 32 33 33 Traffic Volume Studies Importance of Estimates Origin-Destination Survey Methods of Allocating Traffic Population Expansion Factors Traffic Volumes Economic Justification 35 35 35 37 37 38 41 41 Coordination with Transit Modernization 51 Inner Loop System for the Interim Period 56 Stage Construction Stage 1 Stage 2 Stages 3 and 4 Stage 5 Stages 6 and 7 Stages 8 and 9 59 59 60 60 61 61 61 * Parking Structures Over Freeways 63 �LIST OF EXHIBITS Number 1 Existing and Proposed Major Streets, Parkways and Freeways in Relation to Proposed Inner Loop Freeway System 2 Cut-away Showing Whitehurst Freeway Connection to Inner Loop—Looking East 3 View of Interchange Between the East and Northeast Sections—Looking West 4 Suggested Layout for a Fringe Parking Lot and Bus Terminal at Interchange C 5 Suggested Layout for a Recreation Area at Interchange C 6 Typical View Showing Freeway in Cut with Ramp Connections 7 View Showing Typical Cut and Cover Section 8 View of Proposed Washington Channel Bridge and Freeway Connections to Highway Bridges—Looking South 9 Typical View of Freeway in Open Cut 10 Population Distribution by Districts—1948 and 1980 11 Mass Transit Passenger Trip Desire Lines and Potential Express Bus Patronage to Destination Area A 12 Mass Transit Passenger Trip Desire Lines and Potential Express Bus Patronage to Destination Area B 13 Mass Transit Passenger Trip Desire Lines and Potential Express Bus Patronage to Destination Area F 14 Mass Transit Passenger Trip Desire Lines and Potential Express Bus Patronage to Destination Area G 15 Recommended First Stage of Construction of the Inner Loop Freeways and an Interim Belt of Existing Streets XI �APPENDIX A Estimates of Cost Page Summary 67 West Route 68 North Route 70 Northwest Section 70 Northeast Section 72 East Route 74 • Center Route 76 South Route 78 Southwest Section 78 Southeast Section 80 Alternates 82 Center Route 82 Southwest Section 84 Xll �APPENDIX B Preliminary Plans Sheet Key to Plan and Profile Sheets 1 to 9 1 West Route—Lincoln Memorial to 18th and T Streets N.W. 2 West Route—K Street Connection to Whitehurst Freeway 3 North Route—18th Street and T Street N.W. to 2nd Street N.E. 4 North Route—2nd Street N.E. to Benning Road 5 East Route—Anacostia River to C Street N.E. 6 East Route—C Street N.E. to Mount Olivet Road 7 Center Route—D Street S.W. to 0 Street N.W. 7A Center Route Alternate—Southwest Freeway to Massachusetts Avenue 8 South Route—Lincoln Memorial to 4th Street S.W. 8A South Route Alternate (Independence Avenue)—Lincoln Memorial to 4th Street S.W. 9 South Route—4th Street S.W. to John Philip Sousa Bridge 10 Typical Cross Sections 11 Typical Cross Sections 12 Typical Cross Sections 13 Typical Cross Sections MAPS IN BACK POCKET Recommended Stages of Construction of the Inner Loop Freeway Recommended One-Way Streets in Relation to Proposed Inner Loop Freeway System Xlll ��SUMMARY OF REPORT The rapid increase in volumes of vehicular traffic moving in and through the central business and government district of Washington during the past decade has created a problem no longer capable of solution by improvement of existing streets and roadways or the construction of new at-grade facilities in the area. Transit patronage has decreased almost 50 percent since 1944 and automobile usage has increased proportionately, taxing the present street systems far beyond their practical capacities. Remedial measures—street widening, one-way streets and reversible flow streets —have been instituted but their benefits have been of momentary significance due to the increased use of the private automobile. It has long been recognized that if the District's business and government activities are to continue to flourish, some means will have to be provided to safely and expeditiously move vehicular traffic in and through the central area. An Inner Loop highway system circumscribing the central district and connecting with principal traffic arteries serving the area was first proposed in 1944. The basic concept of this Inner Loop is as sound today as when originally proposed but our studies of present traffic volumes and those anticipated in the foreseeable future indicate that such a Loop system must, if it is to satisfactorily handle these volumes, be constructed as a fully grade separated facility with adequate connections to and from existing streets. We have estimated that there would be approximately 580,000 daily trips on the Inner Loop System in 1980 representing about 1,318,000 vehiclemiles per day. Commercial vehicles would account for approximately oneeighth of this traffic. The average length of trip would range from 2.24 miles for passenger cars to 2.49 miles for commercial vehicles. The Inner Loop Freeway System recommended herein is approximately 17.6 miles in length—14.6 mil^s of main freeway roadways, three miles of connecting roadways—and forms a figure 8 around the central district of the city. There are approximately four miles of eight-lane freeway, nine miles of six-lane freeway and 1.5 miles of four-lane freeway. There are six miles of 2-lane, one-way connecting roadways in interchanges and in connections to existing traffic arteries. All traffic lanes are a minimum of 12 feet in width. �Center malls separating opposing traffic are 4 feet wide in fill or elevated sections and on bridges and 11 feet wide in depressed sections. The alignment and grades of the Inner Loop Freeway as recommended herein would provide for the continuous, safe movement of traffic at speeds of 50 miles per hour even though the legal allowable limit would be somewhat less. It is also anticipated that during peak periods the average speed would probably be under 40 miles per hour because of the heavy volumes of traffic to be served. In our selection of freeway route location, we were governed by several factors. The freeway should be so located that it would 1. be properly integrated with other existing and proposed street and highway facilities, 2. provide for the preservation of historical sites, parks, playgrounds, and institutional buildings insofar as possible, and 3. provide the maximum in traffic service, attracting sufficient traffic to justify its construction in accordance with highest possible standards of design. It is our opinion that the freeway routes recommended herein meet the abovelisted requirements. Almost the entire route of the Inner Loop Freeway System is within areas which have been recommended for redevelopment. We realize that the existing pattern of surface streets within such areas may be changed in the planning for renewal of the area. We recommend that close cooperation between the agencies responsible for the urban renewal planning and the Department of Highways be maintained to assure that rights-of-way for the freeway will be provided and that any change in the pattern of surface streets will fit the traffic pattern for the area when the freeway is completed. The Inner Loop Freeway System and its relationship to existing and proposed major streets, parkways and freeways is shown on Exhibit 1. The several segments—east, west, center, north and south—which make up the entire system are shown in more detail on Sheets 1 to 9 inclusive. Alternate alignments considered for the center and south portions are shown on Sheets 7A and 8A. Although these alternatives would satisfactorily handle the traffic anticipated, their construction would require an expenditure of approximately 14.5 million dollars more than the recommended Center and South Routes. �It is recognized that construction of the Inner Loop System cannot progress without some interference to mass transportation facilities however, changes in routes and operations, therefore, should be coordinated with the construction stages. More detailed plans for the Inner Loop System than those contained in this report have been filed with the District of Columbia Department of Highways. Official adoption of these plans, after all required preceding steps have been taken, will protect the needed rights-of-way. Without such designation of routes for future highways, new developments could take place which would make the cost of the freeways prohibitive. Adoption of the preliminary plans and profiles will also permit all official agencies as well as private builders to plan and construct their projects in complete coordination with the highway program. Plans will not alleviate traffic congestion, however. It is urged, therefore, that prompt action be taken following adoption to transform these plans into steel and concrete. Only in this way can the motorist and trucker, the transit patron and pedestrian, and the businessman and property owner be given the benefits envisioned from the building of the Inner Loop System. �INTRODUCTION Washington has the problem in its central business and government district of accommodating a rapidly increasing number of moving vehicles on a street system designed long before the advent of the motorcar. While Washington's streets are wider than those of most cities, their capacity is seriously curtailed by the great number of complex intersections created by diagonal streets superimposed on a basically rectangular pattern. It is known from various traffic studies that many of the vehicles in the most congested area have no purpose there except to pass through or to reach points on the opposite side of the area from which they entered. Removal of such vehicles by provision of a highway of superior design standards circling the downtown area would bring substantial time savings to vehicles in both of these classifications. This would, at the same time, provide additional capacity for anticipated increases in the number of vehicles terminating in the area. This would be particularly advantageous to transit buses which must enter the area of greatest congestion because it is the region in which most of their passengers have destinations. The Inner Loop is intended to relieve the congestion on the city street system by providing additional lanes of roadway for faster movement of vehicles within the District. It is intended to further relieve the congestion on the city street system by serving as a by-pass route for vehicles which at present are moving through the District on surface streets. Connections have been provided at the Highway Bridges, the proposed Constitution Avenue Bridge, Whitehurst Freeway, and New York Avenue which will encourage through traffic on the Interstate routes to use the Inner Loop as a by-pass artery t-hrough the central business and government area. Connections to the Anacostia River Bridges and the proposed Anacostia Freeway, to South Capitol Street, Massachusetts Avenue, Rhode Island Avenue, 16th Street N.W., North Capitol Street, West Virginia Avenue and many other major surface arteries is intended to relieve congestion on these main thoroughfares. The problem was approached on the basis of designing a highway which would provide the greatest relief of traffic congestion for all groups at the �lowest investment, considering at all times the effect of the proposed highway facilities on other aspects of the City's functions. In considering the many facets of urban life concerned with a major undertaking of this scope, we had the cooperation of officials and staff members of innumerable organizations. The names of organizations whose representatives made substantial contributions are acknowledged hereinbefore. It was found impractical to list the individuals who took part, however, because of their great numbers. This fine cooperation permitted the development of a plan integrated with many important projects now being considered for the continued enhancement of Washington as the Nation's capital city. It is important in this era of rapid urban growth and redevelopment that plans for freeways be adopte'd officially even though construction of some sections may be several years away. Thus, rights-of-way for these indispensable facilities can be preserved against use in other projects which would make the later development of the highway system financially impractical. Even during the short time required to prepare this report, at least one new building was placed under construction which required changes to be made in the recommended alignment. �BASIS OF ROUTE SELECTION General The problem of selecting the route for a limited access highway is complicated by the inter-relationship of many factors. The physical problems of line and grade imposed by higher or lower design standards must be weighed against estimated construction costs under each. The highway must also be integrated with other existing and proposed facilities so that it will complement them and serve them rather than interfere with their best development. In selecting the route for the freeway, the preservation insofar as possible of historic sites, parks and playgrounds, and institutional buildings must be considered as well as the intrinsic value of the property. • Finally, the highway must be so located and designed that it will provide the maximum in traffic service, considering all elements of cost. For this reason, the studies considered the economic justification for the Inner Loop System. Selection of a suitable route for the Inner Loop System was based on the assumption that a properly located highway would attract sufficient traffic to justify its construction to the highest possible standards of design. These design criteria will provide a fully grade separated highway with no cross traffic, no left turns from the express roadways, and limitation of access to properly designed interchanges. These interchanges will be so spaced that vehicles will have appropriate distances in which to accelerate or decelerate when entering or leaving the streams of through-traffic. The design criteria are described more fully on page 29. In general, the standards are such as to permit safe and continuous travel at speeds of approximately 50 miles per hour. Freeways provide more capacity per lane than any other type of highway. The Committee on Highway* Capacity of the Department of Traffic and Operations of the Highway Research Board published a report in 1950 which states that a multi-lane highway has a basic capacity of 2,000 passenger vehicles per lane per hour and a practical capacity of 1,500 passenger vehicles per lane per hour. In this study the 1980 volumes desiring to use each of the ramps and roadways have been estimated. It is recognized that in �places the facility as designed will have to operate at a capacity per lane in excess of the above indicated practical capacity if it is to handle all of the traffic assigned. In such instances, a slight reduction in average speed may take place but the overall attractiveness of the freeway and the intended function of the Inner Loop will be maintained. Thus the proposed Inner Loop Freeway should carry the estimated traffic demands for 1980 with the possible loss of some freedom of movement as volumes approach basic capacity. The freeways will be so superior to the parallel surface streets in safety, capacity, and time-saving features that they will attract vehicles from a wide area even at the expense of somewhat greater distances to be traveled by some motorists. Connections to Radial Routes It became apparent that a limited access highway of the design standards proposed for the Inner Loop System should be connected wherever possible with highways of comparable quality radiating to various parts of the Metropolitan Area. It would be undesirable and particularly hazardous to have short sections of surface streets, with all their inherent disadvantages, between these radial freeways and the Inner Loop, whereas integration of all limited access highways in the area into a continuous network would be obviously desirable and worthy of achievement. Routes were selected, therefore, to provide limited access connections between the Inner Loop and the proposed Constitution Avenue Bridge, Whitehurst Freeway, and a new freeway to connect to the Washington-Baltimore Parkway along New York Avenue. Connections are also provided to West Virginia Avenue, Benning Road, John Philip Sousa Bridge, Anacostia River Bridge (llth Street S.E.) including a new bridge parallel to the existing structure, and Highway Bridge as proposed to be improved by construction of a second one-way bridge. Exhibit 1 shows the existing and prfcposed major streets, parkways and freeways in relation to the Inner Loop. Connections will be made by means of properly designed ramps to other principal streets. Major arterials in this group include Massachusetts Avenue N.W., 16th Street N.W., Rhode Island Avenue N.W., North Capitol Street, 8 �South Capitol Street, and others. While these are not of limited access characteristics, they carry substantial volumes of traffic. A study was made of the possibility of connecting the proposed Inner Loop System with Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway as well as with Connecticut Avenue N.W. in the vicinity of Calvert Street. The study included investigations of the physical feasibility, approximate cost, and desirability from the traffic standpoint. Traffic assignments were based on the assumption that the connection would provide only for movement on the Inner Loop to and from the east, since existing roadways in and paralleling Rock Creek Parkway, as proposed to be improved, will in a sense supplement the west leg of the Inner Loop. Three alternate routes were found for a physically feasible connection between the proposed freeway, the Parkway, and Connecticut Avenue. Each of these routes involved substantial length of tunnel, however, so that the estimated cost of providing a four-lane connection would be approximately $29,000,000. A two-lane connection was considered impractical because of the restriction on passing that would be imposed for a distance of approximately 2,700 feet in the tunnel section. The volumes of traffic which were estimated as potential to such a connection were found to be substantial. This traffic, if added to that normally tributary to the North Route of the Inner Loop System, would load that route far beyond any capacity that could reasonably be provided. This finding illustrates the fact that the Inner Loop System cannot stand alone as the solution to all of the District's traffic problems. In this particular instance, consideration should be given to future completion of a second highway loop at an intermediate distance from the central business district. This loop which could be constructed to lower standards will serve to funnel off crosstown traffic and carry it expeditiously between outlying areas. ft Appropriate ramps are provided on the proposed Inner Loop System for Connecticut Avenue traffic which could not conveniently use the intermediate loop highway. Such traffic would route itself southbound via Calvert Street Bridge and 18th Street N.W., and northbound via T Street N.W. and Connecticut Avenue. 11 �Benning Road, Sousa, and Eleventh Street Bridges are well placed to serve traffic attempting to by-pass Central Washington as well as that moving between areas east of the Anacostia and northwest and southwest sections of Washington. These bridges, therefore, have been given direct connections to the Inner Loop System. The proposed Anacostia Freeway will connect to Sousa and Eleventh Street Bridges. The direct connections between the Inner Loop and these two bridges will provide for movements between the Inner Loop System and the Anacostia Freeway. Ramp connections have been provided between the East Route of the Inner Loop Freeway System and existing surface streets which will serve as temporary approaches to East Capitol Street Bridge. More direct connections may be provided when plans are developed for the improvement of bridge approach streets either prior to or coincident with development of the East Capitol Mall. �DESCRIPTION OF RECOMMENDED ROUTE West Route The West Route of the Inner Loop System will begin at Lincoln Memorial Circle and extend northerly at surface grade through an interchange with the proposed new Potomac River Bridge in the vicinity of Constitution Avenue. See Sheet 1. The interchange ramps as shown in broken lines on Sheet 1 are not included in our cost estimates. The freeway will displace a number of unsightly and non-conforming structures between the Navy buildings just south of E Street N.W. and park lands bordering the Potomac River. North of E Street N.W. the freeway will swing to the east of the proposed Potomac Plaza development in the several blocks formerly occupied by the Washington Gas Light Company's plant. The freeway will continue north on the east side of 24th Street and pass under Washington Circle in a covered 6-lane section with controlled access connections with Whitehurst Freeway serving traffic to and from the north. See Exhibit 2 and Sheet 2. Continuing north along the east side of 21st Street N.W., the freeway will lie below the grade of surface streets with appropriate ramp connections in sufficient number to serve anticipated traffic. All important surface streets will be carried over the freeway on architecturally attractive structures. North of Massachusetts Avenue the freeway will swing to the east, still one level below street grade. It will pass under the streetcar ramp in Connecticut Avenue just north of R Street N.W., connecting with the Northwest Section of the North Route at 18th Street N.W. and T Street. North Route—Northwest Section The freeway forming the'North Route of the Inner Loop System will lie just north of T Street in the section between 18th Street N.W. and 10th Street N.W. See Sheet 3. In this location it will be a buffer between the commercial properties along U Street N.W. and the church, hotel, and apartment district south of T Street N.W. 13 �EXHIBIT 2 O Z 8 &, S o Ctf w O z o H u w z 8 w t/3 W H HH I O 2 O c/i CJ �VIEW OF INTERCHANGE BETWEEN EAST AND NORTHEAST SECTIONS — LOOKING WEST 2 3 H ta �East of 16th Street N.W. the freeway will be built to an 8-lane depressed section providing 4 lanes of traffic in each direction. Appropriate ramps will serve traffic originating north of the freeway. Continuing on a profile below surface grade, the freeway will swing southeasterly at 10th Street N.W. to Interchange A with the Center Route of the Inner Loop System south of Q Street N.W. just east of New Jersey Avenue. In the same general area, ramps will provide connections with such important surface thoroughfares as North Capitol Street, Rhode Island Avenue, New Jersey Avenue, and 1st Street N.W. North Route—Northeast Section The freeway will continue east of North Capitol Street as an 8-lane facility on elevated structure. See Sheets 3 and 4. The alignment skirts the existing Peoples Drug Company warehouse and their proposed new warehouse, and passes over the Washington Terminal tracks just south of and parallel to Florida Avenue. Connections with New York Avenue designed to Interstate Highway standards will be provided as well as an off-ramp into Florida Avenue. A number of plans for the freeway structure at the railroad were tested before finally selecting the recommended alignment. Profiles were studied for both over-passing and under-passing the railroad and alignments both north and south of Florida Avenue were examined before selecting the route. The problem in crossing Florida Avenue and the railroad was complicated by an existing 15x17.5-foot sewer which lies just below the street surface in Florida Avenue. See Sheet 4. East of the railroad, freeway routes both north and south of Florida Avenue were investigated, those on the north involving the use of a portion of the lands of Gallaudet College. A location was finally selected south of Florida Avenue which will give excellent alignment and profile and permit construction at a reasonable cost. The freeway in the section east of 5th Street N.E. will consist of an 8-lane facility on fill one level above existing street grade until it connects with the East Route at llth Street N.E. in Interchange B. Side slopes will be adequately landscaped by using appropriate ground cover planting and low shrubs. 16 �Existing Florida Avenue east of 4th Street N.E. will become a one-way street westbound, and a new eastbound roadway will be provided south of the freeway. An interchange will be provided at llth Street N.E. between the Northeast Section and the East Route of the Inner Loop System. See Exhibit 3. No connection between the Northeast Section and West Virginia Avenue will be necessary since the volume of traffic potential to such a connection is small and can be readily accommodated on the street system. The freeway will continue east of the interchange as a 6-lane facility one level above existing street grade and will over-pass existing streets including Maryland Avenue and 15th Street N.E. At 16th Street N.E. the profile will drop from one level above existing grade to a depressed section, and the freeway will continue easterly one level below grade to connect with Benning Road in Anacostia Park just east of Oklahoma Avenue. East Route The East Route of the Inner Loop System will start at the Anacostia River. See Sheet 5. Either a new 8-lane bridge or two 4-lane bridges will need to be built to provide the required capacity. Continuing north between llth and 12th Streets S.E., the East Route will connect with the Southeast Section of the South Route at Interchange C in the vicinity of K Street S.E. and llth Street. This interchange will accommodate all movements except those between the east and the south, these having been found too small in number to justify provision for them. The area inside the interchange can be developed to provide an off-street fringe parking lot which will accommodate 400 vehicles with direct pedestrian access to a bus terminal which is suggested as a replacement of the existing terminal at Barney Circle. See Exhibit 4. A playground can be provided in the area inside of the southwest quadrant to replace some of the park area occupied by the interchange. See Exhibit 5. At the interchange the freeway will dip from one level above surface grade to one level below and continue north between llth and 12th Streets. Ramp connections will be provided between the East Route and existing 21 �M X 2 3 TYPICAL VIEW SHOWING FREEWAY IN CUT WITH RAMP CONNECTIONS �streets to serve East Capitol Street Bridge traffic until improvements to the bridge approach streets have been made. Future plans for the East Capitol Mall and improvements to bridge approach streets should provide for connections to the East Route to serve traffic generated by such improvements. The profile will change to one level above grade south of G Street N.E. and the freeway will pass over the Northeast Section of the North Route with connections to provide for movements to and from the west. See Sheet 6. Ramps will connect with West Virginia Avenue which will be improved as far north as Corcoran Street to accommodate the increased traffic. A grade separation will be provided for northbound traffic at Corcoran and West Virginia Avenue and Corcoran Street will be improved to a connection with Mount Olivet Road. Center Route * The Center Route will begin at an interchange with the Southwest Section in the vicinity of 1st and F Streets S.W. and extend north as a 6-lane depressed roadway under both branches of the Pennsylvania Railroad. See Sheet 7. The freeway will pass through The Mall at depressed grade and continue north on the west side of 2nd Street N.W. It will swing to the west near Massachusetts Avenue to a north and south alignment between 3rd and 4th Streets N.W. The Center Route will connect with the Northwest Section at Interchange A between 1st Street N.W. and New Jersey Avenue north of 0 Street. Structures will be provided at cross streets to carry surface traffic over the freeway and ramps will provide for movement between surface streets at such major arteries as Independence Avenue, Constitution Avenue, Massachusetts Avenue, and New York Avenue. See Exhibit 6. An alternate alignment to provide for a covered section through The Mall is shown on Sheet 7A. A typical covered section is shown in Exhibit 7. Estimates of cost for the alternate alignment are given in Appendix A. South Route—Southwest Section The Southwest Section will begin at the north portal of the 6-lane covered section under Lincoln Memorial Circle and extend southeasterly through 23 �M X 3 s H VIEW SHOWING TYPICAL CUT AND COVER SECTION �VIEW OF PROPOSED WASHINGTON CHANNEL BRIDGE AND FREEWAY CONNECTIONS TO HIGHWAY BRIDGES —LOOKING SOUTH I s H �Potomac Park as a 4-lane facility. See Sheet 8. The profile will be approximately at the existing grade of Ohio Drive to connect with the existing Highway Bridge and the proposed new Highway Bridge in the vicinity of Jefferson Memorial. After passing the Highway Bridges, the freeway will continue east through East Potomac Park as an 8-lane facility and over a new 8-lane 2way bridge over Washington Channel and Maine Avenue. See Exhibit 8. Between Maine Avenue and South Capitol Street, the Southwest Section of the Inner Loop System will consist of the long discussed Southwest Freeway forming the north boundary of Project Area B of the Redevelopment Land Agency. The Southwest Freeway will be integrated with the 10th Street Mall as proposed to be developed in Webb & Knapp's plan for Project Area C. Suitable ramps to handle the traffic destined for this section will be provided. The Southwest Section will connect to the Center Route" at Interchange D in the vicinity of 1st Street S.W. which will provide for movements between the Center Route and sections of the Inner Loop System both east and west of the interchange. In addition, connections will be provided between South Capitol Street and the Southwest Freeway and between South Capitol Street and the Center Route. The northbound movement from South Capitol Street to the Center Route, however, will be made via Canal Street to a ramp at 1st and D Streets S.W. Alternate Route via Independence Avenue An alternate route has been developed for that part of the Southwest Section between Lincoln Memorial and the Southwest Freeway at Maine Avenue. See Sheet 8A. The Independence Avenue route would extend easterly from the covered section under Lincoln Memorial Circle on approximately the existing alignment of Independence Avenue to an interchange at the south end of 17th Street where grade separation structures would provide connections between 17th Street and the freeway. A new bridge over a portion of the Tidal Basin would be required. From this interchange, the freeway would extend southeasterly along the north side of the Tidal Basin and pass under 14th Street and the Penn- 26 �sylvania Railroad tracks on an alignment paralleling Maine Avenue. Connections would be made to the Southwest Freeway at Maine Avenue and 12th Street S.W. Fifteenth Street traffic would overpass the freeway to provide for movement to Highway Bridge and the Jefferson Memorial area as well as to and from Hains Point. A new 6-lane 2-way bridge over Washington Channel and a 6-lane roadway across East Potomac Park would connect the Highway Bridges with the Southwest Freeway. South Route—Southeast Section The Southeast Section of the Inner Loop System will extend east from South Capitol Street on a 6-lane elevated structure over the railroad yards and New Jersey Avenue, and cross to the north side of Virginia Avenue at 2nd Street S.E. See Sheet 9. The freeway will extend southeasterly parallel to Virginia Avenue to K Street where it will swing east on a fill section one level above street surface and connect with the East Route at Interchange C, previously described. The freeway will continue easterly as a 4-lane facility on fill and terminate at grade at the approaches to John Philip Sousa Bridge. Service drives will be provided flanking the freeway between 2nd and 7th Streets S.E. to provide access to and from the freeway. The existing roadway on Virginia Avenue will be used for eastbound traffic and a new westbound roadway will be constructed on the north side of the freeway. A pair of ramps will be provided in the vicinity of 13th and 14th Streets S.E. for traffic terminating in that area. �DESIGN STANDARDS The design of the Inner Loop System was based on the standards for the National System of Interstate Highways. In a few instances it has been necessary to modify these standards because of physical obstacles, but in all essential respects, these high standards have been met. It is anticipated that an average speed of 40 miles per hour will prevail during most hours of the day. A design speed of 50 miles per hour has been adopted for the main freeway, however, so that higher-than-average speeds will not be unsafe. All sections of the system will be fully grade-separated, with no left turns from main roadways, no traffic control signals, and no pedestrians on the traveled roadways. Typical cross sections for the main roads show either two, three or four lanes in each direction divided by center malls varying in width from 4 feet to 11 feet. All of the lanes will be 12 feet in width with one foot added where barrier curbs are used. The outer lane will be flanked with a hard surfaced 7-foot shoulder in retaining wall sections and a 10-foot stabilized shoulder in open cut or fill sections. See Sheets 10, 11, 12, and 13. For the most part the freeways will lie below the grade of existing streets. A sufficient number of these streets will be carried over the freeway to accommodate all anticipated surface traffic. Where possible, these roadways will be bordered by landscaped side slopes on a maximum grade of 2 horizontal to 1 vertical. See Exhibit 9. Where required by high land cost or restrictive physical conditions, the roadways will lie between walls set back from the traveled lanes a sufficient distance to impose no psychological hazard on motorists. 28 �Ramps have been designed for safe and comfortable operation at 30 miles per hour after leaving the freeway. These ramps have been connected to the main freeway with tapered acceleration lanes 500 feet in length and deceleration lanes 250 feet long. The following tabulation shows the applicable criteria: geometric Horizontal Control Minimum radii Main roadway 955 Connecting roadways at directional interchanges 500 Loop ramps 230 Minimum distance between reverse curves. . . 300 Stopping sight distance 400 feet feet feet feet Vertical Control Maximum grade Main roadway Ramps and connecting roadways Minimum grade Vertical clearance over railroads Vertical clearance under structures Stopping sight distance design percent percent percent feet feet feet 3.0 5.0 0.3 26.0 14.5 400 feet (6°) The above criteria have been adhered to throughout the project with a few minor exceptions where a substantial economy was realized or where a physical obstruction indicated that the practical solution would be a slight deviation from standards. These locations are few and have in no way impaired the safety or overall efficiency of the facility. 29 �M X 5 TYPICAL VIEW OF FREEWAY IN OPEN CUT �ESTIMATE OF COST The total estimated cost of the Inner Loop System is $272,667,000. The length in miles and total costs by routes or sections of routes are shown herewith, while a breakdown of these costs by items is given in Appendix A. Major subdivisions of project costs are construction, contingencies, engineering, and rights-of-way. SUMMARY OF ESTIMATE OF COST Construction Contingencies and Engineering Rights-of-Way Total 2.47 2.13 2.86 2.90 1.70 3.36 2.19 $26,163,000 23,050,000 21,850,000 14,469,000 18,751,000 26,443,000 15,875,000 $6,542,000 5,763,000 5,463,000 3,618,000 4,689,000 6,612,000 3,970,000 $19,946,000 20,366,000 17,995,000 8,664,000 12,382,000 1,290,000 8,766,000 $52,651,000 49,179,000 45,308,000 26,751,000 35,822,000 34,345,000 28,611,000 Total . . . 17.61 $146,601,000 $36,657,000 $89,409,000 $272,667,000 $22,607,000 32,674,000 $5,653,000 8,170,000 $14,237,000 1,353,000 $42,497,000 42,197,000 Route or Section West Northwest Northeast East Center Southwest Southeast Miles in Length ALTERNATES Center Southwest 1.72 3.16 Construction Costs Construction costs are based on the design standards described heretofore which have been incorporated to provide facilities of adequate capacity for the safe and efficient handling of the predicted volumes of traffic. These costs are based on an analysis of conditions, study of availability of local materials, current bid prices, and contractors and suppliers costs on work of similar character. On certain items, prices have been fixed after con> sultation with local contractors experienced on projects of the type involved. Experience on similar highway projects has proven that separate contracts for the demolition or relocation of existing buildings should be let prior to awarding actual construction contracts. Later, contractors are not impeded or delayed in the prosecution of their work since they have a clear 31 �site available throughout the entire length of each project. In some instances sites are available where existing buildings can be moved a few hundred feet and placed on new foundations. In other locations, buildings are of such low value that it will be more economical to demolish them. The item for clearing rights-of-way is based upon prevailing prices. After demolition, a time lapse prior to the start of actual construction may make it necessary to fill existing cellars under buildings which have been razed or moved. The cost of this work has been included herein. A number of utilities will be encountered during construction of the Inner Loop System. These include sanitary and storm sewers, water supply systems, mass transportation facilities, gas mains, underground electric systems, telephone and telegraph lines, and railroads. In most instances, the freeways have been so located as-to minimize the amount of interference with utilities but, in certain locations, extensive changes will need to be made. The estimates presented herein include ample allowances for such changes to publicly-owned facilities only. These estimates are based upon a study of existing plans and field reconnaissance in each instance. In order to maintain traffic on existing highways, transit routes, and railroad lines, special consideration must be given to coordinating the construction program. It has been found in other instances that detailed plans for this item must be worked out well in advance because of the length of time the particular facility may be affected. The estimate for this item, therefore, includes such facilities as temporary bridges and signs, special lights, temporary roadways, leasing of rightsof-way, et cetera, and is based upon the cost of work of a similar character performed in other localities. All of the foregoing is included in the Summary of Estimates of Cost as Construction. Contingencies * A contingency item amounting to 15 percent of the estimated construction cost has been included to cover miscellaneous small items not included otherwise and to take care of any unforseen construction costs inherent in a project of this kind within an urban area. 32 �Engineering Costs Engineering costs include items for preliminary and detailed surveys; the preparation of complete construction plans, specifications, and contract documents; general supervision of construction; detailed inspection of materials and workmanship; bid analysis and contract awards; preparation of construction estimates; and the coordination of all construction and material contracts. This item is figured at 10 percent of the construction cost. Right-of-Way Costs Right-of-way costs form a large part of the total project cost, and these will vary according to the character of the properties traversed. In estimating these costs, a field survey of each route was made and assessment records were secured. . The estimates of right-of-way costs are based upon currently assessed valuations for both land and buildings, to which appropriate factors have been applied to bring the estimates to actual present day values. Tabulations showing property required for rights-of-way in each square are on file with the District of Columbia Department of Highways. Costs incidental to the acquisition of rights-of-way include engineering, legal and administrative costs. These items cover the preparation of surveys, property plats, appraisals, searching of records, court costs, moving of tenants and other expenses. A total estimated to amount to 10 percent of the actual value has been included. eh 33 ��TRAFFIC VOLUME STUDIES Importance of Estimates The volume of traffic on the proposed Inner Loop System will increase during the life of the freeways. It is important to know the amount of traffic for some target year in order to preclude the possibility that the freeways will be either over-designed or under-designed. Estimates of traffic, therefore, were made for the year 1980. • Origin-Destination Survey The Washington Metropolitan Transportation Study Area is comprised of approximately 200 square miles with a 1948 population of approximately 1,175,600. In addition to the City of Washington, the study area also contains the cities of Alexandria and Falls Church, Virginia, Arlington County and portions of Fairfax County, Virginia, and Montgomery and Prince Georges Counties in Maryland. The study was a personal interview type of origin-destination traffic survey. This survey was conducted in the summer and fall of 1948 by the Planning Section of the District of Columbia Department of Highways under the joint sponsorship of the Highway Departments of Virginia, Maryland and the District of Columbia. As a highway study eligible for Federal aid, it was carried out in cooperation with the U. S. Bureau of Public Roads, Department of Commerce. In order to obtain complete information on traffic movements the area was divided into 9 sectors which were subdivided into 65 districts and further subdivided into 287 zones. The zones were also divided into subzones but for this analysis the zone was used as the smallest subdivision except for special studies. The basic procedure of the study was designed to obtain detailed information concerning the travel ort an average weekday by persons living in the Washington Metropolitan Area. It also revealed the characteristics of travel generated elsewhere, but which involves use of highways within the study area. In general the method followed the sampling technique developed by the Bureau of the Census, with certain modifications to adapt it to an urban traffic study. 35 �The origin-destination study was divided into two phases: 1. Internal Survey (a) Selection of samples for homes, trucks, and taxicabs (b) Home interviews (c) Truck interviews (d) Taxicab interviews 2. External Survey (a) Traffic counts (b) Roadside interviews A total of 16,648 samples were selected on the basis of 5 percent of all dwelling units listed in accredited sources of information, supplemented in certain areas by field information. Interviews were completed at approximately 94 percent of the units selected in the sample. Approximately 66 percent of these interviews were made in the District of Columbia, 19 percent in Virginia and 15 percent in Maryland. In the case of both taxicabs and trucks, a 10 percent sample was used. The required data on travel habits were drawn from these internal survey interviews. Information on travel inside the cordon by persons entering from points beyond its limits was obtained by an external survey. This was made concurrently with the internal survey. The method consisted of stopping and interviewing as many vehicle operators as possible without causing serious congestion. Interviews were conducted at 34 stations established for this purpose along the cordon line around the periphery of the survey area. The stations were situated so as to intercept traffic on all important county roads and interstate trunk highways serving the Metropolitan Area. Approximately two-thirds of all vehicles passing the survey stations on an average 24-hour summer day were interviewed. The basic facts on origin-destination collected in the external survey were supplemented by volume counts which classified traffic by type of vehicle and direction. The origin-destination survey was fully described, with summarized data, in a report published in 1950 by the various agencies that conducted the survey. Since copies of that report were widely distributed and are still available, this report will not give details presented in the survey report. 36 �Methods of Allocating Traffic In allocating traffic to the freeways, private automobiles and commercial vehicles were separated so as to know the number of each type of vehicle that would be served. Traffic was assigned to specific points of access to estimate probable usage of each ramp as an aid in designing the freeway. The estimated traffic for 1980 is shown alongside each ramp on the strip maps. Traffic was assigned to the different sections of the freeway system by making a detailed analysis of zone-to-zone and external station-to-zone movements. Based on experience with other similar highways in the Washington area, it was assumed that of the vehicles moving between any two zones, the proportion attracted to the freeway system would increase in relation to time savings. All trips between a pair of zones were allocated to the freeway system when its use would result in time savings of 8 minutes or more. Smaller proportions of the total number of trips were allocated for relatively smaller time savings, while no allocations to the freeways were made for trips losing 2 minutes or more. The allocation curve used is very similar to the one shown on page 32 of the Highway Research Board Bulletin 61 in Mr. Darel L. Trueblood's study of Shirley Highway traffic movements. In using this method, present travel time over the best surface route was estimated and compared with the probable time using surface streets to the nearest access ramp serving the freeway system, thence over this facility to the egress ramp nearest the zone of destination, and thence over surface streets to the destination. Population One of the most important factors to consider when predicting future traffic increases is population growth, including possible redistribution of population. The estimate of 1948 population and population destribution within the Washington Metropolitan Area was based on reports of the U. S. Census Bureau, as well as on data prepared by the National Capital Planning Commission. There were approximately 1,175,600 persons within the survey area in 1948. Of these, 778,000 were in the District of Columbia, 206,100 in Maryland counties, and the remaining 191,500 in Virginia. 37 �In 1948 the National Capital Planning Commission prepared a population spot map on which it showed the distribution of predicted population for the Metropolitan Area in the year 1980. Information from this spot map was adjusted to reflect information in the 1950 U. S. Census Bureau report, as well as in various estimates of 1954 population. The following table shows estimated 1948 and 1980 population by political subdivisions within the study area. 1948 District of Columbia Montgomery County, Maryland*. . Prince Georges County, Maryland* Arlington County, Virginia Fairfax County, Virginia* Alexandria, Virginia* Falls Church, Virginia Total 1980 778,000 106,000 100,100 119,700 10,300 56,100 5,400 900,000 252,500 243,700 210,500 61,500 75,800 10,200 1,175,600 • 1,754,200 *Portions of these political subdivisions outside of the survey area are excluded from these population figures. Exhibit 10 shows estimated 1948 and 1980 populations for the 65 districts within the survey area. It is apparent from this exhibit that increases will occur principally in the suburban areas of Virginia and Maryland, with only slight increases in the District of Columbia. Expansion Factors The population expansion factor for each of the 65 districts was obtained by dividing the 1980 estimated population by the 1948 population. An additional factor of 1.56 was used to adjust for anticipated increase in number of motor vehicles per capita. In 1948 there were approximately 213 vehicles per 1,000 people in the Washington Metropolitan Area. The number of vehicles per 1,000 population increased to 268 in 1954 and it is expected to increase further to 333 in 1980. k By combining the factors for population and for vehicles per 1,000 people, we obtained a traffic expansion factor for each district. For vehicles traveling between any two districts, the average of the two district factors was used, except that judgment was applied in determining expansion factors for trips to and from zones in the central business district. 38 �EXHIBIT 10 SCALE 0) O tj- CO CD 0> Hi Thousands of Persons INNER LOOP FREEWAY SYSTEM-WASHINGTON, D.C. POPULATION DISTRIBUTION BY DISTRICTS 1948 AND 1980 OCTOBER 1955 DE LEUW,GATHER 8 COMPANY Consulting Engineers Chicago �Traffic Volumes The predicted number of vehicles that would use the freeway system between any combination of zones was obtained by multiplying the 1948 traffic volume times the expansion factor, times the percentage allocation as computed on a time saving basis. All of the zone-to-zone, external station-to-zone, and external stationto-station movements were analyzed and tabulated by statistical machines. As previously mentioned, the estimated traffic for 1980 is shown alongside each ramp and each section of main road on the strip maps. There will be approximately 580,000 trips using the Inner Loop System during an average weekday in 1980. These trips will represent approximately 1,318,000 vehicle-miles. Approximately 12.6 percent of this travel will be by commercial vehicles. The average length of trip on the freeway system will be 2.24 miles for automobiles and 2.49 miles for commercial vehicles. Economic Justification The time savings as computed in the allocations were applied to the number of vehicles assigned to the Inner Loop System and the resultant savings in vehicle-minutes for both automobiles and commercial vehicles were estimated for an average weekday in 1980. Operators of passenger vehicles will save approximately 1,900,000 vehicle-minutes per day in 1980. Operators of commercial vehicles will save approximately 270,000 vehicle-minutes. It has been found on various toll roads and toll bridges that the average motorist values his time at approximately 2 cents per minute and that the average trucker values his time at approximately 5^ cents per minute. If the Washington Inner Loop System were credited for its benefits to users at these rates in accordance with the time savings, the facility would save its users $19,300,000 per year at 1980 traffic levels, or approximately $16,600,000 in the median year of 1970. That amount of money could amortize a 3 percent 40-year bond issue of $385,000,000. The annual saving is verified by an economic analysis conducted by the City of Los Angeles, Street and Parkway Design Division, and reported in "A Study of Freeway System Benefits—September, 1954." This study, 41 �which was based on savings per vehicle-mile rather than per vehicle-minute, may be summarized as follows: Average Benefit Per Vehicle-Mile Average Benefit per Vehicle-Mile Classification of Vehicle Passenger cars Trucks Pickups Weighted average vehicle 3.73 cents 9.93 4.66 4.16 (• The saving to passenger car operators of 3.73 cents per mile can be further itemized as follows: Basis of Savings Gasoline Maintenance costs Accidents Time Total Savings per Vehicle-Mile '0.33 cents 0.24 0.56 2.60 3.73 cents Based on the weighted average vehicle saving of 4.16 cents per vehiclemile and the 1,318,000 vehicle-miles per average day in 1980, the 1980 annual benefits would be approximately $20,000,000. This agrees very closely with the estimated $19,300,000 saving based on time saving benefits. The computations above do not take into account the intangible benefits of greater driving ease for users of the freeways; the time savings and other benefits to those continuing to use the surface streets, including patrons of transit buses, who will experience lessened congestion; nor the benefits to property owners, businessmen, and all other taxpayers by assuring the continued accessibility of the central area, thereby protecting it against loss in value. �EXHIBIT II Desire Line Map >sy of District of Columbia Department of Highways 'i 1,000 I 2,500 | L 5,000 L 7,500 ^L 10,000 Flow Map 5OO ,50° 1,000 ll.OO 2,500 L2.5I L 5.0OO '>,'. L 10,000 Desire Line Map Number of Passengers Number of Passengers Note: The flow bonds represent 24-hour average doily traffic based on the 1948 origin-destination survey INNER LOOP FREEWAY SYSTEM-WASHINGTON, D.C. MASS TRANSIT TRIP DESIRE LINES AND POTENTIAL EXPRESS BUS PATRONAGE TO DESTINATION AREA A OCTOBER 1955 DE LEUW, GATHER a COMPANY Consulting Engineers Chicago �E X H I B I T 12 Desire Line Map INNER LOOP FREEWAY SYSTEM-WASHINGTON, D.C. > Mop ( 50O 1,000 L 2,500 L s. ^_I Flow Map Desire Line Map Number of Passengers Number of Passengers Note: The flow bands represent 24-hour average daily traffic based on the 1948 origin-destination survey. MASS TRANSIT TRIP DESIRE LINES AND POTENTIAL EXPRESS BUS PATRONAGE TO DESTINATION AREA B OCTOBER 1955 DE LEUW, GATHER ft COMPANY Consulting Engineers Chicago �I E X H I B I T 13 1 1 1 1 I I I I I I I Desire Line Map Flow Map INNER LOOP FREEWAY SYSTEM-WASHINGTON, D.C. ,50-99 ! 1,000 I 2,500 | L 5,000 ^L 7,500 ^L 10,000 500 ll.OOO L 2,500 L 5,000 ^^1 Flow Mop Desire Line Map Number of Passengers Number of Passengers Note- The flow bands represent 24-hour average daily traffic based on the 1948 origin-destination survey. MASS TRANSIT TRIP DESIRE LINES AND POTENTIAL EXPRESS BUS PATRONAGE TO DESTINATION AREA F OCTOBER 1955 OE LEUW, GATHER a COMPANY Consulting Engineers Chicago �E X H I B I T 14 Desire Line Map \ Flow Map INNER LOOP FREEWAY SYSTEM-WASHINGTON, D.C. ,50-99 ! 1,000 I 2,500 H 5,000 L 7,500 ^L 10,000 500 11,000 L 2,500 L 5,000 L Flow Mop Desire Line Map Number of Passengers Number of Passengers Note: The flow bands represent 24-hour average daily traffic based on the 1948 origin-destination survey. MASS TRANSIT TRIP DESIRE LINES AND POTENTIAL EXPRESS BUS PATRONAGE TO DESTINATION AREA G OCTOBER 1955 DE LEUW, GATHER 8 COMPANY Consulting Engineers Chicago �COORDINATION WITH TRANSIT MODERNIZATION The 1948 survey of origins and destinations secured data on transit passenger movements. These were analyzed as a part of the current studies for purposes of this report. Specifically, studies were made of trips to and from six major employment zones plus the principal shopping area, as follows: Area A B C D E F G Location West Mall and Navy Group Central Business District Federal Triangle Independence Avenue Federal Group Pentagon Building K Street N.W. District North Central Area (North of N Street N.W.) The pattern of trips to and from the four largest traffic generators is shown in Exhibits 11 to 14. It will be noted that most of the heavier movements are at right angles to the routes of the Inner Loop System rather than tangential. The loop freeways will not be useful for bus operation, therefore, except in isolated instances. The operation will consist of a small number of express bus trips from certain residential areas to the larger employment areas, at starting and quitting times, rather than trunk line service. Buses making such express runs will use the ramps provided for general use. Since no stops will be made by these buses along the freeway routes, no special facilities need be planned. With the flexibility accorded by bus operation it is not necessary at this time to plan for bus service in detail. The following examples, however, will illustrate heavy movements of transit passengers at the time of the 1948 survey. If these movements are stilt substantial when the freeways are ready for use, they should be served by express bus routes using portions of the Inner Loop System. South on 16th Street N.W. to freeway; freeway to Constitution Avenue; Constitution Avenue to West Mall Federal Buildings. 51 �South on North Capitol Street; Center Route freeway system to E Street N.W.; E Street N.W. to central business district. South on 16th Street N.W. to freeway; east and south on freeway to 3rd Street N.W. and Constitution Avenue; Constitution Avenue to Federal Triangle. South on 16th Street N.W. to freeway; east, south and west on freeway to 6th Street S.W.; 6th Street S.W. to Independence Ave- nue. South on North Capitol Street; south and west on Center Route and Southwest Section of freeway system to Highway Bridge; Pentagon network of highways to Pentagon Building. Construction of the Inner Loop System will not require abandonment or reconstruction of a major length of any streetcar track presently operated. If all parts of the present rail system are still in use at the time the freeways are built, however, rail and underground power distribution facilities will have to be installed on cross street structures as shown by Table 1 to serve the routes indicated. It may prove desirable to operate many routes with buses, successively, as construction of the freeways proceeds in stages. This will reduce the expense of installing temporary facilities to maintain rail transit service during construction. Proposed one-way operation to facilitate movement to and from freeway ramps will affect transit routes on certain streets. Locations where this will occur and the streetcar and bus routes affected are shown by Tables 2 and 3. If streetcar operation is discontinued on 8th Street S.E. south of South Carolina Avenue, 7th and 8th Streets may become a pair of one-way streets from South Carolina Avenue to M Street S.E. It will be necessary, because of physical limitations, to close certain minor streets now crossing the route of the proposed freeways. In a few instances, buses presently operate on these streets. The places where this situation exists, and the bus routes affected, are shown by Table 4. A proposed transit transfer terminal, shown in Exhibit 4, will serve passengers from east of the Anacostia River. These passengers will transfer from feeder routes to trunk line service at this new terminal, proposed to be built near the intersection of 13th Street S.E. and Pennsylvania Avenue. �TABLE 1 STREETCAR LINES WHICH CROSS ROUTE OF PROPOSED FREEWAY Crosses Freeway on Street Route Number Pennsylvania Avenue N.W. Connecticut Avenue N.W. 14th Street N.W. llth Street N.W. 7th Street N.W. New Jersey Avenue N.W. ! N. Capitol Street. ; New York Avenue N.E. Florida Avenue N.E. 80, 20, 30, 31 *, and 33* 40, 42, 45*, and 49* 50, 54, and 53* 60, 63*, and 67* 70, 72, and 74 90 and 91 * 80 82 and 85* 8th Street N.E. D Street N.E. C Street N.E. E. Capitol Street Pennsylvania Avenue S.E. 92 42 42 40 30 7th Street S.W. New Jersey Avenue N.W. 72, 74, and 67* 90 and 91* 92 and and and and 45* 45* 45* 90 Route or Section of Freeway Crossed West West Northwest Northwest Northwest Northwest North Northeast Northeast Northeast East East East East Southwest Center Center New York Avenue N.W. 82 and 85* G Street N.W. 80, 42 and 45* Center Center 40 D Street N.W. Indiana Avenue N.W. ' 40 [ Center Pennsylvania Avenue N.W. 20 and 54 Center Center Independence Avenue S.W. 30 70, 33*, 53*, and 63* Center 2nd Street S.W. 'Route numbers marked (*) Remarks • Relocation necessary—eastbound only — due to relocation of street Northbound only Eastbound only Westbound only Relocation necessary because of change in terminal at east end of line Relocation necessary between M and O Streets Westbound only Eastbound only Relocation necesary— northbound only are rush hour routes only 53 �TABLE 2 BUS ROUTES WHICH WILL NEED TO BE RELOCATED TO CONFORM TO PROPOSED ONE-WAY STREETS Bus Route Numbers* On Street Proposed Direction of Street P Street N.W. 18th Street N.W. G-2 1-2 Westbound Southbound 9th St. N.W. J-3*, Y-9*, and F-2 Northbound 9th Street N.W. E-l*, F-1*, F-3*, F-9*, J-3*, Y-9*, F-2, F-4, and V-2 Southbound 13th Street N.E. B-2 Northbound 17th Street N.E. B-2 Northbound 15th Street S.E. B-2 Southbound 4th Street S.E. A-4, A-6, A-8, A-l*, and A-3 Southbound 11th Street S.W V-6 Northbound Proposed One-Way Between Streets** 20th and 22nd Streets N.W. Florida and New Hampshire Avenue N.W. Rhode Island and Florida Avenue N.W. New York Avenue and The Mall B Street N.E. and Florida Avenue N.E. . Pennsylvania Avenue S.E. and Florida Avenue N.E. South Carolina S.E. and L Street S.E. North Carolina S.E. and AA Street S.E. D and E Streets S.W. 'Route numbers marked (*) ore rush hour bus routes only "Does not include portions of streets that are presently one-way TABLE 3 STREETCAR ROUTES WHICH WILL NEED TO BE RELOCATED TO CONFORM TO PROPOSED ONE-WAY STREETS On Street Proposed Direction of Street Proposed One-Way Between Streets** Route and Blocks Affected 9th Street N.W. Southbound New York Avenue and The Mall k 60— 2 blocks between E and G Streets N.W. 63* and 67*—4 blocks between Pennsylvania and G. Street N.W. 13th Street N.E. Northbound Constitution Avenue and Florida Avenue 42 and 45* — 1 block between C and D Streets N.E. 15th Street N.E. Southbound F Street N.E. and L Street S.E. 40 and 45* — Vi block between East Capitol Street and entrance to car barn 'Route numbers marked (*) are rush hour streetcar routes only "Does not include portions of streets that are presently one-way 54 �TABLE 4 BUS ROUTES WHICH WILL NEED TO BE RELOCATED DUE TO STREETS BEING CLOSED AT FREEWAY Street Closed E Street N.W. Bus Route Numbers* Between Streets 23rd and 25th Streets 21st Street N.W. Q and R Street Q Street 5th and 1st Street N.W. N.W. R-6 L-4 (northbound only) N.W. X-3' P and 3rd Street N.W. New Jersey Avenue and R Street N.W. G-2 Virginia and Potomac Ave. and K Street S.E. G, 13th, K and 8th Street S. E. A-1*, A-3*, A-4, A-6, A-8, V-6, W-6 and W-8 11 th Street S.W. Maine Ave and D Street S.W. V-6 23rd Street and Ohio Drive S.W. Lincoln Memorial Area R-4 2nd and Canal Streets S.W. 2nd and 1st Street S. W. A-1*, A-3*, A-5*, A-9*, A-2, A-4, A-6, and A-8 N.W. " B u s route numbers marked (*) are rush hour routes only 55 �INNER LOOP SYSTEM FOR THE INTERIM PERIOD The assignment requires the consultant to: "Prepare drawings showing which sections of the Inner Loop can function below the ultimate design standards, how they will operate and for what period of time." It is the considered opinion of the consultant that it would be highly undesirable to attempt construction of the Inner Loop System in the recommended location by progressive improvements from surface one-way streets or comparable standards to a full limited access design. The eventual development of the Inner Loop as a limited access highway is certain to disrupt streets in its vicinity during the construction period. If these streets have previously been improved, thereby drawing traffic to them, there will be a substantial increase in the cost of construction, including the cost of temporary facilities to handle traffic. On the other hand, if the interim program provides surface streets with appropriate improvements at a distance of at least three or four blocks from the alignment of the future freeways, the construction of the latter will proceed with little disruption of traffic and with minimum expense for temporary traffic facilities. Also of importance in this regard is the fact that the Inner Loop System will serve only a portion of the traffic now on the surface streets. There will always be need for additional routes to serve motorists making short trips or trips between points not conveniently served by the Inner Loop System. This traffic, if concentrated on streets adjacent to the freeways, would seriously reduce the capacity of ramps to and from the express roadways. Improved streets provided for the interim period, therefore, will continue to serve indefinitely, if properly located, without abandonment of any capital investment after completion of the Inner Loop System. Exhibit 15 shows the proposed first stage of construction of the Inner Loop System to freeway standards, together with a recommended belt of one-way and two-way streets to serve while and after subsequent stages of construction are planned and financed. This belt of streets should be improved through street widening, channelization, parking restrictions, lighting, adequate traffic signal control, and other standard traffic engineering techniques. 56 �STAGE CONSTRUCTION The successful performance of the large amount of construction work necessary to complete the entire Inner Loop System requires that a carefully planned program of construction be developed. The length of time required to complete the entire project depends upon: 1. 2. 3. 4. Development of a realistic construction schedule; Availability of funds; Acquisition of rights-of-way, and Maintenance of traffic during construction. The present budget is not adequate for a project of this magnitude and it is evident that if the Inner Loop is to be completed in the foreseeable future, additional funds must be made available. . We estimate that without considering the financial problem and with expeditious handling, the entire system could be completed in from 12 to 15 years. Stages 1 to 4, which are most urgently needed, could be finished in approximately 7 years. We have no way of knowing at this time what funds will be made available to the District for construction of the Inner Loop or when these funds will be made available. We have not, therefore, considered the financial problem in setting up our recommended stage construction program but rather have based our recommendations on traffic requirements. The Inner Loop has been divided into nine stages. These are shown on the map in the pocket in the back of the report. Summaries of each stage and reasons for the recommended sequence are given in the following paragraphs. Stage 1 This stage includes that part of the South Route from Lincoln Memorial » to the access ramps at 4th Street S.E., the Center Route as far north as Independence Avenue, and the approaches to the proposed Constitution Avenue Bridge. Completion of the work included in this stage will provide for the distribution of traffic crossing the Potomac River on the new Constitution 59 �Avenue and Highway Bridges wishing to terminate in the central business and government district. It will also provide an improved route for traffic crossing the Potomac in the Highway Corridor destined for Maryland over South Capitol Street, Eleventh Street and Sousa Bridges. Stage 2 It is recommended that Stage 2 include completion of the South Route to provide freeway connections with the Anacostia River bridges and the proposed Anacostia Freeway. Stage 2 also includes that part of the East Route south of Independence Avenue with ramps connecting to Independence Avenue to accommodate traffic crossing the Anacostia River on the new East Capitol Street Bridge. Interchange C would be constructed in this stage. Stages 3 and 4 Stages 3 and 4 will complete the Center Route to Interchange A and the North Route through the interchange to connect with New York Avenue and Florida Avenue at the existing railroad underpass. Completion of work under these two stages will provide a route through the central area for the heavy truck traffic now using New York Avenue and 3rd Street N.W. It will also provide a freeway route for through traffic between the Highway Corridor and Federal Highways 1 and 50 in Maryland. The heavy volumes of traffic on North Capitol Street and Rhode Island Avenue will have access to the Center Route over the ramps provided for this purpose in Interchange A. 60 �The summary given above divides the Inner Loop into 9 stages. A more detailed schedule should be prepared for each stage taking into consideration the availability of funds, construction material and labor, and engineering services for the preparation of contract plans. The detailed schedule should also provide for proper timing in the award of contracts so that almost simultaneous completion of the work within any one stage will result in a useable section of freeway being opened to traffic. Before award of contracts in any stage of construction, routes should be determined to take care of traffic during construction and any work required under the contracts should be specified therein. Also, in preparing a more detailed construction schedule, it is extremely important that all agencies having an interest in urban renewal work be consulted so that freeway plans and actual construction are compatible with the plans for redevelopment of the area. • The following table gives estimated length of two-way freeway in each stage, and the estimated cost divided between construction, contingencies and engineering, rights-of-way, and total. SUMMARY OF ESTIMATE OF COST BY STAGES OF CONSTRUCTION Contingencies Stage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total Length in Miles 4.12 2.82 1.05 1.31 1.55 0.62 1.96 2.48 1.70 . .17.61 and Rights-of- Construction Engineering Way Total $ 32,517,000 18,875,000 13,024,000 12,127,000 16,173,000 3,003,000 25,258,000 18,196,000 7,428,000 $146,601,000 $ 8,131,000 4,720,000 3,257,000 3,032,000 4,044,000 751,000 6,315,000 4,550,000 1,857,000 $36,657,000 $ 2,453,000 11,433,000 8,956,000 10,793,000 1 2,499,000 5,226,000 18,315,000 1 2,499,000 7,235,000 $89,409,000 $ 43,101,000 35,028,000 25,237,000 25,952,000 32,716,000 8,980,000 49,888,000 35,245,000 16,520,000 $272,667,000 �PARKING STRUCTURES OVER FREEWAYS The consultants were directed to investigate and report on the various aspects involved in incorporating parking structures in the highway facility. One consideration would be economics. Preliminary plans were prepared, therefore, and estimates of cost made for such structures. It was found that the first level of parking—that is, the one at the level of existing streets—would cost approximately $15.00 per square foot more to provide above a freeway than it would on the surface adjacent to the freeway. A single level of parking, therefore, would involve the abnormally high cost of $4,500 per car space, and even for a multi-level structure it would be more economical to buy land for a site if it could be bought for $15.00 per square foot or less. Another consideration should be the effect of such parking structures on the safety and efficiency of operation on the freeways. From the standpoint of safety, roofing over long sections of freeway would require motorists to operate first in bright sunshine at approximately 3000 foot-candles of illumination and then in artificial light which could not be provided practicably at a level above 15 foot-candles. While the human eye can adjust to either level, given sufficient time, it cannot change rapidly enough to meet such problems safely at freeway speeds. Moreover, the time required for adjustment increases materially if there are a series of changes in light intensity, as there would be, for example, with garages built over the freeways in alternate blocks. The freeway system has been given as many access and egress ramps as could be provided at reasonable cost, and without deviating from the > design standards necessary for safety and capacity. It would not be physically feasible, therefore, to provide additional ramps to serve the parking garages exclusively. Vehicles leaving the freeways and wanting to park in one of the structures would have to use a ramp with other traffic and then seek an entrance to the garage on a public street. In the meantime, surface 63 �traffic having no interest in the freeway would be drawn to the same public street by the presence of the garage. The resulting congestion could cause traffic to back up on the freeway ramps and quickly block the entire facility. It is recommended that parking garages not be built as a part of the freeways. Rather, such structures should be kept far enough away from them to permit the surface streets between to afford a cushioning effect. I 64 I I I �I APPENDIX A ESTIMATES OF COST �INDEX TO ESTIMATES Page Summary 67 West Route 68 North Route Northwest Section Northeast Section 70 70 72 East Route 74 Center Route 76 South Route Southwest Section Southeast Section 78 78 80 Alternates Center Route Southwest Section 82 82 84 I �SUMMARY OF ESTIMATE OF COST Route or Section Construction West Northwest Northeast East Center Southwest Southeast Rights-ofWay Total $ 26,163,000 23,050,000 21,850,000 14,469,000 18,751,000 26,443,000 15,875,000 Total Alternates Center Southwest Contingencies and Engineering $ 6,542,000 5,763,000 5,463,000 3,618,000 4,689,000 6,612,000 3,970,000 $19,946,000 20,366,000 17,995,000 8,664,000 12,382,000 1,290,000 8,766,000 $ 52,651,000 49,179,000 45,308,000 26,751,000 35,822,000 34,345,000 28,611,000 $146,601,000 $36,657,000 $89,409,000 $272,667,000 . $ 22,607,000 32,674,000 $ 5,653,000 8,170,000 $14,237,000 1,353,000 $ 42,497,000 42,197,000 SUMMARY OF ESTIMATE OF COST BY STAGES OF CONSTRUCTION Stage Construction Contingencies and Engineering 1 2 3 4 5 ^$"32,5 17,000 18,875,000 13,024,000 12,127,000 16,173,000 3,003,000 25,258,000 18,196,000 7,428,000 $ 8,131,000 4,720,000 3,257,000 3,032,000 4,044,000 751,000 6,3H 5,000 4,550,000 1,857,000 $ 2,453,000 11,433,000 8,956,000 10,793,000 12,499,000 5,226,000 18,315,000 12,499,000 7,235,000 ; $ 43,101,000 35,028,000 25,237,000 25,952,000 32,716,000 8,980,000 49,888,000 35,245,000 16,520,000 Total. .$146,601,000 $36,657,000 $89,409,000 $272,667,000 6 7 8 9 Rights-ofWay Total 67 �WEST ROUTE ESTIMATE OF COST LINCOLN MEMORIAL TO 18TH AND T STREETS N.W. tern Description Unit Price Unit Quantity Amount GRADING AND DRAINAGE 1 ? 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Clearing Right-of-Way Unclassified Excavation Rock Excavation Hard Surface Excavation Embankment (Material from Excavation). Embankment (Material from Borrow) . . . Soils Stabilization Protecting Existing Buildings Freeway Drainage Special Pumping Stations L.S. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. $ ^ 2.00 5.00 5.00 1.00 3.00 865,000 160,000 26,000 942,000 1,730,000 800,000 130,000 10,000 345,000 159,000 7,000 $ 4,123,000 Sub-Total —Grading and Drainage SURFACING 11 12 13 14 15 Cement Concrete Pavement Base Course for Cement Concrete Pavement Bituminous Concrete Pavement Base Course for Bituminous Concrete Pavement Stabilized Shoulder S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. 6.50 1.50 1.50 85,000 85,000 23,000 5.00 3.00 $ $ 23,000 1 3,000 552,500 1 27,500 34,500 115,000 39,000 . $ 868,500 $ 375,000 114,000 24,000 36,000 54,000 MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTION 1rf 17 18 19 70 ?1 7? ?3 ?4 ?"> Maintenance of Traffic Barrier Type Curb Concrete Curb Mountable Type Curb Sidewalk and Safety Walk Beam Type Guard Rail Fencing Landscaping Special Planting Freeway Lighting L.S. L.F. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.S. LS. $ — 3.00 2.00 2.50 4.00 4.00 3.50 2.50 38,000 1 2,000 14,400 13,500 8,000 66,000 28,000 165,000 18,000 475,000 .$ 1,289,000 Sub-Total —Miscellaneous Construction . RETAINING WALLS 26 27 78 Retaining Walls (Excavation S h o r e d ) . . . Retaining Walls (Excavation not Shored) Stone Facing on Retaining Walls Sub-Total — Retainina Walls . 68 S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. $ 150.00 110.00 54.00 22,300 $ 3,345,000 22,300 1,204,200 . $ 4,549,200 �Unit Item Price Unit Description Amount Quantity STRUCTURES 29-1 29-2 29-3 29-4 29-5 29-6 29-7 29-8 29-9 29-10 29-11 29-12 29-13 29-14 29-15 29-16 29-17 29-18 29-19 29-20 29-21 29-22 29-23 29-24 Virginia Ave., 24th St. and F St. N.W. ( 1 ) G St. N.W 1?) (3) Ramp ... ... (4) G St N.W I St. N.W Cut and Cover Section —Sta. 47+70 to 52+20 Cut and Cover Section —Whitehurst Eastbound Sta 4+60 to 14+00 Cut and Cover Section —Whitehurst Eastbound Sta. 20+20 to 23 + 50. Cut and Cover Section —Whitehurst Westbound Sta. 4+30 to 10 + 70. Cut and Cover Section —Whitehurst Westbound Sta. 17 + 00 to 20+30 (6) 25th St. N.W (7) 22nd St N W L St. N.W (81 New Hampshire Ave., 21st St. and (9) M St. N.W N St. N.W ( 10) P St N.W { 11) Massachusetts Ave. N.W ( 12) Q St. N.W ( 13) Special Retaining Wall Section —Sta. 90 + 00 to 98+00 R St N.W ... . . . . . ( 14) Connecticut Ave. N.W ( 15) 20th St. and S St. N.W ( 16) 19th St. N.W ( 17) 18th St. and T St. N.W ( 18) {.*>) L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. $ $ — L.F. 4,000.00 450 1,800,000 L.F. 2,400.00 940 2,256,000 L.F. 1,300.00 330 429,000 L.F. 1,800.00 640 1,152,000 L.F. L.S. L.S. L.S. 1,300.00 330 429,000 94,000 521,000 295,000 L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.F. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. __ . 2,500.00 800 ___ PUBLIC UTILITIES Sewer Relocation Water Main Relocation . Sub-Total—Public Utilities 1,488,000 158,000 136,000 239,000 154,000 2,000,000 179,000 454,000 390,000 177,000 704,000 $14,212,000 Sub-Total —Structures 30 31 726,000 145,000 40,000 74,000 172,000 $ 1,001,000 120,000 L.S. L.S. » $ 1,121,000 Total Construction Cost Note:—Numbers in parentheses refer to structure numbers on Plan and Profile Sheets. $26,162,700 SUMMARY Total Estimated Construction Cost Contingencies Engineering $26,163,000 3,925,000 2,617,000 Rights-of-Way $32,705,000 19,946,000 Total—West Route $52,651,000 69 �NORTHWEST SECTION OF NORTH ROUTE ESTIMATE OF COST 9effig89S&a&BMflBHttaBMflnHHttMB8^&"- ''-r-u--iJiW8MHHHHMMHHHWHHa0MHHHMHHB 18TH AND T STREETS N.W. TO NORTH CAPITOL STREET Item Description Unit Price Unit Amount Quantity GRADING AND DRAINAGE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Clearing Righf-of-Way Unclassified Excavation Rock Excavation Hard Surface Excavation Embankment (Material from Excavation) . Embankment (Material from Borrow) . . . . Soils Stabilization Protecting Existing Buildings Freeway Drainage Special Pumping Stations L S. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. $ — 2.00 5.00 5.00 1.00 3.00 1,350,000 1 00,000 27,000 175,000 $ 1,267,000 2,700,000 500,000 135,000 175,000 25,000 175,000 161,000 99,000 * . $ 5,237,000 Sub-Total —Grading and Drainage SURFACING 11 12 13 14 15 Cement Concrete Pavement Base Course for Cement Concrete Pavement Bituminous Concrete Pavement Base Course for Bituminous Concrete Pavement Stabilized Shoulder S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. $ 120,000 120,000 50,000 5.00 3.00 S.Y. S.Y. 6.50 1.50 1.50 $ 50,000 13,000 780,000 180,000 75,000 250,000 39,000 , .$ 1,324,000 MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTION 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Maintenance of Traffic Barrier Type Curb Concrete Curb Mountable Type Curb Sidewalk and Safety Walk Beam Type Guard Rail Fencing Landscaping . Special Planting Freeway Lighting L.S. L.F. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.S. L.S. $ — 3.00 2.00 2.50 4.00 4.00 3.50 2.50 $ 41,000 9,000 33,000 15,000 7,000 14,000 1 27,000 325,000 123,000 18,000 82,500 60,000 28,000 49,000 317,500 25,000 406,000 . $ 1,434,000 Sub-Total —Miscellaneous Constructions . RETAINING WALLS 26 27 28 Retaining Walls (Excavation Shored) . . . . Retaining Walls (Excavation not Shored) Stone Facing on Retaining Walls Sub-Total — Retainina Walls . 70 S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. $ 150.00 110.00 54.00 23,200 5,200 28,400 $ 3,480,000 572,000 1,533,600 . $ 5,585,600 �Item Unit Description Unit Price Quantity Amount STRUCTURES 29-1 29-2 29-3 29-4 29-5 29-6 29-7 29-8 29-9 29-10 29-11 29-12 29-13 29-14 29-15 29-16 29-17 29-18 29-19 29-20 29-21 29-22 17th St. N.W (19) New Hampshire Ave. N.W (20) 16th St. N.W. (Southbound) (21) 16th St. N.W. (Northbound) (22) 15th St. N.W (23) 14th St. N.W (24) 13th St. N.W (25) llth St. N.W (26) Vermont Ave., 10th St. and T St. N.W. (27) 9th St. N.W (28) 8th St., 7th St. and S St. N.W (29) Rhode Island Ave. N.W (30) 6th St. and R St. N.W (31) 5th St. N.W (32) New Jersey Ave. N.W (33) Interchange A (34) Interchange A (35) Interchange A (36) Interchange A (37) Westbound and 1 st St. N.W (38) Eastbound and 1st St. N.W ..(39) Ramp (40) L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Sub-Total—Structures $ 176,000 290,000 148,000 279,000 380,000 352,000 166,000 237,000 937,000 420,000 810,000 262,000 529,000 232,000 770,000 97,000 55,000 83,000 525,000 116,000 201,000 160,000 $ 7,225,000 PUBLIC UTILITIES 30 31 Sewer Relocation Water Main Relocation L.S. L.S. $ 2,114,000 130,000 Sub-Total—Public Utilities $ 2,244,000 Total Construction Cost $23,049,600 Note:—Numbers in parentheses refer to structure numbers on Plan and Profile Sheets. > SUMMARY Total Estimated Construction Cost Contingencies Engineering $23,050,000 3,458,000 2,305,000 Rights-of-Way $28,813,000 20,366,000 Total—Northwest Section $49,179,000 71 �NORTHEAST SECTION OF NORTH ROUTE ESTIMATE OF COST NORTH CAPITOL STREET TO BENNING ROAD Item Description Unit Price Unit Quantity Amount GRADING AND DRAINAGE 1 ^ A 5 6 7 R 9 in Clearing Right-of-Way Unclassified Excavation Rock Excavation Hard Surface Excavation Embankment (Material from Excavation) Embankment (Material from Borrow) . . . Soils Stabilization . . ...; Protecting Existing Buildings Freeway Drainage Special Pumping Stations L.S. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. $ — 2.00 5.00 5.00 1.00 3.00 430,000 $ 1,038,000 860,000 175,000 410,000 1,140,000 60,000 120,000 172,000 35,000 410,000 380,000 . $ 3,975,000 SURFACING n 12 n 14 T! Cement Concrete Pavement Base Course for Cement Concrete Pavement Bituminous Concrete Pavement Base Course for Bituminous Concrete Pavement Stabilized Shoulder S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. 6.50 1.50 1.50 84,500 84,500 37,600 5.00 3.00 $ $ 37,600 24,000 549,250 1 26,750 56,400 188,000 72,000 . $ Sub-Total — Surfacina 992,400 $ 200,000 1 00,500 16,000 39,000 42,000 62,000 49,000 312,500 15,000 655,000 MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTION 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Maintenance of Traffic Barrier Type Curb Concrete Curb Mountable Type Curb Sidewalk and Safety Walk Beam Type Guard Rail Fencing Landscaping Special Planting Freeway Lighting L.S. L.F. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.S. L.S. $ — 3.00 2.00 2.50 4.00 4.00 3.50 2.50 — — — 33,500 8,000 15,600 10,500 15,500 14,000 125,000 — — . $ 1,491,000 Sub-Total — Miscellaneous Construction . RETAINING WALLS 26 27 28 Retaining Walls (Excavation Shored) . . . S.Y. Retaining Walls (Excavation not Shored) S.Y. Stone Facing on Retaining Walls S.Y. Sub-Total—Retaining Walls 72 150.00 110.00 54.00 9,500 10,300 19,800 $ 1,425,000 1,133,000 1,069,200 $ 3,627,200 �Item Description Unit Unit Price Quantity Amount STRUCTURES 29-1 29-2 29-3 29-4 29-5 29-6 29-7 29-8 29-9 29-10 29-11 29-12 29-13 29-14 29-15 29-16 29-17 29-18 Elevated Structure—Sta. 94+50 to 126+00 (Incl. Ramp Structures) 6th St. N.E (41) 8th St. N.E (42) 9th St. N.E (43) 10th St. N.E (44) Westbound at 12th St. and K St. N.E (45) Eastbound at K St. N.E (46) Eastbound at 12th St. N.E (47) 13th St. N.E (48) Elevated Structure—Sta. 171+70 to 179+00 17th St. N.E (49) 19th St. N.E (50) 21st St. N.E (51) Westbound at 24th St. N.E (52) Eastbound at 24th St. N.E (53) Westbound at Benning Road N.E (54) Westbound at 26th St. N.E (55) Eastbound at Oklahoma Ave. N.E.. . (56) L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. $ 6,938,000 389,000 248,000 207,000 258,000 — — L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. — — 338,000 295,000 113,000 169,000 L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. — — 870,000 165,000 125,000 139,000 114,000 102,000 534,000 111,000 140,000 — — — Sub-Total—Structures $11,255,000 PUBLIC UTILITIES 30 31 Sewer Relocation Water Main Relocation L.S. L.S. $ 494,000 15,000 Sub-Total—Public Utilities $ 509,000 Total Construction Cost $21,849,600 — — Note:—Numbers in parentheses refer to structure numbers on Plan and Profile Sheets. SUMMARY > Total Estimated Construction Cost Contingencies Engineering $21,850,000 3,278,000 2,185,000 Rights-of-Way $27,313,000 17,995,000 Total—Northeast Section $45,308,000 73 �EAST ROUTE ESTIMATE OF COST ANACOSTIA RIVER TO MOUNT OLIVET ROAD Item Description Unit Price Unit Quantity Amount GRADING AND DRAINAGE 1 ? .? 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Clearing Right-of-Way Unclassified Excavation Rock Excavation Hard Surface Excavation Embankment (Material from Excavation) Embankment (Material from Borrow) . . . Soils Stabilization Protecting Existing Buildings Freeway Drainage Special Pumping Stations L.S. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. $ — 2.00 5.00 5.00 1.00 3.00 600,000 $ 519,000 1,200,000 23,000 295,000 115,000 295,000 35,000 65,000 274,000 ,, . $ 2,503,000 Sub-Total —Grading and Drainage. . SURFACING 11 12 13 14 15 Cement Concrete Pavement Base Course for Cement Concrete Pavement Bituminous Concrete Pavement Base Course for Bituminous Concrete Pavement Stabilized Shoulder S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. $ 69,500 69,500 77,000 5.00 3.00 S.Y. S.Y. 6.50 1.50 1.50 77,000 20,000 $ 451,750 104,250 115,500 385,000 60,000 . $ 1,116,500 MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTION 16 17 18 19 20 21 ?? ?3 ?4 ?5 Maintenance of Traffic Barrier Type Curb Concrete Curb Mountable Type Curb Sidewalk and Safety Walk Beam Type Guard Rail Fencing Landscaping Special Planting Freeway Lighting L.S. L.F. L.F. L.F. S.Y. LF. LF. S.Y. L.S. L.S. $ * 3.00 2.00 2.50 4.00 4.00 3.50 2.50 32,000 1 0,000 16,600 7,500 6,500 1 3,000 81,000 200,000 96,000 20,000 41,500 30,000 26,000 45,500 202,500 25,000 369,000 $ 1,055,500 Sub-Total —Miscellaneous Construction RETAINING WALLS 26 27 ?R Retaining Walls (Excavation S h o r e d ) . . . Retaining Walls (Excavation not Shored) Stone Facing on Retaining Walls Sub-Total —Retainina Walls . 74 S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. $ 150.00 110.00 54.00 15,000 3,400 18,400 $ 2,250,000 374,000 993,600 . $ 3,617,600 �Item Description Unit Unit Price Quantity Amount STRUCTURES 29-1 29-2 29-3 29-4 29-5 29-6 29-7 29-8 29-9 29-10 29-11 29-12 29-13 29-14 29-15 29-16 29-17 29-18 29-19 Southbound at O St. S.E (57) N St. S.E (58) Pennsylvania Ave. S.E (59) South Carolina Ave. S.E (60) C St. S.E (61) Independence Ave. S.E (62) East Capitol St. S.E (63) East Capitol St. N.E (64) Constitution Ave. N.E (65) C St. N.E (66) D St. N.E (67) Maryland Ave. N.E (68) G St. N.E (69) Elevated Structure—Sta. 200+70 to 204 + 40 Elevated Structure—Southbound from West Virginia Ave. Sta. 0 + 00 to 20+00 Elevated Structure—Southeastbound Sta. 204 + 40 to 210+50 Elevated Structure—Northwestbound Sta. 204+40 to 217 + 60 Elevated Structure Northbound to West Virginia Ave. Sta. 0+00 to 8+00 Elevated Structure—Northbound over West Virginia Ave. (Southbound) Sta. 24+10 to 30 + 70 Sub-Total—Structures L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. — — — — — — L.S. — • $ — 163,000 255,000 425,000 243,000 197,000 130,000 1 34,000 132,000 129,000 189,000 147,000 267,000 161,000 438,000 L.S. — 827,000 L.S. — 315,000 L.S. — L.S. 716,000 — 330,000 L.S. — — 243,000 $ 5,441,000 L.S. L.S. — — — — $ PUBLIC UTILITIES 30 31 Sewer Relocation Water Main Relocation Sub-Total—Public Utilities $ Total Construction Cost Note: 715,000 20,000 735,000 $14,468,600 Estimate for entire Interchange C is included in estimate for Southeast Section of South Route. Numbers in parentheses refer to structure numbers on Plan and Profile Sheets. > SUMMARY Total Estimated Construction Cost Contingencies Engineering $14,469,000 2,171,000 1,447,000 Rights-of-Way Total—East Route $18,087,000 8,664,000 $26,751,000 75 �CENTER ROUTE ESTIMATE OF COST SOUTHWEST SECTION TO NORTHWEST SECTION Item Unit Price Unit Description Quantity Amount GRADING AND DRAINAGE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Clearing Right-of-Way Unclassified Excavation Rock Excavation Hard Surface Excavation Embankment (Material from Excavation) Embankment (Material from Borrow) . . . Soils Stabilization Protecting Existing Buildings Freeway Drainage Special Pumping Stations L.S. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. l.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. $ — 2.00 5.00 5.00 1.00 3.00 1,150,000 $ 713,000 2,300,000 26,000 1 30,000 60,000 40,000 246,000 119,000 Sub-Total—Grading and Drainage. . . . . $ 3,608,000 SURFACING 11 12 13 14 15 Cement Concrete Pavement Base Course for Cement Concrete Pavement Bituminous Concrete Pavement Base Course for Bituminous Concrete Pavement Stabilized Shoulder S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. $ 6.50 1.50 1.50 5.00 3.00 S.Y. S.Y. 72,500 72,500 34,600 34,600 1 8,000 Sub-Total —Surfacing $ 471,250 108,750 51,900 T73,000 54,000 . $ 858,900 $ 300,000 87,000 30,000 27,500 1 6,000 1 0,000 49,000 285,000 20,000 502,000 MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTION 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Maintenance of Traffic Barrier Type Curb Concrete Curb Mountable Type Curb Sidewalk and Safety Walk Beam Type Guard Rail Fencing Landscaping Special Planting Freeway Lighting L.S. L.F. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.S. L.S. | 3.00 2.00 2.50 4.00 4.00 3.50 2.50 29,000 1 5,000 11,000 4,000 2,500 1 4,000 114,000 Sub-Total —Miscellaneous Construction . RETAINING WALLS * 26 Retaining Walls (Excavation Shored) . . . 27 Retaining Walls (Excavation not Shored) 28 Stone Facing on Retaining Walls Sub-Total —Retainina Walls . 76 . $ 1,326,500 S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. $ 150.00 110.00 54.00 18,200 $ 2,730,000 18,200 982,800 . $ 3.712.800 �Item Unit Price Unit Description Amount STRUCTURES 29-1 29-2 29-3 29-4 29-5 29-6 29-7 29-8 29-9 29-10 29-11 29-12 29-13 29-14 29-15 29-16 29-17 29-18 29-19 29-20 29-21 29-22 (70) D St. S.W. (71) Independei ce Ave. S.W Maryland , lVe. S.W (72) Pennsylvan a Ave N W (73) (74) Constitution Ave. N.W (75) C St. N.W. Indiana Av . N.W (76) r 2nd St. N.W. (77) D St. N.W. (78) E St. N.W. (79) F St. N.W. (80) (81) G St. N.W. Massachust ts Ave. N.W (8?) Cut and Co 'er Section — Sta. 55 + 40 0 to 59+40 Cut and Cc /er Section — Ramp from Massach isetts Ave. N.W Cut and Co rer Section — Ramp to 3rd St. I I.W (83) K St. N.W. (84) L St. N.W. New York > ve. N.W (85) (86) M St. N.W. (87) N St. N.W. (88) O St. N.W. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. LS. L.S. LS. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. t $ •=• * 291,000 248,000 249,000 371,000 328,000 241,000 342,000 137,000 168,000 252,000 158,000 213,000 170,000 L.F. 4,000.00 400 1,600,000 L.F. 1 000.00 410 410,000 L.F. L.S. LS. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. 1,000.00 320 320,000 270,000 166,000 303,000 168,000 190,000 173,000 $ 6,768,000 1 —Structures . PUBLIC UTILITIES 30 31 Sewer Relocation Water Main Relocation $ 2,390,000 86,000 L.S. L.S. Sub-Total—Public Utilities . $ 2,476,000 Total Construction Cost $18,750,200 Note:—Numbers in parentheses refer to structure numbers on Plan and Profile Sheets. SUMMARY Total Estimated Construction Cost Contingencies Engineering $1 8,751,000 2,813,000 1,876,000 $23,440,000 Rights-of-Way Total—Center Route 12,382,000 $35,822,000 77 �SOUTHWEST SECTION OF SOUTH ROUTE ESTIMATE OF COST LINCOLN MEMORIAL TO SOUTH CAPITOL STREET Item Unit Description Unit Price Quantity Amount STRUCTURES 29-1 29-2 29-3 29-4 29-5 29-6 29-7 29-8 29-9 29-10 29-11 29-12 29-13 29-14 29-15 29-16 29-17 Cut and Cover Section — Sta. 8+10 to 14+10 Ramp Tidal Basin Inlet Bridge Highway Bridge Approach Highway Bridge Approach ... Highway Bridge Approach 14th St, Approach Pennsylvania Railroad Washington Channel Bridge Elevated Structure— Ramp to 1 1 th St. S W 9th St. S.W 7th St. S.W 4th St. S.W Interchange D Pennsylvania Railroad Interchange D Pennsylvania Railroad Interchange D Elevated Structure— Sta. 137+00 to 154 + 00 (Incl. Ramp Structures) . . . . . . . . .(89) . (90) . (91) . (92) . (93) . (94) . (95) . (96) L.F. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. $4,000.00 600 — — — $ 2,400,000 216,000 461,000 291,000 306,000 1 97,000 362,000 676,000 3,445,000 _ _ — — . (97) . (98) .(99) (100) L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. 630,000 334,000 295,000 280,000 226,000 .(101) L.S. — — 702,000 . (102) L.S. _ _ 1,661,000 L.S. _ _ 3,157,000 . . . . — _ — $15,639,000 PUBLIC UTILITIES 30 31 Sewer Relocation Water Main Relocation Sub-Total L.S. L.S. — — — — $ 1,766,000 25,000 $ 1,791,000 Public Utilities $26,443,000 RETAINING WALLS 26 27 28 Retaining Walls (Excavation Shored) . . . Retaining Walls (Excavation not Shored) Stone Facing on Retaining Walls. ........ Sub-Total — Retainina Walls . 78 S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. $ 300.00 275.00 54.00 4,100 6,800 10,900 $ 1,230,000 1,870,000 588,600 . $ 3,688,600 �Item Description Unit Price Unit Quantity Amount GRADING AND DRAINAGE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Clearing Right-of-Way Unclassified Excavation Rock Excavation Hard Surface Excavation Embankment (Material from Excavation) Embankment (Material from Borrow) . . . Soils Stabilization Protecting Existing Buildings Freeway Drainage Special Pumping Stations L.S. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. $ — 2.00 5.00 5.00 1.00 3.00 — — — — — 445,000 — 57,000 390,000 — — — — $ 1,957,000 • SURFACING 13 14 15 890,000 — 285,000 390,000 — 45,000 — 287,000 60,000 — Sub-Total—Grading and Drainage . . . . 11 12 * 6.50 116,000 S.Y. S.Y. 1.50 1.50 116,000 76,600 174,000 114,900 S.Y. S.Y. 5.00 3.00 76,600 36,000 383,000 108,000 S.Y. Cement Concrete Pavement Base Course for Cement Concrete Pavement Bituminous Concrete Pavement Base Course for Bituminous Concrete Pavement Stabilized Shoulder $ $ 754,000 $ 1,533,900 Sub-Total —Surfacing MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTION 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Maintenance of Traffic Barrier Type Curb Concrete Curb Mountable Type Curb Sidewalk and Safety Walk Beam Type Guard Rail Fencing Landscaping Special Planting Freeway Lighting L.S. L.F. LF. L.F. S.Y. LF. L.F. S.Y. L.S. L.S. $ — 3.00 2.00 2.50 4.00 4.00 3.50 2.50 — — — 68,000 1 3,500 36,600 19,500 20,500 14,000 1 36,000 — — $ 375,000 204,000 27,000 91,500 78,000 82,000 49,000 340,000 65,000 522,000 . $ 1,833,500 Sub-Total —Miscellaneous Construction . Note:—Numbers in parentheses refer to structure numbers on Plan and Profile Sheets. SUMMARY Total Estimated Construction Cost Contingencies Engineering $26,443,000 3,967,000 2,645,000 Rights-of-Way $33,055,000 1,290,000 Total—Southwest Section $34,345,000 79 �SOUTHEAST SECTION OF SOUTH ROUTE ESTIMATE OF COST SOUTH CAPITOL STREET TO SOUSA BRIDGE Item Description Unit Price Unit Amount Quantity GRADING AND DRAINAGE 1 Clearing Right-of-Way 2 Unclassified Excavation 3 Rock Excavation 4 Hard Surface Excavation 5 Embankment (Material from Excavation) . 6 Embankment (Material from Borrow) . . . 7 Soil Stabilization 8 Protecting Existing Buildings 9 Freeway Drainage 10 Special Pumping Stations L.S. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. $ — 2.00 5.00 5.00 1.00 3.00 $ 1 30,000 556,000 260,000 105,000 130,000 2,235,000 50,000 15,000 84,000 21,000 130,000 745,000 . $ 3,435,000 • SURFACING 11 12 13 14 15 $ 471,250 6.50 72,500 S.Y. S.Y. 1.50 1.50 72,500 12,600 108,750 1 8,900 S.Y. S.Y. 5.00 3.00 12,600 26,000 63,000 78,000 S.Y. Cement Concrete Pavement Base Course for Cement Concrete Pavement Bituminous Concrete Pavement Base Course for Bituminous Concrete Pavement Stabilized Shoulder $ . $ MISCELLANEOUS 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 ... L.S. L.F. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.S. L.S. $ — 3.00 2.00 2.50 4.00 4.00 3.50 2.50 125,000 85,500 8,000 45,000 24,000 108,000 31,500 300,000 25,000 483,000 28,500 4,000 18,000 6,000 27,000 9,000 1 20,000 . $ 1,235,000 Miscellaneous Construction RETAINING WALLS » 26 Retaining Walls (Excavation Shored) . . . 27 Retaining Walls (Excavation not Shored) 28 Stone Facing on Retaining Walls Sub-Total — Retaining Walls . 80 $ CONSTRUCTION Maintenance of Traffic Barrier Type Curb Concrete Curb Mountable Type Curb Sidewalk and Safety Walk Beam Type Guard Rail Fencing Landscaping Special Planting Freeway Lighting Sub-Total 739,900 S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. $ 300.00 275.00 54.00 700 4,200 4,900 $ 210,000 1,155,000 264,600 . $ 1,629,600 �Item Unit Description Unit Price Quantity Amount STRUCTURES 29-1 29-2 29-3 29-4 29-5 29-6 29-7 29-8 29-9 29-10 29-11 29-12 29-13 29-14 29-15 29-16 29-17 29-18 29-19 29-20 Elevated Structure— Sta. 154 + 00 to 191+50 (Incl. Ramp Structures) 8th St. S.E G St. S.E Interchange C Interchange C Interchange C Interchange C Potomac Ave. S.E 13th St. S.E Interchange C 14th St. S.E 15th St. S.E Pennsylvania Ave. S.E. (Southbound) Interchange C Interchange C Interchange C Interchange C Interchange C M St. S.E 12th St. S.E. and Pennsylvania Railroad (103) (104) (105) (106) (107) (108) (109) (110) (Ill) (112) (113) L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. l.S. (114) (115) (116) (117) (118) (119) (120) L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. (144) L.S. — — — — — — — — — $4,130,000 367,000 360,000 422,000 206,000 203,000 163,000 586,000 223,000 179,000 219,000 196,000 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 207,000 174,000 131,000 104,000 291,000 162,000 239,000 — — 212,000 — — — — — — — — — Sub-Total—Structures $ 8,774,000 PUBLIC UTILITIES 30 31 Sewer Relocation Water Main Relocation L.S. L.S. — — — — $ 46,000 15,000 Sub-Total—Public Utilities $ 61,000 Total Construction Cost $15,874,500 Note:—Numbers in parentheses refer to structure numbers on Plan and Profile Sheets. SUMMARY Total Estimated Construction Cost Contingencies Engineering $15,875,000 2,382,000 1,588,000 Rights-of-Way $19,845,000 8,766,000 Total—Southeast Section $28,611,000 81 �ALTERNATE CENTER ROUTE SOUTHWEST SECTION TO NORTHWEST SECTION Item Description Unit Price Unit Quantity Amount GRADING AND DRAINAGE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Clearing Right-of-Way Unclassified Excavation Rock Excavation Hard Surface Excavation Embankment (Material from Excavation) . Embankment (Material from Borrow) . . . . Soil Stabilization Protecting Existing Buildings Freeway Drainage Special Pumping Stations L.S. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. $ — 2.00 5.00 5.00 1.00 3.00 _ 1,010,000 $ 802,000 2,020,000 22,600 113,000 60,000 25,000 140,000 118,000 « $ 3,278,000 SURFACING 11 12 13 14 15 • $ 409,500 6.50 63,000 S.Y. S.Y. 1.50 1.50 63,000 32,000 94,500 48,000 S.Y. S.Y. 5.00 3.00 32,000 14,000 160,000 42,000 S.Y. Cement Concrete Pavement Base Course for Cement Concrete Pavement Bituminous Concrete Pavement Base Course for Bituminous Concrete Pavement Stabilized Shoulder $ $ 754,000 $ 300,000 99,000 24,000 28,500 28,000 14,000 42,000 237,500 20,000 644,000 MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTION 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 L.S. L.F. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.S. L.S. Maintenance of Traffic Barrier Type Curb Concrete Curb Mountable Type Curb Sidewalk and Safety Walk Beam Type Guard Rail Fencing Landscaping Special Planting Freeway Lighting t 3.00 2.00 2.50 4.00 4.00 3.50 2.50 33,000 12,000 1 1 ,400 7,000 3,500 12,000 95,000 $ 1,437,000 Sub-Total —Miscellaneous Construction . RETAINING WALLS 26 27 28 Retaining Walls (Excavation Shored) . . . Retaining Walls (Excavation not Shored) . Stone Facing on Retaining Walls Sub-Total — Retainina Walls . 82 » S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. $ 150.00 110.00 54.00 13,500 $ 2,025,000 13,500 729,000 . $ 2,754,000 �Item Description Unit Price Unit Amount STRUCTURES 29-1 29-2 29-3 29-4 29-5 29-6 29-7 29-8 29-9 29-10 29-11 29-12 29-13 29-14 29-15 29-16 29-17 29-18 29-19 29-20 D St. S.W (121) Ramp (122) Cut and Cover Section — Sta. 11+70 to 25 + 50 Constitution Ave. N.W. . . . (123) 2nd St. N.W (124) Indiana Ave. N.W (125) D St. N.W (126) E St. N.W (127) 2nd St. and F St. N.W. . . . (128) G St. N.W (129) Massachusetts Ave. N.W. . (82) Cut and Cover Section — Sta. 55 + 40 to 59+40 . Cut and Cover Section — Ramp from Massachusetts Ave. N.W. . . Cut and Cover Section — Ramp to 3rd St. N.W. . . K St. N.W (83) L St. N.W (84) New York Ave. N.W (85) M St. N.W (86) N St. N.W (87) O St. N.W (88) L.S. L.S. $ — — — — $ 327,000 59,000 L.F. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. 4,000.00 — L.F. 4,000.00 400 1,600,000 L.F. 1,000.00 410 410,000 L.F. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. 1,000.00 — 320 — 320,000 270,000 166,000 303,000 168,000 190,000 173,000 — , — — — — — — 1,380 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — Sub-Total —Structures . 5,520,000 466,000 127,000 479,000 142,000 272,000 527,000 219,000 170,000 $11,908,000 PUBLIC UTILITIES 30 31 L.S. L.S. Sewer Relocation Water Main Relocation — $ 2,390,000 — 86,000 Sub-Total—Public Utilities $ 2,476,000 Total Construction Cost $22,607,000 Note:—Numbers in parentheses refer to structure numbers on Plan and Profile Sheets. • SUMMARY Total Estimated Construction Cost Contingencies Engineering $22,607,000 3,392,000 2,261,000 $28,260,000 Rights-of-Way Total—Alternate Center Route 14,237,000 $42,497,000 83 �ALTERNATE SOUTHWEST SECTION OF SOUTH ROUTE ESTIMATE OF COST LINCOLN MEMORIAL TO SOUTH CAPITOL STREET Item Description Unit Price Unit Amount Quantity GRADING AND DRAINAGE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Clearing Right-of-Way Unclassified Excavation Rock Excavation Hard Surface Excavation Embankment (Material from Excavation) . Embankment (Material from Borrow) .... Soils Stabilization Protecting Existing Buildings Freeway Drainage Special Pumping Stations Sub-Total L.S. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. C.Y. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. $ — 2.00 5.00 5.00 1.00 3.00 $ 470,000 275,000 470,000 1 ,665,000 135,000 55,000 470,000 555,000 338,000 95,000 -- -_.. — 940,000 . .$ 3,91«,000 Grading and Drainage SURFACING 11 12 13 14 15 Cement Concrete Pavement Base Course for Cement Concrete Pavement Bituminous Concrete Pavement Base Course for Bituminous Concrete Pavement Stabilized Shoulder 6.50 1 33,500 S.Y. S.Y. 1.50 1.50 123,500 85,000 185,250 127,500 S.Y. S.Y. 5.00 3.00 80,000 36,000 400,000 108,000 S.Y. $ $ 867,750 . $ 1,688,500 MISCELLANEOUS CONSTRUCTION 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Maintenance of Traffic Barrier Type Curb Concrete Curb Mountable Type Curb Sidewalk and Safety Walk. Beam Type Guard Rail Fencing Landscaping Special Planting Freeway Lighting L.S. L.F. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.F. L.F. S.Y. L.S. L.S. $ — 3.00 2.00 2.50 4.00 4.00 3.50 2.50 $ 75,500 21,000 26,000 19,500 26,000 15,000 200,000 375,000 226,500 42,000 65,000 78,000 104,000 52,500 500,000 70,000 748,000 . $ 2,261,000 Sub -Total —Miscellaneous Construction RETAINING WALLS 26 27 28 Retaining Walls (Excavation Shored) . . . Retaining Walls (Excavation not Shored) . Stone Facing on Retaining Walls Sub-Total — Retainina Walls . 84 S.Y. S.Y. S.Y. $ 300.00 275.00 54.00 2,500 12,400 14,900 $ 750,000 3,410,000 804,600 . $ 4,964,600 I I I �1 • Item 1 • _ 29-1 29-2 29-3 29-4 29-5 29-6 29-7 29-8 29-9 29-10 29-11 29-12 29-13 29-14 29-16 1 29-17 29-18 29-19 29-20 29-21 29-22 29-23 29-24 1 • 1 Unit Price L.F. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. LS. L.F. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. $4,000.00 — — — — — — — 410.00 — — — — Quantity Amount STRUCTURES 29-15 I Unit Description Cut and Cover Section — Sta. 17 + 30 to 23+30 Interchange E ..(130) Interchange E ..(131) Interchange E ..(132) Tidal Basin Bridge ..(133) 15th St. S.W . .(134) ..(135) 1 4th St. S.W Pennsylvania Railroad ..(136) Special Sea Wall Highway Bridge Approach ..(137) 14th St. Approach ..(138) Pennsylvania Railroad ..(139) Washington Channel Bridge. . . . . .(140) Elevated Structure—Eastbound Sta. 93+40 to 100 + 20 Elevated Structure— Ramp to llth St. S.W Elevated Structure— Ramp to Maine Ave Westbound at 12th St. and Maine Ave. S.W ..(141) 9th St. S.W ..(142) 7th St. S.W ..(143) 4th St. S.W ...(99) Interchange D .(100) Pennsylvania Railroad Interchange D , .(101) Pennsylvania Railroad Interchange D ..(102) Elevated Structure— Sta. 137 + 00 to 154+00 (Including Ramp Structures). Sub-Total—Structures 600 — — — — — — — 1,600 — _ — — — L.S. $ 2,400,000 289,000 274,000 395,000 510,000 408,000 382,000 454,000 656,000 327,000 200,000 453,000 2,884,000 700,000 L.S. 394,000 L.S. 184,000 L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. L.S. — — — — — — — — — — 440,000 334,000 340,000 280,000 226,000 702,000 L.S. L.S. — — 1,661,000 L.S. — — 3,157,000 $18,050,000 L.S. L.S. — — — — $ 1,766,000 25,000 $ 1,791,000 PUBLIC UTILITIES 30 31 Sewer Relocation Water Main Relocation Sub-Total — Public Utilities Total Construction Cost $32,673,100 Note:—Numbers in parentheses refer to structure numbers on Plan and Profile Sheets. SUMMARY Total Estimated Construction Cost Contingencies Engineering Rights-of-Way Total—Alternate Southwest Section $32,674,000 4,902,000 3,268,000 $40,844,000 1,353.000 $42,197,000 85 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Report on inner loop freeway system, District of Columbia : engineering studies and estimates Subject The topic of the resource Traffic engineering--Washington (D.C.) Express highways--Washington (D.C.)--Estimates and costs Traffic engineering Description An account of the resource Prepared for the Board of Commissioners, Washington, D.C. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource De Leuw, Cather & Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 1955 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource United States. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Public Roads Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/713767ee1564fac4469dc4df5ff39b2e.pdf?Expires=1787788800&Signature=SGmHJ7F1aPz8vUmfAFZk-6nLPfsix9FfTmxKgP2UWuBSgy0HKkAwut1PvwAw6Rt0m93dakU%7EYepUKnA1pdJV5anSnI5YUiBkpjFmtvPKORegLciGvbmIBLDh7hss4npogyq%7EwCfn8ZBR4JfvZQpVU6d3yKJWOHalnz-LIiNCIVkleTOzyzyfTosCU4vyHWougmSa5WzUrkCNIuXvp7AujSaO2EnmAzuBdQ-DVQaUcrBUt2X30nXopGvfH8a27gJ7LmAONuPQBZ-0kGcbD2edcVIaCcp0ZjipSwsAFQhQ7qKx6mibPmLicz3zTzatqnoWE3GTuqt0wjCfefgYxsMFaQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 253b2f33c5ed498bb5fd708bd906be7c PDF Text Text GOVERNMENT OF THE D I S T R I C T OF COLUMBIA BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS IN T H E MATTER O F : RE: HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENTS IN THE D I S T R I C T OF COLUMBIA SOUTH AND CENTER LEGS OF THE INNER LOOP LIBRARY COPY RETURN TO •FFICE OK PLANNING ANB PROGRAMMING DEPT. OF HIGHWAYS ANO TRAFFIC GOVT. OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA P L A C E DATE: : Washington, D. C. FILE NO: 3 l - September 3, 1963 PAGES: 1-97 Columbia Reporting Company OFFICIAL REPORTERS 939 D Street, N. W. Washington 4, D. C. REpublic 7-3600 2 f �BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS D I S T R I C T OF COLUMBIA .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . RE: -x Highway Improvements i n t h e D i s t r i c t o i C o l u m b i a : South and C e n t e r L e g s o f t h e i n n e r Loop : Room 500 D i s t r i c t Building W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. T u e s d a y , September The a b o v e - e n t i t l e d 3, 1963 m a t t e r came on f o r h e a r i n g b e f o r e the B o a r d o i C o m m i s s i o n e r a a t 10:00 o ' c l o c k BEFORE: Commissioners T o b r i n e r , Duncan and Duke, a.m. �2 C O N T E N T S WITNESS PAGE H. L . A i t k e n , D i r e c t o r (Department of Highways and T r a f f i c ) 6 A l b e r t A. Granc, C h i e f E n g i n e e r ( O f f i c e o f P l a n n i n g and Programming Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c ) 11 Conrad L . W i r t h , D i r e c t o r ( N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e ) 22 A r t h u r E . M i l l e r , Chairman (D. C. A d v i s o r y Board, American Automobile A s s o c i a t i o n ) 32 R o b e r t H. L e v i , V i c e p r e s i d e n t (Downtown P r o g r e s s ) 35 Rev. J o s e p h S p i g o l o n , P a s t o r (Holy R o s a r y C a t h o l i c Church) 39 p e t e r G l i c k e r t , Chairman, ( C i t y P l a n n i n g and Zoning Committee F e d e r a t i o n of C i t i z e n s ' A s s o c i a t i o n s ) 42 p e t e r S. C r a i g , Chairman (Roads Committee,Committee of 100 on t h e F e d e r a l C i t y ) 49 Harold E . Wirth ( T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee, Washington Board of T r a d e ) 59 David Bass (Mid-Town B u s i n e s s m e n ' s A s s o c i a t i o n ) John H. Baumgartnar, Attorney 66 67 B i s h o p Smallwood W i l l i a m s ( B i b l e Way Church) J o s e p h L . Rowe 73 77 E m i l A. P r e s s (Department o i Sanitary E n g i n e e r i n g , D.C.) Mrs. C h a r l e s M. C l e g g 79 80 �2- A ffjt^SS (continued) |AGE P h i ' \. D o y l e ( >ievelopment Land Agency, D i s t r i o ' - o f Columbia Allan R nrv 83 84 �P R O C E E D I N G S COMMISSIONER TOBRINER: to order. I wish Meeting w i l l please come L a d i e s and G e n t l e m e n on b e h a l f o f t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r s , t o welcome y o u h e r e t h i s m o r n i n g , and t o e x p r e s s t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r s ' a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r y o u r coming h e r e t o d a y t o g i v e them t h e b e n e f i t of your views on two i m p o r t a n t s e g m e n t s o i t h e proposed f r e e w a y s y s t e m i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia; namely, t h e S o u t h L e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop a n d a p o r t i o n o f t h e C e n t e r L e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop. The s t a t e m e n t s presented h e r e w i l l be o f g r e a t a s s i s t a n c e t o t h e B o a r d o f Coram i s s i o n e r s i n t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e proposed p r o j e c t s . I n accordance w i t h t h e i r customary p r a c t i c e , the C o m m i s s i o n e r s h a v e made e v e r y e f f o r t , t o n o t i f y a l t p e r s o n s and o r g a n i z a t i o n s b e l i e v e d t o be i n t e r e s t e d i n t h i s h e a r i n g , t o a f f o r d them a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o express t h e m s e l v e s on t h e m a t t e r Copies of the n o t i c e , i n c l u d i n g press r e l e a s e s w i t h maps, w e r e m a i l e d so a s attached t o s e v e r a l h u n d r e d p e r s o n s and o r g a n i z a t i o n s , b e l i e v e d t o have a p o s s i b l e i n t e r e s t i n t h e proposed highway i m p r o v e m e n t s . The n o t i c e , w h i c h I a s k t h e R e p o r t e r the r e c o r d , w a s o f f i c i a l l y a d v e r t i s e d i n the Evening A u g u s t 15, 1 9 6 3 , i n t h e W a s h i n g t o n P o s t and to place i n Star o i o f A u g u s t 2 2 , 1963, i n t h e A u g u s t 19, 1963 i s s u e o i t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a Register. With respect t o schools ities i n the l i n e of these or other District-owned or other f u t u r e highway facil- construction �4 projects, i t i s t h e p o l i c y o f t h e Commissioners t h a t and e q u i t a b l e reimbursement f o r t h e replacement reasonable of such facilities s h a l l be p r o v i d e d from highway funds and the Commissioners seek l e g i s l a t i v e a u t h o r i t y f o r t h i s i f n e c e s s a r y . t h e Commissioners w i l l I n addition, seek t o obtain appropriate F e d e r a l par- t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e s e c o s t s by t h e Bureau I will o f P u b l i c Roads. would l i k e t o s t a t e t h a t t h e r e c o r d o f t h i s h e a r i n g w i l l be k e p t open f o r a p e r i o d of two weeks lrom today those who a r e n o t h e r e today t o permit the opportunity, i t they wish, t o t i l e s t a t e m e n t s , r e p o r t s and o t h e r d a t a on t h e proposed projects. A l l p e r s o n s who d e s i r e w i l l be a f f o r d e d an o p p o r t u n i t y to p r e s e n t t h e i r v i e w s on t h e proposed improvements. W will f i r s t h e a r from t h o s e who have r e q u e s t e d t o be h e a r d i n t h e o r d e r i n which t h e i r names appear on t h e l i s t of w i t n e s s e s , a f t e r w h i c h v>3 w i l l c a l l upon any o t h e r s who a r e n o t on t h e l i s t b u t who w i s h t o be h e a r d . I n the event the hearing continues beyond t h e morning, and I hoj,e i t does not, we w i l l 12:30 p.m. and reconvene The recess a t a t 2:00 p.m. f i r s t w i t n e s s t o be heard w i l l be Mr. H a r o l d L . A i t k e n , D i r e c t o r o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Department of Highways and T r a f f i c . GOVERNMENT OF THE D I S T R I C T OF COLUMBIA EXECUTIVE OFFICE WASHINGTON., D,C„ August 13, NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING 1S63 �5 Highway Improvements i n D.C. "Pursuant t o the requirements o i T i t l e 2 3 , U.S. Code, S e c t i o n 128, t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r s o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a w i l l h o l d a PUA3LIC D i s t r i c t Building, HEARING i n t h e B o a r d Room (Room 5 0 0 ) , 14th and E s t r e e t s , D. C., on T u e s d a y , S e p t e m b e r afford N. W., Washington, 3 r d , 1 9 6 3 , a t 10:00 A.M., t o i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o a p p e a r and present t h e i r views with respect to t h e following improvements 1. highway i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia: T h e S o u t h L e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop f r o m C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue t o a c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e Southwest 2. Freeway. T h e C e n t e r L e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop f r o m New Y o r k A v e n u e , N. W. t o a c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e S o u t h w e s t Freeway. I m o x n a t i o n on t h e p r o p o s a l s , p r i o r t o t h e h e a r i n g , may be o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e D e p a r t m e n t of Highways 425, D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g , W a s h i n g t o n , and T r a f f i c , Room B.C. 20004, o r c a l l NA 8-6000, e x t . 2221 o r 2315. I n d i v i d u a l s and r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f o r g a n i z a t i o n s wish- i n g t o be h e a r d a t t h i s P u b l i c H e a r i n g a r e r e q u e s t e d t o f u r n i s h t h e i r names, a d d r e s s e s , and t e l e p h o n e numbers, a n d t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n t h e y r e p r e s e n t , i f a n y , in w r i t i n g , B o a r d o f C o m m i s s i o n e r s , D. C , to the secretary, not l a t e r than the close of b u s i n e s s on F r i d a y , A u g u s t 30, 1963, s o t h a t t h e i r names may be p l a c e d on t h e l i s t o i witnesses. Others present a t the �6 h e a r i n g whowish t o be h e a r d may do s o a f t e r t h o s e on t h e w i t n e s s l i s t have been c a l l e d and h e a r d . Written statements, i n l i e u of p e r s o n a l appearance o r o r a l p r e s e n t a t i o n , may be submitted f o r i n c l u s i o n i n the r e c o r d . S/S S e c r e t a r y t o t h e Board Board o f Commissioners, D. C. ( O f f i c i a l l y p u b l i s h e d i n t h e S t a r , August 15, 1963, and i n t h e p o s t , August 22, 1 9 6 3 ) . " COMMISSIONER TOBRINER: Mr. A i t k e n H. L . AITKEN, Department MR. AITKEN: here? Director of Highways and T r a f f i c , D. C. Mr. Commissioner, my name i s H a r o l d L . A i t k e n , and I am D i r e c t o r of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia of Highways and T r a f f i c . Department I a p p r e c i a t e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o appear b e f o r e the Board of Commissioners d u r i n g the c o u r s e of t h i s h e a r i n g t o e x p l a i n t o t h e Board and t o t h e i n t e r e s t e d public citizens of t h e D i s t r i c t , my D e p a r t m e n t ' s g e n e r a l p l a n t o r the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f two segments o f t h e I n n e r Loop Freeway System; namely, t h e South Leg, from C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue t o a c o n n e c t i o n w i t h the Southwest Freeway and Maine Avenue, and t h e C e n t e r Leg, from a c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e Southwest Freeway n e a r Second and D S t r e e t s , S. W. northward t o New Y o r k Avenue, N. W. I t h a s been a p p r o x i m a t e l y two y e a r s s i n c e t h e Board l a s t h e l d a p u b l i c h e a r i n g w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o any p o r t i o n of �7 our proposed freeway s y s t e m h e r e i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia. D u r i n g t h e i n t e r i m , t h e r e has been much d i s c u s s i o n w i t h r e f e r e n c e to s e l e c t e d p o r t i o n s of t h e proposed freeway s y s t e m . While t h e p r o c e s s o i f i r m i n g up t h e f u t u r e of t h e s y s t e m h a s been slow, s i g n i f i c a n t p r o g r e s s h a s been made, and i s c o n t i n u i n g t o be made, on t h o s e p o r t i o n s o f t h e freeway s y s t e m w h i c h were c l e a r e d f o r d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n . 1962, t h e Department h a s completed previously F o r example, since and opened t o t r a f f i c t h e Washington Channel B r i d g e c r o s s i n g and t h e 1 2 t h S t r e e t Expressway. More r e c e n t l y , on August opened t o t r a f f i c 9th 26, 1963, t h e Department a p a r t o i t h e Southwest S t r e e t t o second and D S t r e e t s S.W., Freeway trorn about w i t h a ramp connec- t i o n t o t h e South C a p i t o l S t r e e t B r i d g e . E v e n p r i o r t o t h e opening the Southwest Freeway o f t h i s second s e c t i o n of and b e f o r e we have been a b l e to p r o v i d e a connecting freeway t o t h e e a s t , t h e Washington Channel B r i d g e c r o s s i n g h a s been c a r r y i n g i n e x c e s s of 50,000 v e h i c l e s each workday. With t h e opening o f t h i s l a t t e r p o r t i o n o f t h e o v e r a l l Southwest Freeway p r o j e c t , v;e a n t i c i p a t e t h a t t h e volume o i t r a f f i c u s i n g t h e Washington Channel c r o s s i n g w i ^ l c o n t i n u e t o i n c r e a s e i n t h e months Furthermore, ahead. t h e two b r i d g e s c r o s s i n g t h e Potomac R i v e r a t t h e f o o t of 1 4 t h S t r e e t , S.W. continue t o handle i n c r e a s i n g volumes of t r a f f i c d a i l y , and our l a t e s t traffic c o u n t s r e v e a l t h a t t h e s e two s t r u c t u r e s a r e c a r r y i n g over 129,000 �8 v e h i c l e s , t h e r e b y s e r v i n g more t h a n a q u a r t e r o f a m i l l i o n people each workday. A v a s t m a j o r i t y o f t h e motoring p u b l i c of our Mation today h a s had t h e e x p e r i e n c e and p l e a s u r e o f u s i n g s e c t i o n s o f freeways throughout t h e Nation. People i n our p a r t i c u l a r area have r e c e n t l y b e e n a f f o r d e d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o u s e t h e new C a b i n J o h n B r i d g e , f o r e x a m p l e , and c e r t a i n o t h e r l i m i t e d the sectionsof O u t e r B e l t w h i c h have b e e n c o m p l e t e d and opened t o t r a f f i c . The C a b i n J o h n B r i d g e a n d r e l a t e d facilities i s an e x c e l l e n t i l l u s t r a t i o n of t h e s u b s t a n t i a l v a l u e or f r e e w a y s i n a m e t r o p o l i tan a r e a where traffic volumes a r e heavy. Many p e o p l e have f o u n d tb± b y u s i n g s u c h b r i d g e and r e l a t e d f a c i l i t i e s , t h e t i m e r e q u i r e d t o move b e t w e e n h a s been c u t i n h a l f . as n o r t h e r n V i r g i n i a and Maryland The s i t u a t i o n w i l l more f r e e w a y s a r e opened t o t r a f f i c . c o n t i n u e t o improve E v e n more i m p o r t a n t i s t h e f a c t t h a t people a r e becoming i n c r e a s i n g l y aware o i t h e v a l u e o f f r e e w a y s i n moving l a r g e volumes o i t r a f f i c t i o u s l y and s a f e l y . suburban a r e a s . expedi- F r e e w a y s have g r e a t v a l u e i n r u r a l and Their value i s even g r e a t e r t o r the v e r y h e a v y movements t o and f r o m downtown. Almost e v e r y major m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a t h a t h a s undert a k e n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f modern f r e e w a y s h a s found t h a t t h e reliability of highway o f s u c h f r e e w a y s i n terms o f moving g r e a t traffic volumes i n a s a f e and e f f i c i e n t manner h a s e n c o u r a g e d s i g n i f i c a n t r e d e v e l o p m e n t , r e c o n s t r u c t i o n and b u i l d i n g i n t h e �9 vicinity of such freeways. T h i s h a s a l r e a d y been e x e m p l i i i e d i n many S t a t e s s u c h a s C a l i f o r n i a , tend that there in i s already Missouri and T e x a s . evidence that t h i s We c o n - i s taking t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a , a n d we a r e c o n f i d e n t place t h a t much of t h e redevelopment work i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s r e l a t e d t o and d e p e n d e n t upon t h e c o m p l e t i o n of t h e f r e e w a y From a n e c o n o m i c s t a n d p o i n t , system i n t h i s a r e a w i l l other will undesirable we f e e l a s s u r e d assist system. t h a t t h e ireeway i n r e m o v i n g many t e m p o r a r y and s t r u c t u r e s which a r e not paying t h e i r way. I t encourage the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f such b u i l d i n g s a s t h e peoples L i f e insurance B u i l d i n g , t h e Howard J o h n s o n Motor Lodge, t h e C o l u m b i a P l a z a p r o j e c t , t h e W a t e r g a t e Towne D e v e l o p ment, a l l o f w h i c h w i l l m a t e r i a l l y i n c r e a s e t h e t a x r o l l s o f t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia. We a r e c o n f i d e n t t h a t i n a d d i t i o n t o i t s f i r s t and obvious value w i t h respect will contribute considerably D i s t r i c t of Columbia. there e x i s t s a t the present t h e freeway to the general well-being T h e r e have been r e c e n t employment o p p o r t u n i t i e s , areas. t o moving t r a f f i c , time a c r i t i c a l particularly syster, of t h e indications that need f o r more i n our metropolitan T h e r e h a s b e e n some d i s c u s s i o n a b o u t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a d d i t i o n a l o r m o r e - o r - l e s s a r t i f i c a l work programs d e s i g n e d t o create such jobs i n metropolitan highway program i s f i n a n c e d i s overwhelming. Let's find areas. To a l a r g e measure, t h e — t h e demand f o r b e t t e r h i g h w a y s a way t o a d v a n c e o u r much needed �highway program and a t t h e same time p r o v i d e these critically needed j o b o p p o r t u n i t i e s . The freeway s y s t e m proposed f o r the D i s t r i c t Columbia w i l l r e l i e v e t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n from s u r f a c e s t r e e t s . anticipated s a f e and by removing traffic I t w i l l accommodate t r a f f i c volumes i n about the y e a r 1980 and i t w i l l provide e f f i c i e n t means of t r a n s p o r t i n g people and t h i s metropolitan of area. The a more goods i n proposed I n n e r Loop Freeway System i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h the recommendation of the Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Survey completed by National the C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Comnission and the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n a l P l a n n i n g C o u n c i l i n 1959. recommendations o i the The National C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency, r e l e a s e d i n November of 1962, a l s o i n c l u d e t h e p r o j e c t s w h i c h a r e the s u b j e c t of this hearing. Congress Some funds have been a p p r o p r i a t e d p r i o r to F i s c a l Year 1964 f o r the c e n t e r L e g . of R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s has a p p r o p r i a t e d for t h i s p r o j e c t tor F i s c a l Year considered the 1964 by the The House $1,294,000 of D. 1964. The C. funds Senate has not y e t budget r e q u e s t s of the D i s t r i c t o i Columbia. Through t h i s s e r i e s of e x p o s u r e s , t h e c i t i z e n s of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia a r e a s s u r e d t h a t the work of t h e Department of Highways and T r a f f i c , D.C., critically examined from t h e p o i n t of i n i t i a l c o n c e p t the f i n i s h e d product today, Mr. on e v e r y major p r o j e c t , i s Wirth, } and I am happy t o i n f o r m you to gentlemen D i r e c t o r of the N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e has k i n d l y �11 i n d i c a t e d a w i l l i n g n e s s , and w i l l e x p l a i n i n some d e t a i l , South Leg of the proposed Freeway s i n c e i t i s l a r g e l y i n the p a r k I would lands. Now, l i k e t o ask Mr. P l a n n i n g and Mr. Commissioner, w i t h your A l Grant, appropriate i n more d e t a i l , GRANT, C h i e f O f f i c e o f P l a n n i n g and MR. with Programming, D e p a r t m e n t Traffic, Mr. Traffic I am A l b e r t A. GRANT: O f f i c e o f P l a n n i n g and Grant, Chief Engineer, Programming o f t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f D i s t r i c t of Columbia. Commissioner, w i t h your p e r m i s s i o n I would deGass t o p o i n t t o the f a c i l i t i e s It Traffic, Engineer H i g h w a y s and to a s k Mr. permission exhibits. A L B E R T A. H i g h w a y s and located C h i e f of t h e O f f i c e of Programming, D e p a r t m e n t o f H i g h w a y s and to p r e s e n t the p l a n a s s i m u l a t e d the s h a l l be my purpose before o u t l i n e the g e n e r a l proposal like a s I d e s c r i b e them. this public hearing f o r the Center to L e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop F r e e w a y S y s t e m i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a , i n c l u d i n g , among o t h e r t h i n g s , i t s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and e f f e c t of such freeway which i t w i l l extend. l i m i n a r y s t u d i e s and It i s not intended t h e s o c i a l and upon t h e s e c t i o n s The economic of the c i t y proposal presented i s b a s e d upon p r e - i s s u b j e c t t o f u r t h e r s t u d y and to represent a f i n a l plan. through revisions. As d e t a i l e d i n f o r - mation i s developed i n the p r e p a r a t i o n of d e t a i l e d design right-of-way requirements, necessary refinements w i l l , of and �12 c o u r s e , be i n c o r p o r a t e d . The proposed C e n t e r L e g i s a p o r t i o n of t h e I n t e r s t a t e System of highways and i s d e s i g n a t e d a s I n t e r s t a t e Route 95. I t w i l l be c o n s t r u c t e d a s a n e i g h t - l a n e d i v i d e d freeway w h i c h w i l l be d e v e l o p e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e d e s i g n s t a n d a r d s e s t a b lished f o r t h e N a t i o n a l System of I n t e r s t a t e and Defense High- ways i n urban a r e a s . the The C e n t e r L e g w i l l form a c o n n e c t i o n from Southwest Freeway t o a c o n t i n u a t i o n of I n t e r s t a t e 95 i n t o Maryland. The two b a s i c f u n c t i o n s of t h i s freeway a r e a s f o l l o w s First, t o serve as a d i s t r i b u t o r f o r t r i p s , I n t e r s t a t e and l o c a l , both t h a t have o r i g i n and d e s t i n a t i o n i n the c e n t r a l area,- and, s e c o n d l y , t o s e r v e a s a b y - p a s s r o u t e for close-in trips w i t h o r i g i n o r d e s t i n a t i o n i n the important a r e a s immediately n o r t h or south o i the c e n t r a l a r e a . s h o u l d be p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h i s a by-pass f o r t r i p s improvement i s n o t r e q u i r e d a s w i t h b o t h o r i g i n and d e s t i n a t i o n removed from t h e c e n t r a l a r e a of t h e c i t y . This latter function be p r o v i d e d by t h e C a p i t a l B e l t w a y and the A n a c o s t i a Recommended It I t will Freeway. Route: i s proposed t h a t t h e C e n t e r Leg be g e n e r a l l y l o c a t e d between 2nd and 3 r d S t r e e t s , S.W. and N.W. The s o u t h e r n t e r m i n u s i s a t a c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e Southwest Freeway n e a r 1 s t and D S t r e e t s , S.W. traffic The Southwest Freeway was opened t o l a s t week w i t h temporary c o n n e c t i o n s t o t h e e x i s t i n g �13 s t r e e t sys-cen:. Traffic from t h e Southwest Freeway must now cross the M a l l v i a 3rd S t r e e t . The c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e proposed c e n t e r L e g would remove t h i s t r a f f i c t o a d e p r e s s e d roadway and c r o s s under the M a l l i n a tunnel, thus leaving the M a l l u n d i s t u r b e d by heavy volumes o f t r a f f i c . The C e n t e r L e g would then proceed northward from i t s c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e Southwest Freeway, below t h e grade of t h e e x i s t i n g s t r e e t s a n d p a s s w e s t o i t h e New House O f f i c e Building Ramps c o n n e c t i n g t o Independence Avenue and C S t r e e t wou* d p r o v i d e a c c e s s t o and from t h e C a p i t o l grounds and t h e surrounding As area. indicated previously, under t h e M a l l , in a tunnel t h e c e n t e r L e g would p a s s and under Independence and C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenues section. Our i n i t i a l a " c u t and c o v e r " c o n s t r u c t i o n , thought i s t h a t t h i s would be with sufficient earth f i l l on t o p t o s u p p o r t t h e l a n d s c a p i n g plan, placed i n c l u d i n g s h r u b s and o r n a m e n t a l t r e e s , and where f e a s i b l e , some l a r g e r t r e e s . Up t o C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue, t h e C e n t e r L e g i s l o c a t e d w h o l l y w i t h i n public-owned After passing space. under C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue, t h e C e n t e r Leg would c o n t i n u e northward between 2nd and 3 r d S t r e e t s . Again, the freeway would be below t h e grade o f the e x i s t i n g s t r e e t s , with the east-west present s t r e e t s remaining e s s e n t i a l l y a t t h e i r grade p a s s i n g continuity. o v e r t h e freeway t o p r e s e r v e the l o c a l �14 I n t h i s s e c t i o n , t h e freeway would p a s s through t h e proposed Downtown Renewal A r e a . North o f M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue, the Freeway would he bounded on t h e e a s t by Northwest Renewal P r o j e c t No. 1 . the freeway The p l a n f o r t h i s r e n e w a l a r e a i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h plan. Near X S t r e e t , t h e a l i g n m e n t would c u r v e s l i g h t l y t o u t i l i z e a s much of t h e r i g h t - o f - w a y of New j e r s e y Avenue a s p o s s i b l e , w h i l e a t t h e same time l e a v i n g t h a t s t r e e t a s a u s e a b l e facility. The n o r t h e r l y l i m i t o f t h e C e n t e r Leg, a s p r e s e n t e d a t t h i s h e a r i n g , i s New Y o r k Avenue. As c a n be s e e n on t h e R e g i o n a l Map, t h e C e n t e r Leg w i l l c o n n e c t t o t h e North Leg i n t h e v i c i n i t y o i New j e r s e y and Rhode I s l a n d Avenues. Two s t u d i e s a r e c u r r e n t l y underway w h i c h w i l l a f f e c t t h e l o c a t i o n o i t h e proposed New Y o r k Avenue. The f i r s t Center Leg north of i s t h e r e - e x a m i n a t i o n of t h e North Leg, t h e Potomac R i v e r Freeway and t h e T h r e e s i s t e r s B r i d g e , a s requested by t h e p r e s i d e n t . by t h e Board This, re-examination i s being o f Commissioners, conducted of t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, w i t h t h e a i d of a l l F e d e r a l A g e n c i e s h a v i n g r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r p l a n n i n g and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia. The second conducted s t u d y i s t h a t o f t h e N o r t h - C e n t r a l Freeway, b e i n g j o i n t l y by t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia and M a r y l a n d . T h i s study i s i n t e n d e d t o i i x t h e l o c a t i o n ot t h e N o r t h L e g t o t h e e a s t . Whatever t h e outcome o f t h e s e s t u d i e s may be, the need f o r t h e C e n t e r L e g h a s been e s t a b l i s h e d . F i x i n g the northern terminus �at New Y o r k Avenue, f o r the p u r p o s e s of t h i s h e a r i n g , sufficient flexibility on the freeway system f o r a proper connection t o the n o r t h , and permits from t h i s p o i n t f o r c o o r d i n a t i n g the design of the C e n t e r Leg w i t h the recommendations of t h e s e two studies. Access; As s t a t e d i n i t i a l l y , a b a s i c f u n c t i o n of the c e n t e r Leg i s t o p r o v i d e a c c e s s t o t h i s v i t a l c o r e of t h e c i t y . w i l l be p r o v i d e d a t convenient Ramps intervals. I n a d d i t i o n t o t h o s e ramps s o u t h o f the M a l l , ramps are propos d i n the v i c i n i t y of E and H S t r e e t s , w h i c h a r e key a r t e r i e s i n t h e p l a n f o r r e v i t a l i z a t i o n or t h e downtown a r e a , and i n t h e v i c i n i t y o t K S t r e e t and New Y o r k Avenue. s t r e e t s w i l l be c a r r i e d o v e r t h e c e n t e r Leg the p l a n f o r the downtown a r e a . a r t e r i e s and The i n conformity p r e l i m i n a r y s t u d i e s provide and with T h i s i n c l u d e s a l l major minor s t r e e t s r e q u i r e d f o r l o c a l of t h e b l o c k between 2nd Cross 3rd S t r e e t s . circuitation. f o r the acquisition However, d e t a i l e d s t u d i e s w i l l be made of t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of p r e s e r v i n g b u i l d i n g s by the use o i r e t a i n i n g w a l l s , u n d e r p i n n i n g , certain tunneling p h y s i c a l l y moving the b u i l d i n g , o r by o t h e r means. C o s t e s t i m a t e s have been d e v e l o p e d on the b a s i s o i the preliminary studies. The proposed r o u t e a s p r e s e n t e d today, between the Southwest Freeway and New estimated a t approximately $46,500,000. here York Avenue i s This f a c i l i t y w i l l be �16 constructed a s a F e d e r a l - a i d I n t e r s t a t e Highway w i t h 90 per o f the c o s t p a i d per cent from the D i s t r i c t The facility from t h e F e d e r a l Highway T r u ~ t Fund and present t o b e g i n a s soon as p o s s i b l e . the D i s t r i c t i n the 1964 of Columbia t o a c q u i r e of the Funds f o r s i t e a c q u i s i F i s c a l Y e a r budget to enable p r o p e r t i e s where o c c u r b e c a u s e of announced freeway c o n s t r u c t i o n , t i a l private construction 10 of Columbia Highway Fund. s c h e d u l e c a l l s f o r the d e s i g n t i o n have been r e q u e s t e d hardships or where poten- i s pending w h i c h , i f undertaken, would m a t e r i a l l y i n c r e a s e t h e c o s t of s i t e a c q u i s i t i o n t o the ment. I t i s intended t h a t c o n s t r u c t i o n b e g i n i n F i s c a l Y e a r 1965 and continue i n succeeding years, i n making t h e vironment i n t h i s s e c t i o n of the c i t y more e t t r a c t i v e and the downtown c e n t e r ot t h e c i t y . widen the range of employment o p p o r t u n i t i e s a r e a , and i t w i l l improve r e g i o n a l a c c e s s i b i l i t y movement of p e o p l e and The en- pleasing. I t will f o r r e s i d e n t s i n the for the goods. freeway w i l l be d e s i g n e d t o a l l o w the b e s t use of a i r s p a c e above t h e roadway. s t r u c t u r e s above t h e f r e e w a y . The multi-story interest i s to recreate same number of h o u s i n g u n i t s d i s p l a c e d , a t t h e same time, the u n i t s w i 1 1 be possible At s e l e c t e d s i t e s , i t w i l l be p o s s i b l e t o c o n s t r u c t p r i v a t e or p u b l i c approximately the with 1968. f a c i l i t y as planned w i l l a s s i s t I t w i l l strengthen Govern- i n the M a l l a r e a would the f a c i l i t y opened t o t r a f f i c i n F i s c a l Y e a r The cent of a b e t t e r q u a l i t y but and �17 w i t h i n the general economic l e v e l o i the B e f o r e the a i r space can be used 1 people affected. f o r p r i v a t e purposes, i t i s c o n s i d e r e d n e c e s s a r y t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a w i l l require legislation. Traffic; As ities, has the b a s i s been the f o r the volumes of t r a f f i c the c a s e i n a l l proposed highway need i s t o s e r v e b r o u g h t a b o u t by the the ever continuing facil- increasing growth of region. The Leg w i l l be current u s e d by peak hour i n the provision traffic f o r e c a s t i n d i c a t e s t h a t the a p p r o x i m a t e l y 11,000 v e h i c l e s d u r i n g f o r e c a s t y e a r 1980. This forecast f o r a r a p i d t r a n s i t s y s t e m a s p r o p o s e d by Capital Transportation t r i p s to that Agency and the Center the includes the National estimated d i v e r s i o n of system. Displacement: The l o c a t i o n of the C e n t e r Leg was d i s r u p t e x i s t i n g downtown d e v e l o p m e n t and redevelopment programs. t u a l l y the facility. The only l o g i c a l place To the east there 2nd t o 3rd selected Street corridor for a north-south To M u n i c i p a l Center, the The propose- is vir- freeway i s i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h the many o t h e r l a r g e p u b l i c and other important least to f i t i n t o the U n i o n S t a t i o n , and the west i s the to private Capitol, buildings. J u d i c i a r y Square and facilities. area t h r o u g h w h i c h t h e C e n t e r Leg p a s s e s i s of �18 mixed u s e . O n e - f o u r t h of t h e a r e a i s used f o r p a r k i n g , der o f t h e a r e a not one-fourth about o n e - f i f t h i s commercial and t h e remain- i s t a x exempt o r unimproved. T h e s e f i g u r e s do include the area of the M a l l . The ue i s residential, a r e a between C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue and Hew York Aven- i s a highly-transient r e s i d e n t i a l area. 1960 c e n s u s f i g u r e s r e v e a l t h a t n e a r l y h a l f o f t h e o c c u p a n t s had l i v e d l e s s t h a n 27 months. i n the area Today, t h e r e a r e 630 h o u s i n g u n i t s , w i t h i n the area, with a t o t a l population of 1600. Residential ise h a s been r a p i d l y y i e l d i n g t o commercial and o t h e r functions. I n 1960, t h e r e were 780 h o u s i n g u n i t s , and today t h e r e a r e 630, representing a d e c l i n e of 150. w i l l be c o n s i d e r a b l y I f t h i s trend fewer p e o p l e l i v i n g time r i g h t - o f - w a y a c q u i s i t i o n i s made. pointed out t h a t the a f f e c t e d area Progress continues, there i n t h e a r e a by t h e I n addition, i t should i s e a s t o t t h e Downtown Renewal A r e a w h i c h , when c a r r i e d o u t , would involve r e s i d e n t i a l displacement a s w e l l . T h e r e a r e 105 p r o p e r t i e s devoted t o commercial a c t i v ities. The b u l k a r e s m a l l commercial e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . Only two m a j o r o f f i c e b u i l d i n g s a r e a f f e c t e d . F o u r m a j o r c h u r c h e s a r e i n t h e proposed taking l i n e s of t h i s p r o j e c t , right-of-way i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s underway by t h e Redevelopment Land Agency t o l o c a t e p o t e n t i a l s i t e s f o r churches w i t h i n t h e N o r t h w e s t P r o j e c t No. 1 Urban Renewal Area. �I would l i k e t o s u b m i t a l e t t e r f r o m Mr. P h i l A. D o y l e E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r , D i s t r i c t of Columbia Redevelopment cy, t o Mr. A i t k e n , d a t e d A u g u s t 30, 1963 r e l a t i v e L a n d Agen- t o the B i b l e Way C h u r c h . COMMISSIONER TOBRINER: Jse i n c l u d e d . Without obection i t w i l l You want t o read t h a t MR. GRANT: letter? The l e t t e r reads a s f o l l o w s : " D e a r Mr. A i t k e n : I n r e p l y t o y o u r l e t t e r d a t e d A u g u s t 29, 1963, regarding the p o s s i b i l i t y of a c q u i s i t i o n by t h e B i b l e Church of a s i t e i n our Northwest Urban Renewal t h i s i s t o s a y t h a t t h e Redevelopment Way Project, L a n d Agency w o u l d be g l a d to s e l l t h e c h u r c h some l a n d p r o v i d e d a g r e e m e n t c o u l d be r e a c h e d on a s i t e w h i c h w o u l d be s u i t a b l e f r o m t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f t h e c h u r c h and t h e o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e U r b a n R e n e w a l P l a n f o r t h e p r o j e c t a r e a , and p r o v i d e d t h e f a i r m a r k e t v a l u e OJ. t h e l a n d w a s a n amount s a t i s f a c t o r y t o t h e c h u r c h " . " I n a s m u c h a s t h e c h u r c h w i l l be d i s p l a c e d b y c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e c e n t e r L e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop F r e e w a y S y s t e m , we w a n t t o d o a n y t h i n g p o s s i b l e t o a s s i s t t h e church i n r e l o c a t i n g . " T h e r e i s one s c h o o l i n t h e a r e a t h a t w i l l be a f f e c t e d , the Seaton Elementary School. We h a v e d i s c u s s e d t h i s m a t t e r w i t h t h e B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n , and i t i s p l a n n e d t o have a new school f a c i l i t y i n operation before the Seaton School property �20 i s required f o r highway p u r p o s e s . The Board o f Commissioners i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia has established a r e l o c a t i o n s e r v i c e agency t o a s s i s t and f a m i l i e s a f f e c t e d by p u b l x c w o r k s p r o j e c t s replacement housing. individuals i n finding' I t i s t h e p o l i c y o f the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a t o n o t i f y a l l o c c u p a n t s a f f e c t e d a t l e a s t s i x months p r i o r t o t h e t i m e t h e p r o p e r t y w i l l be r e q u i r e d . and Individual f a m i l y r e l o c a t i o n a s s i s t a n c e may be o b t a i n e d b y Landlord-Tenant Consulting Services Room 1 0 1 - M u n i c i p a l C o u r t contacting: Building 4th a n d E s t r e e t s , K. w. W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. 20001 Assistance c a n be o b t a i n e d (1) i n s e a r c h i n g h o u s i n g s u i t a b l e t o t h e f a m i l y a n d income i n v o l v e d ; r e f e r r i n g q u a l i f i e d persons t o p u b l i c housing; for rental (2) in (3) and a s s i s t i n g i n t h e p u r c h a s e o f a home u n d e r a g o v e r n m e n t a p p r o v e d m o r t g a g e plan. B u s i n e s s r e l o c a t i o n a s s i s t a n c e may be o b t a i n e d b y contacting: Washington Branch Small Business Office Administration Room 606, 726 J a c k s o n P l a c e , N. W. W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. 20006 Assistance c a n be g i v e n i n p r o v i d i n g l o a n s t h a t may be l e s s t h a n c u r r e n t r e g u l a r and s p e c i a i n t e r e s t r a t e s w i t h up t o �21 twenty y e a r s t o repay. Loans t o r a d i s p l a c e d b u s i n e s s by t h e S m a l l B u s i n e s s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n may be f o r t h e p u r c h a s e o f ^ u i p m e n t , i n c r e a s e d r e n t , moving, p u r c h a s e o f i n v e n t o r y , r e m o d e l i n g , w o r k i n g c a p i t a l and c o n s t r u c t i o n . has been i n t r o d u c e d up i n Congress t o permit A bill (H.R. 6351) r e l o c a t i o n payments t o $200 f o r f a m i l i e s and up t o $3,000 f o r businesses. Suironary: In Jbrth i n t h i s summary, I w i s h t o e n u m e r a t e t h e m a j o r p o i n t s s e t presentation: First, the Center Leg i s a v i t a l l i n k i n the highway p l a n f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o t Columbia. of t h i s e i g h t - l a n e planning facility i s i n accord and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n s The c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t h t h e comprehensive f o r t h e r e g i o n and i s c o n s i s - t e n t w i t h t h e 1959 MTS P l a n , t h e y e a r 2000 p l a n , t h e Downtown Progress P l a n and t h e November 1 , 1962 R e p o r t o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency. (2) F u r t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s w i l l be made o t t h e socio-economic impact of t h i s f a c i l i t y , comments p r e s e n t e d determination including the by i n t e r e s t e d a g e n c i e s of t h e f i n a l plans. developed i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n and i n d i v i d u a l s i n t h e A s more p r e c i s e d a t a i s of these d e t a i l e d plans, w i l l be made o f w a y s t o m i n i m i z e t h e r i g h t - o f - w a y wherever f e a s i b l e w i t h i n the o v e r a l l design (3) W h i l e i t i s recogniasd studies requirements concept. t h a t t h e r e l o c a t i o n of d i s p l a c e e s r e p r e s e n t s a m a j o r p r o b l e m , t h e community s h o u l d be �22 assured t h a t t h e p r o b l e m w i l l be w i l l take place i n an o r d e r l y and t r a l Relocation S e r v i c e B i l l now solved, and t h a t the relocatic s a t i s f a c t o r y manner. before Congress w i l l The Cen- provide a d d i t i o n a l t o o l s t o h e l p us s o l v e t h e r e l o c a t i o n n e e d s . Finally, this for be f a c i l i t y , when c o m p l e t e d , w i l l f u r t h e r r e b u i l d i n g i n our v i t a l downtown a r e a a l o n g - t e r m b e n e f i t t o c u r community. Thank COMMISSIONER TOBRINER: T h a n k you allow that will you. v e r y much, Mr. Grant. Next w i t n e s s National i s Mr. Conrad L. W i r t h , Director, park S e r v i c e . CONRAD L . WIRTH, D i r e c t o r National MR. Wirth, WIRTH: Mr. D i r e c t o r of the Service C o m m i s s i o n e r , my National name i s C o n r a d L. P a r k S e r v i c e , Department of Interior. I am Leg I n n e r Loop a t t h e r e q u e s t o f t h e D i s t r i c t Highway of the presenting park Department, s i n c e the a f f e c t s the country's i s under the The being held 695, and t h i s proposed p l a n l o c a t i o n of t h i s p r o j e c t so j u r i s d i c t i o n of the N a t i o n a l which service. road p r o j e c t f o r which t h i s p u b l i c h e a r i n g i n W e s t Potomac P a r k and C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue t o It Park South vitally most s i g n i f i c a n t m e m o r i a l a r e a , i s a connecting l i n k of the located f o r the 14th i s most a p p r o p r i a t e i n n e r Loop, Interstate extends from 26th s t r e e t and is street Maine A v e n u e . t o e x p l a i n the importance of �this 1 freeway location w i t h i n the Nation s involves the real heart of the c i t y , Capital. It i n c l u d i n g t h e L i n c o l n Me- m o r i a l , t h e R e f l e c t i n g P o o l , t h e W a s h i n g t o n Monument,, t h e T i d a l Bs.siri a n d t h e J e f f e r s o n M e m o r i a l a n d , o f c o u r s e , i n c l o s e p r o x i m i t y t o t h e e l i p s e and t h e W h i t e House. I am s u r e t h e p e o p l e n o t o n l y i n t h e U n i t e d but around t h e w o r l d a r e s l i g h t l y concerned States, i n thepreservation o f t h i s g r e a t monumental s e c t i o n o f W a s h i n g t o n a n d a r e c o n c e r n e d a b o u t how a m a j o r f r e e w a y c a n be l o c a t e d i n t h i s v i t a l area without m a t e r i a l l y s a c r i f i c i n g i t s outstanding park esthetic character. We b e l i e v e t h e p l a n w h i c h h a s b e e n w o r k e d o u t b e t w e e n the Bureau o t t h e Budget, t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k s e r v i c e , t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a a n d t h e B u r e a u o f P u b l i c Roads, c a n accomplish e to the necessary t r a f f i c nhance t h e t r a f f i c the Nation's will n e e d s and w i l l , i n fact, c i r c u l a t i o n f o r t h e park user and v i s i t o r C a p i t a l ; b u t most i m p o r t a n t , perhaps, this give t h e Nation a park area w i t h e s t h e t i c q u a l i t i e s i n many respect d o e s n o t e x i s t a t t h e p r e s e n t The plan which time. d e p r e s s i n g o f t h e s e c t i o n o f t h e I n n e r Loop p a s t the T i d a l B a s i n w i l l approaching also open up a f u l l v i e w t o t h e v i s i t o r s from t h e n o r t h , t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y famous c h e r r y b l o s s o m t r e e s , and t h e m a g n i t i c a n t s e t t i n g o f t h e J e f f e r s o n Memorial. I t will a l s o have t h e e f f e c t f r o m a l a n d u s e s t a n d p o i n t , o f m e r g i n g t w o s e c t i o n s o f West Potomac �24 P a r k now s e v & r e d toy I n d e p e n d e n c e Avenue i n t o a f u n c t i o n a l p a r k area, somewhat a l o n g t h e l i n e s c o n c e i v e d b y o u r e m i n e n t p r e d e - c e s s o r s who p l a n n e d t h e n a t i o n a l C a p i t a l . is, T h i s development plan I f e e l , v i s i b l e p r o o f t h a t when a l l c o n c e r n e d a g r e e upon t h e p r i m a r y o b j e c t i v e o f a f a c i l i t y and c o n s c i e n t i o u s l y w o r k t o w a r d t h a t end, i t i s p o s s i b l e t o s e r v e the requirements of s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t o b j e c t i v e s w i t h o u t any impairment of b a s i c principles. At t h i s time an e x p l a n a t i o n s h o u l d be made a s t o ttfhy t h i s p a r t i c u l a r f r e e w a y p r o j e c t i s l o c a t e d s e c t i o n o f Washington. First, i n t h e monumental i t m u s t be r e c o g n i z e d any k i n d o f p l a n n i n g — a n d t h i s a p p l i e s t o highway and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n planning a s w e l l a s u r b a n and p a r k p l a n n i n g ; t h a t i t i s neces- s a r y t o d e v e l o p a n o v e r - a l l c o m p r e h e n s i v e p l a n and r e a c h a f i r m a g r e e m e n t on t h e p l a n , b e f o r e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o t i t s components can be i n t e l l i g e n t l y a s s a y e d a n d i m p l e m e n t e d . When c e r t a i n segments o f a n o v e r - a l l p l a n a r e developed, w i t h o u t a g r e e m e n t on t h e o v e r - a l l , impossible commitments a r e made w h i c h a r e t o change. W i t h t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e Theodore Bridge full a n d t h e new 1 4 t h S t r e e t B r i d g e s , Roosevelt and t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the S o u t h w e s t F r e e w a y , a l l o f w h i c h a r e i n v o l v e d d i r e c t l y w i t h the I n n e r Loop, i t i s o b v i o u s by s i m p l y map t h a t t h e r e w a s l i t t l e South Leg of t h e freeway. o r no c h o i c e looking a t the exhibit i n the location ofthe These c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o j e c t s a r e �25 e i t h e r c o m p l e t e o r n e a r l y c o m p l e t e d and t h e y must be c o n n e c t e d i n some m a n n e r . For these reasons y e a r s ago, h i r e d t h e New the National Park S e r v i c e , three Y o r k f i r m o f S i n g s t a d and Baillie t o develop p r e l i m i n a r y p l a n s f o r the redevelopment o l the L i n c o l n Memorial Area. These p l a n s provide 1400 f e e t l o n g w h i c h w i l l roadway to bypass t h i s a l l o v ; f o r the heavy internationally f o r an underpass passenger-carrying renowned m e m o r i a l . As p a r t o f t h i s r e d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e p r e s e n t in f r o n t o f t h e L i n c o l n M e m o r i a l w i l l be removed and a r e a w i l l become a b r o a d p e d e s t r i a n p l a z a o v e r l o o k i n g ing pool. and e x t e n d S u r f a c e roadways w i l l along roadway this the r e f l e c t - remain i n back of the Memorial each s i d e of the l e n g t h of the r e f l e c t i n g w i t h p a r k i n g a r e a s where t e m p o r a r y b u i l d i n g s now stand. pool This redevelopment p l a n of the L i n c o l n Memorial Area r e c e i v e d the i n c u r r e n c e o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, Commission The o f F i n e A r t s , and t h e r e s p o n s i b l e Highway A g e n c i e s c o n c e r n e d a s w e l l a s many c i v i c and p r o f e s s i o n a l g r o u p s . Very e a r l y i n the d i s c u s s i o n s i n l o c a t i n g t h i s s e c t i o n o f t h e I n n e r Loop, i t became o b v i o u s t h a t e x t r e m e c a r e must be taken to f u r t h e r preserve t h e c h a r a c t e r or t h e e n t i r e West Potomac P a r k and t h e W a s h i n g t o n Monument G r o u n d s . s t u d y i n g the problem, underground In i t was d e t e r m i n e d t h a t a d d i t i o n a l s e c t i o n s o f t h e I n n e r Loop L i n k w o u l d required t o minimize the impact of t h i s I n t e r s t a t e be Roadway �26 on t h e a d j a c e n t p a r k a r e a . A s e p a r a t e and complete p a r k road s y s t e m f o r t h e e n t i r e Memorial A r e a would be t h e most d e s i r e a b l e s o l u t i o n i n o r d e r t o a v o i d any c o n f l i c t w i t h the p a r k v i s i t o r u s e and t h e t h r o u g h t r a f f i c Independence Avenue. involving To t h e e x t e n t f e a s i b l e , p o s e h a s been a c c o m p l i s h e d a s i l l u s t r a t e d t h i s p r i m a r y pur- on t h e d r a w i n g s d i s p l a y e d b e f o r e you. The p a r k v i s i t o r , approaching t h i s area, w i l l have a c c e s s t o West Potomac Park w i t h t h e l e a s t p o s s i b l e i n t e r r u p t i o i o r i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h p e r s o n s who a r e j u s t p a s s i n g t h r o u g h . For example, t h e v i s i t o r a p p r o a c h i n g from t h e n o r t h a l o n g 1 7 t h S t r e e t w i l l have d i r e c t a c c e s s o v e r the proposed tunnel section o f t h e s o u t h l e g t o t h e T i d a l B a s i n c i r c u l a t o r y roads and t h e J e f f e r s o n Memorial. L i k e w i s e , he w i l l be a b l e t o t r a v e l , w i t h o u t i n t e r r u p t i o n , between t h e L i n c o l n Memorial and t h e Washington Monument a l o n g t h e R e f l e c t i n g P o o l D r i v e s . I believe i ti s clearly illustrated t h a t both t h e v e h i c u l a r and p e d e s t r i a n t r a f f i c i n t h i s g r e a t p a r k w i l l be b e n e f i t e d , p a r t i c u l a r l y d u r i n g s u c h i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y known e v e n t s a s t h e C h e r r y Blossom F e s t i v a l and t h e independence Celebration. At these times, l i t e r a l l y , hundreds Day of thousands of c a r s and p e o p l e t r a v e r s e t h i s p a r k and t h e r e h a s long been a n a c u t e need f o r s e p a r a t i n g v i s i t o r s from o t h e r traffic. We have a chance h e r e today t o r e a l l y come t o g r i p s w i t h a s e r i o u s problem w h i c h f a c e s a l l major m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s �27 i n the United S t a t e s . Through coordinated and c o o p e r a t i v e p l a n n i n g , and by r e c o g n i z i n g t h e o t h e r t e l l o v / ' s and p o i n t o f v i e w , responsibilities i t i s p o s s i b l e t o not only provide u s e f u l a r t e r i e s o f t r a v e l b u t t o make them e s t h e t i c a l l y a n d e c o n o m i c a l l y a c c e p t a b l e , a n d a t t h e same t i m e n o t d e s e c r a t e t h e v e r y u n i q u e q u a l i t i e s t h a t g i v e c h a r a c t e r and i d e n t i t y t o our c i t i e s . The and u n d e r s t a n d i n g c a r importance o f t h i s k i n d o f cooperation h a r d l y be o v e r e m p h a s i z e d . That participated i s why t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e i s p r o u d t o have i n preparing the p l a n beforeyou today, i t should be u n d e r s t o o d t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t H i g h w a y D e p a r t m e n t , t h e B u r e a u o f P u b l i c Roads and t h e B u r e a u o f t h e B u d g e t a r e i n j u l l accord w i t h t h e o b j e c t i v e s of t h i s p l a n and a l l have had a p a r t i n reaching the s o l u t i o n being presented. However, t h e r e a r e , no d o u b t , some m i n o r which, adjustments f o r t e c h n i c a l r e a s o n s , may be r e q u i r e d b e f o r e t h e p l a n c a n be e x e c u t e d . area c o m p l e t e l y The p l a n does n o t s o l v e e v e r y problem o i t h e nor does i t r e p r e s e n t e v e r y v i e w p o i n t p u r e s t and most i d e a l i s t i c s e n s e . to a l l o w the simultaneous widely different i n the What t h e p l a n d o e s , i s use of t h e p u b l i c ' s property but very necessary public services. f o r two I commend t h e p l a n t o y o u . I would l i k e a l s o t o extend my r e m a r k s a s t o j u s t some o t h e r e l e m e n t s o f t h e p l a n w h i c h I t h i n k a r e q u i t e i m p o r t a n t w h i c h I d i d n o t p u t i n my statement. �28 The f i r s t map or the c o n d i t i o n You can see 14th S t r e e t w h i c h e x i s t s a t the across Also, have j u s t r e c e n t l y t a k e n t h e Now, i f you w i l l put road out have e l i m i n a t e d We You have e l i m i n a t e d L i n c o l n Memorial and Street o i the Monu- around t h e Monut h a t road w i l l n o t i c e t h a t the entirely. one; Of we the have two c o u r s e , t h a t was c e r t a i n l y , have no o b j e c t i o n . Administration we road i n f r o n t oi d r i v e s g o i n g down t h e going t o r e q u i r e the I n f a c t , the side of removal of a r e concerned Public the the we, Buildings h a s promised t o remove them w i t h i n the n e x t s e v e r a l have funds i n our 1954 money now to b u i l d around t h e s o u t h s i d e of the R e f l e c t i n g P o o l and as those buildings construction, Lincoln loop comes u n d e r n e a t h some temporary b u i l d i n g s , w h i c h a s f a r a s we mad the the other one—show the other Memorial, under the p l a z a , t h e i n n e r months and and shows what w i l l happen t o t h i s M a l l s e c t i o n when completely developed. the P o o l . level, t h e Washington Monument Grounds. ment, t o keep t r a f f i c o f f ; so we p l a z a end. present y o u ' l l n o t i c e t h a t 14th ment Grounds t h a t goes from 15th S t r e e t up and it's the f o r Independence Avenue t o c o n n e c t up w i t h s a r t of z i g - z a g s the o t h e r one existence buildings, t o go t h r o u g h t h e r e on t h e Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e . We up h e r e showed t h e i t i s a l l f u l l of temporary Independence Avenue has h e r e ' s no way had o f t h i s p a r t i c u l a r M a l l S e c t i o n between L i n c o l n Memorial and time. t h a t we a r e out b e f o r e n e x t J u l y , we I a s s u r e you — will as the soon start �29 COMMISSIONER DUNCAN: say " 1 9 6 4 " ? Want t o c o r r e c t t h e r e c o r d a n d You s a i d "1954". MR. WIRTH: ahead o f my t i m e . '64. I t should I stand corrected. I am a little h a v e b e e n done i n '54. Tha>;k y o u v e r y much, s i r . Then, a p a r t o f t h e T i d a l B a s i n , you w i l l n o t i c e i f filled i n and t h e t u n n e l g o e s u n d e r t h a t p a r t o f i t a n d we 17th S t r e e t o u t t o t h e p r e s e n t b r i d g e extend t h a t c r o s s e s t h e r e and t h a t b r i d g e — m o s t l i k e l y , make some a l t e r a t i o n s t o i t , and make i t s o r t of a p a l i s a d e — n o t palisade, but — a r a i l and v i e w i n g w i t h t h e monuments and s o f o r t h , a s a t r u e e n t r a n c e Tidal Basin point t o the Area. T h e r e i s a n a r c h i t e c t ' s s k e t c h o f how we e x p e c t l o o k when i t ' s c o m p l e t e d . with the t r a f f i c , You w i l l through t r a f f i c , Independence Avenue t r a f f i c , i t to n o t i c e t h a t we do n o t i n t e r f e r e w i t h t h e I n n e r Loop, o r n o r do t h e y i n t e r f e r e w i t h the park use. The and main entrance t h r o u g h t h e p a r k w o u l d be down 1 7 t h t h r o u g h Rock C r e e k P a r k a n d s e v e r a l p l a c e s a l o n g going towards t h e C a p i t a l . We e l i m i n a t e d the Mall 15th S t r e e t through the W a s h i n g t o n Monument a n d w i t h t h e D i s t r i c t Highway D e p a r t m e n t , we p r o p o s e t o w o r k up a d e s i g n l a y o u t t o p u t 1 4 t h S t r e e t under the M a l l . As y o u w e l l know, t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f I n t e r i o r , P a r k S e r v i c e c o o p e r a t e d on t h e 1 2 t h S t r e e t by p r o v i d i n g National certain �30 f u n d s a s o u r p a r t of t h a t c o n s t r u c t i o n and 14th S t r e e t , we w o u l d hope t o do our budget, t o a s s i s t t h e t r a f f i c of Mall. we We planning now, t h i n k t h a t we w i l l have, here, into effect, when 1 ' E n f a n t l a i d h a v e had gone a h e a d and this one have been t a k e p r o p o s i t i o n and s i n c e t h e n b u t we have n e v e r through. r e a l good c e n t e r some r e d e s i g n d r e s s i n g up see the We t r y i n g to say a r e coming o u t , w o r k i n g we us I think i t i s a t h a t ' s w h a t I'm e a c h o t h e r ' s p r o b l e m s and Our years out. w o u l d n ' t have o t h e r w i s e . t h i s c l o s i n g statement. Ealizing — through the Park a t a l l , I t h i n k i t has given a l o t o f t h i n g s we g i v e and the of t h e r e a l I would say t h i s , w h i l e I would r a t h e r not I n n e r Loop go from of s i n c e o v e r a hundred pushed t h i s t h i n g on increase s o m e t h i n g t h a t we thing many p l a n s that so w i t h a p p r o p r i a t i o n s e l i m i n a t e the c r o s s - t r a t f i c on d o i n g f o r y e a r s e v e r We w o u l d do i n g e t t i n g 14th S t r e e t , so to 1 4 t h --and w i l l a c t u a l l y put we in together, a r e coming o u t w i t h a plan. p l a n a l s o e n v i s i o n s — a n d we are doing here o f t h e p l a t f o r m on w h i c h t h e W a s h i n g t o n Monument— t h e a r e a a r o u n d t h e b a s e o f t h e W a s h i n g t o n Monument, s o r t of a round c i r c l e . Of course, F i n e A r t s C o m m i s s i o n and others h a v e n ' t shown i t h e r e b e c a u s e we i n our d e s i g n . we we want t o t a l k w i t h i n connection with i t . haven't got t a r enough the we along have completed an u n d e r s t a n d i n g between t h e D i s t r i c t Highway D e p a r t m e n t and o u r s e l v e s and the Bureau of �31 P u b l i c Roads t o c a r r y t h i s o u t and we most s i n c e r e l y recommend, sir, the a p p r o v a l of t h e D i s t r i c t Commissioners of our j o i n t efforts. I h a v e no o t h e r s t a t e m e n t t o make, u n l e s s r e m a r k on t h e c e n t e r a passing I m i g h t make asked me I would l i k e t o e x t e n d — t o make, i f I f e l t Leg which H a l Aitken l i k e doing so. we j u s t saw t h i s p l a n here, o v e r t o u s l a s t week. we d i d g e t a s m a l l The s e c t i o n o f t h e M a l l section sent i n which this goes t h r o u g h w h i c h was r e f e r r e d t o a s a " c u t and c o v e r " construction, contain with some v e r y fill —we replaced c h e c k e d i t o v e r , o v e r t h e weekend on t h e p l a n s we had and H a l d i d g i v e spotting i n t h e l a n d s c a p e and t o us a l i s t t h e r e ; b u t i t does c o n t a i n t r e e s i n Washington t h a t o f t h e t r e e s and some o f t h e r e a l f i n e specimen i s the old section of the Capitol grounds. It's r i g h t i n f r o n t o f t h e G r a n t M e m o r i a l and i t goes r i g h t u n d e r Meade M e m o r i a l , s o i t ' s a c o m p o s i t i o n t h e r e i n which those t r e e s play the an a w f u l l y important p a r t a t t h e base of C a p i t o l a t t h e end o f t h e M a l l . We w o u l d l i k e to ---we do n o t w a n t t o l o s e t h o s e t r e e s , naturally. We w o u l d l i k e v e r y much t o have a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o study f u r t h e r w i t h shifting t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t , t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f t h a t highway f u r t h e r t o t h e w e s t — n o t when y o u g e t beyond t h e M a l l , but certainly necessarily w i t h i n the Mall I t h i n k we c a n w o r k s o m e t h i n g o u t i f we go a t i t i n t h e same Area. �32 way we h a v e gone a t t h i s . I do w a n t t o go on r e c o r d t h a t we a r e a b l e and w i l l i n g and w a n t t o c o o p e r a t e i n w o r k i n g o u t a s o l u t i o n s o f a r a s t h e M a l l ; b u t I do t h i n k we h a v e t o t a k e c o g n i z a n c e o f t h e s e o t h e r important values that a r e i n t h a t p a r t i c u l a r structure. U n l e s s t h e r e a r e some q u e s t i o n s , t h a t ' s a l l I have t o say a t t h i s t i m e . COMMISSIONER TOBRINER: COMMISSIONER DUNCAN: COMMISSIONER DUKE: Do y o u h a v e a n y q u e s t i o n s ? No. No. COMMISSIONER TOBRINER: The n e x t w i t n e s s , A r t h u r E . M i l l e r , C h a i r m a n , D. C. A d v i s o r y B o a r d , A m e r i c a n Automobile Association. ARTHUR E . M I L L E R , D.C. A d v i s o r y American Automobile MR. M I L L E R : Commissioners. Chairman Board Association Mr. P r e s i d e n t and members o f t h e B o a r d o f My name i s A r t h u r E . M i l l e r , C h a i r m a n , D. C. A d v i s o r y Board of the American Automobile A s o c i a t i o n . a u t h o r i z e d by t h e D. C. A d v i s o r y B o a r d o f t h e A m e r i c a n A s s o c i a t i o n , t o p r e s e n t t o you t h e v i e w s o f our Board I am Automobile with r e f e r e n c e t o t h e S o u t h L e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop f r o m C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue t o a c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e S o u t h w e s t F r e e w a y and Maine A v e n u e , a n d t h e C e n t e r L e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop F r e e w a y f r o m a c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e S o u t h w e s t F r e e w a y n o r t h w a r d t o New Y o r k �33 Avenue. S t a r t i n g w i t h t h a t p o r t i o n of t h e South Leg under consideration, I would s t a t e t h a t our Board i s p a r t i c u l a r l y w i t h t h e s e r v i c e w h i c h t h i s South Leg Might p r o v i d e concerned between N o r t h w e s t W a s h i n g t o n a n d t h e S o u t h w e s t and S o u t h e a s t a r e a s o f the City. C u r r e n t l y s e r v i c e i s p r o v i d e d b y means o f Independence A v e n u e , Rock C r e e k P a r k w a y and m a j o r a r t e r i a l s t r e e t s i n Northwest Washington. the I t has been our u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t i n f u t u r e a c o m b i n a t i o n o t f r e e w a y s and p a r k w a y s w o u l d developed t o b e t t e r serve today's t r a f f i c , r e q u i r e d t o accommodate a n t i c i p a t e d be and a r e a b s o l u t e l y increased t r a f f i c leads. The Rock C r e e k and Potomac P a r k w a y must c o n t i n u e t o serve as a major t r a f f i c but c a r r y i n g f a c i l i t y , much a s i t d o e s t o d a y , as I understand, the p l a n of t h e South Leg presented a t t h i s h e a r i n g , no p r o v i s i o n i s made f o r s e r v i c e f r o m S o u t h w e s t and S o u t h e a s t v i a I n d e p e n d e n c e Avenue o r t h e f r e e w a y r o u t e t o t h e Rock C r e e k and Potomac P a r k w a y . s e r v e t o improve t r a f f i c The s o u t h - b o u n d Rock C r e e k P a r k - t o t h e f r e e w a y s y s t e m i s shown on t h i s p l a n , b u t i t seems u n r e a s o n a b l e t o us t h a t t h e complementary a l l o w e d f o r . We, be will f l o w s , no o u t l e t i s p r o v i d e d o n t o t h e Rock C r e e k P a r k w a y n o r t h b o u n d . way While the freeway i t s e l f r e t u r n movement i s n o t therefore, ask f o r assurance that t h i s service provided. T u r n i n g now t o t h e C e n t e r Leg, I would p o i n t out t h a t t h e o n l y o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e c e n t e r L e g t h a t I know o t i s �34 from t h e A r c h i t e c t of t h e C a p i t o l . h a v e b e e n made f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s Mr. Stewart as t o an acceptable We u n d e r s t a n d t h a t efforts t o i r o n o u t a n a g r e e m e n t with l o c a t i o n f o r t h e C e n t e r Leg. we a l s o u n d e r s t a n d t h a t t h e D. C. Highway D e p a r t m e n t i s p r e p a r e d to do everything possible to eliminate o r keep t o an a b s o l u t e minimum a n y a d v e r s e i m p a c t t o t h e C a p i t o l grounds a s a r e s u l t of t h i s construction. Since the a g e n c i e s and o r g a n i z a t i o n s and be i t appears t h a t p r a c t i c a l l y a l l of involved, the urgency f o rt h i s route, a g r e e a s t o t h e need i t i o imperative l e f t unturned i n order t o resolve t h a t no s t o n e s d i f f e r e n c e s with t h e A r c h i - tect of the Capitol. Both of these p r o j e c t s a r e portions Loop. I cannot s t r e s s t o o s t r o n g l y of the Inner t h e importance o f the Inner Loop a n d t h e need f o r i t s c o m p l e t i o n a s a w h o l e a t t h e e a r l i e s t possible date. I t h a s b e e n p o i n t e d o u t o v e r and over again that from 50 p e r c e n t t o 70 p e r c e n t o f t h e t r a f f i c w i t h i n t h e I n n e r Loop has neither an o r i g i n nor a d e s t i n a t i o n t r a f f i c that i s passing no i n that area. through t h e c e n t r a l c i t y because i t has o t h e r a p p r o p r i a t e means o f r e a c h i n g i t s destination. the I n n e r Loop i s c o m p l e t e d , t h i s t r a f f i c w i l l the central city, free I ti s When bypass l e a v i n g t h e s t r e e t s o f downtown W a s h i n g t o n Sor t h e use o f t r a f f i c t h a t has a d e s t i n a t i o n One h a s o n l y t o compare t h e t r a f f i c downtown W a s h i n g t o n w i t h there. congestion i n t h e absence o f such congestion i n c i t i e s �35 l i k e D e t r o i t , where b y p a s s r o u t e s have been c o n s t r u c t e d , t o r e a l i z e how u r g e n t i t i s t h a t t h i s I n n e r Loop Freeway be given top p r i o r i t y . Our Board w h o l e h e a r t e d l y endorses t h e two p r o j e c t s b e f o r e you; namely, t h e South L e g o f t h e i n n e r Loop from C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue t o a c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e Southwest Freeway and Maine Avenue, and t h e C e n t e r Leg o f t h e I n n e r Loop Freeway from a c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e Southwest Freeway northward t o Mew Y o r k Avenue. COMMISSIONER TOBRINER: Next w i t n e s s , R o b e r t H. L e v i , V i c e P r e s i d e n t , Downtown P r o g r e s s . ROBERT H. L E V I , V i c e P r e s i d e n t NATIONAL CAPITAL DOWNTOWN COMMITTEE, INC. MR. L E V I : My name i s R o b e r t H. L e v i . I am V i c e P r e s i d e n t o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Downtown Committee, I n c . , DOWNTOWN PROGRESS, and a l s o Chairman of i t s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n and S e r v i c e s Committee. and DOWNTOWN PROGRESS i s a n o n - p r o f i t c o r p o r a t i o n f i n a n c e d by Washington b u s i n e s s m e n t o p r e p a r e a plan f o r t h e r e v i t a l i z a t i o n o f Downtown Washington and t o s u p p o r t to formed the plan completion. The vital h e a r i n g today on t h e C e n t e r L e g Freeway i s o f i n t e r e s t t o Downtown Washington, and t h e r e f o r e i t i s o f v i t a l i n t e r e s t t o the e n t i r e metropolitan I should area. l i k e t o p r e f a c e my comments w i t h the o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t t h e Hecht Company, o t w h i c h I am P r e s i d e n t , h a s s e v e r a l �36 s u b u r b a n s t o r e s i n t h e W a s h i n g t o n r e g i o n , w i t h more t o be structed, i n a d d i t i o n t o o u r Downtown s t o r e . T h e r e i s a need f o r good r e t a i l s t o r e s b o t h i n t h e c e n t r a l c i t y and t i n g areas. As members o f t h e b u s i n e s s W a s h i n g t o n , h o w e v e r , we and con- i n the cut- c i v i c community o f a r e w e l l a w a r e or o u r responsibilities w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e h e a r t of t h e N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l . Downtown i s t h e h e a r t o f e v e r y large c i t y . This i s e v e n more t r u e w i t h t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a t h a n i t i s w i t h other c i t i e s . Washington, as the c i t y u n i q u e i n t h a t i t has tral business area. i t s employment i n t h e T h i s i s twice the concentration t h a t a r e found i n o t h e r recognized 28 p e r c e n t o f of government, i s cities of comparable s i z e . by a l l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n e r s . The of cen- jobs This fact i s National Capi- t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n A g e n c y p l a n , w i t h i t s Downtown o r i e n t e d t r a n s i t system, recognizes this implicitly. The of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, a c l a s s i c r i n g and i s a l s o designed to give high a c c e s s i b i l i t y the same t i m e , The highway radial concept, t o Downtown, and at d i v e r t i n g u n n e c e s s a r y t r a f f i c away t r o m Downtown. i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e Downtown b u s i n e s s the e n t i r e r e g i o n c a n n o t be over emphasized. c o m p r i s e s l e s s t h a n two cent of the D i s t r i c t of per y e t i t p a y s more t h a n 12 p e r o f income and o f t h e e n t i r e community. community This v i t a l c e n t of the p r o p e r t y furnishes s u b s t a n t i a l proportions f o r the use plan area Columbia, taxes, and sales taxes A t t h e same time, to �37 relatively schools, tial little i s required f o r s u c h community e x p e n s e s a s r e c r e a t i o n and w e l f a r e . to a healthy o v e r - a l l A h e a l t h y Downtown i s e s s e n - community. However, t h e h e a l t h o f Downtown h a s d e c l i n e d tor a number o f y e a r s . Obsolescence, d e c l i n i n g s a l e s , taxes, are manifestations of t h i s illness. steadily reduced I n other cities, w i t h s i m i l a r p r o b l e m s , some m a j o r s t o r e s h a v e abandoned t h e c e n t r a l c i t y and moved t o t h e s u b u r b s . there i s no i d e a t o move. Here i n Washington, We a r e s t a y i n g Downtown and p u l l o u r s e l v e s up b y o u r own b o o t s t r a p s . put up n e a r l y a m i l l i o n d o l l a r s t o do t h i s will There has already been j o b . I f we a r e t o a c c o m p l i s h o u r o b j e c t i v e s , w h i c h have been s e t f o r t h i n t h e A c t i o n P l a n f o r Downtown, we must i n c r e a s e t h e a c c e s s i b i l i t y of our c e n t r a l c i t y i r o r a a l l p a r t s o f t h e r e g i o n , and we must reduce the congestion c e n t r a l business The these w h i c h now p l a g u e s t h e s t r e e t s o f o u r area. c e n t e r Leg Freeway i s designed t o help objectives. accomplish T h i s v i t a l a r t e r y w i l l be t h e most i m p o r t a n t part of the region's t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m t o Downtown. I t s importance i s emphasized by t h e f a c t t h a t t h e p l a n n e r s agencies involved i n developing region — t h e of a l l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n programs f o r t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency, t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Planning C o m m i s s i o n , and t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a D e p a r t - ment o f H i g h w a y s and T r a f f i c — h a v e a g r e e d on i t s n e e d a n d i t s approximate alignment. Our p r o f e s s i o n a l s t u d i e s h a v e i n d i c a t e d �38 t h a t t h e Center Leg Freeway c a n : 1. P r o v i d e a good b y - p a s s f o r t h e 59 p e r c e n t o f Downtown's t r a f f i c which i s p r e s e n t l y on o u r b u s i n e s s s t r e e t s o n l y b e c a u s e t h e r e i s no b e t t e r r o u t e 2. freeway freeway, it available. I n c r e a s e t h e development p o t e n t i a l a d j a c e n t t o the a n d , by u s e o f a i r r i g h t s , thereby p e r m i t development above t h e i n c r e a s i n g t h e v a l u e of t h e a r e a through passes. 3. P r o v i d e t h e s e t t i n g f o r h i g h - r i s e apartment houses both t o i n c r e a s e the a v a i l a b l e housing supply l o r r e s i d e n t s of the D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a and t o a t t r a c t new r e s i d e n t s b a c k the c e n t r a l 4. passes. Improve t h e appearance o f t h e a r e a through w h i c h i t Attractive sections, thing but a t t r a c t i v e , w i l l o f t h e new 5. s u c h a s t h e M a l l and C a p i t o l H i l l , O t h e r a r e a s , w h i c h a r e any- b e n e f i t from the p a r k - l i k e setting freeway. Promote t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f g o v e r n m e n t a n d p r i v a t e b i s i n e s s o p e r a t i o n s by r e d u c i n g t r a v e l 6. into city. w i l l be u n a f f e c t e d by. t h e r o a d w a y . to which time. Make t h e C e n t r a l B u s i n e s s D i s t r i c t more a c c e s s i b l e more p e o p l e i n t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l With an improved environment, Region. which i s essential to t h e h e a l t h o f Downtown, t h e r e i s a p o t e n t i a l f o r $ 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 worth years. o f new c o n s t r u c t i o n i n Downtown i n t h e n e x t seventeen No s i n g l e p u b l i c i m p r o v e m e n t , i n and by i t s e l f , can provide �the environment t o a c h i e v e t h i s p o t e n t i a l . Freeway, however, The Center Leg i s p r o b a b l y one o f t h e most i m p o r t a n t o f t h e s e n e c e s s a r y p u b l i c improvements, and w i l l , in itself, s t i m u l a t e s u b s t a n t i a l new g r o w t h and d e v e l o p m e n t of the National Capital f o r the heart Region. T h a n k y o u v e r y much. COMMISSIONER TOBRINER: of t h e Holy Rosary C a t h o l i c Rev. Joseph Spigolon, P a s t o r Church. REVEREND JOSEPH SPIGOLON, P a s t o r Holy Rosary Catholic Church REV. SPIGOLON: I am F a t h e r J o s e p h S p i g o l o n a n d I am r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e p r i e s t s and p a r i s h i o n e r s o f H o l y R o s a r y Church. First, we w i s h t o c a l l t o your a t t e n t i o n that the proposed r o u t e o f t h e C e n t e r L e g , a s shown on maps, w i l l s i t a t e t h e d e m o l i t i o n ot Holy Rosary C a t h o l i c Church, the n o r t h e a s t c o r n e r o f T h i r d and F S t r e e t s , N.W. Church was e s t a b l i s h e d l o c a t e d on Holy Rosary i n 1913 a s a n a t i o n a l c h u r c h f o r t h e I t a l i a n - s p e a k i n g immigrant. Today, Holy R o s a r y Church serves as a metropolitan center for the I t a l i a n Church i t s e l f neces- community. i s e x t e n s i v e l y decorated i n gold l e a f , f u r n i s h e d , and i s a n e x c e l l e n t example excellently of I t a l i a n art. The articticaily For i n s t a n c e , t h e B a p t i s t r y , p u l p i t , a n d s t a t i o n s o f t h e C r o s s were made o f I t a l i a n m a r b l e , of e x c e l l e n t d e s i g n , a n d made p e r m a n e n t attachments to the Church. Over t h e main a l t a r i s a f r e s c o e o f �40 t h e B l e s s e d V i r g i n Mary, a n a r t i s t i c w o r k i r r e p l a c e a b l e The a b o v e i t e m s a r e m e n t i o n e d Commissioners, thed i f f i c u l t y c a t i o n o f Holy Rosary Church. now is, i s certainly today. t o i m p r e s s upon t h e involved i n considering the reloReplacement impossible, o f the Church a s i t i t i s the firm desire of the p r i e s t s and t h e p a r i s h i o n e r s o f Holy R o s a r y Church t h a t t h e Church n o t be demolished. Hence, we a s k t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r s that e v e r y c o n s i d e r a t i o n be g i v e n i n t h e s t u d y d e s i g n o f t h e I n n e r Loop t o p e r m i t t h e r e t e n t i o n o f H o l y R o s a r y C h u r c h a t i t s p r e s e n t s ite. I w i s h t o e n t e r i n t o t h e record a t t h i s time a addressed t o t h e P r e s i d e n t of t h e Board o f Commissioners H i s E x c e l l e n c y , t h e Most R e v e r e n d P a t r i c k A. 0 ' B o y l e , letter from D.D., Archbishop o f Washington. I w i s h t o thank t h e Board of Commissioners lor this opportunity t o t e s t i f y . COMMISSIONER TOBRINER: T h a n k y o u v e r y much, F a t h e r . Any q u e s t i o n s ? (No r e s p o n s e . ) COMMISSIONER TOBRINER: Thank y o u , s i r . Without t h i s l e t t e r w i l l be made a p a r t o f t h e r e c o r d . ARCHDIOCESE OF WASHINGTON Chancery Office 1721 Rhode I s l a n d Washington, Ave,N.W. D.C. 20036 objection �41 A u g u s t 30, H o n o r a b l e W a l t e r N. 1963 Tobriner Commissioner D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a Government District Building W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. Dear Commissioner Tobriner: I have been i n f o r m e d t h a t t h e r e i s a possibility the construction the c o n d e m n a t i o n and d e m o l i t i o n o f H o l y R o s a r y C a t h o l i c located of a s e c t i o n of the I n n e r on t h e n o r t h e a s t Loop F r e e w a y that threatens Church c o r n e r o f 3d and F S t r e e t s , N.W. I t i s my f e r v e n t hope and r e q u e s t t h a t some means c a n be found t o avoid t h e c o n d e m n a t i o n and d e m o l i t i o n o f t h e c h u r c h . Holy Rosary Church f u l f i l l s a s p e c i a l f u n c t i o n f o r the C a t h o l i c s o f t h i s w h o l e a r e a a n d i t s c e n t r a l l o c a t i o n a t 3d and F S t r e e t s i s necessary f o r the f u l f i l l m e n t o i t h i s Holy Rosary Church s e r v e s as the p a r i s h f o r the I t a l i a n - s p e a k i n g community o f W a s h i n g t o n a n d was e s t a b l i s h e d 1913. f o r t h i s purpose i n The I t a l i a n - s p e a k i n g p e o p l e o f t h i s w h o l e a r e a of Washington a s w e l l a s t h e f i v e nearby counties are function. served (the c i t y of Maryland) by t h i s p a r i s h and i t s r e m o v a l f r o m t h e c e n t r a l l o c a - t i o n w h i c h i t now o c c u p i e s would v e r y s e r i o u s l y a f f e c t the f u l f i l l m e n t of i t s mission. The c h u r c h e d i f i c e embodies successive the contributions made by g e n e r a t i o n s o f I t a l i a n C a t h o l i c s and t h e r e b y c o m p r i s e s �42 a s h r i n e o f g r e a t d e v o t i o n a l v a l u e a n d i n t e r e s t t o them. c h u r c h h a s been e m b e l l i s h e d by c o n t r i b u t i o n s o f devout through t h e y e a r s and i t s r e m o v a l would d e s t r o y value t o the I t a l i a n Catholics ot t h i s The Italians i t s special area. I n v i e w o f t h e many a l t e r n a t i v e s t h a t h a v e b e e n p r o p o s e d f o r t h e r o u t e o f t h e I n n e r Loop F r e e w a y , I e a r n e s t l y u r g e th&t a r o u t e b e a d o p t e d w h i c h w i l l p e r m i t H o l y R o s a y C h u r c h t o remain a t i t s present l o c a t i o n . W i t h a l l good w i s h e s , I am Sincerely yours, S/S P a t r i c k A. 0 ' B o y l e Archbishop of Washington COMMISSIONER TOBRINER: Chairman, C i t y Planning Next w i t n e s s , p e t e r and Z o n i n g Committee, Glickert : Federation of Citizens' Associations. PETER GLICKERT, Chairman C i t y P l a n n i n g and Z o n i n g Committee Federation of Citizens' MR. G L I C K E R T : Associations I am p e t e r G l i c k e r t , C h a i r m a n o f t h e C i t y P l a n n i n g a n d Z o n i n g Committee of C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n s . of the o f t h e D. C. F e d e r a t i o n Both t h e proposed South Leg freeway and t h e C e n t e r L e g f r e e w a y a r e e n d o r s e d by t h e D. C. F e d e r a t i o n , h o w e v e r , we h a v e c e r t a i n r e s e r v a t i o n s a b o u t t h e e x a c t C e n t e r L e g right-of-way now u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . Since i t i s t o be t h e m a i n t r u c k r o u t e t h r o u g h t h e �43 c i t y , we b e l i e v e t h e C e n t e r b e l i e v e i t should L e g t o be a n e c e s s a r y f r e e w a y , and have a h i g h p r i o r i t y - - c e r t a i n l y a h i g h e r pri- o r i t y than those routes which a r e d i r e c t e d p r i m a r i l y t o s a t i s f y merely t h e " d e s i r e s " o f commuters. The E x e c u t i v e Committee o f t h e F e d e r a t i o n e n d o r s e s ftie c e n t e r L e g r i g h t - o f - w a y shown on t h e h e a r i n g n o t i c e a s f a r n o r t h a s P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue and u r g e s a n e a r l y s t a r t t o c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h i s tunnel s e c t i o n . North o f t h e M a l l , however, t h e Commissioners ought t o examine f o u r f a c t o r s b e f o r e any approving right-of-way. These four f a c t o r s a r e : best land u t i l i s a t i o n , g e n e r a l fund revenues population displacement, t h e c o n d i t i o n o i t h e D i s t r i c t ' s r o a d and and e s t h e t i c s . We do n o t know t o w h a t e x t e n t e a c h o f t h e s e has a l r e a d y been c o n s i d e r e d i n choosing factors t h e r i g h t - o f - w a y between Second and T h i r d S t r e e t s f o r t h e f r e e w a y . I t appears t o us t h a t a r i g h t - o f - w a y i s a v a i l a b l e w h i c h m i g h t be b e t t e r i n a l l f o u r respects. S u c h a r i g h t - o f - w a y w o u l d l i e b e t w e e n T h i r d and F o u r t h S t r e e t s n o r t h o f I n d i a n a Avenue, and, s o u t h o f I n d i a n a Avenue, i n t h e " s l o t " b e t w e e n t h e b u i l d i n g l i n e s o f t h e u. S. C o u r t a n d t h e M u n i c i p a l B u i l d i n g on t h e one s i d e and t h e E s s o a n d M c S h a i n b u i l d i n g s on t h e o t h e r s i d e . Third Street i t s e l f , This "slot" presently contains w h i c h i s s i x l a n e s w i d e , and p a r k i n g lots a d j a c e n t t h e U. S. C o u r t House and t h e E a s t M u n i c i p a l B u i l d i n g w h i c h o c c u p y a t l e a s t a s much s p a c e a s T h i r d s t r e e t . �44 We do n o t c o n t e m p l a t e i n t e r f e r i n g i n a n y way w i t h t h e s t r u c t u r e s themselves, after freeway a n d t h e p a r k i n g a r e a s c a n be r e s t o r e d construction. We b e l i e v e t h a t t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r s ought t o s e r i o u s l y c o n s i d e r such a r i g h t - o f - w a y . believe that a b r i e f restudy w i l l We do n o t i n any way d e l a y t h i s p r o j e c t . Indeed, i t may mean a s w i f t e r c o m p l e t i o n freeway route. The b l o c k b e t w e e n T h i r d and F o u r t h S t r e e t s i s c o n s i d - e r a b l y narrower t h a n t h e p r o p o s e d r i g h t - o f - w a y , and t h e o r i g i n a l I n n e r Loop F r e e w a y P l a n c a l l s Massachusetts the freeway of the north-south f o ruse o i t h i s block north of Avenue a s t h e f r e e w a y right-of-way. and a b e l i e f t h a t e n t i r e b l o c k s s h o u l d b e t a k e n f o r such uses has a p p a r e n t l y l e d to the present right-of-way, but we b e l i e v e t h a t o t h e r f a c t o r s may l e a d t o c h o o s i n g one block t o the west, r i t h o u t compromising these A r o u t e on a n a r r o w e r r i g h t - o f - w a y would d i s p l a c e fewer p e o p l e , c o s t l e s s , and t a k e ta.x-rolls. Widening of We b e l i e v e , a l s o , less a right-of-way criteria. obviously land from t h e that the present Esso Building i s more e s t h e t i c s l l y p l e a s i n g t h a n a g a p i n g h o l e w o u l d be and a b e t t e r designed b u i l d i n g than any p r e s e n t day a r c h i t e c t would allow himself t o create. C e r t a i n l y some c o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o u l d be g i v e n t o p r e s e r v i n g w h a t m u s t be t h e o n l y monumental g a s s t a t i o n i n America. We b e l i e v e t h a t t h e f r e e w a y It i s well-known t h a t highway revenues p l a n n e r s need t o be t h r i f t y . w i l l n o t be s u f f i c i e n t t o �45 pay the D i s t r i c t ' s s h a r e o f t h e planned recognize t h a t even s h i f t i n g freeway system. We also t h e burden of p a y i n g f o r the t r a f f i c p o l i c e t o t h e s h o u l d e r s of t h e g e n e r a l t a x p a y e r w i l l not e n a b l e t h e highway fund, w i t h a c o n s t a n t e x p e c t e d d e c l i n e , t o meet t h e Highway Department's dreams. revenue A cheaper r i g h t - o f - w a y , t h e r e f o r e , means more a s s u r e d c o m p l e t i o n least one n o r t h - s o u t h freeway r o u t e through the of a t District, A g a i n s t t h i s p o t e n t i a l s a v i n g s i n t h e c o s t of the r i g h t - o f - w a y , we r e c o g n i z e t h a t the Commissioners need t o b a l a n c e t h e a d d i t i o n a l c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t s which w i l l attend r e b u i l d i n g p a r t ot t h e U. S. C o u r t ' s automobile narrowed 3rd S t r e e t , p r o b a b l y freeway i n c a n t i l e v e r f a s h i o n , over r i g h t - o f - w a y w h i c h we suggest r e q u i r e s t r a i g h t - w a l l c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r the r a t h e r t h a n t h e b u c o l i c g r a s s y s l o p e s highway people Such c o n s t r u c t i o n i s more e x p e n s i v e , b u t may by reduced landscaping maintainence base i s obvious. of the D i s t r i c t w h i l e tax revenues freeway, l i k e so much. be r a p i d l y amortized r i g h t - o f - w a y t o the I n s e e k i n g an i n c r e a s e , r e c e n t l y , F e d e r a l Payment t o t h e D i s t r i c t , that the e x p e n s e s will expense. The b e n e f i t o f t h e n a r r o w e r tax the "slot". The n a r r o w e r probably s t o r a g e f a c i l i t i e s and a District i n the t h e Commissioners r e p o r t e d r i s e f i v e per cent a year, i n c r e a s e only t h r e e per cent. Of course, the c o n s t a n t removal o f l a n d from t h e t a x r o l l s f o r r o a d s i s an important factor i n causing t h i s c o n t i n u a l d i s p a r i t y between �46 expenses and income. If. l a n d must be t a k e n from t h e t a x r o l l s , l e t i t be f o r h o u s i n g and r e c r e a t i o n ; g r a s s y freeway slopes cannot be used f o r e i t h e r . A s u g g e s t i o n h a s been made i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e " A c t i o n P l a n f o r Downtown" tht p a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s be b u i l t i n the a i r - s p a c e o v e r t h e C e n t e r Leg. my o r may n o t prove practical. T h i s i s a suggestion which Such c o n s t r u c t i o n i s e x p e n s i v e i n t h e extreme and even s u c h h i g h l a n d - v a l u e c i t i e s a s New Y o r k and C h i c a g o have found i t p r a c t i c a l t o p u t heavy c o n s t r u c t i o n i n such a i r spaces only i n unusual circumstances. if s u c h c o n s t r u c t i o n i s t o be u n d e r t a k e n walls, Hoivever, here, s t r a i g h t freeway r a t h e r t h a n g r a s s y s l o p e s , w i l l make t h e p r o j e c t s more f e a s i b . l e . The a r c h i t e c t u r e p r o f e s s i o n , w h i c h f o r want o f some o t h e r p r o f e s s i o n t o do t h e j o b , h a s assumed t h e t a s k of j u d g i n g the e s t h e t i c e f f e c t s o f f r e e w a y s , h a s concluded to u r b a n i s e t h e appearance much a s p o s s i b l e . of freeways t h a t the b e s t way i s t o c o n c e a l them a s S t r a i g h t w a l l c o n s t r u c t i o n w i l l help t h i s e f f e c t , too. The d i s p l a c e m e n t o f people .tight-of-way s e l e c t e d tan and b u s i n e s s e s from t h e f o r f r e e w a y s i s i n many ways t h e most impor- c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n such s e l e c t i o n . T h e r e p r e s e n t l y i s no p r o v i s i o n f o r r e l o c a t i o n o f d i s p l a c e e s from t h e r i g h t - o f - w a y chosen. Although l e g i s l a t i o n h a s been i n t r o d u c e d t o p r o v i d e r e l o c a t i o n s e r v i c e s and payments f o r highway d i s p l a c e e s , no �47 a c t i o n h a s been t a k e n i n Congress legislation. toward p a s s a g e of this E v e n w i t h s u c h l e g i s l a t i o n , however, i t s h o u l d be r e c o g n i z e d t h a t t h e fewer t h e d i s p l a c e e s , t h e q u i c k e r the r i g h t - o f - w a y w i l l become a v a i l a b l e . We a s k t h a t no d i s p l a c e m e n t from t h e C e n t e r Leg of-way t a k e p l a c e u n t i l r e l o c a t i o n a s s i s t a n c e c a n be Due t o t h e u n d e r t a i n t y of t h e p a s s a g e i t may be w e l l , of s p e c i a l right- provided. legislation i n o r d e r t o p r o v i d e t h e s e s e r v i c e s and payments, for t h e Commissioners t o b e g i n t o work immediately toward ing t h e Northwest Urban Renewal p l a n t o e x t e n d the boundaries of t h e p l a n w e s t t o t h e w e s t e r n edge of t h e freeway and s o u t h t o I n d i a n a Avenue. toward freeway amend- right-of-way, Simple humanity demands some a c t i o n p r o v i d i n g r e p l a c e m e n t homes f o r t h e r e s i d e n t s o t t h e right-of-way. We w i s h t o p o i n t o u t t h a t s h i f t i n g t h e C e n t e r Leg r i g h t - o f - w a y one b l o c k t o t h e w e s t i s c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e A c t i o n P l a n f o r Downtown, w h i c h c l e a r l y o u t l i n e s t h i s right-of- way sensible w i t h a r e l o c a t e d F o u r t h S t r e e t and w h i c h makes no p r o v i s i o n f o r i n t e n s i v e use o f t h e b l o c k s between I n d i a n a Avenue and H S t r e e t , w h i c h w i l l be l e f t i n a no-man's land between a t i e r of government b u i l d i n g s and t h e freeway, under present plans. A l o n g t h e s e same l i n e s , we hope t h a t H S t r e e t and M S t r e e t w i l l be c a r r i e d o v e r t h e C e n t e r Leg, a s c a l l e d f o r i n t h e o r i g i n a l p l a n , r a t h e r t h a n be dead-ended a s c a l l e d f o r �48 i n the A c t i o n P l a n f o r Downtown. S i n c e the Downtown P r o g r e s s study o n l y extended t o North C a p i t o l S t r e e t , i t o v e r l o o k e d v e r y r e a l dilemma f a c e d by need t o t r a v e l w e s t . the r e s i d e n t s of N o r t h e a s t Washington who H S t r e e t and N S t r e e t u n d e r p a s s the r a i l r o a d t r a c k s and a l l the t r a f f i c w h i c h u s e s t h e s e t o g e t Downtown w i l l not f i t onto K S t r e e t and streets Massachusetts Avenue, d e s p i t e the w i s h f u l t h i n k i n g of the A c t i o n P l a n f o r Downtown. To summarize — I would l i k e t o p o i n t out, t h i s sketch, although a g r e a t d e a l of emphasis has been p l a c e d by highway p e o p l e on t h e importance of bus commuting, most of the bus Northeast since seeing r o u t e s from t h e Northwest t o the a r e c u t by t h i s p l a n , a l t h o u g h can go through D S t r e e t . transportation for 40, 42, 80 and D-2 and D-4 buses a l l the H S t r e e t bus l i n e s w i l l t a k e a much more extended p e r i o d of time t o g e t from t h e r e — t h e end of t h e r o u t e t o downtown under the o r g a n i z a t i o n p l a n shown on t h a t To summarize, the D. street map. C. F e d e r a t i o n of Citizens A s s o c i a t i o n s recommends t h a t t h e Commissioners approve the proposed South Leg and t h e proposed C e n t e r Leg a s f a r n o r t h a s P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue u n t i l t h e m e r i t s of a r o u t e s l i g h t l y w e s t of t h a t proposed can be e v a l u a t e d . property I t recommends t h a t any a c q u i s i t i o n n o r t h of I n d i a n a Avenue be d e l a y e d j e l o c a t i o n a s s i s t a n c e c a n be p r o v i d e d COMMISSIONER TOBRINER: until foe the d i s p l a c e e s . Next w i t n e s s P e t e r S. C r a i g , �49 Chairman, Roads Committee, Committee o f One Hundred on t h e Federal City. PETER S. CRAIG, Chairman Roads Committee, Committee o i One Hundred on t h e F e d e r a l MR. CRAIG: City Mr. Chairman, I want t o a p o l o g i z e f o r n o t y e t h a v i n g a w r i t t e n s t a t e m e n t produced. F o r your a s s i s t a n c e and t h e a s s i s t a n c e o f t h e R e p o r t e r , they w i l l he typed and d e l i v e r e d t o you l a t e r i n t h e day. Admiral N e i l l P h i l l i p s , c h a i r m a n of t h e Committee of 100, h a s r e q u e s t e d t h a t I p r e s e n t t h e vieivs o t t h i s p l a n n i n g group — t h e civic o l d e s t s u c h group i n Washington — o n t h e proposed S o u t h and C e n t e r Legs of t h e I n n e r Loop. My name i s P e t e r S. C r a i g , and I am c h a i r m a n of t h e Roads Committee o f t h e Committee of 100. As i t s name i m p l i e s , t h e Committee of 100 i s d e e p l y concerned about p l a n n i n g f o r the " F e d e r a l C i t y " — t h a t t e n s q u a r e m i l e s i n t h e h e a r t ot t h e N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l w i t h i n the o r i g i n a l L'Enfant plan. contained T h i s a r e a , bounded by F l o r i d a Avenue and t h e Potomac and A n a c o s t i a R i v e r s , symbol o f Washington — i t s i t s monumental a r e a s . governmental a c t i v i t i e s , i s the i t s Downtown, I t was a l s o c o n c e i v e d by L ' E n f a n t a s an a r e a f o r p e o p l e — w i t h homes, c h u r c h e s , s c h o o l s , and p l a y areas. The c u r r e n t i s s u e of H a r p e r ' s Magazine c o n t a i n s t h e �50 following timely warning by a r c h i t e c t u r a l c r i t i c W o l f Von Eckardt: "The c u r r e n t p l a n f o r i n n e r loop freeways d i s p o s s e s s a l a r g e number o i p e o p l e , s t e a l jemove p r o p e r t y from t h e t a x r o l l s . all over. The new f r e e w a y s l a n d f r o m p a r k s , and t h i s i s happening B u t i n W a s h i n g t o n t h e r e i s a n added completely city's original plan. expanding c i t i e s L ' E n f a n t ' s concepts i n h i s time. i n v i t e a i r and l i i e . barrier. grew o u t o f t h e b a r o q u e w a l l s which were choking Europe's H i s wide avenues r a d i a t e out t o The p r o p o s e d l o o p w o u l d r e b u i l d a I t would s e a l o f f t h e b u s i n e s s s e c t i o n of the c i t y a n d , r e p e a t i n g o u r r a i l r o a d m i s t a k e s put catastrophe. disregard the c l a s s i c order o i the r e a c t i o n against the medieval medieval True, will o f a c e n t u r y ago, i t on t h e w r o n g s i d e o f t h e h i g h w a y l a n e s , s e p a r a t e d i t s r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s and c u s t o m e r s . " " W a s h i n g t o n ' s Chance f o r S p l e n d o r " , ( H a r p e r ' s , S e p t e m b e r 1963, p.64) Von E c k a r d t d o e s n o t s t a n d a l o n e . Virtually a l l o t t h e l e a d i n g a r c h i t e c t s and a r c h i t e c t u r a l c r i t i c s have deplored planning: from of our time t h e e x c e s s e s o t D i s t r i c t Highway D e p a r t m e n t these c r i t i c s i n c l u d e such l e a d e r s a s L e w i s Mumford, E d w a r d D u r e l l S t o n e , C h l o e t h i e l s m i t h , and V i c t o r G r u e n , t o name a f e w . freeway The F i n e A r t s C o m m i s s i o n , t h e A m e r i c a n just Institute o f A r c h i t e c t s and t h e Committee o t 100 h a v e a l l sounded similar warnings. In one s e n s e , these warnings a r e too l a t e . Having �51 already bulldozed way and t h e S o u t h w e s t F r e e w a y , t h e West L e g the Theodore R o o s e v e l t Federal City, Bridge approaches i n t o t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t h a s p r e j u d g e d en t h e S o u t h L e g and Center Leg Freeways. As Freethe your d e c i s i o n l i n k s between ways a l r e a d y u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n o r n o t i n c o n t r o v e r s y , we n i z e t h a t y o u h a v e no approving r e a l choice but them, h o w e v e r , we we implore—that i n s i s t t h a t the paramount i n t e r e s t s o f the Nation's The two proposals now s p o n s o r e d by thusiastically the park s e r v i c e , support it. The bad. The sharp South Leg s h o u l d be junked proposal, i s e x p e r t l y c o n c e i v e d ; we Center Leg p r o p o s a l , i n f a v o r o f new en- however, s p o n s o r e d by y o u r Highway D e p a r t m e n t , i s a p a r o d y on It given o i the highway b u i l d e r s . before you p r e s e n t a c o n t r a s t b e t w e e n good p l a n n i n g and planning. p l a n s developed c o o p e r a t i v e l y w i t h the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, t h e N a t i o n a l tal you Capital in t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g be p r i o r i t y over s h o r t - s i g h t e d concerns recog- t o a p p r o v e them. I n urge — i n d e e d , sound, c o m p r e h e n s i v e u r b a n and free- Capi- Housing A u t h o r i t y , the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n A g e n c y , t h e C a p i t o l A r c h i t e c t and Downtown P r o g r e s s . South In the South Leg, Leg N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k s h a s had most d i f f i c u l t a s s i g n m e n t , l i n k i n g t h e West L e g and Southwest f r e e w a y s w i t h a h i g h w a y t h a t w o u l d n o t be d e s t r u c t i v e o t L ' E n t a n t p l a n and Capitol. t h e monumental a r e a o f t h e I t s proposal, a the Nation's i n v o l v i n g t u n n e l s beneath the L i n c o l n �M e m o r i a l and the n o r t h side o i the T i d a l B a s i n , r e p r e s e n t s a notable planning achievement surmounting most d i f f i c u l t circumstances. Center Leg W i t h r e s p e c t t o the C e n t e r L e g , h o w e v e r , a l m o s t can be s a i d i n i t s favor. nothinc I t i s a s h o c k i n g d i s p l a y of highway engineering running w i l d . The N o t i c e of H e a r i n g s a y s the C e n t e r Leg s u b j e c t t o t h i s h e a r i n g extends between the Southwest Avenue. Freeway and New T h i s i s not t h e e n t i r e C e n t e r Leg, however. Highway D e p a r t m e n t p r o p o s e s interchange t o extend i t northward t h a t i s supposedly S t o p p i n g t h e h e a r i n g a t New the Highway D e p a r t m e n t ' s o b v i o u s The t o a huge ( I n t e r c h a n g e A) a t 4 t h and Q s t r e e t s t o w i t h the North Leg Freeway York link under study. Y o r k Avenue c a n n o t mask intentions. I n veering to the northwest, r a t h e r than t o the n o r t h e a s t t o l i n k w i t h the N o r t h e a s t Freeway ( R o u t e s 95 and 70-S), i t i s evident that t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t i s a t t e m p t i n g t o p r e j u d g e t h e outcome o f the N o r t h L e g r e s t u d y . There Leg Freeway parallel highways. i s g e n e r a l community a c c e p t a n c e and a f r e e w a y ( f o r both t o the B & 0 R a i l w a y . The obvious alignment 70-S and oi a 95) from Maryland The N.C.T.A. h a s e n d o r s e d such f o r the c e n t e r Leg would t h e r e f o r e be t o t u r n n o r t h e a s t i n t h e a r e a o i New r a t h e r than northwest. Center Y o r k Avenue T h i t c o u l d e a s i l y be done i f i t w e r e �53 c o o r d i n a t e d w i t h p l a n s f o r N o r t h w e s t U r b a n R e n e w a l A r e a No. 1 . As p r o p o s e d b y t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t , t h e C e n t e r L e g w o u l d be a n open d i t c h , 20 f e e t deep and one b l o c k w i d e , extending through the heart of the F e d e r a l C i t y . Except f o ra t u n n e l b e n e a t h t h e M a l l , i t w o u l d be a n u g l y g a s h on t h e c i t y s c a p e , a c t i n g a s a n i m p e n e t r a b l e motor v e h i c l e b e t w e e n Downtown and C a p i t o l H i l l . east-west s t r e e t s i n i t s path. sewer I t w o u l d s e v e r most o i t h e B e t w e e n t h e M a l l and New Y o r k A v e n u e , t h e o n l y e a s t - w e s t a c c e s s s t r e e t s w o u l d be M a s s a c h u s e t t s A v e n u e , E s t r e e t and K S t r e e t . Closed to e i t h e r v e h i c l e s or p e o p l e w o u l d be C S t r e e t , I n d i a n a A v e n u e , D s t r e e t , F S t r e e t , G S t r e e t , H S t r e e t , I S t r e e t and L S t r e e t . meet one t r a f f i c p r o b l e m t h e f r e e w a y w i l l new one, p u t t i n g s u r f a c e t r a f f i c I n attempting to have c r e a t e d a m a s s i v e circulation i n a turmoil as i t a t t e m p t s t o c r o s s one o f t h e f e w b r i d g e s o v e r t h e C e n t e r L e g Moat. We p e r c e i v e o f no sound p l a n n i n g r e a s o n f o r s e a l i n g o f f Downtown f r o m C a p i t o l H i l l and t h e e a s t . i s no e c o n o m i c There c e r t a i n l y justification. The p r o p o s e d p r i c e o f t h e C e n t e r L e g i s h o r r i f y i n g not i n d o l l a r s , b u t i n human t e r m s and i t s economic — effects on o u r c i t y . A c c o r d i n g t o Highway D e p a r t m e n t e s t i m a t e s , t h e C e n t e r Leg, 1.7 m i l e s l o n g , a n d b e t w e e n 150 and 250 f e e t w i d e f o r i t s right-of-way— (1963 W h i t e n e r Committee h e a r i n g s , p 3 2 4 ) . To �54 To condemn t h e p r i v a t e land necessary way D e p a r t m e n t e s t i m a t e s i t w i l l f o r t h i s freeway, need $ 1 9 , 2 5 0 , 0 0 0 . N a t c h e r Committee h e a r i n g s , p . 7 0 8 ) . This w i l l t h e High- (1964 remove property h a v i n g a n a s s e s s e d v a l u e o r $7'.. 239,000 f r o m t h e D i s t r i c t ' s t a x rolls a (Whitener Committee h e a r i n g s , p. 9 4 ) , c a u s i n g t h e l o s s o f quarter of a m i l l i o n d o l l a r s i n property taxes annually, not to s p e a k o f t h e income a n d s a l e s t a x e s t h a t w o u l d be lost. L a s t y e a r , t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t e s t i m a t e d t h e e n t i r e Center L e g i n c l u d i n g t h e p o r t i o n n o r t h o f New Y o r k A v e n u e , w o u l d d e s t r o y 830 d w e l l i n g u n i t s hearings). ( 1 9 6 3 W h i t e n e r Committee B e c a u s e s u c h Highway D e p a r t m e n t e s t i m a t e s a r e n o t o r - i o u s l y u n r e l i a b l e , a s e p a r a t e c h e c k h a s b e e n made u s i n g block-by-block Census f i g u r e s f o r 1960. They i n d i c a t e t h a t b e t w e e n C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue and P S t r e e t w h e r e I n t e r c h a n g e would b e g i n , 951 d w e l l i n g u n i t s housing 2,581 persons A w o u l d be destroyed. According t o t h e 1960 c e n s u s , d w e l l i n g u n i t s w e r e i n sound c o n d i t i o n . them w e r e o c c u p i e d The by t w o - t h i r d s of these About t w o - t h i r d s of non-whites. p r i c e i n human t e r m s i s n o t t o be u n d e r s t o o d s o l e l y by r e f e r e n c e t o f i g u r e s , h o w e v e r . What i s t h i s strip through t h e middle o f t h e F e d e r a l C i t y t h a t would be bulldozed b/ t h e C e n t e r Leg? E v e n b e f o r e t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t c o n c e i v e d Center L e g F r e e w a y , t h i s was a n a r e a i n t r a n s i t i o n . ot a Walking �55 t h r o u g h t h e a r e a t o d a y , one s e e s many r e m i n i s c e n c e s as a primary Downtown. oi this area r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a c l o s e t o C a p i t o l H i l l and I n some p l a c e s o n l y t h e b r i c k e d s i d e w a l k s and shaded streets remain, b u t i n other s e c t i o n s the s t r e e t s a r e s t i l l l i n e d w i t h F e d e r a l a n d V i c t o r i a n row h o u s e s , some o f them o b v i o u s l y once f a s h i o n a b l e town h o u s e s w i t h w a l l e d and gardens carriage stables. In the present century, l a c k i n g any coherent plan, these b l o c k s have been s u b j e c t e d t o d i f f e r i n g p r e s s u r e s . the s o u t h e r n Oil e n d new o f f i c e b u i l d i n g s h a v e r i s e n — t h e At standard o r E s s o b u i l d i n g on C o n s t i t u t i o n A v e n u e , t h e e i g h t - s t o r y M c S h a i n B u i l d i n g b e t w e e n C and I n d i a n a . Elsewhere t o be condemned, p r i n t e r s , and n e w s r e e l h a v e b u i l t new o f f i c e s . trade unions, i n the blocks studios Although t h e r e s i d e n t i a l c h a r a c t e r of the a r e a h a s changed a n d i n many r e s p e c t s d e t e r i o r a t e d , t h e r e a r e a l s o many e v i d e n c e s Massachusetts, o f development f o r t h i s use. On b e t w e e n Second and T h i r d S t r e e t s , a t t r a c t i v e h i g h - r i s e apartment b u i l d i n g , erected 1920's. Elementary use, i n the l a t e C h u r c h e s abound i n t h e a r e a , i n c l u d i n g t h e new B i b l e Way C h u r c h b e t w e e n L and New Y o r k , b u i l t in stands an School, although b e t w e e n H and I S t r e e t s , built i n 1946. seaton i s s t i l l v e r y much i n 1871. W h e t h e r o r n o t t h e c o m m e r c i a l and t h e r e s i d e n t i a l would u l t i m a t e l y blend i n t h i s area w i l l now i t i s a l l t o be w i p e d o u t . A l r e a d y n e v e r be known, f o r the a r e a h a s s u f f e r e d �56 from the ugly i n t r u s i o n s o f t h e motor v e h i c l e — a s p h a l t parking l o t s a n d g a s o l i n e s t a t i o n s abound w h e r e once t h e r e w e r e row h o u s e s . F u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t came t o a v i r t u a l h a l t s e v e n y e a r s ago when the Highway D e p a r t m e n t a n n o u n c e d i t s p l a n f o r a C e n t e r in this location. The r e c e n t d e p a r t u r e P l a c e Where L o u i e D w e l l s , v i t a l i t y being drained Leg Freeway of the r e s t a u r a n t , the i s s y m p t o m a t i c o f t h e l i f e and f r o m t h i s doomed s t r e t c h o f t h e c e n t e r city. T h i s Center a golden opportunity L e g a r e a o f f e r e d t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t t o demonstrate c r e a t i v e n e s s i n i t s planning. A f t e r seven y e a r s of planning, however, i t has produced a complete did. In t h e a r e a b e t w e e n C o n s t i t u t i o n a n d Hew Y o r k A v e n u e s , t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t p r o p o s e s t o t a k e t h e homes o f a l m o s t 2,000 p e o p l e , p l u s one s c h o o l , f i v e o r s i x c h u r c h e s , s e v e r a l new o f f i c e b u i l d i n g s , a n d numerous s m a l l s h o p s a n d r e s t a u r a n t s . nothing i n r e t u r n except I t offers a deep d i t c h . What happened t o a l l o f t h e r o s y p r o m i s e s o t t h e Highway D i r e c t o r ? I n t h e p a s t , Mr. A i t k e n h a s i n s i s t e d i i t u r e plans should n o t be j u d g e d by s u c h a t r o c i t i e s a s t h e Whitehurst F r e e w a y and S o u t h w e s t F r e e w a y . that h i s The p u b l i c was p r o m i s e d t h a t i n t h e f u t u r e t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t w o u l d take a new a p p r o a c h , g i v i n g c a r e f u l a t t e n t i o n t o e c o n o m i c , s o c i o l o g i c a l and a e s t h e t i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . In 1961, C o n g r e s s g a v e t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t t h e �57 t o o l s i t needed i n a u t h o r i z i n g u s e o f a e r i a l r i g h t s freeways. I n November 1 9 6 1 , Rex W h i t t o n , over Administrator of the P u b l i c R o a d s , a n n o u n c e d t h a t t h i s new a u t h o r i t y w o u l d cities and t o use v a l u a b l e a i r space over freeways for residential commercial development, r e p l e n i s h i n g c i t i e s ' producing property. permit l o s s e s of t a x By May o f 1 9 6 2 , i m p l e m e n t i n g r e g u l a t i o n s lad b e e n i s s u e d by t h e B u r e a u of P u b l i c R o a d s , secretary oi Commerce L u t h e r H. Hodges announced %h^t t h e new r e g u l a t i o n s " c o u l d be a boon t o c i t i e s p l a g u e d ' b y u r b a n s p r a w l and l o s s o f p r o p e r t y t a x e s from land t a k e n f o r freeways." aslease (G 6 2 - 8 9 , May 15, 1 9 6 3 added His press that; "Over-the-highway c o n s t r u c t i o n would a l l o w urban p l a n n e r s t o make f u l l and f r e e u s e o f a v a i l a b l e city centers. land i n congested D e s i r a b l e p o p u l a t i o n d e n s i t i e s c o u l d be a c h i e v e d , a n d a d j a c e n t l a n d be f r e e d f o r p a r k s and o t h e r public f a c i l i t i e s . " The regulations a l s o permitted complete t u n n e l i n g of f r e e w a y s when a d e q u a t e t u n n e l v e n t i l a t i o n i s p r o v i d e d . T h r o u g h a n e w s p a p e r i n t e r v i e w i n May 1962, Mr. A i t k e n gave a s s u r a n c e s that this t u n n e l i n g a u t h o r i t y w o u l d be a " s i g n i f i c a n t p a r t " of h i s planning o f t h e I n n e r Loop. f o r the remaining ( " A i t k e n S u g g e s t s Use o f T u n n e l s Loop," W a s h i n g t o n P o s t , May 2 0 , 1 9 6 2 , page B - l . ) 1962, V i c t o r J . Orsinger, sections f o r Inner I n late July owner o f t h e E s s o B u i l d i n g , a d v a n c e d s p e c i f i c p l a n s f o r s u c h a t u n n e l b e n e a t h a p r o p o s e d new office �58 b u i l d i n g b e t w e e n C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue and Now, I n d i a n a Avenue. a f t e r many months o f w a i t i n g , w h a t d o e s t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t p r o p o s e i n t h e way of t u n n e l i n g and a e r i a l r i g h t s t o s u b s t i t u t e f o r t h e r e s i d e n t i a l and p r o p e r t y i t i s condemning? Absolutely nothing. use of commercial The only a e r i a l u s e i t a p p a r e n t l y h a s s t u d i e d w o u l d be a monument t o motor vehicles — a bus t e r m i n a l t o p p e d by f i v e p a r k i n g f o r 4,000 a u t o m o b i l e s . levels of B u t f o r t h e homes, b u s i n e s s e s , churches d i s p l a c e d , a b s o l u t e l y nothing. The shocking we C e n t e r L e g p r o p o s a l b e f o r e you failure i n highway p l a n n i n g . f i n d t h a t such promises represents a A f t e r y e a r s of promises, h a v e meant n o t h i n g . I n highway p l a n n i n g , a s i n t r a n s i t p l a n n i n g , Washington s h o u l d be t h e l e a d e r . larly I n s t e a d , i t i s the loot-dragger. particu- i n t h e h e a r t o f t h e F e d e r a l C i t y , much more i s needed the b u l l d o z e r . The than C e n t e r L e g s h o u l d be a f o r w a r d s t e p i n city-building; instead, i t i s j u s t one more e x a m p l e o f city destruction. Any be s u g g e s t i o n by t h e NCTA t h a t r a i l transit i n open d i t c h e s i n t h e F e d e r a l C i t y w o u l d be of c o u r t . T h i s s h o u l d be p r o p o s a l b e f o r e you. the r a i l r o a d laughed t h e same l a t e o f t h e C e n t e r F i f t y y e a r s ago should out Leg planners hailed putting t r a c k s underground from Union S t a t i o n t o Southwest W a s h i n g t o n ; common s e n s e d i c t a t e s t h a t t h i s be the C e n t e r Leg Freeway, too. the s o l u t i o n f o r San F r a n c i s c o i s p l a n n i n g a two- �59 mile t u n n e l freeway; c e r t a i n l y W a s h i n g t o n c a n do a s w e l l . We h a v e t h e e x p e r t p l a n n e r s , a n d t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t knows t h e i r t e l e p h o n e numbers. B u t i t i s up t o y o u , a s D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r s , t o c o m p e l a c t i o n and n o t a c c e p t Many a g e n c i e s a r e , o r s h o u l d b e , c o n c e r n e d tor the proper Leg Freeway. i s concerned. promises. with plans d e v e l o p m e n t o f s u r f a c e l a n d u s e above t h e C e n t e r I t c u t s through t h e a r e a i n w h i c h Downtown P r o g r e s s I t a l s o b o r d e r s N o r t h w e s t U r b a n R e n e w a l A r e a No. 1 a s p r o p o s e d by t h e R e d e v e l o p m e n t L a n d Agency and t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission. P r o p e r l y planned development of t h e l a n d above t h e C e n t e r L e g s h o u l d be c a r e f u l l y both o f t h e s e u r b a n r e n e w a l coordinated with efforts. T h a n k y o u v e r y much. COMMISSIONER TOBRINER: Mr. H a r o l d W i r t h h e r e ? Thank y o u . Mr. W i r t h , t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee, Washington Board of T r a d e . HAROLD E . WIRTH M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington Board of Trade MR. WIRTH: Good m o r n i n g G e n t l e m e n . My name i s H a r o l d E . W i r t h , a n d I am h e r e r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington Board of Trade. Board ot Trade I have been a u t h o r i z e d by t h e t o s t r o n g l y recommend t o y o u t h e i m m e d i a t e r e l e a s e of p r o p o s a l s t o r c o n t r a c t s t o complete a l l p o r t i o n s of both t h e S o u t h L e g and t h e c e n t e r L e g o f t h e i n n e r Loop. A f t e r months o f s e r i o u s s t u d y , t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n �60 Washington Board of Trade the proposed freeway proceed. to urges t h a t a l l o f those p o r t i o n s of system which have been committed should I t a l s o hopes t h a t a n e a r l y d e t e r m i n a t i o n be made a s t h e e x a c t l o c a t i o n o f t h e p r o p o s e d I n n e r Loop E a s t L e g w e s t o f t h e A n a c o s t i a R i v e r , and s t r o n g l y recommends t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , t h e Potomac F r e e w a y , and o t h e r connect ing f reeways. The 1980, be Urban Land I n s t i t u t e s t u d i e s i n d i c a t e t h a t by 79 p e r c e n t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n o t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s w i l l urban. B u r e a u o f P u b l i c Roads i i g u r e s show w h e r e u r b a n motor t r a v e l h a s i n c r e a s e d f a s t e r t h a n u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n b e t w e e n 1950 aid 1 9 6 0 . U r b a n p o p u l a t i o n h a s i n c r e a s e d by 18 p e r c e n t w h e r e a s u r b a n motor v e h i c l e m i l e s p e r u r b a n r e s i d e n t h a v e i n c r e a s e d 2 1 per cent i n t h i s p e r i o d . The t r e n d , o f c o u r s e , i s expected t o continue. According t o the census United States population w i l l Bureau, f r o m 1960 t o 1980, i n c r e a s e 39 p e r c e n t . I n this same p e r i o d , m o t o r t r u c k r e g i s t r a t i o n s w i l l be 6 1 p e r c e n t 0 g r e a t e r t h a n t h e y w e r e i n 1960 and a u t o m o b i l e i n c r e a s e 64 p e r c e n t . be will T h e r e w i l l be a n 85 p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e i n motor v e h i c l e t r a v e l m i l e s w h i c h Three-fourths of this registrations i s e v e n more significant. f u t u r e g r o w t h i n motor v e h i c l e t r a v e l i n urban a r e a s , such a s Washington. The l a s t will Metropolitan T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S t u d i e s i n W a s h i n g t o n w e r e made i n 1955. These s t u d i e s i n d i c a t e d a p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e o t 87 p e r c e n t by 1980, �61 but c o n c u r r e n t l y p r e d i c t e d a d a i l y motor t r a v e l m i l e a g e i n t h e same p e r i o d o f 177 p e r t h e s e e s t i m a t e s w i l l be B e t w e e n 7:00 p.m. t h e p e a k of t h i s cent. The B o a r d of T r a d e b e l i e v e s e x c e e d e d by a c o n s i d e r a b l e and 9:00 a.m. and passing s e r v e d by With such i n c r e a s e s i n t r a f f i c being e s s e n t i a l t h a t these two v i t a l a r e a s and o f t h e I n n e r Loop be constructed traffic f r o m s t r e e t s now to a v o i d t r a f f i c c h a o s . margin. b e t w e e n 4:00 t r a f f i c volume w i l l be t h e downtown a r e a o f W a s h i n g t o n t o be and through forecast, the remaining immediately i n order i t is sections to divert a d j o i n i n g t h e I n n e r Loop f r e e w a y The so as Chicago Area T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study of the Congress S t r e e t Expressway experienced o f f r o m 116,700 v e h i c l e s p e r day before Park section a reduction i n traffic c o n s t r u c t i o n t o 64,400, l a s t i n g a s long as t h r e e y e a r s a l t e r completion of the Los Angeles C i t y T r a f f i c Department has Expressway. shown w h e r e m a j o r s t r e e t s p a r a l l e l t o the Hollywood, San B e r n a r d i n o , and 6:30 t h e I n n e r Loop. showed t h a t s i x m a j o r s t r e e t s p a r a l l e l t o t h e Oak The increase Santa Ana H a r b o r F r e e w a y s showed a r e d u c t i o n of f r o m 142,000 v e h i c l e s p e r day t o 74,000 a f t e r c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e s e C o n s t r u c t i o n of the Center and freeways. S o u t h L e g s and eventu- a l l y t h e c o m p l e t e I n n e r Loop p e r m i t s more e f f i c i e n t peak h o u r driving. As p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e s i n urban a r e a s , a g r e a t e r percentage of d a i l y automobile t r i p s a r e d e s t i n e d areas. The completion o i the Center and f o r non-downtown S o u t h L e g s of t h e Inner Loop w i l l make i t p o s s i b l e t o r t r a f f i c w i t h d e s t i n a t i o n s o t h e r �62 than t h e downtown s h o p p i n g a r e a t o p r o c e e d o v e r routes preventing lor interference with t r a f f i c t h e shopping a r e a s . shop downtown by area should these destined specifically By m a k i n g i t e a s i e r f o r t h e m o t o r i s t t o car, general business be c o n s i d e r a b l y i n the c e n t r a l shopping i m p r o v e d s i n c e many p e o p l e i n t h e suburban a r e a s r e f u s e t o come i n t o c o n g e s t e d c e n t r a l areas f o r t h e i r freeway shopping requirements. S i n c e Washington belongs t o t h e Nation a s a w h o l e we have a n o b l i g a t i o n t o t h e thousands o f v i s i t o r s t o t h e i r C a p i t o l who come h e r e e a c h y e a r . Nation's The c e n t e r L e g o f t h e i n n e r Loop w i l l be p a r t i c u l a r l y a d v a n t a g e o u s t o t h e s e c i t i z e n s who w i s h t o v i s i t t h e C a p i t o l B u i l d i n g , t h e Supreme C o u r t , t h e Congressional Senators and S h a k e s p e a r i a n L i b r a r i e s and t o s e e t h e i r and R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . I t w i l l be o f v e r y s p e c i a l a s s i s t a n c e t o members o f C o n g r e s s who w i s h the M e t r o p o l i t a n The t o d r i v e t o t h e i r o f f i c e s f r o m t h e i r homes i n a r e a , o r d i r e c t l y t o or from t h e i r c o n s t i t u e n c i e s . Congressional attitude i s reflected i n t h e House o t R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s R e p o r t #499 a c c o m p a n y i n g H. R. 7 4 3 1 , 8 8 t h C o n g r e s s , 1 s t S e s s i o n w h i c h s t a t e s a s f o l l o w s , and I q u o t e : "In traffic The order t o meet t h e t r e m e n d o u s d a y - t o - d a y g r o w t h o f i n W a s h i n g t o n , we m u s t c a r r y t h e h i g h w a y p r o g r a m along.... Highway p r o g r a m i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a , w i t h e m p h a s i s on t h e i n t e r s t a t e s y s t e m , i s one o i t h e m a j o r a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e D i s t r i c t Government. long-established Congress has followed a �63 d e l i b e r a t e and p o s i t i v e c o u r s e w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e systsn. first A procedure interstate i o r d e s i g n a t i o n o f t h e s y s t e m was i n the enactment established o f l e g i s l a t i o n i n 1944; and a f t e r o f p a i n s t a k i n g a n a l y s e s o f t r e n d s o i e n g i n e e r i n g and jacts, years economic i t e n a c t e d t h e F e d e r a l Highway A c t and t h e Highway Revenue A c t o f 1956, w h i c h a u t h o r i z e d a p p r o p r i a t i o n s and to c o n s t r u c t t h e i n t e r s t a t e s y s t e m . levied From t i m e t o t i m e v a r i o u s amendments h a v e b e e n added t o t h e b a s i c l e g i s l a t i o n b u t has i n s i s t e d on i t s o r i g i n a l p o l i c y the D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a o r d e r t o have taxes that this nation Congress including s h a l l have an i n t e r s t a t e system. In. s u c h a s y s t e m i t m u s t be c o n t i n u o u s and t o be a c c e p t a b l e u n d e r t h e l a w i t m u s t be p r o p e r l y d e s i g n a t e d . i n t e r s t a t e highway The s y s t e m w i l l p r o v e t o be one o f t h e most s u b s t a n t i a l and m e r i t o r i o u s p u b l i c w o r k s p r o g r a m s e v e r u n d e r t a k e n b/ t h i s c o u n t r y . D i s t r i c t of T h i s program i s e q u a l l y i m p o r t a n t t o the Columbia." B a c k i n g up t h i s s t a t e m e n t , t h e Committee on A p p r o p r i a t i o n s recommended c a p i t a l o u t l a y f u n d s o f §3,547,000 t o t h e 8 8 t h Congress i n c l u d i n g $1,294,000 l o r t h e C e n t e r L e g , The c e n t e r L e g m u s t be u n d e r c o n t r a c t immediately i n order t o o f f s e t other b u i l d i n g a p p l i c a t i o n s which occur i n growing communities such as Washington and naturally which could p o s s i b l y e f f e c t d e v a s t a t i n g d e l a y s t o our e n t i r e freeway system. planned T h i s i s a l s o e s s e n t i a l to the implementation o t t h e A c t i o n P l a n p r e p a r e d by t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Downtown �64 Committee. A i l urban t r a n s p o r t a t i o n have s t r e n g t h e n e d t h e c o n c l u s i o n i s the l o g i c a l and increasing personal mobility center Leg i t a n Area. of the o i the bus the needs of the i s our f o r the the WIRTH: Park Service I s that s h o u l d be vital Legs delay. note to agreeable? t o compliment the f o r h i s f o r t h r i g h t p l a n n i n g and I do into consideration Director his suggestion b e l i e v e , though, t h a t defense t h a t the N a t i o n a l the tact that their i n t e r s t a t e system. in Park s e r v i c e a t l e a s t e q u a l t o t h o s e recommended by B u r e a u o f P u b l i c Roads f o r t h e to Yes. I would l i k e i n t e r e s t of N a t i o n a l heights transit. l i k e t o add* a p e r s o n a l approve the South Leg. w i l l wish to take i n c r e a s i n g auto- o i t h e s e two issued without further COMMISSIONER TOBRINER: t h a t you their recommendation t h a t p r o p o s a l s l e a d i n g p r e p a r e d r e m a r k s i f I may. of the and South Legs provide a b a s i s i o r immediate c o n s t r u c t i o n I n n e r Loop be MR. for t r i p s w i t h i n our expanding Metropol- f l e x i b l e system of e x p r e s s - b u s p u b l i c Gentlemen I should my people i n n e r Loop i s a m u l t i - p u r p o s e B o t h t h e C e n t e r and It contracts d e s i r e o i our i n both t h e i r work-travel I t e f f e c t i v e l y serves m o b i l e , m o t o r t r u c k and a highly t o the patterns travel. The roadway. and years t h a t t h e modern u r b a n f r e e w a y economical response to changing of M e t r o p o l i t a n t r a v e l , leisure-time s t u d i e s made i n r e c e n t bridge the Whether t h e y �65 want t o use — l e t question. t r u c k s u s e t h e S o u t h L e g o r n o t i s a moot I h a v e no c o n f l i c t w i t h t h e i r a t t i t u d e t h e r e , b u t from a s t a n d p o i n t o i w h a t m i g h t one d a y be a b a t t l e o f W a s h i n g t o n , and i n e f f e c t , a b a t t l e o f d e m o c r a c y i n t h e U n i t e d States; m i l i t a r y e q u i p m e n t must g e t t h r o u g h i n t i e e a s i e s t a n d q u i c k e s t way p o s s i b l e . I am c e r t a i n t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e w o u l d n o t want t o be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r m i l i t a r y e q u i p m e n t n o t b e i n g get able t o t h r o u g h a n d many p i e c e s o f m i l i t a r y e q u i p m e n t c a n n o t p a s s under t h e i r p r e s e n t bridge heights. Thank y o u , gentlemen. COMMISSIONER TOBRINER-. Thank y o u . Mr. J a c k Kogok, o f Kem B u i l d e r s . MR. KOGOK: S i r , I t h i n k i n the i n t e r e s t o f time, w h a t I was g o i n g t o s a y h a s a l r e a d y been t a k e n up. COMMISSIONER TOBRINER: MR. KOGOK: well. T h a n k y o u v e r y much f o r t h e o p p o r t u n i t y . COMMISSIONER DUNCAN: MR. KOGOK: Very You f a v o r t h e p r o p o s a l ? I favor the proposal. COMMISSIONER TOBRINER: Mr. J o s e p h Araato, t h e Mid-Town Businessmen's A s s o c i a t i o n . MR. BASS: that statement; Mr. Amato was u n a b l e t o a t t e n d . however he asked me t o s u b s t i t u t e f o r h i m . COMMISSIONER TOBRINER: it, o t h e r w i s e we w i l l He s i g n e d very w e l l , incorporate DAVID BASS i f you care t o read i t i nthe record. �66 Mid-Town B u s i n e s s m e n ' s A s s o c i a t i o n MR„ BASS: My name i s D a v i d B a s s of t h e Mid-Town Businessmen's A s s o c i a t i o n . D. C. Commissioners, D i s t r i c t of Columbia; our a s s o c i a t i o n . The Midtown B u s i n e s s A s s o c i a t i o n c o v e r s t h e a r e a bounded by N o r t h C a p i t o l S t r e e t , on t h e West, M a s s a c h u s e t t s on t h e on t h e E a s t , F o u r t e e n t h Avenue on t h e S o u t h and a s s o c i a t i o n would l i k e t o e x p r e s s o p p o s i t i o n t o the b u i l d i n g of a l l freeways w i t h i n the c i t y District o f C o l u m b i a a s we b u s i n e s s and feel The the relocation residents. i n the city's c i t y o f W a s h i n g t o n m u s t be e v e r m i n d f u l ot i t s economy and must g u a r d a g a i n s t removing not only t a x a b l e r e a l e s t a t e f o r e v e r from i t s r o l l s , b u t r e s i d e n t s and business well. We to of i t i s too d i s r u p t i v e to the These freeways a r e a l s o r e f l e c t e d economy. limits r e s i d e n t i a l community c a u s i n g u n t o l d h a r d s h i p s on b u s i n e s s and as F l o r i d a Avenue North. Our own Street need o n l y p o i n t t o w h a t h a s o c c u r r e d , t h e t h e S u b u r b s by local has been r e d e v e l o p e d . b u s i n e s s and residents, Many u p r o o t e d s o u t h w e s t flight s i n c e Southwest b u s i n e s s e s when c o n f r o n t e d w i t h a r e l o c a t i o n d e c i s i o n found i t advantageous r e l o c a t e o u t s i d e of Washington. T h i s t y p e of d e c i s i o n now be e v e n m o r e s o w i t h t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e This resulted to may Beltway. i n l o s s e s t o the c i t y i n T a x e s , such as �67 t r u c k and c a r l i c e n s i n g f e e s , e x c i s e o r s a l e s t a x e s on c a r s and t r u c k s when p u r c h a s e d , b u s i n e s s income t a x e s , D.C. U.C. T a x , personal property taxes, e t cetera. Washington, a c i t y s u r r o u n d e d by two s t a t e s , s t a n d s t o l o s e , e c o n o m i c a l l y speaking, whenever freeways a r e b u i l t within i t s boundaries. T h i s w i l l e n a b l e commuters t o e a s i l y commute b a c k a n d f o r t h t o w o r k , b u t we t h i n k W a s h i n g t o n men w i l l be h u r t In and and considerably conclusion, subways, i f p r o p e r l y d i s t u r b much by l e s s b u s i n e s s t h r o u g h we f e e l t h a t a s y s t e m o f r a p i d businessisolation. transit d e v e l o p e d , w o u l d a c c o m p l i s h much more less. Thank y o u . COMMISSIONER TOBRINER: T h a n k y o u , Mr. B a s s . We h a v e one more s t a t e m e n t . Mr. J o h n H. B a u m g a r t n e r hear. JOHN H. BAUMGARTNER, A t t o r n e y MR. BAUMGARTNER: Mr. P r e s i d e n t , members o f t h e B o a r d o f C o m m i s s i o n e r s , my name i s J . Hampton B a u m g a r t n e r o f t h e f i r m o f W i l k e s and A r d i s resenting on can i n t h e Tower B u i l d i n g . two c l i e n t s . the east I appear here rep- The f i r s t i s t h e T h i r d and E J o i n t V e n t u r e s i d e o t T h i r d S t r e e t b e t w e e n E and F S t r e e t s . I g i v e y o u t h e l o t s a n d s q u a r e s , b u t t h a t i s n o t i m p o r t a n t . The second i s John McShain, I n c . We may a t a l a t e r d a t e , w i s h t o p u t i n , a s y o u h a v e s u g g e s t e d , a s t a t e m e n t on b e h a l f o f Mr. M c S h a i n who a r r i v e d b a c k �so in the country today. We G e n e r a l l y , we a r e n o t a p p e a r i n g i n a t t e m p t t o h o l d back f a v o r highway programs, p a r t i c u l a r l y progress. i f there i s a p l a c e f o r b o t h them and t h e r a p i d t r a n s i t p r o g r a m . We a r e n o t i n a p o s i t i o n , e i t h e r , a s k i n g y o u p u t t h i s p r o j e c t on someone property. We j u s t want t o c a l l to your a t t e n t i o n , else' certain p o i n t s we b e l i e v e h a v e n o t b e e n c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e p r o g r a m with regard to the Center Leg. We a r e n o t g o i n g t o s p e a k a t a l l a b o u t t h e S o u t h L e g . We w i l l g i v e a f e w s u g g e s t i o n s o f howwa b e l i e v e t h a t c a n be cured. First, I w i s h t o t a k e up t h e p r o b l e m s o f t h e T h i r d aid E J o i n t v e n t u r e . of The T h i r d and E J o i n t v e n t u r e i s a group l o c a l b u s i n e s s m e n who h a v e gone s o f a r w i t h p l a n s f o r t h e i r b u i l d i n g they cannot t u r n back. T h e y h a v e made b a s e d e c i s i o n s to go a h e a d and b u i l d a t e n - s t o r y o f f i c e building. I h a v e h e r e w i t h me h e r e t o d a y , Mr. Lee R u b e n s t e i n and we w i l l show y o u , b r i e f l y , w h a t i s p l a n n e d . COMMISSIONER TOBRINER: MR. BAUMGARTNER: Speak They have planned a t e n - s t o r y a p a r t m e n t house b u i l d i n g w h i c h w i l l have working d r a w i n g s . District. louder. c o s t $2,800,000.00 They have f i l e d They t h e i r plans w i t h the They have t h e i r e x c a v a t i o n p e r m i t . They have-- n e a r l y ready t o take t h e i r b u i l d i n g plans out of the D i s t r i c t . They have t h e i r f i n a n c i n g w h i c h t h e y w i l l settle for, this �69 week. They have spent i n t h e neighborhood o f f i f t y t h o u s a n d d o l l a r s on t h e i r p l a n s e f f o r t s t o day. a letter and t h e i r d r a w i n g s i n t h e i r A f t e r a l l o f t h i s had b e e n done, t h e y f r o m Mr. A i t k e n them t o d e l a y They have reached t h e p o i n t where they they wish received t e l l i n g them t h e y w e r e i n t h e p a t h o f the p r o p o s e d C e n t e r L e g and u r g i n g and to sixty building. could not stop t o l e t t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r s know i t i s t h e i r p l a n t o go a h e a d a n d b u i l d t h e i r a p a r t m e n t house i n t h i s midway b e t w e e n E a n d F on t h e e a s t s i d e o f T h i r d area street. T h e y h a d i n q u i r e d some s i x o r e i g h t months ago and were t o l d t h e r e w e r e n o t f u n d s y e t f o r t h e D i s t r i c t t o p l a n this C e n t e r L e g Highway. Now, I have made a c e r t a i n p r e l i m i n a r y a r e a and t h e c o s t o f a c q u i s i t i o n . recommended two a l t e r n a t e r o u t e s d i s c u s s i n g w i t h you today. United survey of this I n 1955 t h e D e l e u w C a t l e r S u r v e y to avoid t h e p r o b l e m I am h e r e We r e a l i z e t h e a r e a b e t w e e n t h e S t a t e s Courthouse and t h e E s s o S t a n d a r d O i l B u i l d i n g i s v e r y narrow. D e l e u w C a t l e r s u g g e s t e d one a l t e r n a t e by c u r v i n g the b u i l d i n g t o t h e e a s t a n d go a r o u n d i n t h e a r e a w h i c h h a s now been b l o c k e d by t h e e r e c t i o n o f t h e Monumental Carpenter's B u i l d i n g a t L o u i s i a n a and C o n s t i t u t i o n A v e n u e . B u t he a l s o i n both plans suggested t h a t you avoid t h e McShain B u i l d i n g . We w o u l d s u g g e s t t h a t i f t h e p l a n w e r e — f o r t h e C e n t e r Leg, w e r e t o go up i n t h e b l o c k b e t w e e n s e c o n d and T h i r d s t r e e t as s u g g e s t e d by t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t t h e c o s t o f a c q u i s i t i o n �of t h e m a j o r a b n o r m a l l y l a r g e p r o p e r t i e s we e s t i m a t e a t $15,155,000.00 of normal land area above t h e c o s t ot j u s t a c q u i s i t i o n or land w i t h p a r k i n g one-story, two-story b u i l d i n g s . very t h a t occur i n that l o t s o r h o u s e s upon i t , This estimate or i s arrived at c o n s e r v a t i v e l y f r o m two and a h a l f t i m e s t h e a s s e s s m e n t o t the abnormal, l a r g e b u i l d i n g s that exist i n that area, assessed alone a t $6,057,000.00. Now, I know f r o m my e x p e r i e n c e i n condemnation work, w h i c h I do most o f ray w o r k i n , t h a t t h e c o s t o f a c q u i s i t i o n i s n o r m a l l y somewhere b e t w e e n two and t h r e e valuation. I could times the not get a l l these p r o p e r t i e s assessed appraised, so I h i t upon two and a h a l f t i m e s t h e a s s e s s m e n t at> a f i g u r e t o give t o y o u h e r e t o d a y . street, not I f y o u go up on t h e o t h e r s i d e o f t h e t h e n i t ' s b e t w e e n T h i r d and F o u r t h Street --there are n e a r l y a s many l a r g e s t r u c t u r e s t o be condemned and t h e c o s t o f a c q u i s i t i o n o f t h o s e s t r u c t u r e s i s $2,305,000.00 b a s e d on assessed v a l u a t i o n o f $925,000.00. Therefore, i f t h e p l a n were s h i f t e d t o t h e w e s t , t h e D i s t r i c t would save a c q u i s i t i o n c o s t s , a p p r o x i m a t e l y Now me $12,850,000 t h e a r g u m e n t t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t s t a f f gives i s t h a t t h e y need t h i s e x t r a w i d e s t r i p t o o f f s e t t h e c o s t s o f t h e ramps and a c c e s s r o a d w a y s and t h a t t h e c o s t o f construc- t i o n w o u l d be more c o s t l y on t h e w e s t s i d e and w o u l d o f f s e t t h i s a d d i t i o n a l c o s t of a c q u i s i t i o n . I do n o t b e l i e v e t h a t t h a t i s t r u e . I do n o t a l s o �71 t h i n k t h a t t h e c h u r c h g r o u p s and o t h e r g r o u p s t h a t own t h e s e larger buildings p a r t i c u l a r l y know w h a t i s p l a n n e d a n d w h a t i s going t o happen. The s p e c i a l purpose b u i l d i n g s j u s t t o o e x p e n s i v e t o condemn. and low. the such a s churches a r e T h e y a r e c a r r i e d a s t a x exempt t h e t a x a s s e s s m e n t on them j u s t f o r r e c o r d There a r e instances two o r t h r e e purposes i s very churches here, such as B i b l e Way C h u r c h , e v e n on t h e f i g u r e s I h a v e t h e r e , t h e entire plant there i s a s s e s s e d a t $200,000.00. down a t a h a l f a m i l l i o n . I have p u t i t That couldn't possibly be a c q u i r e d f o r that half a million dollars. T h e r e i s a n o t h e r one o v e r on t h e o t h e r s i d e I h a v e t o take o f f t h a t . Ofcourse the T r i n i t y Lutheran Church rebuilt their plant. T h a t i s c a r r i e d a t $30,000.00 and two and a h a l f t i m e s t h a t i s $75,000.00. I t ' s a very, large recently I t ' s much t o o l a r g e t o condumn. plant. T u r n i n g t o t h e problem o t John McShain. John McShain, I n c . has the l a r g e s t s i n g l e s t r u c t u r e i n the route --the of t h i s proposed right-of-way,- Indiana line A v e n u e , T h i r d S t r e e t and C Street. I t was c o m p l e t e d a b o u t t w e l v e y e a r s its e n t i r e t y t o the United States ever since i t i s constructed. ago and r e n t e d i n Government now and h a s b e e n I ti s an e i g h t - s t o r y b u i l d i n g b a s e m e n t , p e n t h o u s e and c o n t a i n s 133,000 g r o s s f l o o r a r e a with space— �72 presently assessed a t $1,626,000.00. I f they r e c o v e r e d only two aid a h a l f t i m e s t h a t b u i l d i n g i t w i l l c o s t t h e D i s t r i c t a l o n e t o a c q u i r e h i s p r o p e r t y , $4,065,000.00. More, p r o b a b l y i t i s g o i n g t o c o s t about s i x m i l l i o n d o l l a r s t o a c q u i r e his building. As I mentioned b e f o r e Deleuw C a t l e r recommended you avoid t h a t b u i l d i n g i n b o t h i n s t a n c e s i n h i s two a l t e r n a t e for t h i a plans area. Now, t h e b u i l d i n g o f Mr. Orsinger, E s s o B u i l d i n g and McShain B u i l d i n g , a l o n e , the Standard O i l w i l l run the D i s t r i c t between s i x and t h r e e q u a r t e r s and e i g h t and a h a l f million dollars. I So, what do we s u g g e s t to g e t around don't come h e r e w i t h o u t some s u g g e s t i o n . suggest t h a t t h r o u g h t h a t a r e a and up u n t i l you r e a c h Rosary Church, t h i s roadway, oppose p r o g r e s s to c l e a r these —that t h e C e n t e r Leg — w e I t h e Holy can't basically i t be k e p t i n t h e bed ot T h i r d s t r e e t buildings. With the — o u t e r loop highway, A n a c o s t i a so f o r t h , t h e t r u c k s w i l l no l o n g e r Now, this? Freeway, and need t h i s p a r t i c u l a r r o a d . many c i t i e s have p u t t h e s e major highways, i n t e r s t a t e highways i n t h e bed o f e x i s t i n g s t r e e t s . In this you have a d i s t a n c e of 240 f e e t , b u i l d i n g l i n e t o b u i l d i n g t o work t h a t highway between t h o s e two b u i l d i n g s and area line, that would a l l o w you, I b e l i e v e , t h e e i g h t - l a n e highway you have d i s c u s s e d , w i t h p r o b a b l y some type o f s u r f a c e road on e i t h e r s i d e s u c h a s you have on DuPont C i r c l e , Washington C i r c l e , and �73 s o f o r t h . T h i s way y o u w o u l d a v o i d McShain B u i l d i n g , the Esso B u i l d i n g , T h i r d and E J o i n t V e n t u r e , D a i r y m e n ' s U n i o n , Catholic Church and t h a t a l o n e w o u l d s a v e t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a e l e v e n m i l l i o n d o l l a r s i n the cost of construction using 01 this project two and a h a l f t i m e s t h e a s s e s s m e n t . Now, t h e roadway h a s t o be d e p r e s s e d anyway t o p a s s under I n d i a n a A v e n u e and u n d e r s e v e r a l o f t h o s e o t h e r s t r e e t s ; C o n s t i t u t i o n A v e n u e , a n d we do n o t s e e why i t c o u l d n o t go i n Jte e x i s t i n g r o a d w a y . I can't f u r n i s h you d e t a i l s of a l l t h e value these various buildings t h a t r u n up t h r o u g h t h a t a r e a . of a l l In g i v i n g t h e s e f i g u r e s I h a v e g i v e n y o u o n l y t h e l a r g e r and m a j o r buildings, standing i n t h e path of t h i s p a r t i c u l a r freeway. You r e a l i z e y o u c a n n o t t a k e down t h e M u n i c i p a l C e n t e r o r C o u r t h o u s e t o g e t t h r o u g h t h e r e , b u t we s u g g e s t through t h a t a r e a you t r a v e l i n t h e bed o f I n d i a n a that Avenue--rather, of T h i r d s t r e e t . COMMISSIONER TOBRINER: data you d e s i r e . Now, Y o u may s u b m i t a n y a d d i t i o n a l T h a n k y o u v e r y much. i s B i s h o p Smallwood W i l l i a m s here? We w i l l h e a r f r o m h i m b e c a u s e he h a s a n engagement. Go r i g h t a h e a d . BISHOP SMALLWOOD E . WILLIAMS B i b l e Way C h u r c h BISHOP WILLIAMS : Mr. C h a i r m a n a n d Members o f t h e �74 Board o i Commissioners, I am B i s h o p Smallwood E . W i l l i a m s , C h u r c h 0 1 Our p r e s i d i n g B i s h o p o i t h e B i b l e Way W o r l d Wide. I n my e i g h t B i s h o p s and requested two official Lord Jesus c a p a c i t y as chairman Christ of t h e board of t h r e e h u n d r e d o r more c h u r c h e s , I h a v e b e e n t o appear b e f o r e you t o s t r o n g l y i n s i s t upon t h e f o l l o w i n g recommendations: 1. I w i s h t o c a l l your a t t e n t i o n t o the f a c t t h a t we b e l i e v e i t i s i n the h i g h e s t p u b l i c i n t e r e s t t h a t the present l o c a t i o n o f t h e B i b l e Way s h a l l remain C h u r c h , 1130 *iew j e r s e y A v e n u e , u n d i s t u r b e d b e t w e e n L and Hew A b o u t t h i r t y - s e v e n y e a r s ago, N.W. Y o r k A v e n u e , H. we p i t c h e d a W. tent, w i t h o u t a d e q u a t e f u n d s , on a weed c o v e r e d v a c a n t l o t , l i t t e r e d w i t h t i n c a n s , b r o k e n b o t t l e s , and d e b r i s ; and beginning, f o u n d e d t h e B i b l e Way Church i n a depressed hood among u n d e r p r i v i l e g e d p r o p l e . has progressed city, but to the w o r l d . service, ered one and neighbor- We i s most u r g e n t l y needed. church not only to have i n v e s t e d i n e x c e s s o i a m i l l i o n d o l l a r s i n an a r e a i n the second where i t was humble From t h i s t e n t , t h i s t o a t e m p l e o f w o r s h i p and t h i s community and from t h i s precinct, T h i s church i s consid- o f t h e g r e a t e s t s p i r i t u a l and m o r a l a s s e t s o i t h e community. c r i m e and I t s v a l u e c a n n o t be e s t i m a t e d . As a d e t e r r e n t t o j u v e n i l e delinquency, as i n s p i r a t i o n to s t a b i l i t y o f t h e homes and unduplicated facilities social f a m i l i e s of t h i s a r e a , t h e o i t h i s c h u r c h a r e needed s o u r g e n t l y t h a t i t w o u l d be a m o r a l t r a g e d y t o d e s t r o y them. �75 We h a v e a m e m b e r s h i p o i o v e r i i v e t h o u s a n d ; more t h a n s i x t h o u s a n d w o r s h i p a t B i b l e Way C h u r c h e a c h Sunday and e a c h week, a s o u r c h u r c h i s a n e v e r y - d a y i n s t i t u t i o n . hundreds Our s u p p o r t s a s o c i a l s e r v i c e p r o g r a m o f emergency r e l i e f church including a s o c i a l s e r v i c e s t o r e , t h e G o l d e n R u l e Shop, 1541-1539 S e v e n t h S t r e e t Northwest, a fifty-acre summer camp a t D e a l e , Maryland, an a i r - c o n d i t i o n e d day c a r e n u r s e r y t o a c c o m o d a t e f i f t y for working mothers, a l a r g e gymnasium f o r o u r y o u t h children recreation, t e n r e l i g i o u s e d u c a t i o n rooms, r e a d i n g l i b r a r y o f more t h a n 5 00 v o l u m e s , l o u n g e and d i n i n g room, c l o s e c i r c u i t Jbr o v e r - f l o w c r o w d s , television s a n c t u a r y s e a t i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2,000, i n c l u d i n g t h e b a l c o n y , and s i x church offices. A b o u t f o u r months ago we d e d i c a t e d our new addition c o s t i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y f o u r hundred thousand d o l l a r s . building i s a i r conditioned. The entire I n a d d i t i o n , a t the c o r n e r of T h i r d and L S t r e e t s i n t h e same b l o c k , we have t h e B i b l e Way T r a i n i n g S c h o o l f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f t r a i n i n g young p r e a c h e r s and and s o c i a l m i s s i o n a r i e s S u n d a y S c h o o l W o r k e r s , / a n d a t 1132 New j e r s e y A v e n u e , N o r t h w e s t n e x t door t o the c h u r c h i s the h e a d q u a r t e r e x e c u t i v e o f f i c e s f o r the denominations. T h e r e f o r e , we a r e i n t h e p u b l i c i n t e r e s t and believe these s h o u l d n o t be disturbed. I n a d d i t i o n t o the p u b l i c i n t e r e s t , there i s another i n t e r e s t t h a t i s of the h i g h e s t s p i r i t u a l value. Way Church, interest. 1130 New j e r s e y Avenue, i s a s h r i n e of Bishops of our denomination facilities The Bible national are consecrated here and �76 our c l e r g y o r d a i n e d i n t h i s sanctuary, o f our d e n o m i n a t i o n . We, i t i s the mother c h u r c h therefore, r e q u e s t and respectfully demand f o r i t , the same c o n s i d e r a t i o n and a p p r e c i a t i o n has been g r a n t e d and t o others notably, that t h e S t . Dominic i n Southwest S t . Marys on F i j - t h S t r e e t Northwest, a s c l a s s i c examples. We the D. t h e r e f o r e , more s t r o n g l y and s t r e n o u s l y urge t h a t C. Highway Department d e v e l o p p l a n s and Leg o f t h e I n n e r Loop so t h a t the B i b l e Way u s e f u l n e s s be not d e s t r o y e d Now, t o say, Mr. r o u t e of the North Church and i t s t o t h i s community and Chairman, i n the i n t e r e s t s city. of time, I w i s h i n r e f e r e n c e t o t h e second m a t t e r , t h a t we h i g h l y recom- mend t h a t t h i s Board w i l l see t o i t t h a t adequate h o u s i n g w i l l 1» p r o v i d e d b e f o r e houses i n t h i s We one any area. challenge Highway Department has and b u l l d o z e r o r steam s h o v e l d e m o l i s h e s homes i n t h i s a r e a , s i n c e t h i s Board h a s n ' t a housing order, the f i g u r e s t h a t the Highway C o m m i s s i o n e r — f u r n i s h e d a s t o t h e number of r e s i d e n t s we b e l i e v e t h a t t h e r e a r e more, and a s y e t i s s u e d under y o u r d i s c r i m i n a t i o n , I f e e l l i k e i t ' s most i m p e r a t i v e t o the same h e i g h t s t h a t you d i d some time ago you w i l l r i s e i n consideration of t h e homes of t h e p e o p l e i n N o r t h e a s t Washington. As and l o n g a s i n c i d e n t s s u c h a s happened i n I r e g r e t f u l l y submit, Mr. i n our Chairman, t h a t i t c o u l d s u b u r b s — b e c a u s e they are s t i l l f o r homes. c l o s e d t o our Pennsylvania— happen people, They l o o k upon t h e b u l l d o z e r s a s the p e o p l e i n Europe �77 l o o k e d upon t h e p a n s e r T a n k s d e m o l i s h i n g t h e i r homes a n d , t h e r e f o r e , Mr. C h a i r m a n , we t h a n k y o u v e r y much f o r y o u r e r a t i o n a n d I d o hope t h a t y o u w i l l find consid- i t p o s s i b l e t o comply with our request. COMMISSIONER TOBRINER: Thank y o u v e r y much. JOSEPH L . ROWE, J R . MR. ROWE: Mr. C h a i r m a n , Members o f t h e Board o f C o m m i s s i o n e r s , my name i s J o s e p h L . Rowe, j r . I a p p e a r h e r e today i n s u p p o r t o f B i s h o p W i l l i a m s ' demolished a s a p a r t of t h i s plea t h a t h i s c h u r c h n o t be project. B e f o r e s t a t i n g my f e e l i n g s on t h i s like to put i t a l i t t l e b i t t h i s way. F i r s t , I'd u l a t e t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r s on t h e m a g n i f i c e n t of Columbia d i d s u b j e c t , I would job the l i k e t o congratDistrict l a s t week o v e r t h e m a r c h on W a s h i n g t o n , think t h a t o f a l l the things I I h a v e s e e n i n my t i m e i n W a s h i n g t o n , the m a r c h w a s t h e g r e a t e s t and t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r s c o n t r i b u t e d t o this i n a magnificent fashion. I would most r e s p e c t f u l l y t h a t t h e same s p i r i t o t — w e c a n do t h e j o b — b e applied urge t o the v e r y d i f f i c u l t d a y t o d a y p r o b l e m o f r o a d b u i l d i n g a n d when I h e a r d Mr. C r a i g , a n a d m i t t e d e x p e r t , p a r o d y on p l a n n i n g , I became v e r y c a l l the Center Leg a concerned about the fact t h a t i t d o e s seem t o me t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t o t C o l u m b i a Government can r i s e t o the o c c a s i o n this instance, but that very often — a n d I believe i n i t h a s f a i l e d t o do s o . Now, I h a v e b e e n i n t h e p u l p i t o t t h e B i b l e Way C h u r c h �73 and i t i s a most b e a u t i f u l a n d w o n d e r f u l t h a t t h i s s h o u l d be my a u t h o r i t y f o r the t h a t t h e r e i s a n a l t e r n a t i v e i s a man I h a v e i n my tact named A i t k e n . when Mr. a c o r r i d o r b e t w e e n T h i r d and C h u r c h and t h e o t h e r e d i f i c e s a b o u t w h i c h t h e r e was d o n ' t knot*; w h e t h e r t h i s C r a i g has Post Aitken said t h a t h i s preference w h i c h w o u l d f u l l y p r o t e c t t h e B i b l e Way on p l a n n i n g a s Mr. thought hand a c l i p p i n g f r o m t h e W a s h i n g t o n 1960, f o r t h e C e n t e r L e g was I the t o r n down i f t h e r e i s any p o s s i b l e a l t e r n a t i v e i s a v e r y s a d d e n i n g t h o u g h t and d a t e d S e p t e m b e r 24, c h u r c h , and testimony Fourth S t r e e t s a number o f this morning. i s r e a l l y a parody look a t the map the C o m m i s s i o n e r s h a v e s e n t o u t w i t h t h e n o t i c e , a t l e a s t , you can say the whole C e n t e r Leg h e a r t o f t h e B i b l e Way a gun being s a i d , but l o o k s a s t h o u g h i t i s aimed a t t h e Church. I t looks l i k e there i s s h o t a t t h e E i b l e Way Now, i f you i t ' s n o t o n l y Mr. Church. A i t k e n who s a y s t h e r e i s an a l t e r n a t i v e , but t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s i t Agency has there i s an a l t e r n a t i v e . d o e s p r o t e c t t h e B i b l e Way B e t w e e n Mr. The NCTA h a s an a l t e r n a t i v e r o u t e I A i t k e n ' s p r e v i o u s v i e w s on t h i s was subject w o u l d most s t r o n g l y and can avoid t h i s t e r r i b l e d e s t r u c t i o n . would a l s o l i k e t o mention the f a c t t h a t l a s t B i s h o p W i l l i a m s and which Church, and t h e NCTA's p o i n t of v i e w , we r e s p e c t f u l l y hope we said I met w i t h General Clark. i n Commissioner Duncan's o f f i c e . I am year I believe i t n o t c e r t a i n of this, �79 b u t t h a t i s a r e c o l l e c t i o n of mine. We tried to get General C l a r k t o t e l l u s w h e t h e r t h i s was w h a t was g o i n g t o happen We here. c o u l d n ' t g e t a commitment a n y way o u t o f G e n e r a l C l a r k , w h e t h e r t h i s r o a d was g o i n g t h e r e o r w h e t h e r i t w a s n ' t . As a r e s u l t B i s h o p W i l l i a m s a s k e d me w h a t I w o u l d i n h i s shoes under these c i r c u m s t a n c e s . I said do the thing I would do i s go a h e a d and b u i l d a n d f i g h t i t and I a d m i r e h i m i o r b o t h o f t h e t h i n g s he i s d o i n g h e r e . He h a s b u i l t . T h e y h a v e a m a g n i f i c e n t new addition o n t h e i r c h u r c h and he i s now d e t e r m i n e d t o b a t t l e a g a i n s t If t h e r e w e r e no a l t e r n a t i v e s , t o argue a g a i n s t t h e whole t h i n g . w h e r e Mr. A i t k e n this. t h e n one m i g h t h a v e Where t h e r e a r e a l t e r n a t i v e s , "\ad a d i f f e r e n t v i e w b e f o r e , w h e r e t h e NCTA h a s a d i f f e r e n t view,- we m o s t r e s p e c t f u l l y u r g e y o u n o t t u r n o u t this — o u t o f t h i s w o n d e r f u l r e l i g i o u s i n s t i t u t i o n d o i n g s o much w i t h t h e y o u t h o f t h i s u n d e r p r i v i l e g e d a r e a — o u t o f t h e i r home. COMMISSIONER TOBRINER: E M I L A. Mr. E m i l A. P r e s s here? PRESS Department of S a n i t a r y Engineering D i s t r i c t of Columbia MR. PRESS: I am E m i l A. P r e s s , f r o m t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f S a n i t a r y E n g i n e e r i n g o f t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia Government. I j u s t want t o c a l l a t t e n t i o n t o our i n t e r e s t i n t h e p o r t i o n of t h e i n n e r Loop i n t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d o f t h e L i n c o l n M e m o r i a l . S e v e r a l y e a r s ago, t h e D i s t r i c t s t a r t e d w o r k on w h a t �80 we c a l l P r o j e c t "C" w h i c h i s t h e b i g s e w e r p r o g r a m t o c l e a n up t h e p o l l u t i o n i n t h e Potomac R i v e r . I t i s s c h e d u l e d t o go i n o p e r a t i o n i n 1966. A t t h e r a t e we h a v e b e e n g e t t i n g money f r o m C o n g r e s s we a r e on s c h e d u l e . However, t o complete t h e loop — t o p u t i t i n s e r v i c e , we h a v e t o have t h e e n t i r e l i n e c o m p l e t e d and w h i l e there i s agreement among t h e p a r k p e o p l e , t h e Highway p e o p l e and S a n i t a r y e n g i n e e r i n g , t h a t t h e s e w e r s h o u l d go i n t h e same c o n t r a c t a s t h e underpass i n t h e L i n c o l n Memorial a r e a , t h a t agreem e n t was r e a c h e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y two o r t w o and a h a l f y e a r s ago and we h a v e n ' t moved since. S o , we a r e u r g i n g t h a t s o m e t h i n g be done t o g e t t h a t underway the s o t h a t we c a n g e t t h e s e w e r s t a r t e d and f i n i s h e d b y s c h e d u l e d d a t e o f '66. COMMISSIONER TOBRINER: T h a n k y o u v e r y much. A r e t h e r e a n y o t h e r s p e a k e r s who d e s i r e t o be h e a r d ? MRS. CLEGG: Mr. C o m m i s s i o n e r COMMISSIONER TOBRINER: — y e s , be s e a t e d . Give your name, p l e a s e . MRS. CLEGG: Thank y o u . MRS. CHARLES M. CLEGG MRS. CLEGG: 27th S t r e e t , Northwest. My name i s M r s . C h a r l e s M, C l e g g , 1412 I am a l e g a l r e s i d e n t o f t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a a n d h a v e f o r many y e a r s t a k e n a n a c t i v e p a r t i n z o n i n g and p r e s e r v a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s of v o l u n t e e r , non-profit �81 citizen associations. I am C h a i r m a n o f a n e w l y formed Committee on H i s t o r i c Monuments i n t h e F e d e r a t i o n ot C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n s o f D. C. w h e r e f o r t h e f o u r t h y e a r I r e p r e s e n t t h e Georgetown Citizens Association. I am as the Center here today i n o p p o s i t i o n t o the p l a n d i s g u i s e d L e g of t h e I n n e r Loop w h i c h i s r e a l l y a p l a n b r i n g t h e Maine t o F l o r i d a c o a s t a l h i g h w a y R o u t e 95 t h r o u g h h i s t o r i c b e a u t i f u l h e a r t of Washington between A v e n u e and Streets, the Massachusetts i n d e p e n d e n c e Avenue and b e t w e e n Second and Fourth Northwest. I have a p e r s o n a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o submit t o evidence I have gathered w i l l be t h e p r i n c i p a l and t o make t h e C e n t e r p e r h a p s o n l y b e n e f i c i a r y of t h e L e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop a n i n t e g r a l , irom t h e F e d e r a l gas B u i l d i n g , J u d i c i a r y S q u a r e , and participat- Nation's upon t h e s e t t i n g o f t h e C a p i t o l the unsurpassed M a l l w h i c h h a s b e e n s o c a r e f u l l y and v i s t a along the e x p e n s i v e l y developed, t h e M a l l w h i c h h a s b e e n so c a r e f u l l y and The plan No amount o f money t a x c o u l d p o s s i b l y compensate t h e C a p i t a l f o r the l o s s i n f l i c t e d developed, should you l a s t week i n d i c a t i n g t h e T r u c k i n g I n d u s t r y ing p a r t o f t h e i n t e r s t a t e h i g h w a y s y s t e m . should to expensively t h i s n e f a r i o u s , s e l f i s h p l a n be e f f e c t e d . highway c o m m e r c i a l u s e r s ' argument t h a t Route m u s t r u n W e s t o f t h e C a p i t o l b e t w e e n S e c o n d and N o r t h w e s t and M a s s a c h u s e t t s on d i s h o n e s t , s e l f i s h , and arrogant 95 Fourth Streets Independence Avenues i s based reasoning. �32 I n t e r s t a t e t r u c k s d e l i v e r i n g food o r Merchandise Washington c a n be r o u t e d t o t h e i r w a r e h o u s e s p o i n t s v i a t h e r a d i a l s t r e e t s and a v e n u e s Beltway. to or distributing from the C a p i t a l T h e r e a r e no s u c h d i s c h a r g e p o i n t s i n t h e v i c i n i t y t h e M a l l e i t h e r E a s t o r West o f t h o of Capitol. The Y e l l o w P a g e s o f t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n t e l e p h o n e book i s s u e d May 1063 make o f R o u t e i l l u s t r a t e t h e use the t r u c k i n g i n d u s t r y 95 i n d i r e c t c o m p e t i t i o n w i t h r a i l aid w i t h normal f a m i l y line: will carriers t r a v e l by a u t o m o b i l e , t y p i f i e d by t h e ad " S e r v i n g t h e A t l a n t i c C o a s t from Maine t o F l o r i d a . " The p r o p o s a l t o make t h e C e n t e r L e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop in i n t e g r a l p a r t of t h e i n t e r s t a t e highway system i s a proposal d i r e c t e d a g a i n s t t h e c o m f o r t and e a s e o f f a m i l y and b u s i n e s s automobile t r a v e l . N o t h i n g i s more a n n o y i n g and frustrating d r i v i n g a n a u t o m o b i l e on a r o a d i n f e s t e d w i t h t r u c k s . mounting t o l l o f a c c i d e n t s and d e a t h s on the: h i g h w a y s The s h a r e d by t r u c k s and a u t o m o b i l e s sugga s t s a c o n t r i b u t i n g c a u s e may t h i s f r u s t r a t i o n which b r i e f l y be o r f o r l o n g pex'iods w e a k e n s t h e a u t o m o b i l e d r i v e r ' s c o n c e n t r a t i o n and his s l o w s h i s r e f l e x e s and warps judgment. Nevertheless, the trucking industry estimates a per cent increase i n t o t a l as a than t r u c k t r a f f i c by 1.975 f r o m d i r e c t : r e s u l t o f t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f Route so-called "Defense 11 highways, t h e D i s t r i c t o i Columbia I was fifty 1953 95 and t h e o t h e r t o l d by a s t a t i s t i c i a n a t Trucking Association. �83 The not g i v e out T r u c k i n g A s s o c i a t i o n s t a t i s t i c i a n s a i d he f i g u r e s on t h e amount o r t h e t y p e o t t o n n a g e charged i n Washington. However, he 13,000,000 t r u c k s o p e r a t i n g on dis- said there are presently i n t e r s t a t e highways, of which number a b o u t 1,000,000 a r e t h e l a r g e s t t y p e . he s a i d , h a v e a t o n n a g e o f 36 t o n s and 12^ f e e t could The are f i f t y largest trucks, f e e t long and high. The Trucking Aosociation s t a t i s t i c i a n said a l l types o f t r u c k s w i l l u s e R o u t e 95, between Massachusetts and i n d e p e n d e n c e A v e n u e s and Fourth S t r e e t s Northwest. pays approximately including, i f i t i s built, He a l s o t o l d me the second sectio and the Trucking I n d u s t r y o n e - t h i r d o f the t o t a l F e d e r a l highway u s e r s ' taxes. It i s y o u r d e c i s i o n whether t h i s gas tax paid gives t h e T r u c k i n g I n d u s t r y t h e r i g h t t o d e s t r o y t h e b e a u t y and d i g n i t y of the Nation's Capital. I urge you t o r e j e c t t h e p l a n t o make t h e c e n t e r L e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop p a r t o f t h e i n t e r s t a t e system. Thank you. COMMISSIONER TOBRINER: have t o highway Two more w i t n e s s e s , t h e n we conclude. P H I L A DOYLE, E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r R e d e v e l o p m e n t L a n d Agency MR. DOYLE: Mr. ,D.C. C h a i r m a n , members o i t h e B o a r d of Commissioners, as a r e l a t i v e l y minor matter, I would l i k e b r i n g t o y o u r a t t e n t i o n , we to confer with h a v e n ' t had time to �84 the the Highway D e p a r t m e n t t o f i n d public interest, o u t w h e t h e r t h i s w o u l d be i n b u t two o f o u r s i t e s w o u l d be adversely a f f e c t e d b y some ramps w h i c h a r e n o t shown, I g u e s s , on t h e maps, b e f o r e y o u , One i s t h e v e r y i m p o r t a n t s i t e w h i c h we c a l l t h e P o r t a l S i t e w h i c h Mr. D r i v e r c a n p o i n t o u t t o y o u on t h e t h e r e p r o v i d i n g a ramp F o u r t e e n t h S t r e e t around t h e g i v i n g access t o the Northwest. Maine as map, railroad A n o t h e r one i s a t N i n t h and j u s t west of t h e Robinson J u n i o r Highschool. That s i t e I u n d e r s t a n d i t , would be v i r t u a l l y t o t a l l y d e s t r o y e d by a couple of roadways t h r o u g h i t . T h i s would i n v o l v e , a p p r o v e d i n t h i s f o r m , a change i fit's i n t h e Redevelopment Plan fax A r e a C and w o u l d c a u s e c o n s i d e r a b l e d i f f i c u l t y f o r u s i n c a r r y i n g out t h i s p r o j e c t s i n c e our p l a n s a r e w e l l advanced for both of these Now, sites. I'm n o t commenting, to s t u d y i t o r f i n d interest b e c a u s e I h a v e n ' t had t i m e out r e a l l y whether i t i s i n the p u b l i c t o d i s t u r b t h i s p r o j e c t , b u t I do know i t w o u l d . Thank you. COMMISSIONER TOBRINER: The g e n t l e m a n b a c k t h e r e . A I J ^ N HENRY MR. A l l a n Henry. HENRY: G e n t l e m e n , Mr. C o m m i s s i o n e r , my name i s I l i v e over i n Arlington. b u t t i n g i n h e r e on t h e D.C. matter. I d o n ' t mean t o be I came m a i n l y t o l i s t e n . However, i n v i e w o f t h e f a c t I s e e h e r e t h e F e d e r a l �85 C i t y C o u n c i l has f i l e d a l e t t e r t o be f i l e d and s t a t e m e n t made by t h e Washington Board o f T r a d e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a l i t t l e ago i n c l u d i n g mention o f t h e T h r e e S y s t e r s B r i d g e ; like to f i l e f o r the r e c o r d , s t a t e m e n t s P r e s e r v a t i o n of t h e P a l i s a d e s — sation — h a s Senators and House of I may Mr. an o f f i c e r of t h a t Committees t o now t o say I am a n a t i v e Washingtonian co-executive among t h e i r a s s e t s a r e many r e a l of Columbia and living Tompkins of t h e R i g g s Bank on the E s t a t e s of C h a r l e s H. Tompkins and h i s w i f e L i d a . District the do t h a t I would a p p r e c i a t e i t . C. f o r t y y e a r s and w o r k i n g w i t h C h a r l e s H. I am organi- Representatives. I would l i k e Co. I would that Arlingtonians for f i l e d w i t h the A p p r o p r i a t i o n If i n D. I am while Those e s t a t e s , e s t a t e holdings of i n A r l i n g t o n County; so my the personal p o s i t i o n i s , I have p e r s o n a l i n t e r e s t i n b o t h a r e a s . Thank you v e r y much. COMMISSIONER: Thank you v e r y much. w i l l be made p a r t o f t h e ARLINGTONIANS FOR T h i s statement record. PRESERVATION OF THE P o s t O f f i c e Box PALISADES 335 A r l i n g t o n 10, V i r g i n i a 22210 TO MEMBERS OF THE APPROPRIATIONS COMMITTEES OF THE HOUSE OF SENATE AND Opposition Highway o f f i c i a l s REPRESENTATIVES to Three s i s t e r s apparently Bridge have p a i d little or �3£ no a t t e n t i o n t o t h e i n t e n t o f C o n g r e s s , w h i c h s e t up the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency a f t e r r e j e c t i n g D i s t r i c t ' s Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S u r v e y P l a n of 1959. the In e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e NCTA, C o n g r e s s s t a t e d : ' I t i s becoming i n c r e a s i n g l y e v i d e n t t h a t any a t t e m p t t o meet t h e a r e a ' s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n n e e d s by h i g h w a y s p r i v a t e automobiles alone w i l l wreck the c i t y ; i t will and demolish r e s i d e n t i a l n e i g h b o r h o o d s , v i o l a t e p a r k s and playgrounds, desec- r a t e t h e monumental p o r t i o n s of t h e N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l , and much v a l u a b l e p r o p e r t y from the t a x rolls.' " Y e t t h e D i s t r i c t Highway D e p a r t m e n t h a s its efforts i n p r e s s i n g f o r i t s a c c e l r e a t e d 1959 redoubled plan, to which h a s b e e n added a THREE S I S T E R S BRIDGE p r o j e c t a s a k e y AS r e p o r t e d by 'The segment. the Whitener Subcommittee: reasons g i v e n by t h e D i s t r i c t Government f o r t h e a c c e l e r a t i o n of these p r o j e c t s are unimpressive of the h e r e t o f o r e e x p r e s s e d fhe NCTA l e g i s l a t i o n . i n the Basically, t h e y b o i l down t o t h e the D i s t r i c t Commissioners decided the l e a s t c o n s u l t a t i o n or w i t h , much l e s s a p p r o v a l by, A g e n c y , o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n of fact made to accelerate t h e i r h i g h w a y p r o g r a m , upon t h e b a s i s o f q u e s t i o n a b l e projections, without light i n t e n t of the Congress i n e n a c t i n g t h a t when a d d i t i o n a l F e d e r a l f u n d s w e r e u n e x p e c t e d l y available, remove traffic coordination the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n i t s p l a n s , and i n the b e l i e f l e a s t o f t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t — i n a n a l l - h i g h w a y — a t solution �87 t o the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems o f t h e N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l , title f a c t t h a t s u c h a s o l u t i o n has been h e r e t o f o r e r e j e c t e d by t h e the r e p o r t oi the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n A g e n c y , we unnecessary. had long b e l i e v e d the Three The S p e c i a l S u b c o m m i t t e e on T r a f f i c , L. Whitener, which h a s m e r i t and S t r e e t s , and a l l go t o p r o v e t h a t o u r that the bridge the Highways o u t l i n e s a c o o r d i n a t e d and b a l a n c e d i s unnecessary. 14th S t r e e t Bridge were r e s t o r e d as provided (H.R. C a p i t a l ) , and S e s s i o n ) , c h a i r m a n n e d by C o n g r e s s m a n mass r a p i d t r a n s i t s y s t e m , well on the F e d e r a l C i t y (the o l d e s t p l a n n i n g agency i n t h e N a t i o n ' s 2nd sisters r e p o r t of t h a t Agency, as a s t h e r e p o r t o f t h e C o m m i t t e e o f 100 (87th Congress, expressly Congress,..,.' "Even before p r o j e c t t o be despite Basil highway- opposition I f the o l d for in bills 6744) i n t r o d u c e d by C o n g r e s s m a n J o e l T. B r o y h i l l of V i r g i n i a , and ( S . 1748) i n t r o d u c e d toy S e n a t o r R a n d o l p h o f West V i r g i n i a , an- a d d i t i o n a l r i v e r c r o s s i n g f o r a l l t y p e s o f motor v e h i c l e s w o u l d be p r o v i d e d cost to the taxpayers. f o r t h e i n t e r s t a t e S y s t e m a t minimum There T h e o d o r e R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e , and i s a l r e a d y the n e a r l y completed there are other alternatives for a t r u c k c r o s s i n g o v e r t h e Potomac R i v e r , among them b e i n g fhe r e m o d e l l i n g of Key Bridge. What P r i c e t o A r l i n g t o n ? D i s t r i c t Highway O f f i c i a l s h a v e shown no c o n c e r n soever f o r the d i s a s t r o u s e f f e c t s of a Three S i s t e r s Bridge whaton �88 t h e A r l i n g t o n Community. 1. These o f f i c i a l s have not considered: The d e s e c r a t i o n o f many a c r e s o f p a r k l a n d s ? the r u i n a t i o n o f t h e most b e a u t i f u l p o r t i o n o f t h e potomac gorge? the s c a r r i n g o f f i n e r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s . expressed We q u o t e t h e opinion by t h e W h i t e n e r s u b c o m m i t t e e : 'Unfortunately, o r no heed h a s b e e n p a i d and s a d l y , i t m u s t be a d m i t t e d , to the adverse little a e s t h e t i c e f f e c t of t h i s w h o l e h i g h w a y p r o g r a m , g o u g i n g a s i t does i n t o t h e b e a u t y of our l o v e l y C a p i t a l , nor t o the attendant and l o s s of r e c r e a t i o n a l areas i n the Nation's f i r s t 2. tax rolls The r e m o v a l o f v a l u a b l e of Arlington 3. parks city.' l a n d and homes f r o m t h e County. The downgrading o f f i n e r e s i d e n t i a l s e c t i o n s e i t h e r s i d e o f Lorcom L a n e f r o m S p o u t Run t o O l d D o m i n i o n It but become a h i g h - s p e e d area t o Lorcom Lane, w h i c h c a n n o t h e l p thoroughfare. 4. The c o s t t o t h e s t a t e f o r l a n d a c q u i s i t i o n . 5. at Drive. is i n e v i t a b l e t h a t t h e r e s i d e n t i a l c r o s s s t r e e t s of t h i s w i l l become t r a f f i c f e e d e r s on The c o s t o f c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a mammoth interchange S p o u t Run and L o r c o m L a n e . 6. testimony 266, T h e c o s t o f I n t e r s t a t e R o u t e 266. I n public a t t h e o f f i c i a l h e a r i n g f o r t h e proposed Spur Route t h e S t a t e Highway R o u t e a t $3,670,000. Engineer estimated the cost of the As t h i s S p u r p a r a l l e l s , and therefore d u p l i c a t e s , t h e m a i n R o u t e 66, i t c a n be r e a d i l y u n d e r s t o o d �39 t h a t t h e c o s t o f $3,670,000 becomes d o u b l e d . c o s t does n o t r e c o g n i z e Presumably this t h e c o s t of t a k i n g up, and t h e r e f o r e d e s t r o y i n g , t h e v a l u e of t h e p r e s e n t Spout Run C o r r i d o r w h i c h i s now b e i n g used by m o t o r i s t s . When t h e a d d i t i o n a l c o s t s of I t e m s 4, 5, and 6 above a r e added by t h e D i s t r i c t Highway Department t o i t s e s t i m a t e d cost o f t h e T h r e e s i s t e r s B r i d g e , we a r e b o l d enough t o s t a t e t h a t t h e t o t a l c o s t c o u l d come c l o s e t o e q u a l l i n g t h e D i s t r i c t ' s e s t i m a t e o f $5,500,000 f o r t h e B r i d g e alone, o r a t o t a l of near $10,000,000 f o r t h e completed p r o j e c t . We c a n n o t a t t e m p t t o p l a c e a DOLLAR SIGN on i t e m s 1 , 2, and 3, a s t h e s e evaluation—the items a r e not s u s c e p t i b l e t o such a c o l d l o s s e s there being o f t h e h e a r t and mind i n the t a k i n g of homes and t h e d e s t r o y i n g o f communities. The A r l i n g t o n County Board h a s unanimously endorsed t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s p o s i t i o n t h a t f u r t h e r commitments f o r T h r e e S i s t e r s Bridge s h o u l d be d e f e r r e d pending "a c a r e f u l reexamina- t i o n of t h e highway program ...• We b e l i e v e any a p p r o p r i a t i o n f o r a Three Bridge before C o n g r e s s h a s had a n o p p o r t u n i t y NCTA program, and t h e study Sisters t o evaluate the recommended by t h e P r e s i d e n t h a s been completed and e v a l u a t e d , would be premature; and, a l s o a s t a x p a y e r s , we oppose t h e u n n e c e s s a r y c o s t of t h i s p r o j e c t . Therefore Committees of t h e s e n a t e and we urge t h e A p p r o p r i a t i o n s House of R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s t o continue t o hold i n abeyance �90 any p r o j e c t or use Sisters of funds r e s p e c t i n g the proposed Three Bridge. Respectfully S/S Leslie submitted, Logan President STATEMENTS SUBMITTED TO BE MADE PART OF August 21, B r i g . Gen. C h a r l e s M. THE 1963 Duke Engineer Commissioner District Building 1 4 t h & E S t r e e t s N. Dear General Duke w. : With r e f e r e n c e to the h e a r i n g s c h e d u l e d by D i s t r i c t Commissioners f o r September 3 c o n c e r n i n g Leg RECORD the of the proposed highway system, t h e F e d e r a l C i t y decided a t a meeting of of the I know t h a t you study and r e p o r t on taken to secure an to immediate a r e f a m i l i a r w i t h the contents ot our a b a l a n c e d mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m f o r subsequent statements supporting Council's a s t a r t on t h e p r o p o s e d mass moving ahead w i t h t h o s e e l e m e n t s of h i g h w a y p r o g r a m on w h i c h t h e r e The Council i n n e r Loop. t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n , a s w e l l a s some o f t h e t r a n s i t s y s t e m and Center i t s S t e e r i n g Committee y e s t e r d a y u r g e t h a t a l l a v a i l a b l e s t e p s be s t a r t on t h e c e n t e r L e g the Council the i s s u b s t a n t i a l agreement. i s c o n v i n c e d t h a t c o n s t r u c t i o n of the �Center L e g w i l l be a k e y f a c t o r i n t h e s u c c e s s o f c u r r e n t , ambitious brief efforts t o r e v i t a l i z e downtown W a s h i n g t o n . The r e s o l u t i o n a d o p t e d b y t h e C o u n c i l y e s t e r d a y was a s follows: WHEREAS, t h e C o u n c i l — S t u d y — h a s pointed out the v i t a l i n i t s Transportation urgency of t h e C e n t e r L e g t o the s u c c e s s o f Downtown r e v i t a l i z a t i o n , and recommended i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n a l o n g w i t h o t h e r elements o f t h e proposed highway system? NOW, THEREFORE BE I T RESOLVED, t h a t t h e F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l e n d o r s e s and w h o l e h e a r t e d l y supports i m m e d i a t e s t a r t on t h e C e n t e r L e g , t h e r e b y into the interstate highway system, efforts t o make a n t y i n g Downtown directly and f u r t h e r a s s u r i n g i t s s u c c e s s f u l r e j u v e n a t i o n t o f u l l economic h e a l t h . We a r e h o p e f u l S e p t e m b e r 3, w i l l result t h a t the h e a r i n g you p l a n t o hold on i n a c t i v i t i e s geared toward making a s t a r t on t h i s e x c e p t i o n a l l y v i t a l e l e m e n t o f t h e D i s t r i c t ' s highway system. I f t h e r e i s a n y way i n w h i c h t h e C o u n c i l c a n be h e l p f u l i n f u r t h e r i n g t n i s m a t t e r , we w o u l d a p p r e c i a t e advised. Sincerely, S/S Gordon G r a y President being �92 SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS Franklin Administration Building T h i r t e e n t h & K Sts.N.W. W a s h i n g t o n , 5, D.C. A u g u s t 22, 1963 Mr. G. M. T h o r n e t t Secretary Board o f C o m m i s s i o n e r s , D . C. District Building W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. D e a r Mr. T h o r n e t t : R e f e r e n c e i s made t o t h e announcement o f a P u b l i c H e a r i n g on p o r t i o n s o f t h e I n n e r Loop. The D. C. P u b l i c S c h o o l s a r e d i r e c t l y concerned with t h e p o r t i o n o f t h e C e n t e r L e g f r o m New Y o r k A v e n u e , N. W. t o the Southwest Freeway. As proposed, w i l l take the entire s i t e School. the Center-Leg right-of-way of t h e e x i s t i n g seaton T h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t a p p r o p r i a t i o n f o r t h e C e n t e r Leg should ^ a r r y a n item f o r t h e replacement s i t e and funds t o r e p l a c e t h e e x i s t i n g t w e l v e i n t h e Seaton of t h e school (12) classrooms School. We h a v e a s k e d f o r t h e seaton Replacement c o n s t r u c t i o n and e q u i p m e n t f u n d s i n F Y 6 6 . of Elementary T h i s w i l l permit t h e completion t h e S e a t o n R e p l a c e m e n t i n t h e f a l l o f 1 9 6 6 . The Highway D e p a r t m e n t w i l l be r e a d y t o d e m o l i s h the present seaton School �i n t h e e a r l y months o f 1967. T h u s t h e FY66 t i m i n g f o r S e a t o n R e p l a c e m e n t c o n s t r u c t i o n f u n d s i s c o r r e c t and n e c e s s a r y . Your i n t e r e s t i n t h i s m a t t e r i s a p p r e c i a t e d . Sincerely yours, S/S C a r l F . Hansen Superintendent of Schools • •* WASHINGTON GAS L I G H T COMPANY 1100 H S t r e e t , N o r t h w e s t - W a s h i n g t o n 5,D.C. A u g u s t 29 , 1963 Board o f Commissioners of t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia District 14th Building and E S t r e e t s , N.W. W a s h i n g t o n 4, D.C. Attention: Dear Mr. G. M. T h o r n e t t , Secretary Sirs: We r e f e r t o y o u r N o t i c e o f A u g u s t 1 3 , 1 9 6 3 , o f a P u b l i c H e a r i n g t o be h e l d on S e p t e m b e r to afford 3, 1 9 6 3 , a t 10:00 A.m., interested p a r t i e s an opportunity t o present their v i e w s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e f o l l o w i n g highway improvements i n the District 1. o f Columbia; T h e S o u t h L e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop f r o m C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue t o a c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e S o u t h w e s t F r e e w a y ; and 2. T h e C e n t e r L e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop f r o m New Y o r k N.W., Avenue, t o a connection w i t h t h e Southwest Freeway. �94 We a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y concerned o v e r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of I t e m 2 above, a s i t w i l l s e r i o u s l y d i s r u p t our d i s t r i b u t i o n facilities, area. for i n c l u d i n g c e r t a i n major f a c i l i t i e s Presently, t h e r e a r e no p r o v i s i o n s t r a v e r s i n g the t o reimburse utilities c o s t s o f r e l o c a t i o n s and abandonments o f f a c i l i t i e s date F e d e r a l - A i d System Construction. C o n g r e s s r e c o g n i z e d t h e p r e d i c a m e n t of p u b l i c and made p r o v i s i o n s i n the Federal-Aid Kimbursement t o s t a t e s which pay f o r u t i l i t y t o accommo- utilities Highway A c t o f 1956 f o r ( i n c l u d i n g t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia) facility c l o s i n g s o u t of t h e Highway Program. The impact of t h e v a s t road c o n s t r u c t i o n D i s t r i c t of Columbia i s s o e x t e n s i v e that the l o c a l and u l t i m a t e l y t h e r a t e p a y e r s s h o u l d not, be required utility i n the utilities i n simple f a i r n e s s , t o b e a r t h e c o s t of t h e r e s u l t i n g r e l o c a t i o n s o i properties. Moreover, s u c h a d j u s t m e n t s a r e t h e r e s u l t o f highway improvement d e s i g n e d t o f a c i l i t a t e v e h i c u l a r movements. a r e n o t changes d e s i g n e d f o r improvements o f u t i l i t y n o r do t h e y r e s u l t from d e t e r i o r a t i o n o r o r d i n a r y C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e c o s t of t h e n e c e s s a r y u t i l i t y are properly program — all This They service, obsolescence. modifications t h e c o s t o f t h e F e d e r a l A i d Highway Improvement a s r e c o g n i z e d by C o n g r e s s — and s h o u l d be borne by t h o s e who b e n e f i t from them, n o t s o l e l y by u t i l i t y users. i s p a r t i c u l a r l y true with respect t o expenditures f o r �95 utility modifications r e s u l t i n g f r o m e x t e n s i o n s o f t h e F e d e r a l - A i d Systems i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, f i n a n c e d i n t h e main by F e d e r a l t a x e s o l w h i c h t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia c o n t r i b u t e utilities t h e i r share, bear these in other the local c o s t s and p a s s them a l o n g t o s u c h i n t h e r a t e s charged f o r u t i l i t y citizens will yet, a t present, contribute citizens s e r v i c e , a l t h o u g h , t h e same t o defrayment o f u t i l i t y adjustments s t a t e s where p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n F e d e r a l - A i d Funds i s taken advantage o f . As part of t h e i r business, utilities the expected r i s k t h a t t h e i r f a c i l i t i e s i n c u r and a c c e p t may become i n a d e q u a t e , e i t h e r through t e c h n o l o g i c a l advances o r normal d e p r e c i a t i o n or growth. They a l s o a c c e p t t h e o r d i n a r y risk incident to their occupancy o f p u b l i c space, namely, t h a t f a c i l i t i e s located i n s t r e e t s and p u b l i c w a y s may h a v e t o be r e l o c a t e d o r a d j u s t e d w i t h i n s u c h s t r e e t s t o accommodate r o u t i n e or maintenance. are d e p r i v e d is T h i s i s not the case, otherwise improvements h o w e v e r , when of t h e i r use of a s t r e e t i n which t h e i r utilities property l o c a t e d and a r e t o l d t h e y m u s t move o u t o f i t . We s i n c e r e l y b e l i e v e t h a t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f m a j o r highway f a c i l i t i e s considered i s o f an e x t r a o r d i n a r y nature as routine improvements. tory agencies f o r u t i l i t y and c a n n o t be Rates authorized by r e g u l a - s e r v i c e a r e determined w i t h considera- t i o n f o r t h e normal r i s k s of the b u s i n e s s . b e i n g brought about by t h e F e d e r a l - A i d The e x t e n s i v e System P r o j e c t s , of changes �w h i c h t h e above proposed p r o j e c t i s one, a r e d e c i d e d l y and abnormal extra ordinary. From time t o time, we have e x p r e s s e d our c o n v i c t i o n s to t h e Board o f Commissioners t h a t when redevelopment o r m a j o r highway c o n s t r u c t i o n tion o f u t i l i t y n e c e s s i t a t e s t h e abandonment o r t h e r e l o c a - f a c i l i t i e s , t h e c o s t o f s u c h r e l o c a t i o n and abandonment and t h e d e p r e c i a t e d should be i n c l u d e d value o f a n abandoned facility a s a p a r t of t h e c o s t o f t h e p r o j e c t and that t h e u t i l i t y be r e i m b u r s e d f o r s u c h c o s t s . customers with these To burden t h e c o s t s , from w h i h t h e y r e c e i v e no b e n e f i t , i s u n c o n s c i o n a b l e and we c a n n o t , t h e r e f o r e , c o n t i n u e t o do s o . T h i s Company, Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company, and Potomac E l e c t r i c Power Company s u b m i t t e d a b i l l t o amend local s t a t u t e s on 4/12/62, t o t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia Committee, u. S. House o f R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , Utilities t o p e r m i t s u c h payments. The P u b l i c Commission i n d i c a t e d i t s s u p p o r t o f t h e b i l l . a c t i o n was t a k e n , however. I n the circumstances, Ho we may have t o submit o u r problem t o t h e c o u r t s . We r e s p e c t f u l l y r e q u e s t that t h i s l e t t e r be a c c e p t e d as a s t a t e m e n t of t h e Company's p o s i t i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e proposed highway improvements i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia and t h a t i t be made a p a r t o f t h e r e c o r d o f the above H e a r i n g . Very t r u l y S/S yours, W. Edward Attorney. Gallagher �COMMISSIONER: hearing a t t h i s Gentlemen, t h i s w i l l c o n c l u d e t h e time. (Whereupon a t 12:15 P.M. t h e h e a r i n g was c o n c l u d e d . ) �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource In the matter of RE: highway improvements in the District of Columbia south and center legs of the inner loop : September 3, 1963 Subject The topic of the resource Public meetings Legislative hearings Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Interstate 395 (Baltimore, Md.) Interstate 695 Interstates Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Columbia Reporting Company District of Columbia. Board of Commissioners Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 3, 1963 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/1a23a86bddbc7a76a02e9d89cd1a371c.pdf?Expires=1787788800&Signature=YhlPSBu2zol3AG304SDcHXf%7Eqfp7DHFKYL4qnSeL1N-VWw9i0b2c1BtemhgKwKjJF6DO3YruEAXgt1v9L0Vt8S5Getclxp2Oj0gAmIXfTGKaiA0HHxdD6lWL6OpDhRnbTeehdppcOdHKKklEIQovZt7DQdR2WFBZWo2UEz78x%7ESGiquKPjh346TAokAGrRoOGxcxkG0PEQ6ewty6DbILI4RoJgMUEc5MRl8TkBK-Iz8JdG6G-Uu%7EqlvtkEHHh9Me3LTTcTZZdAYn9c9yqV7LqQe1VXGCYXWh2TWIJ8hY9hc6U9045peJJ7nIqqK-Xmq0dGdGgxcynkq17%7Ex9SglTNw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM bd7e493a31699e7630090997c6496b3f PDF Text Text & 0 v S R I T » 5 0 ? T I B D I o l ^ I C Y GP COLUMBIA C I T Y COUNCIL 5RAKSP0RTATICH • PUELTC COMMITTEE HEARING O H THJ2 B i T E R S T A T S ITiSBUAY S Y S O S H I N T H E D I S T R I C T O F CGLuriDIii ' Washington, D. 0. WARD & c PAUL OFFICIAL REPORTERS 25 K S T R E E T , N. S. Washington, D. C. 2000* (?02) €25-4286 �•t GOVERNMENT Or THE D I S T R I C T OF COLUMBIA C I T Y COUNCIL TRANSPORTATION COMMITTEE PUBLIC HEARING ON THE INTERSTATE FREEWAY SYSTEM IN THE D I S T R I C T OF COLUMBIA Room 500, D i s t r i c t Br.i3.ding 14th e, E S t r e e t s , N. W. Washington, D. C. Tuesday s F e b r u a r y 3, 1970 The C i t y C o u n c i l met, p u r s u a n t t o notice;, a t 7:30 p.m Rev. J e r r y Moore, J r . , Chairman o£ t h e Committee on T r a n s p o r tation., p r e s i d i n g . PRESENT: Councilmen Moore ( p r e s i d i n g ) . Shackleton, Robinson, Y e l d e l l , Haywood, members o f t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee, and Councilmen Hahn, T u c k e r and Anderson. �£ IL £ £ £ i £ I N COUNCILMAN MOORE: £ s Gcod e v e n i n g , l a d i e s and gentlemen. My name i s J e r r y A. Moore, J r . , and I am Chairman of t h e Highways and T r a n s p o r t a t i o n . C o m m i t t e e , and w i l l pre- s i d e a t these h e a r i n g s . Under t h e Highway A c t o f 196 3, t h e D i s t r i c t Government i s r e q u i r e d t o make a r e p o r t t o Congress by F e b r u a r y 23, 1970, on our recommendations w i t h r e s p e c t to t h e I n t e r s t a t e Highway System f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, I n c l u d i n g a l t e r I n a t i v e routes or plans. I n t h i s connection, the D i s t r i c t Government must r e v i e w t h e proposed South Leg, North L e g , N o r t h - E a s t , North L e g , and E a s t Leg elements o f t h e I n t e r s t a t e System. F a i l u r e t o r e p o r t , by t h e f o r c e o f law, would compel t h e D i s t r i c t Government t o b u i l d t h e s e p r o j e c t s w i t h out subequent C o n g r e s s i o n a l legislation. The Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c has subm i t t e d i t s recommendations t h a t propose t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the South Leg and Northern s e c t o r f r e e w a y s , and f u r t h e r s t u d y o f t h e North L e g . The Department i s t o be commended f o r a f i n e report prepared under s e v e r e time constraints. I w i s h t o make i t c l e a r t h a t t h e C o u n c i l has n o t prejudged designed t h e I s s u e s we must d e c i d e . These h e a r i n g s a r e t o reopen t h e r e c o r d , so t h a t ever/one may have t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o p r e s e n t h i s v i e w s , and so t h a t t h e C o u n c i l may r e c e i v e t h e i n f o r m a t i o n i t needs t o make informed judgments �Oil t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p o l i c i e s t h a t w i l l a f f e c t the D i s t r i c t of Columbia f o r y e a r s to come. After iHairy evenings o f p u b l i c h e a r i n g s , a s w e l l as morning h e a r i n g s over t h e n e x t s e v e r a l days, we w i l l r e v i e w t h e r e c o r d and prepare In conducting carefully c u r recommendations. t h e s e h e a r i n g s , I t i s my o p i n i o n t h a t • you would w i s h t o p r o c e e d i n an o r d e r l y manner so t h a t a l l p a r t i e s w a n t i n g t o t e s t i f y may be heard. I w i s h t o make i t e q u a l l y c l e a r t h a t any one who i e s i r e s t o speak, a t a s e s s i o n , w i l l have a r e a s o n a b l e opportunity t o p r e s e n t h i s views and: t o be h e a r d . Chairman o f t h e C i t y C o u n c i l I s a t my l e f t ; t h e V i c e Chairman i s t o h i s l e f t . A l s o welcoming t o t h e h e a r i n g , Councilwoman S h a c k l e t o n , Councilman Anderson and Councilwoman Haywood. I would a s k t h e C i t y Chairman -- o r t h a t t h e Chairman of t h e C i t y C o u n c i l r a t h e r , i f he would now make a COUNCILMAN HAHN: statement. Thank you, Councilman Moore. There a r e a few b r i e f remarks t h a t a r e c o n t a i n e d i n a l o n g e r s t a t e m e n t w h i c h I made l a s t T h u r s d a y . The f i r s t p o i n t t h a t I want t o re-emphasize i s t h a t i n c o n s i d e r i n g t h s e p r o j e c t s under t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f S e c t i o n 2 3 ( c ) , t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a r e d i f f e r e n t than they were under S e c t i o n 2 3 ( b ) , and t h a t i s t h a t t h e S e c r e t a r y o f t h e Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n and t h e - Government o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia a r e r e q u i r e d t o c o n s t r u e : �the r o u t e s s p e c i f i e d i n the 196 3 I n t e r s t a t e System Cost Esti- mate, u n l e s s the Government of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and the S e c r e t a r y of the Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n s h a l l r e p o r t t o the Congress not l a t e r than F e b r u a r y from the S e c t i o n : 23rd, 1979. And I quote " . . . t h e i r recommendations w i t h r e s p e c t t o such p r o j e c t s i n c l u d i n g any recommended a l t e r n a t i v e r o u t e s o r plants." A c c o r d i n g l y , i n my o p i n i o n , i t i s i m p e r a t i v e t h a t we r e p o r t on these p r o j e c t s b e f o r e F e b r u a r y 23rd. I would l i k e t o s a y t h a t w h i l e t h i s r e p o r t may And, finally, have no binding e f f e c t on the C c u g r e s s , t h i s r e p o r t as I s s u e d by the Mayor and the C i t y C o u n c i l , i n the hope t h a t i t w i l l be a u n i t e d r e p o r t , can have g r e a t and p e r s u a s i v e w e i g h t . i n my o p i n i o n , on the way and the way And this w i l l depend, i n -which the h e a r i n g s a r e conducted i n w h i c h our c o n c l u s i o n s a r e drawn from the p r e - sentation. . As Councilman Moore and I have h e r e t o f o r e announced, t h e r e c o r d w i l l remain open u n t i l the 12th o f F e b r u a r y t o " . . r e c e i v e any a d d i t i o n a l w r i t t e n m a t e r i a l , p r e s e n t a t i o n , o r maps o f the l i k e t h a t anyone may w i s h to p r e s e n t . The time announced i n the h e a r i n g s f o r r e g i s t r a t i o n as a w i t n e s s has c l o s e d , but many, many w i t n e s s e s have a l r e a d y r e g i s t e r e d . And i n o r d e r to accommodate t h e s e a d d i - t i o n a l w i t n e s s e s , we have s e t the a d d i t i o n a l t i m e s o f a.m., 10:00 Wednesday, Thursday and F r i d a y t o h e a r some o f these �5 w i t n e s s e s who w i l l not have t h e o p p o r t u n i t y have t h e o p p o r t u n i t y you w i l l n o t t o hear i n the evenings, t o n i g h t , Wednes- day, T h u r s d a y and F r i d a y . V0TC3: That i s i l l e g a l . COUNCILMAN HAHN: COUNCILMAN MOORB: E l i z a b e t h Rowe. Thank y o u , Councilman. The f i r s t w i t n e s s t o n i g h t i s Mrs. W i l l y c u p l e a s e come forward? We a r e p l e a s e d t o welcome y o u h e r e t o n i g h t , Mrs. Rowe. y S TESTIMONY OF MRS. ELIZABETH ROWS CITIZEN MRS. ROWE: Thank y c u v e r y much. I t i s a greath p l e a s u r e t o appear b e f o r e y o u and t o meet y o u , Mr. Chairman, and t o see so many o l d f r i e n d s o f t h e C i t y on t h a t C o u n c i l . As I s t a r t t o speak t o y o u about f r e e w a y s , I am reminded o f t h i s s t o r y o f t h e man who s u r v i v e d t h e Jamestown flood. He s u r v i v e d and f o r t h e r e s t o f h i s l i f e , he t a l k e d about i t ; n o t o n l y t o h i s f r i e n d s , b u t i n l e c t u r e h a l l s a l l over t h e c o u n t r y . When he d i e d and got t o heaven, and S t . P e t e r met him a t t h e gate and asked him i f he had any s p e c i a l t a l e n t s , whether he p l a y e d t h e h a r p , he s a i d he d i d n ' t . B u t , he s a i d , " I know a l l about t h e Jamestown f l o o d , and I would be g l a d t o go on any program you have up h e r e . " So S t . P e t e r s a i d he would l e t him know i n time i �6 i f he was i n t e r e s t e d , and a couple o f days l a t e r , S t . P e t e r c a l l e d him, and he s a i d , "We a r e hairing a meeting, and we would l i k e t o have you come and speak t o u s . " He s a i d , " I j u s t want to t e l l you t h a t Noah and h i s f a m i l y a r e i n t h e a u d i e n c e . " W e l l , I t h i n k t h a t you know t h a t Noah and h i s f a m i l y are h e r e , and you do know about t h e Jamestown f l o o d , you do know about t h e t i t h e o f p u b l i c o p i n i o n . on t h e P l a n n i n g I , as you know, s a t Commission f o r saven y e a r s . I am appearing h e r e t o n i g h t j u s t as an I n t e r e s t e d c i t i z e n . But 1 do want t o t e l l y o u , a t f i r s t hand, what I saw o v e r those seven y e a r s , a s I s a t on t h e P l a n n i n g There was no o t h e r p l a n n i n g I s s u e d u r i n g Commission. those i s s u e s t h a t brought f o r t h the f l o o d o f c i t i z e n i n t e r e s t and p r o t e s t as d i d the i s s u e o f f r e e w a y s . The c i t i z e n s o f t h e C i t y , from a l l f o u r c o r n e r s , N o r t h , South, E a s t , West, t h e r i c h , t h e poor, t h e B l a c k , t h e White were u n i t e d a s on no o t h e r c i t y i s s u e i n opposition t o f r e e w a y s and i n support o f mass t r a n s i t . You, had Mr. Chairman, and Members o f t h e C o u n c i l , have t h e same e x p e r i e n c e , I know, l i s t e n i n g t o t h e v o i c e o f t h e people and t o t h e i r neighborhood and c i t y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . cannot remember one group o r i n d i v i d u a l r e p r e s e n t i n g residence who appeared b e f o r e t h e P l a n n i n g I the c i t y ' s Commission i n support of t h e Highway Department's p l a n s . We d i d , o f c o u r s e , h e a r from t h e s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t groups who have appeared h e r e , and who had supported e v e r y plan �7 the Highway Department has proposed over the y e a r s , j u s t they endorse and w i l l endorse the p r e s e n t one. as 1 mast say t h a t t h e p r e s e n t one i s b e t t e r than t h e s e o f the p a s t , but i t i s n ' t good enough. Essentially, i t i s the same o l d concept watered down a b i t because o f the p u b l i c o u t c r y . You know, r e a l l y , the concept o f an i n n e r - l o o p of i n t e r s t a t e r a d i a l s i s old-fashioned. old, at l e a s t , and i t h a s n ' t worked. I t i s twenty and years In city after city across the c o u n t r y , urban f r e e w a y s a r e b e i n g c h a l l e n g e d and stopped; i n San F r a n c i s c o , i n New i n New Orleans, i n Minneapolis, i n Cleveland, Y o r k , to mention o n l y a few. The r e s i d e n t s o f those c i t i e s a r e a s k i n g , j u s t Washingtonians a r e a s k i n g , what k i n d o f c i t y do we want? as Do we want a c i t y to l i v e i n , work i n , r a i s e f a m i l i e s i n , a c i t y , t o e n j o y snd show p r o u d l y t o the r e s t o f the c o u n t r y , o r do we want a p l a c e to get i n and out of q u i c k l y ? p l a c e t o move through a t h i g h speed? Do we want a C e r t a i n l y , t h e r e won't be adequate p a r k i n g f o r a l l o f the t r a f f i c t h a t w i l l be i n v i t e d i n t o the c i t y by the freeways p r o j e c t e d by the p l a n b e f o r e you. for Do w® want Washington t o be used as a s h o r t - c u t i n t e r s t a t e t r a f f i c , i n c l u d i n g t r u c k s ' t r a f f i c not d e s t i n e d f o r the c i t y . I b e l i e v e t h i s would be an i n v i t a b l e consequence o f the newest Highway Department's p l a n , i f i t became a reality. Washington i s a g r e a t and b e a u t i f u l c i t y planned t o a �3 great design. I t was the f i r s t p l a n n e d c a p i t o l c i t y i n t h e w o r l d , and throughout i t s h i s t o r y , i t s p u b l i c improvements, i t s government b u i l d i n g s , i t s monuments and p a r k s have a t t r a c t e d the c o u n t r y ' s most t a l e n t e d a r c h i t e c t s and d e s i g n e r s . Those p u b l i c improvements came s l o w l y and i n many c a s e s , t o e s l o w l y i n a l a r g e p a r t because t h e money was slow i n coming. Not so t h e i n t e r s t a t e highway program w h i c h I might s a y p a r e n t h e t i c a l l y has done a m a g n i f i c e n t j o b between c i t i e s and through opencountryside. T h a t program has i t s own t r e a s u r e y fund which p r o v i d e s an almost I r r i s i s t l b l e t e n cent d o l l a r to l o c a l communities. I b e l i e v e i t i s the a v a i l a b i l i t y o f t h e media t o m i l l i o n s i n c o n s t r u c t i o n funds, the right-of-way funds, t h a t b r i n g s t h e highway's b u l l d o z e r i n t o t h e c i t y ; n o t s e n s i b l e planning. What a r e t h e o f f s e t t i n g expenses t o t h e c i t y ? d o l l a r s i g n c a n be p u t on t h e human h e a r t a c h e t i o n t o l i v i n g and b u s i n e s s o r on t h e c i t y ' s No and t h e d i s r u p l o s s o f beauty. But t h e a c t u a l c o s t o f l a n d t a k e n o f f t h e t a x r o l e s , p a y r o l l s moving o u t o f t h e c i t y , o f t h e e x p e n s i v e day t o day upkeep o f f r e e w a y s , once they a r e b u i l t can be e s t i m a t e d , b u t i t never has been t o my knowledge. I f i t w e r e , I don't t h i n k t h e freeway money would lool; l i k e such a bonanza. The problem i t seems t o me i s t o c o n t i n u e t o p l a n f o r t h e people o f t h e c i t y , t o p l a n f o r i t s growth, t o p l a n t h e f e d e r a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t and t o p l a n t h e enhancement o f �i t s g r e a t n a t i o n a l monuments and paries. T h i s can be done, b u t not i f one element, f r e e w a y s , determines a l l other planning. Freeways can be tamed and made t o f i t i n t o t h e c i t y , and I b e l i e v e t h a t t h e 1958 G e n e r a l T h o r o f a r e P l a n adopted by t h e P l a n n i n g Commission ond t h e C i t y C o u n c i l does j u s t that. I might s a y t h a t t h a t was a f t e r my t i m e , so I c l a i m no pride i n authorship. Under t h a t p l a n , t h a t i s t h e 195 G G e n e r a l T h o r o f a r e P l a n , which y o u a l l know w e l l , t h e r e would be no new freeway entrances to the c i t y . The e x i s t i n g e n t r a n c e s and p i e c e s o f the system would be connected i n a r e a s o n a b l e way. The New York Avenue I n d u s t r i a l b o u l e v a r d would p r o v i d e d i r e c t a c c e s s from t h e B e l t w a y t o t h e i n d u s t r i a l a r e a , and i t would go through t h a t I n d u s t r i a l a r e a r a t h e r than through residential neighbor- hoods . The o t h e r parkways and f r e e w a y s would p r o v i d e commuter a c c e s s along w i t h t h e Metro-System. The T h o r o f a r e P l a n was drawn a f t e r t h e most c a r e f u l s t u d y o f a l l f a c t o r s , traffic counts and p r o j e c t i o n s , p o p u l a t i o n e s t i m a t e s , employment growth, p a r k i n g needs, l a n d u s e , and most i m p o r t a n t l y t h e c h a r a c t e r and l i v a b i l i t y o f t h e c i t y Itself. The new highway p l a n b e f o r e y o u , t h a t i s t h e one proposed by t h e D. C. Highway Department, as you have h e a r d from t h e head o f t h e Highway Department h i m s e l f , i s based on no new e v i d e n c e . I t reflects a different jv.dg"Leiit based on t h e �same i n f o r m a t i o n chat i s a judgment o f highway e x p e r t s , compet e n t , s i n c e r e who b e l i e v e f i r m l y i n t h e i r programs. I t isn't a p l a n t h a t r e f l e c t s t h e w i s h e s of t h e people o r good o v e r a l l planning p r i n c i p l e s . I f t h i s new p l a n becomes a r e a l i t y i n t h e i n t e r s t a t e t r a f f i c of 1-95 and 70S come i n t o t h e c i t y , t h e North Leg becomes i n e v i t a b l e . A f t e r an 18-month s t u d y , a d e l a y so amply d e s c r i b e d e a r l i e r i n t h e h e a r i n g s , as an attempt not t o s t i r up t h e n a t i v e s , t h e immediate b u i l d i n g o f t h e North C e n t r a l and the p r e f e r r e d P l a n A f o r t h e South Leg would be monstrous, I believe. The North C e n t r a l i s n ' t q u i t e as monstrous as i t has been i n e a r l i e r p l a n s , b u t a l m o s t . The a c t u a l d i s p l a c e m e n t i s somewhat l e s s , b u t what about t h e nearby houses, the s c h o o l s , the p l a y g r o u n d s , t h e paries, the b u s i n e s s e s . Who would want to be w i t h i n range o f the a i r p o l l u t i o n and t h e n o i s e . Environment i s everybody's c o n c e r n t h e s e d a y s . What s o r t o f environment f o r l i v i n g and w o r k i n g c o u l d t h e r e be w i t h i n b l o c k s o f t h e proposed g i a n t North C e n t r a l Freeway and i t s on and o f f ramps? the What s o r t o f environment would the people o f c i t y and t h e m i l l i o n s o f t o u r i s t f i n d when t h e y v i s i t t h e L i n c o l n Memorial and t h e Washington Monument? I t i s u n b e l i e v a b l e t h a t a s e r i o u s p r o p o s a l c o u l d be made t o d e s t r o y the harmony and s e r e n i t y o f our g r e a t e s t n a t i o n a l monuments, y e t i f P l a n A i s agreed t o , t h e r e would �11 be a tremendous open s t r e t c h w i t h the n o i s e and p o l l u t i o n o f s i x or eight lanes o f t r a f f i c . T h i s would be between t h e L i n c o l n Memorial and t h e l a n d d e s i g n a t e d the F r a n k l i n R o o s e v e l t by the Congress for. Memorial. Between t h e Washington Monument and t h e J e f f e r s o n Memorial, i f I c o u l d count t h e l e g s p r o p e r l y on the map, t h e r e -would be t w e l v e l a n e s , I b e l i e v e , some up and some down. And s t i l l we t a l k about environment. I n c l o s i n g , l e t me make a p l e a ;to t h e C o u n c i l . As a l i f e - l o n g Washingtonian and one who l o v e s t h i s c i t y and i t s p e o p l e , keep f a t e w i t h u s . R e a f f i r m y o u r endorsement o f t h e 1968 p l a n . Don't l e t us down. COUNCILMAN MOORE: Thank y o u , Mrs. Rowe. (Applause.) COUNCILMAN MOORE: and thought-out t e s t i m o n y . Thank y o u f o r a v e r y w e l l - w o r d e d I t shows t h a t you have p u t a l o t o f thought and c a r e f u l p r e p a r a t i o n i n t o what you have s a i d . I n your t e s t i m o n y , y o u made mention o f t h e f a c t t h a t you were f o r m e r l y connected w i t h t h e Commission. Would y o u p l e a s e i d e n t i f y t h e Commission and t h e l a s t p o s i t i o n you h e l d there? MRS. ROUE: I was Chairman o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission from 1961 t c 1968. COUNCILMAN MOORE: Thank you v e r y much. Now perhaps seme o f t h e members o f t h e C o u n c i l would l i k e t o make a �12 statement o r t o ask y o u some q u e s t i o n s about y o u r t e s t i m o n y . I w i l l a s k V i c e Chairman i f he v;ould l i k e t o make a statement o r t o ask questions. COUNCILMAN TUCKER: I have a couple o f q u e s t i o n s , Mr. Chairman. Of c o u r s e , we know o f Mrs. Rowe's work on t h e P l a n n i n g CcBtmission and i n t h e community, and t h e r e were seme dark days t h e r e as s h e s e r v e d as Chairman o f t h e P l a n n i n g Commission, and we do a p p r e c i a t e i t , c e r t a i n l y , t h e work yon h a r e done. We have been a d v i s e d a number o f times i n t h e s e h e a r i n g s , Mrs. Rowe, by those who have come b e f o r e u s , as y o u have a d v i s e d u s , t o h o l d o u r ground and s t i c k t o t h e 1968 P l a n , t h e T h o r o f a r e P l a n , and t h e o t h e r s have gone on t o s a y , l e a v e i t i n e f f e c t t o Congress t o make any changes i f any changes a r e t o be made. L e t me a s k y o u t h i s . Would you p r e f e r t h a t t h e u l t i m a t e d e c i s i o n w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h i s , I f t h e r e , i s such an o p p o r t u n i t y , be made by t h i s C o u n c i l o r by t h e Congress? MRS. ROWE: T h a t i s a d i f f i c u l t q u e s t i o n , Mr. T u c k e r . COUNCILMAN TUCKER: MRS. ROWE: T h a t i s t h e one I wanted t o a s k . I b e l i e v e t h e C o u n c i l - - a s Reverend F a u t l e r o y so e l o q u e n t l y s t a t e d t h e o t h e r n i g h t -- s h o u l d i t s conscience. be b e s t . vote I don't t a l u k y o u c a n second-guess what might I t h i n k y o u have t o f o l l o w y o u r c o n s c i e n c e . COUNCILMAN.TUCKER: I t h i n k what perhaps some a r e �13 s t i l l s t r u g g l i n g w i t h i s what i s b e s t . studied. I f I have s t u d i e d and I have wondered whether o r n o t a l l t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s have been r e a l l y a c t u a l l y g i v e n f u l l c o n s i d e r a t i o n . t h a t y o u f e e l t h a t they have. I gather That a l l the p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r dealing with t h i s complicated question have been f u l l y exhausted and y o u b e l i e v e t h a t t h e 1968 P l a n i n c l u d e s t h e b e s t judgment of a l l p o s s i b l e alternatives. MRS. ROWE: I do b e l i e v e t h a t t h e 1968 P l a n i s t h e b e s t t h a t I h a v e , and i t was based on t h e f u l l e s t information a v a i l a b l e and I u n d e r s t a n d t h a t t h e new p l a n has no new i n f o r mation. I t i s only a question o f judgment i n i t s d i f f e r e n c e . I t h i n k y o u c o u l d s t u d y f o r e v e r , Mr. T u c k e r , b u t I do t h i n k t h a t t h e 1968 P l a n i s a r a t i o n a l r e a s o n a b l e one. COUNCILMAN TUCKER: J u s t one more q u e s t i o n , i f1 mi ght, Mr. Chairman. You i n d i c a t e d t h a t you b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e p r i n c i p a l r e a s o n f o r t h e new roads i s t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f f u n d s , t h e d o l l a r i s what you s a i d . Do you, t h e r e f o r e , t h i s being true s t i l l support t h e new roads a s proposed i n t h e 1968 P l a n ? MRS. ROWE: I am s u p p o r t i n g t h e 1968 P l a n . COUNCILMAN TUCKER: So y c u do b e l i e v e t h a t some • roads a r e needed? MRS. ROWE: I do b e l i e v e t h a t g i v e n t h e p a r t i a l b u i l d t h a t t h e r e i s now and t h e l a c k o f good mass t r a n s i t t h a t i s coming, I t h i n k t h a t t h a t 196 3 P l a n was a good w o r k a b l e , �14 reasonable plan. COUNCILMAN TUCKER: A r e you n o t u n u t t e r a b l y opposed t o f r e e w a y s MRS. ROWE: yon are not then? I don't welcome them. X don't t h i n k they h e l p t h e c i t y , b u t I t h i n k perhaps i n t h i s c a s e , t h e number o f freeways and parkways p r o j e c t e d by t h e 1968 P l a n would make a w o r k a b l e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m w i t h t h e Metro. COUNCILMAN TUCKER: Mr. Thank y o u v e r y much. Thank y o u , Chairman.' COUNCILMAN MOORE: COUNCILMAN HAHN: p l e a s e d t o have yon h e r e . Councilman Halm? Mrs. Rowe, ws a r e v e r y , v e r y 1 don't t h i n k t h e r e a r e many people who can h e l p us w i t h a s much a d v i c e a s y o u can on y o u r long experience. And indeed, we r e s p e c t y o u and pay y o u a good d e a l o f honor f o r a l l t h a t you have done, and what y o u cont i n u e t o do. And i n t h e sense t h a t y o u are a s k i n g u s t o support the 196S Freeway P l a n , t h e T h o r o f a r e Plan, as i t i s called, I would l i k e t o go i n t o some d e t a i l w i t h y o u so t h a t i t i s unders t o o d what i t i s we a r e t a l k i n g about. As y o u e s t a b l i s h e d w i t h t h e V i c e Chairman, y o u r p o s i t i o n i s n ' t no f r e e w a y s MRS. ROWE: and at a l l , i s I t ? My p o s i t i o n as I thought I made c l e a r , I guess I d i d n ' t , was t h a t t h i s 1968 T h o r o f a r e P l a n i f they c o u l d do t h e t h i n g s t h a t a r e needed f o r t h e c i t y w i t h a minimum �15 of d e s t r u c t i o n to the l i v a b i l i t y o f the c i t y . COUNCILMAN HAHN: J u s t t o p u t i t i n i t s p r o p e r frame o f r e f e r e n c e , and I t h i n k t h e s e f i g u r e s a r e a c c u r a t e they a r e n o t , p l e a s e let's correct i t . and i f As I u n d e r s t a n d i t , the 1968 i n t e r s t a t e System Cost E s t i m a t e which i n c l u d e s t h e f u l l measure o f t h e roads we a r e t a l k i n g about i s a 29 m i l e system o f f r e e w a y s . A c t u a l l y , t h e system o f f r e e w a y s a s approved i n t h e P l a n n i n g Commission's T h o r o f a r e P l a n includes 24 m i l e s o f t h e system, doesn't i t ? MRS. ROUP: I b e l i e v e i t does. COUNCILMAN HAKN: Now t h a t i n c l u d e s , among o t h e r t h i n g s , and I s e e y o u have a copy o f t h e elements o f t h e p l a n w i t h y o u because I am going to r e f e r t o some o f t h e pages i n it. L o c k i n g a t page 18 t h a t f o l l o w s t h e map, t h e y have one, two, t h r e e , f o u r through seven d e s c r i p t i o n s o f t h e v a r i o u s elements; most o f them f r e e w a y s , a s i n t h e case o f t h e P a l l i s a d * Parkway and t h e Potomac R i v e r E x p r e s s w a y . The T r a n s - m a l l c o n n e c t o r , as I u n d e r s t a n d , we a r e now c a l l i n g t h a t t h e South Leg, t h e c e n t r a l d i s t r i b u t o r which i s now what we a r e c a l l i n g the North Leg, I b e l i e v e ; the Anacostia Parkway, t h e I n d u s t r i a l Freeway which i s t h e New York Avenue I n d u s t r i a l Highway -- I'm s o r r y , i t i s t h e downtown, d i s t r i b u t o r t h a t i s t h e North L e g , the C e n t r a l D i s t r i b u t o r i s t h e C e n t e r Leg; I am s o r r y . Nov; a c t u a l l y , t h i s v e r s i o n o f t h e p l a n wsays �16 comprehensive s t u d i e s should • - I am t a l k i n g about t h e North - Leg, f o r i n s t a n c e -- comprehensive s t u d i e s should be undertaken a s soon as p o s s i b l e i n c o n n e c t i o n downtown Washington now underway b l e r o u t e s f o r major e a s t - w e s t central area. with planning for t o determine t h e most f e a s i - t r a f f i c 'Improvements i n t h e A l t e r n a t i v e s include a tunnel' connecting the E S t r e e t Expressway w i t h downtown,, a t u n n e l under K S t r e e t o r along such p a r a l l e l a r t e r i e s as L and M i n t h e h e a r t o f t h e central Office area. One o r more o f these improvements i s regarded as e s s e n t i a l f o r the e f f i c i e n t operation o f the c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t ; one o f t h e f a s t e s t growing and most v i a b l e c e n t r a l areas i n the country. That i s t h e r e f e r e n c e , I s i t n o t , i n t h e 1968 Thoroughfare P l a n , t o t h e North Leg? MRS. ROWE: Y e s . COUNCILMAN HAHN: Now t h e T r a n s - M a l l Expressway t h a t i s r e f e r r e d t o , t h a t I s t h e t u n n e l t h a t i s shown h e r e . Is, I b e l i e v e , t h a t i s a l t e r n a t e B, i s I t , and t h e two f r e e p l a n s f o r t h e South? MRS. ROWE: P l a n -I believe so. COUNCILMAN HAHN: 1968 That T h a t I s a l s o t h e one t h a t i s on t h e I n t e r s t a t e System C o s t E s t i m a t e . Now, then i n going f u r t h e r w i t h t h i s p l a n , i t t a l k s about e n t r a n c e s new i n t o t h e c i t y ; a c t u a l l y w h i l e the. p l a n s a y s no e n t r a n c e s , i t does c o n t a i n t h i s passage. I n the so-called �appendix 1 , which i s found on page 34, I t h i n k , o f the copy.you have, i t s a y s the f r e e w a y s y s t e m assumed i n the p l a n and s i x l a n e s t o those e x i s t i n g a r e under c o n s t r u c t i o n e n t e r i n g t h e c e n t r a l area. MRS. I o y o u have p l a c e ? ROWE: ; Yes. COUNCILMAN HAHN: I n the t h i r d paragraph from the t o p o f the page on page 34. MRS. ROWE: Y e s , I have i t . COUNCILMAN HAHN: I t says t h r e e l a n e s on the Indus- t r i a l Freeway, one on the Potomac R i v e r E x p r e s s w a y , two on the Anacostia Parkway, t h e s e 9700 v e h i c l e s an hour. way l a n e s would add c a p a c i t y f o r another So t h a t the t o t a l c a p a c i t y o f the free- c a t e r i n g the c e n t r a l a r e a would be 39,700 c a r s . Now, I don't want t o go too f a r w i t h t h i s , t h a t i t i s a m a t t e r o f degree, I s n ' t i t ? amount o f f r e e w a y s . except We need a c e r t a i n The p l a n t h a t y o u support goes on t o s a y , I b e l i e v e , t h e r e a r e f i v e e x i t s and f i v e e n t r a n c e s existing then a c r o s s each o f the two r i v e r s , and f i f t e e n c o s i n g i n now from the Maryland s i d e . your successors And y o u go on t o d i s c u s s -- t h a t i s go on t o d i s c u s s p r i m a r y a r t e r i a l s and second- a r y a r t e r i a l s so t h a t c h i s i s a i*ay, t h e way t h a t i s recommended i s t h a t , i f I remember the e x a c t language, t h a t i n t e r s t a t e t r a v e l e r s use the same road s y s t e m as commuters use t o get i n and c u t o f the c e n t e r c i t y a f t e r they have reached the Beltway. �18 MRS. ROWE: H o p e f u l l y , i f t h e y a r e i n t e r e s t e d , they w i l l take t h e B e l t w a y , Mr. Halm. COUNCILMAN HAHN: Yes, I f t h e y a r e going around, y o u s a y y o u hope t h e y w i l l t a k e t h e B e l t w a y . you Indeed, t h a t i s what s a y , b u t t h a t I n changing from i n t e r s t a t e t r a v e l e r s t o coming i n t o t h e c i t y was used. Mow, so a g a i n , t h i s I s a matter o f degree, i s n ' t I t , r e a l l y ? MRS. ROWS: Y e s . COUNCILMAN HAHN: Now one o t h e r q u e s t i o n I would l i k e t o a s k about, and t h a t i s y o u r a t t i t u d e toward t h i s problem t h a t 1 have asked some c f t h e o t h e r w i t n e s s e s . And t h a t i s , what i s y o u r r e a c t i o n toward a r t e r i a l s ? Now, by an a r t e r i a l , we both know we mean something l i k e 13th S t r e e t -which a t t h e rush" hour i s one-way t r a f f i c , very h e a v i l y t r a v e l e d t h a t creates a i r , noise, p o l l u t i o n problems, i n d e e d , one t h a t i s i n many ways more d e s t r u c t i v e as i t e x i s t s than a f r e e w a y . MRS. ROWE: I don't agree w i t h you on t h a t . COUNCILMAN HAHN: MRS. ROWE: You don't agree w i t h me. Because between rush h o u r s , oven during rush h o u r s , w i t h t h e l i g h t , y o u c a n c r o s s 13th S t r e e t . ' I f y o u happen t o l i v e on t h e west s i d e c f 13th and your c h i l d r e n go to s c h o o l on t h e e a s t s i d e , they can w i t h the- l i g h t , go t o school. During t h e o f f - r u s h h o u r s , i t i s s t i l l neighborhood. a whole I f on 13th S t r e e t on t h e s u r f a c e a s i t i s , y o u �19 had a f r e e w a y , you would have s e v e r e d t h e neighborhood connec- tion. T h i s p l a n s u g g e s t s t h a t f u r t h e r s t u d y o f t h e use o f a r t e r i a l s be made; h o p e f u l l y , t h e r e w i l l be i n c r e a s i n g useage by some o f t h e people who p r e s e n t l y use 1 3 t h S t r e e t and t h e Metro when i t i s e s t a b l i s h e d . I don't b e l i e v e t h a t anyone coming i n on 1 3 t h S t r e e t o r 1 6 t h t h a t f a r w e s t would go o v e r t o u s e t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway, and t h e r e b y r e l i e v e t h e p r e s s u r e back and f o r t h on t h o s e s t r e e t s . COUNCILMAN HAHN: W e l l , y o u urge i n t h e - p l a n , i n t e r p o l a t e i t or your successors Interpolate i t a l i t t l e , i fI urged i n t h e p l a n i f I can and o f c o u r s e , t h e C i t y Council adopted t h i s same p l a n , so we urge by i n t e r p o l a t i o n t h a t t o 1-95 use t h e I n c r e a s e d New York Avenue. traffic c a p a c i t y t h a t would be c r e a t e d on.• T h a t n o r t h - s o u t h t r a f f i c come , down t h e n o r t h - s o u t h secondary and p r i m a r y a r t e r i a l s , 16th- S t r e e t , 13th S t r e e t , 1 5 t h S t r e e t , and we suggest t o g e t h e r t h a t where t h e s e s t r e e t s a r e n o t adequate t h a t we can do more by i n c r e a s i n g the t r a f f i c on them w i t h c e r t a i n k i n d s o f t r a f f i c controls, l i g h t regulations, l i m i t e d access, that sort c f thing. That i s t h e sum and s u b s t a n c e o f t h e recommendation. Nov/, do y o u have any d i f f e r e n t f e e l i n g about t h a t as a p o l i c y , as you have had a chance t o s e e I t develop? MRS. ROWE: No. I would l i k e - - o f c o u r s e , techno- logy what i t i s i n t h e y e a r s t o come we may have q u i t e ent ways o f g e t t i n g around. differ- �20 COUNCILMAN HAHN: . Thank y o u v e r y much. COUNCILMAN MOORE: Councilman S h a c k l o t o n ? COIJNCILWOMAN SHACKLETON: Mrs. Roue, i t i s a p l e a s u r e t o have y o u h e r e t o n i g h t , and I'm always v e r y happy t o be h e r e . One t h i n g , p i c k i n g up on what Chairman Halm h a s j u s t s a i d w h e n we d i s c u s s 1 3 t h S t r e e t and some o f these other s t r e e t s we a r e -- I t h i n k t h e r e i s , i s t h e r e n o t , a d i f f e r e n c e i n t h a t when y o u have a f r e e w a y , t h e freeway h a s t o conform t o c e r t a i n i n t e r s t a t e standards. Would you d e s c r i b e what an i n t e r - c i t y f r e e w a y h a s t o do? MRS. ROWE: wrong p e r s o n . W e l l , I t h i n k y o u p r o b a b l y asked t h e I t h i n k Mr. H a r r i s ought t o t e s l u s j u s t what i s r e q u i r e d , b u t i t does r e q u i r e t h e low c a p a c i t y t h a t would meet i n t e r s t a t e t r u c k s . I t doss r e q u i r e c o n s t r u c t i o n t o a l l o w f o r c e r t a i n speeds a s w e l l a s c e r t a i n l o a d s , b u t t h e d e t a i l s o f t h e d e s i g n , you can a s k t h e wrong p e r s o n . COUNCILWOMAN SHACKLETON: W e l l , I n other words, I t h i n k t h a t -MRS. ROWE: Besides t h e l i m i t e d a c c e s s , I mean. COUNCILWOMAN SHACKLETON: W e l l , f o r i n s t a n c e , when you a r e t a l k i n g about 1 3 t h S t r e e t and 1 4 t h S t r e e t , improving some o f these s t r e e t s , t h i s does n o t mean they w i l l have t r u c k s l i m i t e d t o 65 m i l e s an hour which seems t o me t h e d i f f e r e n c e between a freeway. MRS. ROWE: W e l l , I don't t h i n k t h a t i s a n t i c i p a t e d �21 at a l l . i t i s a r e f l e c t i o n s r e a l l y , of the present s i t u a t i o n . I thought t h a t t h a t i s what Mr. Hahn and I were t a l k i n g about; C e r t a i n l y not t o s e t these f o r I n t e r s t a t e t r u c k t r a v e l o r i n t e r s t a t e speeds o r t o make them i n t o l i m i t e d - a c c e s s s t r e e t s ; 1 mean t h e s e a r e c i t y s t r e e t s t h a t a r e used e x t e n s i v e l y p a r t i c u l a r l y a t t h e r u s h hour t o g e t people t o and from work. COUNCILWOMAN SHACKLETON: Well, I think that i s the r e q u i r e m e n t i s maybe what t h e d i f f e r e n c e i s . On t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e South L e g , I r e c a l l t h a t under the PAC Agreement t h a t t h e F i n e A r t s Commission and t h e Planning Commission wanted t h e t u n n e l , i s t h a t r i g h t ? MRS. ROWE: That i s r i g h t . I really find i t a p p a l l i n g t h a t t h i s new open-trench d e s i g n i s b e i n g supported, I u n d e r s t a n d by t h e P a r k S e r v i c e as w e l l as t h e D. C. Highway Department, and they a r e u s i n g as one o f t h e reasons opposition t o a n - e a r l i e r t u n n e l p l a n p r e s e n t 2d t o t h e F i n e A r t s Commission. Now t h a t p l a n showed g r e a t b i g s t a c k s w h i c h c e r t a i n l y don't add t o t h e beauty and s e r e n i t y o f t h e a r e a , b u t those s t a c k s , I u n d e r s t a n d from t h e b e s t e n g i n e e r i n g necessary. tunnel. advice, aren't The s t a c k s don't have t o be immediately o v e r t h e They c a n be a t some d i s t a n c e away;.they don't have to-be o f t h a t The height. tunnel t h a t we have h e a r d d e s c r i b e d proposed t u n n e l i n t h e w o r l d . a s t h e longest W e l l , f o r goodness s a k e s , t h e A l p s a r e t u n n e l e d , t h e Hudson R i v e r i s t u n n e l e d , t h e r e a r e a l l �22 kinds o f tunnels engineering t h a t a r e much longer. X don't know why w i t h a b i l i t i e s so g r o a t and i n g e n u i t y t h i s i s n ' t a f a i r l y simple proposition so g r e a t that to put a tunnel i n and h i d e i t . COtJNClLWOMAN SHACKLETON: W e l l , I must s a y t h a t I am k i n d o f i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e f a c t t h a t although we have had t h e word from t h e Highway Department t h a t t h e F i n e A r t s Commis* s i o n has c e r t a i n o b j e c t i o n s , we have n o t h e a r d a n y t h i n g from the F i n e A r t s Commission about t h i s m a i l . And I would s u g g e s t , Mr. Chairman, t h a t i t might be a p p r o p r i a t e to i n v i t e the Fine A r t s Commission t o come down h e r e and comment on t h i s whoever t h e Chairman would l i k e t o d e s i g n a t e . itself, Because, t o my knowledge, we have n o t had any s p e c i f i c recommendation o f this sort from t h e F i n e A r t s Commission itself. And i f they do come, I t h i n k we might a s k what t h e -why t h e change i n t h e i r p r e v i o u s testimony i n previous agree- ments t h a t were s i g n e d and s e a l e d . COUNCILMAN HAHN: We d i d have a w i t n e s s s a i d t h a t those towers w e r e n ' t F r i d a y who obsolete. COUNCILWOMAN SHACKLETON: Was t h i s from t h e F i n e A r t s Commission? CGLTCCILMAN HAHN: No, i t was one o f the a r c h i t e c t s who t e s t i f i e d . COUNCILWOMAN SHACKLETON: No, I was s p e a k i n g - * we • have been t o l d by o u r Highway Department, t h e F i n e A r t s �23 Commission d e s i r e s t h e change i n t h e South L e g , and I would t h i n k i t a p p r o p r i a t e t o hear d i r e c t l y from them, and then quest i o n them as t o why, a f t e r a l l t h e s e y e a r s , suddenly they created t h i s d e s i r e d change. Because t h e f a c t s have always been out on t h e t a b l e , and 1 t h i n k t h i s i s due. On t h e North Log, Mrs. Rowe, I b e l i e v e t h a t t h e P l a n n i n g Commission a tunnel t h a t y o u r top p r i o r i t y was a l w a y s f o r on K S t r e e t , was i t n o t , a t t h e time you were Chairman t h a t t h e s e m a t t e r s came up. MRS. ROWE: D u r i n g t h e time t h a t I was Chairman, t h i s was a s u g g e s t i o n , and a g a i n , i t i s i n t h i s Thoroughfare P l a n . The o l d proposed North Leg i n t h e F l o r i d a Avenue, U S t r e e t c o r r i d o r would have been t h e most d e s t r u c t i v e o f any o f t h e elements o f any o f t h e proposed f r e e w a y s ; more d e s t r u c t i v e even t h a n t h e North C e n t r a l i n terms o f l i v i n g and neighborhoods, b u s i n e s s e s , t h e whole f a b r i c o f t h e ' c i t y . COUNCILWOMAN SHACKLETON: might be u s e f u l t o a g a i n r e s t u d y Do y o u b e l i e v e t h a t i t t h i s North Leg and look i n t o t h i s whole f e a s i b i l i t y o f t h e K S t r e e t Underpass o r t u n n e l versus this alternate? MRS. ROWE: W e l l , t h i s i s suggested i n t h e Thorough R e p o r t , and I t h i n k i t might be done. I mean i t i s r a t h e r open-ended, what y o u s t u d y , b u t i t does n o t go any f a r t h e r n o r t h t h a n M S t r e e t , t h e s u g g e s t i o n t h a t t h e a r e a be s t u d i e d . COUNCILWOMAN SHACKLETON: B u t inasmuch as no one �24 has r e a l l y come up a d e f i n i t i v e p l a n t u n n e l h a s been g r e a t o b j e c t i o n people. — I know t h e K S t r e e t t c i t on t h e p a r t o f b u s i n e s s Would you agree then i n f a c t i t might be u s e f u l t o go along w i t h t h i s r o u t i n e month s t u d y r e q u e s t f o r t h e s t u d y ? MRS. ROWS: I would. I would l i m i t i t , r u l e out the o l d c o r r i d o r t o s t a r t w i t h r a t h e r than l e a v i n g i t open t o any p l a c e n o r t h o f P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue. COUNCILWOMAN SHACKLETON: You mean you would s t a y o f f the North Leg? MRS. ROWE: No, I would e l i m i n a t e s o n a l f e e l i n g o f mine. I would e l i m i n a t e t h i s i s a per- the o l d F l o r i d a Avenue,U S t r e e t -- w e l l , P S t r e e t , M S t r e e t north. The s t u d y h e r e i s M S t r e e t south r a t h e r t h a n -- I would e l i m i n a t e . This i s my own p e r s o n a l v i e w . COUNCILWOMAN SHACKLETON: COUNCILMAN MOORE: Councilman Anderson? COUNCILMAN ANDERSON: COUNCILMAN MOORE: Thanks. No questions. Councilman Haywood? COUNCILWOMAN HAYWOOD: Thank y o u , Mr. Chairman. Mrs. Rowe, I would l i k e t o add my welcome t o y o u , and s a y too t h a t I am v e r y happy t o s e e y o u h e r e . The q u e s t i o n I want t o a s k y o u i s one w h i c h y o u may not have an answer t o . to ask i t . t h a t i t must I t h i n k maybe nobody does, b u t I have I t ' s , I t h i n k , easy t o s a y t o t h e C i t y Council v o t e I t s c o n s c i e n c e , b u t do you have any a d v i c e �25 t o t h e C i t y C o u n c i l as how i t should go about making t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n which you suggest and what t h e l e g a l ramifications would be i f t h e Congress d i d n e t a c c e p t t h a t ? MRS. ROWE: I am a f r a i d I don't have an answer. I do t h i n k you a r e t h e n e a r e s t t h i n g we have i n t i l l s n o n - v o t i n g community t o t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e l e g i s l a t i v e body. And I do t h i n k t h a t i f you t a k e t h e f e e l o f t h e community, you know p r e t t y w e l l what i t i s and I t h i n k you vote what you t h i n k t h e community w a n t s . COUNCILWOMAN HAYWOOD: W e l l , I t h i n k Congress knows that too. MRS. ROWE: And u s i n g your own judgment, b u t I have n o t h i n g f u r t h e r t o add. COUNCILWOMAN HAYWOOD: COUNCILMAN MOORE: Thank y o u . Councilman Robinson? COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Mrs. Rowe, I s n ' t i t t r u e t h a t ' the recommended f r e e w a y p a r k i n g network p l a n o f December 1963, would d i s l o c a t e l e s s p e o p l e , b u s i n e s s e s and houses than t h e recommended Highway T r a f f i c P l a n now? MRS. ROWE: Oh, y e s , B r . Robinson. COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: COUNCILMAN MOORE: had v e r y f i n e t e s t i m o n y . MRS. ROWE: you v e r y much. Thank you. Thank you, Mrs. Rowe. We a p p r e c i a t e You have it. I t ' s been a p l e a s u r e t o be h e r e . Thank �26 (Applause.) COUNCILMAN MOORE: A d v i s o r y Board. Mr. Mr. John C r o c k e r , D. C. R e l o c a t i o n C r o c k e r , we a r e v e r y p l e a s e d to welcome you t o t e s t i f y here t o n i g h t . TESTIMONY OF JOHN CROCKER D. C. RELOCATION ADVISORY COMMITTEE MR. CROCKER: Thank you v e r y much, Reverend Moore. • . Mr. Chairman, C o u n c i l Members, l a d i e s and gentlemen. My name i s .John C r o c k e r , and I am a D. C. employee i n the Mayor's Housing Program O f f i c e . My purpose i s t o cuss the r e l o c a t i o n p r o c e s s f o r persons d i s l o c a t e d by govern- mental a c t i o n . The r e a s o n I was asked t o make t h i s dis- statement i s t h a t I am Chairman of the D. C. R e l o c a t i o n A d v i s o r y Committee which i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r c o o r d i n a t i n g and s c h e d u l i n g r e l o c a t i o n f o r a l l p u b l i c p r o j e c t s i n the D i s t r i c t . The committee has r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s on i t o f a l l d i s p l a c i n g a g e n c i e s o f the District and f e d e r a l Governments, the Redevelopment Land Agency N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Housing A u t h o r i t y , Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a T r a n s i t A u t h o r i t y and the G e n e r a l S e r v i c e s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . I n o r d e r t h a t the r e l o c a t i o n p r o c e s s can f u n c t i o n i n an o r d e r l y manner i t i s n e c e s s a r y to schedule acquisition. S c h e d u l i n g must t a k e i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n t h a t r e l o c a t i o n housing i s not the o n l y l i m i t e d r e s o u r c e i n t h e p r o c e s s . Review and �27 adjustment of p r i o r i t i e s i s a c o n t i n u i n g p r o c e s s a t the monthly r e l o c a t i o n a d v i s o r y committee m e e t i n g s , the o b j e c t i v e being to keep the r e l o c a t i o n load f l o w i n g smoothly and s e t by p a r t i c i p a t i n g departments and do not deadlines These deadlines agencies. always conform to the a g e n c i e s ' i n the c o n t e x t t o meet hopes, but are accepted of a r e l i a b l e c i t y - w i d e r e l o c a t i o n program w i t h a l l agencies cooperating. Because o f v a r i o u s l e g i s l a t i v e p r o v i s i o n s , both l o c a l and f e d e r a l , the C e n t r a l R e l o c a t i o n O f f i c e operates s i x r e l o c a t i o n s e r v i c e s which d i f f e r i n b e n e f i t s and assistance,. Under l e g i s l a t i o n p a s s e d i n 1968, t y p e s of Relocation s e r v i c e s and b e n e f i t s o f f e r e d t o those d i s p l a c e d by i n t e r s t a t e highway p r o j e c t s a r e e x c e l l e n t and i n the Urban Renewal Program. approximate those o f f e r e d Persons d i s p l a c e d by p u b l i c works p r o j e c t s a r e o f f e r e d much l e s s . may other This ixtequality be r e c t i f i e d by passage of the Muskie B i l l , or passage of l e g i s l a t i o n which the D i s t r i c t has s u b m i t t e d to the Bureau of the Budget. I am not p r e p a r e d to d i s c u s s the r e l o c a t i o n by number; of f a m i l i e s and persons t h a t may freeways. I f you r e c a l l Mr. be d i s l o c a t e d by the proposed A i r i s ' s t a t e m e n t , a minor change i n alignment reduced the f a m i l y and significantly. are e s t i m a t e d industrial relocation I n a d d i t i o n , a t -.-.his p o i n t , r e l o c a t i o n needs from i n f o r m a t i o n from the A s s e s s o r s Office, census d a t a , c i t y d i r e c t o r i e s , p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s and other �28 b a s i c s o u r c e s o£ information. Actual contact w i t h f a m i l i e s and I n d i v i d u a l s t o a s c e r t a i n f a m i l y s i z e and c o m p o s i t i o n , economic s t a t u s and p r e f e r e n c e f o r g e o g r a p h i c a l l o c a t i o n i s not made u n t i l owners and occupants have been n o t i f i e d by m a i l t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t i s considering p u r c h a s i n g t h e p r o p e r t y and t h a t the]' may expect a p p r a i s e r s and o t h e r o f f i c i a l s t o conduct s t u d i e s o f t h e property. The i n f o r m a t i o n t u r n e d up a t t h i s time I s t h e f i r s t " h a r d " d a t a we have on a p r o j e c t r e g a r d i n g r e l o c a t i o n . However, the c o r r e l a t i o n o f t h e f i e l d f i n d i n g s and p r e l i m i n a r y estimates i s good. I n r e g a r d t o t h e r e l o c a t i o n o f persons from t h e f r e e w a y p r o j e c t s , I am c o n f i d e n t reasonable deadlines. t h a t t h i s can be clone g i v e n I e x p e c t t h a t r e l o c a t i o n o f the sub- s t a n t i a l i n d u s t r i a l and commercial f a c i l i t i e s along the North C e n t r a l Freeway w i l l be a much g r e a t e r problem and time consumer than t h e r e l o c a t i o n o f f a m i l i e s and i n d i v i d u a l s . I t has been t h e D i s t r i c t Government's p o l i c y f o r s e v e r a l years not t o e v i c t f a m i l i e s or i n d i v i d u a l s unless d e c e n t , s a f e and s a n i t a r y h o u s i n g a t p r i c e s which they can a f f o r d and i n l o c a t i o n s c o n v e n i e n t t o t h e i r work have been offered. U s u a l l y , more t h a n one l o c a t i o n and n o r m a l l y a t l e a s t f o u r have been o f f e r e d . The s u c c e s s c f t h i s p o l i c y i s i n d i c a t e d by t h e f a c t t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t has not had t o c a r r y the e v i c t i o n p r o c e s s c l e a r through i n more t h a n t h r e e years. �29 I t h a s , however, been n e c e s s a r y t o r e s o r t t o temporary r e l o c a t i o n f o r both f a m i l i e s and i n d i v i d u a l s from time t o t i m e . N e i t h e r f a m i l i e s or i n d i v i d u a l s s u f f e r e d monetary temporary l o s s from relocation. The p r e s e n t annual r e l o c a t i o n l o a d , e x c l u d i n g b u s i - n e s s e s , i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1,000 f a m i l i e s and i n d i v i d u a l s . I t i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t 1,500 can be handled s u c c e s s f u l l y . . I thank you f o r t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o t e s t i f y and w i l l attempt t o answer any q u e s t i o n s you may have. COUNCILMAN MOORE: testimony. Thank you, Mr. C r o c k e r , f o r y o u r I would l i k e t o a s k you i f you would s a y j u s t a word about what s e r v i c e s and b e n e f i t s a r e o f f e r e d t o d i s p l a c e d persons along the I n t e r s t a t e Highway P r o j e c t s . MR. CROCKER: W e l l , we get what we c a l l relocation s e r v i c e s which means r e f e r r a l of u n i t s t o them, even t o t h e e x t e n t o f l o a d i n g them up i n a stationwagon and t a k i n g them out and showing them u n i t s . VOICE: You can look a t t h e c l a s s i f i e d MR. CROCKER: section. They get r e l o c a t i o n payments. That i s the c o s t o f t h e i r move, and I n t h e Highway Program, t h e y have a s p e c i a l f e a t u r e which i s c a l l e d t h e d i s l o c a t i o n a l l o w a n c e . T h a t i s $100 t h a t i s g i v e n t o them a t t h e time they move. You know, t h e y need new c u r t a i n s and o t h e r t h i n g s , and t h a t i s t h e o n l y program t h a t has t h i s feature. There i s t h e h o u s i n g replacement payment which means �30 t h a t under c e r t a i n c i r c u m s t a n c e s , the Government may pay up to $5,000 more t h a n the f a i r market v a l u e c f the p r o p e r t y i f i t i s necessary ment h o u s i n g . t o have t h a t a d d i t i o n a l money to get r e p l a c e T h a t one f e a t u r e I s a.lso s h a r e d i n the Urban Renewal Program. Then a l s o t h e r e i s a f e a t u r e where r e n t e r s can have t h e i r r e n t supplemented where t h e i r r e n t i s going t o be more t h a n 25 p e r c e n t o f t h e i r g r o s s Income. F o r a p e r i o d o f two y e a r s , the r e n t can be supplemented by the Government. VOICE: Ash him how many u n i t s have boon under t h a t program, ask him how many u n i t s . COUNCILMAN MOORE: Now, • down a t the bottom c f page 3 c f your t e s t i m o n y , t h e r e i s something t h a t looks l i k e a littl f o r m u l a on which an i n d i v i d u a l might get h i s pay; f o r i n s t a n c e , information from the A s s e s s o r s O f f i c e , census d a t a , city d i r e c t o r i e s , p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s and o t h e r b a s i c s o u r c e s o f i n f o r mation. Nov a f t e r you have gone over t h i s d a t a , how does i t r e l a t e t o the c o s t of l i v i n g ? MR. CROCKER: You have got me, Reverend Moore. don't have an answer f o r t h a t one. I . T h i s i s t o determine t h e number o f d w e l l i n g u n i t s , the approximate s i z e o f the d w e l l i n g u n i t s and the l e v e l of income g e n e r a l l y of the p e o p l e . I t i s n ' t t o go nose by nose, but t o come up w i t h a broad estimate. Then l a t e r on, when you get t o v i s i t i n g the p e o p l e , �31 and a c t u a l l y g e t t i n g t h e i n f o r m a t i o n from i n d i v i d u a l s , then y c u ccme up w i t h t h e i n d i v i d u a l f a m i l y d a t a . t i m e , y o u had a c r o s s * s e c t i o n COUNCILMAN MOORE: P r i o r to that data. I t i s r a t h e r p o s s i b l e then t h a t some o f t h e s e f a m i l i e s c o u l d s u s t a i n r a t h e r s u b s t a n t i a l l o s s e s , would t h a t be t r u e ? MR, CROCKER: A r e you r e f e r r i n g t o t e n a n t s o r owner- occupants? COUNCILMAN MOORE: Makes no d i f f e r e n c e whether i t ' s a t e n a n t o r a home owner; i f you took a c r o s s o f home a v e r a g e s , as y o u i n d i c a t e d h e r e on a l i n e , t h a t w i t h the c o s t o f l i v i n g as i t runs on the i n d e x r i g h t now, I am a s k i n g you wouldn't i t be p o s s i b l e t h a t a person would s u s t a i n an economic l o s s ? MR. CROCKER: I would s u s p e c t t h a t i t would be, y e s . COUNCILMAN MOORE: T h i s i s what I was a s k i n g you. Nov/ you have been i n t h i s b u s i n e s s of relocating people from o t h e r a r e a s , I t a k e i t ? MR. CROCKER: Yes, s i r . COUNCILMAN MOORE: Would y o u c a r e t o i n d i c a t e some of y o u r e x p e r i e n c e i n r e g a r d s t o t h e s a t i s f a c t i o n o f I n d i v i d u a l s who haVe passed through t h i s r e l o c a t i o n problem? MR. CROCKER: There was a r e p o r t p u b l i s h e d a few y e a r s ago by a P r o f e s s o r a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Maryland c a l l e d , "Where A r e They Now?", which i s a s t u d y t e n y e a r s l a t e r o f a group o f f a m i l i e s t h a t had been moved from southwest �32 VOICE: T e l l us about the r e s t o f t h e people from t h e southwest? COUNCILMAN MOORE: be r e a s o n a b l e . J u s t a minute. Now t h e C h a i r w i l l He a l s o e x p e c t s t h e audience t o be r e a s o n a b l e , and I t h i n k we can work t o g e t h e r on a r e a s o n a b l e and understand Ing basis. VOICE: He answers l i k e i d i o t s ; he's g i v i n g us a bunch c f b u l l . COUNCILMAN MOORE: May 1 i n d i c a t e h e r e , I would r e g r e t v e r y much h a v i n g t o a s k t h e Sergeant-at-Arms o r d e r t o t h e Chamber. to restore T h i s i s r e a l l y t h e l a s t measure t h a t t h e c h a i r xvould l i k e t o u s e , and i f t h e C h a i r i s f o r c e d t o do, he will. Don't m i s t a k e my s o f t v o i c e f o r weakness. Now, w i l l t h e w i t n e s s MR. CROCKER: proceed. The c o n c l u s i o n s o f t h a t study were g e n e r a l l y t h a t t h e people were l i v i n g I n b e t t e r housing they had been l i v i n g I n i n southwest. than That, generally, t h e i r income was somewhat h i g h e r , b u t they had n o t E i a d e f r i e n d s i n the neighborhood, and they f e l t r e g r e t a t h a v i n g been s e p a r a t e d from t h e i r neighborhood a s s o c i a t i o n s t h a t t h e y had had i n southwest. COUNCILMAN MOORE: mation. Thank you v e r y much f o r t h e i n f o r - V i c e Chairman T u c k e r ? COUNCILMAN TUCKER: Mr, C r o c k e r , do y o u t h i n k t h e r e i s a housing s h o r t a g e i n Washington? �33 MR. CROCKER: The C o u n c i l reported t h a t t h e r e was a housing c r i s i s i n Washington, Mr. T u c k e r . VOICE: Yeah, b u t he asked you, MR. CROCKER: he asked you. I t i s hard to reconcile s e v e r a l thousand i n d i v i d u a l neighborhood u n i t s i n t h e c i t y w i t h the h o u s i n g s h o r t a g e , but I do b e l i e v e t h a t we have a housing s h o r t a g e , p r o b a b l y due somewhat t o t h e v a c a n t and v a n d a l i z e d units. COUNCILMAN TUCKER: What l e v e l o f income groups gener a l l y g e t d i s l o c a t e d i n p u b l i c programs and p u b l i c w o r k s , Mr. Crocker? MR. CROCKER: wouldn't be w i l l i n g That i s a g e n e r a l i z a t i o n t h a t I t o t r y t o make because we b u i l d s c h o o l s i n a l l s e c t o r s o f the c i t y , and you b u i l d f i r e s t a t i o n s and p o l i c e s t a t i o n s and so on i n a l l s e c t i o n s o f t h e c i t y . COUNCILMAN TUCKER: make a g e n e r a l i z a t i o n . MR. CROCKER: W e l l , I made a q u e s t i o n ; The q u e s t i o n I asked you was I didn't specific. W e l l , I s a i d I d i d n ' t want t o make a generalization. COUNCILMAN TUCKER: I f there i s a housing shortage i n what income group i s i t , g e n e r a l l y , Mr. C r o c k e r , would you say? MR. CROCKER: I would s a y I n t h e low and low moderate income group. COUNCILMAN TUCKER: Would y o u s a y t h e r e i s more �35 d i s l o c a t i o n i n low and moderate income i n road programs than i n incomes o f middle and upper income groups? MR. CROCKER: Y e s . COUNCILMAN TUCKER: Those a r e t h e h i n d o f people t h e n , t h e income groups, t h a t you would have t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r p r i m a r i l y under t h e f r e e w a y program f o r r e l o c a t i n g , i s t h a t correct? MR. CROCKER: That's correct. COUNCILMAN TUCKER: You spoke o f r e n t supplements. How l a r g e i s t h e r e n t supplement program i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia? MR. CROCKER: by t h e There a r e s e v e r a l o f them. One operate- oh, you mean., under? COUNCILMAN TUCKER: How much money i s a v a i l a b l e h e r e , l i k e i n 1969 f o r t h e r e n t supplement program i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia? MR. CROCKER: j e c t cost i n a l l cases. The r e n t supplement comes out o f p r o ! I t i s n t a budgeted i t e m , and y o u c o u l d n ' t I d e n t i f y i t as a budgeted i t e m . COUNCILMAN TUCKER: I don't agree. You know how many d o l l a r s we spend on r e n t , the r e n t supplement program f o r r e n t supplement? MR. CROCKER: W e l l , we h a v e n ' t had any highway r e l o c a t i o n i n s e v e r a l y e a r s , and I am not f a m i l i a r w i t h what the Redevelopment Land Agency has done i n t h e Shaw a r e a which �36 i s t h e o n l y a r e a i n which t h e r e would be any r e n t supplement because t h a t was s t a r t e d a f t e r t h e new lav; came through. COUNCILMAN TUCKER: Then y c u a r e not r e a l l y q u a l i f i e d to t e s t i f y on t h e adequacy o f r e n t supplements, a r e you, Mr. Crocker? MR. CROCKER: No, I am n o t . COUNCILMAN TUCKER: MR. CROCKER: You d i d t h a t , d i d you n o t ? I t e s t i f i e d as t o t h e amount t h a t was available to a family. COUNCILMAN TUCKER: believe that there Your t e s t i m o n y would l e a d us t o i s a s u b s t a n t i a l program a v a i l a b l e f o r d i s l o c a t i o n , f o r persons d i s l o c a t e d . Now do you b e l i e v e this program i s s u b s t a n t i a l , and i f s o , can y c u g i v e any i n d i c a t i o n as t o t h e s i z e o f t h i s MR. CROCKER: program? F o r the Highway Program, I would t h i n k t h a t t h e o n l y l i m i t a t i o n would be en how many people needed it. COUNCILMAN TUCKER: 'You mean t h e r e i s an u n l i m i t e d s u p p l y o f r e n t supplement and money a v a i l a b l e ? MR. CROCKER: As I u n d e r s t a n d i t , t h e y come o u t o f p r o j e c t c o s t s and i t I s n ' t a budgeted i t e m . COUNCILMAN TUCKER: You mentioned t h a t no one had t o be e v i c t e d i n t h e p a s t t h r e e y e a r s under r e l o c a t i o n . you t e s t i f i e d t o t h a t e f f e c t . MR. CROCKER: Yes, s i r . I believe �37 COUNCILMAN TUCKER: Do you o r a r e y c u aware t h a t many people have been p r a c t i c a l l y b u l l - d o z e d out o f t h e neighborhoods? L e t ~ie g i v e you one e a s e l I n Northwest One where t h e y have been t r y i n g t o encourage -- t h i s i s a couple o f y e a r s ago, under t h e p r e s e n t l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e Redevelopment Land Agency, t h e y were t r y i n g t o encourage people t o move on t h e i r own because o f t h e normal problems o f r e l o c a t i o n , and t h e r e a r e problems o f r e l o c a t i o n . easy Aren't there? I t ' s n o t an j o b , I s i t , Mr. C r o c k e r ? MR. CROCKER: I agree it's n o t an easy j o b . COUNCILMAN TUCKER: And they encourage people as much as p o s s i b l e t o move on t h e i r own, don't t h e y ? MR. CROCKER: Yes, s i r . COUNCILMAN TUCKER: them up i n oxclsx And sometimes they t r y t o speed t o m a i n t a i n t i m e l i n e s s , don't t h e y ? MR. CROCKER: Yes, s i r . COUNCILMAN TUCKER: And so everyone who needs h e l p doesn't g e t h e l p , i s n ' t t h a t t r u e , Mr. C r o c k e r ? MR. CROCKER: Exactly; i t ' s true. COUNCILMAN TUCKER: So t h e r e i s a r e a l problem i n relocation, i s n ' t there? MR. CROCKER: Yes, definitely. COUNCILMAN TUCKER: And i t imposes h a r d s h i p s beyond the supports t h a t a r e p r o v i d e d by l a w , i s n ' t t h a t t r u e ? �38 MR. CROCKER: I agree. COUNCILMAN TUCKER: And r e l o c a t i o n I s bad and d i f f i - c u l t even what i t i s b e i n g r e p l a c e d when i t ' s b e i n g r e p l a c e d w i t h new h o u s i n g because with reads, i t might even be worse, i s n ' t - t h a t t r u e , Mr. C r o c k e r ? MR. CROCKER: N e l l , t o me, anybody t h a t i s d i s l o c a t e d by governmental a c t i o n has t h e same problems t o f a c e . COUNCILMAN TUCKER: COUNCILMAN HAHN: COUNCILMAN MOORE: I have no f u r t h e r No questions. questions. Councilman S h a c k l e t o n ? COUNCILWOMAN SHACKLETON: Mr. C r o c k e r , I know i n t h i s q u e s t i o n o f housing t h a t y c u have t h e same f e e l i n g s o f sympathy t h a t we do h e r e , and t h a t I t h i n k t h a t a s you have e x p r e s s e d , you have more o r l e s s s t a t e d t h a t l e f t t o your own r e s o u r c e s , you would l i k e But, t o s e e t h e s e people moved o u t . I am t a l k i n g now about y o u s a y t h a t you t h i n k t h a t t h e h o u s i n g can be done i n r e a s o n a b l e d e a d l i n e s , but you s a y t h a t you e x p e c t t h e r e l o c a t i o n o f s u b s t a n t i a l i n d u s t r i a l -. ' and commercial f a c i l i t i e s a l o n g t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway w i l l be a much g r e a t e r problem. Do y o u s e e any f u t u r e t o t h a t ? What i s t h e c o r r e c t i o n t h a t c o u l d be done? housing I s d i f f i c u l t Granted, f i n d i n g enough, b u t what i s t h e f u t u r e f o r s m a l l b u s i n e s s e s and i n d u s t r i a l o p e r a t i o n s along t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway? Do y o u s e e any? MR. CROCKER: I n my o p i n i o n , I haven't c o n t a c t e d �39 them. T h i s i s p u r e l y a p e r s o n a l o p i n i o n i s t h a t most o f them w i l l p r o b a b l y more c u t t o t h e B e l t w a y e x c e p t one l a r g e f i r m , I know, wants t c move t o c e n t r a l Ohio. (Laughter.) COUNCILWOMAN SHACKLETON: So t h e D i s t r i c t would t h e n s u f f e r through l o s s c f employment o p p o r t u n i t i e s w h i c h we v e r y much need i n t h i s MR. CROCKER: city? And b u s i n e s s t a x a t i o n . COUNCILWOMAN SHACKLETON: And i n t a x e s and so f o r t h , so t h a t a l l t h i s j a z z about t h e highways b e i n g good f o r t h e b u s i n e s s h e a l t h o f t h e c i t y , t h e r e may be some c o u n t e r b a l a n c e about t h e l o s s e s o f e x i s t i n g b u s i n e s s e s t h a t a r e i n v o l v e d t h a t would move o u t . MR. CROCKER: tax Y e s , i t would c e r t a i n l y erode t h e b a s e ; t h e r e ' s no q u e s t i o n about t h a t . COUNCILWOMAN SHACKLETON: COUNCILMAN MOORE: Thank you. Councilman Anderson? COUNCILMAN ANDERSON: Mr. C r o c k e r , I know t h a t y o u have been a t t h i s r e l o c a t i o n b u s i n e s s f o r a good b i t o f time and you have got a l o t o f e x p e r i e n c e i n i t . And I would l i k e t o know, under y o u r r e l o c a t i o n p l a n , i f a couple o r an i n d i v i d u a l had a mortgage w h i c h -was f o u r and a h a l f o r f i v e p e r c e n t mortgage, and then he was r e l o c a t e d , he would be f a c e d w i t h a seven and a h a l f o r e i g h t p e r c e n t mortgage o r b e t t e r . Would pay t h e d i f f e r e n c e ? Who �40 MR. CROCKER: The i n d i v i d u a l would, u n f o r t u n a t e l y . 1 w i s h we had a b e t t e r s o l u t i o n t h a n t h a t . Now under the Highway A c t , I b e l i e v e t h a t you c o u l d g i v e t h e a:an some a d d i tive. or I n e t h e r words, reduce h i s mortgage by g i v i n g him some a l l o f t h e $5,000 more than f a i r market v a l u e . words, reduce t h e amount o f mortgage. I n other Whether t h i s would make up f o r t h e t o t a l amount o f I n t e r e s t , I don*t know. I t would depend on each i n d i v i d u a l c a s e . COUNCILMAN ANDERSON: W e i l , you s a i d i t v/ould make up '-- w e l l , what would be t h e d i f f e r e n c e on a mortgage, s a y , of $14-$15,000 home a t 4-1/2 p e r c e n t and 5 p e r c e n t and 8? MR. CROCKER: I'm not a m a t h e m a t i c a l w i z a r d ; I c o u l d n ' t t e l l you t h a t o f f - h a n d . COUNCILMAN ANDERSON: MR. CROCKER: A p p r o x i m a t e l y , maybe? I c o u l d n ' t t e l l you. I don't know. I wouldn't want t o g u e s s . COUNCILMAN ANDERSON: Have you been doing any r e l o c a - t i o n l a t e l y where people had t o change mortgages o v e r ? MR. the CROCKER: No, nobody has been r e l o c a t e d s i n c e 1969 Highway A c t I n t h e Highway Program because t h e r e h a s n ' t been any l a n d p u r c h a s e s . experience. So we h a v e n ' t had any I have been t o some meethings w i t h people from o t h e r s t a t e s , ana they t e l l me w i t h t h e $5,000 a d d i t i v e what happens i s , t h e market v a l u e o f houses a l l go . u p - a u t o m a t i c a l l y $5,000 and everybody g e t s t h e $5,000 a d d i t i v e . �41 COUNCILMAN ANDERSON: COUNCILMAN MOORE: Kg f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n s . Councilman Haywood? COUNCILWOMAN HAYWOOD: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Mr. C r o c k e r , how long have y o u had t h e p r o v i s i o n whereby t h i s $5,000 o v e r and above t h e f a i r market v a l u e has been a v a i l a b l e ? MR. CROCKER: I t was i n the F e d e r a l A i d Highway A c t o f 1968, and i n t h e N a t i o n a l Housing L e g i s l a t i o n t h a t was passed t h e seme y e a r . COUNCILWOMAN HAYWOOD: necessity And i f t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e : f o r assuming a mortgage a t a h i g h e r r a t e o f I n t e r e s t p r a c t i c a l l y double were t o a r i s e , and a p a r t c f t h i s up t o $5,000 were g i v e n a s a p o s s i b l e not dealing with the possible MR. CROCKER: answer t o t h a t , we a r e s t i l l equity i n t h e s i t u a t i o n , a r e we? That i s c o r r e c t . I think there a r e d e f i n i t e d e f i c i e n c i e s i n much o f o u r r e l o c a t i o n l e g i s l a t i o n ; some have been c o r r e c t e d , definite deficiencies. but there a r e s t i l l a number o f And t h e Muskie B i l l w h i c h I mentioned, t h a t i s S I i n the S e n a t e , h o p e f u l l y i s going t o c o r r e c t some of t h e s e d e f i c i e n c i e s . COUNCILWOMAN HAYWOOD: Now moving t o another point, a t t h e bottom o f page 3 and t h e top o f page 4 o f y o u r t e s t i m o n y you a r e d i s c u s s i n g the f a c t that actual contact with families and b u s i n e s s o f g e t t i n g down t c s p e c i f i c s on f a m i l y s i z e and composition and economic s t a t u s and p r e f e r e n c e f o r g e o g r a p h i c a l �42 l o c a t i o n a r e not gone i n t o u n t i l such time as the District n o t i f i e d the occupant by m a i l t h a t the purchase o f the I s p r o s p e c t i v e j , and t h a t the homeowner can expect and property appraisers so, What k i n d o f time f a c t o r I s i n v o l v e d here i n terms of when a f a m i l y f i r s t knows t h a t the t a k i n g o f the home i s i n prospects and when t h a t a c t u a l l y MR. CROCKER: ; occurs? W e l l , from the p o i n t o f t h a t letter t h a t I mentioned u n t i l a c t u a l o f f e r s a i i made f o r the home•or the s t r u c t u r e would run about s i x o r seven months, and then the homeowner has o r the owner o f a s t r u c t u r e has 30 days t o make up h i s mind, whether he wants t o n e g f ^ i a t e o r t o go t o condemnation. And t h e n , the n e g o t i a t i o n ^ \ ; o u I d probably take another month. I f I t goes t o condemnation, then the condemnation s u i t has t o be p r e p a r e d which t a k e s about s i x months b e f o r e t h a t that i s f i l e d . COUNC1LWOMAN HAYWOOD: I n o t h e r words, from the time i t i s f i l e d u n t i l t h e r e i s a h e a r i n g , you mean i t t a k e s about s i x months? MR. CROCKER: No, i t t a k e s about s i x months f o r o u r r e a l e s t a t e people t o p r e p a r e a s u i t f o r f i l i n g , and then you know we "wait q u i t e a w h i l e b e f o r e wo have a j u r y due and s o on. When you go down the condemnation r o u t e , i t i s c o n s i d e r - a b l y l o n g e r than I f i t was s t r a i g h t n e g o t i a t i o n s . �COUNCILWOMAN HAYWOOD: COUNCILMAN MOORE: Thank you. Councilman Robinson? COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Mr, C r o c k e r , how l o n g h a s t h e D. C. R e l o c a t i o n A d v i s o r y Committee -been i n b u s i n e s s ? THE CROCKER: I t h i n k we were s e t up i n 1955, i f I remember c o r r e c t l y , Mr. Robinson. COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Mr. C r o c k e r , what about t h e f a m i l i e s t h a t have been d i s p l a c e d i n t h e i n t e r - c i t y North C a p i t a l , L and M? MR. CROCKER: above Have t h e y r e c e i v e d s u f f i c i e n t h o u s i n g T h a t have been d i s p l a c e d by urban renewal? COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Y e s . W e l l , some o f i t i s supposed t o be f o r I n d u s t r i a l -- t h e a r e a down n e a r A l e x a n d e r High S c h o o l , t h a t a r e a t h e r e . You see both those a r e a s , t h e houses boarded up, some o f them h a v e n ' t been t o r n down, b u t t h e r e ' s about one p e r s o n l i v i n g on a b l o c k . Have t h o s e people been r e l o c a t e d ? MR. CROCKER: Street .'That i s i n t h e l o w e r - - i n t h e 1 4 t h area? COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: No, no. North C a p i t a l , L and M. COUNCILWOMAN SHACKLETON: MR. CROCKER: Northwest One. Oh, t h a t ' s i n Northwest One. Those people have a p r i o r i t y t o r e t u r n t o t h e h o u s i n g t h a t i s b e i n g b u i l t i n Northwest One. Many o f them have r e t u r n e d t o t h e �44 h o u s i n g t h a t was -- w e l l , t h e f i r s t p r o j e c t t h a t i s b e i n g completed and I t i s now b e i n g o c c u p i e d i n t h a t c o r r i d o r . COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: S i b l e y P l a z a was f i r s t , wasn't it? MR. CROCKER: S i b l e y P l a z a was a p u b l i c housing f i r s t and then S e s s i o n C o r r i d o r was t h e second, and t h e r e a r e t h r e e more p l a n n e d . And t h e h o u s i n g i n t h a t a r e a i s one p r o j e c t ; p u b l i c h o u s i n g and t h e r e s t o f i t i s moderate income h o u s i n g t h a t i s f i n a n c e d through FHA. COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Where a r e t h e o t h e r people ' . t h a t haven't been r e l o c a t e d ? • MR. CROCKER: Some o f them a r e s t i l l i n the a r e a , some o f them have moved o u t s i d e c f t h e a r e a , b u t they have a p r i o r i t y to r e t u r n t o the a r e a i f they w i s h . COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Now i s I t not t r u e t h a t t h e people xs'ho d i s l o c a t e d from southwest were moved i n the f a m i l i e s ? were they I know out a t B r o c k t o n where t h e r e were s i n g l e - f a m i l y houses, t h e s e people through no f a u l t o f t h e i r own had to move i n w i t h t h e i r r e l a t i v e s , f r i e n d s making 12 t o 15 people i n a home, and c a u s i n g o v e r c r o w d i n g , and I u n d e r s t a n d t h a t t h e Bureau o f I n s p e c t i o n s has been v e r y l e n i e n t w i t h t h e houses they a r e s e e i n g because i f t h e y d i d b e a r down, t h e s e people would be d i s p o s s e s s e d . The So what has happened t h e r e ? same t h i n g has happened t o t h e s e people when t h e highway d i s p l a c e s them. You s a i d t h a t most o f t h e s e people i n �45 southwest have decent homes. I know t h a t n o t t o be a f a c t , sin. MR. CROCKER: The o n l y i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t I have i s t h a t p u b l i c a t i o n t h a t I mentioned, Mr. Robinson, and I don't have any o t h e r . COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: W e l l , I happen t o l i v e i n t h e B r o o k l a n d a r e a , and I have t o pass through e v e r y day. been out t h e r e 17 y e a r s . I have When I f i r s t l i v e d t h e r e , t h e r e were i n d i v i d u a l w e l l - k e p t houses. (Applause.) And t h e s e people through no f a u l t o f t h e i r own, they c o u l d n ' t f i n d decent h o u s i n g . They had t o move i n , t h e y c o u l d n ' t s t a y i n t h e s t r e e t and houses went down c r e a t i n g s i m i l a r slums. See what I'm g e t t i n g a t ? I know t h a t you have a j o b t o do, s i r , as w e l l as t h e C i t y C o u n c i l , b u t I want t o know what i s b e i n g done f o r t h e s e people who a r e b e i n g r e l o c a t e d . Are you going t o b u l l d o z e t h e North C e n t r a l A r e you going t o t a k e a hundred Freeway? and something f a m i l i e s ? I f i t i s p a s s e d , where a r e t h e s e people going, I mean decent h o u s i n g comparable t o what t h e y a r e a l r e a d y i n ? MR. CROCKER: W e l l , we a r e i n b e t t e r shape f o r h o u s i n g , f o r new h o u s i n g than ire xfere a t t h e time i n southwest because a t t h a t time t h e r e were no programs such a s t h e 2 2 1 ( d ) ( 3 ) and t h e 233 and t h e 236 and t h e o t h e r programs t h a t we have now where h o u s i n g c a n be b u i l t w i t h v e r y good �46 f i n a n c i n g o r t o r e n t a t much more r e a s o n a b l e COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: COUNCILMAN MOORE: rents. Thank you, s i r . Thank you v e r y much, Mr. C r o c k e r . Your t e s t i m o n y has been v e r y h e l p f u l . MR. CROCKER: Thank you. COUNCILMAN MOORE: Dr. D a n i e l F i s h e r . we a r o v e r y p l e a s e d t o have you here Dr. F i s h e r , today. TESTIMONY CF DR. DANIEL B. FISHER Av.. CITIZENA • DR. FISHER: . Thank y o u , Chairman Moore, Chairman Hahn and Members o f t h e D. C. C o u n c i l . Thank you f o r t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o appear b e f o r e you tonight. I am D a n i e l 3. F i s h e r . I r e c e i v e d my Ph.D. i n c a n c e r r e s e a r c h a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y , o f W i s c o n s i n and am p r e s e n t l y engaged I n b i o c h e m i c a l r e s e a r c h a t t h e N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e o f Mental H e a l t h . I am a member o f t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington C o a l i t i o n f o r Clean A i r . A i r p o l l u t i o n i s new r e c o g n i z e d as a major h e a l t h hazard i n c u r c i t i e s . Our 100 m i l l i o n motor v e h i c l e s pour o u t 86 m i l l i o n tons o f a i r p o l l u t i o n a y e a r . percent of the t o t a l a i r p o l l u t a n t s . Washington, D. C , t h i s percentage T h i s represents 61 See t h i s on T a b l e 1 . I n i s even h i g h e r because t h e c a r d e n s i t y o f 5,000 c a r s p e r square m i l e i s t h e c o u n t r y ' s h i g h e s t and because t h e r e i s l i t t l e i n d u s t r y . The Highway �47 Department, on page 24 of i t s Recommendations f o r a Freeway i n the Northern S e c t o r leads us t o b e l i e v e t h i s i s not the c a s e : P o l l u t i o n s comes from a v a r i e t y o f s o u r c e s . chimneys o f h o u s e s , apartments and o f f i c e b u i l d i n g s . garbage dumps, arid sewage d i s p o s a l p l a n t s . From From And so f o r t h -- i n c l u d i n g from motor v e h i c l e s w i t h I n t e r n a l combusion e n g i n e s . On page 5 3 s o f the same pamphlet, however, they s t a t e , " I n t h e Washington a r e a , the U. S. P u b l i c H e a l t h has estimated Service t h a t t h r e e - f o u r t h s o f the t o t a l a i r p o l l u t a n t s i come from motor v e h i c l e s . " Thus, t h e Highway Department r e v e r s e s i t s e l f and admits t h e primacy o f the motor v e h i c l e s i n producing a i r pollutants. I will demonstrate t h a t i n D. C., the l e v e l s o f two major p o l l u t a n t s produced by motor v e h i c l e s , carbon monoxide and n i t r o g e n o x i d e s , have a l r e a d y exceeded the l e v e l s a t which a d v e r s e h e a l t h e f f e c t s have been observed. I n o r d e r t o p r o t e c t I.timan h e a l t h , t h e motor v e h i c l e d e n s i t y must be d e c r e a s e d i n D. C. T h i s i s the i n t e n t i o n of the F e d e r a l Government as s t a t e d i n t h e A i r Q u a l i t y A c t o f 1967: " t o p r o t e c t and enhance t h e q u a l i t y o f the n a t i o n ' s a i r resources so as t o promote t h e p u b l i c h e a l t h and w e l f a r e and the p r o d u c t i v e capacity of i t s population." However, t h e D. C. Highway Department has recommended 30 m i l e s o f new f r e e w a y s f o r D. C. Several witnesses p r e d i c t e d t h a t t h e s e new highways w i l l motor v e h i c l e t r a f f i c t o and from have induce i n c r e a s e d f l o w o f D. C. Such an i n c r e a s e d �43 f l o w w i l l i n e v i t a b l y l o a d t o an i n c r e a s e i n a i r p o l l u t i o n beyond t h e a l r e a d y h e a l t h - h a z a r d o u s levels. As I w i l l d i s c u s s l a t e r , e m i s s i o n c o n t r o l s w i l l not h a l t t h i s r i s e . These con- t r o l s w i l l h e l p , but a r e meaningless w i t h o u t a concomitant decrease i n meter v e h i c l e d e n s i t y . I w i l l now b r i e f l y r e v i e w t h e adverse h e a l t h e f f e c t s produced by motor v e h i c u l a r p o l l u t a n t s a t l e v e l s observed i n D. C. The lung i s a p r i m a r y n i t r o g e n oxide and ozone. t a r g e t f o r the a i r p o l l u t a n t s As shown i n T a b l e I I I , s i g n s o f lung damage a r e seen a t t h e b i o c h e m i c a l the f i r s t level. For mice, even a few hours exposure t o 1 p a r t p e r m i l l i o n n i t r o g e n o x i d e s produced e x t e n s i v e damage t o lung l i p i d s and p r o t e i n s . As shown on T a b l e I I , t h i s l e v e l o f n i t r o g e n oxide has been observed i n Washington. More prolonged exposure t o n i t r o g e n , oxides produces damage t o lung c i l i a . These c i l i a a r e v i t a l f o i the removal o f a i r b o r n b a c t e r i a and dust from the l u n g s . Thus, d e s t r u c t i o n o f these c i l i a leads to Increased incidences of pneumonia, I n c r e a s e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f p a r t i c u l a t e p o l l u t a n t s and i n c r e a s e d c o n g e s t i o n . Lung c o n d i t i o n s such a s asthma, b r o n c h i t i s , and emphysema a r e g r e a t l y aggravated tion. by a i r p o l l u - Indeed, emphysema h a s been e x p e r i m e n t a l l y induced i n mice by prolonged exposure t o n i t r o g e n d i o x i d e . The components o f motor v e h i c l e e x h a u s t r e s p o n s i b l e f o r p h o t o c h e m i c a l smog. are p r i m a r i l y N i t r i c oxide when i r r a - d i a t e d -with s u n l i g h t g i v e s r i s e t o n a s c e n t oxygen. This i s a �49 h i g h l y r e a c t i v e form o£ oxygen and. can r e a c t w i t h molecular oxygen t o y i e l d ozone, or w i t h hydrocarbons t o g i v e p o r o x y a c y l h i t r a t e o r PAN: Those photo c h e m i c a l products are powerful o x i d a n t s and cause eye i r r i t a t a t i o n ; crop damage, rubber c r a c k i n g , and l u n g d i s o r d e r s . B e f o r e D. C. b u i l d s more f r e e w a y s , she s h o u l d c a r e f u l l y c o n s i d e r the c a s e of Los A n g e l e s , Los A n g e l e s i s s t r a n g l i n g h e r s e l f i n the smog a r i s i n g from the m i l l i o n s o f freeway-bound m o t o r i s t s . The c o n d i t i o n s have become so s e v e r e i n L. A. t h a t , f o r h e a l t h p r o t e c t i o n , s c h o o l c h i l d r e n a r e not a l l o w e d t o e x e r c i s e o u t - o f - d o o r s on bad smog days. D. C. c o u l d w e l l e x p e r i e n c e t h i s d i f f i c u l t y i f new freeways are constructed. F u r t h e r m o r e , I - make mention, and I w i l l come t o t h i s t h a t L.A. has attempted v a r i o u s I g n i t i o n c o n t r o l d e v i c e s found them t o s i m p l y not be t u r n e d now t o ban adequate. and I n s t e a d , they have t o a much more r a d i c a l means, namely, attempting the i n t e r n a l combustion engine c o m p l e t e l y . They a r e r u n n i n g up a g a i n s t a g r e a t d e a l of r e s i s t a n c e i n t h i s move. Epidemiological s t u d i e s have r e v e a l e d an i n c r e a s e d i n c i d e n c e of lung c a n c e r i n i n d i v i d u a l s l i v i n g i n c i t i e s compared w i t h those l i v i n g i n r u r a l areas. as I t I s l i k e l y that motor v e h i c l e e x h a u s t has c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h i s i n c r e a s e d i n c i dence o f l u n g c a n c e r s i n c e i t has been demonstrated t h a t t a r s from motor v e h i c l e e x h a u s t a r e two c i g a r e t t e smoke. times more c a r c i n o g e n i c than F u r t h e r m o r e , i t has been shown t h a t a known �so carcinogen., benzapyrene, i s produced by c a r s a t a r a t e o f 350 micrograms p e r hour. Only 10 micrograms o f t h i s compound when a p p l i e d t o l u n g t i s s u e w i l l produce lung c a n c e r i n mice. In o t h e r words, l / 3 5 t h o f t h e amount produced by one automobile h one hour i s a l l t h a t i s n e c e s s a r y t o produce the i n c i d e n t s o f lung c a n c e r w i t h a hundred p e r c e n t i n c i d e n t s I n mice. I emphasize t h i s because lung c a n c e r i s , a t t h i s p o i n t , p r i m a r i l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c i g a r e t t e smoking. However, as I mentioned, e p i d e m i l o g i c a l s t u d i e s have shown by the tv/o t o t h r e e f o l d i n c r e a s e i n c i t y d w e l l e r s a t the same smoking l e v e l as compared to r u r a l dive H e r s . Carbon monoxide r e p r e s e n t s 50 p e r c e n t o f a l l a i r p o l l u t i o n ; and as shewn i n T a b l e I , motor v e h i c l e s a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r 93 p e r c e n t o f the carbon monoxide i n our a i r . shown i n T a b l e I I , As^-—' l e v e l s o f carbon monoxide as h i g h as 40 p a r t s p e r m i l l i o n have been o b s e r v e d i n Washington. Indeed, a l e v e l of 15 p a r t s p e r m i l l i o n or g r e a t e r has been r e c o r d e d one p e r c e n t o f t h e t i m e . T h i s l e v e l o f carbon monoxide i s f a r r abo\ e t h e f o u r p a r t s p e r m i l l i o n l e v e l w h i c h i s c o r r e l a t e d w i t h i n c r e a s e d i n c i d e n c e o f headaches, d e c r e a s e d p r o b a b i l i t y o f s u r v i v a l f o r the v i c t i m o f a h e a r t a t t a c k . Ten p a r t s p e r m i l l i o n carbon monoxide i m p a i r s i m p o r t a n t c e n t r a l nervous system f u n c t i o n s such as judgment o f time i n t e r v a l s , , v i s u a l p e r c e p t 1 o n , and a l e r t n e s s . P a r e n t h e t i c a l l y , I might mention the mechanism b e h i n d �51 t h i s i s t h a t carbon monoxide competes a t the s i g h t of hemoglobin, i n the d i v i d i n g of oxygon. Vary small decreases i n the oxygen c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y o f the blood as s m a l l as two p e r c e n t which a r e observed a t 10 p a r t s per m i l l i o n carbon monoxide p l a y a v e r y l a r g e r o l e i n d e c r e a s i n g mental e f f i c i e n c y because the b r a i n consumes 20 p e r c e n t of the body's £otal oxygen s u p p l y . And p a r t i c u l a r l y h i g h e r mental functions i n v o l v i n g judgment, r e a c t i o n to emergency s i t u a t i o n s seem to be a f f e c t e d f i r s t . b y any d e c r e a s e i n oxygen c o n c e n t r a t i o n as would be produced by carbon monoxide b i n d i n g globin. And such to the hemo- carbon monoxide b i n d s to hemoglobin 200 times more s t r o n g l y t h a n oxygen. In laboratory animals, carbon monoxide has been shown to enhance a t h e r o s c l e r o s i s and impair heart f u n c t i o n . On the b a s i s o f t h e s e r e s u l t s a government psnelhas. s u g g e s t e d 10 p a r t s per m i l l i o n as the l i m i t f o r carbon monoxide i n our a i r . We have a l r e a d y exceeded t h i s l i m i t more t h a n one p e r c e n t of t h a t time i n D. C. r i g h t now. T h a t i s w i t h the t r a f f i c d e n s i t y as i t i s I t s h o u l d be p o i n t e d out t h a t m o t o r i s t s to much h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of carbon monoxides. Washington, I t has been r e p o r t e d a r e expos_£s In f r e e w a y d r i v e r s have been exposed t o 76 p a r t s per m i l l i o n and d r i v e r s i n the center- c i t y , d r i v e r s a r e exposed t o 116 p a r t s per m i l l i o n . With t h e s e l e v e l s , i t gets beyond the q u e s t i o n s m a l l problems of p e r c e p t i o n and judgment. I t becomes a of �s e r i o u s problem o f v i s i o n and a s e r i o u s problem i n though p r o c e s s e s as w e l l as an enhancement o f a l l t h e b i o l o g i c a l effects listed. I have emphasized t h e h e a l t h h a z a r d s o f v e h i c u l a r pollutants. S i n c e t h e South Leg i s p r o j e c t e d t o pass n e a r our b e l o v e d c h e r r y t r e e s , I s h o u l d mention t h a t t h e s e p o l l u t a n t s are even more damaging t o p l a n t s . term exposure t o n i t r o g e n There i s e v i d e n c e t h a t dioxide a t concentrations p a r t s p e r m i l l i o n may l e a d t o growth s u p p r e s s i o n , premature a b s c i s s i o n o f l e a v e s . long- below one and perhaps A two-hour exposure t o .05 to 0.1 p a r t s p e r m i l l i o n ozone produces l e a f l e s i o n s and t i s s u e d e s t r u c t i o n i n t o b a c c o , and r e d u c t i o n of flowering i n petunias. The p r o s p e c t i s a r a t h e r h o r r i b l e one t h a t w i t h t h e freeway p a s s i n g w i t h i n a r e l a t i v e l y -- r e l a t i v e l y c l o s e t o our c h e r r y t r e e s , we may have l e a f l e s s and b l o s s o m l e s s c h e r r y Returning trees t o page 24 c f t h e Highway Department's recommendations, we f i n d t h e s t a t e m e n t t h a t , "on h i g h e r - s p e e d freeways, ...they, motor v e h i c l e s , burn t h e c l e a n e s t . " Though hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide c o n t e n t i s l o w e r a t h i g h e r speeds, a P u b l i c H e a l t h oxides S e r v i c e s t u d y showed t h a t nitrogen a r e i n c r e a s e d by 60 p e r c e n t when t h e average speed was r a i s e d from 24 t o 45 m i l e s p e r hour. rather s i g n i f i c a n t increase. The 60 p e r c e n t i s a When we get t o t h e s e c t i o n on e m i s s i o n c o n t r o l s , we w i l l see t h a t i t i s an i n t o l e r a b l e increase. �S3 The Highway Department c o n t i n u e s t h a t "the way to stop p o l l u t i o n produced by motor v e h i c l e s i s by a t t a c k i n g the cause: engine e m i s s i o n s . " '.[his I s a n e c e s s a r y but f a r from s u f f i c i e n t condition f o r reducing a i r p o l l u t i o n . F i r s t , as a r e s u l t o f Washington's a c c e l e r a t i n g r a t e o f p o p u l a t i o n growth, we can expect t h a t i f the p r e s e n t degree o f motor v e h i c l e use c o n t i n u e s , the number o f c a r s i n t h i s a r e a w i l l double i n the n e x t 20 y e a r s . The c r a n k c a s e and e x h a u s t e m i s s i o n controls, which w i l l be c o m m e r c i a l l y a v a i l a b l e i n the n e x t 10 y e a r s , w i l l reduce carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon l e v e l s most o p t o m i s t i c a l l y by 60 p e r c e n t . Adequate c o n t r o l s f o r n i t r o g e n o x i d e s w i l l not be a v a i l a b l e f o r t h a t p e r i o d . Thus, we can expect t h a t the l e v e l s o f hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide w i l l c o n s t a n t due to growth of automobile remain density while nitrogen o x i d e s w i l l i n c r e a s e a t the s a t e of motor v e h i c l e growth. In order t o rc.duce the l e v e l o f t h e s e p o l l u t a n t s , we must reduce the degree o f use o f motor v e h i c l e s . B e f o r e d i s c u s s i n g means o f r e d u c i n g the degree o f motor v e h i c l e use, I w i l l comment f u r t h e r on e m i s s i o n I controls. t h i n k i t i s admirable t h a t the D i s t r i c t proposes t o pay a premium to v e h i c l e s which meet the C a l i f o r n i a s t a n d a r d s . But I p r e d i c t t h a t the implementation o f such l e g i s l a t i o n w i l l d i f f i c u l t because of the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n n e c e s s a r y and the u n r e l i a b l e c h a r a c t e r of these c o n t r o l devices. And now, I am going t o d i s c u s s s p e c i f i c emission be �54 c o n t r o l d e v i c e s because s e v e r a l t i m e s , s e v e r a l w i t n e s s 5 testi- mony - - i t has come ire e s p e c i a l l y , and I'm s o r r y he's not h e r e . • Councilman Daugherty h a s mentioned, w e l l , what about emission c o n t r o l devices? Do you t h i n k i t i s a good t h i n g t h a t we i n t h e C o u n c i l a r e o f f e r i n g premiums? So I t h i n k i t would be v e r y w o r t h w h i l e t o go i n t o each o f t h e e m i s s i o n c o n t r o l d e v i c e s t h a t i s now a v a i l a b l e i n o u r l a b o r a t o r y and .the r e l a t i v e ef fectiveness. The two major s o u r c e s o f p o l l u t i o n a r e from t h e c r a n k c a s e and e x h a u s t . The hydro-carbons o f c r a n k c a s e reprer. s e n t 25 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l hydrocarbons and can be e l i m i n a t e d by p o s i t i v e c r a n k c a s e v e n t i l a t i o n . monoxide have been reduced designs. Hydrocarbons and carbon a f u r t h e r 50 p e r c e n t by new engine However, c o n s i d e r a b l e c o n t r o v e r s y e x i s t s as t o t h e i r , e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f these new engine d e s i g n s . a v a i l a b l e comes from C a l i f o r n i a . The o n l y d a t a Generally, vehicles which I n i t i a l l y met s t a t e s t a n d a r d s have d e t e r i o r a t e d t o t h e uncont r o l l e d l e v e l w i t h i n one y e a r . systems The e x p l a n a t i o n i s t h a t t h e s e r e q u i r e c a r e f u l maintenance. Furthermore, t h e decrease i n hydro-carbons and carbon monoxide by improved engine l e a d s t o an i n c r e a s e i n :.nitrogen o x i d e s . design L a b o r a t o r i e s have bedn e x p e r i m e n t i n g w i t h a l a r g e m a n i f o l d r e a c t o r system which reduces carbon monoxide by 75 p e r c e n t and hydrocarbons by 90 p e r c e n t . T h i s system, a l o n g w i t h t h e d i r e c t flame a f t e r b u r n e r s y s t e m , i s n o t c o m m e r c i a l l y f e a s i b l e and does n o t a t t a c k n i t r o g e n �55 oxides. C a t a l y t i c converters a r e c a p a b l e of r e d u c i n g carbon monoxide by 85 p e r c e n t but t e s t s i n C a l i f o r n i a showed t h a t lead i n gasoline r a p i d l y i n a c t i v a t e d the c a t a l y s t . the o n l y f e a s i b l e c o n t r o l f o r n i t r o g e n oxides is difficult carbon monoxide c o n t r o l techniques 7 t o them. S i s p r i m i t i v e and 9 has been r e c a l c i t r a n t t o a c c e l e r a t e r e s e a r c h 10 present, i s exhaust r e c y c l i n g . T h i s t e c h n i q u e r e q u i r e s c a r e f u l maintenance and to couple to hydro-carbon and At I n summary, the s t a t e o f e m i s s i o n c o n t r o l technology a s i d e from C o l e ' s r e c e n t s t a t e m e n t , D e t r o i t in this I n l i g h t o f the poor p r o s p e c t s f o r c o n t r o l area. devices, 11 the o n l y r e m a i n i n g means o f r e d u c i n g motor v e h i c l e e m i s s i o n s i s 32- to a t t a c k the cause: 13 means o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n t o the 14 (Applause.) 13 the o v e r r e l i a n c e on the automobile as a city. T h e r e has been l i t t l e mention of the p r o j e c t e d The d i a l o g u e between Mr. cost 15 f o r t h i s freeway. K e c h i n g e r and Mr, 37 Hahn i n d i c a t e d t h a t the p r o j e c t e d c o s t has more t h a n doubled |g from the 209 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s of 1968 19 present estimate. 20 dollars? 21 f a r l e s s p o l l u t i n g modes of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n such as the Metro 2£ and mass t r a n s i t through extended bus 23 o f the money I s t i e d up i n a t r u s t fund. This I s very regrett- 24 a b l e , but h o p e f u l l y , I n any e v e n t , i t 23 comes u l t i m a t e l y from our p o c k e t s , we to the 500 m i l l i o n What w i l l the r e a l p r i c e be -- one billion T h i s money c o u l d be u t i l i z e d f o r an a l t e r n a t i v e , and service. i t c o u l d be u n t i e d . T r u e , 90 p e r c e n t the people who use cars, �56 and i t i s u n n e c e s s a r y t h a t 90 p e r c e n t o f t h i s money i s earmarked o n l y f o r highways. Mr. Hahn h a s suggested t o s e v e r a l w i t n e s s e s t h a t p u b l i c ownership o f t h e bus company would lower f a r e s and make more e x t e n s i v e s e r v i c e f e a s i b l e . I contend t h a t t h e swing t o e f f i c i e n t , cheap and comprehensive mass t r a n s i t i s e s s e n t i a l for t h e r e d u c t i o n o f a i r p o l l u t i o n i n D. C. Our lungs and our c h i l d r e n ' s lungs cannot t o l e r a t e another m i l e o f c a r - l a d e n f r e e w a y i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. (Applause.) COUNCILMAN MOORE: v e r y good paper. Dr. F i s h e r , thank y o u f o r your You have done what appears t o be a v e r y s c h o l a r l y work h e r e . I would be t h e f i r s t t o admit t h a t I know v e r y l i t t l e about chemistry so, therefore, there are j u s t two q u e s t i o n s t h a t I wanted t o a s k y o u . The f i r s t one i s : A r e you f o r o r a g a i n s t more f r e e - ways? DR. FISHER: F o r o r a g a i n s t what? COUNCILMAN MOORE: DR. FISHER: F o r o r a g a i n s t more f r e e w a y s ? Against. COUNCILMAN MOORE: . Against? T h a t i s t h e upshot o f y o u r paper? DR. FISHER: That's r i g h t . COUNCILMAN MOORE: Thank you. Now t h e second one i s t h i s , t h a t b r o a d l y y o u spoke o f t h e e f f e c t o f p o l l u t a n t s on �57 human b e i n g s , and on p l a n t l i f e . I n r e s p e c t t o human b e i n g s , do you see any p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t former p o l l u t a n t s t h a t you described i n this.paper t h a t a f f e c t t h e b r a i n o f an i n d i v i d u a l to the e x t e n t t h a t i t would cause automobile a c c i d e n t s . DR. FISHER: for ^ I would t h i n k i t v e r y p o s s i b l e ; t h e data 13 p a r t s p e r m i l l i o n , carbon monoxide show a 50 p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e i n the e r r o r i n judging 10 p a r t s p e r m i l l i o n . time i n t e r v a l s . That's only F u r t h e r m o r e , i t has has been shown a s . smokers v e r s u s non-smokers, something l i k e a two and a h a l f f o l d I n c r e a s e i n motor a c c i d e n t s . And t h i s has been p r i m a r i l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e h i g h carbon monoxide c o n t e n t o f c i g a r e t t e s . That i s n ' t r e a l tight. COUNCILMAN MOORS: r e l a t i n g to plant l i f e , The- B p a r t of t h i s question i s t h e r e any s u b s t a n c e t o t h e s t o r y . t h a t appeared i n s e v e r a l newspapers and magazines n o t long ago about t h e e f f e c t s o f t h e p o l l u t e d a i r on t r e e s , c e r t a i n h i n d o f a pine t r e e . I forgot the hind of a pine t r e e i t i s i n C a l i f o r n i a , e s p e c i a l l y a t t h e mountain l e v e l , n o t t h e h i g h mountains b u t a t t h e mountain l e v e l ? DR. FISHER: I'm n o t f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e p a r t i c u l a r r e p o r t t h a t you mentioned, b u t I have seen r e p o r t s on t h e e f f e c t s o f ozone and n i t r o g e n pine trees. And, a p p a r e n t l y , t i v e to a i r pollutants. o x i d e on t r e e s , s p e c i f i c a l l y p i n e t r e e s a r e t h e most s e n s i - There i s a xdiole sectrum o f s e n s i t i v i t among p l a n t l i v e s , and f o r instance,, t h e g i n k a t r e e i s one o f �8 the most r e s i s t a n t , and t h a t i s why i t t h r i v e s i n t h e c i t y . I t i s r e s i s t a n t to infection also. COUNCILMAN MOORE: The name o f t h a t .pine i s t h e Ponderosa. DR. FISHER: Ponderosa. • COUNCILMAN MOORE: • Thank y o u v e r y k i n d l y . Chairman Hahn? COUNCILMAN HAHN: F i r s t o f a l l , l e t me a l s o thank you f o r a v e r y e x c e l l e n t and t h o u g h t f u l paper. On page 5 o f y o u r p a p e r , I b e l i e v e y o u have to a commerce department p r i n t o f 1967. reference I s t h i s a work o f y o u r s you were r e f e r r i n g t o ? DR. FISHER: Ho, I wasn't COUNCILMAN HAHN: responsible. I s 116 p a r t s p e r m i l l i o n i n t h e c e n t e r - c i t y , would t h i s be under t h e c o n d i t i o n s that I referred t o , f o r example, s e v e r a l times b e f o r e l i k e 13th S t r e e t , o r a r e we t a l k i n g about bumper t o bumper t r a f f i c , s a y , on F Street? DR. FISHER: traffic. T h i s would be t h e h i g h e s t density However, I might mention Dr. Cone who t e s t i f i e d on Friday night a l s o mentioned t h a t one o f t h e b e s t s t u d i e s , Freeways and T h e i r E f f e c t on P o l l u t a n t s , was done on t h e l o w e r Manhatten Freeway, and t h e r e t h e y p r e d i c t e d f o r an open-trench t h a t t h e r e would be anywhere from 100 t o 300 p a r t s p e r m i l l i o n . So i t i s n o t a t a l l u n u s u a l t o have t h a t . �59 COUNCILMAN HAHN: the problem a l r e a d y What X am g e t t i n g a t i s , we have and i t c a n get worse j u s t by t h e n a t u r e o f c a r s on t h e c i t y s t r e e t s . T h i s i s n ' t a l l one s i n g l e problem, i s i t . The p o i n t , f o r what i t may be worth," you r e f e r r e d t o on page 6, end as a m a t t e r o f f a c t , we would be g l a d t o have some l a t e r a d v i c e s from y o u on a somewhat a l l i e d s u b j e c t . •; . • We have now b e f o r e us w h i c h i s i n Councilman Daugherty's committee a p r o p o s a l t o r e q u i r e c o n n e c t i o n t i o n that these emission c o n t r o l devices new c a r s must be o p e r a t i n g w i t h annual inspec- t h a t a r e on a l l t h e a t t h e a n n u a l i n s p e c t i o n , the t h e o r y b e i n g t h a t they work f o r a c e r t a i n number o f months and i t s h o u l d be a d j u s t e d each y e a r . I don't a s k you t o comment on i t , b u t i f you can comment on i t i n the f u t u r e and extend us some f u r t h e r h e l p on t h a t p o i n t s i n c e y c u seem t o be an e x p e r t i n t h e f i e l d , we -would be ^ a p p r e c i a t i v e I f you would do t h a t . And I t h i n k i t would seem t o me t h a t t h e p o i n t that i s w e l l t a k e n and t h e s u g g e s t i o n t h a t i s made t o us o b v i o u s l y would seem t o have some v a l i d i t y based on y o u r t e s t i m o n y . Can you comment on those f i g u r e s I r e f e r r e d t o e a r - l i e r , t h e 116 p a r t s p e r m i l l i o n i n t h e middle o f t h e c i t y ? t h a t a r a r e f i g u r e o r a t y p i c a l f i g u r e and do t h e s t u d i e s Is that you work w i t h g i v e any k i n d o f an average f i g u r e throughout the c i t y ? What a r e we f a c e d w i t h new? DR. FISHER: W e l l , a s f a r as the average a c r o s s the �60 c i t y . , I mentioned t h a t one p e r c e n t o f t h e time m i l l i o n a r e g r e a t e r have been r e c o r d e d . problem i n t h e d e t e c t i o n There i s a tremendous i n measurement o f a i r p o l l u t a n t s . eOUNSILMAN HAHN: DR. FISHER: 15 p a r t s p e r Y e s , I can s e e t h a t . The f r e q u e n c y , t h e time i n t e r v a l and the p a r t i c u l a r p l a c e t h a t y o u sample i t , and t h a t i s why i t has t o be i n t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n sense. l i t t l e b i t misleading but h e r e because I have quoted h i g h f i g u r e s , I have quoted them p u r p o s e l y t o show -COUNCILMAN HAHN: was And my t e s t i m o n y i s a I have no q u a r r e l w i t h t h a t . j u s t c u r i o u s t o know. DR. FlSHER: — • The mean I . f o r a motor v e h i c l e i n a c e n t e r - c i t y was 30 p a r t s p e r m i l l i o n ; t h e mean f o r a motor v e h i c l e on f r e e w a y s was about 20 p a r t s p e r m i l l i o n . It i s somewhat l o w e r f o r t h e carbon monoxide a s I i n d i c a t e d i n t e s t i mony . COUNCILMAN HAHN: Your t e s t i m o n y I n d i c a t e s t h a t a t l e a s t under l a b o r a t o r y c o n d i t i o n s can have an impairment. a s m a l l e r amount than t h a t Thank y o u v e r y much. COUNCILMAN MOORE: Councilman S h a c k l e t o n ? COUNCILWOMAN SHACKLETON: For t h e f i r s t time t h e C o u n c i l valuable. -- I t h i n k f o r t h e f i r s t t h a t we have s p e c i f i c I n f o r m a t i o n a i r p o l l u t i o n problem. J J u s t I want t o thank Dr. F i s h e r and s a y t h a t I t h i n k i t h a s been e x t r e m e l y i n any h e a r i n g s i time d a t a on t h e As i n y o u r paper and i n Dr. Cohen's �61 paper which came up a f t e r 1:00 a.m. i n t h e morning, bur i t was extremely I n t e r e s t i n g . I o n l y w i s h t h a t some o f t h i s informa- t i o n had been a v a i l a b l e y e a r s ago w h i l e t h i s freeway p l a n was developed. I t h i n k t h a t maybe t h i n g s would be d i f f e r e n t now, but I hope i t i s n o t too l a t e . DR. FISHER: I hope i t ' s n o t too l a t e . COUNCILWOMAN SHACKLETON: I hope i t ' s not too l a t e . Thank y o u . COUNCILMAN MOORE: Councilman Anderson? COUNCILMAN ANDERSON,: COUNCILMAN MOORE: No q u e s t i o n s . Councilman Robinson? COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Thank y o u , Dr. F i s h e r . the i n c r e a s e i n f r e e w a y s , more automobiles Would would be more dangerous than m a r i j u a n a , i s n ' t t h a t r i g h t ? DR. FISHER: That's right. (Laughter.) COUNCILMAN MOORE: very f i n e testimony. Thank y o u , Dr. F i s h e r , f o r your Your copy w i l l be e n t e r e d i n t o t h e r e c o r d and w i l l be g i v e n C o u n c i l a t t e n t i o n . (Applause.) COUNCILMAN MOORE: Mr. John I s r a e l s o n , V i c e P r e s i d e n t Woodward and Lothrop? Mr. C h a r l e s C a s s e l l , C a p i t o l E a s t Community Organization? (Applause.) �62 TESTIMONY OF CHARLES' CASSELL CAPXTOL EAST COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION MR. CASSELL: B r o t h e r Robinson, I would l i k e t o say about y o u r l a s t comment t h a t more people do smoke automobiles than m a r i j u a n a ; t h a t ' s why i t ' s dangerous. COUNCILMAN MOORE: Mr. C a s s e l l , we t o welcome you h e r e t o a C o u n c i l H e a r i n g . are v e r y happy As the Chairman or the h e a r i n g s , I a l s o t a k e p l e a s u r e i n welcoming you here as a member of the Board of E d u c a t i o n f o r the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and v i c i n i t y . We a s s u r e you t h a t we have the most v i t a l I n t e r e s t i n the concerns f o r which y c u have been r e c e n t l y chosen. MR. CASSELL: Thank you. Mr. Chairman and members of the C o u n c i l , b e f o r e I s i t down, I would l i k e t o make one v e r y s t r o n g c o m p l a i n t . I am p l e a s e d t h a t we have l e s s policemen h e r e t o n i g h t than had i n the b e g i n n i n g you o f the s e r i e s , but I s t i l l don't under- s t a n d the need t o have armed guards i n the C i t y C o u n c i l Chamber I j u s t can't remember t h a t t h e r e has been any v i o l e n c e i n the C i t y C o u n c i l Chambers over the y e a r s , except perhaps on two occasions. And on t h a t one o c c a s i o n , t h a t v i o l e n c e was wreaked a g a i n s t a s p e c t a t o r by a former member of the C i t y C o u n c i l used t o s i t i n t h a t c h a i r r i g h t t h e r e , but I don't see him who here �63 tonight. And on t h e second o c c a s i o n , t h e r e was v i o l e n c e wreaked a t t h e order o f t h e Chairman a g a i n s t c i t i z e n s who.were raising t h e i r v o i c e s , unarmed c i t i z e n s w i t h o u t armor, w i t h o u t k n i v e s , guns, by policemen who "were armed. I t seems t o me t h a t t h e time has come now f o r us not j u s t t o t a k e away e n c i r c l e m e n t , but f o r us t o remove t h e policemen. ? Now t h e r e s one more t h i n g , i f you look a t t h i s crowd, I t h i n k t h a t you w i l l s e e t h a t t h e s e a r e v e r y peaceful p e o p l e , and I am r e a s o n a b l y s u r e t h a t t h e r e a r e n ' t any weapons i n t h a t audience; no k n i v e s , guns, s w i t c h b l a d e s and so f o r t h . So you don't have t o p r o t e c t a g a i n s t any v i o l e n c e . The o n l y guns i n t h i s room r i g h t now a r e worn by t h e policemen h e r e . Now t h i s p a r t i c u l a r meeting h a s gone on f o r a few hours now, so b e f o r e I s i t down t o t e s t i f y I would j u s t to r e s p e c t f u l l y like r e q u e s t t h a t s i n c e t h e r e has been no v i o l e n c e , and t h e r e appears not t o be any i n o r d e r , t h a t you remove t h e policemen from t h e room. I would f e e l much b e t t e r testifying. Would you do t h a t , s i r ? (Applause.) COUNCILMAN MOORE: Mr. C a s s e l l , as I u n d e r s t a n d i t , y o u r name appears on t h e l i s t t o n i g h t t o t e s t i f y on t h e highway situation as r e p o r t e d Mr. Tom E r i c s o n . by t h e Department o f Highways headed by T h i s i s your p r i v i l e g e to witness i f you choose t o do s o . I f you do not choose t o w i t n e s s , t h a t i s �64 a l s o your p r i v i l e g e . MR. CASSELL: Could X have a response t o my q u e s t i o n , J u s t y o u answer no? . . COUNCILMAN MOORE: Mr. C a s s e l l , t h i s i s n o t t h e question before the Council tonight. testimony We a r e l i s t e n i n g t o tonight. MR. CASSELL: people i n attendance I judge t h a t from t h e response of the h e r e , a i l o f whoa a r e c i t i z e n s and r e p r e - s e n t a t i v e s on t h i s committee t h a t t h i s i s a g e n e r a l r e q u e s t . I f y o u deny t h i s r e q u e s t , then j u s t t e l l me s o , and I w i l l testify? COUNCILMAN MOORE: a debate w i t h y c u . Mr. C a s s e l l , I w i l l n o t engage i n You a r e p r i v i l e g e d t o w i t n e s s i n t h e s i t u a - t i o n a s i t i s o r y o u a r e p r i v i l e g e d n o t t o . Now y c u make t h e choice. MR. CASSELL: A l l right. i make t h e c h o i c e . i do so under p r e t e s t , and I would r e q u e s t t h a t y o u c o n s i d e r t h a t for the next hearing. I think that COUNCILMAN MOORE: your testimony w i l l Now once you have t a k e n your s e a t , begin. MR. CASSELL: T h e r e ' s one more t h i n g t h a t 1 would l i k e t o say, s i r , before I begin. And I would l i k e t o e x p r e s s my deep a f f e c t i o n and r e s p e c t f o r two C o u n c i l members who l i s t e n t o t h e same k i n d o f t e s t i m o n y t h a t y o u had been h e a r i n g here l a s t y e a r and v o t e d a c c o r d i n g l y . Mrs. P o l l y S h a c k l e t o n -- �65 (Applause.) I r e f e r t o Mrs. P o l l ) - S h a c k l e t o n , Brother o f c o u r s e , and T S t a n Anderson • - I m s o r r y t h a t I c a n ' t see you. • T h e . n e x t t h i n g I would l i k e t o do i s t o complain a g a i n , s i r , and t h i s i s r e l e v a n t . I t has t o do w i t h t h e i s s u e b e f o r e y o u . I . have b e f o r e ate n o t i c e o f a p u b l i c h e a r i n g issued by t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia C i t y C o u n c i l dated J a n u a r y t h e 1 4 t h , 1970, and on t h e back o f t h a t , t h e r e i s a s t a t e m e n t . And t h a t s t a t e m e n t s a y s , " A l l s e s s i o n s w i l l b e g i n a t 7:30 p.m., and w i l l be h e l d i n t h e C i t y Council,Room S00 o f t h e D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g , 1 4 t h and E S t r e e t s . " Now we h o a r t h a t t h e C i t y Council has i s s u e d i n s t r u c t i o n s t h a t t h a t w i l l be changed, and persons d e s i r i n g t o t e s t i f y have been n o t i f i e d t h a t they w i l l have t o appear d u r i n g Now, c o u l d r e l e v a n t question. t h e day. I a s k you, s i r , and I t h i n k t h i s i s a I s t h a t t r u e o r has t h a t been accurate information? COUNCILMAN MOORE: here tonight Mr. C a s s e l l , i t has been announced t h a t t h e r e w i l l be some a d d i t i o n a l h e a r i n g s f o r persons who w i s h t o t e s t i f y on t h e highway s i t u a t i o n . MR. CASSELL: complain about t h a t . Very w e l l . I would j u s t l i k e t o ' You know t h a t t h e purpose o f n i g h t hear- i n g s i s t o make i t p o s s i b l e f o r t h e l a r g e number o f people i n Washington, D, C. who w i l l be a f f e c t e d by freeway construction i f you do v o t e t o c o n t i n u e t h i s p l a n , and t h a t those people �66 would l i l c e v e r y much t o have the o p p o r t u n i t y t o t e s t i f y h e r e . And many o f them a r e s i m p l y not able t o t a k e time i n the morning a t 10 o ' c l o c k . had I notice a l s o chat t h e t e s t i m o n y t h a t y o u have lip t o now has been overwhelmingly opposed t o any freeway construction, and X imagine i f y o u would make t h e time f o r appearance a v a i l a b l e t o more people by h a v i n g t h i s a t n i g h t t h a t you would be even more i m p r e s s e d w i t h t h e f a c t t h a t this c i t y s i m p l y does n o t want any more f r e e w a y s , n o t a n o t h e r i n c h . And I would r e q u e s t a l s o t h a t something be done t h a t appears not to have been dene, and t h a t I s t o announce p u b l i c l y t h a t t h e s e h e a r i n g s a r e going on. (Applause.) I t I s t r u e t h a t we have coverage. reporting the f a c t that there's pointing a hearing, out t h a t t h e h e a r i n g s goes on. The papers a r e but they a r e n o t I j u s t h e a r d when I came i n h e r e t h a t t h e r e w i l l be h e a r i n g s tomorrow and Thursday and F r i d a y . I t seems t o me t h a t i t I s your r e s p o n s i b i l i t y some way t o have t h e p r e s s o r p r e v a i l upon them t o announce t h a t they w i l l c o n t i n u e u n t i l F r i d a y . COUNCILMAN MOORE: been e n t e r e d i n t o t h e r e c o r d . Could I ask t h a t ? Mr. C a s s e l l , y o u r s t a t e m e n t s have This i s a hearing. You may p r o c e e d w i t h w h a t e v e r t e s t i m o n y you w i s h t o make. MR. CASSELL: I assumed t h a t t h i s was an o p p o r t u n i t y t o communicate w i t h you i n a way t h a t we a r e n o r m a l l y not a b l e t o and have t h e response, and I assumed a l s o t h a t a t a p u b l i c �67 forum, perhaps t h e response may he more f a v o r a b l e i n t h a t p a r t i c u l a r -respect. Now y c u have been l i s t e n i n g t o much t e s t i m o n y . Most o f t h i s was s a i d t o you l a s t y e a r , was s a i d b e f o r e t h e August 9 t h h e a r i n g when s u r p r i s i n g l y t h e C i t y C o u n c i l r e v e r s e d I don't t h i n k i t i s n e c e s s a r y to b e l a b o r any o f these itself. points, but I t h i n k i t i s w e l l t o t r y t o put t h i n g s i n t o p e r s p e c t i v e . Who i s a c t u a l l y f o r t h e highway p l a n as s u b m i t t e d to you by t h e Highway Department? Who wants i t and why? Where d i d i t come from and who i s opposed t o i t ? 1 would l i k e t o r e a d a l i s t . I mean t h i s i s r e l e v a n t Would you a g r e e , s i r ? COUNCILMAN MOORE: MR. CASSELL: and You may c o n t i n u e w i t h y o u r w i s h e s . The people who a r e p r o - f r e e w a y a r e -- l e t me l i s t them; t h e r e may be o t h e r s ; The F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l , t h e s e a r e e s s e n t i a l l y banker t y p e s ; t h e Board o f Trade o f Washington, D. C.; the Downtown P r o g r e s s men; t h e Bethesday Chamber o f Commerce; t h e S i l v e r or businessSpring Chamber o f Commerce; t h e T r u c k e r ' s A s s o c i a t i o n ; and then such l o c a l l o b b y i s t as t h e 0'Boyle Tanker L i n e s ; t h e Goodyear T i r e and Rubber Company; t h e Y e l l o w Cab Company; Woodward and L o t h r o p ; t h e C e n t r a l Labor C o u n c i l ; and t h e v a r i o u s r e a l e s t a t e institutes. There i s t h e N a t i o n a l Highway Lobby and t h i s c o n s i s t s of t h e people from D e t r o i t , t h e people who s e l l gas and o i l , anc �68 those who s e l l rubber t i r e s . the Senate and the House who There a r e l o c a l Congressmen i n a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n t h i s program Which has been proposed to you; such persons as S e n a t o r Senator Tydings Spong, S e n a t o r B y r d , Congressman Hogan and Gude and Broyhilli We do have the C o n g r e s s i o n a l supporters also. There i s j u s t one highway lobby lone c i v i c a s s o c i a t i o n i n the e n t i r e metropolitan a r e a w h i c h has supported t h i s p l a n , and s m a l l one I'm r e f e r r i n g t o the c i v i c a s s o c i a t i o n i n at that. a northern Bethesda. Now, l e t ' s look at who i s opposed t o i t , and I would l i k e f o r you t o keep t h i s i n mind as you d e l i b e r a t e , and as you respond t o o t h e r types c f p r e s s u r e s which w i l l be brought upon you. The D. C. F e d e r a t i o n o f C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s r e p r e - s e n t i n g 50 d i f f e r e n t s e p a r a t e c i v i c a s s o c i a t i o n s ; the D. F e d e r a t i o n of C i t i z e n s ' A s s o c i a t i o n s , an e s s e n t i a l l y C. white group r e p r e s e n t i n g 40 c i v i l a s s o c i a t i o n s ; the Montgomery County F e d e r a t i o n of C i t i z e n A s s o c i a t i o n r e p r e s e n t i n g 60 a s s o c i a t i o n s ; the Montgomery A l l i e d C i v i c Group r e p r e s e n t i n g 45 groups; the F a i r f a x C i v i c F e d e r a t i o n r e p r e s e n t i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n s ; the B r o o k l a n d Coordinated 103 C o u n c i l which B r o t h e r Robinson c e r t a i n l y knows about r e p r e s e n t i n g 18; the B l a c k U n i t e d F r o n t , r e p r e s e n t i n g the e n t i r e B l a c k p o p u l a t i o n Washington, D. C ; Northeast of the D. C. Democratic C e n t r a l Committee; the M i n i s t r y ; the C o u n c i l of Churches; the U n i t a r i a n �59 U n i v e r s a l i s , t Caucus; the Emergency Committee on the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C r i s i s - - o f which I happen t o be a V i c e Chairman; the C a p i t a l B a s t Community O r g a n i z a t i o n o f which I happen to be P r e s i d e n t ; and the Committee of One Hundred on the F e d e r a l City. A l s o , I understand t h a t Reverend F a u n t r o y i n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h i s p l a n f o r Metro the other day. seems to me t h a t t h i s does something t o you. Mr. testified Now i t Tucker the q u e s t i o n e a r l i e r , would we p r e f e r t o have the C i t y asked Council i make the d e c i s i o n on the freeway program or the Congress? And Mrs. Haywood asked the q u e s t i o n , what i f the C o u n c i l ' s recommendations a r e not a c c e p t a b l e t o the Congress? W e l l , I p o i n t out t o you t h a t the Congress cannot act i f t h i s F e d e r a l or r a t h e r t h i s c i t y body does not approve the Highway A c t . (Applause. The Highway A c t r e q u i r e s t h a t no F e d e r a l money can be spent i f indeed the a p p r o p r i a t e c i t y o r m u n i c i p a l body does not r e q u e s t i t and approve i t . T h e r e f o r e , i f i t i s not a b l e t o Congress, then t h e r e i s n o t h i n g t h a t they can do acceptexcept perhaps t o p r o v i d e f o r you the dilemma of a b l a c k m a i l program as they d i d b e f o r e , -which u n f o r t u n a t e l y , the C o u n c i l succumbed to. Now, I t h i n k I am c o r r e c t . The Congress would then not be a b l e t o f o r c e upon t h i s m u n i c i p a l i t y or any other �70 m u n i c i p a l i t y a program f o r t h a t c i t y t h a t the. c i t y has as .overwhelmingly r e j e c t e d as Washington, D. C. h a s . So t h a t i s the answer t o t h a t q u e s t i o n . Nov t h e r e i s a l s o t h e q u e s t i o n o f how each o f y o u i n d i v i d u a l l y i n t e r p r e t your r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to t h i s community. Now I u n d e r s t o o d , because many o f t h e q u e s t i o n s t h a t I h e a r , i n d i c a t e an u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f an o p p o s i t i o n i n many o f t h e d e t r i m e n t s o f f r e e w a y p l a n n i n g , b u t we h e a r d those t h e l a s t time. I air concerned a l s o t h a t t h i s c i t y becomes d i s e n c h a n t e d w i t h t h i s t o d y i f we spend as much time and as much energy i n making t o y c u c a r e f u l and complete p r e s e n t a t i o n s w h i c h make i t c l e a r t o you t h a t Washington, D. C. does n o t y e t have a competent t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g body. And a l l o f the p l a n s t h a t you have b e f o r e y o u , a r e p r o d u c t s o f t h e Highway Bepartmen and c e r t a i n s p e c i a l i s t s i n t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission. T h i s does n o t c o n s t i t u t e an answer. I t certainly i s not a s a t i s f a c t o r y answor, and I don't know why C o u n c i l seems t o t h i n k t h a t i t h a s t o respond t o t h e Congress, w h i c h h a s no i n t e r e s t I n Washington, D. C., o t h e r t h a n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s made t o i t by people who have something m a t e r i a l t o g a i n by t h i s p a r t i c u l a r program. Now how much more t e c h n i c a l information can we g i v e t o you about t h e d i s a d v a n t a g e s o f p o l l u t i o n , t h e d i s a d v a n t a g e s o f d i v i d i n g communities, t h e d i s a d v a n t a g e s w i t h t h e disenchantment o f l a r g e numbers o f people who a r e �71 i n t e r e s t e d f o r themselves and i s a v a i l a b l e t o most of us and the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m which a c c e s s i b l e t o most o f us? more does t h i s community need t o do to impress upon you y o u r major r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i s to us* and not the U n i t e d What that to the Congress o f States? (Applause.) I sense a l s o t h a t the C o u n c i l was not e n t i r e l y f i e d w i t h the t e s t i m o n y w i t h the gentleman from the D. R e l o c a t i o n A d v i s o r y Committee. testimony. We 1" agree t h a t was C. r a t h e r weak d i d r e f e r to a p u b l i c a t i o n by a P r o f e s s o r from Maryland U n i v e r s i t y , I b e l i e v e , c a l l e d , "Where Did They He was r e f e r r i n g t o the people who Go?" were d i s l o c a t e d from the southwest a r e a d u r i n g t h a t r e l o c a t i o n p e r i o d . And the f a c t the m a t t e r i s t h a t t h e y can o n l y count f o r some 135 s o me satis- of people, 13 5 f am i 11 e s . W e l l , what r e a l l y d i d happen t o the r e s t o f those people? I t h i n k we know t h a t those people found themselves r f o r c e d to f i n d whate\ er accommodation they c o u l d throughout c i t y and increased t h i s , of c o u r s e , i s r e s p o n s i b l e slum a r e a s i n the c i t y . t o t h a t p u b l i c a t i o n , and p l e t e , i t seems t o me f o r some o f But s i n c e Mr. s i n c e h i s r e f e r r a l was the Crocker r e f e r r e d c e r t a i n l y com- t h a t y o u r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y was a u t h o r o f t h a t p u b l i c a t i o n , "Where Did They to c a l l Go?" (Applause.) And to have h i s t e s t i m o n y . the A f t e r a l l , there are the �72 n e a r l y 22,000 o r more t h a n 22,000 people whom we can't account for. T h e r e f o r e , I urge you t o c o n s i d e r t h a t i f , on t h i s o c c a s i o n , a f t e r p u b l i c t e s t i m o n y and a f t e r the overwhelming opposition, not c a p r i c i o u s , but w e l l documented by a v a r i e t y , a c r o s s - s e c t i o n o f both p r o f e s s i o n a l and community people i n t h i s c i t y t h a t you have no c h o i c e but t o respond a c c o r d i n g l y and n o t t o bo concerned w i t h a Congress which i s h e l d i n low r e s p e c t by t h e members o f t h i s community. That i s your responsi- bility. There i s one more mthing t h a t I would l i k e t o s a y about t h e s e f r e e w a y s where we c r e a t e t h e s e tremendous across the c i t y . ditches Not o n l y do t h e y d i v i d e communities and d e s t r o y t h e i r e n t i t y , n o t o n l y do t h e y d e s t r o y t h e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r d e v e l o p i n g some k i n d o f p o l i t i c a l e n t i t y , b u s i n e s s entity, s o c i a l e n t i t y , b u t you do have t o g e t from s i d e t o t h e o t h e r , and how do you do t h a t ? We have t h e o v e r p a s s e s i n which you c o n s t r u c t a r a t h e r g i g a n t i c c o n c r e t e and stone e d i f i c e w h i c h a l l o w s people t o w a l k up s t e p s and o v e r t h e highway and down. There h a s been some t r o u b l e i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h those overpasses. I n f a c t , t h e r e have been some t r a g e d i e s from young people dropping t h i n g s m i s c h i e v i o u s l y from them. mit Now, I sub- t h a t t h i s i s because o f t h e f a c t t h a t even a c h i l d who was born i n t o an atmosphere i n w h i c h he h a s t o mount g i g a n t i c s t e p s and c r o s s a highway j u s t t o go t o t h e s t o r e , as t h e y do on K e n n i l w o r t h Avenue. Incidentally, I l i v e d out there i n M a y f a i r �73 Mansion f o r a long t i m e , and I r e s e n t e d that also. up a c e r t a i n resentment arid a c e r t a i n h a t r e d . e x p r e s s e d as i t i s i n t h e s c h o o l s I t builds And t h i s i s and any p l a c e e l s e i n n e g a t i v e behavior. Mow the response to t h a t has been something which i s even worse, and t h a t i s we have b u i l t g i g a n t i c w i r e cages. There was a p i c t u r e o f t h a t i n the paper j u s t the o t h e r day. Could I have a copy o£ t h a t ? Dees somebody have t h a t ? I mean t h i s i s r e a l l y a s i g n i f i c a n t i n d i c a t i o n o f what we c r e a t e . me show you t h i s , f o r i n s t a n c e . Let You p r o b a b l y a l l saw t h i s p i c t u r e i n t h e p a p e r , and you s e e how i t looks a s you w a l k through t h e t h i n g , r i g h t ? J u s t t o get E c r o s s t h e s t r e e t , j u s t to get a c r o s s the road t o v i s i t a f r i e n d o r t o go t o s c h o o l e v e r y day t w i c e a day VOICB: I t looks MR. CASSELL: like a prison. And t h e r e i t i s . Now t h e r e ' s no b e t t e r s o l u t i o n t h a n t h a t , but what you a r e doing i s p r o t e c t i n g y o u r s e l v e s a g a i n s t t h e h o s t i l i t y o f a community whom you have I g n o r e d , and which i s r e a c t i n g . There i s t h e same problem i n the s c h o o l s where we a r e t a l k i n g about a s p e c i f i c s a f e t y program t o make people happy a g a i n o r t o p r o t e c t o u r s e l v e s against c h i l d r e n , and t h i s I s about t h e o n l y way we can p r o t e c t ours e l v e s from t h e h o s t i l i t y o f communities, e s p e c i a l l y young people. Another r e a s o n why you s h o u l d r e j e c t t h e whole �74 program,ithere a r e enough highways i n Washington, D. C., and i t seems t o me t h a t t h e C o u n c i l would be w e l l a d v i s e d now t o a s s i s t i n t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t c f a v e r y p r o f e s s i o n a l and competent t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g agency f o r Washington, B. C. t o b e g i n t o address {.Applause.) So t h a t e v e r y map t h a t y c u s e e and I t h i n k t h i s i s a f a c t doesn't have highways l a i d on i t . options. You s h o u l d have some We s h o u l d be a b l e t o s e e now, and we s h o u l d a l s o be a b l e t o t h i r d ; i n terms o f d e v i c e s t h a t we don't have now. You see we can g e t t o t h e moon now. I t may be -- v e r y -well be p o s s i b l e t h a t we a r e w a s t i n g money i n b u i l d i n g t h e s e permanent c o n c r e t e d i t c h e s when i n t e n y e a r s o r s o , we may have Buck Rogers' b e l t s s t r a p p e d on o u r b a c k s , r i g h t ? o f time sir, i s t h a t through? Within that short A r e y o u going t o c u t me :1s t h a t why you have got t h i s policeman i n here for? Now y o u d i d n ' t t e l l me t h a t I had any p a r t i c u l a r limit. I'm not f i n i s h e d , s i r . And I d i d n ' t n o t i c e time I haven't been up h e r e as long as most o f t h e other people. I d i d n ' t n o t i c e you r a p p i n g . COUNCILMAN MOORE: MR. CASSELL: man h e r e f o r . Mr. C a s s e l l . Maybe t h a t ' s what y o u do have t h e p o l i c e I f t h a t ' s your c a s e , l e t me know? COUNCILMAN MOORE: enough t o h e a r t h e C h a i r . Mr. C a s s e l l , would you stop long The C o u n c i l h a s seen t h e p i c t u r e , �75 and I f t h e w i t n e s s would p l e a s e proceed w i t h h i s testimony* MR. CASSBLL: W e l l , I t h i n k , Mr. Chairman, i t doesn't i f i t doesn't offend, t h e people who a r e s i t t i n g here i f I s t a n d W h i l e I t a l k , and I don't know why i t s h o u l d o f f e n d you, right? I'm n o t b l o c k i n g anybody's view. (Applause.) And I t h i n k i t i s t h a t same k i n d o f r i g i d arbitrary r u l e s t h a t y o u f o r c e on k i d s i n t h e s c h o o l about s i t t i n g and s t a r i n g s t r a i g h t ahead t h a t a l i e n a t e s them. straigh What's wrong with standing while I t a l k ? VOICE: T e l l them, C h a r l i e . MA. CASSBLL: L e t loose. I mean, what's wrong w i t h my s t a n d i n g while I talk? VOICE: Feel free. COUNCILMAN MOORE: t i n u e w i t h your t e s t i m o n y MR. CASSELL: Mr. C a s s e l l , w i l l y o u p l e a s e con- or w i l l you not? Mr. Chairman, now l e t me s e e , how many cops h e r e ; one, two, t h r e e , f o u r , f i v e , s i x -- no, I w i l l n o t sit. I i n t e n d t o s t a n d w h i l e I t a l k t o you. Nov; i f you want t o e j e c t me o r i f you want t o a r r e s t me on some charge, maybe t h a t ' s v i o l a t i n g t h e l a w . I don't know t h a t t h e r e i s such a law. Maybe t h a t i s d i s o r d e r l y conduct, b u t I i n t e n d t o s t a n d while 1 t a l k t o you. (Applause.) COUNCILMAN MOORE: A t t h e o u t s e t p f y o u r testimony �76 the C h a i r i n d i c a t e d t h a t when y c u were s e a t e d , y o u r t e s t i m o n y would b e g i n , and t h a t y o u were welcome t o t e s t i f y . VOICE: Has he got t o p u t h i s p i p e out? COUNCILMAN MOORE: Mow, y o u a r e i n v i t e d t o t a k e y o u r s e a t and c a r r y on t h i s t e s t i m o n y . MR. CASSELL: I ' l l w a i t u n t i l y o u make y o u r d e c i s i o n , and go on w i t h my t e s t i m o n y . I t o l d y o u I was going t o s t a n d . Maybe y o u had b e t t e r c o n f e r w i t h t h e Chairman; he h a s some e x p e r i e n c e a t unwise a c t s l i k e t h i s . heads t o g e t h e r . I'm going t o s t a n d . COUNCILMAN MOORE: meeting. You had b e t t e r p u t y o u r Mr. C a s s e l l , I am c h a i r i n g this The r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i s mine as a Chairman t o conduct a meeting. MR. CASSELL: Would you a s k t h e cops t o p u t t h e i r guns away b e f o r e t h e y come i n ? COUNCILMAN MOORE: Mr. C a s s e l l , I don't have t o r e f e r t o anybody a s Chairman o f t h i s meeting t o conduct MR. CASSELL: I thought we p a s s e d t h a t . COUNCILMAN MOORE: Now t h e c h o i c e was y o u r s ; I l e f t i t up t o y o u . MR. CASSELL: I made t h e c h o i c e . COUNCILMAN MOORE: Now you made t h e c h o i c e . So f a r as t h i s c h a i r i s concerned, i f y o u do n o t t a k e your s e a t , y o u r w i t ne s s I s c on c 1 ud e d. VOICE: What i s t h e charge? �77 MR. CASSELL: stand. 1 have a l r e a d y t o l d you, sir. I will Mow, I am going t o c o n t i n u e t e s t i f y i n g , r i g h t ? want t o t a k e some a c t i o n , t a k e t h a t COUNCILMAN MOORE: MR. CASSELL: members, Mr. Chairman? I f you action. Mr. C a s s e l l Why don't you t a l k t h i s over w i t h t h e This i s a small petty i s s u e ; t h i s is r e a l l y unbecoming f o r a C i t y C o u n c i l mooting. COUNCILMAN MOORE: Mr. C a s s e l l , now i f i t i s y o u r purpose t o embarrass t h e C h a i r , y o u a r e n o t e m b a r r a s s i n g me. MR. CASSELL: Pettiness embarrasses y o u r s e l f . As a m a t t e r o f f a c t -COUNCILMAN MOORE: Mr. C a s s e l l , I am not going t o r e f e r t o any member o f t h e C o u n c i l as long as I am s i t t i n g i n this chair. T h i s i s my C h a i r m a n s h i p , and I am a u t h o r i z e d t o c a r r y I t on, and I am going t o c a r r y i t on. N o w , a c t u a l l y , I don't mind talking t o you, Mr. C a s s e l l , o r any o t h e r member i n t h i s room and everybody i n h e r e knows t h a t . Every i n d i v i d u a l i n t h i s room knows t h a t . Now, i n t h e second p l a c e , Mr. C a s s e l l , now t h e second thing I want y o u t o u n d e r s t a n d . I am n o t a f r a i d o f you, and I am n o t a f r a i d o f anybody i n t h i s room, and I want t h a t c l e a r . MR. CASSELL: you, sir. W e l l , i t ' s not my i n t e n t i o n t o f r i g h t e n I j u s t want t o s t a n d t o t a l k ; t h a t i s a l l , COUNCILMAN MOORE: be seated. a l l right? W e l l , t h e C h a i r h a s asked y o u t o �77 " 73 MR. CASSELL: And I have r e f u s e d . COUNCIL?AM MOCRE: Now tfhat you a r e a c t u a l l y doing i s j u s t sImply defying the C h a i r . VOICE: That i s an i n c o n s e q u e n t i a l COUNCILMAN MOORE: Mr. C a s s e l l , I am trying point. t o reason w i t h y o u , and i f y o u don't want t o be reasoned w i t h , t h a t I s up t o y c u . Now, j u s t a second, Mr. C a s s e l l , l i s t e n t o me a minute. courteous i n a meeting. i f you w i l l There a r e j u s t c e r t a i n just things that a r e I f y o u were c h a i r i n g t h i s meeting, and y o u ashed me t o be s e a t e d , I f y o u would have a problem ' there MR. CASSELL: I would l e t t h i s testimony s t a n d i n g , s i t t i n g o r l y i n g down. sir, be g i v e n I t c o u l d n ' t be t h a t p e t t y , really. COUNCILMAN MOORE: Now you j u s t l i s t e n j u s t a minute. Now I know what y o u a r e t r y i n g MR. CASSELL: are getting t o do. You a r e g e t t i n g p a r a n o i a c now. You paranoiac. COUNCILMAN MOORE: You a r e n o t t h e o n l y w i s e man i n t h i s room. MR. CASSELL: No, t h e r e a r e q u i t e a few o f them. I •would l i k e t o see more o f them ' p t h e r e . u COUNCILMAN MOORE: What y o u a r e m i s s i n g , and t h a t I s j u s t t h e p o i n t , your people's wisdom, and you s h o u l d a c t w i t h i n �79 the c o n t e x t o f t h a t wisdom. Mow y o u a r e a decent man; y o u have a moral r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . Mil. CASSELL: it. T h a t Ms v e r y p a t r o n i s i n g , I a p p r e c i a t e X would l i k e t o g e t on w i t h my t e s t i m o n y . COUNCILMAN MOORE: You may s a y what y o u might l i k e • t o s a y about t h e Chairman, Mr. C a s s e l l . and 1 t h i n k y o u knew t h a t . you f i r s t . That i s a i l r i g h t , Now I am t r y i n g t o reason w i t h Mow i f y o u don't want t o be reasoned w i t h , t h a t i s your r e s p o n s i b i l i t y . MR. CASSELL: I i n t e n d t o s t a n d and t e s t i f y . Can we g e t on w i t h i t ? COUNCILMAN MOORE: Your t e s t i m o n y i s over so f a r as the C h a i r I s concerned, as long a s y o u have decided t h a t y o u a r e n o t going t o be s e a t e d . I gave you t h e p r i v i l e g e o f t h a t c h a i r and asked y o u i n t h e b e g i n n i n g when y o u f i r s t came up, and so long as y o u r e c e i v e i t , you would be g i v i n g t e s t i m o n y that the Council i s w i l l i n g t o l i s t e n t o i t when y o u a r e s e a t e d to g i v e t h e t e s t i m o n y . MR. CASSELL: sound w i t h t h e r e c o r d e r ? Kcw do y o u t h i n k a l l o f t h i s will When y o u l i s t e n t o i t y o u r s e l f , won't i t sound p e t t y ? COUNCILMAN MOORE: W e l l , you have j u s t s a i d i t . How i s t h a t going t o sound? MR. CASSELL: Wouldn't i t sound p e t t y ? COUNCILMAN MOORE: I'm n o t i n t e r e s t e d i n t h a t , Mr. �80 Cassell. 1 How what y c u want t o do,, i s what y o u a r e t r y i n g t o do MR. CASSELL: Make y o u r c h o i c e . COUNCILMAN MOORE: deliberately What y o u a r e t r y i n g t o do i s provoke a s i t u a t i o n . VOICE: Y c u done an a r b i t r a r y r u l e t h a t h a s no b a s i s f o r judgment. MR. CASSELL: You have got y o u r s e l f i n t o a box. I t h i n k y o u ought t o t u r n t h e Chairmanship over t o somebody else. COUNCILMAN MOORE: MR. CnSSELL: I j u s t offered i t . COUNCILMAN MOORE: but T h a t ' s not your judgment t o make. I thank y o u f o r o f f e r i n g i t , sir, i t i s n ' t yours. MR. CASSELL: I want t o s a y something about a i r r i g h t s now. COUNCILMAN MOORE: Mr. C a s s e l l , I have t r i e d t o r e a s o n w i t h y o u , and y o u don't want t o be reasoned w i t h . I w i l l p r o c e e d t o t h e n e x t w i t n e s s , Mr. John K e l l y . B r o o k l a n d Coordinating Council. MR. CASSELL: Mr. ICeiriy, would you mind my c o n t i n u i n g u n t i l I f i n i s h my t e s t i m o n y ? MR. KELLY: stand i n your stead. MR. CASSELL: W e l l , c e r t a i n l y , Mr. C a s s e l l . I cannot I c a r ' t t e s t i f y under t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s . I n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h a i r r i g h t s , Mr. �Chairman COUNCILMAN MOORE: Mr. S t a n l e y Slier o f the C o n n e c t i o n Avenue A s s o c i a t i o n , Committee Concerned f o r K S t r e e t ? MR. SHER: I am here t o t e s t i f y , Mr. Chairman, b u t I do not w i s h t o get i n v o l v e d w i t h t h i s . t h i s could, be r e s o l v e d I t seems t o me t h a t i n a s e n s i b l e f a s h i o n , and I await that resolution. MR. CASSELL: I would l i k e t o t e s t i f y , b u t i f y o u are going t o i n t e r r u p t me, Mr. Chairman -COUNCILMAN MOORE: b e l l , Mr. C a s s e l l , would y o u e x p l a i n t o me what your o b j e c t i o n i s t o being seated? Would you j u s t answer t h a t ? MR. CASSELL: I t h i n k i t ' s an a r b i t r a r y r u l e , really. S t a n d i n g i s n o t o f f e n s i v e t o anybody. COUNCILMAN MOORE: Mr. C a s s e l l , i t was a r e q u e s t . I t wasn't a r u l e . MR. CASSELL: V7e.ll, I t h i n k i t I s a r b i t r a r y . think i t i s designed to i n h i b i t , thing. I and I t h i n k i t ' s a r e a s o n a b l e I have t e s t i f i e d many times i n t h i s room, and I have always s t o o d , v e r y seldom have I s a t . I speak b e t t e r ; I would a l s o l i k e t o be a b l e t o see a l l the members o f t h e C o u n c i l because I s i t down h e r e , I cannot see my esteemed b r o t h e r Anderson o r c a n I see - y F r a t e r n i t y B r o t h e r Robinson h e r e . m I might be a b l e t o see B r o t h e r Y e l d e l l , b u t t h a t ' s a r e a s o n a b l e reason f o r s t a n d i n g . Now c o u l d we go on, s i r ? �82 COUNCILMAN MOORE: W e l l , Mr. C a s s e l l , Vm J do t h i s because y o u a r e o r d e r l y , I understand doing; I understand t h a t I don't. going t o what you a r e i t v e r y w e l l , and I don't want y o u t o t h i n k Now you c o n t i n u e w i t h your MR. CASSELL: testimony. Thank you, s i r . (Applause.) I j u s t have one f i n a l t h i n g t o s a y , and t h a t i s about air rights. f o r housing I t h a s been proposed t h a t t h e r e be c o n s t r u c t i o n o r f o r s c h o o l s over t h a t p o r t i o n o f t h e freeway between 2nd and 3 r d , H and K. I t h i n k t h a t the testimony that you have up t o new i n d i c a t e s v e r y c l e a r l y t h a t i n t h a t a r e a , the c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f p o l l u t i o n i s even h i g h e r . I would l i k e t o l e a v e w i t h each Board member t h i s p a r t i c u l a r admonition. With t h e s c i e n t i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n that, we have now, c e r t a i n l y y o u wouldn't want t o l i v e over a channel which produces such a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f p o l l u t a n t s , and c e r t a i n l y , y o u wouldn't want t o p u t c h i l d r e n i n s c h o o l s 67 hours per day. T h i s -would be n e c e s s a r y , and I s a y t o you a l s o i f you c a n , on t h i s o c c a s i o n , i g n o r e t h e w i s h e s o f t h i s c i t y as e x p r e s s e d so v e r y e l o q u e n t l y over t h e p a s t two y e a r s , and approve any more f r e e w a y s i n Washington, D. C. a s i d e from what Congress w a n t s , t h a t you would have s t a r t e d a p r o c e s s o f l a c k of respect f o r the C i t y Council. You would have a l s o s t a r t e d a p r o c e s s o f o p p o s i t i o n t o the C i t y C o u n c i l which i s e n t i r e l y u n n e c e s s a r y . I encourage �83 you t o r e c o g n i z e t h e advantage i n responding t o t h e d e s i r e s o f e the c i t y . You would t ^ n be accepted. I f y o u r e c a l l i n 1968, the o l d C i t y C o u n c i l was applauded by t h e c i t y ; they g a i n e d strength. I s a y t o y c u t h a t whatever p r e s s u r e s , whatever antagonism comes from an i r r e s p o n s i b l e Congress would be more t h a n c o u n t e r - b a l a n c e d by t h e f a c t t h a t you would then appear i n t h e eyes o f t h e c i t y as a whole t o be r e s p o n s i b l e be and t o responsive. I s a y t o you n o t one more i n c h o f f r e e w a y s i n Washington, D. C. The s o l u t i o n i s mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . Thanh you. (Applause.) COUNCILMAN MOORE: Mr. C a s s e l l ? Mr. C a s s e l l ? MR. CASSELL: Y e s . COUNCILMAN MOORE: witness t a b l e , please? May I a s k y o u t o r e t u r n t o t h e There may be q u e s t i o n s t h a t my f e l l o w Councilmen may w i s h t o a s k o f y o u . MR. CASSELL: and Would i t be a l l r i g h t i f I s t o o d , answer t h o s e q u e s t i o n s , COUNCILMAN MOORE: witness chamber, sir? Would y o u come i n s i d e o f t h e please? MR. CASSELL: Yes, s i r . COUNCILMAN MOORE: Councilman Hahn? Councilman Shackleton? COUNCILWOMAN SHACKLETON: No questions. �84 COUNCILMAN MOORE: Councilman Anderson? COUNCILMAN ANDERSON: COUNCILMAN MOORE: Councilman Haywood? COUNCILWOMAN HAYWOOD: COUNCILMAN MOORE: COUNCILMAN YELDELL: Chairman. No q u e s t i o n s . .• Councilman Robinson? COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: COUNCILMAN MOORE: No q u e s t i o n s , Nc q u e s t i o n s . Councilman Y e l d e l l ? I don't have any q u e s t i o n s , Mr. I would l i k e t o c h a t w i t h Mr. C a s s e l l a minute though. I t h i n k t h a t y o u r t e s t i m o n y and t h e t e s t i m o n y o f many witnesses a s s o c i a t e d E a s t D. C. h a s had a l o t o f meet i n what i t ' s had t o s a y . I think that i t I s unfortunate times h a d to cloud t h e i s s u e , a l o t o f t h a t we some- irrelevancy. I think i t i s i m p o r t a n t t o r e c o g n i z e t h a t i s s u e s now a r e not t h e same as they were I n August, and I t h i n k t h a t y o u a r e o c c u p y i n g a p o s i t i o n o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y on t h e Board o f E d u c a t i o n , makes i t i c r y s t a l - c l e a r t h a t when one h a s a r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t h a t one must discharge t h a t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n a way t h a t t h e s i t u a t i o n demands. I am n o t so much concerned about a l a c k o f r e s p e c t nor am I concerned about o p p o s i t i o n t o . As long a s & C o u n c i l - man, I am a b l e t o w a i v e t h e s i t u a t i o n I n terms o f what I t w i l l do f o r t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h e c i t y . , and I f e e l , w i t h o u t any r e g r e t , t h a t d e c i s i o n I made i n August as a p a r t o f �85 j t h i s body was the t i m e . a sound one based on the i n f o r m a t i o n I f e e l t h a t I dan at l i s t e n to t h i s s i t u a t i o n and malce an o b j e c t i v e o p i n i o n on t h i s based on the data we had information now. I do not a p p r e c i a t e the c o r r e l a t i o n between the because I don't t h i n k i t e x i s t s ; nor do when one I particularly feel I c e s not occupy a p o s i t i o n of r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , can say what the p r e s s u r e s two a r e on anyone e l s e . that one I could only say then t h a t 1 c o u l d l i s t e n to what i s b e i n g s a i d h e r e , and can a p p r e c i a t e what i s b e i n g s a i d , and emotionalism behind i t . the v o t e we T took i n August was not a Vote f o r f r e e w a y s , response t o doing -/hat we had T h i s i s a new and I w i s h t h a t you o t h e r people who information I can u n d e r s t a n d the 1 t h i n k you know, as we'll as we, v o t e n e c e s s i t a t e d by p r e s s u r e s t h a t were upon us and t o do f o r t h i s game and and I that but, a our city. view i t i n t h a t the o t h e r members of are anti-freeway I respect, BCTC . and the would s i m p l y p r e s e n t y o u r I n as an o b j e c t i v e way as you c a r e , and I think I t w i l l be d e c i d e d upon based w i t h t h a t f a c t , and not the emotiona l i s m so associated. Thank you, Mr. MR. CASSELL: response to t h a t . f e s s t h a t you You Chairman. I would l i k e t o say two things mentioned l a c k of r e s p e c t . are q u i t e r i g h t , s i r . I have r e s p e c t members on the C o u n c i l . in I must confor two They have earned t h a t r e s p e c t , and for �36 one a d d i t i o n a l member who had n o t the o p p o r t u n i t y t o tales a p o s i t i o n on t h a t ; so you a r e q u i t e c o r r e c t t h e r e . On t h e second p o i n t , you mentioned i r r e l e v a n c i e s . t h e r e were some i r r e l e v a n t statements If t h a t I made, I would be g l a d to admit t o i t i f you would p o i n t them out o r t o c l e a r i t up. COUNCILMAN YELDBLL: Mr. C a s s e l l . I don't c a r e t o s a y anymore, I have s a i d what I have t o s a y . I t h i n k you f u l l ) u n d e r s t a n d what I have s a i d . MR. CASSELL: We asked on August t h e 9 t h , Mr. Chairman, when we were denied f i v e minutes t o make a statement t o you,to make a s i m p l e statement. And i t was a s t a t e m e n t made by an i n d i v i d u a l whom I t h i n k we a l l r e v e r e and who had begun i n h i s c a r e e r t o move away from a p p e a l i n g to the hearts o f • men i n d e a l i n g w i t h t h e p r a c t i c a b l e a s p e c t s o f an i s s u e and t o b u i l d t h e k i n d o f i r r e s t i b l e f o r c e t h a t makes t h e e s t a b l i s h ment respond. T h a t man was Dr. M a r t i n L u t h e r King. Now s i n c e we i n s i s t e d on making t h a t s t a t e m e n t , many o f us found o u r s e l v e s e j e c t e d , and o f c o u r s e , some got p r i s o n terms t o s e r v e . The s t a t e m e n t was, and I hope I'm n o t going t o have t o s e r v e a p r i s o n term f o r making t h i s statement because I'm going t o make i t . M a r t i n L u t h e r K i n g on S a t u r d a y , August t h e 9 t h , 1969, ECTC, asked t h i s body f o r f i v e minutes t o make h i s s t a t e m e n t before t h e C i t y C o u n c i l , voted on t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and �87 the freeway Ballot." issue. The statement was e n t i t l e d , "A Lonesome And t h e author was t h e r e c e n t l y e u l o g i z e d Reverend Martin Luther King, J r . i s this irrelevant, COUNCILMAN YELDBLL: sir? As f a r as I'm concerned, i t ' s most I r r e l e v a n t , Mr. C a s s e l l . MR. CASSBLL: you proved i t . W e l l , t h i s i s my f i r s t Our f i r s t offer, like this, Here's what t h a t statement Luther King: said. i r r e l e v a n c y , and was r e j e c t e d . This i s Martin I f a man happens t o be 35 y e a r s o l d , as I happen t o be, and some g r e a t t r u t h s t a n d s b e f o r e t h e door c f h i s l i f e , some g r e a t o p p o r t u n i t y to s t a n d up f o r t h a t which i s r i g h t and t h a t which i s j u s t , and lie r e f u s e s t o s t a n d up because he wants t o l i v e a l i t t l e l o n g e r , i s a f r a i d h i s home w i l l g e t bombed o r i s a f r a i d t h a t he w i l l l o s e h i s j o b -- o r maybe future opportunity I added t h a t m y s e l f -- o r he i s a f r a i d he w i l l g e t s h o t , he may go on and l i v e u n t i l he i s 80, and t h e c e s s a t i o n c f b r e a t h i n g i n h i s l i f e i s merely ment o f an e a r l y death o f e x p e r i e n c e . to s t a n d up f o r t h a t which i s r i g h t . t h e b e l a t e d annouce Man d i e s when he r e f u s e d A man d i e s when he r e f u s e s t o t a k e a s t a n d f o r t h a t which i s t r u e , s i r -- t h i s i s s t i l l Martin Luther King. So we a r e going t o s t a n d up r i g h t h e r e , l e t t i n g t h e w o r l d know we a r e determined to be f r e e . i r r e l e v a n c y to ycu, s i r . (Applause.) That i s ray f i n a l �88 COUNCILMAN MOORE: The' C h a i r f e e l s compelled t o make a statement f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f a l l , t h e persons t e s t i f y i n g h e r e tonight. The C h a i r has t r i e d t o be f a i r w i t h everybody i n p r e s i d i n g over t h e s e m e e t i n g s , v a r i o u s ones who have d i f f e r e n t o p i n i o n s about how a meeting s h o u l d be c h a i r e d . e n t i t l e d t o your o p i n i o n , I am e n t i t l e d t o mine, You a r e b u t I would a l s o hope t h a t y o u f e e l I think t h i s i s only just. Now, t h e o r d e r h a s been b e a u t i f u l throughout t h e s e \ hearings. Ive a l l have t r i e d t o m a i n t a i n i t i n t h a t way. Some people have p e c u l i a r f e e l i n g s about f i r s t one t h i n g and then the o t h e r . I have n o t t r i e d t o be a r b i t r a r y a t any p o i n t i n r u l i n g i n the c h a i r . I have asked f o r o r d e r , and I b e l i e v e | t h a t t h e r e i s an o r d e r l y way i n which any b u s i n e s s s h o u l d be c a r r i e d on whether I t i s i n t h i s C o u n c i l procedure . o r whether i t i s i n any o t h e r d e l i b e r a t i v e body. The strongest appeal t h a t any c h a i r has i s t h e appeal to t h e i n d i v i d u a l s w i t h whom he must d e a l . I am b e i n g c a r e f u l I n e x p l a i n i n g t h i s because I have more a t t i t u d e s toward i t . There a r e p o l i c e m e n , as some have i n d i c a t e d , i n t h e room. are b u i l d i n g guards. They 1 have s t a t e d a t t h e o u t s e t t h a t so f a r as t h i s c h a i r i s concerned, i t i s t h e f i l i a l i n s t r u m e n t w i t h ' w h i c h o r d e r would b e . m a i n t a i n e d . I b e l i e v e t h a t each o f us h a s t h a t a b i l i t y w i t h i n h i m s e l f t o keep t h e o r d e r t o i n s u r e t h e peace and m a i n t a i n t h e �89 d i g n i t y o f . t h i s h e a r i n g as you would want i t as c i t i z e n s the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. of And 1 would l i k e from t h i s p o i n t on t h a t each o f us would proceed i n t h a t o r d e r , i n t h a t peace and i n t h a t calm atmosphere t h a t we' t r y t o c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e s e hearings with i n the past, . I shall a t a l l times he f a i r , and i f you f e e l t h a t y o u r Chairman i s d e a l i n g u n f a i r l y w i t h you, s i m p l y c a l l i t t o my a t t e n t i o n , and t h e C h a i r w i l l make those adjustments within t h e p r e s c r i b e d r e g u l a t i o n s l a i d down by t h i s C o u n c i l t o i n s u r e t h a t you r e c e i v e t h e f a i r t r e a t m e n t as you t h i n k you a r e entitled to. Now I s h a l l c a l l t h e n e x t w i t n e s s and a s k t h e w i t n e s s t o k i n d l y be s e a t e d a t t h e w i t n e s s t a b l e , and proceed w i t h h i s witness. Mr. John K e l l y o f t h e B r o o k l a n d Coordinating Council. TESTIMONY OF JOHN KELLY BROCKLAND COORDINATING COUNCIL MR. KELLY: Mr. Chairman, I would l i k e i f I may c o n g r a t u l a t e t h e C h a i r f o r t h e wisdom o f i t s d e c i s i o n w i t h t h e previous witness. 1 , t o o , e x p r e s s h i s concern. I should like to a l s o f i l e w i t h athe C h a i r a f o r m a l p r o t e s t t h a t t h e s e meetings a r e n o t b e i n g h e l d i n t h e a f f e c t e d arc-as. Brook l a n d i t s e l f s h o u l d have two i f n o t t h r e e o f t h e s e meetings, and i t should be i n t h e evenings where t h e people c a n come and t e s t i f y I t i s r e g r e t t a b l e t h a t t h e Chairman o f t h e C o u n c i l made t h e �so d e c i s i o n and r e f u s e d us to be unable to t e s t i f y w i t h i n our own areas. I am John D. K e l l y fro... the B r o o k l a n d A r e a ing Council. Coordinat- X am a r e s i d e n t of 7.3 y e a r s i n B r o o k l a n d , and I am i n l o r e w i t h t h i s c i t y . C o u n c i l comprised As a B r o o k l a n d A r e a C o o r d i n a t i n g of 24 members, c i v i c and c i t i z e n s a s s o c i a t i o n s and e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s r e s t a t e the p o s i t i o n they announced f i v e y e a r s ago, t h e y a r e i n u n u t t e r a b l e o p p o s i t i o n t o the highway program proposed by the D i r e c t o r o f Highways and T r a f f i c f o r the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, Mr. Tom A i r 1 4 * T h i s i n c l u d e s o p p o s i t i o n to the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and t o the proposed s t u d y of the North Leg as w e l l as the r e s t of the Department of Highways' freeway system. I n h i s p r e s e n t a t i o n , Mr. A i r i s , as he has done f o r y e a r s , spoke as though we w i l l have f r e e w a y s . Now, not he anyone e l s e has e v e r proven the need f o r any f r e e w a y s . In a l l c a s e s , these p r o p o s a l s a r e by the Highway Department's admission based on s t a t i s t i c s developed i n 1959. been no data s i n c e t h e n , and oh, how nor own There have t h i s urban a r e a has changed. The A r t h u r D. L i t t l e Report o f 1965 r e p u d i a t e d a l l of t h e s e Highway Department s t a t i s t i c s . And, Mr. Chairman, the Deparment of Highways p a i d f o r t h i s r e p o r t w i t h p u b l i c f u n d s , however, i t has been e x t r e m e l y d i f f i c u l t t o come by. I have c o p i e s a v a i l a b l e i f the members of the C o u n c i l would choose t o get them because I don't think- the Highway Department i s �91 r e l e a s i n g then f o r p u b l i c consumption. In p a r t i c u l a r , the Brookland Coordinating Council i s opposed t o t h e r e c e n t f r a u d on t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h i s grand c i t y p e r p e t r a t e d by t h e Highway Department which they c a l l recommendations f o r a freeway i n t h e n o r t h e r n s e c t o r . long d e s p i s e d North C e n t r a l Freeway. The T h a t A i r i s and .ompany can s e r i o u s l y b e l i e v e t h e y have cone any s e r v i c e whatsoever to t h i s c i t y by changing e v e r so s l i g h t l y a freeway d e s i g n t h a t as a. r e s u l t o f t h e t e s t i m o n i e s o f t h i s c i t y and by t h e a c t i o n of t h i s e u n c i i I n December 1963, even as a concept was r u l e d t o t a l l y unacceptable i s without question a demonstration o f unprecedented arrogance. The h o l l o w announcement t h a t some 50 homes be saved i s s e r v i n g g a l l t o a t h i r s t y man. Mr. A i r i s and h i s c o n s p i r a - t o r s know t h a t t h e s e homes a r e o n l y saved t o be t o r n down by the s u c c e s s f u l b i d d e r on condemned D.C. p r o p e r t y which b i d d e r I s then f r e e t o wreak h i s w i l l upon a community. The p r o p o s a l l i e s t o t h e e x t r a v a g a n t when i t s t a t e s t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t now owns 32 o f t h e homes i n t h e p a t h o f i t s p r o p o s a l . Only last May i n a church i n Brookland;, Commissioner Washington, and u n f o r t u n a t e l y , Mr. Hahn l e f t , b u t Mr. Hahn was t h e r e too pledged t o f i n d a means t o r e s t o r e 69 o f t h e s e 32 homes t o p r i v a t e ownership; 69 homes t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Department o f Highways own, n o t 32. And I c a n ' t u n d e r s t a n d how Mr. A i r i s can come up w i t h t h a t s t a t i s t i c . , �92 Mr. Hahn, i f you a r e l i s t e n i n g s you and CononisSloner Washington t o l d us t h a t you were i n a l t e r a b l y opposed t o t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway, and i n y o u r p r e s e n c e , t h e Mayor s a i d h i s i n s t r u c t i o n s t o h i s s t a f f were, and I quote: 51 i t c a n ' t be done. :3 was i n r e f e r e n c e ownership. "Don't t e l l T e l l rae how I can g e t i t done',* and t h i s t o h i s r e s t o r a t i o n o f t h e s e homes t o p r i v a t e So you o f f i c i a l s , most o f a l l , know t h a t this s t a t e m e n t o f 32 homes i s an u n p a l a t a b l e l i e . The Highway Department o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, through t h e f o r c e o f condemnation, e v i c t e d t h e owners o f 69 homes, n o t 32, i n t h e p a t h o f t h a t d i s a s t r o u s f r e e w a y ; 22 l a n e s o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c c r r l d o r t h a t w i l l r u i n t h i s neighborhood beyond r e c a l l . I s a y d i s a s t r o u s f r e e w a y because t h a t free-way i n a l l of t h e Highway Department p r o p o s a l s w i l l s h r e d t h i s b e l o v e d D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i n t o a s e r i e s o f t o t a l l y u n r e l a t e d p a r t s -* such a s e r i e s o f t o t a l l y u n r e l a t e d p a r t s t h a t t h e r e w i l l be no p o s s i b i l i t y o f ever being able to i d e n t i f y the C a p i t a l o f t h i s Nation. And a l l o f t h i s i s now done i n t h e name o f expediency i n o f f i c i a l D. C. Government response t o mean law p e r p e t r a t e d by mean men. Mr. Chairman, here t h a t describes i f I may, I w i l l quote a statement t h a t s h r e d d i n g much b e t t e r than I c a n . The f a c t t h a t t h e f r e e w a y e n a b l e s t r a f f i c t o by-pass c i t i e s has been, such t h e b e g i n n i n g , a s t r o n g argument i n i t s f a v o r . But t h e freeway i n t h e c i t y i s another m a t t e r . Instead of �93 uniting, i t divides. I t d i v i d e s c i t i e s p h y s i c a l l y and s o c i a l l y , and i t d i s r u p t s neighborhoods. m e t r o p o l i t a n communities. I t cuts o f f s e c t i o n s o f I t d i s b u r s e s p o p u l a t i o n and b u s i n e s s e I t promotes urban s p r a w l . The proposed f r e e w a y s planned no e x c e p t i o n . f o r Washington would be The most immediate and s e v e r e impact o f t h e a p p r o v a l o f t h e f r e e w a y s would be e x p e r i e n c e d by t h e f a m i l i e s and t h e b u s i n e s s e s t h a t would be d i s p l a c e d . The e f f e c t o f e i t h e r d i s p l a c e m e n t , however, would n o t be c o n f i n e d t o t h e a f f e c t e d neighborhood. I t would be f e l t throughout t h e metro- p o l i t a n community, and t h a t statement was made by Dr. C. Joseph Mice i n F e b r u a r y , 1955, h e a r i n g s on t h e North C e n t r a l L e g s . Dr. Nice w i l l t e s t i f y l a t e r t h i s e v e n i n g , I understand. The p i t y changes t o t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway P l a n , leaves the c i t i z e n s c f the Brookland who s t i l l area, especially those f i g h t f o r t h e i r homes i n t h e path o f t h i s Infamous p r o p o s a l , w i t h o u t r e l i e f , and I name as one t h a t g a l l a n t f i g h t e r , Mr. B e r n a r d F r y e r , who even now i s d e n i e d m e d i c a l p e r m i s s i o n t o speak, even t o be h e r e . I f these p r o p o s a l s a r e adopted, they w i l l produce t h e b e s t p o s s i b l e s o l u t i o n f o r t h e p o l i t i c a l death o f a community which has drawn n a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t as a n a t u r a l l y unenforced i n t e g r a t e d community o f home-owning, family building c i t i z e n s . Mr. A i r i s ' remark, n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway, w i l l , i n f a c t , s e p a r a t e t h i s community from t h e D i s t r i c �94 o£ Columbia i n a f a s h i o n designed by the same t y p e s o f persons who have attempted same persons who to s e p a r a t e A n a c o s t i a from the D i s t r i c t , e v i c t e d the poor H a c k and White from to make i t a mecca f o r posh southwest l i v i n g , the same t y p e s o f persons and the same types of i n t e n t i o n s t h a t d e s i g n to reduce politcal the the c l u b not o n l y o f the B l a c k r e s i d e n t but of those who choose t o l i v e w i t h t h e i r B l a c k b r o t h e r s . And i f I may, Dr. Robinson, w i t h r e g a r d t o the you made d u r i n g Dr. A i r i s ' t e s t i m o n y about the people to go along i f the f i n a n c i n g was b e t t e r , our people remarks willing i n Brook- l a n d w i l l not go a l o n g w i t h Mr. A i r i s even i f he p r o v i d e s more and b e t t e r f u n d i n g , not a t today's i n f l a t e d p r i c e s , and why a f t e r p a y i n g a mortgage f o r 20 y e a r s and certainly, establishing r o o t s f o r my f a m i l y i n a f i n e community, s h o u l d I be r e q u i r e d to begin again j u s t freeway to s a t i s f y the l u s t f u l a p p e t i t e of the lobby. (Applause.) Mr. A i r i s has s a i d t h a t t h e r e a r e a number o f schemes, and I use h i s term, c o n c e r n i n g r e z o n i n g o f B r o o k l a n d f o r b u s i n e s s and h i g h - r i s e and L o r d o n l y knows what a l l . i f the schemes a r e Well, a f o o t , you can bet Mr. A i r i s knows them. A l a r g e segment o f the p o p u l a t i o n does not know o f them, however, and t h a t i s the people i n Brookland. And they have the o n l y w o r k a b l e , v i a b l e scheme or p l a n , i f you w i l l , Chairman. Mr. I t was p r e s e n t e d to the NCPC and the Department o f �9S Highways f i v e y e a r s ago t h a t c a l l s f o r s c h o o l s , p a r k s , a community-serving metro s t a t i o n , h u t i t d i d not i n c l u d e a freeway. C o n s e q u e n t l y , i t n e v e r saw t h e l i g h t o f day. Mr. A i r i s has s a i d t h a t - t h e r e i s much open l a n d i n B r o o k l a n d f o r t h i s b u s i n e s s and h i g h - r i s e development. However. Mr. Cook of t h a t o r g a n i z a t i o n of b u s i n e s s and i n d u s t r y paragons the Federal C i t y Council, s a i d that there I s l i t t l e f o r development a t B r o o k l a n d . but land left Those coords b e t t e r get t o g e t h e r then t h e y both spend about as much time i n B r o o k l a n d as they spend a t 14th and U S t r e e t s , Northwest. The B r o o k l a n d A r e a C o o r d i n a t i n g C o u n c i l s u p p o r t s t h e Emergency Committee on the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c r i s i s in their a t t a c k on any mere f r e e w a y s i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and a demand f o r r a p i d development o f mass r a p i d t r a n s i t systems. A b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system c a n ' t even b e g i n t o be b a l a n c e d when o n l y one s i d e o f the s c a l e s i s f i l l e d . It f u r t h e r s u p p o r t s t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission's s t a t e m e n t o f December 1958, endorsed by t h i s C i t y C o u n c i l , no more gateways i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. the I t opposes proposed programs as a sham, and t h e r e i s no s u b s t i t u t e change f o r any program developed by t h e Department o f Highways p r i o r t o 1965. I n the 18 months g i v e n t h e Department o f Highways to r e s t u d y the North C e n t r a l Freeway, what was done? Not one s i n g l e t h i h g o u t s i d e o f minor, a d j u s t m e n t s t o i t s own p r e c i o u s �96 planning. Mr. A i r i s asked f o r an honest d i a l o g u e . I n the course o f r e s t u d y , d i d t h a t master o f vague r e p l y come out t o t a l k to the B r o o k l a n d c i t i z e n s ? Mo. Did the Highway Depart- ment even d i s c l o s e i t s p l a n to t h e c i t i z e n s ? No. Why? Because not one r e s p o n s i b l e p e r s o n i n the Department o f Highways has a s i n g l e commitment t o the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and to the citizens o f t h i s D i s t r i c t or i f t h e i r a c t i o n s speak f o r them, to t h e Commissioner-Council Government of t h i s District. They a r e t o t a l l y d e d i c a t e d o f seven y e a r s o f e x p e r i ence w i t h t h e i r a c t i o n s as any b a s i s o f judgment. To the p r o p o s i t i o n , and I use t h i s term I n i t s most e l i c i t sense o f the Washington Board of T r a d e , t h a t found f r o n t o f D i s t r i c t merchants, the highway u s e r s lobby who their appear t o guarantee income, the p u b l i c works and D i s t r i c t o f Columbia committees of the House o f R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s which appear t o p r o t e c t them from a l l d a n g e r s , even p o s s i b l e f i r i n g . I n Mr. A i r i s ' r e m a r k s , he s a i d he thought Congress would approve t h e I S month e x t e n s i o n 021 the North Leg. A i r i s s h o u l d know. from the same lobby. Mr. He and Congressman P u c i n s k i t a k e o r d e r s The Highway U s e r s Lobby and those members o f Congress and t h e D. C. Department o f Highways w h i c h i t has i n I t s t h r a l l a r e t e l l i n g and w i l l t e l l you t h a t the proposed freeway system w i l l improve the f l o w o f t r a f f i c t o and from the city. T h i s i s not proven and cannot be. They w i l l tell you i t w i l l a i d i n g e t t i n g r e s i d e n t s to p l a c e s o f employment �97 o u t s i d e of a c i t y . T h i s i s not t r u e and cannot be. f r e e w a y s make the j o b s f o r t h e s e people? Will They don't e x i s t They w i l l t e l l you t h a t the freeway p l a n w i l l t r a f f i c on l o c a l s t r e e t s , both s o c i a l o g i c a l l y cannot the now. reduce and a c t u a l l y improve the neighborhood, and. e c o n o m i c a l l y . T h i s I s not proven and be. I n s h o r t , not one s i n g l e argument o f f e r e d as a r e a s o n f o r urban f r e e w a y s has e v e r been proven by I t s proponents and no argument -- nor the sum t o t a l o f a l l arguments f o r urban f r e e w a y s overcomes the damage t h a t has been done where e v e r they have been developed. I n an a r e a a l r e a d y b l i g h t e d by smog, t h i s p l a n would b r i n g mere o f them, and I n a c i t y a l r e a d y Impacted by the p o l l u t i n g c a r , t h i s p l a n would compoundthe f e l o n y . In an a r e a where f a m i l i e s have s t r u g g l e d to l i v e s i d e by s i d e i n . homes o f t h e i r own, t h i s p l a n would e l i m i n a t e t h e s e homes. The ECTC argument t h a t t h e s e f r e e w a y s i n the D i s t r i c t are w h i t e man's roads through the b l a c k man's homes i s no h o l l o * cry. I n a l l urban freeway p l a n s i n t h i s n a t i o n , t h i s has been the p r a c t i c e . The p r e s e n t d e s i g n f o r freeways I n t h i s c i t y i s a r a c i s t d e s i g n by r a c i s t d e s i g n e r s t o s a t i s f y the a p p e t i t i e s o f those r a c i s t Congressmen who would f o r c e the d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f t h i s c i t y because they c a n ' t stomach the r i s e o f the b l a c k man because t h e y f e a r t o f a c e t h e i r c o n s t i t u e n t s i n t h e i r d i s t r i c t s i f they support a b l a c k m a j o r i t y i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. Y e t n e t I n one s i n g l e C o n g r e s s i o n a l d i s t r i c t o f the �93 U n i t e d S t a t e s would t h e s e same c o n s t i t u e n t s p e r m i t t h e passage o f such mean l a w as these despots have Imposed upon t h e c i t i z e n s of t h i s capitol. The members o f Congress r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h i s A c t know it; t h e c i t y ' s major news media w h i c h have bowed I n humble submission t o t h i s A c t know i t , t h a t shameful press-. That p r e s s t h a t s a y s t o i t s D i s t r i c t s u b s c r i b e r s , we know i t i s t y r a n n y b u t Congress s a y s s o , so we must; t h e shameful lazy press. People The c i t y i s r i d d e n w i t h c r i m e , w i t h p o l l u t i o n . are t r y i n g t o add 43 p e r c e n t o f i t s p r o p e r t y a l r e a d y poured over w i t h cement; housing problems; c h i l d - c a r e problems; and the suburban o r i e n t e d p r e s s w i l l devote i t s p r i n c i p a l city page t o t h e easy s t o r i e s about t h e l e a d horse a t F t . Myer o r when t o go t o t h e Zoo. They w i l l t a k e t h e pat f e d them by Mr. A i r i s and t h e Highway Users Lobby, t h e Hahn p o l l or t h e v e r s i o n o f t h e QUayle p o l l and f i l l up a l l o f t h e n e w s p r i n t needed. even g e t up and look around. They don't I am w i t n e s s t o t h e f a c t t h a t they d i d n ' t even have t o l e a v e t h e C o u n c i l P r e s s Room t o get e v e r y i n c h o f copy t h a t was p r i n t e d on t h e s e phoney new p r o p o s a l s . Mr. A i r i s d e l i v e r e d those s t o r i e s p e r s o n a l l y . d i d n ' t even g e t up from t h e i r Some o f them chairs. They asked Mr. A i r i s i f he was t e l l i n g t h e t r u t h , and Mr. A i r i s s a i d he was. for honest, fearless so they p r i n t e d i t . How i s t h a t and t i r e l e s s r e p o r t i n g o f t h i s r o u t e ? �99 (Applause.) Even the c i t y ' s eminent c l e r g y cannot got t h a t f r e e hand. The p r e s s i n t h i s c i t y and away w i t h the media they c o n t r o l a r e as committed to the Highway U s e r ' s Lobby as Mr. Found and. Mir. oriented press. way reported Klusenski a shameful,, l a z y , suburban- T h e i r f a v o r i t e p o l l , the Quayle p o l l by the t h a t more people -- t h a t the more people were informed about urban f r e e w a y s , One -- our the more they opposed them. wonders when the p r e s s might get the message; when the p r e s s might get informed. You members o f t h i s C o u n c i l can be a p u b l i c can do something. f o r c e i n r e a c t i n g to the w i l l of the You citizens, to and you can be a major i n f l u e n c e on the Mayor by r e a c t i n g this w i l l . There are s e v e r a l s t e p s the c i t y m i g h t . t a k e t o stop t h i s u n j u s t a c t i o n . ceed w i t h the program. He has The Mayor can say he w i l l not proI doubt they w i l l put him i n j a i l . s a i d he w i l l not c o n s t r u c t a road through the U S t r e e t Corridor. He can say more. The hearings Council can i n s i s t on f u l l s t u d i e s and complete i n accordance w i t h the F e d e r a l Highway Act o f 1966, i s ' r e q u i r e d by the F e d e r a l Highway A c t of 1968. Except f o r p o s i t i v e a c t i o n by Mayor Washington, however, t h e s e are d e l a y i n g t a c t i c s and only t h e s e a r e i n response t o mean law. The d i s c u s s i o n Thursday and F r i d a y n i g h t as to the l e g a l i t y o f c i t y ' s a c t i o n i s not germane. I f we as comply i n any o f the the �100 foregoing ways o r by recommending no more freeway programs, you know and I know t h a t Congress w i l l i n v o l k S e c t i o n S03 o f T i t l e 9, the A p p r o p r i a t i o n s that famous B r o y h i l l A c t f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, amendment supported by the champion o f the common men when he i s w e l l and h e a l t h y , Representative Brock Adams. T h i s w i l l c u t o f f a l l f u n d i n g whatsoever f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, e x c e p t money f o r l a w and o r d e r . Incidentally, t h i s was l o b b i e d f o r by Mr. Johnson's o u t f i t , the D. C. T r u c k e r ' s A s s o c i a t i o n . over our heads. T h i s i s t h e sore t h a t hangs L e t ' s f a c e up t o i t . T h i s i s the i s s u e , and i f Mr. Y e l d e l l were h e r e , t h i s i s s t i l l l a s t August. And And, t h e same i s s u e i t was These I s s u e s have not changed i n s p i t e o f him. they w i l l not change; t h i s I s t h e I s s u e , b u t t h i s i s a l s o , the moment o f our t r u t h and t h i s i s t h e moment when we must s t a n d up and be counted i n a c o u r t room t e x t o f t h i s infamous and most i l l e g a l amendment, and make s u r e t h a t t h e f a u l t be where i t b e l o n g s , w i t h Congress. , The c o u r t s o f t h i s l a n d have r u l e d t h a t t h e Highway Program i n t h i s c i t y was i l l e g a l l y developed, and y e t t h e citizens o f t h i s c i t y have denied t h e r i g h t American c i t i z e n s , t h e r i g h t g i v e t o a l l o f our t o e n j o y the j u s t i c e o f the c o u r t s Nov;, we, t h e c i t i z e n s , who a r e charged w i t h no crime cannot seek t h e p r o t e c t i o n p e r m i t t e d t h e c i t i r e n charged w i t h t h e most heinouszrime, t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e c o u r t s . When the �101 F e d e r a l Court r u l e s I n f a v o r of the c i t i z e n s Congress o r d e r s the c i t y to proceed w i t h o u t opinion of t h a t c o u r t . citizenry of t h i s city, r e g a r d t o the T h i s i s an u n j u s t a c t a g a i n s t i f t h e r e e v e r was nne. the T h i s a c t can breed other cts. J u s t i c e Brand!ce has s a i d , " I f a Government becomes a lawmaker, i t i n v i t e s e v e r y man i t invites anarchy. ready f o r the n e x t . to become a law unto h i m s e l f ; A c c e p t d i s o r d e r from Congress and Permit this travesty d e c i s i o n , be p e r m i t t e d to have our s c h o o l s legislation free. The and on another c o u r t taken from us or our h o s p i t a l s or our c h i l d c a r e c e n t e r s . has n e v e r bowed to j u s t one be by Man f o o t of a despot and then walk despot w i l l not p e r m i t this." ' A vote i n f a v o r of t h i s program I s an a c t of r a c i s m , a d i r e c t i v e to pursue t h i s program i s an a c t of r a c i s m , the d o t t i n g o f an " I " o f any c o n t r a c t advanced i n t h i s program i s an a c t of r a c i s m , and doing t h i s a c t under the excuse or p r e s s u r e of r a c i s t s makes i t no l e s s wrong. At t h i s time I n these days -(Applause.) At t h i s time I n t h i s day, more p o t e n t . So we, Commissioner and h i s t o r y of men, the c i t i z e n s i t . o n l y makes the doer of t h i s c i t y and i t s i t s C o u n c i l , must take the a c t i o n . t h i s c i t y and example of a colony. i t s citizens I n the are a textbook We must f a c e the i s s u e now. The decision �102 t a k e n by you on t h e s e phoney recommendations, t h e answer by Commissioner Washington has got to be t h a t we, t h e people o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, a r e and o f r i g h t ought t o be f r e e and independent c i t i z e n s . (Applause.) We w i l l n o t be yoked i n t o s u b m i s s i o n by mean men ivho i n t e n d t o e n f o r c e mean l a w upon u s . P u c i n s k i , t e l l a Watcher, t e l l Tell a Fallon, t e l l a a B r o y h i l l , t e l l the P r e s i d e n t . By lav; you have r u l e d t h a t you can deny us our subway. You have r u l e d t h a t you can deny us our h o s p i t a l , our w e l f a r e , our ing, school. While i f a c c e p t a n c e t o y o u r c i t y - b r e a k i n g , p o l l u t - people d e s t r o y i n g f r e e w a y p l a n i s your p r i c e , our answer i s no, no, no. (Applause.) Continue t o t r a m p l e on t h e d i g n i t y o f our h e r i t a g e a s American c i t i z e n s and t h e w r a t h o f t h i s c i t y I s on your shoulders. I n t h e h i s t o r y o f f r e e men, they have n o t long s u f f e r e d t h e t y r a n n i c a l i m p o s i t i o n o f r u i n o u s or l e g i s l a t i o n . We w i l l respond as have our f o r e b e a r e r s , and you must i n c u r the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r w h a t e v e r r e c o u r s e we t a k e . h e a r d as a l l c i t i z e n s a r e u l t i m a t e l y t o be h e a r d . We w i l l be Yours i s a c h o i c e on how you h e a r u s . . Mr. Chairman and members o f t h i s C o u n c i l , deny t h e s e p r o p o s a l s b e f o r e you, demonstrate t h a t you do r e p r e s e n t t h e c i t i z c - n s who have c o n s i s t e n t l y p r e s e n t e d a m a j o r i t y o p p o s i t i o n �103 to t h i s program, deny those p r o p o s a l s and i n s i s t p u b l i c l y t h a t the Commissioner deny them. Repudiate the v i s c l o u s a c t i o n t a k e n l a s t August on the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . Remind Congress that that s e c t i o n of the C o n s t i t u t i o n of the United States Which concerns t h e governing, o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s not a l i c e n s e t o l e g i s l a t e t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h i s c i t y i n t o subjugation, b u t a mandate t o i n s u r e t h a t a l l p r o t e c t i o n s , a l l r i g h t s of redress and a l l freedoms guaranteed t o a l l c i t i - zens a r e e n j o y e d by t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h i s n a t i o n ' s c a p i t o l . (Applause.) Then r a i s e y o u r heads and w a l k w i t h your brothers i n t h i s c i t y knowing y o u have had y o u r day i n a s s u r i n g that freedom. Thank you, v e r y much, Mr. Chairman. (Applause.) COUNCILMAN MOORS: f o r t h r i g h t testimony. Thank y o u , Mr. K e l l y , f o r t h e v e r y By t h e v e r y temper o f y o u r t e s t i m o n y , i t speaks v e r y f r a n k l y a g a i n s t any more f r e e w a y s i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. I am s u r e t h a t yon have a g r e a t number o f f e l l o w c i t i z e n s who s h a r e t h a t p o i n t o f v i e w . And I would l i k e t o a s k my f e l l o w councilmen i f t h e y s h o u l d l i k e to comment o r a s k you any q u e s t i o n s . Mrs. Haywood? COUNCILWOMAN HAYWOOD: COUNCILMAN MOORE: Councilman Haywood? No q u e s t i o n s , Mr. Chairman. Councilman Robinson? COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Thank y o u , Mr. K e l l y . Mr. K e l l y �104 you answered one o f my q u e s t i o n s , b u t I would l i k e you t o reiterate this again. If e r e t h e B r o o k l a n d r e s i d e n t s c o n s u l t e d about t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway? MR. KELLY: There has t e e n one COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: MR. KELLY: B e f o r e t h i s p l a n came out? T h e r e was one p u b l i c meeting i n N o r t h e a s t Washington a t t h e Nines S c h o o l h e l d by Mr. Hechinger and c e r t a i n members c f the C o u n c i l p r i o r t o t h e d e c i s i o n i n December t o v o t e a g a i n s t t h e f r e e w a y system. T h a t i s the o n l y p u b l i c meeting, and i n the f a c e o f t h e F e d e r a l Highway A c t o f 1966, Dr. Robinson, I don't t h i n k l e g a l l y t h a t co-uld be c a l l e d a h e a r i n g , b u t i t was t h e one p u b l i c meeting and t h e o n l y one. Mr. A i r i s h a s a l l e g e d l y come out and d i s c u s s e d t h i s w i t h p e o p l e , b u t t h e r e have been no p u b l i c meetings and no hearings, o f f i c i a l l e g a l l y designated hearings i n the Brookland a r e a , no, s i r . COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Could you g i v e me t h e number o f o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n the Brookland Coordinating Council? MR. KELLY: C a s s e l l on t h a t . Y e s , I would l i k e t o c o r r e c t C h a r l i e I t i s 24, n o t 18. COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: How many o f t h e s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s were a g a i n s t t h e freet'/ay? MR. KELLY: The l a t e s t i n q u i r y on t h i s a t a meeting i n J a n u a r y had a show o f hands, gave an i n d i c a t i o n t h a t a l l �105 o r g a n i z a t i o n s p r e s e n t had been a g a i n s t the freeway. never been one T h e r e has o r g a n i z a t i o n t h a t I knew of t h a t has come i n f a v o r of the f r e e w a y s . A c e r t a i n segment, as I u n d e r s t a n d i t , of the C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y i s t a k i n g a l i g h t e r p o s i t i o n on situation. However, as a whole, a i l of t h e s e have c o n s i s t e n t l y opposed the COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: MR. NELLY: Yes. the organizations freeway. I n o t h e r x*ords, 100 percent? The B r o o k l a n d C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n which l i e s i n the p a t h , the most a f f e c t e d a r e a . COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: s e v e r a l speakers W e l l , you p r o b a b l y h e a r d s a y t h a t w i t h the North C e n t r a l Freeway coming through B r o o k l a n d , i t would bo more economic o p p o r t u n i t i e s , more r e c r e a t i o n a l a r e a s would be i n c r e a s e d . What i s your thought on t h a t , s i r ? MR. KELLY: B r . Robinsen, they p l a n to take Harmony Cemetery f o r p a r k i n g a t the south-end of the the freeway. There i s going to be a t the Rhode I s l a n d Avenue end o f the North C e n t r a l " Freeway -- t h e r e ' s going to be an i n t e r - c h a n g e Michigan Avenue. T h i s w i l l take up a l a r g e chunk of T u r k e y T h i c k e t f o r a c c e s s t o the freeway. They w i l l t a k e up r e s t o f T u r k e y T h i c k e t then f o r f r i n g e p a r k i n g . the There are p l a n s t h a t I know o f -- t h e r e ' s one p l a n f o r a s c h o o l on o t h e r end at the of T u r k e y T h i c k e t . NOT? T u r k e y T h i c k e t i s one of the v e r y , v e r y l a r g e a r e a s f o r playgrounds I n the D i s t r i c t . no few C h i l d r e n are �106 bused to t h a t a r e a from a l l s e c t i o n s to p l a y t h e r e because o f its size. They can p l a y two o r threw f o o t b a l l games, but t h e r e a r e n ' t any other p l a c e s l i k e t h i s i n the D i s t r i c t Columbia. And of the p l a n o f our Highway Department i s t o t a k e i t and be damned, t h e r e i s no p l a n f o r another, an alternative s o l u t i o n to t h e i r t a k i n g Tarkey T h i c k e t . These a r e examples o f what i s happening. There a r e no p l a n s f o r any p a r k s ; t h e r e a r e no p l a n s w i t h i n the Highway D e p a r t m e n t s scheme of t h i n g s f o r a s c h o o l . f o r an a l t e r n a t e Brookland There i s a p l a n School which p l a n can be considered most o b j e c t i o n a b l e because i t t a k e s up so much of Turkey T h i c k e t , but w i t h i n the Highway Department program t h e r e a r e no p l a n s , and I have y e t to f i n d out whether they even have so much as had lunch w i t h members o f the Park Commission or the Department of E d u c a t i o n t o f i n d out what i s going on. And, i n c i d e n t a l l y , s i r , any p l a n of the Highway Department t h a t i n c l u d e s t h e s e t h i n g s , i n c l u d i n g housing Mr. as A i r i s s a i d , he would not move a p e r s o n w i t h o u t t h e r e b e i n g adequate h o u s i n g , and Mr. A i r i s c a n ' t hang onto t h a t p r o p o s a l . I f t h e s e p l a n s a r e approved, and Mr. A i r i s i s t o l d to b u i l d , Mr. A i r i s c o u l d come here b e f o r e you C o u n c i l members, shrug h i s s h o u l d e r s and s a y , " I build." Mr. couldn't help i t . They made me There i s n o t h i n g down on s o l i d paper t h a t w i l l permit A i r i s to hanging on t o t h a t p r o p o s a l , and I can bet you Highway Users hobby i s n ' t going t o l e t him. the �10 7 COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Could you t e l l me where 100 and something d i s p l a c e d f a m i l i e s would g e t comparable housing that we have i n Brookland? MR. KELLY: No, s i r . They c a n ' t go i n t o the s u b u r b s , r m o s t l y because t h e y a r e b l a c k , and they don't ha\ e the freedom t o move i n t h e suburbs. They c a n ' t get the housing f o r t h e money t h a t has been o f f e r e d t o them even i f you hand them t h e $500. The s u b j e c t — r e a l l y , we weaken our s i t u a t i o n , Dr. Robinson, when we decide t o d i s c u s s where t h e s e people can go to. They s h o u l d n o t have t o go, and. t h a t s h o u l d not be an item of d i s c u s s i o n . t o go through t h e r e . . - There i s no p r o o f t h a t t h a t f r e e w a y needs Mo one h a s proved i t , so when we t a l k about t h e moving out o r r e l o c a t i n g , t h i s i s not germane. They s h o u l d not have t o . These people, and you know how h a r d i t was I S y e a r s ago to get mortgage money t o come out and buy a house i n Brookland. These people had t o come out and f i g h t and burden themselves w i t h h i g h i n t e r e s t , second mortgages, and t h e y d i d it. And they b u i l t themselves homes, and'they a r e t h e r e now, and I know them a l l , enough o f them t o l o v e them. And t h e y cannot go and do t h e same t h i n g a g a i n , and why s h o u l d we a s k them t o . COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Mr. Kennedy, t h e o t h e r n i g h t ? Do you agree w i t h t h e s p e a k e r , Me s a i d t h a t B r o o k l a n d i s a b e a u t i f u l c o o r d i n a t e d i n t e g r a t e d community. �103 MR. KELLY: Yes, s i r . B r o o k l a n d has i t s problems. I do. As y o u w e l l know, "iv*e have t h i n g s t h a t can be done out t h e r e as f a r as i n t e g r a t i o n , a s f a r as a n y t h i n g e l s e , b u t no where i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, do y o u f i n d such a n a t u r a l l y developed i n t e g r a t e d , w e l l c o o r d i n a t e d a r e a a s t h a t school. COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: J u s t one more q u e s t i o n , s i r . I n t h e a r e a o f t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway, about how many B r o o k l a n d i t e s would be u s i n g t h a t and what p e r c e n t a g e o f t h a t would be s u b u r b a n i t e s ? ' MR. KELLY: I can't give you that s p e c i f i c figure. We have those f i g u r e s , b u t i f i t i s one p e r c e n t o f t h e suburb a n i t e s , I would be amazed. I t would s e r v i c e no u s e f u l purpose. COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: One p e r c e n t o f s u b u r b a n i t e s and one p e r c e n t o f t h e B r o o k l a n d r e s i d e n t s would be u s i n g MR. KELLY: it. One p e r c e n t o f t h e u s e r s c f the f r e e w a y 'would be B r o o k l a n d i t e s . VOICE: Robinson, I would l i k e t o announce something. Dr. y o u c a n ' t go on t h e f r e e w a y . COUNCILMAN MOORE: The w i t n e s s i s a t the t a b l e . COUNCILWOMAN HAYWOOD: COUNCILMAN MOORS: Mr. Chairman? Councilman Haywood? COUNCILWOMAN HAYWOOD: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Mr. K e l l y , ' we have numerous w i t n e s s e s t o come and t e l l u s , o f c o u r s e , t h a t t h e y don't want t h e f r e e w a y s , and �109 t h a t f a c t alone i s n o t t h e f a c t t h a t we r e a l l y need t o get t o . I was a t a meeting a t t h e Morgan School a few n i g h t s back b e f o r e t h e s e h e a r i n g s began a t which people i n t h a t community e x p r e s s e d t h e i r c o n c e r n s , and I r e q u e s t e d a t t h a t time t h a t some o f t h e persons who g i v e us w i t h the l e g a l o p i n i o n t h a t we a r e n o t bound t o do t h i s and t h a t . That t h i s and t h a t c a n ' t happen i f we do t h i s and t h a t , but I f i n d t h a t most w i t n e s s e s want to d e a l i n r h e t o r i c and c a s t i g a t e us as i f we were a l r e a d y p r e j u d g e d , r a i l a t u s , b u t not y e t has a w i t n e s s p r o v i d e d me w i t h any l e g a l documentation on t h e r a m i f i c a t i o n s on t h e s i t u a t i o n . W i l l you be a b l e t o i n s p i r e such a s u b m i s s i o n ? MR. KELLY: U. S. Court o f Appeals f o r the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia r u l e d t h i s freeway i l l e g a l i n F e b r u a r y o f 1968, and then Congress s a i d w i t h o u t r e g a r d t o t h i s , you w i l l build. Now I don't have t o be a l a w y e r , and I don't c a r e what the l a w y e r s t a l k about. This i s unjust. I don't -- I have j u s t been d e p r i v e d , o f p r i v i l e g e o f t h e c o u r t s . get bogged down i n t h i s i n terms, o f l e g a l i t y . A g a i n , we can I t i s n i c e to t a l k about t h e l e g a l i t y , but when i t h u r t s , t h a t i s u n j u s t . I don't know what t h e law i s on t h i s . I am not a l a w y e r . But I s u r e do knov/ when Congress r u l e s a g a i n s t t h e b e s t i n t e r e s t o f t h e m a j o r i t y o f the c i t i z e n s o f t h i s D i s t r i c t ' and a g a i n s t . what they want, and i f we a r e a f r a i d because o f t h e consequence.; o f t h e l a w , we have l o s t t h e b a t t l e f o r e v e r y t h i n g i n t h e �110 D i s t r i c t o f Columbia because Congress c a n t a k e i t us anytime they snap t h e i r f i n g e r s . away from And they w i l l s t a r t i t the minute we p u t our necks down on t h i s one. (Applause.)' T h i s i s i l l e g a l j u s t as long i s legal, rather, as long a s Congress wants i t t o be l e g a l , and a s long a s we succumb to. i t and don't c o n t e s t i t . I t i s now b e i n g contested i n t h e c o u r t s , b u t you people can't w a i t f o r t h a t , and y o u know i t . COUNCILWOMAN HAYWOOD: i t w i t h the Congress. Mr. K e l l y , law. W e l l , we might want t o c o n t e s t I am a s k i n g now, I am a s k i n g , I happen, t o be a l a w y e r so I have t o be concerned w i t h t h e So I am a s k i n g and t h i s i s what I have been doing. have n o t concerned m y s e l f a g r e a t d e a l w i t h q u e s t i o n s I about where a r e people going t o move except t h a t I f e e l t h a t t h a t i s a p a r t o f the matters hearing. t h a t do have t o be t a k e n up i n t h e B u t t h i s doesn't concern me so much a s t o where people a r e going t o move and where t h e money i s coming from t o g i v e t h i s $5,000 more than v a l u e because I know t h a t t h e s e things contain a great deal of v a r i a b l e s . What i s $5,000 f o r one p e r s o n i s n o t $5,000 t o another; what i s f a i r market f o r one i s n o t f a i r market v a l u e t o another. trying So I am r e a l l y t o e x p l o r e t h e ways i n which t h e c i t i z e n s o f the D i s t r i c i c f Columbia, and they a r e t e l l i n g us t h i s expect us t o implement i t . �ill MR. KELLY: said I c a n only s a y the way t h a t Mr. T u c k e r r a t h e r Mr. H e c h i n g e r , and Reverend Chaiming P h i l l i p s s a i d , t h e s e men who may have a f e e l i n g f o r the people o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and t h e s e a r e men who have.been i n t h e a r e a o f l e g i s l a t i o n , and t h e s e a r e the men t h a t s a i d t o you, as I s a y t o y o u now, t h e answer t o Congress i s no, no, no. And a s Mr. Hechinger s a i d , l e t t h e blood be on y o u r hands. VOICE: T h e i r hands. MR. KELLY: I beg y o u r pardon, t h e i r hands. I was q u o t i n g Mr. Hechinger d i r e c t l y . COUNCILWOMAN HAYWOOD: I t h i n k y o u made some r e f e r e n c e i n your t e s t i m o n y about the p o s s i b i l i t y o f Congress t a k i n g away h o s p i t a l s and t a k i n g away s c h o o l s other things. and t a k i n g away a number o f Were you s a y i n g , as you gave t h a t p o r t i o n o f y o u r t e s t i m o n y , t h a t the c i t i z e n s o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia a r e w i l l i n g i n the f a c e o f r e s i s t i n g the freeways t h a t t h a t r i s k be run? MR. KELLY: Mrs. Haywood, I am a f r e e man.. I i n t e n d t o l i v e i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia f o r a l l o f my l i f e , and r a i s e my c h i l d r e n h e r e . I do n o t i n t e n d t h a t C o n g r e s s , a g a i n s t my w i l l and w i t h a h i g h degree o f c o n s i s t e n c y , w i l l i s the w i l l of m a j o r i t y , w i l l deprive because o f the p r e s s u r e s a s long a s my me o f a n y t h i n g o f a '$55 b i l l i o n hungry lobby and t h a t i s what i s happening h e r e , and I w i l l s t a n d Washington, D. C. and d e f y them. i n the s t r e e t s o f And I ' l l do i t e v e r y day, �112 and I ' l l take ray c h i l d r e n w i t h me, and I would l i k e y o u t o come down and j o i n me. (Applause.) COUNCILWOMAN HAYWOOD: Well, I appreciate that, but y o u r purpose f o r being here i s p o s s i b l y t o a v o i d to f i n d a way t o a v o i d coming t o t h a t , i s n ' t t h a t r i g h t ? MR. KELLY: That's t r u e . Your p o s i t i o n as Councilman i s such t h a t i f you t a k e a s t r o n g a c t i o n i n o p p o s i t i o n t o t h i s ' mean l a w t h a t Congress h a s p a s s e d , t h a t you w i l l s t a n d tail w i t h your b r o t h e r s ; t h a t you w i l l be l o v e d by t h i s D i s t r i c t , and t h a t t h e consequences, i f t h e r e a r e any, w i l l be on t h e hands o f Congress, and I don't t h i n k Congress i s going t o f a c e t h i s n a t i o n and t h i s w o r l d and l e t i t happen. (Applause.) COUNCILWOMAN HAYWOOD: COUNCILMAN MOORE: Thank y o u v e r y much. Thank you, Mr. K e l l y , f o r y o u r v e r y s t r o n g and f o r t h r i g h t t e s t i m o n y . I a s s u r e you i t means a g r e a t d e a l t o us h e r e on t h e C o u n c i l . MR. KELLY: Thank you v e r y much. COUNCILMAN MOORE: Mr. S t a n l e y S h e r , Connecticut Avenue A s s o c i a t i o n Committee Concerned f o r K S t r e e t . Mr. S h e r , we a r e v e r y p l e a s e d t o welcome y o u . TESTIMONY OF STANLEY 0. SHER CONNECTICUT AVENUE ASSOCIATION COMMITTEE CONCERNED FOR K STREET �113 MR. SHER: Mr. Chairman, a f u l l statement f o r t h e r e c o r d . i f I might, I am o f f e r i n g The hour i s g e t t i n g late, and I w i l l hope to summarize t h e more important p a r t s o f i t , and assume t h a t t h e f u l l statement b e i n g i n t h e r e c o r d - w i l l be g i v e n credence by t h e C o u n c i l . Mr. Chairman, Members o f t h e C o u n c i l , my name i s S t a n l e y Sher, I am an a t t o r n e y w i t h t h e Washington law f i r m of B e b c h i c k , Sher § K u s h n i c k . T h i s f o r m a l statement s a y s t h a t my p a r t n e r , Mr. B e b c h i c k , i s w i t h me. not. Q u i t e o b v i o u s l y , he i s Mr. B e b c h i c k i s out o f town. We a r e appearing here today on b e h a l f o f t h e Connec- t i c u t Avenue Ass D e l a t i o n and t h e Committee Concerned f o r K Street. The C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue A s s o c i a t i o n was founded i n 1921, c o n s i s t s o f over 75 b u s i n e s s e s and i n d i v i d u a l s i n the a r e a bounded by H S t r e e t on t h e n o r t h w e s t -- I am s o r r y . -bounded by H S t r e e t , Northwest, on t h e s o u t h , F l o r i d a Avenue on t h e n o r t h , and extends i n an e a s t - w e s t d i r e c t i o n f o r two b l o c k s on e i t h e r s i d e o f IC S t r e e t . The Committee Concerned f o r K S t r e e t i s a group o f about 35 b u s i n e s s e s , i n d i v i d u a l s and p r o p e r t y owners l o c a t e d on K S t r e e t . The Committee was r e c e n t l y m o b i l i z e d s p e c i f i c a l l y to speak on b e h a l f o f and convey the v i e w s o f t h e K S t r e e t community c o n c e r n i n g t h e North Leg Freeway. We b r i e f l y summarize our p o s i t i o n on page 2, and I t h i n k t h a t I w i l l attempt t o summarize t h a t a l i t t l e more. �One. We do n o t oppose t h e Department of Highways' r e p o r t r e q u e s t i n g an a d d i t i o n a l 13 months t o s t u d y , but i f t h a t s t u d y goes f o r w a r d , we b e l i e v e t h a t i t i s v i t a l l y i m p o r t a n t t h a t t h e s t u d / come t o groups w i t h t h e p r i m a r y q u e s t i o n which has n e v e r been f a c e d on the North Leg. And t h a t i s : a need f o r i t ? We want t o see some h a r d t r a f f i c as a first I s there statistics s t e p , and p a r t i c u l a r l y , we want t o s e e what need a t u n n e l under K S t r e e t would s e r v e . B u t , n a t u r a l l y , we a r e ; adamantly opposed t o a t u n n e l under K S t r e e t . We a l s o want t o make i t c l e a r , and I t h i n k t h i s m e r i t s some emphasis because . t h e r e seems t o have been some mistt&ddr* standing i n the past. for t h e North L e g . We do not f a v o r t h e U S t r e e t - alignment We a r e adamantly opposed t o t h e U S t r e e t alignment f o r t h e North Leg. The r e a s o n f o r t h a t i s t h e obvious one. The h i g h d i s p l a c e m e n t o f f a m i l i e s i n t h e U S t r e e t C o r r i d o r i s o u t r a g e o u s . Anyone t h a t has a genuine i n t e r e s t i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia cannot s u p p o r t t h a t p r o p o s a l . Now, i f f o r some r e a s o n , you do not r e q u e s t the 18- month e x t e n s i o n , then we t h i n k t h e r e i s o n l y one v a l i d t i v e t o t h e North Leg p r o p o s a l . T h a t i s t h a t you ought t o f i l e under S e c t i o n 2 3 ( c ) c f t h e Highway A c t , y o u r t h a t t h e North Leg be abandoned. alterna- recommendation I f you a r e n o t going t o s t u d y i t , t h e n I t h i n k you have t o abandon i t . We s a y t h i s because you do not have any s t a t i s t i c s i n the a n a l y s i s b e f o r e which- would e n a b l e you t o make a s e l e c t i o n �c f the North Leg. I might add t h a t I have spent a number o f days over the p a s t few weeks a t t e m p t i n g t o get some s t a t i s t i c s and some a n a l y s i s o f the North Leg. w i t h wore seme fragmentary The most we c o u l d come up f a c t s , and the c o n c l u s i o n as s t a t e d i n the Highway r e p o r t t h a t the s t u d y f o r the North Leg i n t h i s a r e a was abandoned i n 12-50, and has n e v e r been resumed. Of c o u r s e , t h i s makes i t e v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o t e s t i f y on a f r e e w a y ; we don't have one f e e l we before us. Basically, we a r e t e s t i f y i n g on a r e q u e s t f o r an 18-month e x t e n s i o n , but i n the e f f - c h a n c e t h a t the C o u n c i l i s c o n s i d e r i n g a t u n n e l under K S t r e e t as a recommendation, we urge you not t o do this. T h i s would l e a t r a g i c m i s t a k e a t t h i s p o i n t . F i r s t of a l l , assuming the Department o f Highways' a n a l y s i s o f the i n n e r - l o o p s i t u a t i o n i s c o r r e c t , they state t h a t the purpose o f the North Leg i s f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r t r a f f i c t o the downtown a r e a . Now, gentlemen, we are t a l k i n g about a t u n n e l , a two and a h a l f m i l e t u n n e l which has a c c e s s or e g r e s s a t e i t h e r end. no I think i t i s absolutely clear t h a t t h i s t u n n e l cannot, under any c i r c u m s t a n c e s , p r o v i d e a d i s t r i b u t i o n t o downtown t r a f f i c . I n o t h e r Words, the t u n n e l doesn't even s e r v e the b a s i c purpose f o r which the North Leg was o r i g i n a l l y proposed. We - r e a l l y a s k the l o g i c a l q u e s t i o n , t h a t a , study s h o u l d answer i f i t goes f o r w a r d , and t h a t i s : Who going t o s e r v e ? i s t h i s K S t r e e t tunnel To the b e s t o f our knowledge, t h i s i s not a �116 commuter p a t t e r n . 7 I t c e r t a i n l y w o n 1 s e r v e t h e downtown.area, F o r those t h a t want t o d r i v e a c r o s s the c i t y v i a f r e e w a y , i f the South Leg i s going t o be c o n s t r u c t e d , t h a t seems t o be a reasonable a l t e r n a t i v e . the North L e g . We j u s t don't see any b a s i c need f o r I n o t h e r words, the North Leg and p a r t i c u l a r l y the K S t r e e t seem to us t o have a l l the makings o f a -white elephant. I t i s n o t d e s i g n e d t o handle t h e peak commuter t r a f f i c , and i t c e r t a i n l y w i l l n o t as the r u b l e gees, b r i n g the people back t o the c i t y . But l i k e a i l t r u e w h i t e e l e p h a n t s , t h e c o s t i s a b s o l u t e l y a s t o u n d i n g . On the f i g u r e s t h a t we h a v e , I t would be the most c o s t l y f r e e w a y y e t b u i l t i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. C o n s e r v a t i v e e s t i m a t e s a r e t h a t i t would r e q u i r e o v e r $70 m i l l i o n p e r mile or a t o t a l of over $170 m i l l i o n f o r : o n l y the w e s t p o r t i o n o f the North Leg. For the e n t i r e North L e g , the c o s t w i l l exceed $200 m i l l i o n . substantially Coming a l i t t l e c l o s e r t o home, we a r e , o f c o u r s e , v i t a l l y concerned about the p r o b a b l e e f f e c t s o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h i s t u n n e l on the K S t r e e t community. Some o f the consequences a r e a l l too w e l l known, b u t some o f them a r e unknown because we don't have any p l a n b e f o r e u s . I don't i n t e n d to b e l a b o r what we s e t out i n t h i s s t a t e m e n t about the d i l a t e r i o u s e f f e c t s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n and m a s s i v e c o n s t r u c t i o n on a community like this. We s e t out v a r i o u s examples; Market S t r e e t c o n s t r u c t i o n I n San F r a n c i s c o �117 f o r the subway; 6th Avenue subway c o n s t r u c t i o n in'New Y o r k ; and of c o u r s e , we have our own c l a s s i c a l example i n the Dupont C i r c l e Underpass. The problem w i t h t h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n i s t h a t i t u s u a l l y a f f e c t s those people i n the b u s i n e s s withstand it. community l e a s t a b l e to What' I mean by t h a t i s t h a t you u s u a l l y f i n d , and you d i d i n the Dupont C i r c l e a r e a , the m a r g i n a l businesses. And, going unde: gentlemen, t h i s c i t y needs m a r g i n a l when you have t h i s k i n d of c o n s t r u c t i o n . businesses, I n o t h e r words, t h i s I s not a concern t h a t t h i s i s a n u i s a n c e or an Cur concerns go way inconvenience. beyond t h a t . I might mention t h a t l a s t n i g h t i n p r e p a r i n g this, I got out some o l d newspaper c l i p p i n g s from the a s s o c i a t i o n s -• newspaper c l i p p i n g s from the a s s o c i a t i o n ' s f i l e , and ware c l i p p i n g s on the Dupont Underpass. there I t made i n t e r e s t i n g r e a d i n g up to a p o i n t , but t h e r e were a number o f r e a l l y i n g s t o r i e s about people. businesses L i k e one or two b u s i n e s s e s , devestat-. small t h a t had been i n the Dupont C i r c l e a r e a f o r 17 y e a r s . and a f t e r the c o n s t r u c t i o n which o n l y took two or two h a l f y e a r s -- and and a i n the course o f the t u n n e l , of c o u r s e , i t •would t a k e much l o n g e r -- j u s t c o u l d not w i t h s t a n d o f c o i i s t r u c t i o n i n f r o n t of t h e i r door and they had that kind closed. 1 t h i n k i t i s a l s o i m p o r t a n t f o r the C o u n c i l to. keep i n mind t h a t t h e r e i s a subway s t a t i o n planned a t and E. Connecticut I t c a l l s f o r a c u t and c o v e r from K S t r e e t up Connection • �118 t o above M. No:?, t h i s two and i f yon b u i l d a K S t r e e t t u n n e l , and you a h a l f y e a r subway, cut and have cover construction on C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue, you would l i t e r a l l y have c o n n e c t i n g t r e n c h e s w i t h C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue and K S t r e e t , I t seems to us t h a t any p l a n n i n g s e n s i t i v e to community i n t e r e s t s would not l e t t h i s occur. I don't mean I t h i n k to b e l a b o r the importance as a s o c i a l c e n t e r or as a s o u r c e of r e a l e s t a t e and t a x e s , the X S t r e e t a r e a . One o n l y has other to s t e p out on the s t r e e t to see t h a t i t i s a v i t a l and booming s t r e e t , and hope i t w i l l be kept t h a t way. I n our s t a t e m e n t , we r e f e r to an appendix attached t o the statement s o t t i n g out some employment s t a t i s t i c s K S t r e e t and we c e r t a i n other a n a l y s i s . we hope t o s u p p l y i t l a t e r . The a t the K S t r e e t t u n n e l , and you point for T h a t i s not a t t a c h e d , i s t h a t when you see t h a t i t w i l l but look — not a c t u a l l y cannot s e r v e the downtown a r e a , then i t seems t h a t i t would be i r o n i c t h a t i n the p r o c e s s o f p l a n n i n g t h i s freeway which a d m i t t e d l y c a n ' t s e r v e the downtown a r e a , i t may well decimate * i t i n the p r o c e s s . I would l i k e b r i e f l y t o touch on a few o f the .; unknowns o f the K S t r e e t t u n n e l on t h i n g s t h a t ought to s t u d i e d i f a s t u d y i s to go f o r w a r d . We know t h a t a s i x - l a n e t u n n e l would r e q u i r e u n d e r p i n n i n g of v a r i o u s b u i l d i n g s , we don't know w h i c h b u i l d i n g s ; we be don't know f o r how but long; we �119 don't know what h i n d of damage would be done. whether We a l s o wonder the s t r e e t f l o o r s , the lower f l o o r s would be made unusable by t h i s k i n d o f u n d e r p i n n i n g . A l s o b e f o r e t h i s p r o j e c t .goes f o r w a r d o r goes any f u r t h e r , wo need t o know how the automobile e x h a u s t fumes a r e going t o be v e n t e d through t h i s 7.-1/2 m i l e t u n n e l . We u n d e r s t a n d , and t h i s i s p u r e l y , and I guess almost i n the rumor c a t e g o r y a t t h i s t i m e , t h a t you would need a t l e a s t t h r e e major v e n t s t a c k s on K S t r e e t t o v e n t the exhaust fumes from t h i s t u n n e l . Whether the b u i l d i n g s would have t o be condemned w i t h a r e s u l t i n g l o s s o f revenue and employment or whether i t c o u l d be done by a l t e r i n g the b u i l d i n g s , seems t o be the s u b j e c t o f some d i s p u t e . But the i m p o r t a n t point-.is that t h e s e ought to be s e t b e f o r e the community i n a p l a n b e f o r e a n y t h i n g f u r t h e r i s done on K S t r e e t . And most i m p o r t a n t i n t h i s r e g a r d , the p u b l i c ought t o be t o l d how t h e s e automobile e x h a u s t s a r e going t o be v e n t e d i n t o the a i r on K S t r e e t . : Another unknown which I t h i n k i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t , and i t seems t o us a t l e a s t i n the f i r s t two n i g h t s o f h e a r i n g to be o v e r l o o k e d i n c o n s i d e r i n g the K S t r e e t alignment i s cons i d e r i n g the f a m i l i e s and b u s i n e s s e s . I t i s o f t e n assumed t h a t when you use the word t u n n e l , t h a t t h e r e a r e no ments a t a l l . tunnel. displace- T h i s i s a b s o l u t e l y not so w i t h the K S t r e e t A p a r t from the d i s p l a c e m e n t s t h a t w i l l occur from t h e �120 e x h a u s t s t a c k s , we understand t h a t a t l e a s t 133 f a m i l i e s be removed from t h e i r homes by t h e I S t r e e t t u n n e l . C understand will A l s o , we t h a t 14 b u s i n e s s e s w i l l be d i s p l a c e d by the K Street tunnel. How, t h e s e d i s p l a c e m e n t s are only f o r the western p o r t i o n o f t h e North Leg. I f you t a k e t h e e n t i r e North L e g , you have a d i s p l a c e m e n t o f 625 f a m i l i e s and 73 b u s i n e s s e s . I v 'e t h i n k t h a t i s s u b s t a n t i a l d i s p l a c e m e n t , and we t h i n k we s h o u l d not be l e d i n t o t h e m i s b e l i e f by the use o f t h e word t u n n e l t h a t t h e r e would be no d i s p l a c e m e n t t o f a m i l i e s and t o businesse] There a r e , o f c o u r s e , a number o f o t h e r t h i n g s we would l i k e t o know about t h e K S t r e e t t u n n e l b e f o r e i t i s cons t r u c t e d , and i t ought t o be s o t f o r t h i n a study such as how t r a f f i c would be removed from t h e t u n n e l when we a l l know about s t a l l e d v e h i c l e s i n t h e middle o f a t u n n e l o f t h i s And, size. i n c i d e n t a l l y , s p e a k i n g about t h e s i z e o f t h e t u n n e l , t h e r e was some d i s c u s s i o n e a r l i e r about whether a 5SCG f o o t t u n n e l would be t h e l o n g e s t t u n n e l o f t h i s k i n d over c o n s t r u c t e d . The K S t r e e t t u n n e l under t h e p r e s e n t t h i n k i n g would be over 12,003 f e e t l o n g . I t h i n k t h a t probably wins t h e award by f a r . N e l l , I t h i n k I have s a i d enough t o make i t abundantly t h a t , a t a minum, a s t u d y o f t h e North Leg i s demanded. The s i m p l e p o i n t i s t h a t no one, i n c l u d i n g the Highway Department, i s i n a p o s i t i o n t o recommend a c c e p t a b l e n o r t h r o u t e l e g . �\ 121 '\-' •'_ I don't intend t o take a n y more o f your time than J necessary w i t h p r o t r a c t e d l e g a l arguments, b u t as I would as w e move' t o t h e c l o s e o f t h e t e s t i m o n y , l i k e t o p o i n t out a Sew l e g a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s t h a t we t h i n k a r e c r i t c a l . The f i r s t one i s t h a t as we r e a d t h e Highway r e p o r t l e t t e r t o you dated J a n u a r y 1 2 t h c o n c e r n i n g t h e North L e g , they say and I c o u l d be c o r r e c t e d , b u t i t seems r a t h e r c l e a r t o u s , t h a t any recommendation on t h e North Leg new would v i o l a t e the h e a r i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s o f T i t l e 23. We f u l l y concur i n t h a t o p i n i o n and n o t o n l y would t h e recommendation on K S t r e e t a t t h i s time be unwise, b u t i t would i n our o p i n i o n c l e a r l y be unlawful. And i t ' s j u s t never been s u b m i t t e d t o h e a r i n g s i n accordance w i t h t h e T i t l e 23 r e q u i r e m e n t s . Now, we b e l i e v e t h e Highway Department concurs i n our approach -COUNCILMAN MOORE: I t h i n k you gave something Kay I a s k t h e w i t n e s s j u s t a moment o f a l e g a l o p i n i o n on t h a t p o i n t , and I don't t h i n k I got i t . MR. SHER: W e l l , l e t me go back. The Highway Department's l e t t e r t o y o u , I b e l i e v e i t I s t o y o u , on J a n u a r y 12th, 1970, which accompanies t h e North Leg R e p o r t , t h e one-page r e p o r t reads -- t h e key s e n t e n c e t h a t I am r e f e r r i n g t o reads as f o l l o w s : " A l l a l t e r n a t i v e s , however, have n o t been c o m p l e t e l y e x p l o r e d n o r has t h e m a t t e r been p r e s e n t e d t o t h e community 1 �122 through p u b l i c h e a r i n g as r e q u i r e d by Title 23 o f the U. 3. Code." I t h i n k they a r e r e f e r r i n g s p e c i f i c a l l y t o S e c t i o n 128 of T i t l e 23 w h i c h p r o v i d e s t h a t a i l i n t e r s t a t e highways must be the s u b j e c t of p u b l i c h e a r i n g s . Under t h a t A c t , the Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n has p u b l i s h e d r a t h e r e x t e n s i v e e x p l a n a t i o n s o f what t y p e s of h e a r i n g s , what w i l l s e t a s i d e a requirement -- as a m a t t e r f a c t , t h e r e I s two h e a r i n g s . There I s a l o c a t i o n h e a r i n g , as a m a t t e r o f f a c t , which we n e v e r had w h i c h we c e r t a i n l y have n e v e r had. .and the d e s i g n hearing, But I t h i n k what the Highway] Department i s s a y i n g h e r e , and I t h i n k they c o u l d c o r r e c t me, certainly but I t h i n k I t ' s v e r y c l e a r they a r e s a y i n g on North Leg r o u t e you have n e v e r h e l d the p u b l i c h e a r i n g s by T i t l e 23. Leg, t h i s go of the required] Ycu cannot recommend a l o c a t i o n f o r the North around. I t h i n k i t i s c l e a r t h a t , o f c o u r s e , they c a n n o t , and I t h i n k i t i s proper o p i n i o n . I a l s o won't b e l a b o r you any more w i t h l e g a l We opinions. do s e t out some a n a l y s i s o f I t i n our statement except s t a t e the c o n c l u s i o n . And the q u e s t i o n has a r i s e n as t o what w i l l o r w i l l not comply w i t h S e c t i o n 2 3 ( c ) o f the 1968 Act. to I t h i n k t h i s i s perhaps one Highway of the q u e s t i o n s t h a t l a w y e r s can argue about, but i t seems t o u s , and we haven't heard anybod! g i v e a c o n t r a r y o p i n i o n on t h i s , t h a t t h e r e i s one t h i n g t h a t �w i l l , ens recommendation t h a t c l e a r l y w i l l comply w i t h the 2 5 ( c ) mandate, and i t w i l l comply s p e c i f i c a l l y w i t h the .North Leg, and I mean t o r u l e o u t t h e o t h e r , b u t t h a t i s t h e one r o u t e t h a t we a r e f c u s i n g on. The recommendation t h a t w i l l comply w i t h 2 3 ( c ) i s a recommendation t h a t t h e North Leg be abandoned. (Applause.) I t seems t o us t h a t i s a v a i l a b l e . The c l e a r wording o f t h e s t a t u t e t a l k s about f i l i n g recommendations i n c l u d i n g a l t e r n a t i v e routes North Leg r o u t e o r p l a n s , a recommendation t o abandon t h e i s c l e a r l y a plan. i s a very a f f i r m a t i v e plan. As a m a t t e r o f f a c t , i t What I am s a y i n g i s , t h a t I t h i n k almost as a l e g a l m a t t e r , b u t I t h i n k i t i s a m a t t e r o f b a s i c f a i r n e s s , y c u r e a l l y had two a l t e r n a t i v e s on t h e North L e g . One, you can r e q u e s t t h e a d d i t i o n a l time f o r s t u d y . I f you have some q u e s t i o n s about t h e i m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h a t , I t h i n k t h e r e i s no a l t e r n a t i v e b u t t o recommend t h a t t h e North L e g be abandoned. I f you don't, I t h i n k you a r e going t o p i c k a r o u t e , and o f c o u r s e , we a r e d e a t h l y t o be IC S t r e e t out o f a h a t . a f r a i d i t ' s going And i t ' s going t o make about as much sense as a l o t t e r y . And i n conclusion, l e t us s a y t h a t our b a s i c p o s i t i o n i s t h a t as a m a t t e r o f f a i r n e s s and as a m a t t e r o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia's w e l f a r e , i f i t Comes down t o recommending K S t r e e t without s t u d i e s or hearings o r abandoning the North L e g , �124 then we s h o u l d recommend t h a t i t be abandoned. The K S t r e e t a l l i a n c e s h o u l d n o t be f o r c e d i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia by i t s own government on t h e a b s u r d p r o c e d u r a l n o t i o n t h a t y o u had no time f o r c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h t h e community o r f o r meaningful hearings. Thank you. (Applause.) COUNCILMAN MOORE: very meaningful testimony. well written. Thank you v e r y much, s i r , f o r t h i s I t i s v e r y w e l l worded, and v e r y I would a s k my f e l l o w councilman to ask questions. i f they w i s h Councilman Haywood? COUNCILWOMAN 1LAYHG0D: Thank y o u , Mr. Chairman. Mr. S h e r , I want t o thank y o u v e r y much f o r what I consider very helpful presentation. I s i t your understanding t h a t S e c t i o n 2 3 ( c ) r e q u i r e s study and recommendations? MR. SHER: Yes, yes. COUNCILWOMAN HAYWOOD: So t h a t recommendation w i t h o u t s t u d y , what does t h a t mean? MR. SHER: W e l l , I don't t h i n k t h a t complies b u t our o p i n i o n , and I t h i n k t h a t i n any common a c c e p t e d sense o f the word, t h a t c o u n c i l i s c o n d u c t i n g a s t u d y on t h e North L e g ; you opened t h i s up f o r h e a r i n g s ; you have heard voluminous t e s t i m o n y ; I t h i n k t h a t i s a s t u d y , I t h i n k , by any a c c e p t e d sense. I t i s n o t an e n g i n e e r i n g s t u d y , s c y o u c a n ' t a c c e p t a r o u t e , b u t y o u a r e s t u d y i n g t h e s i t u a t i o n on t h e North L e g . I �125 t h i n k any common a c c e p t e d , and i t l o o k s l i k e t h e s e h e a r i n g s a r e going t o go on f o r e v e r a t t h i s p o i n t I would say an extensive s t u d y , and.you have h e a r d a l o t of t e s t i m o n y on the North Leg. There i s no r o u t e b e f o r e you, so 1 don't t h i n k you can recommend a r o u t e , but you can recommend a p l a n . And I t h i n k a 'plan would be abandonment, which you might do, and I t h i n k the wordir would be crucial. And crucial. I t h i n k t h a t the c a r t b e f o r e the h o r s e argument i s You might, t o p r o t e c t y o u r s e l f under 2 3 ( c ) , go ahead and recommend t h a t you c o u l d say t h i s out -- t h a t nobody b e f o r e the h e a r i n g has t e s t i f i e d i n f a v o r o f the North Leg and go on t o t h i s , whatever you can do on the m a t t e r , s t u d y the m a t t e r and a f t e r r e v i e w i n g 2 3 ( c ) , y o u r recommendation i s t h a t the North Leg be abandoned. But the D i s t r i c t w i l l proceed s t u d y i t f o r the n e x t 13 months to was to see whether abandonment warranted. I wouldn't do i t the o t h e r way around. I am a f r a i d y o u r abandoning the recommendation might not c a r r y t h e day. t h i n k you might v e r y w e l l on t h i s , maybe a p o l i t i c vtay t o approE i t , recommend t h a t i t be abandoned and I n l i g h t o f t h e l e g a l i m p l i c a t i o n s , but s a y t h a t you w i l l go ahead and s t u d y i t and r e q u e s t the t i m e . another Go ahead and s t u d y i t ; I t h i n k t h a t i s thing. X t h i n k I f you a r e not going t o s t u d y i t , I t h i n k , w e l l , i t ought to be abandoned. I mean t h i s i s -- the I 1968 �126 Thoroughfare P l a n t h a t has been r e f e r r e d t o s w i t h such reverence t a l k s about downtown d i s t r i b u t o r s and t u n n e l s under IC S t r e e t , and t u n n e l s under E S t r e e t E x p r e s s w a y c o n n e c t i o n s . say a n y t h i n g , them. I t doesn't e x c e p t i t says we ought t o go ahead and s t u d y . I mean I t h i n k t h a t t h e r e a r e times you have t o come t o g r i p s w i t h t h i s , b u t I t h i n k from a l e g a l p o i n t , you ought t o s a y abandonment and go ahead and recommend s t u d y i f you want. COUNCILWOMAN HAYWOOD: How would y o u c o n t r a s t that compare, s a y , t h e same k i n d o f people w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e North C e n t r a l ? MR. SHER: practical You mean t h e l e g a l i m p l i c a t i o n s o r t h e implications? COUNCILWOMAN HAYWOOD: Y e s . NR. SHER: I don't t h i n k , from what I knew o f t h e s i t u a t i o n , t h a t you could divorce Freeway from t h e North L e g . l e g a l l y t h e North C e n t r a l I don't t h i n k so u n l e s s there i s something I don't know, t h a t may be going back f i v e o r s i x y e a r s on t h e h e a r i n g p o i n t s , b u t t h e y a r e both i n t h e same paragraph and governed by t h e e x a c t same language i n t h e 1968 Highway Act. I n fact, neither are s p e c i f i c a l l y referred to. r e f e r r e d t o as a l l o t h e r f r e e w a y s t h a t a r e n ' t They were l i s t e d above. So by p r o c e s s o f e l i m i n a t i o n , y o u c a n f i n d out what a l l other freeways a r e . Central. They have t h e North Leg and t h e North I don't s e e how y o u could COUNCILWOMAN HAYWOOD: l e g a l l y d i s t i n g u i s h thera. So i t i s your o p i n i o n w i t h t h e �127 same s u c c e s s i o n , t h e same r e p o r t and recommendation, I s h o u l d r e c Offimend t h a t t h a t a l s o he abandoned? MR. SHER: this. W e l l , y o u do want -- now, l e t me j u s t s a y F i r s t o f a l l , o f c o u r s e , t h i s would be a p u r e l y opinion, personal and I don't have t h e v a g u e s t i d e a o f what K S t r e e t ' s p o s i t i o n i s on t h e N o r t h C e n t r a l Freeway. COUNCILWOMAN HAYWOOD: W e l l , I don't want t o p i n y o u down. MR. SHER: B u t , p e r s o n a l l y , i t doesn't seem l i k e a very wise idea to construct i t i n the f i r s t p l a c e , but i f you get I n t o t h e l e g a l i t i e s o f i t , t h e r e i s one d i s t i n c t i o n might be drawn. that The same o p i n i o n a p p l i e s -- f u r t h e r study i s a r i s k y t h i n g , and 1 "chink i t ought t o be abandoned i f y o u a r e going t o abandon i t . And I t h i n k t h a t ought t o be a prime recommendation, b u t t h e d i s t i n c t i o n h e r e , and I h a v e n ' t r e a l l y g.lven i t t h a t much thought i s t h a t e v i d e n t l y , y o u do have a route a l i g n m e n t b e f o r e you. you a r e c o n s i d e r i n g o n l y an I S month I n o t h e r words, t h e r e i s something i s t h e North Leg. You a r e c o n s i d e r i n g extension. There may be t h a t d i s t i n c t i o n i n the hearing require- ments, b u t I s t i l l don't t h i n k t h a t i t would comply w i t h t h e 1963 Highway A c t h e a r i n g requirements. I t i s j u s t so d i f f e r e n t from what you have done h e r e , i t would j u s t be h a r d t o t h i n k that that i s wise. COUNCILWOMAN HAYWOOD: Thank y o u v e r y much. I t was �128 very thoughtful. COUNCILMAN MOORE: Councilman Robinson? COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Thank y o u , Mr. Chairman. The C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue A s s o c i a t i o n as w e l l as B r o o k l a n d i s i n t e r e s t s The B r o o k l a n d a r e a i s where I am. And i f I'm n o t m i s t a k e n , I t h i n k I t was your f i r m t h a t r e c o v e r e d over m i l l i o n s o f d o l l a r s f o r John Q. P u b l i c , so X knot; t h a t you a r e f o r t h e c i t i z e n , I s t h a t t r u e , s i r , from D. C. T r a n s i t ? MR. SHER: That i s c o r r e c t . COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Public. So I know you a r e f o r John Q. Nov; y c u came h e r e s p e a k i n g f o r t h e C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue A s s o c i a t i o n , b u t as a p r i v a t e c i t i z e n , c o u l d you g i v e me an o f f - t h e - c u f f o p i n i o n about t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway, whether we need i t o u t t h e r e ? MR. SHER: Have you g i v e n i t any thought? W e l l , I guess t h i s i s why a l a w y e r s h o u l d not t e s t i f y , b u t t h i s I s r e a l l y a person o p i n i o n . r e s i d e n t o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. I am a I was w i t h you u n t i l about 1:30 i n t h e morning t h e p a s t two n i g h t s , and t h e r e i s some t e s t i m o n y t h a t r e a l l y Impressed me so f a r as t h e North C e n t r a l goes. COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: MR. SHER: For or against I t ? A g a i n s t i t , and I t h i n k one o f t h e k e y t h i n g s r e a l l y was, t h e Montgomery County s i t u a t i o n as t o whethex they a r e going t o connect up w i t h i t . I f they don't connect up w i t h t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway, t h a t ' s a r e a l w h i t e e l e p h a n t , �129 1 t h i n k ; I moan t h a t j u s t doesn't do a n y t h i n g except d i s p l a c e people. (Applause.) The was o t h e r t h i n g t h a t I thought was v e r y Mr. B a i n ' s t e s t i m o n y on induced t r a f f i c . impressive Ycu b u i l d a f r e e w a y , and you get as many c a r s as i t can p o s s i b l y h a n d l e , and I thought t h a t would l e a d t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n about how I f e e l about t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway. COUNCILMAN ROBINSON; COUNCILMAN MOORE: Thank you. Mr. S h e r , y o u have s a i d some t h i n g s h e r e t h a t I n t e r e s t v e r y much t o n i g h t . a r e some o t h e r w i t n e s s e s I realize there who want t o g e t t o t h e f l o o r , b u t t h e r e a r e some l e g a l t h i n g s t h e r e t h a t r e a l l y e x c i t e me i n y o u r testimony. I would l i k e t o have t h e p r i v i l e g e o f c o n s u l t i n g you with f u r t h e r , i f I may, on some o f t h e s e l e g a l t h i n g s t h a t y o u t a l k about. I am n o t a l a w y e r . MR. SHER: Needless t o s a y , we would be d e l i g h t e d . COUNCILMAN MOORE: I would l i k e t o get your a m p l i f i - c a t i o n s on i t because a g r e a t d e a l o f t h i s whole freeway system involves legal questions. MR. SHER: the o t h e r w i t n e s s e s I t h i n k t h a t ' s t r u e , b u t I t h i n k some o f who a r e non-lawyers i n d i c a t e d , I t h i n k y o u w i l l f i n d , t h a t when y o u r e a l l y s i t down and a n a l i z e a l l t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s i n t h e A c t , y c u s t i l l have an o p p o r t u n i t y t o v o t e �130 your c o n s c i e n c e . restrictions s You a r e not t h a t hemmed i n ; t h e r e a r e some b u t we would he d e l i g h t e d . COUNCILMAN MOORB: appreciate the testimony We would be d e l i g h t e d ] Thanh you v e r y much. t h a t you have g i v e n . We r e a l l y I think i t r e a l l s t r i k e s a t t h e h e a r t o f seme o f t h e s e l e g a l q u e s t i o n s have got t o f a c e . t h a t we Thank y o u , s i r , v e r y much. (Applause.) COUNCILMAN MOORB: Mr. George Boyd, R e p r e s e n t a t i v e , Model C i t i e s Ward C o u n c i l s f o r T r i n i d a d . Mr. Boyd? TESTIMONY OF GEORGE BOYD REPRESENTATIVE, MODEL C I T I E S WARD COUNCILS FOR TRINIDAD MR. BOYD: Members. Thank y c u , Mr. Chairman and C o u n c i l My name i s George Boyd, and my t e s t i m o n y i s for concerned c i t i z e n s ' o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n T r i n i d a d . We a r e aware o f t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems i n o u r c i t y ; however, t h i s i s o n l y cue o f t h e major problems c o n f r o n t i n g us. T h e r e f o r e , we cannot v i e w t h e problems o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a l o n e , i f we do, then we w i l l f a i l t o s o l v e some o f o u r o t h e r maj or prob1ems. The r e s i d e n t s o f T r i n i d a d a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e E a s t L e g from B l a d e n s b u r g Road t o i t s c o n n e c t i o n w i t h thej North C e n t r a l Freeway as proposed i n t h e r e p o r t , "Recommendation �131 for a f r e e w a y i n t h e N o r t h e r n S e c t o r and R e l a t e d P o l i c y , " by the Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c . The r e s i d e n t s o f T r i n i d a d s t r o n g l y oppose t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e B a s t Leg a s proposed by the Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g reasons: One. T r i n i d a d i s mainly a r e s i d e n t i a l area. Two. With h o u s i n g b e i n g one o f t h e major problems o f the c i t y , we c a n ' t a f f o r d t h e l o s s o f the apartments and houses t h a t w i l l be l o s t f o r such c o n s t r u c t i o n . Three. T r i n i d a d i s a Code Enforcement A r e a , t h e Government and r e s i d e n t s a r e spending thousands o f d o l l a r s t o b r i n g t h e d w e l l i n g s t o conform to t h e D. C. Code. Two o f our p r e s e n t major problems a r e t h e c r a c k i n g o f w a l l s and c e i l ings. The E a s t Leg would p r o v i d e f o r a d d i t i o n a l heavy t r u c k s i n t h e a r e a , which would i n t u r n , damage t h e w a l l s and c e i l i n g s by v i b r a t i o n s . Four. The E a s t Leg would p r o v i d e means t o g r e a t l y increase the noise Five. l e v e l i n the area. A i r p o l l u t i o n i s a l r e a d y unbearable i n t h e arec because o f t h e l a r g e i n c i n e r a t o r on Mt. O l i v e t Road and s m a l l e r u n i t s a r e i n a laundry and s e v e r a l apartments. More v e h i c l e s would add t o t h i s e x i s t i n g problem. Six. The Ruth K. Webb and Cromwell E l e m e n t a r y Schools a r e l o c a t e d on t h e proposed r o u t e o f t h e E a s t Leg. I n some areas of the country. B l a c k s c h o o l s have been l o c a t e d n e a r �132 r a i l r o a d t r a c k s where t h e n o i s e l e v e l i n t e r f e r e d w i t h student l e a r n i n g , now i t . i s proposed t o c o n s t r u c t a highway a t t h e door s t e p o f the l a r g e s t s c h o o l i n t h e a r e a . a present add T h i s s c h o o l has c a p a c i t y o f 800 p e o p l e , and t h e r e i s a p r o p o s a l t o another wing w h i c h w i l l i n c r e a s e t h e c a p a c i t y t o 1,200 people. Seven. There i s a g r e a t p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e pro- posed E a s t Leg would a l s o c r e a t e a s a f e t y problem f o r t h e s m a l l y o u n g s t e r s w h i l e t r a v e l i n g t o and from t h e s e Eight. schools. The r e p o r t o f t h e Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c d i s c u s s e s t h e I s s u e s o f our I n c r e a s i n g . population, and our f u t u r e needs; y e t i t s recosonendation w i l l cause demol i t i o n o f houses, a p a r t m e n t s , and b u s i n e s s which s u p p o r t s the l i v i n g w h i l e a cemetery on t h e o p p o s i t e s i d e o f t h e s t r e e t go untouched. We a s k t h e q u e s t i o n a r e they r e a l l y p l a n n i n g f o r the f u t u r e or f o r those o f t h e p a s t . Nine. S e r v i c e s i n T r i n i d a d a r e extremely most o f t h e b u s i n e s s e s s p a r s e , and t h a t iv'ould be d i s p l a c e d a r e needed v e r y badly. Ten. The proposed E a s t Leg would d i s p l a c e two c h u r c h e s , namely B e t h e s d a B a p t i s t w i t h a membership o f about 1,500 and Mt. Vernon M e t h o d i s t . These churches p l a y a v i t a l r o l e i n t h e s p i r i t u a l guidance o f our l i v e s . no a v a i l a b l e space t o r e l o c a t e t h e s e Eleven. Further, there i s chusxhes i n t h e a r e a . We b e l i e v e t h a t man's movement w i t h i n t h e �133 c i t y would be g r e a t l y improved by t h e use o f mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n at. a r e a s o n a b l e r a t e . Therefore,man u s i n g h i s p r i v a t e automobile s h o u l d be d i s c o u r a g e d from r a t h e r t h a n encouraging him by b u i l d i n g more f r e e w a y s . I t i s our s i n c e r hope t h a t you g i v e our t e s t i m o n y s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n . Many thanks f o r g i v i n g us t h e opport u n i t y t o p r e s e n t our views on t h e proposed f r e e w a y . T h i s t e s t i m o n y I s endorsed by t h e f o l l o w i n g o r g a n i zations: Model C i t i e s Ward C o u n c i l 18, 19 and 20; Mt. O l i v e t Heights C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n , I n c . ; I v y C i t y T r i n i d a d C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n ; Ruth K. Webb School P a r e n t , T e a c h e r s A s s o c i a t i o n ; Wheatley School P a r e n t , T e a c h e r s A s s o c i a t i o n ; Crommell School P a r e n t , T e a c h e r s A s s o c i a t i o n ; Owen P l a c e 1200 B l o c k Club; Good Neighborhood Club; Bethesda B a p t i s t Church; Mt. Vernon Methodist Church. Thank you. (Applause.) COUNCILMAN MOORE: Mr. Boyd, thank you v e r y much f o r t h i s b e a u t i f u l t e s t i m o n y t h a t y o u have g i v e n on b e h a l f o f t h e s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s named h e r e i n and o f . y o u r s e l f . t h i n g t h a t k i n d o f -- I wondered throughout Now, one t h i s whole b i t o f t e s t i m o n y through which we have been going, how many square m i l e s o f l a n d would t h e freeway t a k e up i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia? Say, f o r i n s t a n c e i f t h e freeway i s r u n n i n g through �T r i n i d a d w h i c h , i n my e s t i m a t i o n , i s a v e r y s m a l l s e c t i o n o f the c i t y I knew t h e a r e a q u i t e w e l l . Ml. EOYD: You a r e r i g h t . COUNCILMAN MOORE: territory I t i s quite small. I j u s t wonder how many m i l e s o f t h e f r e e w a y would consume? MR. BOYD: VOICE: I don't know. Mr. A i r i s i s r i g h t t h e r e . He s h o u l d have t h e paper. COUNCILMAN MOORE: MR. BOYD: You a r e n o t able t o answer t h a t ? No. COUNCILMAN MOORE: Do y o u have i n your t e s t i m o n y h e r e how many homes W i l l be d i s p l a c e d i n t h a t MR. BOYD: Twenty-three b u s i n e s , area? 157 houses, approxi- mately 800 persons would be d i s p l a c e d . COUNCILMAN MOORE: are I n t h a t T r i n i d a d MR. BOYD: Do y o u know how many home u n i t s area? How many t h e r e a r e i n t h e T r i n i d a d area? COUNCILMAN MOORE: Y e s . MR. EOYD: No, I don't. I t i s -- a m a j o r i t y of them a r e p r i v a t e homes; a m a j o r i t y o f t h e d w e l l e r s a r e p r i v a t e homes. COUNCILMAN MOORE: l i v i n g i n the T r i n i d a d MR. EOYD: the Do you have many l a r g e f a m i l i e s area? W e l l , I t h i n k what happened b e f o r e w i t h Code Enforcement A r e a , they a r e f i n d i n g t h a t t h e homes are overcrowded because they f i n d t h a t t h e r e a r e f a m i l i e s living �135 i n t h e basements, and then peoples come i n and they made t h e f i r s t f l o o r a n o t h e r apartment, and then t h e upper f l o o r a n o t h e r apartment, p u t t i n g t h r e e apartments i n one d w e l l i n g u n i t . COUNCILMAN MOORE: What type o f income groups do you have l i v i n g i n the T r i n i d a d a r e a ? MR. BOYD: I ' l l s a y low and moderate. COUNCILMAN MOORE: Low and moderate; would you con- s i d e r t h e r e a r e more low income t h a n moderate? MR. BOYD: R i g h t , more low. COUNCILMAN MOORE: T h i s type o f s i t u a t i o n would s t r i k e t h e s e people r e a l l y h a r d , wouldn't i t ? MR. BOYD: Right. COUNCILMAN MOORE: relocating Have you had any e x p e r i e n c e i n families? MR. BOYD: No, we h a v e n ' t had any y e t , b u t we w i l l have t o f a c e i t p r o b a b l y soon because i t i s a Code Enforcement A r e a , and t h e r e a r e some homes i n t h e r e t h a t i s beyond r e p a i r . And we w i l l have t o f i n d some -way o f r e p l a c i n g t h o s e . COUNCILMAN MOORE: The t h i n g t h a t o c c u r s t o me i n a s i t u a t i o n l i k e i s t h e f a c t whether t h e s e type r e s i d e n t s i s where t h e s e lot; income f a m i l i e s , we have a b u l k o f them l i k e you have i n t h e T r i n i d a d a r e a , and a c r o s s New York Avenue, n o r t h o f t h a t a r e a , would n o t they be s t r i c k e n h a r d e r than upper income and moderate income f a m i l i e s i n t h e r e l o c a t i o n procedure? �136 MR. BOYD: They would bo h i t v e r y COUNCILMAN MOORE: hard. I am wondering a l s o w i t h respect to t h e T r i n i d a d a r e a , y o u l i v e i n t h a t a r e a , don't you? MR, BOYD: Right. COUNCILMAN MOORB: ing t h a t area? Was t h e r e a program f o r redesign- I remember coming down West V i r g i n i a Avenue, and on t h e corner o f a house, t h e r e was a b i g s i g n , and t h e r e was a specific.program area. w r i t t e n on t h a t s i g n board f o r t h a t Do y e n know a n y t h i n g MR. BOYD: Right. about i t ? I t h i n k I made a s t a t e m e n t i n my t e s t i m o n y t h a t T r i n i d a d i s a Code Enforcement A r e a , and t h e Government and t h e r e s i d e n t s a r e spending q u i t e a b i t o f money to b r i n g t h e d w e l l i n g s up t o t h e D. C. Code. COUNCILMAN MOORE: What do t h e f r e e w a y s do t o t h a t progra.m? MR. BOYD: W e l l , a g a i n , t h e t r u c k s w i l l be coming through, i a r r i n g i t , and t h e c e i l i n g s and w a l l s w i l l again. So t h i s w i l l a l l be down t h e d r a i n . crack T h a t i s one o f the b i g problems t h a t they a r e f i n d i n g t h e r e ; t h e c r a c k i n g o f c a l l i n g s and w a l l s o f t h e homes. COUNCILMAN MOORE: I know I am p r e s s i n g t h i s c a s e h a r d about what happens t o p e o p l e , i n d i v i d u a l s , under t h i s type c f c i r c u m s t a n c e * very gravely. b u t t h i s i s something t h a t concerns me Sometimes i t doesn't seem t o me t h a t t h e concrete outweighs t h e human b e i n g . �137 MR. BOYD: Right. COUNCILMAN MOORB: And t h i s i s something t h a t g i v e s me a g r e a t d e a l o f concern as t o how much you have got o f a human b e i n g , and what happens t o t h a t i n d i v i d u a l i n t h e t o t a l process. Sometimes we s a y we a r e improving r e a l l y improving, you t h i s t h i n g s , b u t a r e we b u t who i s i t f o r . and I would l i k e t o a s k question. I f a freeway were b u i l t t h a t you were t a l k i n g about, the E a s t Leg, f o r whom would t h a t freeway be b u i l t , so f a r a s the people i n T r i n i d a d i s concerned? MR. BOYD: W e l l , i t would b e n e f i t them any a t a l l because they wouldn't be a b l e t o g e t on i t u n l e s s they went out o f T r i n i d a d and got on i t some o t h e r way. So I t wouldn't be o f any b e n e f i t t o them a t a l l . COUNCILMAN MOORE: Where would they have t o go t o g e t on i t ? MR. BOYD: Probably COUNCILMAN MOORE: burgRoad, a c r o s s on t h e o t h e r MR. BOYD: That would be f u r t h e r up B l a d e n s s i d e o f B l a d e n s b u r g Road? Right. COUNCILMAN MOORE: for the c i t i z e n s up i n t h e Arboredom. So I t would be r a t h e r inconvenient i n that, a r e a a l t o g e t h e r ? MR. BOYD: Right. COUNCILMAN MOORE: the b e s t i n t e r e s t s at all? So y o u don't f e e l i t would s e r v e �138 MR. BOYD: No, I don't t h i n k s o . COUNCILMAN MOORB: Do y c u have, any i d e a whose i n t e v e s i t would s e r v e ? MR. BOYD: Well'; i t would s e r v e t h e people i n t h e suburbs o r people who l i v e f a r t h e r out a s f a r a s t h a t goes. COUNCILMAN MOORB: MR. BOYD: L i k e where? ; W e l l , people from P r i n c e George's County coming i n . COUNCILMAN MOORB: Councilman Haywood? COUNCILWOMAN HAYWOOD: No, Mr. Chairman, no q u e s t i o n s thank you. COUNCILMAN MOORB: Councilman Robinson? COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: COUNCILMAN MOORE: No q u e s t i o n s : thank y o u . Thank y o u v e r y much, s i r . Would . you f i l e a copy o f y o u r testimony w i t h t h e s e c r e t a r y ? (Applause.) Mr. L e r n e r o f Y e l l o w Cab Company? We welcome y o u , s i r . TESTIMONY OF ROBERT LERNER YELLOW CAB COMPANY MR. LERNER: it's Mr. Chairman and Members o f t h e C o u n c i l , good t o be h e r e , s i r . Perhaps my few minutes o f speech w i l l l i v e n up some o f t h e people b e h i n d me. I f i r s t would l i k e t o compliment y o u , Mr. Chairman, �139 the way the h e a r i n g s have been h e l d . h e r e p e r s o n a l l y the f i r s t I was n i g h t , and I can t e l l yon came a c r o s s t e l e v i s i o n b e a u t i f u l l y , and s e r v i c e t h a t was dene t o the thank be that i t I t h i n k i t was a great city. COUNCILMAN MOORE: not able t o MR. L RNER: freeway hearings, You you. have s a t through many hours o f and you have r a i s e d many q u e s t i o n s i n t o the f r e e w a y s and the impact upon our c i t y . t a k e t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o answer i n my own regard I would l i k e ways a few o f to the q u e s t i o n s t h a t have been r a i s e d . Freeways p l a y a v i t a l r o l e i n the transportation scheme of c i t i e s , and t h e y nave Impact on a l l a s p e c t s life. B e f o r e d e l v i n g i n t o the s p e c i f i c i s s u e s of the I would l i k e to i d e n t i f y the t a x i cab w i t h the c i t y , the people and The o f urban freeways, i n d u s t r y more c l o s e l y the b u s i n e s s community. f o l l o w i n g I s a l i s t o f f a c t s w h i c h we developed from P u b l i c S e r v i c e Commission have records: T h e r e are 8700 l i c e n s e d t a x i c a b s I n the D i s t r i c t Columbia. T h e r e a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 13,000 f a c e h o l d e r s and women who are e l i g i b l e to d r i v e t a x i c a b s . The or of men industry performs a p p r o x i m a t e l y 600,000 revenue t r i p s per week or 30 m i l l i o n t a x i c a b s revenue t r i p s p e r year. Taking i t a step f u r t h e r , the t a x i c a b i n d u s t r y p r o v i d e s s e r v i c e to 37 m i l l i o n t a x i c a b r i d e r s on an a n n u a l b a s i s . T a k i n g i t one s t e p f u r t h e r and r e l a t i n g i t i n t o �140 revenue which goes i n t o t h e p o c k e t s o f t h e 13,000 t a x i c a b d r i v e r s , we e s t i m a t e t a x i c a b revenues i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia t o be $42 m i l l i o n a y e a r . These f a c t s c l e a r l y c a t e t h e scope and t h e importance o f t h e t a x i c a b indi- industry. I t must a l s o be remembered t h a t t h e t a x i c a b industry i s s a d d l e d w i t h a f a i r system t h a t s t r a n g l e s w i t h c o n g e s t i o n . Secause c i t y t r a f f i c so o f t e n g r i n d s are l e s s productive to a stop, taxicab d r i v e r s today than they were t e n y e a r s ago. The t a x i meter w i l l e v e n t u a l l y be t h e o n l y s o l u t i o n t o p r o t e c t the d r i v e r s ' l i v e l i h o o d from what I c a l l , c o n g e s t i o n erosion. L e t us now look a t some o f t h e q u e s t i o n s t h a t have been r a i s e d . First E displacement i n t h e p a s t highway e n g i - n e e r s were n o t asked to p l a n as t o minimize d i s p l a c e m e n t . A c c o r d i n g t o p a s t g u i d e l i n e s , t h e r o u t e w h i c h c o s t s the l e a s t was o f t e n t h e one t h a t was f o l l o w e d . Today, highway p l a n n e r s s e t o f ground r u l e s . a r e working under a d i f f e r e n t I would l i k e t o p o i n t out t h a t Mr. A i r i s ' statement Thursday n i g h t w h i c h c l e a r l y s t a t e d h i s i n t e n t i o n s o f n o t d i s p l a c i n g anybody u n t i l • replacement h o u s i n g i s a v a i l a b l e , Mr. A i r i s i s j o i n e d by many o t h e r s . C e r t a i n l y , a Highway Department t h a t d i d n o t have some f e e l f o r t h e p u b l i c w e l f a r e would n o t make a recommendatio such as Mr. A i r i s h a s made. Another new concept a t t h e n a t i o n a l l e v e l which might be a p p l i e d h e r e i s t h a t j o i n t use and development o f freeway �141 corridors, Bven t h e Watts a r e a i s making use o f t h i s concept. I r e c e n t l y s t u d i e d a s p e c i a l r e p o r t c f t h e Highway Research Board e n t i t l e d , " J o i n t Development and M u l t i p l e Use o f Transport a t i o n Right-of-Ways»" T h i s document goes i n t o some d e t a i l on t h i s problem, and. I was a b l e t o see some o f t h e answers; not a l l o f them, b u t some o f them. We ha\-e h e a r d r e f e r e n c e t o generated t r a f f i c on o u r freeways. S u r e l y , one must r e a l i s e t h a t through t h e y e a r s as highways have been developed, t h e r e has been a generated use of them. Without the u s e , why b u i l d t h e highways? I n t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a a l o n e , we know t h a t t h e p r o j e c t e d p o p u l a t i o n growth -- t h a t t h e r e w i l l be generated t r a f f i c on o u r freeway system. t r u e f o r t h e Metro B u t , i s i t not a l s o I would hope s o . T h i s same g e n e r a t e d t r a f f i c ' w i l l a l s o be f e l t on t h e secondary s t r e e t systems and even more so w i t h o u t t h e projected freeways. think otherwise. We would o n l y be k i d d i n g o u r s e l v e s t o Without the freeways, the environmental p r o d u c t s o f t h e smog and t h e e x h a u s t from the- c a r s would be worse as d e s c r i b e d more t h a n once on t h e h e a r i n g s on 1 3 t h S t r e e t and 16th S t r e e t . I f we do not make t h e freeway program a v a i l a b l e t h a t t h e C o u n c i l now has under c o n s i d e r a t i o n , t h e c o n g e s t i o n on Washington's secondary s t r e e t s w i l l , Indeed, become i n t o l e r a b l e . Thereby, c a u s i n g people t o t h i n k t w i c e about making a t r i p , and then p o s s i b l y not making a t r i p a t a l l . �142 Good highways don't c r e a t e c o n g e s t i o n ; they a l l e v i a t e it. Certainly alleviation. l i k e now? f t h e C a p i t a l B e l t w a y i s a prime example o f What would s t r e e t s l i k e Bast-West Highway be U n i v e r s i t y Boulevard, L i t t l e River Palmer Highway? S u r e , they a r e crowded now, but they wouldn't be moving w i t h o u t the B e l t w a y . traffic. T u r n p i k e , George The B e l t w a y d i d not c r e a t e t h i s I t d i d n o t create- t h e demand; r a t h e r the need f o r m o b i l i t y was t h e r e and the B e l t w a y answered the need. A l s o , I t h i n k i t -would be w i s e , although I am not a r e a l e s t a t e man, i t would be w i s e t o l o o k around t h e B e l t w a y and see the development t h a t has gone on around the B e l t w a y . The i n d u s t r y , t h e shopping m a l l s , the r e t a i l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . I t i s d i s t u r b i n g t o me, o f c o u r s e , t o r e a d i n the papers merchants moving out o f the c i t y . F o r t u n a t e l y , many merchants don't move e n t i r e l y out o f the c i t y . They j u s t c o v e r t h e i r r i g h t f l a n k i n P r i n c e George's County o r the l e f t flank i n Montgomery County, b u t t h e r e was a time t h a t the downtown s e r v e d t h e whole community. L e t us now l o o k a t another problem. monies. That of t a x H i s t o r i c a l l y , downtowns have had t h e h i g h e s t v a l u e because they were c e n t r a l l y l o c a t e d , and the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n systems f o c u s e d on them. As urban a r e a s grow, downtowns need Improved t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , t o m a i n t a i n or i n c r e a s e t h e i r a c c e s s i bility. C e r t a i n l y , we cannot a f f o r d t o o v e r l o o k t h i s concept. The Metro system as p a r t o f our t r a n s p o r t a t i o n netx/ork w i l l hav< �143 a g r e a t impact on the Washington a r e a , And as i t i s developed, along w i t h the. f r e e w a y s , the two modes w i l l p r o v i d e a b e t t e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system f o r the a r e a . We, i n the cab i n d u s t r y , - o f c o u r s e , a r e a n x i o u s have t h e Metro b u i l t because t h e r e i s no q u e s t i o n t h i s t a k e the commuter c o n g e s t i o n down t o a l e v e l t h a t t h e to will cab d r i v e r s w i l l bo a b l e to move, the t o u r i s t s , the b u s i n e s s , the out-of-towner, Columbia. more f r e e l y on the s t r e e t s o f the D i s t r i c t o f R e a l i s i n g t h a t t h e Metro i s p r o j e c t e d t o c a r r y approximately 27 p e r c e n t o f the peak l o a d and our population w i l l grow to b e t t e r than 30 p e r c e n t b e f o r e the Metro i s comp l e t e d , we must then r e a l i s e t h a t the Metro alone cannot s o l v e the problem. We a r e going t o need the freeways. Councilman Y e l d e l l s i t s w i t h you, and p r o v i d e t o you the same i n f o r m a t i o n which has been p r o v i d e d t o the Highway Department, t o Government agencies and t o the b u s i n e s s men the g r e a t e r Washington a r e a . We must a l s o look t o the of develop- ment o f f r i n g e p a r k i n g a r e a s along the v a r i o u s Metro r o u t e s which p r o v i d e a means f o r the commuter to l e a v e h i s automobile and t a k e the Metro. 'VOICE: MR. Or t a k e a cab. LERNER: I have heard the q u e s t i o n r a i s e d t h a t as the f r e e w a y s a r e developed then the r i d e r s h i p o f the Metro w i l l f a l l o f f , e s p e c i a l l y i n those a r e a s where the systems run together. Y e t , t h i s i s d i s p u t e d by the Congress S t r e e t �144 Expressway i n Chicago, and the f a c t s w h i c h have been documented i n urban mass t r a n s i t . The author shows t h a t two systems a r e compatible and the r i d e r s h i p w i l l not be a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d . Now, r e f e r e n c e was i f Z may make one made to who the ' reeways. was l a s t p o i n t , on F r i d a y n i g h t going t o pay Repairs are not, f o r the r e p a i r s to I r e p e a t , a r e not financed through the g e n e r a l t a x e s o f the r e s i d e n t s , but r a t h e r the monies f o r the r e p a i r s come from the highway u s e r s ' t a x e s t h a t a r e p a i d by you, t h a t are p a i d by our cab d r i v e r s , gasoline t a x e s , r e g i s t r a t i o n f e e s , t i t l i n g t a x e s , as an example. o f us vrho pays these t a x e s Mrs. i n one o f our Y e l l o w Cabs, Mr. r i d e s the p u b l i c t r a n s i t . Each S L a c k l e t o n when she r i d e s Abbott pays the t a x e s when he S u r e l y a l l of us must want our money's worth o f v a l u e r e t u r n e d f o r our i n v e s t m e n t i n the highway system. So l e t ne s t a t e i n c l o s i n g , Y e l l o w Cab o f D.C. supportis the proposed p l a n of the Highway Department. VOICE: MR. How LERNER: about y o u r d r i v e r ? The North C e n t r a l Freeway, the South and the North Leg of the i n n e r - l o o p , and t h a t I encourage you to t a k e p o s i t i v e s t e p s t o see the freeway program i s c a r r i e d f o r t h to e o m p l e t e t i o n befo-re t h i s c i t y i s f a c e d w i t h e s c a l a t i n g c o s t s t h a t w i l l go beyond imagination. I thank you v e r y much. COUNCILMAN MOORE: Thank you v e r y much, Mr. Lerner, �145 COUNCILMAN MOORE: for your testimony. Thank you v e r y much, Mr. Leaner, Now I would l i k e t o a s k you one o r two questions. I t a k e i t you r e p r e s e n t Y e l l o w Cab Company. MR. LERNER: That's c o r r e c t . COUNCILMAN MOORE: No e t h e r cab company except Yellow Cab Company. MR. LERNER: We would r e p r e s e n t t h e Checker Cab Company b u t they a r e a c o n s i d e r a b l y s m a l l company, and t h e White Top Cab Company. COUNCILMAN MOORE: MR. LERNER: They a r e a f f i l i a t e d , y e s . COUNCILMAN MOORE: are speaking They a r e a f f i l i a t e d ? A r e those t h r e e l a r g e l y who y o u f o r , b u t no o t h e r s ? MR. LERNER: That i s c o r r e c t . COUNCILMAN MOORE: A l l right. Nov: would your cab company b e n e f i t from MR, LERNER: My q u e s t i o n i s t h i s : .freeways? W e i l , t h e main t h r u s t i n moving t h e cab movement throughout t h e c i t y a r e t h e r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t trips from C a p i t o l H i l l t o t h e Mayflower H o t e l , i n town, around town, and up town. By t a k i n g t h e t r a f f i c t h a t i s d e s t i n e d f o r t h e l o n g e r t r i p , t h e t r i p from t h e edge o f t h e suburbs i n t o t h e downtown a r e a , by t a k i n g t h a t • t r a f f i c and p u t t i n g I t on a freeway where t h e people can move r a p i d l y and f r e e l y , f r e e up t h e g i l d . this T h i s i s t h e problem, o f c o u r s e , t h a t y o u will �146 have got t h e g r i d and t h e t r a f f i c backs up a t t h e l i g h t s and then i t becomes a compounding bach-up. And t h e cab d r i v e r , o f c o u r s e , a s I p o i n t e d out i n i t i a l l y i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia deesn't by s i t t i n g a t a stop l i g h t . reap any b e n e f i t T h i s i s t h e o n l y major m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a i n t h e c o u n t r y t h a t doesn't have t h e t a x i c a b meter, so the d r i v e r s e t s a t the stop l i g h t . And when he i s moving from C a p i t o l H i l l t o t h e Mayflower H o t e l i n t h e h e i g h t o f commuter t r a f f i c , and i t t a k e s him 45 minutes t o make t h i s t r i p , he o n l y g e t s p a i d 75 c e n t s . T h i s , o f c o u r s e , e x p l a i n s why t h e cab d r i v e r s d u r i n g r u s h hour y o u c a n ' t f i n d . I t ' s the t r a f f i c which c l o g s t h e s t r e e t o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia moving p a r t i c u l a r l y d u r i n g t h e r u s h hours t h a t c r e a t e t h e problem f o r the cab d r i v e r . COUNCILMAN MOORE: b e n e f i t then i n A r e you s a y i n g then t h a t he would t h e i n c r e a s e d number o f passengers t h a t he c o u l d h a u l i n a g i v e n time span? MR. LERNER: L e t ' s assume t h a t . I n s t e a d o f making the 2.8 revenue t r i p s p e r hour, i f he were t o i n c r e a s e t h a t j u s t 10 p e r c e n t which would be 2/10ths -- 2/10ths o f a p e r c e n t to 3 revenue t r i p s p e r hour, we wouldn't.be f a c e d c o n s t a n t l y and p e r i o d i c a l l y w i t h t h e s p i r a l l i n g t a x i c a b f a r e s . COUNCILMAN MOORE: How would t h i s a f f e c t t h e gas useage o f a cab i n c o n s i d e r i n g t h e I n d u s t r y t h a t y c u r e p r e s e n t ' Would you have t o buy l e s s gas because y c u can make t r i p s w i t h �147 less stops? MR. LERNER: Mr. Chairman, I t h i n k I am i n a p r e j u d i c e ; p o s i t i o n 'where I t h i n k I c o u l d go e i t h e r way w i t h t h a t answer. I c o u l d s a y they would be moving f a s t e r thus consuming l e s s gas because t h e automobile runs mere e f f i c i e n t l y a t 35 m i l e s an hour than i t runs a t 25 m i l e s an hour. o t h e r way, Or, I c o u l d go t h e and s a y t h a t t h e y would be more p r o d u c t i v e f:han b u r n i n g up a d d i t i o n a l g a s . COUNCILMAN MOORB: W e l l , I asked you t h e q u e s t i o n because I have been t o l d t h a t t h e f r e q u e n t n e c e s s i t y o f s t a r t i n g and stopping' a t l i g h t s uses more gas than you would j u s t straight driving away. MR. LERNER: Ho q u e s t i o n about i t . COUNCILMAN MOORE: q u e s t i o n X asked you. where t h e r e a r e no And t h i s was t h e b a s i s o f t h e Would you use l e s s gas u s i n g t h e freeway fewer stop l i g h t s a s opposed t o l o c a l s t r e e t s where t h e r e a r e s t e p s i g n s , and maybe t r a f f i c i n s t r e e t lights. MR. LERNER: As you i n c r e a s e your average your m i l e s p e r g a l l o n I n c r e a s e s . speed, So t h a t on t h e same d i s t a n c e t r a v e l l e d , your gas consumption would be down which would mean l e s s fumes i n t h e a i r . COUNCILMAN MOORE: W e l l , I would somewhat deduce from t h e 2 p o i n t s t h a t seem c l e a r i n mind now t h a t t h e r e would be an economic advantage t o t h e Y e l l o w Cab Company t o �148 h av e f r o ew ay s. MR. LERNER: To.the Y e l l o w Cab Company -- no, i t wouldn't because we s e l l the d r i v e r s t h e i r gas. to our d i s a d v a n t a g e . I t would be From an economic s t a n d p o i n t , t h e company I t s e l f would p r e f e r t o s e l l more g a s , b u t t o t h e d r i v e r s , i t would be t o t h e i r advantage because t h e y would be u s i n g l e s s gas p e r m i l e s . Remember, t h e d r i v e r s don't -work f o r u s . The d r i v e r s a r e a s s o c i a t e d i n t h e Y e l l o w Cab A s s o c i a t i o n . COUNCILMAN MOORE: W e l l , I was j u s t t h i n k i n g , don't you r e n t t h e s e cabs t o t h e men? MR. LERNER: Right. COUNCILMAN MOORE: money o f f o f g a s . W e l l , y o u don't make t h a t much You make money o f f o f t h e r e n t . MR. LERNER: I t ' s a combination. COUNCILMAN MOORE: Councilman Haywood? COUNCILWOMAN HAYWOOD: COUNCILMAN MOORE: No q u e s t i o n s . Councilman Robinson? COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Y e s . How many t r i p s does y o u r company, t h e Y e l l o w Cab Company, make i n t h e i n n e r - c i t y ? MR. LERNER: W e l l , why don't y o u d e f i n e t h a t . I don't t h i n k y c u mean t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: sir. T h a t ' s what I mean, s i r . the g h e t t o . The i n n e r - c i t y , t h e g h e t t o , I c a l l up -- my o f f i c e i s i n My p a t i e n t s w i l l c a l l up f o r a c a b , and they want to know where t h e y a r e going t o . Now why do they have t o a s k �149 where a t a x i r i d e r i s going? J u s t come and answer the call. What i s the r e a s o n f o r t h a t ? (Applause.) The cabs do not l i k e to snake c a l l s i n the i n n e r - c i t y . Mot o n l y t h a t , but son he el c o l o r e d d r i v e r s , I have seen le them l o c k the doors when t h e y come i n the i n n e r - c i t y . ca:Tt even get i n the cabs. I have had them r e f u s e c a l l e d f o r a cab company t h e o t h e r day. t o me. o f a Councilman. They t o l d me.they weren't be s i r . " But I f I t o l d them I was John Q., I'm fringe coming. I t o l d them I was a C i t y Councilman, and they s a i d , "Be there, I He asked me where going; I d i d cake a l i t t l e rank on him, some of the benefits You right they wouldn't there. So i t seems t o aie t h a t the cab companies a r e not caring Now about the I n n e r - c i t y ; they want t r i p s i n t h e suburbs. you s a i d MR. to answer t h a t that LERNER: Excuse me. minutes. LERNER: patient. COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: LERNER: Y e s , pardon me, s i r . W e l l , t h i s i s going t o t a k e a few I ask you to be MR. I have an o p p o r t u n i t y question? COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: MR. May Quite a l l r i g h t . I n the middle o f the q u e s t i o n , t h e r e was an i n f e r e n c e t h a t Y e l l o w Cab Company t h e r e , cab company. i t was a w h i t e �ISO COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: You d i d n ' t understand Cabs now then o t h e r s . me. Oh, no, no. I didn't say that. I s e e none b r o t h e r s d r i v i n g Y e l l o w I s a i d not o n l y y o u r company, b u t some o f t h e B l a c k t a x i c a b companies l o c k t h e i r door. MR. LERNER: : Fine. - COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Because I t h i n k you got r e l i g i o n about two o r t h r e e y e a r s ago, your cab company. (Laughter.) MR. LERNER: I think so. COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Black d r i v e r s . I mean y c u s t a r t e d h i r i n g T h a t ' s t h e r e c o r d ; t h e r e ' s no d i s p u t e about i t . I have been l i v i n g here f o r 64 y e a r s i n t h i s c i t y so I know what i t ' s a l l about. MR. LERNER: Okay. L e t me answer t h e q u e s t i o n as r e l a t e d t o t h e r a d i o c a l l s a s b e s t as I can. Incidentally, t h i s m a t t e r i s b e f o r e t h e P u b l i c S e r v i c e Commission now. The f i r s t comment I would make i s , we t a k e t h e d e s t i n a t i o n i n an attempt t o g r o u p - r i d e the people. We know t h e p o i n t o f o r i g i n , i f we know t h e p o i n t o f d e s t i n a t i o n , t h i s g i v e s us an opport u n i t y t o t a k e t h e cab t h a t might be t r a v e l l i n g a c r o s s town w i t h one passenger and p u t i n a second COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: passenger. Pardon me, s i r , f o r b r e a k i n g i n . but when I pay 25 c e n t s e x t r a f o r a cab, they send i t d i r e c t l y t o my house o r my o f f i c e . I see no group r i g h t now. 25 c e n t s e x t r a f o r c a l l i n g them. I pay t h a t I mean I may be wrong, b u t I �153. have n e v e r seen a g r o u p - r i d e r when I c a l l from my o f f i c e or from my home. 25 I t always comes d i r e c t , and t h a t ' s the e x t r a cents. MR. LERNER: Right. T w e n t y - f i v e c e n t s i s f o r the e x t r a -- f o r the r a d i o response. We s t i l l talce the o p p o r t u n i t y o f grouping people t o g e t h e r , but we do i t . I t ' s done i n an attempt to extend t h e u t i l i s a t i o n , and the b a s i c problem extends to the f a c t , the d r i v e r does not work f o r u s , Mr. Councilman, as you w e l l know. b u s i n e s s man. The d r i v e r i s an Independent I c a n ' t make him go anywhere •-- COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: But you have some r u l e s and r e g u l a t i o n s , c a n ' t you, so t h a t i f he disobeys t h o s e , he's no l o n g e r a member of t h a t company? MR. LERNER: How I n that p a r t i c u l a r area? am I t o knew t h a t a cab d r i v e r i s The problem, i t ' s a matter what you have s a i d i s we s h o u l d have some s o r t of employee-employer relationship. regulations I say t h a t we need the framework w i t h i n the o f the D. C. Hack Board. He a l s o need P u b l i c S e r v i c e Commission h e l p . COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: You mean t o s a y t h a t nobody has e v e r c a l l e d your o f f i c e , and t o l d you t h e s e t h i n g s , o r a r e you j u s t l e a r n i n g them from me f o r the f i r s t MR. LERNER: Of course COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: regulate them? time? not. W e l l , how a r e we going to �152 MR. LERNER: W e l l , I would l i k e t o c a l l your a t t e n - t i o n i n t h e f a l l o f t h e l a s t P u b l i c S e r v i c e .Commission hearing where t h e Y e l l o w Cab Company i*as the o n l y cab company t o ask t h a t t h e r a d i o o p e r a t i o n s be i n v e s t i g a t e d . We have opened up our r e c o r d s because we a r c concerned because one out o f e v e r y f i v e phone c a l l s t h a t we r e c e i v e d , we a r e unable t o respond t o . And a 20 p e r c e n t f a i l u r e r a t e i s n o t h i n g t o be proud o f , but we need the r e g u l a t i o n s . The companies need the r e g u l a t i o n s , and the r e g u l a t i o n s c a n o n l y be promulgated by the P u b l i c S e r v i c e Commission. So h e r e i n l i e s t h e problem and i n t h e s y s t e m . COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: I f y o u have t h e f r e e w a y s and t h e men i n t h e i n n e r - c i t y g e t s a cab, i s he going t o get on that freeway? He u s u a l l y r i d e s , what? Between neighborhoods, t o t h e market o r downtown; he doesn't go g e t t i n g on a f r e e w a y . MR. LERNER: exactly that. r i d e r as s u c h . W e l l , my comment to t h e Chairman was T h a t the t a x i c a b r i d e r i s n o t an i n t e r s t a t e Normally t a x i c a b s e r v i c e i s thought o f as a l u x u r y t y p e o f s e r v i c e p r o v i d e d t o move people from a s p e c i f i c p o i n t t o a n o t h e r s p e c i f i c p o i n t v e r s u s mass t r a n s i t w h i c h moves them from a r e a t o a r e a . The t a x i c a b I s d e s i g n e d not so much t o move people t o and from the market; i t i s more t o move people from commerce o r the t o u r i s t s , t h e o u t o f town -COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Mr. L e r n e r , I want you t o ' • u n d e r s t a n d , t h e r e i s n o t h i n g a t a l l p e r s o n a l I am a s k i n g ; �153 nothing a t a l l person. as I s e e t h e n . I am j u s t t r y i n g t o b r i n g out f a c t s That's all. MR. LERN3R: X wouldn't be hero i f I c o u l d n ' t t a k e the f a c t . COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: I have one more q u e s t i o n . Ycu s a i d t h a t t h e cab d r i v e r l o s e s a l o t o f time a t the top o f t h e t r a f f i c h e i g h t s . W e l l , when he p i c k s t h i s fare up i n t h e I n n e r - c i t y o r downtown, he's got t o s t o p a t t h e s e t r a f f i c l i g h t s b e f o r e he g e t s on t h e f r e e w a y , doesn't he? how much a r e you s a y i n g MR. LERNER: through t o you. So I moan, on t h e average r u n , u n l e s s - - W e l l , Mr. Councilman, I'm not g e t t i n g I am n o t l o o k i n g f o r t h e f r e e w a y s as a means f o r t h e t a x i c a b d r i v e r t o move from p o i n t t o p o i n t . I am l o o k i n g f o r those people who a r e l o o k i n g w i t h i n t h e i r p r i v a t e automobiles t o move out t h e r a d i a l s t o get on t h e f r e e w a y s so t h a t t h e c a t d r i v e r and t h e t a x i c a b can move through t h e g r i d of t h e I n n e r - c i t y . COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: COUNCILMAN MOORB: testimony. Thank you. Thank you v e r y much f o r your And I was j u s t wondering i f you were aware o f t h e f i n e s e t o f Hack R e g u l a t i o n s , and i f you have r e a d them? I spent a g r e a t d e a l o f time over t h e l a s t s e v e r a l months w o r k i n g w i t h t h e i n d u s t r y and b r i n g i n g i n t o b e i n g t h e r e v i s e d s e t o f r e g u l a t i o n s f o r your i n d u s t r y . A r e you aware? And the p o i n t t h a t you make about what y c u thought s h o u l d be i n t h e r e , I �154 wonder why y c u d i d n ' t b r i n g f o r t h t e s t i m o n y a t t h a t t i n e when we were going through i t ? MR. LERNER: We a r e aware o f t h i s . COUNCILMAN MOORE: Thank you v e r y much. My f r i e n d s , t h e hour i s growing l a t e , we have about s i x more w i t n e s s e s , a l l o f us have been s i t t i n g f o r some t i m e , and I t h i n k y o u have s a t t h i s long and y o u a r e s t i l l anxious to g i v e y o u r t e s t i m o n y , b u t y o u might j u s t want t o s t a n d up and s t r e t c h . And t a k e some k i n k s o u t o f your bones. I have been s i t t i n g h e r e s i n c e 7:30, and 1 would l i k e t o standup. Suppose we t a k e a f i v e minute b r e a k . (Whereupon, a s h o r t r e c e s s was t a k e n . ) COUNCILMAN MOORE: ant, Mr. Y a l e R a b i n , P l a n n i n g C o n s u l t - NAACP, N a t i o n a l C o a l i t i o n on t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C r i s i s . .Mr. R a b i n , I hope I am pronouncing MR. RABIN: your name c o r r e c t l That's c o r r e c t . COUNCILMAN MOORE: Y c u a r e welcome t o t e s t i f y here tonight. MR. RABIN: Thank y o u . TESTIMONY OF YALE RABIN PLANNING CONSULTANT, NAACP NATIONAL COALITION ON THE TRANSPORTATION C R I S I S MR. RABIN: b e g i n , i n response Thank y o u . Mr. Chairman, b e f o r e I t o a q u e s t i o n t h a t y o u asked an e a r l i e r �155 w i t n e s s j I d i d & l i t t l e b i t of a r i t h m e t i c w h i l e I was You wanted t o know new i n the c o n s t r u c t i o n . listening many s q u a r e m i l e s were i n v o l v e * , There are a p p r o x i m a t e l y SO m i l e s o f freeways proposed, and u s i n g an average w i d t h of 400 f e e t which I t h i n k i s k i n d of c o n s e r v a t i v e c o n s i d e r i n g the v a s t a r e a s o f l a n d t h a t are t a k e n f o r i n t e r - c h a n g e s , but i f we use 400 f e e t as an average w i d t h , we a r e t a l k i n g about 63,360,000 square f e e t which i s about 2-1/3 square m i l e s or 1,450 acres. And a t the r a t e of about 20 households per a c r e which i s a v e r y v e r y low urban d e n s i t y , we a r e t a l k i n g about the amount of l a n d t h a t w i l l accommodate about 29,000 f a m i l i e s or roughly 100,000 people. COUNCILMAN MOORE: Thank you v e r y much, because I t h i n k t h a t ' s v e r y v a l u a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n , and I hope you will l e a v e i t f o r the r e c o r d . MR. sultant. RABIN: I am Y a l e R a b i n , an urban p l a n n i n g con- My o f f i c e i s i n P h i l a d e l p h i a , P e n n s y l v a n i a . a member o f the American I n s t i t u t e o f P l a n n e r s . I am I am h e r e r e p r e s e n t i n g the NAACP L e g a l Defense Fund and the N a t i o n a l C o a l i t i o n on the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C r i s i s . My work i n the r e c e n t p a s t has i n c l u d e d s t u d i e s o f the Impact of highway c o n s t r u c t i o n on m i n o r i t y groups and poor i n N a s h v i l l e , Tennessee; O s s i n i n g , New the Y o r k ; Kansas C i t y , M i s s o u r i and I n d i a n a p o l i s , I n d i a n a ; C h a r l e s t o n , West V i r g i n i a ; Osage, West V i r g i n i a ; C h a r l o t t e , North C a r o l i n a ; Selma, �156 Alabama; Newark, Mew Pennsylvania. J e r s e y ; Camden, Mew J e r s e y ; and P h i l a d e l p h i S i m i l a r s t u d i e s i n Columbia, South C a r o l i n a ; G a l l u p , New Mexico and Los Angeles a r e j u s t g e t t i n g under way. Those s t u d i e s r e v e a l a c o n s i s t e n t p a t t e r n o f the f l a g r a n t d i s r e g a r d by highway p l a n n e r s f o r t h e r i g h t s and needs o f low income m i n o r i t y group I n n e r - c i t y r e s i d e n t s and an u t t e r l a c k o f concern f o r the urban environment. The s i m i l a r i t i e s between the c i r c u m s t a n c e s I n those c i t i e s and t h e l i k e l y consequences o f the freeway p r o p o s a l s which a r e now b e f o r e us a r e v e r y striking. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e s e l i k e l y consequences bear little resemblance t o . t h e unsupported end u n s u p p o r t a b i e c l a i m s b e i n g made by t h e advocates of t h e s e p r o p o s a l s . As e l s e w h e r e , t h e s e road p r o p o s a l s w i l l d i s p l a c e thousands of B l a c k households.' T h i s has somehow become t h e I n e v i t a b l e by-product o f what we are meant t o b e l i e v e i s p r o g r e s s . The R e l o c a t i o n P r o v i s i o n s o f . t h e 1968 Highway A c t w h i c h were d e s c r i b e d h e r e e a r l i e r by Mr. C r o c k e r as e x c e l l e n t , do not i n any way c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f r e l o c a t i o n h o u s i n g where such r e s o u r c e s do not e x i s t ; a c o n d i t i o n which has a l s o been conceded by Mr. C r o c k e r , nor do t h e s e e x c e l l e n t p r o v i s i o n s accommodate changes i n the c o s t o f l i v i n g or on the r a t e of I n t e r e s t f o r home mortgages, w h i c h f o r many households w i l l be as much as t w i c e the r a t e w h i c h t h e y now These R e l o c a t i o n P r o v i s i o n s pay. have, however, greatly �extended the p e r i o d s o f time e v e r w h i c h a c q u i s i t i o n lias been c a r r i e d out. S e v e r a l r e f e r e n c e s have been made to t h i s tonight. People have s a i d the Highway Department, o f c o u r s e , has no I n t e n t i o n o f d i s p l a c i n g anyone u n t i l r e l o c a t i o n h o u s i n g i s available. T h i s i s a v e r y mixed b l e s s i n g . For example, i n Kansas C i t y , I n o r d e r t o comply w i t h t h e s e r e l o c a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s , i t i s proposed to a c q u i r e the 9-mile long r i g h t - o f - w a y f o r the South Mid-Town Freeway o v e r a p e r i o d o f 10 t o I S y e a r s . I n s i m i l a r s i t u a t i o n s a c r o s s the c o u n t r y , t e n s of thousands o f t e n a n t households l i v i n g w i t h i n approved or even recommended r i g h t s - o f - w a y f o r f u t u r e highway c o n s t r u c t i o n have a l r e a d y been consigned t o a s t e a d i l y d e t e r i o r a t i n g l i v i n g environment brought about by a complete h a l t to p r o p e r t y maintenance and an e a r l y d e p a r t u r e of neighborhood commercial and s e r v i c e Now, facilities. I do not i n t e n d to d e a l w i t h i n d e t a i l -with the i s s u e of displacement. 1 t h i n k enough has been s a i d about t h a t , and t h e r e I s much e v i d e n c e i n t h e r e c o r d . I would s a y though t h a t t h e u p r o o t i n g o f perhaps 20,000 D i s t r i c t residents and t h e d i v i s i o n and f r a g m e n t a t i o n o f t h e i r communities a r e i n t h e m s e l v e s adequate grounds f o r r e j e c t i n g t h e s e f r e e w a y . . proposals. I n my o p i n i o n , based on e x p e r i e n c e a c r o s s the c o u n t r y i s t h a t t h e r e i s even more c o m p e l l i n g r e a s o n s f o r r e f u s i n g t o s u b j e c t the c i t i z e n s o f the D i s t r i c t t o the d i s c r i m i n a t o r ) ' ' and �.153 u n j u s t burdens which t h i s highway system would impose. p l e t i o n o f the proposed freeway system w i l l a c c e l e r a t e the r a c i a l and economic p o l a r i s a t i o n i n the Washington area. Com- metropolitan Thousands o f a d d i t i o n a l White m i d d l e - c l a s s w o r k e r s w i l l f i n d the new freeways an escape r o u t e t o the suburbs. Experi- ence a c r o s s the n a t i o n has demonstrated t h i s . S t u d i e s i n s u p p o r t of the Douglas Commission f i n d t h i s , documented t h i s . I n d u s t r y and ceimierce and w i t h them j o b s f o r u n s k i l l e d i n n e r - c i t y r e s i d e n t s w i l l , a g a i n , as conf i r m e d e a r l i e r by Mr. Crocker l e a v e f o r new industrial and shopping c e n t e r s a d j a c e n t to suburban and r u r a l changes and n e a r White m i d d l e - c l a s s employees and parks inter- customers. Once a g a i n , the n a t i o n a l e x p e r i e n c e has shewn t h a t the o f t r e p e a t e d c o n t e n t i o n t h a t freeway downtown r e t a i l mythe. construction w i l l revitalize t r a d e has shown t o be n o t h i n g more than a The reads a f t e r a l l run i n both d i r e c t i o n s , and access t o the suburban shopping c e n t e r s i s c o n s i d e r a b l y enhanced by the p r o v i s i o n o f the new F o r those who freeways. remained trapped i n the i n n e r - c i t y l a c k o f f u n d s , l a c k o f s k i l l s and d i s c r i m i n a t i o n , the w i l l grow p r o g r e s s i v e l y worse. by situation Unemployment and dependence on p u b l i c housing and p u b l i c w e l f a r e - w i l l I n c r e a s e . The ever w i d e n i n g c i r c l e s c f the s e l f - d e s t r o y i n g and s o c i a l l y d i s r u p t i v e process are net d i f f i c u l t to f o r e s e e . T r a v e l from the s u r r o u n d i n g suburbs t o o f f i c e s i n the �159 D i s t r i c t w i l l i n c r e a s e by s e v e r a l t i m e s . Y e t a s t u d y conducted i n 1964 by the Bureau of P u b l i c Roads found t h a t o f the 25 l a r g e s t c i t i e s i n the c o u n t r y , Washington, D. C. has the t h i r d l o w e s t p e r c e n t a g e o f automobile ownership. These travel i n c r e a s e s w i l l be g e n e r a t e d by the switch, from p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o automobile use which i s induced by the new highways and by the a d d i t i o n a l thousands who w i l l move t o the suburbs. I t i s t r a g i c t h a t we a r e c o n f r o n t e d w i t h the unreason' a b l e i n s i s t e n c e o f t h i s system's proponents a t a time when the t h r e a t t o our environment from a u t o - i n d u c e d p o l l u t i o n has aroused t h e concern o f the e n t i r e n a t i o n . While the P r e s i d e n t urges a massing o f the n a t i o n ' s r e s o u r c e s i n a t e n y e a r campaign t o put an end t o the d e s t r u c t i o n of our environment, we a r e b e i n g ashed t o a c c e p t an I n c r e a s e a t the r a t e a t w h i c h our a i r i s t o be p o i s o n e d , an i n c r e a s e w h i c h may p o s s i b l y be i n the order o f s e v e r a l t i m e s the p r e s e n t l e v e l s . The recommendations b e f o r e us i n t y p i c a l l y d e c e p t i v e f a s h i o n t e l l us t h a t v e h i c l e s moving a t 60 m i l e s p e r hour a r e l e s s of a p o l l u t a n t h a z a r d t h a n t r a f f i c moving s l o w l y on streets. local The r e p o r t would have us b e l i e v e t h a t the mass o f \-ehicles t o be c a r r i e d on t h e s e new roads w i l l s i m p l y p a s s through the D i s t r i c t a t h i g h speed. laxative J u s t how t h i s vehicular i s to be a d m i n i s t e r e d i s not e x p l a i n e d . Here a g a i n , we may experience. To my knowledge, f i n d a c l u e i n the n a t i o n a l t h e r e i s not a c i t y a c r o s s the �160 c o u n t r y which has c o n s t r u c t e d a freeway network emptying into the downtown which has not e x p e r i e n c e d a m a s s i v e i n c r e a s e i n traffic c o n g e s t i o n on l o c a l streets. R i d e r s h i p on existingmmass f all. to transportation routes w i l l Seme r o u t e s w i l l be e l i m i n a t e d , and f a r e s w i l l be t a k e up the s l a c k . raised Here a g a i n , the blow f a l l s s q u a r e l y on the s h o u l d e r s c f those most dependent on macs t r a n s p o r t a t i o n for a c c e s s between home and employment. The poor, the o l d and t h e young, the i n f i r m w i l l become i n c r e a s i n g l y i m m o b i l i z e d . D i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h i s and of c r u c i a l Importance i s the r e l a t i o n s h i p between the proposed f r e e w a y s and t h e proposed Metro system. Constant a t t e n t i o n has been c a l l e d t o the f o r t h c o m i n g b a l a n c e o f the D i s t r i c t ' s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system Both the d e s i g n o f the system and the p r i o r i t i e s t o t h e i r v a r i o u s elements expose t h i s c l a i m o f b a l a n c e as n o t h i n g more than a deception. I n a d e s i g n , t h e two elements do not a c o o r d i n a t e d b a l a n c e d s y s t e m , I n s t e a d t h e y form two form similar and competing s y s t e m s . The p r o p o s a l f o r the North C e n t r a l Freeway which i s b e f o r e us t o n i g h t i l l u s t r a t e s t h i s c o n d i t i o n q u i t e c l e a r l y . T h a t road and the Metro L i n e r u n along the same r i g h t - o f - w a y , and the s t a t i s t i c s on the freeway i n Chicago n o t w i t h s t a n d i n g i f t h e road t h a t i s proposed i s b u i l t i n advance of the Metro L i n e , i t w i l l s e r i o u s l y undermine the p o s s i b i l i t y o f an economic �161 l e v e l of patronage f o r the Metro l i n e . I n f a c t , completion of any such roads i n advance of the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f p a r a l l e l Metro l i n e s b r i n g s i n t o q u e s t i o n s even the l i k e l i h o o d t h a t such a Metro system would e v e r be b u i l t . The p o i n t h e r e i s t h a t s i m p l y once h a v i n g t h a t the volume o f t r a f f i c demonstrated along a g i v e n d e s i r e d l i n e i s b e i n g a d e q u a t e l y d e a l t w i t h , i t becomes e m i n e n t l y r e a s o n a b l e t o suggest the e l i m i n a t i o n o f any d u p l i c a t e s e r v i c e s . One might a r r i v e a t the c y n i c a l c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h i s i s i n f a c t , what 9 was i n t e n d e d from the b e g i n n i n g . ^ ' One p o s s i b l e v e r s i o n of a b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system would be one i n which a r i n g - r o a d highway system i s i n t e r s e c t e d by r a n i a l r a i l r o a d s which p r o v i d e e x t e n s i v e oppor-. . t u n i c i e s f o r p a r k i n g i n i n t e r - c h a n g e between p u b l i c road and rail facilities. I n the l i g h t o f what we know about the e f f e c t s on urban f r e e w a y system i n t h e p r o p o s a l which i s i n t e n d e d t o accommodate a g r e a t e r f l o w o f automobile t r a f f i c D i s t r i c t s h o u l d be u n a c c e p t a b l e . i n t o the Any a c c e p t a b l e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p r o p o s a l must be c a p a b l e of i n c r e a s i n g ease o f a c c e s s t o the c i t y f o r the people w i t h o u t i n c r e a s i n g the f l o w o f automobile traffic the i n t o the D i s t r i c t . Such a s t a n d a r d c l e a r l y dictates r e j e c t i o n of the e n t i r e free-way system x-jhicb i s here b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d and i n s i s t a n c e by the C o u n c i l on the prompt cons t r u c t i o n of the r a i l mass t r a n s i t system. �162 I n t h i s r e g a r d , I would l i k e t o t a k e t h e l i b e r t y o r answering a q u e s t i o n put by Councilman T u c k e r v e r y e a r l y i n t h e h e a r i n g s t o Mrs. Rowe. There i s , I b e l i e v e , a s u i t before the F e d e r a l Courts brought by concerned c i t i z e n s which seeks t o h a l t t h e implementation my u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h i s road b u i l d i n g program. It is that the p r i n c i p a l b a s i s f o r t h i s s u i t i s the c o n t e n t i o n t h a t t h e d i c t a t e s o f S e c t i o n 2 3 ( c ) o f t h e 1968 Highway A c t d e p r i v e d c e r t a i n F e d e r a l and l o c a l o f f i c i a l s o f the o p p o r t u n i t y t o c a r r y out t h e i r o b l i g a t i o n s as r e q u i r e d by the l a w . I n the l i g h t o f t h e r e p e a t e d a s s e r t i o n s by C o u n c i l members t h a t t h e i r o p t i o n s a r e t o t a l l y c i r c u m s c r i b e d by S e c t i o n 2 3 ( c ) , I f i n d i t both p u z z l i n g and d i s a p p o i n t i n g t h a t t h e Mayor and C o u n c i l whose nominal a u t h o r i t y has been completely immasculated by t h e d i c t a t e s o f t h i s p r o v i s i o n , have not seen f i t t o go themselves t o t h e c o u r t s i n t h e i r own b e h a l f (applause.) I n t h e i r own b e h a l f and i n b e h a l f o f t h e 2 m i l l i o n r e s i d e n t s o f t h e D i s t r i c t whose long s t r u g g l e f o r s e l f - g o v e r n ment has been so s e r i o u s l y s e t back by t h i s capitulation. Thank y o u . (Applause.) COUNCILMAN MOORB: Mr. R a b i n , we a r e v e r y p l e a s e d t h a t you c o u l d come and t e s t i f y here b e f o r e t h e C o u n c i l t o n i g h t and I would a s k my f e l l o w councilmen, t h a t you would l i k e t o ask Mr. Rabin? a r e t h e r e any q u e s t i o n s �163 Councilman Haywood? COUNCILWOMAN HAYWOOD: No q u e s t i o n s . Thank y o u , Mr. Chairman. COUNCILMAN MOORB: Councilman Robinson? COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: COUNCILMAN MOORB: testimony, No, thank you. Thank y o u v a r y much f o r y o u r and would y o u l e a v e a cony o f t h a t testimony with the s e c r e t a r y ? MR..RABIN: I'm s o r r y I'm unable t o t o n i g h t , b u t I w i l l a s q u i c k l y a s p o s s i b l e have i t typed COUNCILMAN MOORB: and s e n t . And would i t p l e a s e i n c l u d e those e s t i m a t i o n s t h a t y o u gave? MR. RABIN: Y e s . COUNCILMAN MOORB: Thank y o u v e r y much. Dr. C, Joseph Nuesse, E x e c u t i v e V i c e P r e s i d e n t , ^ Catholic University. We a r e v e r y p l e a s e d t o welcome y o u , s i r , and we look f o r w a r d t o y o u r testimony. TESTIMONY OF BR. C. JOSEPH NUESSE EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY DR. NUESSE: Mr. Chairman, I am C. Joseph,Nuesse, E x e c u t i v e V i c e P r e s i d e n t and P r o v o s t ofCatholic University. �164 Thank you. The C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y o f America i s s e n s i t i v e t o the needs and f e e l i n g s o f i t s neighbors i n the B r o o k l a n d a r e a . I t reco *nizes t h a t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway w i l l i n v o l v e t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f homes a n a b u s i n e s s e s , the i n c r e a s e o f a i r p o l l u t i o n and n o i s e , and a t t e n d a n t t h r e a t s t o community l i f e . From t h e b e g i n n i n g , r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e l o c a l community have sought t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o e x p r e s s these c o n c e r n s , and t h e U n i v e r s i t y urges s t r o n g l y t h a t they be g i v e n a f u l l and f a i r ' h e a r i n g . The U n i v e r s i t y ' s pledge o f the com- munity i s t h a t , i f t h e proposed North C e n t r a l Freeway s h o u l d be approved, t h e U n i v e r s i t y w i l l j o i n w i t h t h e community t o i n s i s t upon t h e adequate r e l o c a t i o n o f f a m i l i e s d e p r i v e d o f t h e i r homes and the a l l e v i a t i o n o f n o i s e , a i r p o l l u t i o n and other undesirable consequences o f freeway construction. F u r t h e r , i f t h e freeway i s a u t h o r i z e d , ' t h e w i l l request modifications safeguard the educational o f t h e proposed r o u t e s e r v i c e s i t renders. University i n order to As o u t l i n e d i n "Recommendations f o r a Freeway i n t h e N o r t h e r n S e c t i o n and R e l a t e d P o l i c y , " t h e proposed r o u t e would a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t t h e campus o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y and t h u s , i t s c a p a c i t y t o be o f s e r v i c e t o t h e l o c a l community, t o t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n the n a t i o n . a r e a and t o The amount o f l a n d proposed t o be t a k e n from the U n i v e r s i t y because o f t h e freeway and t h e r e l o c a t i o n o f Brookl a n d Avenue;, t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e topography o f t h e r e m a i n i n g �I6S s i t e , would n o t a l l o w t h e U n i v e r s i t y t o develop a c c o r d i n g t o 1 i t s plans. The U n i v e r s i t y s 19-85 P l a n , on f i l e w i t h t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Consulssion, i n d i c a t e s t h e Intended f u l l u t i l i s a t i o n o f the land i n question. Therefore, the U n i v e r s i t y i n d i s t s t h a t , i f t h e Freeway i s t o be b u i l t , t h e proposed r o u t e s h o u l d be r e l o c a t e d e a s t o f t h e B a l t i m o r e and Ohio r a i l r o a d t r a c k s , a t l e a s t t o a p o i n t o p p o s i t e t h e n o r t h e r n end o f t h e s i t e o f t h e D. C. i n c i n e r a t o r . Thank you. COUNCILMAN MOORE: testimony. Dr. Nuesse, thank y o u f o r y o u r Now l e t ' s j u s t suppose t h a t t h e freeway was r e l o - cated i n the area described i n your testimony. What e f f e c t would t h a t r e l o c a t i o n have on homes and b u s i n e s s e s and p a r k s , i f any, i n t h e a r e a ? DR. NUESSE: The e f f e c t s would be two p r i n c i p a l l y . There a r e c e r t a i n b u s i n e s s e s t h a t have been b u i l t , I b e l i e v e , s i n c e t h e p l a n s f o r t h e f r e e w a y were announced t h a t a r e along the r i g h t - o f - w a y o f t h e B a l t i m o r e § Ohio t r a c k s , w h i c h would be i n v o l v e d . They would be i n v o l v e d i n freeway c o n s t r u c t i o n anyway t o some e x t e n t . r The o t h e r p a r t o f t h e p r o p e r t y w ould i n v o l v e t h e campus o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y w h i c h I s on t h e s i d e o f t h e t r a c k s o p p o s i t e t h e main campus a c r o s s t h e r a i l r o a d t r a c k s . a r e t a l k i n g here i n p a r t about U n i v e r s i t y p r o p e r t y COUNCILMAN MOORE: Councilman Haywood? So we Itself. �166 COUNCILWOMAN HAYWOOD: Ho q u e s t i o n s , Mr. Chairman; thank y o u . COUNCILMAN MOORS: Councilman Robinson? COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Dr. Nuesse, I see where t h e U n i v e r s i t y s a i d t h a t i f t h e Northwest Freeway s h o u l d be approve do y c u have any i d e a what t h e consensus o f t h e f a c u l t y o f t h e Board cf. T r u s t e e s -- I want t o p u t y o u i n a s p o t ; whether y o u would be m c ^ a g a i n s t I t v a l a r g e p e r c e n t a g e would be a g a i n s t t h e freeway? DR. NUESSE: as W e l l , l e t me p u t I t t h i s way. I speak an o f f i c e r o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y ; I n t h e f i r s t p l a c e , i n i t s response on p u b l i c I s s u e s o f t h i s k i n d , t h e U n i v e r s i t y must keep i n mind i t s c h a r a c t e r a s an e d u c a t i o n a l VOICE: Nov; about m o r a l s ? DR. NUESSE: institution. How about m o r a l s ? And a s y o u have j u s t s u g g e s t e d , people have d i v e r s e o p i n i o n s w i t h i n t h e U n i v e r s i t y , f a c u l t y . , administ r a t i o n and s t u d e n t body. the I b e l i e v e t h a t t h e academic s e n a t e , f a c u l t y o f t h e g r a d u a t e s c h o o l have been on r e c o r d i n past years i n opposition t o the freeway. has And t h a t t h a t r e c o r d been t r a n s m i t t e d , b u t t h e f u n c t i o n o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y offi- c i a l s , o b v i o u s l y , i s t o p r e s e r v e an environment where t h e r e i s freedom t o d i s c u s s t h e i s s u e on a l l COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: COUNCILMAN MOORB: testimony. sides. Thank you, Doctor. Thank y o u , D o c t o r , f o r y o u r �107 Dr. RobertKenan, Committee o f One Hundred on the F e d e r a l C i t y i s l i s t e d as the n e x t t e s t i m o n y , but he ashed t o be r e l i e v e d of t h a t t e s t i m o n y tonight. So we w i l l p r o c e e d t o Mr. Matthew Andrea, Chairman of the D. C. Student Committee on the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Nov/ the w i t n e s s t a b l e i s up f r o n t , and t a b l e i s becoming t e s t e d . Now, Crisis. the chair's w i l l the s p e a k e r d e s i s t from t a l k i n g or e i t h e r t a k e a c h a i r i n s t e a d o f b e i n g removed from the chamber? VOICE: Continue. TESTIMONY OF MATTHEW ANDREA, CHAIRMAN D. C. STUDENT COMMITTEE ON MR. of the D. I am am ANDREA: C. Student a 1963 My THE TRANSPORTATION C R I S I S name i s Matthew Andrea. I am Committee on the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Chairman Crisis. graduate of Georgetown U n i v e r s i t y , and p r e s e n t l y I employed by a newly formed e u c c l o g y a c t i o n group c a l l e d "Environment," w i t h whom I w i l l be w o r k i n g t h i s s p r i n g environmentally r e l a t e d issues, including p o l l u t i o n , on including the f r e e w a y s . I n c l u d i n g e v e r f a c e t of the d e s t i m e t i o n of environment t h a t i s t a k i n g p l a c e r i g h t I n the f a l l o f 1969, our now. a group o f s t u d e n t s recently r e t u r n e d t o Georgetown U n i v e r s i t y , cam® back to t h i s f a i r city o n l y t o l e a r n the d i s t r e s s i n g news t h a t on August 9th the City C o u n c i l of t h i s D i s t r i c t had reversed i t s previous position. �163 sncl had v o t e d a m a s s i v e f r e e w a y program f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. Further i n v e s t i g a t i o n revealed that the C i t y d l i d t h i s under a g r e a t d e a l of p r e s s u r e from above. Council Students became d i s t r e s s e d f o r t h e y had heard.about t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e many y e a r s age. I f o r one had been a member o f t h e Georgetown Crew Team f o r f o u r y e a r s . For f o u r y e a r s , e v e r y morning between 6 o ' c l o c k and 3 o ' c l o c k i n t h e morning, I used t o get out and crew s h e l l , 'row up t o F l e t c h e r ' s l a n d i n g , t h e n down t h e Potomac R i v e r under Key B r i d g e , under Memorial B r i d g e , under 1 4 t h S t r e e t Bridge, and f i n a l l y down t o N a t i o n a l A i r p o r t and then t u r n around and come back. Many o f my contemporaries s h a r e t h e same e x p e r i e n c e and o v e r t h e f o u r y e a r s , we n o t i c e d a growing d i s r u p t i o n , a growing d e s p o l i a t i o n o f t h e e n t i r e environment s u r r o u n d i n g t h e river. The Increase i n a i r p o l l u t i o n I s obvious. Particular l y obvious a t 6 o ' c l o c k i n t h e morning when t h e f o g i s v e r y heavy on t h e Potomac R i v e r , and e v e r y b i t o f carbon monoxide and o t h e r p a r t i c u l a r s t h a t a r e exuded from automobiles got caught i n t h a t f o g and s t r a n g l e d t h e oarsmen as they rode up and down t h a t r i v e r . I t wasn't s o bad s i x y e a r s ago. B u t , two y e a r s had ago, when I f i n i s h e d t h e s e a s o n , I r e a l l y v e r y l i t t l e d e s i r e t o s^end any more time i n t h e Potomac R i v e r . F o r t h e same time t h a t a i r p o l l u t i o n was i n c r e a s i n g , t h e d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e w a t e r environment and t h e �surrounding l e n d a r e a was a l s o t a k i n g p l a c e . I n f a c t , by t h e time I was a s e n i o r , I s o r t o f p r i d e d m y s e l f i n being a b l e t o determine j u s t what was u n t r e a t e d sewage and what was c h e m i c a l . waste and what was p e t r o l e u m droppings and so f o r t h . see t h e s e t h i n g s coming down t h e r i v e r e v e r y d a y , You c o u l d particularly, i n t h e s p r i n g a f t e r t h e thaws. So when t h i s group o f s t u d e n t s a t Georgetown heard t h a t t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e which had been on a g a i n , o f f a g a i n f o r so many y e a r s which had been opposed by v i r t u a l l y a l l elements o f t h e Washington m e t r o p o l i t a n community was about t o be b u i l t , we f e l t t h a t a c t i o n was n e c e s s a r y . We were d i s i l l u s i o n e d i n t h e e s t a b l i s h e d p r o c e s s e s o f government. How c o u l d we h e l p b u t be? Here we saw t h a t i n s p i t e o f p a s t referendums, i n s p i t e of court d e c i s i o n s , i n j u n c t i o n s , I n s p i t e of the previous s t a n c e t a k e n by t h e C i t y C o u n c i l , t h a t when p r e s s u r e came down from above, t h i s c i t y , t h i s colony -was r e a d y t o b u c k l e under and submit t o c o l o n i a l rule. Students o f my g e n e r a t i o n a r e v e r y c r i t i c a l o f o u r p r o c e s s e s o f Government f o r we were brought up b e l i e v i n g t h a t we l i v e d i n a democracy, and suddenly, e v e r y day we a r e con- f r o n t e d by t h e f a c t o r t h a t t h i n g s don't happen d e m o c r a t i c a l l y . T l i i s seems e s p e c i a l l y t r u e i n Washington, D. C . which h a s no . self-government and can o n l y e l e c t i t s s c h o o l beard. So a g a i n , i n t h e f a l l o f 1969, a group o f d i s t r e s s e d and d i s i l l u s i o n e d �170 students upset over the i n a b i l i t y of e s t a b l i s h e d mechanisms to r e s o l v e c e r t a i n problems, a n x i o u s to take some s o r t of a c t i o n t h e m s e l v e s , t o demonstrate t h e i r o p p o s i t i o n to t h i s b r i d g e and f r e e w a y system. So a s m a l l group of u s , i t s t a r t e d out w i t h one F r i d a y a f t e r n o o n on the 10th nine, of October got i n t o row boats and we went out and we o c c u p i e d the Three S i s t e r s ' I s l a n d s , we s e i z e d those i s l a n d s ; we l i b e r a t e d those i s l a n d s , and the same time we were i n v o l v e d i n t h i s a c t i o n , an coramited group o f s t u d e n t s was at equally r u n n i n g w i l d l y a l l about town d i s t r i b u t i n g a l e a f l e t t h a t announced t h i s new l i b e r a t i o n front. Now, i t s t a r t e d out w i t h n i n e s t u d e n t s i n the c o l d wet n i g h t s , but the n e x t day, v i s i t e d us on those I s l a n d s . And the day p e o p l e , and t h e s e were not s t u d e n t s camping out 70 people came and after that, p r i m a r i l y , but 120 residents o f the Georgetown and F o x h a l l v i l l a g e communities and the i n n e r - c i t y came out t o our f i r s t p u b l i c r a l l e y . d i d n ' t by t h a t . We had also But we succeeded i n our f i r s t s t e p o f drawing p u b l i c a t t e n t i o n t o the f a c t t h a t the b r i d g e was being b u i l t . T h i s i s something t h a t the media had more o r l e s s i g n o r e d . The s i o n , and c o n t r a c t s wore l e t a f t e r the City then the c o n s t r u c t i o n began. aware o f t h i s . Council deci- Most people weren't They became aware of t h i s , t h e r e f o l l o w e d week of d e m o n s t r a t i o n s , t o t a l l y n o n - v i o l e n t i n nature, but a �171 demonstrations i n which t h e s t u d e n t s and the c i t i z e n s who a l l i e d themselves w i t h the s t u d e n t s committed themselves t o b l o c k i n g the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the bridge. These demonstrations s t a r t e d w i t h v e r y s m a l l numbers, but they b u i l t up e v e r y day,, so t h a t by Wednesday, t h e 15th o f October, t h e day o f t h e Moratorium, 141 o f us were p l a c i n g our bodies on t h e l i n e , 141 c i t i z e n s from a l l p a r t s o f t h e c i t y and s t u d e n t s . A f t e r two hours o f d e l a y i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n , we were rounded up, many b r u t a l l y t r e a t e d by t h e p o l i c e o f t h i s and t a k e n t o j a i l . accident. city, T h i s was no c o i n c i d e n c e , t h i s was no T h i s demonstration, n o n - v i o l e n t demonstrations t h e s e a c t i o n s were t h e l a r g e s t c e n t e r e d around a domestic t h a t have e v e r t a k e n p l a c e i n t h i s issue city. I t h i n k t h a t means t h a t people a r e concerned, and i t means n o t o n l y s t u d e n t s , b u t s t u d e n t s from e v e r y segment and e v e r y age i n t h e community. We s h a r e d o u r j a i l people t h a t were 50 and 60 y e a r s o l d . c e l l s with We m a i n t a i n e d our com- mitment. The f o l l o w i n g Sunday, even i n s p i t e o f t h e i n t i m i d a t i o n o f f e r e d by t h e p o l i c e , 5G0 people t u r n e d out f o r a massive r a l l e y down a t t h e b r i d g e s i t e . Two hundred o f t h e s e people came i n a 75 c a r motorcade from t h e Adams, Morgan, Shaw and Cardoza neighborhoods. The r e s t o f t h e s e people came l a r g e l y from suburban a r e a s , and t h e n , o f c o u r s e , t h e r e was r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s �172 from t h e Georgetown and n o r t h w e s t a r e a s . A g a i n , a p u b l i c o u t c r y ; again., people were w i l l i n g t o p l a c e themselves in. i n j e o p a r d y because o f something they b e l i e v e d But we r e a l i z e d t h e f o l l o w i n g Monday when a group o f demonstrators came down t o r e p e a t the a c t i o n s o f a p r e v i o u s wee": and when they f i r s t c r o s s e d an a r b i t r a r i l y imposed l i n e formed by t h e p o l i c e ana p a r k l a n d t o which people s h o u l d have p u b l i c a c c e s s , when t h e s e s t u d e n t s were b r u t a l l y beaten on the head, we r e a l i z e d t h a t t h i s type o f a c t i o n c o u l d no l o n g e r s e r v e t h e purpose t h a t we had o r i g i n a l l y i n t e n d e d f o r i t . lie were n e v e r so n a i v e as t o b e l i e v e t h a t we c o u l d s t o p t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n j u s t by s t a n d i n g i n f r o n t o f t h e machine. We had made our p o i n t ; We had d r a m a t i z e d t h e I s s u e . the time f o r t h e h a r d work t o b e g i n . Then was But s i n c e t h a t t i m e , many s t u d e n t s have p a r t i c i p a t e d I n b r i e f i n g s on C a p i t o l H i l l , i n the h a l l s o f t h e Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , have d e a l t w i t h d i f f e r e n t governmental a g e n c i e s , t r y i n g once more t o use t h e channels t h a t a r e e s t a b l i s h e d . We have supported t h e l a w s u i t ; s t u d e n t s gave tremendous support t o t h e referendum which was h e l d on November 4 t h . A f t e r t h e Board c f E l e c t i o n s denied a l e g i t i m a t e referendum, we r a i s e d t h e money o u t s e l v e s , manned t h e p o l l s , got out t h e v o t e and 00 j i e r c e n t o f t h e people who v o t e d i n t h a t referendum v o t e d not o n l y a g a i n s t t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , b u t t h e e n t i r e c o n n e c t i n g network c f f r e e w a y s . But t h i s was j u s t a �173 beginning. We m a i n t a i n e d our commitment. You may s a y perhaps t h a t we a r e j u s t f o r e i g n e r s v i s i t i n g t h e C i t y ; we come h e r e f o r f o u r y e a r s , and then we l e a v e . But many o f us a r e n o t . F o r t h e l a s t s i x y e a r s , I have been a r e s i d e n t o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, and i n t e n d t o remain one, l i v i n g o r i g i n a l l y i n Georgetown and now mid-way between Dupont C i r c l e and AdamsMorgan. I f e e l t h a t i n t h e s e l a s t few y e a r s spent c l o s e t o the i n n e r - c i t y t h a t I f e l t t h e p u l s e o f t h e people t h e r e , s e e i n g some o f t h e i r needs. do w i t h f r e e w a y s . And t h e s e needs have n o t h i n g t o They cannot s e r v e t h e people o f t h i s District These needs have t o do w i t h h o u s i n g , w i t h e d u c a t i o n , w i t h h o s p i t a l s and c e r t a i n l y w i t h t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , b u t n o t t h e type o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system t h a t t h i s freeway network offers. The m a j o r i t y o f t h e people i n t h i s town don't own t h e i r own c a r s . They need mass t r a n s i t . Y e t , t h e system t h a t i s proposed on t h i s map i s n o t p r o v i d e d -- does n o t p r o v i d e i t . Why a r e we a g a i n s t f r e e w a y s ? t i o n o f t h e environment. We f e e l t h a t they a r e a d e s e c r a - Not o n l y do t h e y p o l l u t e t h e a i r , b u t t h e y b r e a k up communities as has been so o f t e n mentioned. B u t , n o t o n l y t h a t , many o f us go a l l t h e way t o challenge t h e v e r y b a s i c assumptions t h a t u n d e r l i e t h e whole t h r u s t s toward b u i l d i n g f r e e w a y s i n t h e f i r s t p l a c e . t h i s context, I would l i k e t o quote a few e x c e r p t s And i n from an �174 e s s a y on highway development w r i t t e n by L o u i s Mumford: r, Tlie c u r r e n t American way o f l i f e i s funded j u s t n o t on motor t r a n s p o r t a t i o n but on t h e r e l i g i o n o f t h e motor c a r , and t h e s a c r i f i c e s t h a t people a r e w i l l i n g t o make f o r t h i s r e l i g i o n stand outside the realm of r a t i o n a l c r i t i c i z m . Perhaps the o n l y t h i n g t h a t c o u l d b r i n g Americans t o t h e i r senses would be a c l e a r l e m o n s t T a t i o n t h a t t h e i r highway program w i l l even- t u a l l y wipe c u t t h e v e r y a r e a o f freedom t h a t t h e p r i v a t e motor c a r promised t o r e t a i n f o r them." What i s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r , Mumford a s k s . a question This i s chat highway p l a n n e r s a p p a r e n t l y n e v e r asks them- s e l v e s , p r o b a b l y because they t a k e f o r g r a n t e d t h e b e l i e f t h a t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e x i s t s f o r t h e purpose o f p r o v i d i n g s u i t a b l e o u t l e t s f o r t h e motor c a r i n d u s t r y . T ) I n c r e a s e t h e number o f c a r s , t o enable m o t o r i s t s t o go l o n g e r d i s t a n c e s , t o more p l a c e s a t h i g h e r speeds has become an e i d i n i t s e l f . car Does t h i s overemployment o f t h e motor n o t consume e v e r l a r g e r q u a n t i t i e s o f g a s , o i l , concrete, rubber and s t e e l and so p r o v i d e t h e v e r y groundwork f o r an expanding economy? C e r t a i n l y , i t does. C e r t a i n l y , i t helps t h e economy, b u t does i t , indeed, h e l p people when t h e s t r e e t s a r e clogged, when t h e a i r i s clogged, when people a r e a f r a i d t o w a l k on t h e s t r e e t s f o r f e a r o f b e i n g b r u i s e d by masses o f g a s e s , p o l l u t a n t s coming from buses and c a r s . The c i t y becomes u n i n h a b i t a b l e f o r p e d e s t r i a n s , and �175 t h a t ' s what c i t i e s were b u i l t f o r i n the f i r s t p l a c e . People put b u i l d i n g s c l o s e t o g e t h e r i n order t o m i n i m i s e the need f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n so t h a t t h e y c o u l d w a l k . Yet, pedestrians' t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i s c e r t a i n l y out c f the way t h i s c i t y which s h o u l d be an E l y s i u m Kumford gees on; perhaps i n this city, i n for pedestrians. our age w i l l be known to the f u t u r e h i s t o r i a n as the age o f the b u l l d o z e r and e x t e r m i n a tor and "in many p a r t s o f the c o u n t r y , the b u i l d i n g o f a highway has about the same r e s u l t upon v e g e t a t i o n and human s t r u c t u r e s as the passage o f a tornado or the b l a s t of an Atom Bomb. Nowhere i s the b u l l d o z i n g h a b i t o f mind so d i s a s t r o u s as i n the approaches t o t h i s c i t y end I n the c i t y S i n c e the e n g i n e e r r e g a r d s h i s itself. own work as more important t h a n the o t h e r human f u n c t i o n s i t s e r v e s , he does not h e s i t a t e t o l a y waste t o woods, s t r e a m s , p a r k s and human neighborhoods i n o r d e r t o c a r r y h i s roads s t r a i g h t t o t h e i r supposed d e s t i n a t i o n . I t I s in. t h i s c o n t e x t t h a t we n o t i c e the t h r e a t t o some o f the major most p r i s e d p a r k l a n d i n t h i s c i t y . A c t o f Congress supposedly 1935 s h o u l d supposedly p r o t e c t the P a l l i s a d e s and upper r e a c h e s o f the Potomac R i v e r from development w h a t s o e v e r . A any Y e t , t h i s A c t i s b e i n g t o t a l l y ignored. I t i s b e i n g o v e r r i d d e n i n the p r o p o s a l s f o r a P a l l i s a d e s Parkwa) for t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and f o r the Potomac R i v e r Freeway, as w e l l as f o r the An&costia Freeway, as w e l l as f o r the North �176 C e n t r a l Freeway w h i c h o b l i t e r a t e s F o r t T o t t e n Pari: to c o n t i n u e . I n order t o overcome the f a t a l s t a g n a t i o n of traffic i n and around our c i t i e s , our highway e n g i n e e r s have come up w i t h a remedy t h a t a c t u a l l y expands the e v i l t h a t i s meant t o overcome. are They c r e a t e new expressways to serve c i t i e s that a l r e a d y overcrowded w i t h i n , thus tempting people who have been u s i n g public: t r a n s p o r t a t i o n to r e a c h the urban c e n t e r s to use t h e s e new p r i v a t e f a c i l i t i e s . Almost b e f o r e the f i r s t days* t o l l on t h e s e expressways have been counted, the new new roads themselves overcrowded so a clamor a r i s e s t o c r e a t e o t h e r s i m i l a r and t o p r o v i d e more p a r k i n g garages are arteries i n the c e n t e r o f our m e t r o p o l i s e s , and the generous p r o v i s i o n of t h e s e f a c i l i t i e s expands the c y c l e o f c o n g e s t i o n w i t h o u t any promise of until t h a t t e r m i n a l p o i n t when a l l the b u s i n e s s and t h a t o r i g i n a l l y gave r i s e city relief industry to the c o n g e s t i o n move out o f the t o escape s t r a n g u l a t i o n , l e a v i n g a waste of expressways and garages behind them. T h i s i s pyramid b u i l d i n g w i t h a vengeance, a tomb o f c o n c r e t e roads and ramps c o v e r i n g the dead corpse o f the city. We w i l l not s t a n d f o r t h i s under any c i r c u m s t a n c e s . The problems o f t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n have beenmmentione< I c o u l d n ' t h e l p but laugh when s e v e r a l w i t n e s s e s t o n i g h t a c t u a l l y dared t o pause a t the f a c t t h a t t h e f r e e w a y s would r e l i e v e c o n g e s t i o n on the s o - c a l l e d i n n e r - c i t y g r i d . As has �177 been demonstrated Freeways s h o u l d be looked upon as f u n n e l s which i s what t h e y actually are. six i n o t h e r c i t i e s , the o p p o s i t e i s t r u e . When you t h i n k o f a road t h a t i s f o u r l a n e s , l a n e s , e i g h t l a n e s coming i n from a l a r g e suburban a r e a I n t o a s m a l l m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a , you have a f u n n e l e f f e c t . B u t , remember, a t the end o f e v e r y f u n n e l i s a v e r y s m a l l opening, D. C. and t h e s e openings a r e the c i t y s t r e e t s These a r e s t r e e t s of t h a t cannot handle the c o n g e s t i o n t h a t w i l l come o f f t h e s e f r e e w a y s . I maintain t h a t the congestion i n t h i s c i t y w i l l be worse as a r e s u l t o f the f r e e w a y s . P a r k i n g i s an e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t problem, but even enough p a r k i n g i s p r o v i d e d , the problem would be befween the p a r k i n g l o t s and the ramps and the f r e e w a y s t h e m s e l v e s . t h a t i t would be a c o n s t a n t t r a f f i c And I maintain jam. The wide swaths o f l a n d devoted to c l o v e r l e a v e s and even more c o m p l i c a t e d , m u l t i - l e v e l inter-changes to express- ways, p a r k i n g l o t s , p a r k i n g garages and i n the v e r y h e a r t o f the c i t y b u t c h e r up p r e c i o u s urban space. These new arteries choke o f f the n a t u r a l s o u r c e s o f c i r c u l a t i o n and l i m i t the use of a b u t t i n g p r o p e r t i e s w h i l e a t the p o i n t where they d i s gorge t h e i r t r a f f i c , t h e y c r e a t e i n e v i t a b l e dots o f c o n g e s t i o n which e f f e c t i v e l y c a n c e l out such speed as t h e y a c h i e v e i n approaching these b o t t l e necks. Finally, i n r e l a t i o n t o p a r k i n g , f r e e w a y s have r e p e a t e d l y t a k e n p o s s e s s i o n of the most v a l u a b l e r e c r e a t i o n �space t h i s g r e a t c i t y p o s s e s s e s ; not merely by t h i e v i n g l a n d once d e d i c a t e d t o p a r k u s e s , but by c u t t i n g o f f easy access t o the w a t e r f r o n t paries, and l o w e r i n g t h e i r v a l u e f o r r e f r e s h ment and repose by i n t r o d u c i n g the r o a r o f t r a f f i c and the bad odor o f e x h a u s t through both n o i s e and carbon monoxides a r e i n i m i c a l to h e a l t h . What i s the s o l u t i o n then? C e r t a i n l y not more f r e e - ways, but a system o f mass underground r a i l t r a n s i t , but the Metro system as i t i s proposed r i g h t now. not For t h a t system has b u i l t i n t o i t i n a d e q u a c i e s which make argument f o r t h i s system somewhat v a l i d . The Metro system i s designed, at l e a s t a t p r e s e n t , to handle o n l y a f r a c t i o n , 20 p e r c e n t a c c o r d i n g t o the Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , o f the commuter t r a f f i c . The Metro system as proposed i s o n l y a s i n g l e system. line I n other words, you have two t r a c k s going I n opposite d i r e c t i o n s , and although i t ' s v e r y e x t e n s i v e , 96 m i l e s , the number of stops i s s e v e r e l y l i m i t e d . T h e r e f o r e , t h e r e ' s o n l y one type of s e r v i c e and this i s a s e r v i c e t h a t goes between t h e s e s t o p s , but i g n o r e s major s e c t i o n s o f the c i t y , p a r t i c u l a r l y the i n n e r - c i t y , the a r e a where *.our poor and low Income people l i v e , who dependent upon mass t r a n s i t . a r e most I d e a l l y , t h e r e s h o u l d be a system of r a i l t r a n s i t t h a t i n v o l v e s a f o u r - l i n e system c o u l d have e x p r e s s l i n e s as w e l l as l o c a l l i n o s . so t h a t you There s h o u l d be more s t o p s , and t h e r e s h o u l d most i m p o r t a n t l y be cross-town �179 l i n e s t h a t would l i n k up the communities. For a t r a n s i t system t h a t o n l y b r i n g s people i n t o the c i t y from t h e suburbs and back out o f the s u b u r b s , can n e v e r b u i l d a s p i r i t o f community, any s e t of e n v i r o n m e n t a l i n t e g r i t y i n t h i s c i t y . To t i e a c i t y t o g e t h e r , you have t o connect i t s neighborhoods; you have t o p r e s e r v e the i n t e g r i t y o f t h e s e neighborhoods; you have t o encourage i n t e g r a t i o n , communication. F r e e w a y s , by c u t t i n g o f f the d i f f e r e n t a r e a s , the d i f f e r e n t neighborhoods i n t o p i e - s h a p e d segments u l t i m a t e l y d e s t r o y neighborhoods t h e m s e l v e s , and c u t out those neighbor- hoods t h a t might be p r e s e r v e d i n t a c t from t h e i r n e i g h b o r i n g neighborhoods. Only a m a s s i v e mass t r a n s i t r a i l system under ground i n v o l v i n g a minimum o f d i s p l a c e m e n t and a maximum o f u t i l i t y t o a maximum number of people can s o l v e the needs o f the c i t y , but a l s o the needs o f t h e suburban a r e a s , and I must s t r e s s our r e l a t i o n t o t h e suburban a r e a . F o r a g a i n , going back t o t h e movement t h a t we had t h i s f a l l , we r e c e i v e d tremendous s u p p o r t from people i n A r l i n g t o n and A l e x a n d r i a , from people i n Montgomery and P r i n c e George's County. These a r e t h e people t h a t the f r e e w a y s a r e supposed t o h e l p , and t h e y don't want them e i t h e r . T h i s was c l e a r l y m a n i f e s t e d t h i s l a s t week, t h i s l a s t month a c t u a l l y , when groups o f c i t i z e n s i n the Maryland c o u n t i e s had demonstrat i o n a f t e r d e m o n s t r a t i o n and f i n a l l y p r e v a i l e d upon t h e i r l e g i s l a t o r s who y e s t e r d a y v o t e d down the n o r t h e r n r o u t e t h a t �100 would u l t i m a t e l y connect t h e N o r t h e r n B e l t w a y o r t h e second Beltway. I t h i n k t h i s s h o u l d be an example f o r t h i s C i t y Council. I f t h e l e g i s l a t o r s of Maryland c a n d e a l w i t h t h e Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , w i t h t h e highway a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i n t h a t manner, i f t h o s e l e g i s l a t o r s c a n respond t o t h e needs of t h e p e o p l e , c e r t a i n l y , we i n Washington, D. C., our l e a d e r s i n Washington, D. C. s h o u l d s e t an example; n o t o n l y f o r t h i s c i t y , b u t f o r t h e n a t i o n , by responding t o the needs o f t h e people. (Applause.) F i n a l l y , and I r e a l i z e t h e hour i s l a t e , b u t t h e s e a r e some i s s u e s t h a t I wanted t o make because these a r e i s s u e s t h a t very, very s t r o n g l y concern students. s e r v a n t s , our Congressmen, our S e n a t o r s , You, our p u b l i c a r e confronted with the phenomenon t h a t I s growing e v e r y day among people o f my generation, and t h a t i s t h e problem o f a l i e n a t i o n and u n r e s t . Complete d i s e n f r a n c h i s e m e n t , complete l a c k o f a sense o f p a r t i c i p a t i o n .in t h e a f f a i r s o f Government because these a f f a i r s a r e b e i n g conducted i n c e r t a i n ways t h a t e x c l u d e people These gentlemen a r e t h e seeds o f r e v o l u t i o n . I f t h e C i t y C o u n c i l i s t o c o n t i n u e t o back t h e s o r t of s t a n c e t h a t i t d i d on August 9 t h , t h e r e a r e some who w i l l p r a i s e i t s a c t i o n , f o r t h e C i t y C o u n c i l w i l l be doing i t s p a r t to g i v e r i s e t o t h e g r e a t e s t urban r e b e l l i o n t h a t t h i s city �131 has e v e r seen. We a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y c r i t i c a l o f t h e Highway T r u s t Fund, t h i s massive- amount o f money coming t o t a l l y a s a J r e s u l t o f l e g i s l a t i o n from t h e 1 9 5 0 s which e n a b l e s t h e highway lobby t o program systems such as t h i s , w i t h g r e a t ease s i m p l y because t h e funds a r e a v a i l a b l e . T h i s must be o v e r - t u r n e d . These funds must be r e r o u t e d i n such a way t o s e r v e t h e r e a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs o f the people. They must be t a k e n out o f t h e Highway Department and t u r n e d over t o mass t r a n s i t , and t h e r e i s need f o r a g r e a t deal of l e g i s l a t i o n there. We a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y c r i t i c a l o f t h e highway lobby, t h a t group o f o i l men, automobile men, c o n c r e t e men, rubber man and t h e r e s t o f t h e bunch who w i t h p o w e r f u l economic i n t e r e s t s a r e a b l e t o s u b s i d i s e t h e campaign expenses o f many Congressmen -- n o t too many S e n a t o r s -- many Congressmen, t h e n , i n t u r n , become t h e t o o l s o f t h e s e men, and b r i n g about l e g i s l a t i o n which i s g e n e r a l l y p a s s e d because o f i t s p o r k - b a r r e l nature. That i s Congressmen s c r a t c h each o t h e r ' s b a c k , p r o v i d e d i f f e r e n t c o n t r a c t s and so f o r t h . bit And everybody gets a l i t t l e of a share o f the p i e . B u t , t h i s whole t h i n g proceeds i n a r e a l m o f economic* t h a t i s t o t a l l y a b s t r a c t e d from human b e i n g s ; t h e needs o f t h e peop? 1 e must be met. We a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y a l i e n a t e d by t h e s o r t o f b l a c k m a i l arrangements'that took p l a c e t h i s summer w h i l e most o f us �132 were c u t o f town. The v e r y f a c t t h a t W i l l i a m H a t c h e r from h i s power p o s i t i o n on t h e House D. C. A p p r o p r i a t i o n s could Committee I n t i m i d a t e t h i s c i t y by s a y i n g t h a t lie would p e r s o n a l l y be r e s p o n s i b l e for withholding subway funds u n t i l t h e C i t y C o u n c i l b u c k l e d under and v o t e d f o r t h e r o a d s , and then t o top t h i s , when t h e l i b e r a l Congressman Brock Adams and F r a s e r and K l u C z y n s k i and B r o y h i l l and t h e r e s t c f t h e bunch topped H a t c h e r and s a i d t h a t t h e y would w i t h h o l d a i l funds from t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia u n t i l t h e go ahead was made on t h e Three Sisters Bridge. T h i s i s no democracy. blackmail. This i s absurdity. T h i s i s Government by no p a r t o f i t . This i s i n t i m i d a t i o n , and we want T h i s type o f s i t u a t i o n w i n s t o t a l c r e d i b i l i t y t o t h e b e l i e f t h a t what we a r e H i r i n g i n i s n o t a democracy, but a c o l o n y . T h a t we a r e , i n f a c t , r u l e d by a s m a l l c l i q u e o f p e o p l e , a group o f absentee l a n d l o r d s , who have almost t o t a l c o n t r o l over t h e d e s t i n y o f t h i s community. T h i s must end. . We need homerule and we i n t e n d t o work f o r i t , and we r e a l i z e t h a t i f we had homerule, perhaps many o f t h e s e problems would r have been sol\ ed long ago. B u t , you,the members o f our C i t y C o u n c i l , can be t h e vanguard i n l i b e r a t i n g t h i s c i t y i f y o u w i s h t o be. You can t a k e t h e l e a d e r s h i p by v o t i n g t h e w i l l o f t h e people; by doing so y o u w i l l e a r n t h e i r e t e r n a l g r a t i t u d e , and by doing s o , you may c l o s e some o f t h e g e n e r a t i o n gap t h a t seems t o be w i d e n i n g �.183 e v e r y day between y o u r s e l v e s and t h e people o f my generation. I n doing s o , you can do y o u r p a r t i n P r e s i d e n t Nixon's b e a u t i f u l environmental anti-pollution action. What i s a l l t h i s t a l k about environment and about s a v i n g t h e environment - - I f we c a n ' t save i t r i g h t h e r e i n the h e a r t o f t h e n a t i o n ? (Applause.) I a s h y o u , Reverend Moore, C i t y C o u n c i l Chairman Hahn who i s n o t h e r e and t h e r e s t o f t h e C i t y C o u n c i l , t o look not o n l y a t t h e w i l l o f t h e c i t i z e n s as has been expressed tonight, but t o think o f the f e e l i n g s of the generation w i l l f o l l o w y o u r s , my g e n e r a t i o n . T h i n k o f t h e problems c f d i s c o n t e n t t h a t a r e growing i n t h i s g e n e r a t i o n ; s o c i a l disruption.which that think of the i s t a k i n g p l a c e almost u n i v e r s a l l y i n t h i s c o u n t r y r i g h t now; t h i n k about how you r e l a t e t o t h i s . R e a l i z e t h a t t h i n g s can go e i t h e r way, toward more v i o l e n c e , toward more c o n f r o n t a t i o n , toward t h e r e c r e a t i o n o f t h i s city, toward t h e b u i l d i n g c f a u n i f i e d community. I s i m p l y a s k y o u t o t h i n k about these t h i n g s and v o t e a c c o r d i n g l y when y o u r e p o r t t h i s m a t t e r o u t on F e b r u a r y 23rd. Thank y o u . COUNCILMAN MOORB: not l e a v e t h e t a b l e . Thank y o u , Mr. Andrea. I have a few q u e s t i o n s P l e a s e do to ask o f you. F i r s t , I want t o commend y o u f o r y o u r p r e s e n t a t i o n . I n the e a r l y p a r t o f your testimony, y o u s a i d what School y o u �184 were connected w i t h . MR. ANDREA: Would you p l e a s e t e l l me what s c h o o l ? That i s Georgetown U n i v e r s i t y . I graduated from Georgetown i n 1958, and s i n c e then, I have been e n r o l l e d as a graduate s t u d e n t t h e r e i n t h e H i s t o r y Department. COUNCILMAN MOORE: W e l l , I do want t o commend y o u on t h a t p r e s e n t a t i o n t h a t you made h e r e t o n i g h t . f o r c e f u l , very thoughtful, very c l e a r . I t was v e r y P e r s o n a l l y , I am happy t o know t h a t t h e r e a r e t h i n k i n g young Americans. I know t h a t f o r m y s e l f what y o u s a i d had a g r e a t d e a l o f meaning i n i t , and I j u s t want y o u t o know t h a t . Now, Councilman Haywood? COUNCILWOMAN HAYWOOD: COUNCILMAN MOORE: No q u e s t i o n s : Councilman Robinson? COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Thank you v e r y much. COUNCILMAN MOORE: Thank you v e r y k i n d l y . We have t h r e e more w i t n e s s e s and then we w i l l be ready t o a d j o u r n . Mr. J o h n S. Winder, J r . , E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r , M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington C o a l i t i o n f o r C l e a n A i r . TESTIMONY OF MR. JOHN S. WINDER, J R . , EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR METROPOLITAN WASHINGTON COALITION FOR CLEAN A I R MR. WINDER: Thank you. COUNCILMAN MOORE: you here. We a r e v e r y p l e a s e d t o welcome �185 MR. WINDER: Thank you v e r y much. My name i s John Winder, and I am t h e V i c e for President t h e G r e a t e r A l l i e s t o Stop P o l l u t i o n , known as GASP, and also the Executive D i r e c t o r of the Metropolitan C o a l i t i o n f o r Clean A i r . Washington T h i s l a t t e r o r g a n i z a t i o n i s sponsored by t h e D. C. T u b e r c u l o s i s and R e s p i r a t o r y D i s e a s e A s s o c i a t i o n . The membership o f t h e C o a l i t i o n f o r Clean A i r i n c l u d e s o v e r 70 c i v i c , c o n s e r v a t i o n , l a b o r and o t h e r o r g a n i z a t i o n s a s w e l l as o v e r 700 i n d i v i d u a l c i t i z e n s from throughout t h e Washington m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a ; and t h i s r a p i d l y growing e n v i r o n - mental p o l i t y i s s i n g u l a r l y concerned and u n i t e d i n i t s e f f o r t s to p r o t e c t t h e a i r i n our n a t i o n a l c a p i t a l a r e a . the C o a l i t i o n j o i n e d w i t h n a t i o n a l l y r e c o g n i z e d Not long ago, conservation o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n an amicus c u r i a e b r i e f which r e q u e s t e d a p u b l i c hearing t o consider t h e environmental Three S i s t e r s e f f e c t s of the Bridge. I t i s somewhat e n c o u r a g i n g , d e c e p t i v e though i t may be, t h a t n o t o n l y has t h e D. C. Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c recognized the- growing c i t i z e n concern about t h e pro- blem o f a i r p o l l u t i o n i n t h i s a r e a b u t a l s o t h e Department has suggested t h a t t h e a i r we b r e a t h e i s one i s s u e which they will c o n s i d e r i n t h e development o f a t r a n s p o r t a t i o n program. I t i s t h i s i s s u e , t h e r e f o r e , t o w h i c h I w i l l address my remarks and upon w h i c h I w i l l base my recommendations. The Department c f Highways and T r a f f i c has o f f e r e d �186 us the s t a t e m e n t , f r e q u e n t l y r e p e a t e d by f o e s o f a i r p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l j t h a t " P o l l u t i o n comes from a v a r i e t y of s o u r c e s . " The Department had gone even f u r t h e r t o admit t h a t t h e s e s o u r c e s i n c l u d e motor v e h i c l e s . Some f r i g h t e n i n g s t a t i s t i c s , however, w i l l h e l p p l a c e t h e s e c o n c l u s i o n s i n t h e i r proper p e r s p e c t i v e . Air p o l l u t i o n from t h e motor v e h i c l e cannot be d i s m i s s e d as merely one o f the many s o u r c e s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s o u r c e s con- t r i b u t e d n e a r l y 98 p e r c e n t o f t h e carbon monoxide i n the m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a , and r o u g h l y 100 o f t h e CO o m i t t e d by motor v e h i c l e s emanates from t h e automobile. The b u r n i n g o f f u e l by motor v e h i c l e s i s a l s o t h e l a r g e s t s i n g l e source o f hydrocarbons, 72 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l , and n i t r o g e n o x i d e s , 38 p e r c e n t o f the t o t a l . F u r t h e r , mobile s o u r c e s account f o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 18 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l a r e a wide p a r t i c u l a t e e m i s s i o n s . Such p e r c e n t a g e s , moreover, a r e f a r more d i s t r e s s i n g when t h e y a r e c o n v e r t e d i n t o the volume o f p o l l u t a n t s which a r e c o n t i n u o u s l y e m i t t e d i n t o our a i r . F i g u r e s compiled by t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s P u b l i c H e a l t h S e r v i c e I n d i c a t e t h a t i n 1965, t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s o u r c e s e m i t t e d n e a r l y 350,000 tons o f carbon monoxide i n t o the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia a i r and over tons o f CO throughout the metropolitan area. c o n t r i b u t e d hydrocarbons Motor v e h i c l e s t o our a i r i n amounts o f o v e r 64,000 tons i n D. C. and n e a r l y 225,000 tons throughout year. 1,200,000 the area per �187 Over 15,000 tons o f nitrogen, o x i d e s i n the D i s t r i c t and over 51,000 tons o f n i t r o g e n o x i d e s throughout t h e a r e a were e m i t t e d by motor v e h i c l e s i n 1965. I n addition, i n this same y e a r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s o u r c e s e m i t t e d n e a r l y 2,000 tons o f p a t r i c u l a t e s i n D. C. and over 6,000 tons c f p a r t i c u l a t e s over this area. A c c o r d i n g t o t h e I960 c e n s u s , t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f automobiles p e r square m i l e i n t h e D i s t r i c t 2,600 — and you r e c a l l t h e f i g u r e given' e a r l i e r by Dr. F i s h e r who i s a l s o a. member o f t h e C o a l i t i o n was 4,000. This Includes a l l vehicles. I n any e v e n t , t h i s c o n c e n t r a t i o n was a h i g h e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n than i n any other c i t y i n the c o u n t r y . There i s no q u e s t i o n t h a t t h i s o p p r e s s i v e f i g u r e h a s r i s e n i n t h e p a s t decade, and t h e r e i s l e s s q u e s t i o n t h a t a d d i t i o n a l freeways w i l l cause i t t o I n c r e a s e even f u r t h e r . The National A i r P o l l u t i o n Control A d m i n i s t r a t i o n has recognized the s e v e r i t y and i n t e n s i t y o f t h i s source o f a i r p o l l u t i o n and i n t h e n e x t few months w i l l submit f e d e r a l minimum c r i t e r i a f o r carbon monoxide t o guide t h e s t a t e s i n t h e development o f CO c o n t r o l s t a n d a r s . When t h e source- o f deadly carbon monoxide i s so r e a d i l y i d e n t i f i a b l e i n t h e automobile, i t i s highly I n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h i s developing n a t i o n a l environmental t r o l p o l i c y t o promulgate a t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system which conwill c l e a r l y c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e i n c r e a s i n g d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f our environment. �183 The damage by a i r p o l l u t i o n from t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and o t h e r s o u r c e s t o p l a n t l i f e and t o p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t y can perhaps be weighed ana b a l a n c e d by t r a d i t i o n a l I n t e r e s t s o f m o b i l i t y and b u s i n e s s . transportation However, I t i s s u b m i t t e d t h a t t h e well-documented damage t o human h e a l t h and t o human l i f e i t s e l f cannot be compromised. Carbon monoxide i s one o f t h e most common gaseous t o x i c a n t s , and has t h e a b i l i t y t o l o w e r t h e o x y g e n - c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y o f the blood. At concentrations o f CO n o t uncommon t o rush hour t r a f f i c , many people exposed f o r I t o 2 hours e x p e r i e n c e headaches and a d e c r e a s e i n p h y s i c a l and mental abilities. For persons already s u f f e r i n g a disease Involving reduced oxygen t r a n s p o r t o r v e n t i l a t o r y c a p a c i t y , such a s anemia o r asthma, even lower c o n c e n t r a t i o n s to v i t a l o f CO may cause i n j u r y organs. R e c o g n i s i n g t h a t carbon monoxide i n t h e a i r i s a growing menace t o t h e n a t i o n ' s h e a l t h , t h e N a t i o n a l Academy o f Sciences r e c e n t l y r e l e a s e d a r e p o r t on CO, one o f t h e c o n c l u - s i o n s o f w h i c h was t h a t carbon monoxide c o n t r o l and e f f e c t s s h o u l d be t h e s u b j e c t o f s p e c i a l s c r u t i n y by t h e n a t i o n ' s health experts. We may ash how much f u r t h e r e v i d e n c e i s neces- s a r y when we r e c o g n i z e t h a t carbon monoxide p o i s o n i n g i n a c l o s e d garage i s one p o p u l a r form o f s u i c i d e . S u i c i d e and a i r p o l l u t i o n a r e indeed r e l a t e d t o t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n l i g h t o f the f a c t t h a t t h e n a t i o n ' s 87 m i l l i o r �189 c a r s blew more t h a n 90 m i l l i o n tons o f p o l l u t a n t s i n t o the a i r every year. I f indeed the Department o f Highways and Traffic i s i n f a v o r o f a b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n program, something o t h e r than a d d i t i o n a l automobiles must be o f f e r e d to p r o v i d e t h i s balance. The A i r P o l l u t i o n P o l i c y proposed by the Department n e a r the v e r y end o f the freeway p r o p o s a l i s commendable by Itself. Without h e s i t a t i o n , I support such a p r o p o s a l t o purchase p o l l u t i o n - r e d u c i n g I t i s Inconceivable, v e h i c l e s f o r t h e D. C. Government. however, t h a t such a l i m i t e d program would be o f f e r e d by t h e Department t o induce t o support a m a s s i v e freeway p r o j e c t . j environmentalists Any one of the a d d i - t i o n a l f r e e w a y l e g s would i n s t a n t l y c r e a t e more a i r p o l l u t i o n than would be reduced by the i n s t a l l a t i o n of p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l d e v i c e s on government-owned v e h i c l e s . A t r u l y b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n program demands a l t e r n a t i v e s to t h e c o n g e s t i n g , p o l l u t i n g automobile. To p r e v e n t an imbalance i n f a v o r o f the p r i v a t e c a r , f o r example, New o f f i c i a l s and urban t h e o r i s t s a r e t h i n k i n g about v a r i o u s sals: York propo- " g r e a t l y I n c r e a s e d t o l l s on e n t r y to the c i t y over the b r i d g e s and through t u n n e l s , the revenue would f i n a n c e mass t r a n s i t , heavy t a x a t i o n on auto ownership, e l i m i n a t i o n o f parking on t h e s t r e e t s i n much o f the c i t y , even e l i m i n a t i o n o f a l l p r i v a t e auto t r a v e l i n downtown In conclusion, Manhattan." I recommend t h a t no a d d i t i o n a l freeway �190 be s t a r t e d a t t h i s time i n o u r Nat I outs C a p i t a l . A t the ' . • ' • v e r y l e a s t t h e Washington r e s i d e n t s d e s e r v e t o know e x a c t l y how much a i r p o l l u t i o n a d d i t i o n a l freeways would c r e a t e . .As former S e c r e t a r y o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n A l a n S. Boyd t h o u g h t f u l l y commented a t t h e T h i r d N a t i o n a l Conference on A i r P o l l u t i o n i n 1966: " . . . a crowded s t o r e has no w o r r i e s about going out o f b u s i n e s s . On t h e o t h e r hand, a s t o r e t h a t a s p h y s i a t e d i t s customers would indeed have a d o u b t f u l future." Thanh you. COUNCILMAN MOORS: u s e f u l testimony. Thanh y o u v e r y much f o r your v e r y * C o u n c i l ID an Haywood? COUNCILWOMAN HAYWOOD: No q u e s t i o n s o f t h e gentleman, thank y o u . COUNCILMAN K00RE: Councilman Robinson? COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: MR. WINDER: Thank y o u . Thank you, s i r . COUNCILMAN MOORE: A g a i n , we thank you f o r coming and t e s t i f y i n g f o r us t o n i g h t . MR. WINDER: Thank you, s i r . (Applause.) COUNCILMAN MOORE: Mr. James Deane, W i l d e r n e s s Society. Mr. Deane, morning h a s come, and we welcome you h e r e �.191 t h i s morning t o t e s t i f y . TESTIMONY OF MR. JAMES DEANE WILDERNESS SOCIETY MR. DEANE: Thank yon. Mr. Chairman, I m a r v e l a t the endurance o f t h e members o f t h e C o u n c i l who a r e s t i l l here. I r e g r e t h a v i n g t o t a k e any more o f your time and prolong an e a r l y morning rise. I am James G. Deane. W i l d e r n e s s Society, I am a s s i s t a n t e d i t o r o f The a national non-profit conservation organi- s a t i o n which has h e a d q u a r t e r s a t 729 F i f t e e n t h S t r e e t , North- west i n Washington and a r e g i o n a l o f f i c e i n Denver, Colorado. I am a l s o a r e s i d e n t o f Washington and have been f o r many y e a r s I a p p r e c i a t e the opportunity t o present the views c f the the W i l d e r n e s s S o c i e t y on t h e freeway p r o p o s a l s b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d by t h e C o u n c i l . The W i l d e r n e s s S o c i e t y , which h a s a membership o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 60,000, has a p r i n c i p a l purpose o f endeavoring through e d u c a t i o n a l means t o p e r p e t u a t e America's w i l d e r n e s s resources f o r the b e n e f i t of f u t u r e generations. But i t a l s o a c t i v e l y supports sound programs f o r c o n s e r v i n g our o t h e r n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e s c e n i c , r e c r e a t i o n a l and e n v i r o n m e n t a l a s s e t s o f our p o p u l a t e d a r e a s . Many o f o u r members a r e a c t i v e l y I n v o l v e d i n e n v i r o n m e n t a l I s s u e s i n t h e Washington a r e a . �192 The W i l d e r n e s s S o c i e t y i s deeply d i s t u r b e d by the pro g r o s s i v e d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f the environment of Washington b e i n g caused by the e x p a n s i o n of automotive t r a f f i c and by the development of a freeway network i n t e n d e d to expand t h i s traffic still further. : The Potomac and A n a c O s t i a R i v e r s and the p a r k s of Washington, which w i t h our n a t i o n a l monuments and p r i n c i p a l 'A ' p u b l i c b u i l d i n g s are among the c i t y ' s most s i g n i f i c a n t public a s s e t s , have a l r e a d y s u f f e r e d s e r i o u s l y from the i n r o a d s motor v e h i c l e s and pavement. o f the N a t i o n a l S e v e r a l y e a r s ago, Park S e r v i c e reported the director t h a t more than 240 o f Washington p a r k l a n d had been preempted by highways. m e a n i n g f u l terms t h e r e i s no way acres In to make up such a l o s s . the freeway p l a n s and p r o p o s a l s now under r e v i e w by the i n v o l v e much a d d i t i o n a l p a r k encroachment. these proposals represent of Yet Council Even more important the f u r t h e r i n g o f a t r e n d that i n e v i t a b l y w i l l moan r e p e t i t i o n a f t e r r e p e t i t i o n o f such unfortunate social sacrifices. I t h i n k we must agree t h a t the freeway concept as i t has grown and e l a b o r a t e d i t s e l f i s d i a m e t r i c a l l y opposed to p r i n c i p l e s of conservation. the The motor v e h i c l e and the pavement t h a t s e r v e s i t are a l r e a d y making more and more e x o r b i t a n t demands upon our i n c r e a s i n g l y s c a r c e l a n d , as w e l l as upon the a i r we b r e a t h e , the q u i e t we c r a v e and the beauty and o r d e r a r e e n t i t l e d t o have i n our s u r r o u n d i n g s . we B u i l d i n g freeways i s �193 bound to i n t e n s i f y these demands and a c c e l e r a t e the downgrading o f our environment. The f i r s t t h i n g the W i l d e r n e s s S o c i e t y would s a y , t h e n , about the freeway p r o p o s a l s i s t h a t to meet our t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs our community and t h e n a t i o n s h o u l d i n s t e a d be t u r n i n g t o a l t e r n a t i v e s such as r a p i d t r a n s i t , and undoubtedly, a g r e a t d e a l more o f I t than the Washington a r e a has y e t committed. Second, wo must d e p l o r e v i g o r o u s l y the p r e s e n t commit ment o f the c i t y to the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e p r o j e c t , o f which the W i l d e r n e s s S o c i e t y i s cue o f the c h a l l e n g e r s i n the c o u r t s ; t o the Potomac Freeway along the 0 § 0 C a n a l ; and to the Hast Leg Freeway i n / m a c e s t i a P a r k . Three S i s t e r s not o n l y means gross defacement of the l o w e r end of the b e a u t i f u l Potomac Gorge but holds the seeds o f a f u t u r e freeway t a k e - o v e r o f G i o v e r - A r c h h o l d P a r k , as w e l l as o f most o f the F o r t C i r c l e P a r k , f o r the s o - c a l l e d f u t u r e I n t e r m e d i a t e Loop. Both t h e s e p r o j e c t s a r e l o n g - s t a n d i n g i n t e n t i o n s c f the Highway Department The Potomac Freeway would be a gun b a r r e l p o i n t e d i n t o the h e a r t o f Washington, j u s t as Three S i s t e r s would be a t G l o v e r A r c h b c l d and F o r t C i r c l e P a r k . The E a s t Leg would preempt two more m i l e s o f p a r k l a n d along the A n a c o s t i a R i v e r , where the A n a c c s t i a Freeway a l r e a d y has t a k e n 140 a c r e s and b l i g h t e d many more. add t h a t we cannot support any p l a n which I should c a l l s f o r i n v a s i o n of �1S4 the m a g n i f i c e n t N a t i o n a l Arboretum, an e d u c a t i o n a l scenic resource as w e l l as. of n a t i o n a l importance. Third,, we would l i k e to p o i n t out t h a t the proposed North Leg c o u l d w e l l end up e n c r o a c h i n g upon the a l l too slender s t r i p of p a r k l a n d along Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway, as originally intended. F o u r t h , we would l i k e t o c a l l your a t t e n t i o n to the f a c t t h a t tiie proposed North C e n t r a l Freeway, even i f i t d i d not encroach on Washington park l a n d -- and guarantee a t a l l on t h i s s c o r e stream-valley t h e r e i s no -- would aim a t valuable p a r k s I n nearby Montgomery County, whose c i t i z e n s have j u s t succeeded i n h a l t i n g p l a n s temporarily;, a t f o r the v e r y c o n n e c t i o n least. F i f t h , we must r e g i s t e r astonishment t h a t the government a t any l e v e l i s s e r i o u s l y c o n t e m p l a t i n g t h r u s t i n g an i n t e r s t a t e f r e e w a y through West Potomac P a r k , the M a l l and the T i d a l B a s i n , i n the p r e c i n c t s o f the L i n c o l n Memorial, the J e f f e r s o n Memorial} and the Washington Monument. a l t e r n a t i v e proposals: E n g i n e e r s have o f f e r e d f i r s t , two three t u n n e l s , a huge c o n n e c t i n g t r e n c h through the f u t u r e F r a n k l i n Delano R o o s e v e l t Memorial, and s t r e a k s of pavement p l u n g i n g i n s e v e r a l d i r e c t i o n s through the c h e r r y t r e e s ; second, a m i l e - l o n g mammoth e x c a v a t i o n t u n n e l preceded by c u t t i n g through the T i d a l B a s i n and a the R e f l e c t i n g P o o l w i t h i t s f l a n k i n g elms, w i t h v e n t i l a t i n g towers n e a r the L i n c o l n Memorial and the T i d a l B a s i n : and third, a �195 s h o r t e r t u n n e l a t t h e L i n c o l n Mejnora.il p o i n t i n g ominously- down the e x i s t i n g Independence Avenue. Any o f these t h r e e presumably would be c a p a b l e o f accommodating t r a c t o r - t r a i l e r t r u c k s , o r c o u l d become s o . I t has n e v e r been a d e q u a t e l y e x p l a i n e d how p a r t o f thdt r u c k - c a r r y i n g I n t e r s t a t e Highway System cane to be; planned f o r t h e h e a r t o f t h e area c o n t a i n i n g t h e n a t i o n ' s most r e v e r e d monuments. I would l i k e t o i n t e r j e c t j u s t a t t h a t p o i n t a r a t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t f a c t t h a t t h e s o u t h p a r t was not a p a r t o f the I n t e r s t a t e Highway System as o r i g i n a l l y drew up by t h e Highway Department and s u b m i t t e d t o Congress i n 1955. added, I b e l i e v e , sometimes a f t e r I t was i960. We b e l i e v e t h e proper and w i s e a c t i o n would be t o d e l e t e t h e South Leg immediately from the i n t e r s t a t e system, and l e a v e t h e monument a r e a as i t i s . F o r t h a t m a t t e r , t h e w i s e c o u r s e c o u l d w e l l be t o d e l a t e t h e e n t i r e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia from t h e i n t e r s t a t e system and t a k e a f r e s h l o o k a t Washington's f u t u r e . I might a l s o i n t e r j e c t a reminder h e r e t h a t S e c r e t a r y Boyd when he was i n t h e Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n d i d remove t h e South Leg from t h e i n t e r s t a t e s y s t e m , and I t was r e i n s t a t e d by S e c r e t a r y V o l p e , we t h i n k ill-advisedly. (Applause.) The W i l d e r n e s s S o c i e t y r e g a r d s highway p l a n n e r s i t as u n f o r t u n a t e aim so p e r s i s t e n t l y and a u t o m a t i c a l l y f o r that �park lands. I t i s also a v i o l a t i o n of national policy, stated i n t h e f e d e r a l highway a c t s t h e m s e l v e s . s h o u l d be Surely that policy respected. We who l i v e i n Washington have a s p e c i a l t o the r e s t o f t h e people o f t h e n a t i o n w i t h r e s p e c t national capital's future. obligation to the The W i l d e r n e s s S o c i e t y hopes t h a t the C o u n c i l w i l l keep t h i s i n mind i n r e v i e w i n g t h e freeway Issue. We would a l s o l i k e t o suggest t h a t t h e C o u n c i l obtain s p e c i f i c information •; . from t h e Highway Department' about f u t u r e i n t e n t i o n s -- f o r G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d , f o r an A r i z o n a Avenue bridge, the Intermediate widening. The freeway commitment, once i t i s made, would have many r a m i f i c a t i o n s . point, reference General Loop, f o r Rock Creek Dark, f o r s t r e e t - ' I would a l s o l i k e t o i n t e r j e c t a t t h a t t o a statement bmade by t h e then e n g i n e e r , J . C l a r k , now head o f t h e e n g i n e e r s a t t h e meeting o f the N a t i o n a l P a r k P l a n n i n g Commission t h a t I a t t e n d e d i n 1961 a t w h i c h G e n e r a l C l a r k s a i d t h a t t h e c i t y was h o l d i n g i n reserv« a very large s c a l e street-widening program t o p u t i n t o e f f e c t a f t e r t h e f r e e w a y s had been committed i n o r d e r t o make t h e f r e e w a y s work. I t h i n k t h i s I s v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t i n terms o f the c l a i m s t h a t have been made t h i s e v e n i n g , and I presume a t other hearing sessions. T h a t t h e freeway system w i l l r e l i e v e o t h e r s t r e e t s o f t r a f f i c , I t h i n k t h e c o n t r a r y i s t r u e , and I t h i n k t h a t t h a t was v e r y c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e d by G e n e r a l C l a r k ' s �statement at that time. I would l i k e to make two c l o s i n g remarks. p a r k s belong t o a l l o f the people. Washington They s h o u l d not be sacri- f i c e d , any more t h a n the r e s t of a l i v a b l e , h o s p i t a b l e ment. Second, everyone i s s a y i n g t h i s i s to be environ- the •i " e n v i r o n m e n t a l decade." I t weald be a t r a v e s t y i f we save even the environment of the n a t i o n ' s Www one failed to capital. f i n a l statement., I would l i k e to append. I would ' hope the C i t y C o u n c i l h e r e would show the k i n d of f o r e s i g h t and courage t h a t has been shown by the Board o f Super- v i s o r s of San F r a n c i s c o , where because of p o p u l a r o b j e c t i o n a mammoth freeway program, the s u p e r v i s o r s r e j e c t e d the to freeway program, and have succeeded a t l e a s t so f a r i n upholding t h a t objection, that r e j e c t i o n . I u n d e r s t a n d t h a t i n a d d i t i o n , and t h i s may p h e t i c w i t h r e s p e c t to a p o s s i b l e change i n the be pro- a t t i t u d e on the p a r t of the Congress t h a t the C a l i f o r n i a l e g i s l a t u r e i s d i s p o s e d t o r e j e c t the p r o p o s a l t o add San F r a n c i s c o Bay the new another b r i d g e across f o r motor v e h i c l e s i n d i r e c t c o m p e t i t i o n w i t h mass r a p i d t r a n s i t system t h a t I s now b e i n g completed there. I would hope t h a t the wave sciousness o f the f u t u r e i s a con- of the environment and o f the i n s u l t to the ment t h a t the automobile i s i n c r e a s i n g l y p r e s e n t i n g , and the C o u n c i l h e r e w i l l become a p a r t o f t h i s wave of the environthat future �198 and t a k e a s t a n d . C e r t a i n l y , t h e members o f t h e C o u n c i l a r e not going t o be beheaded i f they s t a n d up f o r what i s r i g h t i n terms o f t h e p u b l i c i n t e r e s t . worth cares And I t h i n k t h i s would be r e g a r d l e s s o f whether t h e Congress and t h e E x e c u t i v e t o pay i t any a t t e n t i o n . Thank you v e r y much a t t h i s hour f o r a l l o w i n g me t o make t h i s statement. COUNCILMAN MOORE: Councilman Haywood? Thank y o u v e r y much, Mr. Deane. Councilman Robinson? COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: COUNCILMAN MOORE: No, thank y o u . A l l right. Your s t a t e m e n t w i l l be made a p a r t o f t h e r e c o r d . (Applause.) Reverend F r a n k l i n P. Nash, U n i t e d Methodist Church -I don't b e l i e v e t h e Reverend Mr. Nash i s h e r e a t t h i s time. May I thank y o u f o r y o u r p a t i e n c e h e r e t o n i g h t , and a l l o f y o u f o r your t e s t i m o n y i n this sessions. Tomorrow morning a t 10 a.m., t h e r e w i l l be another s e s s i o n f o r w i t n e s s e s on t h e proposed program from t h e Highway Department r e l a t e d t o t h e system, and a l l y o u a r e welcome t o a t t e n d i f you l i k e . VOICE: May we s t a y h e r e t o n i g h t ? COUNCILMAN MOORE: T h i s s e s s i o n i s now adjourned. (Whereupon, a t 1:05 o'clock h e a r i n g was a d j o u r n e d . ) a.m., t h e a b o v e - e n t i t l e d �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Public hearings on the interstate freeway system in the District of Columbia : Tuesday, February 3, 1970 Subject The topic of the resource Express highways Interstates Freeways Public meetings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ward & Paul District of Columbia. City Council Transportation Committee Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 3, 1970 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/8de6323cf38a8871628f9a0eae45e564.pdf?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Xa6FdX0eMLHYs1nRPeikQ9LyOmMn%7EmD0I58z6XXyGk-dCtnbDbDjbDYSzw8zOKCYRKsAi4uWdINxOmz9eMeON0cpmZYBRSqKfLAbKezbhG9vVthMa4EIs3cCrUBqXuoATyRsR4x8dceQQelDb23hW0PFNxXozru%7E7lTwsaG15S5wIy0kEvKP9abS36Sx1Ul5bsyAsuJAczeHWuXTid24ur8GvDit6I6JV9TVeSrhh1-AB69qK1rNr%7EDPbW37VfhXHWT0JyQhXHWTpnscFpJ8zbmw1GvRbvX3YWLACM2ZjYep7tQS4sIlUWeLNv-OrybItN-qm9AeQ1txf8aGCLTCoA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c613667c0e5e0d754bfa56de36be9162 PDF Text Text STENOGRAPHIC TRANSCRIPT LIBRARY COPY RETURN TO I OFFICE OF PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING DEPT. 6F HIGHWAYS AND TRAFFIC GOVT. OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA I FILE N0:_2M7 ACE REPORTING COMPANY 261 C O N S T I T U T I O N AVE., N . W. WASHINGTON 1, D. C. Official Reporters MEtropolitan 8-4780 �Government o f t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia, Board of Commissioners, P u b l i c H e a r i n g on Proposed Highway Improvement i n the Northwest S e c t i o n o f t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia, Monday, J a n u a r y 5, 1 9 5 9 , C O N T E N T S STATEMENT OF: '^gf' J . N. R o b e r t s o n , m D i r e c t o r , Department of Highways T r a f f i c , D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, PAGE jL 15 a*»A<^|> ^ . ^ ^ H a r o l d L. A i t k e n , C h i e f Engineer, O f f i c e of Planning a n d 4 $ ^ % Programming, D i s t r i c t Department o f \ Highways and T r a f f i c . ^|L% 16 D. S. B r i n k l e y , C h i e f P l a n n i n g E n g i n e e r , O f f i c e of P l a n n i n g and Programming, Department o f Highways \ and T r a f f i c , * \ 23 v R o b e r t A, Kennedy, Chairman, C i t y P l a n n i n g Committee of t h e Federation of C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n s , D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. 32 N e l s o n C, R o o t s , On b e h a l f o f t h e F e d e r a t i o n of C i v i c Associations. 34 A d m i r a l 0. S, C o l e l o u g h , George Washington U n i v e r s i t y , 38 Honorable Renah C a m a l i e r , On b e h a l f o f t h e Foggy Bottom R e s t o r a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n , accompanied by Herbert Socks, P r e s i d e n t of the A s s o c i a t i o n , 41 Dr. C a r l F. Hansen, Superintendent of Schools, of Columbia, 47 District C o l o n e l W i l l i a m E . Shepherd, P r e s i d e n t , Georgetown C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n . 53 Armistead Peter, I I I , On b e h a l f of t h e P r o g r e s s i v e C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n of Georgetown, 59 �2 ht2 CONTENTS STATEMENT (continued) PAGE OF: Mrs, H a r o l d B. H i n t o n , C h a i r m a n , Z o n i n g and P l a n n i n g C o m m i t t e e s , C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n of Georgetown. 34 A r t h u r H. X e y e s , J r . , On b e h a l f o f t h e W a s h i n g t o n Congress, I n c 65 Building Washington I . C l e v e l a n d , On b e h a l f o f t h e A m e r i c a n Automobile A s s o c i a t i o n . 71 C h a r l e s A. H o r s k y , P r e s i d e n t , Washington Housing A s s o c i a t i o n , a s p r e s e n t e d by M i s s Anna 5. M i l l e r , E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r , Washington Housing A s s o c i a t i o n , 72 G e n e r a l U. S. G r a n t , I I I , On b e h a l f o f t h e A m e r i c a n P l a n n i n g Civic Association, 78 and S a m u e l N, C a t a l a n o , On b e h a l f o f t h e C i v i t a n C l u b , 80 C h a r l e s T. Duncan, Vice President Urban League, 82 of the Washington W i l l i a m G, S m i t h , On b e h a l f o f t h e P a l i s a d e s Citizens Association. 89 Jack Rubin, On b e h a l f 99 (Afternoon of Session: Larimer's. Page 102) J o h n R, Immer, C h a i r m a n o f t h e I n n e r Loop Committee o f t h e DuPont C i r c l e C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n . 102 L e o M. B e r n s t e i n , On h i s own b e h a l f . 104 �ht3 2-A CONTENTS ( C o n t i n u e d ) STATEMENT OF: PAGE Robert Mc Gray, On b e h a l f o f Mr. and Mrs, John D . H a r t n e t t . 107 H. Grady Gore, J r . , On b e h a l f o f t h e F a i r f a x H o t e l , 2 1 s t and M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue, Northwest. 111 Pleasant Plains C i v i c Association. 113 C h a r l e s L. N o r r i s , On b e h a l f o f Woodward and N o r r i s . 115 Major G e n e r a l L o u i s W„ P r e n e t i s s , USA, R e t i r e d , Chairman o f t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee, Washington Board of T r a d e , 117 Reverend V l a d i m i r E . Hartman, On b e h a l f o f t h e C o u n c i l o f Churches> National C a p i t a l Area. 118 Dean Dinwoodey, P r e s i d e n t , The Bureau o f N a t i o n a l Affairs, Inc. 120 Barrow Lyons, Capitol H i l l Association, 123 Southeast Citizens J , Hampton Baumgartner, J r . , On b e h a l f o f C a p i t o l C a d i l l a c 126 Company. J . Hampton Baumgartner, J r . , On b e h a l f o f Dr. John F. Keaveny, 4208 - 4 9 t h S t r e e t , Northwest. 128 J . Hampton Baumgartner, J r , , On b e h a l f o f t h e Potomac P l a z a Corporation. 130 John W, Lyon, On b e h a l f of D . F, A n t o n e l l i , J r . , and Kingdon Gould, J r . 131 �CONTENTS ( c o n t i n u e d ) STATEMENT OF: Samuel Rabat, 2616 E y e S t r e e t , 133 Northwest. John Sweet, P r e s i d e n t , u\ S. News P u b l i s h i n g Corporation. 136 E r n e s t F. H e n d r i c k , On b e h a l f o f R a l p h 142 W a l t e r L. G r e e n , President, Admiral Corporation. R u t h D. N e u f e l d , 1133 - 2 4 t h Mrs. S. S c o t t , 146 Hotel 148 Street. L o u i s e D. S i m e a r , Executive Secretary, National Association of S o c i a l Workers, 149 E r n e s t L. M i l l a r , On b e h a l f o f t h e Potomac B o a t C l u b a n d t h e W a s h i n g t o n Canoe Club. 152 F r a n c i s D, L e t h b r i d g e , C h a i r m a n , Government R e l a t i o n s Committee, Washington-Metropolitan Chapter, The American I n s t i t u t e o f Architects. 153 �CORNWALL:ht GOVERNMENT OF THE D I S T R I C T OF COLUMBIA BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS PUBLIC HEARING ON PROPOSED HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENT I N THE NORTHWEST SECTION OF THE D I S T R I C T OF COLUMBIA. Board Room, D i s t r i c t 14th Building and E S t r e e t s , Northwest Washington, D. C. Monday, J a n u a r y 5, 1959 The a b o v e - e n t i t l e d m a t t e r came on f o r h e a r i n g , p u r s u a n t t o n o t i c e , a t 10:00 o ' c l o c k a.m. BEFORE: Robert E . M c L a u g h l i n , P r e s i d e n t , Board o f Commissioners, A. C. W e l l i n g , B r i g a d i e r G e n e r a l , V, S. Army. G. M. T h o r n e t t , Secretary. PRESENT: D. F. 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Gould, L l o y d D. Y a t e s , S e l f , and P a r k i n g Management, I n c . , 1719 D e S a l e s S t r e e t , N. W., Washington 6, D. C. �6 U. S. G r a n t , I I I , DuPont C i r c l e C i t i z e n s Associat i o n , and t h e Cosmos C l u b , 1135 2 1 s t S t r e e t , N. W., Washington 6, D. C. Harold Gray, F e d e r a t i o n of C i t i z e n s Associations, 5050 F u l t o n S t r e e t , N. W., Washington, D. C. R o b e r t M. Gray, r e p r e s e n t i n g Mr. and Mrs, John D. H a r t n e t t , 7 1 9 1 5 t h S t r e e t , N. W., Washi n g t o n , D. C . C a r l F, Hansen, P u b l i c S c h o o l s , 13th and K S t r e e t s , N. W,, Washington, D, C. Rev, V l a d i m i r E . Hartman, C o u n c i l o f C h u r c h e s , N a t i o n a l C a p i t a ] Avenue, 1751 N S t r e e t , N. W., Washington, D. C. F r a n c e s P o w e l l H i l l , Farms and A c r e a g e , Inc.,, 1608 2 0 t h S t r e e t , N. W., Washington, D„ C. C h a r l e s H. H i l l e g e i s t , Tower Washington, D, C. Building, Mrs. H a r o l d B. H i n t o n , P r o g r e s s i v e C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n of Georgetown, 1425 3 4 t h S t r e e t , N, W., Washington, D. C. Locke R. Humbert, Potomac 929 E S t r e e t , N. W., E l e c t r i c Power Company, Washington, D. C. John R, Immer, Dupont C i r c l e C i t i z e n s ' A s s o c i a t i o n , 1633 C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue, N. W., Washington, 0. C. E . R, J a c o b s e n , J r , , S t e r l i n g Laundry Company, 1021 2 7 t h S t r e e t , N. W,, Washington, D . C c George W, Johnson, Midway C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n , 1529 T S t r e e t , N. W,, Washington, D. C. R o b e r t A. Kennedy, C i t y P l a n n i n g Committee, D . C. F e d e r a t i o n o f C i t i z e n s Associations, 3616 Bangor S t r e e t , S. E . Washington, Do C. A r t h u r K e y e s , J r . , AIA, Washington B u i l d i n g C o n g r e s s , 1022 2 0 t h S t r e e t , N. W., Washi n g t o n , D. C. �7 Edward F. K l a v o n , 809 22nd S t r e e t , N. W . , Washington, D. C. W. M. K l i n e , The N a t i o n a l L i t h o Company, 1255 2 5 t h S t r e e t , N. W . , Washington, D. C. John D. Koontz, D. C. P u b l i c S c h o o l s , S c h o o l , Washington, D. C. Franklin W i l l i a m T. L e i t h , P e o p l e s L i f e I n s u r a n c e Company, 601 New Hampshire Avenue, N. W,, Washington, D. C. John W. Lyon, P a r k i n g Management, I n c . , Washi n g t o n P a r k i n g A s s o c i a t i o n , 1719 D e S a l e s S t r e e t , N. W., Washington, D, C. Barrow Lyons, C a p i t o l H i l l S o u t h e a s t C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n , 130 E l e v e n t h S t r e e t , S„ E . , Washington, D. C. L. P. McLachlen, McLachlen B a n k i n g C o r p o r a t i o n , 10th and G S t r e e t s , N. W., Washington, D. C. E r n e s t L. M i l l a i , Potomac Boat C l u b and t h e Washington Canoe C l u b , 4910 Westway D r i v e , Chevy Chase, Maryland. M i s s Anna S. M i l l e r , Washington Housing A s s o c i a t i o n , 1129 Vermont Avenue, N, W., Washington, D. C. Mrs. E a r l H. M i t c h e l l , 2029 Q S t r e e t , N. Washington, D. C. W., George D. Mock, Washington Gas L i g h t Company, 1100 H S t r e e t , N. W., Washington, D. C. E s t e l l e M o r r i s o n , 2029 P S t r e e t , N. W., i n g t o n , D, C. Wash- Ruth Deve N e u f e l d , C i v i c Group o f Avenue, 1133 2 4 t h S t r e e t , N. W., Washington, D. C. C h a r l e s L. N o r r i s , J r . , Woodward & N o r r i s , 223 2 0 t h S t r e e t , N. W., Washington, D. C. Armistead Peter, I I I , Progressive C i t i z e n s Association o f Georgetown, 1644 3 1 s t S t r e e t , N. W., Washington, D. C. �8 R o b e r t L. P l a v n i c k , N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, 7013 I n t e r i o r B u i l d i n g , W a s h i n g t o n , D. C, S a m u e l R a b a t , 2 6 1 6 E y e S t r e e t , N. W a s h i n g t o n 7, D. C, W, ( Howard T. R a n d o l p h , 2 1 3 7 K S t r e e t , N. W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. J. W., M. R i e c k s , D, C. B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n , W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. James R i n g , N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Housing A u t h o r i t y , 1729 New Y o r k Avenue, N. W., W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. C h a r l e s M. R o d g e r s , F o r t Dupont C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n F a r N o r t h e a s t C o u n c i l , 3 9 7 7 Ames S t r e e t , N. E W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. N e l s o n C. R o o t s , D. C. F e d e r a t i o n o f C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s , 6 0 7 I r v i n g S t r e e t , N. W , W a s h i n g t o n , D„ C. v M i s s Mary E . Ruddy, N a t i o n a l Federation of B u s i n e s s a n d P r o f e s s i o n a l Women's C l u b s , I n c . 2012 M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue, N. W., Washi n g t o n , D. C. L u c i u s M. Sabb, E a s t l a n d G a r d e n s C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n 4227 Lane P l a c e , N. E . , W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. J. E , S a v e s t a d , 2 0 2 1 M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue, N. W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. W., Mrs. W a l t e r A. S e l l e r s , C a t h e d r a l H e i g h t s Cleveland Park C i t i z e n s Association, 3 9 3 9 M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue, N. W., W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. T. N. S h e e h a n , C l e v e l a n d P a r k C a t h e d r a l H e i g h t s C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n , 3 9 1 8 Macomb S t r e e t , N. W., W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. W. E . S h e p h e r d , G e o r g e t o w n C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n , 1 5 1 1 3 3 r d S t r e e t , N. W., W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. �9 W i l l i a m G. Smith, P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s Association, 2315 C h a i n B r i d g e Road, N . W., Washington, D. C. H e r b e r t S o c k s , Foggy Bottom R e s t o r a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n , 2503 Eye S t r e e t , N„ W., Washington, D. C» W i l l i a m T. Sprague, Maryland S t a t e Baads Comm i s s i o n , 108 E . L e x i n g t o n S t r e e t , B a l t i m o r e , Maryland. R o b e r t P„ Sweeny, 8 W. M e l r o s e S t r e e t , Chase 15, Maryland. Chevy John Ho Sweet, U. S. News P u b l i s h i n g C o r p o r a t i o n , 2300 N S t r e e t , N. W., Washington, D. C. Dewey Thompson, Palmer & B a k e r , E n g i n e e r s , Mobile, Alabama and Washington, D. C. S t e r l i n g T u c k e r , Washington Urban League, 602 K S t r e e t , N. W., Washington, D. C. Royce F. Ward, Potomac P l a z a C o r p o r a t i o n , 2415 V i r g i n i a Avenue, N. W., Washington, D. C 0 Mrs. Margery T„ Ware, Washington Urban League, 602 U S t r e e t , N„ W., Washington, D. C. F a n n i e C. W a r r i n g , 1014 2 6 t h S t r e e t , N. Washington, D. C. W, t H a r r y G. Weeden, 7315 Maple Avenue, Takoma Park, Maryland. C h r i s t o p h e r Weeks, Foggy B o t t o n R e s t o r a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n , 2633 E y e S t r e e t , N„ W,, Washington, D, C. Edmund J . Whims, Washington Gas L i g h t Company, 11th and H S t r e e t s , N. W,, Washington, D. C. Robert W i l l i s , D. C. Sheraton Park Hotel, Washington, J e w e l G. Wootton, J . F. Begg, I n c . , 1630 C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue, N. W., Washington, D. C. H. Grady Gore, and H. Grady Gore, J r . , F a i r f a x H o t e l , 2 1 s t S t r e e t and M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue, N. W,, Washington, D. C. �8ht 10 COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: W i l l you come t o order, t please. time So a s n o t t o p e n a l i z e t h e p e o p l e who I t h i n k we had got here better start. T h i s h e a r i n g has been c a l l e d t o a f f o r d persons and interested o r g a n i z a t i o n s an o p p o r t u n i t y t o e x p r e s s their v i e w s on t h r e e p r o p o s e d h i g h w a y i m p r o v e m e n t s i n t h e s e c t i o n of the D i s t r i c t here w i l l be on of Columbia. The of considerable a s s i s t a n c e Northwest statements presented t o the Board of C o m m i s s i o n e r s i n a s c e r t a i n i n g what i s b e s t i n t h e p u b l i c interest, The 1, N. 2, proposed improvements a r e : The W,, West L e g of the to Massachusetts The I n n e r Loop, f r o m K A v e n u e , N, of Wisconsin t h e West Leg I n n e r Loop, The Washington C i r c l e Grade Separation r a m p s , and t h e improvement of K S t r e e t , S t r e e t , N. W., Title W., Avenue, i n c l u d i n g ramp i n t e r c h a n g e s w i t h K S t r e e t and 3, W, Potomac R i v e r F r e e w a y , f r o m G S t r e e t , N, to the v i c i n i t y of the Street, to Connecticut and from Avenue, N, 26th W. 2 3 , U n i t e d S t a t e s Code, S e c t i o n 128, requires t h e h o l d i n g o f p u b l i c h e a r i n g s on p r o p o s e d F e d e r a l - a i d h i g h w a y projects. I n compliance w i t h t h i s requirement, of the r e c o r d of the h e a r i n g w i l l be s u b m i t t e d a transcript to the Secretary o f Commerce,, E v e r y e f f o r t h a s b e e n made t o a d v e r t i s e t h e t i m e p l a c e o f t h e hearing,, the Evening Notice o f t h e h e a r i n g was S t a r on November 24 and and advertised i n December 1 , 1958, and the �11 District o f Columbia R e g i s t e r on December 1, 1958 Hearing 0 n o t i c e s were a l s o d i s t r i b u t e d t o p e r s o n s and o r g a n i z a t i o n s known t o be i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e proposed highway A copy o f t h e n o t i c e w i l l now the record improvements. be i n c o r p o r a t e d into of t h e h e a r i n g . (The n o t i c e of h e a r i n g follows:) GOVERNMENT OF THE D I S T R I C T OF COLUMBIA EXECUTIVE OFFICES WASHINGTON 4, D, C. November 24, 1958 NOTICE The Commissioners of t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia w i l l h o l d a P u b l i c H e a r i n g i n t h e Board Room, Room 500, B u i l d i n g , 14th and E S t r e e t s , N. W., 1959, a t 10:00 A.M. District on Monday, J a n u a r y 5, t o a f f o r d i n t e r e s t e d p e r s o n s and t i o n s an o p p o r t u n i t y t o organiza- e x p r e s s t h e i r v i e w s on t h e f o l l o w i n g proposed highway improvements w i t h i n t h e Northwest S e c t i o n of the D i s t r i c t 1. of Columbia: The West Leg o f t h e I n n e r Loop, from K S t r e e t , N. t o M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue, N. 2. W. The Potomac R i v e r Freeway, from G S t r e e t , N. W., the vicinity W., of W i s c o n s i n Avenue, to i n c l u d i n g ramp i n t e r c h a n g e s w i t h K S t r e e t and t h e West Leg of t h e Inner 3. Loop. The Washington C i r c l e Grade S e p a r a t i o n and and t h e improvement N, W., of K S t r e e t , t o C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue, N. ramps, from 2 6 t h S t r e e t , W. The P u b l i c H e a r i n g p r o v i d e s a forum whereby t h e �12 Commissioners can g r o u p s . The on t h e map r e c e i v e the general o p i n i o n s of i n d i v i d u a l s l o c a t i o n s of proposed r o u t e s are and indicated appended hereto,, The W a s h i n g t o n C i r c l e G r a d e S e p a r a t i o n and improvement o f K S t r e e t h a v e been u r g e n t l y of y e a r s . A p r o p o s a l was t o make t h e s e needed f o r a number s e t f o r t h as e a r l y as D e p a r t m e n t o f H i g h w a y s and Traffic of the the 1941 by D i s t r i c t of the Columbia improvements. The West L e g of the Inner Freeway a r e p r o j e c t s t h a t i n v o l v e Loop and the Potomac the c o n s t r u c t i o n of River limited access freeways to r e l a t i v e l y high I n t e r s t a t e standards. o f the improvements w i l l s e r v e t r u c k s , b u s e s , and Each passenger cars. The modification traffic Ptomac R i v e r F r e e w a y p r o j e c t of the I t a l s o p r o v i d e s f o r the s t r u c t u r e a d j a c e n t t o the On e r e c t i o n of a Whitehurst Freeway t o s e r v e November 6, 1958, P l a n n i n g Commission approved the the National l o c a t i o n of the R i v e r F r e e w a y w e s t w a r d l y t o W i s c o n s i n Avenue. that a l a t e r hearing w i l l c o v e r the Capital Potomac Potomac R i v e r F r e e w a y w e s t - Freeway from K S t r e e t to 21st M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue i s a segment o f t h e the Glover Street already Inner Loop — the and proposed Inner Freeways e n c i r c l i n g the c e n t r a l a r e a A n o t h e r segment o f t h e has east- Parkway, The System of new I t i s contemplated e r l y o f W i s c o n s i n Avenue t o a c o n n e c t i o n w i t h Archbold the W h i t e h u r s t F r e e w a y a s a one-way w e s t b o u n d facility. bound t r a f f i c . provides for of the Loop District. Southwest Freeway been p l a c e d under c o n s t r u c t i o n . The portion of — �llht 13 t h e I n n e r Loop t o he c o n s i d e r e d a t t h e h e a r i n g h a s been the s u b j e c t o f i n t e n s i v e s t u d i e s and Three a l t e r n a t i v e of Commissioners. investigations since 1954. l o c a t i o n s have been p r e s e n t e d t o t h e Board E a c h of t h e p r o p o s a l s p r o v i d e s f o r r o a d - ways d e p r e s s e d below e x i s t i n g s t r e e t g r a d e s t o m i n i m i z e the impact on a d j a c e n t a r e a s . I n a r e p o r t dated October 1955, DeLeuw G a t h e r Company, C o n s u l t i n g E n g i n e e r s , recommends a r o u t e which at G Street between 2 3 r d and 2 4 t h S t r e e t s , e x t e n d s and u n d e r p a s s e s Washington C i r c l e . begins northward, From t h e C i r c l e , a l o n g t h e s o u t h e a s t e r l y s i d e o f New and i t extends Hampshire Avenue t o 2 1 s t S t r e e t , and t h e n c e a l o n g the e a s t s i d e of 2 1 s t S t r e e t to M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue. I n a subsequent r e p o r t d a t e d June 1957, the C l a r k s o n E n g i n e e r i n g Company recommends a r o u t e which b e g i n s a t G Street j u s t west of 2 5 t h S t r e e t , and e x t e n d s northward d i v e r g i n g i n t o two roadways. The northbound roadway e x t e n d s a l o n g t h e west s i d e o f 2 5 t h S t r e e t ; t h e southbound roadway e x t e n d s t h e west s i d e o f 2 6 t h S t r e e t . The to roadways r e j o i n i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f 2 4 t h and N S t r e e t s and f o l l o w an e a s t e r l y c o u r s e t o 2 1 s t S t r e e t between 0 and P S t r e e t s , and t h e n c e a l o n g the e a s t s i d e of 21st northerly S t r e e t to Massachusetts Avenue. D u r i n g t h e p a s t y e a r , t h e Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c d e v e l o p e d approved a t h i r d a l t e r n a t i v e r o u t e , which was by the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission on November 6, 1958. T h i s route begins a t G S t r e e t , near 25th S t r e e t , and the northbound and southbound roadways e x t e n d to K S t r e e t between 2 6 t h and 2 7 t h S t r e e t s . From t h i s p o i n t , t h e y �12ht 14 follow a course 2 2 n d and n o r t h e r l y and N Streets. Both roadways then swing c r o s s i n g Massachusetts Any e a s t e r l y t o the v i c i n i t y of Avenue on t h e e a s t s i d e o f 2 1 s t f u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n needed may B u i l d i n g , W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. communicate t h e f o r e g o i n g Traffic, Addressees are requested i n f o r m a t i o n t o any who by District to persons i n t e r e s t e d i n t h i s h i g h w a y i m p r o v e m e n t and known t o t h i s o f f i c e Street. be o b t a i n e d a p p l i c a t i o n t o t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f H i g h w a y s and be northward known t o not being d i d not r e c e i v e a copy of t h i s p u b l i c notice. I n d i v i d u a l s and r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of o r g a n i z a t i o n s intending t o present a statement to furnish their names and at the hearing are addresses and telephone requested numbers t o the S e c r e t a r y , Board of Commissioners i n w r i t i n g not t h a n t h e c l o s e o f b u s i n e s s on December 3 1 , 1958, so t h a t the name o f e a c h p e r s o n i n t e n d i n g t o make a s t a t e m e n t p l a c e d on the l i s t of later may be speakers. ( S i g n e d ) G, M. Thornett Secretary B o a r d o f C o m m i s s i o n e r s , D. C. Inclosure* • " ( D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a map showing p l a n of v a r i o u s proposed r o u t e s f o r West L e g o f I n n e r Loop, Potomac R i v e r F r e e w a y K S t . , N. W.) COMMISSIONER MC at and t h i s time, LAUGHLIN: I w i s h a l s o t o announce, t h a t the r e c o r d of t h i s h e a r i n g w i l l open u n t i l t h e c l o s e o f b u s i n e s s on J a n u a r y 16, be 1959, kept to �13b t 15 permit f i l i n g of a d d i t i o n a l All p e r s o n s who d e s i r e , w i l l be a f f o r d e d portunity t o present and briefs. an op- t h e i r v i e w s on t h e proposed improvements I might s a y a s we u s e d t o when we h e l d h e a r i n g s on bus r o u t e s down a t t h e P u b l i c U t i l i t i e s Commission, don't just t e l l us where n o t t o put i t i f you don't want i t put somep l a c e , t e l l u s where t o put i t . We have t o put t h e s e ties facili- someplece. I w i l l c a l l upon t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e D e p a r t - ment o f Highways and T r a f f i c you t o k i c k o f f t h i s morning and w i l l p l e a s e come f o r w a r d , Mr. J . N. P o b e r t s o n , D i r e c t o r o f t h e Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c . STATEMENT OF J . N. ROBERTSON, DIRECTOR, DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS AND TRAFFIC, D I S T R I C T OF COLUMBIA, xxx MR. ROBERTSON: I Mr. Chairman, l a d i e s am n o t g o i n g t o t a k e much t i m e . Old f o r two o r t h r e e y e a r s . Mr. A i t k e n , engineer, my s p e c i a l and gentlemen, We have s t u d i e d t h i s w e s t We have had t h r e e a l t e r n a t e p l a n s . assistant, w i l l describe i n d e t a i l Mr. B r i n k l e y , t h e p l a n n i n g these plans. I w i l l s a y t h i s , Mr, Chairman, t h a t t h e Highway Department f a v o r s t h e p l a n t o t h e west t h a t w i l l be shown, I t h i n k i t i s marked "C*. T h a t i s a l l I have t o s a y a t t h i s COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Mr. time, Thank you, J a c k . Aitken? T h i s i s Mr. H a r o l d L, A i t k e n , O f f i c e of Planning and Programming, Chief Engineer of t h e — �14ht 16 STATEMENT OF HAROLD L . A I T K E N , C H I E F ENGINEER, O F F I C E OF PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING, D I S T R I C T DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS AND T R A F F I C , xxx MR. A I T K E N : t h i s i s an important Mr. P r e s i d e n t a n d G e n e r a l public hearing. highway improvements t h a t w i l l Welling, I t p e r t a i n s t o proposed have a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t upon the m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a . Or. t h e one h a n d we w i l l references intended f u r n i s h i n f o r m a t i o n and t o s u b s t a n t i a t e t h e proposed as a l o g i c a l s o l u t i o n improvements t o a part of the transportationrequire- m e n t s o f W a s h i n g t o n , D. C, On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n w i l l important While b e a r i n g upon t h e a r e a s t h r o u g h which have an i t extends. we do n o t y e t h a v e e x p e r i e n c e i n t h i s c i t y t o v i s i b l y d e m o n s t r a t e s u c h a n e f f e c t we w i l l c i t e e x a m p l e s o f modern freeway p l a n n i n g and c o n s t r u c t i o n i n o t h e r c i t i e s and f u r n i s h evidence t o support The are important D. Co our forecast. p r o p o s e d Potomac R i v e r F r e e w a y a n d t h e West L e g components o f a f r e e w a y s y s t e m f o r Washington, I t i s hardly possible t o divorce a consideration of these elements from t h e o v e r a l l While freeway system t h e h e a r i n g today i s l i m i t e d i n scope t h e following discussion w i l l develop the e n t i r e i n the D i s t r i c t freeway There system plan. principles applicable to o f Columbia, are three basic motivating factors which c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e need f o r p l a n n i n g , d e s i g n a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e proposed freeway The first system. of these i spopulation. The p o p u l a t i o n �15ht :• • in t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a i n 1958 i s e s t i m a t e d t o be a b o u t 2,000,000. The d e m o g r a p h e r s o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Planning Council estimate that the population p o l i t a n a r e a i n 1980 w i l l The mass t r a n s i t s t u d y estimated population i n the metro- be b e t w e e n 2.75 and 3.25 i s being prepared of three m i l l i o n . Regional million. on t h e b a s i s o f a n The number o f v e h i c l e s i s c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o p o p u l a t i o n and d u r i n g t h e past s e v e r a l y e a r s the American c i t i z e n has p r o g r e s s i v e l y r e l i e d upon h i s p e r s o n a l a u t o m o b i l e f o r more and more o f h i s transportation requirements. The mass t r a n s i t s t u d y e s t i m a t e s t h a t w h i l e t h e population w i l l i n c r e a s e a b o u t 50 p e r c e n t 1980 t h e t o t a l number o f t r i p s increase approximately between now and i n the metropolitan area 100 p e r c e n t will d u r i n g t h e same i n t e r i m . S e c o n d l y , t h e r e h a s been an i n c r e a s e i n t h e use of automobiles. T r a f f i c v o l u m e s on t h e b r i d g e s s p a n n i n g t h e Potomac R i v e r i n t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a a f f o r d one good of t r a f f i c volune t r e n d s i n t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n In ing area. 1940 t h e a v e r a g e d a i l y volume o f t r a f f i c a l l bridges index cross- i n t h e a r e a was a b o u t 105,000; i n 1 9 5 1 t h e t o t a l was a p p r o x i m a t e l y volume was a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 ; and i n A u g u s t o f 1958 t h e 260,000 v e h i c l e s p e r d a y . been e s t i m a t e d t h a t t h i s volume w i l l I t has be i n t h e o r d e r o f 4 1 5 , 0 0 0 i n 1980. A third important p o i n t i s t h a t i n 1956 a f t e r months o f h e a r i n g s a n d d e l i b e r a t i o n s C o n g r e s s p a s s e d t h e F e d e r a l A i d H i g h w a y A c t o f 1956. That apportionments t o t a l i n g approximately legislation authorizes $25 b i l l i o n and c o v e r i n g �18 a 13-year period f o r f i n a n c i n g the f e d e r a l share for the n a t i o n a l system of i n t e r s t a t e highways, and designated Act of cost authorized i n accordance w i t h the F e d e r a l Aid Highway 1944. The l e g i s l a t i o n provides f o r an i n t e g r a t e d f r e e w a y system throughout the s e v e r a l s t a t e s , o f C o l u m b i a , and over a 13-year The process be c o m p l e t e d a s n e a r l y a s S t a t e s o f M a r y l a n d and of planning and designing of V i r g i n i a i s planning A r l i n g t o n C o u n t y and The District Congress practical period. which a f f e c t t h i s metropolitan Bridge, i n c l u d i n g the s t i p u l a t e s t h a t i t i s the i n t e n t of t h a t the system should six of the route an V i r g i n i a a r e now in i n t e r s t a t e highway area. Specifically, routes the i n t e r s t a t e route which w i l l connect t o the proposed Theodore i s b e i n g p l a n n e d and f r e e - f l o w i n g l a n e s of t r a f f i c the State cross Roosevelt d e s i g n e d t o accommodate as i t approaches the Virginia- D i s t r i c t of Columbia boundary. T h i s means t h a t t h e r o u t e w i l l s e r v e s i x f r e e - f l o w i n g lanes i n a d d i t i o n t o a l l highways which a l r e a d y e x i s t V i r g i n i a and will have a p r a c t i c a l c a p a c i t y to handle at 4500 v e h i c l e s p e r h o u r i n one Roosevelt way Bridge and in direction. The least proposed Theodore t h e a p p r o a c h e s o f w h i c h most o f t h e h e r e u n d e r d i s c u s s i o n i s a p a r t , must be p l a n n e d free- and d e s i g n e d w i t h t h e same f r e e w a y p r i n c i p l e s i f t h e s y s t e m i s t o be i n balance. One times a s much t r a f f i c freeway l a n e can handle about a s one l a n e on a t y p i c a l c i t y 2-1/2 street. For t w e n t y - f i v e y e a r s the s t a t e highway departments h a v e been c o l l e c t i n g d a t a w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t r a f f i c movements. �19 All of us know t h a t t r a f f i c volumes i n c r e a s e s u b s t a n t i a l l y on our s t r e e t s and highways a s t h e y approach the business d i s t r i c t s i n Metropolitan ing, we areas. central Summarily s p e a k - have a need f o r more c a p a c i t y on our I n n e r Loop Freeway System t h a n on the r o u t e s a p p r o a c h i n g t h a t s y s t e m . Thus f a r , the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and ing a r e a s i n Maryland and the surround- V i r g i n i a have been a b l e t o g e t away, t o a c e r t a i n e x t e n t , w i t h independent p l a n n i n g , c o n s t r u c t i o n and now design, o p e r a t i o n of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s . seems q u i t e a p p a r e n t e x i s t and the p r o s p e c t and a 100 percent t h a t the c o n d i t i o n s which a l r e a d y of a 50 p e r c e n t growth i n population i n c r e a s e i n t r i p s w i t h i n the n e x t y e a r s p o r t e n d s t h a t time i s r a p i d l y r u n n i n g w h i c h the m e t r o p o l i t a n It out twenty during a r e a must s e r i o u s l y p l a n and under- t a k e a more s u f f i c i e n t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m . The Department of Highways and propose or c o n t e n d t h a t f r e e w a y s and and T r a f f i c does not typical city arterials s t r e e t s c a n meet a l l of the c i t y t r a n s p o r t a t i o n r e q u i r e - ments i n t h e f u t u r e . a sheet e n t i t l e d I n f a c t , we h e r e b y i n s e r t i n the r e c o r d " B a s i c Freeway P l a n " , t a k e n from P a r t I of Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Survey u n d e r t a k e n by the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Region and approved on November 7, C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission and Planning Council. diagrammatical That 1958, by the National the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Regional s h e e t i n c l u d e s a map l o c a t i o n of the f r e e w a y and d e t e r m i n e d by the Mass T r a n s i t S u r v e y . w h i c h shows the parkway needs a s I t i n c l u d e s the proposed I n n e r Loop Freeway System, of which the s e c t i o n under c o n s i d e r a t i o n today i s a p a r t . INSERT A (The document r e f e r r e d t o f o l l o w s : ) �20 MR. ROBERTSON: F o r t h o s e who recognize that the m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a must do s o m e t h i n g a b o u t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , b u t who h a v e some r e s e r v a t i o n a s t o t h e method w h i c h be u s e d t o s e r v e t h i s n e e d , a t t e n t i o n i s d i r e c t e d t o summary s t a t e m e n t s i n t h e Mass T r a n s i t "The should the Study: movement o f p e o p l e i n m e t r o p o l i t a n r e q u i r e s both p r i v a t e automobiles and public transit. I n order t o e s t a b l i s h Washington's f u t u r e requirements, areas transit b o t h methods o f moving p e o p l e w e r e analyzed. " T h i s B a s i c F r e e w a y P l a n shows t h e and parkways which, improved t r a n s i t together w i t h the system, will f o r the National Region." W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. does n o t y e t h a v e a system, o r w i t h m i n o r e x c e p t i o n s , any freeway mileage i n s e r v i c e . freeways substantial length I t i s possible to estimate d o l l a r v a l u e o f r e a l e s t a t e and improvements t h e r e o n e v e n t u a l l y be a f f e c t e d by t h e f r e e w a y availability proposed be n e c e s s a r y f u t u r e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n network of the Capital freeways system. a c l a i m a s t o the u l t i m a t e e f f e c t of the f r e e w a y r e a l p r o p e r t y v a l u e s and consequently, the that Pending o f more e x p e r i e n c e , i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o of may the support system on the t a x structure i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. Some c i t i e s and m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s h a v e made more p r o g r e s s w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e p l a n n i n g and their freeways C l e v e l a n d , and and the experience Kansas C i t y may c o n s t r u c t i o n of i n c i t i e s such as Boston, indicate a trend i n this �21 regard. A l l of these c i t i e s and others have completed i m p o r t a n t segments of an system. the A l l o f them a l r e a d y construction o f new c a p i t a l investments. Central Artery construction have p l a n n e d and i n n e r b e l t freeway have e x p e r i e n c e d an office buildings and increase other s u b s t a n t i a l I n Boston, f o r example, t h e w i l l be completed i n about one proposed year. The of the C e n t r a l A r t e r y d e s t r o y e d about one l i o n f e e t of a n t i q u a t e d o f f i c e s p a c e , but in mil- i t i s expected t h a t a l a r g e r amount o f modern s p a c e w i l l be installed. T h r e e major c o m m e r c i a l b u i l d i n g p r o j e c t s , a s w e l l a s a major b u i l d i n g by t h e T r a v e l e r s Insurance s t r u c t i o n n e a r the C e n t r a l A r t e r y . represent $80 about $100 These f o u r million i n private m i l l i o n i n public The Company, a r e under c o n projects construction, buildings. above s t a t e m e n t s r e l a t e t o t h e broad of the Department of Highways and objectives Traffic in carrying out i t s r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s i n terms of s e r v i c e t o the D i s t r i c t Columbia. The statements are frame of r e f e r e n c e i n the e s t a b l i s h m e n t i n t e n d e d t o s u p p o r t the it i n t e n d e d t o p r o v i d e a broad o u t l i n i n g the o f the of Inner basic ingredients Loop Freeway p l a n included and proposals f o r proceeding to c a r r y out. It i s the p o s i t i o n of the Department t h a t t h e i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h the i n t e n t i o n of C o n g r e s s by t h e of t h e F e d e r a l A i d Highway Act of 1956, Inner r e v i e w e d s i n c e 1944, Loop has been r e p e a t e d l y plan enactment t h a t the c o n c e p t of that the an �19ht 22 N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n a l P l a n n i n g C o u n c i l , t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h e Mass T r a n s i t S u r v e y and of the a mass o f d a t a and s t a t i s t i c s s u p p o r t the validity proposal. The D e p a r t m e n t o f H i g h w a y s and T r a f f i c requests that t h e p l a n he a p p r o v e d i n p r i n c i p l e , s o t h a t d e t a i l s w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e d e s i g n o f s p e c i f i c s t r u c t u r e s and may be d e t e r m i n e d which on t h e b a s i s o f e n g i n e e r i n g must be m u t u a l l y a g r e e d w a y s and T r a f f i c and requirements upon by t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f H i g h - t h e B u r e a u o f P u b l i c Roads. The ment s i n c e r e l y r e g r e t s t h a t the c o n s t r u c t i o n of p u b l i c works such as t h i s freeway citizens. The important a f f e c t s the property or be i n c l i n e d t o oppose s u c h b e c a u s e o f t h e e f f e c t upon t h e i r p r i v a t e Every e f f o r t w i l l adequate freeway our and improvements holdings. be made t o h o l d t h e t a k i n g o f p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y t o a minimum a r e a c o n s i s t e n t w i t h our c i t i z e n s Depart- D e p a r t m e n t r e c o g n i z e s t h a t home o w n e r s p r o p e r t y o w n e r s may In roadways an system. a d d i t i o n , e v e r y e f f o r t w i l l be made t o f a i r l y and equitably. a f f e c t e d by t h e p l a n w i l l treat Home o w n e r s t h a t m i g h t be a f f o r d e d e v e r y r e a s o n a b l e p o r t u n i t y t o h a v e a s much time a s c i r c u m s t a n c e s p e r m i t r e e s t a b l i s h t h e i r homes i n o t h e r p l a c e s . to I t i s estimated t h a t a l l o f t h e m a j o r r o a d w a y s i n t h e Potomac F r e e w a y West L e g F r e e w a y w i l l op- and s e r v e i n e c c e s s o f 100,000 v e h i c l e s be �23 p e r day i n 1980. I t i s our contention t h a t the a c t u a l d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h i s i m p o r t a n t facility should g e t underway. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Any 1 Thank you, Mr. A i t k e n . questions? t h i n k we have Mr, B r i n k l e y n e x t . Mr. D. S. B r i n k l e y , C h i e f Planning Engineer, the o f f i c e o f P l a n n i n g and Programming o f t h e Department of Highways and T r a f f i c . MR. BRINKLEY: Thank you, Mr. P r e s i d e n t . STATEMENT OF D. S, BRINKLEY, C H I E F PLANNING ENGINEER, O F F I C E OF PLANNING AND PROGRAMMING, DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS AND TRAFFIC. MR. BRINKLEY: map on y o u r l e f t . I c a l l your a t t e n t i o n f i r s t t o t h e T h i s shows t h e i n t e r s t a t e s y s t e m f o r the m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a o f Washington, and the s m a l l y e l l o w t a r g e t i s t h e a r e a w h i c h we a r e about t o d i s c u s s t h i s morning. T h i s i s t h e West Leg o f t h e i n n e r loop and t h e Potomac R i v e r freeway. These being t h e D i s t r i c t s e e t h i s i s a v e r y important way system l i n e s , you segment o f t h e i n t e r s t a t e high- i n t h i s area. Moving t o y o u r r i g h t i n o r d e r t o show t h e s e r o u t e s up and i n a s i m i l a r manner t o t h e r o u t e s t h a t were shown on the s m a l l maps t h a t were d i s t r i b u t e d i n g e n e r a l throughout t h e a r e a and p u b l i s h e d i n t h e paper, we have l a b e l e d t h e s e �24 r o u t e s a l s o A, B, a n d C — initial A, B, a n d C -- A i n d i c a t i n g t h e p r o p o s a l by t h e DeLeuw G a t h e r Company i n 1955 show- i n g t h e West L e g o f t h e i n n e r l o o p s t a r t i n g g e n e r a l l y i n t h e vicinity o f E S t r e e t and t h e approach system o f t h e C o n s t i t u - t i o n Avenue b r i d g e p r o p o s e d ; m o v i n g up b e t w e e n 2 3 r d and 2 4 t h S t r e e t , p a s s i n g u n d e r W a s h i n g t o n C i r c l e , s t a y i n g on t h e e a s t side o f New H a m p s h i r e Avenue a n d m o v i n g u p on t h e e a s t e r l y s i d e of 2 1 s t S t r e e t , I n o r d e r t o o r i e n t y o u on t h i s map l e t me p o i n t o u t some o f t h e c o n t r o l l i n g f e a t u r e s o f t h e map. T h i s i s V i r g i n i a Avenue, t h i s a r e a i n h e r e approach system i s the t o t h e p r o p o s e d C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue o r Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e , M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue i s a t t h e t o p o f t h e map; New H a m p s h i r e Avenue h e r e , 2 6 t h Street, 25th S t r e e t , 23rd S t r e e t running, of course, d i r e c t l y the through circle, T h i s road network i n here i s common t o a n y o f t h e plans. To c o n t i n u e w i t h P l a n B t h i s was p r o p o s e d by t h e C l a r k s o n E n g i n e e r i n g Company j u s t movement o f t h e w e s t g e n e r a l l y west l a s t y e a r a n d shows t h e l e g o f t h e i n n e r loop t o t h e westward, t o 2 5 t h S t r e e t , w i t h one r o a d w a y a l m o s t border- i n g 2 5 t h S t r e e t on t h e w e s t e r l y s i d e a n d t h e o t h e r roadway west o f w6th S t r e e t , T h e r e was a l a r g e a r e a i n b e t w e e n t h e s e p a r a t e d r o a d w a y t h a t we f e l t was o b j e c t i o n a b l e . �23ht 25 Now, to begin with there from t h i s proposed a l i g n m e n t was to this a reason f o r moving proposed by the Clarkson E n g i n e e r i n g Company (indicating)„ Basically, the r e a s o n was the Department of Highways has had Washington C i r c l e . t h a t f o r over ten y e a r s a plan for underpassing To put t h e west l e g of the i n n e r i n t h i s l o c a t i o n a l s o underpassing engineeringly acceptable. loop Washington C i r c l e was I t would have put four l e v e l s s t r u c t u r e underground r e a c h i n g a depth of almost 80 acceptable I t i s certainly you we and s o a s not t o c o n f u s e have not attempted on t h e s e two t o show t h e ' c o m p l e t e i n t e r c h a n g e s a r y w h e r e v e r the r o u t e may that interchange Now, l i n e to t h i s be p l a c e d . the p i c t u r e former r o u t e s We neces- have o n l y shown of roadways t o t h e approved p l a n , t h a t as I say, the reason l i n e was i n order C. f o r moving from t o permit t h e Washington C i r c l e u n d e r p a s s a s we our not of roadways t h a t a r e a p p r o v e d by the Highway Department, P l a n do and and 2,0000 to the Department. To s a v e s p a c e before very expensive of feet n e c e s s i t a t i n g ramps t o the lower s t r u c t u r e of almost feet i n length. not this us t o c o n s t r u c t have long wanted t o o b j e c t i o n t o the C l a r k s o n P l a n was the s e p a r a t i o n of t h e roadways. This plan s h o r t l y a f t e r C l a r k s o n f i r m was i t was conceived by the shown t o t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g �24ht C o m m i s s i o n a n d Mr, B a r t h o l o m e w and o t h e r members o f t h e Commission i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h i s l a n d b e t w e e n t h e two r o a d w a y s , t h i s b e i n g t h e n o r t h b o u n d and t h i s t h e s o u t h b o u n d , w o u l d not be o f much v a l u e once t h e r o a d w a y s w e r e b u i l t . our efforts from t h a t time t o the present t o s h i f t i n g roadway, condensing i t a l i t t l e ways t o g e t h e r , p r o v i d i n g s t i l l the So, we p u t that b i t more, b r i n g i n g t h e r o a d t h e same s e r v i c e and still same s a f e t y f a c t o r s b u t g e t t i n g i t o v e r i n t o a p o s i t i o n w h e r e i t w o u l d do l e s s low, damage, be l e s s objectionable, I w o u l d l i k e a t t h i s t i m e t o remove t h e o v e r l a y s o t h a t you w o u l d g e t a c l e a r e r p i c t u r e o f o u r Plan C, COMMISSIONER MC if LAUGHLIN; Mr. Brinkley, I wonder we s h o u l d make i t c l e a r t o a l l t h o s e p r e s e n t t h a t this P l a n C, n e i t h e r o f t h e s e p l a n s h a s been a p p r o v e d by t h e B o a r d of Commissioners, That i s , t h i s i s the h e a r i n g being conducted by t h e B o a r d o f C o m m i s s i o n e r s t o h e a r f r o m a l l you f o l k s y o u r v i e w s on t h i s m a t t e r a s w e l l a s t h e Highway MR. Now, BRINKLEY: T h a n k y o u , Mr. on Department, President. t h e a r e a under d i s c u s s i o n i n t h i s public h e a r i n g t h i s m o r n i n g b e g i n s a t G S t r e e t , goes t o M a s s a c h u s e t t s A v e n u e , and a l o n g t h e W h i t e h u r s t F r e e w a y t o W i s c o n s i n Avenue, T h i s much o f t h e p l a n t h a t you s e e b e f o r e y o u h a s been a p p r o v e d by t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n . I t bears the e n d o r s e m e n t o f t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t , D e p a r t m e n t o f H i g h w a y s �25 27 and T r a f f i c , and i t i s recommended t o t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r s o f the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, I n t h i s p l a n we h a v e shown i n d i a g r a m m a t i c all of the v a r i o u s c o n n e c t i o n s t o t h e d i f f e r e n t s t a t e s , being E S t r e e t , t h i s W h i t e h u r s t Freeway, and form this i s K S t r e e t , connections i n t o the c o n n e c t i o n s i n t o 2 2 n d and 2 3 r d t h e n m o v i n g up and c o n t i n u i n g n o r t h on Street, Massachusetts Avenue. It i s o u r d e s i r e t h a t upon r e c e i v i n g t h e a p p r o v a l o f t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i s s i o n e r s we immediately r e t a i n a firm o f c o n s u l t a n t s t o draw t h e c o n t r a c t p l a n s . Now, we had a n t i c i p a t e d d o i n g t h i s in several b i t e s , n o t a l l i n one s e t o f p l a n s , b u t i n s e v e r a l . The first one w o u l d s t a r t a t G S t r e e t and t h e Potomac R i v e r F r e e w a y , six T h i s w o u l d be an e i g h t - l a n e e x c e p t b e t w e e n t h e s e two p o i n t s and i n here because a lane i n here The we are dropping t h i s would a l a n e h e r e and be adding (indicating). W h i t e h u r s t Freeway o f t h e two o r a n g e l i n e s , f o u r - l a n e highway. on t h i s map i s the northerly t h a t i s t h e e x i s t i n g freeway; c e n t e r s t r i p w o u l d be removed and the i t w o u l d be u s e d a s a A companion s t r u c t u r e t o i t would b u i l t on t h e r i v e r s i d e , on t h e s o u t h s i d e o f t h e structure, called s t a r t i n g a t G S t r e e t , moving c u t a l o n g the W h i t e h u r s t Freeway. facility be forming the interchange w i t h the west be existing l e g of the �i n n e r l o o p w h i c h w o u l d b e g i n h e r e and c o n t i n u e north and e a s t How on t o t h e (indicating). l e t me s a y s o m e t h i n g a b o u t c o s t s , s o m e t h i n g a b o u t t h e number o f d w e l l i n g u n i t s t h a t m i g h t be a f f e c t e d by t h e s e three plans, P l a n A o r t h e DeLeuw G a t h e r expensive p l a n was t h e most of t h e t h r e e i n b o t h c o n s t r u c t i o n and right-of-way and w o u l d c o s t a t t o d a y ' s m a r k e t a b o u t $45,100,000 would d i s p l a c e approximately 720 d w e l l i n g u n i t s . and i t These a r e round f i g u r e s . Plan B or the Clarkson p l a n about $4,200,000 c h e a p e r , $40,875,000, and i t would d i s p l a c e t h e l a r g e s t number o f d w e l l i n g u n i t s , 9 9 0 . And P l a n C, t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f H i g h w a y s and T r a f f i c p l a n , t h e c h e a p e s t i n both r i g h t - o f - w a y and c o n s t r u c t i o n , a t o t a l c o s t o f $ 3 5 , 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 , and w o u l d d i s p l a c e t h e f e w e s t persons, 480 d w e l l i n g This, units,, t h e r e f o r e , i s t h e p l a n t h a t we recommend t o the Board o f Commissioners f o r a c c e p t a n c e . Before c l o s i n g I w o u l d l i k e t o show y o u j u s t portion of t h i s route t h a t h a s been s t u d i e d f o r t h e of p r o v i d i n g an a l t e r n a t e , an a c c e p t a b l e Department,, purposes alternate to this I t was p r o p o s e d t o u s by c e r t a i n owners i n t h i s a r e a , n o r t h one property o f M S t r e e t and i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e F r a n c i s S c h o o l and on up t o M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue. �27ht 29 I t was p r o p o s e d t h a t we s t u d y and p l a n f o r c o m i n g t h e s c h o o l i n t h e p a r k a r e a and t h e n i n t o t h e west t h i s point ( i n d i c a t i n g ) . I would l i k e behind legat t o h a v e Mr. D e g e s t p u t t h e o v e r l a y on s o y o u c a n s e e e x a c t l y how t h a t f i t s into t h i s plan. He h a d t o c a l l for on t h e t a l l e s t man i n t h e D e p a r t m e n t t h i s j o b . He i s t h e o n l y one t h a t c o u l d r e a c h COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN; W h i l e we I want t o t e l l y o u l a d i e s a n d g e n t l e m e n t h a t K a r r i c k was u n a v o i d a b l y d e l a y e d o u t o f t o w n . around Boston. down h e r e . this. are waiting Commissioner I t h i n k he i s up I t i s p r o b a b l y c o l d e r and b l o w i e r t h a n i t i s He w i l l , a s I u n d e r s t a n d i t , r e a d t h e r e c o r d and lake p a r t i n t h e a c t i o n s t a k e n on t h e s e p r o p o s a l s . . MR. would s t a r t BRINKLEY: As you s e e , t h e a l t e r n a t i v e i n the v i c i n i t y plan o f P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue and M S t r e e t , and i n s t e a d o f c o m i n g i n f r o n t of the F r a n c i s School g e n e r a l l y a c r o s s t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f 24th and N S t r e e t s , Northwest, and t h i s p l a n goes i n t o t h e p a r k a r e a behind t h e s c h o o l t h e n comes b a c k i n t o t h e o r i g i n a l a l i g n m e n t location (indicating), The same i n this connections are provided t o the s t r e e t system. T h i s i s e n t i r e l y a c c e p t a b l e t o t h e Department o f Highways. cheaper I t w i l l work, and a s a m a t t e r o f f a c t , than our p l a n . i ti s slightly We w o u l d s a v e i n t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d o f $900,000 by b u i l d i n g i t i n t h i s f a s h i o n , a n d a l s o o f i n t e r e s t �30 there are fewer dwelling This, t h e n , numbers i n s t e a d o f 480 h e r e o n l y 350 route dwelling t h e c o s t . We of reasons, one from 2 1 s t the plans f o r ten years. o f them was r e a d y t o s t a r t now the entire and very on t h e I t was the c o s t underpass board f o r this d e l a y e d f o r a number construction necessary the of the E a s t a t the Capitol t i m e but we of the grade s e p a r a t i o n S t r e e t t o 25th S t r e e t , t h a t would i n c l u d e are proper a l l of ramp a p p r o a c h e s , j u s t s l i g h t l y o v e r $ 5 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 , Now the public hearing K S t r e e t w o u l d n ' t be t h i s hearing and discussed that c a l l s K S t r e e t from where the same f a s h i o n n a m e l y , a 50 announced t h a t the r e s t t h i s m o r n i n g and of included in f o r a w i d e n i n g of the e x i s t i n g ramps s t o p h e r e a t 2 1 s t t o C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue and one by word a b o u t W a s h i n g t o n C i r c l e , S t r e e t B r i d g e w h i c h was the plan c a l l e d for u n i t s t o be d i s t u r b e d h a v e had grade s e p a r a t i o n the t h a t our plan. from G S t r e e t t o M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue. J u s t one and u n i t s a f f e c t e d by t h i s t h i s s t r e e t w i l l be a l l the way improved i n t h a t the r e s t of K S t r e e t i s improved, foot t h r o u g h - r o a d w a y and on e a c h s i d e o f t h e two s e r v i c e roadways, s t r e e t , t h e same t y p e o f con- struction, J u s t one would l i k e we f i n a l word and to get s t a r t e d , when we t h a t has can t o do w i t h when get s t a r t e d h a v e t h e a p p r o v a l o f t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r s t o do The first s e c t i o n , as I described we providing so. t o you, beginning �29ht 31 G S t r e e t and moving on o v e r t o W i s c o n s i n Avenue, i n c l u d i n g the i n t e r c h a n g e w i t h K S t r e e t , we would s t a a r t i n f i s c a l 1960 and complete i n f i s c a l 1963. The second s e c t i o n , t h e west S t r e e t and r u n n i n g through l e g beginning a t K t o t h e s e c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h 22nd or 23rd S t r e e t , o n l y t o t h i s p o i n t ( i n d i c a t i n g ) we would like to start i n fiscal 1964 and would t a k e u s two y e a r s t o complete. The system 1966, s e c t i o n beyond t h i s c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e s t r e e t on t o M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue would be somewhere beyond t h e e x a c t date h a s not been determined. With t h a t e x p l a n a t i o n , gentlemen, I have COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: finished. Are t h e r e any q u e s t i o n s , gentlemen? GENERAL WELLING: May I a s k j u s t one q u e s t i o n ? COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: g e t i n t o q u e s t i o n s from t h e people n e v e r g e t ahead. hundred people S i r , I am a f r a i d i f we p r e s e n t here we w i l l You s e e , we have I s h o u l d s a y over a here. When you come up, however, I t h i n k you can a s k any p e r t i n e n t q u e s t i o n s . Our f i r s t s c h e d u l e d w i t n e s s i s Mr. Robert A. Kennedy who i s Chairman of t h e C i t y P l a n n i n g Committee o f t h e F e d e r a t i o n of C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n s . May I s a y a s we move on t o t h i s t e s t i m o n y that t h e r e a r e many people w a i t i n g t o t e s t i f y and I a s k t h a t everyone �32 be a s b r i e f a s p o s s i b l e and a s t h e h e a r i n g p r o g r e s s e s t h a t t h e r e be a s l i t t l e d u p l i c a t i o n o f p r e v i o u s t e s t i m o n y a s possible. W i l l you p r o c e e d , sir? STATEMENT OF ROBERT A, KENNEDY, CHAIRMAN, C I T Y PLANNING COMMITTEE OF THE FEDERATION OF C I T I Z E N S ASSOCIATIONS, D I S T R I C T OF COLUMBIA. MR. KENNEDY: I Mr. P r e s i d e n t , G e n e r a l am R o b e r t A, Kennedy, Chairman, C i t y P l a n n i n g Welling, Committee o f t h e F e d e r a t i o n of C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n s of t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia, The C i t y P l a n n i n g Committee h a s c o n s i d e r e d t h e v a r i o u s f a c t o r s i n v o l v e d i n t h e t h r e e a l t e r n a t i v e r o u t e s out l i n e d i n t h e map a t t a c h e d t o t h e December 1 , 1958 i s s u e o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia R e g i s t e r , C o s t e s t i m a t e s on r o u t e A were not a v a i l a b l e t o our committee. T h i s p r e s e n t e d somewhat of a h a n d i c a p i n making t o t a l c o s t c o m p a r i s o n s o f t h e t h r e e r o u t e s , It is our g e n e r a l i m p r e s s i o n , however, t h a t o v e r a l l c o s t s f o r r o u t e A would e x c e e d t h a t o f e i t h e r B o r C, r o u t e A should n o t be adopted. Therefore, Mr. B r i n k l e y h a s a l r e a d y c o v e r e d t h e c o s t t o back up our i m p r e s s i o n there, I n making a c o m p a r a t i v e a n a l y s i s of r o u t e s B and C the C i t y P l a n n i n g Committee proceeded on i n f o r m a t i o n from a u t h o r i t a t i v e s o u r c e s t h a t both of t h e s e r o u t e s would s e r v e �31 33 e s s e n t i a l l y the same volume of traffic„ t o go on, With t h i s assumption our committee a s c e r t a i n e d the e s t i m a t e s f o r c o s t o f c o n s t r u c t i o n and c o s t of r i g h t of way two r o u t e s B and C. f o r e a c h of the These e s t i m a t e s i n d i c a t e t h a t r o u t e C would c o s t a p p r o x i m a t e l y $5,000,000 l e s s t h a n r o u t e B, would p r o v i d e e s s e n t i a l l y the same degree of efficiency. By t h a t I mean t r a f f i c volume. committee has been r e l i a b l y informed l o s s would r e s u l t and traffic Moreover, our that a smaller tax i f the proposed r o u t e C i s adopted. I n view of t h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s and the f a c t t h a t t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission has a l r e a d y approved r o u t e C, i t i s t h e o p i n i o n of the C i t y P l a n n i n g t h a t r o u t e C be approved w i t h o u t be s t a r t e d a s soon Our as Committee d e l a y and t h a t c o n s t r u c t i o n practicable. committee e n d o r s e s the p l a n s made public to d a t e , f o r the Potomac R i v e r Freeway and a l s o the p l a n s f o r t h e Washington C i r c l e Grade S e p a r a t i o n and K Street. I would l i k e t o t a k e t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y to express a p p r e c i a t i o n t o the P l a n n i n g E n g i n e e r f o r c o u r t e s i e s extended and t o you, Honorable Commissioners, f o r the time t o p r e s e n t the v i e w s and recommendations of our COMMISSIONER MC Mr. Mr. LAUGHLIN: committee. Thank you, Mr. Kennedy, Roots? Nelson C. Roots, of C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s . r e p r e s e n t i n g the Federation �34 STATEMENT OF NELSON C. ROOTS, ON BEHALF OF THE FEDERATION OF C I V I C MR. ROOTS: ASSOCIATIONS. Mr. C o m m i s s i o n e r s ? One o f t h e mono- g r a p h s p r e p a r e d by t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k a n d P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n i n 1950 a s p a r t o f i t s " C o m p r e h e n s i v e P l a n f o r the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l a n d I t s E n v i r o n s " was e n t i t l e d P e o p l e a n d Goods". T h i s monograph was c o n c e r n e d p r i m a r i l y w i t h a proposed thoroughfare plan f o rthis fore proper f o rt h e Federation appropriate use a the Thoroughfare The area. I t i s there- of C i v i c Associations t o portion of the t i t l e a t t h i s hearing "Moving on f a c i l i t i e s o f t h i s monograph f o r designed t o e f f e c t u a t e Plan. aspect o f t h e i n s t a n t proposed highway improve- m e n t s t h a t we a r e most c o n c e r n e d w i t h i s t h e f a c t t h a t a l l three projects w i l l be "moving p e o p l e " . t h a t i n e a c h c a s e many f a m i l i e s w i l l forced t o leave t h e i r present housing market i n s e a r c h Federation, place f o rother We a r e most c o n c e r n e d be u p r o o t e d ; w i l l be o f abode a n d e n t e r t h e l i v i n g quarters. therefore, r e s p e c t f u l l y presents The the following p o i n t s t o t h e Commissioners f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . We f e e l t h a t one o f t h e most i m p o r t a n t t i o n s i n determining the route considera- o f t h e west l e g of t h e i n n e r l o o p a n d t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f t h e Potomac R i v e r and W a s h i n g t o n C i r c l e p r o j e c t s must be the"human e l e m e n t " . each o f these proposals I n considering answers t o each of t h e f o l l o w i n g �33ht 3d q u e s t i o n s must be paramount i n t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r s ' d e l i b e r a tions: ( 1 ) how proposal? (2) many f a m i l i e s w i l l I s an a d e q u a t e s u p p l y o f d e c e n t , s a n i t a r y housing the safe, and a v a i l a b l e to these f a m i l i e s w i t h i n t h e i r f i n a n c i a l means? q u a r t e r s be be d i s p l a c e d by (3) How can t h e i r r e l o c a t i o n t o f a c i l i t a t e d w i t h the l e a s t f i n a n c i a l new loss and p e r s o n a l d i s c o m f o r t t o the d i s p l a c e d f a m i l i e s ? The F e d e r a t i o n f e e l s t h a t i t i s i n c u m b e n t upon t h e Commissioners of the D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a t o be e v e r mindful o f t h e e f f e c t t h e s e p r o p o s a l s w i l l h a v e upon r e s i d e n t s live i n t h e p a t h o f t h e s e improvements„ We f e e l t h a t these g r e a t r i b b o n s o f s t e e l and c o n c r e t e a r e i m p o r t a n t o u r c i t y —• t h a t t h e y a r e v i t a l l y t i m e we f e e l t h a t our needed — C o n c e r n f o r t h e human a s s e t s s h o u l d p r o p e r t y condemned, and t h a t the D i s t r i c t o b l i g a t i o n to guarantee s a f e , and t a k e more The f o r c e d t o move an decent, t h a t he c a n a f f o r d , w h e t h e r on a forced move must be t h e s o l e p r o b l e m o f t h e p e o p l e d i r e c t l y The new Federation i s b a s i s . A l l the aspects o f t h i s or of a l l the people, than f a i r value for o f C o l u m b i a Government h a s t o each person s a n i t a r y housing r e n t a l or purchase also. g i v i n g adequate time t o a c q u i r e quarters before vacation i s required. convinced assets to b u t a t t h e same "human a s s e t s " a r e i m p o r t a n t the u s u a l forms of p u b l i c h e a r i n g s , paying who affected t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Government, F e d e r a t i o n of C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s which represents a large �34ht 36 segment o f t h e c i t i z e n s of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia t h a t H i s must be t h e c o n c e r n o f a l l t h e We These highway people. c a n n o t a d o p t a " l e t them e a t c a k e " a t t i t u d e . p l a n s w i l l s e r v e a l l the people — p e o p l e must a s s i s t t h o s e p e r s o n s who r e f e r r a l system i s t o t a l l y inadequate. such a l l the must move. The need f o r a c e n t r a l r e l o c a t i o n s e r v i c e i s apparent. today w i l l feels The p r e s e n t Other organizations no doubt t e s t i f y f u r t h e r a s t o t h e v i t a l need f o r service. B u t we would i n the F e d e r a t i o n f e e l t h a t t h i s provide only part of the s o l u t i o n t o the service problems f a c e d by d i s p l a c e d p e r s o n s . The D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a on t h e t h r e s h h o l d o f many new p r o g r a m s and w h i c h a r e v i t a l l y needed a n d w h i c h w i l l developments d i s p l a c e many, many more f a m i l i e s t h a t n t h o s e d i s p l a c e d i n t h e J u s t t o name a f e w : Southwest. a g r e a t l y expanded highway program, an a c t i v e u r b a n r e n e w a l program i n c l u d i n g e x p a n d e d code e n f o r c e m e n t for schools recreation, and a r e v i f a l i z a t i o n i s just program; i n c r e a s e d an construction l i b r a r i e s and o t h e r p u b l i c facilities, o f t h e downtown a r e a . The F e d e r a t i o n s u p p o r t s most o f t h e s e p r o g r a m s . are needed. B u t we a r e m i n d f u l t h a t each such program tends t o r e d u c e t h e number o f h o u s i n g u n i t s i n t h e D i s t r i c t Columbia. They P u b l i c housing i s not the answer because of there i s a b a c k l o g o f a p p l i c a n t s f o r s u c h u n i t s and many p e r s o n s �35ht 37 d i s p l a c e d w i l l n o t be e l i g i b l e f o r p u b l i c housing. Some f a m i l i e s w i l l be a b l e t o a v a i l t h e m s e l v e s of t h e new u n i t s i n t h e s u b u r b s , but many p e r s o n s d i s p l a c e d a r e n o t welcome i n the suburbs and t h e y must crowd i n t o t h e r e m a i n i n g d w i n d l i n g h o u s i n g s u p p l y which r e m a i n s w i t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t . We f e e l t h a t t h e Commissioners must embark on a new, dynamic, and c h a l l e n g i n g program d e s i g n e d t o add thousands o f r e n t a l and p u r c h a s e h o u s i n g u n i t s t o t h e h o u s i n g supply w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t removed by o f Columbia t o r e p l a c e those t h e s e many programs and p l a n s . What i s needed i s t h e development o f a new c o n c e p t i n housing supply — a program developed i n concert with government, t h e f i n a n c i n g a g e n t s , and d e v e l o p e r s t o p r o v i d e thousands Such a of o f medium income h o u s i n g w i t h i n t h e c i t y program i s a b s o l u t e l y n e c e s s a r y i f t h e g r e a t m a j o r i t y t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e D i s t r i c t i s n o t reduced s m a l l income p r o d u c e r s and p u b l i c a s s i s t a n c e s u c h a new program i s developed largely to users. t h e Commissioners c u r t a i l a l l a c t i v i t i e s which w i l l r e s u l t the limits. Until should i n the d e p l e t i o n of h o u s i n g s u p p l y w i t h o u t a companion program o f i n c r e a s e d housing supply. We know t h a t such a program w i l l c h a l l e n g e t h e t h i n k i n g and d a r i n g o f a l l t h e c i t i z e n s Columbia, of t h e D i s t r i c t of but we f e e l t h a t i t i s time t h i s v e x i n g problem i s f a c e d s q u a r e l y and f o r t h r i g h t . We pledge our complete support �38 in t h e development o f t h e program. Thank you, COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Admiral Colelough, T h a n k y o u , Mr. R o o t s . o f George W a s h i n g t o n U n i v e r s i t y , STATEMENT OF ADMIRAL 0, S, COLCLOUGH, GEORGE WASHINGTON U N I V E R S I T Y . ADMIRAL COLCLOUGH: Mr. P r e s i d e n t , G e n e r a l Welling: I w a n t f i r s t b r i e f l y t o comment upon t h e U n i v e r s i t y ' s i n t e r e s t in has t h i s important hearing. been d e v e l o p i n g T h e George W a s h i n g t o n U n i v e r s i t y its facilities t h e a r e a bounded by 1 9 t h a n d 2 4 t h f o rhigher education i n S t r e e t s and P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue a n d F S t r e e t s s i n c e i t s f i r s t p u r c h a s e i n t h a t area i n 1912. In 1944 a l o n g - r a n g e p l a n f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f the U n i v e r s i t y ' s f a c i l i t i e s i n t h e s e a r e a s was p u t t o g e t h e r by F r e d e r i c k Law O l m s t r e e t , General U l y s s e s S. G r a n t , I I I , and D r . M a r v i n , t h e p r e s i d e n t o f t h e u n i v e r s i t y . I t was a p p r o v e d by t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Committee a n d u n i f o r m l y by t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r s , a n d u n d e r t h a t p l a n over t h e y e a r s some 2 2 a c r e s o f l a n d h a s been p u r c h a s e d by t h e U n i v e r s i t y w h i c h now h a s a n i n v e s t m e n t in o f l a n d and f a c i l i t i e s t h e a r e a o f upwards o f $50,000,000, More specifically with to the l o c a t i o n of the western i s that of the medical respect t o the hearing as l e g of the i n n e r loop center f a c i l i t i e s freeway o f t h e George �37ht 39 Washington U n i v e r s i t y which occupy t h e w e s t e r n p o r t i o n of t h e a r e a u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n and i n w h i c h we h a v e an i n v e s t m e n t o f some $ 1 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 , In 1942 thepurchase o f l a n d i n S q u a r e s 4 0 , 4 1 , and 42 w h i c h a x e b e t w e e n 2 3 r d and 2 4 t h S t r e e t s , N o r t h w e s t , At t h a t t i m e , i n the F o r t i e s , Commission approved began. the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Planning and t h e U n i v e r s i t y j o i n e d w i t h t h e e r a l Works A g e n c y and t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a He l a t h ment i n e n t e r i n g i n t o an a g r e e m e n t w i t h Depart- the United States Government whereby our h o s p i t a l a t Washington C i r c l e b u i l t as the f i r s t u n i t of the Medical Center. Fed- was Included i n t h i s Medical Center of the f u t u r e i s the expansion of outpatient c l i n i c f a c i l i t i e s , emergency f a c i l i t i e s which I m i g h t add h a v e become i n c r e a s i n g l y i m p o r t a n t w i t h t h e movement o f E m e r g e n c y H o s p i t a l and t h e E p i s c o p a l E y e , E a r , Nose, and T h r o a t s e r v i c e s t o t h e S o l d i e r s Home a r e a . one downtown h o s p i t a l f u r n i s h i n g e m e r g e n c y s e r v i c e s We Street, We today. H p l a n t o b u i l d a medical s c h o o l i n the a r e a , a building, medical research building, and forth. All of are the h a v e a c q u i r e d a n u r s e s ' home a t 2 3 r d and doctors' office so We the i n t e r development t h i s makes t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h i s w e s t e r n l e g loop freeway a matter of v i t a l o f the e d u c a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s W a s h i n g t o n a r e a by importance t o the o f f e r e d the g r e a t e r t h e George Washington U n i v e r s i t y and �38 40 against t h a t b a c k g r o u n f of i n t e r e s t t o s a y t h a t the U n i v e r s i t y s u p p o r t s the r o u t e recommended by the Highway Department, first of a l l , and one I t s u p p o r t s i t on two long p r o j e c t e d f a c i l i t i e s and grounds: which I suppose i s o b v i o u s , t h a t l o c a t i o n recommended p e r m i t s t h e its I appear t h i s morning l a n d use plans a h o s p i t a l center; the U n i v e r s i t y t o proceed w i t h to furnish and educational s e c o n d l y , the University b e l i e v e s based on i t s a w a r e n e s s of the s t u d i e s made which havve been r e f e r r e d t o by Mr, own s t u d i e s , t h a t the o n l y f e a s i b l e but c i t y and Brinkley, and of some of i t s proposed l o c a t i o n , Route C, i s not t h a t i t i s more i n a c c o r d w i t h sound mass t r a f f i c p l a n n i n g p r i n c i p l e s t h a n the other two. The University appreciates appear t h i s morning and the opportunity e x p r e s s i t s view on t h i s to vital matter. Thank you, s i r , COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: The Byron C o l l i n s , Reverend T, I s there a representative Thank you, Admiral, S„J, h e r e a t t h i s time f o r Georgetown U n i v e r s i t y ? (No response,) COMMISSIONER MC tion Association C a m a l i e r , and will w i t h him LAUGHLIN: be r e p r e s e n t e d the p r e s i d e n t The Foggy Bottom Restora- by t h e Honorable Renah of the Association, �Herbert Socks. STATEMENT OF HONORABLE RENAH CAMALIER, ON BEHALF OF THE FOGGY BOTTOM RESTORATION ASSOCIATION, ACCOMPANIED BY HERBERT SOCKS, PRESIDENT OF THE MR. CAMALIER: ASSOCIATION. Mr. Chairman: Thank you f o r t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o e x p r e s s t h e view of t h e many f i n e and people wonderful l i v i n g i n t h e c i t y ' s Foggy Bottom a r e a . By your commendable a c t i o n today, t h e y a r e i n p o s i t i o n t o comment on two f o r the west l e g approach of t h e t h r e e s u g g e s t e d r o u t e s t o t h e Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e —» namely 2 3 r d and 2 6 t h S t r e e t s . former and opposes t h e The A s s o c i a t i o n e n d o r s e s t h e latter. The Foggy Bottom R e s t o r a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n , on whose b e h a l f I speak, r e p r e s e n t s t h e a r e a bounded by P e n n s y l v a n i a and V i r g i n i a Avenues, 2 3 r d S t r e e t and t h e Potomac R i v e r . The Foggy Bottom R e s t o r a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n w i s h e s , a t t h i s i n i t i a l moment, t o p u b l i c l y commend t h e Highway Department of t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia f o r i t s s p l e n d i d c o o p e r a t i o n and s y m p a t h e t i c e f f o r t s on b e h a l f of i t s p e o p l e and through t h e i r f o r e s i g h t and u n d e r s t a n d i n g i n working out the 2 6 t h S t r e e t r o u t e our r e s i d e n t s would have been a b l e t o provide s u f f i c i e n t t h e i r own locality, l a n d a r e a s i n which t o r e l o c a t e , i n t h o s e o f our members who p l a c e d by t h e s a i d 2 6 t h S t r e e t r o u t e . will be dis- We were p r e p a r e d t o — �40ht 42 c o o p e r a t e i n t h i s e f f o r t by t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t t o meet o u r s i t u a t i o n , and p l a n n e d our s t e p s S u b s e q u e n t l y and accordingly. s u d d e n l y , h o w e v e r , we t o l e a r n t h a t c e r t a i n z o n i n g d e c i s i o n s had permit and the use of those a r e a s , necessary been r e a c h e d f o r such r e l o c a t i o n of our r e s i d e n t s , whereby high m e n t s w e r e t o be not h e r e t o f o r e erected w e r e amazed to resettlement density apart- i n n e i g h b o r h o o d s i n Foggy B o t t o m permitted. These d e c i s i o n s n a t u r a l l y threw us i n t o confusion, resulting i n a c t i o n by o u r A s s o c i a t i o n t o u r g e upon t h e officials the i n j u s t i c e o f s a i d d e c i s i o n s , and s u c h a c t i o n s be reversed, i n order needed f o r r e l o c a t i o n purposes„ if you should asking t o r e e s t a b l i s h the Such r e q u e s t S t r e e t route t o be areas to reverse, approve, w i l l enable the h e r e t o f o r e i n p r i n c i p l e of the 26th that acceptation r e - r e f e r r e d to the A s s o c i a t i o n f o r f u r t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n , however, s u c h r e q u e s t , t i o n of other The push the i f denied, f o r c e s routes than the 26th Highway o f f i c i a l s l i n e west of 27th Street apparently route. a r e not S t r e e t , hence, t h i s able to Association must a s k y o u r c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e s u g g e s t e d 2 3 r d r o u t e a s b e i n g t h e more l o g i c a l o f t h e two reconsidera- Street under d i s c u s s i o n i n view of a l l c i r c u m s t a n c e s . Among t h o s e f a c t o r s w h i c h p l a y a p r o m i n e n t r o l e i n the r e s o l u t i o n t o endorse the 23rd S t r e e t route are the �41 43 r e c e n t z o n i n g d e c i s i o n s r e f e r r e d t o . which have negated the planned e f f o r t s of the A s s o c i a t i o n t o r e l o c a t e displaced property owners, i n the event the 26th S t r e e t route d e c i s i o n s took the was herein stated, place Foggy B o t t o m a r e a , finalized. l a n d away and these, The A few in the zoning with other t h i s A s s o c i a t i o n of n e c e s s i t y behind the 23rd S t r e e t route. the reasons squarely facts. I n t e r m s o f c o s t t o t h e community, t h e 2 3 r d S t r e e t r o u t e w o u l d be far less costly, would t r a v e r s e i s a l r e a d y i n a blighted condition, b e t w e e n V i r g i n i a AVenue and a r e a where t h e r e i s not the area which t h i s K Street there route and i s a 2-1/2 a s i n g l e improved b u i l d i n g . I n the comparable a r e a a l o n g the proposed S t r e e t route t h e r e a r e numerous r e s t o r e d and newly homes v a r y i n g i n p r i c e f r o m $25,000 t o $ 4 5 , 0 0 0 . there i s p r e s e n t l y i n the path of t h i s route a p a r t m e n t h o u s e u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n and this route block 26th built In addition, a multi-story a l s o i n the path of are s e v e r a l f i n e , o l d , c o l o n i a l landmarks. I n terms o f construction expense the 23rd S t r e e t route the i s f a r s h o r t e r than the c i r c u i t o u s route 26th S t r e e t . the c o s t l y tunnel 26th S t r e e t s . And The 23rd S t r e e t route would proposed for also eliminate p r o p o s e d u n d e r V i r g i n i a Avenue a t 2 5 t h i t would f o l l o w almost a s t r a i g h t from the b r i d g e a p p r o a c h e s a t C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue t o northern s e c t i o n of the inner loop. line the and �44 Other f a c t o r s o f immediate c o n s i d e r a t i o n a r e the e f f e c t t h e 2 6 t h S t r e e t route proposal c u l t u r a l c e n t e r and t h e newly c o n s t r u c t e d Insurance view. w o u l d h a v e on t h e Peoples Life B u i l d i n g , and from a p u r e l y a e s t h e t i c point o f The e f f e c t o f t h e p l a n s f o r t h e development o f t h e Potomac P l a z a a r e a s h o u l d a l s o be c a r e f u l l y weighed. N e e d l e s s t o s a y , t h e e x t e n s i v e roadway c o n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e immediate v i c i n i t y and o f t h e Potomac inhibit d e l a y t h i s d e v e l o p m e n t f o r many y e a r s t o come. The l o s s of revenue t o the D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a by i t s u t i l i z a t i o n of high-income producing p r o p e r t y leg P l a z a would f o r the 26th c e r t a i n l y c a n n o t be o v e r l o o k e d . considerations other Street However, t h e r e a r e t h a n t h o s e o f p u r e l y a e s t h e t i c and e c o n o m i c v a l u e s w h i c h must be w e i g h e d . We f u l l y r e a l i z e t h a t we c a n n o t d e l a y what i s commonly c a l l e d p r o g r e s s period. i n t h i s mid-twentieth century B u t i s i t c o n s i s t e n t , we a s k , w i t h o u r D i s t r i c t o f Columbia p r i n c i p l e s to ruthlessly disrupt a tightly community t h a t i s p r e s e n t l y u n d e r g o i n g a r e n o v a t i o n knit o f con- siderable proportions from a decayed and u n s i g h t l y slum i n t o one finest residential sections? of the D i s t r i c t ' s o f Foggy B o t t o m do n o t t h i n k At t h e p r e s e n t 500 People so. time i n t h i s s m a l l area approximately homes h a v e been n e w l y b u i l t o r r e s t o r e d a t a c o s t o f o v e r $8,000,000, Property i m p r o v e m e n t s a n d new c o n s t r u c t i o n �45 have r e s u l t e d i n an i n c r e a s e of revenue e s t i m a t e d proximately the ten times t h a t of previous has e x p e r i e n c e d of the c i t y . The last t h r e e t o f o u r y e a r s Foggy B o t t o m a r e n a i s s a n c e u n p a r a l l e d i n any The t o be o v e r l o o k e d the use of p r i v a t e suburbia, i s the worthy s e t t i n g f o r t h e new N a t i o n a l magazines Time, L i f e ^ t h e Wash- a c h i e v e m e n t a s an e x a m p l e be done by p r i v a t e e n t e r p r i s e t o r e v i t a l i z e a r e a s o f an i n n e r c i t y The and that S t a t e Department o t h e r government s t r u c t u r e s . i n g t o n S t a r , have c i t e d t h i s ment t o t h e area Foggy B o t t o m a r e a s t a n d s a s a s y m b o l o f g r o w t h p e r i o d i c a l s , among them F o r t u n e , what can other r e s i d e n t s o f Foggy B o t t o m a c c o m p l i s h e d neighborhood p r o v i d e s b u i l d i n g and and t a x revenues which t h e r e v e r s a l o f t h e movement t o w a r d s Not this the t h r o u g h p r i v a t e i n i t i a t i v e and capital. and ap- records w i l l d i s c l o s e . During this at of blighted a t t h e same t i m e s t e m t h e move- suburbs. n e e d f o r a good, i n town, a d u l t , h i g h income r e s i d e n t i a l neighborhood a s o u t l i n e d i n a r e c e n t i s s u e of Fortune The Magazine, has b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d h e r e i n Foggy Bottom. reduction i n crime, police activities, s a n i t a t i o n enforcement i n t h i s i n health and s e c t i o n of the c i t y has, c o u r s e , g r e a t l y b e n e f i t t e d t h e economy o f t h e D i s t r i c t t h e Foggy B o t t o m p r o p e r t y past f i v e v a l u e s as a r e s u l t w i t h i n the y e a r s h a v e i n c r e a s e d f r o m 2 t o 2-1/2 a square of and �44ht 46 f o o t t o a n a v e r a g e o f a b o u t $ 3 5 t o $40 p e r s q u a r e f o o t f o r restored property. And raised t o destroy a community t h a t h a s been literally from t h e slums f o r a c o m p l i c a t e d system o f roadways when t h i s srme n e t w o r k o f r o a d w a y s m i g h t e a s i l y a n d l o g i c a l l y be placed it a n u n d e v e l o p e d a n d b l i g h t e d a r e a democratic nor economically to use c a u t i o n wise. i s neither And we u r g e t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r s i n the selection of their locations. F i n a l l y , , t h e Foggy B o t t o m R e s t o r a t i o n requests Association t h a t a d e c i s i o n on t h e l o c a l e o f t h e r o a d s be made as q u i c k l y as p o s s i b l e , t h a t t h e A s s o c i a t i o n wishes t o advise i t s members a s t o w h a t f u t u r e c o u r s e t h e y pursue. m i g h t be e n a b l e d t o Home o w n e r s a n d r e s i d e n t s o f t h i s a r e a find them- s e l v e s i n t h i s awkward p o s i t i o n , n a m e l y u n a b l e t o s e l l homes w i t h a n y r e p r e s e n t a t i o n their o f permanence a n d i n t h e e q u a l l y untenable p o s i t i o n of being unable t o finance the r e s t o r a t i o n o f t h e i r homes a l l due t o p r e v a i l i n g u n c e r t a i n t i e s . An e q u a l l y d i s c o m f o r t i n g with respect the situation i s the inaction t o t h e condemnation of substandard houses i n a r e a w h i c h c o n s t i t u t e a h e a l t h a s w e l l a s a s o c i a l menace t o t h e community a t l a r g e , a n d we u r g e i m m e d i a t e a c t i o n i n this regard. Thank you, COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: The Thank you, s i r . Superintendent of Schools, D r . C a r l F. H a n s e n . �STATEMENT OF DR. CARL F . HANSEN, SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS, D I S T R I C T OF COLUMBIA. MR. HANSEN: would l i k e I have c o p i e s o f t h e r e p o r t which I t o p r e s e n t t o y o u , Mr. C o m m i s s i o n e r . May I s a y a t t h e o u t s e t t h a t we a p p r e c i a t e t h e opportunity of being heard on t h i s issue. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: H a v i n g r e a d t h e news- p a p e r I t h i n k I know what y o u a r e g o i n g to talk about. A r e y o u a w a r e o f t h i s what I w i l l c a l l C - l s u g g e s t i o n , t h a t i s , t h e l o o p be b e h i n d MR. HANSEN: the school? I h a v e some i n f o r m a t i o n on t h a t p l a n . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: c u t s out — the I d o n ' t know w h e t h e r i t does t h a t c u t o u t any r e c r e a t i o n a l space through school? MR. ROBERTSON: Y e s , i t d o e s , b u t we r e p l a c e i t . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Some p l a c e i n t h e v i c i n i t y of the s c h o o l ? MR. ROBERTSON: Some p l a c e i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. MR. HANSEN: I would l i k e t o proceed w i t h perhaps an i n t r o d u c t o r y comment t o t h e e f f e c t t h a t t h e s c h o o l system d o e s n o t w a n t t o be p u t i n t h e p o s i t i o n o f o b s t r u c t i n g p r o g r e s s , b u t we s h o u l d c e r t a i n l y hope t h a t p r o g r e s s made a t t h e e x p e n s e o f c h i l d r e n . And I s h o u l d i s not l i k e t o suggest, �46ht 48 too, t h a t p e r h a p s some i m p r o v e m e n t a n d c o o r d i n a t i o n of p l a n n i n g m i g h t be a d v a n t a g e o u s f o r a l l c o n c e r n e d b e c a u s e i n this particular instance initial stages we w e r e n o t made p a r t y t o t h e o f p l a n n i n g a n d s i n c e we a r e a f f e c t e d we think that j o i n t consideration of a l l of the aspects s i t u a t i o n m i g h t be a d v a n t a g e o u s t o t h e s c h o o l of the s y s t e m and t o t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t a n d t o t h e c i t y a s a whole„ Now, t h i s i sa l l i n addition t o the o u t l i n e which I h a v e p r e s e n t e d t o y o u , Mr. P r e s i d e n t , like which I should now t o go i n t o a s i t i s w r i t t e n h e r e . To the Board o f Commissioners of t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a , D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g , W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. Gentlemen: "This i swith reference western l e g of the Inner t o the c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e Loop a s i t a f f e c t s t h e F r a n c i s J u n i o r H i g h S c h o o l l o c a t e d a t 2 4 t h a n d N S t r e e t s , N. W. The following f a c t s s h o u l d be n o t e d i n r e g a r d for the continuation o f t h e F r a n c i s J u n i o r High School a s a part of the public school "1. t o t h e need system: The F r a n c i s J u n i o r High S c h o o l s e r v e s graphical area bounded on t h e p r o j e c t i o n south e a s t by 1 6 t h S t r e e t t h e geo(and i t s o f t h e W h i t e H o u s e ) , on t h e w e s t by Rock C r e e k a n d Potomac P a r k s , on t h e n o r t h by C o l u m b i a Road and K a l o r a m a Road, a n d on t h e s o u t h by t h e Potomac R i v e r . "2. The p r e s e n t e n r o l l m e n t i s 534 p u p i l s . �49 Enrollments i n the l a s t of 745 i n 1954 "3. f i v e y e a r s have v a r i e d from a h i g h t o a low of 480 Our in p u p i l enrollment 1957. p r o j e c t i o n s f o r the F r a n c i s J u n i o r High S c h o o l through the s c h o o l y e a r 1963-64 i n d i c a t e a minimum e n r o l l m e n t of 426 p u p i l s . A c t u a l e x p e r i e n c e shows t h e s e p r o j e c t i o n s t o be '4, low. J u n i o r high s c h o o l s are j u s t beginning f e e l the e f f e c t s of the I n c r e a s e d numbers of b i r t h s i n 1946 beginning and j u n i o r h i g h s c h o o l e n r o l l m e n t s a r e showing a corresponding ?v 5. increase. Adjacent j u n i o r high schools are e i t h e r c a p a c i t y or n e a r l y a t c a p a c i t y and expected to t h e i r enrollments over are t o grow f o r t h e r e a s o n g i v e n i n i t e m 4 above. "6. To r e p l a c e t h i s b u i l d i n g w i l l c o s t a p p r o x i - m a t e l y $2,750,000 p l u s not l e s s than $1,000,000 f o r a " I n view of t h e need f o r the e x i s t e n c e of site. this s c h o o l b u i l d i n g i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o oppose any highway planning t h a t w i l l a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t the use of t h i s f a c i l i t y . The c o n d i t i o n s n e c e s s a r y f o r adequate s c h o o l use a r e o u t l i n e d a s follows: "1. "It Safety. i s commonly u n d e r s t o o d t h a t the f i r s t r e s p o n s i - b i l i t y of the s c h o o l management i s t o p r o v i d e o f p u p i l s and f o r the s a f e t y t e a c h e r s a t t e n d i n g any g i v e n s c h o o l . The r o u t i n g of a highway t o t h e f r o n t of the F r a n c i s J u n i o r High �*8ht 50 must be c o n s i d e r e d a s a very s e r i o u s hazard o f p u p i l s a n d o t h e r s who u s e the b u i l d i n g . overpass the s a f e t y f a c t o r w i l l t o the s a f e t y Even w i t h an be s h a r p l y r e d u c e d . r o u t i n g o f t h e highway then would tend Such t o make t h e b u i l d i n g unusable from t h e s a f e t y point of view u n l e s s unusual are taken t o protect the students measures against a l l access t o the highway. "2. "The pupils, Accessibility. s c h o o l by n a t u r e must be a c c e s s i b l e t o t h e t e a c h e r s , a n d community u s i n g i t . T o i s o l a t e t h e F r a n c i s J u n i o r High School f r o m t h e a r e a i t s e r v e s by t h e r o u t i n g o f a h i g h w a y on t h e s t r e e t and fronting the school" — I m i g h t a d d e v e n p e r h a p s t o some e x t e n t by a r o u t e behind t h e school — accessibility "would o b v i o u s l y s h a r p l y d e c r e a s e t h e of the building. be c o n s t r u c t e d , O v e r p a s s e s would h a v e t o but these would tend and a l s o would i n c r e a s e t h e hazard and pedestrians a l i k e . t o reduce accessibility to safety f o r motorists I ti s c e r t a i n that the usefulness o f t h e s c h o o l w o u l d be s e r i o u s l y i m p a i r e d by t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of a highway i n f r o n t o f i t . "3, S a t i s f a c t o r y conditions f o r teaching. " I d e a l l y a school should commercial t r a f f i c be s e p a r a t e d from heavy not o n l y f o r s a f e t y purposes but f o r p r e s e r v i n g a c o n d i t i o n w h i c h w o u l d make i t p o s s i b l e f o r t e a c h e r s t o be e f f e c t i v e i n the classrooms. I n those buildings �49ht 51 w h i c h a r e c l o s e t o busy s t r e e t s and i n d u s t r i a l t h e c o n d u c t o f the c l a s s r o o m sound l e v e l . setting. Teaching i s difficult installations because o f the i s o b v i o u s l y b e s t done i n a q u i e t To r o u t e a major highway v e r y n e a r l y a t t h e f r o n t door o f a s c h o o l would be t o i m p a i r i t s u s e f u l n e s s a s an i n s t r u c t i o n a l c e n t e r by t h e f a c t t h a t the n o i s e from t h e r o r a r o f t r a f f i c iteself, t h a t i s c o n s t a n t and heavy t h r o u g h - out t h e day, would r e d u c e t h e e f f i c i e n c y of i n s t r u c t i o n t h a t g o e s on i n t h e b u i l d i n g . "The S u p e r i n t e n d e n t and h i s s t a f f s u g g e s t e a r n e s t l y t h a t t h e B o a r d of Commissioners s e r i o u s l y the f o r e g o i n g o b j e c t i o n s t o the r o u t i n g t o understand why consider o f t h e I n n e r Loop a d j a c e n t t o t h e F r a n c i s J u n i o r High S c h o o l . difficult most I t will i t i s necessary i n the be planning o f s u c h a highway t o i m p a i r t h e e d u c a t i o n a l o p p o r t u n i t y of many hundreds of boys and g i r l s when p o s s i b l y o t h e r more s a t i s f a c t o r y s o l u t i o n s seem t o be a v a i l a b l e . " T h i s i s the c o n c l u s i o n of my p r e s e n t a t i o n , Mr. President. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Co you have any q u e s t i o n s , GENERAL WELLING: COMMISSIONER MC Thank you, s i r . General? No. LAUGHLIN: I s e e t h a t you have a problem and we w i l l c e r t a i n l y c o n s i d e r i t v e r y MR. HANSEN: Thank you, s i r . carefully, �50ht 52 COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: c e r t a i n t h a t we s h a l l n o t be a b l e I think i t i s quite t o g e t beyond I t e m 20 i n t h i s m o r n i n g ' s s e s s i o n , s o t h o s e beyond t h i s free t o leave, few, o r i f we do g e t beyond t h e r e those peoiple thing this who h a v e gone w i l l i t e m may feel and p i c k up a be p i c k e d up t h e f i r s t afternoon. I think the s a f e s t thing t o s a y a t t h i s point i s t h a t we s h a l l r e c o n v e n e a t 2:00 o ' c l o c k , s o i f t h e r e a r e some who a r e beyond I t e m 20 — this do y o u a l l h a v e c o p i e s o f — MR. THORNETT: We h a v e them a v a i l a b l e i f a n y - body w a n t s them. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: a p p e a r s t h a t we w i l l be a b l e Shepherd, t h e P r o g r e s s i v e Those t h a t i t t o hear a r e C o l o n e l W i l l i a m E. Citizens Association, t h e Washington B u i l d i n g C o n g r e s s , t h e AAA--the B o a r d o f T r a d e a n d G a s Company have a s k e d f o r t h e a f t e r n o o n — t h e Washington Housing tion, the American Planning C i v i t a n Club, Charles the Associa- and C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n , t h e Trowbridge Tittman, S a m u e l N. C a t a l a n o , Urban League, t h e P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n , and Mr. J a c k Rubin. Now, we c e r t a i n l y w a n t y o u t o s t a y w i t h u s . I know y o u r i n t e r e s t i s p r e t t y k e e n i n t h i s s o we want you t o s t a y i f you f e e l Colonel l i k e you c a n . Shepherd? �53 Colonel William Georgetown C i t i z e n s E . Shepherd, P r e s i d e n t of the Association. STATEMENT OF WILLIAM E . SHEPHERD, PRESIDENT, GEORGETOWN C I T I Z E N S ASSOCIATION. COLONEL SHEPHERD: Mr, P r e s i d e n t and Membersrof t h e Board, f o r t u n a t e l y t h e community l i f e s l i g h t l y a f f e c t e d by t h e f i r s t o f Georgetown i s but i t e m on your agenda, t h e w e s t l e g of t h e i n n e r loop, but t h e s u b j e c t i s of s u c h g r e a t general treat interest t h a t I would l i k e , w i t h your p e r m i s s i o n , to i t l a s t and somewhat f u l l y . R e g a r d i n g t h e s e c o n d item, the proposal to locate the Potomac R i v e r Freeway s o u t h o f K S t r e e t i n Georgetown was e n d o r s e d by t h e membership o f my a s s o c i a t i o n November 25, 1957, Involved i n t h i s p r o j e c t i s t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a new e l e v a t e d s t r u c t u r e which w i l l of n e c e s s i t y e l i m i n a t e s e v e r a l industrial b u i l d i n g s from the w a t e r f r o n t . A p o s s i b l e con- sequence o i t h i s change might be the r e l o c a t i o n , o v e r a p e r i o d of y e a r s , of a l l t h e i n d u s t r y now e s t a b l i s h e d between K S t r e e t and t h e Potomac R i v e r , and t h e u p g r a d i n g o f t h e a r e a from g e n e r a l industrial thus providing to residential and r e c r e a t i o n a l u s e , Georgetown w i t h a much needed opening t o t h e r i v e r and p l a y s p a c e now i n s h o r t At t h i s p o i n t supply. I make r e f e r e n c e t o the pamphlet, H a r o l d M. l e w i s and George S. G a t t e r , of Columbia", June 1956. "Land Use i n t h e D i s t r i c t That was one of t h e s t u d i e s t h a t �52ht 54 w e r e made i n c o n n e c t i o n with the zoning r e g u l a t i o n s . Coming b a c k t o y o u r I t e m No. 1, t h e w e s t l e g o f the i n n e r loop, from K S t r e e t , Northwest, t o M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue, Northwest, s h o u l d the three a l t e r n a t i v e would vote l o c a t i o n s l a b e l e d A, B, a n d C, we i n f a v o r o f C, a s d e v e l o p e d by t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f Highways and T r a f f i c Planning we be f o r c e d t o c h o o s e b e t w e e n a n d a p p r o v e d by t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Commission. I w o u l d l i k e t o s a y a t t h i s p o i n t we w e r e n o t a w a r e o f t h i s a l t e r n a t e C t h a t w o u l d go a r o u n d t h e s c h o o l , so I make no comment on t h a t . W h i l e we d e p l o r e room f o r f r e e w a y s , t h e r a z i n g o f o w e 1 l i n g s t o make a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e d e m o l i t i o n of t h e o l d P e t e r House on K S t r e e t t o accommodate r o u t e C, we feel n e v e r t h e l e s s t h a t t h i s r o u t e w o u l d be l e s s d e s t r u c t i v e o f r e a l e s t a t e v a l u e s a n d community l i f e or route B. But any l i m i t e d access than e i t h e r route A freeway constructed w i t h i n a c l o s e l y packed urban a r e a g i v e s r i s e t o s e r i o u s s o c i a l and f i n a n c i a l problems, and t h e proposed i n n e r f o r W a s h i n g t o n i s no e x c e p t i o n . f o r a moment on some o f t h e s e First, May I t h e r e f o r e d w e l l now problems? there i s the l o s s o f t a x revenue, which f o r Washington i s a v e r y g r e a t loss, i n view o f the c o n t i n u a l l y m o u n t i n g e x e m p t i o n s c o n f e r r e d on r e a l e s t a t e . is loop Then, there t h e p a r k i n g problem, t h e problem o f r e l o c a t i n g d i s p l a c e d �53 55 families, p a r t i c u l a r l y t h o s e w i t h low i n c o m e s , a n d t h e r e l a t e d problem o f t h e r e b u i l d i n g a t present s c h o o l s which s t a n d i n the highway O f f s e t t i n g these right-of-way. l i a b i l i t i e s are the t h e o r e t i c a l g a i n s computed by t h e c o n s u l t i n g e n g i n e e r s average t o amount t c a n o f 4.16 c e n t s p e r m i l e p e r v e h i c l e , a n n u a l l y by 1980. Who, prices, of o r $20,000,000 I a s k , a r e t h e o p e r a t o r s who s t a n d t o g a i n by t h e s e s a v i n g s , a n d why s h o u l d we W a s h i n g t o n i a n s s u f f e r our f a i r c i t y t o be s l a s h e d t o p i e c e s s o t h a t t h e y may t e a r t h r o u g h i t a t 50 m i l e s p e r h o u r ? I s o m e t i m e s wonder how many t a x p a y e r s i n t h i s city, a r e a w a r e o f t h e s e p r o b l e m s , and how many know w h a t t h e i n n e r loop i s intended what i t w i l l proposal t o do, how much i t w i l l c o s t , a n d l o o k l i k e when f i n i s h e d . i s not f o ra s i n g l e loop, In reality, this but f o r a s o r t of f i g u r e e i g h t , composed o f a n e a s t e r l y r i n g a r o u n d t h e C a p i t o l , c r o s s i n g t h e M a l l a t o r n e a r 4 t h S t r e e t West, a n d a l a r g e r w e s t e r l y r i n g bounded on t h e n o r t h by F l o r i d a Avenue a n d U S t r e e t , on t h e w e s t by t h e Foggy B o t t o m a r e a , a n d on t h e south this by West Potomac P a r k a n d F S t r e e t , last-mentioned Southwest. Within r i n g a r e t h e W h i t e House, W a s h i n g t o n Monument, L i n c o l n M e m o r i a l , t h e F e d e r a l T r i a n g l e , I n s t i t u t i o n , Department o f A g r i c u l t u r e , F e d e r a l Smithsonian Reserve, D e p a r t m e n t o f S t a t e , G e o r g e W a s h i n g t o n U n i v e r s i t y campus, and t h e s i t e chosen f o r the C u l t u r a l Center. �54ht 56 The proposed separated, high-speed, of i n n e r loop w i l l be a c o m p l e t e l y g r a d e - limited-access structure, a l l k i n d s , i n c l u d i n g t r u c k s , w h i c h means t h a t i t w i l l i n c e r t a i n p a r t s be c a r r i e d o v e r e x i s t i n g s t r e e t s , d e p r e s s e d i n open c u t s o r t u n n e l s . the for vehicles and i n o t h e r s I n o r d e r t o make room f o r f r e e w a y and i t s r a m p s , b l o c k a f t e r b l o c k o f e x i s t i n g buildings w i l l have t o be condemned, i t w i l l u n s i g h t l y and e n o r m o u s l y a l l be quite e x p e n s i v e , e s t i m a t e d i n 1955 c o s t u p w a r d o f $ 2 7 2 , 6 6 7 , 0 0 0 o f t a x p a y e r s ' money. to I am not s u r e we a r e g o i n g t o be s a t i s f i e d w i t h t h e l o o p a f t e r i t i s bought and p a i d f o r . Early priority i s a s s i g n e d by t h e p l a n n e r s t o t h e s o u t h w e s t and s o u t h r o u t e s o f t h e i n n e r l o o p f r e e w a y K S t r e e t s o u t h w a r d t o Potomac P a r k , t h e n t u r n i n g t o between the L i n c o l n Memorial and t h e r i v e r , e a s t w a r d toward the J e f f e r s o n Memorial west. The Memorial and and F S t r e e t , depressed f a c i l i t y , e x c e p t f o r a t u n n e l a p p r o x i m a t e l y 600 t h a t t h e n o i s e and South- Lincoln open t o t h e s k y f e e t long. fumes g e n e r a t e d by t r a f f i c , trucks, using t h i s route, w i l l squeeze thence f r e e w a y i s p l a n n e d t o p a s s w e s t of t h e as a s i x - l a n e from I believe particularly be most o b j e c t i o n a b l e . From Foggy B o t t o m t o t h e S o u t h w e s t Development a r e a , t h e r o u t e I h a v e j u s t d e s c r i b e d s e r v e s no i m p o r t a n t b u s i n e s s o r i n d u s t r y , n o r does i t c o n n e c t w i t h a n y arteries until major i t r e a c h e s t h e G e n e r a l Rochambeau B r i d g e , �but i t will of t h e harm i r r e p a r a b l y Foggy B o t t o m , t h e q u i e t L i n c o l n M e m o r i a l , and the n a t u r a l b e a u t y of dignity Potomac Park. You will new B r i d g e or the note I have not o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue B r i d g e b e c a u s e t h e y a r e g o i n g t o be v e h i c l e s and, l i m i t e d as mentioned the I understand i t to Memorial passenger t h e r e f o r e , c a n n o t be c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e s e facilities. In view of f o l l o w i n g a c t i o n s be 1. the foregoing, may I suggest that taken; Amend t h e p r i o r i t i e s s o t h a t t h e p r e v i o u s l y recommended a s p a r t o f t h e first s t r u c t i o n o f t h e i n n e r l o o p f r e e w a y , be last, and that a cautious t o the e n t i r e west route south estate of s c h o o l deferred con- until a p p r o a c h be a d o p t e d w i t h the regard i n order to expose hidden c o s t s , b u i l d i n g s , and families, depreciation of real values. 2. P r o c e e d a t once w i t h s u r f a c e s t r e e t s as a. for route, s t a g e of s u c h as l o s s of t a x r e v e n u e , moving of d i s p l a c e d reconstruction the i n t e r i m improvements of follows: With r e l a t i o n t o the east-west t r a f f i c , Potomac R i v e r improvement of K S t r e e t Freeway, from Rock C r e e k t o C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue. b. Bridge, With r e l a t i o n t o the for east-west t r a f f i c , Constitution Avenue improvement of Constitution �56 58 Avenue a n d E S t r e e t , N o r t h w e s t . c. W i t h r e l a t i o n t o t h e Potomac R i v e r F r e e w a y a n d t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue B r i d g e , f o r north-south i m p r o v e m e n t o f 2 1 s t , 22nd a n d 2 3 r d The traffic, S t r e e t s , Northwest. above-mentioned s t r e e t s should be i m p r o v e d through s t r e e t widening, c h a n n e l i z a t i o n , p a r k i n g t i o n s , s e r v i c e roads, traffic suitable lighting, restric- adequate s i g n a l c o n t r o l , and grade s e p a r a t i o n s where necessary. 3. With r e f e r e n c e t o the parking problem, i t i s recommended t h a t t h e p r o p o s e d u n d e r g r o u n d p a r k i n g a r e a a t t h e E S t r e e t M a l l e x t e n d e d w e s t w a r d , be b u i l t w i t h o u t delay. T h i s r e p o r t , h o w e v e r , r e f r a i n s f r o m comment on t h e method o f financing this But city improvement. l e t us not forget t h a t i n order t o save the f r o m s t r a n g u l a t i o n a n d b a n k r u p t c y , we must f i r s t e n c o u r a g e p a t r o n a g e o f mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and r a p i d if And transit i t comes, a n d t h e u s e o f s m a l l r a t h e r t h a n l a r g e c a r s . we must a l s o f r e e o u r s e l v e s f r o m t h e e r r o n e o u s c o n c e p t t h a t man a n d h i s a u t o m o b i l e a r e i n s e p a r a b l e . T h a n k y o u v e r y much. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: tions, Some v e r y w i s e observa- thank you. Mr. A r m i s t e a d P e t e r , I I I , a n d Mrs. H a r o l d B. H i n t o n , r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e P r o g r e s s i v e C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n o f Georgetown. �57ht 59 STATEMENT OF ARMISTEAD PETER, I I I , AND MRS. HAROLD B. HINTON, ON BEHALF OF THE PROGRESSIVE C I T I Z E N S ASSOCIATION OF GEORGETOWN. MR. PETER: My name i s A r m i s t e a d Peter, I I I , and I r e p r e s e n t t h e P r o g r e s s i v e C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n o f Georgetown. Under a r e s o l u t i o n p a s s e d December m e e t i n g I have been a s k e d by our A s s o c i a t i o n a t our t o request that the i n t e r - change t h a t we a r e now d i s c u s s i n g be moved a s f a r t o t h e e a s t a s i t i s p o s s i b l e under t h e c o n d i t i o n s . While t h e i n t e r - change i s n o t i n Georgetown we f e e l l i k e l y t h a t i t a f f e c t s Georgetown through i t s c o m p l e x i t y and t h e a r e a t h a t i t c o v e r s and p a r t i c u l a r l y t h a t i t w i l l a t p r e s e n t d e s t r o y two o f t h e o l d h o u s e s which were b u i l t a t the r e q u e s t o f G e n e r a l Washi n g t o n a t t h e time when t h e new c i t y was i n i t s i n f a n c y . I would l i k e here t o s u p p o r t Mr. Hansen's s u g g e s t i o n t h a t t h e r e w i l l be a more complete c o o r d i n a t i o n between t h e p l a n n i n g o f t h e s e highways and t h e v a r i o u s groups i n v o l v e d having t o do w i t h t h e h i s t o r i c landmarks, t h e s c h o o l s and o t h e r a g e n c i e s o f t h a t s o r t which a r e i n t e r e s t i n g t o t h e p o p u l a t i o n a s a whole and which a r e v i t a l l y a f f e c t e d by t h e r u i t i n g o f t h e s e roadways. These o l d h o u s e s which housed t h e B r i t i s h M i n i s t e r i n 1 8 0 6 - 1809, David Montague Hursfon, when Washington was c o m p l e t e l y were b u i l t a t a time u n i n h a b i t e d and under t h e r e q u e s t o f G e n e r a l Washington h i s a s s o c i a t e s were asked t o �60 b u i l d h o u s e s i n t h e Washington a r e a a l o n g t h e new s t r e e t s s o a s t o g i v e a s t a r t i n g p o i n t from w h i c h t h e new c i t h might be formed. The two roadways, t h e e a s t e r n roadway goes directly t h r o u g h t h o s e h o u s e s under t h e p r e s e n t p l a n , a l t h o u g h i n an e a r l i e r p l a n t h e y were on an i s l a n d between t h e two, and i t would seem d e s i r a b l e t h a t i f a s l i g h t change c o u l d be made t h e r e and t h e h o u s e s be s a v e d — COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN. MH„ PETER: What i s t h e l o c a t i o n ? They a r e a t 2618 and 2620 K S t r e e t . They have a bronze plaque which was put on them by t h e Daughters o f t h e American R e v o l u t i o n s t a t i n g t h e s e facts and i f a s l i g h t change c o u l d be made i t does seem d e s i r a b l e to have i t done, I n t h e g e n e r a l l o c a t i o n o f t h e i n n e r loop I t h i n k that I may s a y t h a t we a r e a l s o d e e p l y d o u b t f u l of t h e utility facility o f a r o a d of t h a t s o r t and the d e s i r a b i l i t y o f a o f t h a t s o r t a s i t i s now l o c a t e d w i t h the d e s t r u c t i o n of p r o p e r t y v a l u e s t h r o u g h o u t t h e e n t i r e c i t y . it I t seems t h a t would be w i s e t o go v e r y s l o w l y i n t h a t d i r e c t i o n , p a r - t i c u l a r l y i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h some mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t y t h a t might be b u i l t construction i n the f u t u r e and which might make t h i s unnecessary. But g r a n t e d could a l s o support t h a t i t i s n e c e s s a r y , i t seems t h a t we Mr. Hansen's c o n t e n t i o n t h a t i t comes t o o �59ht 61 close t o the school and t h a t t h e C - l suggestion particularly w o u l d i n t e r f e r e w i t h one o f the i m p o r t a n t r e c r e a t i o n a l areas i n t h e paris. As we a l l know a t t h a t p o i n t of the curve, a tthe f a r r i g h t , a g r e a t many p e o p l e u s e t h a t f o r r e c r e a t i o n , slope r u n n i n g down t o Rock C r e e k , a n d i t seems to b u i l d a road of t h a t c h a r a c t e r low, there through that unfortunate a park area, i s one o t h e r t h i n g w h i c h a f f e c t s G e o r g e t o w n w h i c h I w o u l d l i k e t o s p e a k o f w h i c h i s n o t shown on t h e map a n d t h a t i s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e a d d i t i o n W h i t e h u r s t F r e e w a y on t h e w e s t e r n end„ tion of the From my p r e s e n t informa- I b e l i e v e t h a t the a p p r o a c h e s o r a t l e a s t t h e l a n d t o be t a k e n f o r t h a t w i l l e x t e n d e a s t w a r d f a r enough t o i n c l u d e what i s c a l l e d t h e F o r r e s t Marbury house. low, a great t h e F o r r e s t M a r b u r y h o u s e i s h a r d l y known by many p e o p l e a n d p r o b a b l y i s n o t b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d by the Highway D e p a r t m e n t i n t h i s c a s e , b u t I do t h i n k i t i s one o f t h e most i m p o r t a n t h i s t o r i c a l h o u s e s t h a t i s now i n Georgetown, Bridge. I t i s a t t h e end o f M S t r e e t n e a r t h e Key I t i s now s t a n d i n g bar or tavern was i n t h a t house t h a t U r i a h q u i t e s t a r k and a l o n e w i t h a i n the lower s t o r y , the lower f l o o r , but i t before the lands created standing F o r r e s t had t h e d i n n e r t h e n i g h t a s t h e Washington C i t y , As 1 o f Washington were f o r m a l l y t u r n e d o v e r and y o u remember, G e n e r a l W a s h i n g t o n was q u i t e �60ht 62 disturbed ability about t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y t o have i t t u r n e d over t o t h e c i t y t h a t h a d been d i s c u s s e d f o r some t i m e . decided t o have a d i n n e r t h e r e land the night, took p l a c e . And C o l o n e l a s i t happened, b e f o r e t h e f i n a l Forrest decision G e n e r a l W a s h i n g t o n was p r e s e n t and I t h i n k we Washington a s t h e f e d e r a l c i t y made a t t h a t d i n n e r , residence on t h e t e r m s o f t h e 19 p r o p r i e t e r s o f t h e may s a y t h a t t h e f i n a l d e c i s i o n versus o f t h a t l a n d and t h e f o r the turning over of t o t h e f e d e r a l government was i n t h a t house. I t was l a t e r t h e o f W i l l i a m M a r b u r y who was t h e M a r b u r y o f Marbury M a d i s o n w h i c h was one o f t h e most famous decisions c e r t a i n l y p l a c i n g t h e Supreme C o u r t i n i t s d o m i n a n t position a s t o t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l i t y o f l e g i s l a t i o n p a s s e d by C o n g r e s s And he w a s a l s o t h e f i r s t president of t h e Farmers Mechanics Bank. I t h i n k t h a t t h a t h o u s e i n p a r t i c u l a r ought t o be v e r y deeply c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e l o c a t i o n o f any road. think that there preservation i s any house i n Georgetown t h a t and p l a c i n g deserves i n i t s original condition f e d e r a l government, a c t u a l l y , I don't by t h e t h a n t h a t house and I s t r o n g l y recommend t h a t i t be c o n s i d e r e d and i t s p r e s e r v a t i o n be e s t a b l i s h e d established should i n a n y r o a d s y s t e m w h i c h i s g o i n g t o be i n that area. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: MR. P E T E R : M Street, T h a t i s u p on N S t r e e t ? �61ht 63 COMMISSIONER MC MR, PETER: LAUGHLIN: PETER: T h a n k you LAUGHLIN: R i g h t a t the — come t o t h e Key J u s t b e f o r e you very a h e a d and Mr, i f there avoid some o f t h e s e h i s t o r i c there any merit MR, Peter, i s no places to considering t o some n e a r b y i f these projects p r a c t i c a b l e way w h i c h you are to mentioned, i s m o v i n g them b r i c k by brick location? PETER: Of c o u r s e t h e r e don't t h i n k t h a t a house e v e r i s a s i s merit in that. interesting in a l o c a t i o n a s i t i s i n i t s o r i g i n a l one, more d e s i r a b l e Bridge, much, GENERAL WELLING: g o i n g t o go Street? Yes. COMMISSIONER MC MR. M but I new i t i s always t o p r e s e r v e a house i n some way than i t i s to destroy i t completely. We h a v e s e e n t h e m o v i n g o f h o u s e s b e f o r e but t h i n k t h a t i n c a s e s of t h i s s o r t i t destroys character of the h o u s e and which i t s b u i l d e r s felt These houses point up place be p a r t i c u l a r l y the t h a t i t was the rememberance o r t h e w h e r e t h e y now h o u s e but the Moving them w i l l i t doesn't p r e s e r v e h i s t o r i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e of t h e i r stand, and at to build i t . I think that should remembered i n t h a t c o n n e c t i o n . a p a r t of the desirable do original location area which represents of Washington as a c i t y . possibly the I I think that should always birth always preserve the location be �c o n s i d e r e d v e r y , v e r y d e e p l y i n any c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h a t sort. T h a t s t r e e t , M S t r e e t , was one o f t h e e a r l y of streets Georgetown, a l t h o u g h K S t r e e t was r e a l l y b a s i c a l l y t h e o r i g i n a l s t r e e t t o t h e r i v e r and M S t r e e t was t h e n B r i d g e S t r e e t and t h o s e h o u s e s where t h e y s t a n d were a c t u a l l y t h e f o c u s o f t h e l i f e o f Georgetown and o f Washington, t h e e a r l y a n t e c e d a n t one might s a y o f Washington C i t y . C o n s i d e r i n g t h a t Washington C i t y i s t h e c a p i t a l of the n a t i o n i t does seem t o roe t h a t some s a c r i f i c e s h o u l d be i made t o keep t h o s i h o u s e s i n b e i n g . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you v e r y much, Mr. P e t e r . Mrs, H i n t o n ? MRS. HINTON: of I am Mrs. H a r o l d B. H i n t o n , c h a i r m a n t h e Zoning Committee and P l a n n i n g Committee of t h e C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n of Georgetown, I want t o back up what Mr. P e t e r s a i d , has I n f a c t , he c o v e r e d most e v e r y t h i n g I wanted t o s a y . I want t o f i r s t Braddock Rock, thank Mr. B r i n k l e y f o r s a v i n g And thank them t h a t they a r e showing a p p r e c i a - t i o n of t h i n g s and hope t h e y w i l l be a b l e t o do some o f t h e t h i n g s t h a t Mr, P e t e r indicated. I would l i k e t o p o i n t out t o G e n e r a l W e l l i n g about moving houses, what t h a t d o e s . �65 As you may not know, t h e F r a n c i s S c o t t Key house was destroyed f o r t h e a p p r o a c h e s t o the Key B r i d g e and a t t h e time i t was s a i d t h a t i t would be r e c o n s t r u c t e d I b e l i e v e i n some p a r t . into storage. nibbled elsewhere, The b r i c k s and m a t e r i a l s were put I don't know what happened, but i t got away o v e r about twenty y e a r s and f i n a l l y I under- s t a n d t h a t t h e few r e m a i n i n g b r i c k s i n t h e F r a n c i s S c o t t Key house have been i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t h e t e r r a c e o f t h e Oak Stone house. I t c o s t s money t o t a k e a house down, much more money t o put i t back. I t i s v e r y h a r d t o g e t up e n t h u s i a s m f o r t h a t k i n d o f t h i n g because i t r e a l l y doesn't c a r r y through with t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e house. As Mr. P e t e r s a i d , t h e l o c a t i o n i s e q u a l l y a s i m p o r t a n t a s t h e house itself, Thank you v e r y much. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Mr. A r t h u r ington Thank you, Mrs, Hinton, H, Keyes, J r . , r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e Wash- B u i l d i n g Congress, Inc. STATEMENT OF ARTHUR H, KEYES, JR., ON BEHALF OF THE WASHINGTON BUILDING CONGRESS, INC. MR. KEYES: General Welling, of Commissioners, l a d i e s and gentlemen: p r e p a r e d by t h e C i t y P l a n n i n g Washington B u i l d i n g Congress. members of t h e Board T h i s r e p o r t was Committee and approved by t h e We a p p r e c i a t e this opportunity �64ht 66 t o comment on fortunate, the proposed i n n e r before the e x t e n s i v e become a v a i l a b l e t o t h e It conclusion may a b o u t one inner p o s i t i o n , and We l o o p and section duplicates traffic we the as little joined with on the facilities the specific of e a s t - w e s t At the northern traffic commuter There are which could Every section same t i m e i t important north-scuth north to be the northern b e l i e v e t h a t t h i s whole loop without congestion. interchange with strictions w o u l d welcome loop from K S t r e e t a l o n g numberous e x i s t i n g s t r e e t s . inner survey follows: inner major f r e e w a y s proposed from the the we about the t h r e e a v a i l a b l e around the southern h a l f . improves very has i t s relation would p r e f e r t h a t t h i s not I t i s useless unless inner being loop as a whole. West l e g o f t h e v on intelligent t h e mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n present conclusions Massachusetts A enue; of the are t o a r r i v e a t an part without considering p r o j e c t s under d i s c u s s i o n a r e lo hearings a t t h a t time f o r a p u b l i c d i s c u s s i o n of of the Our built. un- public. want t o r e s t a t e our and t h a t the i s rather d i f f i c u l t another hearing survey think i t i s mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s u r v e y to the whole. A f t e r s t u d y i n g we We however, t h a t a t t e n t i o n i s b e i n g c o n c e n t r a t e d a s m a l l segment o f t h e l o o p and held loop. no t i e into e f f o r t t o form an t h e s e many s t r e e t s c a u s e s f u r t h e r c o n - already l i m i t e d r i g h t s o f way and discharges �85ht 67 traffic i n t o them w h i c h t h e y a r e n o t c a p a b l e o f h a n d l i n g . F u r t h e r m o r e , a n e i g h t - l a n e f r e e w a y i s bound t o depress r e a l e s t a t e values i n a r e s i d e n t i a l area. are g o i n g t o upgrade t h e N o r t h w e s t and e n t i c e h i g h e r income groups back i n t o t h i s p a r t o f t h e D i s t r i c t , resist I f we the temptation t o a l l o c a t e the c i t y should i t s share of funds f o r u r b a n r e n e w a l i n the form o f a s u p e r highway, even though 90 p e r c e n t o f t h e f u n d s a r e d e r i v e d f r o m a f e d e r a l appropria- tion. 2, of Potoma R i v e r F r e e w a y f r o m G S t r e e t t o v i c i n i t y W i s c o n s i n Avenue, i n c l u d i n g ramp i n t e r c h a n g e s w i t h K and w e s t l e g of i n n e r l o o p : We favor a l t e r n a t e route b e c a u s e i t a p p e a r s t o do t h e l e a s t damage t o p r o p e r t y and t o p r o p e r f u t u r e l a n d - u s e . b r i d g e and h i g h w a y p r o j e c t s h a v e now where Street C existing P l a n s f o r new progressed t o the t h i s p o r t i o n o f t h e i n n e r l o o p between point the Northwest and Southwest approaches t o the c i t y i s e s s e n t i a l . 3. Washington and i m p r o v e m e n t s Avenue: the C i r c l e g r a d e s e p a r a t i o n and ramp, of K S t r e e t from 2 6 t h S t r e e t t o C o n n e c t i c u t T h i s p r o j e c t s h o u l d have f i r s t most u s e f u l i n s o l v i n g t h e t r a f f i c p r i o r i t y , as i t i s jams which e x i s t i n t h e a p p r o a c h e s t o W h i t e h u r s t F r e e w a y and C r e e k P a r k w a y , We future t r a f f i c doubt, however, already Rock t h a t i t can a l s o handle f r o m t h e p r o p o s e d Potomac R i v e r Freeway. As t o t h e r e m a i n d e r o f t h e i n n e r l o o p , t h e �6Sht 63 Washington B u i l d i n g C o n g r e s s approves the s o u t h e r n and e a s t e r n p o r t i o n p r o v i d e d the f o l l o w i n g f i v e major p l a n n i n g programs are undertaken and c o o r d i n a t e d w i t h the i n n e r loop 1 . Work on the o u t e r loop, the highway, the A r i z o n a Avenue b r i d g e , and b r i d g e , and s o on, s h o u l d a l l proceed circumferential the C a b i n John c o n c u r r e n t l y or p r e f e r a b l y ahead of the i n n e r l o o p i n o r d e r t o d i v e r t away from the c e n t r a l p a r t of the 2. The through-traffic city, flow of s t r e e t t r a f f i c w i t h i n the loop must be improved b e f o r e a d d i t i o n a l t r a f f i c g e n e r a t e d itself planning: by the loop i s d i s c h a r g e d i n t o the c i t y . T h i s i n v o l v e s widening of some s t r e e t s , e l i m i n a t i o n of c u r b p a r k i n g on many, synchronizing t r a f f i c lights, s i m p l i f y i n g r i g h t and left t u r n s , e t c e t e r a . T h i s program s h o u l d be s c h e d u l e d ahead of the i n n e r loop. Adequate a c c e s s and d i s c h a r g e ramps from the loop i n t o the e x i s t i n g s t r e e t p a t t e r n must be d e v i s e d t o a v o i d b o t t l e n e c k s and the present 3. traffic t i e - u p s worse than e x i s t a t time. Adequate o f f - s t r e e t p a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s must be made a v a i l a b l e t o handle the i n c r e a s e d number of automobiles e n c o u r a g e d t o e n t e r t h e c i t y a s w e l l a s those c a r s d i s p l a c e d by the e l i m i n a t i o n of c u r b p a r k i n g on a r t e r i a l streets. These downtown p a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s s h o u l d not be f r e e but pay t h e i r own reason- way, and t a x e s t o the c i t y a s w o l l , by a b l e c h a r g e s t o the c a r owner. Free education to a l l c h i l d r e n �67ht 39 i s a p u b l i c r e s p o n s i b i l i t y but free parking for the commuter i s n o t , 4, the visual city, and Imaginative design a p p l i e d to minimize impact of t h i s g r e a t d i t c h through the c e n t r a l to minimize the Ingenuity must be l o s s of t a x a b l e i s needed t o b l e n d much a s p o s s i b l e , a v o i d i n g properties. w i t h the s t r e e t p a t t e r n s a r c h i t e c t u r a l b a c k s i d e s and s i d e d a l l e y s as the p r i n c i p a l v i s t a s r o f the Where open c u t s a r e left the landscaping r e f o r e s t a t i o n , not a p e r f u n c t o r y v a l u e s can be recovered s p a c e above t h i s 175 as open neighborhood. should be bold s p o t t i n g of s h r b u s . Tax i n p a r t by r e - u s i n g p o r t i o n s o f t o 200 f o o t wide c u t f o r o f f i c e the buildings, p a r k i n g g a r a g e s , or even p u b l i c s q u a r e s t o enhance a d j o i n i n g property values, 5. And p e r h a p s t h e most i m p o r t a n t ? t r a n s i t system of s u f f i c i e n t conveniences t o compete w i t h t h e a u t o m o b i l e s h o u l d and perhaps given priority it c o m f o r t and be s e r i o u s i n c o n s t r u c t i o n over p o r t i o n s o f t h e h i g h w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n , . The automobiles to enter A rapid the c e n t r a l c i t y , more we t h e more speed considered certain encourage difficult becomes t o d e v e l o p a r a p i d t r a n s i t s y s t e m w h i c h must an i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f any f u t u r e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n complex. i s a b s o l u t e l y e s s e n t i a l t h a t some s o r t o f r a p i d s y s t e m be coordinated w i t h our be It transit h i g h w a y program f o r p r o p e r l o c a t i o n o f t r a n s i t s t a t i o n s , r i g h t s o f way, and fringe �68ht 70 parking facilities. It will i s contemplated t h a t the proposed i n n e r c o s t $500,000,000 and we u n d e r s t a n d that loop another $400,000,000 i s recommeneded by t h e mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s t u d y f o r a p p r o a c h and a r t e r i a l this may s t r e e t improvements. i s an e s t i m a t e o v e r a t e n - y e a r p e r i o d t h e whole run w e l l over a b i l l i o n d o l l a r s . Higher a l r e a d y been p r o p o s e d f o r t h i s p u r p o s e . we Since t a x e s have I s i t any ask the q u e s t i o n , " I s t h i s a wise investment funds?". We project wonder of p u b l i c a r e aware t h a t i t i s , p r o b a b l y too l a t e to e v a l u a t e the i n n e r loop i n terms of c o s t . An e x p e n d i t u r e o f a b i l l i o n d o l l a r s on roads w i t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t w o u l d n e v e r h a v e been c o n s i d e r e d b e f o r e , but i t becomes a l m o s t i r r e s i s t i b l e when 90 p e r c e n t o f f u n d s a r e p r o v i d e d by t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t . for one city remaining I t i s difficult t o t u r n down s u c h an o f f e r e v e n t h o u g h t h e 10 p e r c e n t r e p r e s e n t s a s e v e r e s t r a i n on t h e b u d g e t , when o t h e r s t a t e and l o c a l j u r i s d i c t i o n s are scrambling f o r these f e d e r a l funds. in the knowing i f i t w i l l However, we are local seen interested become n e c e s s a r y t o d i v e r t f u n d s from o u r e d u c a t i o n , r i v e r p o l l u t i o n and sewage d i s p o s a l p r o b l e m s , f r o m needed s o c i a l s e r v i c e s , adequate p o l i c e p r o t e c t i o n and a dozen o t h e r t h i n g s i n o r d e r t o shave off the commuters' t r a v e l If twenty minutes time. t h e o f f e r o f 90 p e r c e n t f e d e r a l f u n d s i s �69ht 71 irresistible l e t us a t l e a s t see t h a t these f i v e essential p l a n n i n g p r o g r a m s w h i c h we h a v e o u t l i n e d a r e c o o r d i n a t e d with the design of the inner good a s p o s s i b l e l o o p , s o t h a t we g e t a s much out of our t a x d o l l a r s . Thank you. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN; T h a n k y o u , Mr, K e y e s . Have you a n y r e m a r k s ? GENERAL WELLING: No. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Cleveland, representing Mr. W a s h i n g t o n I . t h e American Automobile Association. STATEMENT OF WASHINGTON I . CLEVELAND, ON BEHALF OF THE AMERICAN AUTOMOBILE ASSOCIATION. MR. your h e a r i n g CLEVELAND: Mr. P r e s i d e n t here today takes place and G e n e r a l Welling, j u s t one d a y p r i o r t o t h e m o n t h l y m e e t i n g o f o u r b o a r d and we h a v e n o t t a k e n a c t i o n on this project yet. Bridges has studied However, o u r c o m m i t t e e on H i g h w a y s and the s u b j e c t , has prepared a report f o r s u b m i s s i o n tomorrow w h i c h w i l l your route and while recommend t h e a p p r o v a l o f C a s recommended by t h e D i s t r i c t I c a n n o t g u a r a n t e e t h a t we w i l l tomorrow I w i l l assure authorities, take final y o u t h a t a s s o o n a s we do we p r e s e n t o u r r e c o m m e n d a t i o n and make e v e r y action will e f f o r t t o have i t h e r e by t h e 1 6 t h , COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: T h a n k you v e r y Mr. H o r s k y , o f t h e W a s h i n g t o n H o u s i n g much, Association, �70ht 72 STATEMENT OF CHARLES A. HORSKY, PRESIDENT, WASHINGTON HOUSING ASSOCIATION, AS PRESENTED BY MISS ANNA S. M I L L E R , MCSS M I L L E R : E X E C U T I V E DIRECTOR, I am M i s s Anna S. M i l l e r , E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r of t h e Washington am r e a d i n g t h e s t a t e m e n t o f Mr. v e r y much h i s i n a b i l i t y a c o u r t c a s e and w i l l Mr. WHA. I am Housing A s s o c i a t i o n , C h a r l e s A, H o r s k y who t o be h e r e . the He i s i n New be t h e r e t h r o u g h Wednesday, I regrets York handling This i s Horsky's statement. "I am C h a r l e s A. H o r s k y , P r e s i d e n t o f t h e Wash- ington Housing A s s o c i a t i o n . My comments p e r t a i n t o t h e proposed west l e g o f the i n n e r "The loop. Board of D i r e c t o r s of the A s s o c i a t i o n a u t h o r i z e d and r e q u e s t e d t h a t has I a p p e a r t o d a y and b r i n g t o y o u r a t t e n t i o n one m a t t e r w h i c h h a s been g i v e n f a r l e s s a t t e n t i o n than i t deserves — of the matter of the displacement p e o p l e whose homes must be removed s o t h a t t h e c a n be b u i l t , highway and t h e r e l o c a t i o n o f s u c h p e o p l e i n homes elsewhere. " T h i s i s a p r o b l e m w h i c h i s n o t d e p e n d e n t on to leg, t e c h n i c a l q u e s t i o n s such as the s p e c i f i c r o u t e of the west o r w h e t h e r t h e i n n e r l o o p c a n o r s h o u l d become a w i t h o u t changes i n mass t r a n s i t s y s t e m s and p a t t e r n s . a p r o b l e m w h i c h e m e r g e s w h e r e v e r t h e r o u t e may it answers i s inevitable that i t w i l l be, reality I ti s since d i s p l a c e p e o p l e , i n d e e d , many �71 73 people. And i t i s a problem which w i l l than s h r i n k , a s t h e highway grow i n s i z e , rather p r o g r a m moves on. " I n d e e d , up t o now the very e x i s t e n c e of the problem h a s been h i d d e n by t h e f a c t t h a t t h e S o u t h w e s t f r e e w a y — only portion of the i n n e r the l o o p a c t u a l l y under c o n s t r u c t i o n has t r a v e r s e d an urban r e n e w a l a r e a . Because of t h a t — cir- c u m s t a n c e , r e l o c a t i o n a s s i s t a n c e h a s been a v a i l a b l e t o t h e p e o p l e who were d i s p l a c e d — t h r o u g h t h e Redevelopment Land Agency w h i c h p e r f o r m e d t h e r e l o c a t i o n s e r v i c e b e f o r e t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t "Now, became however, involved. the D i s t r i c t t i m e w i t h a major highway areas p r o j e c t which w i l l not i n an urban r e n e w a l a r e a . of the Redevelopment i s faced but easy, And a s we Land Agency w i l l n o t be a v a i l a b l e . will greatly increase be o f anything t h e i m p a c t on to relocate themselves i n a f o r t h e m s e l v e s and c o n s i s t e n t w i t h of the D i s t r i c t . be Some, t u r n t o t h e S o u t h e a s t F r e e w a y , and t h e t h o s e f a m i l i e s l e a s t able the way welfare I h a v e no h e s i t a t i o n i n a s s e r t i n g t h a t i t i s n o t t o o s o o n , now, steps t r a v e r s e populated f o r whom r e l o c a t i o n w i l l N o r t h w e s t F r e e w a y , we w i l l appropriate first The r e l o c a t i o n s e r v i c e s b u t n o t a l l , o f t h e f a m i l i e s t o be d i s p l a c e d low o r m i d d l e income, f o r the t o r e c o g n i z e t h e p r o b l e m , and t o take t o meet i t . "Stated simply, the problem i s t h i s — be t h e a t t i t u d e o f o u r g o v e r n m e n t — what s h o u l d both l o c a l and f e d e r a l , �72 74 for both a r e i n v o l v e d — toward people f o r c e d homes by r e a s o n o f h i g h w a y to leave improvements? "There a r e t h r e e major c o n s i d e r a t i o n s believe their w h i c h we relevant, "First: We b e l i e v e government has a r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o a l l e v i a t e t h e h a r d s h i p s s u f f e r e d by t h e f a m i l i t i e s who move s o t h e h i g h w a y s c a n be b u i l t . officious intermeddling with T h i s does n o t demand f a m i l i e s whose p r o b l e m s a r e w e l l w i t h i n t h e i r own c a p a b i l i t i e s , and whose r e l o c a t i o n could "It low-income the not j e o p a r d i z e does, however, voluntary t h e community,, r e q u i r e genuine a s s i s t a n c e f o r f a m i l i e s i n f i n d i n g s u i t a b l e housing at p r i c e s f a m i l i e s c a n a f f o r d . And, t h a n c a n be a f f o r d e d may I add, i t r e q u i r e s more t o s u c h f a m i l i e s by t h e D i s t r i c t ' s Inter-Agency R e f e r r a l System, and w i l l The A s s o c i a t i o n will have, present t o the Commissioners i n the near f u t u r e , a f u r t h e r s t u d y o f t h e need f o r a C e n t r a l R e l o c a t i o n patterned on t h a t o f R e d e v e l o p m e n t do t h e j o b . maintain must I n f a c t , only L a n d Agency, Service, which could such a r e l o c a t i o n agency c a n a n o v e r - a l l u n d e r s t a n d i n g and a p p r e c i a t i o n of the s c o p e o f t h e p r o b l e m , and o f t h e a c t i o n s w h i c h a r e necessary t o meet i t . few I t i s significant months t h e B o a r d o f E s t i m a t e s that w i t h i n the past i n Baltimore plan of t h i s s o r t f o r that c i t y . equally significant has approved a And., I may add, i t i s t h a t one o f t h e two p r i n c i p a l s i g n e r s of �73ht 75 the by Baltimore t h e way p l a n was the i s i n charge of the I n c i d e n t a l l y , we plan be D i r e c t o r of P u b l i c Works" — Department o f Highways. just learned i s i n e f f e c t i n Baltimore. last Friday Relocation offered to a l l f a m i l i t e s displaced action. by I t i s expected t h a t w i t h i n the they w i l l who this services the Baltimore n e x t few begin to handle f a m i l i e s displaced will by months other than urban redevelopment. "Second. We b e l i e v e t h a t not only does the government have t h i s m i n i m a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o f a m i l i e s w h i c h i t u p r o o t s , but t h a t i t has t o t h e community a t l a r g e . forced an e q u a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y Massive d i s p l a c i n g of f a m i l i e s t o move by h i g h w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n l a c k o f c o n c e r n w i t h w h e r e t h e y go, a c c o m p a n i e d by will i n e v i t a b l y lead the o v e r c r o w d i n g of p r e s e n t l y sound a r e a s , w i l l the s p r e a d of b l i g h t , w i l l u r b a n r e n e w a l p r o g r a m s , and jeopardize And l e t me smaller the add again that while proportion community h a s involved i n the t i o n f o r the displaced by many o t h e r c o s t l y f a r more the expensive. t h e w e s t l e g may affect a o f f a m i l i e s i n whose p r o p e r r e l o c a t i o n a stake, the number o f s u c h f a m i l i e s t o t a l highway program i s v e r y "Third. to accentuate w i l l make e n f o r c e m e n t o f H o u s i n g Code f a r more d i f f i c u l t and a We believe that there can large be no indeed. justifica- p r e s e n t d i s c r i m i n a t o r y h a n d l i n g of f a m i l i e s d i f f e r e n t government programs. The federal �76 government, which f i n a n c e s d e v e l o p m e n t and We t h o s e who find i t difficult e r a l government, which f i n a n c e s highway s y s t e m , of w h i c h t h e to recognize i n that bility, the adopted l a s t October the are displaced 90 by a these the fed- p e r c e n t of the i n t e r s t a t e inner loop i s a p a r t , has same d e g r e e o f failed responsiNational Redevelopment O f f i c i a l s — i n d i v i d u a l s and businesses h i g h w a y p r o g r a m and programs a r e no other l e s s deserving a s s i s i s t a n c e than displacees NAHRO —• of displaced federally-aided relocation under the renewal l i g h t of these c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , urban program,' " I n the done? re- 15: "'families, be of p o l i c y r e s o l u t i o n of the o f H o u s i n g and by costs t o u n d e r s t a n d why program the le a g r e e w i t h Association of the urban r e n e w a l , r e c o g n i z e s t h a t i t has r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to a s s i s t programs. two-thirds We r e s p e c t f u l l y s u g g e s t t h a t you what s h o u l d consider several s teps, "1. The m a t t e r s h o u l d be brought t o the o f the a p p r o p r i a t e f e d e r a l o f f i c i a l s , public o f f i c i a l s who level, and who e f f e c t s of the you are must d e a l w i t h i n the the to Congress. p r o b l e m on f e d e r a l p o l i c i e s now have f u l l w a r r a n t f o r s p e a k i n g . District, As the best p o s i t i o n to understand inconsistent p e c u l i a r p o s i t i o n of the and attention local the in effect, Indeed, because of i n which i n t e r s t a t e the �75ht 77 highways w i l l are t r a v e r s e a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y u r b a n a r e a s , you i n a p o s i t i o n t o emphasize t h e s e r i o u s n e s s o f t h e problem. We u n d e r s t a n d t h a t t h i s month t h e A m e r i c a n M u n i c i p a l tion w i l l consider a resolution requesting Associa- an a l l o c a t i o n o f h i g h w a y f u n d s f o r f a m i l i e s d i s p l a c e d by t h e h i g h w a y program. "2. I n a d d i t i o n , and p a r t i c u l a r l y u n t i l takes action, a Central Relocation Service should Congress be e s t a b - l i s h e d t o deal with the r e l o c a t i o n of a l l f a m i l i e s displaced by g o v e r n m e n t a c t i o n i n t h e D i s t r i c t . now on t h i s s u g g e s t i o n , have an o p p o r t u n i t y ment s h o u l d and not elaborate s i n c e t h e A s s o c i a t i o n hopes t o t o develop our i d e a s i n t h a t more f u l l y w i t h i n a s h o r t "3, I will respect time. F i n a l l y , a n d a s a minimum, t h e Highway D e p a r t - be a s k e d t o d e v e l o p t h e f a c t s on displacement, t o make them p u b l i c l y a v a i l a b l e . As o f t o d a y " — m i g h t s a y u n t i l we came h e r e t o d a y we h a d no official information on t h e number o f f a m i l i e s who w i l l as a r e s u l t of the c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h i s loop. I realize and I h a v e t o move l e g of the inner t h a t Mr, B r i n k l e y f o l d u s t h a t 480 d w e l l i n g u n i t s w o u l d h a v e t o be removed. These a r e the f i r s t facts t h a t we h a v e been g i v e n and we a l s o know t h a t d w e l l i n g u n i t s o f t e n c o n t a i n more t h a n one f a m i l y p e r d w e l l i n g "Perhaps the f i g u r e s w i l l have t o c o n t a i n a margin o f e r r o r , d e p e n d i n g on t h e u l t i m a t e d e t a i l e d plans, but even an order unit. o f magnitude study engineering w o u l d be u s e f u l . �76ht 78 Moreoever, such a s t u d y s h o u l d numbers o f f a m i l i e s . n o t he c o n f i n e d t o mere As i n t h e r e l o c a t i o n s t u d i e s o f Redevelopment Land Agency, i t s h o u l d d e t a i l incomes, of f a m i l i e s , t h i s way w i l l r a c e , and o t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t the r e a l dimensions facts. sizes Only i n o f t h e p r o b l e m become known t o t h e community. 'We a p p r e c i a t e t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o make o u r v i e w s known. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Miss T h a n k y o u v e r y much, Miller. The A m e r i c a n P l a n n i n g and C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n . I s t h e r e a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e here o f t h e A m e r i c a n P l a n n i n g and C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n ? General Grant. STATEMENT OF GENERAL U. S. GRANT, I I I , ON BEHALF OF THE AMERICAN PLANNNING AND C I V I C ASSOCIATION, GENERAL GRANT: ing I am U. S. G r a n t , III, represent- t h e A m e r i c a n P l a n n i n g and C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n . The A s s o c i a t i o n i s v e r y much c o n c e r n e d with the n e c e s s i t y f o r t h e i n n e r loop and b e l i e v e s t h a t t h i s r o u t e C •— I m i g h t s a y , Mr, C o m m i s s i o n e r , t h a t we were n o t a w a r e o f the second proposal, the a l t e r n a t i v e proposal going t h e p a r k w a y a n d t h a t w o u l d h a v e t o be s t u d i e d . through We do f e e l t hat the route C i s the best route of the three t h a t has been suggested. �77ht 79 We r e a l i z e t h a t s o m e t h i n g h a s t o be l o s t when y o u undertake such a great be p r o j e c t a n d t h a t someone i s g o i n g t o inconvenienced. We a g r e e w i t h t h e Housing A s s o c i a t i o n s h o u l d be p r o v i s i o n made f o r t a k i n g c a r e that there of the f a m i l i e s t h a t h a v e t o be moved a s a r e s u l t o f s u c h a p r o j e c t . Whether t h a t i s a f e d e r a l o r a D i s t r i c t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y we a r e n o t ready t o say, b u t we do f e e l t h a t s o m e t h i n g o f t h a t s o r t s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d r e q u i r e d and t h a t an a p p r o p r i a t e relocation a g e n c y o f some s o r t s h o u l d be s e t up i n t h e D i s t r i c t care of a l l of these p r o j e c t s . I sir. t o take t h i n k t h a t beyond t h a t I have n o t h i n g t o s a y , T h e problems a r e many a n d you h a v e t o s o l v e our Association i s i n favor of route the other routes C r a t h e r than any of w i t h some m o d i f i c a t i o n s as f u r t h e r study i s given them, b u t p e r h a p s b e i n g made to i t . We a r e v e r y s t r o n g l y f o r a proper and s u i t a b l e mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p r o v i s i o n t o be made a l o n g w i t h provision f o r automobile traffic. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: The C i v i t a n Club? Mr. T i t t m a n ? Mr, C a t a l a n o ? this I s there Thank you, s i r . a representative here? �78ht 80 STATEMENT OF SAMUEL N. CATALANO, ON BEHALF OF THE C I V I T A N CLUB. MR. CATALANO: r e s i d e n t of the D i s t r i c t COMMISSIONER MC a d d r e s s and f u l l MR. M r . P r e s i d e n t , I am h e r e a s a — LAUGHLIN: Would you g i v e y o u r name? CATALANO: Samuel N. C a t a l a n o , 1440 Rhode Island Avenue. My p u r p o s e o f b e i n g h e r e t o d a y i s by r e a d i n g t h e p a p e r s a b o u t t h e p r o p o s e d p a r k w a y s o f t h e immense amount o f money t h a t w i l l c o s t t h e t a x p a y e r s and a l s o r e a d i n g a b o u t the r a p i d t r a n s i t system of h a l f a m i l l i o n Now, dollars. I f e e l t h a t t h e r e i s no need t o h a v e a l l t h e h o u s i n g and t o b u i l d t h i s p a r k w a y r i g h t i n t h e m i d d l e o f the c i t y s t r e e t s , r i g h t i n t h e c e n t e r of the D i s t r i c t . b e l i e v e t h a t t h e r e s h o u l d be l e s s c a r s , l e s s c a r b o n monoxide and more f r e e d o m f o r p e o p l e t o w a l k i n t h e c i t y s t r e e t s not the have a l l t h i s tremendous traffic and r i g h t i n the middle of city. There a r e other ways, perhaps, t h a t c o u l d f i g u r e d o u t b e c a u s e most o f t h e t r a f f i c D i s t r i c t a r e c a u s e d by p e o p l e who of I Washington, live be jams here i n the i n the outside suburbs I f t h e r e were a way t o g e t t h e p e o p l e f r o m t h e s u b u r b s t o t h e p l a c e w h e r e t h e y w o r k and b a c k a g a i n t h a t w o u l d s o l v e a great part of the t r a f f i c problems. �79ht 81 Now, I have r e a d i n p a p e r s where i n B o s t o n s p e n t $33,000,000 a m i l e t o b u i l d f r e e w a y s c i t y s t r e e t s i n t h e downtown a r e a . are r a i l r o a d city; they r i g h t i n the Well, i n every c i t y there t r a c k s t h a t have t h e best r o u t e s through the i f t h e r e was s u c h a way, f o r i n s t a n c e , f r o m S p r i n g t o Union S t a t i o n , i f they c o u l d Silver b u i l d a skyway above t h e t r a c k s i n s u c h a way t h e r e w o u l d be no h o u s e s t o move, no s t r e e t s t o j a m up o r a n y t h i n g . B u t i f t h e r e was a way t o b u i l d a s k y w a y above t h e t r a c k s f r o m S i l v e r S p r i n g t o U n i o n S t a t i o n , a t u n n e l under Union P l a z a and have a t u n n e l the under W a s h i n g t o n D r i v e a n d Adams D r i v e on t h e M a l l , a n d t h e s e t u n n e l s w o u l d n ' t c o s t a l o t o f money b e c a u s e t h e y w o u l d be j u s t b u i l t r i g h t under t h e s t r e e t s . T h e y w o u l d n ' t be u n d e r the water or anything. I f t h e r e was s u c h a way t h a t we c o u l d h a v e some- t h i n g new i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f a c l e a n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m and no moving o f h o u s e s and no h a v i n g c a r s and c a r b o n monoxide a n d t r a f f i c a t r e m e n d o u s amount o f jams, I t h i n k t h a t w o u l d be a l o t b e t t e r , and a l s o we s h o u l d the make more u s e o f railroads. F o r e x a m p l e , i f t h e r e was a M a r y l a n d , where people c o u l d place i n R o c k v i l i e , t a k e t h e B&O R a i l r o a d and go t o U n i o n S t a t i o n , i f t h e r e w e r e a l o c a l t r a n s i t bus company r i g h t above t h e t r a c k s o f U n i o n S t a t i o n , t h e p e o p l e g o i n g from S i l v e r S p r i n g or from R o c k v i l l e could take the t r a i n �80ht 82 r i g h t t o U n i o n S t a t i o n , w a l k on t h e p l a t f o r m , t a k e a local bus t o w h e r e v e r t h e y w a n t e d t o go. A l s o , t h e r e i s a t r e m e n d o u s amount o f room above those t r a c k s , t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l a c r e s or dozen a c r e s the Union S t a t i o n t r a c k s . T h a t c o u l d be u s e d and l o c a l bus t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and I forparking all. t h i n k t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t h e r e s h o u l d go i n u s i n g t h o s e r i g h t s o f way above further instead of spending a h a l f a m i l l i o n d o l l a r s f o r a subway s y s t e m t h a t may not work too w e l l i n W a s h i n g t o n , o r t o h a v e many m i l l i o n s o f d o l l a r s f o r l o c a l roads r i g h t i n t h e c i t y . T h a n k you v e r y much. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: T h a n k y o u , Mr. Catalano. The r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e W a s h i n g t o n U r b a n Mr. C h a r l e s T. League, Duncan. STATEMENT OF CHARLES T. DUNCAN, V I C E PRESIDENT OF THE WASHINGTON URBAN LEAGUE, MR. DUNCAN: Mr. M c L a u g h l i n , Mr. W e l l i n g , my name i s C h a r l e s T. Duncan. Commissioner I am v i c e president o f t h e W a s h i n g t o n U r b a n League and am s u b s t i t u t i n g m o r n i n g f o r i t s p r e s i d e n t , Mr. R. F r a n k J o n e s . My this organiza- tion appreciates the opportunity to p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h i s h e a r i n g on t h e w e s t e r n s e g m e n t s o f t h e p r o p o s e d s u p e r h i g h w a y system w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. The D i s t r i c t h a s i n p r o g r e s s two multi-million �81ht 83 dollar the development programs which w i l l s u b s t a n t i a l l y physical layout of the c i t y * change One i s t h e u r b a n r e n e w a l program a t a t o t a l c o s t o f $195,000,000, and t h e o t h e r i s the l o c a l p o r t i o n o f the f e d e r a l h i g h w a y program a t a t o t a l c o s t o f $361,000,000. I t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e s e two c o l o s s i , i n t e n d e d t o improve which a r e s p e c i f i c c o n d i t i o n s , may be i n c o n f l i c t w i t h e a c h o t h e r , e a c h w o r k i n g t o some e x t e n t a g a i n s t t h e o b j e c t i v e s of t h e o t h e r . While t h e urban r e n e w a l e f f o r t s a r e designed t o c l e a r the city, s l u m s a n d c r e a t e new p r o p e r t y v a l u e s i n t h e highway activities, i n making p h y s i c a l improve- m e n t s , a r e p r o d u c i n g a c o n d i t i o n w h i c h may be a p r i m a r y c a u s e of slum-development, residential namely, o v e r c r o w d i n g o f h o u s i n g and o f areas. The Board of Commissioners c o o r d i n a t e t h e p u b l i c works makes e v e r y e f f o r t t o program w i t h t h e urban renewal p r o g r a m i n o r d e r t o a l l o w t h e f o r m e r t o c o n t r i b u t e t h e maximum f i n a n c i a l advantage toward the o n e - t h i r d r e q u i r e d a s the l o c a l c o n t r i b u t i o n t o the t o t a l cost ofthe l a t t e r . appears t h a t l i t t l e effects o f highway Yet i t a t t e n t i o n i s b e i n g g i v e n t o the n e g a t i v e progams. As t h i n a s t h e D i s t r i c t must s t r e t c h i t s dollars, i t makes no s e n s e t o n e g l e c t s t e p s t o p r e v e n t d o l l a r The c r e a t i o n o f new s l u m s t h r o u g h g o v e r n m e n t waste. sponsored a c t i o n s w h i c h promote o v e r c r o w d i n g i s t h e h e i g h t o f f o l l y . �82 34 The any loop, nor U r b a n League i s i n no w i s e o p p o s i n g t h e i n n e r segment o f i t , n o r with respect may to the do we p a r t i c u l a r route t a k e any position which the west leg take. The w h i c h the h a v e on League's c o n c e r n , however, i s w i t h the impact i n n e r loop program, i n c l u d i n g the west l e g , p e r s o n s i t may will displace. P r i o r t o t h i s m o r n i n g t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t given no i n d i c a t i o n o f how many p e r s o n s t h e h i g h w a y s u n d e r consideration at t h i s hearing families w i l l be The estimated housed. National many a r e If District — Commission o f t h e t o t a l number o f and how no knows not. displaced Congress acknowledged t h a t i t d i d , a l s o makes s e n s e f o r f a m i l i e s d i s p l a c e d highway development. one many a r e r e l o c a t i o n makes s e n s e f o r f a m i l i e s and has d i s p l a c e 6,800 but a p p a r e n t l y i n urban renewal areas by u r b a n r e n e w a l , it C a p i t a l Planning occupants of 5 percent d w e l l i n g units i n t h e how w i l l d i s p l a c e nor where s u c h t h a t the whole i n n e r loop w i l l families — had by h i g h w a y s While i t i s t r u e t h a t there is then and no l e g a l r e q u i r e m e n t t h a t l o c a l governments c e r t i f y t h a t i t i s possible t o r e - h o u s e f a m i l i e s d i s p l a c e d by h i g h w a y s i n dwelling units, t h i s be i t i s a m a t t e r of m u n i c i p a l standard self-interest that done. Relocation a s a p a r t o f u r b a n r e n e w a l was enacted �83 85 upon h u m a n i t a r i a n c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . However, i t i s now ap- parent that there are other e q u a l l y compelling reasons f o r providing a relocation service f o r f a m i l i e s d i s p l a c e d by highway development. The present D i s t r i c t referral "system" f o r those d i s p l a c e d by n o n - u r b a n r e n e w a l f o r c e s i s u t t e r l y in fact, i t i s c o n s i d e r e d a sham. upon two s c o r e s : I t i s completely I t does not c o l l e c t s t a t i s t i c a l r e g a r d i n g the elements it inadequate; provides l i t t l e deficient information o f t h e p r o b l e m and e v e n more important genuine a s s i s t a n c e i n rehousing d i s p l a c e d families. The D i s t r i c t government f i g u r e s f o r the f i r s t nine months show t h a t t h e w h e r e a b o u t s o f n e a r l y f o u r - f i f t h s of the f a m i l i e s d i s p l a c e d by m u n i c i p a l a c t i o n i s unknown. municipal action By I r e f e r t o a c t i o n by t h e C o n d e m n a t i o n G e n e r a l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n and Board, t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f L i c e n s e s and Inspection. T h i s i s a l a r m i n g when t h e f i g u r e s a l s o show t h a t c l o s e t o 90 p e r c e n t r e p o r t e d , a c t u a l l y r e p o r t e d , t o t h e agency d e s i g n a t e d t o a s s i s t e s t i m a t e d t h a t an a v e r a g e be them. Furthermore, o f more t h a n 1,200 d i s p l a c e d i n t h e same way i t has families been will f o r each of the next t h r e e y e a r s . I f d i s p l a c e d f a m i l i e s c o n t i n u e t o be " l o s t " a t t h e same r a t e , some 3,300 f a m i l i e s o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y 10,000 o r more will fall in this category. persons �84ht 86 The League u r g e s t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r s t o c h e c k , this o r g a n i z a t i o n h a s done, i n t o t h e a c t u a l r e f e r r a l that i s , what each agency does f o r d i s p l a c e d f a m i l i e s . f a m i l i e s i n most i n s t a n c e s g e t l i t t l e as process, The more t h a n g e n e r a l a d v i c e on an i n f o r m a l b a s i s . Some f a m i l i e s t o be d i s p l a c e d by t h e i n n e r l o o p a r e i n u r b a n r e n e w a l p r o j e c t a r e a s a s w e l l , b u t many a r e n o t . The former w i l l will n o t . The receive aid i n relocation, f a m i l i e s i n the path of the west t h e Southeast a r e not i n p r o j e c t a r e a s . of but t h e the f a m i l i e s i n the west The l e g and range probably q u i t e It felt Southeast t r u e t h a t the c i t y has not y e t o f d i s p l a c e m e n t by h i g h w a y s mental a c t i o n s , because and o t h e r t h e l i e d e v e l o p m e n t Land Agency r e l o c a t e d t h e f a m i l i e s r o u t e d by t h e S o u t h w e s t i n n e r loop. o f income low. i s undoubtedly the impact of l e g a r e a i s p r o b a b l y from v e r y low t o v e r y h i g h , b u t t h e income o f t h o s e i n t h e are latter governhas l e g of the I t must be remembered, h o w e v e r , t h a t displacement from a l l c a u s e s i s c u m u l a t i v e . The i m m e d i a t e need i s t w o f o l d : about the t o t a l housing is vital displacement for information l o a d and a s u p p l y o f suitable t o meet t h e n e e d , and a l s o a r e l o c a t i o n s e r v i c e . t h a t a d e q u a t e s t a t i s t i c s and r e s e a r c h d a t a s e c u r e d t o g u i d e u r b a n r e n e w a l and ment p r o g r a m s . other governmental It be improve- �85ht 87 T h e r e a r e numerous v i t a l b e n e f i t s t o be g a i n e d from t h i s t y p e o f program: I t would a v o i d c o n t r i b u t i n g t o t h e development o f new s l u m s . be And t o me t h i s i s most i m p o r t a n t a n d c a n n o t overlooked. I t would minimize the hardship t o f a m i l i e s t o move f o r t h e g e n e r a l w e l f a r e by g o v e r n m e n t a l forced action. I t w o u l d make t h e most o f t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o g e t f a m i l i e s i n t o s t a n d a r d h o u s i n g i n good n e i g h b o r h o o d s where c i t y expenses improve- a r e l o w e r and o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r f a m i l y ment a r e e n h a n c e d . I t would enable t h e Commissioners of t h e housing needs of the c i t y of s u i t a b l e t o keep a b r e a s t i n order t o avoid a shortage housing. * I t would p e r m i t t h e p h a s i n g o f d i s p l a c e m e n t w i t h the availability of e x i s t i n g housing and t h e a d d i t i o n o f new h o u s i n g t o t h e t o t a l supply. I n c o n c l u s i o n t h e Urban League makes t h r e e r e c o m mendations. 1. B e f o r e a p p r o v i n g t h e p r o p o s e d highways m i s s i o n e r s s h o u l d a s c e r t a i n , w i t h some d e f i n i t e n e s s , t h e Comstatistical and o t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e f a m i l i e s t o be d i s p l a c e d a n d the a v a i l a b i l i t y housing f o r t h e i r 2. of s u f f i c i e n t , d e c e n t , s a f e and s a n i t a r y relocation, The League r e i t e r a t e s s t r o n g l y t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n �86ht 88 it made t h r e e y e a r s ago t h a t a C e n t r a l R e l o c a t i o n S e r v i c e be e s t a b l i s h e d . and T h i s c e n t r a l s e r v i c e should develop r e s e a r c h d a t a needed t o p h a s e d i s p l a c e m e n t w i t h statistics reloca- t i o n and t o p r o v i d e a r e h o u s i n g s e r v i c e f o r d i s p l a c e d families. 3. The League a l s o r e p e a t s i t s r e c o m m e n d a a f i o n t h a t the Commissioners take s t e p s to see t h a t o v e r a l l planning i s done n o t m e r e l y f o r p h y s i c a l u s e o f l a n d , b u t f o r t h e h o u s i n g needs of the whole city. I n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n , I would l i k e t o r e f e r t o the e d i t o r i a l which appeared i n t h e P o s t y e s t e r d a y by R o b e r t A l b r o o k w h i c h made t h e p o i n t t h a t a f t e r a l l c i t i e s p l a n n e d f o r human b e i n g s i n t h e f i n a l The h o u s i n g w i t h i n t h e i r means, we s h a l l is h o u s i n g problem, satisfactory have merely not s o l v e d i t . S u c c e s s f u l displaced relocation t h e r e f o r e the key t o s u c c e s s f u l urban r e n e w a l . " T h a n k you, Mr. COMMISSIONER MC Mr. housing city: "Unless d i s p l a c e d f a m i l i e s can f i n d the were analysis. League c o n c u r s w i t h t h e v i e w s o f a group i n a n o t h e r C. Examiner. LAUGHLIN: T h a n k you v e r y much, Duncan. Mr. S m i t h , Mr. Palisades Citizens W i l l i a m G. Association. Smith, r e p r e s e n t i n g the �87b t 89 STATEMENT OF WILLIAM G. THE PALISADES C I T I Z E N S MR. SMITH: na&e i s W i l l i a m G. Northwest, Mr, SMITH, ON BEHALF OF ASSOCIATION. President, General Welling: Smith. I l i v e a t 2315 My C h a i n B r i d g e Road, I s p e a k on b e h a l f o f t h e P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s Association. Our living A s s o c i a t i o n i n c l u d e s more t h a n 2,000 members from the r i v e r bank t o N e b r a s k a Avenue and Road b e t w e e n F o x h a l l Road and t h e D i s t r i c t Loughboro line, Xn p r e s e n t i n g t h e s e v i e w s on t h e p r o p o s a l s us I must e m p h a s i z e t h a t we speak as r e s i d e n t s interested i n the adequate development of our n a t i o n ' s c a p i t a l . hope t h a t o u r v i e w s may t h a t we may before h e l p make t h i s a b e t t e r c i t y We and a t t h e same t i m e h e l p p r o t e c t t h e i n t e r e s t s of taxpayers. As you know, we a r e not e x p e r t s i n t h e s e highway p r o b l e m s , b u t when a p a r t i a l p r o p o s a l i s p r e s e n t e d t h e c o s t of which exceeds it t h e e n t i r e s c h o o l budget f o r a y e a r , i s i n c u m b e n t upon u s t h a t we first study t h i s matter Let me and carefully. then t a l k about t h i s h e a r i n g . On underpass: d i r e c t a few comments t o t h e t h r e e then the E S t r e e t widening We a g r e e w i t h your and Would Washington Circle announcement t h a t t h i s ment h a s been u r g e n t l y needed and we 1. proposals improve- h a v e o n l y two q u e s t i o n s . i t be p o s s i b l e t o make any p r o v i s i o n s �88ht 90 f o r c o n t r o l l i n g i c e and snow on the 5 p e r c e n t g r a d e s i n g and l e a v i n g the u n d e r p a s s ? experience seasons We have had enough enter- bad i n t h e D i s t r i c t w i t h t r a f f i c jams d u r i n g w i n t e r t o make i t worth c o n s i d e r i n g p u t t i n g i n h e a t i n g elements to prevent traffic d i s r u p t i o n s r e s u l t i n g from i c e and snow c o n d i t i o n s . 2. Once the u n d e r p a s s i s completed i t i s p r a c t i c a l l y impossible to r e v i s e i t . T h e r e f o r e , we urge t h a t you c a r e f u l l y the p o s s i b i l i t y of w i d e n i n g consider e i t h e r the u n d e r p a s s o r the s u r f a c e l e v e l roadways on e i t h e r s i d e of the u n d e r p a s s or the s u r f a c e l e v e l roadways on e i t h e r s i d e of the u n d e r p a s s t o accommodate the p o s s i b l e h e a v i e r s u r f a c e t r a f f i c s u c h a s t r a f f i c coming a l o n g K S t r e e t t o use 22nd going flow, Street north. Now, on the i n n e r l o o p : Without commenting on the m e r i t s of the i n n e r loop a s s u c h , we have sympathy f o r the D. C. Highway Department p r o p o s a l and C - l , which was possibly also for j u s t mentioned t h i s morning. b a s i c i n f o r m a t i o n e s s e n t i a l t o an informed been a v a i l a b l e . seems important The v a l u e and o p i n i o n has not type of p r o p e r t i e s r e q u i r e d t o s u c h an o p i n i o n . The morning d i d n ' t go i n t o t h a t d e t a i l . We Furthermore, However, the information this think i t i s e s s e n t i a l . the c o s t s of r e p l a c i n g the i n a c c e s s i b l e grade s c h o l s h o u l d be e v a l u a t e d a s p a r t of the t o t a l p i c t u r e . do have two q u e s t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g this proposal. We �89ht 91 1. We note t h a t the i n n e r loop swings inland away f r o m Rock C r e e k P a r k w a y t h u s a v o i d i n g t h e Gas p r o p e r t y , the grade s c h o o l which l o n g e r be u s e d a s a s c h o o l , and Center o f m u s i c h a l l and t h e map we understand theatre. o f s o m e t h i n g t h a t may The by and o r may could no the p r o j e c t e d C u l t u r a l They are described as being prospective s t r u c t u r e s . not i n e x i s t e n c e and Company on These b u i l d i n g s are l a r g e they r e p r e s e n t a promise not be accomplished. consequence of t h i s i n l a n d swing i s that c o n s i d e r a b l y more r e s i d e n t i a l p r o p e r t y must be condemned, and the route i s longer. I s i t not p r e f e r a b l e t o use l a n d f o r the loop and t o l e a v e f u t u r e development of vacant the t y p e p r o j e c t e d t o a l t e r n a t e a r e a s , many o f w h i c h appear t o be becoming a v a i l a b l e t o t h e D i s t r i c t renewal from urban programs. 2. Would n o t t r a f f i c f l o w be s p e e d e d on t h e ramps a t t h e i n t e r c h a n g e w i t h t h e W h i t e h u r s t p r o v i s i o n w e r e made f o r w i d e n i n g and Freeway i f the access roads leading to f r o m t h e ramps s o t h a t t h r o u g h - t r a f f i c c o u l d move p a s t t h e ramp i n t e r c h a n g e w i t h o u t s l a c k i n g s p e e d f o r ramp The four d e t a i l o f t h e maps t h e r e p r e s e n t e d traffic. indicate i n small t y p e t h e number o f ramps b u t t h e y make no p r o v i s i o n f o r widening t h e m a i n r o a d w a y s e i t h e r r i g h t b e f o r e t h e ramp o r r i g h t a f t e r i t e n t e r s or l e a v e s the highway. A l s o , we wonder a b o u t t h e wisdom o f p l a n n i n g f o r �90ht 92 s i n g l e l a n e ramps when we know s o l i t t l e loads, C e r t a i n l y i t w o u l d be f a r more e x p e n s i v e a t a date t o widen s i n g l e later l a n e ramps t h a n t o do i f i n i t i a l l y . On t h e W h i t e h u r s t Freeway: t o a p p r a i s e t h e wisdom o f a d d i n g end about the t r a f f i c We a r e i n no p o s i t i o n t h e second f o u r l a n e s t o a b o u t 40 f e e t i n t h e a i r above t h e s o u t h e r n t e r m i n u s o f W i s c o n s i n Avenue. A t o u r December m e e t i n g t h e A s s o c i a t i o n a g a i n r e a f f i r m e d unanimously planning which i t s o p p o s i t i o n t o any highway i s b a s e d on t h e e v e n t u a l c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a n A r i z o n a Avenue B r i d g e , b e c a u s e no t r a f f i c justification for s u c h a b r i d g e h a s e v e r been p r o v i d e d . L a s t y e a r Mr. A i k e n f o l d no n e e d t o be c o n c e r n e d some o f u s t h a t we had about such a p r o j e c t e d A r i z o n a A v e n u e b r i d g e b e c a u s e no h i g h w a y p l a n s , s t u d i e s , o r u s e a n a l y s e s h a v e been made f o r s u c h a b r i d g e ; h o w e v e r , he b e l i e v e d one w o u l d e v e n t u a l l y be b u i l t . Y e t a t t h e same t i m e we h a v e b e e n t o l d t h a t t h e p r o j e c t e d p a r k w a y a l o n g t h e r i v e r in the D i s t r i c t w i l l be a s p l i t l e v e l s t r u c t u r e which r e q u i r e t h e A r i z o n a Avenue b r i d g e . Now i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t o d a y ' s h e a r i n g we a r e t o l d t h a t t h e W h i t e h u r s t p r o p o s a l s t o p s a t W i s c o n s i n Avenue. would Freeway I learned e a r l i e r the reason f o r the stop i s that the necessary s t u d i e s t o j u s t i f y its terminus a t the Glover-Archbold made. P a r k w a y h a v e n o t been Now t h e n c a n we e v a l u a t e t h i s p a r t o f t h e w h o l e and determine whether or not the p r o j e c t e d expenditure of �91ht 93 D i s t r i c t and f e d e r a l f u n d s w i l l the p u b l i c i n t e r e s t , and w i l l undesired be n e c e s s a r y , w i l l serve n o t be a s t e p t o w a r d this bridge? It i s g r a t i f y i n g t o be t o l d t h a t o u r a n a l y s i s o f a y e a r ago, e m p h a s i z i n g t h a t t h e R o u t e 240 p r o p o s a l along t h e r i v e r bank was n o t n e c e s s a r y t o meet t r u c k i n g n e e d s , has been a c c e p t e d by t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t and t h a t no c h a n g e i s b e i n g made i n t h e t r a f f i c flow estimates prepared by C i a r k e s o n b e c a u s e t h e p r o j e c t e d r i v e r s i d e p a r k w a y not c a r r y will trucks. I n a s m u c h a s t h i s h e a r i n g i s on t h i s p a r t i a l we w o u l d l i k e t o a s k two q u e s t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g proposal the proposed route; 1. Would i t n o t be much l e s s e x p e n s i v e new r o u t e o v e r w a t e r i n t o the r i v e r it t o move t h e a l l o f t h e way r a t h e r t h a n moving out beyond t h e Wisconsin i s an e l e v a t e d s t r u c t u r e , Avenue t e r m i n u s ? Since i t would appear t h a t t h e o n l y i n c r e a s e i n c o s t w o u l d be t h e c o s t o f t h e f o o t i n g s . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , moving t h i s roadway o v e r t h e r i v e r w o u l d e l i m i n a t e t h e n e e d t o condemn many b u i l d i n g s a n d , d i s r u p t t h e Georgetown i n d u s t r i a l complex. A c o s t comparison of t h e r i v e r route p r o p o s e d h e r e s h o u l d w e i g h t h e c o s t s o f c o n d e m n a t i o n and d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e s e b u s i n e s s e s and t h e c a p i t a l i z e d t a x l o s s i n v o l v e d a g a i n s t t h e more c o s t l y f o o t i n g s . We regard t h i s i n d u s t r i a l area as very important �92ht 94 t o t h e D i s t r i c t n o t o n l y f o r t h e s e r v i c e s we r e c e i v e f r o m the businesses l o c a t e d t h e r e , but a l s o f o r the l a r g e t a x e s t h e y pay w h i c h go f a r t o w a r d r e d u c i n g t h e t a x b a s e on t h e r e s i d e n t i a l areas of the D i s t r i c t . The d i s r u p t i o n t o these i n d u s t r i e s caused by t h e c o n d e m n a t i o n o f a l l o f t h e b u i l d i n g s i n v o l v e d w o u l d be substantial. Whether i n t h e f a c e o f s u c h c o n d e m n a t i o n t h e companies i n v o l v e d would attempt t o continue at this location with considerably less would r e l o c a t e elsewhere either c a n n o t be known i n a d v a n c e . t h e c o s t s some w e i g h t these i n business land available or i n or outside the D i s t r i c t However, c e r t a i n l y i n c a l c u l a t i n g must be g i v e n t o t h e p r o s p e c t of l o s i n g industries. I w o u l d doubt i f t h e f r e e w a y c o u l d go o v e r these b u i l d i n g s b e c a u s e o f t h e i r h e i g h t , b e c a u s e many o f t h e b u i l d i n g s m i g h t be a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d by t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n , and a l s o b e c a u s e t h e B u r e a u o f P u b l i c Roads m i g h t n o t p e r m i t the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e freeway over e x i s t i n g b u s i n e s s e s . it Also i s d o u b t f u l i f t h e f r e e w a y c o u l d go o v e r t h e s w i t c h i n g y a r d a t t h e f o o t o f W i s c o n s i n Avenue b e c a u s e o f t h e h e i g h t o f the g a n t r y crane e s s e n t i a l t o the o p e r a t i o n of t h a t y a r d . While i t i s n o t c l e a r what i s t h e s o u r c e o f t h e p r o p o s e d r o u t e , i s i t n o t p o s s i b l e t h a t we a r e d e a l i n g h e r e w i t h another C l a r k e s o n c o n c l u s i o n b a s e d on inadequate a n a l y s i s o f t h e f a c t s a n d t h a t t h e D. C. Highway D e p a r t m e n t �93ht 95 p r o p o s a l may j u s t be a c o n t i n u a t i o n o f C l a r k e s o n ' s suggestion? I f s o , we 2. freeway certainly original u r g e a more c a r e f u l look. Would i t be p o s s i b l e t o c o n s t r u c t t h i s second i n s u c h a manner t h a t t h e c o m p l e t e d e i g h t - l a n e Whitehurst F r e e w a y w o u l d be a b l e t o accommodate s i x l a n e s o f t r a f f i c way and two t h e o t h e r way d u r i n g the r u s h hour p e r i o d s ? These freeways are tremendously $25,000,000 e s t i m a t e d f o r l e s s been r e c o g n i z e d hour. expensive than a mile. by t h e p r o v i s i o n build, I t has g e n e r a l l y c a n n o t be I f some way differential traffic c o u l d be u s e d t w i c e a day for expenditure r a t h e r t h a n o n l y once a day t h e r e f o r e , w o u l d s e r v e t w i c e a s much good. We rush i s more t h a n c o u l d be d e v i s e d t o p r o v i d e l o a d i n g , t h i s tremendous and adequately of only f o u r l a n e s d u r i n g the At a l l o t h e r times the p r e s e n t freeway adequate. to by C l a r k e s o n , by t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t , o t h e r s t h a t t h e commuting w o r k - d a y t r a f f i c handled one and, urge t h a t s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n be g i v e n t o t h i s p o s s i b i l i t y because of the apparent huge e x p e n d i t u r e s i n v o l v e d i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h i s second freeway. Now l e t me First, possibile effects is comment a b o u t t o d a y ' s as suggested earlier hearing. in talking about on an A r i z o n a Avenue b r i d g e , t h i s hearing h e l d on s m a l l p a r t s o f a v e r y l a r g e and e x p e n s i v e program, a p p a r e n t l y i n f u l l c o n f i d e n c e will be c o m p l e t e d . By t h e m s e l v e s , the t h a t the e n t i r e highway program the p a r t s of the i n n e r loop �94ht 96 and end, the freeway a r e meaningless. I n e a c h c a s e t h e y dead one 40 f e e t i n t h e a i r and t h e o t h e r 20 f e e t below t h e surface. I f e i t h e r o r both of these proposals i s undertaken, t h e n o t h e r much more e x p e n s i v e p a r t s must be c o m p l e t e d i n order t o use t h e s e proposed In roads. i n q u i r i n g a b o u t t h i s f r e e w a y p r o p o s a l we were a d v i s e d t h a t W i s c o n s i n Avenue was s e l e c t e d a s t h e t e r m i n u s b e c a u s e t h a t was c o v e r e d by t h e November 1958 P l a n n i n g Com- m i s s i o n a p p r o v a l ; and t h a t t h e s t u d i e s r e l a t i n g t o t h e t e r m i n u s w i t h G l o v e r - A r c h b c l d P a r k w a y and t h e P a l i s a d e s P a r k w a y w e r e not c o m p l e t e d . We a r e u n a b l e t o understand how a n a p p r o v a l c a n be g i v e n t o t h e s e two s e g m e n t s w i t h o u t p r e d e t e r m i n i n g t h e u l t i m a t e reasonable terminus we s u g g e s t f o r these routes. Therefore, t h a t t h e s e h e a r i n g s a r e p r e m a t u r e and t h a t justi- f i c a t i o n f o r t h o s e two p r o p o s a l s s h o u l d be e v a l u a t e d a t a h e a r i n g or:ly when t h e e n t i r e p r o p o s a l s c a n be r e v i e w e d . To a u t h o r i z e t o d a y t h e e x p e n d i t u r e o f $70 m i l l i o n , when i n f a c t t h e a u t h o r i z a t i o n s may i n v o l v e f i v e t o t e n t i m e s a s much i n o r d e r t o c o m p l e t e t h e work s t a r t e d , may be i l l advised. Second: As s u g g e s t e d e a r l i e r t h e s t a t i s t i c s and other e s s e n t i a l information necessary f o r f u l l evaluation o f these proposals a r e e i t h e r not a v a i l a b l e or a r e i n q u e s t i o n a b l e form. I am s u r e y o u w i l l r e c a l l our testimony �95ht 97 of a y e a r ago used on the r e l i a b i l i t y and adequacy of statistics by the C l a r k e s o n E n g i n e e r i n g Company i n p r e p a r i n g i t s r e p o r t on Route I 240. have about 30 pages of l a s t y e a r ' s testimony w h i c h I won't i n c o r p o r a t e i n the r e c o r d a t t h i s Y e t we today's f i n d these s t a t i s t i c s provide proposals. more i n a d e q u a t e the b a s i s f o r Bad a s t h e y were a y e a r ago now they a r e even b e c a u s e of highway programs t h a t have been d e t e r m i n e d upon i n the meantime, s u c h a s George Washington Memorial Parkway, d e c i s i o n on Route 240, and p a r t of the Furthermore, (1) the Virginia (2) the V i r g i n i a ways, (3) the C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue b r i d g e f o r the w e s t e r n point. (4) The Express- White House (5) the parkway s y s t e m proposed District. i t i s r e g r e t t a b l e t h a t no use can be made of the w e a l t h of d a t a b e i n g completed by the mass t r a n s i t s u r v e y , which may be r e l e a s e d w i t h i n the next few months. T h i s f a i l u r e t o have a v a i l a b l e t h e e s s e n t i a l i n f o r m a t i o n i s another r e a s o n f o r d e l a y i n g a d e c i s i o n on t h e s e Third: We a r e concerned proposals. about your a t t i t u d e toward t h i s h e a r i n g . Your announcement s a y s i t i s ". . . t o a f f o r d an o p p o r t u n i t y t o e x p r e s s v i e w s on the proposed h i g h - way improvements . . .(and t h a t i t ) . . . p r o v i d e s a forum whereby the Commissioners c a n r e c e i v e the o p i n i o n s i n d i v i d u a l s and groups of ..." I n a l e t t e r w r i t t e n November 28, to a resident �96ht a f f e c t e d by t h e s e p r o p o s a l s , a c a l e n d a r i s o u t l i n e d w h i c h i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e d e c i s i o n s h a v e been made. t h a t t h i s h e a r i n g i s not by you noblesse The results You granted a r e r e q u i r e d by law o f t h i s h e a r i n g and the f a c t s i n a d v a n c e f o r s t u d y by r e s i d e n t s are then reviewed which the by t h e B u r e a u o f P u b l i c Roads these proposals can r e s u l t i n approved projects. Your o b l i g a t i o n i n t h i s h e a r i n g i s t o see t h a t these w e r e made a v a i l a b l e so t h a t the n e c e s s a r y study of p r o p o s a l s c o u l d h a v e been meaningful. provide e s s e n t i a l entire to reaching a decision. s h o u l d h a v e been p r o v i d e d before protest oblige, a favor t o the v o t e l e s s r e s i d e n t s . have t h i s h e a r i n g b e f o r e We This failure facts the to i n f o r m a t i o n i s a t e r r i b l e handicap f o r the proceedings. I n c o n c l u s i o n , l e t me c a n be t o l e r a t e d suggest t h a t bad government e v e n i f i t i s f o r good p u r p o s e s . Commissioners have a g r e a t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y You to provide this c i t y w i t h good g o v e r n m e n t b e c a u s e y o u r r e s i d e n t s c a n n o t participate i n municipal T h a n k you we v e r y much f o r y o u r k i n d a t t e n t i o n and take t h i s opportunity J o b and affairs. a g a i n t o w i s h you the patience t h e wisdom o f Solomon i n d e t e r m i n i n g these of tremendous expenditures. COMMISSIONER MC We w i l l h a v e one LAUGHLIN: T h a n k you v e r y much. more w i t n e s s , Mr. Jack Rubin. �97ht 99 STATEMENT OF JACK RUBIN, ON BEHALF OF LARIMER'S, MR, RUBIN: Mr, Commissioners, I want t o t a k e this o p p o r t u n i t y t o thank you f o r l e t t i n g me come up here t o e x p r e s s m y s e l f and I am here f o r t h e s o l e purpose of Larimer's. I don't know whether I am i n o r d e r o r not, but I understand t h e freeway i s t o come through the exact spot t h a t we a r e l o c a t e d on C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue between R and S, i s that correct? COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: We don't g e t t h a t f a r on t h i s one, do we? MR. RUBIN: T h i s o n l y goes t o 2 1 s t and Q. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: L e t ' s g e t t h e word from Mr, A i t k e n . MR, AITKEN: T h i s h e a r i n g does not go t h a t f a r . MR. RUBIN: Then I am out o f o r d e r ? COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: I suppose what i t c o n - n e c t s t o goes t h a t f a r . MR. RUBIN: T h a t i s what I u n d e r s t o o d . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Do you know t h e l o c a t i o n of L a r i m e r ' s on C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue? MR. AITKEN: I know a p p r o x i m a t e l y MR. RUBIN: I t i s between R and S S t r e e t s . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: location? where i t i s . Does i t p i c k up t h a t �MR. A I T K E N : T h e new l i n e w o u l d c r o s s j u s t about a t t h a t p o i n t , y e s , s i r , Connecticut but t h a t l i n e has not b e e n s e t a s o f now. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: comments on t h i s I t h i n k i f you have l e g , t h e s e proposed l e g s which would connect with the location, this MR. RUBIN: i s t h e time t o speak. W e l l , Mr. C o m m i s s i o n e r , I h a v e a comment t o make o n l y f o r t h e p u r p o s e where we a r e l o c a t e d . So I g u e s s I p r o b a b l y w i l l w a i t u n t i l o t h e r h e a r i n g s when it i s permanently proposed. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Mr. B r i n k l e y , when d i d y o u s a y t h e r e w o u l d be t h e e x t e n s i o n beyond MR. B R I N K L E Y : this, Mr. C o m m i s s i o n e r . Beyond 1966 f o r t h e l a t t e r p a r t o f T h a t i s from the 21st-22nd S t r e e t a r e a up t o M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue. present project w i l l Connecticut? be beyond That s e c t i o n o f t h i s 1966. So t h e s e c t i o n that t h i s g e n t l e m a n i s t a l k i n g a b o u t i s some t i m e i n t h e more distant future, COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: I f you have any g e n e r a l o b j e c t i o n s t o t h i s approach t o your place o f business I t h i n k we ought t o h e a r them a t t h i s MR. RUBIN: time. I haven't any. T h a n k y o u , Mr. C o m m i s s i o n e r . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: We w i l l T h a n k y o u v e r y much. resume a t 2:00 o ' c l o c k . �Thank you a l l f o r s t a n d i n g by. (Thereupon, a t 12:35 p.m., the meeting r e c e s s e d , t o reconvene a t 2:00 same d a t e . ) p.m., was this �102 alc-1 AFTERNOON SESSION (2:00 COMMISSIONER MCLAUGHLIN: p.m.) L e t ' s come t o o r d e r . please. I s Mr. H a s k e l l J a c o b s h e r e ? Mr. Jacobs? ( T h e r e was no r e s p o n s e . ) COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: whom we m i s s e d on t h e morning l i s t ? I s t h e r e anyone h e r e A representative of Georgetown U n i v e r s i t y ? ( T h e r e was no r e s p o n s e . ) COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: MR. IMMER: I am s p e a k i n g COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: and address, Mr. LeComte. f o r him. W i l l you g i v e your name and you a r e r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e Oupont Circle Citizens Association. STATEMENT OF JOHN R. IMMER, CHAIRMAN OF THE XXXXXXXX INNER LOOP COMMITTEE OF THE DU PONT C I R C L E C I T I Z E N S ASSOCIATION. MR. IMMER: Correct. I am John R. Immer, Chairman o f t h e I n n e r Loop Committee o f t h e DuPont C i r c l e C i t i z e n s Association. Our A s s o c i a t i o n e n d o r s e s p l a n C o f west l e g o f t h e i n n e r loop s o u t h o f N S t r e e t , N. W. We n o t e t h a t t h e p r e s e n t plan C north o f N S t r e e t , N. W. t a k e s a heavy t o l l o f d w e l l i n g u n i t s and condemns considerable expensive property w h i c h w i l l be removed from �a2 103 t h e t a x r o l l s and e x p e n s i v e embassy p r o p e r t y , namely t h e imposing I n d o n e s i a n Embassy. I t b i s e c t s the r e s i d e n t i a l p a r t o f our a r e a and w i l l a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t p r o p e r t y v a l u e s i n the area, We u r g e t h a t s t r o n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n be g i v e n t o a n o t h e r r o u t e w h i c h would r u n n o r t h on 22nd S t r e e t from N S t r e e t , W. and which would be c o v e r e d from P S t r e e t t o R and t h e n c e n o r t h w e s t N. Street a c r o s s C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue below S S t r e e t s u b s t a n t i a l l y as p r e s e n t l y planned. T h i s roadway would c r o s s under M a s s a c h u s e t t s and F l o r i d a Avenues a t t h i s intersection. I t would not r e q u i r e t h e condemnation o f e x p e n s i v e embassy p r o p e r t y o r o f o t h e r v a l u a b l e p r o p e r t y . would remove a minimum o f p r o p e r t y from t h e t a x r o l l s . would u t i l i z e It It e x i s t i n g s t r e e t r i g h t s - o f - w a y and t h e s p a c e between N a i d P S t r e e t s l y i n g immediately west o f 22nd S t r e e t . I t would i n v o l v e minimum l a n d a c q u i s i t i o n c o s t s . T h e r e f o r e , we u r g e t h a t t h e f i r m a p p r o v a l o f s e c t i o n of the West L e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop not this exclude c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e 22nd S t r e e t r o u t e . Tiiank you. COMMISSIONER MC t i v e of the C o u n c i l of LAUGHLIN: Or. Hartman, r e p r e s e n t a - Churches. Mr. B e r n s t e i n , s p e a k i n g f o r F r e i d l a n d e r and MR. BERNSTEIN: Melrod? Speaking f o r myself. �a3 104 STATEMENT OF LEO M. BERNSTEIN ON H I S OWN BEHALF. MR. BERNSTEIN: I am L e o Bernstein and my a d d r e s s i s 1369 C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue, and I am t h e owner o f 2618 and 2620 K S t r e e t , Northwest. You have a l r e a d y been t o l d o f t h e h i s t o r i c s i g n i f i c a n c e of these properties. if I t might be o f i n t e r e s t I c o u l d l e n d you t h i s book o f h i s t o r i c h o u s e s o f George- town and Washington C i t y i n w h i c h s e v e n o r e i g h t pages a r e devoted t o — COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: You may n e v e r g e t t h i s back. MR. BERNSTEIN: I ' l l make a g i f t o f i t t o t h e Commissioners. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: We w i l l r e a d i t . It i s v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g , and we w i l l r e t u r n i t t o you. Mil. not BERNSTEIN: I t might i n t e r e s t you t o know t h a t o n l y was i t l i v e d i n by George Washington on h i s v e r y l a s t day i n t h e c i t y , 33 d a y s b e f o r e h i s d e a t h , b u t i t was the first B r i t i s h l e g a t i o n and a l s o , Russian legation — In I think, the f i r s t i r o n i c a l l y f o r w h a t e v e r t h a t might mean. t h e e v e n t t h e roadway c o u l d be moved 50 o r 60 f e e t t o t h e e a s t o f i t s p r e s e n t l y p r o p o s e d l o c a t i o n I would be w i l l i n g — to and t h i s i s a n o f f e r — to give t h i s property a f o u n d a t i o n w h i c h h a s been formed and a l l o w i t t o be u s e d �a4 105 a s t h e Washington C i t y Museum and we would m a i n t a i n i t and make i t a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e showing o f a c o l l e c t i o n o f W a s h i n g t o n i a n a t h a t my f a m i l y p o s s e s s e s . So t h a t i s a n o f f e r and I t h i n k i t would be o f g r e a t v a l u e t o o u r c i t y t o m a i n t a i n and p r e s e r v e t h i s property. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: of route C t o the e a s t . MR. BERNSTEIN: T h a t would be a r e m o v a l You mean t h e p r o p o s e d w e s t l e g ? Yes. I f i t can miss t h i s property by 50 o r 60 f e e t and i t c a n t h e r e f o r e be s a v e d we w i l l it t o t h e C i t y o f Washington t h r o u g h a f o u n d a t i o n give as a Washington C i t y Museum, and t h i s i s a d e f i n i t e o f f e r . T h e r e a r e a l s o two l e t t e r s t h a t I would l i k e t o l e a v e w i t h you. book. I t h i n k they a r e i n t h e f r o n t p a r t o f t h e One i s from t h e N a t i o n a l T r u s t and I t h i n k you have a copy from t h e American I n s t i t u t e o f A r c h i t e c t s . I would like t o l e a v e t h i s l e t t e r w i t h you and I'm s u r e you have t h e copy from t h e A n e r l e a n I n s t i t u t e of Architects. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: T h i s w i l l be i n s e r t e d i n the record. (The l e t t e r i sas follows.) NATIONAL TRUST FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION 2000 K S t r e e t , N. W., Washington 6, D. C. January The C o m m i s s i o n e r s o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia 5, 1959 �a5 106 District Building Washington. D. C. Gentlemen: I t h a s been brought t o our a t t e n t i o n t h a t t h e p l a n f o r t h e w e s t l a n e o f t h e new I n n e r Loop Freeway i n d i c a t e s t h a t Nos. 2618 and 2620 K S t r e e t , N. W., with w i l l be threatened demolition. As p r e s i d e n t o f t h e N a t i o n a l T r u s t f o r H i s t o r i c P r e s e r v a t i o n , a nationwide p r i v a t e o r g a n i z a t i o n of c i t i z e n s and h i s t o r i c a l s o c i e t i e s , I a s k i f a l t e r n a t e r o u t e s have been s t u d i e d c a r e f u l l y , s o t h a t t h e s e two s t r u c t u r e s may be preserved. T h e s e s t r u c t u r e s a r e among t h e v e r y few e i g h t e e n t h century buildings l e f t local interest. i n o u r c a p i t a l , and have more t h a n Washington s t a y e d f r e q u e n t l y i n No. 2618 K S t r e e t , d u r i n g t h e y e a r s when i t was t h e Washington r e s i d e n c e o f h i s s o n - i n - l a w , Thomas P e t e r . Both b u i l d i n g s have s t r u c t u r a l i n t e g r i t y and h i s t o r i c a l I interest. hope t h a t a t h o u g h t f u l r e c o n s i d e r a t i o n may be g i v e n t o p l a n s f o r t h e roadway, and t h a t a f a v o r a b l e a l t e r n a t e r o u t e w i l l p r e s e r v e t h o s e two b u i l d i n g s t h a t add d i s t i n c t i o n t o t h i s p a r t o f our c a p i t a l c i t y , and a r e p a r t o f o u r heritage for the future. Sincerely yours, / s / R i c h a r d H. Howland President �aG 107 MR. BERNSTEIN: Thank you v e r y much. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you, Mr. B e r n s t e i n . We might sew you up on t h a t d e a l . MR. BERNSTEIN: A l l right. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Mi. Mrs. GRAY: Mr. and Mrs. H a r t n e t t . I am R o b e r t Gray and I r e p r e s e n t Mr. and Hartnett. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Would you g i v e your address. STATEMENT OF ROBERT M. GRAY ON BEHALF OF MR. AND MRS. JOHN D. HARTNETT. MR. GRAY: 719 - 1 5 t h S t r e e t . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: You may p r o c e e d i n your own way. MR. GRAY: Mr. P r e s i d e n t , G e n e r a l : We r e p r e s e n t Mr. and Mrs. John D. H a r t n e t t who a r e t h e owners and o p e r a t o r s o f a v e r y s u b s t a n t i a l h i g h c l a s s rooming and b o a r d i n g house l o c a t e d i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f 2 1 s t and P and O S t r e e t s , Northwest, known a s H a r t n e t t H a l l . T h i s h a s been i n e x i s t e n c e some t h i r t y - f i v e y e a r s a n d a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e accommodates 750 g u e s t s t o whom i t s e r v e s 1,500 m e a l s a day. Most o f t h e s e p e o p l e a r e government employees, some a r e c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s . The a d m i n i s t r a t i o n b u i l d i n g i s l o c a t e d a t t h e s o u t h w e s t c o r n e r o f 2 1 s t and P S t r e e t s . Other b u i l d i n g s , c o n s i s t i n g o f apartment h o u s e s and r e s i d e n c e s c o n v e r t e d t o �108 rooming house u s e a r e s i t u a t e d on t h e s o u t h s i d e o f P Street between 2 1 s t and 22nd, on b o t h s i d e s o f 2 1 s t s t r e e t between O and P S t r e e t s , and on b o t h s i d e s o f 0 S t r e e t between 2 0 t h and 22nd, s o t h a t you c a n s e e we a r e v e r y much c o n c e r n e d t h e n o r t h e r n end o f t h i s west l e g a s i t approaches with Massachusetts Avenue. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: I s t h i s what was formerly c a l l e d Wesley H a l l ? MR. GRAY: Y e s , i t was f o r m e r l y known a s Wesley Hall. The g r o s s a n n u a l income from t h i s b u s i n e s s i s approximately $600,000; i t employs a p p r o x i m a t e l y and t h e i r p a y r o l l i s $160,000. 100 persons They a n n u a l l y pay t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia about $15,000 i n r e a l e s t a t e , p e r s o n a l p r o p e r t y and u n i n c o r p o r a t e d b u s i n e s s t a x e s . T h i s b u s i n e s s i s conducted w h i c h 37 a r e owned by Mr. and Mrs. i n about 40 b u i l d i n g s o f H a r t n e t t and 3 a r e l e a s e d by them. It f o r t h e west l i e s d i r e c t l y i n the path p r e s e n t l y proposed l e g of the i n n e r loop. Apparently the business would e i t h e r be t o t a l l y o r s u b s t a n t i a l l y d e s t r o y e d i f t h e west l e g be l o c a t e d a s proposed on e i t h e r o f t h e p l a n s on the p l a t attached to the notice of the hearing. We west wish t o p r o t e s t a g a i n s t the l o c a t i o n of the l e g a s proposed. B a s i c a l l y , o f c o u r s e , our own selfish �109 i n t e r e s t b e c a u s e o f t h e d e s t r u c t i v e e f f e c t t h e proposed l o c a t i o n would have upon t h i s b u s i n e s s t h a t i t i s not we f e e l a l s o , secondly, i n t h e b e s t p u b l i c i n t e r e s t t o have i t l o c a t e d a s p r o p o s e d a t t h e n o r t h e r n end o b j e c t i o n may and not up t h e r e and be p a r t i c u l a r l y v a l i d , although this I t h i n k i t i s from s u c h t e s t i m o n y a s I have h e a r d , t h e t i m e i s not r i p e now for a d e c i s i o n as to the l o c a t i o n of t h i s northern of the portion leg. Now, P l a n A you i f you will look a t your map and look a t w i l l s e e t h a t under P l a n A n e a r l y h a l f o f p r o p e r t i e s used i n t h i s operation affected. the would be t a k e n and m a i n i n g p o r t i o n would be v e r y s e r i o u s l y , i f not the I f P l a n B o r C were adopted an e v e n g r e a t e r b u i l d i n g and re- fatally, o f t h e r e a l e s t a t e would be t a k e n , i n c l u d i n g t h e this as portion administration t h e n e t e f f e c t would be a t o t a l d e s t r u c t i o n of business. O b v i o u s l y our p r i m a r y i n t e r e s t i s our own i n t e r e s t but we r e a l i z e you self- gentlemen have t o t a k e t h e i n t e r e s t i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n and we w i s h t o make a t h a t t h e west l e g a t t h e n o r t h e r n end up t h e r e be public suggestion located west o f 2 3 r d S t r e e t r a t h e r t h a n a s p r e s e n t l y proposed. e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e map o r c h a r t shows t h a t two r o u t e s might be u s e d . One An alternate h a s been s u g g e s t e d by t h e Highway Department which would f o l l o w t h e r o u t e o f Rock C r e e k r u n t o t h e west o f F r a n c i s J u n i o r High S c h o o l ; but our and problem �110 i s where does i t go from t h e r e ? And we s u g g e s t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t a s t u d y be made t o s e e whether i t c o u l d c r o s s P S t r e e t a t t h e v i c i n i t y o f 22nd a n d P S t r e e t s r a t h e r t h a n a s p r e s e n t l y p r o p o s e d and r u n on up t o F l o r i d a Avenue. of a l t e r n a t e routes stand do h a v e some m e r i t These p r o p o s a l s i n t h a t a s I under- them i t would be l e s s e x p e n s i v e i n t h a t l e s s private p r o p e r t y would be t a k e n f o r t h i s p o r t i o n o f t h e west l e g i n a s much a s a good p o r t i o n o f i t would go t h r o u g h p a r k o r public property. I n t h e e v e n t o u r p r o p e r t i e s a r e t a k e n and a s I understand t h e time schedule a s f a r a s t h e northern p a r t o f t h i s l e g i s c o n c e r n e d i t would be somewhere i n f i s c a l '66, i t ' s p r o b a b l e t h a t t h e c o s t o f t a k i n g t o t h e government would be i n t h e n a t u r e o f a m i l l i o n and a h a l f d o l l a r s w h i c h i s not a n i n c o n s i d e r a b l e sum. We f u r t h e r r e s p e c t f u l l y s u g g e s t t h e t i m e i s not y e t r i p e f o r making a d e c i s i o n a s t o t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h i s p o r t i o n o f t h e west l e g . I don't know whether t h e Highway Department h a s committed i t s e l f t o t h e p o r t i o n o f t h e west l e g w h i c h you, Mr. P r e s i d e n t , r e f e r r e d t o a s C - l t h i s morning r u n n i n g west o f F r a n c i s , but a t l e a s t We t h i n k i t h a s had some s t u d y . i n t h e p u b l i c i n t e r e s t t h a t f u r t h e r s t u d y s h o u l d be made and c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h i s portion be g i v e n t o h a v i n g t h e n o r t h e r n end o f t h e west l e g c r o s s P S t r e e t i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f 22nd S t r e e t r a t h e r t h a n a s p r e s e n t l y proposed, r u n n i n g r i g h t �10 111 t h r o u g h our p r o p e r t y . So, one s u g g e s t i o n i s t h a t no d e c i s i o n be made a t t h i s t i m e a s t o where t h i s s h o u l d go u n t i l t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r s a r e i n a p o s i t i o n t o make a comprehensive f o r t h e whole i n n e r l o o p . plan I t i s q u i t e p o s s i b l e t h a t i f you make a d e c i s i o n now a s t o t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h i s p o r t i o n o f t h e west l e g , n o t h a v i n g made a d e c i s i o n a s t o where i t goes beyond M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue a l a t e r d e c i s i o n a s t o where i t would go beyond M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue might n e c e s s i t a t e a change i n any d e c i s i o n you make now. In conclusion I would j u s t s a y f o r t h e r e a s o n s p o i n t e d o u t we s e r i o u s l y p r o t e s t t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e n o r t h e r n portion C, o f t h e west l e g a s p r o p o s e d i n e i t h e r P l a n A, B o r and s u g g e s t t h a t f u r t h e r s t u d y be made t o t h e end t h a t i t may be moved west o f 2 3 r d S t r e e t . Thank you. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Mr. Houff, r e p r e s e n t a t i v e Thank you v e r y much. o f t h e Admiral Hotel? ( T h e r e was no r e s p o n s e . ) COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Mr. Gore. Mr. H. Grady Gore, J r . , s p e a k i n g f o r t h e F a i r f a x Hotel. STATEMENT OF H. GRADY GORE, JR., ON BEHALF OF THE FAIRFAX HOTEL, 2 1 s t AND MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, N. W. MR. GORE: Mr. Chairman, I want t o f i r s t r e a d a l e t t e r w h i c h I have w r i t t e n under t h i s d a t e d i r e c t e d t o your �11 112 Board. I appear b e f o r e and o t h e r s a s o p e r a t o r s F a i r f a x Hotel t h i s meeting r e p r e s e n t i n g myself and Mrs. Jamie Gore a s owner o f t h e l o c a t e d a t 2 1 s t S t r e e t and M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue, N o r t h w e s t . Also, I r e p r e s e n t Mrs. J a m i e Gore a s owner o f 1516 - 2 1 s t S t r e e t , Northwest, and Gore P r o p e r t i e s , Incorporated The express a s owner o f 2112 M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue, N o r t h w e s t . a f o r e s a i d property t h e i r opposition owners w i s h a t t h i s t i m e t o to the three a l t e r n a t e routes f o r t h e west l e g o f t h e p r o p o s e d i n n e r l o o p e x p r e s s w a y s y s t e m . It i s our b e l i e f t h a t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f such a road system p a s s i n g under M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue a t 2 1 s t S t r e e t , N. W. would be most u n d e s i r a b l e t o t h e r e s i d e n t s and p r o p e r t y o f t h e n e a r b y community. The t e a r i n g down o f t h e I n d o n e s i a n Embassy and o t h e r owners b e a u t i f u l buildings i n the path of the p r o p o s e d west l e g would be t h e b e g i n n i n g o f a g e n e r a l d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f what i s and h a s been one o f t h e most d e s i r a b l e r e s i d e n t i a l s e c t i o n s o f our c i t y . We f e e l a l s o a s owner and o p e r a t o r s of the Fairfax H o t e l t h a t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n and e v e n t u a l u s e o f t h e w e s t l e g r o u t e a s p r e s e n t l y p r o p o s e d would make l e s s d e s i r a b l e t h e f a c i l i t i e s o f f e r e d by t h e h o t e l and would l e s s e n t h e income producing value o f t h e property. C o n s t r u c t i v e comment a f t e r l i s t e n i n g t o t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e DuPont C i r c l e C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n : I �113 would s a y t h a t t h e p r o p o s a l s made by t h e A s s o c i a t i o n would have o u r endorsement a n d would t h e r e b y l e s s e n somewhat t h e opposition t h a t we would have t o t h i s p r o p o s e d route a t t h i s time. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Mr. Thank you, Mr. Gore. Leon A. Thompson r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e P l e a s a n t Plains Civic Association. MR. THORNETT: requested Mr. Thompson l e f t me a l e t t e r and t h a t i t be p l a c e d i n t h e r e c o r d . They a s k e d f o r t h e c e n t r a l r e l o c a t i o n agency t o be e s t a b l i s h e d . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: the r e c o r d a t t h i s (The We w i l l insert that i n point. letter i s as follows.) PLEASANT PLAINS C I V I C ASSOCIATION WASHINGTON, D. C. J a n u a r y 5, 1959 The B o a r d o f C o m m i s s i o n e r s o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, Washington, D. C. Honorable Sirs: T i e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t was a u t h o r i z e d by a c t i o n o f t h e E x e c u t i v e Committee and approved of the Pleasant P l a i n s C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n i n a m e e t i n g h e l d J a n u a r y 3, 1959. P l e a s a n t P l a i n s C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n , a member o f t h e D. C. F e d e r a t i o n o f C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s , I n c . , i s f u l l y �13 114 cognizant o f t h e contemplated freeway which w i l l t r a v e r s e a l a r g e p o r t i o n o f t h e Northwest and t h e N o r t h e a s t residential s e c t i o n s o f t h i s c i t y ; and v i e w s w i t h deep c o n c e r n , t h e a n t i c i p a t e d e f f e c t o f t h i s p r o j e c t upon many p e r s o n s i n i t s pathway, who must o f n e c e s s i t y f i n d l i v i n g q u a r t e r s e l s e w h e r e . We o f t h e P l e a s a n t P l a i n s C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n know t o o w e l l t h a t t h e p r o x i m i t y o f o u r c i v i c boundary t o t h e proposed c o u r s e o f t h e i n n e r loop freeway together w i t h t h e type o f r e s i d e n t i a l housing i n t h e a r e a , w i l l , in all p r o b a b i l i t y , make o u r a r e a t h e unweloomed r e c i p i e n t s o f a d d i t i o n a l o v e r c r o w d i n g which we a r e now t r y i n g t o e l i m i n a t e . But o f g r e a t e r c o n c e r n t o t h e c i t i z e n s o f C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n , i s t h e i m p o r t a n t r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t no l e g a l o r m o r a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y on t h e p a r t o f t h e F e d e r a l o r t h e D i s t r i c t Government t o a s s i s t t h e t h o u s a n d s o f f a m i l i e s who must seek h o u s i n g i n t h e l i m i t e d c o n f i n e s o f t h e r e m a i n i n g residential sections of this It city. i s w i t h t h e s e t h o u g h t s b e f o r e u s t h a t we t h e c i t i z e n s of the Pleasant Plains C i v i c Association join t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia F e d e r a t i o n , and o t h e r o r g a n i z a t i o n s who a r e c o n c e r n e d o v e r t h i s problem, i n u r g i n g t h e Commissioners to take the necessary s t e p s t o e s t a b l i s h a C e n t r a l Relocation S e r v i c e C e n t e r where a l l p e r s o n s who a r e a f f e c t e d by F e d e r a l o r l o c a l governmental redevelopment o r highway programs c a n a v a i l t h e m s e l v e s o f t h o s e s e r v i c e s i f d e s i r e d o r needed. �11 115 Approved by t h e E x e c u t i v e Committee o f t h e Pleasant P l a i n s C i v i c Association i n S p e c i a l m e e t i n g f o r t h e body. ( M r s . ) F l o r e n c e L . Toms, Chairman. / s / N e l s o n C. R o o t s N e l s o n C. R o o t s , 607 President I r v i n g S t . , N. W. COMMISSIONER MR. MC LAUGHLIN: THORNETT: to write i n h i s Mr. Sweeny? Mr. Sweeny h a s l e f t and he i s g o i n g views. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Mr. H e l l e r o r a r e p r e - s e n t a t i v e o f Pamlac Company? Mr. M i l l a r ? Mr. E r n e s t M i l l a r , a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e Potomac o r Washington Boat Clubs? A r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of Esso Standard O i l ? Mr. C h a r l e s Norris? STATEMENT OF CHARLES L . NORRIS ON BEHALF OF WOODWARD AND NORRIS MR. NORRIS: Mr. P r e s i d e n t , G e n e r a l Welling: My name i s C h a r l e s N o r r i s , J r . , S e c r e t a r y o f Woodward and N o r r i s , r e a l e s t a t e firm rather c l o s e l y i d e n t i f i e d with t h i s Most o f t h e i t e m s w h i c h I i n t e n d e d area. t o comment on I t h i n k have been r a t h e r a d e q u a t e l y c o v e r e d by r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f other organizations. T h e r e i s o n l y one p o i n t w h i c h I t h i n k �15 116 p r e h a p s h a s n ' t been p r o p e r l y emphasized. number o f p e o p l e t e s t i f y i n g c o n c e r n i n g i n d i v i d u a l home owners. T h e r e have been a t h e h a r d s h i p s upon I t i s a necessary e v i l i n considera- t i o n o f a p l a n o f t h i s s c o p e t h a t a number o f p r o p e r t i e s a r e g o i n g t o be c o n s i d e r e d f o r t a k i n g and t h e n not I t h i n k t h a t i s s o m e t h i n g t h a t c a n n o t be h e l p e d . taken. However, a l o n g t h e p a t h o f t h e west l e g o f t h e i n n e r loop t h e r e a r e g o i n g t o be a number o f v e r y s u b s t a n t i a l commercial p r o p e r t i e s , s i t e s a s s e m b l e d , w i t h a p l a n n e d u s e , some o f t h e s e I s u s p e c t , have a v a l u e s u p p o r t a b l e million dollars. will, i n excess of a h a l f a I t h i n k i t would be o f extreme b e n e f i t both t o t h e D i s t r i c t and t o t h e i n d i v i d u a l owners i f a method o f e x p e d i t i n g t h e t a k i n g o f t h e s e p r o p e r t i e s was found. I h a v e i n mind a t t h e moment a p r o p e r t y w h i c h are attempting we t o l e a s e f o r an owner, i t ' s i m p o s s i b l e t o do s o w i t h t h e impending t a k i n g i n v o l v e d i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h west l e g o f t h e i n n e r l o o p . the I t i s a property c o s t i n g i n excess or having a value i n excess, I think, of a h a l f a million dollars. I t h i n k anything the Commissioners or Highway a u t h o r i t i e s c a n do t o e x p e d i t e t h e t a k i n g o f such p r o p e r t i e s w h i c h seems t o be u l t i m a t e l y i n e v i t a b l e would a l o n g way to l e s s e n the hardship go imposed on t h e s e owners. I would l i k e a s some o t h e r s have t o e x p r e s s my p e r s o n a l a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r t h e c o o p e r a t i o n we have had t h e e n t i r e Highway Department. the That i s without own in exception. �16 117 X t h i n k t h e y have done e v e r y t h i n g t h e y can t o c o o p e r a t e w i t h t h e owners i n t h e a r e a t o m i n i m i z e t h e damage t h a t i s t o be done, but I do f e e l t h a t t h e o n l y t h i n g t h a t may not have been s u f f i c i e n t l y c o v e r e d i s t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r some h a s t e and e x p e d i e n c y r a t h e r t h a n c o n t i n u e d delay. This has been i n t h e works, X g u e s s , f o r f o u r o r f i v e y e a r s a s you know b e t t e r t h a n I . I t h a s c a u s e d damage i n some r e s p e c t s t o p r o p e r t i e s t h a t a r e not n a i l e d t o be t a k e n , but I t h i n k f o r t h o s e who a r e g o i n g t o l o s e t h e i r p r o p e r t i e s t h r o u g h t h i s necessary highway program, I t h i n k t h e e x p e d i e n c y o f a n e a r l y d e c i s i o n and t h e q u i c k e s t p o s s i b l e approach t o t a k i n g would be o f b e n e f i t t o e v e r y o n e . Thank you, s i r . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you, Mr. N o r r i s . We h a v e a v e r y b r i e f s t a t e m e n t from G e n e r a l P r e n t i s s . Major G e n e r a l L o u i s W. P r e n t i s s , USA R e t i r e d , a s Chairman o f t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee, Washington Board of Trade: "I am L o u i s W. P r e n t i s s , Chairman o f t h e T r a n s p o r t a - t i o n Committee o f t h e Washington Board o f T r a d e . This s t a t e m e n t r e p r e s e n t s t h e v i e w s o f t h e Board o f T r a d e a s adopted by i t s B o a r d o f D i r e c t o r s a f t e r c o n s i d e r i n g recommend a t i o n s d e v e l o p e d and s u b m i t t e d by t h e Committee on Transportation. "We recommend i n p r i n c i p l e t h a t t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r s �o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia s e l e c t l o c a t i o n 'C* f o r t h e west l e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop." There i s s t i l l no r e p r e s e n t a t i v e f o r Georgetown University? The C i v i t a n C l u b ? C h a r l e s Trowbridge Tittman? C o u n c i l o f Churches? MR. HARTMAN: Here. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: W i l l you come f o r w a r d , p l e a s e , i f you w i s h t o be h e a r d . I s t h i s Dr. Hartman? MR. HARTMAN: Yes, i t i s . STATEMENT OF REV. VLADIMIR E . HARTMAN ON BEHALF OF THE COUNCIL OF CHURCHES; NATIONAL CAPITAL AREA. REV. HARTMAN: I am V l a d i m i r Hartman, D i r e c t o r o f R e s e a r c h and C h u r c h P l a n n i n g , C o u n c i l o f C h u r c h e s , N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Area. On b e h a l f o f some twenty p r o t e s t a n t d e n o m i n a t i o n s and t h e i r i n d i v i d u a l c h u r c h e s i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia a s w e l l a s t h e e n t i r e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a I want t o e x p r e s s a c o n c e r n f o r t h o s e p e r s o n s who a r e b e i n g and w i l l be d i s p l a c e d by a n y highway c o n s t r u c t i o n which i s n o t a p a r t o f t h e u r b a n r e n e w a l program. While f a v o r i n g t h e west l e g o f t h e i n n e r loop a s a �119 n e c e s s a r y p a r t o f our t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m I would call a t t e n t i o n t o t h e need o f a r e l o c a t i o n s e r v i c e w h i c h i s not now being provided. be d i s p l a c e d . We do not know how many f a m i l i e s will When t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n i s s e c u r e d t h e needs o f t h e s e f a m i l i e s s h o u l d be s t u d i e d and s e r v i c e s s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d h e l p i n g them t o r e l o c a t e and t o become i n t e g r a t e d i n t o t h e i r new for persons neighborhoods. To p r o v i d e a r e l o c a t i o n i n one a r e a o f t h e c i t y d i s p l a c e d by a service freeway and not t o p r o v i d e t h e same s e r v i c e i n s i m i l a r s i t u a t i o n s i n o t h e r a r e a s i s d i s c r i m i n a t i n g and u n j u s t . I would p l e a d f o r an e x t e n s i o n o f t h e t y p e o f r e l o c a t i o n s e r v i c e s p r o v i d e d by t h e Redevelopment Land Agency which would be e q u i t a b l e . I n cooperation with the District. F e d e r a l and p r i v a t e a g e n c i e s t h e C o u n c i l o f C h u r c h e s i s now p r o v i d i n g t h e names o f r e l o c a t e e s t o t h e r e l i g i o u s l e a d e r s o f p r o t e s t a n t , Roman C a t h o l i c C h u r c h e s and J e w i s h Synagogues t h a t t h e y might p r o v i d e s e r v i c e s n e c e s s a r y f o r good community organization. The C o u n c i l o f C h u r c h e s and o t h e r p u b l i c and p r i v a t e agencies can only provide t h i s s e r v i c e as a r e l o c a t i o n s e r v i c e i s provided as the b a s i c f i r s t Thank step. you. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you. s i r . The Washington Gas L i g h t Company? here? I s Mr. Gallagher �19 120 MR. GALLAGHER: Mr. P r e s i d e n t , I would l i k e t o d e f e r i f i t would be a l l r i g h t w i t h you u n t i l l a t e r i n t h e program. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: I s there a representative now o f t h e N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n o f S o c i a l Workers? Esso Standard? Mr. W e l l s r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s News and World R e p o r t ? Mr. Dinwoodey? Mr. Dean Dinwoodey r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e Bureau o f National A f f a i r s , I n c . STATEMENT OF DEAN DINWOODEY, PRESIDENT, ON BEHALF OF THE BUREAU OF NATIONAL AFFAIRS, INC., 1231 - 2 4 t h STREET, N. W. MR. DINWOODEY: I Mr. P r e s i d e n t , G e n e r a l Welling: have o n l y a b r i e f s t a t e m e n t but i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f t i m e I won't r e a d e v e n t h a t . We have o u r home o f f i c e , we a r e employing about 250 p e o p l e and p u b l i s h i n g 20 r e p o r t s on a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e F e d e r a l Government on 2 4 t h S t r e e t j u s t above t h e a l l e y between M and N S t r e e t s and i n p r e m i s e s l e a s e d from t h e United S t a t e s News P u b l i s h i n g C o r p o r a t i o n . piece of property C i s scheduled this locality. We a l s o own a on 2 5 t h S t r e e t j u s t below where t h i s highway t o go. We have a n i n t e r e s t i n remaining i n We t h i n k t h a t i t i s n o t n e c e s s a r y t o take t a x �20 121 p a y i n g p r o p e r t i e s i n o r d e r to h a n d l e t h e highway a t t h i s point, hut t h a t i t c a n be done by g o i n g w e s t and n o r t h o f t h e s c h o o l which i s now p r o p o s e d a s C Number i . g l a n c e a t t h e map w i l l We t h i n k a l s o t h a t a i n d i c a t e t h a t i t w i l l c e r t a i n l y be o f a d v a n t a g e t o t h e s c h o o l and w i l l n o t be o f d e p r i v a t i o n t o t h e a r e a and park a r e a . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you. We will i n s e r t your s t a t e m e n t i n t h e r e c o r d . (The complete s t a t e m e n t i s a s f o l l o w s . ) Tile Bureau o f N a t i o n a l A f f a i r s , Inc., familiarly known i n Washington and t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t r y by i t s i n i t i a l s SNA, i s a p r i v a t e c o r p o r a t i o n engaged p r i n c i p a l l y i n p u b l i s h ing 20 d a i l y and w e e k l y i n f o r m a t i o n s e r v i c e s and r e p o r t s on t h e a d v i v i t i e s o f t h e F e d e r a l Government w h i c h a r e s o l d by s u b s c r i p t i o n and d i s t r i b u t e d throughout t h e U n i t e d and States i n several foreign countries. The home o f f i c e o f BNA i s l o c a t e d a t 1231 - 2 4 t h S t r e e t , N o r t h w e s t , where we occupy s e v e r a l wings o f t h e most a t t r a c t i v e t w o - s t o r y b u i l d i n g s i n t h e neighborhood. p r e m i s e s a r e l e a s e d from t h e U n i t e d These S t a t e s News P u b l i s h i n g Corporation. BNA i s a l s o t h e owner o f l a n d , now u s e d a s a parking l o t f o r employees, a t 1233 - 2 5 t h S t r e e t , Northwest ( L o t s 50-59, S q u a r e 2 4 ) . A t t h e time o f our purchase of i t , t h i s l a n d was o c c u p i e d by 20 t w o - s t o r y s l u m - d w e l l i n g s ruining �21 122 a l o n g a n a l l e y w a y known a s P h i l l i p s C o u r t w h i c h housed about 75 p e r s o n s on a l a n d a r e a o f l e s s t h a n 9,000 s q u a r e f e e t . A f t e r a y e a r o r s o we u n d e r t o o k a s m a l l slum c l e a r a n c e p r o j e c t o f o u r own and r a z e d t h e s t r u c t u r e s i n s t e a d o f r e p a i r i n g and renovating them a s was p o s s i b l e and was done w i t h o t h e r slum- dwellings i n the area. We f a v o r t h e i n n e r l o o p and i t s west l e g . Our c o n c e r n i s w i t h t h e p r o p o s e d l o c a t i o n o f t h e w e s t l e g between U and 2 5 t h o r 2 6 t h S t r e e t s and 0 a n d 2 3 r d S t r e e t s . We do n o t oppose t h e g e n e r a l l o c a t i o n o f t h e highway i n t h a t a r e a , but we o b j e c t t o t h e u n n e c e s s a r y s p e c i f i c r o u t i n g o f t h e highway through taxpaying p r o p e r t i e s s o a s t o i n t e r s e c t N S t r e e t a t 24th S t r e e t . Instead of running a d j a c e n t t o , t h e U. S. News High School, between, and i m m e d i a t e l y B u i l d i n g and t h e F r a n c i s J u n i o r and s o i s o l a t i n g t h e s c h o o l , we t h i n k t h a t t h e highway s h o u l d be r o u t e d t o t h e west and n o r t h o f t h e s c h o o l . W h i l e BNA's q u a r t e r s a r e a hundred o r two hundred f e e t from t h e p r o p o s e d l o c a t i o n o f t h e highway, t h e c o n s e quence o f t h e n o i s e a n d d i s r u p t i o n o f t h e b l a s t i n g a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n upon t h e w r i t i n g and p r e p a r a t i o n o f o u r r e p o r t s would be s e v e r e . We would be p r o b a b l y c o m p e l l e d t o move b e c a u s e o f t h e n o i s e and d i s r u p t i o n o r b e c a u s e t h e U. S. News P u b l i s h i n g C o r p o r a t i o n would need t h e s p a c e we occupy i n p l a c e o f t h a t i t would be r e q u i r e d t o g i v e up. present Our l o c a t i o n i s a n advantageous one and we o b j e c t t o �123 h a v i n g t o l e a v e i t when a r e a s o n a b l e a l t e r n a t i v e exists. Instead, o f d i s r u p t i n g b u s i n e s s o p e r a t i o n s l o n g l o c a t e d i n t h e a r e a and p o s s i b l y d r i v i n g them o u t s i d e t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, i f a p p e a r s t o u s t o be i n t h e o f t h e community t h a t t h e highway be r o u t e d a s we interest advocate and t h u s a v o i d t h e c o s t and d i s r u p t i o n i n v o l v e d i n t h e taking of p r i v a t e property. We b e l i e v e t h a t i t would be i n e v e r y o n e ' s i n t e r e s t t o r o u t e t h e west best l e g o f t h e i n n e r loop between M S t r e e t and 2 3 r d S t r e e t t o t h e w e s t and n o r t h o f t h e F r a n c i s J u n i o r High S c h o o l . We r e s p e c t f u l l y r e q u e s t t h e Board Commissioners t o so determine. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: of I s there a representative of the American I n s t i t u t e of A r c h i t e c t s ? Who e l s e w i s h e s t o be h e a r d on t h i s matter? W i l l you come f o r w a r d . STATEMENT OF BARROW LYONS, CAPITOL H I L L SOUTHEAST CITIZENS MR. ASSOCIATION. LYONS: S t r e e t , Southeast. My name i s Barrow L y o n s , 130 - 11th I w i s h t o s p e a k , however, upon t h e g e n e r a l p l a n o f p r o c e d u r e o f f i x i n g any one p a r t o f t h e i n n e r loop w i t h o u t c o n s i d e r i n g t h e whole. brought A q u e s t i o n which h a s been up by s e v e r a l o f t h e s p e a k e r s . I w i s h t o make o n l y one p o i n t . My s e c t i o n of the �124 town i s c o n c e r n e d leg which w i l l primarily with the location of the east i n t u r n be d e t e r m i n e d p a r t l y by t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e t h i r d highway from B a l t i m o r e . Baltimore w i l l The t h i r d highway from be p a r t o f Route 95 which w i l l a r t e r y of north-south truck traffic probably be t h e main when i t i s completed. The p r e s e n t parkway does not t a k e t r u c k s , t h e o l d r o u t e No. 1 i s not a freeway, and t h e presumption i s t h a t t h e new r o u t e would c a r r y t h e main s t r e a m o f t r a f f i c n o r t h and south. The q u e s t i o n o f where i t comes i n t o t h e i n n e r i s important t o t h i s s e c t i o n and t h a t loop i s t h e r e a s o n I speak now, a s w e l l a s t o o u r s e c t i o n i f t h a t r o u t e i s l o c a t e d t o t h e west o f i t s p o s s i b l e l o c a t i o n i t seems t o me v e r y that a very l a r g e p a r t of the stream of north-south w i l l come o v e r t h e west leg. t h a t r o u t e i s not s a t u r a t e d t h e west, that i t w i l l That w i l l mean t h a t s o l o n g a s with t r a f f i c , i f i f does come t o i n the trucking i s bound, o f c o u r s e , t o perhaps years so that traffic be t h e chosen r o u t e day and n i g h t f o r most o f t h e l a r g e t r u c k i n g traffic likely industry. That double i n a n o t h e r t e n i f t h e l e g from n o r t h t o s o u t h , t h a t i s i f t h e new r o u t e from B a l t i m o r e i s l o c a t e d t o t h e west, of i t w i l l come h e r e ; i f i t i s l o c a t e d i t p r o b a b l y w i l l come down 1 1 t h S t r e e t . t h a t might r e c e i v e t h a t t r a f f i c a large part further to the east But a l l s e c t i o n s a r e concerned. That h a s not �24 125 been brought o u t a t t h e p r e s e n t hearings. I t seems t o me, and I t h i n k t o a number o f o u r committee o f t h e C a p i t o l H i l l S o u t h e a s t C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n , t h a t by f i x i n g s e c t i o n s o f t h i s l a r g e s e c t i o n o f t h e freeway which a r e not i n v o l v e d i n the p a r t i c u l a r sections that a r e s e t w i l l have t h e s t r e a m o f t r a f f i c d e t e r m i n e d f o r them a l s o and i t would seem t o me t h a t b e f o r e any f i n a l determinations a r e made on any p a r t i c u l a r s e c t i o n o f t h e freeway t h a t t h e whole p i c t u r e s h o u l d be i n view and r e v i e w e d . Now, i n t h a t c o n n e c t i o n I t h i n k a t t h i s today no g e n e r a l has been made. hearing j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r the location of t h i s route The c o n s i d e r a t i o n s t h a t have been brought up a r e p r i m a r i l y how i t w i l l a f f e c t t h e r e a l e s t a t e p r o p e r t y and other considerations, historical, and s o f o r t h , within t h i s a r e a , w i t h i n t h i s a r e a a l o n e , but by d e t e r m i n i n g t h e r o u t e t h a t w i l l be t a k e n h e r e much o f t h e r e s t t h a t i s not up for consideration today i s a l s o v i r t u a l l y d e t e r m i n a b l e . m e r e l y w i s h t o make t h a t I point. Thank you, s i r . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you v e r y much. Mr. Baumgartner? MR. BAUMGARTNER: Yes, s i r . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Jr. Mr. J . Hampton Baumgartner, W i l l you s t a t e whom you a r e r e p r e s e n t i n g . MR. BAUMGARTNER: Yes, s i r . �25 126 STATEMENT OF J . HAMPTON BAUMGARTNER, J R . , ON BEHALF OF CAPITOL CADILLAC COMPANY. MR. BAUMGARTNER: I represent f i r s t o f f the Capitol C a d i l l a c Company w h i c h w i s h e s t o p u t i n t o t h e r e c o r d this statement. Mr. P r e s i d e n t and G e n e r a l Welling: The f i r m o f W i l k e s & A r t i s o f w h i c h I am a member a p p e a r h e r e t o d a y o n behalf o f C a p i t o l C a d i l l a c Co. o f W a s h i n g t o n , D. C., r e l a t i v e to t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e west l e g o f t h e i n n e r loop. The C a p i t o l C a d i l l a c Co. i s p a r t i c u l a r l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h p l a n s B and C which propose t h a t t h i s s e c t i o n o f t h e inner h i g h w a y be l o c a t e d and generally loop a l o n g N S t r e e t b e t w e e n 22nd 25th S t r e e t s , Northwest. C a p i t o l C a d i l l a c Co. r e c o g n i z e s t h a t h i g h w a y ments a r e v i t a l to theorderly development o f t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Area and i t t h e r e f o r e t o needed h i g h w a y i m p r o v e m e n t s . improve- h a s no d e s i r e t o o b j e c t T h e company w e l c o m e s t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o appear a t t h i s h e a r i n g t o give i t s views as to t h e best l o c a t i o n f o r t h e proposed highway, b e a r i n g i n mind t h e n e e d s o f t h e c i t y f o r t h i s h i g h w a y improvement a n d a l s o t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f k e e p i n g t o a minimum d e s t r u c t i o n o f important property values o f t h e c i t y which w i l l substantially t o the future welfare The general area contribute of the city. C a p i t o l C a d i l l a c Company's i n t e r e s t s i n t h e o f 22nd t o 2 4 t h S t r e e t s , N o r t h w e s t , s o u t h o f �26 127 N S t r e e t , a r e shown on t h e a t t a c h e d plat. The l a n d marked i n g r e e n i s e i t h e r owned by C a p i t o l C a d i l l a c Co. o r i s under long-term l e a s t to i t . Most o f t h e l a n d them and i s w e l l i n e x c e s s This represents of the c i t y . o f two a c r e s i s a c t u a l l y owned by i n those squares. one o f t h e l a r g e s t o w n e r s h i p s i n t h i s T h i s program o f l a n d a c q u i s i t i o n by C a p i t o l C a d i l l a c Co. h a s been a c c o m p l i s h e d o v e r a p e r i o d and a t very substantial cost. o f many i n that the present represents that suffered well-known u s e o f t h e p r o p e r t y i s c l e a n and o r d e r l y t h e e l i m i n a t i o n o f many s u b - s t a n d a r d houses from e x t e n s i v e Other b u s i n e s s years The b e n e f i t s t o t h e c i t y a s a whole, and t o t h i s s e c t i o n i n p a r t i c u l a r , a r e v e r y and section b l i g h t and s e r i o u s deterioration. i n t e r e s t s i n t h e a r e a have l i k e w i s e made substantial contributions to the general improvement o f t h i s important s e c t i o n o f t h e c i t y . It i s the p o s i t i o n of C a p i t o l C a d i l l a c that every e f f o r t s h o u l d be made by t h e D i s t r i c t Commissioners t o f i n d a n o t h e r l o c a t i o n i n t h i s a r e a which w i l l make u n n e c e s s a r y t h e c o s t l y condemnation and d e s t r u c t i o n o f p r i v a t e properties a l o n g N S t r e e t between 22nd and 2 5 t h S t r e e t s . We, t h e r e f o r e , recommend t h a t t h e Commissioners adopt an a l t e r n a t e p l a n which would l o c a t e t h e i n n e r highway i n t h i s a r e a Francis Junior t o t h e n o r t h and g e n e r a l l y loop west o f t h e High S c h o o l . I n c l o s i n g , we c o n c u r and h e a r t i l y e n d o r s e t h e �27 123 statement It p r e s e n t e d by t h e U. S. News a n d W o r l d j u s t s o happens t h a t weren't Report. I g o t o n a h e a d o f them b e c a u s e t h e y i n t h e room a t t h e t i m e y o u c a l l e d f o r u s . Thank you. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: A r e you s a y i n g t h a t that a l t e r n a t e r o u t e would miss t h e s e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s ? MR. BAUMGARTNER: McLaughlin, Yes, s i r ; e v e n R o u t e C, Mr. would not touch any o f t h e p r o p e r t i e s a c t u a l l y owned by C a p i t o l C a d i l l a c . A s you c a n s e e h e r e , a t t h e p o i n t w h e r e t h e y own y o u h a v e gone t o t h e n o r t h s i d e o f N S t r e e t ; i t ' s o v e r o n t h i s s q u a r e w h e r e t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s News i s l o c a t e d t h a t y o u s t a r t t o c u t i n a n d t a k e one o f t h e i r buildings. T h e b u i l d i n g s a c r o s s t h e s t r e e t w o u l d be t a k e n . T h a t ' s a row o f h o u s e s . and We s u g g e s t t h a t y o u go i n t o t h e p a r k i n back o f t h e s c h o o l . I h a v e two o t h e r s t o p r e s e n t . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Y o u h a v e some o t h e r clients? MR. BAUMGARTNER: Y e s . STATEMENT OF J . HAMPTON BAUMGARTNER, J R . , ON BEHALF OF DR. JOHN F. KEAVENY, 4 2 0 8 - 4 9 t h S T R E E T , NORTHWEST. MR. BAUMGARTNER: Mr. P r e s i d e n t a n d G e n e r a l W e l l i n g : on b e h a l f o f D r . J o h n F . K e a v e n y , 4 2 0 8 - 4 9 t h S t r e e t , Northwest, owner o f L o t s 2 3 , 69 a n d 70 i n S q u a r e 7 2 , i m p r o v e d by p r e m i s e s �38 129 2123, the 2125 and 2143 L S t r e e t , Northwest, we d e s i r e t o submit following s t a t e m e n t i n r e s p o n s e t o your n o t i c e o f November 24, 1958, c o n c e r n i n g t h e proposed l o c a t i o n o f t h e west l e g o f t h e i n n e r on loop, t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e p u b l i c hearing J a n u a r y 5, 1959. The owner w i s h e s t o be r e g i s t e r e d a s o p p o s i n g t h e a d o p t i o n o f t h e proposed p l a n i n d i c a t e d a s "A", t h e Washington C i r c l e Route, f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g 1. passing reasons: The a d o p t i o n o f t h e DeLeuw, C a f h e r Company plan under Washington C i r c l e and t r a v e l i n g n o r t h a l o n g t h e e a s t s i d e o f 2 1 s t S t r e e t , Northwest, would be i n o r d i n a t e l y expensive. I t would r e q u i r e t h e condemnation and d e s t r u c t i o n of many s u b s t a n t i a l s t r u c t u r e s i n an a r e a which a r e i n t h e p r o c e s s of r e h a b i l i t a t i o n . 2. The p r o p o s a l t o have a double l e v e l u n d e r p a s s a t Washington C i r c l e would be a v e r y expensive engineering f e a t and t h e need would not j u s t i f y t h e c o s t The modification owner b e l i e v e s t h a t r o u t e s thereof involved. "B" o r "C" o r some s h o u l d be adopted because t h a t would do l e s s damage t o t h e a r e a , would c o s t s u b s t a n t i a l l y l e s s t o acquire the e x i s t i n g properties construct and would be l e s s c o s t l y t o t h e new roadway. For t h e s e r e a s o n s , Dr. John F. Keaveny r e q u e s t s t h e Commissioners t o r e j e c t west l e g o f t h e i n n e r t h e proposed l o c a t i o n "A" f o r t h e loop. �I have one f u r t h e r one. T h i s i s t h e s h o r t e s t of them. STATEMENT OF J . HAMPTON BAUMGARTNER, JR., ON BEHALF OF THE POTOMAC PLAZA CORPORATION. M ; BAUMGARTNER: E. T h i s s t a t e m e n t i s on b e h a l f o f t h e Potomac P l a z a C o r p o r a t i o n . for I have no p r e p a r e d s t a t e m e n t them b e c a u s e Mr. Royce Ward, t h e P r e s i d e n t o f Hegeman- H a r r i s was h e r e t h i s morning. principals involved Potomac P l a z a . Hegeman-Harris i s one o f t h e i n t h e s y n d i c a t e which i s d e v e l o p i n g He h a d p l a n n e d t o s t a y b u t he c o u l d not s t a y t h i s afternoon t o speak. The Potomac P l a z a h a s a s k e d me t o s t a t e on t h e i r behalf t h i s very b r i e f statement. The highway s y s t e m t h a t h a s been c a r e f u l l y out t o p e r m i t t h e o r d e r l y development o f t h i s a r e a minimum a d v e r s e effect upon p r o p e r t y The Potomac P l a z a C o r p o r a t i o n , prompt a c t i o n be t a k e n worked with values i n the area. t h e r e f o r e , recommends t h a t t o adopt e i t h e r P l a n s B o r C a s t h i s w i l l a s s i s t i n f u t u r e development o f t h e a r e a . They favor B o r C and oppose P l a n A. Now, a s i d e from t h a t s t a t e m e n t I would l i k e t o s a y t o you gentlemen t h a t we had two o t h e r morning both o f whom own p r o p e r t y owns d i r e c t l y c l i e n t s present that are d i r e c t l y i n t h e l i n e and you a r e going t o t a k e f o o t they have, and t h a t gentleman d e c i d e d this — one every t o go home. He �30 131 has a very s u b s t a n t i a l t h i s improvement. for laundry operation r i g h t But t h e o n l y comment t h a t i n the l i n e of I want t o make him and f o r s e v e r a l o t h e r o f o u r c l i e n t s i s t h a t we urge t h a t t h e Board o f Commissioners make some d e c i s i o n and make i t rather rapidly. We commend t h e Board and p a r t i c u l a r l y G e n e r a l W e l l i n g f o r t h e a c t i o n t h a t was t a k e n l a s t t h e c a s e o f Route 240. year i n The s o o n e r d e c i s i o n s a r e made t h e p r o p e r t y owners i n t h e neighborhood know where t h e y s t a n d . They a r e e i t h e r i n t h e l i n e of i t , they a r e out of i t , they c a n make d e c i s i o n s about g e t t i n g o u t o r r i d o f t h e i r property, and f o r t h a t r e a s o n we a s k t h a t some d e c i s i o n be t a k e n , o f c o u r s e a f t e r p r o p e r and adequate study. Thank you. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you. Mr. Gould? Mr. Gould, a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f D. F. A n t o n e l l i Associates. STATEMENT OF JOHN W. LYON ON BEHALF OF D. F. AKTONELLI, JR., AND KINGDON GOULD, JR. MR. LYON: Mr. P r e s i d e n t , G e n e r a l W e l l i n g : My name i s John W. Lyon, I am h e r e on b e h a l f o f Mr. Kingdon Gould, J r . and Mr. D. F. A n t o n e l l i , J r . , who a r e owners o f c o n s i d e r a b l e r e a l e s t a t e i n Square 33, 44, and 59. gentlemen w i l l These be a f f e c t e d by t h e — COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Where a r e t h e y l o c a t e d ? �21 132 MR. LYON: Square 33, a t t h e c o r n e r o f — I c a n show you on t h e map h e r e , I b e l i e v e . 2 3 r d and E , t h a t ' s Square 59. MR. BRINKLEY: MR. LYON: Square 59 and 33 — Both s q u a r e s t o t h e west. These two s e q u a r e s , p l u s t h i s s q u a r e h e r e which i s on 2 3 r d and E S t r e e t s . T h e s e gentlemen w i l l be a f f e c t e d by t h e west l e g a s proposed under P l a n C which i s e n d o r s e d by t h e Highway Department. E v e n though t h e y w i l l lose considerable e s t a t e w i t h t h e r e a l i z a t i o n o f t h i s freeway t h e y f e e l it real that i s n e c e s s a r y and v i t a l t o t h e growth o f t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n Area. T h e s e gentlemen h e a r t i l y e n d o r s e Mr. C h a r l e s N o r r i s ' s u g g e s t i o n t h a t a r a p i d d e c i s i o n be made by t h e Commissioners. The highway program c o u p l e d w i t h t h e r e c e n t z o n i n g changes t h a t we have had i n t h i s a r e a have had v e r y d e f i n i t e i l l e f f e c t s on r e a l e s t a t e and r e a l e s t a t e t r a n s a c t i o n s i n t h i s particular area. The prompt d e c i s i o n , I t h i n k , on t h e p a r t o f t h e Commissioners t o adopt t h e p l a n a s proposed under P l a n C would h e l p a normal development it o f t h i s a r e a and I t h i n k free up, a s Mr. N o r r i s s u g g e s t e d , s o t h a t p e o p l e who a r e l a n d owners and h o l d e r s i n t h e a r e a and have p l a n s p r o j e c t e d i n the f u t u r e would be f r e e t o p r o g r e s s . Thank you. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you v e r y much, �32 133 Mr. Lyon. I s t h e r e anyone e l s e who w i s h e s W i l l you come t o be h e a r d ? forward. STATEMENT OF SAMUEL RABAT, 2616 EYE STREET, NORTHWEST. MR, RABAT: My name i s Samuel Rabat and I am a homeowner a t 2 6 t h and E y e S t r e e t s , Northwest. r e s i d e n t o f Foggy Bottom about f i v e y e a r s ago. o r i g i n a l property purchaser I became a I was t h e on 2 6 t h and E y e which w i l l be a f f e c t e d by t h e p r e s e n t highway program. I c o n c u r w i t h Mr. C a r n a l i e r who p r e v i o u s l y spoke f o r Foggy Bottom R e s t o r a t i o n A sociation. As t o what I f e e l , a r o u t e w h i c h would have t h e least impact on t h e Foggy Bottom r e s t o r e d a r e a , t h a t i s t h e o r i g i n a l Route up 2 3 r d S t r e e t , I may be a l i t t l e hazy, am I r i g h t about 2 3 r d S t r e e t ? Street route. I t h i n k he recommended t h e 23rd I s that right? GENERAL WELLING: Y e s . MR. RABAT: P r e v i o u s l y t h e P l a n n i n g Commissioner mentioned t h e number o f d w e l l i n g s t h a t would be a f f e c t e d on all three plans. I t h i n k t h a t a mention was made t h a t some— t h i n g l i k e 900 would be a f f e c t e d by one p l a n , 700 w i t h t h e o t h e r and 492 w i t h P l a n C. No mention was made a s t o t h e r e l a t i v e cost of the property. I mean, whether i t was new, o l d , d i l a p i d a t e d , condemned, and I f e e l t h a t p o i n t s h o u l d be �33 134 considered by t h e Commission, t h a t where new p r o p e r t y , e s p e c i a l l y r e s t o r e d p r o p e r t y i n t h e Foggy Bottom a r e a consideration t h a t t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e a r e o n l y 492 i s under dwellings a r e a f f e c t e d and q u i t e a number o f them, o f c o u r s e , would be p r a c t i c a l l y new h o u s e s i n t h e Foggy Bottom a r e a , that the c o s t t o t h e D i s t r i c t Government would be c o n s i d e r a b l y more. T a k i n g i t on a c o s t b a s e s , r u n n i n g a highway t h r o u g h the p r o p e r t i e s t h a t a r e more c o s t l y — i f 900 d w e l l i n g s take, f o r example, a r e a f f e c t e d and about o n e - t e n t h of them a r e new and n i n e t y p e r c e n t a r e o l d o r d i l a p i d a t e d o r condemned, you c a n ' t t h e government more. very w e l l s a y , w e l l , t h a t would c o s t I mean, i f o u t o f t h e 492 h o u s e s t h a t a r e s e i z e d i n long p l a n s o f t h e s e l i n e s , s a y about 300 or maybe 50 p e r c e n t , 40 o r 50 p e r c e n t o f t h e number of h o u s e s a r e new o r r e s t o r e d a t a c o n s i d e r a b l e cost the cost t h e r e , o f c o u r s e , would be something t o consider. As I s a i d , I f e e l t h a t t h e Foggy Bottom Association basis Restoration h a s t h e r i g h t a p p r o a c h t o t h e s i t u a t i o n but i f t h e Commission f a i l e s t o s e e i t i n t h a t adopted I s u g g e s t t h e s e l i g h t and P l a n C i s two a l t e r n a t i v e ways t h a t t h e e x p r e s s way would c o n t i n u e on t o t h e W h i t e h u r s t Freeway. That i s a s l o n g a s you a r e g o i n g t o have a u n d e r p a s s under t h e Potomac P l a z a Apartments I c a n ' t can't s e e why thatunderpass c o n t i n u e and not a f f e c t t h i s b e a u t i f u l r e s t o r a t i o n t h a t h a s r e a l l y gone on i n Foggy Bottom. I have been a �34 135 r e s i d e n t there, as I s a i d , for alost five years. When I o r i g i n a l l y moved i n t o t h a t a r e a t h e r e were n o t h i n g but a c r o s s t h e s t r e e t from me me — ramshackles ramshackles and p r a c t i c a l l y on e i t h e r s i d e of and condemned b u i l d i n g s . p a r t i c u l a r block that I have s e e n why I can't e v e n though i t would c o s t -- a s long a s p a r t i c u l a r neighborhood h a s enhanced s o i n t h e l a s t years — that i s t o be a f f e c t e d grow from t h e s e t o something s p l e n d i d t o look upon, and c o n c e i v e why, — an u n d e r p a s s can't continue to the Freeway, even i f i t does c o s t — this five Whitehurst t h e amount o f p r o p e r t y i n t h e p a r t i c u l a r p a t h o f t h e expressway runs into the m i l l i o n s . I mean, t h e c o s t o f t h e p r o p e r t y and t h e c o s t t o t h e D i s t r i c t . If i t i s a t a l l f e a s i b l e I f e e l t h a t t h e expressway should c o n t i n u e under t h e Potomac P l a z a and c o n t i n u e on t o t h e j u n c t u r e a t 2 7 t h S t r e e t and W h i t e h u r s t The o t h e r s u g g e s t i o n t h a t a l t e r n a t e i s not adopted why Freeway. I have t h a t i f t h i s t h e expressway and V i r g i n i a Avenue would t a k e a c i r c u i t o u s on r e a c h i n g 2 6 t h r o u t e around I b e l i e v e t o t h e west o f 2 7 t h S t r e e t which i s an open a r e a t h e r e and c o n t i n u e on t o t h e W h i t e h u r s t I o f f e r you Freeway j u n c t u r e . t h e s e s u g g e s t i o n s and I hope you give them s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: v e r y much. MR. RABAT: Thank you. We shall. Thank you �35 136 COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: U. S. News a n d W o r l d Report. STATEMENT OF JOHN SWEET, PRESIDENT, U. S. NEWS P U B L I S H I N G CORPORATION. MR. SWEET: My name i s J o h n Sweet a n d I am P r e s i d e n t o f U. S. News P u b l i s h i n g C o r p o r a t i o n . Mr. P r e s i d e n t , G e n e r a l W e l l i n g : We a r e v e r y much a w a r e o f t h e t r a f f i c p r o b l e m w h i c h i s now b e i n g f a c e d by t h e C i t y o f Washington and a r e h e a r t i l y i n accord with a l l the e f f o r t s b e i n g made by t h e v a r i o u s a g e n c i e s , e s p e c i a l l y t h e D i s t r i c t Highway D e p a r t m e n t , t o s o l v e t h e s e p r o b l e m s . We know, o f c o u r s e , t h a t t h e i n n e r l o o p h i g h w a y i s a v e r y important part of this solution. We h a v e made a c o m p l e t e a n d t h o r o u g h s t u d y o f t h e e f f e c t s s u c h p l a n s w o u l d h a v e on o u r own o p e r a t i o n s . T h e p r o p o s a l which b r i n g s t h e highway i n t o N S t r e e t a t t h e c o r n e r of 24th S t r e e t — that i sthe original eliminating that intersection — "C" p l a n — and extends thereby t h e highway down N S t r e e t p a s t 2 3 r d S t r e e t , w o u l d s e r i o u s l y interfere w i t h our p r e s e n t o p e r a t i o n s . A l s o i t would i n v o l v e t h e lopping o f f o f t h e northwest corner of our e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g a t t h e s o u t h e a s t c o r n e r o f 2 4 t h and N S t r e e t s , thereby e l i m i n a t i n g t h e main e n t r a n c e s t o t h e b u i l d i n g . T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s News P u b l i s h i n g C o r p o r a t i o n , i n i t s W a s h i n g t o n o f f i c e s l o c a t e d on 2 4 t h S t r e e t b e t w e e n M a n d �137 N S t r e e t s and r u n n i n g t h e complete b l o c k on the s o u t h s i d e o f N S t r e e t between 2 3 r d and 2 4 t h S t r e e t s , employs 300 p e o p l e . approximately Of t h e s e 300 p e o p l e more t h a n h a l f a r e engaged i n which might be termed " c r e a t i v e " work — the w r i t i n g , e d i t i n g and p r o d u c t i o n o f a w e e k l y news magazine which e n j o y s more t h a n 1,100,000 c i r c u l a t i o n . I n order for these employees t o g i v e t h e n e c e s s a r y a t t e n t i o n and to concentration t h e i r work i t i s n e c e s s a r y , o f c o u r s e , t h a t they be f u r n i s h e d working c o n d i t i o n s w i t h t h e maximum o f q u i e t uninterruption. To t h a t end, now and we have r e c e n t l y completed a f i v e - s t o r y r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e o f f i c e b u i l d i n g a t a c o s t of something i n e x c e s s o f $1,000,000. t h i s b u i l d i n g e v e r y e f f o r t was I n the c o n s t r u c t i o n of made t o i n s u l a t e t h e a s much a s p o s s i b l e from a l l e x t e r n a l n o i s e s . t h e r e a r e a t t i m e s some c o m p l a i n t s on 2 3 r d S t r e e t , t h e s e c o m p l a i n t s Although from t h e heavy are comparatively t h e y u s u a l l y o c c u r o n l y on o c c a s i o n s o f t r a f f i c offices traffic few as tieups in t h e neighborhood. A s t u d y of t h e proposed r o u t e s f o r t h e i n n e r loop makes i t v e r y p l a i n t h a t i t would be i m p o s s i b l e f o r t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s News P u b l i s h i n g C o r p o r a t i o n t o c o n t i n u e i t s o p e r a t i o n s i n i t s p r e s e n t l o c a t i o n d u r i n g the c o u r s e of c o n s t r u c t i o n a l o n g t h e r o u t e which t a k e s o v e r N between 24th and 23rd S t r e e t s . t*ur own Street building experience i n the neighborhood h a s shown t h a t t h e r e i s a s t r a t a o f hard, �37 138 s o l i d r o c k from f i v e t o s i x f e e t under t h e s u r f a c e o f t h i s whole a r e a . t h i s rock The n e c e s s a r y e x c a v a t i o n and b l a s t i n g t o remove i n a p r o j e c t t h e s i z e o f t h e i n n e r loop would i n v o l v e heavy b l a s t i n g o v e r a p e r i o d o f time which would make i t i m p o s s i b l e f o r o u r p e o p l e t o work i n our p r e s e n t b u i l d i n g s . A l t h o u g h i t i s h a r d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e approximate time which i t w i l l t a k e f o r t h e s e e x c a v a t i o n s and t h e completion o f t h e roadway i n t h e a r e a bounded by 22nd S t r e e t , 2 6 t h S t r e e t , M S t r e e t and N S t r e e t , we have had some e s t i m a t e s which would i n d i c a t e a minimum o f 18 months t o 24 months. Tc say nothing o f t h e n o i s e which s u c h c o n s t r u c t i o n would i n v o l v e , t h e d i s r u p t i o n o f t r a f f i c a l o n e i n this would c r e a t e a problem which would be v e r y d i f f i c u l t area f o r us t o overcome. I n a d d i t i o n , The U n i t e d Corporation S t a t e s News P u b l i s h i n g has, w i t h i n the past s e v e r a l years, v a r i o u s p r o p e r t i e s i n t h e neighborhood i n o r d e r purchased to furnish e a c h o f i t s employees w i t h p a r k i n g s p a c e . A l s o , i t h a s r e c e n t l y purchased a b u i l d i n g and a r r a n g e d f o r the operation of. a r e s t a u r a n t f o r employees, t h e c o s t o f which i s something i n e x c e s s o f $100,000. The proposed r o u t e o f t h e i n n e r loop which would e l i m i n a t e t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n a t 24th and N S t r e e t s would e l i m i n a t e t h e r e s t a u r a n t and one o f t h e p a r k i n g r e f e r r e d t o above. approximately At t h e p r e s e n t time we a r e p a r k i n g 100 c a r s on t h i s l o t e v e r y day. lots �139 Already we have t e n t a t i v e p l a n s and b l u e p r i n t s f o r f u r t h e r improvement o f t h e a r e a by a d d i t i o n a l o f f i c e b u i l d i n g s and grounds f o r p a r k i n g , determination a l l o f which a r e b e i n g d e l a y e d o f t h e r o u t e o f t h e i n n e r loop i n t h i s pending area. Taking a l l these matters into consideration, i t i s our f e e l i n g that should t h e proposed r o u t e mentioned above be adopted, t h e o r i g i n a l C, i t would be a b s o l u t e l y necessary not o n l y out i o r The U n i t e d S t a t e s News P u b l i s h i n g Corporation t o drop i t s p l a n s f o r e x p a n s i o n , but a l s o t o move of the area, a t l e a s t during the period of construction of t h e highway and, depending upon t h e amount and type o f t r a f f i c and t h e n o i s e which would be c r e a t e d by s u c h traffic, maybe p e r m a n e n t l y . Assuming t h a t i t would be n e c e s s a r y our o p e r a t i o n s during f o r u s t o move t h e p e r i o d o f c o n s t r u c t i o n and based on a c o n s t r u c t i o n p e r i o d o f r o u g h l y two y e a r s , i t would be necessary f o r u s t o f i n d adequate o f f i c e s p a c e t o accommodate t h e 300 employees now engaged i n our Washington o f f i c e s . Such s p a c e would have t o be l e a s e d o v e r a p e r i o d o f a t l e a s t t h r e e years; and even i f a v a i l a b l e , which i s d o u b t f u l , our best estimates a s t o t h e c o s t would be a p p r o x i m a t e l y $300,000 a y e a r r e n t a l f o r q u a r t e r s s i m i l a r t o t h o s e we now occupy. Thus, i t would i n v o l v e a r e n t a l c o s t o f something o v e r $900,000 f o r t h e p e r i o d our p r e s e n t i n which we would have t o v a c a t e q u a r t e r s p l u s t h e c o s t o f moving and t h e d i s r u p t i o n �39 140 of our o p e r a t i o n s during t h e c o u r s e o f t h e moves. Under t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s , therefore, i t i s the opinion o f o u r Board t h a t i n a l l p r o b a b i l i t y The U n i t e d Publishing Corporation S t a t e s News would be f o r c e d t o o b t a i n permanent o f f i c e s p a c e i n some o t h e r a r e a . adequate To o b t a i n t h e amount o f l a n d needed f o r b u i l d i n g s and p a r k i n g purposes would p r o b a b l y r e q u i r e our r e m o v a l t o t h e s u b u r b s because o f the p r o h i b i t i v e c o s t o f assembling s u f f i c i e n t the D i s t r i c t land within f o r our o p e r a t i o n s . T h i s i n t u r n would mean t h a t The U n i t e d Publishing Corporation with S t a t e s News i t s 300 employees and a p a y r o l l o f something o v e r $3,500,000 a y e a r would be f o r c e d t o l e a v e the D i s t r i c t permanently. T h i s move would a l s o d e p r i v e t h e D i s t r i c t o f many t h o u s a n d s o f d o l l a r s o f r e a l e s t a t e and other t a x r e v e n u e s which i f now r e c e i v e s from our o p e r a t i o n s . The p r o p e r t i e s now owned by The U n i t e d Publishing Corporation The through i t s wholly-owned s u b s i d i a r y , Madana R e a l t y Company, have been a c q u i r e d of t h e l a s t dollars. S t a t e s News over a p e r i o d f i f t e e n years at a cost of s e v e r a l m i l l i o n I t i s estimated move o u r o p e r a t i o n by o u r b u i l d i n g e x p e r t s t h a t t o t o another area, purchasing necessary l a n d and e r e c t i n g t h e n e c e s s a r y b u i l d i n g would i n v o l v e a c o s t o f two t o two and o n e - h a l f t i m e s our p r e s e n t i n the D i s t r i c t to the operation i n R e a l e s t a t e and b u i l d i n g s . of the United investment I n addition S t a t e s News P u b l i M n g Corporation, �40 141 The Bureau o f N a t i o n a l A f f a i r s w i t h a p p r o x i m a t e l y 250 and t h e McArdle P r i n t i n g Company w i t h a p p r o x i m a t e l y employees 300 employees, would a l s o he a f f e c t e d by t h i s i n n e r loop highway. Both companies a r e t e n a n t s i n our b u i l d i n g s and a l t h o u g h c o m p l e t e l y s e p a r a t e and a p a r t from The U n i t e d S t a t e s News P u b l i s h i n g C o r p o r a t i o n , t h e o p e r a t i o n s of t h e s e two companies a r e s i m i l a r i n many r e s p e c t s t o t h o s e of our company. I understand t h a t t h e i r own r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s have a l r e a d y s t a t e d t h e i r p o s i t i o n on t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e new highway. We do know, however, t h a t t h e d i s r u p t i o n of t r a f f i c to above would be a s e r i o u s h a n d i c a p w e l l a s our referred t o both companies a s own. As c a n be s e e n from t h e above, The U n i t e d S t a t e s News P u b l i s h i n g C o r p o r a t i o n f e e l s t h a t i t has a v e r y vital s t a k e i n t h e l o c a t i o n of t h e i n n e r loop and we hope t h a t every p o s s i b l e c o n s i d e r a t i o n w i l l be g i v e n t o t h e a l t e r n a t i v e l o c a t i o n which would p l a c e t h e highway t o t h e west and o f t h e F r a n c i s J u n i o r High School near t h e n o r t h w e s t o f 2 4 t h and N S t r e e t s . i n the matter, t h i s new A s i d e from our own vital north corner interest i f i s our f e e l i n g and b e l i e f t h a t s t u d i e s of proposed l o c a t i o n w i l l t h e most l o g i c a l , but p r o b a b l y i n d i c a t e t h a t i f i s not t h e most e c o n o m i c a l only r o u t e of any t h a t h a s been proposed t o d a t e . May we c o n c l u d e by a g a i n s t a t i n g t h a t i t i s not t h e d e s i r e of our company t o s t a n d i n t h e way of progress i n �41 142 s o l v i n g t h e t r a f f i c problems o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, but t h a t we do hope t h e s e problems c a n be s o l v e d i n a way t h a t does not f o r c e t h i s C o r p o r a t i o n t o remove i t s o p e r a t i o n s from t h e D i s t r i c t t o some s u b u r b a n a r e a . We w i l l t o f c o u r s e , be g l a d t o answer t o t h e b e s t o f o u r a b i l i t y any q u e s t i o n s t h e Commissioners may have w i t h respect to t h i s statement. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you v e r y much, Mr. Sweet. I s t h e r e any r e p r e s e n t a t i v e f o r t h e American Institute of A r c h i t e c t s p r e s e n t ? ( T h e r e was no r e s p o n s e . ) COMMISSIONER I have m i s s e d MC LAUGHLIN: I s t h e r e anyone else i n going o v e r t h e agenda? STATEMENT OF ERNEST F. HENDRICK ON BEHALF OF RALPH S. SCOTT. MR. HENDRICK: Mr. P r e s i d e n t and G e n e r a l My name i s E r n e s t F. H e n d r i c k , Ralph S. S c o t t and h i s f a m i l y . Welling: I am a n a t t o r n e y , I r e p r e s e n t Mr. S c o t t would have liked to have been h e r e but he h a s j u s t commenced a t h r e e month a b s e n c e from t h e c o u n t r y and c o u l d not be h e r e on your scheduled date. He would w i s h t o e x p r e s s c e r t a i n which I t h i n k have n o t a s y e t been e x p r e s s e d which he would l i k e t o c o n f i r m and s u p p o r t opinions i n addition to the statements t h a t have been made on b e h a l f o f t h e H a r t n e t t f a m i l y who now �42 143 o p e r a t e what was The over t h i r t y formerly Scott years known a s W e s l e y f a m i l y , Mr. gradually Hall. S c o t t would p o i n t a s s e m b l e d some f i f t y - o d d i n t h i s n e i g h b o r h o o d , most o f w h i c h w o u l d now adversely of the by and be t h a t have- been p r o p o s e d . various a l t e r n a t e plans loop north 21st the plans o f K S t r e e t , and out, for properties affected In fact, a l l f o r that p o r t i o n of the inner p a r t i c u l a r l y where i t n e a r s Massachusetts. He would l i k e to p o i n t e x p e r i e n c e t h a t he h a s had n e i g h b o r h o o d f r o m what was out that w h e r e i n he i n that created an vast up-graded t h e n s t a r t i n g t o be a v e r y slumish n e i g h b o r h o o d , he and other people i n the a s Mr. o t h e r p r o p e r t y owners have up-graded t h a t Bernstein n e i g h b o r h o o d and and be d i d c r e a t e what i s now A d m i r a l H o t e l w h i c h was He formerly would l i k e t o p o i n t been s a i d t h a t h i s v i s i o n o f t h e e x p e r i e n c e has at the out inner apparently the Hotel. form t h a t has is now s t a r t e d , as I t h a t would t a k e i t o f t h e F r a n c i s J u n i o r H i g h , and I t h i n k i f he w o u l d c o n c u r i n what i s r a t h e r u n a n i m o u s o p i n i o n o f e v e r y b o d y now the best of a l l the routes C-l. the loop a f t e r a l l t h a t before t h i s hearing h e a r d t h e t e s t i m o n y h e r e t o d a y he such i n a d d i t i o n t o what b e l i e v e i s known a s C - l w h i c h i s t h e oae had known a s known a s Scott's been t h a t i f would t a k e l a s t minute, j u s t around north neighborhood that t h a t have been proposed i s the However, most o f t h e p r o p o n e n t s o f t h a t and other plans �144 and the o b j e c t o r s to o t h e r p l a n s have c o n f i n e d testimony and their opinions to properties that include t h e j u n i o r h i g h and p r o p e r t i e s s o u t h H a r t n e t t s and one t h a t now others. Mr. thereof except e x p e r t s a d m i t t i n g t h a t t h e y c o u l d go lower l e v e l and s i m p l y g e t s you out your down i n t o t h a t t h a t w o u l d n o t be u n f e a s i b l e , o n c e you a r e t h e r e he w o u l d p o i n t o u t your loop w i t h o u t f o r the S c o t t would p o i n t t h a t you h a v e y o u r Highway D e p a r t m e n t and engineering the park o r two their t h a t you could continue t h a t b i g bend t o w a r d s 2 1 s t S t r e e t w h i c h up i n t o an a r e a which i s troublesome a t and Massachusetts and i n s t e a d you and 23rd or approximately 21st c o u l d go up b e t w e e n 22nd 2 3 r d and c e r t a i n l y 2 2 n d , thereby m i s s i n g a t r e m e n d o u s a d j u n c t o f t a x p a y i n g p r o p e r t i e s and c o u l d go up and to a c i r c l e , you c o n n e c t w i t h F l o r i d a A v e n u e i n what amounts somewhat o f a c i r c l e s w e e p s i n t h e r e and i n s t e a d o f t h a t loop destroys considerable private that taxpaying property. I am l o o k i n g a t your map now and I see that v a s t network j u s t south of the 0 S t r e e t a r e a which c o u l d eliminated. Things t h a t go u n d e r s t r e e t s and s e c t i o n s w h i c h c o u l d be c o m p l e t e l y ing be go u n d e r e l i m i n a t e d from an interengineer- standpoint. Mr. a r e a and S c o t t w o u l d e m p h a s i z e t h a t he h a s s t u d i e d he w o u l d h a v e t e s t i f i e d a s I am p e r h a p s much more e l o q u e n t l y and s t a t i n g here much more d i r e c t l y , this today, but from �145 a r e a l e s t a t e t a x b e a r i n g s t a n d p o i n t , Mr. S c o t t ' s o p i n i o n i s a v a l i d one, I submit, because Mr. S c o t t h a s been a v e r y s u c c e s s f u l b u s i n e s s m a n , h e ' s made o f t h a t a r e a something which i s u s e f u l and t h e H a r t n e t t H a l l accommodates a s many p e o p l e a s i t does and A d m i r a l b e s t and f i n e s t u s e . H o t e l , t h e y a r e u t i l i z i n g an a r e a t o i t s I submit from si s o c i a l s t a n d p o i n t , an economic s t a n d p o i n t o f t h e l i t t l e p e o p l e , that to destroy t h a t you would d e s t r o y a r e a l i n s t i t u t i o n not from t h e s t a n d p o i n t o f t h e H a r t n e t t s who would be h a r d p u t t o f i n d another l o c a t i o n t o go i n t o , but from t h e p e o p l e they s e r v e , t h a t i s t h e most c o n v e n i e n t and a r e a f o r t h o s e p e o p l e t o l i v e i n downtown i t ' s a l l r e a d y made f o r a l o t o f t h o s e l i t t l e people. Mr. S c o t t was f r y i n g t o t a k e c a r e o f them when he e n v i s i o n e d t h i s whole s e t - u p and s u p p o r t e d i t and he would l i k e you t o have your highway and e n g i n e e r i n g e x p e r t s do one more j o b . As i s d e m o n s t r a t e d h e r e they s t a r t e d o u t w i t h Route A. They wandered o v e r t o Route B. Route C. Then t h e y got t o Route C - l . i m a g i n a t i o n and e n g i n e e r i n g s k i l l Then they got t o Certainly would d e v i s e a s y s t e m whereby t h e l i n e would be s h o r t e r , t h e r e f o r e l e s s and their costly, l e s s i n j u r i o u s to the p u b l i c i n t e r e s t . I know Mr. S c o t t a p p r e c i a t e s t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o express those opinions. Thank you, s i r . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you, s i r . �45 146 STATEMENT OF WALTER L. GREEN, PRESIDENT, ADMIRAL HOTEL CORPORATION. MR. GREEN: W a l t e r L. Green. tion. Mr. Chairman, G e n e r a l We M i n g : I am I am P r e s i d e n t o f t h e A d m i r a l H o t e l We p u r c h a s e d t h i s p r o p e r t y from Mr. Scott. Corpora- At the p r e s e n t time we a r e o p e r a t i n g t h e A d m i r a l H o t e l which t h e 2100 b l o c k of 0 S t r e e t . i s in Your p l a n s a s they a r e l a i d h e r e i n your P l a n C o r C - l c o n t e m p l a t e s t h e m i s s i n g of t h e A d m i r a l H o t e l but i t p u t s i t i n a v e r y n o i s y s i t u a t i o n . it so happens t h a t we a l s o own and o p e r a t e 13 o t h e r i n t h e same b l o c k on e i t h e r s i d e o f t h e s t r e e t . rooming houses out But houses They a r e and t h e y a r e o c c u p i e d by Government workers and s t u d e n t s and s o on t h a t would be v e r y h a r d put t o f i n d other quarters. ing We o p e r a t e a food b u s i n e s s and a l s o a room- house b u s i n e s s i n t h a t a r e a . Now, I want t o s u p p o r t t h e p o s i t i o n o f Mr. e x p r e s s e d by Mr. Scott as Ker.drick t h a t we hope t h a t t h e r e w i l l be some f u r t h e r p l a n s made whereby i t w i l l not be n e c e s s a r y t o i n c o r p o r a t e t h e bend i n t o 0 S t r e e t and over info the M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue a r e a but t h a t you c a n go on up F l o r i d a Avenue and up 22nd S t r e e t and up through the park i n o r d e r t o get t h e t r a f f i c n o r t h where i t w i l l flow i n t o 22nd S t r e e t . We w i t h o u t going hope t h a t i t w i l l be p o s s i b l e t o do t h a t i n f o a l o t of r e p e t i t i o n I j u s t and want to s a y �147 that I do s u p p o r t a n d s u b s c r i b e to the position expressed by Mr. H e n d r i c k . I w o u l d l i k e t o s a y two o t h e r t h i n g s here. I h e a r d t h e s t a t e m e n t made by Mr. P e t e r reference t o t h e o l d M a r b u r y House o v e r o n M S t r e e t . t h a t somehow y o u w i l l very arrange to miss that. fine tourist attraction. hotel business appreciate with It will I hope be a Those people t h a t a r e i n t h e here i n Washington w i l l , t h a t a n d we know we w i l l I am c e r t a i n , a l l p r o f i t from i t . One o t h e r t h i n g i s I t h i n k t h a t Mr. S a m u e l C a t a l a n o ' s s u g g e s t i o n t o d a y t h a t we o u g h t t o do s o m e t h i n g t o p l a n t o g e t some p e o p l e downtown i s t i m e l y a n d I hope t h a t some s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n present r a i l facilities C i t y o f Washington. will be g i v e n to using the t h a t we h a v e t o g e t p e o p l e i n t o t h e N o t h i n g was s a i d about t h e P r i n c e County v i e w p o i n t o f t h a t but i f s o happens t h a t practicing Georges I h a v e been law i n P r i n c e Georges County f o r n e a r l y thirty y e a r s a n d t h e p e o p l e o u t t h e r e t h a t h a v e t o come i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a w o u l d r a t h e r come by e r a i n o r p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and I w i l l testified but fake i s s u e w i t h one g e n t l e m a n who h e r e t h a t man a n d h i s a u t o m o b i l e *ai*3 I think i n t h i s instance that rather inseparable, than park i t and a l o t o f p e o p l e w o u l d p r e f e r t o come downtown by a d e q u a t e p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d we hope t h a t you w i l l adequate p l a n to use the present r a i l devise an f a c i l i t i e s and g e t t h o s e �47 148 p e o p l e downtown. A u t o m o b i l e s don't t r a d e downtown but p e o p l e do and I t h i n k t h e problem i s t o g e t t h e p e o p l e and not t h e a u t o m o b i l e s downtown. Thank you v e r y much. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Thank you, Mr. Green. Who e l s e w i s h e s t o be h e a r d ? STATEMENT OF RUTH D. NEUFELD, 1133 - 2 4 t h STREET. MISS NEUFELD: I am Ruth D. N e u f e l d , 1133 - 2 4 t h S t r e e t , and I come h e r e t o l i s t e n and t o l e a r n . I am not going t o comment about e a c h p e r s o n who;n I h e a r d t h i s morning but I would l i k e t o s t a t e t h a t t h e r e h a s been v e r y little a t t e n t i o n g i v e n t o t h e mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s u v e r y whose r e s u l t s we a r e a l s o a n x i o u s l y a w a i t i n g . T h e r e f o r e , I would l i k e t o second t h e s u g g e s t i o n o f Mr. K e y e s o f t h e B u i l d i n g C o n g r e s s ths.t we not m e r e l y t h i n k i n terms o f property immediate values. I am p r i v i l e g e d t o be a f u l l time c i t i z e n because I l i v e on t h e r e s u l t s o f f u n d s I d i d n ' t e a r n and t h e r e f o r e I am not unaware o f t h e a n x i e t i e s and t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s o f p e o p l e who have money i n v e s t e d i n t h e a r e a . a s l i c k e d up slum b u i l t Washington Circle, the people a hundred I l i v e now i n y e a r s ago c l o s e t o s o I'm v e r y much aware o f t h e needs o f there. My two p o i n t s t h a t I f e e l p r i v i l e g e d t o be a b l e t o make a r e t h a t you t h i n k i n terms not o n l y o f t h e p e o p l e whose �149 l i v i n g i s a f f e c t e d and t h a t means s o d e f i n i t e l y t h e need f o r s u c h a r e l o c a t i o n s e r v i c e a s RLA h a n d l e s so w e l l f o r them but t h a t yovi do c o n s i d e r t h e community i n which we a l l pay f a x e s and hope t o watch p r o s p e r . Not merely i n terms of immediate i n t e r e s t but t h e long term Washington a s t h e c e n t e r of the m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a . COMMISSIONER MC Who LAUGHLIN: Thank e l s e w i s h e s t o be h e a r d ? you. W i l l you come f o r w a r d , please. STATEMENT OF MRS. LOUISE D 0 SIMEAR, EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SOCIAL WORKERS. MRS. SIMEAR: I came f o r Mr. A s s o c i a t i o n o f S o c i a l Workers who was c a l l e d out o f town because of t h e i l l n e s s o f h i s mother. l a t e but I thought I am s o r r y I was I wouldn't be c a l l e d on u n t i l about o ' c l o c k s o I d i d n ' t come u n t i l My Jacobs of the National name i s Mrs. 3:00 then. L o u i s e D. Simear, E x e c u t i v e S e c r e t a r y o f t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington C h a p t e r of t h e N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of S o c i a l Workers. The N a t i o n a l A s s o c i a t i o n of S o c i a l Workers i s a p r o f e s s i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n o f 22,000 q u a l i f i e d s o c i a l 625 of which a r e i n t h e Washington C h a p t e r . workers, We a r e p l e a s e d t o have t h e o p p o r t u n i t y o f a p p e a r i n g today t o s t a t e our b e l i e f s i n r e g a r d t o t h e need f o r a r e l o c a t i o n s e r v i c e f o r �49 150 t h o s e f a m i l i e s which w i l l be d i s p l a c e d the inner Foggy by t h e west l e g o f l c o p highway i n t h e s e c t i o n o f t h e c i t y known a s BottOH. Our members a r e a l l employed i n a wide v a r i e t y o f e n d e a v o r s t o r e l i e v e human s u f f e r i n g and t o a i d p e o p l e i n trouble. Our p r i m a r y i n t e r e s t preservation of the family, i s human w e l f a r e , t h e and t h e a s s i s t a n c e o f t h o s e i n need. We have l o n g a d v o c a t e d p u b l i c clearance, housing p r o j e c t s , c o n s e r v a t i o n and p r e v e n t i o n o f s l u m s by o v e r - c r o w d i n g , and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n o f b l i g h t e d that the only s u c c e s s f u l attack Clearing slum areas. i s a concerted We believe attack. up one s e c t i o n and e v i c t i n g f a m i l i e s s o t h a t they move i n f o o t h e r a r e a s which t h e n become slums b e c a u s e o f o v e r c r o w d i n g and l a c k o f enough a v a i l a b l e h o u s i n g a t t h e i r income l e v e l s does not s o l v e t h e problem. I n o r d e r t o p r e v e n t t h e c r e a t i o n o f new slums, a relocation service i s essential for displaced f a m i l i e s who cannot make a s a t i s f a c t o r y p l a n on t l i e i r own b e h a l f , b e c a u s e of i l l n e s s , low income, l a c k o f f u r n i t u r e , o r many o t h e r reasons. I C i r c l e area am p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e Washington a s I l i v e a t 2116 F S t r e e t and am f a m i l i a r w i t h this sectior. A t p r e s e n t i t i s a c o m b i n a t i o n o f newly b u i l t , h i g h income apartments, a few r e c o n d i t i o n e d row he u s e s like �151 t h o s e i n G e o r g e t o w n and many h o u s e s o f low r e n t a l . In fact, t h e r e a r e many w h i c h h a v e been condemned and a r e v a c a t e d . We a r e n o t c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h o s e f a m i l i e s whoso i n c o m e s make it e a s y f o r them t o f i n d o t h e r h o u s i n g . about t h o s e f a m i l i e s which w i l l low i n c o m e s w i l l themselves, We a r e concerned be f o r c e d t o move b u t whose f o r c e them t o make u n d e s i r a b l e p l a n s f o r They w i l l no doubt i n c r e a s e h o u s i n g c o d e v i o l a t i o n s , by o v e r c r o w d i n g , and by m o v i n g i n t o a l r e a d y i n bad buildings repair. The D i s t r i c t w i l l be f o r c e d t o employ more h o u s i n g i n s p e c t o r s t o c h e c k on v i o l a t i o n s . Why not g i v e t h e s e f a m i l i e s r e l o c a t i o n and a s s i s t a n c e i n t h e f i r s t p l a c e and avoid trouble i n the If future. f a m i l i e s d i s p l a c e d by p u b l i c h o u s i n g projects are e n t i t l e d t o a r e l o c a t i o n s e r v i c e we c a n n o t why t h i s s e r v i c e i s n o t c o n s i d e r e d e s s e n t i a l t o low f a m i l i e s d i s p l a c e d because le Housing of highways understand or p u b l i c income buildings. w i s h t o endorse t h e s t a n d of the Washington A s s o c i a t i o n which has r e g u l a r l y t e s t i f i e d to support f u n d s f o r h o u s i n g c o d e i n s p e c t o r s , s l u m c l e a r a n c e and centralized relocation a service. Ho h o u s i n g o r h i g h w a y p r o g r a m c a n s u c c e e d i f i t i g n o r e s t h e human n e e d s o f t h e f a m i l i e s a f f e c t e d by i t . W a s h i n g t o n f a m i l i e s need and d e s e r v e a c e n t r a l service which w i l l relocation serve as a necessary c o r o l l a r y to the �51 152 whole approach t o slum c l e a r a n c e , highway c o n s t r u c t i o n and urban improvement. COMMISSIONER MC lir. LAUGHLIN: ERNEST L. MILLAR ON I»OTOMAC BOAT CLUB AND MR. My MILLAR: Mr. THE t h e Potomac Boat C l u b and The I am BEHALF OF those present: a r e s i d e n t of the o f f i c e r s and members of t h e s e planning and and City. organizations attend t h a t c o n s i d e r a t i o n be g i v e n t o f u r t h e r o f t h e highway s y s t e m so a s not facilities I Washington Canoe C l u b . t h e i r a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r your i n v i t a t i o n t o t h i s hearing THE WASHINGTON CANOE CLUB. P r e s i d e n t and name i s E r n e s t L. M i l i a r . express v e r y much. Millar. STATEMENT OF represent Thank you destroy the present to obstruct beauty and use of our the upper Potomac R i v e r . Both c l u b s a r e long e s t a b l i s h e d landmarks o f c i t y having; s t o o d t h e t e s t of time and and c h a n g i n g times f o r over f i f t y pressure years. the bores Many n a t i o n a l and Olympic champions have been d e v e l o p e d b r i n g i n g h o n o r s t o the c i t y . Recreation and entertainment t o t h e p u b l i c by t h e s e n o n - p r o f i t h a s been f u r n i s h e d organizations through t h e i r e f f o r t s i n s t a g i n g l o c a l and n a t i o n a l water s p o r t s events. We b e l i e v e i f wise planning and consideration are g i v e n t o t h e n a t u r a l s c e n i c beauty o f t h e upper Potomac a n d �52 153 the opportunity t o preserve a spot w i t h i n t h e metropolitan a r e a by b o a t i n g , swimming a n d f i s h i n g a r e e n j o y e d t h i s i s an a s s e t w h i c h c a n n o t be m a n u f a c t u r e d b u t c a n be v e r y easily destroyed. P l e a s e g i v e thought t o t h i s COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: MR. MILLAR: preservation. T h a n k y o u , Mr. M i l l a r . .Thank y o u . COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: Who e l s e w i s h e s t o be h e a r d b e f o r e we c l o s e ? Will y o u come f o r w a r d , please. STATEMENT OF FRANCIS D. LETHBRIDGE, CHAIRMAN, GOVERNMENT RELATIONS COMMITTEE, WASHINGTONMETROPOLITAN CHAPTER, THE AMERICAN I N S T I T U T E OF ARCHITECTS. MR. LETHBRIDGE: I am F r a n c i s D. L e t h b r i d g e a n d I am C h a i r m a n o f t h e Government R e l a t i o n s C o m m i t t e e o f t h e Washington-Metropolitan Chapter o f the American I n s t i t u t e of Architects. T h e f o l l o w i n g r e p o r t on t h e p r o p o s e d c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e w e s t e r n l e g o f t h e i n n e r l o o p f r e e w a y was p r e p a r e d by a j o i n t c o m m i t t e e composed o f members o f t h e Government R e l a t i o n s and P l a n n i n g Committees o f t h e Washington-Metrop o l i t a n Chapter o f The American I n s t i t u t e o f A r c h i t e c t s . T h i s r e p o r t w a s e n d o r s e d by t h e E x e c u t i v e C o m m i t t e e o f the C h a p t e r a t i t s m e e t i n g J a n u a r y 2, 1 9 5 9 , a n d t h e C o m m i t t e e �154 was i n s t r u c t e d to present t h i s r e p o r t at the P u b l i c on J a n u a r y 5, Hearing 1959. The W a s h i n g t o n - M e t r o p o l i t a n C h a p t e r of The American I n s t i t u t e o f A r c h i t e c t s f a v o r s t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e much needed improvements t o K S t r e e t , to from t h e W h i t e h u r s t Freeway C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue, and f a v o r s t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e s o u t h e r n s e c t i o n o f t h e i n n e r loop highway s y s t e m , p l a n s f o r which have a l r e a d y r e a c h e d an advanced stage. We a r e not i n f a v o r , however, o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e proposed northern s e c t i o n o f t h e i n n e r loop highway a t t h i s t i m e . seriously We q u e s t i o n whether t h e i n n e r loop, i n i t s e n t i r e t y , w i l l traffic conditions s u f f i c i e n t l y to j u s t i f y relieve i t s enormous c o s t — a c o s t which must be measured not o n l y i n t h e d o l l a r c o s t o f the project itself, but i n t h e l o s s which i t will inflict the c i t y by r e a s o n o f a s u b s t a n t i a l r e d u c t i o n o f t a x a b l e r e a l e s t a t e and i n t h e more i n t a n g i b l e , but none t h e real, on less l o s s r e s u l t i n g from t h e d i s f i g u r e m e n t o f t h e c i t y . T h a t p o r t i o n o f t h e i n n e r loop which S t r e e t w i l l r e c e i v e the concentrated t r a f f i c i s south of K from t h e Potomac and A n a c o s t i a R i v e r b r i d g e s a s w e l l a s from t h e W h i t e h u r s t Freeway. I n c o n t r a s t to the c o n s t r i c t i n g e f f e c t of the n o r t h e r n l e g o f t h e loop upon a l l n o r t h - s o u t h t r a f f i c , planned i n a manner t o r e c e i v e and d i s c h a r g e t r a f f i c through a s y s t e m o f h i g h speed t r a f f i c cloverleafs. If will it is effectively i n t e r c h a n g e s or a f f o r d a c o n t i n u o u s l i n k between t h e �54 1 55 western, southern, and e a s t e r n p o r t i o n s o f t h e c i t y . This p o r t i o n o f t h e i n n e r loop h a s proceeded s o f a r t h a t i t s h o u l d now be completed a s q u i c k l y a s p o s s i b l e . We b e l i e v e , however, t h a t no s t a r t should on t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h a t p o r t i o n o f t h e i n n e r north ton. as loop o f K S t r e e t u n t i l s e v e r a l f a r more u r g e n t l y s t e p s have been taken We would l i s t to relieve t r a f f i c these s t e p s , i n order be made needed i n downtown Washingof t h e i r importance, follows: 1. The c o n s t r i c t i o n o f a r a p i d t r a n s i t which w i l l s u c c e s s f u l l y compete w i t h and cost of operation the convenience of p r i v a t e automobiles. s y s t e m w i l l p r o b a b l y be more, r a t h e r t h a n e x t e n s i v e t h a n t h e rumored p r o p o s a l s Transportation 2. system Such a less, o f t h e Mass Survey. The improvement o f t h e means f o r h a n d l i n g t r a f f i c on, and f o r d i s c h a r g i n g traffic from, arterial s t r e e t s and highways i n t o t h e downtown a r e a . This w i l l ization, i n v o l v e p a r t i a l s t r e e t widening, bus-loading bays, dead-ending some s e c o n d a r y c r o s s s t r e e t s , easing of right-hand t u r n s and making s u i t a b l e provisions f o r left-hand turns interrupting 3. channel- without traffic. P r o v i s i o n of s u f f i c i e n t o f f - s t r e e t parking t o p e r m i t u s i n g t h e f u l l w i d t h o f t h e more important �55 156 downtown s t r e e t s f o r moving r a t h e r t h a n s t o r i n g cars. T h e r e i s no p o i n t i n e n c o u r a g i n g t h e i n c r e a s e d u s e o f a u t o m o b i l e s by b u i l d i n g a d d i t i o n a l f r e e w a y s w i t h i n t h e c i t y u n t i l we have s u c c e s s f u l l y coped w i t h t h e volume o f t r a f f i c which e x i s t i n g a r t e r i a l s t r e e t s and freeways a l r e a d y pour i n upon u s . A good r a p i d t r a n s i t s y s t e m i s what we need most i f we a r e t o s o l v e t h e b a s i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems city. of the U n t i l t h i s h a s been p l a n n e d and c o n s t r u c t e d , t h e r e e x i s t s a s e r i o u s doubt whether f u r t h e r c o n s t r u c t i o n of a freeway and i n n e r loop s y s t e m w i t h i n t h e c i t y w i l l r e s u l t i n a n y t h i n g more t h a n t h e f u r t h e r c o m p l i c a t i o n o f an a l r e a d y difficult situation. COMMISSIONER MC LAUGHLIN: We are studying that a l l day tomorrow. Who e l s e w i s h e s t o be h e a r d ? ( T h e r e was no r e s p o n s e . ) COMMISSIONER MC no one e l s e who LAUGHLIN: T h e r e a p p e a r s t o be w i s h e s t o be h e a r d a t t h i s time. The r e c o r d w i l l be c l o s e d a t t h e end o f b u s i n e s s on t h e 16th o f J a n u a r y and I d e c l a r e t h i s p u b l i c h e a r i n g finished. (Thereupon, was c l o s e d . ) a t 3:30 o ' c l o c k p.m., the h e a r i n g �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Public hearing on proposed highway improvements in the northwest section of the District of Columbia Subject The topic of the resource Express highways--Washington (D.C.) Freeways Washington Circle (Washington, D.C.) Inner Loop (Washington, D.C.) Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Public meetings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ace Reporting Company District of Columbia. Board of Commissioners Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 5, 1959 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/6fa4fac841d768829b05fee0d16fbda6.pdf?Expires=1787788800&Signature=ESWABL385cH%7EQrbFNSh-xFkQaT%7E4KTr%7EtV3CYtpia4v-ecy6wjUGbRrO1FUTvtRmOIDhVsMTsJfEk2G%7Ef-cZajR29GaR3JJt9pS-GFsFlpy0PEtnqa8IoVhXks53rZwX7Xws-oOyE9ScRNXMELh%7EQQQvlxMMfZ1XAqRUXGtEUErKPIL-YyLs6SQjKI0D0fL9jf7MCRs0bzM4guzYtkK0xD0GIaAnhnp1wOKIQdWK0LrZEB59q1tXjRUHFqR63t5E4dTTEwZdK8UsUq-Xy3ObcIhS1wDussv7SQgvYid2G9TQWtvZZZAYSJkXYnwgoFx7km9C5FmhgQGujN-lhd25ig__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f6cc40cedb302c30218b0e66a9abfe95 PDF Text Text EXCERPTS FROM TRANSCRIPT In the matter of: THE NATIONAL CAPITAL PLANNING- COMMISSION COMMISSION MEETINGOPEN SESSION - VOLUME I Place: Washington, Date: Thursday, J u n e D. C. 9, 1956. r7?07 r)7^ ( K 7iCl/.L r J o A n n Withers Reporting 1906 M S T R E E T , N.W. WASHINGTON, D.C. 20036 338-7060 Service �NATIONAL CAPITAL PLANNING COMMISSION COMMISSION MEETING OPEN SESSION 9:40 o 'clock a.m. Thursday June 9 , 1956 Conference Room Third Floor 1701 Pennsylvania Washington, D. C. PRESENT: CHAIRMAN ROWE GENERA!, DUKE DR. EDWARDS MR. HARTZOG MR, HEGNER MR. LOUCHHEIM MR. McCARTER MR. NORTON MR. ROBERT'S COLONEL SHEFFIELD MR. THIRY MR. WHITTON Ave., N W . �P R O C E E D I N G S CHAIRMAN ROV/E: GENERAL DUKE: The Commission w i l l come t o o r d e r . Madam Chairman, I would - l i k e t o o f f e r a motion t o amend t h e agenda and t h e nomenclature o f I t e m # 9 , i f I may. May I c a r r y on? CHAIRMAN ROV/E: GENERAL DUKE: What do you propose? Quite f r a n k l y , t h a t item i s i d e n - t i f i e d on t h e agenda as a d i s c u s s i o n of t h e Proposed Comprehensive Plan f o r the National Capital - Transportation. I n o t h e r words, i t g i v e s t h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t t h e d i s c u s s i o n i s a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e c t i o n of t h e Comprehensive Plan. We have h e r e t o f o r e Executive discussed these sections i n S e s s i o n and, s i n c e I o r i g i n a t e d t h e r e q u e s t t o d i s c u s s t h i s p a r t i c u l a r item, my i n t e n t , r e a l l y , was t o d i s c u s s t h e Statement of t h e P o l i c y A d v i s o r y t h i s Committee Committee that i s s u e d under date o f May 25th and not p e r se a d i s c u s s i o n t o approve a t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e c t i o n o f the Comprehensive Plan. Therefore, read: 1956, I suggest t h a t I t e m # 9 be r e v i s e d t o Statement o f t h e P o l i c y A d v i s o r y Committee o f May 2 5 , and t o e l i m i n a t e any s p e c i f i c i m p l i c a t i o n t h a t t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e c t i o n o f t h e Comprehensive P l a n i s up f o r discussion, frankly. �Mine i s a v e r y l i m i t e d item t h a t I would l i k e t o propose t o he d i s c u s s e d by t h e Commission a t t h a t t i m e . CHAIRMAN ROWE: GENERAL DUKE: Your wording would be -Statement o f t h e P o l i c y Advisory Committee o f May 2 5 , 1 9 5 6 . T h i s would be t h e item on t h e agenda. MR. WHITTON: MR. NORTON: I ' l l second h i s motion". What a c t i o n could we take under t h i s ? I mean, i s t h i s j u s t a d i s c u s s i o n o f the Statement? GENERAL DUKE; T h i s W i l l be a d i s c u s s i o n o f the Statement and, q u i t e f r a n k l y , I w i l l move a g e n e r a l endorse- ment by the Commission o f t h a t Statement. I am not a d d r e s s i n g myself s p e c i f i c a l l y t o the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e c t i o n o f t h e Comprehensive P l a n a t a l l . My a d v i c e , f r a n k l y , w i l l be t h a t t h i s be developed in the routine business o f the Commission and i n the normal manner t h a t t h e Commission has c o n s i d e r e d a l l o f t h e o t h e r s e c t i o n s o f the P l a n . CHAIRMAN ROWE: T h i s i s what we had intended t o do. T h i s i s p a r t of t h e normal Commission procedure. ruling I have a here from t h e S e c r e t a r y , t h e Commission's C o u n s e l , which I t h i n k i s p e r t i n e n t t o read GENERAL DUKE: r i g h t now, i f you -- F r a n k l y , Madam Chairman, I d i d n ' t mean t o make t h i s a c o n t r o v e r s i a l item o f d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e m e r i t s o f the p r o p o s a l a t a l l . I t o n l y has t o do w i t h t h e �nomenclature o f the item on t h e agenda, w h i c h I c o n s i d e r to be a v e r y s i m p l e m a t t e r . DR. EDWARDS: May I a s k you, G e n e r a l , a r e you s h a l l we d i s c u s s t h i s i n t h e normal course o f b u s i n e s s so t h a t i t appears as I t e m 9? GENERAL DUKE: gestion.. Y e s , s i r . T h i s i s r e a l l y my sug- Mine i s an a d m i n i s t r a t i v e recommenda'tion a t t h e moment. MR. THIRY: Madam Chairman, I understood from what the G e n e r a l says i s t h a t a l l he wants t o do i s j u s t kind o f t a l k about t h i s and t h a t he doesn't propose t o make i t a p a r t o f t h e P l a n o f t h e C i t y o f Washington. to accept, Advisory He j u s t wants you know, i n s p i r i t t h e recommendations o f t h i s Committee. I s that right? GENERAL DUKE: That's c o r r e c t . As a m a t t e r o f • f a c t , I r e a l l y am embarrassed t o s t i m u l a t e any d i s c u s s i o n on t h e m e r i t s of t h a t p r o p o s a l now. T h i s i s s t r i c t l y an a d m i n i s t r a t i v e recommendation t h a t t h e item on t h e agenda read: 25th, Statement of t h e P o l i c y A d v i s o r y Committee o f May I 9 e 6 , and i t does not s p e c i f i c a l l y r e l a t e t o t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e c t i o n o f t h e Comprehensive P l a n . MR. THIRY: That's a l l . Then, by a c t i n g on t h i s m a t t e r , I mean, we c o u l d n ' t c o n s i d e r P l a n , i s t h a t t h e idea? i t as a p a r t o f t h e Comprehensive �GENE RA L DUKE: . T h a t ' s MR. THIRY: correct. B u t i n a d v e r t e n t l y i t becomes t h a t . CHAIRMAN ROWE: The c h a i r would l i k e t o have t h i s -- I mean, under t h i s procedure, i f t h i s statement i s adopted by t h e Commission, then t h i s would be the Commission p o l i c y on t h e i n t e r s t a t e freeway system i n the C i t y . GENERAL DUKE: I think that properly i s discussion a t e l e v e n - t h i r t y , which has t o do w i t h t h e m e r i t s o f t h e Commission's a c t i o n , f r a n k l y . I am merely now r e q u e s t i n g o n l y a change i n nomenclature o f t h e item. CHAIRMAN ROWE: one B u t I t h i n k t h i s i s an important and, as I wrote Commissioner T o b r i n e r , w i t h i n the context previous i t was put on o f t h e Comprehensive P l a n , a s was t h e PAC Statement w h i c h came t o us o n l y a month ago and I have a r u l i n g from t h e Counsel which i s p e r t i n e n t when we get t o t h e d i s c u s s i o n . Can we r e s e r v e t h e vote on t h i s u n t i l we get t o t h i s item? • GENERAL DUKE: F r a n k l y , Madam Chairman, t h e reason I mention I t now i s t h a t I understand amendments t o t h e agenda have t o be r a i s e d as t h e f i r s t o r d e r o f b u s i n e s s and I r e s p e c t f u l l y r e q u e s t t h a t t h e Commission's wisdom on t h i s m a t t e r be o b t a i n e d . MR. NORTON: Counsel has got h e r e . I t h i n k you had b e t t e r read what I f we a r e going t o get i n t o t h i s , we �might a s w e l l g e t i n t o i t , we can t a k e today. so t h a t we c a n see what a c t i o n I think t h i s i s the thing.that i s b o t h e r i n g me anyway. I don't q u i t e know what t h i s means. (Mr. H a r t z c g entered the meeting a t 9 : 4 4 o ' c l o c k a.m.) MR. SHEAR: G e n e r a l Duke i s c o r r e c t . " I f the agenda i s t o be amended, i t must be amended a t t h e s t a r t of the meeting; o t h e r w i s e t h e agenda i s c o n s i d e r e d agreed t o without o b j e c t i o n . I f t h e r e i s t o be an amendment i n t h e t i t l e o f an i t e m , t h e a d d i t i o n o r d e l e t i o n o f an i t e m , i t i s r e q u i r e d t o be done a t t h e beginning o f the meeting. Changing t h e name o f t h e item on t h e agenda i n no way a f f e c t s t h e a c t i o n which the Commission may l a w f u l l y take. CHAIRMAN ROWE: GENERAL DUKE: CHAIRMAN ROWE: Oh, f i n e . I agree w i t h you. Then, w i t h o u t o b j e c t i o n , t h e item name i s changed. GENERAL DUKE: Thank you v e r y much. Don't look a t me l i k e t h a t , Madam Chairman. (Laughter.) CHAIRMAN ROWE: Mr. Conrad. ITEM NO. 1 - PERSONNEL ANNOUNCEMENTS MR. CONRAD: Good morning, Madam Chairman, Members �m i s s i o n , a r e a p p a r e n t l y not y e t h e r e . You might go t o i t e m number n i n e , i f i t i s t h e p l e a s u r e o f the Commission. ITEM NO. 9 - Statement o f t h e P o l i c y A d v i s o r y Committee dated May 2 5 , i 9 6 0 . CHAIRMAN ROWE: V e w i l l move on. B e f o r e we s t a r t / the d i s c u s s i o n on i t e m number n i n e , I want t o read t o t h e Commission t h e — GENERAL DUKE: Madam Chairman. CHAIRMAN ROWE: I am s o r r y . a t t h i s moment. I can't r e c o g n i z e y c u I f e e l t h a t I should have t h e o p p o r t u n i t y to read t h i s t o t h e Commission. I t was prepared Counsel and, t h e r e f o r e , f o r your i n f o r m a t i o n MR. SHEAR: by the — Madam Chairman, G e n e r a l Duke informs me t h a t he m e r e l y wanted t o a s k f o r a b r i e f of h i s people a r e not h e r e . r e c e s s , a s some He had not intended t o seek the f l o o r f o r any o t h e r purpose. CHAIRMAN ROWE: Oh, a s long a s i t i s j u s t f o r a b r i e f r e c e s s , I ' l l be g l a d t o r e c o g n i z e t h e Counsel on b e h a l f o f t h e E n g i n e e r Commissioner. (Laughter.) GENERAL DUKE: CHAIRMAN ROWE: Thank you, Madam Chairman. And i f t h e Maryland people get h e r f i r s t , we w i l l put them on. �(Recess.) . CHAIRMAN ROVE: The Commission w i l l come t o o r d e r . We a r e on I t e m number n i n e and, i n i n t r o d u c t i o n , I want t o read a statement prepared by t h e Commission's Counsel. (Chairman Rowe then read t h e statement prepared by the G e n e r a l Counsel which reads as f o l l o w s : ) �At t h e r e q u e s t the D i s t r i c t o f t h e P r e s i d e n t o f t h e Board o f Commissioners o f o f C o l u m b i a we h a v e p l a c e d the i n t e r s t a t e on t h e agenda o f t h i s freeway system i n the D i s t r i c t Counsel has advised me t h a t t h e Commission of.Columbia, meeting The G e n e r a l may n o t adopt t h e Compre- h e n s i v e P l a n o r any e l e m e n t t h e r e o f o r any amendment t h e r e t o u n t i l formally presented to appropriate t h e proposed p l a n , plan element, o r p l a n F e d e r a l and D i s t r i c t and recommendations. endorsement in o f Columbia a u t h o r i t i e s He h a s f u r t h e r a d v i s e d o f t h e program amendment f o r comment me t h a t a p p r o v a l o r f o r the i n t e r s t a t e t h e Agreement d a t e d May 25, 1966 between i t has freeway system s e t f o r t h the Director of the N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e , t h e Commissioner o f t h e V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways, o f Columbia would and t h e E n g i n e e r Commissioner o f t h e D i s t r i c t c o n s t i t u t e a d o p t i o n by t h e Commission o f an element o f t h e Comprehensive P l a n p r i o r t o i t s p r e s e n t a t i o n t o a p p r o p r i a t e District o f Columbia a u t h o r i t i e s f o r comment and recommendations r e q u i r e d by S e c t i o n M(e) o f t h e N a t i o n a l Capital Planning t o approve o r endorse t h e i n t e r s t a t e f r e e w a y program to i t s presentation to appropriate Columbia a u t h o r i t i e s the A c t . o f which i n the May 25 Agreement o r t o adopt a n e l e m e n t o f t h e C o m p r e h e n s i v e prior as Act o f 1952. The C h a i r t h e r e f o r e w i l l not e n t e r t a i n any motion t h e e f f e c t is F e d e r a l and Plan F e d e r a l and D i s t r i c t o f f o r comment and recommendations i n accordance with �- 2 - At t h e c o m p r e h e n s i v e p l a n s e s s i o n o f i t s m e e t i n g on May 5 t h e Commission a p p r o v e d t h e recommendations o f t h e E x e c u t i v e d a t e d May Committee, 3, 1966, a s amended, a s t h e b a s i s f o r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e s e c t i o n on t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n t h e p r o p o s e d C o m p r e h e n s i v e P l a n . with other elements o f the plan t h i s appropriate F e d e r a l and D i s t r i c t and recommendations b e f o r e Commission. is s e c t i o n w i l l be p r e s e n t e d t o o f C o l u m b i a a u t h o r i t i e s f o r comment a d o p t i o n o f t h e C o m p r e h e n s i v e P l a n by t h e The C h a i r w i l l t o approve t h e i n t e r s t a t e solely Together e n t e r t a i n any motion t h e e f f e c t o f w h i c h f r e e w a y program i n t h e May 25 Agreement a s t h e b a s i s f o r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f an a l t e r n a t e s e c t i o n on transportation i n t h e p r o p o s e d C o m p r e h e n s i v e P l a n o r as t h e b a s i s f o r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e s e c t i o n on t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n t h e p r o p o s e d C o m p r e h e n s i v e P l a n i n s u b s t i t u t i o n f o r t h e recommendations o f t h e E x e c u t i v e Committee, m e e t i n g on May 5. be i n o r d e r i t s approval d a t e d May 3, 1966, a s a-ended a t t h e Commission The C h a i r n o t e s t h a t t h e l a t t e r motion would not u n l e s s and u n t i l t h e Commission a d o p t s a motion t o r e s c i n d o f t h e recommendations o f t h e E x e c u t i v e Committee, a s amended, a s t h e b a s i s f o r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e s e c t i o n on t r a n s p o r tat ion. �T h a t I s a r a t h e r long e x p l a n a t i o n o f where we a r e . I n summary, I might s a y t h a t I am a d v i s e d t h a t i t would be out o f o r d e r t o s e p a r a t e t h i s f r e e w a y element adopted as p a r t of t h e C i t y P l a n because t h e s t a t u t o r y requirement would not have been adhered t o . V/e would e n t e r t a i n t h e motion t o have i t considered as an a l t e r n a t i v e t o t h e p l a n p r e v i o u s l y adopted on May 5 t h or as a s u b s t i t u t e w h i c h would r e q u i r e r e s c i n d i n g of t h e pre v I o u s motion. Now, I know t h e people a r e much more i n t e r e s t e d I n the s u b s t a n c e of what i s b e f o r e us r a t h e r t h a n the procedure but t h e procedure i s so i m p o r t a n t t h a t I f e l t i t had t o be outlined. When I wrote t o Commissioner T o b r i n e r a g r e e i n g t o put i t on the Commission Agenda, t h i s p o i n t v/as made c l e a r . I a l s o made c l e a r my f e e l i n g , shared by many members of the Commission, t h a t p u b l i c h e a r i n g s on t h i s g r e a t b i g c i t y problem a r e overdue and c e r t a i n l y should be scheduled soon. There i s a r e q u i r e m e n t , not a s t a t u t o r y requirement but a s u g g e s t i o n f o r p u b l i c h e a r i n g s i n our b a s i c legislation V e have had t h e same s u g g e s t i o n from the Senate D i s t r i c t / Committee, from a number of c i t i z e n s 1 groups i n t h e c i t y . I f e e l t h e PAC r e p o r t w h i c h G e n e r a l Duke i s about t o p r e s e n t has many elements t h a t could c e r t a i n l y be supported by t h e P l a n n i n g Commission and by t h e people of t h e �57 city. I t h i n k i t does v e r y w e l l f o r the monumental a r e a s o f the c i t y and, i f v/e c a n do t h a t w e l l f o r t h e monumental a r e a s , c e r t a i n l y v/e c a n do as w e l l f o r t h e people whose homes and businesses would he a f f e c t e d by any s o r t o f I n t e r s t a t e system. I know t h a t t h e r e a r e a number o f q u e s t i o n s that d i f f e r e n t members o f t h e Commission would l i k e t o a s k on t h e s u b s t a n c e o f what i s b e f o r e us and, w i t h t h a t r a t h e r lengthy p r e l i m i n a r y , G e n e r a l Duke. GENERAL DUKE: Thank y o u , Madam Chairman. I do a p p r e c i a t e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y of p r e s e n t i n g t h e substance of t h i s report of the P o l i c y Advisory the Commission a t t h i s t i m e . I t h i n k I should Committee t o s a y a t the o u t s e t f o r t h e b e n e f i t , p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r t h e b e n e f i t of t h e o u t - o f - t o w n members who, u n f o r t u n a t e l y , have not been a b l e t o f o l l o w t h e day-to-day developments i n t h i s case a s I n t i m a t e l y a s t h e r e s t of us h e r e , t h a t t h i s particular r e p o r t has r e c e i v e d i n g e n e r a l v e r y e n t h u s i a s t i c response. I t has, I t h i n k i t i s safe t o say, received the general support o f t h e news media of t h e c i t y . CHAIRMAN ROWE: (Laughing.) I t has r e c e i v e d — I'm not q u a r r e l i n g w i t h you. (Laughter.) GENERAL DUKE: s t a t e m e n t , Madam- Chairman (Laughter.) W e l l , a t l e a s t , t h i s i s p a r t of my — �58 and I w i l l r e p e a t my s t a t e m e n t . I t h i n k t h a t by and l a r g e i t i s s a f e t o s a y t h a t I t has r e c e i v e d media i n t h e c i t y . the support of t h e news I t has r e c e i v e d t h e endorsement of the Board o f Commissioners of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. I r e c e i v e d a l e t t e r as Chairman of t h e Committee from t h e Chairman of t h e Senate D i s t r i c t Committee i n which I don't have t h e l e t t e r r i g h t i n f r o n t of me, but as I r e c a l l i t i n general supported t h e c o n c l u s i o n s of the P o l i c y A d v i s - ory Committee. At any r a t e , i t has been a s u b j e c t of i n t e n s e i n t e r e s t , I suppose you would s a y and, I n v e r y g e n e r a l the r e a c t i o n t o t h i s has been q u i t e f a v o r a b l e . publi terms, So, a t any r a t e , I have asked Mr. A i r i s t o come forward today and t o p r e s e n t t h e s u b s t a n c e of t h i s P o l i c y A d v i s o r y Committee report. As a p r e c a u t i o n , i n order t o p r e v e n t any s u r p r i s e measure b e i n g e x h i b i t e d today, I have p r e v i o u s l y transmitted c o p i e s of t h i s r e p o r t t o a l l members of t h e Commission and I am h o p e f u l t h a t t h e Members have read t h e r e p o r t and I a l s o want t o make q u i t e c l e a r t h a t i t i s not my i n t e n t i o n today to o f f e r t h i s Report s p e c i f i c a l l y as a s e c t i o n of t h e Comprehensive P l a n . T h i s b e a r s on t h e statement t h * t h e Chairman made a w h i l e ago and I would l i k e t o s a y i n j u s t very general terms t h a t f r a n k l y almost e v e r y a c t i o n t h i s Commission t a k e s one way or- a n o t h e r a f f e c t s the development o �59 I am not sure what the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e c t i o n of the Comprehensive but c e r t a i n l y P l a n c o n s i s t s of a t the moment, i n f a c t , t h i s Commission w i l l develop such a s e c t i o n . I t h i n k the time schedule c a l l s f o r the development of t h i s p l a n sometime l a t e r on i n the f a l l and I t h i n k we have a l l c l e a r l y agreed t h a t the v a r i o u s elements of the p l a n w i l l circularized i n i t s f i n a l d r a f t form to a l l a p p r o p r i a t e o f f i c i a l s and groups of the c i t y t h a t might have a interest be specific in i t . So, I want t o a s s u r e the Chairman t h a t I t i s not my i n t e n t i o n today t o a f f e c t t h a t procedure i n the slightest. As a m a t t e r of f a c t , i t i s n ' t my i n t e n t i o n t o o f f e r such a s e c t i o n today. T h i s , j u s t as the a p p r o v a l of master p l a n s t h a t the Commission has a l r e a d y done today, t h i s i s another a c t i o n which develops the sense of the Commission on an i t e m of extreme Importance to the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and the e x p r e s s i o n by the Commission of i t s sense w i t h r e s p e c t to such v i t a l a r e a s of i n t e r e s t can o n l y provide a l i m i t e d amount of guidance i n the development of the p l a n subseq u e n t l y , because e v e r y a c t i o n the Commission t a k e s , i n f a c t , b e a r s t h a t guidance., So, when you draw the c u r t a i n and you develop a p l a n i n i t s f i n a l i t y , you r e f l e c t as of t h a t p o i n t of time the v a r i o u s wisdoms t h a t the Commission has e x p r e s s e d by i t s various actions. �T h i s i s , i n essence, a plan. T h i s i s the way a p l a n i s developed. So, w i t h t h a t summary, and, f r a n k l y , b e i n g presented today t o a c q u a i n t i t i s merely t h i s Commission w i t h the substance of t h i s Report because I t h i n k t h i s i s a great step forward. stance I t r e f l e c t s the s o l u t i o n , I t h i n k , i n sub- t o many o f the nagging problems t h a t we have been faced w i t h f o r many y e a r s and i t o f f e r s a great d e a l o f hope i n the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a r e a generally. T h i s Commission has a great o p p o r t u n i t y here t o express i t s view w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h i s o r not t o . F r a n k l y , I t h i n k the Commission i s i n l a r g e measure a t the c r o s s r o a d s r i g h t now. But a t l e a s t I c e r t a i n l y would r e s e r v e any spe- c i f i c recommendation t o the Commission u n t i l a f t e r i t i s over and I would l i k e t o encourage the q u e s t i o n i n g b e r s o f t h e Commission w i t h r e s p e c t report. any I t speaks f o r i t s e l f . t o the d e t a i l s o f t h i s We would be glad t o answer q u e s t i o n s you may have, and, f r a n k l y , w i l l review by mem- I hope t h a t you I t i n the s p i r i t i n which i t i s o f f e r e d . I t i s a c o n s t r u c t i v e e f f o r t t o r e s o l v e many o f the problems i n t h i s a r e a t h a t have faced us over the l a s t few years. DR. EDWARDS: Madam Chairman. CHAIRMAN ROWE: DR. EDWARDS: D r . Edwards. May I a s k G e n e r a l Duke a q u e s t i o n �61 b e f o r e we begin? You emphasize t h a t now you do not i n t e n d t o o f f e r now t h i s as a p a r t o f the Comprehensive F l a n . Do I i n f e r from t h a t t h a t a t some l a t e r time you may o f f e r t h i s as a p a r t o f the Comprehensive Plan? GENERAL DUKE: No, I s a y t h a t I am o n l y p r e s e n t i n g t h i s today t o get the sense o f the Commission and I am sayi n g t h a t the sense o f the Commission i n a l l of i t s v a r i o u s particulars, i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n as w e l l as i n the use o f t h e . N a t i o n a l T r a i n i n g School s i t e f o r boys, the use of the Navy Y a r d , the use o f a l l o f these v a r i o u s elements t h a t a r e the concern o f t h i s Commission. The sum t o t a l o f the sense o f the Commission i n a l l o f these a r e a s i s what i s r e f l e c t e d i n the plan.and the s t a f f develops a p l a n which, as o f the day i t i s p u b l i s h e d , r e f l e c t s the sense t h a t has p r e v i o u s l y been expressed by the Commission. I n o t h e r words, I am not o f f e r i n g a s p e c i f i c ment e n t i t l e d T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S e c t i o n o f the P l a n . ele- I think t h i s i s something we c u s t o m a r i l y do i n E x e c u t i v e S e s s i o n and the s t a f f p r e s e n t s s e c t i o n s t o us f o r our r e v i e w and our a p p r o v a l and c u s t o m a r i l y we have reviewed Session. these i n E x e c u t i v e But we take a c t i o n i n Open S e s s i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o v a r i o u s elements t h a t a r e l a t e r i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o the. p l a n a n d . t h i s i s what I am s u g g e s t i n g today, more. . . . f r a n k l y , and n o t h i n g �" MR. THIRY: Madam Chairman. CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. THIRY: Mr. T h i r y . I was wondering, has t h i s m a t t e r been reviewed w i t h our s t a f f i n d e t a i l ? I mean, a r e they f a m i l i a w i t h the d e t a i l s o f the p r e s e n t a t i o n ? GENERAL DUKE: MR. THIRY: They have seen the documents. No, I'm t a l k i n g about the d i s p l a y material. GENERAL DUKE: MR. CONRAD: I can't say on t h a t . We have not seen the d i s p l a y m a t e r i a l We have p a r t i c i p a t e d w i t h the P o l i c y A d v i s o r y Committee i n a l l o f I t s s e s s i o n s and I have been p r i v i l e g e d t o be i n most of those s e s s i o n s . I had n o t i c e d s e v e r a l maps t h a t have gone up on the board which we have seen f o r the f i r s t time but I cannot answer t h a t q u e s t i o n s p e c i f i c a l l y . seen a l l I am sure t h a t v/e have the i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t they have up t o date but I do not b e l i e v e v/e have seen whatever i n f o r m a t i o n has been developed, l e t ' s s a y , w i t h i n the l a s t two or t h r e e weeks. MR. THIRY: Another t h i n g , Madam Chairman, I wonder, has t h i s e v e r been r e f e r r e d t o any Committee of the Commission f o r c a r e f u l study? CHAIRMAN ROWE: No, i t h a s n ' t . i s an agreement, r a t h e r than a p l a n . The PAC document I t came t o the PAC w i t h no s t u d i e s , r e p o r t s or p l a n s t o support i t . I t was an �63 agreement between a g e n c i e s and i t was not supported by any written material. T h i s map which i s b e f o r e the Commission now was presented t o the P o l i c y A d v i s o r y Committee but the P o l i c y A d v i s o r y Committee moved on the agreement r a t h e r than on the map. MR. THIRY: Then I have another q u e s t i o n . DR. EDWARDS: b e f o r e we move on? May I j u s t s a y one word t o t h a t I t h i n k i n f a i r n e s s t o the Commissioners and the P o l i c y A d v i s o r y group t h a t t h e r e was an e f f o r t made to get t h i s before the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee a t the l a s t meeting and the General Counsel r u l e d t h a t the matter was not f o r m a l l y b e f o r e the Commission because i t had not been placed on the agenda and, t h e r e f o r e , i t could not come b e f o r e a Committee b e f o r e i t had been placed f o r m a l l y before the Commission. MR. THIRY: Madam Chairman, r e g a r d l e s s o f General Duke's i n f e r r a l , you know, t h a t out-of-town people don't know the d e t a i l s , . I t h i n k I do. I was j u s t wondering, now, t h e r e a r e a number of s i g n a t o r i e s t o t h i s A d v i s o r y group agreement, you s e e . Do I i n f e r by t h a t t h a t the Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads has endorsed e v e r y t h i n g t h a t i s b e i n g presented here and t h a t i f the P l a n n i n g Commission, l e t ' s s a y , were t o accept i t t h a t t h e r e would be no q u e s t i o n t h a t t h i s would be the f i n a l r e p o r t and t h a t t h i s would be a c c e p t a b l e i n i t s �64 entirety? Because I t h i n k t h e r e a r e c e r t a i n i n f e r e n c e s herei n t h i s Advisory Report because o f the p e r s o n n e l involved t h a t t h e r e has been an agreement t h a t t h i s would be c a r r i e d cut i n t o t o and, o f c o u r s e , the " i n t o t o " i s an important t h i n g and i t c o u l d n ' t be broken down i n t o d i f f e r e n t segments which may or may not be i n c o r p o r a t e d . K Street, f o r instance. I mean, I speak o f T h i s seemed t o be q u i t e an i f f y item i n t h i s r e p o r t and, o f c o u r s e , i t ' s a v e r y key f a c t o r i n the t o t a l presentation. So I would assume t h a t , i f the P l a n n i n g were t o a c t f a v o r a b l y on t h i s , over a period wouldn't be s p i n n i n g Commission o f time t h a t we our wheels and t h a t t h e r e would be no r e s i s t a n c e from any agency on the m a t t e r . GENERAL DUKE: impression I created. all. May I o f f e r an apology f o r the I t c e r t a i n l y wasn't my i n t e n t i o n a t I wanted t o p l a c e -- I f e l t t h a t one o f these impor- t a n t elements o f t h i s s i t u a t i o n today i s the g e n e r a l day day-to- r e a c t i o n t o t h i s t h i n g t h a t has developed by means o f the p r e s s and o t h e r statements and i t was i n t h i s r e a l l y , t h a t I made the s t a t e m e n t . I t wasn't h a v i n g to do w i t h any i n a b i l i t y or l a c k o f c l o s e n e s s , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems. context, r e a l l y , to the I c e r t a i n l y want t o a p o l o g i z e f o r that. MR. THIRY: I subscribe t o the papers, so -- �65 GENERAL DUKE: I see. (Laughter.) I'm sorry. I double my apology. (Laughter.) May v/e proceed, Madam Chairman. MR. LOUCHHEIM: Madam Chairman. CHAIRMAN ROWE: Y e s , Mr. Louchheim. MR. LOUCHHEIM: I j u s t would l i k e t o s a y t h a t I t h i n k what General Duke has s a i d c l e a r s the a i r q u i t e a b i t as t o what we had been a n t i c i p a t i n g . I take i t t h a t what we are now r e a l l y engaged i n here i s an i n f o r m a t i v e s e s s i o n to b r i n g us up-to-date on the t h i n k i n g i n t h i s a r e a and I t h i n k we should welcome t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o have t h i s opened up. I hope t h a t a s your s t a f f and y o u r s e l f give us t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t v/e can have i t so t h a t i t can be d i v i d e d i n t o these d i f f e r e n t t o p i c s item by I t e m . GENERAL DUKE: Y e s . We w i l l p r e s e n t i t item by item. MR. LOUCHHEIM: GENERAL DUKE: MR. LOUCHHEIM: Oh, good. We w i l l . P i n e , thank y o u . ( C o l o n e l S h e f f i e l d r e p l a c e d Mr. Roberts i n the meeting a t 1 1 : 2 0 o'clock a.m.) CHAIRMAN ROWE: before Are t h e r e any other suggestions -- i s i t Mr. A i r i s who i s going t o present t h i s and �6 e x p l a i n i t item by item?. GENERAL DUKE: Y e s , Mr. A i r i s w i l l do i t . Mr. A i r i s . MR. A I R I S : Madam Chairman. CHAIRMAN ROWE: I might, j u s t i n t h i s b r i e f time between Mr. A i r i s 'a b e i n g i n the back and i n the f r o n t , t a k exception t o the e n t h u s i a s t i c support which you have found to t h i s PAC. Undoubtedly, the p r e s s has been e n t h u s i a s t i c . The people o f the c i t y and the people o f A r l i n g t o n , the people o f Takoma Park have been l e s s than e n t h u s i a s t i c , i f read my m a i l " properly. We have any number o f o r g a n i z a t i o n i n the c i t y and i n A r l i n g t o n who have been h i g h l y critical of i t on many grounds and who have asked f o r an o p p o r t u n i t y to speak h e r e , which I am unable t o a f f o r d them today but which we must provide some p u b l i c forum, i t seems t o me, to h e a r from the people of the c i t y . I don't know whether you have had an o p p o r t u n i t y to see the new statement f o r the American I n s t i t u t e of Arc": t e c t s from the Committee o f One Hundred, from the ADA, from the F e d e r a t i o n s o f C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n s , from the F e d e r a t j of C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s , from the Democratic C e n t r a l Committe to name o n l y a few, and from t h e A r l i n t g o n County Board. Mr. Airis. MR. A I R I S : Madam Chairman and Gentlemen: the d i s c u s s i o n and preamble t h a t took p l a c e , I don't After think �67 need to t a l k i n g e n e r a l i t i e s and I w i l l get i n t o the d e t a i l s of the PAC statement and the t r i p a r t y agreement. Nov;, Mr. Conrad was going to pass out complete c o p i e s of the p e r t i n e n t document and, i f he w i l l do so, why, i f t h e r e i s any q u e s t i o n on d e t a i l s , we can a r r i v e at them. (The T r a n s m i t t a l L e t t e r and Statement o f Agreement of the P o l i c y A d v i s o r y Committee Concerning Implementation of the Freeway P o r t i o n of the Balanced T r a n s p o r t a t i o n System i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia G e n e r a l Duke's l e t t e r o f May read as follows;: t o g e t h e r w i t h 2 0 , 1955 and a S t a t u s of D i s t r i c t of Columbia Freeways S t i l l Stage R e p o r t : ) i n P l a n n i n g or Design �May 3 1 , J HB M i s . J s m e t H . haw, J r . , Chainnea K a t i c n a ] C a p i t a ] Planning Commission. 1/03 P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue, N . V= . Washington, D« c. Daai M r s . Eowei By letter c i M a y 2 0 , 1 S € 6 , G e n e r a l l a k e r e c r u i t e d that e n i t e n , /»y prove! of tho I n t e r * t a t s S y s t e m In the d i s t r i c t c i C o l u m b i a , bo i n c l u d e d c n the agenda c i the June 'jV; ma*ting cf the Planning C o m m i s s i o n . O n May 2 5 . H-Gf., tha P o l i c y Advisory Committee e n d o r s e d a n a c t i o n program contained in a n agreement between tho N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e , the Virginia H i g h w a y Department, and the E n g i n e e r C o m m i e s l o n e r . C a p i a t of tho agreement a n d tho stetement of the P o l i c y / d v l s c r y G c s & d i t e o arc enclosed. The C o m m i s s i o n e r s . tho seme as ycu end s o ateny e t h e r s h e r s i n the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a , a r c e s p e c i a l l y conceraod about the s o c i a l l n p a c t that the c o n s t r u c t i o n cf s u c h v a s t items c f p u b l i c works have c n our urban s c e n e . S p e c i f i c a l l y , tv© t.re dedicated to r e l i a v i n g tho i s i p a c t c n t b i fciizillos forced to move by insuring that they ere QUichly r e l o c a t e d I n tmltablo h o u s i n g . C o n c u r r e n t l y , we s h a r e your v e r y legitimate c o n c e r n that then© now p r o j e c t s be a e s t h e t i c a l l y p l e a s i n g end that they harmonise w i t h the l e c a l l a n d s c a p e and not be permitted to detract from tho d i g n i t y cf the N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l . Tho C o m m i s s i o n e r s note that in c d d i t l c n to providing c program c l implementation c i the H i g h w a y System for the D i s t r i c t c f C o l u m b i a La cn orderly end l e x i c a l manner, this new f tatcrrtnt by tho P c J h j y / . i v i c o r y Committee pledgee continuous end careful c o n s i d e r a t i o n c f the Impact c f the program c n the c i t y ' s housing and a e s t h e t i c n c o d a . Wo c : o t:•*.'"-'; that t h i s p r c g r n a w i l l ? ; e v i d a a balanced t r a n s p c r t s t l c n s y s t e m , w h i l e a t �I'm. J:;n::.-.s I I . Kcvro, J r . tho same tims retaining the e s s e n t i a l v i a b i l i t y cf tho c i t y . The Doerd of C c m m i s s l o n e r s , therefore, endorses tho P o l i c y Advisory Committee Statement e n d trusts that the Notional C a p i t a l Piannlng C o m m i s s i o n *vtli do l i k e w i s e et i t * next ei s o t i n g . Sincerely, President Bcsrd ci Commissioners Attachments CMD:jr �STATEMENT OF AGREEMENT OF THE POLICY ADVISORY COMMITTEE CONCERNING IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FREEWAY PORTION OF THE BALANCED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA The Policy Advisory Committee's statement of March 31, 1966, reflected unanimous concern that social and aesthetic factors be given full consideration on the design of urban freeways. At the same time, the Policy Advisory Committee recognizes the community's urgent need for all forms of transportation improvements, the desire of the President and the Congress to provide these improvements as soon as possible, and the practical considerations of system planning, financing, programming and scheduling required to insure orderly and logical development and construction of transportation facilities . Since March 31 , 1966, a concept of joint housing and highway projects has been introduced which appears to have great potential in eliminating problems of relocation. This approach, plus the requirement of the Board of Commissioners that satisfactory relocation housing must be available prior to construction of major highway contracts , has greatly reduced the concern of the Policy Advisory Committee on the question of social impact. The Agreement between the National Park Service, the District of Columbia and the Virginia Department of Highways, dated May 25, 1966, i s a great step forward in insuring that aesthetic considerations, particularly as related to parks and open space, are being properly balanced with transportation require»rnents. With this Agreement and the understanding that the Commission of Fine Arts w i l l play an expanded role in the architectural development of major highway; �-2f a c i l i t i e s , the concern of the Policy Advisory Committee on the question of aesthetic impact has also been greatly reduced. In view of the foregoing, the Policy Advisory Committee endorses the action program contained in the Agreement between the National Park Service, the District of Columbia and the Virginia Department of Highways , recommends to the Board of Commissioners that it be submitted to the next monthly meeting of the National Capital Planning Commission, and urges the Commission's prompt concurrence. Furthermore, the Policy Advisory Committee also agrees to meet on a continuing basis to insure the early implementation of the program. �STATEMENT OF AGREEMENT FREEWAY PROGRAM RELATIVE IN DISTRICT TO I M P L E M E N T A T I O N OF OF COLUMBIA AND VIRGINIA I n r e c o g n i t i o n of the need for a c t i o n i n p r o c e e d i n g with the f r e e w a y i n the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n , program t h e f o l l o w i n g i s a g r e e d to: Specific Project Items 1. T h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e a g r e e s to t h e p r o p o s e d l o c a t i o n of I n t e r s t a t e 95 a s i t r e l a t e s to F o r t D r i v e a n d N o r t h w e s t P a r k i n t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a and Maryland. Branch The National P a r k S e r v i c e w i l l s u p p o r t t h e D. C . D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s a n d T r a f f i c l o c a t i o n of t h e N o r t h - C e n t r a l F r e e w a y . 2. T h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e a g r e e s t o t h e D. C . D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s a n d T r a f f i c p l a n f o r t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e E a s t L e g of t h e Inner Loop through A n a c o s t i a Park, on c o n d i t i o n t h a t a c c e s s be p r o v i d e d t h e r e f r o m f o r D. C . S t a d i u m p a r k i n g a n d that the a l i g n - m e n t be c o n s i s t e n t w i t h the R a p i d T r a n s i t a l i g n m e n t p r o p o s e d i n this vicinity. 3. T h e D. C . D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s a n d T r a f f i c a g r e e s to p r o v i d e the c o s t of a r e f l e c t i n g p o o l at G r a n t M e m o r i a l i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of the. C e n t e r L e g of t h e I n n e r L o o p on t h e s t r a i g h t e n e d ^ n m e n t r e c e n t l y c o n c u r r e d i n b y t h e D. C . D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s and TraTiic, t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e , a n d t h e A r c h i t e c t of t h e �C a p i t o l . • T h e d e s i g n of t h e C e n t e r L e e of t h e I n n e r L o o p will a l s o p r o v i d e f o r t h e e l i m i n a t i o n " of 1 s t . 2nd, 3 r d S t r e e t s b e t w e e n L o u i s i a n a A v e n u e and C a n a l S t r e e t a c r o s s the M a l l , e x c e p t f o r a c e r e m o n i a l 3rd Street (Louisiana Avenue T h e D. extended). C. D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s a n d T r a f f i c a g r e e s t o t h e d e - p r e s s i o n of C o n s t i t u t i o n A v e n u e a t t h e P e n n s y l v a n i a A v e n u e crossing. T h i s i s a p r o p o s a l of t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s C o u n c i l on P e n n s y l v a n i a A v e n u e . T h e D. and C. D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s a n d T r a f f i c a g r e e s t o t u n n e l i n g 4 t h 7 t h S t r e e t s , u n d e r t h e M a l l a s a p a r t of t h e a p p r o v e d M a l l l a n d - s c a p e plan. T h e D. C. D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s a n d T r a f f i c a g r e e s to t h e e l i m i n a - t i o n of 1 5 t h a n d 1 7 t h S t r e e t s , c r o s s i n g of t h e M a l l i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h the p r o j e c t f o r u n d e r p a s s i n g the M a l l w i t h 14th S t r e e t . T h e D. C . D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s a n d T r a f f i c a g r e e s to t h e t u n n e l i n g of E S t r e e t f r o m t h e v i c i n i t y of 1 7 t h S t r e e t t o t h e v i c i n i t y of 1 3 t h S t r e e t t h r o u g h the E l l i p s e g e n e r a l l y along the a l i g n m e n t of S o u t h Executive Avenue. T h e D. C . D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s a n d T r a f f i c a g r e e s t o t h e t u n n e l i n g of t h e S o u t h L e g of t h e I n n e r L o o p b e t w e e n C o n s t i t u t i o n A v e n u e 14th S t r e e t . Connections and a r e to be p r o v i d e d b e t w e e n the S o u t h L e g a n d I n d e p e n d e n c e A v e n u e i n t h e v i c i n i t y of 1 4 t h S t r e e t . �T h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e a g r e e s to a n e w c r o s s i n g of t h e P o t o m a c four-lane river i n t h e 14th S t r e e t c o r r i d o r . In con- n e c t i o n t h e r e w i t h , the V i r g i n i a H i g h w a y D e p a r t m e n t w i l l vide a c c e s s ramp for westbound traffic f r o m George M e m o r i a l 1 i r k w a y t o H i g h w a y 1-95 for southbound traffic from ton M e m o r i a l Parkway pro- Washington southbound and a c c e s s 14th S t r e e t B r i d g e to G e o r g e ramp Washing- southbound. The Virginia Highway Department a g r e e s to i m p r o v e r a m p a c c e s s at t h e J e f f e r s o n D a v i s H i g h w a y a n d 14th S t r e e t B r i d g e a p p r o a c h e s for e a s t b o u n d t r a f f i c o n J e f f e r s o n D a v i s t o t h e n o r t h b o u n d 14th S t r e e t loop. ramp T h i s i n v o l v e s p r i m a r i l y an i m p r o v e d a n d enlarged connection. T h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e a g r e e s to t e m p o r a r y c o n n e c t i o n s t h e I n n e r B e l t to O h i o D r i v e i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e L i n c o l n pending completion from Memorial of the t u n n e l i n g p r o j e c t u n d e r t h e T i d a l B a s i n . T h e V i r g i n i a H i g h w a y D e p a r t m e n t a g r e e s to p r o v i d e a c c e s s a n d e x i t c o n n e c t i o n s b e t w e e n the J e f f e r s o n D a v i s H i g h w a y and the T h e o d o r e R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e , a n d a l s o to p r o v i d e a c o n n e c t i o n between U . S. H i g h w a y 50 a n d the J e f f e r s o n D a v i s H i g h w a y i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e I w o J i m a M e m o r i a l a s a p a r t of t h e I n t e r s t a t e S y s t e m . T h e D. new C. D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s a n d T r a f f i c a g r e e s to d e p r e s s e a s t b o u n d l a n e s of P o t o m a c R i v e r F r e e w a y . D. C. Department �- 4 - of H i g h w a y s a n d T r a f f i c * a l s o a g r e e s to the e v e n t u a l e l i m i n a t i o n of t h e W h i t e h u r s t F r e e w a y and bound l a n e s f o r the P o t o m a c s u b s t i t u t i o n of n e w River Freeway. depressed west- Appropriate surface c o n n e c t i o n s w i l l be p r o v i d e d b e t w e e n P a l i s a d e s P a r k w a y a n d P o t o m a c R i v e r F r e e w a y at the n e w to a c c o m m o d a t e f u t u r e P o t o m a c ment. Approprkite Potomac River Bridge crossing R i v e r F r e e w a y p r o f i l e and align- l o c a l s t r e e t a c c e s s f r o m G e o r g e t o w n to w a t e r f r o n t p a r k w i l l a l s o be p r o v i d e d . D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s a n d the proposed A c c o r d i n g l y , the 15. T r a f f i c a g r e e s to p r o c e e d C. with acquisition of e a s e m e n t s a n d p r o p e r t y f o r t h e g e n e r a l a r e a b o u n c e d by R i v e r Front, 14. The K Street, 31st Street extended and N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e a g r e e s to a n e w Key Bridge. Potomac Crossing b e t w e e n V i r g i n i a a n d t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a at S p o u t R u n . The V i r g i n i a H i g h w a y D e p a r t m e n t a g r e e s to r e - e v a l u a t e the n e e d f o r c o n n e c t i o n s to t h e P a r k w a y a t S p o u t R u n I n r e g a r d to I matter, w h e n the new it i s noted that t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n the P a r k w a y o c c a s i o n e d by the Spout R u n c o n n e c t i o n s at K e y -difficulties c r o s s i n g is c o n n e c t i o n s and on the Bridge is creating undesirable traffic e v e n at the p r e s e n t t i m e . As an i n t e r i m measure, completed. �t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e a g r e e s that it w i l l b u i l d a n d m a i n t a i n a t h i r d l a n e on t h e G e o r g e W a s h i n g t o n P a r k w a y b e t w e e n Spout R u n and the T h e o d o r e Memorial Roosevelt Bridge^-^ T h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e a g r e e s to c o m p l e t e t h e P a l i s a d e s P a r k w a y b e t w e e n t h e D. at Spout R u n C. L i n e and the new river crossing s o a s to p r o v i d e e a s t - w e s t a c c e s s b e t w e e n the P a l i s a d e s P a r k w a y and K Street, p r o v i d e d the D i s t r i c t t r a n s f e r s the s t r e e t s p a c e along this It i s a g r e e d that a d e p r e s s e d route. K Street connection should be p r o v i d e d b e t w e e n the P o t o m a c R i v e r F r e e w a y a n d the C e n t e r Leg. A t the s a m e t i m e , s e r i o u s concern has been e x p r e s s e d with r e s p e c t to c e r t a i n e l e m e n t s fortunately, involved in its construction. Un- s u f f i c i e n t d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s h a s not b e e n g i v e n t h i s p r o p o s a l to p e r m i t u n q u a l i f i e d a p p r o v a l by the s i g n a t o r i e s . ever, s u b j e c t t o c o n f i r m a t i o n of t h e f o l l o w i n g a s s u m p t i o n s future plans, N o r t h Leg Howby- t h e K S t r e e t a l t e r n a t e to t h e p r e s e n t l y p r o p o s e d s h o u l d be a c c e p t e d a s the I n t e r s t a t e These factors of c o n c e r n connection. t h a t m u s t be a c c o m m o d a t e d f o l l o w : �(a) A detailed traffic analysis must s u p p o r t the u s ^ of t h e f a c i h ty. (b) T h o a v a i l a b l e r i g h t - o f - w a y m u s t p e r m i t c o n s t r u c t i o n of s i x t r a f f i c l a n e s to I n t e r s t a t e s t a n d a r d s a c c e p t a b l e to the U. (c) S. B u r e a u of P u b l i c Roads. C o n s t r u c t i o n plans and p r o c e d u r e s m u s t be d e v e l o p e d that p e r m i t t h e c o n t i n u e d v i a b i l i t y of the g e n e r a l a r e a . General Agreements: (1) It i s agreed that N a t i o n a l P a r k lands used for s u r f a c e roadways i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e f o r e g o i n g p r o g r a m w i l l be r e p l a c e d t h r o u g h payments i n c a s h or in kind. T h i s a g r e e m e n t w i l l a l s o apply c o n v e r s e l y w h e n s t r e e t a r e a s a r e c o n v e r t e d to p a r k a r e a s . a p a r t of t h i s g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t , to t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k the G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d (2) It i s agreed As the D i s t r i c t a g r e e s to t r a n s f e r S e r v i c e t h e r o a d r i g h t - o f - w a y i t now owns i n Park. t h a t t h e T h e o d o r e R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e s h o u l d be o p e n to t r u c k , t r a f f i c a n d that t h e S o u t h L e g of t h e I n n e r L o o p s h o u l d be c o n s t r u c t e d to a h e i g h t to a c c o m m o d a t e t h e s a m e . (3) Iti s agreed by a l l c o n c e r n e d that the new bridge c r o s s i n g s should a c h i e v e a n a r c h i t e c t u r a l e x c e l l e n c e that w i l l m a k e t h e m c o n t r i b u t i o n s to t h e t o t a l c o n s e r v a t i o n p r o g r a m now a l o n g the P o t o m a c . distinctive underway T o t h i s e n d , t h e C o m m i s s i o n of F i n e A r t s , i n a d d i t i o n to t h e n o r m a l c l e a r a n c e s , s h a l l be c o n s u l t e d e x t e n s i v e l �d u r i n g the d e s i g n The stage. p r o g r a m o u t l i n e d a b o v e i n v o l v e s c l o s e c o o p e r a t i o n of t h e agencies concerned. It i s a g r e e d that e a c h a g e n c y w i l l schedule i t s w o r k to f a c i l i t a t e t h e w o r k of t h e o t h e r to t h e m a x i m u m a n d w i t h a m i n i m u m of i n c o n v e n i e n c e It i s a g r e e d to t h e u s i n g t h a t - s u b j e c t to t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y agency undertakes extent public. of f u n d s - and each to o b t a i n s u c h f u n d s a s p r o m p t l y a s p o s s i b l e , t h e f o r e g o i n g p r o g r a m s h a l l be c o m p l e t e d a s r a p i d l y a s f e a s i b l e , but n o t to e x c e e d six years. DATED May 25, 1966 Isl Director, Isl GEORGE B. H A R T Z O G National Park DOUGLAS Commissioner, Service B. F U G A T E V i r g i n i a D e p a r t m e n t of Highways ( S u b j e c t to C o m m i s s i o n Isl C . M. Approval) DUKE Engineer Commissioner, D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a �May 20, 19 66 M r s . James H . R o w e , Jr. C h a i r m a n N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Planning Commission 1701 P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue, M. W . Washington, D. C . Dear Libby: As you know P o l i c y A d v i s o r y Committee meetings ore s c h e d u l e d for M a y 25 and June 3, 19 66. I feel confident that a s a r e s u l t of t h e s e meetings the Committee w i l l bo i n a position to recommend a n irtcartate freeway system for the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a to the Planning C o m m i s s i o n . I r e q u e s t , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t the i t e m , A r o v a l of the Interstate S y s t e m i n the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m c i a , be i n c l u d e d on the agenda of the June 9th meeting of the Planning C o m m i s s i o n . v W i t h k i n d personal r e g a r d s , CM. DUKE Brigadier G e n e r a l , U . S. Army Engineer C o m m i s s i o n e r TIIRtjm �STATUS OF DIS TRICT OF COLU}''ßTA FRTE}IAYS STILL TN PI,AIiìiIìiG OR DESIGì.I STAGE Conmission Action Location /Desien ProJect 1 Central- Potomac Crossing (Three Sisters Brid,ge) Sept. 10, IT. S. July 19, lfay 10 , 1962 1962 July 13, Connission Action Budqetarr 1961 1965 Defer FY 67 Dec' 3' 196l+ Defer FY 66 Nov. 7, 1963 Defer fY 65 Dec. 6, 196z Defer F-f 6l+ Oct. ,, ]-96I Approve r'Y 63 Nov. 3, 1960 Approve FY 62 N.S. - Current proposal not sub¡nitted. July 1!, 1962 - . l'Iay 10, 1962 July 13, 196l - it felt it çoul-d bring before the connission a definj.te be prer:ature to resolution on those aspects of the Three sisters Bridge that are technically currently before the Transportation Conmittee. Therefore, it vas suggested tha'u the natter The Transportation Co¡::r,rittee reported be deferred. for interchange vas presented. and l'eport of Transportation Con¡nittee tabling motion to approve was accepted vhereupon General C1arke moved to approve the interchange design. The motion vas defeated, Design in principle the general alignnent of Sisters Bridge and the Potonac River Freeway the Three doçnstream to t¡fisc'onsin Avenue as shovn on ìICPC Plan File No. 10¡+.1-517, subJect to airproval by the National Park Service of d.etails to assure a location causing minimum danage to the Glover-Archbold. Parkvay betveen ce¡aI Road Cor'.imission approved and Reservoir 2. Potomec River FreevaY Road.. Sept. 10, 196t N.S. July 13, l-961 Defer FY 6T Dec. 3, 196\ Defer Fï 66 - Cu¡:.eni PAC proposal for tunneled section not sul¡mitted. See fhree Sisters Jul-y 13, 1961 - sap Tthree Sister BriCge Action above. N.S.. �t\, -- , 3., South Leg Inner Dec. N,S. LooP 0ct . Mar 6, 3, 1961+ Âpprove FT 66 196o ' 2, ]-]56 N.S. - Current proposal for tu¡nel under Tidal- Basin not submitted.. gct. 6, 1960 - The Connission approved the General Developnent Pl-an and underpass for the Lincoln l"{ernoriaÌ and. environs as shoun on NcÞc Pl-an Fil-es Nos. 1.9-\oT end' ll08' Mar. 2, J]>6 - Approved, the Independence Avenue route for location of the Inner Ioop betveen Lincoln l.Íemorial and. the Southvest Expressway as sho',rn on NCPC Plan FiÌe l{o. 10h.1-33t. \. Center Leg Inner Sept. 10, N.S LooP JuJ-y 10 , L96, 1965 Approve Ff 6'( Dec. 3, ¿96\ Approve FY 66 lÍov. T, ]:963 Approve FY 65 N.S. - Current proposal for straight tunnel across the l'ÍalI betçeen D Street S.ll. a¡d D Street N.I.l. nót sub¡nitted.. Section north of Nev York Avenue not subnitted-' June 10, 1965 - to section 5 of the National capital Planning Actof]:gS2rtheCor¡missionappïovesthealignnentand concept of the portion of the Center Leg of the fnner -Freevay, Pursuant PioJect (28-22), betr¡een D Street N'W' *a-N"" YorL Avenue, ìI.ll. as shoçt' on iICPC Plan File No. \3.r>(roo0)-21+2l.6. rn the interest of d'eveloping the most acceptable final design, the staff of the Conunission is availabl-e for such assistance as it may render to the District of colu-'rbia Departrnent of tlighways and. Traffic in the preparation of final plans ' Loop 5. July 21, 196h Southeast FreevaY (Interchange C) April 6, t96r. Sept. l-0, 1965 Approve FI 67 Dec 3, 196\ Approve fY 66 1e6\ 1*"'u' i'#ïi"ï,r:,T:rn,:îïJÏîüi"Ë'lf"ln:"':i*i':i (f) fron 6th Street, S'E' to 15th Street,-é.8. includ'ing Interchangu Southeast Leg, "C" and ra:nP connection thereto; (Z) Southeast Leg, from 15th Street, S'E' to Barney Circle includ'ing Barney Circle and' ' ramp connections to the çest thereof' not constitute approval of an alignment for the southeast end. East legs north a¡d east of Barney CÍrclenorapprovalofthesurfacetreatrnentofBarney Circte çhich vill be included in the plans for the irp"ot"","ni of Pennsylvania Avenue, S'n' to be approved by the ConnÍssion. bhe Cor,r¡ission, at its n"*t *"uting, vi}l further revieç the design of the Southeast Leg and Interchange "C" ' prepared in accord.ance vith the approval proviCed' herein vitfr particular reference to (1) neigpts of freevay struciures, (z) re*np connections, (¡) rana contouring, (l+) proxj.*íty to tuitaings, and (5) landscaping. Tne approval does April 6, 196l - See East Leg'belov. �a 6. East Leg Inner Ioop N.S. July 18, t963 April 6, t96t N.S. - A reconmend.ed. Sept. fO, l-965 Approve fT 6? Nov. '1 , 1963 Approve FY 65 Location and. design has not been submitted.. A d¡aft report has been prepared. vhich d.iscusses several alignments on thê vest side of the Anacostie River. rurv 18' re63 - ff-':î'ï;:'ff,:::îil"$rî1"';:i"îi:"i"ll"rËå""i'rll"rïill Loop Freev'ay subject to further revier by the National Park Service a:rd the District of Col-unbia llighvay Department arrd. approval by the Corunission of the precise alignr,ent, grades, connections, land.scaping, and. replacement of park lar¡d. April 6, t96t - The Conrrission epproved. (f) tne general alignnent of the Northeast Fregvay a¡¡d. the East Leg of the Inner Ioop Freevay, portions of Interstate Route 95, as shovn on NCPC Plan File l,los. 10¡+.1-5t3 and l-0\.1-51\, exceot that portion of the alignnent through Fort Drive betveen E¡äerson street, l¡.8. and the District Line¡, vhich poriion is to be further studied.; a¡a (e) tire connection of the District seþent and the }laryland.-segrnent of Interstate 95 çithin the area betveen l6ttr Stre"i, N.E. and l-hth Street' Ì{.E' exLended, along Eastern Avenue t. N.S. North Leg Inner loop Nov. Sept. 10,- 1965 6, t95B Dec. 3, 1961 fY Approve 6? Approve FY 66 Nov. 7, 1963 Defer fY 65 N.S. Nov. 8. - Proposals for North Leg in tu¡nel under K street, N.!I. or alignnents farther north not submitted'. 6, lgr} - any Approved the gneeral concept of location and. d.esign of the $est Leg of the Inner Loop from G street on the south to Massachusetts Avenue on the north, Ðd from 25th Street on the east to '*lisconsin Avenue on the vest, as shown on I{CPC Pl-an Fil¿ No. 10!.1-\27. North Central Freevay N.S. Sept. l-0, 1965 Approve FY 6T Dec. 3, 196h Approve îY 66 N.S. - No proposed. d.esign has been subrnitted.. D.C. Highvay Departnent held. hearings on a proposaf in 196h and. is cunently redesigning the route. 9: N.S. Northeast Freevav April 6, r96t Sept. 10, 1965 Approve FY 6"f (par-u of North Centra] Freevay) Nov. ?' 1963 Approve î't 6, Freevay so - This freeva¡r has been combined vith the North Central- be bet'¿een vouldthat the only remaining portion in the District the Districi Line and. the North Central Route in the vicinity of Fort Drive. There has been no sub¡rission of this proposal. April 6, 1961 - See East Leg of In¡er Loop. The alignment of the Northeast Freevay in this aciion is sinilar in sor:e sections to receat location of the Norih N.S Central Free.*a¡r. �10. l H h Street Bridge Replacement Nov. 5, 196H S e p t . 10, I965 Approve FY 67 Dec. 3, 19'oh, Approve FY 66 Nov. 5> 196^ - Commission a p p r o v e d t h e g e n e r a l c o n c e p t o f a f o u r - l a n e two-vay b r i d g e a c r o s s t h e ' P o t o m a c R i v e r between t h e e x i s t i n g George Mason and Rochambeau B r i d g e , p r o v i d e d t h a t s p e c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n he g i v e n t o t h e a e s t h e t i c s o f t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e b r i d g e a n d i t s a p p r o a c h e s on b o t h t h e V i r g i n i a and D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a s i d e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e a r e a s o f t h e J e f f e r s o n M e m o r i a l and t h e George W a s h i n g t o n M e m o r i a l P a r k w a y , and t h a t a p p r o p r i a t e s t u d y models be d e v e l o p e d t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e s e f e a t u r e s . 11. P a l i s a d e s Parkvay N.S. N.S. - No p r o p o s a l s f o r t h e P a l i s a d e s Parkway h a v e been N.S. submitted. �MR. AIRIS: a c t i o n prognam. lowed. The PAC statement endorses 68 the t r i p a r t y I t s e t s f o r t h c e r t a i n g u i d e l i n e s t o be f o l - I t recommends the Board o f Commissioners sot the a c t i o n program f o r the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission at i t s next meeting and i t urges the Commission's prompt con- currence . The submission was accomplished to the P l a n n i n g Commission, Madam, 1 by the Commissioners l e t t e r s o f an e a r l i e r date i n May, I t h i n k the 2 0 t h and the 3 1 s t , and, u n l e s s t h e r e i s reason t o proceed o t h e r w i s e , I w i l l r e v i e w a s b r i e f l y as p o s s i b l e the i n d i v i d u a l items I n the t r i p a r t y agreement. I f anyone wishes t o i n t e r r u p t me, why, please do so CHAIRMAN ROWS: Mr. A i r i s , i f you would do i t item by item and, a f t e r you have presented each o f the i t e m s , I t h i n k we might c a l l on Mr. Conrad t o g i v e us the h i s t o r i c a l background b e f o r e v/e -- and then the Commission can then d i s c u s s each o f these numbered i t e m s . MR. A I R I S : And, Vie w i l l do i t t h a t way, Madam. t o a s s i s t me or t o a s s i s t you i n f o l l o w i n g the i n d i v i d u a l items and o r i e n t i n g them t o t h e ground, Mr. DeGast on my r i g h t w i l l spot the l o c a t i o n s o f each item number r e f e r r e d t o on the c h a r t and Mr. P i a t t , who i s on my l e f t , has a few, not a l l , but a few o f the e x h i b i t s t h a t mention s p e c i f i c s o f the items t h a t we a r e going t o t a l k �69 about. I w i l l read over r a p i d l y the item of the t r i p a r t y agreement which i s endorsed by the PAC s t a t e m e n t . The f i r s t item i s the N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e agrees to the proposed l o c a t i o n of I n t e r s t a t e 95 as i t r e l a t e s t o F o r t D r i v e and Northwest Branch Park i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and Maryland. The N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e w i l l port the D. C. Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c of sup- location the N o r t h - C e n t r a l Freeway. Len, p o i n t those o u t , p l e a s e . Now, as a background t o t h i s , and Mr. Conrad prob- a b l y can supply a d d i t i o n a l d e t a i l s , t h e r e was a p u b l i c h e a r ing h e l d i n November, the 7 t h , i n i 9 6 0 on the s o - c a l l e d N o r t h e a s t Freeway t h a t was c l o s e t o the alignment of the B&O R a i l r o a d and i t r a n up as f a r as Emerson S t r e e t . P o i n t out Emerson S t r e e t t h e r e , would you, i t ' s right close to Fort Drive. F o l l o w i n g t h a t , on A p r i l 6 , 1 9 6 1 , the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission approved the recommended loca- t i o n o f the Northeast Freeway a l o n g t h i s B&O r i g h t - o f - w a y up to Emerson S t r e e t but s u b s e q u e n t l y the Highway Department d e c i d e d , and I t h i n k w i t h the P l a n n i n g Commission concurrence to t r y t o combine the Northeast Freeway and the f a c i l i t i e s t h a t were contemplated f o r the w e s t e r n p a r t o f the D i s t r i c t i n a s i n g l e f a c i l i t y and t h a t was done i n the l a s t two y e a r s �70 under the C-riner s t u d y . P u b l i c h e a r i n g was h e l d on the G r i n e r study i n 1965 and the main concerns a t the h e a r i n g were the problems o f need and the need was r e s t u d i e d w i t h a Voorhees-Smith document. Have you got a copy h e r e ? submitted I presume t h a t has been to everyone they g e n e r a l l y supported the requirement found concerned, and of a f a c i l i t y i n t h i s c o r r i d o r , although our e s t i m a t e s were somewhat h i g h and, as a r e s u l t , t h i n k i n g now they our i s to reduce the f a c i l i t y from fen l a n e s t o e i g h t l a n e s w i t h c o r r e s p o n d i n g r e d u c t i o n s i n the i n d i v i d u a l i t e m s , c o n n e c t i o n s on up to the n o r t h and the n o r t h e a s t . Nov;, ing t h e n , the o t h e r items of concern a t the h e a r - were e s t h e t i c s and d i s p l a c e m e n t . Our r e s t u d y w i t h the C-riner Company, we have had a number of s o l u t i o n s proposed, none of which we f i n d a c c e p t a b l e and ready to b r i n g out f o r p u b l i c r e v i e w a g a i n , but we are going, when we do b r i n g them out, to be sure t h a t vie a r e s a t i s f i e d w i t h both the d i s placement and the e s t h e t i c problem. The G r i n e r Company has r e t a i n e d the f i r m of Owings, Skidmore & M e r r i l l to h e l p on the e s t h e t i c end and we are doing e x t e n s i v e study on the d i s p l a c e m e n t . I n c i d e n t a l l y , you might w i s h to take a look a t our c u r r e n t e s t i m a t e s of d i s p l a c e m e n t freeway system i n the D i s t r i c t . on the v a r i o u s l e g s of the I t h i n k i t speaks f o r i t s e l f �71 I w i l l not attempt t o e x p l a i n I t , u n l e s s there a r e q u e s t i o n s T h i s f i n i s h e s my p r e s e n t a t i o n on t h i s particular item, Madam. CHAIRMAN ROWS: "Thank you. MR. CONRAD: f a i r l y w e l l t i e d down. Mr. Conrad. I b e l i e v e Mr. A i r i s has the h i s t o r y T h i s did o r i g i n a t e from the mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s u r v e y p r o p o s a l which showed a highway coming between Rock Creek and the Old S o l d i e r s Home through some o f the b e s t r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s o f the D i s t r i c t and a l s o t o the e a s t o f Old S o l d i e r s Home. These two r o u t e s d e f i n i t e l y d i s r u p t e d the neighbor hood, they went through community f a c i l i t i e s , they caused maximum r e l o c a t i o n and i t was u n a c c e p t a b l e t o the s t a f f o f the Commission a s w e l l a s t o the Commissioners and, r e s u l t , i n the development o f the N a t i o n a l as a C a p i t a l Trans- p o r t a t i o n Agency p l a n , these r o u t e s were combined i n what i s now known a s the N o r t h - C e n t r a l route which comes down a l o n g the r a i l r o a d which r e p r e s e n t s a transportation corridor at the p r e s e n t t i m e . The C e n t r a l route Commission i n subsequent a c t i o n s on the.Norththrough budgetary process has recommended c e r t a i n funds t h a t the D i s t r i c t Highway Department has been seeking f o r a c q u i s i t i o n o f land a l o n g t h i s r o u t e . I think, however, t h a t the ma.jor concern was the t h i n g s t h a t have come through the newspapers m e n t i o n i n g t h a t t h e r e may be a �72 f o u r - or f i v e - s t o r y type o f f a c i l i t y over the r a i l r o a d t r a c k s , which would d e f i n i t e l y not he a c c e p t a b l e t o the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. We did not have any r e l o c a t i o n fig- u r e s or the e f f e c t s cn the e i t h e r r e s i d e n t i a l or i n d u s t r i a l establishment's a l o n g t h i s r o u t e and a l s o I t h i n k one-of the major problems has been the terminus or the l i n k between the N o r t h - C e n t r a l r o u t e and the North L e g o f the I n n e r Loop. Would you point thatcut. L e i , p l e a s e . I t ' s between 16 and one on t h i s map, which i s a v e r y v i t a l s e c t i o n o f the -- you could e i t h e r c a l l i t a c o n t i n u a t i o n or a south p o r t i o n o f the North Leg o f the N o r t h - C e n t r a l r o u t e . where the major r e l o c a t i o n o c c u r s . This i s We have seen no f i g u r e s , we have seen no d e t a i l s o f how t h i s i s going t o be accomplished . So we f e e l t h a t u n t i l such s t u d i e s are shown, u n t i l the Commission had -- and u n t i l i t i s submitted t o the Commission, i t i s r a t h e r " d i f f i c u l t t o go a l o n g w i t h a route w i t h o u t knowing the s o c i a l i m p l i c a t i o n s a s w e l l a s the p h y s i cal implications of t h i s CHAIRMAN ROWE: route. Do you want t o b r i n g out the prob- lem With the Stream V a l l e y , Mr. Conrad? MR. CONRAD: Yes, I would l i k e t o b r i n g t h a t I n tho s p e c i f i c p r o j e c t Item number one, National out. i t s t a t e s t h a t the " a r k S e r v i c e agrees t o the proposed l o c a t i o n o f I n t e r s t a t e 95 a s i t r e l a t e s t o F o r t D r i v e and Northwest �73 Branch Park i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and Maryland. These park s e c t i o n s have been a c q u i r e d by the P l a n n i n g Commission through the Capper-Cramtori Act and t h e r e f o r e would need i t s a p p r o v a l o f the P l a n n i n g Commission, particularly i n Maryland. The Park S e r v i c e has n o t h i n g t o do w i t h the Northwest Branch i n Maryland. This i s primarily a r e l a t i o n s h i p between the P l a n n i n g Commission and the Maryland j u r i s d i c t i o n and any use o f the park land i n t h i s a r e a would have t o be upon a p p r o v a l o f the P l a n n i n g Commission . He have not seen how t h i s r o u t e a f f e c t s the park areas. MR. HARTZOG: man, By way o f e x p l a n a t i o n , Madam C h a i r - may I c l a r i f y one t h i n g . CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. HARTZOG: Mr. H a r t z o g . I t i s my u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t from the p o i n t o f t a k e - o f f a t number one t o t h e D i s t r i c t boundary t h i s N a t i o n a l Park land and I would l i k e t o make i t c l e a r — I passed out a statement which I made a t the Georgetown Symposium e a r l i e r so as not t o take up the time o f the Commission, which g e n e r a l l y r e p r e s e n t s my statement on t h i s agreement and I encourage (The the membership t o read i t . Remarks by George B. H a r t z o g , J r . , D i r e c t o r of the. N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e , United S t a t e s Department o f the I n t e r i o r , a t the Meeting o f t h e Georgetown V/aterfront �Symposium Held i n Washington, D . C , follows:) June 2, 1966, 74 r e a d s as �REMARKS BY GEORGE B. KARTZOG, JR., DIRECTOR 0 ? THE NATIONAL" PARK . S E R V I C E , UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT 07 I K E INTERIOR, AT THE MEETING 07 SHE GEORGETOWN WATERFRONT SYMPOSIUM HELD IN WASHINGTON, D. C., JUNE 2, 1966 I a p p r e c i a t e v e r y ouch t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o pr.rfcicipr.te i n t h e s e c o n d Georgetown Y . a t e r f r o n t Symposium. My p l e a s u r e i s not d i m i n i s h e d by t h e f r e t t h a t , when t h e i n v i t a t i o n was e x t e n d e d , I was f r a n k l y r.dviscd t h a t ny p r e s e n c e Was d e s i r e d p r i r . - r . r i l y f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f d i s c u s s i n g t h e r e c e n t agreement among t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e , t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a Department or Highways and T r a f f i c , end t h e V i r g i n i a h i g h w a y D e p a r t m e n t c o n c e r n i n g t h e p a r k and f r e e w a y p r o p o s a l s i n v o l v i n g t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a and t h e S t a t e of V i r g i n i a . T B e f o r e a d d r e s s i n g m y s e l f t o t h i s s u b j e c t , h o w e v e r , I would l i k e t o pay t r i b u t e t o one of my f e l l o w p a n e l i s t s , Mrs. Jamas P.. Rowe, J r . As C h a i r m a n of t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, Mrs. Rowe i s c e r t a i n l y t h e g r e a t e s t s u p p o r t e r of p a r k s t h a t we have e v e r known on t h e Commission. Her i n t e r e s t s and h a r d work have i n v o l v e d f a r more t h a n p a r k s , however. She h a s b e e n d e e p l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h and about t h e p e o p l e o f t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a , t h e economic v i a b i l i t y of c u r c i t y , t h e d i g n i t y and t h e b e a u t y of our N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l . She h a s bean a t e n a c i o u s f i g h t e r i n t h e c a u s e of a l i v a b l e e n v i r o n m e n t f o r t h i s g r e a t m e t r o p o l i t a n area. I t i s l a r g e l y t h r o u g h h e r c o n t i n u i n g q u e s t i o n i n g and c r i t i c i s m of t h e o r i g i n a l f r e e w a y p l a n s f o r t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a t h a t t h e c l i m a t e e x i s t s i n w h i c h a c r e a t i v e s o l u t i o n t o t h e s e f r e e w a y p r o p o s a l s i s now possible. to As a frame of r e f e r e n c e f o r my take a b r i e f look at the r e c o r d . remarks, I t h i n k i t i s important 1. When I became D i r e c t o r of t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e i n J a n u a r y of 1964, t h e r e were more t h a n 20 u n r e s o l v e d i s s u e s between our S e r v i c e and t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a r e l a t i n g t o p a r k s and h i g h w a y s . Most of t h e p r o b l e m s i n v o l v e d t h e f r e e w a y p r o p o s a l s of t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a a s t h e y i m p i n g e d on pd«rlcs and p a r k v a l u e s . T h e s e p l a n n e d p r o p o s a l s , i f implemented, w o u l d have, e m a s c u l a t e d many a c r e s of p r i m e n a t i o n a l p a r k l a n d s i n t h e h e a r t o f t h e c i t y . This was a c o n t i n u a t i o n of t h e h i s t o r i c t r e n d of h i g h w a y programs i n t h e �District. F o r example, i n t h e p e r i o d b e t w e e n 1956 and 1 9 6 6 , 240 a c r e s of p a r k l a n d s were s u r r e n d e r e d f o r h i g h w a y p u r p o s e s and o n l y 5 a c r e s were r e p l a c e d . 2. The p l a n n e d f r e e w a y s y s t e m , i f implemented, would h a v e k n i f e d t h r o u g h t h e h e a r t o f o u r N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l l e a v i n g g a p i n g wounds i n i t s n e i g h b o r h o o d s and b u s i n e s s c o m m u n i t i e s . F o r example, t h e 1964 f r e e w a y p r o p o s a l s w h i c h were t h e n r e p r e s e n t e d a s t h e b e s t o b t a i n a b l e d i s p l a c e d an e s t i m a t e d 5,860 d w e l l i n g u n i t s . These p r o p o s a l s represented a r e d u c t i o n from t h e 8,710 d w e l l i n g u n i t s t h a t would have been d i s p l a c e d by t h e 1960 p r o p o s a l s , a g a i n s t w h i c h t h e c i t i z e n s o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a p r o t e s t e d w i t h 'such v i g o r and w i t h c o n s i d e r a b l e s u c c e s s . 3. The p l a n n e d f r e e w a y s y s t e m , i f implemented, would have c o n t r i b u t e d l i t t l e , i f a n y t h i n g , t o the c o n s e r v a t i o n of our c i t y ' s beauty. T h a t p o r t i o n o f t h e f r e e w a y program w h i c h h a s a l r e a d y been executed has r e c e i v e d considerable c r i t i c i s m f o r i t s remarkable l a c k of e s t h e t i c c o n c e r n f o r o u r N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l . This i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e , a s many h a v e p o i n t e d o u t , of t h e t o w e r i n g w a l l s o v e r s h a d o w i n g t h e D i s t r i c t a p p r o a c h e s of t h e Theodore R o o s e v e l t M e m o r i a l B r i d g e . P r e s i d e n t J o h n s o n h a s c h a l l e n g e d us t o a new c o n s e r v a t i o n — a c o n s e r v a t i o n o f i n n o v a t i o n and r e s t o r a t i o n — a c o n s e r v a t i o n t h a t c o n c e r n s i t s e l f w i t h man and h i s t o t a l r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e w o r l d a r o u n d him. T o d a y , a l m o s t 70 p e r c e n t o f o u r p e o p l e l i v e i n u r b a n c o m m u n i t i e s , V'e add t o o u r p o p u l a t i o n e a c h y e a r a c i t y t h e s i z e o f P h i l a d e l p h i a . I t i s p r e d i c t e d t h a t o u r p o p u l a t i o n w i l l d o u b l e w i t h i n 40 y e a r s . I n the meantime, we w i l l r e b u i l d a l l o f o u r c i t i e s . The c h a r a c t e r o f o u r N a t i o n i s g o i n g t o be i n f l u e n c e d l a r g e l y by t h e way we c a r r y o u t t h i s t a s k . I b e l i e v e t h a t t h e g r e a t e s t c h a l l e n g e t o c o n s e r v a t i o n today I n v o l v e s o u r c i t i e s and how we f i t a l l o f man's n e e d s t o g e t h e r harmoniously. A prime r e q u i s i t e i n meeting t h i s c h a l l e n g e i s t o p l a c e p e o p l e - - t h e i r n e e d s and t h e i r a m e n i t i e s — a t t h e c e n t e r o f o u r l a n d s c a p e and c i t y s c a p e p l a n n i n g . A g r e a t d e a l h a s been made r e c e n t l y o f t h e f a c t t h a t I s w i t c h e d i n my p o s i t i o n on t h e f r e e w a y p r o p o s a l s f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a . A g a i n , I s u g g e s t we l o o k a t t h e r e c o r d . 1. T h e agreement t h a t h a s b e e n s i g n e d p r o v i d e s f o r t h e r e s t o r a t i o n of t h e g r e a t M a l l as a s u p e r l a t i v e n a t i o n a l p a r k l a n d i n t h e h e a r t of our Nation's C a p i t a l . A l l of i t s c r o s s - s t r e e t s , except f o r a c e r e m o n i a l avenue a t T h i r d S t r e e t , a r e t o be t u n n e l e d u n d e r t h e M a l l . 2 �The c o u t h l e g of t h e I n n e r Loop i s t o be t u n n e l e d . The " E " S t r e e t u n d e r p a s s of t h e E l l i p s e r e s t o r e s t h e g r e e t c r o s s - a x i s of t h e M a l l . The highway r i g h t - o f - w a y t h r o u g h G i o v e r - A r c h b o l d P a r k i s t o be t r a n s f e r r e d to the N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e , thus i n s u r i n g the p r e s e r v a t i o n of t h i s s i g n i f i c a n t p a r k l a n d . And, a l l p a r k l a n d s t a k e n f o r s u r f a c e roadways a r e t o be r e p l a c e d e i t h e r t h r o u g h payment i n c a s h , or payment i n k i n d . I ask you, who s w i t c h e d ? 2. The agreement i n v o l v e s t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t of an e s t i m a t e d 2,590 d w e l l i n g u n i t s , as c c x p a r a J t o t h e 1964 p l a n n e d d i s p l a c e m e n t of 5,860 d w e l l i n g u n i t s . I n t h e meantime, t h e D i s t r i c t Highway Department h a s c o n c e i v e d , and c o n s u l t a n t s a r e now a t work on, a b r i l l i a n t new p r o p o s a l w h i c h w i l l not o n l y r e p l a c e , b u t a c t u a l l y i n c r e a s e , a v a i l a b l e d w e l l i n g u n i t s i n t h e a i r r i g h t s o v e r t h e f r e e w a y s y s t e m t o be b u i l t . I t i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t t h e r e p l a c e m e n t s w i l l be i n a r a t i o of a t l e a s t 1.5 u n i t s f o r e v e r y u n i t removed. I a s k you, who s w i t c h e d ? 3. The n o r t h l e g i s t o be d e p r e s s e d a l o n g K S t r e e t w i t h i n t h e e x i s t i n g street right-of-way. The. P a l i s a d e s Parkway i s t o c o n n e c t t h e roadway of George W a s h i n g t o n M e m o r i a l P a r k w a y i n Montgomery C o u n t y t o t h e new Potomac F r e e w a y . The e a s t b o u n d l a n e s of t h e Potomac F r e e w a y a r e t o be d e p r e s s e d a l o n g t h e Georgetown W a t e r f r o n t . The o u t d a t e d W h i t e h u r s t Freeway, c o n s t r u c t e d f o r expediency p r i o r t o the Theodore R o o s e v e l t M e m o r i a l B r i d g e , i s t o be removed. In connection with t h i s construction, a p p r o x i m a t e l y s i x b l o c k s of t h e Georgetown W a t e r f r o n t a r e t o be d e v e l o p e d f o r park purposes. T h i s w a t e r - o r i e n t e d p a r k w i l l have s h o p s , r e s t a u r a n t s , and o t h e r f a c i l i t i e s f o r t h e u s e and e n j o y m e n t of our g r o w i n g u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n and our m o u n t i n g m i l l i o n s of v i s i t o r s . The new r i v e r c r o s s i n g I n t h e v i c i n i t y of T h r e e S i s t e r s I s l a n d s i s no l o n g e r t o be enmeshed i n a s e a of ramps t o mar our Potomac P a l i s a d e s . M o r e o v e r , t h e e n t i r e s y s t e m i s t o be d e s i g n e d u n d e r t h e w a t c h f u l e y e o f B i l l W a l t o n and t h e F i n e A r t s Commission. E v e r y d e t a i l s h a l l be o f the h i g h e s t a r c h i t e c t u r a l e x c e l l e n c e . A g a i n , I a s k you, who s w i t c h e d ? 4. The agreement p r o v i d e s t h a t t h e T h e o d o r e R o o s e v e l t M e m o r i a l B r i d g e s h a l l be open t o t r u c k t r a f f i c and t h e s o u t h l e g of t h e I n n e r Loop w i l l be c o n s t r u c t e d t o accommodate t h i s t r u c k t r a f f i c . Under t h e agreement V i r g i n i a a l s o assumes t h e o b l i g a t i o n t o Improve c o n n e c t i o n s b e t w e e n Highway 50 and t h e J e f f e r s o n D a v i s Highway and t o p r o v i d e t h e n e c e s s a r y ramps t o e n a b l e h e a v y c o m m e r c i a l t r a f f i c on 11-56 t o h a v e a l o g i c a l c h o i c e of r o u t i n g southward around the h e a r t of the c i t y r a t h e r than t h r u s t i n g into i t l i k e a juggernaut. The agreement a l s o p r o v i d e s t h a t t h e r e w i l l 3 �be improved c o n n e c t i o n s between t h e George W a s h i n g t o n M e m o r i a l P a r k w a y , t h e T h e o d o r e R o o s e v e l t M e m o r i a l B r i d g e , and t h e J e f f e r s o n D a v i s Highway so a s t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e f l o w o f commuter t r a f f i c i n and out o f t h e c i t y . The agreement a l s o r e s o l v e s a l l of t h e r e m a i n i n g i s s u e s between t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e and t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a D e p a r t m e n t of Highways and T r a f f i c o v e r h i g h w a y s and p a r k l a n d s i n t h e D i s t r i c t . And, I s u b m i t to you, t h i s i s a s w i t c h ! Now, t h i s i s s i m p l y an a g r e e m e n t . I t s true merit w i l l l i e i n t h e way. i t i s implemented. L e t me h a s t e n t o s a y t h a t I have e v e r y c o n f i dence t h a t t h e agreement w i l l be implemented i n a manner t h a t w i l l c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e t o t a l c o n s e r v a t i o n of o u r c i t y ' s e n v i r o n m e n t . I h a v e e v e r y c o n f i d e n c e t h a t i n i t s i m p l e m e n t a t i o n common c e n s e w i l l complement the computers. I have s a i d i t b e f o r e , and I r e p e a t , t h a t i n Rex W h i t t o n we h a v e t h e most s e n s i t i v e and t a l e n t e d a d m i n i s t r a t o r t h a t t h e B u r e a u of P u b l i c Roads h a s e v e r known. He i s t h o r o u g h l y c o n s c i o u s of t h e h i s t o r i c v a l u e s and t h e s u p e r l a t i v e b e a u t y of o u r c i t y . I n Doug F u g a t e and J o h n Harwood o f t h e V i r g i n i a Highway Dapartmen and G e n e r a l Duke and Tom A i r i s o f t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a we h a v e o u t s t a n d i n g and d e d i c a t e d men o f g r e a t t a l e n t and u n q u e s t i o n e d a b i l i t y . I h a v e no doubt t h a t t h e p r o p o s a l s t h e y s u b m i t f o r t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h i s agreement a r e g o i n g t o r e f l e c t t h e came c r e a t i v i t y and i m a g i n a t i o n t h a t t h e y have d e m o n s t r a t e d i n n e g o t i a t i n g t h i s a g r e e m e n t . The i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of t h i s a g r e e m e n t , of c o u r s e , depends upon t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of f u n d s t o be a p p r o p r i a t e d by t h e C o n g r e s s and t h e l e g i s l a t u r e of t h e Commonwealth of V i r g i n i a . B u t , much more t h a n t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h i s agreement i s n e e d e d t o h a v e t h e k i n d o f c i t y we a l l s e e k . Some of t h e s e t h i n g s w i l l c o s t money and some w i l l n o t . F o r example, z o n i n g a d j u s t m e n t s a r e needed a l o n g Georgetown's W a t e r f r o n t t o i n s u r e t h e k i n d o f r e s i d e n t i a l - c o m m e r c i a l complex t h a t w i l l c o n t r i b u t e t o - - r a t h e r t h a n d e t r a c t f r o m — t h e v a l u e s of t h i s g r e a t h i s t o r i c district. O t h e r z o n i n g c h a n g e s i n t h e D i s t r i c t a l s o s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d and a p p r o v e d . The new R i v e r f r o n t P a r k must be d e s i g n e d and c o n s t r u c t e d i n a manner t h a t complements t h e new z o n i n g and a r e s t o r e d C 6c 0 C a n a l . I have a l r e a d y asked our d e s i g n s t a f f to b e g i n such a master p l a n . �. Open s p a c e f u n d s s h o u l d be u t i l i z e d to p u r c h a s e p r o p e r t y n e e d e d t o r e s t o r e g r e e n s p a c e and p r o v i d e f o r r e c r e a t i o n a r e a s w i t h i n the c i t y . interstate The B u r e a u o f P u b l i c Roads n e e d s t o r e - e v a l u a t e standards; We I need r a p i d ara s u r e transit t h a t you and we need i t now. know of many o t h e r t h i n g s The i m p o r t a n t p o i n t , I t h i n k , a postscript--it i s a preface. i s that i t s urban this t h a t need agreement i s doing. not I t i s a d e c l a r a t i o n t h a t the N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e , t h e V i r g i n i a D e p a r t m e n t o f H i g h w a y s , and the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a Department of Highways and T r a f f i c have j o i n e d hands t o i n s u r e t h a t f o r t h e i r p a r t we s h a l l work t o g e t h e r t o a c h i e v e t h e k i n d of c i t y t h a t i s w o r t h y of our g r e a t h e r i t a g e . 5 �75 MR. HARTZOG: c o u r s e , the N a t i o n a l respect But I would l i k e t o s a y t h a t , o f Park S e r v i c e made no agreement w i t h t o land t h a t i t does not have l e g a l jurisdiction over. We do have e x c l u s i v e and s o l e j u r i s d i c t i o n on t h a t land from number one t o the D i s t r i c t l i n e and what we made agreement on. CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. HARTZOG: On t h a t q u e s t i o n — You w i l l n o t i c e t h a t the S t a t e o f Maryland i s not a p a r t y t o t h i s agreement. DR. EDWARDS: But the document says Maryland. MR. HARTZOG: So we a r e not, i n e f f e c t , saying what happens t o Maryland, i n the S t a t e o f Maryland. CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. THIRY: I t says Virginia. Madam Chairman, I wonder i f there a r e any development drawings on t h i s p r o p o s a l here showing the l o c a t i o n of i n t e r c h a n g e s and the n a t u r e o f the highway itself. MR. A I R I S : I can answer t h a t . There a r e not and t h e r e w i l l not be u n t i l we f e e l we have one t h a t i s a c c e p t a b l e out o f the G r i n e r Company. MR. THIRY: Don't you suppose t h a t when Owings, Skidmoro 8 M e r r i l l work on t h i s t h a t maybe the whole t h i n g s might be d i f f e r e n t and t h a t would be the time t o b r i n g i t i n MR. A I R I S : They have been w o r k i n g on i t f o r the �76 p a s t s i x , seven months. MR. THIRY: I i n q u i r e d i n t o t h a t and I t h i n k maybe you know more about i t than I do but I haven't been able t o f i n d any g i v e n r e s u l t s a s y e t a s t o v/hat t h e i r recommenda- t i o n s were going t o be. MR. A I R I S : As I t r i e d t o p o i n t out, we had a number o f t h e i r p r o p o s a l s , none o f which, I t h i n k , would -- we f e e l would be a c c e p t a b l e and they are back r e s t u d y i n g again. MR. NORTON: Have you any i d e a o f the time when you might get a p l a n t h a t we could c o n s i d e r , what MR. A I R I S : I t h i n k our f e e l i n g date? i s t h a t i t would be a m a t t e r o f months away. MR. NORTON: I n o t h e r words, would i t be i n time . f o r us t o have i t a s an i n p u t t o the Comprehensive MR. A I R I S : MR. NORTON: Plan? I would t h i n k so, s i r . I would j u s t l i k e t o p o i n t o u t , because I have been r e a d i n g the p r e s s , G e n e r a l , t h a t the feeling t h a t has been hammered a l i t t l e b i t i n the p r e s s on t h i s i s t h a t our Commission i s h o l d i n g back on making d e c i s i o n s and I t h i n k we do sometimes probably because they a r e not easy t o make, but we cannot make d e c i s i o n s u n l e s s we have a p l a n o f t h i s k i n d . These are c o n c r e t e proposals i n v o l v i n g a l o t o f c o n c r e t e and I j u s t t h i n k t h a t I would l i k e t o make i t c l e a r t h a t i t i s j u s t a b i t u n f a i r t o s a y �77 t h a t we don't a c t when we haven't had the -- I arc not s a y i n g t h a t they a r e l a t e e i t h e r . I an j u s t s a y i n g t h a t t h e r e a r e some k i n d s o f p r o p o s a l s t h a t take a l o t o f time t o work out and I t h i n k everyone i s working on them hard and the p r e s s i s a g r e a t whip but i t smarts once i n a w h i l e , -even when you a r e r e a d i n g i t i n a c h a i r i n New York C i t y . DR. EDWARDS: I wonder i f the General would like to modify t h i s f o r our c o n s i d e r a t i o n , i n any c a s e , s i n c e t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e has no c o n t r o l over park, land i n Maryland and the document reads the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and Maryland. I t i s obvious t h a t the document i s i n e r r o r . I am a d d r e s s i n g m y s e l f to Item 1 , the v e r y MR. HARTZOG: I t h i n k , I f I might c l a r i f y first this agreement on Item No. 1 pledges the N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e , one, t o provide r i g h t s - o f - w a y t o lands which i t c o n t r o l s and, s e c o n d l y , t o support the D. C. Highway Department i n i t s p r o p o s a l s through r i g h t s - o f - w a y i t does not c o n t r o l . So t h a t I don't t h i n k the agreement needs t o be amended because it i s our f i r m i n t e n t i o n t o support the l o c a t i o n o f the D i s t r i c t of Columbia through t h i s park a r e a i n the S t a t e o f Maryland. MR. THIRY: Madam Chairman. CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. THIRY: Mr. T h i r y . Has i t e v e r been determined t h a t a �78 single ten-lane freeway o f t h i s k i n d , I mean, i s p r e f e r a b l e to s m a l l e r freeway systems and more d e f i n i t i v e It routing? seems t o me t h a t one o f the b i g dangers o f the t h i n g s t h a t a r e happening" i n American c i t i e s i s t h a t we a r e c r e a t i n g these monstrous freeways t h a t a r e f u l l o f weaving and dangerous problems. They c r e a t e n o i s e and smog and a l l s o r t s o f t h i n g s and they have a tendency t o f u n n e l a l l o f the t r a f f i c leg and I can't h e l p but see t h a t t h i s p a r t i c u l a r here d i v i d e s i n h a l f up here a t t h e e x t r e m i t i e s and t h a t somehow or another t h e r e must be a p a r t i n g o f the ways f o r c e r t a i n people who a r e on t h a t freeway and how many o f them go way out t o the h i n t e r l a n d and how many o f them stop b e f o r e they get t o t h e i r d i v i s i o n o f the ways and a l l o f t h a t i s not c l e a r from t h i s presentation. I am not a t a l l sure t h a t even the b a s i c i d e a o f the m u l t i - l a n e freeway makes sense i n an urban community. Then, t o o , I can't h e l p but f e e l t h a t we should pay some a t t e n t i o n t o the laws of the community r e l a t i v e t o the L ' E n f a n t P l a n . I think i t ' s very c l e a r l y w r i t t e n , at l e a s t as I am g i v e n t o understand, t h a t the s t r e e t s have a minimum w i d t h o f 6 0 r e e t and the boulevard system a maximum w i d t h o r 160 f e e t and a l l t h i s s o r t o f t h i n g . These freeways .just seem t o d e f y e v e r y r u l e i n the book and superimposed on the top o f a c l a s s i c plan such as V/ashington has I t h i n k t h a t maybe'.e rujit t o t h i n k a l i t t l e �79 differently. When I see t h e s e t h i n g s , i t makes you k i n d of worry t h a t t h i s i s j u s t l i k e Hoboken o r Camden or Kansas C i t y or, i f you l i k e , S e a t t l e or P o r t l a n d , and those t h i n g s a r e there to be seen, e s p e c i a l l y i n S e a t t l e and P o r t l a n d . j u s t doodles on a map don't impress me anymore. So, I k i n d of l i k e t o see what's going on and, i f t h e r e ' s n o t h i n g here t o illustrate e x a c t l y what's b e i n g proposed o r , a t l e a s t , the type o f t h i n g , the p o i n t s of i n t e r c h a n g e , why, then I t h i n k the -whole t h i n g i s k i n d o f , you know, redundant and beside the point and I don't see how we can a c t on a m a t t e r of t h i s kind . CHAIRMAN ROWE: I t h i n k t h a t one o f the great b i g problems i s we haven't h a d the G r i n e r r e p o r t us, we have not h a d presented to the Voorhees r e p o r t , we haven't had a chance to look a t the work t h a t i s going on now. had We haven't a chance t o examine the d i s p l a c e m e n t f i g u r e s or a n a l y z e them. T h i s p a r t o f the s e c t i o n t h a t Mr. Conrad spoke t o , as you l e a v e the N o r t h - C e n t r a l Freeway and go e a s t and west, maybe these a r e the nagging problems t h a t you were t a l k i n g about. There a r e l o t s o f people who l i v e there.. great b i g open q u e s t i o n s and we haven't seen There a r e anything. U n l e s s t h e r e i s more d i s c u s s i o n on Item No. 1, we could go on to I t e m No. 2. MR. NORTON: E x c e p t t h a t , Madam Chairman, — �80 CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. NORTON: Yes, Mr. Norton. -- I would l i k e t o s a y t h a t we d i d have t h i s i n our a c t i o n l a s t month and t h i s paragraph, i s a s m a l l s t e p ahead because the park elements o f i t have now been c l e a r e d up. We haven't h i t the h a r d e r problems maybe but I would j u s t l i k e t o point out t h a t t h i s p a r t i c u l a r item i s i n t h e memorandum t h a t we approved l a s t m onth and t h a t t h i s i s a b i t o f p r o g r e s s on i t . t h i s on a n e g a t i v e note. CHAIRMAN ROWE: Mr. r I j u s t don't v ant t o l e a v e T h i s was f o r f u r t h e r study, Norton. MR. NORTON: In effect, '/Jell, t h i s i s f u r t h e r study, i s n ' t i t ? t h i s i s something t h a t b r i n g s I t a l o n g about an inch. CHAIRMAN ROWS: I must s a y t h a t I f i n d I have h e s i t a t e d too, but I t h i n k i t highly inappropriate f o r the V i r g i n i a Highway Department and t h e Park S e r v i c e d e t e r m i n i n g how the people i n the n o r t h e a s t e r n going t o l i v e . s e c t i o n o f the c i t y a r e T h a t ' s what t h i s document i s . I t ' s a t r i - p a r t i t e agreement and I f i n d We could i t astonishing. go on t o Item No. 2. M. AIRIS: R. Item No. 2 , t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e agrees t o t h e D. C. Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c plan f o r the l o c a t i o n o f the Dast L e g o f the I n n e r Loop through Anacostia P a r k , on c o n d i t i o n t h a t a c c e s s be provided t h e r e froth �81 for D. C. Stadium p a r k i n g and t h a t the alignment be con- s i s t e n t w i t h the Rapid T r a n s i t alignment proposed i n t h i s vicinity. I t h i n k you're a l l f a m i l i a r w i t h the proposed t r a n s i t alignment t h a t c u t s a c r o s s i n t h i s f a s h i o n and I . understand t h e r e i s some l a t e r t h i n k i n g on i t but was added to be sure t h a t i t was c o n s i s t e n t and that on my line left * here Mr. P i a t t has a d e t a i l e d a l i g n m e n t . posed d e t a i l e d a l i g n m e n t s , the one g r e a t e s t promise now The One of the pro- t h a t appears to have the as background information: E a s t Leg f a c i l i t y was moved by the D. Commissioners from the p r e v i o u s l y approved route 11th C. along Street. I n d i c a t e t h a t , Would you please, To the West Bank of the A n a c o s t i a to reduce d i s p l a c e m e n t and Len. R i " e r i n order for other reasons. The Planning Commission approved t h i s l o c a t i o n i n J u l y of 1 9 6 3 . On that b a s i s the Highway Department made some l o c a t i o n s t u d i e s a consultant West Bank. of a number of a l t e r n a t i v e r o u t e s a l o n g the The p r e l i m i n a r y d r a f t of t h i s r e p o r t has submitted some l i t t l e staff. The with time ago to the P l a n n i n g been Commission d e t a i l e d l o c a t i o n a l o n g the West Bank w i l l be reviewed through the p r o c e s s of the C o o r d i n a t i n g Committee p r i o r to r e f e r r a l to the P l a n n i n g reference Commission. Specific w i l l be made to the treatment w i t h i n the Stadium �82 a r e a which shows c e r t a i n diction v a c a n t lands now under the j u r i s - o f the Park S e r v i c e t h a t a r e a c q u i r e d which could be r e p l a c e d be a v a i l a b l e f o r freeway w i t h o t h e r land t h a t w i l l u l t i m a t e l y t o the Park S e r v i c e i n the same g e n e r a l a r e a . . Nov/, on the l e f t here i s the d e t a i l e d alignment t h a t i s i n the p r e l i m i n a r y r e p o r t and i t appears t o show t h e ' g r e a t e s t promise. Barney C i r c l e , i s up a t t h i s point and, Matt, you might take j u s t a moment and r u n down t h i s w i t h a few words and give a word d e s c r i p t i o n o f what we have got there. MR. PLATT: I n t h i s a r e a -- CHAIRMAN ROWE: t h a t the P l a n n i n g I t h i n k we ought t o make i t p l a i n Commission has not see t h i s MR. A I R I S : before. No, I understand i t i s i n the hands o f the s t a f f now, CHAIRMAN ROWE: I t has GENERAL DUKE: Commission e i t h e r , T h i s alignment i s not before the Madam Chairman. CHAIRMAN ROWE: make i t c l e a r not been p r e s e n t e d . No, but I j u s t thought we should t h a t this I s something we have not seen. MR. PLATT: Anacostia Basically, River f i r s t paralleling a l o n g the r i v e r p a s s i n g Hospital, continuing the alignment f o l l o w s t h e . the r a i l r o a d and c u r v i n g t o the e a s t o f the D. C. G e n e r a l a l o n g the r i v e r m o s t l y on f i l l coming underneath the E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t B r i d g e . land, Connection �would bo made t o the Stadium a r e a , the Stadium p a r k i n g l o t a r e a , the D. C. Stadium i s r i g h t h e r e , and c o n n e c t i o n s would be made t o E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t B r i d g e . The r o u t e would" continue a l o n g the edge o f the river, a g a i n on p a r t i a l l y filled l a n d , p a s s i n g between the river, or Kingman Lake and the p a r k i n g l o t and continue under Benning Road, w i t h c o n n e c t i o n s a t Benning Road, p a s s ing e a s t o f the s c h o o l complex, the S p i n g a r n and the Brown J u n i o r High and so on, a l s o r e s p e c t i n g the proposed s i t e f o r the S p i n g a r n stadium. I n doing t h a t , i n order t o r e s p e c t t h a t s i t e , we get i n t o the land o f the g o l f c o u r s e , the Langston Golf Course. That f a c i l i t y would be r e p l a c e d by the f i l l i n g o f the Kingman Lake a r e a . The r o u t e then comes up, goes under Maryland Avenue and runs a l o n g the edge o f the Ah ore turn p r o p e r t y . I n this p a r t i c u l a r p l a n , i n order t o reduce the d i s p l a c e m e n t a l o n g M S t r e e t , the f a c i l i t y a c t u a l l y i s a l o n g the edge o f the Aboretum p r o p e r t y over t o B l a d e n s b u r g Road. I t passes under B l a d e n s b u r g Road and would e n t e r a t u n n e l and i t would be tunneled under Mt. O l i v e t Road. Mt. O l i v e t Road would be put back on the s u r f a c e . I n that way we a v o i d any d i s t u r b a n c e of the Ruth K. Webb S c h o o l . The alignment does show a s l i g h t Cemetery. encroachment on Mt. O l i v e t V e t h i n k t h a t can be avoided when we get our / �84 detailed plans. The road would come out of a t u n n e l near West V i r g i n i a Avenue and c r o s s over West V i r g i n i a Avenue would curve up to c r o s s over the New and York Avenue and rail- road to the i n t e r c h a n g e w i t h the N o r t h - C e n t r a l Freeway, MR. AIRIS: T h a t ' s a l l we had CHAIRMAN ROWE: this Perhaps Mr. Conrad could CONRAD: review Madam Chairman, you w i l l r e c a l l the E a s t Leg of the I n n e r Loop was o r i g i n a l l y located that cn S t r e e t and we made many s t u d i e s i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h Highway Department i n s t u d y i n g You the alternative locations. w i l l r e c a l l t h a t the o r i g i n a l l o c a t i o n went through P h i l a d e l p h i a Row, which i s a h i s t o r i c s e c t i o n of E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t a r e a , and f u r t h e r to the w e s t , but so we moved i t a l i t t l e b i t t h i s was s t i l l not a c c e p t a b l e . f a c t , the Highway Department made a model showing how could you. one. MR. 11th on t h a t , thank be depressed and the s t r e e t s go over but t h i s was In this not acce p t a b l e . The E a s t Leg.was then moved to 1 9 t h the v i c i n i t y of 1 9 t h S t r e e t and S t r e e t or i n I t h i n k t h a t the Highway : Department r e c e i v e d more l e t t e r s c o n c e r n i n g t h a t l o c a t i o n than p o s s i b l y you have on the i n t e r s t a t e system to d a t e , s i r . - So, as a r e s u l t of t h e s e s t u d i e s and studying w i t h the Highway Department and further the Park S e r v i c e , �85 we s t u d i e d the ".Jest Bank o f the A n a c o s t i a Wo must have had a dozen s t u d i e s t o show how t h i s might be accomplished. Nov/, as a r e s u l t of those s t u d i e s , t h e Commission took an a c t i o n on J u l y 18," 1963. There t h e Commission approved i n p r i n c i p l e t h e use of the west bank of the Anacostia R i v e r f o r t h e E a s t L e g o f the I n n e r Loop Freeway s u b j e c t t o f u r t h e r r e v i e w by t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e and the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Highway Department and a p p r o v a l by the Commission of the p r e c i s e a l i g n m e n t , g r a d e s , connections, landscaping and replacement o f park l a n d s . At t h a t t i m e , t h e P a r k S e r v i c e was opposed t o the use of t h i s a r e a f o r highway purposes because I t usurped p a r k land and t h i s was t h e r e a s o n f o r t h i s type of a motion, t h a t i t was s u b j e c t t o f u r t h e r r e v i e w by t h e N a t i o n a l Park Service. To d a t e , no f u r t h e r p l a n s have come i n t o t h e Commission i n regard to t h i s a l i g n m e n t . I n the a c t i o n t a k e n by the Commission t o i n c l u d e as a p a r t of t h e Comprehensive P l a n the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e c t i o n o f l a s t month, we recommended t h a t t h e r e be a l t e r n a t i v e s t u d i e s , t h a t we would s t u d y t h i s l o c a t i o n f u r t h e r and v/e would also National s t u d y t h e l o c a t i o n as recommended by t h e Capital Transportation v/hich I b e l i e v e was p u b l i s h e d Agency i n t h e i r report, i n 1962. T h i s was t h e alignment v/hich would come down — �L e n , I wonder i f you would p o i n t t o t h a t . I t would come down E a s t e r n Avenue and then come a c r o s s t h e N a t i o n a l T r a i n i n S c h o o l f o r Boys S i t e and g i v e a c c e s s t o t h a t a r e a , which i t s o r e l y needs under any development o f t h a t a r e a , a c r o s s t h e A n a c o s t i a and over and t i e i n t o t h e K e n i l w o r t h Freeway and then back i n t o t h e Southeast v i a the Barney C i r c l e route. So t h a t t h i s would a l s o s e r v e t h e f u n c t i o n of number two a s shown on t h i s map. B o t h r o u t e s would be i n v o l v e d i n park l a n d , both r o u t e s would i n v o l v e s o c i a l i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r r e l o c a t i o n , both r o u t e s would i n v o l v e community f a c i l i t i e s . I t was t h e i d e a t h a t v/e would study these from the t r a f f i c s t a n d p o i n t , s o c i a l s t a n d p o i n t , community f a c i l i - t i e s s t a n d p o i n t , p a r k s t a n d p o i n t and f i n d out v/hich would r e a l l y be t h e b e s t r o u t e . So, a t t h i s p o i n t , we do not have t h e n e c e s s a r y m a t e r i a l t o s a y t h a t e i t h e r number two o r t h e a l t e r n a t i v e t h a t i s being proposed i s t h e r o u t e a t t h i s t i m e . I think i t i s a case where f u r t h e r s t u d y could be presented to the P l a n n i n g Commission. CHAIRMAN ROWE: Thank you. Are t h e r e any o t h e r MR. NORTON: questions? J u s t t o a s k , the w e s t e r l y end of t h i s p i c k s up a t B a r n e y C i r c l e , i s t h a t r i g h t ? MR. A I R I S : That's right. �87 MR, MORTON: T h i s i s where t h e S o u t h e a s t Freeway i s now improved and i n t h e works, i s t h i s r i g h t ? MR. A I R I S : That's MR, NORTON: correct. I n other words, t h i s p i c k s up from that. MR. A I R I S : That's MR. NORTON: correct. And t h a t i s a p r o j e c t t h a t i s a l l s e t to go. MR. A I R I S : I t ' s underway now, s i r . MR. NORTON: MR. A I R I S : I s i t b e i n g b u i l t now? Yes, s i r . CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. A I R I S : Where i s i t b e i n g b u i l t , Mr. A i r i s ? At I n t e r c h a n g e and we purchased a c o n s i d e r a b l e east of Interchange C t h e r e a r e two c o n t r a c t ? amount of t h e r i g h t - o f - w a y C over towards Barney Circle. I don't b e l i e v e t h e r e i s a c t u a l l y a c o n t r a c t I n that - e a s t e r l y s e c t i o n but t h e r e w i l l be s h o r t l y . CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR, A I R I S : What about t h e w e s t e r l y The w e s t e r l y s e c t i o n i s — section? I t h i n k we have got one c o n t r a c t underway I n t h e w e s t e r l y s e c t i o n . CHAIRMAN ROWE: the P l a n n i n g Commission f o r some time. MR. A I R I S : That's CHAIRMAN ROWE: things. Because t h i s h a s been approved by right. We a r e always accused of s t o p p i n g There has been no movement apparent from S i x t h S t r e e t f o r some time and many people s a y , W e l l , t h a t ' s �88 another one t h a t t h e P l a n n i n g Commission stopped. MR. A I R I S : I am s u r e t h a t c r i t i c i s m could not be applied at that point. T h e r e a r e o t h e r reasons why i t has been a l i t t l e s l o w e r coming, m a i n l y the problem o f d i s p l a c e ment and r i g h t - o f - w a y a c q u i s i t i o n s , t o see t h a t those are items worked o u t . T h i s was approved, I t h i n k , l a s t y e a r and, of c o u r s e , you've got t o g e t — CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. A I R I S : I t h i n k two y e a r s ago. Was I t two y e a r s ago? I thought i t was t h i s p a s t y e a r . MR. THIRY: Madam Chairman, w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o I n t e r c h a n g e C, d i d you s a y they were t a k i n g b i d s on t h a t o r building I t ? MR. A I R I S : Yes, s i r . MR. THIRY : T h i s was a m a t t e r t h a t we asked f o r f u r t h e r study and r e v i s i o n of t h e p l a n b e f o r e we would accept i t and I don't see how you could do t h a t w i t h o u t coming back to t h e P l a n n i n g Commission and t h i s was b e f o r e u s , I mean, p r a c t i c a l l y a y e a r agv. T h i s t h i n g was c l o t t e d f u l l of a l l k i n d s of dangerous c o n d i t i o n s and I t h i n k we should a t l e a s t have an o p p o r t u n i t y t o see i t b e f o r e i t goes up f o r b i d s . MR. A I R I S : My u n d e r s t a n d i n g , s i r , i s t h a t we have complied c o m p l e t e l y w i t h your wishes on I n t e r c h a n g e C and GENERAL DUKE: V/as t h e r e a r e s e r v a t i o n on t h e — �89 a p p r o v a l o f I n t e r c h a n g e C "by t h e P l a n n i n g Commission? MR. CONRAD: There were two items t h a t t h e Com- m i s s i o n asked t o r e v i e w f u r t h e r on I n t e r c h a n g e C. One was t h e , one of t h e ramps t h a t went n o r t h t o the, I guess i t was--- What s t r e e t i s t h a t t o the n o r t h ? -- But i t was i n r e l a t i o n s h i p t o an e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g t h e r e where i t came t o o c l o s e and v/e would l i k e t o see t h a t come back, t o get t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e ramp and t h e e x i s t i n g land uses t h a t would Two, remain. was t h e e l e v a t i o n s and t h e treatment underneath some o f t h e ramps i n t h e c e n t e r o f the i n t e r c h a n g e , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e one which went from t h e south and went over t o t h e w e s t , as t o whether i t would be p o s s i b l e t o b r i n g i t down a l i t t l e b i t and perhaps t h e space underneath the interchange could be used f o r o f f - s t r e e t p a r k i n g o r o t h e r community f a c i l i t i e s r a t h e r than a f i l l . I f I c a n remember c o r r e c t l y , t h e s e were t h e two p o i n t s t h a t were made by the Commission t h a t t h e y would to have f u r t h e r r e v i e w on and, like i f my memory doesn't f a i l me, t h e s e have not come back t o t h e Commission s i n c e . MR. A I R I S : T h a t ' s where a p p a r e n t l y , C h a r l i e , you and I have a l i t t l e d i f f e r e n c e o f o p i n i o n . were c o m p l e t e l y covered again and I w i l l be glad t o l o o k a t i t — MR. CONRAD: I thought we Sure. �90 MR. A I R I S : if it's — and w e ' l l h u r r y up a q u i c k r e v i e w , needed. MRo THIRY: I t s a y s here t h e a p p r o v a l does not c o n s t i t u t e a p p r o v a l of an alignment and a l s o I would t h i n k t h a t h a t c e r t a i n l y should have come back. There a r e a couple o f off-ramps on the curve t h e r e t h a t I don't see how you a r e e v e r going t o g e t t o them w i t h out committing suicide. MR. CONRAD: Circle. T h i s was n o r t h and e a s t o f Barney The Commission d i d approve MR. THIRY: MR. CONRAD: — I'm t a l k i n g about I n t e r c h a n g e C. — I n t e r c h a n g e C, they d i d approve I t , and I t was j u s t t h e i d e a t h a t t h e y would l i k e t o have a f u r t h e r look a t t h e s p e c i f i c d e t a i l s . So t h e r e was a p p r o v a l g i v e n by the P l a n n i n g Commission f o r I n t e r c h a n g e C. MR. THIRY: F o r the f u r t h e r development and the assignment o f t h i s job t o c o n s u l t i n g f i r m s , I mean, f o r f u r t h e r s t u d y ; t h a t ' s what v/e approved. alignment I t was not t h e of the road o r the d e s i g n of i t . I remember t h i s v e r y , v e r y w e l l , MR. A I R I S : Barney S i r , none o f t h i s work i s beyond Circle. CHAIRMAN ROWE: No, but Mr. T h i r y i s t a l k i n g about I n t e r c h a n g e C where, d u r i n g i t s a p p r o v a l , t h e Commission, a c c o r d i n g t o the document I have, s a i d i t w i l l f u r t h e r r e v i e w �the d e s i g n of t h e S o u t h e a s t Leg and I n t e r c h a n g e C prepared i n accordance w i t h the a p p r o v a l provided h e r e i n w i t h p a r t i c u - l a r r e f e r e n c e t o t h e h e i g h t of t h e freeway s t r u c t u r e s , ramp c o n n e c t i o n s , land c o n t o u r i n g and p r o x i m i t y t o b u i l d i n g s . MR. A I R I S : My memory seems t o s a y t o me t h a t we have come back on those d e t a i l s , t h a t we have come back t o the Commission on those GENERAL DUKE: details. I h o n e s t l y thought t h a t we had c l e a r e d I n t e r c h a n g e C m y s e l f , but I am not prepared right now t o i n d i c a t e t h e factsbecau.se I don't know what they a r e . MR. THIRY: There a r e a number of items t h a t I have been w a t c h i n g f o r and they j u s t haven't come back. mean, we make recommendations and then t h a t ' s i t . t h i s i n n e r l o o p i n g b u s i n e s s , you know, I thought coming back but I found I Even on t h a t was out from r e a d i n g t h e minutes that maybe t h e r e was something tucked i n t o t h i s t h a t wasn't q u i t e clear. But t h i s i s one o f the t h i n g s t h a t b o t h e r s me about approving a freeway system. A f t e r a l l , when i t i s s a i d t h a t we have n o t h i n g t o do w i t h d e s i g n , but I am a f r a i d the d e s i g n of t h e system i s a l l - i m p o r t a n t f o r a p p r o v a l . Even l o o k i n g a t t h i s t h i n g , you j u s t k i n d of wonder whether improvements c o u l d n ' t be made. t h i s could be s i m p l i f i e d I n fact,. I'm q u i t e s u r e t h a t 100 p e r cent and made a l o t s a f e r and a l o t more a c c e p t a b l e from a v i s u a l s t a n d p o i n t . �92 MR. CONRAD: Madam Chairman, t o c l e a r .the r e c o r d , I would l i k e t o read t h e motion t a k e n by the Commission o r the a c t i o n t a k e n by t h e Commission on J u l y 2k, 1 9 6 4 : Approve t h e alignment and e l e v a t i o n of the f o l l o w i n g segments of t h e I n n e r Loop Freeway system as shown on NC -- And so f o r t h : One - S o u t h e a s t L e g , from S i x t h S t r e e t , Southeast, t o 1 5 t h S t r e e t , S o u t h e a s t , i n c l u d i n g I n t e r c h a n g e C and ramp connections t h e r e t o . Two - S o u t h e a s t L e g , from 1 5 t h S t r e e t , S o u t h e a s t , Barney C i r c l e , i n c l u d i n g Barney C i r c l e and ramp c o n n e c t i o n s west t h e r e o f . Then i t s t a t e s : Approval does not c o n s t i t u t e a p p r o v a l of an alignment f o r the S o u t h e a s t and E a s t Legs n o r t h and e a s t o f Barney C i r c l e , which i s the E a s t Leg, n o r a p p r o v a l of t h e s u r f a c e t r e a t m e n t of Barney C i r c l e , which we worked hard and long on w i t h t h e Highway Department t o come up w i t h a n adequate d e s i g n f o r Barney C i r c l e , which I t h i n k i s a gem of urban d e s i g n which v e r y few people Then i t s a y s : know. The Commission a t i t s next meeting w i l l f u r t h e r r e v i e w the d e s i g n of t h e S o u t h e a s t Leg and I n t e r c h a n g e C prepared i n accordance w i t h the a p p r o v a l provided h e r e i n w i t h p a r t i c u l a r r e f e r e n c e t o , one, h e i g h t s o f r e e w a y , which i s t h a t major ramp I mentioned going a c r o s s from south t o w e s t , ramp c o n n e c t i o n s , which i s t h a t ramp c o n n e c t i o n t h a t came c l o s e t o t h a t apartment b u i l d i n g , land �93 c o n t o u r i n g , because we f e l t t h a t p o s s i b l y c e r t a i n s e c t i o n s could be open underneath and have another use b e s i d e s land contouring,- p r o x i m i t y t o b u i l d i n g s and l a n d s c a p i n g . T h i s was the s p e c i f i c a c t i o n t a k e n by the Commissio To my knowledge, we have had no f u r t h e r r e v i e w o f I n t e r c h a n g e C i n r e l a t i o n s h i p to t h i s a c t i o n . CHAIRMAN ROWE: Thank you, Mr. Conrad. Are t h e r e any o t h e r q u e s t i o n s on t h i s ? (No Mr. response.) Hartzog, how many a c r e s have you e s t i m a t e d would be used f o r highway purposes i n A n a c o s t i a MR. HARTZOG: Park? We have not e v a l u a t e d t h i s scheme, because t h i s i s t h e f i r s t time we've seen t h i s scheme i n relation t o t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system. CHAIRMAN ROWE: I t h i n k i t might be o f i n t e r e s t t o put i n t h e r e c o r d a r e p o r t of t h e l a s t t e n y e a r s on t h e amount of park land which has been t a k e n over f o r other p u b l i c purposes, p r i m a r i l y highways, i n t h e c i t y , and I would l i k e t o make i t a p a r t o f the r e c o r d . I have the r e p o r t h e r e . (The f i g u r e s r e f e r r e d t o by Chairman Rowe on parkland read a s f o l l o w s : ) �UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF T H E INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK NATIONAL CAPITAL EFER TO SERVICE REGION 1100 O H I O D R I V E , S . W . W A S H I N G T O N , D. C , 2C242 May 10, 1956 Memorandum To: D i r e c t o r , n a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Planning Commission Prom: Associate Regional D i r e c t o r , National C a p i t a l Region Subject: Park Areas i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Acquired and Lost from 1956 t o A p r i l i960 I n accordance with our d i s c u s s i o n , there i s transmitted herewith tvo copies of a three-page t a b u l a t i o n of "Park Areas i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Acquired and Lost, I956-I960 ( A p r i l ) " including a c q u i s i t i o n s i n progress and t r a n s f e r s not yet processed on p r o j e c t s being constructed v i t h permits. You w i l l note t h a t f o r the e n t i r e park system i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, there has beer, a net l o s s of 167 acres during the ten year period, with the major items being 235 acres of net l o s s to the D. C. Highway Department and I56 acres acquired by the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission under the Capper-Cramton Act. I would very much appreciate an opportunity to discuss with you the preparation of a summary of t h i s information f o r use i n the Parks and Playgrounds chapter of the 1935 Comprehensive Plan. Robert C. Home Enclosures �n UNTTRD ST'ATI]S D]]PA,NTì'{ON"}' TIIE rì TN'I'IJNIOR I\IIîIOI\IAI PARI( SIXìVICE - N^I'IONAL Ci\PITAL REOIoN PARK AREAS IN Tlm DISTIìICT 0F COLU'ßIA ACQUTRtrD AND LOST Lgfi - L966 (ænru) ACQUTRED Year D.C. I{ighwaYs :: Clrannelization, " Trlangles and. St¡eet and. AlJ.ey Closings .. D. C. School"s D. C. Âgcncies other than Hlghways and, Schools ? Center Med.lano il N.C.P.C. Capper-Cramton Program - I{CPC Purchase and. Strcets and Âlleys Closecl I,/ltilin Pro.iect N. C. P. C. SÍte for John F. Kennetly Ferieral Agencies Dona1"i.o¡¡s Center (other than Capper- Cramton Program) Bounclaries 2I.3I ,)6 ac. .68 ac. .2J ae. .0I ac. 19r6 ).9r'r L9'JB L959 1g5o .!B ac, 1961. L{r2 1963 1961r Lú' Le66 ( January toA 1I .39 ac. .16 ac. .22 act .01¡. ac. 2.56 ac. .20 ag. 1.16 ac. .81 ac. Acclutsttlons ln Progress Transfers not yet Processed' ac. 3.15'ae. .l+l+ ac. h.ll5 ac. SLTBTOTAI,S 1.!B .17 ac. ac, aB.?4 ac. 6.63 ac, B. e5 'ac. 11. iih ac. 63.88 ac. 2.-(T ac. 6.99. ac. .OO ac. 4.!)+ ac. L55.'(B ac. .65 &c. 2.00 ac. .J0 ac. ho.LT ac. .01. .43 ac. .26 ac. L.22 ae. I.!B ac. 1.60 ac. nf) .u(J ac. '71+ ac. .Bt ac. .1. ¡rc IL, itc B.o'¡'ac .20 ac. tB ac .ll1 bl+.I6 ac. ac 12.59 oc 1"2. .16 ac. on ProJecto constructecl vlth ermits T0[Af,s 4.6L ac. TO{IAL ACQUIRUD 227.32 ac' ,.8r ac. 2.0o ac. h.)h ac. 1!6.1+J ac. 2.18 ac. l+ll.16 ac �IOST D. C. Ygar HlghwaY Channellzati-on, Trlangles, Center Med.ians and. D.. C. HlghvaYs :IleewaYo D. C. Schools ? W D. C. Agencles other than L9r6 L9'T 195B L959 1g6o l-g6r Lg6?- 1963 196ìr r965 progress Kennedy Center for the Performln Arts SaIe }I.4. .6fac. .01 ac. .26 ac. 3.lr'9 ac. )+, o9 ac, R.L.A, -IîBT I.B 5 ac. 2.' 5 ac. t: 4 ac. 1,IT ,13 ac Qr ac 2I.l+B ac. .86 ac. ac. ac. .33 ac. .46 ac. L.lr\ ac. .JB ac. 3..81 ac. .0I ac. B.60 ac. 6 p.63 ac. I0.L! L.l+3 ac. ac. Disposal in Board. ired,eral Âgencles 4.37 ac. .UI SIJBTOI^IS Site for John F. Highways anô Schools N.C 1.26 ac. 1.99 ac. Armory ,00 ac, .00 ac. 2.LJ ac. .86 ac. 2.15 ac. .86 ac. ô 2.f .l+3 ac. 2.70 ac. ac. Transfers not yet processed. on projects constructed. vlth permlt 2.76 Loss of Park ac, 206.0 ac. 1.00 ac. use TOI'ALS T01A! ,JST 2\,67 ac. J!l+.6J ac. 215.63 ac. I3.I9 il.l+3 ac. 13I.0O ac. 2.J0 ac. I �TotaI 1n D. c. By_ Agencies D. C. IlighwaY ' Department C. D. SchooLs 0ther D, C. N. C. P. c. AII Other Capper-Cramton q RECAP Acqulreô 227,32 5.rç2 Lost 391+.63 2Lo.30 2.O ln.51r 13,19 [,L3 .0.rL NET CAIN or LOSS L6'(.3L 23[.BB 11.19 156.113 58.93 136.?I 156.1+3 7T,TB �MR. HARTZOG: May I make a comment, Madam Chairman CHAIRMAN ROVE: Y e s . MR. HARTZOG: That i s t h a t t h i s agreement provides t h a t , no m a t t e r how much i t i s , the park land w i l l be replaced i n k i n d o r I n c a s h , which i s t h e f i r s t time i n t h e h i s t o r y of p a r k s and freeways and highways i n t h e D i s t r i c t o Columbia t h a t p a r k l a n d s have been agreed t o be r e p l a c e d . I might s a y t h a t t h e sum of those f i g u r e s t h a t I t h i n k you have, i s t h a t i n the l a s t t e n y e a r s v/e have l o s t a net of 2 3 5 a c r e s of p a r k l a n d , u n r e p l a c e d , the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. is, t o highways i n So t h a t no m a t t e r what t h e a c r e a g i t j.s going t o be r e p l a c e d w i t h cash o r I n k i n d . MR. THIRY: Madam Chairman. CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. THIRY: Mr. T h i r y . You c a n a l s o d e s t r o y t h e park land by p u t t i n g these freeways through them so t h a t j u s t t h e owner- s h i p of t h e land doesn't c o n s t i t u t e good park l a n d . So t h a t t h i s i s something t h a t no one t a k e s i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n and a l s o t o get -MR. HARTZOG: Mr. T h i r y , t h i s i s one of the most c r u c i a l p o i n t s i n our e n t i r e p l a n n i n g which i s t h a t v/e get comparable p a r k land . MR. THIRY: Then a l s o t o g e t c a s h , you know, doesn' g i v e you park land n e c e s s a r i l y . (Laughter.) T h i s j u s t i s cash. �95 MR. HARTZOG: Generally, our problem i n g e t t i n g p a r k land has been t h e problem o f g e t t i n g c a s h and t h i s has been our e x p e r i e n c e throughout t h e c o u n t r y . I f we've got c a s h , v/e c a n get the p a r k - l a n d . CHAIRMAN ROWE: I b e l i e v e I would have trouble p i c k i n g up 100 a c r e s o f p a r k land i n t h e C i t y . MR. CONRAD: Madam Chairman. CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. CONRAD: Mr. Conrad. One o f t h e t h i n g s t h a t we have been pursuing i s j u s t t h i s . From a p l a n n i n g s t a n d p o i n t , t h a t i f park land could be r e p l a c e d by p u b l i c works such a s highways t h a t t h i s would be a v e r y d e s i r a b l e t h i n g . from t h e p l a n n i n g s t a n d p o i n t , However, t h i s represents t h e t h i n g t h a t has a l w a y s , the word, b u g g e d u s v/e f e l t So, a r e a l advance. i f I may use i s t h a t t h e P u b l i c Roads heretofore has not been a b l e t o spend 9 0 / 1 0 money and 5 0 / 5 0 money f o r p a r k purposes. I was wondering, would t h i s be c a r r i e d P u b l i c Roads? out by Have they changed t h e i r p o l i c y or do they have a p o l i c y t o use highway money f o r park purposes? MR. HARTZOG: want t o e x p l o r e Mr. Conrad, I t h i n k Mr. Shear might t h i s w i t h our a t t o r n e y s , but t h e l e g a l t h a t I have i s t h a t t h e a c q u i s i t i o n of r i g h t s - o f - w a y responsibility advice i s the of t h e l o c a l c o n t r a c t i n g agency and not t h e B u r e a u o f P u b l i c Roads and t h e r e i s n o t h i n g i n t h e P u b l i c �Highway A c t which p r o h i b i t s payment f o r park l a n d . It is a p o l i c y of t h e B u r e a u of P u b l i c Roads and p o l i c i e s can be changed. MR. SHEAR: Madam Chairman, I would be d e l i g h t e d t o abide by any c o n c l u s i o n and which t h e B u r e a u of P u b l i c Roads Park S e r v i c e a t t o r n e y s have reached t o t h e e f f e c t t h i s can be done. that I ' l l buy any o p i n i o n they w r i t e t o t h a t effect. MR. HARTZOG: Thank you. CHAIRMAN ROWE: T h i s one, I t h i n k , i s unanimous. Did you want t o speak t o t h i s , Mr. Whitton? MR. WHITTON: No, I ' d only say t h i s . That t h i s i s not the f i r s t case i n my memory where we have bought park land o r compensated f o r p a r k l a n d . We d i d i t i n S t . L o u i s , George. MR. HARTZOG: That's right. MR. WHITTON: On F o r e s t Park and i t may be t h a t we never have b e f o r e i n Washington but I , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n Washington, t h i n k t h a t we ought t o r e p l a c e p a r k land and, hopefully, i n kind. I am a g r e a t b e l i e v e r i n p a r k s and I t h i n k t h a t we ought t o p r o t e c t them and ought t o , i f I t becomes n e c e s s a r y why, t o take some o f them f o r highway r i g h t s , then we ought t o p r o v i d e s i m i l a r land t o r e p l a c e taken. Nov/, that's a personal opinion. that �CHAIRMAN ROVE: MR. WHITTON: Thank you, Mr. Whit ton. And I c a n be quoted. (Laughter.) GENERAL DUKE: S h a l l we go on t o t h e next one? CHAIRMAN ROWE: unless Y e s , s h a l l we go on t o the n e x t , t h e r e a r e some more q u e s t i o n s on number two, we w i l l go on t o number t h r e e . (No q u e s t i o n s MR, A I R I S : raised.) Number t h r e e - The D.C. Department of Highways and T r a f f i c agrees t o p r o v i d e t h e cost of a r e f l e c t i n pool a t the Grant Memorial i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the C e n t e r Leg of the I n n e r Loor. on the s t r a i g h t e n e d align- ment r e c e n t l y concurred i n by t h e D.C. Department of Highways and T r a f f i c , t h e N a t i o n a l the C a p i t o l . P a r k S e r v i c e , and the A r c h i t e c t of The d e s i g n of the C e n t e r Leg of t h e I n n e r Loop w i l l a l s o p r o v i d e f o r the e l i m i n a t i o n of F i r s t , Second, T h i r d S t r e e t s between L o u i s i a n a Avenue and Canal S t r e e t a c r o s s t h e M a l l , except f o r a c e r e m o n i a l T h i r d S t r e e t , t h a t ' s Louisiana Avenue extended. I have no a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n to i t . I t h i n k t h e i t e m i s p r e t t y much s e l f - e v i d e n t . GENERAL DUKE: T h i s , of c o u r s e , i s what i s con- templated by the P e n n s y l v a n i a CHAIRMAN this? t o add or any h i s t o ROWE: Avenue P l a n i n t h a t area. Mr. Conrad, do you want t o speak t o �98 MR. CONRAD: This i s fine. I t h i n k that as f a r as the r e f l e c t i n g p o o l , t h a t speaks f o r i t s e l f . The underpasses of t h e Mali have been a p l a n o f t h e P l a n n i n g Commission f o r a s long a s I c a n remember. The o r i g i n a l roads t o underpass the M a l l were t h e l 4 t h , 9 t h , and 7 t h S t r e e t s , and d u r i n g t h e i n i t i a l phases of t h e C e n t e r Leg o f the I n n e r Loop i t was worked out w i t h t h e Highway Department t o put t h a t underground . The o t h e r roads which a r e mentioned here would be i n accordance w i t h t h a t type o f a concept. I would p o i n t o u t , however, t h a t some of t h e prop o s a l s t h a t a r e i n v o l v e d i n t h i s document a r e r e f e r r i n g t o a M a l l P l a n which has n e v e r been submitted t o t h e P l a n n i n g Commission f o r r e v i e w so t h a t t h e s e t h i n g s c a n be reviewed i n t h e i r c o n t e x t o f a M a l l Plan. A l l t h a t I am s a y i n g here i s t h a t t h e elements t h a t a r e mentioned seen t o be- i n keeping w i t h long policies here range of the Commission but v/e have had no s p e c i f i c M a l l P l a n b e f o r e us f o r a p p r o v a l o r r e v i e w . MR. THIRY: Madam Chairman. CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. THIRY: to t h e underpass Mr. T h i r y . I was wondering i f they have the a c c e s s o f t h e M a l l , I mean, t h e system o f roads t h a lead i n t o i t ? Do you have a d e s i g n f o r t h a t ? MR. A I R I S : I don't b e l i e v e we brought t h a t h e r e , �99 sir. MR. THIRY: I'm j u s t wondering how you propose handle the exodus of automobiles from the Rayburn to Building and from the two new garages t h a t a r e b e i n g b u i l t on the H i l l right now. I mean, I t h i n k the way t h i s t h i n g I s l a i d right now, i t ' s kind of on the assumption t h a t out everybody wants t o go on the f r e e w a y b u t , as I read the p l a n t h a t I have seen, a t l e a s t , why, I mean, t h i s t h i n g i s going t o end up i n a r e a l b o t t l e n e c k of a u t o m o b i l e s , I t h i n k , and haven't t a k e n c a r e of the a b u t t i n g s t r e e t s ment of those s t r e e t s i n any way, or the develop- f o r t r a f f i c movement on the c i t y street. shape or form. MR. complete we AIRIS: You're a b s o l u t e l y r i g h t . V/e have a ramp p l a n f o r t h a t south end of the f r e e w a y and i t was b e f o r e the P l a n n i n g Commission, I can ' t t e l l you e x a c t l y when, but i t d i d come up b e f o r e the P l a n n i n g Commission. Now, we s t i l l have to come back w i t h a model of the details on; the C e n t e r Leg. MR. THIRY: The t r a f f i c i s p r e t t y w e l l dammed up a t t h a t p o i n t and, as I understand i t , t h e r e w i l l be 4,000 c a r s t o take c a r e of a t the change of o f f i c e hours and so on and t h i s i s o n l y the b e g i n n i n g of e x t e n s i v e development on the Hill. So, t h i s p a r t i c u l a r f e a t u r e of t h i s h a s n ' t r e a l l y �100 been worked out s a t i s f a c t o r i l y , as f a r as I am MR. AIRIS: concerned. W e l l , v/e went i n t o I t , s i r , i n some g r e a t d e t a i l and we t h i n k we've got an a c c e p t a b l e at solution t h a t p a r t i c u l a r p o i n t . " T h a t ' s down a t C S t r e e t . MR. THIRY: I t h i n k i t might be a c c e p t a b l e from a freeway s t a n d p o i n t but t h e n , a f t e r a l l , t h i s i s a p a r t of a c i t y plan. MR. AIRIS: That's MR. THIRY: And right. you have to t a k e c a r e of the r e s t of the problem too and as a -MR. a r e n ' t you, MR. AIRIS: THIRY: the realignment I'm t a l k i n g about the t r a f f i c problem because of the c l o s i n g o f f of s t r e e t s of the automobiles t h a t don't want to go on the freeway. want to t r a v e l l o c a l l y around t h e r e and they have to go way out of t h e i r and t h e n t h e y get i n v o l v e d i n the o t h e r off-ramps system. and of . t r a f f i c and the f a c t t h a t you can't get There a r e a l o t of people who way problem, sir? t h a t i s generated rid You a r e s p e a k i n g of a t r a f f i c way of the f r e e So I t h i n k b e f o r e v/e c o u l d , you know, -- W e l l , I'm a l l f o r t h i s underpass and the development of the P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue P l a n , don't misunderstand t h a t a l o t of t h e s e approach ramps and me, I do t h i n k so on need t o be c o o r d i n a t e d w i t h the c i t y s t r e e t p a t t e r n . As I understand i t , I mean, t h a t comes w i t h i n the �101 range of y o u r d u t i e s a l s o , I . mean, t o see t o i t t h a t the s t r e e t s of t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia can r e c e i v e and can e x h a u s t the t r a f f i c and I t h i n k t h i s development of t h e f r e e w a y system doesn't take i n t o account the s t r e e t s of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. There a r e many s i t u a t i o n s t h a t a r e b e i n g developed t h a t a r e c r e a t i n g a f u n n e l i n g of t r a f f i c and r e a l l y making-invaluable c e r t a i n pieces of p r o p e r t y and then p u t t i n g no v a l u e whatsoever on o t h e r p i e c e s . I t h i n k we should r e a l l y get i n t o t h a t p a r t i c u l a r i t e m too, I mean as a m a t t e r of a p p r o v a l . MR. HARTZOG: Madam Chairman, may I a s k a q u e s t i o n ? I t i s our d i s t i n c t r e c o l l e c t i o n , a l t h o u g h Mr. Conrad i n d i c a t e s a M a l l P l a n has not been p r e s e n t e d , t h a t t h i s p l a n has been presented on two o c c a s i o n s and on t h e . l a t t e r occasion i t was approved i n p r i n c i p l e and I am wondering i f you would i n s t r u c t t h e s t a f f t o check the record . MR. CONRAD: MR. HARTZOG: I stand corrected. So t h a t t h i s might be c l e a r . CHAIRMAN ROWE: Y e s , but t h i s was approved i n cortcept, I t h i n k , but t h e r e was only a p a r t of i t , and t h e r e has been a good b i t o f change. I don't t h i n k t h a t a M a l l P l a n a s e x t e n s i v e a s the one t h a t you a r e now considering going a l l the way -MR. SHEAR: The Webel P l a n was approved i r . �102 principle. CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. HARTZOG: You see, you've got a new p l a n now. I would l i k e t h e record t o be checked, i f you would i n s t r u c t the . s t a f f , p l e a s e , Madam Chairman, because my r e c o l l e c t i o n i s t h a t t h e M a l l P l a n t h a t was p r e s e n t e d by Mr. Owings was t h e i s s u e t h a t p r e c i p i t a t e d the motion which I made and Mr. V/hitton seconded f o r a look a t the t u n n e l under t h e M a l i , and, on t h a t o c c a s i o n , the Commission approved t h e p l a n i n p r i n c i p l e . nothing And t h e r e i s i n t h i s agreement t h a t i s i n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e p l a n t h a t was b e f o r e t h e Commission a t t h a t t i m e . So, I would a p p r e c i a t e t h e r e c o r d being checked so t h a t a t t h i s p o i n t i n t h e proceedings be c l a r i f i e d the record might i n accordance w i t h t h e f a c t s . GENERAL DUKE: I t h i n k t h e same p r i n c i p l e a p p l i e s t o t h e next i t e m , Madam Chairman. CHAIRMAN ROUE: Y e s , t h e s e items a r e t h e ones, a s you know, and a s Mr. Conrad pointed t r a d i t i o n a l l y supported out, t h a t have been by t h e P l a n n i n g Commission. V e have / no q u a r r e l but t h e r e a r e q u e s t i o n s which Mr. T h i r y has r a i s e d on how i t f i t s i n t o t h e t o t a l p l a n . GENERAL DUKE: Y e s . CHAIRMAN ROWE: And we w i l l check the record,.Mr. Hartzog. MR. A I R I S : Would you l i k e t o go down them i t e m by �103 i t e m , Madam Chairman, o r s h a l l we s k i p from f o u r t o seven? CHAIRMAN ROWE: questions I t h i n k t h a t we have some r e a l on s i x from our p r e l i m i n a r y d i s c u s s i o n of t h i s , a l t h o u g h we accept t h e t u n n e l i n g under the M a l l i n the broad a r e a t o t h e e a s t of t h e monument. There i s a q u e s t i o n i n a number of people's minds about b u r y i n g haven't seen t h i s p a r t of any p l a n . 17th Street. V e / Maybe I t ' s a good i d e a and maybe i t i s n ' t , but we haven't had a chance t o r e v i e w i t and I don't b e l i e v e t h i s has come t o the s t a f f a t a l l . Has i t , Mr. Conrad? MR. CONRAD: T h i s I s p a r t of t h e p l a n t h a t you a r e referring to? MR. HARTZOG: which was b e f o r e was before T h i s i s a p a r t of t h e M a l l t h i s Commission and my r e c o l l e c t i o n i s i t the Commission t w i c e . Once i t was presented Mr. Owlngs when I was not here and on the second i t was presented Plan by occasion by Mr. Owings when Mr. V/hitton and I were both here and, so f a r a s I know, t h e r e i s n o t h i n g i n these items t h a t a r e i n c o n s i s t e n t . MR. SHEAR: I have only a r e c o l l e c t i o n o f a p p r o v a l of a V/ebel p l a n , i n p r i n c i p l e . MR. HARTZOG: be T h i s i s why I asked f o r t h e record t o checked. MR. SHEAR: of any o t h e r plan. I don't have any s p e c i f i c r e c o l l e c t i o n �104 MR. HARTZOG: I may be i n e r r o r but I j u s t think we ought t o a s c e r t a i n t h e f a c t s f o r t h e record 1 MR. THIRY: Have we e v e r seen how t h e u n d e r p a s s i n g of 1 7 t h S t r e e t would a f f e c t the Corcoran G a l l e r y and a l l of the r e s t of the b u i l d i n g s MR. HEGNER: MR. THIRY: along 1 7 t h ? Sir? I s a i d , have we seen how the underpass- i n g of the M a l l would a f f e c t 1 7 t h S t r e e t i n the a r e a of the C o r c o r a n G a l l e r y and above? MR. HARTZOG: Mr. T h i r y , i f my r e c o l l e c t i o n i s c o r r e c t , you have seen i t . I f my r e c o l l e c t i o n i s not c o r r e c t then you have not seen i t . (Laughter.) MR. CONRAD: Mr. Owings brought a p l a n i n but t h e r e was no t u n n e l i n v o l v e d . elimination not I t was j u s t a case of t h e of 1 5 t h and 1 7 t h S t r e e t s . As I r e c a l l , i t was the p r o p o s a l of e i t h e r the Highway Department o r t h e Park S e r v i c e t o put 1 7 t h S t r e e t south of C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue i n a tunnel. So t h e r e would be no e f f e c t of t h i s p r o p o s a l on 17^h S t r e e t , l e t ' s say, n o r t h o f C o n s t i t u t i o n physically. There may be from a t r a f f i c s t a n d p o i n t of a c c e s s , l e t ' s say, to t h e s e p l a c e s , but t h e r e was no t u n n e l contemplated i n this area. MR. HARTZOG: As so f a r as I know, Mr. Owings has �105 not changed the p l a n , but I could MR. A I R I S : also. Madam Chairman. CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. A I R I S : be i n e r r o r on t h i s Y e s , Mr. A i r i s . I might j u s t add t h a t Mr. Conrad's concept a g r e e s w i t h our I n f o r m a t i o n . intended here i s a d e p r e s s i n g I t h i n k t h a t what i s o f l 4 t h S t r e e t w i t h enough c a p a c i t y so t h a t 1 5 t h and 1 7 t h can be e l i m i n a t e d , not underp a s s e d , but e l i m i n a t e d . I t h i n k t h a t ' s the i n t e n t i o n o f t h e P a r k S e r v i c e MR. HARTZOG: MR. A I R I S : 'That's r i g h t . Should I go on down and s t a r t on e i g h t or do y o u have something f u r t h e r ? GENERAL-DUKE: CHAIRMAN ROWE: Any q u e s t i o n s about seven? I t ' s p a r t of the same t h i n g we 're t a l k i n g about. MR. A I R I S : I t h i n k these a r e a l l j u s t getting t r a f f i c under the M a l l , r a t h e r t h a n h a v i n g i t t r a v e r s e the M a l l and i t i s our best judgment w i t h t h e P a r k S e r v i c e on c e r t a i n ways t o t r y t o approach t h i s . I might add on t h i s number s i x t h a t we a l r e a d y have l 4 t h S t r e e t i n a s i x y e a r p u b l i c works plan.. I t h i n k i t has been looked a t i n s o f a r a s your Commission and. i t i s a t l e a s t that f a r . Vie have no d e t a i l e d All right. plans. Number e i g h t . The D.C. Department of Highways and T r a f f i c agrees t o t h e t u n n e l i n g o f t h e South Leg �106 of t h e I n n e r Loop between C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue and l 4 t h S t r e e t The c o n n e c t i o n s a r e t o be provided between the South Leg and Independence Avenue i n the v i c i n i t y of l 4 t h S t r e e t . Nov/, was held j u s t v e r y b r i e f l y , Madam, a p u b l i c i n September o f 1963• hearing The Park S e r v i c e , the Bureau of P u b l i c Roads and the D.C. Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c approved t h e p l a n w i t h L i n c o l n Memorial and T i d a l Basin tunnels. The remainder o f the s e c t i o n was t o be de- pressed but those two s e c t i o n s were t o be i n t u n n e l s . The South Leg, however, i s a l s o p a r t o f the NPS M a l l P l a n and I t was reported mission on by the NPS P l a n n i n g Com- w i t h the Commission s t a t i n g a g e n e r a l p o l i c y t h a t the South L e g be tunneled t o the maximum e x t e n t possible. We were ready t o a d v e r t i s e t h e former p r o p o s a l l a s t y e a r but i t was c a n c e l l e d due t o t h i s l a t t e r a c t i o n t h a t I mentioned. D e t a i l s are now b e i n g worked on j o i n t l y by the P a r k S e r v i c e and the D.C. Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c and the B u r e a u of P u b l i c Roads w i t h a view towards g e t t i n g a s o l u t i o n there that i s acceptable and i s i n accordance w i t h t h i s Item number e i g h t . ' CHAIRMAN ROVE: (No response.) Mr. Are t h e r e any q u e s t i o n s on e i g h t ? Conrad. MR. CONRAD: On the South L e g o f the I n n e r Loop as e a r l y a s 1956 the P l a n n i n g Commission recommended t h a t the �107 South Leg be a l o n g Independence Avenue r a t h e r t h a n Ohio D r i v e as was then b e i n g proposed. Then I n i960 we approved a p l a n which was developed by the Park S e r v i c e and the Highway Department and our own s t a f f f o r p a r t i a l tunneling o f t h i s f a c i l i t y and I n t h e a c t i o n t a k e n by the Commission i n May, as a p a r t o f t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p r o p o s a l i n the 19^5 P l a n , t h e South Leg of the I n n e r Loop from the L i n c o l n Memorial t o l 4 t h S t r e e t with as much i n t u n n e l a s i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h l o c a l s e r v i c e r e q u i r e ments was agreed t o a s a p a r t o f the recommendation o f t h e Commission. So I t h i n k t h i s I s one t h a t i s j u s t f i n e CHAIRMAN ROWE: myself. The more t u n n e l i n g the b e t t e r , I think. MR. CONRAD: Y e s . MR. A I R I S : T h a t makes i t rough on the highway people. Madam. Nine. National Park S e r v i c e a g r e e s t o a new f o u r - lane r i v e r c r o s s i n g o f the Potomac i n the l 4 t h S t r e e t corridor. I n c o n n e c t i o n t h e r e w i t h , the V i r g i n i a Department w i l l p r o v i d e a c c e s s ramp f o r westbound from -- Show t h i s , would you p l e a s e , Len? traffic The t r a f f i c from . George Washington Memorial Parkway westbound southbound and a c c e s s Highway t o highway 1-95 ramp f o r southbound t r a f f i c from l 4 t h S t r e e t B r i d g e t o the George Washington Memorial Parkway �108 southbound. Nov/ a p u b l i c h e a r i n g The was held i n December of p l a n has been approved by the P l a n n i n g 1964. Commission and t h i n k a l l o t h e r a g e n c i e s t h a t a r e i n v o l v e d and I i t i s currently under d e s i g n . The e x h i b i t shows the t r e a t m e n t t h a t Mr. has t h e r e , i t shows the g e n e r a l Piatt treatment t h a t I s b e i n g designed on both approaches, i n c l u d i n g the improved conn e c t i o n between 1-95 and the J e f f e r s o n D a v i s Highway. I n t h i s l a t t e r r e g a r d , making t h a t c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e J e f f D a v i s Highway w i l l p r o v i d e an a l t e r n a t e means of getting t r a f f i c I n t o the D i s t r i c t , a l t h o u g h I t w i l l not add any more c a p a c i t i e s . Those a r e the f a c t s . w i t h v/hat Mr. Conrad says. CHAIRMAN ROWE: mean t h i s i s p a r t of Y e s , I t h i n k t h i s i s no problem. AIRIS: (No response.) Good. I s t h e r e any Number t e n . a g r e e s t o improve ramp a c c e s s question The V i r g i n i a on i t ? Highway Department ao the J e f f e r s o n D a v i s Highway the l 4 t h S t r e e t B r i d g e approaches f o r eastbound traffic on the J e f f e r s o n D a v i s t o the northbound l 4 t h S t r e e t Loop. T h i s i n v o l v e s p r i m a r i l y an Improved and nection. I the MR. and I t h i n k t h e y g e n e r a l l y agree e n l a r g e d ramp con- �I mentioned t h a t j u s t a l i t t l e b i t ago. I s t h e r e any q u e s t i o n on t h a t ? (No response.) CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. CONRAD: Mr. Conrad. I n t h e a c t i o n t a k e n by the Commission i n May, they l i s t a s one o f t h e f i r s t f r e e w a y s t o be I n c l u d e d i n t h e f i r s t s t a g e , v/hich i s between 1966 and 1972, t h e J e f f D a v i s Highway improvement a s an a l t e r n a t i v e r o u t e f o r 1-66 t r a f f i c t o r e a c h downtown v i a the l 4 t h S t r e e t B r i d g e s and so t h i s i s e n t i r e l y i n keeping and i t i s one t h a t we could support whole-heartedly. MR. A I R I S : Number e l e v e n ? CHAIRMAN ROWE: Y e s MR. A I R I S : temporary The N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e agrees t o c o n n e c t i o n s from the I n n e r B e l t t o Ohio D r i v e i n the v i c i n i t y of the L i n c o l n Memorial pending completion o f the t u n n e l i n g p r o j e c t under the T i d a l B a s i n . Nov/, a l l t h i s i s i s a v e r y s m a l l j o b but i t i s m a i n l y i n o r d e r t o p r o v i d e a r e l i e f on 23rd S t r e e t -- I n d i c a t e 23rd S t r e e t -- f o r t r a f f i c t h a t goes a c r o s s t h e r i v e r o r comes on Ohio D r i v e f a r t h e r t o t h e e a s t and i t w i l l also p r o v i d e a c o n n e c t i o n up i n t o the L S t r e e t - P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue - 26th S t r e e t a r e a j u s t o f f the map, w i t h temporary c o n n e c t i o n s and i t i s j u s t an e x p e d i e n t i n o r d e r t o make use of t h e freeway s e c t i o n t h a t i s a l r e a d y completed i n t h a t a r e a �and t o r e l i e v e a hard p r e s s e d 23rd S t r e e t . CHAIRMAN ROWE: s t a t e freeway T h i s r e a l l y i s not p a r t o f an i n t e r system. MR. A I R I S : No. CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. A I R I S : MR. CONRAD: T h i s i s j u s t temporary. That i s c o r r e c t . I t ' s n o t p a r t o f t h e Comprehensive Plan. CHAIRMAN ROWE: I t ' s not a p a r t o f t h e Comprehensiv Plan. MR. CONRAD: I t i s a p r o j e c t t h a t has come t o the 'Commission p o s s i b l y f o r r e v i e w and agreement b u t not a s a p a r t o f an o v e r a l l plan. MR. A I R I S : I t was i n t h e document and I thought t h a t we ought t o j u s t mention i t . CHAIRMAN ROVE: Y e s , v/e're going over i t i t e m by item. MR. A I R I S : Number t w e l v e . The V i r g i n i a Department agrees t o p r o v i d e a c c e s s and e x i t Highway connections between t h e J e f f e r s o n D a v i s Highway and t h e Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e and a l s o t o p r o v i d e a c o n n e c t i o n between U.S. Highway 5 0 and the J e f f e r s o n D a v i s Highway i n the v i c i n i t y o f t h e Iwo J i m a Memorial a s a p a r t of t h e i n t e r s t a t e system. I have no a d d i t i o n a l comment. There have been some �Ill p l a n s worked out. It I do not have them w i t h me. They tend -- i s p o s s i b l e t o make these c o n n e c t i o n s and b u i l d them and t h i s i n d i c a t e s an i n t e n t t o do s o . CHAIRMAN ROWE: -Mr. Conrad, i s t h e r e a n y t h i n g you want t o s a y about t h i s MR. CONRAD: item? No, t h i s i s f i n e . T h i s i s i n con- j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e c o n n e c t i o n of 1 - 6 6 along t h e V i r g i n i a s h o r e l i n e t o t i e i n t o t h e Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e a s w e l l as t y i n g i n t o t h e l 4 t h S t r e e t B r i d g e and t h i s i s i n keeping w i t h what t h e Planning- Commission h a s i n t h e proposed t r a n s portation s e c t i o n of t h e Comprehensive CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. A I R I S : Plan. V e w i l l go on t o t h i r t e e n . / A l l right. Thirteen. The D.C. Department of Highways and T r a f f i c a g r e e s t o depress new eastbound l a n e s o f Potomac R i v e r Freeway. D.C. Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c a l s o agrees t o t h e e v e n t u a l e l i m i n a t i o n of t h e "./hitehurst Freeway and s u b s t i t u t i o n of new depressed westbound l a n e s f o r t h e Potomac R i v e r Freeway. A p p r o p r i a t e s u r f a c e c o n n e c t i o n s w i l l be p r o v i d e d between Palisades Parkway and t h e Potomac R i v e r Freeway a t t h e new Potomac R i v e r B r i d g e c r o s s i n g t o accommodate f u t u r e Potomac R i v e r Freeway p r o f i l e a n 3 a l i g n m e n t . Appropriate l o c a l a c c e s s from G e o r g e t o w n t o proposed w a t e r f r o n t p a r k w i l l be p r o v i d e d . stree also A c c o r d i n g l y , t h e D.C. Department of Highways and T r a f f i c a g r e e s t o proceed w i t h a c q u i s i t i o n o f easements �112 and p r o p e r t y f o r the g e n e r a l a r e a hounded by R i v e r F r o n t , K S t r e e t , 3 1 s t Street; extended and Key B r i d g e . Nov;, i n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n , I should p o i n t the Potomac R i v e r Freeway p u b l i c h e a r i n g , out t h a t t h e f i r s t one was held on November 22nd, 19^1, held i n November of 1964 and t h e item i n d i c a t e s an i n t e n t i o n a b r i d g e p u b l i c h e a r i n g was of what i s t o be done I n a g e n e r a l way i n the particular area. V/e have, of c o u r s e , s t u d i e s t h a t v/e have been working on f o r q u i t e some t i m e . CHAIRMAN ROWE: Did you want t o speak t o t h i s , G e n e r a l Duke? GENERAL. DUKE: Not p a r t i c u l a r l y , o t h e r than t o say t h a t t h i s i s an i t e m o f v e r y , v e r y deep I n t e r e s t of many c i t i z e n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y on the part those i n Georgetown and t h i s , I t h i n k , conforms g e n e r a l l y w i t h the p l a n , t h e long range p l a n developed by Mr. D o x i a d i s , p u b l i c some w h i l e ago. which was presented t o the Ve think, frankly, / t h i s w i l l be a g r e a t enhancement t o t h i s a r e a and we look forward t o i t s coming. MR. LOUCHHEIM: Might I a s k one q u e s t i o n CHAIRMAN ROWE: on t h i s ? Mr. Louchheim. MR. LOUCHHEIM: On one word which I don't t h i n k appears elsewhere i n t h i s document and t h a t i s t h a t you agree t o the " e v e n t u a l " e l i m i n a t i o n , the word i s "eventual" �113 of t h e W h i t e h u r s t Freeway. I would a s k whether t h a t "eventua how t h a t a f f e c t s t h e f i n a l f i v e words of t h e document which say t h a t t h e p r o j e c t s would not exceed a s i x - y e a r p e r i o d . Would e v e n t u a l be w i t h i n t h e s i x - y e a r p e r i o d ? GENERAL DUKE: No. MR. LOUCHHEIM: GENERAL DUKE: Beyond MR. LOUCHHEIM: MR. HARTZOG: Beyond that. T h i s would be beyond the s i x y e a r s . I don't t h i n k i t says w i l l not exceed s i x y e a r s i n any e v e n t . within s i x years. that? V e w i l l t r y t o accomplish i t / There a r e a l o t of t h e s e t h i n g s t h a t we p r o b a b l y won't a c c o m p l i s h w i t h i n s i x y e a r s . available, I think year I f t h e money i s t h a t t h i s ought t o be done w i t h i n a s i x period. MR. NORTON: I s t h e r e any time when t h i s p l a n might get pinned down t h a t you have i n mind? p r i o r i t y item? I mean, i s i t a h i g h W i l l we g e t i t I n months or w i l l t h i s be some time i n s i x y e a r s ? MR. A I R I S : I ' d t r y t o answer t h a t , s i r . e v e r y a l t e r n a t i v e t h a t has e v e r been s t u d i e d there Since requires the a c q u i s i t i o n of t h e p a r t i c u l a r p r o p e r t y t h a t i s s p e c i f i e d by meets and bounds h e r e , why, we would expect immediately t o go ahead w i t h t h a t . Now, as t o the second p a r t on t h e d e p r e s s i n g or removal o f the W h i t e h u r s t Freeway, i t would be -- V e don't / �114 have a t i n e frame on i t . of i t s economical MR. I presume i t would be a t the end life. THIRY: What, a thousand years? (Laughter.) MR. obsolete. HARTZOG: T h i s i s why I might observe t h a t i t i s a l r e a d y -- CHAIRMAN ROWE: Have you convinced G e n e r a l Duke of that? MR. HARTZOG: Oh, I t h i n k G e n e r a l Duke agrees t h a t i t i s g e n e r a l l y o b s o l e t e and some improvements have to be made to i t to keep i t as i t i s . GENERAL DUKE: L e t me t h a t we a r e t h i n k i n g about. something, r e a l l y , T h i s i s something t h a t has been suggested to u s , f r a n k l y , ana the r e p o r t we show you as i s mentioned o t h e r p l a c e s a r e working q u i t e c l o s e l y w i t h the F i n e in Arts Commission i n t r y i n g to develop a e s t h e t i c t r e a t m e n t of t h i s . T h i s I s an a r e a ' t h a t has been of p a r t i c u l a r concern t o the F i n e A r t s Commission and to a l l of u s . I don't mean to say t h i s , I don't mean to say t h i s Commission. Commission i s o b v i o u s l y show you now q u i t e concerned but This I would l i k e to a concept t h a t has been e x p r e s s e d to us i n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n , as a m a t t e r of f a c t , which has to do t h i s p a r t i c u l a r s t r e t c h of the with Waterfront. I am not prepared to say t h a t t h i s I s what we can is a say i s going to be b u i l t but I can say t h a t t h i s / c o n c e p t t h a t �115 has been developed and t h i s i s o b v i o u s l y going t o be s u b j e c t to more r e f i n e m e n t , wherever i t i s . MR.. A I R I S : G e n e r a l , i f you w i l l t a l k f o r j u s t one more second, I ' l l have i t - i n h e r e . GENERAL DUKE: Okay. (Laughter.) CHAIRMAN ROWE: are delaying things. I ' d l i k e t o a s k a q u e s t i o n w h i l e we I n -- GENERAL DUKE: I thought I was c o n t r i b u t i n g , I d i d n ' t mean t o be d e l a y i n g . (Laughter.) CHAIRMAN ROWE: I thought you were f i l i b u s t e r i n g , so t h a t they could put something up. E x c u s e me. ( P r o d u c t i o n o f model.) But, I had understood t h a t the concept t h a t was accepted by the PAC a t i t s March meeting s a i d depressed and I b e l i e v e t h i s i s r e f l e c t e d document adopted tunneled not i n the May by the P l a n n i n g Commission. T h i s i s covered d e p r e s s e d . Mr. Louchheim questioned " e v e n t u a l " , I would q u e s t i o n "depressed". Maybe you mean underneath and then covered b u t I t i s n ' t -- Tunnel o r tube i s a much more p r e c i s e word. MR. SHEAR: I n t h a t c o n n e c t i o n , Madam Chairman, i f I might add a second q u e s t i o n which r e l a t e s , of t h a t i t e m t h i r t e e n t h e l a s t sentence t a l k s t o t h e Highway Department o r o - �116 ceeding w i t h t h e a c q u i s i t i o n of easements and p r o p e r t y . I s t h a t i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h the new eastbound l a n e s of t h e Potomac R i v e r Freeway? GENERAL DUKE: purchase Y e s . What t h a t contemplates i s the o f a l l of t h e p r o p e r t y between 3 1 s t S t r e e t and Key B r i d g e between t h e freeway and the r i v e r , a s shown down h e r e . MR. SHEAR: Between the e x i s t i n g W h i t e h u r s t Freeway and t h e r i v e r ? GENERAL DUKE: MR. A I R I S : 31st Yes, that's right. Would you l i k e f o r me t o show you. S t r e e t i s a t t h i s p o i n t and Key B r i d g e , of course, and t h e r i v e r , and K S t r e e t . Would you l i k e t o have me address m y s e l f t o t h i s ? GENERAL DUKE: MR. A I R I S : Y e s , go ahead. J u s t f o r a moment. The freeway, the Potomac R i v e r Freeway, I s b u i l t t o t h i s p o i n t and a t t h i s p o i n t we would expect t o c o n t i n u e f o r t h e time b e i n g this W h i t e h u r s t Freeway v/hich i s shown here but b e g i n t o depress it j u s t t o the e a s t o r downstream of Key B r i d g e and b r i n g I t i n t o a t u n n e l a t about t h i s p o i n t . Now, t h e o t h e r s e c t i o n which i s westbound would be from 3 1 s t S t r e e t and would be depressed or would go i n t o a t u n n e l a t t h i s p o i n t . and would e v e n t u a l l y Now, whether t h a t i s kept a t u n n e l o r whether i t i s continued depressed way remains t o be worked o u t . for a �But the o u t l e t of t h i s t u n n e l and t h i s t u n n e l would be way over i n t h i s v i c i n i t y and M S t r e e t would be, i t s e l f would be r e l o c a t e d t o h i g h e r ground i n order t o c l e a r out and p r o v i d e some park' p r o p e r t y , a d d i t i o n a l p a r k p r o p e r t y i n t h i s a r e a and n o t c r o s s over the c a n a l . I t would, I t h i n k , l e a v e a c l e a n e r -- W e l l , i t ' s e v i d e n t , I t h i n k , what i t w i l l do. I t would l e a v e a n i c e c l e a n approach view from e i t h e r the opposite shore or from almost any o t h e r p o i n t . The b r i d g e i t s e l f would be from t h e e x i s t i n g Spout Run over a t t h i s p o i n t over t o and pointed a t t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n of Mac A r t h u r B o u l e v a r d and F o x h a l l Road a t t h i s point. worthy The c o n n e c t i o n s a r e about a s shown. o f mentioning t h a n the e x i s t i n g property. I t might be t h a t we would make a b e t t e r c o n n e c t i o n one now on the west edge of the Georgetown That has been worked out w i t h F a t h e r C o l l i n s , t o some e x t e n t . These two a r e t h e c o n n e c t i o n s t o the P a l i s a d e s Parkway and t h e n e x t item' i n t h e agreement mentions t h a t the P a r k S e r v i c e would t a k e over C a n a l Road. MR. THIRY: I s t h i s the Three S i s t e r s Bridge? CHAIRMAN ROWE: Y e s . MR. A I R I S : Sisters T h i s i s Route 6 6 , t h i s i s t h e Three Island. CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. A I R E : You have moved i t up a l i t t l e b i t . What? CHAIRMAN ROVE: You have moved i t up so i t doesn't �118 f a c e Glover-Archbold. GENERAL DUKE: MR. THIRY: At one time I suggested • MR. A I R I S : MR. THIRY: It That's c o r r e c t . — T h i s i s Glover-Archbold r i g h t here. -- u s i n g a tube i n t h e r e f o r a c r o s s i n g seems t o me, i f t h e y a r e going t o t u n n e l , Why, t h i s i s just ideal. You could j u s t go r i g h t down under the r i v e r and come out on t h e o t h e r s i d e and you would e l i m i n a t e a l o t o f y o u r problem and i t would be cheaper t h a n the t u n n e l i n g . MR. A I R I S : Your grades problem get r e a l l y t e r r i f i c when you t r y t o come up from t h e bottom of t h e r i v e r and g e t anywheres n e a r on the o t h e r s i d e . MR. THIRY: You don't come up from t h e bottom, thou you j u s t come from t h i r t y f e e t down. down t o the bottom. the Youdon't have t o go With a tube you c a n f l o a t the t h i n g i n river. MR. A I R I S : You have t o go down q u i t e a way, s i r , i n o r d e r t o make i t s a f e t h e r e . V e have r e a l l y looked a t / that quite thoroughly. MR. THIRY: I t h i n k i n main c h a n n e l s they c o n s i d e r 30 f e e t a s b e i n g s u f f i c i e n t . MR. A I R I S : That's, a t l e a s t , j u s t a t the top. GENERAL DUKE: I o n l y brought t h i s o u t , f r a n k l y , Madam Chairman, because we were t a l k i n g about i t e m number t h i r t e e n and y o u r q u e s t i o n h a v i n g t o do w i t h the depressed �119 e a s t and west s e c t i o n s of the Potomac R i v e r Freeway. T h i s shows the s i t u a t i o n as contemplated by t h i s , I t h i n k , and i t shows the W h i t e h u r s t Freeway i n . the westbound d i r e c t i o n s t a y i n g up f o r a w h i l e but indicate that eventually t h i s elevated W h i t e h u r s t Freeway should be e l i m i n a t e d i t does s e c t i o n of the and depressed a l s o t o correspond w i t h what we eastbound generally i t will be show t h e r e as the lane. T h i s i s a concept. T h i s has been a m a t t e r of such grave concern t o so many people as to how the e a s t e r n edge of Georgetown and the a r e a between t h a t b r i d g e down t h e r e would be t r e a t e d because -- p r i m a r i l y over an a e s t h e t i c s i t u a t i o n -- the s o - c a l l e d r i b b o n s of c o n c r e t e , say t h a t we asked Mr. what and, and I must Walton t o a s s i s t us i n t h i s a r e a some- a l t h o u g h he i s not here w i t h us today, t h i s i s something t h a t I am c o n f i d e n t to say t h a t he strongly recommend s. Whether v/e t h i n k t h a t the e v e n t u a l traffic service of t h i s balanced a g a i n s t the money t h a t would o b v i o u s l y required t o put t h i s i n w i l l b a l a n c e t h e m s e l v e s out, remains t o be seen, but to the problem and one a t l e a s t we be this show t h i s as a s o l u t i o n t h a t can be done to p r o v i d e a p l e a s i n r a e s t h e t i c environment. MR. some kind LOUCHHEIM: I t h i n k maybe we of a d i s c l a i m e r or c a v e a t ought to put in about t h i s agreement t h a �12( the D i s t r i c t has reached w i t h t h e v e r y a c t i v e - F a t h e r C o l l i n v/hich i s something we haven't seen o r e v e r g i v e n a b l e s s i n g to. MR. A I R I S : I t ' s a very small thing, a c t u a l l y . MR. LOUCHHEIM: MR. A I R I S : I t is? On the c o r n e r of t h e p r o p e r t y . You w i l l see t h a t t h e r e i s some c o n n e c t i o n up i n t h a t a r e a . CHAIRMAN ROWE: T h i s i s on the U n i v e r s i t y p r o p e r t and n o t i n t h e park? MR. A I R I S : Largely. I t does, I t h i n k , c u t i n , i n a couple o f p l a c e s , i n t o t h e p a r k p r o p e r t y , but o n l y i n v e r y s m a l l way. CHAIRMAN ROWE: And does i t go through t o R e s e r v o i r Road? MR. A I R I S : What? CHAIRMAN ROWE: Does i t go through t o R e s e r v o i r Road? MR. A I R I S : Y e s . CHAIRMAN ROWE: I t ' s t h e o l d road t h e n which i s moved j u s t a l i t t l e b i t t o t h e e a s t but i t s t i l l i s a road i n Glover-Archbold. MR. A I R I S : I t would be what, Madam? CHAIRMAN ROWE: The o l d road t h a t was planned through G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d was t o t h e west o f t h i s . MR. A I R I S : I wouldn't s a y t h a t . The G l o v e r - �121 A r c h p o l d , i f you r e c a l l t h e r i g h t - o f - w a y and t h e r e i s an i t e m i n here a l i t t l e f u r t h e r on, t h e r i g h t - o f - w a y goes a l l t h e way up c l o s e t o the c i r c l e a t American U n i v e r s i t y ; whereas, a l l t h i s does i s t o j u s t p r o v i d e l o c a l a c c e s s up i n t o R e s e r v o i r Road and f o r t h e -CHAIRMAN ROUE: land? B u t i t does take some of t h e park T h i s was a l l I'm a s k i n g . MR. A I R I S : W e l l , o n l y so s m a l l i t i s i n f i n i t e s i m a l , MR. PLATT: Mr. A i r i s , t h a t r e a l l y i s n ' t a p a r t of t h i s proposal. You could connect t h i s road up t o the p r e s e n t e n t r a n c e t o Georgetown. MR. A I R I S : That you could do. MR. PLATT: Without h a v i n g t h a t long c l i m b , that long c u r v i n g c l i m b up t o the p r e s e n t e n t r a n c e . MR. A I R I S : That's c o r r e c t . Actually, this could be wiped o f f and not even t a l k e d about as a p a r t of t h i s p l a n but i t does o f f e r a good way of g e t t i n g a c o n n e c t i o n irto t h a t a r e a and we have shown i t . MR. HARTZOG: I t h i n k perhaps, Madam Chairman, i f I might make an o b s e r v a t i o n , perhaps i t should be l e f t o f f because we haven't agreed t o g i v e any c o n n e c t i o n , any c o n n e c t i o n on p a r k land a t t h i s p o i n t . I n Georgetown and a t t h e l a s t d i s c u s s i o n t h a t was b e f o r e t h i s Commission was t o t h e e f f e c t t h a t t h e c o n n e c t i o n would be w h o l l y on Georgetown U n i v e r s i t y p r o p e r t y and t h a t ' s been t h e p o s i t i o n of the Park S e r v i c e and remains t h e p o s i t i o n �122 of t h e P a r k S e r v i c e a t t h i s p o i n t . So, i f the c o n n e c t i o n i s t o be made, i t i s t o be made a s i t was o u t l i n e d b e f o r e this Commission s e v e r a l months ago on Georgetown U n i v e r s i t y property. GENERAL DUKE: I should a l s o p o i n t out t h a t another advantage o f t h i s -- I mean one o f t h e b a s i c o b j e c t i v e s o f t h i s p a r t i c u l a r l a y o u t was t o p r e s e r v e Ohio C a n a l , of course. t h e Chesapeake and So t h i s i s one r e a s o n f o r the t u n n e l i n g underneath t h e r e i s t o p r e s e r v e this historic canal. CHAIRMAN ROWE: Are t h e r e any o t h e r q u e s t i o n s on number t h i r t e e n ? MR. CONRAD: The a c t i o n of the Commission, so f a r as t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n , proposed t r a n s p o r t a t i o n was plan, t o approve a P a l i s a d e s Parkway of f o u r l a n e s coming down i n t o t h i s a r e a and c o n n e c t i n g t o a Potomac R i v e r Expressway which would be a t u n n e l i n the Georgetown W a t e r f r o n t . So, b a s i c a l l y , the p o i n t t h i s would be i n keeping and. I t h i n k i s t h a t t h i s i s a l i n k a g e , a v e r y important linkage I n t h e whole system o f the expressway system. I t i n v o l v e s t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , 1-66, i t involves i t i n v o l v e s t h e Potomac R i v e r E x p r e s s w a y v/hich t h e n t i e i n t o a K S t r e e t , which i n v o l v e s t h e North Leg of t h e I n n e r Loop. So t h i s whole t h i n g i s r e l a t e d a s a u n i t . So t h e c a p a c i t y coming through t h i s s e c t i o n would have t o be r e l a t e d �123 l e t ' s s a y , t o a c a p a c i t y of a Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e does not p r o v i d e , I f the l e t ' s say, f o r access n o r t h i n t o Mac A r t h u r and F o x h a l l , i t j u s t might be t h a t i t would be b e t t e r as a f o u r - l a n e b r i d g e i n s t e a d of as a s i x - * lane bridgej. i f i t I s going t o p r o v i d e I n t e r - c i t y as w e l l a s , l e t ' s s a y , an i n t e r m e d i a t e function loop type of a f u n c t i o n then perhaps I t would s i x l a n e s . So a l l of these t h i n g s a r e i n t e r r e l a t e d a s t o how you d e s i g n . I t h i n k t h i s i s a good s t e p forward t o show us one way of a c c o m p l i s h i n g a Potomac R i v e r Expressway. I t h i n k t h a t what Mr. Hartzog has s t a t e d , what has been b e f o r e the Commission i n the l a s t few months about Georgetown U n i v e r s i t y , t h i s i s something t h a t we should c l o s e l y analyze and very a s t o what t h i s does t o t h e i r campus p l a n t h e i r campus boundaries as w e l l as what i t does t o p a r k land . I don't t h i n k t h a t was the I n t e n t of t h i s a t t h i s time t o go I n t o t h a t k i n d of d e t a i l . I t was the i n t e n t t o show the g e n e r a l concept, v/hich alignment, a general points out the need f o r f u r t h e r d e l i b e r a t i o n and c o n c e n t r a t i o n on t h i s by a l l a g e n c i e s concerned t o make sure t h a t a l l these things a r e evaluated. CHAIRMAN ROWE: Any o t h e r comments on t h i r t e e n ? (No r e s p o n s e . ) We w i l l go on then t o f o u r t e e n . �124 MR. A I R I S : Item fourteen. The N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e a g r e e s t o a new Potomac c r o s s i n g between V i r g i n i a and t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia a t Spout Run. The V i r g i n i a . Highway Department a g r e e s " t o r e - e v a l u a t e t h e need f o r c o n n e c t i o n s t o t h e Parkway a t Spout Run when the new c r o s s i n g i s completed. noted t h a t t r a f f i c I n regard t o t h i s m a t t e r , i t i s c o n g e s t i o n on the Parkway occasioned by t h e Spout Run c o n n e c t i o n s and t h e c o n n e c t i o n s a t Key B r i d g e i s c r e a t i n g u n d e s i r a b l e t r a f f i c d i f f i c u l t i e s even a t the present time. As an i n t e r i m measure, the N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e agrees t h a t I t w i l l b u i l d and m a i n t a i n a t h i r d lane on the George Washington Memorial Parkway between Spout Run and the Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e . I don't have any p a r t i c u l a r comment t h e r e . I t h i n k t h i s i s p r e t t y much s e l f - e v i d e n t . CHAIRMAN ROWE: I imagine t h e r e w i l l be some q u e s t i o n s on t h i s one. One o f t h e v e r y important t h i n g s about t h i s i s t h a t i t has two ends. bridge Mr. Conrad has mentioned t h e f a c t t h a t i t w i l l a t t a c h t o a North Leg, i t w i l l have, i f i t i s put i n p l a c e , and t h e r e must be a North Leg^ what k i n d . o f North Leg, A r l i n g t o n o u r good neighbors a c r o s s t h e r i v e r a t the o t h e r end o f i t . I have a l e t t e r t h a t was w r i t t e n t o t h e P r e s i d e n t by the Chairman c f t h e County Board c f A r l i n g t o n , V i r g i n i a , �12 v/hich i s u n a n i m o u s l y opposed to t h i s b r i d g e . l i k e to read one of the paragraphs of t h i s But I would letter. "Such a c t i o n i s i n d i r e c t c o n t r a d i c t i o n of an agreement w i t h A r l i n g t o n "County signed P r e s i d e n t F r a n k l i n D. R o o s e v e l t on A p r i l 3, 1940,• by concerning the a c q u i s i t i o n of land by the f e d e r a l government i n t h i s a r e a which s t a t e s in part 'The p r o p e r t y s h a l l be a c q u i r e d o n l y f o r p a r k and parkway purposes and t h a t the United S t a t e s w i l l n e v e r use the land so a c q u i r e d f o r any o t h e r purpose, except w i t h the consent of the County of A r l i n g t o n and the Commonwealth c f Virginia" The County of A r l i n g t o n has not agreed. The s i g n a t o r y of t h a t agreement was F r e d e r i c k Delano, who Chairman c f the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Park and P l a n n i n g T h i s i s a v e r y important document and a p a r t c f the was Commissi I t h i n k i t should be record. I a l s o want to ask Mr. Hartzog — I have a l e t t e r here to the A r l i n g t o n County Board from S e c r e t a r y U d a l l of a y e a r ago to read you and I won't read the whole l e t t e r but I do want some p a r t s of i t . ''As you Park S e r v i c e was Advisory know, ' D i r e c t o r Hartzog of the one National of two members of the D i s t r i c t P o l i c y Committee who voted a g a i n s t the planned t h r e e f o r the bridge a t the r e c e n t meeting. The position site taken v/as a c t u a l l y t h a t c f o p p o s i t i o n t o c o n s t r u c t i o n c f any brid �12 There can be no doubt t h a t any new highway c r o s s i n g o f t h e r i v e r between Chain B r i d g e and R o o s e v e l t Island w i l l s e r i o u s l y i m p a i r t h e s c e n i c and r e c r e a t i o n a l v a l u e s t h i s portion of the r i v e r . along We t h i n k t h a t b e f o r e a s i t e i s s e l e c t e d f o r any highway b r i d g e i n t h i s a r e a t h i s impact must be f a i r l y 'weighed along w i t h t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t d a t a , economic c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n f u n d s . I t was w i t h t h i s v i e w i n mind t h a t t h e compromise p r o p o s a l 'was made by D i r e c t o r Hartzog w h i c h would h o p e f u l l y p r o v i d e f o r t h e t r a f f i c needs and t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t s , f o r a p e r i o d o f perhaps from t e n t o 15 y e a r s w i t h o u t the I n t o l e r a b l e l o s s of t h e t r u l y important s c e n i c v a l u e s t h a t more and more c o n t r i b u t e s u b s t a n t i a l , though i n t a n g i b l e b e n e f i t s t o t h e modern and urban environment d e v e l o p i n g i n the m e t r o p o l i t a n area." Then t h e S e c r e t a r y goes on and o u t l i n e s the compromise suggested by t h e P a r k S e r v i c e , which i n c l u d e s t h w i d e n i n g o f t h e e x i s t i n g George Washington Memorial Parkway i n t h e s e c t i o n from Spout Ro.n t o Theodore R o o s e v e l t removing the r e s t r i c t i o n s Roosevelt on t r u c k t r a f f i c on t h e Theodore B r i d g e , p e r m i t t i n g Washington-bound non-stop bus use, c o n s t r u c t i n g , t h e n e c e s s a r y Theodore R o o s e v e l t and the p r o v i d i n g Bridges Bridge, ramps on both ends of t h e B r i d g e , r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e approaches o f a d d i t i o n a l c a p a c i t y f o r Chain and Key and p r o v i d i n g a p p r o p r i a t e c o n n e c t i o n s between HighW: �127 50 and t h e J e f f e r s o n Davis of a l l t r a f f i c Highway t o f a c i l i t a t e t o t h e new 1 4 t h S t r e e t the flow Bridge. Most of these p o i n t s a r e covered i n t h i s agreement. They were looked upon a y e a r ago as a compromise s o l u t i o n so t h a t no b r i d g e would be b u i l t . They a r e now'incorporated as a p a r t o f t h i s PAC agreement and t h e b r i d g e i s t h e r e t o o . Subsequent t o t h a t I b e l i e v e t h a t t h e Park S e r v i c e employed a c o n s u l t a n t t o study t h e t r a f f i c problems and I understand t h a t one o f h i s recommendations was t h a t no a d d i t i o n a l b r i d g e a c r o s s t h e Potomac R i v e r i n t h e c e n t r a l a r e a be approved f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h i s was based upon t h e l a c k o f a c o n c l u s i v e demonstrated need f o r t h e y e a r 1 9 3 5 . V/e do know, o f c o u r s e , report said i n r e l a t i o n to t h i s too what t h e A. D. L i t t l e bridge. These a r e , as f a r as I know, t h e two o u t s i d e c o n s u l t a n t s who have reported or to the D i s t r i c t o f f i c i a l s t o t h e Department o f I n t e r i o r s i n c e t h i s l e t t e r was w r i t t e n by S e c r e t a r y U d a l l a y e a r ago. MR. HARTZOG: I , assume t h e d i s t i n g u i s h e d Chairman made h e r statement w i t h the thought i n mind t h a t perhaps we could and clarify the record I would be p l e a s e d happy o p p o r t u n i t y a t t h i s point on t h e s e documents t o because a t t h a t time I had t h e of v o t i n g w i t h h e r i n o p p o s i t i o n b r i d g e a c r o s s t h e Potomac a t L o c a t i o n to a number t h r e e v/hich would have, i n my judgment, t h e d i s a s t r o u s impact c f �destroying any homes and l i k e w i s e s e r i o u s l y i m p a i r i n g t h e i s c e n i c q u a l i t i e s c f the P a l i s a d e s o f the Potomac She w i l l r e c a l l t h a t we have had River. continuing d i a l o g u e about t h i s r i v e r c r o s s i n g and about t h e need f o r a b r i d g e as she has o u t l i n e d Clarkson i n the L i t t l e r e p o r t and t h e r e p o r t and a d d i t i o n a l p r o f e s s i o n a l s t u d i e s by the D i s t r i c t Highway Department p a r t i c u l a r l y . I t h i n k t h a t i n o r d e r t o put t h i s e n t i r e t h i n g i n p e r s p e c t i v e we need t o keep two o b j e c t i v e s in- mind and one of them i s t h a t the sense o f the PAC and. the sense o f the P l a n n i n g Commission, as I have understood I t , on the number of o c c a s i o n s t h a t I have attended i t s meetings has been a deep concern o v e r p a r k s , o v e r e s t h e t i c s and o v e r people. Now, the l o c a t i o n o f t h i s r i v e r c r o s s i n g a t t h i s ' l o c a t i o n impairs the Potomac P a l i s a d e s l e a s t of a l l , i n t h e judgment o f the N a t i o n a l -Park S e r v i c e , and o t h e r s may agree w i t h t h i s . I t discommodes dis- t h e s m a l l e s t number of people, i n t h e judgment o f the N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e . Iti to be a d i s t i n g u i s h e d a r c h i t e c t u r a l s t r u c t u r e and, w i t h t h i i n mind, t h i s e n t i r e program i s t o be under the c o n s t a n t s u p e r v i s i o n o f t h e F i n e A r t s Commission. The C l a r k s o n r e p o r t , t o w h i c h our d i s t i n g u i s h e d Chairman r e f e r r e d , was an i n t e r i m r e p o r t , r e p r e s e n t e d p r e l i m i n a r y v i e w p o i n t and Mr. C l a r k s o n himself a s a i d a t the �129 time he submitted the r e p o r t t h a t I n o r d e r to develop definitive conclusions he would have t o do a d d i t i o n a l d e t a i l e work v/hich, i n view o f t h e d e v e l o p i n g d i a l o g u e a t t h a t time I d i d not f e e l t h a t we wanted done and, t h e r e f o r e , we d i d not a u t h o r i z e these d e f i n i t i v e The therefore t h e second phase o f h i s c o n t r a c t t o do studies. essence o f h i s c o n c l u s i o n s t h a t the t h i r d c r o s s i n g was not needed a t t h a t time o r t h e c r o s s i n g here was not needed a t t h a t time r e l a t e d t o t h e maximum c a p a c i t i e s of the laneage then a c r o s s have o c c a s i o n the r i v e r and I t h i n k a l l o f us who t o c r o s s t h e r i v e r know t h a t seldom, i f e v e r , do t h e l a n e s a c r o s s t h e r i v e r operate a t t h e i r maximum capacity. So, t h e r e f o r e , t h e c o n c l u s i o n i s r e a l l y a very f i n e argument, I t h i n k , t o be advanced and I t h i n k i t ' s one of t h e arguments t h a t persuaded some o f the highway planners t h a t perhaps we had reached t h e point where compromise was a p o s s i b i l i t y r a t h e r than j u s t t a k i n g the a c t i o n v/hich t h e distinguished Chairman and I voted a g a i n s t a t the time t h a t Mr. U d a l l wrote t h a t memorandum which she r e a d . The m a t t e r of t h e agreement W i t h A r l i n g t o n i t seems t o me, can be put i n t h e p e r s p e c t i v e a time. The b a s i c i s s u e s i n v o l v e d County, o f one s t e p a t here a r e arguments a t the o p e r a t i n g management l e v e l o f trie agency, between t h e Highway Department o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, between t h e N a t i o n a l �130 P a r k S e r v i c e and between the V i r g i n i a Highway Departments. . Nov;, t h e r e i s v e r y l i t t l e need, as I see I t , t o I n v o l v e my S e c r e t a r y o f f i c i a l l y , a l t h o u g h c e r t a i n l y I have kept him g e n e r a l l y informed of what I was d o i n g , t o i n v o l v e him o f f i c i a l l y w i t h a yes o r no on any o f t h e s e p l a n s t h e r e was some g e n e r a l acceptable until i n d i c a t i o n t h a t t h e s e p l a n s were t o the a g e n c i e s t h a t were i n v o l v e d w i t h their a p p r o v a 1 , and t hes e a r e : F i r s t - The P l a n n i n g we came t o the P l a n n i n g Commission, and t h i s i s why Commission f o l l o w i n g the PAC a c t i o n . I f t h i s Commission approves t h i s concept, and I t h i n k t h a t we have e v e r y l o g i c a l reason t o hope t h a t they would, because one of the prime a r c h i t e c t u r a l o b j e c t i v e s i n our d i s c u s s i o n of t h i s was to have had a t u n n e l from the Washington Circle a l l the way i n f r o n t of the Georgetown W a t e r f r o n t and I don't t h i n k t h e r e i s anybody who would deny the d e s i r a b i l i t y of t h a t , except t h a t the h i s t o r i c p a t t e r n of highway b u i l d i n g i n Washington has been t o approve I t and b u i l d I t t h r e e blocks a t a time w i t h o u t any g e n e r a l concept of what the n e x t t h r e e b l o c k s would look l i k e o r where t h e y might go, i f t h e y go any p l a c e . Therefore, we have o u t l i n e d a concept here and a concept o n l y and t h i s agreement p r o v i d e s t h a t the implementa- t i o n must be done under v e r y c a r e f u l s u p e r v i s i o n o f t h e F i n e A r t s Commission t o make s u r e t h a t t h e s e o b j e c t i v e s , �131 v/hich v/e mentioned i n the f i r s t p l a c e , a r e c o n s t a n t l y kept i n mind I n the d e s i g n and the c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h i s My own the system. view of the procedure i s t h a t following a p p r o v a l , i f t h i s Commission does approve i t as a concept, i t then becomes a p r o p o s a l of the V i r g i n i a Highway Department and the D. C. Highway Department to submit i t to the Bureau of P u b l i c Roads f o r i t s a p p r o v a l . And, i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h submissions to the Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads, and I ask Dan Shear t o v e r i f y my u n d e r s t a n d i n g o r to it i n the r e c o r d , i f he c a n ' t do i t now, Departments Insert t h a t the Highway cannot submit p r o p o s a l s f o r highway c o n s t r u c t i o n to the Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads u n t i l t h e y have, i n f a c t , gone through l o c a l h e a r i n g procedures on t h a t particular highv/ay program. At t h i s p o i n t i t would then be the duty of the D i r e c t o r of the N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e , i t seems to me, to submit t h i s agreement t o t h e S e c r e t a r y of t h e I n t e r i o r and to the A r l i n g t o n County Board and t o the Governor of the S t a t e of V i r g i n i a f o r t h e i r c o n s i d e r a t i o n and t h e i r a p p r o v a l because, f i r s t , one i s my a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y and, second, i s my c o n t r a c t u a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y w i t h the S t a t e of V i r g i n i a and A r l i n g t o n County. But i t seems t o me t h a t b e f o r e you can t a k e o f f and run by i n v o l v i n g . a l l a g e n c i e s i n an a p p r o v a l you have to proceed one s t e p a t a time and t h i s i s v/hat I t h i n k v/e a r e �132 doing here today. CHAIRMAN ROWE: Thank you, Mr. H a r t z o g . G e n e r a l Duke, do you have any more comment? GENERAL DUKE: -No, I have n o t h i n g CHAIRMAN ROWE: further. May I a s k what acreage i n Glover- A r c hbo I d P a r k t o p r o v i d e t h e road which you a r e p l a n n i n g t o * e r a s e would be t a k e n by t h e approaches. MR. A I R I S : have the q u a n t i t y . A l l t h e r e would be, Madam, and I don't We haven't gotten t o t h a t p o i n t . A l l t h a t t h e r e would be would be t h i s s l i v e r on v/hich M S t r e e t r e l o c a t e d i s placed, r i g h t here. T h i s i s t h e almost i n t e r s e c t i o n o f MacArthur B o u l e v a r d now. exact and F o x h a l l Road r i g h t T h i s would merely t i e up a t t h a t p o i n t and t h e r e would be t h i s l i t t l e s l i v e r r i g h t i n here. GENERAL DUKE: I might p o i n t out as a p o s s i b l e m a t t e r o f i n t e r e s t t h a t a l t h o u g h t h e r e undoubtedly would be a v e r y s m a l l , a s Mr. A i r i s s a y s , s l i v e r o f Glover-Archbold P a r k taken t h e r e , t h a t would, i n a r e l a t i v e s e n s e , be r a t h e r i n c o n s e q u e n t i a l w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e amount o f p a r k l a n d t h a t I s c r e a t e d a s a r e s u l t o f t h i s down along t h e w a t e r t h e r e . So t h e n e t impact, I t h i n k , and, r e a l l y , t h i s i s one o f t h e o b j e c t s o f t h i s p a r t i c u l a r scheme, was t o r e s u l t i n t h e c r e a t i o n o f a c o n s i d e r a b l e e x c e s s o f p a r k l a n d , you s e e . DR. EDWARDS: You have f i g u r e s which show t h a t t h i s bridge i s n e c e s s a r y ? 1 �MR. A I R I S : Yes, s i r . G E N E R A L DUKE: Y e s , s i r . T h i s has been, one of t h i t e m s ' t h a t has been s t u d i e d and s t u d i e d and s t u d i e d i n many d e g r e e s . MR. NORTON: Do we have these f i g u r e s ? G E N E R A L DUKE: traffic You mean, w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e a n a l y s i s of the bridge? DR. EDWARDS: Of the c r o s s i n g s i n g e n e r a l and what t h e f i g u r e s w i l l look G E N E R A L DUKE: the moment t o p r e s e n t to you. I am c e r t a i n l y not prepared a t such a t h i n g and I e x p r e s s my a p o l o g i •.. MR. A I R I S : at like. We went i n t o r a t h e r e x h a u s t i v e t h e h e a r i n g and v/e have those f i g u r e s compiled. detail I doubt i f v/e have them r i g h t h e r e , s i r . MR. NORTON: No, but I mean have they been 'made a v a i l a b l e to our s t a f f ? MR. A I R I S : Oh, y e s . DR. E D W A R D S : What w i l l the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system when i t i s b u i l t f o r r i v e r c r o s s i n g s do t o these f i g u r e s ? G E N E R A L DUKE: D R . EDWARDS: I beg your pardon? The r a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t w h i c h w i l l c r o s s t h e r i v e r , how much r e l i e f G E N E R A L DUKE: w i l l be g i v e n by .that? So f a r a s I know, Dr. E d w a r d s , t h i e n t i r e system has been planned i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e r a p i �t r a n s i t system. I t i s n ' t r e a l l y viewed as an e i t h e r / o r situation at a l l . They a r e both components o f an o v e r - a l l plan. DR. EDWARDS: The 1952 r e p o r t c f t h e t r a n s i t system opposed the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e because i t thought then t h a t w i t h t h e development o f the r a p i d t r a n s i t system the b r i d g e wasn't needed. Now, i f t h e r e has been some subsequent change i n t h i n k i n g , I am not aware c f i t but t h e r e was a s e r i o u s q u e s t i o n about t h e b u i l d i n g o f t h i s b r i d g e a t t h a t t i m e . GENERAL DUKE: As I r e c a l l , Dr. Edwards, t h e P o l i c y A d v i s o r y Committee was o r i g i n a l l y formed t o r e v i e w t h a t p a r t i c u l a r problem i n t h e f a l l o f 19^3 and t h e f i r s t r e p o r t o f t h e P o l i c y A d v i s o r y Committee i n d i c a t e d , as I r e c a l l , t h a t t h e r e should be a b r i d g e c r o s s i n g provided i n this area. I don't have t h a t p a r t i c u l a r r e p o r t t h e r e but t h a t was t h e v e r y f i r s t Policy Advisory statement t h a t emanated from t h e Committee. CHAIRMAN ROWE: I t h i n k i t was c o n t i n g e n t on t h e p l a n b e i n g accepted f o r a North L e g . I don't t h i n k , as I remember -GENERAL DUKE: I don't have t h e wording, f r a n k l y , Mad am Cha irman. MR. LOUCHHEIM: L e t me a s k so I can get the r e c o r d �15 c o r r e c t on t h i s . I have n e v e r seen the r e p o r t , I have seen i t referred to. T h i s , o f c o u r s e , i s known as the Little Report which Was a r e p o r t made and p a i d f o r by the D i s t r i c t o r t o be paid f o r by t h e D i s t r i c t . GENERAL DUKE: With our p a r t n e r the Bureau of P u b l i c Roads. MR. LOUCHHEIM: With you j o i n t l y . And still they recommend c a t e g o r i c a l l y and say t h a t t h e y f i n d no n e c e s s i t y for the b r i d g e . So, s i n c e t h a t , they must have had some f i g u r e s or o t h e r r e a s o n i n g behind t h e i r recommendation and what I was wondering i s , i s your f i g u r e s and your do they r e b u t t h e i r f i g u r e s ? concluslo I s i t a q u e s t i o n o f whose f i g u r e s a r e r i g h t o r i s i t j u s t a q u e s t i o n of -- w e l l , of c o u r s e , f i g u r e s , we know, you can r e a c h most any c o n c l u s i o n even o p p o s i t e c o n c l u s i o n s . Do you accept t h e i r f i g u r e s and r e b u t t h e i r c o n c l u s i o n s o r do you not. accept the f i g u r e s t h a t your c o n s u l t a n t p r e s e n t e d t o you? GENERAL DUKE: I don't t h i n k we have any figures from them, so f a r as I know. MR. correct. PLATT: The L i t t l e independently. . . G e n e r a l Duke, I b e l i e v e you are Report d i d not develop any figures No f i g u r e s were i n v o l v e d i n t h a t r e p o r t . They examined the base f o r our f i g u r e s and as I r e c a l l r e p o r t i t d i d not recommend a g a i n s t any s p e c i f i c that project. �MR. LOUCHHEIM: MR. PLATT: I haven't seen i t . But i t d i d q u e s t i o n t h e base o f t h e work t h a t had been done. CHAIRMAN ROWE: I t d i d not recommend t h e b r i d g e . MR. I t d i d not recommend i t . LOUCHHEIM: I t h i n k i t d i d n ' t recommend MR. PLATT: CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. A I R I S : anything. Oh, I t recommended q u i t e a l o t . Only what i s under way. CHAIRMAN ROWE: B u t I t h i n k t h a t we p r o b a b l y , u n l e s s t h e r e a r e some more q u e s t i o n s on t h e b r i d g e , we might break f o r l u n c h and come back -GENERAL DUKE: DR. EDWARDS: GENERAL DUKE: Madam Chairman, may I — T h i s i s so c l o s e l y connected -- I hate t o b r i n g t h i s up but i t w i l l be i m p o s s i b l e f o r me t o come back a f t e r l u n c h . I have an appointment w i t h the S e c r e t a r y o f I n t e r i o r a t two o ' c l o c k and, i f t h e r e i s any p o s s i b i l i t y of c o n c l u d i n g t h i s , I would s t r o n g l y r e q u e s t t h i s be done and I wouldn't be s u r p r i s e d but t h a t a l o t o f o t h e r s have MR. HARTZOG: position. — Madam Chairman, I'm i n t h e same I have a v e r y s e r i o u s d e n t a l problem w h i c h I have t o have attended t o b e f o r e I l e a v e town i n t h e morning w i t h the F i r s t Lady and I ' v e got t o get i t done today. (Laughter.) CHAIRMAN ROUE: We c a n ' t get t h r o u g h . I mean, �we've got t o b r e a k f o r l u n c h . DR. EDWARDS: Could we have' one more i t e m , though, s i n c e t h i s i s so connected t o t h e North Leg w h i c h appears next? MR. LOUCHHEIM: Y e s . DR. EDWARDS: I don't t h i n k we can d i s c u s s t h a t b r i d g e w i t h o u t d i s c u s s i n g t h e North Leg and, t h e r e f o r e , s i n c e we have seme e q u i v o c a t i o n on the K S t r e e t t u n n e l , I t h i n k ;ve may a s w e l l wrap t h i s one up and t a l k about how we g e t through, I f we b u i l d t h i s b r i d g e . GENERAL DUKE: Can't we p o s s i b l y , as you s a y , Dr. Edwards, wrap t h e document up i t s e l f , because, once we f i n i s h w i t h the next i t e m , w h i c h i s t h e K S t r e e t t h i n g , then t h e r e a r e o n l y g e n e r a l s t a t e m e n t s from t h e r e i n of an a g r e e ment n a t u r e o r p o l i c y n a t u r e w h i c h do not a f f e c t segments o f t h e system. So i t would be my s u g g e s t i o n t h a t p o s s i b l y i n a n o t h e r 15 minutes we might CHAIRMAN ROWE: i f we a r e s t i l l a t i t — — L e t ' s do i t f o r 15 minutes and, I am not going anywhere but I have t o have some l u n c h . GENERAL DUKE: specific tomorrow I get t i r e d . With your c o o p e r a t i o n , Madam C h a i r - man, we can f i n i s h t h i s I n 15 m i n u t e s . (Laughter.) MR. THIRY: then, we can e e t done. Maybe, i f we s t a y on t h e subject^why. �138 I was J u s t 'wondering, though, you know e v e r y tine I brought up t h e idea o f a tube i n s t e a d o f t h i s b r i d g e I n e v e r had r e a l l y an answer. I s t h e r e an answer why the p r o p o s i t i o n of p u t t i n g a tube i n t h e r e should not be s t u d i e d and t h a t t h e c o s t s and so on should not be p r e p a r e d ? I t ' s my u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t t h e D. C. Highway Department and t h e government have s u f f i c i e n t funds f o r s t u d y and t h a t you have, I mean, a s u f f i c i e n t amount of money t o make c e r t a i n s u r v e y s . Do you have any r e s u l t s o f a f l o a t i n g tube under t h e r i v e r ? MR.. A I R I S : We've s t u d i e d that e x t e n s i v e l y , s i r , and we came t o the d e f i n i t e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e grades make the d i s r u p t i o n on the V i r g i n i a s i d e so bad and a l s o on t h e D. C , g e t t i n g down t h e r e and g e t t i n g back up t h a t i t becomes an i m p o s s i b i l i t y , both grade-wise and t h e amount o f d i s r u p t i o n on t h e s h o r e s . MR. THIRY: particular thing. I could, I t h i n k , dispute that I mean, i t might be t h a t your s t u d i e s have i n d i c a t e d t h a t but I don't t h i n k t h a t would i n d i c a t e t h a t . further-study I would t h i n k t h a t t h e r e i s a r e a l p o s s i b i l i t y of h a n d l i n g many o f t h e s e problems i n t h i s way more e c o n o m i c a l l y , r e a l l y , than what you have proposed r i g h t here. There i s s u c h a t h i n g a s , a s i d e from a tube i n t h e �139 r i v e r , a l s o h a v i n g the approaches s u b t e r r a n e a n on both s i d e s and coming up i n t h e r i g h t s - o f - w a y the r a t h e r than coming along shores. I don't know, but i t seems t o me t h a t i f t h i s crossing i s necessary, and I am not going t o d i s p u t e t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r i t but I c e r t a i n l y t h i n k t h a t i t d e s e r v e s t h e kind of observation t h a t I am making and t h a t i t d e s e r v e s a r e a l c a r e f u l study. I t h i n k . G e n e r a l Duke, I gave you a brochure on a s i m i l a r problem t h a t gave many c o s t f i g u r e s a n d ' e v e r y t h i n g else a f t e r extensive s t u d y and t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of doing i t here I s r e a l l y q u i t e good. The t h i n k I l i k e about a tube i s t h a t you don't have t o go s t r a i g h t a c r o s s . You can meander and you can do a l o t o f t h i n g s w i t h a tube t h a t you can n e v e r do w i t h a b r i d g e . GENERAL DUKE: May I s u g g e s t , Mr. T h i r y j t h a t might w e l l be the s u b j e c t of a p e r s o n a l us. this d i s c u s s i o n between I t h i n k i t might be w e l l f o r us t o g i v e you our complete t h i n k i n g and t o exchange thoughts on t h i s . CHAIRMAN ROUE: I t h i n k i t might come t o t h e Commission because each time we have r a i s e d t h e problem we have been t o l d c a t e g o r i c a l l y t h a t e n g i n e e r i n g - w i s e t h i s i s no f e a s i b l e t h a t i t i s much too d i f f i c u l t and much too c o s t l y . So We might have i t on t h e agenda. GENERAL DUKE: Our c o n c l u s i o n I s t h a t t h i s i s the �14 0 b e s t s o l u t i o n t o t h e o v e r - a l l problem but I am c o n f i d e n t t h a t , i f we make a v a i l a b l e a l l o f o u r i n f o r m a t i o n t o Mr. T h i r y , I am h o p e f u l t h a t he w i l l agree w i t h u s . But, a t any r a t e , t h e r e has been a g r e a t d e a l o f s t u d y g i v e n i t . . I want him t o r e s t a s s u r e d on t h a t score and t h e f a c t t h a t we haven't g i v e n him t h e b e n e f i t o f a l l o f o u r " t h i n k i n g I s c e i ^ t a i n l y due t o o u r n e g l e c t . MR. THIRY: Could we assume t h a t the acceptance o f t h i s p r o p o s a l here would not p r e c l u d e t h e f u r t h e r design c f the whole t h i n g ? GENERAL DUKE: T h i s , t h e acceptance of t h i s p r o p o s a l would not p r e c l u d e a t a l l t h e coming back before t h i s Commission w i t h s p e c i f i c a l l y what we have i n mind t o c o n s t r u c t , as a m a t t e r o f f a c t . of This i s a general statement ~ MR. THIRY: I'm t a l k i n g about t h e study of a tube. MR. HARTZOG: There i s nothing i n t h i s Mr. T h i r y , t o commit you t o a b r i d g e . agreement, I t just discusses another c r o s s i n g . CHAIRMAN ROUE: I t does s a y b r i d g e , though, and approaches. MR. HARTZOG: Does i t ? CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. HARTZOG: • MR. McCARTER: As a p a r t o f t h e document. I wasn't aware of t h a t . I was wondering, Mr. T h i r y , about �the. t u n n e l t h a t you'are t a l k i n g about where you drop t h e tunnel i n t o the r i v e r . I asked o u r people why' we d i d n ' t dc t h a t and they s a i d t h a t t h e , I guess i t was t h e Corps o f E n g i n e e r s wouldn't a l l o w c o f f e r dams and t h e kino o f t h i n g s t h a t sometimes you need f o r you t o do t h a t . So we a r e t u n n e l i n g v e r y deep j u s t because a p p a r e n t l y we can 't drop • sections of tunnel i n t o the r i v e r . MR. THIRY: I don't know. The tube t h a t has boo.-, proposed i n Seattle and has been designed c r o s s e s t h e main ship c a n a l t h a t goes between t h e l a k e s and t h i s i s under the jurisdiction o f t h e Corps o f E n g i n e e r s . MR. McCARTER: T h a t ' s t h e way we b u i l t t h e subway i n Chicago was a c r o s s t h e r i v e r by dropping i t down. ' MR. THIRY: thing. I t h i n k y o u r r i v e r c r o s s i n g i s the . I t ' s a v e r y s u c c e s s f u l way c f h a n d l i n g t h e whole problem. GENERAL DUKE: May I suggest t h a t we move on t o the K S t r e e t one? CHAIRMAN ROWE: Y e s . MR. A I R I S : Item s i x t e e n ? CHAIRMAN ROWE: S i x t e e n i s t h e one. going t o d i s c u s s the P a l i s a d e s Parkway. We're net- V e don't have any / model o f i t . MR. A I R I S : T h a t m e r e l y i s -- T h a t was touched on, the two P a l i s a d e s Parkway c o n n e c t i o n s t h a t go upstream t o th€ �proposed 2 5 6 B r i d g e , one of them t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t , as I i n t e r p r e t i t , t h i s i s my i n t e r p r e t a t i o n , t a k i n g i n t o accou the f a c t t h a t t h e y w i l l use the e x i s t i n g C a n a l S t r e e t right of-way which i s turned o v e r t o the P a r k S e r v i c e . MR. HARTZOG: I t h i n k t h a t i s i n accordance w i t h t h e l o n g - s t a n d i n g a p p r o v a l s o f t h i s Commission t h a t t h e t P a l i s a d e s Parkway w i l l be extended between t h e George Washington Memorial Parkway and t h e Potomac Freeway a t w h a t e v e r p o i n t t h e s e t h i n g s happen MR. CONRAD: month, Mr. H a r t z o g . — I t i s a l s o a part of our action l a s I t h i n k t h e Idea i s t h a t we would I l k to see the d e s i g n and t h e p l a n s f o r t h i s p a r t i c u l a r f a c i l i the same a s t h e o t h e r p r o j e c t s . MR. A I R I S : MR. CONRAD: With minimum d i s r u p t i o n . Right. L e t us s a y a minimum d i s - r u p t i o n and maximum enhancement, we don't know. CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. A I R I S : Sixteen. Sixteen. I t i s agreed t h a t t h a t a depressed K S t r e e t c o n n e c t i o n should be provided between t l Potomac R i v e r Freeway and t h e C e n t e r Leg. At the same t i m s e r i o u s concern has been e x p r e s s e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o c e r t a i n elements i n v o l v e d i n i t s construction.. Unfortunately, s u f f i c i e n t d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s has not been given t h i s propeto p e r m i t u n q u a l i f i e d a p p r o v a l by t h e s i g n a t o r i e s . subject to confirmation Howeve: o f the f o l l o w i n g assumptions by �f u t u r e .plans, t h e K S t r e e t a l t e r n a t e to the presently proposed North Leg should be accepted as t h e I n t e r s t a t e connection. ted These f a c t o r s o f concern t h a t must be accommoda follow: A - A detailed t r a f f i c use a n a l y s i s must support the of the f a c i l i t y . B - The a v a i l a b l e r i g h t - o f - w a y must p e r m i t construction of s i x t r a f f i c lanes to I n t e r s t a t e standards a c c e p t a b l e t o t h e U. S. Bureau of P u b l i c Roads. C - Construction p l a n s and procedures must be developed t h a t p e r m i t t h e continued v i a b i l i t y o f the g e n e r a l area. On t h e l a y o u t the g e n e r a l t h a t Mr. Degast i s I n d i c a t i n g shows o u t l i n e o f t h e f a c i l i t y t h a t i s proposed by t h i s item s i x t e e n and Mr. P i a t t has our c u r r e n t t h i n k i n g on t h e somewhat d e t a i l e d o u t l i n e o f t h e f a c i l i t y where i t t i e s i n on the e a s t end t o t h e a l r e a d y constructed t h i s p o i n t , goes under Washington C i r c l e t h a t 's a l r e a d y fashion Leg constructed as i n d i c a t e d interchange a t i n the f a c i l i t y and then proceeds i n an e a s t e r l y I n orange and t i e s i n w i t h the C e n t e r a t t h e e a s t e r l y end. CHAIRMAN ROWE: , GENERAL DUKE: that to t h i s extent. that t h i s report G e n e r a l Duke. I would o n l y l i k e t o supplement There has been g e n e r a l l y a f e e l i n g i s a d v i s i n g p r o j e c t s t h a t have not been �studied i n great d e t a i l with respect a c t u a l l y , so f a r as I can r e c a l l — t o t h e requirement and, t h i s nay be too i n - c l u s i v e a s t a t e m e n t , but I t h i n k , so f a r as I can r e c a l l , the only p r o j e c t I n here "that has not been s t u d i e d i s t h i s one. T h i s o f f e r s — t h i s i s a new p r o j e c t , i n o t h e r words, and i t o f f e r s g r e a t p r o s p e c t s . f a c t , t h i s report in detail Indicates that this As a m a t t e r o f i s a very i n t e r e s t i n g a l t e r n a t e t o the most c o n t r o v e r s i a l North Leg and t h a t i s an a l t e r n a t e t h a t we t h i n k should be c o n s t r u c t e d , this i f the s t u d i e s t h a t a l l o f us f e e l must be made, and have not been made, c o n f i r m what we assume t o be c o r r e c t . F i r s t o f f , we acknowledge t h a t t h i s facility must p r o v i d e s i x l a n e s , t h a t any p r o v i s i o n of l e s s than s i x l a n e s w i l l r e a l l y be such a narrow and l i m i t e d f a c i l i t y the t r a f f i c from s t a n d p o i n t t h a t i t should not be p r o v i d e d . We a r e c o n f i d e n t t h a t our f u r t h e r studies w i l l permit the construction engineering of s i x l a n e s , f r a n k l y , but we have not r e a l l y made them I n s u f f i c i e n t d e t a i l t o s a y this positively The right-of-way a t t h e moment. right-of-way of K S t r e e t i s w i d e r than the o f t h e C e n t e r Leg, and t h e C e n t e r Leg has t h i s number of l a n e s I n i t . So we a r e c o n f i d e n t S t r e e t a l t e r n a t e w i l l accommodate s i x l a n e s . r e a l l y confirmed t h i s from an e n g i n e e r i n g that t h i s K We have not s t a n d p o i n t y e t and, t h e r e f o r e , we do not "want t o get i n t o a s i t u a t i o n where we �145 have t o t u n n e l back'underneath the stores along K S t r e e t and shore up a l l o f the b u i l d i n g s , i f we have t o do t h i s t o provide s i x lanes. We a r e c o n f i d e n t t h a t we can do i t w i t h - out t h a t . The o t h e r s c r e e n , t h e second traffic screen, i s that a study requirement w i l l be made t o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e t r a f f i c w i l l a c t u a l l y use i t . Nov;, t h e problem here i s t h a t you e n t e r t h e t u n n e l o v e r a t Rock Creek P a r k and you t r a v e l for some -- what? Tv/o m i l e s ? distance i s , frankly. to the I don 't know what t h e At any r a t e , you go a l l t h e way over t h e C e n t e r Leg w i t h o u t coming up. traffic So, i n o t h e r words, t h a t wants t o use t h e l o c a l a r e a t h e r e w i l l o b v i o u s l y not use t h i s f a c i l i t y because, once you go down, you don't come up u n t i l you get t o t h e C e n t e r L e g . T h i s poses an a d d i t i o n a l u n c e r t a i n t y i n the d e s i g n of t h i s which has n e t been s t u d i e d from a computerized stand- point. Nov; we a r e c o n f i d e n t t h a t t h e t r a f f i c study o f t h i s w i l l support t h e r e q u i r e m e n t , f r a n k l y , and I s a y t h i s sincerely. We a r e c o n f i d e n t t h a t when we put t h i s t h r ougn the computing machines traffic w i t h the e n t i r e system t h a t the . s e r v i c e w i l l support t h i s r e q u i r e m e n t . But we haven't done i t y e t and we o b v i o u s l y have t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of making t h i s check. The t h i r d t h i n g i s d e v e l o p i n g a c o n s t r u c t i o n �146 t e c h n i q u e a l o n g K S t r e e t v/hich i s a v e r y , v e r y p a r t of t h e c i t y , t h a t w i l l p e r m i t t h e continued congested vitality and v i a b i l i t y , as i t s a y s h e r e , o f t h e neighborhood a l o n g K Street. Here a g a i n we a r e c o n f i d e n t t h a t t h i s can be done. C e r t a i n l y , i f Mr, McCarter can c o n s t r u c t t h e subway up C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue and p e r m i t the b u s i n e s s e s t o c o n t i n u e along C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue, we should be a b l e t o c o n s t r u c t t h i s along K S t r e e t . B u t t h i s i s something where the technique has not been developed. So I want t o s a y t h a t we a r e c o n f i d e n t t h a t t h e r e w i l l be no problem w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e s e but we f e e l t h a t t h e s e checks' have t o be made and, i f t h e y a r e made — I mean when they a r e made, I f t h e y c o n f i r m what v/e a n t i c i p a t e be the c a s e , then t h i s i s d e f i n i t e l y and t h i s i s what t h i s paragraph DR. EDWARDS: will what should be put i n , I s intended t o s a y . And, i f t h e y don't, then v/e go back- to the o t h e r ? GENERAL DUKE: We have no answer a t t h e moment, i f t h e s e f a i l t o m a t e r i a l i z e , What t h e s o l u t i o n to. t h i s w i l l be, Doctor. DR. EDWARDS: Hay I a s k Mr. McCarter does he have any t r o u b l e w i t h t h i s r o u t e i n terms o f t h e subway? MR. McCARTER: ' We t h i n k we w i l l have t r o u b l e c r o s s i n g i t . Nov/, we don't know t h e i r c r o s s - s e c t i o n , how �147 deep t h e y are going to go. or a l o t h i g h e r , They may f o r c e us a l o t deeper I don't know w h i c h . W i l l you go under the subway or o v e r i t ? GENERAL DUKE: I don't know. MR. T h i s bothers McCARTER: GENERAL DUKE: T h i s i s one MR. Yes. McCARTER: me because our e n g i n e e r i n g we me. of the problems. I t b o t h e r s me, a r e going t o have to know. i t bothers i s almost to t h a t p o i n t Do v/e b u i l d i t and t h i s won't be done o r do v/e b u i l d i t and be done and and do we go a l o t deeper and and so assume assume t h i s will make i t more i n - c o n v e n i e n t f o r the s u b w a y r i d e r s , o r what do v/e do? I don ' t know. GENERAL DUKE: although formerly tied you May I s a y , Dr. Edwards, t h a t t h i s North Leg d e c i s i o n was I n t o a d e c i s i o n on a c r o s s i n g of the r i v e r h e r e , as mentioned a w h i l e age, These two are separate such i s no l o n g e r the case. p a r t s of the system e n t i r e l y don't f e e l t h a t a d e c i s i c n on one the intimately and we i s n e c e s s a r i l y binding on other. They each can be s t u d i e d w i t h r e s p e c t to I t s own m e r i t and the main change t h a t t h i s agreement has v/hich w i l l p e r m i t t h i s s e p a r a t e created a n a l y s i s to take place i s the f a c t t h a t the Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e , t h i s agreement, w i l l be open to t r u c k t r a f f i c a c c o r d i n g to and the design �148 of the South Leg of the I n n e r Loop w i l l be made a t 14-1/2 f o o t c l e a r a n c e which p e r m i t s the t r u c k s t o t r a v e l underneath the T i d a l B a s i n and t h e r e f o r e a i l of the t r a f f i c t h a t might come t o a s t u m b l i n g h a l t - i f t h e r e i s no North Leg constructor here has a bypass route on the f r e e w a y system t o accommodate i t s e l f u n t i l t h i s element i s f i n a l l y DR. EDWARDS: constructed. I t would be p r e f e r a b l e , though, t o t i e them i n a t some n o r t h e r n p o i n t r a t h e r than t a k i n g them a l l the way down s o u t h . GENERAL DUKE: DR. EDWARDS: Without q u e s t i o n . And my g r e a t concern i s t h a t , i f you go n o r t h a t any p o i n t , you a r e going t o run i n t o r e l o c a t i o n f i g u r e s w h i c h a r e f a r beyond what we see on t h i s board. So t h a t I t h i n k these a r e somewhat f i g u r e s i n the t o t a l system. realistically unrealistic T h i s i s p r e d i c a t e d , of c o u r s e , on what v/e have b e f o r e u s . We s h o u l d n ' t de- c e i v e o u r s e l v e s t h a t t h i s might be the magnitude of r e - l o c a t i o n when t h i s system i s completed, e s p e c i a l l y i f you go n o r t h i n o r d e r to t i e the people who come a c r o s s this b r i d g e i n t o t h e system v/hich goes n o r t h . GENERAL DUKE: the These r e l o c a t i o n s a r e based upon p l a n t h a t i s p r e s e n t e d t o you today, Dr. Edwards, and dees not contemplate any change i n the North Leg. . DR. EDWARDS: You see,.we've a l r e a d y shown t h a t I f you t i e i n the North C e n t r a l freeway t o the South Leg, �149 I'm not sure we have r e l o c a t i o n f i g u r e s on those and those f i g u r e s would then jump. I f we don't g e t through t o K S t r e e t , t h e r e l o c a t i o n f i g u r e s would jump. I s a y t h i s o n l y because i t looks b e a u t i f u l i n the sense t h a t we have now reduced what t h i s system might g i v e us i n t e r n s o f d i s p l a c e m e n t s but I t h i n k , you know, any r e a l i s t i c assessment has got t o i n d i c a t e t h a t perhaps those f i g u r e s w i l l be h i g h e r t h a n what we have on t h e board. MR. A I R I S : Doctor, I don't mean t o stand here and have a debate but we t h i n k t h a t t h e y a r e e n t i r e l y f a c t u a l and then I should mention i n a d d i t i o n DR. EDWARDS: No, no, I buy i t , i f we take t h i s system. MR. A I R I S : I n a d d i t i o n , o f c o u r s e , we have a b i t o f p o t e n t i a l on t h e use o f a i r r i g h t s . places quite Now, many i n t h e c i t y a r e u s i n g a i r r i g h t s now and we t h i n k t h a t they could be u t i l i z e d i n t h i s a s p e c t , you s e e . DR. EDWARDS: that at t h i s I don't t h i n k we need t o go back t o time. MR. THIRY: have s i x l a n e s ? I was wondering, why do you have t o I mean, wouldn't i t be j u s t as good t o maybe d i s t r i b u t e t h e tunneling o f t r a f f i c o v e r a wider area and maybe have two systems o f t h i s k i n d o f maybe f o u r lanes and by doing t h a t t h e y could e i t h e r be one-way, but I n s t e a d of p a c k i n g t h e whole problem i n t o two I n t e r s e c t i o n s as I t i s �150 here and t r y i n g t o p i c k up t h e whole b u s i n e s s -- i t seems t o me t h a t i n t h e C i t y o f Washington you have such w o n d e r f u l opportunities t h a t are. e x p r e s s e d a t Dupont C i r c l e , f o r i n s t a n c e , and Washington C i r c l e , where you go under and, i n s t e a d o f coming back up a g a i n , I mean, t h e r e a r e many opportunities traffic t o c o n t i n u e a depressed system and get your out t o a b e l t w a y r a t h e r t h a n t r y t o load t h i n g s w i t h thousands o f c a r s a t g i v e n I t has been my o b s e r v a t i o n these points. i n the b i g g e r cities where t h e t r a f f i c problem a t a l l i s taken c a r e o f t h a t most of them haven't r e a l l y t r i e d t o t a k e care o f i t t h i s way. But a w i d e r d i s t r i b u t i o n of t r a f f i c i s e s s e n t i a l and, i n s t e a d of b r i n i n g everybody t'o a given point and then s t a r t i n g o f f , t h a t t h e y have"more methods of g e t t i n g i n t o a t o t a l system and you don't r e a l l y s t a r t t o accumulate t h e s e 12 l a n e s and s t u f f u n t i l you a r e out on the c u t e r b e l t . MR. A I R I S : You a r e t h i n k i n g o f u s i n g one o f t h e other s t r e e t s also i n that d i r e c t i o n ? MR. THIRY: That's r i g h t . i t would s i m p l i f y your problem. could And then t h i s way, why, I t could even be t h a t you come up and o v e r and l e t t h e subway go under a t t h a t point. GENERAL DUKE: M r . T h i r y , the reason t h i s was put In o r i g i n a l l y i s that the Planning this particular version. Commission recommended �• MR. CONRAD: 151 T h i s i s why I would l i k e t o speak. CHAIRMAN ROWE: Y e s , Mr. Conrad. I t h i n k Mr. Conrad might speak t o t h i s . MR. CONRAD: There a r e two b a s i c reasons why t h i s p r o p o s a l was submitted by the P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n . One was in t h e s t u d y f o r a North Leg o f the I n n e r Loop sometime ago we t r i e d t o get t h e b y p a s s i n g and d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n s o f t h e C e n t r a l a r e a a s c l o s e t o the C e n t r a l a r e a a s p o s s i b l e but because o f t h e g e o g r a p h i e s , t h e p h y s i c a l n a t u r e o f t h e L'Enfant P l a n w i t h the d i a g o n a l s and the g r i d system and t h e c i r c l e s , i t was i m p o s s i b l e a t t h a t t i m e , a t l e a s t through the s t u d i e s t h a t we had, t o b r i n g the North Leg any c l o s e r t o the C e n t r a l a r e a than a l o n g F l o r i d a Avenue, v/hich i s s h o w n here. So, i f the Outer Loop o r the North Leg o f t h e I n n e r Loop goes back t o i t s o l d e r l o c a t i o n , you w i l l have a worse d i s t r i b u t i o n than i f i t comes o f f here a l o n g K S t r e e t because you have t h e long d i s t a n c e t o g e t down t o t h e C e n t r a area. I t goes through a r e a s w h i c h do not have t h i s traffic going through i t and so you f a c e , r e a l l y , a d i s t r i b u t i o n problem by h a v i n g the North Leg o f the I n n e r Loop along F l o r i d a Avenue. I t ' s a l s o a long way t o t a k e t r a f f i c around v/hich wants t o bypass and t h e r e i s b y p a s s i n g t r a f f i c . The second p r o p o s a l , v/hich caused the P l a n n i n g Commission t o recommend t h i s p a r t i c u l a r s o l u t i o n , was t h e �152 r e s u l t of our 1935 P h y s i c a l Development P o l i c i e s and the r e a c t i o n t h a t the c i t i z e n s had t o the highway p o r t i o n s of t h i s plan. So we t r i e d to f i t the expressway i n t o an urban f a b r i c and d e s i g n I t t o the c i t y and we f e e l t h a t t h i s comes v e r y c l o s e t o doing t h a t . I t may not be as good a t r a f f i c c a r r i e r , when you add up the f i g u r e s , as what you might have up here but from the s t a n d p o i n t of f u n c t i o n and use I t I s going to be much better in a K Street location. F o r i n s t a n c e , people coming from the West Leg or from the '.vest, i f they a r e d e s t i n e d f o r t h i s a r e a and north, can take the s t r e e t s under K S t r e e t o r the expressway. If t h e y want t o d i s t r i b u t e e i t h e r t o the n o r t h of K S t r e e t or t o the south of- K S t r e e t , t h e y can get o f f a t t h i s circle by coming around, coming up on the ramps and d i s t r i b u t e a boulevard by type c f f a c i l i t y which would be on the s u r f a c e c f K S t r e e t , which g i v e s maximum d i s t r i b u t i o n n o r t h and south t o the a r e a above the c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t as w e l l as south of the c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s MR. THIRY: district. I wasn't proposing I t h i n k t h i s i d e a of K S t r e e t i s c o r r e c t . t h i s other t h i n g . The only thing i s when G e n e r a l Duke says t h a t t h e r e i s a p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t you c a n ' t make i t work and then the q u e s t i o n of the subway comes into i t , i t seems t o me t h a t you could use K and j u s t f o r the sake of c o n v e r s a t i o n L and you could get the amount c f �153 t r a f f i c t h a t you needed o r you could use K and M. You could do t h i s s o r t of t h i n g and s t i l l a c c o m p l i s h t h e same purpose. MR. CONRAD: T r u e , but t h e p o i n t here i s t h a t t h i s r p r o p o s a l a n t i c i p a t e d s o r t o f a minor boulevard which v. ould be i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f F l o r i d a Avenue, p l u s t h e E S t r e e t expressway which would come through and s e r v e t h e c e n t r a l business d i s t r i c t along w i t h t h i s . of t r a f f i c should a l s o c o n s i d e r i n t o the C e n t r a l I t h i n k t h a t any f i g u r e s these additions to access area. I v/ould l i k e t o address m y s e l f t o t h e f o u r lanes. I r e a l i z e I am t a k i n g a l i t t l e b i t too much time h e r e . o r i g i n a l proposal of the Planning The The Commission was f o u r l a n e s . reason, f o r t h i s was t h a t i f you c o v e r o v e r K S t r e e t you v / i l l have e i g h t s u r f a c e l a n e s , p l u s f o u r underneath, v/hich is 12 l a n e s o f highway c a p a c i t y going along K S t r e e t , .Add two more and you get 14. The point i s t h a t between t h e curbs o f K S t r e e t where t h e red b r i c k i s l a n d s a r e , t h i s i s where t h e f o u r lanes v/ould be, and v/e can see p h y s i c a l l y how t h i s can be cone. I f you add s i x l a n e s , you get i n t o t h a t i s l a n d s t r i p , t h e s e r v i c e d r i v e s , you get i n t o problems o f how you c a n t i l e v e r , you get i n t o problems c f t h e commercial uses on each s i d e . I t may be p o s s i b l e , I con »t know. The s t u d i e s haven't gone that f a r . A l s o , from the s t a n d p o i n t o f d i s t r i b u t i o n , i t might �be t h a t you might want a p a r k i n g f a c i l i t y i n t h e v i c i n i t y of Mount Vernon Square i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h the p r o p o s i t i o n t h a t was made here sometime back f o r a minor t r a n s p o r t a t i o n center a t t h i s point. I f you have s i x l a n e s , and you have to take o f f ramp c o n n e c t i o n s , l a n e s underneath; t h i s gets i n t o e i g h t and t e n 'whereas, i f you h a v e ' f o u r , you have more f l e x i b i l i t y a s t o how you can g e t o f f o f t h i s route. These a r e some o f the t h i n g s t h a t went i n t o o u r t h i n k i n g o f a f o u r lane f a c i l i t y . We a r e not o b j e c t i n g a t t h i s p o i n t , as a s t a f f , t o s i x l a n e s . going t o be problems w i t h a s i x lane V e f e e l there i s / facility. T h i s i s approved by t h e P l a n n i n g Commission as a p a r t o f t h e Comprehensive the c i t i z e n s f o r review. up 100 p e r c e n t . P l a n t h a t i s going t o go out t o I t i s something t h a t v/e v/ould bac I t was something t h a t was suggested by the P l a n n i n g Commission and v/e would work a l o n g w i t h the D i s t r i c t and a w a i t f u r t h e r s t u d i e s from them. MR. NORTON: G e n e r a l , might I a s k , would i t be p o s s i b l e t o put a f o u r - l a n e and a s i x - l a n e i n t o y o u r computer, so t h a t we a r e not f a c e d w i t h t h e f a c t t h a t you haven't made t h e r u n when you could do I t so e a s i l y ? GENERAL DUKE: MR. NORTON: GENERAL DUKE: very r a p i d l y . Yes, sure. You p l a n t o do I t ? Yes, c e r t a i n l y . V e can do t h a t / �155 MR. NORTON: Because, o t h e r w i s e , then we have t o have a n o t h e r month t o g e t t h a t . GENERAL DUKE: Y e s . Madam Chairman, t h a t concludes t h e s p e c i f i c of t h i s . Tom. The o t h e r — Excuse me. . I hate t o be t a k i n g over from part you, Do you have a n y t h i n g f u r t h e r ? MR. A I R I S : No, s i r . GENERAL DUKE: The o t h e r , t h e next i s merely t h e m a t t e r about replacement of p a r k l a n d , t h e t r u c k t r a f f i c on the Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e , a r c h i t e c t u r a l e x c e l l e n c e on b r i d g e c r o s s i n g s , c l o s e c o o p e r a t i o n o f a g e n c i e s and t h a t the o b j e c t of t h i s agreement i s t o implement i t s u b j e c t t o the a v a i l a b i l i t y o f funds as r a p i d l y a s p o s s i b l e , not t o exceed s i x y e a r s , and t h a t concludes t h e agreement. Now, t h e o t h e r statement Which i s t h e f o r m a l statement c f t h e P o l i c y A d v i s o r y Committee and I t s endorsement of t h a t agreement notes two o t h e r programs: one, t h e j o i n t Housing and Highway P r o j e c t programs which i s u n d e r study a t t h e moment and which we don't have any s p e c i f i c s on t o p r e s e n t e x c e p t a s a d e s i r e and something t h a t we f e e l w i l l have a g r e a t d e a l o f p o t e n t i a l m e r i t , I f we can make i t work. C e r t a i n l y we have t h i s i n o u r h e a r t and o u r d e s i r e The o t h e r I s t h e a t t e n t i o n t h a t must be d i r e c t e d by lav; towards r e l o c a t i o n and w h i c h we a l l f e e l i s p r o b a b l y the most important element of t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f such v a s t �1 p u b l i c works and v/hich our Board of Commissioners and t h i s Commission and a l l concerned a r e d e d i c a t e d to m i n i m i z i n g . With the q u a l i f i c a t i o n o f those two t h i n g s , the P o l i c y A d v i s o r y Committee endorsed the agreement ( T r a n s c r i p t continued on page of tnese a g e n c i e s 157.) �. 157 As I mentioned when I s t a r t e d o u t , I r e a l l y don't f e e l t h a t t h i s document, as a document, c o n s t i t u t e s any specific s e c t i o n of any p l a n and r e a l l y I r e a l l y w a n t e d t o o f f e r t h e P l a n n i n g Commission t h e o p p o r t u n i t y of l e n d i n g i t s endorsement t o a r a t h e r g e n e r a l i z e d agreement and statement v/hich has a l r e a d y been endorsed by so many people. I t h i n k the Commission has a g r e a t o p p o r t u n i t y here t o make a g r e a t s t e p forward i n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n and I would l i k e t o so move, Madam Chairman. CHAIRMAN ROWE: of t h e P l a n . C o n s i d e r t h i s w i t h i n the c o n t e x t Do you want t h i s t o go i n a s an a l t e r n a t i v e t o be p u b l i s h e d i n the P l a n along w i t h t h e a c t i o n t h a t the Commission took a t i t s May meeting o r do you want t h a t a c t i o n r e s c i n d e d and t h i s s u b s t i t u t e d ? GENERAL DUKE: a c t i o n s , Madam Chairman. I don't p l a n e i t h e r of those My p r o p o s a l i s t h a t t h i s Com- m i s s i o n -- My motion I s t h a t t h i s Commission i n d i c a t e i t s g e n e r a l endorsement o f t h i s P o l i c y A d v i s o r y s t a t e m e n t , and t h a t I s t h e substance Committee of my motion. Now, beyond t h a t , w i t h r e s p e c t t o how the p r i n c i p l e s o f t h i s agreement a r e worded i n a p l a n o r how i t a f f e c t s any p r e v i o u s a c t i o n of t h e Commission i s something f o r t h e s t a f f t o work out s u b s e q u e n t l y , a s f a r a s I am concerned, and p r e s e n t t o the Commission. I t h i n k we r e v i e w those elements o f the p l a n i n �158 E x e c u t i v e Session,, a s a m a t t e r of f a c t , and t h i s i s another s t e p t a k e n by. the Commission i n Open S e s s i o n which makes i t s c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e development of t h e p l a n along w i t h t h e many, many o t h e r a c t i o n s of t h e Commission t h a t we have taken today and t h a t v/e w i l l take t h e next time t h e Commission meets. DR. EDWARDS: We couldn't endorse t h i s , General Duke, because i t c o n f l i c t s w i t h what we have a l r e a d y adopted. I f we adopt t h i s a s a p i e c e , t h e n we r e s c i n d by t h a t a c t i o n c e r t a i n o t h e r t h i n g s t o which we have a l r e a d y g i v e n consent So we couldn't take t h i s a s a p i e c e . GENERAL DUKE: I am s u r e t h a t t h e r e i s a good d e a l of t h i s p a r t i c u l a r document t h a t i s i n harmony w i t h t h a t . DR. EDWARDS: B u t what about the c o n f l i c t i n g elements? GENERAL DUKE: Oh, w i t h t h e c o n f l i c t i n g the s e c t i o n s w i l l have t o be reviewed d r a f t s e c t i o n prepared. specific elements, by t h e s t a f f and a I am j u s t r e a l l y not making any recommendation w i t h r e s p e c t t o any p o r t i o n of t h e Comprehensive P l a n a t t h i s moment. MR. NORTON: My d i f f i c u l t y i s , G e n e r a l , t h a t i f we g i v e t h i s a g e n e r a l endorsement then we a r e e n d o r s i n g t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e concept, v/hich I don't t h i n k we a r e ready t o endorse u n t i l v/e see t h i s added evidence t h a t i t ' s r e a l l y needed a t t h i s p o i n t and v/e haven't had time t o t a l k �. 1 5 9 here today about b r i n g i n g t r u c k s , t h a t i s , t h e c o m p e l l i n g , reason. What i s the c o m p e l l i n g reason o f b r i n g i n g over the Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e ? i n a moment? it trucks Could t h a t be answered . T h i s has been an old i s s u e and a l l o f a sudden seems t o h a v e • d i s a p p e a r e d . I t would have helped us a l o t I n the old days i f we had planned f o r t h i s . Now, i t ' s e e m s to be t h e t h i n g which Connie Worth bled and died f o r and suddenly now i t d i s a p p e a r s . GENERAL DUKE: I t h i n k p o s s i b l y , Mr. Norton, t h a t the main r e a s o n t h a t t h a t p a r t i c u l a r p o l i c y i s recommended i s t h a t under the p r e v i o u s concept of the South Leg Mr. Worth was q u i t e concerned over t h e v i s u a l impact of the t r u c k t r a f f i c through a depressed s e c t i o n of the South L e g and now, s i n c e t h e concept o f the South Leg i s one e n t i r e l y i n t u n n e l from n o r t h of the L i n c o l n Memorial c l e a r t o t h e l 4 t h S t r e e t , c u r r e n t l 4 t h S t r e e t a r e a , t h e n what p a s s e s through the South Leg has no impact a t a l l a e s t h e t i c a l l y on the T i d a l B a s i n . p a r k a r e a . MR. NORTON: There would be added ramps t o get o f f the b r i d g e ? GENERAL DUKE: You mean, t h e Theodore R o o s e v e l t Bridge? MR. NORTON: Y e s . 'GENERAL DUKE: No, t h e r a m p s t h a t have been con- �i6o s t r u c t e d a r e t h e o n l y ones t h a t a r e MR, NORTON: contemplated. So t h a t , i n o t h e r w o r d s , t h i s a l l going underground j u s t r e s o l v e s t h e problem. any n o i s e There won't be involved. GENERAL DUKE: That's r i g h t . P r e v i o u s l y there were two s h o r t t u n n e l s , a s you r e c a l l , one a t t h e L i n c o l n Memorial and one under the n o r t h e r n p a r t o f the T i d a l B a s i n , but i n between these t u n n e l s was a depressed open s e c t i o n o f freeway I t h i n k t h i s i s what concerned Mr. Worth. Nov; t h a t the concept i s t h a t t h e whole South Leg w i l l be i n t u n n e l , i t s d i a m e t e r , the d i a m e t e r of the w i l l be i n c r e a s e d t o permit t h e t r u c k MR. NORTON: was tunnel, traffic. You see, t h e t h i n g t h a t bothered us t h e reason we were pushed towards the b r i d g e upstream was the f a c t t h a t you c o u l d n ' t do t h i s and now we're doing t h i s and i t seems t o r e s o l v e the f i r s t t h i n g but we s t i l l have t o have t h a t bridge. T h i s i s one of the t h i n g s t h a t b o t h e r s me a l i t t l e bit. not I t has t o be s i x l a n e s and t h i s i s one t h i n g t h a t I am v e r y keen t o vote f o r i n t h i s whole package. I would be glad t o approve those t h i n g s t h a t progre what we d i d l a s t month, which I t h i n k i s about 8 0 p e r cent of i t , b u t I don't l i k e t o break new ground so f a s t on a b i g p o l i c y l i k e the g e n e r a l a p p r o v a l o f something t h a t w i l l be picked out of t h i s whole day's work a s b e i n g the one t h i n g �161 t h a t we have done today. GENERAL DUKE: I don't know whether i t would h e l p you. i n y o u r mental b a t t l e t h a t you a r e going through on t h a t i s s u e r i g h t now or not but I c e r t a i n l y can t e l l you t h a t I have not made any s p e c i f i c s u b m i s s i o n of an a c t of Congress w i t h r e l a t i o n t o t h i s b r i d g e but I can c e r t a i n l y s a y t h a t we have i n mind r e f e r r i n g t h e problem of t h i s b r i d g e t o the Congress. T h i s i s an u n u s u a l t h i n g because we have a l r e a d y had the funds a p p r o p r i a t e d f o r t h i s b r i d g e but t h e r e i s so much c o n t r o v e r s y t h a t c e n t e r s around the c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h i f a c i l i t y t h a t i t has been suggested t o me and I t h i n k , f r a n k l y , o f f t h e top of my head i t makes a l o t of sense, t o a s k the Congress t o r e v i e w t h i s problem and t o e x p r e s s i t s renewed and up-to-date judgment on t h i s m a t t e r . Certainly i t would g i v e a l l of t h e c i t i z e n s , both o f V i r g i n i a and the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and a l l over, an e x c e l l e n t forum, t o e x p r e s s t h e i r views i n a c o m p l e t e l y o b j e c t i v e , unbiased atmosphere. So, a s I s a y , I am t a k i n g t h i s r i g h t o f f the top of my head and I don't -- I c a n ' t make any s p e c i f i c commitments on i t but t h i s I s t h e way t h a t we a r e t h i n k i n g r i g h t now and I t h i n k t h i s o f f e r s a l o t of m e r i t . I f t h i s h e l p s you i n your t h i n k i n g a t a l l , i t on t o you f o r t h a t . I pass �162 MR. NORTON: I ' d be w i l l i n g t o vote f o r a motion t h a t approved the elements, o f t h i s statement which p r o g r e s s the p o l i c i e s which we adopted l a s t month. MR. THIRY: Madam Chairman, you don't have a motion, do you? CHAIRMAN ROVE: No, i t h a s n ' t been seconded, Mr. Thiry. MR. THIRY: I t seems t o me, -- MR. HARTZOG: I haven't heard i t made, i f I might -- CHAIRMAN ROVE: MR. THIRY: I have recognized Mr. T h i r y . I t seems t o me t h a t , you know, t h e r e i s so much good i n a l l of t h i s t h a t v/e c e r t a i n l y would be s t u p i d not t o t a k e a good look a t the whole t h i n g . On the o t h e r hand, i t i s j u s t potted f u l l of l i t t l e i n c o n s i s t e n c i e s and t h i n g s t h a t need t o be worked out. I n my p e r s o n a l o p i n i o n , I am j u s t k i n d of s u r p r i s e d t h a t they go ahead w i t h the C S t r e e t , you know, t h e C I n t e r c h a n g e t h e r e w i t h o u t coming back t o t h e Commission and r a t h e r than d e l a y t h i s m a t t e r f u r t h e r I t h i n k i t should be c o n s i d e r e d i n the c o n t e x t of the Comprehensive P l a n , and I v/ould l i k e t o move tha t v/e r e f e r t h i s whole m a t t e r t o the p r o p e r committee f o r study of i t s r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e Comprehensive P l a n , and I so move. CHAIRMAN ROVE: DR. EDWARDS: I s t h e r e a second? I second. �CHAIRMAN ROWE: Seconded by Dr- Edwards. GENERAL DUKE: motion a w h i l e ago? Madam Chairman, d i d n ' t I o f f e r a I'm not sure what t h e p a r l i a m e n t a r y situation I s . CHAIRMAN ROWE: I b e l i e v e you d i d b u t GENERAL DUKE: I t h i n k Mr. W h i t t o n seconded i t . MR. SHEAR: I have a motion o f f e r e d . I have no MR. THIRY: I would l i k e t o o f f e r t h a t a s an second. . amendment. CHAIRMAN ROWE: I d i d n ' t r e c o g n i z e a seconder. GENERAL DUKE: I see. CHAIRMAN ROWE: Are you ready f o r t h e q u e s t i o n on 1 Mr. T h i r y s motion t h a t we r e f e r t h i s t o the E x e c u t i v e Comm i t t e e o r t o -MR. THIRY: To t h e a p p r o p r i a t e committee. CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. HARTZOG: Or t o the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee Madam Chairman, may I a s k a q u e s t i o n ? CHAIRMAN ROWE: I MR. HARTZOG: What? May I a s k a q u e s t i o n ? CHAIRMAN ROWE: I don't know whether I -- Should I ? (Laughter.) I'm t e r r i b l y t i r e d . V/e'd b e t t e r do something. , What? MR. HARTZOG: • W e l l , i f G e n e r a l Duke o f f e r e d a motior �164 t h a t f a i l e d because of a second, i s i t p o s s i b l e t o o f f e r t h a t motion now a s an amendment t o t h i s motion? GENERAL DUKE: Absolutely, I think. Madam Chairman I would l i k e t o o f f e r an amended motion. MR. SHEAR: I thought t h e r e was a p a r l i a m e n t a r y i n q u i r y t o the Chair. I don't know CHAIRMAN ROWE: — I t h i n k I r e c o g n i z e d you by m i s t a k e (Laughter.) MR. HARTZOG: Madam Chairman, I s t i l l would l i k e an answer t o my i n q u i r y . MR. SHEAR: The pending motion, which was made by Mr. T h i r y and seconded by D r . Edwards, was t o r e f e r the PAC Agreement t o t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee. An amendment to t h a t motion which would do something e l s e would be i n order. GENERAL DUKE: Madam Chairman, may I o f f e r an amended motion and my amended motion i s t h e s u b s t a n c e of t h e * motion I made a w h i l e ago: That t h e P l a n n i n g Commission e x p r e s s i t s g e n e r a l endorsement of t h e statement o f t h e P o l i c y A d v i s o r y Committee w h i c h i t rendered f o l l o w i n g i t s May 2 5 , 1966 meeting. MR. HARTZOG: I second the amended motion. CHAIRMAN ROWE: seconded. A l l right. T h i s time i t ' s I am a d v i s e d by t h e c o u n s e l t h a t t h i s i s not a possibility. You have the a l t e r n a t i v e -- GENERAL DUKE: Madam Chairman, I r e s p e c t f u l l y �165 a p p e a l your d e c i s i o n on t h a t . MR. LOUCHHEIM: L e t me -- CHAIRMAN ROWE: Mr. Louchheim. MR. LOUCHHEIM: I t h i n k G e n e r a l Duke MR. SHEAR: Pardon me, Mr. Louchheim. MR. LOUCHHEIM: MR. SHEAR: What? A motion t o a p p e a l has been made. MR. LOUCHHEIM: MR. SPEAR: I t has t o be seconded. MR. HARTZOG: MR. SHEAR: i s debatable. Oh, t h a t has t o be acted on f i r s t ? I second i t . Then the a p p e a l i s b e f o r e t h e body. I t One member, each member i s e n t i t l e d t o speak once on the a p p e a l . MR. LOUCHHEIM: MR. SHEAR: I t i s d e b a t a b l e , then. S i n c e the motion which the Chair ruled i s out o f o r d e r I s d e b a t a b l e , t h e n the a p p e a l i s d e b a t a b l e . Each member of the Commission i s e n t i t l e d Chairman i s e n t i t l e d t o speak once, the t o speak a t t h e c o n c l u s i o n and a vote i s t a k e n on t h e appea-1. CHAIRMAN ROVE: And a f t e r t h i s we a r e going t o a d j o u r n f o r l u n c h , no m a t t e r , because t h i s long enough. T h i s i s on how t h i s can be c o n s i d e r e d . T h i s i s the question before u s . MR. LOUCHHEIM: May I speak t o t h a t ? I'm not sure whether what I was going t o s a y I s e n t i r e l y r e l e v a n t t o the �166 a p p e a l t o t h e r u l i n g but a s an i n d i v i d u a l member I f e e l that t h e r e a r e , a s o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l members f e e l , t h a t t h e r e a r e items i n t h i s agreement t h a t we would l i k e t o endorse. On the o t h e r hand, I t h i n k we don't f e e l t h a t we can endorse the whole agreement. F i r s t l y , i t has so many q u a l i f i c a t i o n s t h a t we a r e e n d o r s i n g the q u a l i f i c a t i o n s or the r e s e r v a t i o n s w i t h the r e s t of i t . I t ' s a complex document. The motion t o have i t endorsed i n v o l v e s us i n a s i t u a t i o n where we have t o vote one way or t h e o t h e r and on s o r t of the t h i n g s we would like to support and o t h e r t h i n g s v/e v/ould l i k e t o r e s e r v e on. So I would be prepared t o vote on s p e c i f i c s , by i t e m , and I would a s k , i f i t i s s t i l l item i n order, t o have the motion d i v i d e d , because i t i s a complex motion, i n t o s p e c i f i c paragraphs. MR. SHEAR: The o n l y pending m a t t e r which must be d i s p o s e d of i s t h e a p p e a l on the r u l i n g o f t h e C h a i r . CHAIRMAN ROWE: DR. EDWARDS: Mr. Edwards; I can be r u l e d out of o r d e r , i f I am out o f o r d e r , but I would l i k e t o remind G e n e r a l Duke that when we took the vote on t h e suggested p l a n f o r what i s now the Commission's P l a n t h a t you v i g o r o u s l y opposed a vote on t h a t a t t h a t time and even though v/e gave t h e s t a f f i n s t r u c t i o n s t o go back and work some more b e f o r e v/e sent i t out t o the p u b l i c i t was your i d e a t h a t t h e s t a f f should not even do �any f u r t h e r work, t h a t we should Immediately pass t h i s t o t h e p u b l i c , and you v i g o r o u s l y supported that position. I want t o a s k , Why do you now a s k us t o support endorse this, t h i s w i t h o u t any s o r t o f p u b l i c d i s c u s s i o n a t a l l ? MR. SHEAR: Madam Chairman, I am r e l u c t a n t t o do t h i s but t h a t ' s not on t h e a p p e a l . CHAIRMAN ROWE: Does anybody want t o speak on t h i s a p p e a l t o the r u l i n g o f t h e C h a i r t h a t t o vote i n t h i s cont e x t would be out of o r d e r ? G e n e r a l Duke has t h e o p p o r t u n i t y to.put i t i n a s an a l t e r n a t i v e t o the P l a n o r t o a s k f o r a r e s c i n d i n g o f the p r e v i o u s a c t i o n of the Commission and s u b s t i t u t e i t t h a t way but i n i t s g e n e r a l c o n t e x t I am a d v i s e d t h a t i t i s not i n o r d e r . I would l i k e t o r e c o g n i z e anyone who would l i k e t o be heard . (No response.) Then you a r e ready f o r the vote on t h i s . MR. LOUCHHEIM: I f we r u l e t h a t i t I s i n o r d e r , t h e n i t i s b e f o r e us and then we could a s k f o r a d i v i s i o n . MR. SHEAR: May we do t h i s by r o l l c a l l , Madam Chairman, I t h i n k i t would f a c i l i t a t e I t . CHAIRMAN ROWE: Y e s , and the ayes would would s a y t h a t the C h a i r ' s r u l i n g i s wrong? . R SHEAR: M. No. CHAIRMAN ROWE: Oh. support, �168 MR. SHEAR: A vote " y e s " i s t o support t h e r u l i n g of t h e C h a i r and a vote "no" i s a g a i n s t the r u l i n g o f t h e Chair. MR. THIRY: Madam Chairman, could I a s k G e n e r a l Duke t o e x p l a i n j u s t what i s meant by the endorsement o f t h i s thing? I mean, what a r e t h e i m p l i c a t i o n s a s f a r a s the P l a n n i n g Commission i s concerned? MR. SHEAR: I'm a f r a i d CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. THIRY: t h a t ' s -- I'm a f r a i d that I mean, i n order t o , i n o r d e r t o d i s c u s s the a p p e a l I n t e l l i g e n t l y you have t o know what t h e purpose o f t h e motion i s and what i t s o b j e c t i v e i s . CHAIRMAN ROWE: Mr. T h i r y , I hate t o r u l e my b e s t f r i e n d s out o f order but I (Laughter.) -- I must. GENERAL DUKE: Would you e x p l a i n t h e vote a g a i n , p l e a s e , j u s t what t h e vote means? MR. SHEAR: motion, The pending q u e s t i o n i s G e n e r a l Duke's seconded by Mr. H a r t z o g , t o a p p e a l the r u l i n g o f t h e C h a i r , t h a t G e n e r a l Duke's motion, seconded by Mr. H a r t z o g , to amend Mr. T h i r y ' s motion t o s u b s t i t u t e a g e n e r a l endorsement o f t h e PAC statement i s out of o r d e r by r e a s o n of t h e f a c t , t h a t i t would c o n s t i t u t e a d o p t i o n of a p o r t i o n of the Comprehensive P l a n w i t h o u t compliance with the s t a t u t o r y �169 requirement f o r o f f i c i a l agency GENERAL DUKE: review. I n o t h e r words, i f you vote " y e s " you a r e v o t i n g what? MR. SHEAR: s u s t a i n the Chair. sustain I f you vote " y e s " , you a r e v o t i n g t o I f you vote " y e s " , you a r e v o t i n g t o the r u l i n g of the C h a i r . I f you vote "no", you a r e v o t i n g a g a i n s t the r u l i n g o f t h e C h a i r . CHAIRMAN ROWE: you v o t e ? I c a l l on t h e V i c e Chairman. He asked f o r a r o l l call. MR. LOUCHHEIM: I vote y e s . CHAIRMAN ROWE: Mr. Edwards. MR. SHEAR: D r . Edwards. DR. EDWARDS: Y e s . MR. SHEAR: Mr. Norton. MR. NORTON: Y e s . MR. SHEAR: Mr. T h i r y . MR. THIRY: Y e s . MR. SHEAR: Genera1 Duke. GENERAL DUKE: MR. SHEAR: Mr. H a r t z o g . MR. HARTZOG: MR. SHEAR: • MR. HEGNER: No. Mr. McCarter. MR. McCARTER: MR. SHEAR: No. No. Mr. Hegner. No. Would �MR. SHEAR: Colonel S h e f f i e l d . COLONEL SHEFFIELD: MR. SHEAR: No. Mr. V/hitton. MR. V/HITTON: No. MR. SHEAR: Mrs. Rowe. CHAIRMAN ROWE: Y e s . MR. SHEAR: five. The C h a i r has been o v e r r u l e d s i x t o The pending q u e s t i o n i s G e n e r a l Duke's motion t o amend Mr. T h i r y ' s motion t o s u b s t i t u t e a g e n e r a l endorsement of t h e PAC statement.. MR. THIRY": - Madam Chairman, i s a q u e s t i o n i n order ; CHAIRMAN ROWE: Y e s . MR. THIRY: Could I a s k G e n e r a l Duke t o j u s t e x p l a i n what he t h i n k s an endorsement would e n t a i l ? I mean, i n what way a r e v.e committing o u r s e l v e s , i f we endorse t h i s r A d v i s o r y Committee r e p o r t . GENERAL DUKE: I should s a y , Mr. T h i r y , t h a t the P l a n n i n g Commission i s not by t h i s a c t i o n f o r f e i t i n g any of i t s normal p r e r o g a t i v e s t h a t i t would r e g u l a r l y e n j o y . I t i s m e r e l y g i v i n g a pat on t h e back to t h i s document which has been 'worked out a f t e r so much l a b o r and s u p p o r t i n g the p r i n c i p l e s t h a t a r e contained therein. With r e s p e c t t o t h e s p e c i f i c s of the p r o j e c t s c o n t a i n e d h e r e , t h e s e p r o j e c t s w i l l be d u l y submitted t o the r e g u l a r a g e n c i e s t o which these p r o j e c t s a r e n o r m a l l y �171 submitted and the Commission, the F i n e A r t s Commission, and the other commissions i n the c i t y t h a t a r e I n v o l v e d i n t h i s w i l l e x e r c i s e t h e i r normal r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s completely aside from the wording of t h i s document. MR. THIRY: I t seems t o me t h a t we have k i n d of g i v e n up the a u t h o r i t y of the Commission v;hen vie endorse t h i s and t h a t then we l e a v e i t t o the v a g a r i e s of any other agency t h a t might want t o d e p a r t from t h i s . F o r i n s t a n c e , i f you found t h a t K S t r e e t wasn't a c c e p t a b l e t o the Bureau of P u b l i c Roads, why, then you wouldn't go w i t h i t but the P l a n n i n g Commission v/ould have endorsed i t . f o r a new You might then s t a r t to i n t r o d u c e a new subjec North Loop or you might do a l l k i n d s of t h i n g s because the agency wouldn't go along w i t h the s p e c i f i c But the P l a n n i n g Commission v/ould be rendered items. h e l p l e s s to do a n y t h i n g about i t , h a v i n g endorsed the whole t h i n g , and t h i s i s what b o t h e r s It me. seems to me t h a t i f the t h i n g i s going to be r e f e r r e d to the Committee t h a t i t could be i n c o r p o r a t e d , t h a i s , the b e s t p a r t s of t h i s could be i n c o r p o r a t e d as a p a r t of the Comprehensive P l a n and t h a t the Comprehensive P l a n could maybe i n our J u l y m e e t i n g be approved i n i t s t o t a l i t y and then we would have a working i n s t r u m e n t t h a t could go to the p u b l i c f o r h e a r i n g and whatever i s n e c e s s a r y . I c a n ' t h e l p but read here on page 2 of t h i s lette �172 t h a t Mr. T o b r i n e r Board a s s u r e s addressed t o t h e P r e s i d e n t t h a t the you and t h e community t h a t such f u t u r e project p l a n s w i l l be reviewed and presented t o the r e g u l a r l y established a g e n c i e s f o r t h e i r a p p r o v a l i n due c o u r s e . What I propose i s t h a t t h i s m a t t e r be r e f e r r e d t o the Committee so t h a t t h i s m a t t e r c a n be p r o p e r l y preapred, so t h a t i t can be I n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e Comprehensive P l a n and t h a t we f o l l o w t h e p r o t o c o l and f o l l o w the p r o c e d u r e s . I t h i n k t h i s opens t h e door f o r the complete d i s r u p t i o n of our whole p l a n n i n g system and t h i s I s why I am opposed t o i t . I t i s n ' t t h a t I am opposed t o so many of these items i n t h e i r d e t a i l , because many of them I approve, but I j u s t f e e l t h a t we a r e j u s t r e l i e v i n g o u r s e l v e s o b l i g a t i o n here and we a r e being f o r c e d m a j o r i t y vote presumably. of an i n t o i t because of a I j u s t don't t h i n k t h a t we should be put I n t h i s p o s i t i o n and I c e r t a i n l y a s k the members o f t h i s Commission t o c o n s i d e r t h a t i f e v e r y m a t t e r t h a t v/e have b e f o r e us i s s u b j e c t t o t h i s kind of o u t s i d e recommenda- t i o n i n t o t a l endorsement, why, v/e might j u s t a s w e l l g i v e up as a Commission. DR. EDWARDS: May I a s k t h e G e n e r a l why does he i n s i s t on our a d o p t i n g t h i s a s a t o t a l package? MR. LOUCHHEIM: Madam Chairman, may I s a y along that l i n e , t h i s i s a parliamentary Parliamentarian i n q u i r y and I t h i n k t h e o r y o u r s e l f might answer i t . I , a s an �13 i n d i v i d u a l member, would l i k e t o e x p r e s s views on t h i s . I t ' s a v e r y complex motion and I t h i n k the r i g h t of a member of the body i s t o a s k f o r a d i v i s i o n of a complex motion and I would l i k e t o a s k t h a t i t be d i v i d e d and t h a t we vote on the s p e c i f i c p a r a g r a p h s , i f t h a t i s my r i g h t , a s I understand it. MR. SHEAR: The PAC statement c o n s i s t s of s i x t e e n s p e c i f i c -- or t h e agreement r e f e r s t o s i x t e e n s p e c i f i c Items and f i v e g e n e r a l items and, i n our o p i n i o n , t h e r e f o r e , I t i s e n t i t l e d to be d i v i d e d upon the r e q u e s t of any member of the Commission. MR. LOUCHHEIM: Then I would a s k f o r t h a t . I don't t h i n k I have t o do more than a s k f o r i t . DR. EDWARDS: I'll CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. SHEAR: second t h a t . D r . Edwards w i s h e s t o second i t . There i s no second r e q u i r e d , Madam Chairman. CHAIRMAN ROVE: MR. SHEAR: Oh. I t m e r e l y r e q u i r e s t h e r e q u e s t on t h e p a r t of any member o f t h e Commission CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. SHEAR: To d i v i d e . -- t h a t a complex motion be d i v i d e d . CHAIRx-AN ROVE: A l lright. Then I t h i n k when v/e r come back a f t e r l u n c h v/e c a n vote on i t s e c t i o n by s e c t i o n . We c a n ' t do t h a t b e f o r e l u n c h . �174 MR. THIRY: Madam Chairman, I t h i n k , f i r s t , h a s h out t h i s i d e a o f r e f e r r i n g let's i t t o the Committee. Now, a s I understand i t , t h i s whole t h i n g kind of came up I n a h u r r y and we were asked t o r e f e r I t t o the Transportation Committee more or l e s s on s h o r t o r d e r and the Committee d i d n ' t f e e l t h a t i t had s u f f i c i e n t time i n order to make the proper study. B u t , on t h e o t h e r hand, i f t h i s were r e f e r r e d t o the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee and we had u n t i l the 2 1 s t of J u l y , o r the next meeting, t o make the necessary observations and recommendations on the d e t a i l of t h i s , I t h i n k t h e r e would be a much more I n t e l l i g e n t and I t h i n k i t would a c c o m p l i s h G e n e r a l Duke's i d e a here i n a much more r a t i o n a l can be c a r r i e d way, approach way. I am sure t h a t t h i s whole t h i n g out i n a much more o r d e r l y and a q u i c k e r i f we would j u s t take our r e g u l a r p r o c e s s e s and work i t out. The n e x t t h i n g , of c o u r s e , i s t o put an urgency on the m a t t e r t o see t o i t t h a t we do a c t on i t and I t h i n k t h i s i s what he i s concerned w i t h , as I read between the l i n e s . I p e r s o n a l l y f e e l t h a t t h e r e i s an urgency. are many p r o j e c t s here t h a t could I think there be approved. I t h i n k i t has been pointed out t h e r e a r e many p r o j e c t s t h a t v/e have approved t h a t haven't gone ahead. So I don't t h i n k t h a t we can take a l l of the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y but I v/ould hope t h a t G e n e r a l Duke v/ould see t h e m e r i t s o f l e t t i n �175 t h i s t h i n g go through the p r o p e r p r o c e s s . MR. LOUCHHEIM: I f he does, t h e n he should withdraw h i s motion. CHAIRMAN ROVE: Then, G e n e r a l Duke, would you l i k e to second Mr. T h i r y ? GENERAL DUKE: I can o n l y r e c a l l t o Mr. T h i r y ' s mind the f a c t t h a t I d i d t r y t o o f f e r t h i s t o the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee on Monday and the Committee wouldn't e n t e r t a i n i t and s o , r e a l l y , we t r i e d t o go through t h i s regular p r o c e s s t h a t you have. CHAIRMAN ROVE: I s t h e r e a second t o Mr. T h i r y ' s motion? MR. SHEAR: The pending motion, Madam Chairman, i s G e n e r a l Duke's motion t o amend Mr. T h i r y ' s motion by sub- • • stituting f o r the r e f e r r a l a g e n e r a l endorsement of the PAC statement. GENERAL DUPE: May we have the q u e s t i o n , please, Mad am Cha i rman. MR. SHEAR: Mr. Louchheim has requested a d i v i s i o n on the vote and when t h e pending q u e s t i o n i s reached and i s voted upon, each I t e m w i l l be voted on i n d i v i d u a l l y . CHAIRMAN ROVE: You. mean -- You w i l l have t o e x p l a i r i t t o me. I f we Vote on G e n e r a l Duke's motion w i t h the d i v i s i o n i n and t h e motion i s c a r r i e d then we -- �176 MR. LOUCHHEIM: MR. SHEAR: You vote on each i t e m . Then you w i l l Vote on each paragraph o f the PAC agreement. CHAIRMAN ROWE: lunch. Then we w i l l have t o do t h a t a f t e r I'm s o r r y . G e n e r a l Duke, b u t I can't p r e s i d e any longer. GENERAL DUKE: Madam Chairman, the motion i s b e f o r e the House and, i f we j u s t vote on my motion, I t h i n k i t w i l l r e s o l v e the i s s u e . MR. LOUCHHEIM: I t h i n k I have the r i g h t t o a s k and I t h i n k any member has the r i g h t t o a s k the d i v i s i o n of a v e r y complex motion, which I'm s u r e you w i l l agree t h i s i s , and, a s I s a i d , we would l i k e t o vote maybe one way on some paragraphs and a n o t h e r way on a n o t h e r and t h e P a r l i a m e n t a r i a n has a d v i s e d us t h a t any member has a r i g h t t o a s k for that d i v i s i o n . MR. SHEAR: I would a d v i s e the C h a i r t h a t t h e s u b j e c t m a t t e r o f the motion c o n t a i n s more than one i t e m and c o n s e q u e n t l y i s s u b j e c t t o d i v i s i o n upon the r e q u e s t of an i n d i v i d u a l member o f the Commission. CHAIRMAN ROWE: G e n e r a l Duke. So I t h i n k we w i l l -- MR. NORTON: amounts t o . We've done t h i s o f t e n b e f o r e , We vote s i x t e e n t i m e s i s what i t We j u s t go down through and then we can get o u r s e l v e s s q u a r e l y on the r e c o r d a s t o what we want t o do �JL'H w i t h t h e s e t h i n g s t h a t some of us don't want t o g i v e g e n e r a l endorsement t o here and I ' l l be g l a d t o do i t now. I ' v e got the s t a m i n a . CHAIRMAN ROWE: I haven't. So w e ' l l a d j o u r n u n t i l an hour. MR. SHEAR: Two f o r t y - f i v e ? CHAIRMAN ROWE: A q u a r t e r of t h r e e . (The meeting adjourned a t 1:43 o'clock p.m. t o reconvene a t 2:4-5 o ' c l o c k p.m. t h i s same d a y . ) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource In the matter of the National Capital Planning Commission meeting open session volume I : Thursday, June 9, 1966 Subject The topic of the resource Public meetings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Capital Planning Commission Jo Ann Withers Reporting Services Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 9, 1966 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Description An account of the resource Please note: This report includes irregularly-sized pages. If the report is not visible, try scrolling to the right or left or using the zoom in (+) or zoom out (-) functions in the PDF viewer window. https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/07d685eb73ab86b8c3a23acc77788906.pdf?Expires=1787788800&Signature=PSq5qdkozbwlJmcAF8-1Fj-dfgs8FzYo%7EUQh0ICMe851%7EEceUUQhRlRtvZJZh1fgdm6ilbS0aMojJBPB8PJNYYl9GjMa8AhkL1VgS1gK7EYfc4fmrTCQ1YHhfqad3ovbbohXS2VBrYkfTsAJKosUyDsrAvaLWJbrGqgXlba5lvSna5PMqYwG6enFzpZnKnUDVEb3L8A9aajStmB5bW1fEM4LAm5nKuqhaIAYMoi%7ErKwf30WLbc1CkrYL7kYQphAW2BofFQk17KBlJQ%7EqkFUOFG2FeigUvOAunSiv1pn5M0xm1dbh1lnACl9vVkf7zjK9ALWZT%7Ew9Hok7WSVgA6tD7Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM d7f5a1044d334fad14bd8a6f14c5b557 PDF Text Text In the matter of: NATIONAL CAPITAL PLANNING COMMISSION PUBLIC HEARING ON THE TRANSPORTATION SECTION OF THE PROPOSED COMPREHENSIVE PLAN FOR THE NATIONAL CAPITAL VOLUME I Place: Washington, D. C Date: June 14, 1967. OFFICIAL REPORTERS Jo Ann Withers Reporting Service 1906 M S T R E E T , W A S H I N G T O N , D.C. N.W. 20036 338-7060 �TABLE OF CONTENTS^*? 0 . ^ v VOLUME I e % ^ ^ . P A G E 2 Opening Statement of The Chairman 7 N o t i c e s of p u b l i c h e a r i n g 12 Remarks of G. F r a n k l i n Edwards L i s t of w i t n e s s e s ,. 13 STATEMENTS: T. F , A i r i s , D i r e c t o r , Department of Highways and T r a f f i c , Government of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia 14 Harold E . W i r t h , Chairman, D i s t r i c t of Columbia M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a Highway U s e r s Conference , 22 Glenn T. L a s h l e y , D i r e c t o r , P u b l i c R e l a t i o n s and C i v i c A c t i v i t i e s , D i s t r i c t of Columbia D i v i s i o n , American Automobile A s s o c i a t i o n 33 Adolphe J . Edwards, P r e s i d e n t , South Manor Neighborhood Association 4l Sammie A b d u l l a h A b b o t t , Emergency Committee on the Transportation C r i s i s 47 R u s s e l l H. Hornback, V i c e P r e s i d e n t and B u s i n e s s Manager, Union T a x i Owners C o o p e r a t i v e A s s o c i a t i o n , I n c 76 Ted P r a h i n s k i , P r e s i d e n t , Shepherd Park C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n .. 80 Joseph G. F e r r i e r , Chairman, Committee on A i r P o l l u t i o n , Save Takoma Park Committee 87 Robert M. Kennan, J r . , Chairman, Roads Subcommittee, Committee of 100 on the F e d e r a l C i t y 90 �B TABLE OF CONTENTS P A G E George F r a i n , E x e c u t i v e V i c e P r e s i d e n t , Kalorama Citizens Association, Inc 95 Robert D. L e r n e r , V i c e P r e s i d e n t and G e n e r a l Manager, Airport Transport, I n c D. L. Chaney 104 „ H e r b e r t T, Wood, C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y of America C. E . H a l l , R e g i o n a l Manager, E a s t e r n Greyhound L i n e s . 110 113 118 Simon L. C a i n , P r e s i d e n t , Lamond-Riggs C i t i z e n s Association 119 B e r n a r d C a i n , S e c r e t a r y , Brookland C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n 126 Robert F. Koch 130 Morton S. R a f f , T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Chairman, Montgomery County C i t i z e n s P l a n n i n g A s s o c i a t i o n 135 Marion B a r r y , J r . , C i t i z e n s Committee f o r E q u a l J u s t i c e 139 Angela Rooney, Brookland f o r People and T r e e s Committee 143 W i l l i a m H. Waters A d j o u r n m e n t Index „ 148 15 i 2 �"1/jbj NATIONAL CAPITAL PLANNING COMMISSION PUBLIC HEARING ON THE TRANSPORTATION SECTION OF THE PROPOSED COMPREHENSIVE PLAN FOR THE NATIONAL CAPITAL June 14, 1967 (The h e a r i n g was convened a t 7:45 o'clock p.m. i n the Department o f S t a t e West Auditorium, Mrs. Washington, D. C, James H. Rowe, J r . , p r e s i d i n g . The f o l l o w i n g members, a l t e r n a t e members and o f f i c e r s o f the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission were present: MRS. J . H. ROWE, J R . , CHAIRMAN G. FRANKLIN EDWARDS BRIGADIER GENERAL ROBERT E . MATHE, AND H I S ALTERNATES: COLONEL TOM H. REYNOLDS LIEUTENANT COLONEL LEWIS W. PRENTISS, J R . ROBERT C. HORNE, ALTERNATE FOR THE DIRECTOR OF THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE WALTER J . McCARTER, AND H I S ALTERNATES: JOHN RANNELLS WILLIAM I . HERMAN JOHN C. DYE, ALTERNATE FOR THE COMMISSIONER OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS SERVICE COLONEL ALVIN B. WILDER, ALTERNATE FOR THE CHIEF CP ENG^MGERS OF THE U. S. ARMY JAMES L. SHOTWELL, ALTERNATE FOR DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC ROADS DANIEL H. SHEAR, SECRETARY �2 Cl/Jbj I n a d d i t i o n , the Honorable W a l t e r N. T o b r i n e r , P r e s i d e n t , Board o f Commissioners o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, and the Honorable George A. Avery, Chairman o f the P u b l i c S e r v i c e Commission o f the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, were present.) OPENING STATEMENT OP THE CHAIRMAN CHAIRMAN ROWE: Good e v e n i n g , l a d i e s , gentlemen, f r i e n d s and n e i g h b o r s . I am E l i z a b e t h Rowe, Chairman o f the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Planning Commission, and on b e h a l f of the Commis- s i o n I welcome you t o t h i s p u b l i c h e a r i n g on the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e c t i o n o f the Proposed Comprehensive Plan. The purpose of the h e a r i n g , as a l l o f you know, i s t o provide an o p p o r t u n i t y f o r the o r g a n i z a t i o n s and i n d i - v i d u a l s i n the Washington m e t r o p o l i t a n area to express t h e i r views on the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n proposals r e c e n t l y pub- l i s h e d by the Commission. I n order t o encourage the b r o a d e s t p o s s i b l e r e s p o n s e , n o t i c e s o f t h i s h e a r i n g were published i n local newspapers and the t e x t o f the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e c t i o n o f the plan was published I n t h e Sunday S t a r on May 28th. I n a d d i t i o n , we have mailed r e p r i n t s o f the n o t i c e o f p u b l i c h e a r i n g and the t e x t t o our r e g u l a r m a i l i n g �3 Cl/jbj lists. Members and a l t e r n a t e members o f the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission a r e i n attendance hear your v i e w s . Furthermore, tonight to we have Commissioner T o b r i n e r , who i s too modest t o s i t up a t the t a b l e w i t h the r e s t o f us and he i s s i t t i n g i n the audience, and the mem- b e r s o f the P u b l i c S e r v i c e Commission o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. We b e l i e v e t h a t you, the c i t i z e n s o f t h i s commu- n i t y , can c o n t r i b u t e much t o the process o f p l a n n i n g a t r u l y g r e a t Nation's Capital. We a r e g r a t e f u l t o you f o r coming to share your i d e a s w i t h u s . T h i s i s a most unusual meeting o f the Commission, not o n l y because t h i s i s the f i r s t formal public hearing e v e r h e l d , but i t i s a l s o because we have come t o l i s t e n t o you r a t h e r than you t o u s . I n order f o r you t o know us b e t t e r , I would l i k e to i n t r o d u c e the Commission members who a r e p r e s e n t and the a l t e r n a t e members: F i r s t , Dr. F r a n k E i w a r d s , who i s the Chairman o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee o f the P l a n n i n g Commission. Dr. Edwards. (Dr. Edwards r o s e ; applause.) Dr. Edwards and I a r e the o n l y p u b l i c members here t o n i g h t . The two out-of-town members couldn't make i t . �Mr. Louohheim i n t e n d s t o come tomorrow, i f and when we have a s e s s i o n , which seems l i k e l y . Going down the t a b l e : General Mathe, who c i t s on the Commission i n h i s r o l e as D i s t r i c t E n g i n e e r Commissioner. ( G e n e r a l Mathe r o s e ; applause.) Mr. W a l t e r McCarter o f the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency. (Mr. McCarter r o s e ; Mr. applause.) James S h o t w e l l o f the Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads. (Mr. S h o t w e l l r o s e ; applause.) C o l o n e l W i l d e r of the Army Corps o f E n g i n e e r s . (Colonel Wilder rose; applause.) Mr. Robert Home f o r the Park S e r v i c e . (Mr. Home r o s e ; applause.) Mr. Dye o f the P u b l i c B u i l d i n g s S e r v i c e . (Mr, Dye r o s e ; applause.) Who i s on the o t h e r end ( t o Mr, S h e a r ) ? MR, SHEAR: Colonel Prentiss. (Laughter.) CHAIRMAN ROWE: I haven't got my g l a s s e s ; I can't see who's a t the end. MR. SHEAR: Colonel CHAIRMAN ROWE: District., Sorry, Colonel Prentiss. Oh, and C o l o n e l P r e n t i s s from the Prentiss. �(Colonel P r e n t i s s rose; applause.) The s u b j e c t o f the h e a r i n g t o n i g h t i s l i m i t e d t o the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e c t i o n of the p l a n . presentation. There w i l l be no A l l of you know a l o t about i t . You have f o l l o w e d I t f o r a long time. I might b r i e f l y summarize some o f the h i g h l i g h t s of i t but as I look out here i n t o the audience I am reminded of a s t o r y o f a man who i n h i s e a r l y youth sur- v i v e d the Johnstown Flood and he made a c a r e e r of t a l k i n g about the Johnstown Flood and speaking about i t on e v e r y occasion, graduation e x e r c i s e s , Fourth of J u l y , Rotary luncheons. He had a good and long l i f e and he enjoyed talk- i n g about the Johnstown Flood and when he died and he got to Heaven he r a n i n t o S t . P e t e r a t the gate who welcomed him warmly and s a i d , Oh, I know you, you're is the f e l l o w who such an e x p e r t on the Johnstown F l o o d . He s a i d , indeed, he was and he would l i k e t o speak about i t now t h a t he was t h e r e . S t . P e t e r arranged a g a t h e r i n g i n the a u d i t o r i u m and the next n i g h t he stood in f r o n t o f an audience and j u s t as he was about t o speak S t . P e t e r s a i d , By the way, I t h i n k I had b e t t e r t e l l you Noah and h i s f a m i l y a r e i n the audience. ( L a u g h t e r and a p p l a u s e . ) So I do f e e l w i t h so many e x p e r t s i n t h i s �6 Cl/jbj audience t h a t I w i l l go once over l i g h t l y on the proposals of the p l a n because I do t h i n k you know them w e l l . The p l a n does propose a p p r o x i m a t e l y 40 m i l e s of r a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t as p a r t of a l a r g e r r e g i o n a l t r a n s i t system. The c i t y ' s c i t i z e n s , as w e l l as the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, are unanimous i n t h e i r support of a new mass t r a n s i t system. (Applause.) The expressways p l a n proposes about 3^ m i l e s of freeways w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t , of which about 19 have not y e t been b u i l t . and miles I need not t e l l you t h a t the freeway system has been and i s s t i l l the most c o n t r o v e r s i a l p r o p o s a l i n the p l a n or t h a t the P l a n n i n g Commission i t s e l f i s s h a r p l y d i v i d e d on the q u e s t i o n . T2 As to a r t e r i a l and l o c a l s t r e e t s , the p l a n advo- c a t e s the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of a more c l e a r l y d e f i n e d system of a r t e r i a l s t r e e t s w i t h a r e d u c t i o n i n the number of s t r e e t s used f o r through traffic. I t a l s o c a l l s f o r an e x t e n s i v e program of o f f s t r e e t p a r k i n g r e l a t e d to the new t r a n s i t system and advo- c a t e s s t r o n g p u b l i c c o n t r o l of v e h i c u l a r p a r k i n g to i n s u r e t h a t a l l downtown p a r k i n g i s l o c a t e d o f f - s t r e e t and i n the proper l o c a t i o n s . No changes are proposed i n the r a i l r o a d system. The p l a n s u g g e s t s , however, t h a t more use could be made of �7 railroad commuter s e r v i c e when the subway system provides downtown d i s t r i b u t i o n . The p l a n a l s o suggests t h a t a means be found t o route through r a i l r o a d f r e i g h t t r a f f i c around, r a t h e r than through, the c i t y . The p l a n recommends expanded use o f the e x i s t i n g j e t a i r p o r t s , D u l l e s and F r i e n d s h i p , and c a l l s f o r development o f d i r e c t r a i l t r a n s i t t o these a i r p o r t s t o make them more a c c e s s i b l e . Judgment i s r e s e r v e d i n the p l a n on the future o f the Washington N a t i o n a l A i r p o r t u n t i l the Com- m i s s i o n r e v i e w s the r e v i s e d master p l a n f o r t h a t a i r p o r t c u r r e n t l y under p r e p a r a t i o n by the F e d e r a l A v i a t i o n Agency. F i n a l l y , the p l a n recommends the development o f a c o n s o l i d a t e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t e r m i n a l combined w i t h a v i s i t o r s ' c e n t e r i n the v i c i n i t y of Union S t a t i o n . At t h i s p o i n t , i n order t o be v e r y official, t h e r e w i l l be i n s e r t e d i n t o the r e c o r d the n o t i c e s o f p u b l i c h e a r i n g s p u b l i s h e d i n the Sunday S t a r on May 1967, 28, and i n the Washington P o s t , the Evening S t a r , the Washington D a i l y News, and the Washington ^fro-American June 2, on 1967. (The n o t i c e s o f p u b l i c h e a r i n g r e f e r r e d t o above read a s f o l l o w s : ) �AFFIDAVIT District of Columbia, Personally OF PUBLICATION ss. appeared before me, PEGGY A. T R I M B L E , a Notary Public in and for the District til. ij^L li'U* lH.lt it of Columbia who being duly sworn according to law, on oath says that he is the Agent and Controller of a daily newspaper published tHht is a true copy, was published fUlSUUtg in the City of Washington, of Columbia, and that the advertisement, on the following aforesaid, of which the in said newspaper / ar District annexed time^/ dale^: " fay at a cost of, Dollars, Subscribed and sworn to before me My commission (Seal) A C C T . N O . <« expires September 30, 1968 Vvv Notary Public �7B DISTRICT of COLUJEIA, to w i t : coFf OF NOTICE Personally appeared before me a . Notary Pablic i n and f o r the said District, . f NATIONAL CAPITAL PLANNING COMMISSION NOTICE 0 " . PUBIC HEARING Horace N. J i o l i l l y who being duly sworn according to law, on oath says he i s the duly authorized agent of the "Afro-American Company", publishers of the "Washington Afro-American a newspaper published i n the D i s t r i c t aforesaid, and that the advertisement of which the annexed i s a true copy was published in the regular editions of said newspaper C I S times-, on the following dates* 11 Agent COSTS $ 20.25 Subscribed to and sworn before me this fcji day o£__CLi.;^.> *$C'? Notary public D i s t r i c t of Columbia Oi\ (lie T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Section of the P r o p o s e d C o m p r e h e n s i v e PIr.n for the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l JUNE 14, 15:7 T h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission w i l l hold * P u b l i c H e a r i n g i n the State D e p a r t m e n t West A u d i t o r i u m , on 23rd Street, X . W . . between C and D Streets, on W e d nesday, J u n e 14. 1957, at 7:30 P . M . , to afford i n t e r e s t e d parties an opportunity to present t h e i r v i e w s on the transportation section of the Proposed C o m p r e h e n s i v e P l a n . T h e t e x t of the transportion section is a v a i l a b l e at the Commission's offices. 1111 20th Street. X . V . , between 9:C0 A . M . and 5:00 P . M . . Monday through F r i d a y . I r . c i v i d u a l s and representatives of organizations w i s h i n g to be h e a r d at the P u b l i c H e a r i n g are requested to f u r n i s h t h e i r names, addresses, telephone numbers, and the name c f the oracnization. i f any. i n w r i t i n g , to the S e c r e t a r y . National Capital Planning Commission. Washington. D . C . , 20576. not later than the close of business Monday. J u n e 12, 1957, so that t h e i r names m a y be placed c n the l i s t of witnesses. Others present at the h e a r i n g who w i s h to be h e a r d may be afforded a n opportunity to testify, if time p e r m i t s . ' a f t e r those on the list of witnesses have been c a l l e d and h e a r d . I n order to provide a:i opportunity for the m a x i m u m n u m b e r of persons to be heard. :t m a y be necessarv to l i m i t the length of o r a l presentations. W i t n e s s e s are therefore encouraged to submit w r i t t e n statements for i n c l u s i o n i n the r e c o r d c f the hearing, i n addition to or i n l i e u of o r a l presentations. T h e r e c o r d of the h e a r i n g w i l l be h e l d open for this purpose u n t i l June. n . - ' ' H. Shear. S»erMarc-. -T.c Katlonal C.-,r;'.al Planning Cc:'.irr.:s5ion �AFFIDAVIT District of Columbia, Personally OF PUBLICATION ss. appeared before me, PEGGY a Notary Public in and for the District A. T R I M B L E , of Columbia aforesaid, who being duly su-orn according to law, on oath says that he is the Agent and Controller of a daily newspaper published tUllC ^ i m m t l j in the City of Washington, of Columbia, and that the advertisement, is a true copy, was published on the following of which the in said newspaper J?>inr District annexed / times' date/: l u ^ u cJ.. / l A ' 7 at a cost of, Dollars, Subscribed and sworn to before me My commission expires September 30, 1958 19 (Seal) A C C T . NO. Notary it Public. �NATIONAL CAPITAL PLANNING COMMISSION NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING On the Transportation Section of the Proposed Comprehensive Plan for the National Capital JUNE 14, 1967 The National Capital Planning Commission will hold a Public Hearing in the State Department AVest Auditorium, on 23rd Street NAY., between C and D Streets, on Wednesday, June 1-1, 1967, at 7:30 P.M., to afford interested parties an opportunity to present their views on the transportation section of the Proposed Comprehensive Plan. The text of the transportation section is available at the Commission's office. 1111 20th Street N.V., between 9:00 A.M. and 5:00 PAL, Monday through Friday. Individuals and representatives of organizations wishing to be heard at this Public Hearing arc requested to furnish their names, addresses, telephone numbers, and the name of the organization, if any, tn writing, to the Secretary, National Capital Planning Commission, Washington, D.C.. 20576, not later than the close of business Monday, June 12, 1967, so that their names may he placed on the list of witnesses. Others present at the hearings who wish to be heard may be afforded an opportunity to testify, if time permits, after those on the list of witnesses have been called and heard. In order to provide an opportunity for the maximum number of persons to be heard, it may he necessary to limit the length of oral presentations. \\ itnesses are therefore encouraged to submit written statements for inclusion in the record of the hearing, in addition to or in lieu of oral presentations. The record of the hearing will be held open for this purpose until June 30, 1967. Danie! H . Shea.-, Sec.-eUry National Capital P l a n r i r i Cc.T.missioa �7D PROOF OF P U B L I C A T I O N —IN § Ststrirt of Ql-nlxtmbta, m. Personally appeared before me, a Notary Public in and for the said District, WILLIAM F . R E I T H known to me to be W E JJ ASST...CPNPTROLL.Q.r.„ f 0 (Srjr Safirjlttglnti Host a daily newspaper printed and published in the City of Washington, District of Columbia, and made oath in due form of law that the annexed advertisement was published in said newspaper at the times mentioned in rhe Certificate opposite hereto. SlttttPJSS 13TH my hand and official seal this .day of &me j N0TA9T 19.6.7. Public. D. c. J 1;-?r?liy (E?rttfU that the foregoing advertise* ment was printed and published i n a daily newspaper, upon the f o l l o w i n g dates at a cost of June 2, 1967 �Advertisement Advertisement Adved;s?.T.enr NATIONAL CAPITAL PLANNING COMMISSION NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING On the Transportation Section of the Proposed Comprehensive Plan for the National Capital V JUNE 14, 1967 The National Capital Planning Commission will hold a Public Hearing in the State Department West Auditorium, on 23rd Street, N.W., between C and D Streets, on Wednesday, June 14, 1967, at 7:30 P.M., to •afford interested parties an opportunity to present their views on the transportation section of the Proposed Comprehensive Plan. The text of the transportation section is available at the Commission's offices, 1111 20th Street' N.W., between 9:00 A.M. and 5:00 P.M., Monday through Friday. Individuals and representatives of organizations wishing to be heard at this Public Hearing are requested to furnish their names, addresses, telephone numbers, and the name of the organization, if any, in tvriting, to the Secretary, National Capital Planning Commission, Washington, D.C., 20576, not later than the close of business Monday, June 12, 1967, so that their names may be placed on the list of witnesses. Others present at the hearing who wish, to be heard may be afforded an opportunity to testify, if time permits, after those on the list of witnesses have been called and heard. In order to provide an opportunity for the maximum number of persons to be heard, it may be necessary to limit the length of oral presentations. Witnesses are therefore encouraged to submit written statements for inclusion in the record of the hearing, in addition to or in lieu of oral presentations. The record of the hearing will be held open for this purpose until June 30, 1967. Daniel H. Shear. S e c r e t a r y National C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Com«r.;s5:on �•* 7E WASHINGTON DAILY NEWS PROOF O F PUBLICATION ' AFTADAV1T . COPY OF NOTICE District of Columbia, to wit: NATIONAL CAPITAL PLANNING NOTICE OF PUBLIC HEARING Personally appeared before me Oo the T r c " < . c c r T c ! l c n JUNE The K a t h r y n L. K i n g , 14, 1967 Noticr.cl C a p i t a l Fior.ning C o m m i s s i o n w i l l hold a Public H e a r i n g in the Department well known to me to be the bookkeeper of the Washington Dcily News Company, a daily newspaper printed and published in the District cforescid; end mode oath in due form of law that the annexed notice was published in scid dcily newspaper ct the time mentioned in the certificate opposite hereto. '.Vest A u d i t o r i u m , cn 23rd Street, Wednesday, June 14, 1947, c t . iftir T h e text cf the t r c n s p c r t c t i c n mission's cttices, Ihrcugn heard Fridoy. ct Vech-cre this later 1111 : t - h Puti c nurrt-ers Secretary, view* cn tr« trcnspcrtc'icn Jyne., , _ 19^2 Street, Irdivduds : end Hearing end Njf.cr.cl ere rt^'-eitcd Planning ptcced te heerd may te the cf witnesses fcr the list the list c f w i t n e s s e s . maximum their ea'ied. crd cf p e r s e n s $ory to limit the length cf crol p.-esen'ctlcns. if e n y . to cf In w r i t i n g , to the D.C., IC574. the heoring v.hc if time heard. to t e Wtresses In te eddresses, net wisti to permits, cfler order to the S t prcv'de h e a r d , it m a y e r e therefore may te cn re-ces- enccurcced to s u b m i t written s t a t e m e n t f c r Inclusion In t r e r e c o r d cf the h e a r i n g , in edditien in lie-j cf ore! presentations. T h e r e c o r d cf the h e a r i n g w i l l t e he'd cccn for this purpose until J u n e 30, 1557. Ocnlel H. Sheer, J e c r e ' c r y National Ccpitol Planning Commission I hereby certify that the foregoing notice was printed in the Washington Dcily News, a daily newspaper upon the following dates: J a n e 2^ Not ary Public, D. C . My Commission expires January 14. 1972 Com- Verity v..shing ncrr,es, Washington, present cn epper- J u n e 12, 1?:7, so that their n a m e s C're.-s number cn 5 P.V., organizations furnish Cemm ssicn, btefl por'ies 1$ cvo'Hatie c t the C o m - » A.M. cf afforded c n opportunity to test.fy, heve S'c'e Stree's, sect cn cf the P r c c e s e d >r« ntrr.e c f th crgsr<tl«t*en, Ccp.'cl te to in'crei'ed sec'icn N.'.V., t e * * e « o recresor.'onves then the c l o s e cf business V c n d c y , cn between C c.-d 0 to c t f o r d Plcn. to c r day of P.M.., prehensive opportunity l 7:30 N.W., tu-oity to present en l *$h Section cf tt-.e P r o p o s e d C o m c r e h w i j i v o P l c n fcr the Naticnol Ccpi*ai A Notary Public ir. end lor the scid District Witness my hand and official seal this COMMISSION 1967 �8 3j/3 CHAIRMAN ROWE: I n response t o the n o t i c e , 69 i n d i v i d u a l s and r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f o r g a n i z a t i o n s requested i n w r i t i n g by the c l o s e o f b u s i n e s s on June 12 t h a t t h e i r names be placed on the l i s t o f w i t n e s s e s . l e n g t h o f the l i s t Because o f the o f w i t n e s s e s , and i n accordance w i t h the n o t i c e , i t w i l l be n e c e s s a r y t o l i m i t each o r a l t i o n to ten minutes. presenta- The time r e q u i r e d f o r q u e s t i o n s by members or a l t e r n a t e members o f the Commission, the D i s t r i c t Commissioners, or the members o f the P u b l i c S e r v i c e Commiss i o n , and f o r answers t h e r e t o , w i l l not be charged t o the witness. The S e c r e t a r y o f the Commission w i l l i n d i c a t e t o each w i t n e s s when e i g h t minutes have W i t n e s s e s a r e encouraged elapsed. t o be b r i e f i n t h e i r o r a l p r e s e n t a t i o n s and t o submit w r i t t e n statements f o r i n c l u s i o n i n the r e c o r d o f the h e a r i n g which w i l l be kept open u n t i l June the 30th. We have s t a r t e d doing a l i t t l e a r i t h m e t i c on the number o f w i t n e s s e s and we don't t h i n k t h a t we can p l a n another 2 2 - i n n i n g n i g h t and I t h i n k t h a t we c e r t a i n l y have t o have another s e s s i o n tomorrow evening; will i f each w i t - ness i s t o take t e n m i n u t e s , and t h e r e a r e 69 w i t n e s s e s , you can see i t would be a v e r y l a t e hour. We hope t o f i n i s h t h i s e v e n i n g ' s s e s s i o n by e l e v e n or a l i t t l e l a t e r and I would t h i n k t h a t between nine and n i n e - t h i r t y we might have a ten-minute r e c e s s . �9 A f t e r the r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f a g e n c i e s o f the F e d e r a l and D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Governments t e s t i f y , wit- nesses w i l l be c a l l e d by the S e c r e t a r y o f the Commission i n the order i n which t h e i r names were submitted t o the S e c r e tary. The names o f w i t n e s s e s who f a i l t o respond t o the f i r s t c a l l o f t h e i r names w i l l be c a l l e d a g a i n a f t e r a l l o f the names on the l i s t o f w i t n e s s e s have been c a l l e d initi- ally. I might say t o those o f you who e i t h e r f o r one r e a s o n or another d i d not get the w r i t t e n n o t i c e i n i n t i m e , I am t e r r i b l y s o r r y . I f we have the s e s s i o n tomorrow, which seems l i k e l y , and the l i s t which you have here i s f i n i s h e d , then we would l i k e t o hear from those o f you whose r e q u e s t s i n w r i t i n g came i n too l a t e . But I do remind you t h a t t h e r e i s an o p p o r t u n i t y up u n t i l June the 30th t o submit your w r i t t e n t e s t i m o n y . Whether you w i l l have an oppor- t u n i t y t o stand here and speak, I can't be sure a t t h i s time. I t depends on the amount o f time t h a t the other w i t - nesses t a k e . A complete r e c o r d o f t h i s h e a r i n g , i n c l u d i n g statements and m a t e r i a l s submitted a f t e r the h e a r i n g but on or before June 30th t o the S e c r e t a r y o f the Commission, w i l l be a v a i l a b l e f o r e x a m i n a t i o n a f t e r June 30th a t the Commission's o f f i c e s , 1111 20th S t r e e t , between nine and f i v e , Monday through Friday. �10 i d ."jbj/5 Copies of the r e c o r d may a l s o be purchased from the Jo Ann W i t h e r s R e p o r t i n g S e r v i c e a t 1906 M. F o l l o w i n g t h i s h e a r i n g , the Commission and i t s s t a f f w i l l r e v i e w the comments r e c e i v e d and submitted f o r the r e c o r d , as w e l l as those r e c e i v e d a t the s e r i e s o f p u b l i c meetings p r e v i o u s l y held by the Commission on the v a r i o u s p a r t s o f t h e Proposed Comprehensive P l a n . We have been out i n the d i f f e r e n t geographical a r e a s o f the c i t y , as many o f you know, l i s t e n i n g t o the c i t i z e n s c l o s e r t o home. Together w i t h the views o f the o f f i c i a l agencies submitted t o the Commission, the comments w i l l be used i n p r e p a r i n g the Comprehensive P l a n f o r the Nation's C a p i t a l for adoption by the Commission i n accordance w i t h the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Act o f 1952. The Major Thorough- f a r e P l a n p a r t o f the Comprehensive P l a n i s r e q u i r e d by law to be approved by the Commissioners o f the D i s t r i c t and the Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n p a r t o f the Comprehensive P l a n i s r e q u i r e d by law t o be approved by a j o i n t board c o n s i s t i n g of the D i s t r i c t Commissioners and the members o f the P u b l i c S e r v i c e Commission. Before the S e c r e t a r y s t a r t s c a l l i n g the w i t n e s s e s , I would l i k e t o i n t r o d u c e f o r a few b r i e f remarks Dr. Edwards who has served as the Chairman o f the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee o f the Commission. �11 T2/jbj/6 Mr. Edwards. MRS. ANN privilege. the DICKERSON: Madam Chairman, a p o i n t o f Could we have a moment o f p r a y e r from one o f m i n i s t e r s here? We f e e l , many o f us f e e l t h a t t h i s i s a moral t h i n g a s w e l l as j u s t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . So could we have a s i l e n t moment o f p r a y e r b e f o r e the o t h e r people begin? CHAIRMAN ROWE: Y e s , I ' l l be glad t o . FATHER JOHN DILLON: Our F a t h e r , we a r e gathered t o g e t h e r here a s God's people concerned about our c i t y . Grant us the e a r s t o hear the c r y and a h e a r t t o y i e l d t o those needs. Help us t o r e a l i z e the important moral i m p l i c a - t i o n s o f our d e l i b e r a t i o n s because we a r e d e a l i n g here w i t h how space i s used and how people l i v e and work. I n such s i t u a t i o n s , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n becomes an i n s t r u m e n t f o r j u s t i c e o r i n j u s t i c e , a means o f o p p o r t u n i t y or f r u s t r a t i o n , a mechanism f o r c o n f i n i n g or r e l e a s i n g those who l i v e i n the ghettos. Help u s , L o r d , t o remember t h a t our c i t y i s f o r men and not men f o r the c i t y . CHAIRMAN ROWE: (Applause.) Amen. Mr. Edwards. �12 T2/jbj REMARKS OP G. FRANKLIN EDWARDS DR. G. FRANKLIN EDWARDS: Mrs. Rowe, Members o f the Commission, l a d i e s and gentlemen: I want to welcome you t o t h i s meeting a s the Chairman o f the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee o f the P l a n n i n g Commission. at There i s nothing o f r e a l substance I might add t h i s time t o what Mrs. Rowe has a l r e a d y s a i d . We have met over the past y e a r w i t h many of you i n your l o c a l communities and a l s o a t the Commission o f f i c e s and those meetings have extended a t times l a t e the n i g h t . I don't want t o take t h e important into time now which i s g i v e n t o you t o make any prolonged statement but I do want t o a s s u r e you t h a t the Commission t a k e s v e r y seri- o u s l y the views which a r e expressed by c i t i z e n s who take t h e i r time t o demonstrate t h e i r i n t e r e s t i n m a t t e r s o f transportation. I t i s i n that s p i r i t meeting and I should l i k e t h a t I welcome you t o t h i s t o give the same assurance that a l l of the Commission members w i l l l i s t e n a t t e n t i v e l y t o what you have t o s a y . (Applause.) CHAIRMAN ROWE: The S e c r e t a r y w i l l c a l l t h e w i t - nesses. MR. SHEAR: Madam Chairman, w i t h your p e r m i s s i o n , I w i l l c a l l each w i t n e s s and announce the w i t n e s s �13 x2/jbj immediately f o l l o w i n g , i n the i n t e r e s t of time. I don't b e l i e v e we had a s u f f i c i e n t number of w i t n e s s l i s t s f o r everyone i n the audience and by doing so we may facilitate the h e a r i n g . (The l i s t of w i t n e s s e s reads as f o l l o w s : ) �13A NATIONAL CAPITAL PLANNING COMMISSION W A S H I N G T O N . D . C . 2C575 PUBLIC HEARING ON THE TRANSPORTATION SECTION OF THE PROPOSED COMPREHENSIVE PLAN FOR THE NATIONAL CAPITAL June 14 and 1 5 , 1967 L i s t of Witnesses 1. T . F . A i r i s , D i r e c t o r , Department of Highways and T r a f f i c , Government of the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia 2. Commanders W, F . Reed, J r . , and L . J . G r e e n , Chesapeake D i v i s i o n , N a v a l F a c i l i t i e s E n g i n e e r i n g Command, Washington, D . C . 3. Harold E . W i r t h , Chairman, D i s t r i c t of Columbia M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a Highway U s e r s Conference 4. Glen T . L a s h l e y , D i r e c t o r , P u b l i c R e l a t i o n s and C i v i c A c t i v i t i e s , D i s t r i c t of Columbia D i v i s i o n , American Automobile A s s o c i a t i o n 5. Adolphe J . E d w a r d s , P r e s i d e n t , South Manor Neighborhood A s s o c i a t i o n 6. J o s e p h G . F e r r i e r , Chairman, Committee on A i r P o l l u t i o n , Save Takoma P a r k Committee 7. R u s s e l l H . Hornback, V i c e P r e s i d e n t and B u s i n e s s Manager, Union T a x i Owners Cooperative A s s o c i a t i o n , I n c . 8. Ted P r a h i n s k i , P r e s i d e n t , Shepherd P a r k Citizens 9. Association S t a n l e y W. Dziuban 1 0 . L u c i l l e S . Goodwin, Chairman, M e t r o p o l i t a n A d v i s o r y C o u n c i l C i t i z e n s o f the Near North 1 1 . Charles J . P i l z e r , General Counsel, Yellow Cab Company o f D . C , I n c . �13B 1 2 . Sammie A b d u l l a h A b b o t t , Emergency Committee on the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Crisis 1 3 . Robert M. Kennan, J r . , Chairman, Roads Subcommittee, Committee o f 100 on the F e d e r a l C i t y 1 4 . George F r a i n , E x e c u t i v e V i c e P r e s i d e n t , Kalorama C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n , I n c . 1 5 . Robert D. L e r n e r , V i c e P r e s i d e n t & G e n e r a l Manager, A i r p o r t T r a n s p o r t Inc. 1 6 . D. L . Chaney 1 7 . Duncan W a l l , M e t r o p o l i t a n C i t i z e n s C o u n c i l f o r Rapid T r a n s i t 1 8 . H e r b e r t T . Wood 1 9 . C . E . H a l l , R e g i o n a l Manager, E a s t e r n Greyhound L i n e s 2 0 . Simon L . C a i n , P r e s i d e n t , Citizens Association 2 1 . Bernard C a i n , S e c r e t a r y , Citizens Association Lamond-Riggs Brookland 2 2 . Robert F . Koch 2 3 . Morton S . R a f f , T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Chairman, Montgomery County C i t i z e n s P l a n n i n g Association 24. J . C. Turner, P r e s i d e n t , Greater C e n t r a l Labor C o u n c i l , AFL-CIO Washington 2 5 . Marion B a r r y , J r . , c i t i z e n s Committee f o r Equal J u s t i c e 2 6 . M r s . A n g e l a Rooney, B r o o k l a n d f o r and T r e e s Committee 2 7 . W i l l i a m H . Waters 2 People �13 C 28. Frank B i a s , President, Avenue A s s o c i a t i o n The Connecticut 2 9 . Thomas M. W a l s h , Chairman, T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee, M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington Board of T r a d e 3 0 . Rene B o z z i , V i c e P r e s i d e n t , Lamond-Riggs Civic Association 3 1 . Thomas P . Rooney 3 2 . John A . I s r a e l s o n , V i c e P r e s i d e n t , Woodward & L o t h r o p 33. F r e d e r i c A . Heutte, Catholic I n t e r r a c i a l C o u n c i l of Washington, D . C . 3 4 . C . P . Maloney, J r . , V i c e P r e s i d e n t , Maloney Concrete Company 3 5 . C o l . Robert F . E v a n s , P r e s i d e n t , C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n o f Georgetown 3 6 . P h i l i p Young, ( o r M r s . B a r b a r a Y o u n g ) , Save Takoma P a r k Committee 37. Peter G l i c k e r t , Capitol H i l l Council Community 3 8 . B e r n a r d W. P r y o r , P r e s i d e n t , B r o o k l a n d Neighborhood C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n , I n c . 3 9 . D a v i d Solomon, P r e s i d e n t , Washington S e c t i o n , I n s t i t u t e of T r a f f i c Engineers 4 0 . L a u r a Lee Spencer 4 1 . J e s s e Devore, P r e s i d e n t , I v y C i t y T r i n i d a d Citizens Association, Inc. 4 2 . A r t h u r C . Cox, P r e s i d e n t , Company, I n c . Corson & Gruman 4 3 . Robert L . S a l o s c h i n 4 4 . Murray S . Simpson, P r e s i d e n t , Corporation Super 3 Concrete �13D 4 5 . M i l e s L . C o l e a n , Chairman, T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee, F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l 4 6 . M r s . L o u i s a Spottswood, o f Washington, D . C . B r o o k l a n d Neighbors , 4 7 . John H. Carter 4 8 . Joseph Kogok, K o j a k ' s L i q u o r s 4 9 . L e s l i e Logan, P r e s i d e n t , A r l i n g t o n i a n s f o r P r e s e r v a t i o n o f the Potomac P a l i s a d e s 5 0 . Theodore R . Hagans, J r . , The D i s t r i c t of Columbia Chamber o f Commerce, I n c . 5 1 . A r t h u r E . M o r r i s s e t t e , Chairman, Communicat i o n s , Committee o f Concern, B u s i n e s s and P r o f e s s i o n a l People i n the No. 1 1 P r e c i n c t 5 2 . Norman K i l p a t r i c k , Housing A d v i s o r , Change, 5 3 . Harry R. Applegate, National Dealers Association Inc. Automobile 5 4 . Edward J . MacClane, Chairman, C i t y P l a n n i n g Committee, D. C . F e d e r a t i o n o f C i v i c A s s o c i a tions, Inc. 5 5 . W. W. E n n i s 5 6 . W i l l i a m B . . P e e r , Chairman, T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee, N e i g h b o r s , I n c . 5 7 . Hosea E . T a y l o r , Chairman of the P u b l i c U t i l i t i e s and P u b l i c Works Committee, D. C . F e d e r a t i o n of C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s 5 8 . LeRoy L . . Werner, C a f r i t z Construction Co. 5 9 . A r t h u r Clarendon S m i t h , J r . , P r e s i d e n t , S m i t h ' s T r a n s f e r & Storage C o . , I n c . 6 0 . Andrew W. J o h n s o n , Managing D i r e c t o r , Washington D . C . A r e a T r u c k i n g A s s o c i a t i o n 6 1 . F r a n k L . Grimm, P r e s i d e n t , Lines O ' B o y l e Tank 4 �13E 62. EUGENE I . KANE, EXECUTIVE V I C E P R E S I D E N T , KANE TRANSFER COMPANY 63. RAYMOND N . MORAUER, P R E S I D E N T , WASHINGTON T R A I L E R COMPANY, I N C . 64. HARRY L . GRAHAM, POTOMAC GRANGE # 1 OF THE NATIONAL GRANGE 6 5 . V . L . P A R I S , P R E S I D E N T , AMERICAN SIGHTSEEING ASSOCIATION, I N C . 66. LAWRENCE WILKINSON, CHAIRMAN, PLANNING COMMITTEE, BROOKLAND AREA COORDINATING COUNCIL 67. RICHARD A . L I L L , CHAIRMAN, TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING COMMITTEE, NATIONAL CAPITAL SECTION, AMERICAN SOCIETY OF C I V I L ENGINEERS 68. HARRY OBEDIN 69. DR. JOHN P . GALLAGHER, P R E S I D E N T , NORTH FOXHALL ROAD ASSOCIATION 5 �14 Vj'bj" MR. SHEAR: The f i r s t w i t n e s s i s T. F. A i r i s , -- MR. A I R I S : Here. MR. SHEAR: — Highways and T r a f f i c D i r e c t o r of the Department o f o f the Government o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, who w i l l be f o l l o w e d by Commanders W. F. Reed, J r . , and L. J . Green. STATEMENT OF: T. F. A I R I S , DIRECTOR, DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS AND T R A F F I C GOVERNMENT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 3 MR. T. F. A I R I S : T e l l me when t o go, Dan. MR. SHEAR: (Nodding head.) MR. A I R I S : Now? Madam Chairman, Members o f the P l a n n i n g Commission: My name i s Thomas F. A i r i s . Director- o f the D i s t r i c t and T r a f f i c , I am of Columbia Department o f Highways and I am glad to be number one on the l i s t , I think, I would l i k e t o present the comments o f the Department w i t h r e s p e c t t o the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n cont a i n e d i n the Comprehensive P l a n f o r the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l , which i s the s u b j e c t o f the h e a r i n g t h i s evening. G e n e r a l l y , we support the p l a n as o u t l i n e d . freeway s e c t i o n c l o s e l y f o l l o w s t h a t provided f o r i n the P o l i c y A d v i s o r y Committee ' s document o f May 25, was concurred The 19^6, which i n by a l l major agencies r e s p o n s i b l e f o r con- s t r u c t i o n and maintenance o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s i n �15 T3/jbj the D i s t r i c t . I t i s a l o g i c a l descendant o f many t r a n s p o r - t a t i o n plans proposed d u r i n g the l a s t decade and a h a l f , a number o f which, i n c l u d i n g the 1959 Mass T r a n s i t Survey and the Y e a r 2000 P l a n , were sponsored by the N a t i o n a l Planning Capital Commission. Although we a r e i n g e n e r a l f e a t u r e s shown on T r a n s p o r t a t i o n support o f the r a i l Diagram Number Two, we would d e f e r t o the s p e c i f i c comment o f the N a t i o n a l Transportation Capital Agency and the Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Area T r a n s i t A u t h o r i t y c o n c e r n i n g these f e a t u r e s , s i n c e they a r e experts i n t h a t f i e l d and have r e c e n t l y proposed substan- t i a l changes i n the system from t h a t shown h e r e . we would a l s o suggest the acceptance of e x p e r t Similarly, o p i n i o n from the Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Area T r a n s i t Commission i n s o f a r as requirements of bus l i n e s a r e concerned. and The highway freeway programs shown i n the p l a n a r e capable o f b e i n g adapted t o complement any r e a s o n a b l e v a r i a t i o n o f the mass t r a n s i t system t h a t i s f i n a l l y adopted and b u i l t . We a r e of the o p i n i o n t h a t the p l a n f u r n i s h e s the g u i d e l i n e s f o r o r d e r l y development o f the Nation's C a p i t a l so t h a t the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f b u i l d i n g s , apartments, o f f i c e s t r u c t u r e s , and o t h e r l a r g e t r a f f i c g e n e r a t o r s , p l e t e d , can be p r o p e r l y s e r v i c e d by adequate complementing t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s t h a t w i l l have been simultaneously when com- w i t h the b u i l d i n g developments. constructed �16 -3/jbj T h i s has not been done t o d a t e , and, as the c i t y grows i n s i z e , i t w i l l become i n c r e a s i n g l y important t o keep the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o f people and goods a b r e a s t o f the demand caused by the development o f more t r a f f i c generators i n both the m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a and i n the downtown. wise, a c r i s i s i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and t r a f f i c w i l l Otherresult. In t h i s regard, u n t i l at l e a s t just l a t e l y , I have observed t h a t the P l a n n i n g Commission has not concerned i t s e l f w i t h t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c a p a b i l i t y o f an a r e a when approving c o n s t r u c t i o n o f new t r a f f i c - g e n e r a t i n g p r o j ects. The c u r r e n t Southwest development i s a good case i n point. Here the P l a n n i n g Commission approved such huge new traffic g e n e r a t o r s as the F o r r e s t a l B u i l d i n g and the Tenth S t r e e t M a l l complex, both now under c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t h e a r l y occupancy d a t e s , w i t h o u t r e v i e w i n g complementing needs f o r i n c r e a s e d c a p a b i l i t y o f the movement o f people and goods. I t was only l a s t y e a r , a f t e r we expressed our f e a r s and induced the Redevelopment Land Agency t o have a r e v i e w made, t h a t a nose count showed t h a t the a r e a would not have the expected 25,000 occupancy, nor 35*000, not even 55,000, but a whopping 85,000, w h i c h , o f c o u r s e , poses a s e r i o u s problem not o n l y t o the c o l l e c t o r s t r e e t s o f the a r e a which cannot handle t h i s load i n the normal manner, but a l s o t o the y e t uncompleted c o n n e c t i n g a r t e r i a l s and I n n e r Loop Freeway f a c i l i t i e s as w e l l . �17 -'3/jbj As a r e s u l t , a number of a g e n c i e s , under the l e a d e r s h i p of the General S e r v i c e s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , a t t e m p t i n g to f i n d a r e a s o n a b l e s o l u t i o n . Capital Transportation and Agency has The are National l o c a t e d a subway s t a t i o n a l i n e loop i n the a r e a , and we are examining, w i t h the Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Area T r a n s i t Commission, c e r t a i n t r a f f i c aspects. I t h i n k we becoming c h a o t i c , but can prevent the s i t u a t i o n from i t should be an example to us a l l t h a t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s must be i n c l u d e d development in planning. Another case t h a t i s b u i l d i n g up i s the development of the proposal along the A n a c o s t i a R i v e r at the of the B o i l i n g A i r Force Base, where l a r g e new of Defense and Here a g a i n , housing p r o j e c t s are under site Department consideration. there w i l l be a demand c r e a t e d for additional t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c a p a c i t y , which i s not c u r r e n t l y i n c l u d e d any in plan. At the P l a n n i n g the B o i l i n g p r o j e c t was Commission meeting i n May, p r e s e n t e d , the sponsor did when not touch on the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s nor d i d any member of the Commission i n d i c a t e an i n t e r e s t by whether or not t h i s e s s e n t i a l I n g r e d i e n t p r o j e c t could be questioning of a s u c c e s s f u l provided. For c e r t a i n , i f i t does proceed, i f the Potomac R i v e r c r o s s i n g shown on Diagram Number One i n dotted lines �18 -3/jbj i s r e a l l y s e r i o u s l y considered f o r l a t e r c o n s t r u c t i o n and i f Maryland c o n t i n u e s t o p r e s s f o r connections I n d i a n Head Highway i n t o Interchange 1-495, o f the 38 o f the B e l t w a y j u s t e a s t o f Woodrow W i l s o n B r i d g e , then the D i s t r i c t , f o r c e r t a i n , has no a l t e r n a t i v e but t o widen 1-295, the A n a c o s t i a Freeway, t o a t l e a s t e i g h t l a n e s . These a r e some o f the s i t u a t i o n s we, who a r e responsible for maintaining t r a f f i c i n a healthy condition i n the c i t y , a r e c o n t i n u a l l y confronted w i t h and one on which we must have some a s s i s t a n c e from the P l a n n i n g Commission, i f we a r e t o do our j o b . The p l a n c a l l s f o r an i n c r e a s e i n the employment I n the D i s t r i c t o f from 600,000 i n 1965 t o 800,000 i n 1985. Such an i n c r e a s e r e q u i r e s highways, p a r k i n g , t r a n s i t , i n at l e a s t the amounts shown i n the p l a n i n order t o i n s u r e the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia t h a t i t s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system w i l l be a p o s i t i v e element o f the c i t y r a t h e r than a cont i n u o u s headache . I am sure no one by now needs t o be reminded t h a t the Washington m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a has been f o r over a decade one o f the f a s t e s t growing a r e a s i n the United 1965. States. I n c o n s t r u c t i o n i n the m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a approached a b i l l i o n d o l l a r s a y e a r and a lage p a r t o f the t o t a l was expended i n the D i s t r i c t t o c o n s t r u c t such huge new t r a f f i c g e n e r a t o r s a s I mentioned i n the Southwest, the m a g n i f i c e n t �19 4/jbJ new o f f i c e b u i l d i n g s along K and L S t r e e t s , Northwest, a hugh new h o t e l , the Washington H i l t o n , a d d i t i o n s to the Sheraton Park and Shoreham H o t e l s , the g i g a n t i c Watergate Town and Columbia P l a z a developments t h a t are only now n e a r i n g completion,the proposed Ponte Vecchio B r i d g e and o t h e r s too numerous t o mention. A l l t h i s b u i l d i n g c r e a t e s new jobs and adds to our economic w e l l b e i n g , but we have not been keeping pace w i t h the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c a p a b i l i t y needed to support these newly c o n s t r u c t e d f a c i l i t i e s . As a r e s u l t of t h i s expanding economy .and the i n c r e a s e i n v i s i t o r s t r a v e l i n g t o Washington, the D i s t r i c t has e x p e r i e n c e d a t h r e e to seven per cent i n c r e a s e i n v e h i c u l a r t r a f f i c per y e a r . I n d i v i d u a l counting s t a t i o n s v a r y but the average y e a r l y i n c r e a s e remains f a i r l y con- stant . Another i n d i c a t o r , of c o u r s e , i s the a d d i t i o n to r e g i s t r a t i o n s on automobiles here i n the D i s t r i c t , which have i n c r e a s e d about 4,000 v e h i c l e s per y e a r , and t h a t i s i n the D i s t r i c t a l o n e , not c o u n t i n g the m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a . Vie, i n the highway and t r a f f i c f i e l d , are cont i n u a l l y confronted w i t h what the American people, without regard t o r a c e , c o l o r , creed do, t h a t i s , they buy trucks, they buy automobiles, they buy c a r s i n i n c r e a s i n g q u a n t i t y , r a t h e r than what some of we t r a f f i c o f f i c i a l s would l i k e to �20 have them do, and t h a t i s , make maximum use o f e x i s t i n g bus r o u t e s and o t h e r forms of p u b l i c c a r r i e r , which would make our job c e r t a i n l y a l o t e a s i e r . I could c i t e many a u t h o r i t i e s on t h i s p o i n t but by way of emphasis I would l i k e t o mention a f a i r l y r e c e n t pronouncement of an important non-highway authority. The f o l l o w i n g a r t i c l e appeared i n a l o c a l news- paper a few months ago. "RAILROAD CHIEF - SADLY ADMITS FACTS OF L I F E " Hartford, Connecticut The P r e s i d e n t of one o f the l a r g e s t r a i l r o a d s p r e f e r s t o go by c a r i n s t e a d o f hopping a t r a i n . " I have a pass on the New Haven R a i l r o a d , but I drove up here t o d a y , " New Y o r k C e n t r a l head Afred E . Pearlman s a i d i n a r e c e n t t a l k to T r i n i t y College students. (Laughter.) 'Every time an American wants t o go anywhere," he s a i d , now. 'he wants t o go T h i s means a c a r , and t h i s i s what most of the people do. Most people don't l i k e t o go somewhere t i e d down by a s c h e d u l e . " �21 " I t 's o n l y when i t 's snowing or the a i r l i n e s a r e n ' t o p e r a t i n g you like to go back t o the good old d a y s . " These, u n f o r t u n a t e l y , are what we f a c e h e r e . At the p r e s e n t time, our s m a l l l i m i t e d access roadways i n the D i s t r i c t , i n c l u d i n g our s h o r t completed freeway s e c t i o n s , comprise a mere — MR. SHEAR: A minute and a h a l f . MR. AIRIS: A minute and a h a l f . Very good, I ' l l t r y to f i n i s h . (Continuing) — District's a mere 2„8 per cent of the s t r e e t system, y e t they handle 15.5 per cent of the v e h i c u l a r t r a f f i c . Now, when the freeway system i n the p l a n i s com- p l e t e d , i t w i l l comprise 4.5 per cent of the s t r e e t and our l i m i t e d a c c e s s roadways w i l l then handle 40 per cent of the t r a f f i c . 30 system to We w i l l get i t out of the neighborhood and out from where i t w i l l h u r t c h i l d r e n . I n summation, the D i s t r i c t Highway Department supports the g e n e r a l p l a n . I t believes that i t w i l l pro- v i d e a base to handle D i s t r i c t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n probably through are 1985, p r o v i d e d , of c o u r s e , f u r t h e r p l a n n i n g d e l a y s not encountered and we can get the f a c i l i t i e s b u i l t i n t o use w i t h i n the time now tion. and programmed f o r t h e i r c o n s t r u c - Only t h e n , I t h i n k , can we c o n c e n t r a t e on the �22 o p e r a t i o n a l m a t t e r s by promoting bus and r a i l usage. transit Then a l s o we can move t o minimize the need f o r y e t further facilities. Thank you v e r y much. (Applause.) MR. SHEAR: The next w i t n e s s e s a r e Commanders W. F. Reed, J r . , and L . J . Green, Chesapeake D i v i s i o n , Naval F a c i l i t i e s E n g i n e e r i n g Command, Washington, D. C, who w i l l be f o l l o w e d by Harold E . W i r t h . COMMANDER L. J . GREEN: Mr. S e c r e t a r y , the Navy does not w i s h to make an o r a l p r e s e n t a t i o n . MR. SAMMIE ABDULLAH ABBOTT: What a r e you going to do, b r i n g your b a t t l e s h i p s down the f r e e w a y s ? (Laughter.) CHAIRMAN ROWE: (Pounding gavel.) Mr. W i r t h . MR. SHEAR: Mr. Harold E . W i r t h , Chairman o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia M e t r o p o l i t a n Area Highway Users Conference . STATEMENT OF: HAROLD E . WIRTH, CHAIRMAN, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA METROPOLITAN AREA HIGHWAY USERS CONFERENCE MR. HAROLD E . WIRTH: Madam Chairman, s i n c e your time i s l i m i t e d , before I begin my own statement and you begin t i m i n g me as you i n d i c a t e d , I have been a u t h o r i z e d by �23 the Maryland and V i r g i n i a M i l k Producers Association to r e p o r t t h a t they w i s h t o go on r e c o r d a s being i n f a v o r o f the f u l l completion o f the e n t i r e i n t e r s t a t e freeway i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. system They b r i n g m i l k t o a l l o f the babies . (A chorus o f boos.) And now my statement, Madam Chairman and Members of the Commission. My name i s Harold E . W i r t h . I am the Washington Manager o f the F i r e s t o n e T i r e and Rubber Company and I am speaking t o n i g h t as Chairman o f the Washington t i v e s of Rubber and T i r e Representa- Manufacturers. (Laughter.) T h i s o r g a n i z a t i o n i s made up o f the men and women from the v a r i o u s t i r e manufacturing t a i n Washington o f f i c e s . companies which main- Now, we r e p r e s e n t the i n d u s t r y t h a t i s the second l a r g e s t t a x c o l l e c t o r f o r your n a t i o n ' s highways. And, i n Washington, D. C , our customers, you, who a r e paying these t a x e s f o r highways a r e o b t a i n i n g v e r y l i t t l e v a l u e r e c e i v e d f o r your o u t l a y s . As you should know, the I n t e r s t a t e Freeway Program i s f i n a n c e d s o l e l y by p a s t , p r e s e n t and c o n t i n u i n g l e v i e s and on t r u c k and bus owners through numerous t a x e s on v e h i c l e s , motor f u e l , automotive p a r t s and t i r e s . The program does not c o s t the General Fund one s i n g l e c e n t , as �24 compared w i t h many other programs approved by t h i s very Commission. M o t o r i s t s i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia a r e the h i g h e s t taxed o f any community i n the United S t a t e s , having paid an average -VOICES: What f o r ? (Scattered applause.) MR. WIRTH: — v e h i c l e i n 1965, h a v i n g paid an average o f $213 a c c o r d i n g t o the American Petroleum per Insti- t u t e r e p o r t s , but they do not have the b e n e f i t s o f modern freeways a s do the m o t o r i s t s i n such c i t i e s as A t l a n t a , Chicago, C l e v e l a n d , D a l l a s , D e t r o i t , H a r t f o r d , Los Angeles, New Haven, New O r l e a n s , and you name i t . A VOICE: And a l l p o i n t s w e s t . CHAIRMAN ROWE: body t o be courteous (Pounding g a v e l ) I expect every- t o the speaker, whether you agree w i t h him or n o t . I t i s a c o n t r o v e r s i a l i s s u e t h a t we a r e t a l k i n g about t o n i g h t but I do expect courtesy. Thank you. MR. WIRTH: We urge the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission t o approve c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r e v e r y m i l e o f the n a t i o n a l system o f i n t e r s t a t e and defense highways c u r r e n t l y mapped f o r the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and the balance of the freeway p r o j e c t s from "A" through "K" a s l i s t e d i n �25 T^/jbj column s i x of your "Notice o f P u b l i c H e a r i n g " a d v e r t i s e d i n the Sunday S t a r i s s u e of 28 May 1967, page A-13. This i n c l u d e s , of c o u r s e , the I n n e r Loop, the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , the Potomac R i v e r Freeway and the North C e n t r a l Freeway. I n the Washington a r e a these well-known f u t u r e i n t e r s t a t e highways are u s u a l l y d e s c r i b e d as l o c a l ties. facili- But perhaps some of us might have f o r g o t t e n t h e i r n a t i o n a l importance. So, l e t the r e c o r d show t h a t the North C e n t r a l Freeway I s our segment of the great I n t e r s t a t e Route 95 which runs from Miami, F l o r i d a , t o upper Maine and i s now r a p i d l y b e i n g completed through the c i t i e s of J a c k s o n v i l l e , Richmond, B a l t i m o r e , Wilmington, P h i l a d e l p h i a , T r e n t o n , New B r u n s w i c k , Newark, New Y o r k , New Haven, P r o v i d e n c e , Boston, Portsmouth, New Hampshire and P o r t l a n d , Maine, but not through Washington, D. VOICES: C. Good. (Applause.) (Cheers.) A l s o l e t the r e c o r d show t h a t the North C e n t r a l C o r r i d o r w i l l c a r r y the r o u t i n g of I n t e r s t a t e 70-S, which i s not j u s t a commuter f a c i l i t y f o r S i l v e r S p r i n g and R o c k v i l l e , as some people have m i s t a k e n l y s a i d , but goes on westward as I n t e r s t a t e 70 t o serve F r e d e r i c k , Hagerstown, Wheeling, Columbus, I n d i a n a p o l i s , S t . L o u i s , Kansas C i t y , �26 T5/jbj Denver -(Laughter.) -- and connects w i t h another freeway t h a t goes a l l the way t o C a l i f o r n i a VOICES: — Hurray. MR. WIRTH: — thus b e i n g the a r t e r y through which about 25 per cent o f our c o u n t r y ' s m o t o r i s t s can r e a c h t h e i r own Nation's C a p i t a l . A VOICE: Trucks. MR. WIRTH: I t i s shocking t o note i n the Proposed Comprehensive P l a n f o r the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l on page 1 1 1 , t o be e x a c t , t h a t some o f t h i s Commission's members s t a t e t h a t they a r e a g a i n s t the b u i l d i n g of t h i s v i t a l nation-wide r o u t e . (Applause and c h e e r s . ) We s i n c e r e l y hope t h a t t h e i r t h i n k i n g has changed s i n c e the Proposed Comprehensive P l a n was w r i t t e n . A VOICE: VOICES: No. Never. MR. WIRTH: They may have been under the impres- s i o n a t the time t h a t s i n c e we have the B e l t w a y , the f r e e ways need not come through the c i t y . (Applause.) However, as we know from r e c e n t v i s i t s t o America's o t h e r major c i t i e s , a l l o f the g r e a t i n t e r s t a t e �27 T5/jbj routes pass c l o s e to the c e n t e r of a l l l a r g e c i t i e s , as w e l l as h a v i n g the o p t i o n of a b e l t w a y f o r those who to go around the c i t y . prefer I t ' s p a r t of the b a s i c n a t i o n a l plan. (Laughter.) This i s necessary surveys of you people who because o r i g i n and destination d r i v e automobiles show t h a t much, sometimes the b u l k of the t r a f f i c d e s i r e s to go to h e a r t of the c i t i e s and not around them. the To keep freeways out of c i t i e s would be as absurd as to have prevented roads from coming i n t o l a r g e c i t i e s over 100 The ways was 1956 years rail- ago. n a t i o n a l system of interstate and defense high- launched by the Congress of the United S t a t e s i n as a 4 l , 0 0 0 - m i l e c o a s t - t o - c o a s t a l l types of v e h i c l e s and freeway system s e r v i n g t r a f f i c needs. Throughout the c o u n t r y 23,755 m i l e s of t h i s system are completed and open to the p u b l i c use today. total T h i s i s t h r e e - f i f t h s of the system. The D i s t r i c t of Columbia has only 29.8 t h a t system w i t h i n i t s b o r d e r s . only 10.5 Only two tion. miles Of t h i s proposed m i l e a g e , m i l e s have been completed, or about one-third. o t h e r s t a t e s have a s m a l l e r percentage of comple- They are Utah, which has hundreds of m i l e s of ways and of v e r y few m o t o r i s t s , and s t a t e r e c e n t l y and, H a w a i i , who t h e r e f o r e , j u s t got high- j u s t became a s t a r t e d on the �28 program. Maryland, f o r example, your n e i g h b o r i n g s t a t e , i s 75 per cent completed i n h e r system and V i r g i n i a , the b u i l d e r of the new world's f i r s t p u b l i c highway system, i s p r e s e n t l y engaged i n c o n s t r u c t i n g f o u r - l a n e d i v i d e d h i g h ways to connect e v e r y town of 5,000 p o p u l a t i o n i n the s t a t e . One wonders how Washington's economy can be expected t o t h r i v e i n t h i s automotive f a r behind nation. age when we are so o t h e r comparable c i t i e s and 47 s t a t e s of our As the Nation's C a p i t a l we should be s e t t i n g the example by l e a d i n g the pace. (Laughter. ) Tonight we a r e d i s c u s s i n g f u t u r e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n s f o r our c i t y . The p l a n under r e v i e w can be d e s c r i b e d as the s m a l l e s t highway p l a n of the 20-odd t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n s t h a t have been prepared over the past 20 y e a r s . (Applause.) The freeways and b r i d g e s proposed i n t h i s Comprehensive P l a n a r e the bare bones minimum, without which a modern c i t y cannot e x i s t . In practicality, i t i s reduced down t o no other modern freeways than a s e v e r e l y condensed i n t e r s t a t e system. Compare t h i s t o e a r l i e r plans of t h i s v e r y same N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, which i n c l u d e d seve r a l needed parkways and e x p r e s s w a y s . �29 T5/jbj For example, I have here a l e a f l e t (exhibiting document) summarizing the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n s of 1959 pared by your Commission. Proposed pre- S t r i c k e n from the present Comprehensive P l a n are such throughways as the Northwest Freeway, the Northeast Freeway, the G l o v e r Archbold Parkway, the I n t e r m e d i a t e Loop, and, i n V i r g i n i a , the PImmitt Run Parkway and the South Potomac Expressway, a l l e r a s e d from t h a t p l a n . (Cheers and a p p l a u s e . ) Madam Chairman and Gentlemen of the Commission: I urge you t o end these r e c u r r i n g d e l a y s , holdups, cut- b a c k s , s t u d i e s , r e - s t u d i e s , and other slow-downs on t h i s e s s e n t i a l program and to get on w i t h the job of b u i l d i n g t h i s g r e a t l y reduced and minimum freeway system. And, Mr. Timer, I hope you have g i v e n me for credit a l l of t h i s a p p l a u s e , which I had no a u t h o r i t y to con- trol . ( L a u g h t e r and applause.) T h i s i s not j u s t a d e s i r e of those of us i n automotive-type b u s i n e s s e s . (Applause.) T h i s i s not o n l y a d e s i r e of those of us i n automotive-type b u s i n e s s e s . I have here a f i l e of e d i t o r i a l s from the Washington newspapers whose headings t e l l the s t o r y of s t r o n g and sound support from the e d i t o r i a l �30 T5/jbJ w r i t e r s , your own e d i t o r i a l w r i t e r s , whose o n l y i n t e r e s t i s the w e l f a r e of the p u b l i c . (Laughter.) For f i v e y e a r s , Washington's e d i t o r i a l pages have contained s t r o n g p l e a s f o r completing the bridge and way system. free- Permit me to read j u s t a few of the headings from some of these e d i t o r i a l s . The E v e n i n g S t a r : Freeway Breakthrough? (Laughter.) The E v e n i n g S t a r : Back on the Road. Here We Go A g a i n . The P o s t : More F a r c e . The Tunnel Caper. Time f o r a Change. Over and Over. The Subway i n Danger. Freeway C h a l l e n g e . T a c t i c s of D e l a y . Slow Path Forward. Counsel of D e s p a i r . The News: Who's D r i v i n g . C l e a r a n c e f o r Freeways. Roads and Reason. (Laughter.) For F i v e Y e a r s . �31 T5/jbj A VOICE: Bingo. (Applause and c h e e r s . ) MR. ABBOTT: Free t i r e s i n the lobby. (Laughter.) CHAIRMAN ROWE: You have l o s t some time f o r a p p l a u s e , so w e ' l l g i v e you a h a l f a minute more. MR. WIRTH: L e t me say to you t h a t o n l y automo- b i l e owners and bus and t r u c k owners pay f o r your f r e e w a y s . You don't pay one cent f o r them, i f you don't own an automobile . (A chorus of groans.) You pay nothing to support the freeways of your c o u n t r y t h a t we are a d v o c a t i n g . VOICES: MR. No. WIRTH: But even though you do not own an automobile, i f you don't, i t i s i n your i n t e r e s t to support the r a p i d completion of our freeway system f o r the simple r e a s o n t h a t a l l of your n e c e s s i t i e s of l i f e and even the little l u x u r i e s i n your l i f e must be brought to you over t h e i r r o u t e s by an automobile. for Congestion c o s t s you more e v e r y s i n g l e item t h a t you 'Obtain. Now, l e t me conclude, Madam Chairman, by r e i t e r - a t i n g the w i s e and solemn words of our d i s t i n g u i s h e d Federal City Council: (A "If" — chorus of boos.) �32 T5/jbJ " I f Washington had no other r e a s o n t o a s p i r e t o urban g r e a t n e s s , i t s f e d e r a l purpose alone should be enough to arouse the d e s i r e f o r c i v i c f u l f i l l m e n t . But the g r e a t - ness o f t h i s community l i e s not i n a s t a t i c f e d e r a l r e s e r v a t i o n dotted w i t h monuments and i s o l a t e d from i t s urban environs. I t s greatness l i e s i n i t s r o l e as a c i t y livable, beautiful, functional, inspiring — — a place where the human purpose as w e l l as the f e d e r a l purpose may be consummated. "Such g r e a t n e s s requires planning. " I t also requires a c t i o n . " end T5 L e t ' s please have i t . (Applause.) CHAIRMAN ROWE: I would l i k e to i n t r o d u c e B e f o r e c a l l i n g the n e x t w i t n e s s , Mr. George Avery, the Chairman of the P u b l i c S e r v i c e Commission of t h e D i s t r i c t , who arrived a l i t t l e late. Mr. A v e r y . (Mr. Avery r o s e ; a p p l a u s e . ) MR. AVERY: MR. SHEAR: and Thank you. Mr. Glenn T. L a s h l e y , P u b l i c Relations C i v i c A c t i v i t i e s , D i s t r i c t of Columbia D i v i s i o n , American Automobile A s s o c i a t i o n , who w i l l be f o l l o w e d by Adolphe J . Edwards. �33 STATEMENT OF: GLENN T. LASHLEYj DIRECTOR, PUBLIC RELATIONS AND C I V I C A C T I V I T I E S , DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA DIVISION, AMERICAN AUTOMOBILE ASSOCIATION MR. GLENN T. LASHLEY: of the Commission: Madam Chairman and Members B e f o r e you s t a r t the t i m i n g of my p r e s e n t a t i o n , I would l i k e t o commend the young l a d y here who asked f o r a word of p r a y e r to open t h i s meeting because I t h i n k t h i s i s an e x t r e m e l y important meeting and I persona l l y am d e l i g h t e d t o see i t s t a r t o f f on the tone o f : Come, l e t ' s reason t o g e t h e r . There i s an important d e c i s i o n to be made i n t h i s conference and I would a s k the members of the audience -d i s a g r e e w i t h me a l l you l i k e - - but p l e a s e don 't take my time. L e t me f i n i s h and then you can demonstrate a l l you want t o . My name i s Glenn T. L a s h l e y and I am D i r e c t o r o f P u b l i c R e l a t i o n s and C i v i c A c t i v i t i e s f o r the D. C. D i v i s i o n of the American Automobile A s s o c i a t i o n , which has over 195,000 members i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, Northern V i r g i n i a and suburban Maryland. We a r e pleased t h a t the P l a n n i n g Commission i s holding t h i s hearing. We hope i t w i l l be the l a s t . The freeway and parkway network f o r the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia has been s t u d i e d , r e s t u d i e d , planned and r e p l a n n e d , but f a r too l i t t l e has been implemented. U n t i l i t i s Implemented, �34 the concept of balanced t r a n s p o r t a t i o n cannot become a reality. Prom p r e v i o u s h e a r i n g s and a c t i o n s , i t i s q u i t e apparent t h a t some members of NCPC a r e v i o l e n t l y opposed to any form of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n v o l v i n g rubber t i r e s . (Applause.) We f i n d i t c o m p l e t e l y out of o r d e r to have the e d i t o r i a l f o o t n o t e on page 111 of the p r o p o s a l f o r the e n t i r e National C a p i t a l Planning Commission. P l a n n i n g f o r the freeway system i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia has become fragmented and u n c e r t a i n , because i n d i v i d u a l s and groups have been a b l e t o i n j e c t c o n f u s i o n i n t o the f r e e w a y p l a n n i n g p i c t u r e . Firm planning decisions have been d e l a y e d , c r e a t i n g a c o n d i t i o n t h a t p r e v e n t s a s i n g l e freeway p r o j e c t from being completed o r even advanced to the f i n a l stages. By 1970, l a d i e s and gentlemen, 24 m i l l i o n people each y e a r w i l l be coming t o t h i s c i t y a s t o u r i s t s . 80 p e r cent of them w i l l t r a v e l by automobile. Now, i n terms o f money, 24 m i l l i o n v i s i t o r s means o v e r $900 m i l l i o n of b u s i n e s s t o our community. We wonder what i t w i l l be l i k e i f we cannot complete our I n n e r Loop Freeway System when t o u r i s t s l e a p f r o g from one incomplete freeway t o a n o t h e r , meeting c l o g s of t r a f f i c �35 jd3 of m o t o r i s t s who do not want to be i n the c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t and would not be t h e r e , i f we could complete the I n n e r Loop Freeway. As you know, t h e r e a r e c o n c r e t e memorials a l l over the town which v i v i d l y i l l u s t r a t e the p l a n n i n g d i s p u t e s which have delayed our major highway p r o j e c t s . The Potomac R i v e r Freeway j u t s i n t o the a i r j u s t south of the Freeway and ends a t 31st Whitehurst S t r e e t , an abrupt d r o p - o f f a t f e e t above the ground, and 30 i t w i l l be another seven y e a r s -- (Applause.) The Southeast Freeway, b u i l t along V i r g i n i a Avenue, S o u t h e a s t , as f a r as 6th S t r e e t , was the connecting freeway to the 11th completed i n 1964. S t r e e t bridges w i l l But not be f i n i s h e d f o r another two y e a r s , and t h i s keeps us from g e t t i n g the t r a f f i c out of t h a t l o c a l s t r e e t which does not want to be t h e r e and would e l i m i n a t e the c o n g e s t i o n i n t h a t area. Now, i t i s t r u e t h a t up to now c i t y freeways have demanded q u i t e a b i t of land but they don't need t o . The highway needs o n l y a permanent t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l easement or a i r t u n n e l . Space above, below and a l o n g s i d e could be used f o r the c i t y ' s most p r e s s i n g needs, such as b u s i n e s s o f f i c e s , housing and parks. Freeway opponents f r e q u e n t l y c i t e human and esthetic v a l u e s as reasons f o r opposing f u r t h e r freeway c o n s t r u c t i o n . �36 (Applause«) I question whether or not t h i s o p p o s i t i o n founded i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. can be The newly opened E S t r e e t Expressway i n f r o n t of the S t a t e Department here shows how beauty can be b u i l t i n t o urban f r e e w a y s , -- (Laughter.) where s i x a c r e s of p a r k s and been c o n s t r u c t e d The Waterfront, where none e x i s t e d bold new have before. p r o p o s a l to b e a u t i f y the Georgetown along w i t h c o n s t r u c t i o n of the Potomac R i v e r Freeway, i s another example. North C e n t r a l Freeway and excellent landscaping T u n n e l i n g of p o r t i o n s of the E a s t Leg of the I n n e r Loop a r e illustrations. L e t mo emphasize t h a t the D. C. D i v i s i o n of American Automobile A s s o c i a t i o n s i n c e 1961 has the enthusiastically- supported a balanced system of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r the Metrop o l i t a n Washington a r e a , i n c l u d i n g a system of r a p i d i n c l u d i n g a system of express ing f a c i l i t i e s bus transit, r o u t e s , and adequate p a r k - i n the downtown a r e a . Madam Chairman, I have added two attachments to this Report: One, a page from American M o t o r i s t p o l i c y on t r a n s p o r t a t i o n Two, o u t l i n i n g our and from the same magaz.'.ne, showing a c t i o n t h a t took p a r t a t our A d v i s o r y Board Meeting back i n 1965• On �37 t h a t o c c a s i o n a t our Board Meeting, we considered i t an honor t h a t Mr. W i l l i a m J . McCarter would honor our organi z a t i o n by being luncheon speaker t h e r e , h i s f i r s t p u b l i c appearance i n Washington. And on t h a t o c c a s i o n Renah C a m a l i e r , the Chairman of Our Board, p r e s e n t i n g him w i t h a f o u r - f o o t s h o v e l a s s u r e d him of our support and s a i d , Mr. McCarter, s t a r t d i g g i n g . (Laughter.) I t i s t r u e t h a t up t o now p r e t t y freeways have demanded q u i t e a b i t of land but, as I mentioned a moment ago, beauty can be b u i l t i n t o these f r e e w a y s . C i t i z e n s have a l r e a d y made t h e i r c h o i c e where they want t o l i v e , where they want to work and where they want to p l a y and here i s where we come t o some o f t h e c o n f l i c t . We b e l i e v e t h a t these people should not be f o r c e d to change t h e i r d e s i r e s i n o r d e r t o conform t o a preconceived plan. The D. C. D i v i s i o n of the T r i p l e - A endorses the proposed t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e c t i o n of the Comprehensive P l a n f o r the National C a p i t a l . We w i s h t o emphasize t h a t t h e freeway p r o p o s a l s a r e the bare minimum which should be b u i l t . A n y t h i n g l e s s can c r i p p l e the Nation's Capital. I would l i k e t o comment on t h r e e s p e c i f i c p r o p o s a l s . Number One - The Three S i s t e r s I s l a n d B r i d g e . This b r i d g e has been considered e s s e n t i a l i n e v e r y comprehensive �38 Tojd6 planning report published during the l a s t t e n y e a r s , w i t h the e x c e p t i o n of t h e one a b o r t i v e r e v i e w by NCTA i n l ° / 6 2 . The c u r r e n t b u i l d i n g boom i n R o s s l y n i s e v i d e n t t o even t h e most c a s u a l o b s e r v e r . Key B r i d g e and Chain B r i d g e c a p a c i t i e s a r e overtaxed d a i l y . traffic T r a f f i c on t h e R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e has i n c r e a s e d 32 p e r cent s i n c e 1965. L a d i e s and gentlemen, the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s the o n l y p r a c t i c a l means a t hand whereby the Georgetown Waterf r o n t can be r e h a b i l i t a t e d . Without t h e b r i d g e , t h e r e can be no Potomac R i v e r Freeway along the Potomac on t h e Maryland s i d e , and I am sure you agree t h a t t h i s i s an important phase of our system and, v e r y important. The Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e w i l l p r o v i d e the f a s t a c c e s s to Route 66 and t o D u l l e s A i r p o r t and, l a d i e s and gentlemen, we need t o g e t t h a t w h i t e elephant o p e r a t i n g p r o p e r l y and t o take some of t h e o b j e c t i o n a b l e j e t t r a f f i c away from Washington N a t i o n a l A i r p o r t . (Scattered [7 applause.) Route 66, coming i n through A r l i n g t o n , as planned, w i l l be a d i v i d e d e i g h t - l a n e f r e e w a y . Roosevelt Bridge i s a s i x - l a n e b r i d g e and r e s t r i c t e d t o passenger vehicles. we would have an e i g h t - l a n e freeway c a r r y i n g both and t r u c k t r a f f i c leading into a s i x - l a n e bridge p r o h i b i t s t r u c k t r a f f i c and which by 32 p e r cent i n one y e a r . Thus, passenger which increases i t s t r a f f i c count �39 <3^7 How then can anyone l o g i c a l l y r e j e c t the need f o r another Potomac B r i d g e ? And i s the obvious l o c a t i o n . a traffic the Three S i s t e r s I s l a n d l o c a t i o n Unless i t i s b u i l t , there w i l l be jam of c o l o s s a l dimensions a t the approaches to the R o o s e v e l t Memorial B r i d g e and t r u c k t r a f f i c w i l l be obliged to go two and a h a l f m i l e s to c r o s s the 14th S t r e e t B r i d g e , which a l r e a d y i s o v e r l o a d e d . P r o j e c t Number Two - North C e n t r a l Freeway. The most r e c e n t p l a n i n c l u d e s a number of important improvements. I t does not contemplate b u l l d o z i n g a new c o n s o l i d a t e the e x i s t i n g B&O t r a n s i t l i n e i n t o one R a i l r o a d and corridor. I t would the proposed r a p i d t r a f f i c a r t e r y to minimize d i s r u p t i o n . I t h i n k our Highway Department has done an e x c e l l e n t job i n t h i s p r o j e c t , and I w i l l h u r r y on, on the E a s t Leg of the I n n e r Loop, by keeping the number of d i s p l a c e d persons to an a b s o l u t e minimum. The C a p i t a l H i l l Area i s a n o t h e r p l a c e where we are reducing the congestion And d i s t r i c t 50 on the l o c a l streets. I would emphasize t h a t i n the c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s per cent of the t r a f f i c down t h e r e does not want to be i n the c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s district. The freeway system of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia i s one e n t i t y . You cannot d e l e t e s e c t i o n s of i t and expect i t to work. Madam Chairman, t h e r e i s one p a r t t h a t we do take �4o ?$jd8 e x c e p t i o n to on the p a r k i n g p r o p o s a l s . We b e l i e v e t h a t e s t a b l i s h i n g a n u m e r i c a l l i m i t on p a r k i n g spaces i s i l l a d v i s e d because most p r o j e c t i o n s on motor v e h i c l e s have been found to be e x t r e m e l y low. Thank you f o r your time. CHAIRMAN ROWE: Thank you. (Applause.) (Mr. L a s h l e y ' s f u l l statement i s as f o l l o w s : ) �Testimony of G l e n n T. L a s h l e y D i r e c t o r , P u b l i c R e l a t i o n s and C i v i c A c t i v i t i e s D. C. D i v i s i o n , American Automobile A s s o c i a t i o n on T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S e c t i o n of the Comprehensive P l a n f o r t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l b e f o r e t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission S t a t e Department A u d i t o r i u m Washington, D. C. June 14, 1967 Madam C h a i r m a n and Members o f t h e Commission: My name i s G l e n n T. L a s h l e y . t i o n s and C i v i c A c t i v i t i e s I am D i r e c t o r o f P u b l i c Rela- f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia D i v i s i o n o f t h e A m e r i c a n A u t o m o b i l e A s s o c i a t i o n , w h i c h h a s more t h a n 195,000 members i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, Suburban Maryland and N o r t h e r n Virginia. t h e AAA, On b e h a l f o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia A d v i s o r y B o a r d o f I w i s h t o make t h e f o l l o w i n g o b s e r v a t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S e c t i o n o f t h e 1985 P l a n f o r t h e N a t i o n a l We a r e p l e a s e d t h a t t h e P l a n n i n g Commission hearing. We hope i t w i l l be t h e l a s t . work f o r t h e D i s t r i c t Capital: i s holding this The f r e e w a y and parkway net- o f Columbia h a s been s t u d i e d , r e s t u d i e d , p l a n n e d and r e p l a n n e d , but f a r t o o l i t t l e h a s been implemented. Until i t i s , t h e c o n c e p t o f b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c a n n o t become a r e a l i t y . From p r e v i o u s h e a r i n g s and a c t i o n s , i t i s quite apparent that c e r t a i n members o f t h e NCPC a r e v i o l e n t l y opposed p o r t a t i o n i n v o l v i n g the use of rubber t i r e s . o u t o f o r d e r t o have t h e e d i t o r i a l t o any form o f t r a n s - We f i n d i t c o m p l e t e l y f o o t n o t e on page 111 i n c l u d e d i n what i s supposed t o be a p r o p o s a l from t h e e n t i r e N a t i o n a l P l a n n i n g Commission. Capital Planning f o r the freeway system i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia h a s become f r a g m e n t e d and u n c e r t a i n . I n d i v i d u a l s and �L OB groups have been a b l e t o i n j e c t c o n f u s i o n i n t o t h e freeway picture. planning F i r m p l a n n i n g d e c i s i o n s have been d e l a y e d , c r e a t i n g a c o n d i t i o n t h a t p r e v e n t s a s i n g l e freeway project from b e i n g completed o r even advanced to f i n a l d e s i g n s t a g e s . W i t h i n a few y e a r s , t o u r i s m w i l l industry. P r e d i c t i o n s a r e t h a t by be v i s i t i n g t h i s c i t y , We wonder what w i l l incomplete freeway 1970 be Washington's number one some 24 m i l l i o n p e o p l e will 80 p e r c e n t o f them a r r i v i n g by automobile. e n t e r t h e t o u r i s t ' s mind a s he l e a p f r o g s from to incomplete freeway, dodging heavy t r a f f i c c i t y s t r e e t s which s h o u l d n ' t be t h e r e i n t h e f i r s t p l a c e and not i f f r e e w a y construction could proceed on way vividly t h e p l a n n i n g d i s p u t e s which have d e l a y e d our major h i g h - projects. The Potomac R i v e r Freeway j u t s i n t o t h e a i r j u s t south of the Whitehurst an a b r u p t would schedule. T h e r e a r e c o n c r e t e m e m o r i a l s a l l o v e r town which illustrate on Freeway and ends a t 3 1 s t S t r e e t , N. d r o p - o f f p o i n t 30 f e e t above ground. I t will be W., at another s i x t o s e v e n y e a r s a t t h e e a r l i e s t b e f o r e t h i s p r o j e c t c a n be completed. The S o u t h e a s t Freeway, b u i l t a l o n g V i r g i n i a Avenue, S. E. a s f a r a s 6 t h S t r e e t , was way completed i n 1964. t o t h e 11th S t r e e t b r i d g e s w i l l not be But the connecting f i n i s h e d f o r another free two years. What t h e P l a n n i n g Commission has o v e r l o o k e d ions of freeways and invoking i t s d e l a y s i n the a r e a i s t h a t p a t t e r n s have changed i n t h e p a s t 50 y e a r s . pouring i n opposing p o r t - and o u t p o u r i n g during r u s h hours, '""1 d i r e c t i o n s throughout I n s t e a d of a v a s t i n - t h e r e i s now journeying i n the Metropolitan area. Meanwhile, t r a f f i c c o n t i n u e s t o i n c r e a s e — n o w 3 to 7 per cent per year. trip In fact, a t the r a t e of a c o m p a r i s o n o f 1966 traffic �40C volume c o u n t s with those taken 10 y e a r s ago, i n 1956, showed an i n - c r e a s e o f 73 per c e n t on t h e Potomac R i v e r b r i d g e s a l o n e . As o f Columbia highway o f f i c i a l s have f r e q u e n t l y p o i n t e d out, increased t r a f f i c may n e c e s s i t a t e f u r t h e r a p p l i c a t i o n of v a r i o u s t r a f f i c ne e r i n g t e c h n i q u e s and T h i s c o u l d have a d e t r i m e n t a l e f f e c t o n l y upon t h e b e t t e r r e s i d e n t i a l neighborhoods, but on t h e s e c t i o n s o f Washington a s i s t r u e t h a t up b i t of land, But such the not business well. to now city they don't need t o . manent t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l below and eli- d e v i c e s t o e x t r a c t more c a p a c i t y from e x i s t i n g s t r e e t system. It District easement—or freeways The have demanded q u i t e a highway needs o n l y a p e r - " a i r tunnel." Space above, a l o n g s i d e c o u l d be u s e d f o r the c i t y ' s most p r e s s i n g needs, as b u s i n e s s o f f i c e s , housing, parks, e t c , Freeway opponents f r e q u e n t l y c i t e human and as reasons esthetic f o r o p p o s i n g f u r t h e r freeway c o n s t r u c t i o n . c o u l d be more unfounded than i n the D i s t r i c t values No such o f Columbia. The charge newly opened E S t r e e t E x p r e s s w a y i n f r o n t o f t h e S t a t e Department shows how b e a u t y c a n be b u i l t parks and i n to urban freeways, where s i x a c r e s o f l a n d s c a p i n g have been c o n s t r u c t e d where none e x i s t e d b e f o r e . The b o l d new proposal t o b e a u t i f y t h e Georgetown a l o n g w i t h c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e Potomac R i v e r Freeway, i s example. Tunneling s i n c e 1961, a l s o emphasize t h a t t h e D. has of r a p i d t r a n s i t , quate p a r k i n g facilities a system and illustrations, C. D i v i s i o n of t h e e n t h u s i a s t i c a l l y supported t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r the M e t r o p o l i t a n system another o f p o r t i o n s o f t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway E a s t Leg o f t h e I n n e r Loop a r e a l s o good L e t me Waterfront, a balanced system AAA, of Washington a r e a , i n c l u d i n g a o f e x p r e s s bus i n t h e downtown a r e a . -3- r o u t e s , and But ade- there i s simply �40D no s u b s t i t u t e f o r t h e c a r , e i t h e r today or i n t h e f o r e s e e a b l e f u t u r e , to meet t h e f l e x i b l e t r i p needs and d e s i r e s o f p e o p l e . a l r e a d y made t h e i r c h o i c e where t o l i v e , work or p l a y . C i t i z e n s have They s h o u l d not be f o r c e d t o change i n o r d e r t o conform to a p r e c o n c e i v e d p l a n . The D. C, D i v i s i o n o f t h e AAA endorses t h e proposed trans- p o r t a t i o n s e c t i o n o f t h e Comprehensive P l a n f o r t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l . We w i s h t o emphasize t h a t t h e freeway proposals i n t h i s s e c t i o n are t h e b a r e minimum which s h o u l d be b u i l t . the Nation's I freeway Anything less will cripple Capital. would l i k e to comment on s e v e r a l s p e c i f i c p r o j e c t s i n t h e p o r t i o n of t h e P l a n : 1. The Three S i s t e r s considered e s s e n t i a l ed d u r i n g t h e l a s t r e v i e w by I s l a n d Bridge. T h i s b r i d g e has been i n every comprehensive p l a n n i n g r e p o r t p u b l i s h - 10 y e a r s , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f t h e one t h e NCTA i n 1962. The c u r r e n t b u i l d i n g boom i n R o s s l y n i s e v i d e n t t o even t h e most c a s u a l o b s e r v e r . Bridge t r a f f i c Key B r i d g e and c a p a c i t i e s are overtaxed d a i l y . R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e i n c r e a s e d 32 p e r c e n t i n 1966 The abortive T r a f f i c on over Chain the 1965. T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s t h e o n l y p r a c t i c a l means a t hand whereby t h e Georgetown W a t e r f r o n t c a n be r e h a b i l i t a t e d , Without the b r i d g e , t h e r e c a n be no Potomac R i v e r Freeway a l o n g t h e Potomac on the Maryland And side. very important, the Three f a s t a c c e s s t o Route 66 and get t h a t i s restricted t o t a k e some of the away from Washington N a t i o n a l A i r p o r t . R o u t e 66 coming i n through d i v i d e d 8-lane freeway. the t h e D u l l e s A i r p o r t A c c e s s Road needed t o " w h i t e e l e p h a n t " o p e r a t i n g p r o p e r l y and oojectionable j e t t r a f f i c and S i s t e r s Bridge w i l l provide The A r l i n g t o n , as planned, w i l l be Roosevelt Bridge i s a 6-lane to passenger vehicles. -4_ Thus, we have an bridge 8-lane a �AOE f r e e w a y , c a r r y i n g both p a s s e n g e r and t r u c k t r a f f i c , 6-lane b r i d g e which p r o h i b i t s t r u c k t r a f f i c traffic t h e n , c a n anyone l o g i c a l l y r e j e c t Potomac R i v e r B r i d g e a t t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s i s built, the there w i l l approaches will and which increased i t s c o u n t by 32 p e r c e n t i n one y e a r . How it leading into a be a t r a f f i c t h e need f o r a n o t h e r Island crossing? Unless jam o f c o l o s s a l d i m e n s i o n s at t o t h e R o o s e v e l t Memorial B r i d g e and t r u c k t r a f f i c be o b l i g e d t o t r a v e l out o f i t s way 2\ m i l e s to c r o s s the 14th Street Bridge, 2. The North C e n t r a l Freeway. The most r e c e n t p l a n by D. C, Highway Department i n c l u d e s a number o f i m p o r t a n t the improvements o v e r p r e v i o u s schemes. It does not c o n t e m p l a t e b u l l d o z i n g o f a new corridor. It would i n s t e a d c o n s o l i d a t e t h e e x i s t i n g B a l t i m o r e and Ohio r a i l r o a d , the proposed rapid transit line, and t h e highway i n t o one a r t e r y to minimize disruption. have e i g h t l a n e s . The r o a d would a l s o be sunken traffic Only one s t r e t c h o f t h e r o a d would or a t s u r f a c e level r a t h e r than e l e v a t e d . C o n s o l i d a t i o n with the r a i l r o a d bypass, r a t h e r than a s p l i t , the o f Takoma P a r k , d i s p l a c e m e n t o f p e o p l e by o n e - h a l f . more c o u l d be accommodated i n new use of transit. The stations, also reduce Many o f t h e s e f a m i l i e s and housing over the freeway, w i t h the c o n c e p t would h e l p r a t h e r t h a n compete w i t h r a p i d freeway i n t e r c h a n g e s would c o i n c i d e w i t h r a p i d trans- a l l o w i n g c o o r d i n a t i o n for parking garages. At t h e p r e s e n t t i m e , a l l t r a f f i c through I t will airspace. The new it t r a c k s w i l l make p o s s i b l e a o r i g i n a t i n g or p a s s i n g t h e N o r t h - C e n t r a l c o r r i d o r and d e s t i n e d t o o r through town Washington must u s e e i t h e r 1 6 t h , 1 3 t h o r North C a p i t o l down- streets, �4GF o r G e o r g i a Avenue, a l l h e a v i l y congested. C o n s t r u c t i o n of the N o r t h - C e n t r a l b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t s o f Washington and Freeway would make the S i l v e r S p r i n g more a c c e s s i b l e t o p a t r o n s o f t h e r a p i d l y growing suburban a r e a s , and would t i m u l a t e t h e b u s i n e s s o f both r e t a i l We must remember t h a t a freeway and n o n - r e t a i l r u n s two establishments. directions—residents w i t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t c a n go i n t o t h e s u b u r b s t o shop j u s t a s commuters c a n use t h e freeway It thus as t o come i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t seems t o us t h i s p o i n t i s o f t e n o v e r l o o k e d . Too from easily to work. o f t e n , members o f t h e P l a n n i n g Commission have l o o k e d upon f r e e w a y s a s mere commuter r o u t e s i n t o Washington which s e r v e no o t h e r p u r p o s e than t o c l o g t h e c i t y s t r e e t s w i t h c a r s d u r i n g t h e day. businessmen, people l e a v i n g the c i t y , s k i n s f a n s , and 3. designed tourists, not j u s t everyone-- Washington S e n a t o r s and Red- commuters. E a s t Leg o f t h e I n n e r Loop. so t h a t a f u l l Freeways are f o r T h i s freeway i n t e r c h a n g e w i l l be p r o v i d e d has been r e a t t h e Maryland Avenue e n t r a n c e t o t h e N a t i o n a l Arboretum, g i v i n g e v e r y o n e a c c e s s t o t h i s p r e s e n t h a r d - t o - f i n d but e x c e l l e n t e x h i b i t . i s w i l l i n g to l e t the D i s t r i c t way may The Arboretum u s e a s l i c e o f i t s l a n d so t h e bend s l i g h t l y t o t h e n o r t h , m i s s i n g t h e homes o f some free400 families. The p r o p o s e d r o u t e f o r t h e E a s t Leg w i l l r e s u l t in a dis- p l a c e m e n t o f o n l y 350 f a m i l i e s , a marked r e d u c t i o n from t h a t o f e a r l i e r designs. freeway The and West V i r g i n i a Avenue, N. will E., a v o i d i n g t h e Ruth K. cary School, T r i n i d a d Playground Access t o D. and p a r t s o f Mt. C. Stadium and w i l l p r o v i d e major r e l i e f t u n n e l between B l a d e n s b u r g Webb Elemen- Olivet Cemetery. the E a s t C a p i t a l S t r e e t for r e s i d e n t i a l Road Bridge neighborhoods i n t h i s �40G a r e a which now football, experience r e g u l a r weekend t r a f f i c a.nd most r e c e n t l y , s o c c e r games, not a c c e s s f o r fans of these s p o r t i n g events. The jams due to b a s e b a l l , to mention the freeway w i l l also g r e a t e r s e r v i c e to the r e c r e a t i o n a l requirements of the c i t y ot( ? p o r t i o n o f the Anacostia provide any along f r e e w a y s y s t e m , g i v i n g a c c e s s to p a r k s than the River. The vital easy I n n e r Loop, when c o m p l e t e d i n i t s e n t i r e t y , w i l l be a l i n k around t h e downtown a r e a and C a p i t a l B e l t w a y has p r o v e d t o a s much a n e c e s s i t y a s the be. More t h a n 50 p e r c e n t o f a l l t r a f f i c has n e i t h e r an o r i g i n nor as w i t h i n the c e n t r a l area a d e s t i n a t i o n i n s i d e t h e I n n e r Loop a r e a . From an o v e r a l l view, o b j e c t i o n s t o t h e f r e e w a y p o r t i o n of Plan before built us a r e g e n e r a l l y worded t o t h e e f f e c t t h a t c o n g e s t i o n i n t o t h e p r o p o s e d highway b u i l d i n g program,, t h a t we be a b l e t o keep up w i t h would l i k e traffic per c e n t longer noteable I t i s evident average i n c r e a s e i n t r a f f i c to d r i v e to work now exceptions, The D. less that despite a t h a n i t d i d 10 y e a r s ago, with most 40 a s t h e b a r e minimum w h i c h s h o u l d several con- except the parking be c o n s t r u c t e d . endorses recommendAnything t h a n what i s i n c l u d e d h e r e would r e d u c e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f The no comparison. C. D i v i s i o n , A m e r i c a n Automobile A s s o c i a t i o n e n . . r e s y s t e m and I i n t h e p a s t 10 y e a r s , i t t a k e s the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e c t i o n o f t h e P l a n , itions, never a copy of our i n c l u d i n g S h i r l e y Highway where p r e s e n t s t r u c t i o n prevented a f a i r is demands a t commuter peak p e r i o d s . t o submit as p a r t o f t h i s p r e s e n t a t i o n r e c e n t Commuter Time T e s t S t u d y . will the b r i n g chaos to the city. f r e e w a y s y s t e m f o r the D i s t r i c t ifou c a n n o t d e l e t e s e c t i o n s o f i t and the expect o f Columbia i s one entity. i t t o work. • E s t a b l i s h i n g a n u m e r i c a l l i m i t on p a r k i n g s p a c e s i s i l l - a d v i s e d b e c a u s e most p r o j e c t i o n s o f motor v e h i c l e s have been found t o be e x t r e m e l y low. �The D i s t r i c t ranks 49th i n o b l i g a t i o n of a v a i l a b l e highway f u n d s w i t h o n l y 25 p e r c e n t o f i t s I n t e r s t a t e m i l e a g e c o m p l e t e d . We w i l l soon have a b a c k l o g o f more t h a n $200 m i l l i o n i n a v a i l able funds. We have t h e funds,we have t h e d e s i r e , of the great majority r e s i d e n t s want a good network o f f r e e w a y s . s t o p t a l k i n g and s t a r t building. 8- I t i s time t o �4U1 REPRINT J O U A R 7 1965 A M E R I C A N 10 AAA ENDORSES PLAN NO. 2 * At public hearings held late i November, representatives of the District of Columbia and the Northern Virginia AAA Advisory Boards testified as to the motoric " organization's preference and posi[ on the need for and the location ot the proposed new Potomac River bridge, to be located somewhere upstream from Key Bridge. The AAA approves the proposal to build another bridge in location I I , running across at the general area of the midstream rocks called the Three Sisters. Renah F . Camalier, Chairman of the D. C. Board and a former D. C. Commissioner, said: "This bridge is absolutely essential to prevent intolerable traffic congestion in the area of Rosslyn on the Virginia shore and on Key Bridge and M Street in Georgetown. . . . Forecasts for the year 19S5 indicate that traffic demand will be more than double the capacity of Key Bridge. . . . Without the bridge, traffic congestion will multiply and traffic accidents and fatalities will increase." ACTION n Mr. Camalier cited a report by the White House-appointed Policy Advisory Committee as well as the recorded opinions of highway and government officials in the District and in Virginia, as source of the AAA's decision. ". . . We submit," he said, "that this galaxy of outstanding authorities is far more convincing in stating that an additional bridge is needed than are the views of persons who are banded together to oppose any and all bridges because of selfish interests." "It is our contention that the bridge is needed NOW," Mr. Camalier told the hearing. "It took 12 years to get authority to construct the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge, and four years to build it—a total of 16 years. We should start immediately on the construction of this additional bridge. "We have funds to build the bridge. Congress has appropriated $6 million for this purpose. It is important therefore that the question of location be decided immediately so that the program of construction can commence without further delay." Phony Bridge Issue The AAA wholeheartedly agrees with the Washington Star, which, in its editorial page of November 28, had the following comment on the bridge hearings, then in progress: "The specific purpose of the recent Potomac bridge hearing was to determine the best location for a necessary new river crossing in the Rosslyn area. But you would never know it from the testimony. "For several small but well-organized groups successfully diverted attention from the matter at hand to a thoroughly fallacious alternative. Forget the bridge, they said, until a regional rail transit system is built and fully in operation. Then see if the bridge is needed. "This argument fails first because of clear evidence which already has demonstrated the need for the bridge. It is not merely another way to cross the Potomac. Without it, the carefully-planned freeway systems in both Virginia and the District cannot possibly function effectively. Nor does the case for the new bridge assume the absence of a transit system. To the contrary, the relatively conservative forecasts of traffic which will use the new bridge are based on a firm assumption that the transit system will be built—and that only through a balanced combination of freeways and transit can the massive traffic volumes predictable in the future be handled at all. "Only a couple of years ago, a similar attack on Washington freeways was led by Mrs. Elizabeth Rowe, the chairman of the National Capital Planning Commission, and by the District Democratic Central Committee. That move also was supported by those who believed that a freeway slowdown might advance the transit system. It didn't. It touched off a feud between highway and transit advocates which brought both programs to a virtual halt. On that occasion, White House intervention was required to restore the sensible concept of a balanced transportation approach—including, incidentally, the new Potomac bridge. "Now Mrs. Rowe and her friends, by their latest irrational attacks, are recklessly threatening once again to reopen the same old wounds. If they have any real concern for the transit program, they should stop before it is too late. And if they fail to do so voluntarily, the White House should again step in and stop them." M O T O R I S T Speaking for the Northern Virginia AAA Advisory Board was the chairman of its highway Committee, W. P. Ames, Jr. The Virginia body also supported the recommendations that a new bridge be built, and that it be built on the location of Plan I I , Three Sisters, he said. "Plan I I offers the best solution for the handling of the traffic eastbound on Route 266," Mr. Ames said. "Plan I I will do the least damage to residences in the area through which it passes and at the same time will result in a minimum of disfiguration to the majestic beauty of the Palisades. "It has been estimated that between 1955 and 19S0 there will be a 100 per cent increase in the volume of traffic crossing the Potomac River bridges between Chain Bridge and the Arlington Memorial Bridge. With a 10-lane freeway (Route 1-66) coming into Arlington County from the west, if a new river crossing is not provided in the area where this highway approaches the river, the traffic congestion which will result will be intolerable. . . . The citizens of Arlington County should realize that this additional river crossing is absolutely essential to retain the fine residential character of their community," Mr. Ames pointed out. Mr. Ames reiterated the AAA's support of a "balanced transportation system," consisting of rapid rail transit as well as freeways. As this issue goes to press, the community awaits the decisions of the authorities in this vital matter. AAA NOT O P P O S E D TO MASS T R A N S I T The following statement of position first appeared in the April, 1961, issue of American Motorist. It still exactly delineates the A A A ' s policy in regard to the Washington Metropolitan Area transit plans: The American Motorist frequently publishes articles promoting better highways. This occasionally results in complaints that the A A A opposes mass transit. This is N O T true. A A A Advisory Boards representing the District of Columbia, Suburban Maryland and Northern Virginia have gone on record favoring a transportation plan for the National Capital Region embracing: 1. A network of freeways and bridges with adequate parking facilities. 2. A system of express bus routes utilizing freeways. 3. A system of rapid rail transit lines. �A SHOVEL with which to help dig D. C.'s proponed subway system was presented to NCTA Administrator Walter ]. McCarter by D.C. AAA Advisory Board Chairmen Renah F. Camalier, at a recent joint meeting of the boards. AAA PRESENTS GOLDEN WHEELS, FOUR-FOOT SPADE A To demonstrate graphically * American Automobile Association's D. C. Division is not at all opposed to rapid rail transit or the proposed downtown subway for the District of Columbia, the three area Advisory Boards of the AAA recently presented to the new Administrator of the National Capital Transportation Agency a four-foot spade, urging that he "start digging." The occasion was the June meeting of the Advisory Board at the Mayflower Hotel, at which the new Administrator, Walter J. McCarter, made his first Washington appearance as a speaker. Presentation was made by D. C. Board Chairman Renah F . Camalier, who said: ic AAA's position has been made very clear. We have been and arc strong in our support for a transportation system for the National Capital which embraces a network of freeways including adequate parking facilities, a system of express bus routes utilizing the freeways, and a system of rapid rail transit lines. ACTIION n a t t n e "Mr. McCarter's reputation for having effectually coordinated all phases of transportation in previous positions is a healthy indication that Washington can look forward to having some of our transportation problems solved," he declared. Mr. McCarter said, " I see absolutely no conflict between any of us." As an example of what he had found over years of practical experience in the urban transportation field, he cited the development of the Skokie Swift while he was head of the Chicago Transit Authority. The Skokie Swift is a five-mile feeder line from Skokie, I I I , to the Chicago transit system designed to provide fast service, combined with the best rolling stock and a large parking facility at the Skokie terminal. Daily passenger totals rose from about 1,000 per day to S,000 per day in short order, Mr. McCarter testified. The autos that drove to the station filled the lot and the Skokie police had to rush around and take down "No Parking" signs from adjacent streets, to take care of the over- Sow, he said. "We must give the people a cho'ce of transportation," he said. Good pubhe transportation can do a great deal to relieve overburdened surface streets and radial freeways. While A great many people on the experimental Skokie Swift parked their cars in the station lot at 25 cents a day and rode the Chicago transit vehicles into town, Mr. McCarter said, they found that a number of shorttime parking spaces would be used by "kiss and ride" patrons. These passengers were men whose wives drove them to the station to catch the train to town, and then had the car to themselves during the day. Chicago found that a surprising number of these "kiss and ride" passengers were women. They found that the husbands would drive the wives to the rail line to go into town for work in an office, and then use the car for their own business, such as reaching outlying factories. The Chicago experience included the revelation that a number of people using the transit system were not just going into the center of Chicago, but on and out the other side, to work. This reminded Mr. McCarter s listeners of Washington, where a surprising number of commuters have been found to work on the far side of the Metropolitan Area from where they live. The NCTA chief said that in some cases the company at the other end of the line met this challenge by providing A station wagon or bus at the destination terminal to take its employes to the plant. Mr. Camalier hailed the appointment of Walter J . McCarter as harbinger of the solution of the traffic jam growing on area highways and streets. GOLDEN WHEEL AWARDS PRESENTED AREA CITIZENS A new award "for community service," the Golden Wheel Award, has been presented to three area citizens by the D. C. Division, AAA. For her many years and hard work in the field of driver education, the first Golden Wheel Award was presented to Mrs. Cissie Gieda, head of the Department of Driver Education at Montgomery-Blair High School in Silver Soring. In addition to her conXT O stant campaigning for extended and improved high school driver education in Maryland, Mrs. Gieda has provided �40K \H AUTOMOBILE ASSOCIATION District of C l > «» « I « i » 4 «J 5 ? 5v r>a 1713 C- 5u*»t N.W., WatKingtM, D. C. R e l e a s e d by G l e n n T. L a s h l e y , D i r e c t o r P u b l i c R e l a t i o n s and C i v i c A c t i v i t i e s For f u r t h e r information, Mr. J i m M i l l s contact: May 1 1 , 1967 AAA ANNOUNCES COMMUTER TIME TEST RESULTS F o r r e l e a s e i n Sunday A.M.'S May 14" While t r a f f i c e n t e r i n g and l e a v i n g t h e D i s t r i c t i n c r e a s e d a l m o s t 40 p e r c e n t t h e p a s t of Columbia h a s 10 y e a r s , normal d r i v i n g times f o r a r e a commuters d u r i n g t h e r u s h hours have r e m a i n e d v i r t u a l l y t h e same, and i n some c a s e s improved, a c c o r d i n g t o a s u r v e y by t h e American A u t o m o b i l e A s s o c i a t i o n ' s D. C. D i v i s i o n . The latest i n a s e r i e s o f "Commuter Time T e s t s " was c o n d u c t e d r e c e n t l y by AAA employees d u r i n g morning and e v e n i n g r u s h h o u r s on 15 key commuter r o u t e s i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t . a s f a r out a s 15 m i l e s , on d r y pavement, The t e s t s were c o n d u c t e d from and under normal r u s h hour c o n d i t i o n s , c o r r e s p o n d i n g w i t h t h e 1957 AAA s u r v e y . (See map, a t t a c h - ments .) R e s u l t s o f t h e 1967 s u r v e y showed t h a t i n g e n e r a l , V i r g i n i a and Montgomery County r e s i d e n t s a r e b e t t e r o f f t i m e - w i s e t h a n t h e i r c o u n t e r p a r t s i n P r i n c e Georges commuter County. S e v e r a l e x c e p t i o n s were n o t e d , however: S h i r l e y Highway i n V i r g i n i a c o n t i n u e s t o be one o f t h e most highways i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . crowded I t took t h e AAA t e s t d r i v e r f i v e more m i n u t e s inbound t h a n i n 1957 and s e v e n m i n u t e s more outbound, and t r a f f i c was l i g h t e r t h a n u s u a l on t h a t d a y . �40L 2-2-2 time t e s t release The Lee Highway r o u t e outbound in from t h e D i s t r i c t took l o n g e r t h a n 1957 due t o i n c r e a s e d c o n g e s t i o n on t h e W h i t e h u r s t Freeway. p a s t t h a t p o i n t , t r a f f i c moved f a s t e r t h a n i n 1957, t h e t e s t Once driver reported. Much improved o v e r 1957 was t h e A r l i n g t o n B o u l e v a r d r o u t e , w h i c h took a s much a s s i x m i n u t e s l e s s t o d r i v e i n 1967 due t o w i d e n i n g and traffic control improvements. Montgomery County t r a f f i c o v e r t h e 1957 t e s t . c o n d i t i o n s were g e n e r a l l y From t h e R i v e r Road r o u t e , t h e t e s t y e a r u s e d t h e C a b i n John B r i d g e t o t h e George Washington improved driver this Parkway, then on t o t h e R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e , s a v i n g n i n e m i n u t e s inbound from t h e o l d M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue r o u t e , u s e d i n 1957, and s e v e n m i n u t e s outbound. From Norbeck v i a G e o r g i a Avenue and 16th S t r e e t , t h e t e s t took f o u r m i n u t e s l e s s both inbound and outbound t h a n t h e 1957 driver driver, due t o t h e w i d e n i n g of G e o r g i a Avenue from two t o s i x l a n e s , and t h e r o u t i n g of 16th S t r e e t around downtown S i l v e r Spring. From R o c k v i l l e v i a R o c k v i l l e P i k e , B r a d l e y Lane and Avenue, t h e 1967 t e s t d r i v e r e n c o u n t e r e d 65 t r a f f i c w h i c h were on g r e e n when a p p r o a c h e d . 19 r e d l i g h t s , s i g n a l s , 42 of The d r i v e r was f o r c e d t o s t o p a t two of w h i c h r e q u i r e d two c y c l e s t o p a s s t h r o u g h , and two more r e q u i r e d t h r e e c y c l e s . r e c o r d e d on t h e 1957 The 1967 t e s t t i m e e q u a l l e d t h e time survey. Inbound from B u r t o n s v i l l e , d e s p i t e a tremendous the Connecticut w i d e n i n g of a l m o s t a l l of New s p e e d and c a p a c i t y of t r a f f i c Hampshire Avenue has i n c r e a s e d t h e to the point that i t took t h e 1967 d r i v e r o n l y one minute more t h a n t h e 1957 d r i v e r . f o u r m i n u t e s l e s s i n 1967 t h a n i n 1957. -MORE- increase i n t r a f f i c , test Outbound, i t took �40M 3-3-3 time t e s t release P r i n c e Georges County m o t o r i s t s a p p a r e n t l y f a r e w o r s e , on t h e I n d i a n Head Highway and E a s t C a p i t o l s t r e e t r o u t e s . t a d t e s t d r i v e r e i g h t minutes more i n 1967 Head highway r o u t e and t r a f f i c was C a p i t o l s t r e e t route, the t e s t still took f i v e m i n u t e s The i n the D i s t r i c t Division, "The just l i g h t e r than u s u a l . driver more i n 1967 t e s t r u n s a g a i n prove t h a n i n 1957 l e f t home a t 6:15 than i t d i d i n especially I t took on t h e I n d i a n On a.m. the E a s t but i t 1957. t h e v a l u e of t h e highway b u i l d i n g program and s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a , Norman W e i s s , Manager of t h e D. C. said. f a c t t h a t we were a b l e t o make our r u n s t o and from work i n about t h e same t i m e s a s 10 y e a r s ago, g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d , proves t h a t we while t o t a l t r a f f i c has a r e k e e p i n g up w i t h t h e demand i s making on our highway program," he -MORE- said. traffic �INBOUND 1957 ROUTE (Time i n m i n u t e s ) 1967 OUTBOUND 1957 (Time i n m i n u t e s ) 1967 35 28 (7 l e s s ) 50 (same) 49 48 (1 less) 48 44 (4 l e s s ) 52 48 (4 l e s s ) Burtonsville ( v i a U.S. 29 & New Hampshire Ave. 44 45 54 50 (4 l e s s ) Greenbelt ( v i a BW Parkway NY Avenue) 35 34 ( 1 l e s s ) 42 45 John Hanson Hwy. 43 37 (6 l e s s ) 50 50 (same) East 32 37 ( 5 more) 45 33 (2 l e s s ) Marlboro-Rte. 4 38 42 (4 more) 46 43 (3 l e s s ) Indian 39 40 ( 1 more) 42 50 (8 more) George Washington Pkwy. from Mt. Vernon ( T h i s r o u t e e x t e n d s 10 m i l e s ) 38 23 40 27 ( 1 3 l e s s ) Springfield v i a S h i r l e y Hwy. 35 40 ( 5 more) 30 37 (7 more) A n n a n d a l e v i a R t e . 40 236-& S h i r l e y Hwy. 35 (5 l e s s ) 33 35 Arlington 42 36 (6 l e s s ) 51 50 ( 1 l e s s ) 42 39 (3 l e s s ) 37 43 (6 more) 37 32 (5 l e s s 42 31 (11 less) R i v e r Road v i a Mass. Ave. 41 32 k jkville (via Rockville Pike, B r a d l e y Lane S t Conn. Ave. 50 Norbeck ( v i a G e o r g i a Avenue, 16th S t r e e t Lee Capitol Head Hwy. Blvd. Highway Vienna-Rte 7 (9 l e s s ) ( 1 more) (15 l e s s ) (3 more) (2 more) ��41 MR. SHEAR: Mr. Adolphe J . Edwards, P r e s i d e n t of the South Manor Neighborhood A s s o c i a t i o n . (Applause.) Who w i l l be f o l l o w e d by Mr. S. A. Abbott. STATEMENT OF: ADOLPHE J . EDWARDS, PRESIDENT, SOUTH MANOR NEIGHBORHOOD ASSOCIATION MR. ADOLPHE J . EDWARDS: of t h e P l a n n i n g Commission: and Madam Chairman, Members My name i s Adolphe J . Edwards I appear here a s P r e s i d e n t of the South Manor Neighbor- hood A s s o c i a t i o n . We a r e g r a t e f u l f o r t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o o f f e r comments on t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e c t i o n of the Proposed Comprehensive P l a n , although we f e e l t h a t t h i s opportunity has come a b i t l a t e i n view o f the p r o g r e s s a l r e a d y made toward the completion of the freeway system. I t i s somewhat i r o n i c , we t h i n k , t h a t we a r e here t o n i g h t t o c o n s i d e r the b a s i c q u e s t i o n of whether t h e r e should be a freeway o r not. Y o t some property has a l r e a d y been acquired f o r these freeways and c o n s t r u c t i o n has a c t u a l l y s t a r t e d i n some s e c t i o n s . T h i s s i t u a t i o n l e a v e s the good f a i t h of the Comm i s s i o n open t o s e r i o u s q u e s t i o n and causes us t o wonder i f t h i s h e a r i n g i s o n l y a mere f o r m a l i t y . Nonetheless, we f e e l t h a t b e l a t e d o r even i n s i n c e r e h e a r i n g s a r c b e t t o r than no �42 YjdlO h e a r i n g s and a g a i n we a r e g r a t e f u l to the Commission f o r the o p p o r t u n i t y to p r e s e n t our v i e w s . The t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e c t i o n i s , i n our judgment, the most important s i n g l e i s s u e of the e n t i r e Comprehensive P l a n and, u n l e s s the c o n t r o v e r s y i s s a t i s f a c t o r i l y r e s o l v e d , we c a l l f o r the r e j e c t i o n of the e n t i r e p l a n . I n p a r t i c u l a r , the highway and t r a n s i t element i s of v i t a l importance because i t w i l l determine whether the c i t y i s to. remain a s u i t a b l e p l a c e to l i v e or i s to become a mere way s t a t i o n f o r the commuter and the interstate traveler. The i s s u e would bo more a c c u r a t e l y s t a t e d as highway or t r a n s i t because the choice must bo made and the outcome w i l l depend' upon which course wc f o l l o w . There i s widespread disagreement on t h i s s u b j e c t and wo would l i k e to p r e s e n t our v i e w p o i n t and s t a t e the f a c t s t h a t compel us to take the stand we do. WG a r c u n e q u i v o c a l l y opposed to the b u i l d i n g of any more freeways i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. (Applause and And cheers.) f u r t h e r , WG suggest t h a t s e r i o u s thought be g i v e n to the p o s s i b i l i t y of removing some of the e x i s t i n g froeways. (Applause.) So t h i s land could be f r e e d f o r more p r o d u c t i v e �43 r i 7jdll uses. Some of the f a c t s t h a t caused us t o take t h i s position arc: Number One - The proposed f r e e w a y system would be i n j u r i o u s to t h e f i n a n c i a l w e l l b e i n g of t h e D i s t r i c t . The land a r e a of t h e D i s t r i c t i s f i x e d so t h e most j u d i c i o u s use must bo made of every a v a i l a b l e a c r e . Roughly 30 p e r cent o f t h e land a r e a i s c u r r e n t l y devoted t o s t r e e t s , highways and a s s o c i a t e d Another 35 p e r cent i s tax-exempt. facilities. With such a narrow t a x base, i s thoro any wonder t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t i s i n such d i r e financial straits? The proposed freeway system, i f i t wore b u i l t , would f u r t h e r d i m i n i s h t h i s a l r e a d y inadequate t a x base. The proposed North C e n t r a l Freeway alone would e l i m i n a t e a l a r g o number of s m a l l b u s i n e s s e s and over 4,000 j o b s . The i n c r e a s e d number of c a r s coming i n t o t h e c i t y as a r e s u l t of more freeways would r e q u i r e a d d i t i o n a l p a r k i n g facilities. Thus, high-employee, h i g h - t a x - r e v e n u c - p r o d u c i n g b u s i n e s s e s i n the downtown a r e a would have t o g i v e way t o low-employee, low-tax-revonuo-producing p a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s . All t h i n g s c o n s i d e r e d , WG s i m p l y cannot a f f o r d t h i s f r e e w a y system and t h e r e d u c t i o n i n t a x revenues t h a t i t could c a u s e . Number Two - Housing. Housing i s t h e most important �44 .07,10112 clement of any community and, i n our c a s e , i t would s u f f e r g r e a t l y as a r e s u l t of t h i s freeway program. Largescale d i s p l a c e m e n t of people, m o s t l y the poor, would r e s u l t w i t h no hope of those people o v e r being a b l e to f i n d comparable housing. Many neighborhoods that.are presently'stable-and d e s i r a b l e would d e t e r i o r a t e because of p r o x i m i t y to the f r e e w a y , thus adding to the problem of urban b l i g h t . The l o s s of v a l u a b l e p a r k land and open spaces would make the c i t y g e n e r a l l y a l e s s d e s i r a b l e p l a c e to l i v e , thus encouraging the more a f f l u e n t members of the community to seek homes e l s e w h e r e . I n s h o r t , the r e s i d e n t i a l c h a r a c t e r of the c i t y would be s e v e r e l y damaged and the D i s t r i c t would no l o n g e r be a t t r a c t i v e to p o t e n t i a l r e s i d e n t s . Number Three - Highways cannot s o l v e the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problem w h i l e mass t r a n s i t can. hours the average c a r c a r r i e s 1.6 800 square f e e t of roadway space. f o r example, During commuting persons w h i l e consuming A D. C. T r a n s i t Bus, can c a r r y up to 76 persons w h i l e consuming o n l y 1100 square f e e t of roadway space. Thus the bus i s 30-odd times more e f f i c i e n t as a passenger c a r r i e r . A subway i s up to 40 times more e f f i c i e n t than an automobile, a c c o r d i n g to the w e l l known t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e x p e r t James Nathan M i l l e r b u t , more i m p o r t a n t l y , i t doesn't consume any roadway �45 i . J d 13 / space. F u r t h e r , a subway has the i n h e r e n t c a p a c i t y f o r expansion w i t h o u t a d d i t i o n a l c o n s t r u c t i o n s i m p l y by adding more c a r s . T8 I t has been e s t i m a t e d t h a t the e n t i r e p o p u l a t i o n of Manhattan New Y o r k could bo evacuated i n l e s s than one hour by t h e i r subway system a l o n e , w i t h o u t r e a c h i n g the choke-off p o i n t . From our own e x p e r i e n c e s , we know t h a t freeways a r e e a s i l y c h o k e d o f f and d u r i n g inclement they can 't even handle the t r a f f i c weather f o r which they were designed. W e l l , the highway proponents w i l l i n v a r i a b l y c a l l f o r balanced t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , a term t h e y never bother to define„ Balanced to us means a roughly -- (Applause.) B a l a n c e to us means r o u g h l y e q u a l p o r t i o n s of the two systems. toward The t r e n d i n r e c e n t y e a r s , however, has been imbalance, h e a v i l y weighted I n 1950, i n f a v o r of highways. f o r example, the C a p i t a l T r a n s i t Company t r a n s p o r t e d almost 400 m i l l i o n passengers w h i l e today the y e a r l y volume i s only s l i g h t l y over 100 Approximately million. 70 per cent of the commuter t r a f f i c today i n t o the D i s t r i c t i s by p r i v r . t e automobile. At p r e s e n t over one m i l l i o n cars c r o s s the D i s t r i c t L i n o on the average week day and, i f p o p u l a t i o n f o r e c a s t s hold t r u e and trans- p o r t a t i o n h a b i t s a r e allowed to remain as they a r e , we can expect t h i s volume to i n c r e a s e to 1.5 and m i l l i o n by 1985 2.5 �46 dl4 m i l l i o n by the y e a r 2000. more and more f r e e w a y s ? What w i l l be the s o l u t i o n then, I t should be abundantly -- ( L a u g h t e r and a p p l a u s e . ) I t should be abundantly c l e a r t h a t t h i s soon w i l l become a p h y s i c a l i m p o s s i b i l i t y because of t h e r e s t r i c t e d land a r e a of t h e D i s t r i c t . So we should begin investigating a l l of the s o l u t i o n s now. We would l i k e t o i n t r o d u c e a new concept; namely, unbalanced t r a n s p o r t a t i o n -(Laughter.) -- and we recommend i t -(Applause.) -- and we recommend i t to you as the o n l y workable s o l u t i o n t o t h e a r e a ' s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems. Under t h i s p l a n mass t r a n s i t would be the p r i n c i p a l c a r r i e r i n our t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system and the p r i v a t e a u t o mobile would become a minor supplement t h e r e t o . (Applause.) We f a v o r a system i n which a t l e a s t 80 p e r cent of t h e passenger t r i p s would be made by mass t r a n s i t ities . subways. facil- These should be i n the form of both busses and To b r i n g about t h i s change, i t w i l l be n e c e s s a r y to b u i l d more f r i n g e p a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s from which e x p r e s s busses would be routed t o the b u s i n e s s a r e a s and to s t a r t c o n s t r u c t i o n on an e x t e n s i v e subway system immediately. �47 The b u i l d i n g of any new highways s i m p l y encourages more people to use t h e i r c a r s and, t h u s , would l e s s e n the e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h i s p l a n . As the p o p u l a t i o n of the a r e a i n c r e a s e s , mass t r a n s i t f a c i l i t i e s should be expanded u n t i l 90 per cent or even 95 per cent of the passenger t r i p s could be i n c l u d e d . F o r a c i t y w i t h f i x e d b o u n d a r i e s , a system of t h i s type i s the only one t h a t holds any promise of s u c c e s s . W e l l , we stand now a t the t h r e s h o l d of a v i t a l l y important u n d e r t a k i n g and the a l t e r n a t i v e s a r e clear. unmistakably W i l l the D i s t r i c t continue to l i v e as a growing, h e a l t h y community s u i t a b l e f o r f a m i l y l i f e o r w i l l i t become -- or w i l l i t be s a c r i f i c e d to the s h o r t s i g h t e d s e l f - i n t e r e s t groups and become a wasteland of m u l t i - l a n e highways and parking lots? (Applause.) Members of the P l a n n i n g Commission, the d e c i s i o n i s yours and a p p a r e n t l y i t i s yours a l o n e . We hope t h a t your v e r d i c t w i l l be i n the b e s t i n t e r e s t of the D i s t r i c t and her people. Thank you. (Applause.) STATEMENT OF: SAMMIE ABDULLAH ABBOTT, EMERGENCY COMMITTEE ON TRANSPORTA TION C R I S I S THE �48 (Mr. Abbott approached the podium.) (Standing ovation.) MR. SAMUEL ABDULLAH ABBOTT: Thank you, f e l l o w s o l d i e r s i n t h i s d e c i s i v e b a t t l e t o save our homes and community and Nation's Capital. (Applause.) CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. ABBOTT: W i l l you announce your name — Yes, I s h a l l . CHAIRMAN ROWE: -- f o r the r e c o r d . Thank you. (Laughter.) MR. ABBOTT: Madam Chairman, Members and A l t e r n a t e s and v i s i t o r s , absentee governmental o f f i c i a l s . Welcome tonight. My name i s Sam Abott, ex-member o f the T r i p l e - A s . ( L a u g h t e r and a p p l a u s e . ) And p u b l i c i t y d i r e c t o r f o r t h e Emergency Committee on the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C r i s i s , a y e a r - o l d group c o o r d i n a t i n g the e f f o r t s o f a l l o f the major o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n the c i t y and m e t r o p o l i t a n area. Tonight we have something new i n p r o c e d u r a l and, i f we a l l o w ' i t rules t o go through, we then a r e g u i l t y of c i t y p l a n n i n g by eggtimer. ( l a u g h t e r and a p p l a u s e . ) I do not propose t o be l i m i t e d i n rny d i s c u s s i o n on �49 :o.lJ p r o j e c t s which t o t a l i n the a c c u m u l a t i v e t o t a l on freeways by the y e a r 1972 one b i l l i o n d o l l a r s , a subway system 50C m i l l i o n and the r e s u l t a n t projects which, according to t h i s book d i s t r i b u t e d t o n i g h t , i n p r i v a t e and p u b l i c p r o j e c t s t o t a l i n g some 5.2 b i l l i o n d o l l a r s , and they propose to put a limit? Not t o n i g h t . (Cheers and a p p l a u s e . ) (Exhibiting chart) groups, m o b i l i z e d T h i s i s an ad t h a t t h e c i t i z e n by the Emergency Committee, put i n the newspaper. VOICES: We can't see i t . MR. ABBOTT: Put i n the newspaper on Monday i n the P o s t , the morning paper. of hard-earned money. I t c o s t us a thousand d o l l a r s The s i g n a t u r e s , some 30 of them, s t a r t i n g w i t h t h e Democratic P a r t y of t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia, a l l the way down t o Leonard S c h o o l S e r v i c e s -I ' l l bypass a couple o f the l i q u o r s t o r e s -(Laughter.) -- showed the wide support f o r t h e p o s i t i o n t h a t i s going t o be given here t o n i g h t and we address i t a t the top to c e r t a i n i n d i v i d u a l s : Walter Tobriner; John B. Duncan; B r i g a d i e r G e n e r a l Robert Mathe. Two a r e h e r e , and I t h i n k t h a t Commissioner Tobriner �50 •'^jdlS should be a t the t a b l e . (Applause.) I'd l i k e to know what you look l i k e , Commissioner, because you never attended a h e a r i n g b e f o r e . Stand up. I f my remarks (Applause.) CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. ABBOTT: No, (Pounding no, no. gavel). No, no. seem to be p e r s o n a l , they a r e meant to be, because p o l i c i e s , Mrs. Rowe — the f a c t s of l i f e a r e t h i s , p o l i c i e s do grow out of the l o g i c of p l a n n e r s . not They grow and a r e pursued and pushed and f o i s t e d by i n d i v i d u a l s and when those i n d i v i d u a l s become i d e n t i f i e d w i t h a p o l i c y , e i t h e r by promotion or by d e f a u l t , they have to stand h e r e , i f we are American c i t i z e n s e x e r c i s i n g our r i g h t under the F i r s t Amendment. They have to stand up and be counted -- (Applause.) -- and t o n i g h t we a r e going to p o i n t our at finger you. (Applause.) S e c r e t a r y of the I n t e r i o r U d a l l , a r e you p r e s e n t ? (No response.) W e ' l l mark you a b s e n t . (Marking on chart.) (Laughter.) Senate and D i s t r i c t House Committee members were sent telegrams Monday n i g h t . We have heard from Senator �51 .3jdl9 Kennedy and S e n a t o r Morse and S e n a t o r Dominick, who s e n t us t h e i r b e s t w i s h e s and s a i d t h a t due t o p r e v i o u s commitments they could not a t t e n d . However, keep them informed. Representative B r o y h i l l sent h i s r e g r e t s . (Laughter.) P r e s i d e n t i a l A d v i s o r Stephen P o l l a k , a r e you present? You r e c e i v e d a t e l e g r a m . We d i d not want t o burden the P r e s i d e n t o f the United S t a t e s w i t h a l l h i s problems. We wanted you t h e r e f o r e t o be h e r e . Are you? (No response.) Absent. (Marking c h a r t . ) (Laughter.) Now, we know t h a t two Commissioners a r e h e r e . There i s one m i s s i n g Commissioner and I want our Negro b r o t h e r s i n the audience t o sound out f o r him. Call his name o u t . VOICES: Duncan, Duncan, Duncan. MR. ABBOTT: And i n o u r testimony you w i l l see why we a r e i n such a l o u s y s t a t e i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. (Applause.) We a r e b e i n g , by people, who, f o r one reason o r a n o t h e r , choose the r o l e o f p o l i t i c a l e u n i c h s -(Applause.) Now, f o r Maryland. T h i s i s an i n t e r s t a t e freeway. �52 CHAIRMAN ROWE: Mr. Abbott, I don't want t o take your time b u t , i f you want t o t a l k about the i s s u e s -MR. ABBOTT: These a r e t h e i s s u e s . ( W h i s t l e s and a p p l a u s e . ) CHAIRMAN ROWE: You, as w e l l as everyone else, a r e l i m i t e d t o t e n minutes. MR. ABBOTT: No, no, no. l a d i e s and gentlemen, t h i s i s an i n t e r s t a t e t h a t cannot be b u i l t i n the D i s t r i c t w i t h o u t building i t . freeway Maryland Where i s Mr. Addison and the S t a t e Roads Commissioner Wolf ? (No response.) Not here and they have not okayed the freeway i n Maryland and you cannot b u i l d i t h e r e . Absent. (Marking c h a r t . ) (Applause.) I'm not going through the r e s t of the l i s t . We a r e going t o make a t a l l y o f i t . The people a r e going t o know t h a t when the s t a k e o f the c i t y i s being d i s c u s s e d , where a r e our l e a d e r s ? Shame. (Applause.) I n a l l o f these manuals they put out t o j u s t i f y the whole t h i n g t o b u i l d a l l these f r e e w a y s and b r i d g e s , they have t o have some r e a s o n , the need f o r i t . The Mass T r a n s i t Survey o f 1959 ( E x h i b i t i n g chart). �53 9jd21 What a d i s c r e d i t e d document. at We have been p u n c t u r i n g i t meeting a f t e r meeting y e a r a f t e r y e a r and you s t i l l haven't been a b l e t o come up w i t h a new r e p o r t t o j u s t i f y i t . You a r e o f f 1400 per cent and f i v e y e a r s I n p r e d i c t i n g the i n c r e a s e s from Montgomery County i n t o t h e District. And then they s t i l l want t o use those old d i s credited figures. (Applause.) The peak hour i n the North C e n t r a l , the Northwest and the Northeast c o r r i d o r s was p r e d i c t e d j u s t f i v e y e a r s ahead. They weren't t a l k i n g about 1985> an i n c r e a s e o f some 22500 v e h i c l e s . What d i d the a c t u a l highway count f i g u r e s and sent forward by Roads D i r e c t o r A i r i s show? increase i n that five-year period. submitted 3*000 a c t u a l What an e r r o r . Everyone would f l u n k the c l a s s , i f they d i d t h e i r homework t h a t way. (Applause.) And the peak hour -- the peak hour t r a f f i c on t h e North C e n t r a l p r e d i c t e d f o r an i n c r e a s e o f 13,300 v e h i c l e s in t h a t f i v e - y e a r p e r i o d turned out to be a measly 1,700, Nov/, I a s k you a g a i n : freeways? How can you j u s t i f y these You c a n ' t do i t . And I ' l l t e l l you why they c a n ' t , because t h i s map here ( e x h i b i t i n g c h a r t ) p o i n t s out what "Wolf VonEckhardt has �54 . :"c122 s a i d i n the Post on s e v e r a l o c c a s i o n s and what e v e r y r e s i d e n t o f the D i s t r i c t knows -CHAIRMAN ROUE: Two minutes, Mr. Abbott. MR. ABBOTT: -- from o u t s i d e o f the D i s t r i c t of Columbia you have a bunch o f s p o t s . the homes o f the people Mr. A i r i s out here These spots r e p r e s e n t i n t h e p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s such a s (indicating). (Applause.) And you go a l l through t h e r e and you f i n d out they l i v e , those r e s p o n s i b l e a l l l i v e o u t s i d e o f t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia, a l l a r e w h i t e , and, t h e r e f o r e , -(Applause.) -- t h e r e f o r e , when we s a y t h a t these a r e w h i t e men's roads through b l a c k men's homes, they don't know what i t means. (Applause.) And when we s a y t h a t a P l a n n i n g Commission l e d l i k e t h a t comes up w i t h one l i b r a r y f o r e v e r y 19,OCOcitizens west of Rock Creek Park and comes up w i t h one l i b r a r y f o r 54,000 c i t i z e n s talking e a s t of Rock Creek P a r k , you know what I'm about. (Cheers and a p p l a u s e . ) Now, t h i s i s the Maryland P l a n which t h e Commission and the D i s t r i c t i s e v i d e n t l y o b l i v i o u s o r i g n o r a n t c f . CHAIRMAN ROWE: Mr. Abbott, I'm s o r r y . �55 •9 jd23 (A chorus o f groans .) MR. ABBOTT: Oh, no. CHAIRMAN ROUE: MR. ABBOTT: Oh, no. CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. ABBOTT: I'm s o r r y , your time i s up. These a r e the r u l e s . The r u l e s a r e the r u l e s of t h e people tonight. (Cheers and a p p l a u s e . ) CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. ABBOTT: nice lady I f you have -- No, no. Mrs. Rowe, Mrs. Rowe i s a — (Applause.) -- but today we a r e going t o speak. (Continued a p p l a u s e . ) I am t a l k i n g u n t i l we get dragged out o f h e r e . Nov;, Mrs. Rowe i s a v a l i a n t woman but she doesn't have t h e punch t o d e a l w i t h these people t h a t have been f i g h t i n g the c i t i z e n s . A VOICE: L e t our Chairman speak. (Applause.) MR. ABBOTT: The North C e n t r a l Freeway, you know how many c a r s i s p r e d i c t e d t o be coming down t h e r e i n t h e y e a r 1985. VOICES: Time. MR. ABBOTT: T h i s i s 40,000 c a r s . �56 '9jd24 CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. ABBOTT: Mr. Abbott, t h i s time -- No, no. CHAIRMAN ROWE: -- i f you have m a t e r i a l , you can submit i t f o r the w r i t t e n r e c o r d order). (pounding g a v e l t o r e s t o r e Or someone e l s e can p r e s e n t t h e m a t e r i a l . MR. ABBOTT: Nobody w i l l p r e s e n t my m a t e r i a l . CHAIRMAN ROWE: Mr. Abbott. You could put i t i n the r e c o r d , I'm s o r r y . MR. ABBOTT: I'm going t o put i t f o r t h e people here. A VOICE: A point of order. CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. ABBOTT: A VOICE: I'm s o r r y . Those a r e the r u l e s . Your r u l e s a r e l u d i c r o u s . L e t him speak. CHAIRMAN ROWE: I'm s o r r y you f e e l t h a t way but they a r e t h e r u l e s o f the meeting. MR. ABBOTT: No, we t o l d you, Mrs. Rowe, a t t h e meeting, you were warned i n Brookland w i t h Mr, Conrad p r e s e n t and Chairman Edwards, Dean Edwards, and a t t h e meeting a t R o o s e v e l t High S c h o o l , when you y o u r s e l f were p r e s e n t . We s a i d we s h a l l not be l i m i t e d i n our p r e s e n t a t i o n . (Applause.) CHAIRMAN ROWE: We have many o t h e r people here t o n i g h t who have something t o s a y , many o f them who agree w i t h you. �57 :9ic:25 CHAIRMAN ROWE: That a s t o n i s h e s me. (Laughter.) Mr. Abbott, f i n i s h i n one minute and be g r a c i o u s about i t . . " AE30TT: VOICES: I am not g r a c i o u s a t t h i s s t a g e , no. No. CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. ABBOTT: Come on. T h i s i s not — Look, t h i s i s not a t e a p a r t y , Mrs. Rowe. CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. ABBOTT: A VOICE: I don't t h i n k i t ' s a t e a p a r t y . I t ' s a f i g h t f o r me. I t ' s my home. You can't take the f l o o r a g a i n . MR. ABBOTT: P l e a s e take your c h a i r so we can continue. CHAIRMAN ROWE: SAME VOICE: I'm s o r r y . I t ' s my time. (Chairman Rowe c o n s u l t i n g w i t h S e c r e t a r y CHAIRMAN ROWE: Shear.) Are t h e r e any members who a r e l i s t e d who would y i e l d t h e i r time t o Mr. Abbott o r a p o r t i o n of t h e i r time? (Scattered applause.) W i l l you g i v e t h e S e c r e t a r y your name. 3 MR. PERRIER: I w i l l r e l i n q u i s h f i v e minutes o f my t ime. CHAIRMAN ROWE: A l l right. �58 -10jd26 VOICES: I ' l l r e l i n q u i s h f i v e minutes o f my time. CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. ABBOTT: I t h i n k t h a t w i l l be s u f f i c i e n t . Now, l o o k . CHAIRMAN ROWE: MRS. HEUTTE: There a r e p l e n t y o f them. F i v e minutes from Mr. F e r r i e r . I w i l l r e l i n q u i s h f i v e minutes. Number 46. CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. WOOD: I r e l i n q u i s h f i v e minutes. CHAIRMAN ROWE: Abbott. Number 46 g i v e s f i v e minutes and -- A l l right. T h a t ' s p l e n t y , Mr. You s a i d you'd be through by now anyway. F i f t e e n more m i n u t e s . I t ' s not a t e a p a r t y . (Applause.) MR. ABBOTT: Now, l a d i e s and gentlemen, I'm t a l k i n g to the audience too, a t the Maryland P a r k and P l a n n i n g Commission -- I don't t h i n k any of you people attended i t -up i n Maryland f o r two d a y s , t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Maryland, they produced this monstrosity. (Exhibiting chart.) The a r t e r i e s , metropolitan area. the blood l i f e and v e i n s o f t h e They don't go i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t , do t h e y ? But e v e r y one o f these b i g r e d 19&5 t r a f f i c flow designations pours i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t and what do they show? That t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway, which one o f the gentlemen p r e c e d i n g me, I t h i n k i t was Mr. W i r t h o r L a s h l e y �59 .Ojd27 s a i d was n e c e s s a r y , t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway, you know what i t shows? 40,000 c a r s . That's a l l they can m o t i v a t e coming o f f t h e B e l t w a y t o j u s t i f y t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway. 40,000. I d i d n ' t draw t h i s . A VOICE: 40,000? MR. ABBOTT: A day, t h a t ' s a l l . Now, coming down here the road they don't t a l k about, 1-95> the Maine t o F l o r i d a t r u c k r o u t e . You know what i t w i l l pour i n t o the North C e n t r a l Freeway where i t hits i t a t Gallatin Street? 200,000 t r u c k s and c a r s a day. That's i t . And they haven't had one h e a r i n g on 1-95 and when I asked the P l a n n i n g Commission l a s t summer, and I t h i n k i t was Mr. W i r t h t h a t took my q u e s t i o n up and asked t h e Highway Department about t h a t road, they promised t o come up w i t h the f i g u r e s on a breakdown of t r u c k t r a f f i c . They have to t h i s day not mentioned i t because they know t h a t hundreds and thousands those of t r u c k s coming down from Maine t o F l o r i d a w i l l pass down through R i g g s , A d e l p h i , not stop a t the B e l t w a y and go around, because a l r e a d y , w i t h o u t this m o n s t r o s i t y being approved, they a r e a l r e a d y b u i l d i n g an overpass above the B e l t w a y . Who a u t h o r i z e d t h a t building? (Applause.) So those t r u c k s come down t h e r e , 200,000, and they �6o a r e going t o go not around the c i t y but i n t o i t and what k i n d of t r a v e s t y i s i t when the P a r k S e r v i c e keeps o f f the Baltimore-Washington Parkway, where no people l i v e , and then throws t h e i r vote i n a s e l l - o u t d e a l t o b r i n g those t r u c k s r i g h t through the a r e a s where t h e people l i v e ? (Applause.) What these people don't t e l l you and what the f a c t s of l i f e have proved i s t h a t 65 p e r cent of t h e r e s i d e n t s of Montgomery County now work i n the county and do not need t h e a r t e r i a l roads i n t o the D i s t r i c t . The demand i s not f o r the roads and i t ' s about time you r e v i s e d the b a s i s f o r y o u r figuring. (Applause.) ( E x h i b i t i n g new c h a r t . ) I have gone about through 1-951 except t o mention one t h i n g . I r e c e i v e d a b e a u t i f u l brochure from t h i s new s a t e l l i t e town c a l l e d Columbia. future. Oh, boy, the home of the And you know what they do t o s e l l t h a t c i t y which i s h a l f way between B a l t i m o r e and Washington? They have a t r a f f i c map and they brag about coming down 1-95 a t I n t e r s t a t e Highway speeds so t h a t they can g e t i n t o t h e c e n t e r of Washington i n 30 m i n u t e s . And what kind of j u s t i c e i s i t f o r everybody t h a t l i v e s between here and Columbia t o be the guinea pigs, to have no s e c u r i t y i n t h e i r homes and t h e i r p r o p e r t y i n t h e i r �61 )%2S communities, i f we a r e to be shoved a s i d e and bulldozed under f o r the b e n e f i t of these s o - c a l l e d s a t e l l i t e , new and modern towns? (Applause.) The F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l , which was mentioned h e r e , oh, y e s , you d i d your work. You got two pages i n the S t a r when you went out to b a t t l e the L i t t l e Report. (Exhibiting chart.) And the a u t h o r of t h a t s o - c a l l e d F e d e r a l C i t y Report i s i n the audience. He now works f o r the Highway Department. I t h i n k he ought to stand and t a k e a Mr. Stand Rivard. bow, up. (Mr. R i v a r d d i d not rise.) (Applause.) MR. ABBOTT: I hope you a r e b l u s h i n g from embarrass- ment . (Laughter.) Because the whole j u s t i f i c a t i o n of what these i r r e s p o n s i b l e b u s i n e s s people t r y to advance i s t h a t they have to have the freeways i n o r d e r to keep t h e i r p r o s p e r i t y , t o have the d o l l a r s and the t r a f f i c and freeways to b r i n g the consumer i n t o the h e a r t of the c i t y . But the Highway R e s e a r c h Board had a convention a few months ago and t h e r e was a r e p o r t presented by an independent c o n s u l t a n t namedl / i t h a f o r d , and h i s c o n c l u s i o n s were j u s t the o p p o s i t e ; t h a t �62 i n the s t r u g g l e f o r the consumer's d o l l a r , the c o m p e t i t i o n between the downtown b u s i n e s s and the suburban shopping c e n t e r , and i n most c a s e s i t ' s the same man anyway, but f r e e w a y s -(Applause.) The freeways cause more l o s s to downtown b u s i n e s s . Now, the i r o n y , the d i s h o n e s t y of t h e coverage was t h a t w h i l e the F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l got a f u l l two pages i n c o l o r i n the S t a r , t h i s Withaford Report was b u r i e d i n t h e f i n a n c i a l s e c t i o n on a S a t u r d a y . What a shame a g a i n . (Applause.) P o l l u t i o n , Washington, D. C. (Exhibiting chart.) (Applause.) Y e s t e r d a y on WTOP-radio I heard an a u t h o r named Nemo who has w r i t t e n a book on p o l l u t i o n t e s t i f y t h e r e and he had t h e f i g u r e s to prove i t , t h a t Washington, D. C. has t h e h i g h e s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n of t r a f f i c o f any c i t y i n t h e c o u n t r y , 4,000 c a r s p e r square m i l e . Whose c a r s were they? A b i g mystery. Because, i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia i t s e l f , t h e r e s i d e n t s have the l o w e s t percentage of c a r s by t i t l e . (Applause.) So, when these gentlemen who preceded me asked you to s a c r i f i c e more of your c i t y f o r f r e e w a y s , more of your �63 .'.Ojd31 lungs f o r p o l l u t i o n -(Applause.) Nov;, 62 p e r cent of t h i s downtown a r e a t h a t the F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l i s p l e a d i n g and p r a y i n g about i s a l r e a d y devoted t o p a r k i n g and s t r e e t s , t h e h i g h e s t of any major m e t r o p o l i t a n c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s district. Now, here a r e some f a c t s on p a r k i n g . (Exhibiting chart.) One m i l e of expressway w i l l i n one hour, peak hour, generate way seven times the a r e a s u r f a c e of t h a t e x p r e s s - i n p a r k i n g needs. Nov/, what kind of nonsense i s t h i s t h a t you a r e going t o r e a l i z e t h a t the more freeways you a r e b u i l d i n g you a r e l a g g i n g behind i n p a r k i n g a t a seven-to-one r a t e ? T h i s i s the f i g u r e . (Applause.) 1 T h i s i s the f i g u r e a p p e a r i n g , a l l of these next few f i g u r e s appeared i n t h e C o n g r e s s i o n a l Record of t h e 7 t h of June under S e n a t o r R i b i c o f f ' s i n s e r t i o n d e a l i n g w i t h the f i n d i n g s of the League of Urban C i t i e s , which was a symposium -- a l s o i n c l u d i n g t h e Luce Magazine -- and o t h e r planning experts. Three l a n e s of expressways i n one hour w i l l only b r i n g i n what one s i n g l e s e v e n - c a r subway t r a i n i n one t r i p brings i n . So i s i t worth i t ? �64 .ljd32 (Applause.) (Exhibiting chart.) One c a r , and t h i s i s a l s o i n t h a t s e t , t o b r i n g one c a r i n o f a commuter i n peak hour, i n New York C i t y i t c o s t s $21,000 f o r t h a t one c a r . That means i f you b r i n g i n a thousand c a r s you w i l l m u l t i p l y t h a t by 21,000. exceeded by one p l a c e . Do you know where i t i s ? I t is Washington, $23,000 p e r c a r . (Scattered applause.) Not for only t h a t but the man t h a t s a i d rubber pays everything, you're not r i g h t , s i r . MR. WIRTH: MR. ABBOTT: I didn't say t h a t . You meant i t . ( L a u g h t e r and a p p l a u s e . ) The same conference produced i n c o n t r o v e r t i b l e -- some such word -(Laughter.) -- f i g u r e s -- t h a t sounds l i k e an automobile -(laughter.) -- t h a t e v e r y commuter c a r I n the peak hours i s subsidized 10 cents a m i l e . anything e l s e . That doesn't count p a r k i n g o r That's I n t a x e s on unpaid i n t e r e s t . The policemen, who pays f o r t h e p o l i c e ? We t a l k about crime i n Washington and I would v e n t u r e t h a t the m a j o r i t y o f t h e p o l i c e a r e doing nothing but t r a f f i c . �65 11jd33 (Applause.) (Exhibiting chart.) L i f e Magazine, which I read o n l y i n the barbershop, and you can see by the s t a t e o f the absence o f my n e c e s s i t y f o r going t o a barbershop -(Laughter.) -- t h a t I o n l y o c c a s i o n a l l y go. However, a month ago I picked up a cover which had Truman Capote on i t . That's enough t o keep anybody from l o o k i n g a t i t . (Laughter.) B u t , f o r t u n a t e l y , I turned i n t h e r e and t h e r e was t h i s a r t i c l e which pointed out, under a heading which s a i d the b i t t e r e s t i s s u e today: Mass t r a n s i t v e r s u s more f r e e w a y s . The f e d e r a l government, s i n c e t h e i n s t i t u t i o n of t h i s wonderf u l interstate highway program i n 1956", has spent $100, f o r e v e r y one d o l l a r on mass t r a n s i t . And A shame a g a i n . t h a t a r t i c l e i n L i f e went on t o p o i n t where the p r e s s u r e was coming from and i t l i s t e d Mr. W i r t h ' s by name. $100 outfit And I'm s o r r y f o r L i f e , i f i t l o s e s i t s a d v e r t i s e r s , but more power t o them and t h e y ' l l get a new s u b s c r i b e r , i f they keep up t h a t f i g h t t o educate the people. (Applause.) Now, l e t ' s t a l k about t h i s 90/10 money. I t ' s about time t h a t t h e 90/10 money went i n t o t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , y e s , but t h e c a r d r i v e r should r e a l i z e t h a t h i s gas t a x o f 11 c e n t s �66 ljd34 p e r g a l l o n should be viewed as a p r i v i l e g e t o d r i v e i n the urban a r e a s and, t h e r e f o r e , t h a t money go i n t o mass t r a n s i t so t h a t we who go f o r the same j o b , r e t u r n t o our same home e v e r y n i g h t a t the same time w i l l be g i v e n a f a s t , economical, cheap and modern means o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and we won't need to d r i v e . (Applause.) And t h e r e i s no b e t t e r p l a c e i n t h e country than Washington, D. C. f o r t h e c i t i z e n s to demand t h a t S e n a t o r Tydings a g a i n put h i s name t o the b i l l i n t h e Senate t o a u t h o r i z e the use of 90/10 money a t the d i s c r e t i o n of the s t a t e s f o r t h a t most v i t a l need of a l l , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . (Applause.) (Exhibiting chart.) Nov;, I don't know i f you members of t h e Commission and o t h e r i n v i t e d guests a t the t a b l e read t h e papers -(Laughter.) -- but y e s t e r d a y ' s Post pointed out t h a t COG, the M e t r o p o l i t a n C o u n c i l of Governments, which i s s e t up t o g i v e us comprehensive, c o o r d i n a t e d p l a n n i n g on a m e t r o p o l i t a n - wide a r e a , t h e hope of the f u t u r e , t h i s body, i s going to spend $4.5 m i l l i o n i n a f i v e - y e a r program t o study t r a f f i c CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR, ABBOTT: — to -- Two minutes. $4.5 m i l l i o n i n a f i v e - y e a r program study t r a f f i c needs i n Washington. �67 Tlljd35 What a r e they going t o s t u d y , i f t h e s e p l a n s go through? What a r e they going to s t u d y ? And of you people i t behooves us h e r e , and I know t h a t s e v e r a l i n the p l a n n i n g process a r e lame ducks. t u r n s a r e o v e r , you a r e being superseded Your one way o r another. There a r e r e o r g a n i z a t i o n p l a n s being d i s c u s s e d . Therefore, p l e a s e get i t out of your system about running any freeways through, e s p e c i a l l y i n view of the f a c t t h a t our o t h e r s e t of o f f i c i a l s a r e p l a n n i n g some s t u d i e s . We do not need any f r e e w a y s i n the i n t e r i m . (Applause.) I have attended meetings of the P l a n n i n g Commission and t h e r e were always t h r e e people, e i t h e r members o r a l t e r n a t e s who s a t t h e r e , f a c e l e s s ; I don't know who they are. (Laughter.) They have never opened t h e i r mouth t o second a motion o r t o speak on t h e q u e s t i o n but they voted and they voted a g a i n s t the people, and these f a c e l e s s gentlemen r e p r e s e n t t h e P u b l i c B u i l d i n g S e r v i c e -( R i n g i n g of t i m e r . ) CHAIRMAN ROWE: Time. MR. ABBOTT: -- Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads, -A VOICE: You have another t e n minutes. MR. ABBOTT: -- the Commissioner of E n g i n e e r s , the �Corps o f E n g i n e e r s . (Scattered applause.) CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. ABBOTT: Mr. Abbott, your time -- I was g i v e n another t e n minutes. (Cheers and a p p l a u s e . ) CHAIRMAN ROWE: going t o f i n i s h i n 15. Mr. Abbott, I thought you were I f you have a n o t h e r t e n m i n u t e s , are you going t o keep on? There a r e o t h e r people who have come d i s t a n c e s who want t o speak and, out o f f a i r n e s s t o the o t h e r people who a r e here and who a r e a s i n t e r e s t e d , i f perhaps not as e n t e r t a i n i n g — (Laughter.) MR. ABBOTT: The time has been y i e l d e d . CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. ABBOTT: I do t h i n k -- Senators y i e l d . CHAIRMAN ROWE: No. MR. ABBOTT: Why c a n ' t our people y i e l d ? CHAIRMAN ROWE: I w i l l have t o have a commitment from you t h a t i f you have t e n more minutes t h a t t h a t w i l l be it. A VOICE: T h i s gentleman has r e l i n q u i s h e d t e n more minutes. CHAIRMAN ROWE: from Mr. Abbott I am t r y i n g t o get a commitment — SAME VOICE: W i l l somebody e l s e y i e l d ? �69 •:.ljd37 CHAIRMAN ROWE: ten Mr. Abbott, w i l l you t a k e the minutes and t h a t w i l l be a l l ? Otherwise, we w i l l have a recess. MR. ABBOTT: MR. P H I L I P I f I am through, YOUNG: I will finish. Number 36, I r e l i n q u i s h a l l o f my t i m e . MR. PRAHINSKI: A point of order. I am number e i g h t and I o b j e c t t o t h i s gentleman being g i v e n the time of anyone who i s g r e a t e r than e i g h t . CHAIRMAN ROWE: What number a r e you, s i r ? MR. PRAHINSKI: I am number e i g h t and I o b j e c t t o the gentleman being g i v e n the time o f anyone whose number i s g r e a t e r than e i g h t . (Applause.) CHAIRMAN ROWE: A l l right. You s e e , t h e r e a r e people, Mr. Abbott, who have w a i t e d a long time, who a r e up on the l i s t and I c a n ' t i n good c o n s c i e n c e g i v e you more than ten minutes. MR. ABBOTT: A l l right. CHAIRMAN ROWE: Number 36 has g i v e n you h i s e n t i r e time and I t h i n k t h a t I can r e l y on you t o f i n i s h w i t h i n the t e n minutes. MR. ABBOTT: A l l right. Now, l a s t y e a r a t t h i s time when the Georgetown P l a n was being d i s c u s s e d and D o x i a d i s presented t h e p r o p o s a l s �70 h e r e , and n e e d l e s s t o s a y t h e Highway Department agreed w i t h t h e l e a s t d e s i r a b l e s o l u t i o n -(Scattered applause.) -- Mr. Hartzog, r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e stood a t t h i s r o s t r u m and defended h i s s e l l - o u t agreement, which i s h e r e , which was concluded on May 25th, whereby, a f t e r f o u r y e a r s on the s i d e of t h e p u b l i c , he threw t h e P a r k S e r v i c e over to t h e s i d e of t h e p r i v i l e g e d interests. Why d i d he do i t ? He s a i d , and I s a t i n t h e back but I could see h i s embarrassment, t h a t over the y e a r s t h e P a r k S e r v i c e had l o s t hundreds of a c r e s o f park land t o the Highway Department and, t h e r e f o r e , f i n a l l y they had concluded a d e a l whereby a l l f u t u r e p a r k land would be exchanged i n kind or cash. Now, why d i d they s u r r e n d e r i t ? What r i g h t d i d he have to vote away my home to b e a u t i f y t h e m a l l or to put a s k a t i n g r i n k on t h e R e f l e c t i n g Pool? (Applause.) T h e r e f o r e , we asked S e c r e t a r y TJdall t o account f o r h i s u n d e r l i n g and I r e g r e t to s a y t h a t Mr. Hartzog doesn't have t h e guts enough to f a c e t h e c i t i z e n s here t o n i g h t . He had n o t h i n g more important than t o account f o r t h e Park S e r v i c e v o t e , which i s a d i s g r a c e to t h e Park S e r v i c e and what i t meant and means t o t h e people. �71 T12jd39 (Exhibiting chart.) And a t t h e P l a n n i n g Commission, when t h e NCTA threw t h e i r vote over because t h e i r arm was t w i s t e d byR e p r e s e n t a t i v e Natcher who s a i d , I f you don't v o t e my way, I'm going to p i c k up my eggtimer and go home -( L a u g h t e r and a p p l a u s e . ) -- you don't g e t any subway. Now, a t t h a t t i m e , t h e n e x t day we were g i v e n the o p p o r t u n i t y to make a p r e s e n t a t i o n and we d i r e c t e d our remarks a t Mr. McCarter from t h e Windy C i t y o f Chicago and Mr. McCarter, the n e x t day, took extended time t o defend h i m s e l f , and what a defense. He s a i d , L a d i e s and gentlemen, NCTA i s t h e c r e a t u r e of Congress and I am a c r e a t u r e of t h e Commission. Well. (A chorus o f boos.) I am not going t o comment f u r t h e r . I f Mr. McCarter w i s h e s , he may t a k e some of my time. (laughter.) (Exhibiting chart.) Mr. Edwards, s p e a k i n g f o r South Manor, warned everybody here t h a t t h i s meeting has t h e e f f e c t o f a window dressing. We a r e coming here o s t e n s i b l y as t r a i n e d seals to f l a p our f i n s , c l i c k our h e e l s and t h e n , a s t h e w a t e r r o l l s o f f t h e backs o f our i n t r e p i d l i s t e n e r s , they go back t o t h e i r �72 2jd4G vote. We then can go home and s t a r t c r y i n g f o r our homes, because -(Applause.) -- t h i s T stands f o r the T a y l o r S t r e e t Underpass and the Commission voted a t the l a s t meeting to s t a r t cons t r u c t i o n on the T a y l o r S t r e e t A VOICE: MR„ Who ABBOTT: Underpass. authorized i t ? We asked t h a t q u e s t i o n of Mr. Conrad and Dr. Edwards up a t Brookland and you know what the answer was? Oh, That t h i s was not made predominantly a freeway p r o j e c t . no. T h i s was an NCTA p r o j e c t and o n l y i n c i d e n t a l l y a freeway. (laughter,) Now, you do not have the money or the a u t h o r i z a t i o n to begin c o n s t r u c t i o n on the NCTA. in '68. That c o n s t r u c t i o n s t a r t s Your p l a n s have not been approved and the people want f i n a l a p p r o v a l on where the r o u t e s go, and t h i s i s a subterfuge. V/e a r e going to f i g h t i t . We w i l l be t h e r e w i t h our b o d i e s . (Applause.) (Exhibiting chart.) I see -- I c a n ' t see him now w i t h my g l a s s e s o f f but G e n e r a l Mathe seems to be amused. We have a n o t h e r member -- �73 .'12jd4l A VOICE: MR. Throw him ABBOTT: out. We have another member of the Corps of E n g i n e e r s s i t t i n g up t h e r e now. David A. Rimley of the I z a a k Walton League of America, Bloomington, I n d i a n a , i n a l e t t e r to the e d i t o r , responding to an a r t i c l e on c o n s e r v a t i o n i n the l a s t of Ramparts s a i d issue this: I t i s a s t r a n g e and t e r r i b l e i r o n y when an army o u t f i t , w i t h a l l the u s u a l blood-and-guts m o t i v a t i o n of an i n f a n t r y d i v i s i o n , gets entrenched in c i v i l affairs. They a r e b u i l d i n g r e s e r v o i r s -- and I am i n t e r j e c t i n g highways -l i k e an i n f a n t r y company would hold a h i l l . Since t h e i r p r o f e s s i o n a l honor depends upon the d e t e r m i n a t i o n w i t h which they f i g h t , they w i l l not g i v e up nor admit a m i s t a k e . (Applause.) T h e r e f o r e , l a d i e s and gentlemen, i n the c a p i t a l of the l e a d i n g Democratic p a r t y i n the w o r l d , i f you a r e w i l l i n g to a c c e p t a m i l i t a r y d i c t a t o r s h i p f o r the f o r m u l a t i o n , p l a n n i n g and b u i l d i n g of your environment, it. then you deserve I f you don't a n d a s c i t i z e n s you expect p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n the process of p l a n n i n g and c o n s t r u c t i o n by o f f i c i a l s respon- s i v e to the p u b l i c , p l a n n i n g i n the i n t e r e s t s of the p u b l i c and not s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t s , then you must j o i n us i n demanding t h a t i n any r e o r g a n i z a t i o n the Corps of E n g i n e e r s g e t s i n and does the b a t t l e , t h e i r p a r t and b a t t l e a g a i n s t the enemy and �74 xl2jd42 not a g a i n s t u s . (Applause.) (Exhibiting chart.) E v e r y one of the h e a r i n g s and b r i e f i n g s and neighborhood meetings ..99 MR. — PRAHINSKI: ( i n t e r r u p t i n g Mr. Abbott from the audience) MR. ABBOTT: the Mr. P r a h i n s k i , you're wanted on phone. ( L a u g h t e r and a p p l a u s e . ) The P l a n n i n g Commission has gone around t o the neighborhoods and t h i s c r e a t u r e here has l a i d an a r c h a i c I mean a monstrous and huge gooseegg. -- Not a s i n g l e organ- i z a t i o n i n the D i s t r i c t has approved the f r e e w a y s and i n the suburban a r e a s o n l y two i n f i n i t e s i m a l l y s m a l l groups have supported them. T h e r e f o r e , you have no support by any p u b l i c group f o r t h e s e m o n s t r o s i t i e s . ( Take heed, w i l l you, p l e a s e . Applause) (Exhibiting chart.) T h e r e f o r e , l a d i e s and gentlemen, I a s k you a l l t o respond i n an u n m i s t a k a b l e vote y o u r f e e l i n g s on t h i s m a t t e r so t h a t once and f o r a l l t h e r e w i l l be no q u e s t i o n . A l l t h o s e f o r f r e e w a y s s a y no. �75 ,d43 VOICES: No. MR. ABBOTT: A l l those f o r subways say y e s . VOICES: Y e s . (Applause; attendance standing.) I w i l l now p r e s e n t t h i s t o the Commission f o r i n s e r t i o n i n t o the r e c o r d . (Referring to c h a r t s . ) (Applause.) CHAIRMAN ROWE: I t h i n k we could a l l have a ten-minute break now, but no l o n g e r than t h a t , and w e ' l l come back. (Recess.) CHAIRMAN ROWE: I t h i n k the h e a r i n g w i l l come back to o r d e r and we w i l l proceed w i t h the w i t n e s s e s and i f I could a s k t h a t the ten-minute r u l e p l e a s e be observed because i t i s a h a r d s h i p on o t h e r people who have come. We have had a good b i t o f time r e l i n q u i s h e d but I hope t h a t you w i l l not have t h a t as a p a t t e r n through t h e evening but an e x c e p t i o n . MR. SHEAR: The n e x t w i t n e s s i s Mr. R u s s e l l H. Hornback, V i c e P r e s i d e n t and B u s i n e s s Manager, the Union T a x i Owners Cooperative A s s o c i a t i o n , I n c o r p o r a t e d . CHAIRMAN ROWE: (Pounding g a v e l t o r e s t o r e o r d e r ) The next w i t n e s s i s ready, so, i f you w i l l , be q u i e t , please. �76 .;\jd44 STATEMENT OF: RUSSELL H. HORNBACK, V I C E PRESIDENT AND BUSINESS MANAGER UNION T A X I OWNERS COOPERATIVE ASSOCIATION, INC. MR. RUSSELL H. HORNBACK: Madam Chairman, Members of t h e Commission, l a d i e s and gentlemen: I n your n o t i c e on p u b l i c h e a r i n g t h a t was p u b l i s h e d i n the S t a r on May 28th you f a i l e d t o l i s t t a x i c a b s i n t h e Nation's C a p i t a l . Although we don't have a l i c e n s e d cab i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, j u s t p u b l i c v e h i c l e s f o r h i r e , I f e e l that these v e h i c l e s a r e j u s t as much a p a r t of the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p i c t u r e a s o t h e r modes of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . I have appeared b e f o r e Congressman Natcher's subcommittee on D. C. F i n a n c e a s w e l l a s S e n a t o r Byrd and S e n a t o r P r o x m i r e ' s committee f o r meters and l i m i t a t i o n to change t h e p u b l i c v e h i c l e s f o r h i r e t o t a x i c a b s i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia as w e l l a s r e q u e s t a c h a u f f e u r ' s l i c e n s e be issued. There i s a r i d e r t o the D. C. A p p r o p r i a t i o n s which p r o h i b i t s meter t a x i c a b o p e r a t i o n s i n t h i s c i t y . Bill 'e W submit t h a t t h i s r i d e r has o u t l i v e d i t s d e p r e s s i o n - b o r n goal. Even under the p r e s e n t zone system, s e v e r a l a s s o c i a t i o n s have a monopoly on most h o t e l s , r a d i o o p e r a t i o n s and Union S t a t i o n . We would l i k e t o seek the support of t h e P l a n n i n g Commission and r e q u e s t t h a t meters be p l a c e d i n D.C, ' '' �77 \3jd45 t a x i c a b s w i t h a l i m i t a t i o n based on v e h i c l e age o n l y and not on t h e number of t a x i c a b s , a l l of which would be admin- i s t e r e d by the D. C. P u b l i c S e r v i c e Commission. The p r e s e n t zone f a r e s a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r the h i g h crime r a t e i n t h e Nation's C a p i t a l , p a r t i c u l a r l y on s t r e e t s t h a t a r e t a x i c a b zone l i n e s . T h i s i s due t o a l a r g e number of people who w a l k t o o r from t h e zone l i n e s to save t e n t o 30 c e n t s f o r an e x t r a b l o c k o r so and thus may be a t t a c k e d and robbed. The t a x i c a b zone maps, of c o u r s e , are r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e to l o c a l c i t i z e n s . The p r e s e n t t a x i c a b s being used and l i c e n s e d as p u b l i c v e h i c l e s can be more than t e n y e a r s fill and of age and they our s t r e e t s w i t h a i r p o l l u t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y o i l , smoke gas fumes. 80 p e r cent o r more of t h e p r e s e n t D. C. hackers a r e part-time, due to t h e zone r a t e s t r u c t u r e now e x i s t i n g , which ranges from s i x c e n t s p e r meter m i l e t o as much as s i x - t h i r t y p e r meter m i l e f o r f a r e s . The l a c k of c o n t r o l by the P u b l i c S e r v i c e Commission and cab a s s o c i a t i o n s , since p r e s e n t D. C. t a x i c a b o p e r a t o r s as p u b l i c v e h i c l e s a r e not on a p a y r o l l , therefore, there i s no employer-employee r e l a t i o n - ship. There i s an added burden on D. C. p o l i c e , t h e D i v i s i o n of Motor V e h i c l e s and o t h e r s i n a r e g u l a t o r y s i n c e t h e r e a r e c u r r e n t l y more than 12,000 l i c e n s e d position, public v e h i c l e s i n D. C. alone and t h e r e a r e more than 2,000 suburban �78 13jd46 meter cabs which a l s o may p i c k up passengers i n the D i s t r i c t f o r V i r g i n i a o r Maryland d e s t i n a t i o n s , as a p p r o p r i a t e , w i t h one e x c e p t i o n . is invalid The p r e s e n t D. C. cab l i a b i l i t y insurance i n V i r g i n i a , i n c l u d i n g t h e a i r p o r t and Pentagon, s i n c e these l o c a l i n s u r a n c e c a r r i e r s have not been c e r t i f i e d as t o V i r g i n i a coverage due t o a number o f f a c t o r s . T h i s means t h a t a D. C. cab parked overnight i n V i r g i n i a must pay $50 i n t h e uninsured m o t o r i s t fund of Virginia. There i s poor cab s e r v i c e d u r i n g t h e morning and evening r u s h hours w i t h people h a i l i n g cabs passed up a l l because o f zone r a t e s . L a s t y e a r Congress a u t h o r i z e d $1.40 an hour as a minimum wage f o r cab d r i v e r s . S i n c e we do not have meters, t h i s wage s c a l e i s not a p p l i c a b l e to us but a p p l i e s t o cab d r i v e r s almost anywhere e l s e i n t h e c o u n t r y who, of c o u r s e , earn more money than u s , pay more i n t a x e s and a r e covered by Unemployment Compensation, workmen's Compensation and employer-employee paid s o c i a l security. I would l i k e to p o i n t out t h e l a r g e number of t r a n s i e n t s and v i s i t o r s who use D. C, cabs and a r e puzzled by t h e c u r r e n t s i t u a t i o n of having t o a s k t h e d r i v e r , What i s t h e f a r e , a c c e p t t h e d r i v e r ' s word and l e a v e town w i t h o u t being a b l e to a s c e r t a i n the c o r r e c t n e s s o f t h e spoken word of t h e d r i v e r , p a r t i c u l a r l y when another d r i v e r charged another �79 ri3jd47 price. There i s so much cab b u s i n e s s going o u t s i d e t h e D i s t r i c t now w i t h p u b l i c p r e f e r e n c e f o r N a t i o n a l A i r p o r t i n V i r g i n i a i n s t e a d of Union S t a t i o n , we f e e l r e g u l a t e d f a r e s computed m e c h a n i c a l l y b e f o r e t h e passenger would i n c r e a s e our b u s i n e s s and p r o f i t margin and provide us w i t h adequate i n s u r a n c e and p a y r o l l b e n e f i t s . We w i l l be a b l e t o pay more i n D i s t r i c t and F e d e r a l t a x e s and l e s s e n the burden of t h e D. C. Budget. We would l i k e t o g e t t h e r i d e r e l i m i n a t e d because, i n most i n s t a n c e s , i f we go t o V i r g i n i a and Maryland, we w i l l come back empty. I f meter cabs come i n t o town, they go back empty, and i t r e q u i r e s two cabs t o h a u l one passenger n o r m a l l y , each a t d i f f e r e n t rates. We g e t no s u b s i d y from a d v e r t i s i n g revenues u n l i k e our competitors under t h e 1910 the F i n e A r t s Commission. A c t of Congress e s t a b l i s h i n g I n the i n t e r e s t o f p u b l i c s a f e t y , we would l i k e t o be i s s u e d a c h a u f f e u r ' s permit and a law passed t o p r o h i b i t U t u r n s when meters a r e a u t h o r i z e d . I f the meters go I n t h e cabs, t h e r e could be l e s s m i l e s o f freeways built. They wouldn't be n e c e s s a r y . wouldn't have the t r a f f i c congestion you do w i t h zoned v e h i c l e s . Thank you. (Applause.) You w i t h meter cabs l i k e �8o .?13jd48 r CHAIRMAN ROWE:. Thank you, Mr. Hornback. MR. SHEAR: Mr. Ted P r a h i n s k i , P r e s i d e n t of t h e Shepherd P a r k C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n . STATEMENT OF: TED PRAHINSKI, PRESIDENT, SHEPHERD PARK CITIZENS ASSOCIATION MR. TED PRAHINSKI: S t a r t my time r i g h t now, Madam S e c r e t a r y , p l e a s e . T h i s , what I have i n my hand r e p r e s e n t s a new d e v i c e c a l l e d t h e Ted P r a h i n s k i Handy T r a f f i c Generator. Would you l i k e t o know what t h e Ted P r a h i n s k i Handy T r a f f i c Generator i s ? Where to put i t ? (Mr. P r a h i n s k i d i s t r i b u t i n g item.) (Applause.) My w i f e i s p a s s i n g out some on t h e o t h e r s i d e . My f r i e n d Joseph F e r r i e r o f t h e Save Takoma Park C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n w i l l g i v e the Members of t h e Commission my prepared speech. (Mr. P r a h i n s k i going t o podium.) The Ted P r a h i n s k i Handy T r a f f i c Generator comes i n f o u r convenient models. The f i r s t one i s r e s i d e n t i a l developments f o r t h e 1.5 m i l l i o n new people who w i l l be i n t h e D. C. M e t r o p o l i t a n Area by 1985. I f any of you have t h e NCPC P l a n , look on page 108 and you w i l l see t h e numbers t h e r e . The second model of t h e Handy T r a f f i c Generator i s �81 employment c e n t e r s l i k e the Goddard F l i g h t C e n t e r , NASA, out on the Baltimore-Washington Parkway. The t h i r d model i s t h e shopping c e n t e r s . The f o u r t h model i s r e c r e a t i o n a l facilities l i k e the Kennedy C u l t u r a l C e n t e r . Now, you can i n s t a l l t h e s e handy t r a f f i c g e n e r a t o r s n e a r r a p i d t r a n s i t s t o p s , i f you want t o pay f o r e x p e n s i v e l a n d , o r i n some f a r m e r ' s cowpasture, i f you want t o make money. T r a f f i c generated i s no problem t o you, i f you i n s t a l l t h e s e g e n e r a t o r s . You t a k e your p r o f i t and r u n . T r a f f i c generated going from one employment c e n t e r i n one cowpasture t o many suburban r e s i d e n t i a l developments i n many d i f f e r e n t cowpastures w i l l c r o s s t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia. Let them worry about the t r a f f i c . The s o l u t i o n i s r e a l e a s y anyway. A l l you do i s you b u i l d a subway, a r a p i d t r a n s i t system o n l y and j u s t see i f a l l those c a r s from a l l those cowpastures w i l l t a k e the subway. Now, don't l i s t e n t o those who s t a t e t h a t the Ted P r a h i n s k i Handy T r a f f i c Generator r e p r e s e n t s a problem that must be planned f o r . Everyone knows t h a t i t i s n a s t y new roads t h a t c r e a t e more t r a f f i c . A coming 70 per cent metro- p o l i t a n p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e has n o t h i n g whatever t o do w i t h it. Okay, I ' v e had my f u n . �82 Tl4/jbj Now I b r i n g you a message from my l i t t l e girl. About two weeks ago, she s a i d , Daddy, w i l l you t e l l people who the make the c a r s go someplace where they won't r u n over l i t t l e girls. A VOICE: MR. How about l i t t l e PRAHINSKI: Or l i t t l e boys? boys. I have, j u s t on t h i s past Sunday, t h e r e was a t h r e e - y e a r - o l d boy who east. was k i l l e d on F o u r t h S t r e e t , North- T h a t ' s one of those one-way s t r e e t s which c a r r i e s the t r a f f i c because they don't have any k i n d of s u i t a b l e t r a f f i c d i v e r t e r roads. I have here ( e x h i b i t i n g i t e m ) s i x p e d e s t r i a n s t h a t were k i l l e d i n one month l a s t y e a r . y e a r - o l d , an 8 0 - y e a r - o l d , 77-year-old There was a f i v e - and some people who had been d r i n k i n g too. They were k i l l e d on A r i z o n a Avenue, on Georgia Avenue, on P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue, S o u t h e a s t , on F r a n k l i n S t r e e t , N o r t h e a s t , on New here's a r e a l pathetic J e r s e y Avenue, Northwest, and one. A l i t t l e boy was k i l l e d by a c a r on the f r o n t porch a t Ninth S t r e e t , a c a r r a n up t h e r e . Here i s the r e s u l t s of a study taken on the y e a r 1964-1965. Do you know what automobile e v e r y f a m i l y on the average? $100 accidents cost per f a m i l y per y e a r . I j u s t wonder -- I suppose l a t e r on we w i l l be asked how many �83 •Jl4/jbj people favor freeways. I would l i k e to ask you the ques- t i o n -- don't r a i s e your hands l i k e you w i l l be expected r a i s e your hands f o r the other q u e s t i o n . How to many of you have had a c c i d e n t s ? Now, designed one t h i n g t h i s study shows i s t h a t as badly as some of our roads a r e , l i k e the B e l t w a y , the average was about -- l e s s than a h a l f of the a c c i d e n t s happened on the l o c a l s t r e e t s and remember t h e r e are v e r y few h e l p l e s s f i v e - y e a r - o l d p e d e s t r i a n s or 8 0 - y e a r - o l d pedest r i a n s who are k i l l e d on a t r a f f i c d i v e r t e r r o a d . Now, I get i n t o some t e c h n i c a l d e t a i l s r e s t of my r e p o r t . i n the I t a l k about t h i n g s l i k e how you b u i l d a r a p i d r a i l system a whole l o t f a s t e r . can I think i f you b u i l d the downtown subway p o r t i o n r e a l f a s t , a c r a s h program and get those commuter r a i l l i n e s i n t o o p e r a t i o n -I know the NCTA and other people have s a i d t h a t the commuter r a i l l i n e s a r e n ' t such a good d e a l because they c o s t you more money to operate them and you can't r u n them as o f t e n as you can your own l i n e but they w i l l do t i l l a more perma- nent system can be b u i l t . Now, I would l i k e to say something about the drop- ping of the Columbia Road subway system. I have a map ironic. t h e r e , a p o p u l a t i o n map, Now, this line which I made up. I t ' s I got the d a t a on the same day t h a t the P l a n n i n g Commission dropped the subway system. -- I d i d n ' t even know �84 4/jbj they were t a l k i n g about i t . I sure w i s h we could know what was coming up before the P l a n n i n g Commission. I t was t h i s p o p u l a t i o n map which shows t h a t t h e most congested a r e a o f the c i t y , s a y , 73,000 people, between l 4 t h S t r e e t and Rock Creek P a r k , between Massachusetts and Quincy, and 39,000 people, oh, r o u g h l y , along the l i n e o f Harvard S t r e e t , Quincy and between l 4 t h and North C a p i t o l would be served by t h a t line. They c a l l i t the Columbia Road subway but i t r e a l l y I s the Columbia Road, the l 6 t h S t r e e t subway, the 14th S t r e e t subway, t h e Georgia Avenue subway. I t ' s the b e s t compromise you can f i n d . Now, they s a i d they had t o drop some route t o get the Independence Avenue subway and they might be r i g h t but I t h i n k t h e r e »s a whole l o t b e t t e r route t o drop and I t h i n k t h a t ' s the C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue subway. There has o n l y been one study t h a t has been made t h a t i s p u b l i c l y a v a i l a b l e which shows what t h e c o s t and the e f f e c t o f a suburban subway system would be and t h a t i s the 1962 s t u d y . That showed t h a t the b e s t r o u t e o f a l l was the A n a c o s t i a line. Guess what was the f i r s t route t h a t was dropped? The second b e s t i n the D i s t r i c t was the Columbia Road l i n e . So guess what the second t h i n g was t o be dropped? And the worst t h i n g o f a l l , i t o n l y served one- s i x t h o f the number o f people i n terms o f the d o l l a r s t h a t �85 -'jA/jbj were spent f o r i t was the C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue l i n e . So guess when t h a t ' s going t o be dropped. (Applause.) Now, they t a l k about you might be able t o serve the Shaw a r e a w i t h a l i n e going up Seventh S t r e e t or l 4 t h S t r e e t but they don't t e l l us what i t would c o s t and they want us t o drop the a u t h o r i z a t i o n t h a t we a l r e a d y have before they give us a d i f f e r e n t a u t h o r i z a t i o n or even t e l l us what t h e other l i n e would c o s t . The best guess I can make i s t h a t i t would cost $30 m i l l i o n a m i l e and i t ' s about s i x and a h a l f m i l e s from down t h e r e a t G S t r e e t t o the D. C. l i n e , so I guess i t ' s going t o c o s t $180 m i l l i o n . So, i f the p o l i t i c a l l y power- l e s s people o f North C e n t r a l Washington can't even keep t h e i r $56 m i l l i o n l i n e , do you t h i n k you are going t o be able t o keep i n a $180 m i l l i o n l i n e l a t e r on? Now, t a l k i n g about highways, I t h i n k our g r e a t e s t need i s n ' t met and t h a t ' s f o r crosstown b r i d g e s . t h i n k we need any more b r i d g e s downtown. Suppose you l i v e i n A n a c o s t i a . the I don't L e t ' s take the -- You're supposed t o go a c r o s s b r i d g e o f the A n a c o s t i a R i v e r and then a c r o s s the l 4 t h S t r e e t B r i d g e t o get t o Maryland o r V i r g i n i a . So — well, t h a t ' s not b o — Wouldn't i t be a whole l o t s i m p l e r t o b u i l d a b r i d g e down near B o i l i n g ? They a l s o need a bridge a t E a s t e r n Avenue and I t h i n k the A r i z o n a Avenue B r i d g e has �86 Il4/jbj been t a l k e d about and some place up there would be a good bargain. So when we t a l k about b u i l d i n g f r e e w a y s , there i s a l o t o f mileage, ways we can b u i l d them without d i s p l a c i n g people. But I am s o r t o f indebted t o my good f r i e n d Sam Abbott, whom I r e s p e c t h i g h l y as a f i g h t e r , even though I don't agree w i t h him, but I know h i s h e a r t ' s i n the r i g h t p l a c e , when he s a i d t h e r e a r e 200,000 people — c a r s coming i n e v e r y day t h a t have t o go one place o r the o t h e r . They are e i t h e r going t o be squeezed i n between Rock Creek Park and the Old S o l d i e r s Home on e v e r y s t r e e t i n t h e r e o r i t ' s going t o go on a t r a f f i c d i v e r t e r road, and my l i t t l e g i r l w i l l a p p r e c i a t e i t i f you would put i t on a t r a f f i c diverter road. Thank you. (Applause.) (Mr. Prahinski«s f u l l statement i s as f o l l o w s : ) �87 M R flVJbj the « SHEAR: S t a n l e y W. Dziuban, and I hope t h a t ' s correct pronunciation. (No r e s p o n s e . ) Mr. Dziuban, D-z-i-u-b-a-n. (No r e s p o n s e . ) L u c i l l e S. Goodwin, Chairman, M e t r o p o l i t a n A d v i s o r y C o u n c i l C i t i z e n s of the Near North. (No r e s p o n s e . ) C h a r l e s J . P i l z e r , General Counsel, Y e l l o w Cab Company of D. C , Incorporated. (No response. ) Joseph G. F e r r i e r , Chairman, Committee on A i r P o l l u t i o n , Save Takoma Park Committee, who r e l i n q u i s h e d minutes of h i s time to Mr. five Abbott. STATEMENT OF: JOSEPH G. FERRIER, CHAIRMAN, COMMITTEE ON AIR POLLUTION, SAVE TAKOMA PARK COMMITTEE MR. JOSEPH G. FERRIER: You heard the b e s t f i v e minutes of my t a l k a l r e a d y but I do have a l i t t l e material here . I have a s t a t i s t i c a l c h a r t ( e x h i b i t i n g i t e m ) , and I want to i l l u s t r a t e what has happened t o Washington, D. My name i s Joseph F e r r i e r , to the c i t i z e n s C. as you heard -- what has happened of Washington, D. C , i n the past t h r e e y e a r s , a c c o r d i n g to a s t o r y about two f e d e r a l d o c t o r s who �88 '/jbj made a study o f a i r p o l l u t i o n . I n t h e past t h r e e y e a r s , Washington, D. C.'s a i r p o l l u t i o n has i n c r e a s e d 60 per c e n t . Now, i f you want t o know what 60 per cent i s , what i t means i s t h i s . Three y e a r s ago, i f you were t o have had s u f f i c i e n t a i r p o l l u t i o n on any c e r t a i n day t o r e a c h t o the top of the C a p i t o l dome, today i t would r e a c h t o the top o f the Washington Monument. And T h a t ' s j u s t about i n r a t i o . what i s the compound t h a t 's i n t h i s a i r p o l l u - t i o n , s o - c a l l e d smog or other poison gases which a r e k i l l i n g us ? Does anybody i n here f e e l as good as they d i d t h r e e y e a r s ago? VOICES: No. (Laughter.) 3 Now, t h i s t h i n g w i l l double I n b r a s s because here i s how much o f the t o t a l i s automobiles. cover the C a p i t o l w i t h i t , even today, exhaust You can s t i l l j u s t by automobile alone. The only way you a r e going to beat t h a t -- you can't keep people from d r i v i n g t h e i r c a r s . to I wouldn't want t r y , but you can t r y t o i n t e r f e r e w i t h any d r i v i n g t h a t »s unnecessary due t o the f a c t t h a t something i s b e t t e r and a v a i l a b l e f o r some of these people, and t h a t ' s r a p i d r a i l transit. �I f you go t o the Senate O f f i c e B u i l d i n g any time f o r many y e a r s and you watch a l l o f the v i s i t o r s , what do they jump on? The subway from the Senate over t o the C a p i t o l , and a balanced t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system t h e r e when they b u i l t a new Senate O f f i c e B u i l d i n g , they b u i l t a new subway. (Applause.) Now, l a d i e s and gentlemen, I have brought some m a t e r i a l s here t o I l l u s t r a t e by analogy what a balanced t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system i s as i t can o n l y happen i n the c i t y of Washington, D. C. I have here a piece o f one o f our d a i l y newspapers ( e x h i b i t i n g i t e m ) and we '11 assume t h a t t h e r e i s a man l a y i n g s i c k i n bed, the d o c t o r i s h o v e r i n g over him and suddenly a w e l l - d r e s s e d man pushes the doctor t o one s i d e and s a y s , I am a Congressman from Kentucky. t h i s case. I w i l l take What i s wrong w i t h t h i s man? T h i s man i s a v i c t i m o f p o i s o n i n g . He d r i n k s a f i f t h o f w h i s k y a day. He i s going t o be thrown out o f h i s home. solid He can't hold a n y t h i n g on h i s stomach i n the way o f food and he's on h i s l a s t legs. So, i n s t e a d of the d o c t o r , a Congressman from Kentucky s a y s , T h i s man needs a balanced d i e t . No man can l i v e on a f i f t h o f whisky a day. Give him two more f i f t h s of whisky a day �(Laughter.) -- and two peanut b u t t e r and j e l l y sandwiches. He s a y s , Make t h a t Kentucky bourbon, the s t a t e t h a t I love so w e l l , and the r e s u l t i s t h i s , l a d i e s and gentlemen. ( E x h i b i t i n g item) Here i s h i s balanced d i e t . (Applause.) Thank you. (Applause.) MR. SHEAR: Robert M. Kennan, J r . , Chairman, Roads Subcommittee, Committee o f 100 on the F e d e r a l C i t y . (Applause.) STATEMENT OF: ROBERT M. KENNAN, J R . , CHAIRMAN, ROADS SUBCOMMITTEE, COMMITTEE OF 100 ON THE FEDERAL CITY MR. ROBERT M. KENNAN, J R . : Madam Chairman, Members o f the P l a n n i n g Commission: Kennan. My name i s Robert I am Chairman o f the Roads Subcommittee o f the Committee o f 100 on the F e d e r a l C i t y . I w i s h t o place i n the r e c o r d i n b e h a l f o f the Committee o f 100 t h r e e documents . The f i r s t i s a l e t t e r s t a t i n g our o b j e c t i o n s t o t h i s p u b l i c meeting. We a r e o f the o p i n i o n t h a t a p u b l i c h e a r i n g , which was promised by the P l a n n i n g Commission i n i t s meeting o f June 9, 1966, should i n c l u d e the f o l l o w i n g : At l e a s t 30 d a y s ' published n o t i c e ; i n v i t a t i o n s to �91 3/jbj p u b l i c a g e n c i e s engaged i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g i n Washington, i n c l u d i n g the NCTA and the D. C. HighwayDepartment, and recognized e x p e r t s such as A r t h u r D. L i t t l e , I n c o r p o r a t e d ; no l i m i t a t i o n s upon time i n the p r e s e n t a t i o n of o r a l t e s t i m o n y ; an o p p o r t u n i t y f o r d e s i g n a t e d interested persons t o examine i n advance the d a t a upon which the o t h e r s r e l y ; and an o p p o r t u n i t y f o r a few r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s s e l e c t e d by i n t e r e s t e d persons t o cross-examine ing witnesses represent- both p u b l i c agencies and e x p e r t s . Without these procedures « (Applause.) -- we do not b e l i e v e you have a p u b l i c h e a r i n g . The second i s a w r i t t e n comment o f the Committee of 100 on the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e c t i o n . I'm going t o take the time t o d i s t r i b u t e a copy t o each o f you i n the e a r n e s t hope, although I must c o n f e s s not the assurance t h a t you w i l l per- s o n a l l y read i t . (Laughter.) (Mr. Kennan d i s t r i b u t i n g c o p i e s t o the members of the Commission.) (Applause.) The t h i r d document which we w i l l submit f o r the r e c o r d i s a b r i e f h i s t o r y of the freeway c r i s i s I n Washington and c o p i e s o f these were d i s t r i b u t e d a t the door at the b e g i n n i n g o f the meeting. �On b e h a l f o f the Committee o f 100 on the F e d e r a l C i t y , I w i s h t o commend the Chairman o f the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, Mrs. Rowe, f o r h e r courage and her t i r e l e s s a t t e n t i o n t o the needs and d e s i r e s of the people o f Washington. (Standing ovation.) I t i s o n l y by l i s t e n i n g t o the f i r s t few speakers t h a t many of us can begin t o a p p r e c i a t e the kind of enormous p o l i t i c a l p r e s s u r e Mrs. Rowe has been under i n the past few months. We c o n g r a t u l a t e h e r f o r h e r courage i n opposing the freeway p r o p o s a l s proposed by the E n g i n e e r Commissioner and the Department o f Highways. (Applause, ) The E n g i n e e r Commissioner has p u b l i c l y complained t h a t c i t i z e n s w i l l not stop r a i s i n g the q u e s t i o n whether h i s freeways a r e needed. We b e l i e v e t h a t he must prove the need f o r freeways which w i l l d i s p l a c e 15,000 people i n the D i s t r i c t , reduce our p r e c i o u s park space and choke the a i r with a i r pollution. The need f o r freeways has not been proved. The members o f the Commission -(Applause.) T h i s Proposed Comprehensive P l a n documents f a c t i n a s t r i k i n g way. this The p l a n proposes an a m b i t i o u s �r a p i d t r a n s i t system and adds t o i t an enormous network o f freeways. What I am about t o s a y i s f u l l y documented com- ments I have d i s t r i b u t e d and placed i n the r e c o r d . Each o f the seven r a d i a l freeways e n t e r i n g 1T a s h i n g t o n -VOICES: Wrong map. MR. KENNAN: Thank you. Each of the seven r a d i a l r a p i d t r a n s i t lines e n t e r i n g Washington can c a r r y 40,000 commuters I n the r u s h hour. I f they a r e c o n s t r u c t e d as proposed, they w i l l be able t o c a r r y a t o t a l o f 280,000 commuters i n t o and out o f the city. Now, how many more people w i l l commute i n t o Washington by 1985? There has been a g r e a t d e a l o f c o n t r o v e r s y about t h i s q u e s t i o n and m i l l i o n s o f d o l l a r s have been spent try- i n g t o answer i t . We t h i n k a reasonable e s t i m a t e , on the b a s i s of independent study, u s i n g the Proposed Comprehensive Plan's p r o j e c t i o n s o f p o p u l a t i o n growth and employment i s 62,800 persons d u r i n g the r u s h hour, a subway t h a t i s capable o f c a r r y i n g 280,000 commuters and 62,800 more r u s h hour commuters. These a r e the f a c t s . The r a p i d t r a n s i t system w i l l not o n l y make �9 •_6/jbJ freeways u n n e c e s s a r y , i t w i l l 4 reduce the c r u s h o f automo- b i l e s now e n t e r i n g Washington i n the r u s h hour. We t h i n k t h a t the r a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t system i n the Proposed Compreh e n s i v e P l a n should be b u i l t a s q u i c k l y as p o s s i b l e . We a l s o t h i n k t h a t each and e v e r y one o f the f r e e way p r o j e c t s i n the p l a n should be abandoned, because -(Applause.) I n the words o f the p l a n i t s e l f , they w i l l pre- empt too much l a n d , d e s t r o y too many homes, produce too great a change i n the o v e r - a l l c h a r a c t e r o f the c i t y and c o s t too much both i n terms o f i n i t i a l investment and reduc- t i o n i n the c i t y t a x base. Thank you. (Applause.) (Mr. Kennan's f u l l statement i s as f o l l o w s : ) �94A COMMITTEE OF 100 O N T H E F E D E R A L C I T Y 1307 New Hampshire Avenue, N.W., Washington, D . C. 20036 Neill Phillips, Cbiirnun Grosvenor Chapman. Vies Cbairmm Mrs. Vance Hood, Secrcttry-Trejsurer June 14, 1967 National C a p i t a l Planning 1111 2 0 t h S t r e e t , N. W. Washington, D. C. 20576 Commission Gentlemen: On June 9> 1966, a m a j o r i t y o f t h e P l a n n i n g Commiss i o n v o t e d t o i n c l u d e t h e f r e e w a y p r o j e c t s embraced by the H a r t z o g Agreement i n the Proposed Comprehensive P l a n . The minutes f o r t h a t meeting s t a t e : Upon motion by Mrs. Rowe, seconded by Mr. Edwards, and unanimously c a r r i e d , t h e Commission a u t h o r i z e d t h e E x e c u t i v e Comm i t t e e and t h e D i r e c t o r t o a r r a n g e f o r t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e c t i o n of t h e proposed Comprehensive P l a n f o r t h e National C a p i t a l t o appropriate Federal and D i s t r i c t o f Columbia a u t h o r i t i e s and t o i n t e r e s t e d o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n t h e community and f o r t h e h o l d i n g o f a p u b l i c h e a r i n g o r public hearings thereon. The s t a t u s o f the t h r e e most c o n t r o v e r s i a l p r o j e c t s has s i n c e p r o g r e s s e d a s f o l l o w s : North C e n t r a l Freeway March 9 , I967 Stage 3 a p p r o v a l o f P a r t I , from Rhode I s l a n d Ave. t o Buchanan S t r e e t , N. E . May 4, 1967 Stage 4 a p p r o v a l o f t h e Taylor S t r e e t Bridge. E a s t Leg o f t h e I n n e r Loop P ebruary 9, 1967 Stage 2 a p p r o v a l o f P a r t I I , from Barney C i r c l e t o Benning Road. n �N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission June 14, 1967 Page Two Three S i s t e r s May 4 , Bridge 1967 C o n d i t i o n a l Stage 3 approval. The D. C. Department o f Highways, under t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e E n g i n e e r Commissioner, has i n i t i a t e d a program o f a p p r a i s a l and a c q u i s i t i o n o f p r o p e r t y l y i n g i n t h e p a t h o f P a r t I o f t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway. Nov;, more t h a n one y e a r a f t e r t h e r e s o l u t i o n quoted above was adopted, a " p u b l i c h e a r i n g " has been convened a t 7:30 P.M. on a Wednesday e v e n i n g . The p u b l i s h e d n o t i c e o f t h i s meeting i n v i t e d " i n d i v i d u a l s and r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f o r g a n i z a t i o n s w i s h i n g t o be h e a r d " t o a p p l y i n w r i t i n g "so t h a t t h e i r names may be p l a c e d on t h e l i s t o f w i t n e s s e s , " but c a u t i o n e d t h a t " i t may be n e c e s s a r y t o l i m i t t h e l e n g t h o f o r a l p r e s e n t a t i o n s . " We were a d v i s e d on June 12, 1967 t h a t f i f t y - s i x persons had requested an o p p o r t u n i t y t o t e s t i f y . Assuming t h a t t h e meeting w i l l be adjourned a t 12;00 A.M. and t h a t t h e time w i l l be a l l o c a t e d e v e n l y , a f r a c t i o n more t h a n f o u r minutes w i l l be g i v e n t o each i n d i v i d u a l and o r g a n i z a t i o n . Under t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s , t h i s meeting w i l l be a charade. To c a l l i t a " p u b l i c h e a r i n g " i s a t b e s t mist a k e n and a t w o r s t c y n i c a l l y m i s l e a d i n g . We do not r e g a r d i t as a p u b l i c h e a r i n g i n any l e g a l sense; nor do we c o n s i d e r i t t o meet t h e s e l f - i m p o s e d o b l i g a t i o n r e c o r d e d - I n t h e P l a n n i n g Commission's minutes o f June 9 , 1966. P u b l i c a t i o n of a n o t i c e phrased i n p s e u d o - l e g a l i s t i c language does n o t c u r e i t s d e f e c t s . A p u b l i c h e a r i n g should i n c l u d e : ( 1 ) a t l e a s t t h i r t y days' p u b l i s h e d n o t i c e ; ( 2 ) i n v i t a t i o n s t o p u b l i c a g e n c i e s engaged i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g i n Washington, i n c l u d i n g t h e NCTA and t h e D. C. Highway Department, and r e c o g n i z e d e x p e r t s such as A r t h u r D. L i t t l e , I n c . ; ( 3 ) no l i m i t a t i o n s upon time i n t h e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f o r a l t e s t i m o n y ; ( 4 ) an o p p o r t u n i t y f o r d e s i g n a t e d i n t e r e s t e d persons t o examine i n advance t h e d a t a upon which t h e o t h e r s r e l y ; ( 5 ) an o p p o r t u n i t y f o r a few r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s s e l e c t e d by i n t e r e s t e d persons t o cross-examine w i t n e s s e s r e p r e s e n t i n g p u b l i c a g e n c i e s and e x p e r t s . �94C N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission June 14, 1967 Page Three We s h a l l - p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e p u b l i c meeting on June 14, 1967, but we r e s e r v e our r i g h t t o o b j e c t t o i t , f o r t h e r e a s o n s s t a t e d above. R e s p e c t f u l l y submitted, COMMITTEE OF 100 ON THE FEDERAL CITY Robert M. Kennan, J r . Chairman, Roads Subcommittee •J �94D June 14, 1967 Comments o f t h e Committee o f 100 on the F e d e r a l C i t y on t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S e c t i o n o f t h e P r o posed Comprehensive P l a n f o r t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l * DISCUSSION: HIGHWAYS AND TRANSIT The h i s t o r y o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g i n Washington has r e p e a t e d l y demonstrated the u n r e a l i t y of proposals d i r e c t e d t o a s p e c i f i c p o i n t i n time when optimum accommod a t i o n o f v e h i c u l a r movement w i l l t h e o r e t i c a l l y he a t t a i n e d . The time has come t o abandon t h i s a n t i q u a t e d Washington's t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system i n 19^5 developed approach. s h o u l d he i n t h e l i g h t o f a wide range o f economic, s o c i a l , and a s t h e t i c v a r i a b l e s , a l o n g t h e l i n e s suggested by t h e A r t h u r D. L i t t l e Report.** A r a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t system i s undoubtedly t h e most l o g i c a l and e f f i c i e n t means t o p r o v i d e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r commuters, as w e l l a s i n t r a - c i t y t r a v e l e r s , i n t h e f o r e seeable f u t u r e . Top p r i o r i t y s h o u l d be a s s i g n e d t o i t . Adding an e l a b o r a t e n e t w o r k o f i n t e r s t a t e f r e e w a y s would be s e l f - d e f e a t i n g , f o r f r e e w a y s w i l l p r o v i d e continuous * The f a c t t h a t t h e s e comments a r e not s p e c i f i c a l l y addressed t o a l l p r o p o s a l s i n t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S e c t i o n o f t h e Proposed Comprehensive P l a n s h o u l d not be regarded a s i m p l i c i t a p p r o v a l o f t h o s e p r o p o s a l s not d i s c u s s e d . ** See pp. 6 3 - 6 8 , Appendix C. �94E c o m p e t i t i o n w i t h t h e subways. of I n d e e d , t h e consequences c o n t i n u e d r e l i a n c e on automobile t r a v e l i n t o and through the F e d e r a l C i t y — s o c i a l d i s l o c a t i o n , w a s t e f u l and i n e f f i c i e n t use o f p r e c i o u s l a n d , s a f e t y h a z a r d s , a i r p o l l u t i o n , b l i g h t — a r e so a l a r m i n g t h a t we t r a f f i c c o n t r o l d e v i c e s s h o u l d be used believe extensively d i s c o u r a g e automobile t r a v e l downtown. to The i n t e r s t a t e highway p r o p o s a l s sponsored by t h e D. C. Highway Department a r e t h e p r o d u c t s o f i r r a t i o n a l commitment t o maximum p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n f e d e r a l f u n d i n g under t h e F e d e r a l A i d Highway A c t o f 1956. t h e e x i s t e n c e o f 90-10 p a r t i c i p a t i o n by t h e f e d e r a l government has g e n e r a t e d i t s own ing. of Of c o u r s e , r a t i o n a l e f o r spend- I t has a l s o g i v e n v i t a l i t y t o an a r t i c l e o f f a i t h E n g i n e e r Commissioners: a l l i m a g i n a b l e t r a v e l demands i n t h e N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l must be accommodated on c o n c r e t e funnels f o r private The Proposed automobiles. Comprehensive P l a n appears t o r e j e c t t h i s j u v e n i l e n o t i o n (page 108): I n the p a s t , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n plans have proposed highways i n s u f f i c i e n t quantity to carry a l l predicted t r a f f i c without congestion during the peak h o u r s . T h i s method produces p r o p o s a l s f o r highway systems l a r g e r t h a n can or s h o u l d be b u i l t i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. Construction of a highway system c a p a b l e o f c a r r y i n g a l l peak-hour t r a f f i c w i t h o u t �94F - 3 - c o n g e s t i o n would pre-err.pt t o o much l a n d , d e s t r o y t o o many homes, p r o duce t o o g r e a t a change i n t h e o v e r a l l c h a r a c t e r o f t h e c i t y , and would c o s t t o o much both i n terms o f i n i t i a l i n v e s t m e n t and i n t h e r e d u c t i o n of the c i t y t a x base. • . The t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system i n t h e proposed Comprehensive P l a n i s t h e r e f o r e based on t h e assumption t h a t cons t r u c t i o n o f enough highways t o c a r r y a l l of the v e h i c l e s seeking t o enter t h e highway s y s t e m d u r i n g t h e peak hour i s n e i t h e r f e a s i b l e n o r economic a l , and t h a t t h e magnitude o f t h e highway s y s t e m w i l l have t o be d e t e r mined by o t h e r c r i t e r i a . The i n t e r s t a t e highway p r o p o s a l s i n c l u d e d i n t h e P r o posed Comprehensive P l a n a r e so s t a r t i n g l y inconsistent w i t h t h i s s t a t e d p o l i c y t h a t one i m m e d i a t e l y l o o k s f o r " o t h e r c r i t e r i a " j u s t i f y i n g them. None a r e t o be found. The need f o r t h e N o r t h C e n t r a l Freeway, f o r example, c a n be j u s t i f i e d o n l y on t h e assumption t h a t i t s h o u l d c a r r y a l l peak-hour t r a f f i c n o t o n l y w i t h o u t c o n g e s t i o n , but w i t h c a p a c i t y t o s p a r e . The Smith-Voorhees r e p o r t ( A p r i l , 1966) r e c o n s i d e r e d t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t s f o r t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway. I t concluded t h a t t h e t o t a l i n c r e a s e - o f peak-hour t r a v e l i n t h e c o r r i d o r s p o t e n t i a l l y s e r v e d by t h e North C e n t r a l - N o r t h e a s t F r e e w a y * between * The "Columbia Road" cordon l i n e from Rock Creek P a r k on t h e west t o Minnesota Avenue ( e a s t o f K e n i l w o r t h F r e e w a y ) on t h e e a s t . r �1965 and 1985, based on p o p u l a t i o n growths, w i l l be 19,000. T h i s i s l e s s t h a n o n e - h a l f o f t h e t o t a l sub- way c a p a c i t y programmed f o r t h e S i l v e r S p r i n g and Bowie r a p i d t r a n s i t l i n e s and i n c l u d e d i n t h e Proposed Com- prehensive Plan. The Planning Commission's s t a t e m e n t quoted above would r e q u i r e d e l e t i o n o f t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway because r a p i d t r a n s i t l i n e s c a n e a s i l y accommodate i n c r e a s e d t r a v e l demands i n t h a t c o r r i d o r f o r t h e n e x t twenty y e a r s . F o r t h e same r e a s o n , t h a t statement a l s o r e q u i r e s d e l e t i o n of the East Leg, K S t r e e t Tunnel (even i n t h e m o d i f i e d form endorsed by t h e p u b l i c zen members o f t h e P l a n n i n g Bridge, Commission), Three citi- Sisters and P a l i s a d e s Parkway. We have p r e p a r e d two supplementary pages t o Mr. P e t e r S.'Craig's Report t o the Planning "Forecasting 26, 1985 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Commission, Requirements" (February 1 9 6 6 ) , E x h i b i t s A and B, t o a p p l y h i s methods o f �94H - 5 - p r o v e n v a l i d i t y * t o t h e p o p u l a t i o n growth and employ- ment p r o j e c t i o n s i n t h e Proposed Comprehensive Plan. I f t h e modest t o t a l o f 40,000 i s used a s a " r a t e d c a p a c i t y " f o r each o f t h e r a p i d t r a n s i t l i n e s entering Washington shown o p p o s i t e page 110 o f t h e Proposed Comprehensive P l a n , * the t o t a l r a t e d c a p a c i t y of the r a p i d * On November 4, 1964, t h e V i r g i n i a and D. C. Highway Departments s u b m i t t e d t o t h e P l a n n i n g Commission a Supplementary R e p o r t on I n t e r s t a t e Route 266, c l a i m i n g t h a t t h e peak-hour t r a v e l from V i r g i n i a t o Washington was 4 5 , 0 0 0 i n 1964 and would i n c r e a s e a t t h e r a t e o f 2 , 5 0 0 p e r y e a r t o 1935According to t h i s p r o j e c t i o n , peak-hour t r a v e l s h o u l d have been 5 0 , 0 0 0 i n i 9 6 0 . Mr. C r a i g ' s s t u d i e s p o i n t e d out not o n l y t h a t t h e f i g u r e o f 4 5 , 0 0 0 had n e v e r been r e a c h e d , but a l s o t h a t t h e 1966 t o t a l would be i n t h e neighborhood o f 4 2 , 0 0 0 . The D. C. Highway Department's own s t u d y f o r 1966 ( D . C . Cordon Counts, May i 9 6 0 ) r e p o r t e d t h e t o t a l t o be 4 2 , 2 2 3 . For f u r t h e r c r i t i c i s m by t h e P l a n n i n g Commission's own cons u l t a n t o f t r a f f i c f o r e c a s t s upon w h i c h t h e highway p r o p o s a l s a r e b a s e d , see B a i n , " T r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n t h e Comprehensive P l a n , (Dec. 2 1 , 1 9 6 5 ) . ** 40 (75 per The t h e o r e t i c a l maximum c a p a c i t y p e r l i n e i s 9 6 , 0 0 0 : t r a i n s p e r hour (90-second h e a d w a y s ) ; 8 c a r s p e r t r a i n f e e t — n u m b e r l i m i t e d by s t a t i o n p l a t f o r m s ) ; 300 p e r s o n s c a r (80 s e a t e d , 220 s t a n d i n g ) . �941 _ 6 - t r a n s i t system (without regard t o e x i s t i n g c a p a c i t y f o r automobile and bus commuters) i n 1985 w i l l be: Lines Auled Caoacity (1905-1985) Added Travel (1965-1935) 2 2 2 1/2 1/2 80,000 100,000 100,000 24,800 15,200 22,800 280,000 From V i r g i n i a From Montgomery Co. From P r i n c e George's Co. 62,800 Not o n l y i s t h e proposed r a p i d t r a n s i t s y s t e m c a p a b l e o f a b s o r b i n g one hundred p e r c e n t o f t h e p r o j e c t e d increase i n r u s h - h o u r t r a v e l , i t w i l l a l s o s u b s t a n t i a l l y reduce the c u r r e n t c r u s h o f v e h i c l e s e n t e r i n g Washington. The i n t e r s t a t e highway p r o p o s a l s i n t h e Proposed Com- p r e h e n s i v e P l a n , on t h e o t h e r hand, would d e s t r o y t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a s e l f - s u p p o r t i n g r a p i d t r a n s i t system. P l a n ' s highways and b r i d g e s , p l u s o t h e r highway ments shown on t h e S i x - Y e a r P l a n o f t h e D. C. The commit- Highway Department, would add c a p a c i t y f o r 38,700 v e h i c l e s a t the peak-hour ( o r 62,920 a u t o m o b i l e commuters a t 1.6 per a u t o m o b i l e ) t o c u r r e n t highway space w h i c h i n many i n s t a n c e s i s b e i n g u s e d below c a p a c i t y . The o n l y c o n c e i v a b l e j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e s e highways i s t h e d e s i r e t o c h a n n e l a l l peak-hour t r a v e l demands i n t o Washington by p r i v a t e automobile. I n t h e words o f t h e Proposed Comprehensive �94J - 7 - P l a n , t h i s highway system would "pre-empt t o o much l a n d , d e s t r o y t o o many homes, produce t o o g r e a t a change i n t h e o v e r a l l c h a r a c t e r o f t h e c i t y and would c o s t t o o much, b o t h i n terms o f i n i t i a l i n v e s t m e n t and i n t h e r e d u c t i o n of the c i t y t a x base." RECOMMENDATIONS A. Highways. S t e p s implementing t h e f o l l o w i n g f r e e w a y p r o j e c t s s h o u l d be d e f e r r e d indefinitely: (1) North C e n t r a l F r e e w a y j (2) Northeast Freewayj (3) E a s t L e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop; (4) P a l i s a d e s Parkway; (5) Additional l 4 t h Street Bridge; (6) Three S i s t e r s (7) K S t r e e t T u n n e l ; and (8) North Leg - Center S e c t i o n . Bridge; We concur i n t h e p r e s e n t p r o p o s a l s t o remove c r o s s t r a f f i c from t h e M a l l by c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t u n n e l s a t 1 4 t h , 9th and 3 r d S t r e e t s , and t o c o n s t r u c t t h e South Leg under ground. Regrettably, c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the Center Leg i s now i n p r o g r e s s a s f a r n o r t h a s New Y o r k Avenue. I t should t e r m i n a t e t h e r e , and an a p p r o p r i a t e support �94K 8 - f a c i l i t y p e r m i t t i n g a c c e s s t o and from t h e New Y o r k Avenue Freeway s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d . The W h i t e h u r s t Freeway s h o u l d be r a z e d and r e p l a c e d by a t u n n e l c o n n e c t i n g K S t r e e t a t Rock Creek w i t h C a n a l Road west o f Key B r i d g e i n t h e manner proposed by t h e Georgetown P l a n n i n g C o u n c i l . * The V i r g i n i a connections t o R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e ( p r e s e n t l y b e i n g used a t l e s s than o n e - h a l f c a p a c i t y ) and e x t e n s i o n o f r a p i d t r a n s i t t o V i r g i n i a s h o u l d almost c o m p l e t e l y e l i m i n a t e V i r g i n i a s u r f a c e t r a f f i c from t h e h i s t o r i c Georgetown w a t e r f r o n t , f a c i l i t a t i n g i t s redevelopment. R a t h e r t h a n extend t h e P a l i s a d e s Parkway from Montgomery County t o downtown Washington, d e s t r o y i n g i r r e p l a c e a b l e s c e n i c and r e c r e a t i o n a l v a l u e s , C a n a l Road s h o u l d be extended west from C h a i n B r i d g e t o l i n k w i t h t h e parkway. A s h o r t l i n k s h o u l d a l s o be c o n s t r u c t e d a t t h e D i s t r i c t l i n e between t h e parkway and MacArthur * C o n t r a r y t o r e c e n t r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s by t h e E n g i n e e r Comm i s s i o n e r , such a t u n n e l f r e e w a y c o u l d be f i n a n c e d a s p a r t o f t h e I n t e r s t a t e System, though i t c o n n e c t s w i t h t h e s y s tem a t o n l y one end. Numerous such s p u r s i n o t h e r c i t i e s a r e commonly d e s i g n a t e d a s r o u t e s w i t h t h r e e d i g i t s b e g i n n i n g " 1 " o r " 3 , " e.g., Route 195 i n Miami, F l o r i d a . �94L - 9 - Boulevard. Freed of the present b o t t l e n e c k s a t the D i s t r i c t l i n e and i m m e d i a t e l y west o f Key 3 r i d g e , C a n a l Road and MacArthur B o u l e v a r d would a d e q u a t e l y provide f o r f o r e s e e a b l e needs i n t h a t s e c t i o n . I n s t e a d o f an E a s t Leg Freeway, a p a r k road be c o n s t r u c t e d i n West A n a c o s t i a P a r k from t h e should Southeast Freeway t o t h e D. C. Stadium, p r o v i d i n g a c c e s s t o t h e Stadium. F u r t h e r s t r e e t o r avenue widenings and u n d e s i r a b l e ; t h e y s h o u l d not be B. are unnecessary tolerated. R a i l rapid t r a n s i t . We f u l l y endorse t h e p o l i c y t h a t "the a u t h o r i z e d r a p i d t r a n s i t system s h o u l d be b u i l t as r a p i d l y a s p o s s i b l e and extended (page 109). t o t h e suburbs a t an e a r l y d a t e " The P l a n n i n g Commission i s a l s o t o be commended f o r g i v i n g g r e a t e r p r i o r i t y t o c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a subway l i n e t h r o u g h t h e Southwest Employment A r e a , where an e x c e p t i o n a l l y heavy c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f f e d e r a l employees makes such s e r v i c e e s s e n t i a l . Some a s p e c t s o f t h e p r e s e n t r a i l t r a n s i t program, however, w a r r a n t r e consideration: (1) The d e l e t i o n o f t h e proposed r a i l tran- s i t ' l i n e v i a G e o r g i a Avenue, l 4 t h and P a r k Road, and �- 10 - Columbia Road t o C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue, w i t h o u t s u b s t i t u t i n g anything f o r i t e x c e p t a vague p r o v i s o that s e r v i c e be p r o v i d e d t o t h e North C e n t r a l A r e a i n the f u t u r e , i s most u n f o r t u n a t e . construction timetable A s p e c i f i c route and for a t r a n s i t line serving North C e n t r a l A r e a and t y i n g i n w i t h o t h e r r o u t e s 7 t h and G, N. W. s h o u l d be s e t t l e d now, r o u t e would t r a v e r s e one the at because t h i s o f t h e s e c t i o n s w h i c h would b e n e f i t most from t h e r e j u v e n a t i o n t o be expected from new "uptown c e n t e r s " i n p r o x i m i t y t o r a i l t r a n s i t sta- tions. (2) A r a p i d t r a n s i t l i n e s h o u l d be built t o D u l l e s A i r p o r t as soon as p o s s i b l e , not put u n t i l sometime between 1973 poses. and and 1935 off as t h e P l a n p r o - Quick t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r a i r passengers to from downtown Washington i s s i n e qua non to the development o f D u l l e s as the g r e a t a i r t e r m i n a l w h i c h i t was designed t o be. The e x i s t i n g Washington Old Dominion R a i l r o a d r i g h t o f way could and r e a d i l y be used f o r h i g h speed r a i l t r a n s i t between t h e proposed Transportation Airport. Terminal a t Union S t a t i o n and Dulles �94N - 11 - C. Bus t r a n s i t . The Proposed Comprehensive P l a n b r i e f l y acknowledges t h a t "improvements i n bus t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s h o u l d be made" (page 1 1 3 ) , pending c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e r a i l t r a n s i t system. But i n c o n t r a s t t o o t h e r p r o p o s a l s w h i c h a r e p l o t t e d on maps and d e s c r i b e d i n more o r l e s s d e t a i l i n t h e t e x t , n o t h i n g s p e c i f i c i s s a i d about bus r o u t e s . Immediate s t e p s should be t a k e n t o modify t h e e x i s t i n g r o u t e s and s c h e d u l e s t o b e t t e r accommodate D i s t r i c t p l o y e d i n suburban a r e a s . r e s i d e n t s em- Existing traffic management p o l i c i e s s h o u l d be r e v i e w e d w i t h t h e o b j e c t i v e o f g i v i n g bus v e h i c l e s , r a t h e r t h a n p r i v a t e automobiles, p r i o r i t y i n u s e o f roadway and b r i d g e space i n t h e peak hours. E v e r y e f f o r t s h o u l d be made t o c o o r d i n a t e bus service with the rapid t r a n s i t D. lines. Parking. We agree t h a t " t h e number o f downtown p a r k i n g spaces f o r u s e by a l l - d a y p a r k e r s s h o u l d be l i m i t e d t o t h e needs o f downtown employment when a l l o w a n c e has been made f o r maximum u s e o f mass t r a n s i t . 109). ..." (page A t a x a t l e a s t equal t o the round-trip t r a n s i t f a r e upon a l l c a r s e n t e r i n g a garage o r l o t between 7:00 A.M. and 9 : 3 0 A.M. s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d . New f r i n g e �940 - 12 - p a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s s h o u l d be c o n s t r u c t e d on r a p i d t r a n s i t r o u t e s o u t s i d e t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. We do not agree t h a t o f f s t r e e t p a r k i n g space should be p r o v i d e d i n r e s i d e n t i a l areas. Rather, s t r i c t con- t r o l s s h o u l d be developed and e n f o r c e d t o l i m i t c u r b side parking i n r e s i d e n t i a l areas to r e s i d e n t s . The p r o p o s a l o f p u b l i c c o n t r o l and management o f p a r k i n g space i n t h e downtown a r e a s h o u l d be commended, but o n l y so l o n g a s i t i s u n d e r t a k e n by an agency w i t h broad powers o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g , such a s t h e P l a n n i n g Commission i t s e l f . P a r k i n g i s an e s s e n t i a l i n g r e d i e n t i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n management; uncoordinated e f f o r t s by y e t a n o t h e r s e p a r a t e agency would f u r t h e r atomize p l a n n i n g f o r Washington. E. Transportat ion t ermlnal. We s t r o n g l y support t h e p r o p o s a l t o c o n s t r u c t a consolidated r a i l , subway, and bus t e r m i n a l , p l u s a V i s i t o r ' s C e n t e r , a t Union S t a t i o n , p r o v i d e d t h e p r e s e n t s t a t i o n i s t r e a t e d a s one o f t h e major monuments o f Washington and c a r e f u l l y architectural preserved. Respectfully submitted, COMMITTEE 0 ? 100 ON THE FEDERAL CITY R o b e r t M. Kennan, J r . Chairman, Roads Subcommittee D a v i d Sanders C l a r k Chairman, T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Subcommitte e �Supplement t o Page 15a Exhibit A Supplement t o E x h i b i t 12 NEW OR IMPROVED ARTERIAL HIGHWAYS ENTERING WASHINGTON AS PROPOSED BY D. C. HIGHWAY DEPARTHENT ( I Q c ? ) MTS Corridor Lanes Highway Capacity 3,000 1 P a l i s a d e s Parkway 2 2 Oregon Avenue-Chestnut S t . 1 a/ 500 3 l 6 t h S t . widening B l a i r Road w i d e n i n g North C e n t r a l Freeway 1 a/ 1 a/ 3 500 500 5,400 3 9,900 MONTGOMERY COUNTY TOTAL 4 N o r t h e a s t Freeway 3 5,400 5 North L e g - E a s t S e c t i o n Minnesota Avenue e x t e n s i o n 2 2 a/ 3,6oo 1,000 8 S. C a p i t o l S t . w i d e n i n g A n a c o s t i a Freeway w i d e n i n g 1 a/ 1 a/ 8oo 1,600 PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY TOTAL 913 A i r p o r t - A n a c o s t i a Bridge T h i r d l 4 t h S t . Bridge Three S i s t e r s Bridge VIRGINIA TOTAL TOTAL, D. C. L I N E - 9 3 b/ 3 3 12,600 5,400 5,400 5,400 9 16,200 26 38,700 a/ P a r t o f announced c o n s t r u c t i o n program o f D. C. Department of V e h i c l e s & T r a f f i c ; n o t d e p i c t e d i n Proposed Comprehensive Plan. b/ I n c l u d e d i n Proposed Comprehensive P l a n ; not a p a r t of. announced c o n s t r u c t i o n program o f D. C. Department o f Vehicles & T r a f f i c . �94Q Exhibit 3 Supplement t o Page 23b Supplement t o E x h i b i t 17 R e v i s e d P r o j e c t i o n o f Peak-Hour P e r s o n - T r i p s E n t e r i n g Washington, 13 $0 (Based on r e v i s e d p o p u l a t i o n and employment p r o j e c t i o n s i n NCPC Proposed Comprehensive Plan) 1965 1935 D. C. P o p u l a t i o n 810,000 950,000 Proposed P l a n , p. 60 D. C. Employment 600,000 810,000 Proposed P l a n , p. 3 5 , Cxic^i"* 0s H c 2 _ o D. C. R e s i d e n t s employed i n D. C. 316,000 570,000 A t 39$ o f D. C. p o p u l a t i o n , p e r i 9 6 0 census D. C. Employment from o u t s i d e D. C. 284,000 440,000' D i f f e r e n c e between t o t a l D. C. employment and D. C. r e s i d e n t s employed i n D. C. 174,000 108,000 153,000 Growth d i s t r i b u t e d a t constant rate of increase (55$) 114,760 177,560 41,170 from V i r g i n i a 27,300 from Montgomery from P r i n c e George 'S 4 6 , 2 9 0 65,970 42,500 69,090 Growth a t 40$ o f i n c r e a s e d employment from, o u t s i d e D. C. ( 3 7 - 5 ^ f o r employment i n D. C. and 2 . 5 ^ f o r through t r i p s ) from V i r g i n i a 112,000 from Montgomery 70,000 'si02,0GG from P r i n c e George' Pealc-Hour P e r s o n - T r i p s from o u t s i d e D . C. ' 1 �June 12, 1967 A B R I E F HISTORY OF THE FREEWAY C R I S I S I N WASHINGTON Robert M. Kennan, J r . Chairman, Roads Subcommittee Committee o f 100 on the F e d e r a l C i t y August 17, 1937. The f i r s t D. C. g a s o l i n e t a x ( 2 / p e r g a l l o n ) was enacted and t h e revenue earmarked f o r h i g h way us e. June 8 , 1938. Congress a u t h o r i z e d D. C. t o s h a r e i n a l l F e d e r a l - a i d highway funds on t h e same b a s i s a s t h e S t a t e s ( 5 0 - 5 0 ) , commencing J u l y 1 , 1939. April 24, 1941. The f i r s t long-range p l a n n i n g study by the D. C. Highway Department ( t h e "Whitehurst Plan") s t a t e d , "Mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c a n and should s u p p l a n t much of the i n d i v i d u a l v e h i c u l a r s e r v i c e i n t o the c e n t r a l business a r e a s , " b u t proposed a 20-year highway b u i l d i n g program, nothing f o r t r a n s i t . F e b r u a r y 1 , 1942. The D. C. g a s o l i n e t a x was i n c r e a s e d t o 3 / per g a l l o n . March 7, 1942. Congress d i r e c t e d the D. C. Com- m i s s i o n e r s t o make an i n v e s t i g a t i o n and s u r v e y t o d e t e r mine t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f c o n s t r u c t i n g subways i n D. C. June 2 4 , 1942. I n response t o Congress' request, t h e D. C. Highway Department submitted a 9-page s t u d y , with eight lines devoted t o t h e i s s u e . I t concluded, "A system o f subways . . . i s n o t w a r r a n t e d under p r e s e n t �94S - 2 - or p r o s p e c t i v e c o n d i t i o n s . ..." I t recommended under- p a s s e s f o r motor v e h i c l e s . October 1 , 1944. " T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S u r v e y and P l a n f o r t h e C e n t r a l A r e a of Washington, D. C , " p r e p a r e d by independent c o n s u l t a n t s f o r the D. C. Commissioners, r e j e c t e d most o f t h e 1941 expanded highway p r o p o s a l s as u n n e c e s s a r y and advocated "a system o f s t r e e t c a r subways" as t h e "backbone" o f t h e Washington t r a n s i t system. December 2 0 , 1944. Congress a u t h o r i z e d d e s i g n a t i o n o f a 4 0 , 0 0 0 - m i l e system o f " i n t e r s t a t e Highways" as p a r t o f t h e 50-50 F e d e r a l a i d highway December 2 0 , 1946. i n g t o n , " by t h e 1944 recommendations program. " T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n s f o r Wash- c o n s u l t a n t s , reversed the 1944 and endorsed "a system o f expressways s e r v i n g a l l p a r t s o f the D i s t r i c t " as t h e "backbone" of p u b l i c and p r i v a t e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . Most o f t h e new free- ways were planned t o c u t through p a r k l a n d — R o c k Creek Park, Glover-Archbold Park, the M a l l , A n a c o s t i a Park. The g a s o l i n e t a x was r a i s e d t o 4 / p e r g a l l o n i n August 2, 1947. 1947. A f t e r c o n s u l t i n g w i t h D. C , Vir- g i n i a and Maryland highway departments, t h e f e d e r a l Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads d e s i g n a t e d I n t e r s t a t e Highways i n Washington. The system i n v o l v e d one f r e e w a y — t h e W h i t e h u r s t F r e e w a y — c o m p l e t e d i n October, 1949. �- 3 - A p r i l 3, 1 9 5 0 . The NCPC-Bartholomew "Comprehensive P l a n " f o r the Washington m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a i n I98O advo- c a t e d r e l o c a t i o n o f F e d e r a l employment c e n t e r s t o the suburbs and e x t e n s i v e highway c o n s t r u c t i o n t o make suburbia more a c c e s s i b l e . Planned d i s p e r s a l o f r e s i d e n t i a l , employment, and commercial a r e a s was t o be complemented by "a system o f c o l l e c t o r and d i s t r i b u t o r r o a d s , both r a d i a l and c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l i n f u n c t i o n , t h a t w i l l tribute traffic through the r e g i o n , " i n c l u d i n g a f o u r or s i x l a n e i n n e r loop freeway. July 1, redis- 1952. The The " i n n e r loop" was g a s o l i n e t a x was r a i s e d to born. 5/ per g a l l o n . November 17, 1952. With one e x c e p t i o n , the D. Highway Department's a l t e r n a t i v e t o the 1950 prehensive C. NCPC Com- P l a n r e j e c t e d the freeways proposed by t h a t p l a n as too e x p e n s i v e west Freeway was and d e s t r u c t i v e . Only the South- recommended because i t c r o s s e d an a l r e a d y s l a t e d f o r urban r e n e w a l . area G e n e r a l l y r e l y i n g upon s t r e e t w i d e n i n g s and grade s e p a r a t i o n s , the p l a n p r o posed e x t e n d i n g the W h i t e h u r s t through G l o v e r - A r c h b o l d Freeway as a parkway P a r k and c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a s i x - l a n e b r i d g e a c r o s s Theodore R o o s e v e l t May 18, I954. new Island. Congress r a i s e d the g a s o l i n e t a x t o 6& a g a l l o n and gave t h e D i s t r i c t a u t h o r i t y t o borrow �y^u - 4 - $50 m i l l i o n t o complete gram hy 1964. October 3 1 , System." a major highway improvement pro- 1955. "Report on I n n e r Loop Freeway With i n c r e a s e o f F e d e r a l a i d t o 90$ f o r i n t e r - s t a t e f r e e w a y s b e i n g imminent, t h e D. C. government asked a c o n s u l t a n t t o study an i n n e r loop freeway. The c o n s u l - t a n t recommended not one loop but t w o — a f i g u r e e i g h t w h i c h i s o n l y s l i g h t l y m o d i f i e d i n shape i n p r e s e n t p l a n s . June 2 9 , 1956. The F e d e r a l A i d Highway A c t a u t h o r i z e d 90^ F e d e r a l a i d f o r D i s t r i c t f r e e w a y s i n c l u d e d i n the i n t e r state system. July 1, 1957. Determined t o add the maximum amount o f f r e e w a y mileage p o s s i b l e , the D. C. Highway Department s u b m i t t e d c o s t e s t i m a t e s t o t h e Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads under the F e d e r a l Highway A c t . (a) a "new The f r e e w a y s i n c l u d e d : r o u t e 240" ( l a t e r 7 0 - S ) , a l o n g t h e n o r t h s i d e o f t h e Potomac R i v e r from Montgomery Co. t o 2 5 t h and K S t s . , N. (b) a "new W.; r o u t e 29" ( l a t e r 1 - 6 6 ) , composed o f a new Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e , a new west l e g f r e e way, and a new n o r t h l e g f r e e w a y ; (c) a new a "new route 1" ( l a t e r 1 - 9 5 ) , composed o f 1 4 t h S t r e e t B r i d g e , the p r e v i o u s l y planned Freeway, a new c e n t e r l e g f r e e w a y , and New Southwest Y o r k Avenue �c o n v e r t e d i n t o a f r e e w a y from t h e n o r t h l e g t o t h e D i s trict line; (d) a n o t h e r "new route 1 " ( l a t e r 1-295 and 1 - 6 9 5 ) , composed o f a new A l e x a n d r i a B r i d g e , a new Anac o s t i a Freeway, a widened and r e b u i l t b r i d g e a t 1 1 t h Street, S. E. and a new S o u t h e a s t Freeway t o t h e c e n t e r l e g f r e e way; (e) Y e t another "new r o u t e l " (now removed from i n t e r s t a t e system, a l t h o u g h b u i l t ) , composed o f an e x t e n s i o n o f the new A n a c o s t i a Freeway t o E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t , t h e soon-to-be-completed K e n i l w o r t h Freeway, and t h e New Y o r k Avenue Freeway. July 1, 1959. The NCPC's "Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S u r - vey R e p o r t " (MTS) was p u b l i s h e d . engineers' forecasts f o r 198°, v a s t l y e n l a r g e d highway On t h e b a s i s o f highway i t concluded t h a t even a system would not be sufficient; f o u r r a p i d r a i l t r a n s i t l i n e s were a l s o needed. J u l y 14, i 9 6 0 . After investigating transportation p l a n n i n g i n D. C. f o r t h r e e y e a r s , a s p e c i a l j o i n t committee sub- o f the House and Senate D i s t r i c t Committees had concluded: "Any attempt t o meet t h e a r e a ' s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs by highways and p r i v a t e automobiles a l o n e w i l l wreck t h e c i t y . " f o r subways, C i t i n g " w e l l n i g h u n i v e r s a l support i t proposed "prompt a c t i o n " t o e s t a b l i s h a �94W - 6 - r a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t system. Congress adopted i t s p r o p o s a l s , p a s s i n g t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Act w h i c h c r e a t e d a new agency f o r comprehensive t r a n s p o r t a t i o n planning—the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency ( N C T A ) — t o " r e v i s e " the Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n May 8, 196I. Survey. The NCPC's Y e a r 2000 P l a n recognized t h a t the o b j e c t i v e s o f 1 9 5 0 — s u b u r b a n s p r a w l and a l l - h i g h w a y t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m — w e r e now I t advocated p r i m a r y an obsolete. r e l i a n c e on a r a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t system. August, 1962. D e s p i t e the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s - p o r t a t i o n A c t , the D. C. Highway Department expanded i t s proposed major highv/ay program i n 1962 $167 m i l l i o n over i 9 6 0 . by more t h a n A f t e r an i n v e s t i g a t i o n , a s p e c i a l subcommittee o f the House D i s t r i c t Committee r e p o r t e d , "The D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Commissioners, t h r o u g h t h e Highway Department, a r e c i r c u m v e n t i n g expressed i n t e n t of Congress." November 1, 1959 the 1962. The NCTA i s s u e d a r e v i s i o n of Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S u r v e y , p r o p o s i n g a subway s y s - tem and c o n c l u d i n g that previous proposals ways e n t e r i n g Washington had been based on forecasts. f o r new free- exaggerated �94X - F e b r u a r y 18, 1 9 6 3 . missioners, 7 - I n a r e p o r t t o t h e D. C. Com- t h e Highway Department accused t h e NCTA o f " d e c i m a t i n g " t h e D i s t r i c t ' s highway program i n o r d e r t o j u s t i f y a subway p l a n . I n J u l y , 1962, t h e D i r e c t o r o f the Highway Department ( H a r o l d L. A i t k e n ) had "sounded an a l a r m " t o t h e road b u i l d i n g i n d u s t r y " p o i n t i n g out t h e s t e p s freeway opponents have t a k e n t o b l o c k freeway cons t r u c t i o n i n t h e Nation's C a p i t a l . " I n r e s p o n s e , Highway l o b b y i s t s swarmed, t o C a p i t o l H i l l , c h a r g i n g t h a t t h e NCTA was " k i l l i n g " highways t o s e l l r a p i d June 1 , I 9 6 3 . transit. R e j e c t i n g highway lobby pressure, P r e s i d e n t Kennedy d i r e c t e d t h e D. C. Commissioners t o reappraise t h e D i s t r i c t highway program. No r e s t u d y was made; i n s t e a d , o n l y two freeway p r o j e c t s were examined, and approved n o t because they were needed b u t because t h e Commissioners were t o l d a p p r o v a l was n e c e s s a r y t o appease t h e highway lobby i f any subway p l a n s were t o s u r v i v e . A p r i l , 1965. 1 The Highway D e p a r t m e n t s r e p o r t t o t h e House D i s t r i c t Committee showed t h e a d d i t i o n o f t h e f o l lowing- f r e e w a y p r o j e c t s t o t h e i n t e r s t a t e system w i t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t s i n c e 1960: (a) (b) Sisters Three S i s t e r s Potomac R i v e r Freeway e x t e n s i o n Bridge to the inner Bridge; loop); (Three �^ /,-rr - 8 - (c) South l e g o f t h e i n n e r loop; (d) T h i r d Fourteenth (e) E a s t l e g o f t h e i n n e r loop ( a l o n g t h e west bank o f t h e A n a c o s t i a Street Bridge; River); (f) North l e g — E a s t (g) North C e n t r a l Freeway; (h) N o r t h e a s t Freeway. September 2 1 , 1965. Section; The NCPC s t a f f recommendation f o r t h e 1965 Comprehensive P l a n was p u b l i s h e d . On t h e i n s i s t e n c e o f t h e E n g i n e e r Commissioner (Gen. Duke), t h e D. C. Highway Department's freeway p l a n s were included i n t h e recommendations. January 14, 1966. P r e s i d e n t Johnson suggested t h a t an independent c o n s u l t a n t be r e t a i n e d by t h e D i s t r i c t and t h e NCPC t o r e v i e w p r i o r freeway p l a n s . March 2 2 , 1966. The independent c o n s u l t a n t , D. L i t t l e , I n c . , i s s u e d i t s r e p o r t , Planning "Transportation i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia 1 9 5 5 - 6 5 : and C r i t i q u e . " Arthur A Review I t concluded t h a t t h e Highway De- partment's planned f r e e w a y s were n o t j u s t i f i e d and t h a t freeway c o n s t r u c t i o n s h o u l d not c o n t i n u e u n t i l more e f f e c t i v e t e c h n i q u e s o f p l a n n i n g , adjustment were developed. d e s i g n , and s o c i a l �94Z - 9 - March 3 1 , 1966. The D. C. Commissioners' P o l i c y A d v i s o r y Committee unanimously agreed t o omit t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway, t h e E a s t Leg, and t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e from immediate p l a n s . T h i s agreement was endorsed by t h e D. C. Commissioners. A p r i l 19, 1966. Rep. W i l l i a m Natcher, Chairman o f t h e House Subcommittee on D. C. A p p r o p r i a t i o n s , d e c l a r e d i n s e c r e t h e a r i n g s , " I am unable t o c o n t i n u e recommending . . . t h a t money f o r r a p i d t r a n s i t be a p p r o p r i a t e d i f you a r e going t o stop t h e highway program." The F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l produced a " r e p o r t " w r i t t e n by L l o y d R i v a r d , t h e n employed by t h e Automotive S a f e t y Foundation ( a highway lobby o r g a n i z a t i o n ) and now c h i e f o f p l a n n i n g f o r t h e D. C. Highway Department, which recommended prompt cons t r u c t i o n o f a l l t h e f r e e w a y s proposed by t h e Highway Department. May 5, 1966. The NCPC v o t e d 8 - 3 t o omit t h e North C e n t r a l - N o r t h e a s t Freei^ay, t h e E a s t L e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop, and t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e from i t s 1985 Comprehensive Plan. May 2 5 , 1966. George H a r t z o g , D i r e c t o r o f t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e and member o f t h e NCPC, agreed i n w r i t i n g w i t h E n g i n e e r Commissioner Duke and t h e V i r g i n i a �- 10 - Highway Department t o change h i s p o s i t i o n and support t h e t h r e e most c o n t r o v e r s i a l freeway p r o j e c t s . June 9, 1966. Engineer Commissioner Duke asked t h e NCPC t o "endorse" t h e H a r t z o g agreement. The May 5 v o t e was r e s c i n d e d and i n t h e H a r t z o g agreement was subs t i t u t e d i n t h e 1985 Comprehensive P l a n by a vote o f 6 - 5 . The s i x members who were D i s t r i c t and U. S. Government o f f i c i a l s v o t e d i n f a v o r ; t h e f i v e members appointed by t h e P r e s i d e n t voted i n o p p o s i t i o n . A p u b l i c h e a r i n g was promised. September 30, 1966. tax Congress r a i s e d t h e g a s o l i n e t o 7 / a g a l l o n and i n c r e a s e d D. C. highway borrowing a u t h o r i t y by $35 m i l l i o n . November 3 0 , I 9 6 6 . Over t h i r t y i n d i v i d u a l s , f i r m s , and c i t i z e n s o r g a n i z a t i o n s r e p r e s e n t i n g more t h a n 200,000 D i s t r i c t r e s i d e n t s f i l e d a l a w s u i t i n t h e D. C. F e d e r a l D i s t r i c t Court. They a s s e r t t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t Commis- s i o n e r s and t h e NCPC were and a r e a c t i n g i l l e g a l l y i n attempting t o c a r r y out t h e p l a n s f o r t h e North C e n t r a l - N o r t h e a s t Freeway, t h e E a s t L e g o f t h e I n n e r Loop, and t h e Three S i s t e r s February Bridge. 1 0 , 1967. The defendants were unable t o persuade t h e c o u r t t h a t t h e l a w s u i t should be d i s m i s s e d . �- 11 - March 8, 1967. The NCPC p u b l i s h e d i t s proposed 1985 Comprehensive P l a n , i n c l u d i n g t h e f r e e w a y p r o j e c t s agreed upon i n J u n e , 1966. March 9, 1967. The D i s t r i c t began t o a p p r a i s e p r o p e r t y i n t h e r i g h t o f way o f t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway. June 14, 1967. A p u b l i c meeting was c a l l e d by t h e NCPC on t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e c t i o n o f t h e Comprehensive Plan. �95 16/jbj MR. SHEAR: George F r a i n , E x e c u t i v e V i c e Presi- dent, Kalorama C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n . STATEMENT OF: GEORGE FRAIN, EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT, KALORAMA CITIZENS ASSOCIATION, INC. MR. GEORGE FRAIN: Committee: Madam Chairman, Members of the I want t o begin by s a y i n g t h a t I am a l s o C o o r d i - n a t o r of the J o i n t Committee o f Businessmen, C i t i z e n s Assoc i a t i o n s and Property Owners f o r the B e s t L o c a t i o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l Center and I am a l s o A d m i n i s t r a t i v e of the l 8 t h and Columbia Road Businessmen's o f the Secretary Association. I would l i k e t o s a y , begin by s a y i n g a word f o r the p u b l i c members o f the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commis- s i o n who stood f a s t and voted c o n s i s t e n t l y a g a i n s t highways. The vote -(Applause.) The v o t e , as you know, was s i x t o f i v e . Secondly, I would a l s o l i k e t o say a word f o r Commissioner T o b r i n e r and a g a i n f o r the members, t o the p u b l i c members o f the P l a n n i n g Commission, f o r voting a g a i n s t the Adams-Morgan Urban Renewal P r o j e c t , which would, even i n i t s scaled-down form, have d i s p l a c e d 1500 f a m i l i e s , 90 commercial e n t e r p r i s e s out o f 220 i n our a r e a and 28 out of 35 l i g h t i n d u s t r i a l f i r m s i n our a r e a , not t o mention hundreds o f jobs o f both Negro and w h i t e citizens. I t h i n k i t ' s a t r i b u t e t o the American sense o f �96 6/Jbj f a i r p l a y t h a t we could come here t o n i g h t on an i s s u e t h a t i s h o t l y contested on the s i d e o f the c i t i z e n s and means the displacement o f t h e i r homes and t h e i r jobs and c a r r y on t h i s p u b l i c d i a l o g u e i n the e x c e l l e n t s p i r i t t h a t i t has been c a r r i e d on t o n i g h t . I was i^orried t h e r e f o r a moment d u r i n g an e a r l i e r p a r t of the evening but, thank God f o r Americans and f o r the long t r a d i t i o n which we have which c e r t a i n l y does not r e s o r t to the k i n d s o f s o l u t i o n s o f problems t h a t o t h e r n a t i o n s do resort to. I would l i k e t o c o r r e c t a p r e v i o u s speaker, Harold E . W i r t h , Chairman of the M e t r o p o l i t a n Area Highway Users Conference, who s a i d t h a t only the highway u s e r s pay f o r the highways. (Applause.) There i s a growing r e c o g n i t i o n t h a t the people who a r e d i s p l a c e d from t h e i r homes pay a p r i c e t o o . (Applause.) There i s a well-known phrase: Urban renewal i s Negro removal. (Applause.) 23,500 low- and moderate-income people, 70 per cent o f them Negroes, were d i s p l a c e d from the Southwest Urban Renewal P r o j e c t . (Applause.) Didn't they pay a p r i c e , Mr. W i r t h ? �97 Tl6/jbj They moved t o o t h e r a r e a s and c r e a t e d new slums because they couldn't f i n d homes and had t o double and t r i p l e and quadruple and q u i n t u p l e up. 800 b u s i n e s s e s were d i s p l a c e d , 40 per cent of them f a i l e d . Didn't they pay a p r i c e ? (Applause.) VJhat happened t o t h e i r employees? were d i s p l a c e d . E l l i s , who who Ask those Don't take my word f o r i t . Ask Mrs. who Cy s i t s over t h e r e on the l e f t h a n d s i d e of the house, i s here t o n i g h t . (Applause.) Ask Mr. P h i l i p J . Brown, who i s a l s o here t o n i g h t , vihat the c o s t w i l l be of the $500 m i l l i o n Center north of Washington C i r c l e . International He owns the C a l l C a r l b u i l d i n g and, i n c i d e n t a l l y , the White House took over by means of a modified form of eminent domain another of h i s and put the — there. the White House c a r s are q u a r t e r e d He can't even go i n h i s own Now, building building. P r e s i d e n t Johnson has s a i d t h a t the I n t e r - n a t i o n a l Chancery Complex should be c o n s i s t e n t w i t h the l e g i t i m a t e i n t e r e s t s of D i s t r i c t c i t i z e n s . I call your a t t e n t i o n t o a speech t h a t he -- or a p a r t of a speech that he made on F e b r u a r y 27th which appears i n the C o n g r e s s i o n a l Record of t h a t d a t e . Now, Mr. Brown has s a i d t h a t the p l a n developed by �the P l a n n i n g Commission w i l l d i s p l a c e 300 low-income f a m i l i e s , 40 s m a l l b u s i n e s s e s , the jobs of 5,000 c i t i z e n s m i l l i o n s of d o l l a r s i n t a x e s . and The businessmen i n the Washington C i r c l e a r e a agree w i t h these f i g u r e s . Now, if t h i s t h i n g i s adopted, they w i l l have t o pay a p r i c e too. (Applause.) There i s n o t h i n g i n the F u l b r i g h t b i l l and the b i l l by R e p r e s e n t a t i v e Kenneth Gray which p r o v i d e s f o r replacement v a l u e or would pay any of these c o s t s . w i l l pay some of them, the f a i r market v a l u e and They that sort of t h i n g , but they don't pay f o r the j o b s , they don't pay the c o s t , the great many of the hidden c o s t s . New, f o r Mr,. W i r t h ' s i n f o r m a t i o n , there i s a r e s p e c t a b l e and growing body of o p i n i o n i n the Congress which i s c a l l i n g f o r f u l l replacement v a l u e f o r homes and b u s i n e s s e s which are taken i n these p u b l i c p r o j e c t s . To give you an example, the House P u b l i c Works Committee held h e a r i n g s , l e n g t h y h e a r i n g s f o r a couple of y e a r s , or a sub- committee d i d , and they came i n w i t h recommendations and the highway people have fought bitterly. these replacement v a l u e s They have the b i g g e s t lobby i n the c o u n t r y . i s n ' t o n l y rubber t i r e s , i t ' s highway, i t ' s concrete It — (Applause.) You know the l i s t . I t ' s a long one. I t h i n k I should add t h a t a group of businessmen, �99 Tl6/JbJ i n c l u d i n g Mr. Brown and Miss C a t h e r i n e McCarron, P r e s i d e n t of the Dupont C i r c l e C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n , who i s a l s o here t o n i g h t , r e c e n t l y met w i t h top OAS and Pan American Union o f f i c i a l s i n the Pan American Union b u i l d i n g . These o f f i - c i a l s s a i d they d i d n ' t want t o go t o the S e a l t e s t s i t e a t 25th and P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue. They wanted t o go -- they suggested t h a t they would l i k e t o go t o the expanded S h a p i r o s i t e w i t h 25 a c r e s . Trageron s i t e . They would l i k e t o go t o the They'd l i k e t o go t o the McLean s i t e , the McLean Gardens s i t e . None o f them wanted t o go t o the S e a l t e s t s i t e and y e t the P l a n n i n g Commission keeps on coming i n t h e r e and t h e y ' r e f o r i t , you know. Now, we r e p o r t e d t h i s v i s i t t o P r e s i d e n t Johnson and I have a l e t t e r addressed to me which i s from Stephen P o l l a k s a y i n g t h a t the P r e s i d e n t a p p r e c i a t e d the f a c t s t h a t we developed as a r e s u l t o f t h a t h e a r i n g and t h a t the P r e s i d e n t had asked Mr. P o l l a k t o send our l e t t e r on t o the S t a t e Department, the D i s t r i c t Commissioners and the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission. My guess i s t h a t the P l a n n i n g Commission probably w i l l , as i t has i n the p a s t , w i l l see the l i g h t i n t h i s matter. I don't have any doubt t h a t those p u b l i c members w i l l p r e v a i l and w i l l a g a i n a s s e r t the r i g h t o f people t o continue t h e i r b u s i n e s s e s and t o continue i n t h e i r homes without b e i n g d i s p l a c e d and t o continue i n t h e i r jobs �100 Tl6/jbj because, o b v i o u s l y , w i t h the V i c e P r e s i d e n t Humphrey c a l l i n g f o r 20,000 jobs f o r D i s t r i c t c i t i z e n s to stave o f f violence t h i s summer, he i s n ' t going t o , and I am sure the P l a n n i n g Commission p u b l i c members a r e n ' t going t o stand t h e r e and permit a p l a n t o d i s p l a c e 300 low- and moderate-income families, or most of them are Negro f a m i l i e s , Negro and the l o s s of 5,000 jobs -MR. SHEAR: One minute and a h a l f . MR. FRAIN: I beg your pardon? MR. SHEAR: One minute and a h a l f . MR. FRAIN: Oh, I ' v e got — I'm going to be through. I'm going t o be w i t h i n my t e n m i n u t e s . 11( Now, t h e r e i s a p r i n c i p l e which I would l i k e to e n u n c i a t e here and i t i s t h i s . I t might become known as the freeway p r i n c i p l e and i t would be s t a t e d t h i s way. the If highway man and the urban r e n e w a l b a c k e r s and the chancery proponents had t o pay the t o t a l c o s t , t h e r e wouldn't be enough support t o f l o a t a bond i s s u e . (Applause.) Now, I would l i k e a t t h i s p o i n t t o , w i t h t h a t as prologue, i n a minute and a h a l f , as Mr. Shear has reminded me, I would l i k e t o get on t o a p o i n t i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h the Columbia H e i g h t s subway. ( R i n g i n g of t i m e r . ) I have a l e t t e r — I s t h a t two minutes? �101 -7/jbJ CHAIRMAN ROWE: That's I t . Take another minute. MR. FRAIN: I have a l e t t e r from C h a r l e s M. Haar of the Department of Housing and Urban Development s a y i n g t h a t the S e c r e t a r y -Dear Mr. Frain: The S e c r e t a r y has taken up w i t h me your l e t t e r of A p r i l 21 I n which you requested his a s s i s t a n c e i n h a v i n g the subway plans and program f o r Washington s t u d i e d so as to serve the poor f a m i l i e s I n the Nation's C a p i t a l , a matter to which he had r e f e r r e d i n h i s speech a t P i t t s b u r g h on A p r i l 18. I n a d d i t i o n t o your study of t h i s problem we have r e c e i v e d the r e c e n t l y published d r a f t r e p o r t by the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency i n which i t i s s t a t e d , f o r the first time -- now, t h i s l e t t e r I s dated May s t a t e d , f o r the f i r s t 3 — it is time, t h a t the needs of n o r t h - c e n t r a l Washington w i l l be b e t t e r and more e f f i c i e n t l y served by an independent route i n e i t h e r the Seventh or 14th S t r e e t c o r r i d o r s than by the Columbia Heights route. T h i s r e c o g n i t i o n of need, w h i l e not a commitment, p r e s e n t s the p o s s i b i l i t y of r e s o l v i n g the problem of s e r v i c e to t h i s s e c t i o n i n a much more fundamental manner than here- tofore. in Doubtless the forthcoming t h i s p o s s i b i l i t y w i l l be considered urban renewal p l a n n i n g i n t h i s a r e a and c o n c e i v a b l y might even be a major f a c t o r i n the p l a n . �102 xvY/jbJ I f , as seems l i k e l y , we have an o p p o r t u n i t y comment on the m o d i f i c a t i o n s for of the T r a n s i t P l a n , the need s e r v i c e to low income a r e a s w i l l c e r t a i n l y be supported. (End of to strongly letter.) I would l i k e to i n c l u d e as a p a r t — not only t h i s l e t t e r as a p a r t of the r e c o r d but I would l i k e to i n c l u d e an a r t i c l e by R i c h a r d Severo i n the Washington Post of March 15 article e n t i t l e d , Slum Areas By-Passed by Subways, an from the Washington Post of March 23 quoting the Reverend Walter F a u n t r o y , who I t i s w i t h alarm and i s not here t o n i g h t , who d i s b e l i e f bordering said: on outrage t h a t l e a r n t h a t a $431 m i l l i o n , 25-mile b a s i c r a p i d r a i l system i s r e p o r t e d l y w i t h i n two months of the f i n a l d e c i s i o n and a y e a r away from the f i r s t e a r t h - t u r n i n g and the we stage vital needs of the i n n e r c i t y are not even programmed f o r the initial stage of t h i s important u n d e r t a k i n g . s e r i o u s l y the wisdom and We r e j e c t emphatically c a l l s f o r the b u i l d i n g of the f i r s t b a s i c a l l y white, middle-class the l o g i c t h a t subway l i n e Connecticut question through the Avenue c o r r i d o r . I would l i k e to a l s o i n c l u d e a r e p o r t from the Washington Post of December 2, 1966, i n which E n g i n e e r Commissioner C h a r l e s M. Duke s a i d , as d i d Mr. t i n k e r i n g w i t h the a u t h o r i z e d and system could Edwards, t h a t create political economic problems t h a t might torpedo the whole p r o j e c t . I would a l s o l i k e to i n c l u d e some of my remarks �t h a t I d i d n ' t get to r e a d . CHAIRMAN ROWE: I'm sorry. We w i l l be glad to put them i n the r e c o r d . (Applause.) (Mr. F r a i n ' s f u l l statement i s as follows:) �104 T17/JbJ MR. WIRTH: Madam Chairman, a p o i n t o f o r d e r . S i n c e Mr. Abbott took an hour o f t h i s assembly's time f o r h i s p r e s e n t a t i o n , may I have two minutes t o c o r r e c t some statements t h a t were made by our l a s t speaker f o r the r e c o r d ? CHAIRMAN ROWE: I'm s o r r y , I can't r e c o g n i z e you except I n t h e order o f the l i s t h e r e . MR. WIRTH: T h i s I must s t i c k t o . He made c e r t a i n a l l e g a t i o n s t o my t e s t i m o n y which I t h i n k I should c l a r i f y CHAIRMAN ROWE: it. I understand I'm s o r r y . — I j u s t can't permit how you f e e l . MR. WIRTH: I would l i k e t o p l a c e i n t h e r e c o r d t h a t I take e x c e p t i o n and these a r e v a l i d and j u s t -(Applause.) CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. SHEAR: We w i l l go on t o the next w i t n e s s . The r e c o r d w i l l be open u n t i l June 30th f o r t h e submission o f any a d d i t i o n a l m a t e r i a l s or s t a t e m e n t s . Mr. Robert D. L e r n e r , V i c e P r e s i d e n t and General Manager, A i r p o r t T r a n s p o r t , I n c o r p o r a t e d . CHAIRMAN ROWE: Mr. L e r n e r . STATEMENT OF: ROBERT D. LERNER, VICE PRESIDENT AND GENERAL MANAGER, AIRPORT TRANSPORT, INC. MR. ROBERT D. LERNER: Madam Chairman, Members o f the Commission, D i s t i n g u i s h e d Guests, C i t i z e n s o f the �105 T'17/jbj D i s t r i c t of Columbia: P r e s i d e n t and My name i s Robert L e r n e r , V i c e General Manager of A i r p o r t T r a n s p o r t , who been p r o v i d i n g the ground t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o and from Washington N a t i o n a l A i r p o r t s i n c e i t s i n a u g u r a t i o n 27 ago and has years from D u l l e s I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t s i n c e i t s i n a u g u r a - t i o n f o u r and a h a l f years ago. I appear t h i s evening i n g e n e r a l support of s e c t i o n s o f the Proposed Comprehensive P l a n f o r the those National C a p i t a l a r e a d e a l i n g w i t h the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n as o u t l i n e d from pages 108 t o page 120, w i t h the f o l l o w i n g comments. During these 27 y e a r s , our o r g a n i z a t i o n has grown from a s m a l l f l e e t of 12 v e h i c l e s w i t h 30 employees t o the present f l e e t of 250 v e h i c l e s and i n e x c e s s of 800 employees t r a v e l i n g n e a r l y 18 m i l l i o n m i l e s per y e a r . We s e r v i c e 6 , 0 0 0 a i r l i n e passengers d a i l y and, i f our e n t e r p r i s e i s to be s u c c e s s f u l from the s t a n d p o i n t members of the community and of employment provided to s e r v i c e to the t r a v e l i n g p u b l i c , the v e h i c u l a r t r a f f i c s i t u a t i o n must improve. Throughout the c o u n t r y , t h e i n t e r s t a t e system w i t h i n the c i t y cores are f u r t h e r along than i n W a s h i n g t o n , the Nation's Capital. A i r l i n e i n d u s t r y sources e s t i m a t e t h a t by y e a r 1985 a i r l i n e t r a f f i c i n and w i l l quadruple. while the out of the Washington area the speed of the a i r p l a n e has i n c r e a s e d from 150 m i l e s an hour t o 650 m i l e s an hour i n the past 27 y e a r s , the t r i p on the ground to and from the �106 ..7/JbJ a i r p o r t s has slowed down t o a s n a i l ' s pace w i t h a net l o s s in t o t a l t r a v e l time. For example, f l i g h t time between New York and Washington i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 40 minutes i n a 727 j e t , a d i s t a n c e of 220 m i l e s , whereas, t r a v e l time t o and from the a i r p o r t s on both ends of the t r i p , a d i s t a n c e of only 15 m i l e s , consumes, d u r i n g peak r u s h hour, one hour and t e n minutes. Congestion on the highways t o and from the a i r p o r t s has become a major f a c t o r i n the growth of the a i r line industry. I d e a l l y , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o and from the a i r p o r t s should be completed i n the same number o f minutes d u r i n g commuter peak p e r i o d s as completed i n o f f - p e a k periods. to T h i s i s the aim but a t p r e s e n t i t i s i m p o s s i b l e attain. Our s i t u a t i o n l o c a l l y a t D u l l e s and N a t i o n a l i s unique. of Because of the r e s t r i c t i o n s imposed on the number f l i g h t o p e r a t i o n s per hour by the FAA the growth of N a t i o n a l A i r p o r t should and probably w i l l not be as dynamic as the growth a t D u l l e s . Washington N a t i o n a l w i l l continue to s e r v e as the commuter a i r p o r t f o r s h o r t - r a n g e f l i g h t s , New Y o r k , P h i l a d e l p h i a , Boston, Richmond, N o r f o l k . Ground t r a n s p o r t a t i o n w i l l be provided p r i n c i p a l l y by p r i v a t e c a r , l i m o u s i n e , c a r r e n t a l and the t a x i c a b . E x p e r i e n c e has proven t h a t r a p i d t r a n s i t does not �s e r v e a i r l i n e passengers to and from a i r p o r t s , chiefly because of the baggage problems and the theory of i n t e r m i n g l i n g a i r l i n e passengers w i t h mass t r a n s i t i s i m p r a c t i cal. Two y e a r s ago, my a s s o c i a t e went t o Tokyo f o r the i n a u g u r a t i o n of the m o n o r a i l s e r v i c e from the I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t t o the C i t y of Tokyo. S i n c e then, we have p e r i o d i - c a l l y r e c e i v e d r e p o r t s on the development of t h i s service which proves t h a t the monorail i s cumbersome, i m p r a c t i c a l , i n c o n v e n i e n t and e x t r e m e l y e x p e n s i v e . Airline passengers p r e f e r u s i n g t h e i r p r i v a t e c a r s , t a x i c a b s or l i m o u s i n e s on the new freeway which was opened at the same time as the monorail. Only 40 minutes from downtown Washington, we today have the most advanced a i r p o r t i n the w o r l d . It is the o n l y a i r p o r t i n the h i s t o r y of the a v i a t i o n i n d u s t r y t h a t was not o b s o l e t e before i t was completed. N a t i o n a l A i r p o r t s a t u r a t e d , scheduled ferred to D u l l e s . With f l i g h t s must be trans- However, to make D u l l e s c o n v e n i e n t , urgent c o n s i d e r a t i o n should be g i v e n t o the l i n k between Route 66 and the R o o s e v e l t or Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . The completion of Route 66 and i t s connection w i t h the b r i d g e s w i l l make i t p o s s i b l e f o r our l u x u r y motor coaches t o operate from D u l l e s t o the h e a r t of downtown i n 25 minutes d u r i n g o f f - p e a k and peak p e r i o d s . A true rapid �108 Tl8/jbJ t r a n s i t w i l l be r e a l i z e d . I t has been d i s t u r b i n g i n the past t o observe the slowness w i t h which approved highway c o n s t r u c t i o n moved forward and i t i s r e s p e c t f u l l y urged t h a t the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission do a l l w i t h i n i t s power t o see both c o n s t r u c t i o n of highway and subway move as q u i c k l y as possible. Page 115 o f the r e p o r t s t a t e s , and I quote, A r a p i d t r a n s i t l i n e should be b u i l t t o D u l l e s . I want t o emphasize t h a t we do not have -- t h a t we do have today the f i n e s t r a p i d t r a n s i t between D u l l e s and the m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a which i s t a i l o r e d e x c l u s i v e l y f o r the a i r l i n e passenger. F i r s t , we have the D u l l e s a c c e s s highway, 14 m i l e s of l i m i t e d - a c c e s s highway w i t h a speed l i m i t of 65 m i l e s an hour. I t i n t u r n t i e s i n w i t h the B e l t w a y , g i v i n g the f l e x i b i l i t y of going t o the west t o suburban Maryland, Bethesda, S i l v e r S p r i n g or going t o the e a s t , A r l i n g t o n , F a i r f a x and A l e x a n d r i a . Second, w i t h Route 66 completed and the t i e - i n w i t h the b r i d g e s , you have a p e r f e c t , f l e x i b l e , r a p i d transit. I n the r e p o r t on page 116 r e f e r e n c e i s made t o Friendship International Airport. Airport Transport I t i s the p o s i t i o n o f t h a t the use o f F r i e n d s h i p should not be a f a c t o r i n the Washington market u n t i l such time as �109 118/jbj N a t i o n a l and D u l l e s a r e i n f u l l u s e . S u r f a c e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i s becoming i n c r e a s i n g l y more d i f f i c u l t along the Washington-Baltimore Turnpike and the a i r l i n e passengers coming and going i n t o the Nation's C a p i t a l should use a Washington a i r p o r t . I t i s the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of the C i t y of B a l t i m o r e and i t s surrounding communities t o support Friendship. L e t them support it. I n summary, A i r p o r t T r a n s p o r t appears i n support of the p l a n as proposed, but suggests s t r o n g l y w i t h r e s p e c t to the a i r p o r t s i t u a t i o n t h a t c o n s i d e r a t i o n be g i v e n to r a p i d completion of a l l a c c e s s and e g r e s s highways planned to the a i r p o r t so as t o make p o s s i b l e the h a n d l i n g o f t r a f f i c t h a t w i l l be d e v e l o p i n g w i t h i n the next 15 y e a r s . F i n a l l y , I would l i k e t o indulge the group f o r a moment. At 5:50 p.m. one day l a s t week I was heading on Key B r i d g e from V i r g i n i a , from V i r g i n i a i n t o the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, the opposite d i r e c t i o n of commuter t r a f f i c . As I drove onto the bridge i n my l u x u r y product c o n s t r u c t e d by D e t r o i t ' s f i n e s t , two p r e t t y young g i r l s , b a r e - f o o t e d and i n m i n i s k i r t s , a l s o a r r i v e d a t the V i r g i n i a e n t r a n c e t o the bridge. T h e i r mode o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n was the o l d e s t known. They were w a l k i n g . (Applause.) A f t e r 20 long minutes and o n l y because the o f f i c e r c o n t r o l l i n g the f l o w o f t r a f f i c a t the D. C. e x i t o f the �110 i ..8/jbj bridge was sympathetic t o the obvious f r u s t r a t i o n s o f the motorist d i d I manage the c r o s s the bridge a nose ahead o f the young l a d i e s . T h i s i s an example o f the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n dilemma we face today. What w i l l 1985 b r i n g ? Thank you. (Applause,) MR. SHEAR: Mr. D. L. Chaney. STATEMENT OF: D. L . CHANEY MR. D. L. CHANEY: Commission and O f f i c i a l s : speak here t o n i g h t Madam Chairman, Members o f the My name i s D. L. Chaney and I on my own b e h a l f and I do not r e p r e s e n t any o t h e r group or o r g a n i z a t i o n . F i r s t , may I s t a t e t h a t I am i n f a v o r of the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p o r t i o n of the 1985 Comprehensive P l a n f o r the N a t i o n a l Capital. I p a r t i c u l a r l y want t o speak i n b e h a l f o f the expressway p o r t i o n s t r a n s i t portion. o f t h a t p l a n r a t h e r than the r a p i d I do not mean by t h a t t h a t I am i n any way opposed t o the subway system. tial. I think i t ' s very essen- I t h i n k as i t i s planned i t i s e x c e l l e n t and p l a n - n i n g i s under way but the a t t a c k s seem t o be now upon the highway p o r t i o n o f t h i s p l a n r a t h e r than the r a p i d transit. I want t o emphasize t h a t I am r e f e r r i n g t o the �Ill need f o r a complete expressway system. I think i t ' s his- t o r y and I don't need to go back i n t o g r e a t d e t a i l except to remind you t h a t I n 1956 the I n t e r s t a t e Highway Act was passed by Congress and t h a t a t t h a t time t a x e s were l e v i e d upon e v e r y highway u s e r , four c e n t s per g a l l o n o f gas, and a t a x on t i r e s , automobiles, buses and a l l t y p e s o f automotive equipment was l e v i e d and t h a t t a x has been, I s being and has been c o l l e c t e d s i n c e 1956 and w i l l continue t o be c o l l e c t e d u n t i l the y e a r 1972, or l o n g e r , I f the Congress extends the law, which t h e y may v e r y w e l l do. Now, we have been paying these t a x e s . We were promised a complete expressway system i n r e t u r n f o r the taxes. I f e e l t h e r e i s a moral o b l i g a t i o n on the p a r t o f p u b l i c o f f i c i a l s t o complete t h a t p a r t o f the P u b l i c Works Program f o r which we a r e being taxed . When the law was l a i d o u t , the expressway system as planned f o r the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and the m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a was p a r t o f t h i s i n t e r s t a t e system. Now, people a r e not a s k i n g t h a t the whole town of Washington be covered w i t h expressways -(Applause.) -- such as many o f those who have a g a i n s t the highways would have you b e l i e v e . testified There i s a v e r y d e f i n i t e expressway system i n t h i s p l a n and I o n l y a s k , and many o t h e r people a s k t h a t t h a t be completed i n �112 Tl8/jbj accordance levied w i t h the promise made to us when the t a x e s were upon u s , and we have been paying these t a x e s and, as I say, w i l l continue t o and I f e e l we a r e o n l y e n t i t l e d t o t h a t p a r t of the system which was promised t o u s . Anything l e s s than t h i s , I f e e l , would be a f r a u d upon the p u b l i c , p u b l i c o f f i c i a l s would be l a c k i n g i n t h e i r p u b l i c duty i f they f a i l e d t o take i n t o account t h i s a c t o f Congress and what i t d i d , both from the s t a n d p o i n t of what they promised to give and the means by which they r a i s e d the money f o r i t . T h i s matter o f 90/10 money which i s thrown around so much, I t h i n k we should w e l l keep i n mind when we a r e talking about f e d e r a l g i f t s but we a r e not t a l k i n g f e d e r a l g i f t s ; we are t a l k i n g about about the money t h a t e v e r y highway u s e r has used and I dare say everyone i n t h i s a u d i t o r i u m , whether f o r these highways or not, a r e paying this tax. I b e l i e v e t h e r e would be v e r y few people i n t h i s a u d i t o r i u m or anywhere i n the m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a t h a t does not own a c a r or use a c a r a t some time and, i f you do, you are paying t h i s t a x and you w i l l continue t o pay i t and I o n l y a s k t h a t our j u s t dues be g r a n t e d . Thank you. (Applause.) CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. SHEAR: C o u n c i l f o r Rapid Thank you, Mr. Chaney. Mr. Duncan W a l l , M e t r o p o l i t a n C i t i z e n s Transit. �113 Tl8/jbj (No r e s p o n s e . ) I s Mr. W a l l h e r e ? (No r e s p o n s e . ) H e r b e r t T. Wood, MR. WOOD: MR. SHEAR: his — Here. — who r e l i n q u i s h e d f i v e minutes o f time t o Mr. Abbott. STATEMENT OF: HERBERT T. WOOD, CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA MR. HERBERT T. WOOD: My name i s Herbert Wood. I am on the f a c u l t y o f the Chemical E n g i n e e r i n g Department a t the C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y of America. I r e p r e s e n t the U n i v e r - s i t y on the Brookland Area C o o r d i n a t i n g C o u n c i l . I would l i k e t o speak a g a i n s t the freeway system as planned f o r the c i t y . I t h i n k t h e r e are two v e r y s e r i o u s o b j e c t i o n s t h a t I t h i n k a r e s u f f i c i e n t t o cause of cancellation the p l a n . The f i r s t of these i s the m a t t e r of h o u s i n g . The freeway i n . i t s e l f w i l l n e c e s s i t a t e the d e s t r u c t i o n of a l a r g e number of houses. According t o the Highway Depart- ment, the number t o be d e s t r o y e d i n my neighborhood w i l l be 387. The 1985 P l a n i n g e n e r a l advocates the c o n s t r u c t i o n of moderate and h i g h d e n s i t y apartment d w e l l i n g s on the land a d j a c e n t t o the freeway, i n p a r t i c u l a r , near the �114 Tl8/jbj proposed e x i t s and e n t r a n c e s to the freeway. t h i s land i s now occupied by homes. At p r e s e n t , To a v e r y l a r g e e x t e n t , these homes to be d e s t r o y e d a r e the homes of f a m i l i e s w i t h children. Furthermore, the apartments t h a t are i m p l i e d by the 1985 P l a n are not w i t h i n the p r i c e range, based on the p r i c e s of s i m i l a r multi-bedroom the apartments today, w i t h i n p r i c e range of the f a m i l i e s , predominantly Negro, itfho w i l l be d i s p l a c e d by the freeway and i t s r e l a t e d apartment development. Now, to go. God o n l y knows where these people are going I n t h i s c i t y today, t h e r e i s c e r t a i n l y no shortage but the housing problem i s downright apartment criminal. The net r e s u l t of t h i s highway c o n s t r u c t i o n w i l l be to t u r n the c i t y i n t o a t a r g e t - l i k e a f f a i r w i t h an i n n e r r i n g of w h i t e , v e r y a f f l u e n t , r e l a t i v e l y t r a n s i e n t surrounded by a h i g h l y compressed people r i n g of b l a c k t h a t s t r e t c h e s to E a s t e r n and Southern Avenues and the Potomac R i v e r , because these are v e r y u n n a t u r a l boundaries t h a t the Negro i n g e n e r a l cannot c r o s s , which i n t u r n w i l l be rounded by the w h i t e r i n g of the suburbs. sur- T h i s argument, I t h i n k , i s s u f f i c i e n t i n I t s e l f to negate the whole freeway business. T19 The second argument a g a i n s t the freeway i s the problem of a i r p o l l u t i o n . �(Applause.) I t has been estimated w i l l use 1-95 t h a t 240,000 v e h i c l e s a the North C e n t r a l Freeway, t h a t ' s south of entrance. day the A s h o r t c a l c u l a t i o n w i l l show t h a t t h i s i s a r e l a t i v e l y good e s t i m a t e . S i n c e , as f a r as a i r p o l l u t i o n goes, each t r u c k i s e q u i v a l e n t to a good many c a r s -- I couldn't f i n d out from the P u b l i c H e a l t h S e r v i c e e x a c t l y how many because such a study has not been done — equivalent the number of c a r s w i l l be even h i g h e r . I f we assume t h a t the c a r s u s i n g the freeway get about 15 m i l e s per g a l l o n , then i n the one and a h a l f mile s t r e t c h , Rhode I s l a n d Avenue to Providence H o s p i t a l , one w i l l burn one-tenth of a g a l l o n of g a s o l i n e . obtained from the P u b l i c H e a l t h c a r i s about 1.5 car In figures I S e r v i c e the exhaust of a per cent carbon monoxide. A c a l c u l a t i o n shows t h a t on t h i s 1.5-mile s t r e t c h of freeway 16.7 tons of carbon monoxide w i l l be produced i n a 24-hour p e r i o d . This i s equivalent of carbon monoxide and, to add out of our three-quarters feet i n s u l t to i n j u r y , i n the process of b u r n i n g t h i s g a s o l i n e , 242 i s f i v e and to 425,000 cubic tons of oxygen, which m i l l i o n cubic f e e t w i l l be taken neighborhood. I don't breathe v e r y much but t h a t ' s q u i t e a b i t . T h i s oxygen w i l l have to be r e p l a c e d by d i f f u s i o n i n t o our neighborhoods w h i l e the carbon monoxide w i l l have �116 9/jbj to d i f f u s e out. Now, i n order to check t h i s d i f f u s i o n , l e t us assume t h a t a t the freeway the carbon monoxide c o n c e n t r a t i o n i s j u s t one per c e n t , not one and a h a l f and a l s o l e t us assume t h a t the carbon monoxide c o n c e n t r a t i o n f a l l s o f f l i n e a r l y w i t h d i s t a n c e becoming z e r o a m i l e away from the freeway, which i s 20th S t r e e t , i n our neighborhood. This would mean a t Tenth S t r e e t where Noyes, S t . Anthony's and Brookland Schools are l o c a t e d , the c o n c e n t r a t i o n of carbon monoxide w i l l be .875. live, .75 i t w i l l be the r e s i d e n c e of Mr. .625 Mr. percent. At 1217 per c e n t . At 1337 At 1434 .375 MR. SHEAR: MR. WOOD: be Newton S t r e e t , the r e s i d e n c e of i t w i l l be Newton S t r e e t , the r e s i d e n c e of Mr. H e w i t t , i t w i l l be Lawrence S t r e e t , and Mrs. Thomas Gaines, i t w i l l and Mrs. A l e x Giampietro, 1600 Lawrence S t r e e t , where I .5 percent and and Mrs. at Fred per c e n t . One minute. I p a r t i c u l a r l y chose these sites because these are the p l a c e s where a t l e a s t f o u r c h i l d r e n live. I n a r e c e n t i s s u e of S c i e n c e , H. D. Goldberg of the Psychology Department of H o f s t r a U n i v e r s i t y , r e p o r t e d work done on r a t s exposed to a i r mixed w i t h automobile e x h a u s t , and he chose the a i r i n s i d e of h i s own wagon. station He found t h a t these r a t s became r e t a r d e d i n t h e i r �117 9/jbj mental growth and l e a r n e d a t a r a t e s l o w e r than r a t s not exposed t o such fumes. I t i s v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o get c h i l d r e n to do such r e s e a r c h on. I would hate to see my neighbor- hood turned I n t o such a l a b o r a t o r y . (Applause.) On t h e west s i d e o f the — May I have a minute, p l e a s e , 30 seconds? CHAIRMAN ROWE: (Nodding head. ) MR. WOOD: On the west s i d e o f the t r a c k s , about 100 y a r d s from the s i t e o f the freeway i s t h e d o r m i t o r y f o r freshman and sophomore g i r l s a t t e n d i n g t h e U n i v e r s i t y . I don't t h i n k any o f your would send your c h i l d r e n I n t o such an environment. As an a l t e r n a t i v e t o the freeway system I n t h i s city, the I would l i k e t o propose t h a t the p r i o r i t y i n funds, 90/10 money, g i v e n a t p r e s e n t t o the freeway be a l l o t t e d to the r a p i d r a i l system. Thank you. (Applause.) (Mr. Wood's f u l l statement i s as f o l l o w s : ) �Ky name i s Herbert T. Kood, I c:a on the f a c u l t y of the Cheaica'l Engineering Department at the Catholic U n i v e r s i t y of Aaerica. present the u n i v e r s i t y oa the Brookland Area Coordinating I re- Council. I would l i k e to apeak i n opposition to the freeway system as planned for the c i t y . There are two very serious o b j e c t l e s s that I think are s u f f i c i e n t to cause c a n c e l l a t i o n of the plan. The f i r s t of these i s the n a t t e r of housing. The freeway i n i t s e l f w i l l neee3sit3te the destruction of a large nurber of houaes. According to the Highway Department, the number destroyed I n my neighborhood w i l l be about 337. The 1935 plan i n general advocates the construction of codarate and high density apartaent dwellings on the land adjacent to the freeway, i n p a r t i c u l a r l y , near the proposed e x i t s and entrances to the freeway. At present t h i s land i s now occupied by hoaes. To a very large extent these houses to be destroyed are .the hemes of f a m i l i e s with children. Furthermore, the apartments that are i s p l i c d by the 1985 plan ere not w i t h i n the p r i c e range (based on the p r i c e s of s i a i l a r apartments i n use today) of the f a r i i l i s s , predosiinantely Negro, who are being d i s placed by the freeway end i t s r e l a t e d apartment development. knows where these people are going to go. tine God only I n t h i s c i t y at the present there i 3 c e r t a i n l y no apartrysat shortens but the houi;*jig problea i s criainal.. The net r e s u l t of t h i s highway construction w i l l be to turn the c i t y i n t o a target l i k e a f f a i r w i t h an inner r i n g of white, very a f f l u e n t , r e l a t i v e l y t r a n s i e n t pcopla, surrounded by a highly compressed ring of b l �- 2 - black that s t r e t c h e s to Eastern and Southern Avenues end the Potcaac R i v e r , because theaa are unnatural b s r r i e r a that the Kegro i n general cannot c r o s s , which I n t u r a w i l l be surrounded by the white r i n g of tha suburbs. This argument, I t h i n k , i s c u f f i c i c n t i n i t s e l f to negate the whole freeway business. The second argument against tha freeway i s the problem of a i r p o l l u t i o n . I t has been estimated Freeway. that 240,COO v e h i c l e s a day w i l l use tha Horth Central A short c a l c u l a t i o n w i l l show'that fchia i s a reasonable e a t i a a t e / Since as f a r as a i r p o l l u t i o n goes each truck i a equivalent to a good - many cars the equivalent nuxber of cars i s even higher. I f we assume that tha cars using tha freeway gat 15 - l i e s per g a l l o n , then i n tha l}l2 n i l s s t r e t c h f r c a Rhode Isian-d Avenue to Providence H o s p i t a l a car w i l l burn .1 of a gallon; of gaaolina. Frees figures 1 obtained f r o a tha Public Health Service the exhaust of a car i a 1.5"carbon fconoxids. A c a l c u l a t i o n eho^s that oa t h i s 1.5 n i l e s t r e t c h of freeway 16.7 tons of carbon cx-noxida v r i l l ba produced i n a 24 hour period. equivalent to about 452,CCO cubic feet of carbon conexide. This i s Furthermore, i n the process of burning tha gasoline w i l l use up 242 tens of oxygen which i s 5 3/4 n i l l i o n cubic f e e t . T h i s oxygen w i l l have to be replaced by d i f f u s i o n i n t o our neighborhood while the carbon eonoxida v r i l l have to d i f f u s e out. Let us assume that at the freeway the carbon aoooxids concentration i s about 12 . Considering the t r a f f i c flow t h i s i s a reasonable estimate. Also, �• • . . 117C - 3 - l e t us assone that the carbon acnoxido concentration f a l l s c f l i n e a r l y w i t h distance becoming zero a telle a^ray at 20th S t r e e t . This would •wen that at 10th S t r e e t where Uoyes, S t . Anthony's, end Brookland schools ore located, the concentration of carbon conoxide w i l l ba .8752; at 1217 Lawrence S t r e e t , hvfcnr*'I l i v e , i t t r i l l be .752; a t 1337 Lawrence St r e s t , rthe residence of f i r . and l i r e . Thoaas Gaines, i t w i l l be .6252; at 1432 Kewton S t r e e t , the residence of Mr* ft Mrs. Alex G i c s p i e t r o , I t w i l l be .502 ; and a t l&CO Kewton S t r e e t , the residence of K r . ft Mrs. Fred K s w i t t , i t w i l l be .3752. X p a r t i c u l a r l y chose these s i t e s because at a l l of these places there are c t l e a s t four c h i l d r e n . I n a recent i i s u e of Science, II.D. Goldberg of the psychology department of Ubfstra U n i v e r s i t y , reported work done on r a t s exposed to a i r mixed w i t h automobile exhaust. Ke found that these r a t a became retarded i n t h e i r aestal growth and learned at a r a t a slower t h j a r a t s cot neposcd to cuch funes. get dhildren to perfora such experisanta on. I t i s very d i f f i c u l t to I hope that lay neighborhood w i l l not ba converted i n t o euch a laboratory. On tha west s i d e of the t r a c k s , shout ICO yards from tha s i t e of the freeway i s • t h a d c r a i t o r y f o r frcsha&n and eophoaore g i r l s attending univaraity. the I thltik perhaps that you vo'ild have second thoughts about sending your c h i l d r e n i n t o ouch en unhealthy environsent. AS en a l t e r n a t i v e to the frscway systcai i n t h i s c i t y I would l i k e to propose that tha p r i o r i t y and funds given a t present to the freeway a l l o t e d to the rapid r a i l system. be ������118 '.1bJ STATEMENT OF: C. E . HALL, REGIONAL MANAGER, EASTERN GREYHOUND LINES MR. SHEAR: The next w i t n e s s was t o have been Mr. C. E . H a l l , R e g i o n a l Manager, E a s t e r n Greyhound L i n e s , who f i l e d a statement f o r the r e c o r d . (Mr. H a l l ' s statement r e a d s as f o l l o w s : ) �STATEMENT OF CECIL E. HALL, REGIONAL MANAGER FOR EASTERN GREYHOUND LINES before the NATIONAL CAPITAL PLANNING COMMISSION June 14, 1967 Madam Chairman and members of the Committee: My name i s C e c i l E. H a l l . I am Regional Manager for E a s t e r n Greyhound L i n e s ( a D i v i s i o n of Greyhound L i n e s , I n c . ) , a common c a r r i e r o f passengers oper a t i n g under authority of the I n t e r s t a t e Commerce Commission. Greyhound, by the very nature of our business, has long been concerned w i t h the proper development of our nation's roads and s t r e e t s and I am appearing before your Committee i n support of the e n t i r e highway program f o r the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. I n the performance of regular s e r v i c e , E a s t e r n Greyhound operates a t o t a l of approximately 300 schedules d a i l y into and out of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. While we operate from the D i s t r i c t both north, south, east and west, the greatest portion of our s e r v i c e i s a t present e i t h e r north or south through the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. To perform t h i s s e r v i c e , our buses t r a v e l over c i t y s t r e e t s from our t e r m i n a l , which i s located on New York Avenue between 11th and 12th S t r e e t s , to the Maryland Line and onto the Washington-Baltimore Expressway or to the V i r g i n i a l i n e onto the S h i r l e y Highway. Otter main s e r v i c e routes are west over Massachu- s e t t s and Wisconsin Avenues t o I n t e r s t a t e 70 and southwest v i a Key Bridge to I n t e r s t a t e 66. A d d i t i o n a l time must of necessity be added to our schedules during c e r t a i n hours to compensate for time l o s t i n heavy t r a f f i c . I n order to provide e f f i c i e n t , comfortable, safe and economical s e r v i c e t o our customers, we need good ..Aghway transportation f a c i l i t i e s . Present t r a f f i c volumes i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia w i l l no doubt double by 1900 and unless the highways are allowed to proceed as planned and scheduled, the Nation's C a p i t o l w i l l be strangled i n a �J. JLOJJ - 2 - hopeless mass of t r a f f i c . and bus. Hore and more t o u r i s t s are coming to Washington by car Every new or improved highway adds to the enjoyment of the beauties of the o v e r a l l network of freeways that are needed i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. I n j u s t about every other major c i t y i n the country approximately the s i z e of Washington, i t i s possible to approach a downtown terminal v i a expressways. Yet, as the t o u r i s t crosses the D i s t r i c t l i n e , he finds that our Nation's C a p i t o l is strikingly different. Most t o u r i s t s expect to f i n d something d i f f e r e n t i n D. C. but not a l a c k of freeways and congested t r a f f i c before they even approach the downtown a r e a . Quite n a t u r a l l y , we are concerned w i t h the t o u r i s t and t r a v e l e r because they constitute a large part of our business. The t o u r i s t industry should not be of concern to us alone, but to the e n t i r e c i t y of Washington. The t o u r i s t trade brings m i l l i o n s of d o l l a r s to D i s t r i c t business and commercial i n t e r e s t s each year. Thus, a large part of the l o c a l economy i s dependent upon a healthy t o u r i s t trade. I f we are to meet the needs of our growing economy, we must improve our system of roads and s t r e e t s . We estimate that by using the proposed freeways, our schedules can be reduced by approximately 15 minutes over each route which w i l l save valuable time f o r our customers. Even more important, freeway t r a v e l w i l l s u b s t a n t i a l l y reduce the accident p o t e n t i a l f o r us and a l l other motorists. Highways and freeways have proven to be the most adaptable and best means y e t developed f o r the mass movement of goods and people throughout the nation The b e n e f i t s of an e f f e c t i v e and f u l l y connected freeway system are j u s t as a p p l i cable here i n Washington as they are i n any other major c i t y . We, therefore, r e s p e c t f u l l y urge your prompt approval of the complete highway program. �11 MR. SHEAR: Simon L. C a i n , P r e s i d e n t , Lamond- Riggs C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n . (Applause.) STATEMENT OF: SIMON L. CAIN, PRESIDENT, LAMOND-RIGGS CITIZENS ASSOCIATION MR. SIMON L. CAIN: Madam Chairman and Members of the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g name i s Simon L. C a i n , P r e s i d e n t zens A s s o c i a t i o n , r e p r e s e n t i n g Fellow Commission: My of the Lamond-Riggs C i t i - over 3,000 f a m i l i e s i n an a r e a from Underwood P l a c e , N o r t h e a s t , to Kansas Avenue, N o r t h e a s t , to E a s t e r n Avenue and f o l l o w i n g E a s t e r n Avenue to Galloway S t r e e t , N o r t h e a s t , and Baltimore then west to the & Ohio R a i l r o a d t r a c k s , and then f o l l o w i n g the bracks back to Underwood P l a c e , Northwest. I'm sorry. I have N o r t h e a s t . I t should be North The t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e c t i o n of the Proposed v:e s t . 1985 Plan f o r the D i s t r i c t of Columbia i s such t h a t i t determine the whole c h a r a c t e r of the p l a n . The be b u i l t around the proposed f r e e w a y s . bered t h a t we p l a n i t s e l f appears t I t must be remem- are d e a l i n g here w i t h a l i v i n g t h i n g . This i s a l i v e e n t i t y , a body p o l i t i c . The newspapers c h a r a c t e r i z e most c i t i z e n mony on t h i s s u b j e c t as e m o t i o n a l but these are the testifacts. �120 ' • j'tg : I would l i k e t o a s k you i f you have e v e r seen emotion i n a state of death. is a live entity. Of course n o t . The D i s t r i c t of Columbia When a surgeon attempts t o amputate a limb w i t h o u t the a p p l i c a t i o n of an a n e s t h e s i a , the p a t i e n t hollers. This i s l i f e . U n f o r t u n a t e l y -(Applause.) Unfortunately, there are forces constantly at work s t r i v i n g t o e v i s c e r a t e t h i s v e r y c i t y . They w i l l stop at n o t h i n g -(Applause.) -- and w i l l use p r a c t i c a l l y any means to accomp l i s h t h i s end. I t would be done by freeway c o n s t r u c t i o n through v i t a l a r e a s of the c i t y . Thousands of people throughout the c i t y w i l l be l e f t homeless by t h i s ambitious r o a d - b u i l d i n g program. (Applause.) Homeless, because the c a p a b i l i t y to rehouse i t s a f f e c t e d c i t i z e n s virtually of the D i s t r i c t i n comparable housing i s non-existent. (Applause.) The D i s t r i c t ' s boundaries a r e f i x e d . expand. The c i t i z e n s I t cannot a r e s i c k and t i r e d of b e i n g fed a l o t of propaganda about housing when everybody knows t h i s i s false. The people a r e not f o o l s . �121 j'oj There must a l i m i t a t i o n imposed on the power of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Government to condemn p r i v a t e housing under c i r c u m s t a n c e s as p r e s e n t l y e x i s t . (Applause.) Where l a r g e numbers of c i t i z e n s a r e compressed w i t h i n the j u r i s d i c t i o n a l boundaries of a government, many of whom a r e i l l - h o u s e d and some w i t h no housing a t a l l , such a government should not be permitted to e x e r c i s e i t s power of condemnation to d e p r i v e i t s c i t i z e n s of good, sound, decent housing. (Applause.) I t must provide a comparable house f o r each it one condemns. (Applause.) T h i s the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Government does not do. I n s t e a d , i t sends out i t s agents to ask t a x p a y i n g c i t i z e n s of the United S t a t e s and of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia to p r a c t i c a l l y give t h e i r homes away to the D i s t r i c t Government f o r a measly few thousand dollars. (Applause.) T h i s i s done under the guise of f a i r market v a l u e , so t h a t commuters may What a r e a c h t h e i r jobs more q u i c k l y . farce. (Applause.) Now, i t i s the duty of a government to p r o t e c t �122 the h e a l t h , s a f e t y , and w e l f a r e of i t s c i t i z e n s . any government Whenever becomes d e s t r u c t i v e among these ends, i t has v i o l a t e d the v e r y mandate of i t s e x i s t e n c e . (Applause.) S h e l t e r i s one of the b a s i c n e c e s s i t i e s of l i f e . Here we would have thousands of t a x p a y i n g c i t i z e n s k i c k e d out t h e i r homes by the v e r y government they pay t a x e s to support f o r a North C e n t r a l Freeway, which has not been justified. (Applause.) T h i s , t o g e t h e r w i t h i t s i n t e r c h a n g e s and 1-95* the need f o r which has never been j u s t i f i e d , and the t r a f f i c volume nowadays i s l e s s than t h a t which was p r o j e c t e d . Many people l i v i n g i n Montgomery County no longer work i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. suburbs. T h e i r jobs have moved to the 30 per cent of the land i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia i s a l r e a d y devoted to s t r e e t s and highways. Another 30 per cent i s devoted to tax-exempt a c t i v i t i e s and only a measly 35 per cent i s now s u b j e c t to t a x a t i o n . The t a x base should be broadened We b e l i e v e t h a t t h i s not narrowed. -- (Applause.) We b e l i e v e t h a t t h i s whole scheme i s engineered by n o n - D i s t r i c t f o r c e s and the highway lobby. (Applause.) �123 T20jdl Now, we have reached the p o i n t where we must make a c h o i c e between our homes and our automobiles. Now, the c h o i c e t o be made here i s obvious, l a d i e s and g e n t l e men and members of the Commission. The proposed North C e n t r a l Freeway, 1-95, and the i n n e r loop a r e deeply r e s e n t e d by a l l c i t i z e n groups and individuals. (Applause.) I t i s my u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t the D i s t r i c t i s r e q u e s t i n g a i r r i g h t s l e g i s l a t i o n so t h a t i t may house i t s c i t i z e n s over these proposed freeways i n h i g h r i s e ments. apart- T h i s i s both i d i o t i c and s t u p i d . (Applause.) Not o n l y i s t h i s type of housing u n h e a l t h y and u n s a n i t a r y , but i t i s the most e x p e n s i v e type t h a t one can construct. L e t those who advocate t h i s type of housing become t e n a n t s t h e r e i n . (Applause.) Lamond-Riggs i s u n a l t e r a b l y opposed t o t h i s concept. T h i s i s almost l i k e b u i l d i n g housing over the K e n i l w o r t h Dump. ( L a u g h t e r and a p p l a u s e . ) Pollution, indescribable. I t i s u n f i t f o r human h a b i t a t i o n , whether the f a m i l i e s be poor o r r i c h . I n t a k i n g houses f o r p u b l i c u s e , t h e D i s t r i c t ought to �124 )id2 be r e q u i r e d t o not o n l y p r o v i d e comparable housing but comparable mortgages a t comparable i n t e r e s t rates. (Applause.) The D i s t r i c t should a l s o be p r o h i b i t e d from e x a c t i n g a y e a r o r a h a l f y e a r ' s t a x e s from i t s poor c i t i z e n s when i t t a k e s p r o p e r t y f o r p u b l i c u s e . This i s oppressive. (Applause.) We a r e u n e q u i v o c a l l y opposed t o the North C e n t r a l Freeway, 1-95, the Inner Loop, both North and South Leg and t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e a s proposed i n t h e 1985 P l a n . (Applause.) Now, we a r e doing our b e s t to a v o i d long hot summers i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia but a t t e m p t i n g t o ram a freeway program such as t h e one proposed down our t h r o a t s t h e r e b y m a g n i f y i n g an a l r e a d y e x i s t i n g acute housing shortage and boxing i n neighborhoods i s c r e a t i n g a f e r t i l e c l i m a t e f o r s e e t h i n g summers. (Applause.) T h i s can be ditautrcuo . As a s o l u t i o n t o t h e t h e t r a f f i c problem i n t h e D i s t r i c t , we propose an e f f i c i e n t mass t r a n s i t system w i t h Itw own independent r i g h t - o f - w a y . I t w i l l move l a r g e numbers of people e c o n o m i c a l l y and e f f i c i e n t l y . balance an a l r e a d y unbalanced system. This w i l l We oppose the con- s t r u c t i o n of huge p a r k i n g l o t s a t mass t r a n s i t s t a t i o n s i n �125 the D i s t r i c t of Columbia t o accommodate commuter's autom o b i l e s , as we have t h r e e f r i n g e p a r k i n g l o t s now. Land i s f a r too s c a r c e i n the D i s t r i c t f o r such an u n d e r t a k i n g . (Applause.) We b e l i e v e such accommodations should be l o c a t e d on o t h e r than D i s t r i c t s o i l . This i s p a r t i c u l a r l y a t the Riggs Road S t a t i o n proposed i n the 1985 true Plan. use of busses should be made to feed the mass t r a n s i t Maximum lines. We f u r t h e r propose t h a t i f , a f t e r a mass t r a n s i t system i s i n e f f e c t , highways, there e x i s t s a need f o r a d d i t i o n a l they should be put under the ground. I t i s known -- (Applause.) I t i s known t h a t we can never b u i l d enough highways to accommodate a i l of the automobiles w i t h i n the framework of our e x i s t i n g society. (Applause.) Let us take note before i t i s too l a t e , f o r what you c a l l p r o g r e s s i s f r a u g h t w i t h s e l f d e f e a t and i n the end t h e r e w i l l be g r e a t weeping and gnashing of t e e t h . Thank you. (Applause.) MR. SHEAR: Citizens Association. Mr.. Bernard C a i n , S e c r e t a r y , Brookland �126 f20jd4 STATEMENT OF: BERNARD CAIN, SECRETARY, BROOKLAND CITIZENS ASSOCIATION MR. BERNARD CAIN: gentlemen. very Good e v e n i n g , l a d i e s and I r e a l i z e the hour i s l a t e so I w i l l t r y t o be brief. My name i s Bernard Cain and I am representing the Brookland C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n . The Brookland C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia has, s i n c e i t s beginning i n 1892, been one of the 0 strongest s u p p o r t e r s of p u b l i c works, u t i l i t i e s , p l a n t i n g s , roads, sidewalks, tion. all schools and p u b l i c tree transporta- We s t i l l have l i v i n g members i n t h i s a r e a t h a t saw of these developments take p l a c e and they a r e s t i l l i n t e r e s t e d i n what i s going on today and they a r e s t i l l in this living area. We began 75 y e a r s ago t o develop the neighborhood and f o r the l a s t s e v e r a l y e a r s we have opposed the North C e n t r a l Freeway. (Applause.) We a r e deeply d i s t u r b e d a t the s p e c t a c l e t h a t t h i s Commission has made of the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i s s u e and f o r t h i s I r e f e r you t o the n o t i c e of t h e p u b l i c h e a r i n g and we a r e c a l l e d down here to debate what i s going on. Then I t h i n k , i f you w i l l read down here i n the f i n e p r i n t , i t says under o u t l o o k , item ( 4 ) , and I w i l l read i t f o r the record: �127 '20jd5 On A p r i l 4, 19^7* the Commission approved proposed m o d i f i c a t i o n s of the authorized system which would d e l e t e c e r t a i n s e c t i o n s o f the Columbia Heights Route and the connections of t h e E a s t C a p i t o l and G S t r e e t and Benning Road connection to the Pentagon Route by a l i n e through the Southwest employment a r e a and the f e d e r a l -and I don't know what the I n s t word i s . I t ' s not on t h e r e . But t h i s j u s t goes t o show you t h a t we a r e asked to make r e f e r e n c e s t o some d e c i s i o n t h a t ' s a l r e a d y been made and t h a t ' s why I'm not going t o spend any time and t a l k on it. (Applause.) We a l l know t h a t as o f September some o t h e r body outside o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s c o m p l e t e l y and emphatically going t o c o n t r o l t h i s whole t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system a s f a r as mass r a p i d t r a n s i t i s concerned and we'd be f o o l i s h t o stand up here and spend a whole l o t o f time even d i s c u s s i n g i t . We knoitf the mandate of Congress. L e t ' s wake up and d i s c u s s something we can do something about, t h i s freeway program. (Applause.) We support the r a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t system as authorized by the Congress and abhor the A p r i l 6 m o d i f i c a t i o n s approved by t h i s Commission. �128 Ojd6 The f o l l o w i n g statement to the Senate 4, A p p r o p r i a t i o n s Committee, D i s t r i c t of Columbia, May 1 9 6 6, by t h i s A s s o c i a t i o n w i l l be repeated f o r the b e n e f i t of those interested. On May 2 5 t h , 1966, G e n e r a l Duke and Mr. Hartzog e n t e r e d i n t o an agreement i n which the N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e would support the Highway Department's, G e n e r a l Duke's, p r o p o s a l s f o r the l o c a t i o n and c o n s t r u c t i o n of the North C e n t r a l Freeway. 1 By the way, Yet, t h i s i s i n Brookland. on J a n u a r y 3 r d , 1967* former Engineer Commissioner G e n e r a l Duke appeared a t a d e p o s i t i o n s h o r t l y b e f o r e h i s t r a n s f e r to Vietnam and s t a t e d t h a t he had not read a s i n g l e word of the testimony i n o p p o s i t i o n to the North C e n t r a l Freeway g i v e n a t p u b l i c h e a r i n g s on F e b r u a r y 4 and F e b r u a r y 5 , Now, 1965. l i s t e n to the d o u b l e t a l k we get from the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission. from our newspapers, stage 1973-19o5. Again, we can read two: T h i s stage should be devoted to c o n s t r u c t i o n of a d d i t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s of each kind i n c o r r i d o r s and l o c a t i o n s e s t a b l i s h e d a f t e r s t u d y of the of elements b u i l t i n the f i r s t s t a g e . impact Continued r e s e a r c h and e x p e r i e n c e w i l l guide p o l i c i e s of management of a l l f a c i l i t i e s and l e a d to f u r t h e r d e c i s i o n s on f u r t h e r e x t e n s i o n s �129 ?21 jd7 T h i s i s a l l w e l l and good but i t i s not t r u e and i t i s not l o g i c a l because f u r t h e r down the page, quote: Freeways. to be c o n s i d e r e d The o n l y a d d i t i o n a l freeways elements i n the second stage would be item a, i t e m b, item c, e t c e t e r a . Now, how can we l o g i c a l l y p e r c e i v e t h a t we a r e going to d i s c u s s f u r t h e r e x t e n s i o n s and we a r e going t o t r y to make p l a n s when here we a l r e a d y l i s t some o f t h e d e c i s i o n s t h a t have taken p l a c e i n stage two? L e t ' s r e a l l y come down t o some of t h e bare f a c t s and s t o p p u t t i n g out t h i s kind o f doubletalk. (Applause.) Woris w i l l not s o l v e the problem. I t w i l l be up t o you t o p l a c e the emphasis on t h e fundamental v a l u e s . As A d m i r a l R i c k o v e r s a y s , " S h a l l we l e t the Highway Department browbeat us i n t o meekly a c c e p t i n g t h e i r arguments t h a t the t e c h n i c a l advantages o f super freeways i n t o t h e downtown a r e a outweighs t r a d i t i o n , e s t h e t i c s , solemn promises t o p r e s e r v e an a r e a and i t s beauty w i t h o u t w r e c k i n g s c h o o l s , playgrounds, parks and homes?" W i l l the community of Brookland s u r v i v e ? Members, the d e c i s i o n i s up t o you. I n r e c e n t days t h e r e have been numerous r i o t s i n v a r i o u s p a r t s of the U.S. I t appears t o me t h a t the d i s p l a c e d home owners, because of t h e f r e e w a y s , would have a much more �130 r i g h t e o u s reason to r i o t . I f I were a member o f the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, whether I were here t o n i g h t o r whether I was s i t t i n g somewhere e l s e , I would not want on my c o n s c i e n c e , should t h i s type o f r i o t t r a n s p i r e , h a s t y a c t i o n on unwanted freeways which could probably produce t h i s unfortunate trouble. As a recommendation t o the newspapers of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia who a r e a g a i n s t my p o s i t i o n as being opposed t o c e r t a i n segments o f the freeway and as a request of some of the r a d i o s t a t i o n s , I t h i n k i t would be a g r e a t s e r v i c e t o the c i t i z e n s of t h e Nation's C a p i t a l and to the people of t h e r e g i o n who a r e s u r e l y i n t e r e s t e d i n what i s going on, what the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission i s doing, t h a t t h e t r a n s c r i p t i o n t h a t i s t a k i n g p l a c e today be made a v a i l a b l e to them so i t could be broadcast so t h a t people could get the f u l l view of what i s s a i d by a l l the p a r t i c i p a n t s here t o n i g h t . Thank you v e r y much. (Applause.) MR, SHEAR: Mr. Robert P. Koch. STATEMENT OP: ROBERT P. KOCH MR. ROBERT F . KOCH: am a p p e a r i n g as an i n d i v i d u a l . My name i s Robert P. Koch. I am not a member o f any c i t i z e n s a s s o c i a t i o n or p r e s s u r e group, I do not belong t o I �131 T21jd9 t h e s o - c a l l e d highway lobby. I am i n f a v o r o f e v e r y freeway and parkway on y o u r P l a n t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and t h e E a s t Leg o f t h e I n n e r Loop. A VOICE: Where do you l i v e ? MR. KOCH: During t h e l a s t s e v e r a l y e a r s I and hundreds and thousands of o t h e r s l i k e m y s e l f have stood by and r e l i n q u i s h e d the arena t o o b j e c t o r s , c r i t i c s and s p o i l e r s , a l l w e l l - i n t e n t i o n e d -MR. ABBOTT: MR. KOCH: Where do you l i v e ? I ' l l r e p e a t my statement. I didn't i n t e r r u p t you, Mr. Abbott. CHAIRMAN ROWE:(Pounding g a v e l ) I do expect courtesy from t h e a u d i e n c e . MR. ABBOTT: MR. KOCH: and We've heard the name, t e l l us t h a t . I have l i v e d i n the Washington a r e a i n out o f t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia f o r t h e l a s t 27 y e a r s , that v i c i n i t y . MR. ABBOTT: MR. KOCH: A VOICE: MR. KOCH: I n and out o f t h e D i s t r i c t ? Y e s , t h e suburbs. I n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia? A l l right. CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. KOCH: and (Pounding g a v e l ) Please. Why don't t h e r e s t o f you come up here t a l k , s i n c e you a r e so v o c a l ? I t h i n k i f I had s a i d I was a g a i n s t f r e e w a y s , why, �132 P21jdl0 I would have been allowed t o speak. p r o c e s s , I t h i n k I should be accorded you accorded I fthis i s a democratic the same c o u r t e s y t h a t Mr. Abbott. MR. ABBOTT: MR. KOCH: I s your home i n j e o p a r d y , Mr. Koch? -- I — CHAIRMAN ROWE: (Pounding g a v e l ) P l e a s e , we s t i l l have a number of w i t n e s s e s . MR. KOCH: During the l a s t s e v e r a l y e a r s I and hundred of thousands of o t h e r s l i k e m y s e l f have stood by and r e l i n q u i s h e d the arena to o b j e c t o r s , c r i t i c s and s p o i l e r s -I w i l l r e p e a t i t u n t i l I am heard, i f you don't mind. VOICES: We heard you. Go on. MR. KOCH: entirely -- a l l w e l l - i n t e n t i o n e d people but negative i n t h e i r t h i n k i n g . Some have been t h o u g h t f u l and r e s t r a i n e d ; o t h e r s have been n o i s y , dramatic and p l e n t i f u l . So much so t h a t t h e i m p r e s s i o n has been c r e a t e d t h a t t h e e n t i r e citizenry i s up i n arms about the f r e e w a y s . C e r t a i n members of the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission have, u n f o r t u n a t e l y , been so impressed n e g a t i v e comments and demonstrations y e a r s we have seen the astounding by these t h a t d u r i n g t h e l a s t few s p e c t a c l e of t h e P l a n n i n g Commission t e a r i n g down i t s own approved t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n of 1959. (Applause.) �133 2J j d 1 1 To l i s t e n t o the o b j e c t o r s , i t would seem as though t h e e n t i r e C a p i t a l a r e a was b e i n g paved w i t h freeways. T h i s i s not t r u e . (Laughter.) Look a t t h e l a r g e hole i n the Northwest s e c t i o n . (Laughter.) I don't see any orange l i n e t h e r e . deleted. There was one t h e r e a t one t i m e . That has been There were o t h e r l i n e s t h e r e a t one time. There a r e no t r a n s v e r s e r o u t e s t o l i n k such r a d i a l r o u t e s as a r e planned. I don't know how some o f you people get a c r o s s town but I have t o t r a v e l t o g e t cross-town the s t r e e t s t h a t your c h i l d r e n a r e p l a y i n g n e a r . want t o do i t . on I don't I ' d l i k e t o have a r o u t e t h a t I could avoid your neighborhoods. MR. ABBOTT: Take a b u s . (Laughter.) MR. KOCH: I'm a f r a i d of g e t t i n g yoked and robbed, i f I go on some of your b u s s e s . some of the bus T h a t ' s what's happening t o drivers. We a r e now a t a p o i n t where t h e freeway and parkway system under c o n s i d e r a t i o n c o n s t i t u t e s l e s s than h a l f , perhaps 40 p e r cent of t h e mileage judged n e c e s s a r y e i g h t y e a r s ago by t h i s v e r y P l a n n i n g Commission and, o f t h a t v e r y modest system now being d i s c u s s e d h e r e , we f i n d a c e r t a i n group o f �134 21jdl2 Commission members p u b l i c l y and s o l i d l y a l i g n e d c e r t a i n major elements of t h e P l a n . against I t looks l i k e we a r e going backwards and I would l i k e t o a s k t h e Commission t o s t o p c u t t i n g i n t o i t s p l a n s before t h e r e I think, considering i s nothing left. t h a t t h i s i s t h e C a p i t a l of our Nation and t h e c a p i t a l o f t h e w o r l d , we a r e g i v i n g a r a t h e r s o r r y example of p r o g r e s s t o our c o u n t r y and to t h e world . The hundreds of thousands of people who must t r a v e l i n and out of Washington t o t h e i r work and t h e m i l l i o n s of c i t i z e n s of our country who v i s i t our Nation's C a p i t a l are e n t i t l e d t o get i n and out of t h e c i t y w i t h o u t the tremendous waste t h a t our r i d i c u l o u s l y outmoded conditions traffic a r e causing d a i l y . These m i l l i o n s of people a r e not here t o n i g h t but I t h i n k i t ' s about time t h a t t h e i r i n t e r e s t be considered and thrown i n t o t h e b a l a n c e a g a i n s t the r e l a t i v e l y small number o f o b j e c t o r s . MR. ABBOTT: for You don't speak f o r them. You speak yourself. CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. KOCH: (Pounding g a v e l ) The p r i n c i p l e i n v o l v e d g r e a t e s t good f o r t h e g r e a t e s t number. Please. here i s t h e I t h i n k everyone i n t h i s a u d i t o r i u m has t o c o n s i d e r t h a t f o r b e t t e r o r f o r worse we a r e l i v i n g i n the C a p i t a l o f our Nation and i t doesn't �135 21jdl3 belong e n t i r e l y t o u s . I do not suggest t h a t we r i d e roughshod over the people whose homes and i n t e r e s t s a r e affected. (Applause.) I t h i n k t h a t t h e i r problems have t o be s o l v e d as p a r t o f the p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s but I don't b e l i e v e t h a t problems should be a l l o w e d t o h a l t p r o g r e s s e n t i r e l y . c a n ' t keep the s t a t u s quo and have p r o g r e s s a s w e l l . We Nothing can stop the growth of t h i s a r e a and we, I t h i n k , had b e t t e r p r o v i d e f o r t h i s growth before i t ' s too l a t e . T22 I r e q u e s t t h a t the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Comm i s s i o n do I t s j o b , get the show on the road and b u i l d somet h i n g and stop p l a n n i n g and h e a r i n g s . (A chorus o f boos and a p p l a u s e . ) MR. SHEAR: Morton S. R a f f , T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Chairman, Montgomery County C i t i z e n s P l a n n i n g A s s o c i a t i o n . STATEMENT OP: MORTON S. RAFF, TRANSPORTATION CHAIRMAN MONTGOMERY COUNTY CITIZENS PLANNING ASSOCIATION MR. MORTON S. RAFF: I n view of the l a t e n e s s o f the hour, I w i l l not r e p e a t my name and a f f i l i a t i o n which you just heard. Madam Chairman, members o f the P l a n n i n g Commission: The Montgomery County C i t i z e n s P l a n n i n g A s s o c i a t i o n a p p r e c i a t e s t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o p r e s e n t our i d e a s on the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n �136 l 21jdl4 S e c t i o n of the proposed Comprehensive P l a n f o r t h e N a t i o n a l Capital. While t h e a r e a o f most d i r e c t i n t e r e s t t o us i s i n Maryland, o u t s i d e t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia, we b e l i e v e s t r o n g l y i n t h e importance of r e g i o n a l p l a n n i n g which does not s t a r t and s t o p a t p o l i t i c a l boundary l i n e s . and The e x i s t i n g proposed t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s a r e intended t o s e r v e D i s t r i c t r e s i d e n t s who work o r shop o u t s i d e the D i s t r i c t , as w e l l a s those who remain i n s i d e . They a l s o s e r v e many thousands of suburban r e s i d e n t s who commute t o jobs i n the c i t y o r t o s t o r e s and p l a c e s of recreation. Our County i n Maryland i s a p a r t of your metropolitan r e g i o n , and we want t o work w i t h you i n p l a n n i n g a t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system which w i l l be good f o r a l l o f us i n both c i t y and suburbs. I want to speak about both major p a r t s of the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system, the r a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t i t i e s f o r p r i v a t e automobiles. and t h e f a c i l - The subway w i l l be of immense v a l u e t o a l a r g e c i t y w i t h a c o n c e n t r a t e d downtown a r e a l i k e Washington's. i s delighted The A s s o c i a t i o n which I r e p r e s e n t t h a t p r o g r e s s i s a t l a s t being made toward g e t t i n g the subway b u i l t . Convenient, comfortable r a p i d t r a n s i t w i l l encourage suburban commuters t o l e a v e t h e i r c a r s a t home o r a t o u t l y i n g t r a n s i t parts of the c i t y . s t o p s , f a r from the congested �137 T21jdl5 The t r a n s i t l i n e s ought to r e a c h f a r i n t o the suburbs i n o r d e r to s e r v e as many s u b u r b a n i t e s as p o s s i b l e and a l s o to h e l p c i t y r e s i d e n t s t r a v e l to p l a c e s of employment i n the suburbs. We have t o l d t h i s t o the Suburban T r a n s i t Commission and have i n d i c a t e d our w i l l i n g n e s s to pay our f a i r s h a r e by s u p p o r t i n g new t a x e s to p r o v i d e the n e c e s s a r y f i n a n c i n g . The use of p r i v a t e automobiles for d a i l y commuting i n t o the h e a r t of the c i t y i s x ^ a s t e f u l of space and d i s r u p t i v e of c i t y a c t i v i t i e s and we want the a l t e r n a t i v e mode of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n to be made as a t t r a c t i v e and as convenient as i s e c o n o m i c a l l y feasible. But t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g i s not a m a t t e r of choosing to have subways or f r e e w a y s . need both. The c i t y and the r e g i o n I do not expect t h i s p o s i t i o n to be popular a t t h i s h e a r i n g but i t i s v a l i d , n e v e r t h e l e s s . There a r e a growing number of t r i p s f o r which p u b l i c t r a n s i t w i l l be convenient enough. The c o n t i n u i n g i n c r e a s e of automobile ownership i s one of the f a c t s of l i f e i n our a f f l u e n t The widespread never society. p r e f e r e n c e f o r l i v i n g i n i n d i v i d u a l homes, the i n c r e a s i n g dispersion of p l a c e s of employment, and continuing r a p i d p o p u l a t i o n growth make i t c l e a r t h a t the e x i s t i n g s t r e e t system w i l l not s e r v e a d e q u a t e l y i n the f u t u r e . The f u n c t i o n of a P l a n n i n g Commission i s to look ahead, to encourage d e s i r a b l e k i n d s of change, and to s e t p r i o r i t i e s and t i m e t a b l e s so t h a t f a c i l i t i e s which w i l l be needed later �138 T22jdlo on w i l l bo ready i n time t o meet the needs. A l l changes b r i n g p a i n t o some people. At o t h e r h e a r i n g s I have heard speakers s a y , B u i l d p u b l i c housing i n a l l p a r t s of the c i t y but e s p e c i a l l y i n o t h e r people's neighborhoods. Or they s a y , B u i l d r a p i d t r a n s i t but don't put l a r g e p a r k i n g l o t s o r new h i g h r i s e b u i l d i n g s i n my q u i e t p a r t of the c i t y . Or, the people on t h e o t h e r s i d e of Rock Creek Park kept t h e freeway out, why can't we keep i t out o f our s i d e , too? Such p l e a s a r e always w e l l - i n t e n - t i o n e d but somehow t h e needs of the c i t y as a whole tend t o be overlooked amidst a l l the s p e c i a l p l e a d i n g . Let us put f i r s t t h i n g s f i r s t . A growing p o p u l a t i o n and growing downtown employment need improved ways of t r a v e l ing. We need a new s w i f t , h i g h - c a p a c i t y r a p i d t r a n s i t We a l s o need improved f a c i l i t i e s f o r p r i v a t e c a r s , s p a c i o u s p a r k i n g a r e a s near o u t l y i n g t r a n s i t l i m i t e d mileage of new f r e e w a y s . system. including s t a t i o n s and a Your p r o p o s a l s have s t r u c k a s e n s i b l e b a l a n c e between the two k i n d s of f a c i l i t i e s and I hope the n o i s y o p p o s i t i o n t o c e r t a i n p r o j e c t s w i l l not d e t e r you from p l a n n i n g a more mobile f u t u r e f o r a l l of u s . Thank you. (Applause.) MR. ABBOTT: Where a r e your f a c t s and f i g u r e s ? CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. SHEAR: (Pounding gavel). Mr. J . C. T u r n e r , P r e s i d e n t , G r e a t e r Washington C e n t r a l Labor C o u n c i l , APL-CIO. �139 jdl7 (No r e s p o n s e . ) Mr. Marion B a r r y , J u n i o r , C i t i z e n s for Committee Equal J u s t i c e . (Applause.) STATEMENT OP: MARION BARRY, J R . , CITIZENS COMMITTEE FOR EQUAL J U S T I C E MR. MARION BARRY: I am Marion B a r r y , Chairman of t h e C i t i z e n s Committee f o r Lower Bus F a r e s as w e l l as the C i t i z e n s Committee f o r E q u a l J u s t i c e . I am a r a t h e r newcomer t o t h i s f i g h t because we have been busy t r y i n g t o beat the socks o f f of 0* Chalk. Roy We've been q u i t e s u c c e s s f u l a t t h a t too and we hope t h a t we can lend some energy t o t r y to g e t some of t h e s e f r e e w a y s stopped i n t h i s city. (Applause.) I t h i n k p a r t o f t h e problem, as I have been sitting h e r e , we have been t a l k i n g too much about automobiles and not about people. (Applause.) And p a r t i c u l a r l y we have not been t a l k i n g about Negroes. We have been t a l k i n g about something way out t h e r e . But t h e r e a l i t y i s t h a t the problem a f f e c t s — 80 p e r cent of t h e people who a r e a f f e c t e d by the problem a r e Negroes. I t h i n k t h a t t h e s e l i t t l e y e l l o w and r e d and orange and blue and green l i n e s on these maps back here don't t e l l t h e s t o r y �140 12jdl8 because they don't t e l l the m i s e r y and the s u f f e r i n g t h a t the b l a c k people have t o undergo. (Applause.) They don't t e l l how d i f f i c u l t i t i s f o r a Negro f a m i l y t o go out and f i n d a n o t h e r house a f t e r he's been l i v i n g t h e r e f o r 20 y e a r s . Those b l a c k and orange and green and a l l k i n d of l i n e s don't t e l l t h e s t o r y of how d i f f i c u l t i t i s f o r you to l e a v e your f r i e n d s and your neighbors. Those a r e the k i n d s of t h i n g s we ought t o be about. talking Those a r e t h e t h i n g s t h a t t h i s Commission ought to be concerned w i t h and, i n f a c t , maybe we ought t o rename t h i s Commission from t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission to t h e non-planning commission because some of t h e i r plans seem l i k e they a r e nonsense. (Applause.) And I t h i n k t h a t we have to understand t h a t , Open Housing Law o r n o t , Negroes i n t h i s c i t y cannot move i n t o the s u b u r b s , t h a t housing i s a c r u c i a l problem, t h a t t h i s Commission put out a r e p o r t sometime ago which s a i d t h a t o n e - t h i r d of a l l of the people i n Washington l i v e d i n sub- s t a n d a r d housing and 80 p e r cent of them were b l a c k people. I t h i n k t h a t ' s the c r u c i a l i s s u e of the day. We can t a l k about t h e i r r i g h t s , we can t a l k about t h i s , we can t a l k about t h a t , but these people need a p l a c e to go. They need a p l a c e t o l i v e and they a r e c i t i z e n s everybody else. like �141 T22idl9 I t h i n k p a r t o f t h e problem, members of the Comm i s s i o n , i s t h a t 90 p e r cent o f t h e p l a n n e r s a r e w h i t e , they l i v e i n Maryland and V i r g i n i a . They don't c a r e about the District. (Applause.) They don't c a r e about Negroes i n t h e D i s t r i c t and, in fact, i f I was ingenious enough, maybe we could not have t h i s h e a r i n g because, i f a number o f us got t o g e t h e r and went t o these a r t e r i e s t h a t come i n from Maryland and V i r g i n i a and s o r t of kept t h e p l a n n e r s from coming i n , we wouldn't have any p l a n n e r s because t h a t ' s where a l l o f them l i v e . So I t h i n k maybe t h a t ' s an i d e a . But I t h i n k t h a t we have t o understand housing and not f r e e w a y s . t h a t we need We need more r a p i d t r a n s i t and not f r e e w a y s . (Applause.) We need t h e 90/10 money to go f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and not f o r f r e e w a y s . (Applause.) We need t o understand t h a t as some of t h e s e -- as some of t h e f e l l o w s on t h e s t r e e t s a y , some o f t h i s Commission a r e s h u c k i n g and j i v i n g and t r y i n g t o put us i n a t r i c k bag. But we a i n ' t going t o be put i n no t r i c k bag and we're going to stop them s h u c k i n g and j i v i n g and get down t o b u s i n e s s . \3 I t h i n k we a l s o have t o understand t h a t we a r e a t �142 T23jd20 a s e r i o u s time i n America. around u s . I n 1967 we can see the t e n s i o n s We can see C i n c i n n a t i , Tampa, Alabama, Watts and o t h e r p l a c e s and I t h i n k t h a t i n a l l t h e s e s i t u a t i o n s t h e r e were s e v e r a l c r u c i a l i s s u e s . Number one - You're t a l k i n g about j o b s . about h o u s i n g . We talked We t a l k e d about police-community r e l a t i o n s h i p s . Those a r e the k i n d s of t h i n g s t h a t c r e a t e d the f r u s t r a t i o n s and put steam i n the b o i l e r . So we a r e here i n Washington, the Nation's C a p i t a l , t a l k i n g about moving 1 5 , 0 0 0 f a m i l i e s out of t h e i r homes. Where? Who knows? Maybe i n the s k y o r i n the Potomac R i v e r somewhere -(Applause.) -- and then we a r e t a l k i n g about keeping the peace We ought to be i n t e r e s t e d i n j u s t i c e and not i n the peace because, w i t h o u t any j u s t i c e , t h e r e can be no peace. (Applause.) So I t h i n k we have to understand t h a t a l o t of us a r e g e t t i n g t i r e d of the t a l k , you know. g e t t i n g t i r e d of coming t o t h e s e h e a r i n g s . A l o t of us a r e I just started corning and s i n c e I have been coming i t ' s enough f o r me. Maybe I'm p a r t of t h a t i m p a t i e n t g e n e r a t i o n but I t h i n k t h a t we have t o understand I'm t i r e d of t h a t . So I t h i n k what we have to do then i s look a t where we a r e i n 1 9 6 7 , look a t what w i l l b e n e f i t the people and not �143 T23jd21 what w i l l b e n e f i t t h e automobile users n e c e s s a r i l y or the highway lobbys and these o t h e r f o l k s who have got a l l of t h i s money and a r e e x c l u d i n g us poor people. We have to understand those a r e t h e i s s u e s of t h e day and u n t i l we do t h a t I t h i n k t h a t we a r e going t o have trouble. And one f i n a l p o i n t I want t o make, I t h i n k what we ought to do, and t h i s i s f o r the members of t h e audience more than t h e Commission f o r they won't j o i n me i n t h i s . I t h i n k t h a t what we have t o do i s l e a v e t h e s e h e a r i n g s , take our b o d i e s , and I'm w i l l i n g to go, and s t a n d b e f o r e those b u l l d o z e r s , stand b e f o r e those c o n c r e t e m i x e r s , stand before those p l a n n e r s and s a y , H e l l , no, you a i n ' t going t o b u i l d no freeway i n t h i s town. Thank y o u . (Applause.) MR. SHEAR: Mrs. Angela Rooney, Brookland f o r People and T r e e s Committee. STATEMENT OF: MRS. ANGELA ROONEY, BROOKLAND FOR PEOPLE AND TREES COMMITTEE MRS. ANGELA ROONEY: G e n e r a l Mathe and o t h e r government o f f i c i a l s who a r e h e r e : I hope you were listening and I hope f o r once you w i l l q u i t s m i l i n g t o n i g h t because we have had i t . �144 T23jd22 (Applause.) I f you do not l i s t e n to Marlon B a r r y , then the g u i l t of any r i o t s t h i s summer a r e r i g h t a t your d o o r s t e p . (Applause.) We a r e not t h r e a t e n i n g i d l y . hat i n hand, some of us even s h u f f l e d We have come here a l i t t l e , t r y i n g to t e l l you t h a t t h i s c i t y i s i n t r o u b l e and i n b i g t r o u b l e and you don't even g i v e us the c o u r t e s y most of the time of coming, much l e s s e v e r answering any of our q u e s t i o n s . Between us and d i s a s t e r stand people l i k e Marion B a r r y who a r e l i s t e n i n g c l o s e l y to what the man is and s a y i n g and t h i n k i n g and f e e l i n g and you telling b e t t e r l i s t e n to him and to those of us who i n the s t r e e t had a r e t r y i n g to communicate a t d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s . There i s no more nonsense to be gone on about the pure i v o r y tower of the p l a n n e r s . I t i s too l a t e to run to those i v o r y towers where you p l a n w i t h your c o l l e g e degrees and n o t h i n g e l s e . (Applause.) I am Angela Rooney and I'm a member of the Emergency Committee on the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C r i s i s , the Brookland Neighborhood C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n . I am a member of the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee of the Brookland C o o r d i n a t i n g C o u n c i l but t o n i g h t I am s p e a k i n g f o r a r e l a t i v e l y modest committee, Brookland f o r People and T r e e s and t h i s statement I am r e a d i n g was written �145 T23jd23 by Maria W o r r i s who b e f o r e and who, has been a t these h e a r i n g s many times though she i s now temporarily l i v i n g in P u e r t o R i c o , f e l t v e r y k e e n l y about what i s happening i n the Nation's C a p i t a l , and t h i s i s her statement. The most d e t r i m e n t a l p r o j e c t s f o r Northeast i n g t o n , e s p e c i a l l y f o r Brookland, Freeway, the Northeast Wash- a r e the North C e n t r a l Freeway, the F o r t D r i v e Freeway, r e f e r r e d t o as Extended E a s t e r n Avenue, p o s s i b l e e x t e n s i o n s of the North Leg along the New an i n t e g r a l p a r t of the freeway York Avenue c o r r i d o r , f o r m e r l y system and f o r m e r l y c a l l e d the North t e g , E a s t S e c t i o n of the I n n e r Loop, the massive i n t e r c h a n g e a t Rhode I s l a n d Avenue and 10th S t r e e t s , North- e a s t and a t South Dakota Avenue and G a l l a t i n S t r e e t s , Northe a s t and the new b r i d g e s , approaches and ramps along the routes. I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g to note t h a t the North Leg, E a s t S e c t i o n along New Y o r k Avenue and the F o r t D r i v e Freeway were supposed to be dropped from Highway Department p l a n s but now appear i n the NCPC P l a n , as though they were something new. They are not new g i v e n vague nomenclature. projections. Apparently They a r e old p r o j e c t s p l a n s f o r freeway e x t e n s i o n s a r e pending as much as e v e r . Our primary purpose now not be b u i l t . i s t h a t these freeways shall Our o p p o s i t i o n echos the q u e s t i o n s of c i t i z e n s �146 T23jd24 everywhere i n the D i s t r i c t c o n c e r n i n g our common problem, the d i s i n t e g r a t i o n o f communities and neighborhood i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , g h e t t o i z a t i o n , t h e l a c k of c l e a n a i r t o b r e a t h e , p i t i f u l r e c r e a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s and t h e t o t a l i n j u s t i c e of spending our money f o r freeways when we beg f o r s c h o o l s and homes and r a p i d transit. (Applause.) We a r e a l s o opposed on t h e b a s i s t h a t the t o t a l F e d e r a l Highway Act and i t s l o b b i e s scheme t o f u r n i s h us an absurd and l u d i c r o u s j u x t a p o s i t i o n of a r u r a l freeway system i n the midst of an urban interstate environment. So f a r t h e NCPC, a t i t s community l e v e l meetings on t h e 1985 P l a n , has not been a b l e to answer the q u e s t i o n s put t o i t by t h e c i t i z e n s . We must, t h e r e f o r e , assume t h a t the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and p l a n n i n g s t a f f , a l o n g w i t h t h e D. C. Highway Department, have no v a l i d e x p l a n a t i o n s . (Applause.) There a r e 13 p o i n t s here but i n t h e i n t e r e s t of l t i m e , and I am s u r e w i t h Mrs. W o r r i s s a p p r o v a l , I w i l l skip them because, as u s u a l , t h e r e would be no answers. I would s i m p l y l i k e t o p o i n t out one more t h i n g . Why has the NCPC ignored the e x p e r i e n c e o f c i t i e s which have c o n s t r u c t e d freeways systems g a l o r e and have found t h a t freeways do not s o l v e t h e i r t r a f f i c problem, t h a t freeways generate more t r a f f i c , t h a t freeways have hindored development �147 T23jd25 and the most e f f i c i e n t u t i l i z a t i o n of r a p i d Mr. McCarter, I hope you're transit? listening. (Applause.) The governments a r e f i n d i n g i t n e c e s s a r y to r e c o n s t r u c t r a i l systems t h a t they were so eager to abandon because freeways a r e i n e f f i c i e n t and because they have reduced the needed urban acreage. I w i l l q u i c k l y mention the t h r e e c i t i e s where t h i s i s being done. P h i l a d e l p h i a , C l e v e l a n d and Independent a r c h i t e c t s , Chicago. c i t y p l a n n e r s , mayors, congressmen and even some s e n a t o r s have a l s o a l l spoken out a g a i n s t the urban f r e e w a y s . I n the f i n a l a n a l y s i s , i tis r a i l systems which move the g r e a t e r number of people a t g r e a t e r speed and in f a r greater safety. Urban f r e e w a y s , o b s o l e t e b e f o r e they a r e b u i l t , have been o v e r s u b s i d i z e d long enough. We demand t h a t e v e r y cent of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n funds should be d i r e c t e d to the T24 development of an e f f i c i e n t r a p i d r a i l system. (Applause.) The NCPC should not s e r v e as a mere echo, and a p r e t t y t i r e d one, of the Highway Department and i t s lobby -- (Applause.) -- b u t , i n s t e a d , i t should s t r i k e out and join f o r w a r d - t h i n k i n g p l a n n e r s i n p l a n n i n g and e n g i n e e r i n g i n n o v a tions i n transportation. Freeway-bound c i t i e s a r e the �148 T24jd2o ooncrete examples o f how we should not p l a n . should stand up and be counted The NCPC a s h a v i n g t h e prudence t o f o r e s e e the d i s a s t r o u s consequences o f freeway c o n s t r u c t i o n and t h e r e f o r e t o s a y , No, the v o i c e o f t h e people w i l l be heard. (Applause.) And we w i l l not have any more f r e e w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. (Applause.) CHAIRMAN ROWE: We w i l l have j u s t one more s p e a k e r , Mr. Waters. MR. SHEAR: W i l l i a m H. Waters. CHAIRMAN ROWE: And then we w i l l have t o a d j o u r n u n t i l tomorrow evening a t s e v e n - t h i r t y , a f t e r Mr. Waters. STATEMENT OF: WILLIAM H. WATERS MR. WILLIAM H. WATERS: of t h e Commission: Madam Chairman, members I am a longtime r e s i d e n t o f t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia and p r e s e n t l y l i v e a t 4507 MacArthur B o u l e v a r d , Northwest i n the Washington P a l i s a d e s S e c t i o n of the Nation's Capital. I am here a s an i n d i v i d u a l p r i v a t e c i t i z e n and as a land owner t o t a l k i n support o f the e n t i r e interstate freeway system i n and f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, t h e Nation's Capital. �149 T24jd27 And e s p e c i a l l y Route 266 which i n c l u d e s t h e Three S i s t e r s Bridge. My home i s v e r y c l o s e t o t h e D i s t r i c t end o f t h a t b r i d g e and I b e l i e v e t h a t such a b r i d g e would be a boon to my immediate neighborhood and, more i m p o r t a n t l y , e n t i r e metropolitan area. to the A l l one has t o do to see the economic b e n e f i t s and the t a x c o l l e c t i o n p o t e n t i a l r e s u l t i n g from any b r i d g e c o n s t r u c t i o n i s t o note t h e f a b u l o u s growth of R o s s l y n , V i r g i n i a f o l l o w i n g the completion of t h e Theodore Roosevelt Bridge. My c l o s e - i n neighborhood i s under-developed and s e v e r a l of my neighbors and I f e e l t h a t i t i s time f o r h i g h r i s e apartments, p o s s i b l y h o t e l s to replace the oldfashioned s t r u c t u r e s t h a t predominate the f i r s t and second b l o c k s of MacArthur B o u l e v a r d . I might add p a r e n t h e t i c a l l y t h a t about 12 y e a r s ago the D i s t r i c t Commissioners i n c o o p e r a t i o n and conjunction w i t h the N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e and w i t h t h e indorsement of t h i s Commission c e r t i f i e d t h i s a r e a f o r p r i v a t e urban r e n e w a l . I f a v o r the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e t o what was once c a l l e d S i t e Number Two, which i s a t t h e f o o t of F o x h a l l Road on t h e D i s t r i c t s i d e l e a d i n g to t h e Spout Run V a l l e y on the V i r g i n i a s i d e . I b e l i e v e t h a t c o n n e c t i n g roadways can be b u i l t a t t h i s l o c a t i o n w i t h o u t d i s p l a c i n g any homes because the a r e a i s uninhabited. �150 T24jd28 My neighbors i n Georgetown and the P a l i s a d e s a r e t r y i n g t o g e t j e t a i r p l a n e s t r a n s f e r r e d from N a t i o n a l t o Dulles. to I submit t h a t one of the b e s t ways t o do t h a t i s — CHAIRMAN ROWE: J u s t a minute. W i l l you be q u i e t i n the back, p l e a s e , o r c l o s e the door. Thank you. MR. WATERS: I submit t h a t one of the b e s t ways to do t h a t i s t o make D u l l e s 20 minutes c l o s e r t o the c i t y by b u i l d i n g the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and I n t e r s t a t e Highway 66 which w i l l c u t s e v e r a l m i l e s from the p r e s e n t t r i p . I have heard c r i t i c i s m from time t o time of a b r i d g e a t Three S i s t e r s because of the beauty argument. This i s hard t o understand when one r e a l i z e s t h a t throughout the world and throughout a l l h i s t o r y b r i d g e s have been an o b j e c t of g r e a t a d m i r a t i o n and p r i d e because of t h e i r beauty and utility. F o r example, we have a l l heard p r a i s e s from New Y o r k of the beauty and the g r e a t n e s s of t h e George B r i d g e f o r many y e a r s and now the V e r r a z a n o Narrows Washington Bridge, s i m i l a r l y the Golden Gate B r i d g e i n San F r a n c i s c o has been p r a i s e d throughout the world f o r the same r e a s o n . Washington i s now a world c a p i t a l . Over two m i l l i o n people s p l i t almost i n h a l f by a r i v e r j u s t l i k e some �151 T24jd29 °? the g r e a t c a p i t a l s i n other c o u n t r i e s of the w o r l d . I f Washington i s to be a t h r i v i n g world c a p i t a l a f t e r t h e s t y l e of i t s older s i s t e r c a p i t a l s i n Europe, i t w i l l need to have s i m i l a r a c c e s s i b i l i t y throughout i t s urban a r e a s and between i t s r i g h t and l e f t banks, so t o speak. I f you w i l l check your map, f o r i n s t a n c e , o f P a r i s , you w i l l f i n d 32 b r i d g e s a c r o s s i t s r i v e r compared w i t h Washington's seven. You might look a t the map o f Rome where you f i l l find 25 b r i d g e s . And i n the London m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a where t h e r e are 2 0 , two automobiles and one f e r r y . With the tremendous growth of p o p u l a t i o n on our Virginia s i d e , we need more a c c e s s i b i l i t y t o both s i d e s of the Potomac, not j u s t because V/ashington i s a municipal c i t y b u t , more i m p o r t a n t l y , because Washington i s the Nation's Capital of t h i s country. Thank you. (Applause.) CHAIRMAN ROWE: That concludes t h e testimony f o r t h i s evening and we w i l l be here a g a i n tomorrow a t seventhirty. Thank you a l l . There were s e v e r a l questions raised about the maps and i f t h e r e a r e any q u e s t i o n s t h e P l a n n i n g Commission �152 ,24jd30 s t a f f would be glad to e x p l a i n I t to anyone who I s i n t e r e s t e d now. (The h e a r i n g adjourned a t 11:33 o'clock p.m.) �i I N D E X *I A G E ^7 A b b o t t , Sammie A b d u l l a h I - A. B. & W. T r a n s i t Company I l l -8 Ace Van & S t o r a g e Co., I n c I l l - 87 Adams Morgan Community C o u n c i l 33 . I l l - Address, Marvin A l r i s , T.F IllI - 190 14 A i r p o r t Pavement Marking Co Ill- 186 Air I - 104 A l b a n T r a c t o r Co., I n c Ill- 187 A l l e n , M i t c h e l l & Co Ill- 149 American Automobile A s s o c i a t i o n I - 33 American S i g h t s e e i n g A s s o c i a t i o n , I n c I I - 132 American S o c i e t y of C i v i l E n g i n e e r s I I - 144 Transport, I n c . , American U n i v e r s i t y P a r k C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n . . . . . . . . . I l l - 109 Anacostia C i t i z e n s Association I l l Anthony, John M I l l - 132& 1 134 Applegate, Harry R I I - 89 Architectural B a r r i e r s Project A r l i n g t o n i a n s f o r P r e s e r v a t i o n of the Potomac Palisades I l l - 92 (*Roman numerals p r e c e d i n g page number i n d i c a t e volume i n which page a p p e a r s . ) I I - 80 �ii I N D E X P A G E A r t h u r , C. B l a k e l e y Ill- 192 A s p h a l t S e r v i c e s Company Ill- 160 A t l a n t i c Garage, I n c * Ill- &5 Ill- 81 Ill- 58 Babbington, B a r b a r a A. Ill- 199 Barber, William E. I l l - 245 Barbour, Harry A Ill- 72 Barker, B i l l Ill- 165 B a r k e r s Brake S e r v i c e , I n c I l l - 245 B a r n e t t , John Ill- B a r r y , Marion, J r I - 139 Berry, Calvin P Ill- 158 Bethesda-Chevy Chase Chamber of Commerce Ill- 111 B i a s , Frank I I - 4& Auger, U l y s s e s G j Automotive Trade A s s o c i a t i o n ) III- 121 226 B i t t i n g e r , Donald S I l l - 205 Bituminous Products Corporation Ill- 159 B l a c k i e ' s House of Beef Ill- 8l B l a c k w e l l C o n s t r u c t i o n Company Ill- 151 B o l g i a n o , P.W. Ill- 192 & Co Bowlus, E . Robert Ill- l8l �iii I N D E X P A G E Bos we 1 1 , Harry A s s o c i a t e s Ill- 166 12 B o z z i , Rene H~ B r a d y , G. W I l l - 66 Brookland A r e a C o o r d i n a t i n g C o u n c i l I I - 136 Brookland A r e a C o - o r d i n a t i n g Committee Ill- Brookland C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n I - 126 Brookland F o r People and T r e e s Committee I - 143 B r o o k l a n d Neighborhood C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n , I n c . Brookland Neighbors Brookland Neighbors of Washington 125 I I - 39 . . I l l - 119 ».II67 C a f r i t z Construction »t*t I I - 112 Cain, Bernard I - 126 k C a i n , Simon ... I - 119 Camp, Edward A I l l - 240 Cant we 11, Ill- T. A. & Company, I n c 189 C a p i t o l Concrete Pipe Co I l l - 252 C a p i t o l H i l l Community C o u n c i l I I - 38 C a p i t o l H i l l Southeast C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n I l l - 95 C a r t e r , John H I I - 72 C a t h o l i c I n t e r r a c i a l C o u n c i l of Washington, D.C I I - 28 C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y of America I - C e n t r a l Armature Works, I n c I l l - 240 Chaney, D. L I - 110 113 �iv I N D E X P A G E . I I - 5 Change, I n c 8 C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n of Georgetown I I - 37 C i t i z e n s Committee f o r E q u a l J u s t i c e I - 139 C l a r k , John Ill- C l o s i n g Remarks of the Chairman I I - 184 Colean, M i l e s L 77 I I - 66 "' . C o l l i n s , T. B y r o n , S. J Ill- 211 Committee A g a i n s t Ill- 34 I - 90 I I III- — 4& Ill- 113 Continental Trailways Ill- 162 C o r r e l l , Paul E I l l - 19 * Corson & Gruman Company, I n c I I - 53 Covington & B u r l i n g , E s q s I l l - 228 Cummings G e n e r a l T i r e Company I l l - 208 Cummings, Win. F . , J r I l l - 208 National Committee of 100 on the F e d e r a l C i t y Connecticut Connelly, Avenue A s s o c i a t i o n Janice M C u r t i n , John J . , J r . , »» 226 2 , I l l - 142 146 C u r t i n & Johnson, I n c Ill- C z e m o w s k i , A. J I l l - 237 Davidson, M o r r i s Ill- 182 Davidson T r a n s f e r & Storage Co Ill- 182 �V I N D E X P A G E ....Ill- 159 Ill- 21 Devonald, I r a R Ill- 191 Dimmette, Claude C Ill- 196 D. C. A r e a T r u c k i n g A s s o c i a t i o n I I - 115 D. C. Armory Board I l l -4 D. C. Chamber of Commerce I I - 159 D e l l i n g e r , Harry E .. . Democratic C e n t r a l Committee 1 D. C. C o m m i s s i o n e r s P l a n n i n g ory C o u n c i l ...» and Urban Renewal A d v i s I l l -7 D. C. Department of Highways and T r a f f i c I - 14 D. C. Department of P u b l i c H e a l t h Ill- 129 D. C. F e d e r a t i o n o f C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s I I 90I I - - 106& I I I - 228 D.C. Road B u i l d e r s ' A s s o c i a t i o n Ill- 143 D. C. S o c i e t y of P r o f e s s i o n a l E n g i n e e r s Ill- 13 Donaldson, 2. B. & Co Ill- 150 Draper, E l i z a b e t h Ill- 95 Dudley, T i l f o r d Ill- 21 Dupont C i r c l e C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n I l l - 253 E a s t e r n Greyhound L i n e s , I - 118 E c h e v e r r i a , Paula , . I I - 176 Edlavitch, Irwin P Ill- 85 Edwards, Adolphe I - 4l �vi I N D E X P A G E Edwards, G. F r a n k l i n I - 12 E i s i n g e r , Richard H Ill- 111 Emergency Committee on the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C r i s i s I - 47 E n n i s , Mrs. W i l l i a m W I I - 93 E v a n s , Robert P., C o l I I - 37 Pahrney, F . E a r l ill- F a h r n e y ' s F o u n t a i n Pen H o s p i t a l I l l - 102 Fay, Janet W I l l - Federal C i t y Council I I - 66 102 92 F e d e r a t i o n of C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n s of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia * I l l - 66& IIIFerrier, Joseph G 168 I - 87 F r a i n , George F r a n k l i n , James D I - 95 I l l - 258 G a l l a g h e r , John P I I - 150 G a r a y t a , Jorge A I l l - 203 G a r f i n c k e l , J u l i u s & Co I l l - Garner Equipment R e n t a l Company, I n c I l l - l45 G a r n e r , Robert J Ill- 143& III- 146 Garrett, F. 0 Ill- 162 Gary, W i l l i a m T Ill- 123 Gary, W. L. Co., i n c Ill- 123 30 �vii I N D E X P A G E Georgetown U n i v e r s i t y Georgetown U n i v e r s i t y H o s p i t a l 211 ......... . I l l .. Ill- 91 x Glasgow, Norman N 55 G l i c k e r t , Peter H- 38 Godfrey, Mr. and Mrs. H Ill- 118 Graham, H a r r y L I I - 126 Graham, Roy E Ill- 24l Ill- 129 G r e a t e r Washington Pood W h o l e s a l e r s A s s o c i a t i o n , I n c . . I l l - 25 G r a n t , Murray i G r e a t e r Washington Labor C o u n c i l .II- 156 79 G r e a t e r Washington Petroleum Committee Ill- G r e a t e r Washington S e r v i c e S t a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n I l l - 254 Green, L. F IllIll- 59& 169 Green, L. J . , Commander I l l - 204 G r e e r , -William C. Ill- Grimm, F r a n k L Grove, M. J . Lime Company I I - 123 Ill- l8l Gude, G i l b e r t Ill- Hagans, Theodore R., J r I I - 159 H a i r s t o n , Joseph H I I - 100 H a l e y ' s Ford i n S o u t h e a s t Ill- H a l l , C. E I - 179 122 60 179 �viii I N D E X P A G E I l l - 209 Hanback, V/. B. .Ill- 131 Hayes, H. M ......Ill- 118 Heath, F r e d e r i c k C ......Ill- 129 '...Ill- 6 Harlow, L . E Hechinger Hecht Company H e i l Equipment Company, I n c . ,..,...1114 4 184 I l l - 206 H e l s i n g B r o t h e r s , I n c . ...» H e l s i n g , E i n a r A. ..... ...Ill- 86 < i . U . H I - 206 ....Ill- 191 Herriman, R i c h a r d A ..Ill- 179 Herrmann, W i l l i a m 0 .Ill- 31 H e u t t e , Ann U_ 67 Heutte, F r e d e r i c A u« 28 Highway Supply C o r p o r a t i o n Ill- 152 Highway U s e r s Conference I _ 22 H i l l & Sanders, I n c Ill- 3 ....Ill- 79 Hornback, R u s s e l l H I _ 75 Howat Concrete Company, I n c I l l - 242 Howat, P. Y. K. XII- I g n i t i o n Headquarters, I n c I l l - 225 I m l r i e , John F . UI- Helms Concrete Pipe Company, I n c Hoffman, J . M 242 91 �ix I N D E X P A G E ...Ill- 168 Independent T a x i Owners' A s s o c i a t i o n , I n c Ill- 89 I n s t i t u t e of T r a f f i c Engineers I I - ^Sk I I I - 212 I n t r a c l u b F e d e r a t i o n of G o l f e r s of the D. of C I l l - I s r a e l s o n , John A I I - 27 J e w e l l , James J . Ill- 89 Ill- 185 Immer, John R J i f f y John, I n c Johnson, Andrew W. *t .* 18 . I I - 115 Johnson, E l i z a b e t h S Ill- 139 Johnson, W. Guy Ill- 148 Jones, E. J Ill- 201 J o n e s , R. A. Company, I n c Ill- 147 J o n e s , Ronald A Ill- 147 Josephson, D i a n a H Ill- 33 J o y , B. F r a n k , Company, I n c I l l - 235 J o y , Thomas L . . . . I l l - 235 95 Kalorama C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n , I n c I - Kane, Eugene I I I - 124 Kane, F r a n c i s J I l l -4 Kane T r a n s f e r Company I I - 124 Kennan, Robert M. J r . , I - Kennedy, Kenneth C ...II- 90 169 �X I N D E X P A G E Kennedy, Kenneth Ill- lh K i v i t z , Murray A Ill- 193 K l o e t z l i , Werner, J r Ill- 166 • * I - - 130& Koch, Robert F IIIK o j a k , Joseph »iilll- .. Kojak's Liquors 1 Lamond-Riggs C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n Lamond-Riggs C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n 115 15 **.III- 15 I - 119 . I I - 12 Lao, V i n c e n t Ill- 197 L a P l a c a , Raymond G Ill- 150 L a s h l e y , Glenn T I - 33 Lawson, R i c h a r d F Ill- 8 Ill- 139 League of Women V o t e r s of the D.of C Lehman, R u s s e l l H I l l - 239 Lehman's T i r e Company I l l - 239 L e r n e r , Robert D I - 104 L e v i , Robert H Ill- 86 L e v i n e , Lewis Ill- 200 L e w i s , Mrs. M Ill- 153 Lewis, Morris M Ill- 154 L i l l , Richard A Lipscomb, sAdgate A. & Son I I - 144 Ill- 108 �xi I N D E X PAGE Lipscomb, L i s l e T I l l - 10-8 L i s t of W i t n e s s e s I - Logan, L e s l i e I I - 80 L o u i s , John C. Company, I n c IllIII- 210 Lovoca, P h y l l i s Dee Ill- 28 L u b e l , Leon I l l - 249 MacClane, Edward J I I - 90 MacPherson, A l l a n B Ill- 198 Mac's E s s o S e r v i c e n t e r Ill- 153 Mac's R o c k v i l l e S e r v i c e n t e r Ill- 15^ Maddri-;, James P. Ill- 184 Mahoney, Andrew Ill- 160 Maloney Concrete Company I I - 36 Maloney, C. P., J r I I - 36 Marquette Cement Manufacturing Co M a r r i n e r , R. M I l l - 128 I l l - 152 Master B u i l d e r s ' A s s o c i a t i o n , I n c I l l - 237 Mathews, Ray, N u r s e r i e s , I n c I l l - 133 Mathews, R. C Ill- McCarron, C a t h e r i n e McNulty, P a t r i c k J I l l - 253 I l l - 189 M e t r o p o l i t a n C i t i z e n s C o u n c i l f o r Rapid T r a n s i t Ill- 13 188& 183 82 23 M e t r o p o l i t a n C o u n c i l of Governments Ill- M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington Board of T r a d e I I - 11 �xii I N D E X P A G E M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington T i r e D e a l e r s A s s o c i a t i o n I l l - 249 Meyer, Henry H. Company Ill- Michigan Park C i t i z e n s ' A s s o c i a t i o n 4 Ill- 251 246 M i t c h e l l , A. S t u a r t Ill- 149 M o e l l e r A i r Compressor S e r v i c e , I n c Ill- 190 Molinelli, L I l l - 209 M o l l i s o n , James A I l l - 202 Montgomery County C i t i z e n s P l a n n i n g A s s o c i a t i o n I - 135 Montgomery County C o u n c i l Ill- 9k Mt. P l e a s a n t Ill- 77 Morauer & H a r t z e l l , I n c Ill- 232 Morauer, Raymond N Ill- 232 Morrissette, Arthur E Ill- 87 Mosher, Goerge Murphy, Maurice J IllIll- 188 58 M u r r i l l Paving Company Ill- l4l M u r r i l l , Robert E Ill- l4l Myers, P a u l G Ill- 164 N a t i o n a l Automobile D e a l e r s A s s o c i a t i o n I I - 89 N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l A i r p o r t s , Bureau of Ill- Neighbors, I n c 10 N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l B u i l d i n g & Supply Company, I n c I l l - 142 N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Region T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n n i n g B o a r d . . I l l — 23 N a v a l F a c i l i t i e s E n g i n e e r i n g Command I l l - 204 Near-Northeast Subway Committee I l l - 13^ �xiii I N D E X P A G E Neighbors, I n c I I — 100& I I I - 243- Nordlinger, Ill- 138 Norfolk, Bernard W Ill- 195 North B e t h e s d a Congress of C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n s I I - 57 Bernard I Northeast Business Men's A s s o c i a t i o n , I n c ....Ill- 101 169& Ik N o r t h e a s t Neighborhood C o u n c i l , I n c I I — III- North F o x h a l l Road A s s o c i a t i o n I I - 150 Northwest B r a n c h C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n Notices ....Ill- 113 .1- of P u b l i c Hearing Nunn, John E . I I Ill1 Obedin, H a r r y . 7 187 149 I I - 0'Boyle Tank L i n e s I I - 123 Opening Statement of t h e Chairman I - - 2& II- 2 Owen, Roberts B I l l - 228 Palisades Citizens Association I I - 164 P a r i s , V. L Payne, E . J I I - 132 I l l - 231 Peach, P. S Ill- Peer, W i l l i a m B .. . 151 I l l - 243 210 P h i l l i p s , W. B Ill- P i l z e r , Charles J I I - 151 Piper, Charles J I l l - P o l i s h e r , Manuel Ill- 101 2 �xiv I N D E X P A G E P o o l e , C h a r l e s Wright .. H I - 244 Poole*s Warehousing I n c I l l - 244 Potomac Grange No. 1 of the N a t i o n a l Grange I I - 126 Potomac Sand and G r a v e l Company IllIII- 59& 169 Potomac V a l l e y League Ill- 177 P r a h i n s k i , Ted I - 80 P r y o r , Bernard W I I - P u b l i c Hearing N o t i c e s I - 7 Public I n t e r e s t C i v i c Association Ill- 132 Queen, M. V. Ill- 118 ....Ill- 236 Q u i n t e r , Mrs. Annie V Ill- 118 R a f f , Morton S I - 135 Ramsey, B e r n a r d E . Ill- R o c k v i l l e Crushed Stone, I n c Ill- l6l Rodman, S t a n l e y A Ill- Rooney, Angela I - 143 Rooney, Thomas P I I - 17 Rowe, Mrs. James H., J r I - , 2 II2 II184 R u s t , H. L. Company Ill- 259 S a f f o r d , L. P Ill- 12 Queenin, M. E i l e e n 39 128 254 �XV I N D E X P A G E 12 S a f f o r d , L. P., Rambler C i t y Ill- S a l o s c h i n , Robert L I I - 57 Sanders, J . M Ill- t 3 Ill- 10 Save Takoma Park Committee I - 87 Scheiber, Walter A Ill- 23 Ill- 9^ S e c h r i s t , E. Paul Ill- 225 Selecto-Flash, Inc Ill- 158 Shelton, Charles E I l l - 231 Shepard, R o y a l E . Ill- 18 Shepherd P a r k C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n I - 80 Saunders, Arven H S c u l l , David * . ........Ill- 118 W. K Ill- l6l Slmms, W i l l i a m R Ill- 185 Simpson, Murray S I I - 65 Sherman, Mr. and Mrs. George M. Shewbridge, .Ill- 177 S l a v i n , Sanford Ill- 252 Smith, A r t h u r II- 113 Smith, J . Walter Ill- 25 Smith's T r a n s f e r & Storage Company, I n c II- 113 Smith, W i l l i a m II- 164 Simpson, Murray S., J r �xv i I N D E X P A G E Smithy, H. G I l l - 258 . Ill- S n i d e r , Jennings A Solomon, David ... 30 I I — 46& III- 212 S o u t h e r n Road C o n t r a c t o r s , I n c Ill- 164 South Manor Neighborhood A s s o c i a t i o n I - 4l Spottswood, L o u i s a Ill- 119 Sprague, John W Ill- 103 Stakem, Edward S. , I l l - 180 . I l l - 233 Steuart, Curtis S S t e u a r t Petroleum Company . . . . . . . I l l - l80& III- 233 S t e w a r t B r o t h e r s Photographers, I n c I l l - 140 S t e w a r t , George H. III- S t r a u s s , Martin H I - 16 140 ..Ill- 16 S t r i t t m a t t e r , Charles W Ill- 145 Super Concrete C o r p o r a t i o n I I - .65 S u s i , R. J I l l - 251 Swenson, Roy L I l l - 246 S t r a u s s Photo-Technical T a y l o r , Hosea E Service, Inc ..II- 106 T a y l o r , Wavery Ill- Thomas, Chauncey I I - 29 85 �xvii I N D E X P A G E 109 T r a s k , A l f r e d S. Ill- Turner, J . C I I - 156 Union T a x i Owners C o o p e r a t i v e A s s o c i a t i o n , I n c I - United States Representative from the S t a t e of Maryland I I I - 76 60 Uptown P r o g r e s s , I n c I I - 159 Urban League Neighborhood Development C e n t e r I I - 176 Waldrop, F r a n k C. Ill- 34 W a l l ; Duncan Ill- 82 W a l l a c e , Robert ., I I - 53 Walsh, Thomas H I I - 11 Washington C o n t r a c t o r s , I n c Ill- Washington D. C. A r e a T r u c k i n g A s s o c i a t i o n I I - 115 Washington Gas L i g h t Company Ill- 205 Washington P a r k i n g A s s o c i a t i o n Ill- 72 Washington T r a i l e r Co., I n c Ill- 24l Waterhouse, Harold C. Ill- 124 Waters, W i l l i a m H. I - 148 Werner, L e r o y L I I - 112 148 .Ill- 209 Whitney, James R Ill- 186 Whyte, W i l l i a m G Ill- 19 Wilkinson, I I - 136 West End C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n Lawrence � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Public hearing on the transportation section of the proposed comprehensive plan for the national capital : Volume I Subject The topic of the resource Express highways Freeways Public hearings Traffic engineering--Washington (D.C.) Barry, Marion, 1936-2014 Description An account of the resource Public hearing testimony on the Comprehensive Plan for Washington, D.C., including testimony from future mayor Marion Barry (pages 139-143). The Comprehensive Plan included plans for the Inner Loop freeway system, the North Central Freeway, and the Three Sisters Bridge. Testimony from Theodore Prahinski, pages 86a-86k, has been excerpted due to copyright. Available upon request for noncommercial use. See here for <a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6343" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Volume II">Volume II</a> of the public hearing testimony. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Capital Planning Commission Jo Ann Withers Reporting Service Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 14, 1967 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/e64dd1188117682ea65722822f8017b2.pdf?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Hyhwrkx7e8sbx1pFR6j1zthyqHF%7EOWXxR4C2T5RNHCC5wS8S0KMneMTtivfBNX3KJPwyTlDlOvAVrZIAleDUefFPZbPrNNQD8p4m1Orb6dn01SHgPY5iPNjdhDMunRT-gXF4UoSgoVUbFYyherm9ec0p80KhubdKiW8JY27WNzDqJhijPzEt4COU8iYOPhhU8opLKq5Z2lst9DbDHDJ3%7EqYFaDOOm8uIan4GjsNF9n7nag1zsJDcouxvLZfikd8J%7Ev5VB4yeZWgZqC2VUjQ8QVqgD6R%7EDXmCY26Jn%7Eqjq5uZE4GhQapa5pBxA6JWgjK6dhf82-2r2YRXgGalCv2LNA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f4c40ae1a4ebc17dc59c6aecfc020910 PDF Text Text I n * ie matter of: & NATIONAL CAPITAL PLANNING COMMISSION PUBLIC HEARING ON THE TRANSPORTATION SECTION OF THE PROPOSED COMPREHENSIVE PLAN FOR THE NATIONAL CAPITAL VOLUME I I Place: Washington, D^G. > Date: June 1 5 , 19&7. OFFICIAL REPORTERS J o A n n Withers Reporting 1906 M S T R E E T , N.W. WASHINGTON, D.C. 20036 Service �1 NATIONAL CAPITAL PLANNING COMMISSION PUBLIC HEARING ON THE TRANSPORTATION SECTION OF THE PROPOSED COMPREHENSIVE PLAN FOR THE NATIONAL CAPITAL June 1 5 , 1 9 6 7 (The h e a r i n g was reconvened a t 7 : ^ 5 o ' c l o c k p.m. i n t h e Department o f S t a t e West A u d i t o r i u m , Washington, D. C , Mrs. James H. Rowe, J r . , p r e s i d i n g . The f o l l o w i n g members, a l t e r n a t e members and o f f i c e r s o f the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission were present: MRS. JAMES H. ROWE, J R . , CHAIRMAN G. FRANKLIN EDWARDS COLONEL TOM H. REYNOLDS AND LIEUTENANT COLONEL LEWIS W. PRENTISS, ALTERNATES FOR THE ENGINEER COMMISSIONER OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA THE ROBERT C. HORNE, ALTERNATE FOR THE DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL PARK SERVICE WALTER J . McCARTER, AND HIS ALTERNATE JOHN RANNELLS JOHN C. DYE, ALTERNATE FOR THE COMMISSIONER OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS SERVICE COLONEL ALVIN B. WILDER, ALTERNATE FOR THE CHIEF OP ENGINEERS OF THE U. S. ARMY DANIEL H. SHEAR, SECRETARY I n a d d i t i o n , the Honorable George A. Avery, Chairman o f t h e P u b l i c S e r v i c e Commission of the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and t h e Honorable W i l l i a m L. P o r t e r , Member, P u b l i c S e r v i c e Commission o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, were p r e s e n t �TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME I I Opening Statement of The LA Chairman STATEMENTS: F r a n k B i a s , P r e s i d e n t , The Association Connecticut Avenue Thomas M. Walsh, Chairman, T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee, The M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington Board of Trade Rene B o z z i , V i c e P r e s i d e n t , Lamond-Riggs C i v i c Association Thomas P. Rooney John A. I s r a e l s o n , V i c e P r e s i d e n t , Woodward & Lothrop . F r e d e r i c A. H e u t t e , C a t h o l i c I n t e r r a c i a l C o u n c i l of Washington, D. C. C. P. Maloney, J r . , V i c e P r e s i d e n t , Maloney Concrete Company C o l o n e l Robert F. E v a n s , P r e s i d e n t , C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n of Georgetown P e t e r G l i c k e r t , C a p i t o l H i l l Community C o u n c i l B e r n a r d W. P r y o r , P r e s i d e n t , Brookland Neighborhood C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n , Incorporated David Solomon, P r e s i d e n t , Washington S e c t i o n , of T r a f f i c E n g i n e e r s Institute Robert W a l l a c e , Corson & Gruman Company, I n c Robert L. S a l o s c h i n , North Bethesda Congress of Citizens Associations �B TABLE OF CONTENTS P A G E Murray S. Simpson, P r e s i d e n t , Super Concrete Corp...... M i l e s L. C o l e a n , Chairman, T r a n s p o r t a t i o n 65 Committee, Federal C i t y Council 66 Ann H e u t t e , Brookland Neighbors of Washington, D. C. .. 67 John H. C a r t e r 72 L e s l i e Logan, P r e s i d e n t , A r l i n g t o n i a n s f o r P r e s e r v a t i o n of the Potomac P a l i s a d e s 80 Chauncey Thomas, Change, I n c o r p o r a t e d 85 H a r r y R. A p p l e g a t e , N a t i o n a l Automobile D e a l e r s Association Edward J . MacClane, Chairman, C i t y P l a n n i n g Committee, 89 D. C. F e d e r a t i o n of C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s , I n c Mrs. W i l l i a m W. E n n i s Joseph H. H a i r s t o n , V i c e P r e s i d e n t , Neighbors, Incorporated Hosea E . T a y l o r , Chairman of the P u b l i c U t i l i t i e s and P u b l i c "Works Committee, D. C. F e d e r a t i o n of C i v i c Associations L e r o y L. Werner, C a f r i t z C o n s t r u c t i o n Company 90 93 100 106 112 A r t h u r Clarendon S m i t h , J r . , P r e s i d e n t , Smith's T r a n s f e r & S t o r a g e Company, I n c o r p o r a t e d 113 Andrew W. Johnson, Managing D i r e c t o r , Washington, D. C. Area Trucking Association 115 F r a n k L. Grimm, P r e s i d e n t , O'Boyle Tank L i n e s 123 �c TABLE OF CONTENTS P A G E Eugene I . Kane, E x e c u t i v e V i c e P r e s i d e n t , Kane T r a n s f e r Company 124 H a r r y L. Graham, Potomac Grange # 1 of the N a t i o n a l Grange 126 V. L. P a r i s , P r e s i d e n t , American S i g h t s e e i n g Association, Inc 132 Lawrence W i l k i n s o n , Chairman, P l a n n i n g Committee, Brookland A r e a C o o r d i n a t i n g C o u n c i l 136 R i c h a r d A. L i l l , Chairman, T r a n s p o r t a t i o n E n g i n e e r i n g Committee, N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l S e c t i o n , American S o c i e t y of C i v i l E n g i n e e r s 144 H a r r y Obedin 149 John P. G a l l a g h e r , P r e s i d e n t , North F o x h a l l Road Association 150 C h a r l e s J . P i l z e r , G e n e r a l Counsel, Y e l l o w Cab Company of D.C., I n c o r p o r a t e d 151 J . C. T u r n e r , P r e s i d e n t , G r e a t e r Washington C e n t r a l Labor C o u n c i l , AFL-CIO 156 Theodore R. Hagans, J r . , The D i s t r i c t of Columbia Chamber of Commerce and Uptown P r o g r e s s , I n c o r p o r a t e d 159 W i l l i a m Smith, P r e s i d e n t , P a l i s a d e s C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n 164 Kenneth C. Kennedy, Chairman, Northeast Neighborhood Council, Incorporated P a u l a E c h e v e r r i a , Housing A d v i s o r , Urban League Neighborhood Development Center 169 176 �D TABLE OF CONTENTS P A G E C l o s i n g Remarks of The Chairman 184 A d j o u r n m e n t 185 Index i �2 T24jd32 OPENING STATEMENT OF THE CHAIRMAN CHAIRMAN ROWE: I t h i n k we w i l l s t a r t t h i s second game of thedoubleheader and, s i n c e I made a number of p r e l i m i n a r y s t a t e m e n t s l a s t n i g h t , I won't r e p e a t them a g a i n . We a r e a much s p a r s e r a u d i e n c e . I assume t h a t most of you who a r e here t o n i g h t were a l s o here l a s t n i g h t so t h a t you know the e s s e n t i a l ground r u l e s . There i s a new one, though, t h a t I would l i k e to a s k you to observe and t h a t ' s to not throw any b o t t l e s a t the umpire. (Laughter.) I t h i n k my own views a r e q u i t e w e l l known but i t ' s rough b e i n g an i m p a r t i a l Chairman and I plead w i t h you not to make i t any tougher. I hope we can b u i l d a good r e c o r d and t h a t ' s the purpose of t h i s h e a r i n g and I haven't been traded to the Yankees or the White Sox. My h e a r t i s j u s t where i t always has been but I do have to -(Applause.) I do have to be the Chairman of the meeting and keep i t i n o r d e r and so bear w i t h me. We w i l l go through the l i s t as i t i s w r i t t e n . We w i l l c a l l n e x t the people who c o u l d n ' t speak l a s t n i g h t . We w i l l then go to the people whose l e t t e r s o r t e l e g r a m s perhaps got i n too l a t e o r who have i n d i c a t e d t h a t they would much l i k e to speak. very Then, i f t h e r e i s t i m e , b e f o r e we stop �3 T24jd33 a t e l e v e n - t h i r t y , we w i l l be glad to h e a r from those of you i n tho audience who have not communicated w i t h us your endT24 d e s i r e s to speak. With t h a t , I w i l l a s k tho S e c r e t a r y t o c a l l the first witness. MR. HAIRSTON: the Madam Chairman, would you i d e n t i f y change i n f a c e s ? CHAIRMAN ROV/E: Oh, I'm s o r r y . Mr. S h e a r , the S e c r e t a r y , a t t h i s end. Dr. F r a n k l i n Edwards, who, of c o u r s e , was here last night. Mr. George A v e r y . Mr. P o r t e r from the P u b l i c S e r v i c e Commission. Mr. W a l t e r McCarter from the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Agency. C o l o n e l W i l d e r from tho Army Corps o f E n g i n e e r s . Mr. Robert Horne from the P a r k S e r v i c e . Mr. Dye from the P u b l i c B u i l d i n g s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . And C o l o n e l P r e n t i s s f o r the D i s t r i c t E n g i n e e r Commissioner. I w i l l a s k t h a t each person who comes up t o speak i d e n t i f i e s h i m s e l f o r h e r s e l f w i t h the name and address and o r g a n i z a t i o n , i f any, t h a t i s r e p r e s e n t e d and i f , i n the prepared t e x t , t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n i s not d e s c r i b e d , i f t h a t could be p a r t of the s t a t e m e n t , i t w i l l make i t b e t t o r f o r �h '.''25jd2 the e v e n t u a l r e c o r d . Thank you v e r y much. MR. SHEAR: was Madam Chairman, when the h e a r i n g r e c e s s e d l a s t evening we had c a l l e d through number 27 on the w i t n e s s list. The f i r s t w i t n e s s t h i s e v e n i n g , t h e r e f o r e , i s number 2 8 , Mr. F r a n k B i a s , P r e s i d e n t , The C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue A s s o c i a t i o n . STATEMENT OF: FRANK B I A S , PRESIDENT, THE CONNECTICUT AVENUE ASSOCIATION MR. B I A S : Connecticut I am F r a n k B i a s , P r e s i d e n t of The Avenue A s s o c i a t i o n . T h i s A s s o c i a t i o n r e p r e s e n t s b u s i n e s s and p r o f e s s i o n a l e n t e r p r i s e s on and i n the v i c i n i t y of downtown Connecticut Avenue i n the D i s t r i c t . I n c l u d e d among i t s 200 members a r e p r o p e r t y owners, r e t a i l shops, h o t e l s , r e s t a u r a n t s , r e a l t y f i r m s , banks, s a v i n g s and loan a s s o c i a t i o n s , and v a r i o u s t r a d e o r g a n i z a t i o n s , p r o f e s s i o n a l and p u b l i c s e r v i c e groups. Our i n t e r e s t s a r e a l l i e d w i t h the development and progress of the a r e a , i n p a r t i c u l a r and i n g e n e r a l , of t h e e n t i r e D i s t r i c t of Columbia and m e t r o p o l i t a n Washington community. The C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue A s s o c i a t i o n m a i n t a i n s i t s own customer c o u r t e s y p a r k i n g program, p r i m a r i l y f o r shoppers �5 i 25jd3 l and o t h e r s u s i n g f a c i l i t i e s and s e r v i c e s of i t s members. The A s s o c i a t i o n i s e s p e c i a l l y s e n s i t i v e to tho many t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and t r a f f i c problems as they relate to the c e n t r a l and downtown C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue a r e a s of the D i s t r i c t . We a r e sympathetic to the p r o p o s a l s of the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission f o r the n e c e s s i t y of long-range comprehensive p l a n s of a c t i o n to s e r v o the and i t s p o p u l a t i o n and volume of t r a v e l t h a t may bo city expected to i n c r e a s e g r e a t l y i n the o v e r a l l near f u t u r e . We a r e deeply concerned, however, t h a t s e p a r a t e agencies a r e seemingly p u r s u i n g p l a n s f o r the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and the M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington a r e a t h a t a r e apparently overlapping, i n d u p l i c a t i o n or a t v a r i a n c e with one another. We note t h a t the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Board of Commissioners held a p u b l i c h e a r i n g on December 1966, 5th, r e l a t i v e to p r o p o s a l s under a community renewal program. Aspects of t h i s program seem to touch i n numerous i n s t a n c e s p r o p o s a l s of t h e , p r e v i o u s p r o p o s a l s of the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission's Comprehensive P l a n . And, as r e c e n t l y as June 12th of t h i s y e a r , i n a f i v e - y e a r study or a f i v e - y e a r p l a n study to c o s t , the study alone w i l l c o s t $4.5 m i l l i o n as was announced by the M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington C o u n c i l of Governments. The purpose of t h i s study as d i s c l o s e d i n a p r e s s r e l e a s e , i s to d e l v e �6 T25jd4 i n t o the r e l a t i o n s h i p between t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s and the o v e r a l l development of M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington. I t seems t o us t h a t a s p e c t s of such a study would have been p r e v i o u s l y covered t o have reached conclusions upon which the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission bases i t s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S e c t i o n p r o p o s a l s , which i s being considered a t t h i s hearing. Those many v a r i e d s e p a r a t e approaches a r e c o n f u s i n g , t o s a y the l e a s t , t o both b u s i n e s s e s and r e s i d e n t s a l i k e throughout t h e Washington a r e a . We a r e impressed by the broad range of p o l i c i e s and p l a n s o u t l i n e d i n the Commission's Comprehensive P l a n for the Nation's ments i n housing, C a p i t a l , i n the realm of p h y s i c a l improvei n e d u c a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s , i n community s e r v i c e i n s t i t u t i o n s and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and w i t h appropr i a t e r e c o g n i t i o n f o r the needs of p r i v a t e e n t e r p r i s e s and the F e d e r a l Government. The C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue A s s o c i a t i o n has a long r e c o r d of support and a c t i v i t y aimed a t improving the q u a l i t y of l i f e i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and h e l p i n g to make t h i s a c i t y i n which e v e r y American can t a k e j u s t i f i a b l e p r i d e . Tremendous a c t i v i t y by p r i v a t e b u s i n e s s e s i n the improvement of the downtown C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue a r e a i n r e c e n t y e a r s has made t h i s v i c i n i t y today the most h i g h l y a s s e s s e d r e a l e s t a t e i n the e n t i r e D i s t r i c t of Columbia. I t i s recognized t h a t the many s e p a r a t e a s p e c t s �7 T25jd5 o f tho T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S e c t i o n of tho Commission's Comprehensive Plan a r e r e l a t e d . As they touch on mass r a p i d t r a n s i t , p a r k i n g , a r t e r i a l s t r e e t s and freeway systems, they a r e undoubtedly Intended t o p r o v i d e an o v e r a l l design t h a t w i l l c a r e f o r t r a f f i c movement of people and v e h i c l e s i n t o and through the D i s t r i c t over the n e x t 20 y e a r s and longer. It i s r e c o g n i z e d , t o o , t h a t some of t h e recommended f a c i l i t i e s w i l l serve s p e c i f i c t r a f f i c at s p e c i f i c times. i n s p e c i f i c areas For the l a t t e r reason, separate resi- d e n t i a l , b u s i n e s s and i n d u s t r i a l s e c t i o n s of t h e c i t y w i l l be expected t o take c l o s e r looks a t these s p e c i f i c proposals of the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S e c t i o n which may a f f e c t these a r e a s . Tho C o n n e c t i c u t avenue A s s o c i a t i o n urges the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission t o p r o v i d e further o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r d e t a i l e d s c r u t i n y o f the many s e p a r a t e a s p e c t s of i t s Comprehensive P l a n by r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the r e s i d e n t i a l and b u s i n e s s a r e a s most i n t i m a t e l y i n v o l v e d . We commend t h e Commission on i t s a f f o r d i n g t h e p u b l i c an o p p o r t u n i t y to p r e s e n t views a t t h i s h e a r i n g , the f i r s t i n s t a n c e of i t s k i n d , we t h i n k , i n tho memory of most o f us here p r e s e n t . We hold t h a t the accumulation o f many problems i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia may be a s c r i b e d i n p a r t t o t h e f a c t t h a t the c i t i z e n r y a t l a r g e has l i t t l e o r no v o i c e i n �8 T25jd6 meeting and s o l v i n g them. We of Tho C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue A s s o c i a t i o n look f o r a f u t u r e o p p o r t u n i t y , because we t h i n k t h a t t h i s i s n e i t h e r the time nor the p l a c e t o e x p l o r e i n depth one a s p e c t of t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S e c t i o n p r o p o s a l s which vitally a f f e c t s our a r e a ; namely, tho K S t r e e t Tunnel Freeway. An i n q u i r y i n t o the m a t t e r d i s c l o s e s t h a t major p r o p e r t y h o l d e r s and b u s i n e s s e s a l o n g K S t r e e t a r e opposed to any k i n d of l i m i t e d - a c c e s s freeway on o r under t h i s thor o u g h f a r e on t h e grounds t h a t e x i s t i n g a l t e r n a t e r o u t e s , w i t h some l i m i t e d c o n s t r u c t i o n l e a d i n g t o them, may bo expanded a t f a r l e s s c o s t and l e s s inconvenience t o meet t h r o u g h - t r a f f i c needs f o r many y e a r s t o come. S p e c i f i c a l l y , completion and expansion of the e x i s t i n g S o u t h e a s t Freeway w i t h i t s a c c e s s e s t o the c e n t e r c i t y I s presented as an adequate a l t e r n a t e to servo p r i v a t e and commercial t r a f f i c t o and from d e s t i n a t i o n s purported to be s e r v e d by a K S t r e e t t u n n e l . Access t o t h e Southwest Freeway should be supported by an expanded J e f f e r s o n D a v i s Highway, U.S. 1 , i n V i r g i n i a , and by a commercial r o u t e , a t u n n e l , o r an e l e v a t i o n over w a t e r , along tho oast bank of t h e Potomac R i v e r from Georgetown to the Southwest Freeway. There i s some q u e s t i o n as t o the n e c e s s i t y of an I n n e r Loop freeway system. I t s e x i s t e n c e may encourage use �9 T25jd7 by t r a f f i c which would o t h e r w i s e use the o u t e r B e l t w a y system. The D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and The N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Planning Commission should ponder s e r i o u s l y the enormous c o s t s i n c o n s t r u c t i o n and maintenance and d i s r u p t i o n t o b u s i n e s s e s i n v o l v e d i n c o n s t r u c t i o n of throughways intended t o c a r r y t r a f f i c a c r o s s the h e a r t o f t h e c i t y . t h a t may be i n v o l v e d i n t h i s , i n t h i s I may add a l s o homes construction. The Commission, we t h i n k , may w e l l r e f l e c t on a p o l i c y of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n d e s i g n intended t o s e r v e t h e c i t y , r a t h e r than on proposals to serve a t r a f f i c shortcut through it. I f any k i n d of I n n e r Loop i s thought n e c e s s a r y to s e r v e the c i t y ' s i n t e r e s t s , t h e r e should be a r e v i e w of t h e Commission's o r i g i n a l p r o p o s a l f o r a s u r f a c e route around the c e n t e r c o r e , The Connecticut A K S t r e e t t u n n e l was not i n t h i s proposal. Avenue A s s o c i a t i o n tends to t h e c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h i s p r i o r p r o p o s a l was not abandoned because the route was regarded as inadequate o r i m p r a c t i c a b l e . I t s construction for i t s l i m i t e d purpose would c e r t a i n l y c o s t l e s s than b u i l d - i n g a t u n n e l under K S t r e e t . The And Connecticut Avenue A s s o c i a t i o n i s p r e s e n t l y -- when I wrote t h i s i t was p r e s e n t l y , b u t Tho Connecticut Avenue A s s o c i a t i o n has presented a d e t a i l e d s u r v e y among property owners, b u s i n e s s e s and r e s i d e n t s a l o n g Northwest K S t r e e t and i n tho immediate neighborhood t o determine whether �10 : <2bjd8 t h e r e e x i s t s an a t t i t u d e toward the t u n n e l p r o p o s a l . Need I say t h a t the f e e l i n g s were d e f i n i t e l y negative. We understand t h a t tho D i s t r i c t of Columbia Highway Department has i t s own p l a n f o r a depressed freeway a l o n g t h i s same r o u t e . Our A s s o c i a t i o n has supported a r a p i d subway system f o r the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. transit We t h i n k t h a t completion of the e n t i r e system as proposed should hastened. Wo would urge t h a t Maryland h a s t e n to supplement t h i s system. and V i r g i n i a likewise We a r e of the o p i n i o n t h a t the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission and concerned be other a g e n c i e s should emphasize and re-emphasize the urgent n e c e s s i t y of p r o v i d i n g r a p i d mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s f o r the M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington a r e a . Tho C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue A s s o c i a t i o n w i l l to continue support the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission and o t h e r a g e n c i e s i n e f f o r t s to implement new, and improve -- ( R i n g i n g of b o l l . ) May I have 30 CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. facilities BIAS: And seconds? (Nodding head.) improve p r e s e n t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n tho D i s t r i c t of Columbia and s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a s . Wo w i l l g i v e support to the Commission's recom- mendations f o r a p u b l i c p a r k i n g management program. We will �11 T26jd9 c o n t i n u e t o p r e s s f o r g r e a t e r a v a i l a b i l i t y o f adequate p a r k i n g f o r non-work t r i p s between day hours of 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Wo urge requirements t h a t a l l new o f f i c e structures provide f a c i l i t i e s w i t h i n t h e i r buildings to f u l l y take c a r e of t e n a n t employee p a r k i n g . Wo w i l l s h o r t l y forward t o tho Commission our f u r t h e r c o n c l u s i o n s on t h e K S t r e e t freeway p r o p o s a l s . A f t e r our f o r m a l r e p o r t on t h i s i s i n your hands, we would welcome an o p p o r t u n i t y to meet w i t h you f o r t h e purpose of going into greater d e t a i l i n this specific matter. Wo thank you f o r a c c o r d i n g The C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue Association the p r i v i l e g e of p r e s e n t i n g t h i s statement. (Applause.) STATEMENT OF: THOMAS M. WALSH, CHAIRMAN, TRANSPORTATION COMMITTEE, THE METROPOLITAN WASHINGTON BOARD OF TRADE MR. SHEAR: Number 2 9 , Thomas M. Walsh, Chairman of the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee o f t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington Board o f Trade has f i l e d a statement f o r t h e r e c o r d . (Mr. Walsh's statement reads a s f o l l o w s : ) �11A THE METROPOLITAN WASHINGTON BOARD OF iK/iDE 1616 K S t r e e t , Northwest Washington, D. C. 20006 TESTIMONY I N PUBLIC HEARING BEFORE THE NATIONAL CAPITAL PLANNING COMMISSION REGARDING THE TRANSPORTATION PROPOSALS i n the PROPOSED COMPREHENSIVE PLAN FOR THE NATIONAL CAPITAL J u n e 14-15, 1967 THOMAS M. WALSH CHAIRMAN TRANSPORTATION COMMITTEE WE B E L I E V E THAT WITH A FEW IMPORTANT EXCEPTIONS, THE TRANSPORTATION PLAN BEING PROPOSED I S A GOOD ONE AND I S FAITHFUL TO THE CONCEPT OF A BALANCED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM FOR OUR CITY AND REGION. ALL OF US WANT A BETTER CITY AND BETTER L I F E FOR EVERYONE. WE WANT BETTER SCHOOLS, BETTER HOUSING, MORE JOBS, BETTER HEALTH, LESS CRIME AND MORE ECONOMIC GROWTH. WE WANT AN ATTRACTIVE, PLEASANT AND THRIVING COMMUNITY IN WHICH TO ENJOY THE PLEASURES OF L I F E . THE FULFILLMENT OF THESE DESIRES DEPENDS I N GREAT MEASURE UPON THE ECONOMIC STRENGTH OF OUR CITY AND ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMIC BASS WHICH PRODUCES TAX REVENUES. THE AMOUNT OF LOCAL TAX DOLLARS AVAILABLE TO SUPPORT OUR MUNICIPAL SERVICES AND SOCIAL PROGRAMS DEPENDS HEAVILY UPON REVENUE PAID TO THE CITY BY BUSINESS. WE THINK I T I S QUITE EVIDENT THAT AN ADEQUATE, MODERN, BALANCED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM OF FREEWAYS AND RAPID R A I L TRANSIT, COUPLED WITH AUXILARY SERVICES, I S ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL TO THE PRODUCTION OF STEADILY-INCREASING AMOUNTS OF TAXES TO PAY FOR THE SERVICES THAT ARE NEEDED NOW AND IN THE DECADES AHEAD. THE COMMUNITY RENEWAL PLAN FOR D. C. AND OTHER PROGRAMS WILL COST TREMENDOUS SUMS OF MONEY. UNLESS THE PRIVATE TAX BASE I S GREATLY EXPANDED, THERE I S L I T T L E LIKELIHOOD THESE PLANS CAN BE IMPLEMENTED. �11B 2 PLANNERS PLAN FOR THE FUTURE OF A CITY IN TERMS OF 25, 50 AND 100 YEARS WITH THE REALIZATION THAT THE NEEDS AND DEMANDS OF TODAY, NEXT YEAR AND F I V E YEARS FROM NOW ARE ONLY ONE PART OF THE PROBLEM. THEY WELL KNOW THAT A CITY WITHOUT MODERN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS I S A CITY WITH A HOST OF CHRONIC ECONOMIC PROBLEMS. CENTRAL TO THIS ISSUE I S THE HEALTH OF BUSINESS. I F BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT I S SHACKLED I N THE CORE CITY OF OUR METROPOLITAN AREA, I T WILL NOT BECOME INERT. THE DEVELOPMENT WILL TAKE PLACE I N SUBURBAN AREAS. WHEN BUSINESS I S DISCOURAGED FROM BUILDING DOWNTOWN, THE CITY TAKES AN IRREVOCABLE STEP BACKWARD. THE STEADY AND HEAVY GROWTH OF OUR POPULATION AND THE DEVELOPING MEGALOPOLIS OF THE EAST COAST WHICH INCLUDES WASHINGTON MAKES I T FULLY APPARENT THAT I F THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA I S TO BE A HEALTHY, ATTRACTIVE AND ECONOMICALLY STRONG CENTRAL CITY, WE MUST HAVE ADEQUATE FREEWAYS AND MASS TRANSIT THAT SERVE ALL OF THE DISTRICT AND T I E S THE REGION TOGETHER AS AN ECONOMIC UNIT WITH DOWNTOWN WASHINGTON FUNCTIONING AS THE PRINCIPLE BUSINESS AND SOCIAL CENTER. OTHERWISE, WE SIMPLY WILL NOT BE ABLE TO TRANSPORT PEOPLE AND GOODS AT ANY REASONABLE COST AND WITH EFFICIENCY. WASHINGTON WILL LOSE I T S L I V A B I L I T Y . THE REGION WILL BECOME A SERIES OF PARTS UNRELATED TO THE WHOLE I N I T S ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL L I F E . THE NATIONAL CAPITAL DESERVES A BETTER FATE THAN THAT. THE MAJOR PREMISE OF ALMOST EVERY IMPORTANT PLANNING RECOMMENDATION CONTAINED IN THE REPORT I S THAT OUR CITY SHOULD BE "OPEN" AND "HORIZONTAL" I N I T S PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND LOW TO- MODERATE I N DENSITY WITH RESPECT TO POPULATION. THE BOARD OF TRADE RECOMMENDS THAT THIS PREMISE BE ABANDONED AS BEING COMPLETELY UNREALISTIC. ANY LONG-RANGE PLAN FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA SHOULD START WITH THE ASSUMPTION OF A GREATER POPULATION DENSITY AND A COMPLETELY REVISED CONCEPT OF BUILDING HEIGHTS. THE REPORT ASSUMES A POPULATION GROWTH RATE WHICH, I N THE OPINION OF THE BOARD OF TRADE, I S FAR TOO CONSERVATIVE. HAVING THUS CONFINED I T S �11C THINKING BY THIS UNREALISTIC ASSUMPTION, THE REPORT PROCEEDS TO RECOMMEND POLICIES WHICH WILL MOST ASSUREDLY PREVENT THE POPULATION GROWTH WHICH COULD OTHERWISE BE ACHIEVED. THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA I S THE HEART OF A METROPOLITAN AREA WHICH COULD HAVE A POPULATION OF FOUR MILLION I N 1985 AND CERTAINLY A FAR GREATER POPULATION IN THE YEAR 2000. I T MUST MAINTAIN I T S POSITION AS THE DOMINANT ECONOMIC SECTOR OF THE METROPOLITAN AREA. THE DISTRICT HAS A MOST SERIOUS HOUSING PROBLEM BECAUSE OF A LACK OF ADEQUATE HOUSING S I T E S . LAND AREA WILL BE CONTINUALLY DIMINISHED BY FEDERAL, CITY AND FOREIGN GOVERNMENT DEMANDS. THE DISTRICT CANNOT ANNEX NEIGHBORING POLITICAL AREAS FOR EXPANSION PURPOSES. THESE ARE THE "FACTS OF L I F E " I N THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. THEY DICTATE A SIMPLE CONCLUSION - GREATER BUILDING HEIGHTS AND DENSER POPULATION DEVELOPMENT, AND AN ADEQUATE BALANCED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TO SERVE THAT POPULATION. A LONG-RANGE PLAN BASED ON ANY OTHER ASSUMPTION WOULD HAVE COMPLETELY UNDESIRABLE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES FOR OUR C I T Y . WHY NOT UNLEASH THE CREATIVE ENERGY OF OUR PEOPLE TO BUILD, IMPROVE AND REDEVELOP OUR CITY? CREATIVE FORCE I N THE WORLD. PEOPLE ARE THE MOST POWERFUL, BY INCREASING PREMISSIBLE BUILDING HEIGHTS AND DENSITIES, WE WILL BE TAKING STEPS TO BRING A WHOLE NEW ERA OF ECONOMIC GROWTH TO OUR C I T Y , PROVIDING, OF COURSE, WE CONSTRUCT AN ADEQUATE BALANCED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM THAT WILL SERVICE THE NEW ERA. REGARDING S P E C I F I C PLANS FOR MASS TRANSIT AND FREEWAYS: FREEWAYS: WE - AGAIN - ENDORSE IN ALMOST ALL I T S ELEMENTS, THE FREEWAY SYSTEM PROPOSED IN THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN. HOWEVER, WE RECOMMEND THAT THE K STREET TUNNEL PROPOSAL BE ABANDONED AND THAT THE PREVIOUS PLAN FOR A NORTH LEG CIRCLING ACROSS FLORIDA AVENUE BE ADOPTED. WE HAVE NOT SEEN ANY EVIDENCE THAT THE K STREET TUNNEL WOULD BE AS E F F I C I E N T OR COST LESS MONEY. WE STRONGLY SUPPORT THE 1967-1972 TIMING FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THESE FREEWAYS; IN OTHER WORDS, THEY SHOULD BE BUILT JUST AS �4 RAPIDLY AS POSSIBLE. RAIL RAPID TRANSIT: WE SUPPORT THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN'S 1967-1972 OBJECTIVES, ASSUMING THAT, L I K E ALL GOOD PLANS, I T WILL BE F L E X I B L E ENOUGH TO ACCOMMODATE CHANGING CIRCUMSTANCES. I T SHOULD BE NOTED THAT VERTICAL BUILDINGS AND A GREATER DENSITY OF POPU- LATION WILL BE REQUIRED AT SUBWAY STATIONS I N ORDER TO MEET PASSENGER PROJECTIONS OF TRANSIT PLANNERS. THIS I S ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE NEED TO CHANGE THE CONCEPT OF A LOW-DENSITY, HORIZONTAL FUTURE FOR WASHINGTON. PARKING: OUR POLICY FAVORS THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A PUBLIC PARKING AUTHORITY FOR THE DISTRICT, WHICH WOULD SUPPLEMENT PRIVATE OPERATIONS. PLACED ON PRIVATE ACTIVITY. PRIMARY RELIANCE MUST BE HOWEVER, THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN CALLS FOR "PUBLIC CONTROL OVER LOCATION S I Z E AND OPERATION OF ALL OFF-STREET PARKING F A C I L I T I E S IN THE C I T Y " , AND WE STRONGLY OPPOSE THIS RECOMMENDATION. THE OBJECTIVES THAT WILL SERVE THIS COMMUNITY BEST ARE: - A SUBSTANTIAL INCREASE I N THE NUMBER OF OFF-STREET PARKING FACILITIES - PRIVATE OWNERSHIP TO: MINIMIZE FURTHER EXPANSION OF GOVERNMENT ACTION IN DOWNTOWN DEVELOPMENT INCREASE THE TAX BASE MINIMIZE THE COST TO THE PUBLIC - THE USE OF PUBLIC AUTHORITY TO SUPPLEMENT THE SUPPLY OF OFFSTREET PARKING F A C I L I T I E S . THE PROPOSAL TO FREEZE THE NUMBER OF PARKING SPACES DOWNTOWN APPEARS TO BE AN ATTEMPT TO ARBITRARILY RESTRICT ACCESS TO DOWNTOWN BY PEOPLE WHO TRAVEL BY CAR. EVEN I F ADOPTED, THIS RECOMMENDATION COULDN'T STAND ON I T S OWN UNDER THE STEADILYINCREASING DEMAND FOR MORE PARKING SPACE ON THE PART OF BOTH RESIDENTS AND TOURISTS. UNDERSCORING THIS FACT I S THE PROJECTED GROWTH OF EMPLOYMENT DOWNTOWN OF 200,000 BY 1985. I T SEEMS TO US THIS I S AN INSTANCE WHERE THE PLANNING COMMISSION HAS CLOSED I T S EYES TO HUMAN NATURE AND HUMAN NEED. WE'D BETTER BE SURE THAT WE I N - �HE. r CREASE OUR DOWNTOWN PARKING F A C I L I T I E S I F WE HAVE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AS A GOAL FOR THE CENTRAL BUSINESS AREA. AIR TRANSPORTATION: THE DEVELOPMENT OF DULLES INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT I S A MAJOR GOAL OF THE BOARD OF TRADE. I T I S THE WORLD'S FINEST, MOST MODERN AND SAFEST AIRPORT AND A TREMEN- DOUSE ASSET FOR OUR TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM AND THE NATION'S CAPITAL. MILLIONS OF DOLLARS COULD BE SPENT ON RAPID TRANSIT TO DULLES. WITH US I F THE COSTS CAN BE J U S T I F I E D . THAT'S FINE WE'D L I K E TO SEE I T DONE SOMEDAY. BUT CONSIDER THE QUESTION OF THE POTOMAC RIVER CROSSING. AS SOON AS THE THREE SISTERS BRIDGE I S FUNCTIONING, I T WILL BE A NONSTOP 20-25-MINUTE RUN BY CAR OR BUS TO DULLES INTERNATIONAL. THIS CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED MUCH SOONER THAN WE CAN BUILD RAPID TRANSIT THERE. THE POINT I S THAT WE ARE ALREADY SADLY LACKING I N MODERN TRANSPORTATION AND WE MUST MAKE PROMPT USE OF EVERY OPPORTUNITY TO IMPROVE OUR SITUATION AS LONG AS I T I S FAITHFUL TO THE BALANCED TRANSPORTATION CONCEPT. ANALOGOUS TO DOWNTOWN WASHINGTON. DULLES INTERNATIONAL I S GIVE I T THE ACCESS I T DESERVES AND I T WILL FLOURISH. WE NOTE THAT THE CONGRESS HAS DIRECTED THAT A HELIPORT S I T E BE LOCATED ON FEDERAL LAND WITHIN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA AND SO FAR THE F.A.A. AND G.S.A. HAVE NOT BEEN ABLE TO FIND AN APPROVED LOCATION FOR I T . IN CONNECTION WITH THE PROVISION OF HELICOPTER SERVICE I N OTHER METROPOLITAN AREAS OF THE COUNTRY, THE SO-CALLED 'NUISANCE EFFECT' HAS NOT BEEN A SERIOUS CONSIDERATION. I N VIEW OF THE UNIQUE CHARACTER OF THIS CITY AS THE NATION'S CAPITAL, I T I S A MATTER OF SERIOUS IMPORTANCE TO ALL PERSONS I N KEY GOVERNMENT POSITIONS, AS WELL AS THE PUBLIC, TO BE ABLE TO U T I L I Z E HELICOPTER SERVICE TO SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCE GROUND TRAVEL TIME. WE DON'T THINK THESE PEOPLE OUGHT TO BE DENIED THE OPPORTUNITY TO ADD THOUSANDS OF PRODUCTIVE MAN-HOURS A YEAR TO THEIR �IIP ' 6 EFFORTS BECAUSE THE PLANNING COMMISSION I S WORRIED ABOUT 'NUISANCE EFFECTS.' THE FREQUENT USE OF HELICOPTER SERVICE I N AND AROUND THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES SEEMS TO INDICATE HELICOPTERS ARE A CONVENIENCE RATHER THAN A NUISANCE. CONCLUSION: WE URGE THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE BALANCED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN THE PROPOSED COMPREHENSIVE PLAN SUBJECT TO THE RESERVATIONS INDICATED. WE ARE DEEPLY CONCERNED ABOUT THE RESTRICTIVE PHILOSOPHY EXPRESSED AND IMPLIED REGARDING ELEMENTS OF THE TRANSPORTATION PLAN BECAUSE I T REFLECTS SOMETHING LESS THAN GREAT ENTHUSIASM FOR THE WHOLE RANGE OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT EFFORT THAT WILL BE NECESSARY TO SOLVE THE PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. THE LOW-DENSITY HORIZONTAL-CITY CONCEPT REFLECTS A TRAGIC MISCALCULATION OF THE URBAN FORCES AT WORK. WE CANNOT HELP BUT F E E L THIS FEATURE I S DESIGNED TO RESIST THE FORCES OF CHANGE, A GOAL THAT HAS NEVER BEEN ACHIEVED. THESE FORCES CAN BE CHANNELED AND MADE TO WORK TO OUR ADVANTAGE BUT THEY CANNOT BE STYMIED. WE THINK THE LOW TO MEDIUM DENSITY, HORIZONTAL-CITY CONCEPT, I F ADOPTED, WILL FALL OF I T S OWN WEIGHT EVENTUALLY BECAUSE I T PLANS PEOPLE AND INSTITUTIONS 'INTO CORNERS.' I T I S UNNECESSARILY AND ARBITRARILY RESTRICTIVE. I F WE PROCEED AS THE COMMISSION RECOMMENDS AND THIS ABORTIVE CONCEPT PREVAILS, I T MAY BE TOO LATE TO UNLEASH THE POWERFUL CREATIVITY OF PEOPLE TO BUILD THEIR CITY WITHIN REASONABLE GUIDELINES OF GOOD COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT. WE APPRECIATE THIS OPPORTUNITY TO EXPRESS OUR VIEWS. THANK YOU. �12 T26jdl0 MR. SHEAR: Number 3 0 , Rene B o z z l , V i c e President, Lamond-Riggs C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n . STATEMENT OF: RENE BOZZI, V I C E PRESIDENT, LAMOND-RIGGS CIVIC ASSOCIATION MR. RENE BOZZI: Madam Chairman, members of the Board, l a d i e s and gentlemen of the a u d i e n c e : Rene B o z z i . My name i s I am from the Lamond-Riggs C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n which i s i n the n o r t h e r n p a r t of the D i s t r i c t , n o r t h of G a l l a t i n S t r e e t , e a s t of the B&O R a i l r o a d and a l o n g E a s t e r n Avenue, i n t h i s s e c t i o n here ( i n d i c a t i n g on map). We a r e v i t a l l y proposals i n t e r e s t e d i n the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and we have been on r e c o r d f o r the p a s t number of y e a r s as s t r o n g l y f a v o r i n g r a p i d r a i l t r a n s i t and i n supporting the proposed subway system as a l o g i c a l and prac- t i c a l s o l u t i o n f o r g e t t i n g people from t h e i r homos to t h e i r employment and f o r people to go shopping, f o r r e t a i l and c u l t u r a l e x c u r s i o n s downtown. We a r e s t r o n g l y opposed to tho proposed enlarge- ment of the highway system as i s shown on the p r o p o s a l s of tho North C e n t r a l Freeway, tho Route 95 coming i n t o G a l l a t i n S t r e e t , the network of the I n n e r Loop, which connects w i t h those roads. Our i n t e r e s t i s to keep our neighborhood, which i s a v e r y f i n e neighborhood, which I have l i v e d i n f o r 19 y e a r s , �13 T26jdll t o keep i t as a n i c e q u i e t r e s i d e n t i a l neighborhood, i n which the p r o p e r t y v a l u e s have been i n c r e a s i n g e v e r y y e a r and which the i n t e g r a t e d members o f tho neighborhood have worked v e r y hard t o keep a s a f i n e neighborhood. In t h e i r i n t e r e s t , i n t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s i n the Lamond-Riggs C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n , of which t h e r e a r e 3000 members, we have done e v e r y t h i n g we can t o make our c i t i z e n s an example of good c i t i z e n s h i p i n Washington, e s p e c i a l l y w i t h the problem t h a t we do not have r e p r e s e n t a t i o n , we do not have a vote f o r l o c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s and we don't have v e r y much of a v o i c e i n the problems of s c h o o l s and o t h e r civic problems. We a r e somewhat i n the p o s i t i o n of c o l o n i a l s u b j e c t s back i n t h e 1 8 t h c e n t u r y . Maybe we ought t o wear t h r e e - cornered h a t s and knee b r e e c h e s . But we a r e , f o r a l l purposes, the same a s t h e c o l o n i a l s u b j e c t s who were f o r c e d to take a little s t r o n g measures i n tho end o f t h e 1 8 t h c e n t u r y t o make themselves heard by King George The T h i r d . some of t h e o x c i t o n o n t So you must excuse t h a t we have had here y e s t e r d a y because i f i t wasn't f o r people l i k e P a t r i c k Henry and o t h e r e x c i t a b l e gentlemen l i k e Thomas J e f f e r s o n , the Adams boys, we might be l o y a l s u b j e c t s of Her M a j e s t y . still She's a n i c e Queen but — (Applause.) -- I p r e f e r t h e good o l d r e p u b l i c a n way, democrat (Laughter.) �14 .•2ojdl2 So, anyway, our problem i s : How can we be heard? T h i s i s a welcome o p p o r t u n i t y to be heard and I have been i n charge of one of the committees a g a i n s t the f r e e w a y , t h e r e have been many, and we have been organized now into one c e n t r a l committee under some v e r y a b l e l e a d e r s h i p . And I would l i k e to s a y t h i s . That as I say i t p e r s o n a l l y I t h i n k t h a t the problem to be c o n s i d e r e d f i r s t and foremost i n our c i t y i s t h a t of h o u s i n g . The problem of h o u s i n g , e s p e c i a l l y f o r colored f a m i l i e s , i s very desperate. Washington s i n c e 1941. Y o r k C i t y i n Manhattan. I have been l i v i n g i n I have l i v e d i n a l a r g e c i t y , New I have seen the problems t h e r e . have l i v e d i n midtown Manhattan. I I have l i v e d i n the R i v e r s i d e D r i v e which i s j u s t a stone's throw from the slums of Harlem and I do know t h a t t h e r e i s g r e a t p r e s s u r e on the c o l o r e d f a m i l i e s t o f i n d a p l a c e to l i v e i n and w i t h high rents i t ' s a disgrace. And, i f we c o n t i n u e to erode t h e i r l i v i n g s p a c e , i t makes l e s s and l e s s homes a v a i l a b l e f o r them, i t makes the r e n t s h i g h e r because of the law of s u p p l y and demand which works t h a t way. The r e a l e s t a t e s p e c u l a t o r s l i k e this because they get more f o r a rundown apartment house. (Applause.) And to e s p e c i a l l y t h i n k of p u t t i n g a f r e e w a y , any f r e e w a y I n t o the p a r t o f town i n w h i c h most of tho c o l o r e d �15 T26jdl3 people l i v e i n I t h i n k i s v e r y wrong. (Applause.) T27 To go i n t o the h i s t o r y of the f r e e w a y s , l i k e to say t h i s . I would O r i g i n a l l y i t was planned -- I t h i n k t h i s i s about 15 y e a r s ago and I have had long t a l k s w i t h Mr. P e t e r C r a i g on t h i s s u b j e c t , who i s q u i t e an a u t h o r i t y , now working f o r the United S t a t e s Government, the Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , but he t o l d me t h a t — I s a i d , Mr. C r a i g , how does anybody p l a n t o b r i n g i n a l l these highways i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia? doesn't make any sense t o me. r e a l l y but I ' l l interstate I t ' s kind o f , i t Ho s a y s , W e l l , i t doesn't t e l l you how i t a l l s t a r t e d . He s a i d , About 15 y e a r s ago someone proposed to ease the t r a f f i c problems i n tho D i s t r i c t t o b u i l d some r o a d s , some kind of road system to f a c i l i t a t e t r a f f i c going from the e a s t and w e s t , the s o - c a l l e d cross-town t r a f f i c . There were p l e n t y of roads going n o r t h and south but t o f a c i l i t a t e t r a f f i c they thought maybe they could get some underpasses o r roads going c a s t and west to f a c i l i t a t e the t r a f f i c i n t h e h e a r t of the c i t y . T h i s was k i c k e d around but no one e v e r found any money t o pay f o r t h i s . So i t kept being pigeonholed. But along comes t h e F e d e r a l Highway B i l l w i t h the money from the g a s o l i n e t a x e s and t h e f a c t t h a t t h i s l a r g o sum o f money was put a s i d e t o b u i l d i n t e r s t a t e highways. MR. SHEAR: Two m i n u t e s . �16 >.'27jdl4 MR. BOZZI: Y e s , s i r , I'm f i n i s h i n g up. So t h a t someone s a i d , Now, l o o k , i f wo can make the c i t y roads which wo nood, i f wo can make them p a r t of tho i n t e r s t a t e highway, we can g e t 90 p e r cent of i t paid for. Now, wouldn't t h a t be a l o v e l y thought? And t h i s idea caught on and i t mushroomed and t h a t i s e x a c t l y why we have today t h e p r o p o s a l t o b r i n g Route 95, which i s from Maine t o F l o r i d a . I b e l i e v e i t ' s a s i x - o r an e i g h t - l a n e highway i n t o G a l l a t i n S t r e e t which i s the s o u t h e r n p a r t o f the Lamond-Riggs a r e a , j u s t n e x t door t o — a half a b l o c k away from the Backus J u n i o r High S c h o o l , t o b r i n g t h a t - and then p a s t a n o t h e r , Keene E l e m e n t a r y S c h o o l , t o b r i n g an i n t e r s t a t e highway i n t o tho h e a r t of the c i t y , t o encourage more i n t e r s t a t e highways coming down through tho North C e n t r a l Freeway and t o b r i n g i t down through here i n t o t h e h e a r t of Washington. S u r e l y tho thought of b r i n g i n g i n t e r s t a t e highway t r u c k s n i g h t and day i n t o t h e h e a r t of the c i t y i s wrong. (Applause.) I t i s wrong and t h e o n l y e x p l a n a t i o n i s t h a t the gentlemen who want t o b u i l d the highways and a l l t h e rubber t i r o , c o n c r e t e salesmen, automobile, AAA, r e a l e s t a t e specul a t o r s , thoy want t o get t h i s f r e e w a y system b u i l t and they know t h a t t h e r e i s — 90 p e r c e n t of i t can be paid by the f e d e r a l government and i t i s t o t h e i r m a t e r i a l advantage but �17 '..'27jdl5 i t i s not t o tho advantage o f tho c i t y and tho people a r e against i t . (Applause.) Thank you. MR. SHEAR: Thomas P. Rooney. STATEMENT OP: THOMAS P. ROONEY MR. THOMAS P. ROONEY: B e f o r e beginning my f o r m a l s t a t e m e n t , I would l i k e t o defend o r s a y something i n defense of t h e two l a d i e s i n v o l v e d i n the proceedings of l a s t night's hearing. CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. ROONEY: Would you i d e n t i f y yourself? My name i s Thomas Rooney and I w i l l i d e n t i f y m y s e l f f u r t h e r when I g e t around t o my f o r m a l statement. CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. ROONEY: A l l right. Those of us who have been i n v o l v e d i n t h i s freeway s t r u g g l e over the p a s t two o r t h r e e y e a r s have como t o expect t h a t tho p r e s s o f t h i s c i t y i s not e x a c t l y e n t i r e l y behind u s . They a r e i n f a v o r of t h e freeways and u s u a l l y they do a r a t h e r n e g a t i v e j o b o f r e p o r t i n g . However, t h e Washington Post t h i s morning and Mr. F l o r i n t h e S t a r t h i s evening have done an e x c e p t i o n a l l y n e g a t i v e j o b of r e p o r t i n g t h e meetings o f l a s t n i g h t . (Applause.) �18 7jdlo The f i r s t l a d y I i n t e n d t o defend i s my own w i f e who spoke l a s t n i g h t immediately Barry. a f t e r Mr. Marion She was d e l i v e r i n g a t a l k f o r Mrs. J u a r e z who was not i n town and a f t e r Mr. B a r r y ' s moving t a l k she gave a v e r y impromptu and s h o r t speech about Mr. B a r r y ' s t a l k . To read o f i t i n Mr. F l o r ' s r e p o r t o r i n the Post t h i s morning, a p p a r e n t l y t o p o i n t a t i n j u s t i c e and a t the sources of u n r e s t i s t o i n c i t e to r i o t . Tho second l a d y I would l i k e t o defend i s Mrs. Rowo. (Applause.) (Attendance standing.) Mr. F l o r wrote i n t h e S t a r t h i s evening: foes j e o r an a l l y . Freeway Freeway foes were not j e e r i n g an a l l y , we were j e e r i n g the r u l i n g t h a t a l l o w s us o n l y t e n minutes to speak about such an important matter. (Applause.) Mr. F l o r f a i l e d t o mention t h a t Mrs. Rowe was a l s o g i v e n a two- o r three-minute s t a n d i n g o v a t i o n by the same people l a s t n i g h t . So I would l i k e t o s e t t h i s straight. (Applause.) Now, t h e f o r m a l p a r t . I l i v e i n t h e Brookland My name i s Thomas Rooney. a r e a of Northeast am a member o f the Brookland Washington. I C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n , teach a t C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y and am chairman of a committee c r e a t e d �19 :.'27jdl7 by the Graduate School o f A r t s and S c i e n c e s of C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y a s s i g n e d t o study t h e impact of t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission's 1985 P l a n on the U n i v e r s i t y and on the Brookland community, of which i t i s a p a r t . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h i s committee was o n l y r e c e n t l y formed a t the l a s t meeting of t h e academic y e a r . cannot y e t speak o f f i c i a l l y f o r t h e Graduate While I School o f A r t s and S c i e n c e s , I know t h a t the views I e x p r e s s here a r e those of many of the f a c u l t y w i t h whom I have spoken and t h a t they a r e tho views of v i r t u a l l y t h e e n t i r e Brookland community. Much of what I have t o s a y i t r e p e t i t i o u s . I t is r e p e t i t i o u s of what has been s a i d hero t h i s evening and l a s t evening and r e p e t i t i o u s of what has been s a i d over and over a g a i n a t e v e r y p l a n n i n g , highway, budget h e a r i n g and p r e s e n t a t i o n s i n c e tho f i r s t freeway p l a n s appeared here and s i n c e September o f 19^5 when the NCPC presented i t s Proposed P h y s i c a l Development P o l i c i e s f o r Washington, D. C. A p p a r e n t l y t h i s r e p e t i t i o n i s n e c e s s a r y s i n c e the p r e s s , tho p l a n n e r s , the D i s t r i c t Commissioners and the Congress have not r e a l l y hoard what the c i t i z e n s o f the D i s t r i c t of Columbia have been s a y i n g -- and i f they read t h e (Applause.) -- And i f t h e c i t i z e n s read t h e p r e s s of t h i s morning and t h i s e v e n i n g , t h e y s t i l l don't know what the r e s t �20 T27jdl8 of us have been s a y i n g . (Applause.) That i s t h a t i n t e r s t a t e t r u c k r o u t e s and suburban freeways do not belong i n any c i t y , l e t a l o n e the Nation's Capital. (Applause.) I n a d d i t i o n t o the u s u a l v a l i d o b j e c t i o n s t o those monstrous roads a l r e a d y w e l l covered h e r e , I would l i k e t o emphasize the f a c t t h a t freeway b u i l d i n g i n urban a r e a s has become a major moral i s s u e and a l l too o f t e n has boon an i n s t r u m e n t of gross injustice. F o r example, t h e c i t i z e n s of tho D i s t r i c t of Columbia, and I use t h e word " c i t i z e n " l o o s e l y h e r e , f o r we a r e , i n f a c t , v o t e l e s s s u b j e c t s of t h e Congress, a r e t o be taxed t o pay t h e D i s t r i c t ' s t e n t h of a b i l l i o n d o l l a r s s h a r e i n t h e c o s t of t h e i n t e r s t a t e freeway and t r u c k w i t h i n the c i t y l i m i t s . routes That i s 1 0 0 m i l l i o n D. C. t a x d o l l a r s f o r a freeway system which t h e people of t h e D i s t r i c t have c o n s i s t e n t l y and r e p e a t e d l y here r e j e c t e d , and r e j e c t a g a i n tonight. I n t h e budget e s t i m a t e O f f i c e f o r 1 9 6 8 a r e the f o l l o w i n g i s s u e d by t h e D. C. Budget estimates: Highways and T r a f f i c , $ 1 1 1 . 5 m i l l i o n ; Welfare, $ 2 0 . 1 m i l l i o n ; Schools, $18.4 m i l l i o n ; �21 ••2Yjdl9 H e a l t h , $7.9 million; Urban r e n e w a l , $3.8 R e c r e a t i o n , $1.2 million; million. There a r e a couple of o t h e r items of l e s s than $2 m i l l i o n i n the summary and tho t o t a l e s t i m a t e d budget f o r 1968 i s $167.9 m i l l i o n . E v e r y item on t h i s budget was s l a s h e d , except the $111.5 m i l l i o n f o r highways and traffic and a requested i n c r e a s e f o r the p o l i c e department. The d i s c r e p a n c i e s i n the f i g u r e s speak f o r them- s e l v e s and the v a l u e judgments of the D i s t r i c t A p p r o p r i a t i o n s Committee a r e v e r y e v i d e n t I n t h e i r c h o i c e of items to c u t , which i n c l u d e d most of the money requested f o r mass t r a n s i t for f i s c a l 1968. Shameful Shaw and two dozen o t h e r o b s o l e t e s c h o o l s still stand. The K e n i l w o r t h dump s t i l l b u r n s . Program f o r Youth i s s t i l l w a i t i n g f o r funds. The Summer None of the c i t y ' s most p r e s s i n g needs have adequate funds and we a r e asked to pay $100 not want. m i l l i o n f o r an i n t e r s t a t e freeway wo T h i s i s a moral do issue. (Applause.) This i s i n j u s t i c e . Tc, The r o u t e s of urban freeways a r e determined so much by geography as by f i n d i n g the paths of l e a s t resistance. not civil The poor, the e l d e r l y , the d i s c r i m i n a t e d - a g a i n s t m i n o r i t y , the r a c i a l or n a t i o n a l i s t i c g h e t t o , the p o o r l y �22 1 . 28jd20 educated, a l l of t h e s e a r e those who can r e s i s t least, and a r e the ones most l i k e l y to f i n d the a p p r a i s o r o r the e v i c t i o n n o t i c e on t h e i r d o o r s t e p . (Applause.) Over 90 p e r cent of those to be d i s p l a c e d by the D i s t r i c t Highway Department's f r e e w a y system a r e Negro. The f r e e w a y has become an i n s t r u m e n t of r a c i a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n . The d i s p l a c e d Nogro cannot l e a v e tho c i t y , s i n c e the w h i t e suburb i s s t i l l c l o s e d to him. Montgomery County bragged r e c e n t l y of l o c a t i n g 300 Negro f a m i l i e s i n t h e p a s t two y e a r s , and i t i s our o n l y p r o g r e s s i v e neighbor. (Laughter.) The d i s p l a c e d Negro i n the c i t y i s caught i n the land grab squeeze between freeway a c q u i s i t i o n s , r e a l e s t a t e s p e c u l a t i o n and urban r e n e w a l , which i s u s u a l l y r e n e w a l f o r those who can a f f o r d i t , w i t n e s s our Southwest Renewal area. The b l i g h t e d ghetto a r e a s become more and more t i g h t l y packed, more inhuman and more e x p l o s i v e . I tis i n t e r e s t i n g to note t h a t t h i s week i n Tampa, F l o r i d a the r i o t e r s were throwing Molotov c o c k t a i l s a t the automobiles on a super highway t h a t c u t s through t h e i r To c a l l o u s l y remove a man neighborhood. from h i s home, no m a t t e r how i t may be, and w i t h no p l a c e f o r him to go, i s a g r o s s i n j u s t i c e t h a t t h i s s o c i e t y cannot i g n o r e . poor �23 -5.jd21 MR. SHEAR: Two m i n u t e s , Mr. Rooney. (Applause.) MR. ROONEY: Another s e n t e n c e . To removo thousands of f a m i l i e s i s c r i m i n a l and t h i s i s what i s happening here and i n e v e r y o t h e r major c i t y i n t h i s c o u n t r y . This i s i n j u s t i c e . Two y e a r s ago i f anyone mentioned a i r p o l l u t i o n he was c o n s i d e r e d t o bo some s o r t of h e a l t h eccentric. faddish Now e v e r y major magazine and p e r i o d i c a l has had lead a r t i c l e s condemning pollution that e x i s t s the w a s t e f u l i n e v e r y major c i t y . and dangerous a i r Washington i s one o f the w o r s t . The Washington Post on May 9 t h had an e d i t o r i a l entitled A i r P o l l u t i o n Again. I t i s a s h o r t e d i t o r i a l and I w i l l read i t f o r you: On March 1 0 t h , a D i s t r i c t Subcommittee was t o l d by — This is — I am quoting from t h e Post — Subcommittee was t o l d by an o f f i c i a l The D i s t r i c t of t h e N a t i o n a l C e n t e r f o r A i r P o l l u t i o n C o n t r o l t h a t Washington's a i r i s worse than t h a t of Los Angeles. P o l l u t i o n i s known t o exceed levels s a f e f o r human h e a l t h . Tho s o u r c e s of t h i s a i r p o l l u t i o n , e t c e t e r a Oh, w e l l , l e t me f i n i s h t h a t . The s o u r c e s o f t h i s a i r p o l l u t i o n were s p e c i f i c a l l y located. very They i n c l u d e d the smoke from -- �24 28jd22 Government-owned b u i l d i n g s , from p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s and from tho b u r n i n g of wasto m a t e r i a l i n dumps. But tho Post has chosen t o ignore t h a t t h e major c o n t r i b u t o r to a i r p o l l u t i o n i n n o n - i n d u s t r i a l Washington i s the exhaust from the i n t e r n a l combustion engine. A few weeks ago E n g i n e e r Commissioner Mathe attacked t h e model a i r p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l code a s being un- enforceable. The a i r p o l l u t i o n code would s e t l i m i t s on the amount o f s u l f u r f u e l — (Ringing I w i l l s k i p t h a t and go on. of b e l l . ) CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. ROONEY: 30 more seconds. Okay. When i n t e r s t a t e freeway systems become i n s t r u m e n t s of r a c i a l o r economic d i s c r i m i n a t i o n , when people a r e being forced t o a c c e p t them as they a r e a l s o f o r c e d them w h i l e t o pay f o r o t h e r v i t a l needs a r e denied f u n d s , when, i n f a c t , the v e r y h e a l t h and p h y s i c a l w e l l b o i n g of a whole c i t y i s i n jeopardy from p o l l u t i o n , and when a l l o f t h e c i t i z e n s ' w i s h e s on the m a t t e r a r e f r u s t r a t e d and i g n o r e d , then t h e i s s u e i s v e r y o b v i o u s l y a moral i s s u e . T h i s kind of c a l l o u s i n d i f f e r e n c e t o such gross i n j u s t i c e has more t o do w i t h t h e r i o t i n g and bloodshed of tho worsening long hot summers than the l a c k o f k i d d i e pools and r e c r e a t i o n do. The r i g h t of eminent domain has como to mean the might of eminent domination �25 ; •-?8jd23 However, i f tomorrow -(Applause.) -- I f tomorrow t h e Congress, f i n d i n g a c o n s c i e n c e and i g n o r i n g t h e p o l i t i c a l p r e s s u r e s from the automobile and t r u c k i n g l o b b i e s , decided t o remove t h e 90 f e d e r a l 10 p e r cent l o c a l highway funds from urban interstate free- ways, oven decided t h a t , t o h e l p r e s c u e t h e c i t i e s , some of those 90/10 funds be used f o r mass t r a n s i t , we would still be i n t r o u b l e here i n tho D i s t r i c t . Mr. Hodges of t h e NCPC s t a f f -CHAIRMAN ROWE: Mr. Rooney, could you read t h e end of i t and l e t us put i n t o the r e c o r d tho o t h e r t h r e e pages because you have r u n over. MR„ ROONEY: Brookland and a number of o t h e r a r e a s -- T h i s s e c t i o n i s devoted t o speaking of what w i l l happen a t uptown subway stops a c c o r d i n g t o t h e 1985 P l a n . Brookland and a number of o t h e r a r e a s which a r e a f f e c t e d by the 1985 P l a n have s t a b l e , r a c i a l l y i n t e g r a t e d neighborhoods. They have people who a r e working hard t o overcome the e v i l e f f e c t s of c e n t u r i e s of r a c i a l d i s c r i m i n a tion. I t seems to me t h a t when tho P l a n n i n g Commission f i n d s t h e s e pockets of s u c c e s s f u l working i n t e g r a t i o n i t would bend e v e r y e f f o r t t o p r o t e c t and f o s t e r these much-needed b e g i n n i n g s , i n s t e a d o f proposing p l a n s guaranteed g h o t t o i z e these communities. t o k i l l and The t r a n s i t stops can absorb �26 x 28jd24 l some i n c r e a s e of d e n s i t y and some i n c r e a s e i n job-producing i n d u s t r i e s and o f f i c e s but these t h i n g s should be done w i t h a l i g h t touch and extreme c a r e and c o n t r o l . Certainly t h e s e communities should not be used as dumping grounds t o s o l v e t h e c i t y ' s housing and employment problems. The m e t r o p o l i t a n suburban a r e a s must, i n j u s t i c e and c h a r i t y , open i t s doors to middle- and low-income families. Much of t h o i r r e f u s a l t o do so i s r e f l e c t e d i n the 1985 P l a n . We w i l l not a c c e p t tho f r e e w a y s . We do u r g e n t l y and I r o n e d i a t e l y need mass t r a n s i t and much more of i t than has been proposed, but a t r a n s i t system tamed a t i t s stops and not thrown open t o the expedient development and t h e tender mercies o f the d e v e l o p e r . T h i s would bo planned ghettoization. (Applause.) (Mr. Rooney's f u l l statement i s as f o l l o w s : ) �N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Planning Commission - Hearing on the Transp o r t a t i o n S e c t i o n of 1985 Plan June 14, 1967 My name i s Thomas Rooney. north-east Washington. I l i v e i n the Brookland area o f I am a member o f the Brookland C i v i c Asso- c i a t i o n , teach a t C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y , and am chairman of a committee, created by the Graduate School o f A r t s and S c i e n c e s of C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y , assigned t o study the impact of the N.C.P.C.'s 1935 Plan on the U n i v e r s i t y and on the Brookland community, of which i t i s a part. Unfortunately, t h i s committee was only r e c e n t l y formed a t the l a s t meeting o f the F a c u l t y of the Graduate School f o r the academic year. While I cannot a s y e t speak o f f i c i a l l y f o r the Graduate School of A r t s and S c i e n c e s , I know t h a t the views I express here a r e those of many o f the f a c u l t y with whom I have spoken, and t h a t they a r e the views o f v i r t u a l l y the e n t i r e Brookland Much of what I have t o s a y i s r e p e t i t i o u s . community. I t i s repetitious of what has been s a i d here t h i s evening, and r e p e t i t i o u s of what has been s a i d over and over and over again a t every planning, highway, and budget h e a r i n g and p r e s e n t a t i o n s i n c e the f i r s t freeway p l a n s appeared here and s i n c e September, 1965 when the NCPC presented i t s "Proposed P h y s i c a l Development P o l i c i e s for Washington, D.C." >parently t h i s r e p e t i t i o n i s necessary, s i n c e the p r e s s , the planners, the D i s t r i c t Co remiss ion e r s , and t h e Congress have not r e a l l y heard what the c i t i z e n s o f the D i s t r i c t of Columbia have been saying and t h a t i s t h a t i n t e r s t a t e t r u c k routes and suburban �26B -2- freeways do not belong i n any c i t y , l e t alone i n the Nation's capital. I n a d d i t i o n to the u s u a l v a l i d o b j e c t i o n s to these monstrous roads, a l r e a d y w e l l covered here, I would l i k e to emphasize the f a c t t h a t freeway b u i l d i n g i n urban areas has become a major moral i s s u e , and a l l too o f t e n has been an instrument o f gross i n j u s t i c e . For example, the c i t i z e n s of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia (and I use the word " c i t i z e n " l o o s e l y here, f o r we a r e i n f a c t v o t e l e s s s u b j e c t s of the Congress) a r e to be taxed to pay the D i s t r i c t ' s tenth o f a b i l l i o n d o l l a r s share i n the c o s t of the i n t e r s t a t e freeway and t r u c k routes w i t h i n the c i t y l i m i t s . That i s 100 m i l l i o n D.C. tax d o l l a r s f o r a freeway system which t h e people of the D i s t r i c t have c o n s i s t e n t l y and repeatedly r e j e c t e d - — and r e j e c t again here tonight. I n the Budget Estimate issued by the D.C. Budget O f i c e f o r 1968 a r e the following estimates: Highways and T r a f f i c Welfare Schools Health Urban renewal Recreation 111.5 m i l l i o n c o l l a r s 20.1 18.4 7.9 3.8 1.2 There a r e three other items of l e s s than $2 m i l l i o n , and the t o t a l estimated budget f o r 1968 i s 167.9 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s * Every item on t h i s budget was s l a s h e d , except the 111.5 m i l l i o n f o r highwaya and t r a f f i c , and a requested i n c r e a s e f o r the p o l i c e department. The 3 c r e p e n c i e s i n the f i g u r e s speak f o r themselves, and the v a l u e judgements o f the D i s t r i c t Appropriations Committee a r e v e r y evident i n t h e i r choice of items to c u t (which included most of the money requested f o r mass t r a n s i t f o r f i s c a l 1968). "Shameful Shaw" and �two dozen other obsolete schools, s t i l l stand, the Kenilworth dump s t i l l burns, the Summer Program f o r Youth i s s t i l l w a i t i n g f o r funds, none o f the c i t y ' s most p r e s s i n g needs have adequate funds, and we a r e asked t o pay 100 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s f o r an i n t e r s t a t e f r e e way we do not want. T h i s i s a moral i s s u e . This i s i n j u s t i c e . The routes o f urban Freeways a r e determined not so much by geography, as by f i n d i n g the paths of l e a s t c i v i l r e s l s t e n c e . The poor, the e l d e r l y , the d i s c r i m i n a t e d a g a i n s t minority, the r a c i a l or n a t i o n a l i s t i c ghetto, the poorly educated, a l l of these a r e those who can r e s i s t l e a s t , and a r e the ones mo3t l i k e l y t o f i n d the appraicor or the e v i c t i o n n o t i c e on t h e i r doorstep. Over 90% of those to be d i s p l a c e d by the D i s t r i c t Highway Dept.'s freeway system a r e negro. discrimination. The freeway has become an instrument of r a c i a l The d i s p l a c e d Negro cannot leave the c i t y , s i n c e the white suburb i s s t i l l c l o s e d to him (Montgomery county bragged r e c e n t l y of l o c a t i n g 300 negro f a m i l i e s i n the p a s t two years, and i t i s our only p r o g r e s s i v e neighbor). The d i s p l a c e d Negro i n the c i t y i s caught i n the landgrab squeeze between freeway a c q u i s i t i o n s , r e a l e s t a t e s p e c u l a t i o n , and urban renewal (which i s u s u a l l y r e newal f o r those who can a f f o r d i t - witness our Southwest Renewal area). The b l i g h t e d ghetto areas become more and more t i g h t l y packed, more inhuman, and more e x p l o s i v e . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g to .,ote t h a t t h i s week i n Tampa, F l o r i d a , the r i o t e r s were throwing Molotov c o c k t a i l s a t the automobiles on a super highway t h a t c u t s through t h e i r neighborhood. To c a l l o u s l y remove a man from h i s home, no matter how poor i t may be, and with no place f o r him t o �-4' go i s a gross i n j u s t i c e t h a t t h i s s o c i e t y cannot ignore. To remove thousands of f a m i l i e s i s c r i m i n a l , and t h i 3 i s what i s happening here and i n every major c i t y i n t h i s country. Two This i s injustice^ y e a r s ago i f anyone mentioned a i r p o l l u t i o n , he was s i d e r e d to be some s o r t of h e a l t h - f a d d i s h e c c e n t r i c . Now, con- every major magazine and p e r i o d i c a l has had lead a r t i c l e s condemning the w a s t e f u l and dangerous a i r p o l l u t i o n t h a t e x i s t s i n every major city — on May and Washington i s one of the worst. Tire Washington Post, Sth, had an e d i t o r i a l e n t i t l e d " A i r P o l l u t i o n Again.' 1 It i s a s h o r t e d i t o r i a l , so I w i l l read i t for youj On March 10, a Senate D i s t r i c t Subcommittee was t o l d by an o f f i c i a l of the National Center for A i r P o l l u t i o n Control t h a t Washington's a i r i s worse than t h a t of Los Angeles. P o l l u t i o n i s known to exceed, l e v e l s s a f e f o r human h e a l t h * The sources of t h i s a i r p o l l u t i o n were very s p e c i f i c a l l y l o c a t e d . They included the Emoke from the Governments own b u i l d i n g s , from the p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s and from the burning of waste m a t e r i a l i n dumps. A l l of these sources continue to dump t h e i r p o l l u t a n t s i n t o the a i r , two months a f t e r t h i s d i s c l o s u r e . The National I n s t i t u t e s of Health has Cut down i t s c o n t r i b u t i o n of sulphur dioxide SO per cent by switching from high sulphur to low sulphur f u e l i n the NIH b o i l e r p l a n t . But the major sources a r e u n a l t e r e d . As long as they a r e unaltered, i t i s hard to take s e r i o u s l y the Government's a t t a c k on p o l l u tion nationally. What the Post has chosen to ignore i s t h a t the major c o n t r i b u t o r to ~ i r p o l l u t i o n i n n o n - i n d u s t r i a l Washington i s the exhaust from the i n t e r n a l combustion engine. A few weeks ago, Eng. Commissioner Mathe attacked the nvodel a i r p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l code as being unenforceable. The a i r p o l l u t i o n code would s e t l i m i t s on the amount of s u l f u r i n f u e l and on the �contaminates i n smoke, p r o h i b i t open burning, and r e q u i r e c a r s to be equiped with exhaust c o n t r o l s by 1970. At b e s t these a r e stop-gap steps, and the exhaust from the 200,000 c a r s and t r u c k s per day . the proposed Rt. 1-95, which c u t s through the D i s t r i c t on the North C e n t r a l Eeeway would more than o b l i t e r a t e the e f f e c t s of the a i r p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l s t h a t Gen. Mathe now f i n d s unenforceable. To dangerously a f f e c t the h e a l t h of t h i s c i t y i n order that t r u c k e r s , t o u r i s t s , and suburban commuters have easy a c c e s s to, or a s h o r t cut through the D i s t r i c t i s a gross i n j u s t i c e to the people who live there. I n 1955, when c i t i z e n opposition to t h i s i n t e r s t a t e freeway s y s - tem became too loud and too nagging, the D i s t r i c t Highway Department, to show how f i a r they were and how wrong c i t i z e n opposition was, h i r e ' a v e r y reputable firm from o u t s i d e the c i t y t o do an extensive and expensive r e - s t u d y of the freeway system proposed f o r t h i s c i t y . Arthur D. L i t t l e Report was r e l e a s e d i n A p r i l , 1966. The F i v e cays l a t e r i t was dead and b u r i e d ; k i l l e d by the Highway Dept., the D i s t r i c t Commissioners, the newspapers, by the P r e s i d e n t h i m s e l f . the auto and t r u c k i n g lobbies, and The f i n d i n g s of t h i s unbiased report were; t h a t the s t a t i s t i c s used t o j u s t i f y the freeways were exaggerated and i n a c c u r a t e ; t h a t most of the proposed freeways were, i n f a c t , not necessary • e s p e c i a l l y w i t h a good mass t r a n s i t system; t h a t an adequate mass t r a n s i t system be b u i l t immediately; and t h a t a study of the need f o r f u r t h e r freeways be done a f t e r the t r a n s i t system was i n operation. To k i l l t h i s r e p o r t because o f p o l i t i c a l p r e s s o r s and a t the expense o f and a g a i n s t the w i l l of the people of the �D i s t r i c t i s again a gross i n j u s t i c e . I f even a shadow of j u s t i c e were to be a p p l i e d to the s i t u a t i o n , the people of the D i s t r i c t would a t l e a s t be allowed a referendum vote ( s i n c e they have no her) on whether they want these roads or not. VThen i n t e r s t a t e freeway systems become instruments of r a c i a l o r economic d i s c r i m i n a t i o n ? when the people being forced to accept then are a l s o forced topay for them w h i l e other v i t a l needs a r e denied funds? when, i n f a c t , the very h e a l t h and p h y s i c a l w e l l being of a whole c i t y i s i n jeopardy from p o l l u t i o n ? and when a l l of t h e i r wishes on the matter a r e f r u s t r a t e d and ignored, then the b u i l d i n g c£ i n t e r s t a t e freeway systems i s , v e r y obviously, a moral issue. T h i s kind of c a l l o u s i n d i f f e r e n c e to such gross i n j u s t i c e s has more to do with the r i o t i n g and the bloodshed of the worseni n g "long hot summers" than the l a c k of k i d d i e pools and r e c r e a t i o n do. The r i g h t of eminent domain has come to mean "the might of eminent domination." However, if•tomorrow the Congress, f i n d i n g a conscience and ignoring the p o l i t i c a l p r e s s u r e s from the automobile and t r u c k i n g l o b b i e s , decided to remove the 90% f e d e r a l 10% l o c a l highway funds from urban i n t e r s t a t e freeways -—• even Csci&ed cue the c i t i e s , some of those 90-10 — that, to help r e s - funds be used f o r mass t r a n s i t we would s t i l l be i n t r o u b l e here i n the D i s t r i c t . Mr. Hodges of the NCPC s t a f f s a i d a few weeks ago a t a p r e s e n t a t i o n of the 1985 Plan, that "no one can a p p r e c i a t e what an impact the (Mass T r a n s i t ) system w i l l have," A f t e r studying the proposed intensive development a t each uptown t r a n s i t stop, one can c e r t a i n l y begin �t o get an i d e a of j u s t what a tremendous impact i t w i l l We are faced, r i g h t now, be. before the Freeways have r e a l l y s t a r t e d to bulldoze t h e i r way through Washington, and before the inplementation of the 1985 Plan, w i t h a s e r i o u s housing shortage. To implement the 1985 Plan means the displacement of 45,000 families. T h i s v a s t exodus of people from t h e i r homes means t h a t other p l a c e s w i l l have to be found f o r them to l i v e i n . There a r e the proposals to develop the A n a c o s t i a - B o l l i n g and National T r a i n i n g School s i t e s , butthese new developments en unused land w i l l accomodate l e s s than one fourth of these 45,000 refugees. Apparently, t h i s accounts for the " i n t e n s i v e development" proposed for each uptown t r a n s i t stop. Almost a l l of these stops are now dominantly s i n g l e u n i t r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s . i n pre- I n s p i t e of the Planning Commissions avowed goal of p r e s e r v i n g and p r o t e c t i n g e x i s t i n g neighborhoods, those communities t h a t f i n d themselves on a T r a n s i t stop are to become the c e n t e r s of high d e n s i t y population, uptown employment c e n t e r s , and are to provide s i t e s for l i g h t i n d u s t r y . As the Washington Post's a r c h i t e c t u r a l c r i t i c , Wolf Von S c h a r t , s a i d r e c e n t l y i n the "Potomac" s e c t i o n of t h a t paper, t h i s k i n d of development w i l l s p e l l the death of the community. Brookland, for example, which i s the community adjacent to C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y , i s being asked to absorb 2 lanes of B & O Railway t r a c k s , 2 l a n e s of mass t r a n s i t t r a c k s , 8 to 10 lanes of freeway i n a t h i r t y f e e t deep d i t c h , 4 lanes of f l y i n g ramps which emerge, 2 on each s i d e , from the freeway d i t c h a t the Michigan Ave. e x i t , and on both s i d e s o f t h i s complex of t r a c k s and freeway lanes �a 6 lane road to handle the t r a f f i c from the liichigan Ave. exits. T h i s adds up to a t o t a l of 28 to 30 lanes of t r a f f i c - p l u s a large t r a n s i t stop, an 1800 c a r parking l o t to s e r v i c e the t r a n s i t stop, p l u s a shopping c e n t e r to s e r v i c e the parking l o t a l l immediately » next to C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y , and between the U n i v e r s i t y and the Brookland community. I n a d d i t i o n the shops p r e s e n t l y on 12th S t . i n 3rookland are to be "absorbed" i n uptown o f f i c e b u i l d i n g s ? and a two block wide s t r i p running from Monroe S t . to Rhode I s l a n d Ave. next to the freeway i s to be given over to high density, low and middle income, high r i s e apartment b u i l d ings. What w i l l a l l of t h i s do to the e x i s t i n g community? I s this some of t h a t impact a t the t r a n s i t stops t h a t Mr. Hodges spoke of? What I have described here i s what i s propsed l o r 3 r o o k l a n d , but the same kind of development i s propsed foi* the New Hampshire stop, the Takoma stop, the S i l v e r Spring stop, and to every one of the uptown t r a n s i t stops. Brookland and a number of other areas a f f e c t e d by the 1985 have s t a b l e , r a c i a l l y i n t e g r a t e d neighborhoods. who Plan They have people are working hard to overcome the e v i l e f f e c t s of c e n t u r i e s of r a c i a l d i s c r i m i n a t i o n . I t seems to me that when the Planning Commi s s i o n f i n d s these pockets o f s u c c e s s f u l , working i n t e g r a t i o n , i t would bond every e f f o r t to p r o t e c t and f o s t e r these much needed beginnings, i n s t e a d of proposing plans guaranteed g h e t t o i z e these communities. to k i l l and The t r a n s i t stops can absorb some inosase of d e n s i t y , some i n c r e a s e i n job producing i n d u s t r i e s and o f f i c e s , but these things should be done with a l i g h t touch and �-9 extreme c a r e and c o n t r o l . 261 C e r t a i n l y these- communities should not be used as dumping grounds to solve the c i t y ' s housing and employment problems. The metropolitan suburban areas must, i n j u s t i c e -nd c h a r i t y , open i t s doors to middle and low income families. Much of t h e i r r e f u s a l to do so i s r e f l e c t e d i n the 1985 Plan, We w i l l not accept the freeways. We do urgently and a t e l y need Mass T r a n s i t - — proposed — — immedi- and much more o f i t than has been but a T r a n s i t System tamed a t i t s stops, and not thrown open to e x p e d i e n t development and the tender mercies of the d e v e l o p e r . T h i s would be planned g h e t t o i z a t i o n . �liA THE METROPOLITAN WASHINGTON BOARD OF TRADE 1616 K S t r e e t , Northwest Washington, D. C. 20006 TESTIMONY I N PUBLIC HEARING BEFORE THE NATIONAL CAPITAL PLANNING COMMISSION REGARDING THE TRANSPORTATION PROPOSALS I n the PROPOSED COMPREHENSIVE PLAN FOR THE NATIONAL CAPITAL J u n e 14-15, 1967 THOMAS M. WALSH CHAIRMAN TRANSPORTATION COMMITTEE WE B E L I E V E THAT WITH A FEW IMPORTANT EXCEPTIONS, THE TRANSPORTATION PLAN BEING PROPOSED I S A GOOD ONE AND I S FAITHFUL TO THE CONCEPT OF A BALANCED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM FOR OUR CITY AND REGION. ALL OF US WANT A BETTER CITY AND BETTER L I F E FOR EVERYONE. WE WANT BETTER SCHOOLS, BETTER HOUSING, MORE JOBS, BETTER HEALTH, LESS CRIME AND MORE ECONOMIC GROWTH. WE WANT AN ATTRACTIVE, PLEASANT AND THRIVING COMMUNITY I N WHICH TO ENJOY THE PLEASURES OF L I F E . THE FULFILLMENT OF THESE DESIRES DEPENDS IN GREAT MEASURE UPON THE ECONOMIC STRENGTH OF OUR CITY AND ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ECONOMIC BASE WHICH PRODUCES TAX REVENUES. THE AMOUNT OF LOCAL TAX DOLLARS AVAILABLE TO SUPPORT OUR MUNICIPAL SERVICES AND SOCIAL PROGRAMS DEPENDS HEAVILY UPON REVENUE PAID TO THE CITY BY BUSINESS. WE THINK I T I S QUITE EVIDENT THAT AN ADEQUATE, MODERN, BALANCED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM OF FREEWAYS AND RAPID RAIL TRANSIT, COUPLED WITH AUXILARY SERVICES, I S ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL TO THE PRODUCTION OF STEADILY-INCREASING AMOUNTS OF TAXES TO PAY FOR THE SERVICES THAT ARE NEEDED NOW AND I N THE DECADES AHEAD. THE COMMUNITY RENEWAL PLAN FOR D. C. AND OTHER PROGRAMS WILL COST TREMENDOUS SUMS OF MONEY. UNLESS THE PRIVATE TAX BASE I S GREATLY EXPANDED, THERE I S L I T T L E LIKELIHOOD THESE PLANS CAN BE IMPLEMENTED. �11B 2 PLANNERS PLAN FOR THE FUTURE OF A CITY IN TERMS OF 25, 50 AND 100 YEARS WITH THE REALIZATION THAT THE NEEDS AND DEMANDS OF TODAY, NEXT YEAR AND FIVE YEARS FROM N W ARE ONLY ONE PART OF THE PROBLEM. O THEY WELL K O THAT A CITY WITHOUT NW MODERN TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS I S A CITY WITH A HOST OF CHRONIC ECONOMIC PROBLEMS. CENTRAL TO THIS ISSUE I S THE HEALTH OF BUSINESS. I F BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT I S SHACKLED IN THE CORE CITY OF OUR METROPOLITAN AREA, I T WILL NOT BECOME INERT. THE DEVELOPMENT WILL TAKE PLACE IN SUBURBAN AREAS. WHEN BUSINESS I S DISCOURAGED FROM BUILDING DOWNTOWN, THE CITY TAKES AN IRREVOCABLE STEP BACKWARD. THE STEADY AND HEAVY GROWTH OF OUR POPULATION AND THE DEVELOPING MEGALOPOLIS OF THE EAST COAST WHICH INCLUDES WASHINGTON MAKES I T FULLY APPARENT THAT I F THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA I S TO BE A HEALTHY, ATTRACTIVE AND ECONOMICALLY STRONG CENTRAL CITY, WE MUST HAVE ADEQUATE FREEWAYS AND MASS TRANSIT THAT SERVE ALL OF THE DISTRICT AND TIES THE REGION TOGETHER AS AN ECONOMIC UNIT WITH D W T W WASHINGTON ONON FUNCTIONING AS THE PRINCIPLE BUSINESS AND SOCIAL CENTER. OTHERWISE, WE SIMPLY WILL NOT BE ABLE TO TRANSPORT PEOPLE AND GOODS AT ANY REASONABLE COST AND WITH EFFICIENCY. WASHINGTON WILL LOSE ITS LIVABILITY. THE REGION WILL BECOME A SERIES OF PARTS UNRELATED TO THE WHOLE IN ITS ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL L I F E . THE NATIONAL CAPITAL DESERVES A BETTER FATE THAN THAT. THE MAJOR PREMISE OF ALMOST EVERY IMPORTANT PLANNING RECOMMENDATION CONTAINED IN THE REPORT I S THAT OUR CITY SHOULD BE "OPEN" AND "HORIZONTAL" IN ITS PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND LOW TO MODERATE IN DENSITY WITH RESPECT TO POPULATION. THE BOARD OF TRADE RECOMMENDS THAT THIS PREMISE BE ABANDONED AS BEING COMPLETELY UNREALISTIC. ANY LONG-RANGE PLAN FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA SHOULD START WITH THE ASSUMPTION OF A GREATER POPULATION DENSITY AND A COMPLETELY REVISED CONCEPT OF BUILDING HEIGHTS. THE REPORT ASSUMES A POPULATION GROWTH RATE WHICH, IN THE OPINION OF THE BOARD OF TRADE, I S FAR TOO CONSERVATIVE. HAVING THUS CONFINED ITS �11C 3 THINKING BY THIS UNREALISTIC ASSUMPTION, THE REPORT PROCEEDS TO RECOMMEND POLICIES WHICH WILL MOST ASSUREDLY PREVENT THE POPULATION GROWTH WHICH COULD OTHERWISE BE ACHIEVED. THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA I S THE HEART OF A METROPOLITAN AREA WHICH COULD HAVE A POPULATION OF FOUR MILLION IN 1985 AND CERTAINLY A FAR GREATER POPULATION IN THE YEAR 2000. I T MUST MAINTAIN I T S POSITION AS THE DOMINANT ECONOMIC SECTOR OF THE METROPOLITAN AREA. THE DISTRICT HAS A MOST SERIOUS HOUSING PROBLEM BECAUSE OF A LACK OF ADEQUATE HOUSING SITES. LAND AREA WILL BE CONTINUALLY DIMINISHED BY FEDERAL, CITY AND FOREIGN GOVERNMENT DEMANDS. THE DISTRICT CANNOT ANNEX NEIGHBORING POLITICAL AREAS FOR EXPANSION PURPOSES. THESE ARE THE "FACTS OF L I F E " IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. THEY DICTATE A SIMPLE CONCLUSION - GREATER BUILDING HEIGHTS AND DENSER POPULATION DEVELOPMENT, AN ADEQUATE BALANCED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM TO SERVE THAT POPULATION. AND A LONG-RANGE PLAN BASED ON ANY OTHER ASSUMPTION WOULD HAVE COMPLETELY UNDESIRABLE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES FOR OUR CITY. WHY NOT UNLEASH THE CREATIVE ENERGY OF OUR PEOPLE TO BUILD, IMPROVE AND REDEVELOP OUR CITY? CREATIVE FORCE IN THE WORLD. PEOPLE ARE THE MOST POWERFUL, BY INCREASING PREMISSIBLE BUILDING HEIGHTS AND DENSITIES, WE WILL BE TAKING STEPS TO BRING A WHOLE NEW ERA OF ECONOMIC GROWTH TO OUR CITY, PROVIDING, OF COURSE, WE CONSTRUCT AN ADEQUATE BALANCED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM THAT WILL SERVICE THE NEW ERA. REGARDING SPECIFIC PLANS FOR MASS TRANSIT AND FREEWAYS: FREEWAYS: WE - AGAIN- ENDORSE IN ALMOST ALL ITS ELEMENTS, THE FREEWAY SYSTEM PROPOSED IN THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN. HOWEVER, WE RECOMMEND THAT THE K STREET TUNNEL PROPOSAL BE ABANDONED AND THAT THE PREVIOUS PLAN FOR A NORTH LEG CIRCLING ACROSS FLORIDA AVENUE BE ADOPTED. WE HAVE NOT SEEN ANY EVIDENCE THAT THE K STREET TUNNEL WOULD BE AS EFFICIENT OR COST LESS MONEY. WE STRONGLY SUPPORT THE 1967-1972 TIMING FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THESE FREEWAYS; IN OTHER WORDS, THEY SHOULD BE BUILT JUST AS �RAPIDLY AS POSSIBLE. RAIL RAPID TRANSIT: WE SUPPORT THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN'S 1967-1972 OBJECTIVES, ASSUMING THAT, LIKE ALL GOOD PLANS, I T WILL BE FLEXIBLE ENOUGH TO ACCOMMODATE CHANGING CIRCUMSTANCES. I T SHOULD BE NOTED THAT VERTICAL BUILDINGS AND A GREATER DENSITY OF POPU- LATION WILL BE REQUIRED AT SUBWAY STATIONS IN ORDER TO MEET PASSENGER PROJECTIONS OF TRANSIT PLANNERS. THIS I S ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE NEED TO CHANGE THE CONCEPT OF A LOW-DENSITY, HORIZONTAL FUTURE FOR WASHINGTON. PARKING: OUR POLICY FAVORS THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A PUBLIC PARKING AUTHORITY FOR THE DISTRICT, WHICH WOULD SUPPLEMENT PRIVATE OPERATIONS. PLACED ON PRIVATE ACTIVITY. PRIMARY RELIANCE MUST BE HOWEVER, THE COMPREHENSIVE PLAN CALLS FOR "PUBLIC CONTROL OVER LOCATION SIZE AND OPERATION OF ALL OFF-STREET PARKING FACILITIES IN THE CITY", AND WE STRONGLY OPPOSE THIS RECOMMENDATION. THE OBJECTIVES THAT WILL SERVE THIS COMMUNITY BEST ARE: - A SUBSTANTIAL INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF OFF-STREET PARKING FACILITIES - PRIVATE OWNERSHIP TO: MINIMIZE FURTHER EXPANSION OF GOVERNMENT ACTION IN D W T W DEVELOPMENT ONON INCREASE THE TAX BASE MINIMIZE THE COST TO THE PUBLIC - THE USE OF PUBLIC AUTHORITY TO SUPPLEMENT THE SUPPLY OF OFFSTREET PARKING F A C I L I T I E S . THE PROPOSAL TO FREEZE THE NUMBER OF PARKING SPACES D W T W APPEARS TO BE AN ONON ATTEMPT TO ARBITRARILY RESTRICT ACCESS TO D W T W BY PEOPLE WHO TRAVEL BY CAR. ONON EVEN I F ADOPTED, THIS RECOMMENDATION COULDN'T STAND ON ITS O N UNDER THE STEADILYW INCREASING DEMAND FOR MORE PARKING SPACE ON THE PART OF BOTH RESIDENTS AND TOURISTS. UNDERSCORING THIS FACT I S THE PROJECTED GROWTH OF EMPLOYMENT D W T W OF 200,000 ONON BY 1985. I T SEEMS TO US THIS I S AN INSTANCE WHERE THE PLANNING COMMISSION HAS CLOSED I T S EYES TO HUMAN NATURE AND HUMAN NEED. WE'D BETTER BE SURE THAT WE IN- �3 IF 5 CREASE OUR D W T W PARKING FACILITIES I F WE HAVE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AS A ONON GOAL FOR THE CENTRAL BUSINESS AREA. AIR TRANSPORTATION: THE DEVELOPMENT OF DULLES INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT I S A MAJOR GOAL OF THE BOARD OF TRADE. I T I S THE WORLD'S FINEST, MOST MODERN AND SAFEST AIRPORT AND A TREMEN- DOUSE ASSET FOR OUR TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM AND THE NATION'S CAPITAL. MILLIONS OF DOLLARS COULD BE SPENT ON RAPID TRANSIT TO DULLES. THAT'S FINE WITH US I F THE COSTS CAN BE JUSTIFIED. WE'D LIKE TO SEE I T DONE SOMEDAY. BUT CONSIDER THE QUESTION OF THE POTOMAC RIVER CROSSING. AS SOON AS THE THREE SISTERS BRIDGE I S FUNCTIONING, I T WILL BE A NONSTOP 20-25-MINUTE RUN BY CAR OR BUS TO DULLES INTERNATIONAL. THIS CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED MUCH SOONER THAN WE CAN BUILD RAPID TRANSIT THERE. THE POINT I S THAT WE ARE ALREADY SADLY LACKING IN MODERN TRANSPORTATION AND WE MUST MAKE PROMPT USE OF EVERY OPPORTUNITY TO IMPROVE OUR SITUATION AS LONG AS I T I S FAITHFUL TO THE BALANCED TRANSPORTATION ANALOGOUS TO D W T W WASHINGTON. ONON CONCEPT. DULLES INTERNATIONAL I S GIVE I T THE ACCESS I T DESERVES AND I T WILL FLOURISH. WE NOTE THAT THE CONGRESS HAS DIRECTED THAT A HELIPORT SITE BE LOCATED ON FEDERAL LAND WITHIN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA AND SO FAR THE F.A.A. AND G.S.A. HAVE NOT BEEN ABLE TO FIND AN APPROVED LOCATION FOR I T . IN CONNECTION WITH THE PROVISION OF HELICOPTER SERVICE IN OTHER METROPOLITAN AREAS OF THE COUNTRY, THE SO-CALLED 'NUISANCE EFFECT' HAS NOT BEEN A SERIOUS CONSIDERATION. IN VIEW OF THE UNIQUE CHARACTER OF THIS CITY AS THE NATION'S CAPITAL, I T I S A MATTER OF SERIOUS IMPORTANCE TO ALL PERSONS IN KEY GOVERNMENT POSITIONS, AS WELL AS THE PUBLIC, TO BE ABLE TO UTILIZE HELICOPTER SERVICE TO SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCE GROUND TRAVEL TIME. WE DON'T THINK THESE PEOPLE OUGHT TO BE DENIED THE OPPORTUNITY TO ADD THOUSANDS OF PRODUCTIVE MAN-HOURS A YEAR TO THEIR �HP 6 EFFORTS BECAUSE THE PLANNING COMMISSION I S WORRIED ABOUT 'NUISANCE EFFECTS.' THE FREQUENT USE OF HELICOPTER SERVICE IN AND AROUND THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES SEEMS TO INDICATE HELICOPTERS ARE A CONVENIENCE RATHER THAN A NUISANCE. CONCLUSION: WE URGE THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE BALANCED TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN THE PROPOSED COMPREHENSIVE PLAN SUBJECT TO THE RESERVATIONS INDICATED. WE ARE DEEPLY CONCERNED ABOUT THE RESTRICTIVE PHILOSOPHY EXPRESSED AND IMPLIED REGARDING ELEMENTS OF THE TRANSPORTATION PLAN BECAUSE I T REFLECTS SOMETHING LESS THAN GREAT ENTHUSIASM FOR THE WHOLE RANGE OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT EFFORT THAT WILL BE NECESSARY TO SOLVE THE PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. THE LOW-DENSITY HORIZONTAL-CITY CONCEPT REFLECTS A TRAGIC MISCALCULATION OF THE URBAN FORCES AT WORK. WE CANNOT HELP BUT FEEL THIS FEATURE I S DESIGNED TO RESIST THE FORCES OF CHANGE, A GOAL THAT HAS NEVER BEEN ACHIEVED. THESE FORCES CAN BE CHANNELED AND MADE TO WORK TO OUR ADVANTAGE BUT THEY CANNOT BE STYMIED. WE THINK THE LOW TO MEDIUM DENSITY, HORIZONTAL-CITY CONCEPT, I F ADOPTED, WILL FALL OF I T S O N WEIGHT. EVENTUALLY BECAUSE I T PLANS PEOPLE AND INSTITUTIONS 'INTO CORNERS.' W I T I S UNNECESSARILY AND ARBITRARILY RESTRICTIVE. I F WE PROCEED AS THE COMMISSION RECOMMENDS AND THIS ABORTIVE CONCEPT PREVAILS, I T MAY BE TOO LATE TO UNLEASH THE POWERFUL CREATIVITY OF PEOPLE TO BUILD THEIR CITY WITHIN REASONABLE GUIDELINES OF GOOD COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT. WE APPRECIATE THIS OPPORTUNITY TO EXPRESS OUR VIEWS. THANK YOU. �27 T28jd25 MR. WILLIAM SMITH: Madam Chairman, may I r i s e to a p o i n t o f order? CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. SMITH: testify. Mr. Smith, y e s . There a r e about 40 o f us w a i t i n g t o I t h i n k , i f you don't adhere r i g i d l y t o t h e t e n - minute r u l e , we w i l l be here f o r s e v e r a l more n i g h t s . r e q u e s t t h a t we adhere s h a r p l y t o t h e ten-minute CHAIRMAN ROWE: I rule. Thank y o u . (Applause.) A VOICE: W e ' l l come back a g a i n tomorrow n i g h t . (Applause.) STATEMENT OF: JOHN A. ISRAELSON, VICE PRESIDENT, WOODWARD AND LOTHROP MR. SHEAR: Madam Chairman, number 32, John A. I s r a e l s o n , V i c e P r e s i d e n t of Woodward and Lothrop has f i l e d a statement f o r tho r e c o r d . (Mr. I s r a e l s o n ' s statement reads as f o l l o w s : ) �27A WOODWARD & L O T H R O P S T A T E M E N T F O R T H E N A T I O N A L C A P I T A L P L A N N I N G COMMISSION P U B L I C H E A R I N G J U N E 14, 1967 Woodward & L o t h r o p a p p r e c i a t e s the opportunity to comment on the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n section of the P r o p o s e d C o m p r e h e n s i v e P l a n dated F e b r u a r y 1967. On D e c e m b e r 7, 19 65, we a l s o commented on the preceding P h y s i c a l Development P o l i c i e s " dated September 1965. "Proposed We note that the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m s outlined i n both N C P C documents a r e e s s e n t i a l l y the same. T h e r e f o r e , our comments of D e c e m b e r 19 65 a r e s t i l l v a l i d today. L i n e s of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , both r a p i d t r a n s i t and h i g h w a y s , a r e l i f e l i n e s of the r e t a i l i n d u s t r y . Both m e a n s of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e r v e to move c u s t o m e r s to the s e l l i n g counter and f r e e w a y s provide the means of m o v i n g goods r a p i d l y to s a t i s f y c u s t o m e r demand. Since D e c e m b e r 1965, our convictions a s to t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs have become c o n s i d e r a b l y s t r o n g e r because we have had to make a s i g n i f i c a n t economic decision predicated on the proposed balanced t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p r o g r a m outlined i n y o u r p l a n . T h e steady growth of Woodward & L o t h r o p to s a t i s f y i n c r e a s i n g c o n s u m e r needs unfortunately could not await the C o m p r e h e n s i v e P l a n that has been i n the m a k i n g f o r m o r e than five y e a r s . I n 1965 we had to decide whether our i n - t o w n s e r v i c e building f a c i l i t i e s (Woodward & L o t h r o p w a r e h o u s e s and m e r c h a n d i s e p r o c e s s i n g buildings i n the N o r t h e a s t U r b a n R e n e w a l A r e a ) should be m o d e r n i z e d to handle the r a p i d l y i n c r e a s i n g volume of b u s i n e s s (net s a l e s a r e now o v e r $110, 000, 000) o r be r e l o c a t e d outside of the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a . Since we s e r v e the e n t i r e �27B metropolitan a r e a f r o m these f a c i l i t i e s , the road network w a s of v i t a l c o n c e r n because we must continue to r e n d e r t i m e l y s e r v i c e f o r our c u s t o m e r s . A l a r g e number of our c u s t o m e r s a r e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a r e s i d e n t s and we w e r e f a c i n g d e l i v e r y d e l a y s and i n c r e a s e d c o s t s w i t h our l a r g e d e l i v e r y fleet i n using only the l o c a l s t r e e t s y s t e m . H o w e v e r , these f a c t o r s would have the s a m e s i g n i f i c a n c e i f we w e r e to r e l o c a t e outside of the D i s t r i c t and did not have an. adequate road network w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t to make our D i s t r i c t d e l i v e r i e s . O u r d e c i s i o n was to expend s e v e r a l m i l l i o n d o l l a r s on the i m p r o v e m e n t and m o d e r n i z a t i o n of our i n - t o w n f a c i l i t i e s i n the Northeast U r b a n R e n e w a l A r e a . T h e d e c i s i o n was b a s e d on: 1. T h e proposed l i m i t e d a c c e s s highway s y s t e m i n y o u r p l a n , and our confidence that the N C P C would not o v e r l o o k the v i t a l s i g n i f i c a n c e of the s y s t e m a s a contributing element to the economic base so e s s e n t i a l to a s u c c e s s f u l c o m p r e hensive p l a n , 2. T h e l a r g e number of the 650 employees w o r k i n g i n our i n • town f a c i l i t i e s a r e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a r e s i d e n t s , many of whom could not r e l o c a t e to a new suburban f a c i l i t y because of the p r e s e n t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m , 3. T h e c e n t r a l c o r e location of our i n - t o w n s e r v i c e f a c i l i t i e s have e f f e c t i v e l y s e r v e d the metropolitan a r e a f o r the 87 y e a r s of our e x i s t e n c e . The Northeast Urban Renewal A r e a was planned by you f o r s u c h u s e s as ours and it w a s �27C -3- inconceivable that the C o m m i s s i o n would i s o l a t e a c o m m e r c i a l and i n d u s t r i a l u r b a n r e n e w a l a r e a f r o m the l i f e l i n e s that s u s t a i n i t . I n conclusion, we a g a i n support both the r a p i d r a i l t r a n s i t and freeways y s t e m s a s outlined i n y o u r p l a n . We do not a d d r e s s o u r s e l v e s to the design s p e c i f i c s except to note that the a p p r o p r i a t e a u t h o r i t i e s with r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s i n design e i t h e r h a v e , o r c a n get, the p r o f e s s i o n a l e x p e r t i s e to blend both the r a i l and r o a d l i f e l i n e s into the u r b a n a r e a w i t h m i n i m u m a e s t h e t i c i m p a i r ment. A s the f r e e w a y s y s t e m i s not designed to c a r r y peak hour t r a f f i c without congestion we would also urge continuing effort to a c c e l e r a t e the extension of r a p i d t r a n s i t f a c i l i t i e s to the e n v i r o n s . We urge that the P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n , i n i t s w i s d o m , give c a r e f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n to the economic aspects of the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n network, e s p e c i a l l y the f r e e w a y s y s t e m , as it affects the p r o s p e r i t y and economic base of b u s i n e s s i n the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a , P r e s e n t e d by: John A , I s r a e l s o n V i c e P r e s i d e n t , Store P l a n n i n g , Maintenance and C o n s t r u c t i o n Woodward & L o t h r o p I n c o r p o r a t e d June 14, 19 67 �28 T28jd26 MR. SHEAR: F r e d e r i c A. Houtte, I hope I pronounce t h a t c o r r e c t l y , C a t h o l i c I n t e r r a c i a l C o u n c i l of Washington, D. C. STATEMENT OF: FREDERIC A. HEUTTE, CATHOLIC INTERRACIAL COUNCIL OF WASHINGTON, D. MR. FREDERIC A. HEUTTE: of tho Commission: C. Madam Chairman, Members I am F r o d o r i c A. Houtto, i t i s pronounced, even though i t looks d i f f e r e n t , a member of the Board of D i r e c t o r s f o r the C a t h o l i c I n t e r r a c i a l C o u n c i l of Washington, D. C. Our o f f i c e s a r e a t 1419 V S t r e e t , Northwest, Washington 20009. Our membership i s drawn from the e n t i r e M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a , a l t h o u g h i t i s f o r the most p a r t from w i t h i n the of Columbia. District I w i s h to say as an a s i d e t h a t tho opponents of the freeway system have been charged w i t h being a g a i n s t progress. Wo The p o i n t here i s t h a t we a r e r e a l l y f o r aro a g a i n s t u s i n g an old and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n progress. p o r t a t i o n system. of the automobile. the automobile and Wo progress. tired-out solution for We r e a l l y want a balanced t r a n s - a r e not c a l l i n g f o r tho elimination We a r e c a l l i n g f o r t r u e b a l a n c e whoro tho t r u c k do not c a r r y the f u l l burden of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n as they do now. (Applause.) I t h i n k I ' l l probably have to read our resolution �29 T23jd27 f i r s t from the C o u n c i l , s i n c e I am charged to do t h a t . By unanimous a p p r o v a l of the Board of D i r e c t o r s of the C a t h o l i c I n t e r r a c i a l C o u n c i l of Washington, D. C, we c a l l f o r an end to a l l land s p e c u l a t i o n s hy d e v e l o p e r s , condemnations, n e g o t i a t i o n s f o r and c o n s t r u c t i o n of freeways and t h e i r s u p p o r t i n g f a c i l i t i e s i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia u n t i l such a time as t h e r e e x i s t s : One - A f u n c t i o n a l mass t r a n s i t system t h a t s e r v o s a l l communities i n the m e t r o p o l i t a n Washington a r e a ; Two - S a f e , decent, adequate housing a v a i l a b l e t o a l l f a m i l i e s f o r r e l o c a t i o n p r i o r to any condemnation, purchase and d e m o l i t i o n of homes taken f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o r renewal p r o j e c t s and that; Three - An adequate program of s c h o o l c o n s t r u c t i o n developed i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h a p u b l i c p l a n n i n g f o r needs of a l l communities of the c i t y . (Applause.) T29 Our statement f o l l o w s as such: I n 1953, one of the few a u t h e n t i c prophets we have i n t h i s c o u n t r y , Lewis Mumford,and to save time I won't read you the l e n g t h y quote but i t w i l l be i n the t e s t i m o n y , warned u s t t r t a t the end of the 15-year p e r i o d from tho time when he was w r i t i n g i n 1958, we would f i n d t h a t i t would be too late to c o r r e c t a l l of the damage to our c i t i e s and our c o u n t r y s i d e caused by the i n t e r s t a t e freeway system. �30 .'29jd28 Ho a l s o pointed out t h a t i n i t s i n c e p t i o n the freeway system was f o i s t e d on t h i s c o u n t r y as a n a t i o n a l defense measure. Now, we have not y e t come t o tho end of the 15-year term; indeed, we must not a l l o w the f u l f i l l m e n t of Lewis Mumford's prophecy. We must c o n f r o n t our highwaymen, I should s a y continue to c o n f r o n t them, f o r we have been, our highwaymen and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n e r s w i t h the f r u i t s of the s o c i a l and community carnage f o r which they a r e respons i b l e and which they now propose f o r our N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l . Time and time a g a i n we have heard t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n e r s confronted by c i t i z e n s and o r g a n i z a t i o n s , a l l of them armed w i t h an i m p r e s s i v e a r r a y of i n f o r m a t i o n , a s k those p l a n n e r s s e a r c h i n g q u e s t i o n s , not o n l y about tho socio-economic a s p e c t s of t h e i r designs on the community which a r e t h e most important a s p e c t s but even on m a t t e r s of e x p e n d i t u r e and engineering. Without f a i l , tho p l a n n e r s , and t h i s has happened i n these h e a r i n g s — I am t h e 33rd w i t n e s s . no q u e s t i o n s como from our Board. There have been We t r u s t t h a t these q u e s t i o n s and o t h e r s w i l l bo r a i s e d a t t h i s h e a r i n g , a g a i n a t t h i s h e a r ing. Wo w i s h t o note t h a t e v e r y major c i v i c and c i t i z e n s group i n Washington, D. C , save one, one, which s o l d out f o r an empty promise from tho Highwaymen f o r a s s i s t a n c e i n s e c u r i n g low-income housing i n Northwest Development Area Number One, a promise oven now which the Urban League, and I w i l l name thorn, �31 r29jd29 thoy too s u r o l y must r e a l i z e t h a t t h i s was an empty l i e , -- (Applause.) -- e v e r y organization has other organization been on r e c o r d -- e v e r y against other the f r e e w a y i n t h i s city. (Applause.) We have come here to j o i n our v o i c e w i t h a l l those who reject the proposed highway p l a n f o r the N a t i o n a l and a l s o to s t a t e c e r t a i n r e s e r v a t i o n s about the one for mass people of c o n s c i e n c e , cumbent upon us we f e e l that i t i s i n - to r a i s e a m o r a l i s s u e and C h r i s t i a n i t y in i n i t s e d i t o r i a l of October 3 r d , 1966, Transportation was proposed transit. As Crisis, Capital has -- T h i s , i n c i d e n t a l l y , was stated: on a s h e e t d i s t r i b u t e d by Brookland Neighbors l a s t n i g h t . portation has r a r e l y boon l i s t e d i s s u e s of mankind but as one i n our world ment i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c -- that Trans- of the u r g e n t m o r a l i t i s exactly that. of human l i f e but institutions Moveof t r a n s p o r t a t i o n have o f t e n been r e g a r d e d as a p a r t of the circumstances of given life. P a r e n t h e t i c a l l y I might e x p l a i n t h a t t h i s means we t r y to s o l v e the o l d problem w i t h Tho really the same old solutions. important p a r t of t h i s quote and I s h a l l c o n t i n u e to quote: In growing m e t r o p o l i t a n areas transportation will �32 T29jd30 l a r g e l y d e t e r m i n e tho c h a r a c t e r of the community, how i s u s e d , how becomes an people l i v e . instrument opportunity I n such s i t u a t i o n s , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r j u s t i c e o r i n j u s t i c e , a means of o r f r u s t r a t i o n , a mechanism f o r combining r e l e a s i n g those who We live in f o r we or ghettoes. w i s h to u n d e r s c o r e above s t a t e m e n t system space the f i n a l p o r t i o n of the b e l i e v e t h a t the proposed t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l i s a p l a n f o r i n j u s t i c e , justice, f r u s t r a t i o n , not c o n f i n i n g those who live opportunity, i n ghettoes, and not a mechanism f o r not r e l e a s i n g t h o s e . (Applause.) The provide, CIC s e e s i t s e l f as s o r t of an o r g a n i z a t i o n to i f you w i l l pardon the e x p r e s s i o n , e x e c u t i v e t r a n s - l a t i o n f o r people who speak f o r the i n n e r c i t y . We no longer see o u r s e l v e s i n a l e a d e r s h i p r o l e but as perhaps a voicethat w i l l translate from Mr. i n t o m i d d l e c l a s s terms what you Barry l a s t night. The rest heard of our s t a t e m e n t will be founded on t h a t . Mr. B a r r y , i n c i d e n t a l l y , has now devoted most of h i s a t t e n t i o n to a group t h a t i s concerned w i t h t h o s e our c i t i z e n s who who have no are transit-bound. c a r s and The of Those a r e the p e o p l e must r i d e on a t r a n s i t r o u t e s proposed w i l l not m a j o r i t y of Washington's t r a n s i t - b o u n d system. s e r v e tho v a s t population. On tho c o n t r a r y , i t w i l l make c u r r e n t problems more d i f f i c u l t and �33 .'29jd31 e x p e n s i v e than e v e r b e f o r e . I n order to use the t r a n s i t l i n e s proposed, t h e y w i l l be o b l i g e d t o t a k e f e e d e r bus to reach rapid understand transit s t o p s and presumably, t h e way we i t works i n o t h e r c i t i e s , double f a r e s . I s this Furthermore, linos t h e y w i l l have t o pay j u s t or unjust? such a system i n v o l v e s the f r u s t r a t i n g e x p e r i e n c e o f h a v i n g to t r a v e l g r e a t d i s t a n c e s t o g e t o n l y a l i t t l e way. Then who i s t h e s y s t e m d e s i g n e d The map w i l l show MR. SHEAR: MR. HEUTTE: MR. SHEAR: MR. HEUTTE: Two for? — minutes. How many? Two. Wow. I ' l l have t o s k i p . g r e a t d e a l t o show about how t h e t r a n s i t We have a system — We a s k , Why does i t go up C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue and not G e o r g i a Avenue? (Applause.) Why does i t go down P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue, S o u t h e a s t , why not H S t r e e t , Northeast? (Applause.) These a r e where t h e t r a n s it-bound people Who does i t s e r v o ? live. Not t h e t r a n s i t - b o u n d . I t s e r v e s , among o t h e r t h i n g s , D.C. Stadium. I t s e r v e s the C a p i t o l , i t s e r v e s t h e downtown f i n a n c i a l a r e a and t h e Pentagon. If t h e commuter t h i n k s i t ' s going t o s e r v e him, �34 ?29jd32 he's s a d l y m i s t a k e n too, b e c a u s e i t s i m p l y does not go out that f a r . Now, one p o i n t I ' v e got to read i s a quote from Bayard R u s t i n i n t h e c r i t i q u e of the Macomb Report p u b l i s h e d in Commentary Magazine i n March '66: Good, cheap t r a n s - p o r t a t i o n i s e s s e n t i a l t o tho s e g r e g a t e d w o r k i n g c l a s s population i n a big c i t y . for I n Los A n g e l e s a d o m e s t i c worker, example, mu3t spend about a d o l l a r f i f t y and ono and a h a l f t o two hours a day t o g e t a job t h a t pays s i x o r s e v e n dollars. T h i s both d i s c o u r a g e s e f f o r t s e x a g g e r a t e s tho f o o l i n g of i s o l a t i o n . to f i n d work and The key word h e r e i s isolation. In is the r e a l i t y , the t r a n s i t system i n i t s present planned to f a i l . form M o r a l i t y and e t h i c s a s i d e f o r tho moment, p e c u n i a r y wisdom of our age w i l l show t h a t a mass s y s t e m t h a t does not s e r v e the masses i s doomed t o What i t i s hu.ru transit fail. — (Applause.) T30 ( R i n g i n g of b o l l . ) I'm s o r r y , I ' l l have to s t o p , I suppose. If I might make a p o i n t of o r d e r , a t R o o s e v e l t High S c h o o l we wore a s s u r e d t h a t t h e r e would be no time on the amount of p r e s e n t a t i o n . Unfortunately, since I attempted t o c o v e r t h e whole s y s t e m , my p r e s e n t a t i o n , afraid, i n i t s e n t i r e t y would limit I'm t a k e something l i k e 20 m i n u t e s . �35 Pjd33 B u t I thank you f o r tho o p p o r t u n i t y t o c o v e r tho t r a n s i t s y s t e m which I t h i n k h a s boon s l i g h t e d a little bit. (Applause.) CHAIRMAN ROWE: I f you w i l l that the e n t i r e text MR. HEUTTE: have i t i n t o you Thank y o u . leave t h e t e x t w i t h u s , wo w i l l soo i s a part of t h e r e c o r d . I t needs b e n e f i t of e d i t o r but I ' l l shortly. CHAIRMAN ROWS: MR. SHEAR: By Juno t h e 3 0 t h . The r e c o r d w i l l bo open u n t i l Juno t h e 30th. (Mr. Heutte's f u l l s t a t e m e n t roads a s f o l l o w s : ) �35A June Hi, 1967 STATS-liNT f o r presentatj on at the NATIONAL CAPITAL PWiNIIw COMMISSION'S hearings on i t s Proposed Coniprehensive Plan for the National Capital to.be held on June, lh, 1?6? Madame Chairman and honorable Members of the National Capital Planning mmission. I am Frederic A. Heutte, a member of the Board of Directors for the Catholic I n t e r r a c i a l Council of Washington, D. C. (lift? V St. N.W., 20009). Washington, 1 wish to enter the following statement i n behalf of the Catholic Inter- r a c i a l Council of Washington, D. C. We are opposed to main features of the Transportation section of The Proposed Comprehensive Plan for the National Capital. We reject the planned system of freeways completely and, while we are i n favor of public Mass Transit, we do have a number of grave reservations concerning your plans for i t i n our c i t y . Opponents of the planned freeway system are often accused of being against "progress". life do not understand the basis of such an accusation, for we feel that i t i s we who are for progress. Under the inspiration of what we hold as our moral precepts, and under the guidance of such progressive thinkers and planners as Victor Gruen, Charles Abrams, Lewis Mumford, Jane Jacobs, our own city's Wolf Von Eckardt, and others of such stature, we are consecrated to act f o r progress i n a l l phases of our community and national l i f e . We are determined to see that our city i s planned i n the l i g h t of new ideas... ideas that engage problems with a view to their solution for the good of a l l . We are here this evening to voice our opposition to the proposed use of an old and t i r e d solution that, i n spite of repeated and. expensive f a i l u r e elsewhere, i s being fostered by you as a means of meeting this c i t y ' s transportation problem. We da advocate a "Balanced transportation system"... not, however, the one advocated by the highwaymen... i t i s one that i s truly "balanced"... one that does not put the entire burden of transporting people on the automobile. We heartily endorse the view stated by Lewis Mumford and suggest i t as a touchstone f o r transportation planning. �- 2 - CIC state-^nt to tne WCFU o/m/oi 3 J£> "The f a t a l mistake we have been making i s to s a c r i f i c e every other form of transportation to the private motorcar - and to offer, as the only long-distance alternative, "the airplane. But the f a c t i s that each type of transportation has i t s special usej and a good transportation policy must seek to improve each type and make the most of i t . This cannot be achieved by aiming at high speed or continuous flow alone... There i s no one ideal mode or speed: human purpose should govern the choice of the means of transportation. That i s why we need a better transportation system, not j u s t more highways. The projectors of our national highway program plainly had l i t t l e interest i n transportation. I n their fanatical zeal to expand our highways, the very allocation of funds indicates that they are ready to liquidate a l l other forms of land and water transportation. The result i s a crudely over-simplified and i n e f f i c i e n t method of mono-transportation: a regression from the complex many-sided transportation system we once boasted]_ ••• The notion that the private motorcar can be substituted for mass transportation should be put forward only by those who desire to see the city i t s e l f disappear, and with i t the complex, many-sided c i v i l i z a t i o n that the c i t y makes possible." "There i s no purely l o c a l engineering solution to the problems of transportation i n our age: nothing l i k e a stable solution i s possible without giving due weight to a l l the necessary elements i n transportation private motorcars, railroads, airplanes, and helicopters, mass transportation services by trolley and bus, even ferryboats, and f i n a l l y , not least, the pedestrian."2 This i s the statement of "balanced transportation"... not what you w i l l hear from the AAA, the representative of the t i r e manafacturers, and other members of the "highway lobby". When speaking of the Interstate Highway program and what havoc i t can bring, Mr. Mumford warned that by 1972, " i t w i l l be too late to correct a l l the damage to cur c i t i e s and our countryside, not l e a s t to the e f f i c i e n t organization of industry and transportation, that this ill-concieved and preposterously unbalanced program w i l l have wrought".3 W can not allow the fulfillment of h i s prophesy. e W must confront our highwaymen and transportation planners with the f r u i t s of the e social and community carnage for which they are responsible, and which they now propose for our National Capital. Time and time again we have heard the trans- portation planners confronted by citizens and organizations, armed with an Lewis Mumford. Tne Highway and the City. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1963, pp. z y r ^ i T . ibid., p. 246. ibid., p. 234. �- 3 - CIC statem^t to the NCPC 6/U-/67 3oC impressive array cf information, ask our planners and highwaymen searching questions not only on the socio-economic aspects of their designs on the community, but even on technical matters involving competence i n expenditure and engineering. Without f a i l our transportation planners and highwaymen have been mute or they ,.ve been unable to provide believable answers. Members of the Commission, we ask: you to note which speakers support the entire transportation plan. They are the AAA, D.C. Truckers Association, the U.S. Tire Industry, and the l i k e . . . hardly disinterested observers they. However, please take note of the f a c t that every major c i v i c and citizens group i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia...(save the Urban League which sold-out for an empty promise from the highway/of assistance i n securing low-income housing i n the Northwest Redevelopment Area No. 1 . . . a promise which even now they too must realize i s incapable of fulfillment...) and the vast majority of l i k e groups i n our neighboring counties has opposed the proposed freeway plan for this c i t y . Even such groups as divergent on most other issues as SNCC and the D.C. Federation of Citizen Associations have identified freeways for their c i t y as a common e v i l . tfe have come here to j o i n our voice with a l l those who reject the proposed freeway plan for our National Capital, and to state certain reservations about proposed plan for mass t r a n s i t . As people of conscience we feel that i t i s incumbent upon us to raise a moral issue. Trie highly respected journal, Cnristianity and C r i s i s , stated i n an editorial: "Transportation has rarely been l i s t e d as one of the. urgent moral issues of mankind, but i n our world i t i s exactly that. Movement i s characteristic of human l i f e . But the institutions of transportation have often been regarded as part of the given circumstances of l i f e . Now we are increasingly aware that those institutions are the results of human decisions involving major value choices. A recent study from the Committee for Bconomic Development points out that decisions about transportation i n growing metropolitan areas ' w i l l largely determine... the character of the community - how space i s used and how people l i v e (Developing Metropolitan Transportation Policies, p. lit) 1 �- ii - CIG 8tate*~mt to the NCPC 6/\h/6l I n such situations transportation becomes an instrument for justice or i n j u s t i c e , a means of opportunity or frustration, a mechanism for confining or releasing those who l i v e i n ghettos."^ We wish to imderscore the f i n a l portion of the ?.bove statement, and show why we believe that the proposed transportation system for the National Capital i s a plan jr "injustice","frustration", and a "mechanism for confining those who l i v e i n ghettos". Mr. Marion Barry, J r . has provided incontravertable evidence that i n the most redent past low-income people i n this c i t y - those who are "transit bound", for they have no cars - actually subsidize public transportation for the middle and high-income sections of this c i t y . this basic i n j u s t i c e . The proposed rapid-transit w i l l only intensify The routes that are now proposed w i l l not serve the vast majority of Washington's "transit-bound" population... on the contrary they w i l l make their current problems more d i f f i c u l t and expensive than ever before. In order to use the transit lines,as they are now proposed, they w i l l be obliged to take feeder-bus lines to reach rapid-transit stops... and, presumably, w i l l be required to pay seperate fares f o r each of the systems. works i n other c i t i e s we understand.) (TMs i s the way i t {In the more affluent sections of the c i t y the proposed transit routes follow those streets tnat are the nexus cf the various communities.) Furthermore, such a system involves the "frustrating" experience, for those "transit-bound" citizens l i v i n g i n the eastern portion of our c i t y ^ i . e . "east of the Park"; Iliii^Olrff)Tininiiitl>ie tj.u,LMi*iiiiii nP having to travel j great distances to go only a l i t t l e way. The map of the proposed transit system w i l l show that transit system, i n the main, i s designed.to serve the principal government buildings and financial d i s t r i c t downtown, and the Pentagon. Tnis w i l l provide unheard of ease for "business day" movement among these operations. I f the suburban commuter thinks he w i l l be served by i t , he i s i n f o r a rude shock... there aren't that many lines planned... and those that are planned, simply don't go out that f a r , Christianity and C r i s i s , Oct. 3, 1966, p. 1 �- 5 - CiC state -nt to vie «CPC b/lU/67 35E I f the t r a n s i t system i s designed for the "transit bound", and they are the ones who bare the main burden of support f o r any public transit system, why does i t go up Connecticut Ave... and not Georgia Ave?... why Pennsylvania Ave. S.E.?... why not H St. N.E.? xdland Ave., N.S.? Even on the lines planned, why i s there no stop south of Rhode We would suggest that • a « j s n - at Florida and New York Aves. N.E. faVeae l e a s t ti it Zy could be planned i a v t a S ^ t F i r s t stage plans j u s t about ignore the people who l i v e i n Anacostia... but D.C. Stadium i s served. These plans als© show that a l l of the "fringe-parking" lots (presumably for Maryland commuters) are located "East of the Park". Bayrd Rustin i n a critique of the McCone Report published i n Commentary magazine, March, 1966, stated: "Good,cheap transportation i s essential to a segregated working-class population i n a big c i t y . I n Los Angeles a domestic worker, for example, must spend about ^ l.$0 and 11/2 to 2 hours a day to get to a job that pay3 $ 6 or $ 7 a day. This both discourages efforts to find work and exagerates the feeling of isolation."^ Ke was, of course, thinking of Watts. A key word here i s "isolation"... of which we w i l l speak a l i t t l e l a t e r . . . I n r e a l i t y the rapid t r a n s i t system i n i t s present proposed form i s "planne to f a i l " . Morality and ethics aside,., the pecuniary wisdom of our age w i l l show that a mass-transit system that does not serve the masses w i l l not be sucessful, f o r , from where w i l l the fares come that pay for i t s mortgage and upkeep? We see the rapiS-transit system as i t i s presently planned as nothing nore than Congressman Natcher's BLACKMAIL BAIT f o r getting approval f o r the monstrously diabolical freeway system planned f o r our c i t y , (We are not f u l l y convinced that Mr, Natcher's ardour i n this matter i s completely a l t u r i s t i c . . we understand that ere are s i x or seven large concrete producing firms located i n his d i s t r i c t , , . and that 90/10 money w i l l buy a l o t of things i n Kentucky.) 1 * Bayrd Rustin. "Tie Watts 'Manifesto and the McCone Report", i n Commentary, v.Ul, no.3, March, 1966, p. 31 �- 6 - CIC statement to the NCPC 6/1U/6? 35F This brings us to the awsome topic of freeways planned f o r Washington. You have heard and you w i l l hear more on this topic a t this hearing. You w i l l hear about specifics of family, business, and i n s t i t u t i o n a l displacement... a i r nolution... destruction of healthy community patterns... we concur with such testimony and applaud the dilegence that has been employed i n i t s research and presentation. W s h a l l speak to a single point: ISOLATION e Charles Abrams, one of this country'3 most astute social observers has noted: .,"There are no easy roads to the better c i t y - and i t I s i n f a c t easier to build roads than c i t i e s , which might be one explanation for the direction of federal policy. But no society can be a great society without great c i t i e s . And a nation of ever-widening suburban enclaves thrusting outward from bankrupt cores i s no pathway to a great society or even a middling one..." " 'v;e have been called upon,' said President Johnson, 'to build a great society of the highest order, not j u s t for today or for tomorrow, but f o r three or four generations to come. Yet unless something more relevant and more comprehensive i s offered, we shall see i n the very f i r s t generation acres of speculative sprawl controlled by a myriad of jurisdictions, each of them armed with governmental powers over their environments that are superior to that of the federal government i t s e l f ; our central, c i t i e s w i l l steadily fade as solvent communities; new c i t i e s composed of arteries without souls; c i t i e s for the poor and c i t i e s for the better-situated; and some c i t i e s that are l i t t l e more than workshops, deserted at nightfall by a l l but the poor and the transients - l i k e tne nation's capital which, planned by a young and hopef u l government, i s now inhabited by the Negro while most of the white working population flees into the dormitories of three states with each twilight." . 1 Washington, you see, has already become a dreaded example of urban and social isolation. Isolation, i n the urban and community sense, means ghettos. The ghettos designed for Washington are clearly delineated by the boundries to be etched into our c i t y by the planned freeway system. The fate that has befalled Anacostia with .ne Kenneiworth Freeway i s planned for a l l of the c i t y east of the North-Central Freeway, the East and Southeast Leg of the Inner Loop. W are not quite sure e wheth; r or not the Northern part of the West section of the Inner Loop w i l l r e a l l y Charles Abrams. The City I s the Frontier. New York: Harper & Row, 1965. p. 359. �- 7 go underground along K St. N.W., ^IC stats'—nt to th© KGPO 6/lU/o7 JJU as shown i n the plan. The rumor persists that i t w i l l net be underground (an expensive undertaking) and that i t w i l l be above ground at a s i t e somewhere along T St. N.W. or Florida Ave. One wonders i f this depends on whether the Shaw Urban Renewal Plan develops under MIICO for the people who now ''ve there ©r under well-healed speculators and developers for the affluent wh© might l i k e to l i v e there. (The "Shaw area" i s slated as a section of the city "for further study" because ©f "Landmarks ©f h i s t o r i c a l importance and architectural merit", see map facing p. 27 ©f the Comprehensive Plan.) The section on transportation supports a notion that i s borne out i n housing densities proposed and i n "Areas of Land marks ©f h i s t o r i c a l impertance and architectural merit". That notion i s that the D i s t r i c t of Columbia i s to be divided up into so many homogenized ghettos... to convenient and uninvolved safety... ghettos where the rich can escape ghettos where the poor are herded out-of- sight, out-of-mind, and out-of-conscience, .The picture that emerges i s that the inner c i t y , and for 'Washington that means the Federal City (northern boundry F l a . Ave.) w i l l be for the rich and for the young well-healed, white, middle-class transients who f l o a t i n and out of the c i t y ; the area north of the f a l l line and "East of the Park" w i l l be for the stable middle-class Negro, the further north for the more affluent, the further east f o r the less affluent; east and south ©f the freeways and Near.Northeast, which i s encircled by the freeways, the poor and the isolated. Again we wish to remind you, I s of what the editors of Christianity and Crisis have told us: transportation can become "an instrument for justice or i n j u s t i c e , a means of opportunity or frustration, a mechanism for confining or releasing those who l i v e i n ghettos",and, 2: the c h i l l i n g thought about ©ur own c i t y ..attfl i s not a high density community - j u s t an isolated one... so i s Anacostia, so i s Near Northeast, s© i s . . . well a number of ether parts of ©ur beloved c i t y . �- 8- Ci2 iUtament to the NCPC • ^/lh/6? "OH Since there are large amounts of money involved, and financial and p o l i t i c a l fortunes w i l l be made i n the forcing of unneeded and unwanted freeways through the National Capital, we can understand why some of our public o f f i c i a l s and community aders are reluctant to act i n the name of community interest. We are told that our c i t y i s i n debt, and that by 1972 this debt w i l l be somewhere i n the neighborhood of three-hundred million dollars. There i s no money for housing. There i s no money for the improvement of education and for the expansion and upkeep of the f a c i l i t i e s i n wi ich i t takes place. There i s no money for the expansion and improvement of a number of v i t a l community, social, health and recreational programs that tliis c i t y must have. .are a l l of these things r e a l l y less important than the s e l f i s h principle ox individual automotive ease? W are being asked to endorse a highway system which w i l l cost something e i n excess of one b i l l i o n dollars. We cannot afford the money i t w i l l cost, the s o c i a l , economic, and community damage i t w i l l cause, nor the human l i v e s and hopes i t w i l l destroy. THE CATHOLIC INTERRACIAL COUNCIL OF WASHINGTON, D.C., BOARD OF DIRECTORS, i n meeting on Tuesday, June 13, 1967 unanimously passed the following resolution to be presented at this hearing: THE CATHOLIC INTERRACIAL COUNCIL OF WASHINGTON, D.C. CALLS FOR AN END Tu ALL LAND SPECULATION BY DEVELOPERS IN AREAS ADJACENT TO TRANSPORTATION PROJECTS, CONDEMNATIONS, NEGOTIATIONS FOR, AND CONSTRUCTIONS OF FREEWAYS AND THEIR SUPPORTING FACILITIES IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA UNTIL SUCH A TIME AS THERE EXISTS: 1. A FUNCTIONAL MASS TRANSIT SYSTEM THAT SERVES ALL COMMUNITIES IN THE WASHINGTON METROPOLITAN AREA, °. SAFE, DECENT, ADEQUATE HOUSING AVAILABLE TO ALL FAMILIES FOR RELOCATION PRIOR TO ANT PURCHASE AND DEMOLITION OF ANY HOMES TAKEN FOR TRANSPORTATION OR RENEWAL PROJECTS, AND THAT... 3. AN ADEQUATE PROGRAM OF SCHOOL CONSTRUCTION, DEVELOPED IN CONJUNCTION WITH PUBLIC PLANNING FOR THE NEEDS OF ALL COMMUNITIES OF THE CITY, BE INAUGURATED. �36 STATEMENT OP: C. P. MALONEY, J R . , V I C E PRESIDENT, MALONEY CONCRETE COMPANY MR. SHEAR: Number 3 4 , Mr. C. P. Maloney, J r . V i c e P r e s i d e n t , Maloney C o n c r e t e Company, f i l e d a statement f o r the r e c o r d . (Laughter.) (Mr. Moloney's s t a t e m e n t r e a d s a s f o l l o w s : ) �36A S t a t e m e n t o f M o l o n e y C o n c r e t e Company a t t h e " T r a n s p o r t a t i o n " H e a d i n g o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n a t 8 : 0 0 P.M., o n J u n ^ 1 4 t h a n d 1 5 t h i n t h e S t a t e D e p a r t m e n t A u d i t o r i u m , 2 3 r d $ C S t r e e t s , N. W.> W a s h i n g t o n , D. C . Gentlemen: I r e p r e s e n t t h e M a l o n e y C o n c r e t e Company a t t h i s h e a r i n g t h i s evening. I n i t i a l l y , we w o u l d l i k e t o g o o n r e c o r d i n f a v o r o f t h e h i g h w a y s . We h a v e b e e n a c t i v e i n o p e r a t i o n s i n t h i s a r e a s i n c e 1 9 1 9 a n d f e e l t h a t we have played and w i l l continue t o play a major r o l e i n both t h e development o f t h i s a r e a a n d a s a p r i m e u s e r o f t h e h i g h w a y s and r o a d s o f t h e c i t y of Washington and i t s suburbs. O v e r t h e s e many y e a r s we h a v e l o c a t e d o u r p l a n t s t h r o u g h o u t t h i s m a j o r a r e a and a t p r e s e n t have a major o p e r a t i n g p l a n t i n Georgetown, i n S o u t h e a s t Washington, i n Northeast Washington, and i n t h e suburban B e t h e s d a and R o c k v i l l e a r e a s . We h a v e b e e n w a t c h i n g w i t h c o n c e r n e d i n t e n t t h e r e c e n t p l a n n i n g o f t h e f r e e w a y s y s t e m f o r o u r a r e a a n d we s i n c e r e l y b e l i e v e t h a t t h e c u r r e n t "Proposed Comprehensive P l a n " f o r 1 9 8 5 w o u l d b e n e f i t t h i s a r e a a n d we w o u l d l i k e t o h a v e n o t e d o n t h e r e c o r d s t h a t we s u p p o r t t h i s p l a n . We h a v e o v e r t h e y e a r s i n v e s t e d c o n s i d e r a b l e sums o f c a p i t a l f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f m a i n t a i n i n g o u r f l e e t o f t r u c k s t o i t s maximum p r o f i c i e n c y a n d h a v e a s w e l l b e e n c o n s c i e n t i o u s i n m a i n t a i n i n g maximum s a f e t y c o n t r o l s a n d i m p r o v e m e n t s f o r t h e g e n e r a l w e l f a r e o f t h e community. S i n c e we d e l i v e r r e a d y m i x e d c o n c r e t e t h r o u g h o u t t h e a r e a , a c c e s s a b i 1 i t y o n t o t h e f r e e w a y s w h i c h w o u l d be p r o v i d e d i n t h i s proposed p l a n i s m o s t v i t a l t o c o n t i n u e d good o p e r a t i o n s f o r u s . T h e y w o u l d a l l i e v i a t e t h e s t a g n a t i o n o f o u r b u s i n e s s due t o t r a f f i c - c l o g g e d d i s t r i c t streets. We h a v e n o t e d r e c e n t l y many b u s i n e s s f i r m s t h a t h a v e r e l o c a t e d o u t s i d e of t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia. We s i n c e r e l y f e e l t h a t t h e e a r l y i n s t a l l a t i o n of t h i s freeway system could h e a v i l y c u r t a i l f u r t h e r r e l o c a t i o n of t h i s type. We h a v e b e e n c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h i s m a j o r p r o b l e m o u r s e l v e s and a r e a t t h e p r e s e n t c o n t e m p l a t i n g p l a n s f o r t h e development of another m a j o r p l a n t i n D. C . We a r e g o i n g t o e x t r e m e s t o l o c a t e o u r p l a n t s i n M a r y l a n d a n d V i r g i n i a t o reduce the mileage our trucks are required to t r a v e l i n performing their work i n t h i s a r e a . We w o u l d h o p e t h a t t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l c o n f i n e s o f t h e d i s t r i c t w i t h i t s new p l a n n e d f r e e w a y s y s t e m g e o u s l y t o our f u t u r e e x p a n s i o n program. We would like cooperate plans us with t o add f u r t h e r your f o r the area this opportunity this commission evening would t o be h e a r d . We itself advanta- t h a t we a r e m o s t w i l l i n g and a l l a g e n c i e s i n the future. lend i n t h e development thank you f o r your Thank y o u . courtesy to of your in grantin �STATEMENT OF: COLONEL ROBERT P. EVANS, PRESIDENT, CITIZENS ASSOCIATION OF GEORGETOWN MR. SHEAR: Number 3 5 , C o l o n e l Robert F . E v a n s , P r e s i d e n t of tho C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n o f Georgetown, f i l e d a statement f o r the record. ( C o l o n e l E v a n s ' s t a t e m e n t roads a s f o l l o w s : ) �THE CITIZENS ASSOCIATION of G E O R G E T O W N Statement of C o l . Robert F. E v a n s , USA (Ret.), P r e s i d e n t , C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n o f Georgetown, a t the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission h e a r i n g o f June 14, 1967, on t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n p o r t i o n of the Proposed Comprehensive P l a n f o r the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l . Transportation W a t e r f r o n t The A s s o c i a t i o n c o n c u r s w i t h t h e s t a t e m e n t on page 111 t h a t t h e Potomac R i v e r Freeway s h o u l d be t u n n e l l e d a c r o s s t h e Georgetown Waterf r o n t . , The concept t h a t t h e W h i t e h u r s t Freeway s h o u l d be removed, e x p r e s s e d on page 115, a l s o i s s u p p o r t e d by t h e A s s o c i a t i o n . The A s s o c i a t i o n , however, s t r o n g l y recommends t h a t t h e new Freeway s h o u l d be t u n n e l l e d under the e n t i r e W a t e r f r o n t so as not t o c u t o f f t h e e a s t e r n p o r t i o n , o v e r h a l f o f t h e W a t e r f r o n t , from t h e r e s t o f Georgetown. The A s s o c i a t i o n a l s o c o n c u r s w i t h t h e s t a t e m e n t on page 183 t h a t a program s h o u l d t a k e p l a c e a l o n g the Georgetown W a t e r f r o n t t o r e p l a c e i n d u s t r y w i t h new h o u s i n g and r e c r e a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s . S i m i l a r l y , we agree w i t h t h e s t a t e m e n t on t h e same page t h a t t h e W a t e r f r o n t s h o u l d be r e b u i l t l a r g e l y as a r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a . "....new d e v e l o p ment s h o u l d be a t row-house d e n s i t y t o p r e s e r v e t h e c h a r a c t e r o f Georgetown." T h i s a l s o e x p r e s s e s t h e A s s o c i a t i o n ' s g e n e r a l c o n c e p t . More s p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e A s s o c i a t i o n e n v i s a g e s t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n o f Georgetown down t o the r i v e r as i t e x i s t s above M S t r e e t . I t i s e n v i s a g e d t h a t on K. S t r e e t and W i s c o n s i n Avenue^ a number o f s m a l l commerc i a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s would be encouraged and t h a t t h e r e m a i n i n g a r e a would be u t i l i z e d f o r one f a m i l y h o u s e s . The e x i s t i n g p a r k a l o n g the C. & 0. C a n a l s h o u l d be supplemented by s m a l l w a t e r f r o n t p a r k s . The A s s o c i a t i o n i s s t r o n g l y opposed t o any h i g h r i s e developments o f any k i n d on t h e W a t e r f r o n t . I t has come t o our a t t e n t i o n t h a t s e v e r a l approaches a r e b e i n g made f o r the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f h i g h - r i s e a p a r t m e n t s and o f f i c e b u i l d i n g s on t h e W a t e r f r o n t i n a n t i c i p a t i o n o f 1 �C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n o f Georgetown -7- June 7, 196'/ t u n n e l c o n s t r u c t i o n and t h e r e m o v a l o f t h e W h i t e h u r s t Freeway. The A s s o c i a t i o n u r g e n t l y recommends t h a t t h e f i n a l P l a n incorporate the necessary steps to prevent such developments. S c e n i c easement and r e s t o r a t i o n by p r i v a t e i n d i v i d u a l s under p r o p e r z o n i n g appear t o p r o v i d e means f o r e n s u r i n g t h e o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e P l a n and o f t h e A s s o c i a t i o n . I t i s proposed t h a t t h e f i n a l P l a n i n corporate s p e c i f i c s i n t h i s matter i n view of the c l e a r and p r e s e n t danger o f development c o n t r a r y t o t h e P l a n and t h e d e s i r e s o f t h e c i t i z e n r y . Recommendation-VZ2 T h a t t h e P l a n be amended t o s t a r t t h e t u n n e l under t h e Georgetown W a t e r f r o n t e a s t o f Rock Creek and t o i n c o r p o r a t e s p e c i f i c s t e p s f o r t h e p r e v e n t i o n o f h i g h - r i s e c o n s t r u c t i o n on t h e Waterfront. (As p r e v i o u s l y n o t e d , t h e A s s o c i a t i o n e n d o r s e s t h e recommendation f o r a Georgetown w a t e r f r o n t p a r k , t o g e t h e r w i t h r e s i d e n t i a l and r e s i d e n t i a l l y compatible u s e s a l o n g t h e W a t e r f r o n t . ) . P a r k i n g The A s s o c i a t i o n e x p l i c i t l y c o n c u r s w i t h t h e program o b j e c t i v e f o r 1967-72 s t a t e d on page 113,"...a management program s h o u l d be i n s t i t u t e d t o p r o h i b i t p a r k i n g by n o n r e s i d e n t s on r e s i d e n t i a l s t r e e t s now enc r o a c h e d upon by a l l - d a y p a r k i n g . " I t does not b e l i e v e t h a t t h i s s h o u l d be d e l a y e d , however, u n t i l a f t e r programs f o r o f f - s t r e e t p a r k i n g have t a k e n e f f e c t . I t i s believed t h a t prompt i n i t i a t i o n o f t h e r e s t r i c t i o n o f n o n r e s i d e n t a l l - d a y p a r k i n g i n r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s w i l l encourage a more r a p i d p r o v i s i o n o f t h e o f f - s t r e e t p a r k i n g proposed. The A s s o c i a t i o n has recommended t o t h e D i s t r i c t Commiss i o n e r s a program t o p r e v e n t a l l - d a y p a r k i n g by n o n r e s i dents i n Georgetown. I t i s b a s e d on t h e "Milwaukee P l a n " and' recommends t h e p r o v i s i o n by t h e p o l i c e o f s t i c k e r s i d e n t i f y i n g c a r s o f r e s i d e n t s who would be a u t h o r i z e d a l l - d a y p a r k i n g . A l l o t h e r v e h i c l e s would be l i m i t e d t o a maximum o f f o u r h o u r s ' p a r k i n g i n r e s i d e n t i a l Georgetown. (Many o l d houses i n Georgetown l a c k any p o s s i b i l i t y of o f f - s t r e e t parking.) I t i s understood t h a t the D i s t r i c o f Columbia Highway Department i s a c t i v e l y w o r k i n g on t h e development o f such a p l a n . Recommendation "V^gE- T h a t t h e P l a n be amended t o e s t a b l i s h a s a m a t t e r o f u r g e n c y t h e Commission p r o - �37C C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n o f Georgetown -8- p o s a l t o p r o h i b i t a l l - d a y p a r k i n g by in r e s i d e n t i a l areas. June 7, 1967 nonresidents f Washington N a t i o n a l A i r p o r t The P l a n , on page 117, comments on a r e s t u d y o f t h e Master P l a n f o r t h e f u t u r e operation of National A i r p o r t . I t also s t a t e s t h a t the median o f t h e f r e e w a y t o D u l l e s has room f o r a r a p i d t r a n s i t l i n e . The A s s o c i a t i o n i s s t r o n g l y and u r g e n t l y opposed t o t h e c o n t i n u e d o p e r a t i o n from N a t i o n a l A i r p o r t o f commercial a i r c r a f t . These a i r c r a f t n o t o n l y p o l l u t e t h r o u g h n o i s e b u t a l s o c o n t a m i n a t e t h e a i r by t h e dumping o f t o n s o f i n c o m p l e t e l y consumed f u e l on t h e homes o f u r b a n . d w e l l e r s . The Commission h a s had adequate t e s t i mony a s t o t h e menace t o t h e homes o f Georgetown p r e s e n t ed by j e t t r a f f i c from N a t i o n a l . I t i s the view of the A s s o c i a t i o n t h a t t h i s t r a f f i c s h o u l d be t r a n s f e r r e d t o D u l l e s and F r i e n d s h i p A i r p o r t s a t t h e e a r l i e s t p r a c t i c a l d a t e and t h a t h i g h - s p e e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o D u l l e s s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d . Recommendation J B | T h a t t h e P l a n be amended t o provide f o r r a p i d t r a n s i t t o D u l l e s A i r p o r t as a m a t t e r o f u r g e n c y and f o r t h e t r a n s f e r o f commercial a i r t r a f f i c from N a t i o n a l A i r p o r t t o D u l l e s and Friendship Airports. �38 -Ojd36 MR. SHEAR: Number 3 6 , P h i l i p Young o f tho Savo Takoma P a r k Committee r e l i n q u i s h e d h i s entire time to Mr. Abbott. (Applause.) STATEMENT OP: PETER GLICKERT, CAPITOL H I L L COMMUNITY COUNCIL MR. SHEAR: Number 3 7 , P e t e r G l i c k o r t , H i l l Community C o u n c i l , filed (Mr. G l i c k o r t ' a Capitol a statement f o r the r e c o r d . statement reads as follows:) �36* STATEMENT FOR THE CAPITOL H I L L COMMUNITY COUNCIL NCPC T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n Hearing Our comments a r e concerned w i t h subway p l a n s and w i t h some of t h e f i n e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p o i n t s o f t h e 1985 p l a n . While l e s s momentous than t h e s u b j e c t m a t t e r t o be d i s c u s s e d by many o t h e r s h e r e , t h e s e p l a n s may be much e a s i e r f o r t h e P l a n n i n g Commission to a l t e r . We approve t h e subway p l a n i n our neighborhood as p r e s e n t l y c a l l e d f o r , w i t h s t a t i o n s a t Barney C i r c l e and E l e a n o r R o o s e v e l t Square, i n f r o n t o f Hine S c h o o l , and a s t a t i o n f o r the C a p i t o l on Independence Avenue. We a r e opposed t o any s t a t i o n s along Independence Avenue S o u t h e a s t between t h e C a p i t o l and the Stadium and we a r e opposed t o removal o f t h e subway from i t s planned l o c a t i o n along Independence Avenue, Southwest. So s t r o n g l y do we f e e l about t h e l a t t e r t h a t we b e l i e v e t h e u l t i mate good, o f t h e c i t y w i l l b e s t be s e r v e d by d e l a y i n g t h i s cons t r u c t i o n u n t i l an A r c h i t e c t o f t h e C a p i t o l i s found, who w i l l agree t o h a v i n g a subway stop where w o r k e r s a t and v i s i t o r s t o the C a p i t o l , i t s o f f i c e b u i l d i n g s and t h e L i b r a r y o f Congress can g e t t o i t e a s i l y . The C o u n c i l h a s m i s g i v i n g s about two p a r k i n g p r o p o s a l s i n t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n . One o f t h e s e i s t h e p r o p o s a l t o ban s t r e e t p a r k i n g Downtown. We f e e l t h a t t h e a b i l i t y t o park f r e e on Downtown s t r e e t s i n t h e evenings and on weekends i n c r e a s e s t h e a t t r a c t i v e n e s s o f Downtown a t t h e s e t i m e s ; we see no r e a s o n f o r such an a b s o l u t e ban on p a r k i n g . A l s o , we a r e i n doubt about how o f f s t r e e t p a r k i n g i s t o be p r o v i d e d i n crowded, r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s w i t h o u t d e s t r o y i n g r e s i d e n t i a l s t r u c t u r e s . We approve t h e p r o p o s a l s t o downgrade p r e s e n t a r t e r i a l s t r e e t s t o l o c a l s t r e e t s t a t u s and t o move t h e i n t e r c i t y bus t e r m i n a l s t o Union S t a t i o n . We f e e l t h a t i t would be unwise to e l i m i n a t e p r e s e n t i n t e r c i t y r a i l s t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s from t h e p r e s e n t s t r u c t u r e as ; t h e V i s i t o r Center P r o p o s a l seems t o call for. Peter G l i c k e r t 140 T w e l f t h S t r e e t , SE Washington, D. C , 2 0003 �39 3Cgd37 Number 3 8 , B e r n a r d MR. SHEAR: P r e s i d e n t , Brookland W. Pryor, Neighborhood C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n , I n c o r - porated . (Applause.) STATEMENT OF: BERNARD V/. PRYOR, PRESIDENT, BROOKLAND NEIGHBORHOOD C I V I C ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED MR. BERNARD W. PRYOR: Madam Chairman, Members of t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission: I was hoping to s e e a l l o f tho Commissioners h e r o , a d d r e s s i n g to them a l s o . I am B e r n a r d W. P r y o r , P r e s i d e n t o f t h e Brookland Neighborhood C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n , I n c o r p o r a t e d . numbers 1 5 0 0 r e s i d e n t s i n tho Brookland affiliated and myself Our membership a r e a and wo a r e w i t h t h e D. C. F e d e r a t i o n of C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s I am Chairman of t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committoo of t h e Brookland Coordinating Council. Tho Nation's death of a c i t y o r tho d e t e r i o r a t i o n of t h e C a p i t a l w i l l proceed a t an a c c o l e r a t e d pace, i f Congress and tho E x e c u t i v e B r a n c h f o l l o w tho a d v i c e of highway and t r a f f i c perpetuate e n g i n e e r s whoso m i s s i o n s soom t o bo t o and i n c r e a s e tho jobs of s u c h e n g i n e e r s who t h i n k i n terms of motor v e h i c l e s i n s t e a d o f human b e i n g s . (Applause.) They promote e n d l e s s s e r i e s of p r o j e c t s t h a t , i n s t e a d �40 Ojd38 of s o l v i n g our t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems, g r e a t l y d e l a y and transit i n c r e a s e the c o s t of o l o c t r i c c o n s t r u c t i o n and railroad complicate, rapid operation. I n Washington, as e l s e w h e r e , highway and p l a n n e r s a r c dominating that i t appears urban and traffic r e g i o n a l planning, except t h a t when the NCPC g i v e s an i n c h to tho d e s i r e s of the Highway Department t h e y t a k e a m i l e and D. C. Commissioners do n o t h i n g to p r o t e c t tho because citizenry they a r e p o w e r l e s s to speak f o r t h e m s e l v e s the s p e c i f i c d i r e c t i o n from members of Congress not o n l y them but o t h e r a p p o i n t e d tho without who control committees. (Applause.) I t appears t h a t tho main purpose of t h e North C e n t r a l Frooway i s to b r i n g t r a f f i c i n and out of the D i s t r i c t d u r i n g r u s h h o u r s , s e r v i n g m a i n l y the s u b u r b a n i t e s and the D. C. r e s i d e n t s . to for Trucks w i l l p a s s e n g e r c a r s w i t h n o i s e , fumos and 24 hours a day. d e a t h to p e o p l e . p o l l u t i o n and The traffic The interested dangerous pollution constantly They c a u s e d e s t r u c t i o n of p l a n t s and s u b j e c t of the a d v e r s e e f f e c t s of a i r n o i s o s c r e a t e d by motor v e h i c l e s boon gone i n t o i n p r e v i o u s NCPC has had has testimony. some members who have boon i n t h e c i t y b e i n g kept b e a u t i f u l as w e l l as tho w e l f a r e of i t s v o t e l e s s c i t i z e n s . to r o a r through, not We c o n s i d e r the e f f e c t f r e e w a y s w i l l hope t h e y w i l l continue have on the community. �41 Ojd39 (Applause.) Perhaps a l l t h e s a c r i f i c e s made of homos and business and places are e s s e n t i a l . respected e x p o r t s who have s t u d i e d they a r e not. of t r a f f i c But a number o f s e r i o u s tho p r o p o s a l s They s a y t h e Highway Department's needs a r e vc ':ly e x a g g e r a t e d . claim projections Car t r a f f i c from Montgomery County i s a c t u a l l y l o s s than i t was s i x y e a r s ago. (laughter.) They f u r t h e r p o i n t out t h a t t h e North Freeway d o e s n ' t make any s e n s e u n l e s s the whole I n n e r and Central i t i s followed Loop network which w i l l up w i t h t a k e o v e r 600 a c r e s make 1 5 , 0 0 0 people h o m e l e s s . Our B r o o k l a n d community, a s w e l l a s t h o segment now b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d , i s a s t a b l e , w e l l i n t e g r a t e d of tho c i t y . cooperative Residents, as w e l l as businessmen, a r c very and do n o t want t o bo d r i v e n i n t o t h e suburbs b e c a u s e o f a c o n c r e t e s e a of highways and p a r k i n g The District lots. of Columbia, w i t h i t s s t e a d i l y s h r i n k i n g a v a i l a b l e land very serious position section a r o a , would bo p l a c i n g itself ina i n terms o f land use, i f t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway i s approved. We have t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o relocate families displaced i n t h e normal growth of t h e c i t y i n t h e p r o c e s s of s u p p l y i n g land l o c a l municipal buildings, public and so f o r t h . f o r schools, playgrounds, h o u s i n g , urban r e n e w a l , �42 '.°jOjd40 Promise of a i r r i g h t s to b u i l d apartments freeways i n o r d e r to t a k e c a r e of the d i s p l a c e d p e r s o n s i s f a l s e gesture. and T i g h t money would make i t p r o h i b i t i v e f o r most of t h o s e m i d d l e - and to s e c u r e mortgages, as w e l l as r e t i r e e s . be a l o s s of m i l l i o n s of d o l l a r s D i s t r i c t and would r e s u l t property 13 Some of those f a m i l i e s a r e as many a s need e q u a l homos to accommodate them. people over low-incomo There would i n p r o p e r t y t a x e s f o r tho i n i n c r e a s e d t a x e s to the remaining owners. Wo ask: What about tho people path; e s p e c i a l l y o l d e r persons i n the freeway of r e t i r e m e n t age o r o l d e r ? W i l l they be e l i g i b l e f o r homo mortgages, f o r adequate housing i n another area? S p e c i f i c a l l y , what a s s u r a n c e i s g i v e n t h a t homes w i l l be p r o v i d e d f o r persons w h i c h would be e c o n o m i c a l l y e q u i v a l e n t and homos i n w h i c h t h e y now I comparable to the live? might say as r e p r e s e n t a t i v e f o r the C o o r d i n a t i n g C o u n c i l we Freeway, to bo d i s p l a c e d Brookland i n e q u i v o c a l l y oppose tho North C e n t r a l Freeway e n t r a n c e s and exits i n tho a r e a of and Monroe S t r e e t , N o r t h e a s t , a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y and would make s u c c e s s f u l community p l a n n i n g Michigan intolerable impossible. I n t a k i n g t h i s p o s i t i o n , the Brookland Community r e c o g n i z e s i t s moral r o s p o n s i b i l t y to the thousands of f a m i l i e s t h r e a t e n e d by the North C e n t r a l Freeway tne c i t y who throughout w i l l bo abandoned as thousands b e f o r e them have �43 30jd4l boon t o tho meager and unfounded h o u s i n g program t h a t failed c o n s i s t e n t l y t o meet i n c r e a s i n g n e e d s . Air r i g h t s h o u s i n g , i n p a r t i c u l a r , o f f e r s no s o l u t i o n t o tho d i s p l a c e d dwelling units f a m i l i e s s i n c e the cost of s i n g l e i s e s t i m a t e d a t a s h i g h a s $ 4 5 , 0 0 0 and t h e p h y s i c a l dangers a r c overwhelming. On page two of the J o i n t Development of Housing and F r e e w a y s , a s t u d y by T i p p e t t s , Abbott, McCarthy and S t r a t t o n f o r tho Department of Highways and T r a f f i c , i t states: A healthy community must not bo s u b j e c t e d e x h a u s t fumes, t r a f f i c t o auto n o i s e s , f l y i n g d u s t and o t h e r p a r t i c u l a r m a t t e r g e n e r a t e d by a f r e e w a y . Since Congress cannot b a l a n c e tho D i s t r i c t of Columbia Budget w i t h o u t the s c a n d a l needed s c h o o l s , recreation f a c i l i t i e s , programs, wo r e j e c t the D i s t r i c t of e l i m i n a t i n g desperately l i b r a r i e s and w e l f a r e tho Highway Department's demands t h a t s u p p l y $ 1 0 0 m i l l i o n needed t o finance this t h o r o u g h l y d e s t r u c t i v e f r e e w a y s y s t e m and then c o n t i n u e t o pay for i t indefinitely. (Applause.) 1 MR. SHEAR: Two m i n u t e s . MR. PRYOR: Thank y o u . Wo s t r o n g l y urge t h a t t h e N a t i o n a l d e c i s i o n o f May t h e 4 t h to b e g i n c o n s t r u c t i o n S t r e e t B r i d g e be r e v e r s e d C a p i t a l Planning of t h e T a y l o r i n view of the f a c t t h a t current �44 •V.,1c!42 l i t i g a t i o n p u t s tho e n t i r e i n t e r s t a t e s y s t e m w i t h i n t h e District i n question. (Applause.) And t h a t a d e c i s i o n t o begin c o n s t r u c t i o n a t this time c o u l d be c o n s t r u e d a s an a c t of bad f a i t h on t h e p a r t of t h e P l a n n i n g Commission, f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n and d e s i g n a t T a y l o r and 1 0 t h S t r e e t , N o r t h e a s t , l a r g e l y c o n s t r u c t i o n and d e s i g n a t Michigan Northeast, i n which merely m e a n i n g l e s s determines and Monroe S t r e e t , c a s e tho NCPC community d i s c u s s i o n s a r e rituals. (Applause.) Without p r o p e r this freeway, j u s t i f i c a t i o n a s t o tho need f o r w i t h o u t any c l e a r s o l u t i o n f o r tho i n c r e d i b l e s o c i a l and p h y s i c a l problems s u c h a freeway would c r e a t e i n o u r community, w i t h o u t any adequate s o l u t i o n t o tho dangerously i n c r e a s e d a i r p o l l u t i o n i t would c r e a t e , wo cannot a c c e p t t h i s o r any o t h e r freeway i n tho D i s t r i c t of Columbia a s an example of good c i t y p l a n n i n g . (Applause.) At t h i s p o i n t i n h i s t o r y when tho urban i s b e i n g r e c o g n i z e d a s a g r o a t s o c i a l and p h y s i c a l l a y i n g waste to p r e v i o u s c i t y land and h e a v i l y the a i r f o r m i l e s , when n a t i o n a l a t t e n t i o n to i t s i n e f f i c i e n c y and freeway evil polluting i s b e i n g drawn f a i l u r e to solve transportation problems i n e v e r y major c i t y i n America, i t i s absolutely �45 •K-jd43 n e c e s s a r y t h a t we c e a s e any c o n s t r u c t i o n o f tho North C e n t r a l Frooway and immediately and e v e r y ounce o f energy a s u p e r i o r mass t r a n s i t t u r n e v e r y c e n t o f funds t o d e s i g n and c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s y s t e m i n tho N a t i o n ' s U n t i l such rapid transit Capital. i s b u i l t , the following improvements a r o suggested -May I have j u s t -CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. PRYOR: What, 3 0 s e c o n d s ? 30 s e c o n d s , y e s . CHAIRMAN ROWE: A l l right. MR. PRYOR: --wo would urge t h a t t h e freeway w i t h i n tho D i s t r i c t Freeway of Columbia be l i m i t e d system t o t h e Bast-West c o n n e c t i n g w i t h tho R o o s e v e l t and 1 4 t h S t r e e t B r i d g e s on t h e w e s t , w i t h t h e A n a c o s t i a B r i d g e on t h o e a s t , p r o v i d i n g t h a t tho s o - c a l l e d South Log i s t u n n e l e d i n i t s e n t i r e t y , p l u s tho new completed A n a c o s t i a - K e n i l w o r t h Freeway. This would bo an i n t e r s t a t e s y s t e m e l i m i n a t i n g a l l f r e e w a y n o r t h of t h o M o l l . I t would n e c e s s i t a t e t r a n s f e r r i n g a s e c t i o n o f the B a l t i m o r e - W a s h i n g t o n Parkway i n o r d e r t o s a t i s f y t h e demands f o r t h o i n t e r s t a t e s y s t e m b u t t h e Parkway c o u l d then be i d e n t i f i e d a s 1-95 and we would then have a c o n t i n u o u s i n t e r s t a t e s y s t e m w i t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. We a l s o s u g g e s t t h a t t h e r e would be an o v e r p a s s a t F l o r i d a Avenue and North C a p i t o l Streets. Thank you v e r y much, Mrs. Chairman. �46 i'3x.jd44 (Applause.) MR. SHEAR: Number 3 9 , David Solomon, Washington S e c t i o n , I n s t i t u t e o f T r a f f i c President, Engineers. STATEMENT OP: DAVID SOLOMON, PRESIDENT, WASHINGTON SECTION, INSTITUTE OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERS MR. DAVID SOLOMON: name i s David Solomon. As you have i n d i c a t e d , my I am t h e P r e s i d e n t o f tho Washington S e c t i o n of the I n s t i t u t e of T r a f f i c Engineers. T h i s s e c t i o n has a membership p e o p l e , n e a r l y a l l o f whom a r o t r a f f i c of approximately 250 engineers b u t some a r e p s y c h o l o g i s t s , m a t h e m a t i c i a n s , o t h e r e n g i n e e r s and economists. The membership Metropolitan I i s p r i m a r i l y i n t h e Washington area but i t a l s o i n c l u d e s t h e C i t y of Baltimore. t h i n k most people a g r e e t h a t a b a l a n c e d p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m i s needed b u t t h e p o i n t s trans- a t i s s u e a r e what i s meant by b a l a n c e d . T a k i n g tho f o u r elements o f t r a n s i t , a r t e r i a l s t r e e t s and p a r k i n g freeways, wo need t o know how much and what typo o f each a r o r e q u i r e d to achieve a v i a b l e c i t y and i t s s u r r o u n d i n g tho o b j e c t i v e s o f area. T h i s p l a n emphasizes r a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t , p r o v i d e s f o r 20 miles of a d d i t i o n a l f r e e w a y s on t o p of t h e 12 m i l e s now e x i s t i n g i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and a d d i t i o n a l �47 T31jd45 mileage o u t s i d e , p r o v i d e s f o r a minimum a r t e r i a l street system, p r o v i d e s f o r no a d d i t i o n a l downtown p a r k i n g . I n our o p i n i o n , t h i s does not c o n s t i t u t e a b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m and i t does not f i l l t h e needs f o r the Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a . An e x p r e s s bus rapid t r a n s i t s y s t e m i s needed t o o p e r a t e on a good freeway s y s t e m . Local busses a r e a l s o needed and I might p o i n t out t h a t ono advantage of an e x p r e s s bus s y s t e m i s t h a t t h e b u s s e s c a n be l o c a l b u s s e s i n r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s and, when they complete l o a d i n g , thoy can t r a v e l on t h e f r e e w a y s t o t h e d e s t i n a t i o n , thus eliminating a t r a n s f e r stop. Tho through freeway plan r e q u i r e s a d d i t i o n a l h e r e and a c r o s s town -(Scattered applause.) -- and t h i s downtown to suburbs i s not o n l y t o b r i n g people from and v i c e v e r s a but t o p r o v i d e f o r tho needs of t h e people who l i v e and sections i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia nood t o got from ono p a r t of t h e c i t y t o a n o t h e r . We a l s o need an e x p a n s i o n a r t e r i a l s t r e e t system. and upgrading of an We need more p a i r s of one-way s t r e e t s . We need t o u s e modern e l e c t r o n i c computerized s u r v e i l l a n c e and c o n t r o l systems traffic to operate these streets e f f i c i e n t l y and s a f e l y . F i n a l l y , wo need a d d i t i o n a l p a r k i n g s p a c e s downtown. �48 T31jd46 I don't know tho e x a c t number but i t i s c e r t a i n l y of i n excess 15,000 s p a c e s now j u s t t o g o t t h e c u r b p a r k i n g o f f t h e street and t o t a k e c a r o of i m b a l a n c e s in existing off-street parking. The f a c t people i s that t h i s plan i s designed to use r a i l rapid to force transit. (Applause.) And p e o p l e w i l l not bo f o r c e d t o do a n y t h i n g , whether i t i s t o a c c e p t a tan-minute r a i l rapid t r a n s i t system. So, i f t h i s s y s t e m i s b u i l t , i t w i l l not g o t t h e usage planned Tho d e a d l i n e o r t o uso a for i t . P l a n p r o v i d e s f o r v e r y few now f r e e w a y s and i t has many o t h e r d i s a d v a n t a g e s , a s I have Let us suppose, howovor, t h a t t h i s mented a s s u g g e s t e d . f o l l o w i n g w i l l happen: District Plan i s imple- What w i l l be t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s ? Congestion w i l l Tho i n c r e a s e w i t h i n the o f Columbia. Tho t r e n d t o t h e suburbs w i l l s u g g e s t t h a t ' s why t h e s e t r a f f i c low. indicated. There i n c r e a s e , and I p r e d i c t i o n s may have been i s so much c o n g e s t i o n today t h a t people a r e remaining i n tho s u b u r b s . I n d u s t r y i s l o c a t i n g i n the suburbs. Government i s l o c a t i n g i n t h e s u b u r b s . (Applause.) But t h e F e d e r a l Government wants t o put some o f its installations downtown and I submit t h a t tho F e d e r a l �49 T31jd47 Government w i l l f i n d d i f f i c u l t y i n r e c r u i t i n g s h o r t s u p p l y s c i e n t i s t s , e n g i n e e r s , p r o f e s s i o n a l s and a d m i n i s t r a t o r s because t h e s e people to work downtown. work f o r p r i v a t e w i l l not f i g h t the c o n g e s t i o n to como They have o t h e r a l t e r n a t i v e s . industry. They can work f o r some of the Government a g e n c i e s i n the s u b u r b s . c i t i e s , and They can They can go to o t h e r I speak from e x p e r i e n c e w i t h r e s p e c t t o this. (Applause.) There w i l l bo g e n e r a l r e s t r i c t i o n of freedom of movement throughout more t r a f f i c the M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a . on r e s i d e n t i a l s t r e e t s , c o n t r a r y t o tho of t h e P l a n , b e c a u s e , upgrading through There w i l l by not b u i l d i n g f r e e w a y s a r t e r i a l s , you w i l l f o r c e t h o s e who to t a k e w h a t e v e r r o u t e t h e y can and and bo objectives not want t o get they w i l l use t h e r e s i d e n t i a l s t r e e t s whoro tho c h i l d r e n p l a y . There w i l l bo more a c c i d e n t s and t h i s , and this the r e a s o n f o r i s backed up by s u b s t a n t i v e s t u d i o s , the a c c i d e n t r a t e p e r hundred m i l l i o n m i l e s of t r a v e l i s t w i c e a s g r e a t on c i t y s t r e e t s as on i n t e r s t a t e f r e e w a y s a r e a s and tho f a t a l i t y r a t e i s n e a r l y t w i c e a s g r o a t c i t y s t r e e t s a s on urban i n t e r s t a t e f r e e w a y s . the and urban on Those a r o facts. The g h e t t o e s , both w h i t e and Nogro g h e t t o e s be even more i s o l a t e d than a t p r e s e n t . rid overnight, a t least of t h o s e g h e t t o e s I f we cannot will get l e t us t r y to �50 encourage communication between them. (Laughter.) Pood, c l o t h i n g and o t h e r n e c e s s i t i e s w i l l c o s t more and t h i s i s because goods a r e n o t t r a n s p o r t e d by subway, Thoy r e q u i r e t r u c k s . Many o f t h o s e t r u c k s t h a t come i n t o tho downtown a r e a a r e d e s t i n e d f o r s t o r e s . provides f o r bypassing Beltway t r u c k s b u t a good s h a r e of t h e t r u c k s a r o t o d e l i v e r goods and reduce and Tho Outer t h e c o s t o f food and c l o t h i n g , I submit t h a t t h i s a f f e c t s a l l income groups, particularly tho low income g r o u p s . F i n a l l y , t h e r e w i l l bo f e w e r employment o p p o r t u n i t i e s for Even people who e a r n $3000 a y e a r low income g r o u p s . can a f f o r d a used c a r , i f t h e y can g e t f o u r o t h e r p e o p l e — (Laughter.) — i f they can got f o u r o t h e r p e o p l e t o j o i n thorn i n a c a r p o o l and, i n d e e d , MR. SHEAR: Two MR. SOLOMON: with t h e y can make a p r o f i t on i t . minutes. And I s e e t h i s e v e r y day when I am on t h e f r e e w a y . (Laughter.) I seven s e e a boat-up, f i v o - y o a r - o l d c a r w i t h f i v e , s i x , o r e i g h t men, who o b v i o u s l y a r e n o t w e a l t h y . This i s c a l l e d a c a r pool. (Laughter.) It i s t h e most e f f i c i e n t and c h e a p e s t form o f mass �51 T32jd49 transit yet devised. I t i s f a s t e r than b u s s e s . I t is c h e a p e r than b u s s e s . I t i s more c o m f o r t a b l e and more convenient. These consequences r e s u l t because t r i p and d e s t i n a t i o n s a r o d i s p e r s e d purpose. origins i n terms o f t i m e , s p a c e and Wo t r a v e l 24 hours a day, not two h o u r s , and a l l over tho Metropolitan a r e a . One f i n a l word. of t h e subway a r e h e r o . hero en masse. I t ' s obvious t h a t t h e a d v o c a t e s The opponents o f t h e f r e e w a y a r e Whore a r o t h o s e who s u p p o r t t h o f r e e w a y system? (Laughter.) Members o f t h e Commission, I w i s h t o r e p o r t t o you t h a t a t t h i s moment t e n thousand o f t h e s e people a r o con- g r e g a t i n g t o support the freeway. At t h i s moment t o n thousand p e o p l e a r o t r a v e l i n g on t h o e x i s t i n g f r e e w a y network i n tho Metropolitan area. hero. T h e r e i s y o u r s u p p o r t , n o t t h o 100 people And, between f o u r and s i x t h i s e v e n i n g 200,000 people traveled on t h e freeway network. These a r e t h e s i l e n t s u p p o r t e r s o f tho f r e e w a y s who speak w i t h t h e i r rubtortiros. ( L a u g h t e r and a p p l a u s e . ) I n c o n c l u s i o n -CHAIRMAN ROWE: (Pounding g a v e l ) 30 s e c o n d s , Mr. Solomon. MR. SOLOMON: I n c o n c l u s i o n , the Metropolitan �52 T32jd50 a r e a o f Washington needs an i n t e g r a t e d f r e e w a y s y s t e m . We need 35 a d d i t i o n a l m i l e s i n t h e D i s t r i c t and o t h e r m i l e s o u t s i d e o f i t . use highways. o f Columbia Those f r e e w a y s a r o m u l t i - Thoy move goods and p e o p l e , mass and p r i v a t e v e h i c l e s . transit Wo need an e x p r e s s bus r a p i d s y s t e m on t h o s e f r e e w a y s and c o n n e c t i n g l o c a l bus transit linos. We need more emphasis on a r t e r i a l s t r e e t s and a good t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m f o r t h e f r e e w a y s and I submit t h a t K S t r e e t Freeway i s n o t a good d i s t r i b u t i o n s y s t e m . disthis I would u r g e you t o c o n s i d e r moving i t f u r t h e r n o r t h s o t h a t it c a n i n t e r c h a n g e w i t h t h e p a i r s o f one-way s t r e e t s A VOICE: People l i v e MR. SOLOMON: — there. and move t o t h i s a r e a a s w e l l a s t h i s a r e a where people want t o got around. h e r e , you a r o s p e e d i n g t r a f f i c it more d i f f i c u l t — By p u t t i n g i t through t h e a r e a and making t o g o t t o t h o e x i s t i n g one-way s t r e e t s . F i n a l l y , wo need more p a r k i n g , p u b l i c and p r i v a t e , downtown and i n o u t l y i n g areas. Two o t h e r t h i n g s . We need more c a r p o o l l o c a t o r s so t h a t e v e r y o n e , i n c l u d i n g low-income of mass g r o u p s , c a n u s e t h i s most e f f i c i e n t transit. Thank you v e r y much. CHAIRMAN ROWE: (Applause.) Thank you. form �53 ; ..'32jd51 MR. SHEAR: (No L a u r a Leo S p e n c e r . response.) L a u r a Lee S p e n c e r ? (No response.) J e s s e Devore, P r e s i d e n t , I v y C i t y Trinidad Citizens Association, Incorporated. (No response.) Mr. Devore? (No response.) A r t h u r C. Cox, P r e s i d e n t , Corson & Gruman Company. MR. ROBERT WALLACE: Mr. Cox i s n ' t h e r e b u t he asked me t o s a y a few words f o r him. MR. SHEAR: Would you i d e n t i f y y o u r s e l f , p l e a s e ? Are you w i t h tho Corson & Gruman Company? MR. WALLACE: Y e s . (Mr. W a l l a c e going t o podium.) MR. SHEAR: Would you i d e n t i f y y o u r s e l f , p l e a s e . STATEMENT OF: ROBERT WALLACE, CORSON & GRUMAN COMPANY, INC. MR. ROBERT WALLACE: and I am jmployed My name i s Robert Wallace by Corson & Gruman Company, p a v i n g contractors. (Laughter.) So we're i n t h e m a j o r i t y h e r e t o n i g h t . We a r e n a t u r a l l y v e r y much a f f e c t e d by t h e outcome �of t h i s h e a r i n g and we have a l r e a d y boon a f f e c t e d by t h e d e l a y s caused i n tho highway program by p r e v i o u s hearings. (Applause.) It a p p e a r s , much t o t h e c h a g r i n of some of you, t h a t t h e a u t o m o b i l e s and tho w h e e l s o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a r e hero to stay. I t i s not o n l y g o i n g to i n c r e a s e here i n Washington but a l l o v e r and w i t h t h i s i n c r e a s e i n t r a n s - p o r t a t i o n we t r u s t t h a t our t o u r i s t b u s i n e s s i s g o i n g t o i n c r e a s e and t h e s e t o u r i s t s a r o not g o i n g t o p a r k i n Annandale o r B e t h o s d a and t a k e t h a t subway downtown. need tho f a c i l i t i e s , only t h i s traffic the improved f a c i l i t i e s i n f l u x of t r a f f i c We to h a n d l e not but t h e i n c r e a s e d commercial t h a t we w i l l have as our c o u n t r y grows. We a r e beyond t h e ago of t h e 1940 s t r e e t s t o h a n d l e modern t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . Our company has been i n b u s i n e s s around Washington f o r o v e r 40 y e a r s . We have p r o g r e s s e d w i t h t h e community and we have c o n t r i b u t e d t o its growth. We h i r e and wo t r a i n am s o r r y t o s a y — I may t o our shop s t e w a r d , who l o c a l men i n t e r j e c t r i g h t hero — and so I would I that I talked i s ono o f our shop stewards,who works v e r y d i l i g e n t l y f o r t h e company. n i g h t to the h e a r i n g s . f o r tho work. Ho came down l a s t He had to do something o l s o tonight l i k e t o i n t e r j e c t some of h i s t h o u g h t s . H i s f e e l i n g on t h i s , and I may add he i s a Negro, a �55 •-32jd53 v e r y f i n e worker, and h i s f e e l i n g on t h i s m a t t e r i s t h a t t h o r o a r e two p e o p l e i n v o l v e d people t h a t aro h u r t . i n t h i s f r e e w a y program, Tho p e o p l e who two a r e moved out of t h o i r h o u s e s , i f the f r e e w a y s go through, and tho p e o p l e t h a t don't work, i f t h e f r e e w a y s don't go Those men have been put out of work. a s I s a y , wo h i r e and men through. t r a i n our own men. t h a t a r e recommended and s k i l l e d mon, paving business h i r e u n s k i l l e d t h a t c a n ' t r e a d and w r i t e . We Wo hire, not o n l y h i r e t h e p e o p l e i n tho l a b o r e r s , h i r e the p e o p l e They h i r e tho c o n v i c t s that o t h e r people won't h i r e and t r a i n them and g i v e them j o b s . (Applause.) We f o o l t h a t wo have a good i n d u s t r y and we want t o keep i t t h a t way. As a r e s u l t , we, a s tho o t h e r p a v i n g c o n t r a c t o r s and the o t h e r p e o p l e i n the a r e a , t r y t o p l a n t h o i r workload and t h e i r f o r c e s t o go a l o n g w i t h the c o n t r a c t i n g a g e n c i e s ' proposed local p l a n s f o r work f o r t h e coming year. T h i s has boon the f i r s t l a y o f f men y e a r t h a t we have had i n the s p r i n g , which i s supposed to t o be tho good c o n s t r u c t i o n s e a s o n , b e c a u s e tho work has been withdrawn from b i d d i n g , b e c a u s e t h o s e h e a r i n g s keep on g o i n g on good plans. (Applause.) T h i s d o e s n ' t h u r t everybody h e r e but i t h u r t s tho �56 i'32jd54 men. all I t h u r t s t h o s e people t h a t you s a y a r e i n t h e g h o t t o o s tho t i m e . These people want t o work. MR. ABBOTT: Put them t o work on t h e subways. ( L a u g h t e r and a p p l a u s e . ) MR„ WALLACE: A VOICE: Where i s i t ? How about s c h o o l s ? ANOTHER VOICE: And playgrounds? MR WALLACE: The l o c a l i n d u s t r y and t h e l o c a l economy s u f f e r s C We do t h a t a l s o , ma'am. not o n l y from t h e i n t e r f e r e n c e o f t h e s e p e o p l e here l o o k i n g o n l y a week ahead (A chorus that are i n s t e a d of years of groans.) -- b u t a l s o b e c a u s e , when t h i s work i s r e l e a s e d , when i t f i n a l l y i s r e l e a s e d , i t comes i n s u c h l a r g e volumes that i t ' s p o s s i b l e f o r people outside of the c i t y , f o r c o n t r a c t o r s from o u t s i d e , o t h e r c i t i e s and to win these c o n t r a c t s thoy a r o tho people t h a t t a k e homo t h o p r o f i t s and take homo t h o money f o r o t h e r c i t i e s , The not f o r Washington, D. C. t a x e s , y o u r l o c a l t a x e s and y o u r l o c a l b u s i n e s s e s s u f f e r because these o t h e r i n d u s t r i e s , other b u s i n e s s e s a r e g e t t i n g t h e money a l l o t t e d f o r Washington. T h i s i s because tho l o c a l c o n t r a c t o r s a r c f o r c e d t o work i n a f e a s t o r famine cycle. Pollution. This i s a recognized problem t h a t wo have i n o u r own i n d u s t r y . problem. I t ' sa I t i s being attacked �57 and r i g h t f u l l y so. t h a t tho I think i t ' s being u n n e c e s s a r i l y attacked f r e e w a y s a r o a c a u s e of p o l l u t i o n . I t h i n k the f r e e w a y s i n tho city will alleviate some of t h i s problem i n t h a t t h e y w i l l get the through the quicker. city and to t h e i r d e s t i n a t i o n s traffic (laughter.) Lot us not Let us p l a n and live i n the middle ages of a c t s e n s i b l y with a steady plan traffic. of progress. (Applause.) MR. SHEAR: Robert L. S a l o s c h i n . Did I pronounce y o u r name c o r r e c t l y , s i r ? MR. SALOSCHIN: Saloschin. right. STATEMENT OP: ROBERT L. SALOSCHIN, NORTH BETHESDA CONGRESS OF CITIZENS ASSOCIATIONS MR. my tho name ROBERT L. SALOSCHIN: I live i n Bethosda and The Chairman has I speak on b e h a l f given of North Bethosda Congress of C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n s a l s o express my own v i e w s , which a r o and i n agreement w i t h I that organization. The tions Congress i s a f e d e r a t i o n I n c l u d i n g tho of c i t i z e n s a s s o c i a - following: Ayr lawn C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n ; Garrett Park, Georgetown V i l l a g e ; Luxmanor; Maplewood; Marymount; North A s h b u r t o n ; Old and Georgetown Road; West Fernwood; Wildwood Manor Wyngate, c o m p r i s i n g f a m i l i e s w i t h an a g g r e g a t e population �58 of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 10.000. As f o r m y s e l f , I have had a p p r o x i m a t e l y seven y e a r s of f u l l - t i m e o c c u p a t i o n a l e x p e r i e n c e as an a t t o r n e y i n t h e r e g u l a t i o n of passenger t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . I think I am f a m i l i a r w i t h the economics of passenger t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . I have a l s o had about 15 y e a r s of c i v i c activities, i n c l u d i n g the o r g a n i z a t i o n and c o n s t r u c t i o n of p u b l i c libraries, community swimming pools and v a r i o u s o t h e r c i v i c a c t i v i t i e s i n v o l v i n g p l a n n i n g and zoning matters. I would l i k e to s t a t e t h a t as a r e s u l t o f t h a t e x perience, function I am s t r o n g l y i n f a v o r of a l l p l a n n i n g bodies which effectively. I would a l s o l i k e t o s t a t e , i n view of t h e p o s i t i o n t h a t I am going t o take i n a moment, t h a t I w i l l o f f e r t o anyone p r e s e n t i n t h i s room on t h e record $1,000 o f my own money, i f anyone can e s t a b l i s h , f o r t h e l e n g t h o f time t h a t t h i s record i s kept open, t h a t I o r any member of my f a m i l y have any d i r e c t o r i n d i r e c t i n t e r e s t i n any e n t e r p r i s e o r business whatsoever t h a t i s concerned w i t h e i t h e r the equip- ment o r o p e r a t i o n o f any r a i l , bus o r t r a n s i t system o r any automobile company, t i r e , b a t t e r y , cement, petroleum or o t h e r r e l a t e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e n t e r p r i s e whatsoever. Now, tho North Bethesda Congress a t a meeting on Monday n i g h t debated and unanimously v o t e d , a f t e r debate, t o t a k e a p o s i t i o n i n support of your T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Plan as being �59 T32jd57 t h e minimum p l a n t h a t would meet t h e needs o f tho people of t h e e n t i r e M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a , D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and suburbs. We s u p p o r t t h e r a i l t r a n s i t elements. We support w i t h g r e a t e r c o n f i d e n c e t h a t i t w i l l meet a p u b l i c need, i m p r o v e d bus t r a n s p o r t a t i o n which c o u l d be c h e a p e r , and more f r e q u e n t , and wo p a r t i c u l a r l y support faster the freeway program, and most e m p h a t i c a l l y support t h e Throe S i s t e r s B r i d g e and t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway a s b e i n g v i t a l necessities for ordinary citizens public i n t h i s Metropolitan area, (Mr. Abbott i n t e r r u p t i n g tho s p e a k e r . ) (Applause.) MR. SALOSCHIN: w i t h you. proceed Mr. Abbott, I am not here to debate I road about you i n t h e p a p e r s . I am going to and t a l k to tho p a n e l , i f I may and I would l i k e time n o t to be charged a g a i n s t me. CHAIRMAN ROWE: w i l l n o t be charged this (Pounding gavel to r e s t o r e order) I t a g a i n s t you. Mr. Abbott, p l e a s e s i t down. We must a l l o w him to proceed, Mr. Abbott. A VOICE: Mr. Abbott had h i s hour y e s t e r d a y , ANOTHER VOICE: That's MR, SALOSCHIN: Thank y o u . It right. i s t r u e t h a t more o p p o s i t i o n has been e x p r e s s e d than support by c i v i c groups a t t h i s h e a r i n g . I n a s e n s e -- �6o T32jd58 (Applause.) I s t h i s time f o r demonstrations CHAIRMAN ROWE: deducted from my -- The time f o r applause i s not counted a g a i n s t you. MR. SALOSCHIN: Thank y o u . (Laughter.) I t , o f c o u r s e , comes a s no s u r p r i s e t o those o f us who have been a c t i v e i n c i v i c a f f a i r s t o note t h a t those who a r e a g a i n s t any p r o p o s a l a r e u s u a l l y t h e ones who come and speak a t p u b l i c h e a r i n g s and t h i s i s a w e l l known f a c t t h a t a l l p u b l i c o f f i c i a l s l i k e t h e people on t h i s p a n e l , they know t h e a n t i s a r e t h e ones who a r e v o c a l . Now, I r e c e n t l y -( I n t e r r u p t i o n from audience.) CHAIRMAN ROWE: P l e a s e be i n o r d e r . MR. SALOSCHIN: I r e c e n t l y attended a four-hour p u b l i c h e a r i n g on a p r e l i m i n a r y master p l a n f o r highways f o r t h e b i c o u n t y a r e a which I s t h a t a r e a up t h e r e on t h e c h a r t which was r e p o r t e d i n t h e p r e s s as unanimous o p p o s i t i o n and c r i t i c i s m by c i v i c groups of t h i s master p l a n . I heard e v e r y b i t o f t h a t and e v e r y one of these people s a i d we need more highways because of t h i s growing a r e a and our r i s i n g standard o f l i v i n g but t h i s particular f e a t u r e should have more a t t e n t i o n o r t h a t should be changed or something o f t h e s o r t . And, as c i v i c groups, we c e r t a i n l y �61 want to a s s e r t our r i g h t s to p r o t e c t p a r t i c u l a r communities which may bo our own communities. We want to sec tho k i n d of r o u t i n g t h a t w i l l p r e s e r v e communities As one o f the gentlemen p o i n t e d out. one of the b e s t ways to d e s t r o y a community i s t o route a l l of the t r a f f i c through i t on l o c a l s t r e e t s t h a t were not intended f o r through t r a f f i c . T h i s maximizes, I might s a y , not o n l y the hazards to c h i l d r e n and the l a c k of p a r k i n g space who l i v e i n that community but i t a l s o i n c r e a s e s the a i r p o l l u t i o n . Because, i f I have to go from here to t h e r e and i t t a k e s me 45 minutes i n a c a r , I am going to consume more f u e l and p o l l u t e more a i r than i f I can go d i r e c t l y i n h a l f the t i m e . Lot mo s a y t h i s ; t h a t some people have the idea t h a t c i v i c groups aro g e n e r a l l y a g a i n s t highways. This i s u n q u e s t i o n a b l y not tho c a s e f o r the p o p u l a t i o n of the a r e a as a whole. We have debated t h i s m a t t e r t h o r o u g h l y i n our Congress of C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n s . Tho m a t t e r has boon debated a t membership meetings and wo a r o i n support and i n emphatic support of t h i s system of f r e e w a y s . We have tho l a r g e s t f r e e w a y i n the a r e a immediately a b u t t i n g our community. I t has opened up w i t h i n tho p a s t f i v e y e a r s . I r e f e r t o the B e l t w a y and o t h e r p a r t s of the I n t e r s t a t e System. I f you took a p o l l of the homo owners and families i n our a r e a , you ivouldn't f i n d f i v e p e r c e n t who would l i k e to �62 T33jd60 remove i t . Tho convenience i s such t h a t i t has become a b s o l u t e l y i n d i s p e n s a b l e and the v a l u e o f our homes has i n c r e a s e d by many thousands of d o l l a r s s i n c e the Beltway and tho o t h e r a s s o c i a t e d freeways have been opened. I t ' s a blessing that's indispensable. Now, we do have c i v i c o p p o s i t i o n because o f t h e f a c t t h a t some freeways a r e planned a f t e r tho communities have been developed w i t h o u t h a v i n g f o r e s e e n the growth of tho a r e a and t h e n , o f c o u r s e , the o n l y t h i n g t h a t you can do i s t o make the maximum humane and community-oriented pro- v i s i o n s f o r t h e most f a v o r a b l e r o u t i n g , f o r generous r e l o c a t i o n and f o r tho meeting of whatever needs f o r housing and o t h e r p u b l i c s e r v i c e s a r e r e q u i r e d i n o r d e r t o make up f o r t h e f a c t t h a t our p r e d e c e s s o r s 5 0 y e a r s ago d i d n ' t have as much f o r e s i g h t i n p l a n n i n g the a r e a as we might today w i s h they had. B u t , as s e v e r a l gentlemen have pointed out, you a r e not going t o r e v e r s e the trend i n an a f f l u e n t s o c i e t y to t h e passenger automobile,, We support r a i l t r a n s i t but I would l i k e t o c a l l t o tho a t t e n t i o n of anybody who i s r e a l l y i n t e r e s t e d i n an o b j e c t i v e view of tho s u b j e c t a book e n t i t l e d Marketing Urban Mass T r a n s i t by P r o f e s s o r L o u i s S c h n e i d e r of B u s i n e s s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n a t H a r v a r d . p u b l i s h e d by tho Graduate It is School o f B u s i n e s s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , D i v i s i o n o f R e s e a r c h , i n 1965, and i t was a d o c t o r a l �63 T3£jcl6l d i s s e r t a t i o n backed by a Pord F o u n d a t i o n g r a n t and p r e f a c e the a u t h o r s t a t e s , quote: He f a v o r s s t r o n g urban mass t r a n s i t Is e x t r e m e l y s y m p a t h e t i c to the i n d u s t r y ' s I i n the s u g g e s t t h a t anybody who systems and problems. r e a l l y believes that a s y s t e m of urban r a i l mass t r a n s i t w i l l t a k e c a r e of the b u l k of the growing t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs of our a f f l u e n t and mobile s o c i e t y w i t h i t s growing p o p u l a t i o n road t h a t book by a h i g h l y s c h o l a r l y a d v o c a t e of mass t r a n s i t and he see will what the r e a l problems a r e . We b e l i e v e t h a t the t h i n g to do w i t h r e g a r d to the automobile i s not to f i g h t and w i l l i t because t h a t i s h o p e l e s s o n l y most i n j u r e the people you a r e t r y i n g to p r o t e c t because t h e y w i l l be i s o l a t e d ment o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n the s u b u r b s . They w i l l be s e g r e g a t e d and development g i v e and and employ- isolated. the p a t h of improvement and economic t a k e which b e n e f i t s everybody w i l l p a s s them by and p o c k e t and b a c k w a t e r which may actually eeds o f the few p e o p l e , p a r t i c u l a r l y r e t i r e d MR. SHEAR: MR. to They w i l l be i n t e r c h a n g e and the kind of s o c i a l and t h e y w i l l be a l i t t l e meet the from the growing Two SALOSCHIN: -- and people minutes. I think they are e n t i t l e d i t , but i t w i l l not meet tho needs of tho p o p u l a t i o n as a whole. �64 ?3^jd52 MR. SHEAR: Two m i n u t e s . MR. SALOSCHIN: Two minutes? Thank you. We, t h e r e f o r e , urge t h a t you g i v e everybody an o p p o r t u n i t y t o e x p r e s s an o p i n i o n . You w i l l even f i n d a few people r e p r e s e n t i n g c i v i c groups i n my a r e a coming down here i n s p i t e of the p r e s s s t o r i e s about l a s t n i g h t ' s h e a r i n g . Most of u s , however, do not w i s h t o expose o u r s e l v e s , most of tho men and women do not w i s h t o expose o u r s e l v e s t o t h i s k i n d o f h e c k l i n g and wo f o o l t h a t p r o b a b l y e i t h e r tho highways and b r i d g e s w i l l be b u i l t sooner o r l a t e r o r t h e i r employment c e n t e r s , shopping c e n t e r s and c u l t u r a l c e n t e r s w i l l more and more be developed i n t h e suburbs and, you know, thoy won't have any o c c a s i o n to come down t o t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia. (Applause.) But, i f you b o l i e v o -- Now, maybe t h a t ' s what you people want. Maybe t h a t ' s what you want but I t h i n k you should boar i n mind t h a t many o f the people who meet your s o c i a l needs i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia, t h e P u b l i c H e a l t h n u r s e s who t a k e c a r e of y o u r s i c k people, como down here by automobiles and work i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and many of them could got jobs a t t h e same o r b e t t e r pay out i n t h e county. (Scattered applause.) And some of your o l d and aged people would not be �T33jd63 so w e l l o f f . You might a l s o f i n d t h a t some o f your people who a r o on w e l f a r e would f i n d i t e a s i e r t o got good paying jobs which a r e going begging out i n some of tho suburban industries, i f thoy could g e t out t h e r e c o n v e n i e n t l y w i t h b e t t e r busses and b e t t e r highways which go i n t o a l l p l a c e s and not j u s t a fow. A VOICE: T r e a t us good, man. (Laughter.) CHAIRMAN ROWE: 30 seconds. MR. SALOSCHIN: I'm not going t o use the a d d i t i o n a l 30 seconds. I t h i n k I have e s s e n t i a l l y s t a t e d my p o s i t i o n which I t h i n k I s the p o s i t i o n which i s i n l i n e w i t h t h e economics and technology o f tho times and i t i s i n tho o v e r a l l i n t e r e s t o f sound p l a n n i n g f o r tho e n t i r e M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a . Thank you. (Applause.) STATEMENT OF: MURRAY S. SIMPSON, PRESIDENT, SUPER CONCRETE CORPORATION MR. SHEAR: Murray S. Simpson, P r e s i d e n t , Super Concrete C o r p o r a t i o n , f i l e d a statement f o r tho r e c o r d . (Mr. Simpson's statement reads a s f o l l o w s : ) �Remarks by Murray S. Simpson, P r e s i d e n t , Super Concrete Corporation, b e f o r e t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission on t h e Proposed Comprehensive P l a n f o r t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l f o r 1985. June 15, 1967. MRS. ROWE, GENTLEMEN OF THE NATIONAL CAPITAL PLANNING COMMISSION I am Murray S. Simpson, P r e s i d e n t , Super Concrete w i t h o f f i c e s a t 3058 K S t . , N.W., Corporation, and 7 t h and T S t s . , N.E. We a r e among t h e p i o n e e r s i n t h e Ready Mixed Concrete B u s i n e s s and have been l o c a t e d on t h e Georgetown w a t e r f r o n t s i n c e 1928. We d e l i v e r c o n c r e t e i n t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a of Washington i n c l u d i n g Maryland and V i r g i n i a f o r the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f F e d e r a l and D i s t r i c t of Columbia s t r u c t u r e s , p r i v a t e h i g h r i s e o f f i c e and apartment b u i l d i n g s , b r i d g e s , s t r e e t p a t c h i n g , u t i l i t y work and s i n g l e f a m i l y dwellings. Our annual s a l e s a r e i n e x c e s s of 5 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s , delivering a p p r o x i m a t e l y 350,000 c u b i c y a r d s o f c o n c r e t e a n n u a l l y w i t h 100 c o n c r e t e t r u c k s employing a p p r o x i m a t e l y 150 people. Ironically enough, v/e do v i r t u a l l y none o f t h e highway and s t r e e t p a v i n g work. B r i d g e s i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h highway c o n s t r u c t i o n r e p r e s e n t p o s s i b l y 2% o r 3% o f our b u s i n e s s . i n a goodly percentage On t h e o t h e r hand we e x p e c t t o p a r t i c i p a t e o f t h e Rapid T r a n s i t c o n s t r u c t i o n . WE ENDORSE STAGE ONE OF THE TRANSPORTATION SECTION. We urge t h a t a l l freeway s e c t i o n s be completed w i t h o u t f u r t h e r delay. The f r e e w a y s a r e e s s e n t i a l t o t h e e f f i c i e n t movement o f goods and s e r v i c e s , now bogged down on many o f our congested and costly avenues. streets �6bZ -2There appears throughout the P l a n r e f e r e n c e s to the of the Georgetown w a t e r f r o n t " , " t h e g r a v e l on the A n a c o s t i a cheap t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of sand i n the f u t u r e s i n c e by 1985 and and and Potomac R i v e r s " , and f i n a l l y " f r e i g h t h a n d l i n g by r i v e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n w i l l not be of g r e a t We "development importance " urge t h a t you not u n d e r e s t i m a t e the q u a n t i t i e s of sand g r a v e l and expand our sand and c o n c r e t e t h a t w i l l be r e q u i r e d to m a i n t a i n great C a p i t o l C i t y . and A p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 m i l l i o n tons of g r a v e l a r e c u r r e n t l y consumed i n Washington annually. A p p r o x i m a t e l y s e v e n t y - f i v e p e r c e n t of t h i s i s used to manufacture a p p r o x i m a t e l y one m i l l i o n c u b i c y a r d s of c o n c r e t e . r e q u i r e d i n the f u t u r e . More w i l l These b u l k m a t e r i a l s w i l l be delivered e i t h e r by barges on the r i v e r or t r u c k s on the highways. t h e s e tonnages to t r i p s and the magnitude of t h i s b u l k m a t e r i a l becomes apparent. One 100,000 t r u c k l o a d s . construction s i t e s . trucked represents to the i n d i v i d u a l I f the two m i l l i o n tons of aggregate wez*e to the c o n c r e t e p l a n t s , then another 135,000 t r u c k l o a d s would be The required. F o r r e s t a l B u i l d i n g a l o n e , now under c o n s t r u c t i o n Independence Avenue, w i l l consume 250,000 tons of sand and The Convert construction m i l l i o n y a r d s of c o n c r e t e T h i s must be t r u c k e d be on gravel. Southwest Freeway i n c i d e n t a l l y i s b e i n g used f o r t h e s e d e l i v e r i e s , d i v e r t i n g t h i s t r a f f i c f o r the most p a r t from the c i t y s t r e e t s . completed f r e e w a y system v / i l l a l l o w us to remove even more rom these s t r e e t s . As the nearby s u p p l y of sand and e x h a u s t e d dredging w i l l move down the r i v e r and truck c o s t s w i l l i n c r e a s e f a s t e r than barge t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . The traffic gravel i s transportation �_3_ The P o r t of Georgetown has s e r v e d the commercial of t h i s a r e a even b e f o r e t h e e x i s t e n c e of Washington. needs This p o r t and t h e A n a c o s t i a L a n d i n g s h o u l d c o n t i n u e as w a t e r t e r m i n a l s u n t i l such time, i f e v e r , a s u b s t i t u t e i s found f o r c o n c r e t e f o r s t r u c t u r e s , roads and b r i d g e s . From these two l o c a t i o n s , c o n c r e t e i s hauled t o the e n t i r e downtown s e c t i o n of t h e c i t y where t h e l a r g e s t percentage i s used w i t h a minimum o f d i s r u p t i o n to the over a l l t r a f f i c o f t h e c i t y and a t t h e cheapest p o s s i b l e prices. We a r e of the c o n s i d e r e d o p i n i o n t h a t d u r i n g t h e Stage 2 p e r i o d a s t h e nearby s u p p l y of m a t e r i a l s i s exhausted, w i t h dredging moving down t h e r i v e r p o s s i b l y a s f a r a s Quantico, t h e s e two P o r t s w i l l be even more n e c e s s a r y t o the economic l i f e of t h e c i t y than t h e y a r e today. We urge you t o p r o v i d e f o r the c o n t i n u a t i o n o f t h e s e two p o r t s now, so t h a t improvements, m o d e r n i z a t i o n , l a n d s c a p i n g , e t c . can proceed w i t h o u t f u r t h e r d e l a y . Respectfully submitted, SUPER CONCRETE CORPORATION �66 3 0d64 STATEMENT OP: MILES L . COLEAN, CHAIRMAN, TRANSPORTATION COMMITTEE, FEDERAL C I T Y COUNCIL MR. SHEAR: M i l e s L . C o l e a n , Chairman, T r a n s p o r t a - t i o n Committee, F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l , f i l e d a statement f o r the r e c o r d . (Mr. C o l e a n ' s s t a t e m e n t r e a d s a s f o l l o w s : ) �66A TESTIMONY OF MILES COLEAN CHAIRMAN, TRANSPORTATION COMMITTEE FEDERAL C I T Y COUNCIL IN RE THE TRANSPORTATION SECTION OF THE PROPOSED 1985 COMPREHENSIVE PLAN JUNE 14, 1967 Mr. Chairman. My name i s M i l e s C o l e a n . I am chairman o f the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee o f t h e F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l . statement i s submitted This on b e h a l f o f t h e F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l . The t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s e c t i o n o f t h e Proposed Comprehensive P l a n c o n t a i n s s e v e r a l i t e m s which we c o n s i d e r q u e s t i o n a b l e but i t i s not t h e i n t e n t i o n o f t h e F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l t o engage i n a point-by-point c r i t i q u e of d e t a i l s . I t i s precisely k i n d o f d e t a i l e d h a i r - s p l i t t i n g t h a t has delayed b a s i c d e c i s i o n s on major t r a n s p o r t a t i o n q u e s t i o n s this planning f o r t h e past two decades. We b e l i e v e i t more p r o d u c t i v e and m e a n i n g f u l f o r t h e C o u n c i l t o s t a t e what i t supports i n terms o f t h e major t r a n s - p o r t a t i o n i s s u e s than t o d w e l l on d e t a i l s . The s o l e item which t h e C o u n c i l f e e l s o b l i g e d t o c h a l l e n g e i s t h e f o o t n o t e on page 111 which r e a d s a s f o l l o w s : (quote) Mrs. James H. Rowe, J r . , Chairman, W a l t e r C. Louchheim, J r . , V i c e Chairman, and G. F r a n k l i n Edwards, C. McKim Norton, and P a u l T h i r y , members o f t h e Commission, do not support t h e f o l l o w i n g freeway p r o j e c t s : 1 . North C e n t r a l Freeway; 2. E a s t L e g o f the I n n e r Loop; and 3. Potomac R i v e r C r o s s i n g near Three S i s t e r s I s l a n d . While t h e y support a North Leg i n a t u n n e l under K S t r e e t between t h e Potomac R i v e r Freeway �66-B - 2 - and the Center Leg, t h e y do not concur i n the c o n d i t i o n s t a t e d t h a t the a v a i l a b l e r i g h t - o f - w a y must permit c o n s t r u c t i o n of s i x t r a f f i c l a n e s nor do t h e y concur i n t h e c o n n e c t i o n s between the North Leg and the E a s t Leg as shown on T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Diagram 1 . (end o f quote) We b e l i e v e t h e presence of such a f o o t n o t e i s m i s l e a d i n g . I n c o r r e c t i m p r e s s i o n s might e a s i l y be drawn from i t s i n c l u s i o n i n the proposed p l a n . A r e a d e r might assume, f o r example, t h a t a l l items not so f o o t n o t e d have r e c e i v e d the unanimous a p p r o v a l o f the P l a n n i n g Commission, or t h a t the r u l e o f the m a j o r i t y does not a p p l y t o the Commission. The f o o t n o t e i d e n t i f i e s C. McKim Norton as a Commission member. Nowhere i n t h e f o o t n o t e does i t e x p l a i n t h a t Mr. Norton r e s i g n e d n e a r l y a y e a r ago and t h a t h i s present v i e w s are t o t a l l y i r r e l e v a n t . and Mr. Nowhere does i t mention t h a t Mrs. Rowe Edwards c a s t a f f i r m a t i v e v o t e s on a segment o f the E a s t Leg i n September, t h a t Mr. Louchheim voted i n f a v o r o f a North C e n t r a l Freeway segment i n October, and t h a t Mr. T h i r y voted a f f i r m a t i v e l y on E a s t Leg segments i n September and February and f o r North C e n t r a l Freeway segments i n October and March. N e i t h e r does the f o o t n o t e i n d i c a t e t h a t the d i s s e n t e r s have never voted a g a i n s t the number o f l a n e s i n t u n n e l at K S t r e e t nor the s p e c i f i c North Leg c o n n e c t i o n s mentioned — these have not y e t been brought t o the Commission f o r a v o t e . elements Thus, t h e f o o t n o t e f r e e z e s t h e i r p o s i t i o n s i n the n e g a t i v e b e f o r e they have a l l t h e facts. �66 C - 3 - We b e l i e v e i t i s unfortunate I t promotes c o n f u s i o n The t h a t the f o o t n o t e was inserted. i n a document t h a t i s meant to guide. g o a l of the F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l i s the continual improvement of the N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l through o r d e r l y p h y s i c a l development and sound economic growth. I n pursuing t h i s goal, the C o u n c i l has been unswerving i n i t s support of a b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system i n c o r p o r a t i n g to f u l l advantage both f i x e d wheel and free-wheel modes of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . The C o u n c i l has l i k e w i s e encouraged comprehensive p l a n n i n g of a l l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n the "Washington r e g i o n to i n s u r e c o o r d i n a t i o n and of such vital i n t e r d e p e n d e n t components as subways, highways, s u r f a c e mass t r a n s i t , and The parking. proposed comprehensive plan e n v i s i o n s unprecedented growth f o r t h i s r e g i o n d u r i n g the next two decades. v a r i a b l e i s the shape and c h a r a c t e r of t h a t growth. The Whether i t t a k e s the form of o r d e r l y r e g i o n a l development or u n r u l y urban s p r a w l depends i n l a r g e measure on c o n d i t i o n s the r e g i o n . of I n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n , the l e a d e r s h i p -- or l a c k of l e a d e r s h i p -- of the P l a n n i n g contributing a t the h e a r t factor. Commission w i l l be a prime �The Federal C i t y Council contends t h a t s t a b l e growth f o r the r e g i o n r e v o l v e s around the soundness of the economy of the c e n t e r c i t y and of people and goods. t h a t the key element i s the movement To the e x t e n t t h a t people and goods can move e f f i c i e n t l y throughout the r e g i o n and w i t h i n the center c i t y , o r d e r l y p h y s i c a l development can t a k e p l a c e i n an atmosphere of sound economic e x p a n s i o n . The Nation's C a p i t a l p r e s e n t l y i s laboring with f a c i l i t i e s for transportation. in a general reduction of commercial e n t e r p r i s e . i n c i d e n t a l l y , has come at a time transportation T h i s inadequacy i s r e f l e c t e d of the importance of the c i t y ' s c o r e as t h e major c o n c e n t r a t i o n studying inadequate This area trend, when the emphasis has been on i n Washington r a t h e r than a t t e m p t i n g to do a n y t h i n g about i t . I t i s our c i t y and p o s i t i o n t h a t the h e a l t h and v i t a l i t y of s t a b i l i t y of the r e g i o n can b e s t be menting at the e a r l i e s t p r a c t i c a b l e date a system o f t h a t a f f o r d s the w i d e s t p o s s i b l e goods. served by the imple- transportation freedom movement f o r people Such a system must i n c l u d e modern r a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t efficient f r e e w a y s and parkways. both of t h e s e programs would be i n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h the of f e d e r a l c a p i t a l t h a t e x p r e s s e s the energy and and the f o r e s i g h t and and F a i l u r e to move f o r w a r d w i t h fundamentals of sound c i t y p l a n n i n g and would d e p r i v e the c o u n t r y of the nation and p r o g r e s s of judgment of i t s people. kind the �66 E - 5 - A f t e r c a r e f u l examination o f t h e f a c t s and o f t h e c o n c l u s i o n s o f $ 2 0 m i l l i o n worth of s t u d i e s d u r i n g t h e past 2 0 y e a r s , t h e F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l i s convinced t h a t a freeway system w i t h an i n n e r loop and c o n n e c t i n g r a d i a l s must be b u i l t . b u i l t w i t h continued I t must be proper r e g a r d t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f a e s t h e t i c s , r e l o c a t i o n , optimum l a n d use, and s e r v i c e - but i t must be b u i l t . The i n e v i t a b l e r e s u l t o f a f a i l u r e t o do so would be f u r t h e r d i m i n u t i o n o f the a c c e s s a b i l i t y and v i a b i l i t y of the c e n t e r c i t y and the f l i g h t o f job-producing, t a x g e n e r a t i n g e n t e r p r i s e s from t h e h e a r t o f Washington. �67 T33jd65 MR. SHEAR: Mrs. L o u i s a Spottswood, B r o o k l a n d Neighbors o f Washington, D. C , who r e l i n q u i s h e d five minutes o f h o r time t o Mr. Abbott and has f i v e minutes remaining. Mrs. Spottswood. John H. C a r t e r — CHAIRMAN ROWE: No, she i s coming. MR. SHEAR: Oh, I beg y o u r pardon. CHAIRMAN ROWE: we w i l l I'm s o r r y . I t h i n k , a f t e r Mrs. Spottswood, have a ten-minute b r e a k . STATEMENT OF: MRS. ANN HEUTTE, BROOKLAND NEIGHBORS OF WASHINGTON, D. C. MRS. ANN HEUTTE: My name i s Ann H e u t t o . I am s p e a k i n g f o r Mrs. L o u i s a Spottswood who was u n a b l e t o be here tonight. I am s p e a k i n g t o n i g h t f o r B r o o k l a n d Neighbors o f N o r t h e a s t Washington, a group concerned w i t h improving o u r community i n B r o o k l a n d and o u r community throughout t h e Washington area. We a r e p a r t o f t h e N a t i o n a l Freeway R e v o l t , a movement w h i c h i s g a t h e r i n g f o r c e i n many o f o u r s i s t e r cities: San F r a n c i s c o , Now O r l e a n s , P h i l a d e l p h i a , San A n t o n i o , Memphis, New Y o r k , S e a t t l e , M i n n e a p o l i s , S t . P a u l , Cleveland. We a r e i n communication w i t h them and n o t h i n g can �68 T33jd66 s t o p our d e t e r m i n a t i o n t o save our c i t i e s from the damage of t h e f u r t h e r encroachment by the c o n c r e t e d e s t r o y e r . (Applause.) I f t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway i s b u i l t , i t s poisonous e f f e c t s w i l l be f e l t throughout the c i t y , not o n l y i n neighborhoods such as ours which would bo p h y s i c a l l y gutted by many l a n e s of c o n c r e t e ending f o r e v e r the work of g e n e r a t i o n s i n c r e a t i n g a d i v e r s i f i e d and balanced r e s i d e n t i a l and commercial community. The highway p l a n n e r s intend t o j o i n 1-95 t o the North C e n t r a l Freeway. interstato T h i s would b r i n g long- d i s t a n c e North-South t r a f f i c e s t i m a t e d a t o v e r 200,000 v e h i c l e s p e r day, much of i t l a r g e d i e s e l t r u c k s , r i g h t through tho e a s t e r n h a l f of tho c i t y by day and by n i g h t , t r a f f i c which i s now routed around the c i t y v i a tho c i r c u m ferential highway. T h i s i s i n a d d i t i o n t o heavy suburban traffic e s t i m a t e d a t 50,000 v e h i c l e s p e r day. The a i r p o l l u t i o n from t h i s v e r y heavy c o n c e n t r a t i o n of g a s o l i n e engines would be added t o a c i t y which a l r e a d y s u f f e r s from s u b s t a n t i a l a i r p o l l u t i o n from many s o u r c e s : buildings, furnaces, i n c i n e r a t o r s , i n d u s t r y , a u t o m o b i l e s , b u s s e s , t r u c k s and t h e huge b u r n i n g p i l e of the open K e n i l w o r t h Dump. Norman Cousins i n an e d i t o r i a l e n t i t l e d The F i g h t to B r e a t h e i n the June 3 r d i s s u e of tho S a t u r d a y Review t h i s �69 T34jd67 year asks t h i s question: "What would happen i f tho r a t e of p o p u l a t i o n growth, i n d u s t r i a l growth, automobile growth and highway growth of tho p a s t two decades were t o remain c o n s t a n t o r to i n c r e a s e , assuming a c o n t i n u a t i o n and of tho p r e s e n t s c a l e pace o f a t t a c k on the problem?" And his editorial "Tho large c i t i e s conclusion answers h i s q u e s t i o n : i s i n e s c a p a b l e t h a t most o f t h e i n the United S t a t e s would be c o n s i d e r e d un- i n h a b i t a b l e w i t h i n seven t o t e n y e a r s . Enough e p i s o d e s " -- R e f e r r i n g hero t o tho i n v e r s i o n of l a s t T h a n k s g i v i n g weekend -- "would have occurred by t h a t time t o w a r r a n t tho g e n e r a l conclusion t h a t the h i g h l y populous i n d u s t r i a l u n f i t f o r human h a b i t a t i o n . A v a s t a c c e l e r a t i o n of a n t i - p o l l u t i o n p l a n n i n g and a c t i v i t y , local, centers aro n a t i o n a l , r e g i o n a l and i s now c r i t i c a l l y needed i f our c i t i e s a r e to remain s a f e and f i t f o r human h a b i t a t i o n . " I t seems i n c r e d i b l e t h a t a t a time when the a i r p o l l u t i o n c r i s i s i n our c i t i e s i s receiving f i n a l l y increased p u b l i c a t t e n t i o n tho f o l l y of u s i n g Washington as a p a s s through f o r e x t r e m e l y heavy t r a f f i c , which w i l l not even stop h e r o , has been so l i t t l e explored. P o l l u t a n t s d i s s o l v e n y l o n s t o c k i n g s , darken house p a i n t , corrode m e t a l and d i s i n t e g r a t e stono masonry. They damage and k i l l v e g e t a b l e and a n i m a l organisms, i n c l u d i n g man. �7C P33tfd68 A i r p o l l u t i o n has boon l i n k e d w i t h such d i s e a s e s as the common c o l d , asthma, pneumonia, t u b e r c u l o s i s , i n f l u e n z a , chronic b r o n c h i t i s , pulmonary emphysema and Item: lung c a n c e r . I n I 9 6 0 the Washington H o s p i t a l t r e a t e d 100 c a s e s of pulmonary d i s e a s e . Washington H o s p i t a l C e n t e r t r e a t e d I n 1965 Center the 8000 c a s e s of pulmonary disease. Sometimes I t h i n k about Dante p u t t i n g h i s enemies, his p r i v a t e enemies and I n t o the v a r i o u s MR. l a y e r s of h i s i m a g i n a t i v e SHEAR: MRS. h i s c i t y ' s , h i s c o u n t r y ' s enemies Ono HEUTTE: of human beings who hell. minute. I w i s h sometimes f o r the enemies aro i n f a v o r of a i r p o l l u t i n g activities a n i c e cozy case of emphysema. (laughter.) I n a d d i t i o n to damaging the p h y s i c a l h e a l t h our people, the freeway would damage our mental and health. The t h i s as one National social C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission has stated of i t s b a s i c p l a n n i n g p r i n c i p l e s : "The q u a l i t y of l i v i n g environment should improved f o r tho r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s w i t h i n the With t h i s p r i n c i p l e we agreement and w i l l do e v e r y t h i n g t h a t the the p r i n c i p l e i s put years of bo District." of Brookland a r e i n h e a r t y w i t h i n our power to into p r a c t i c e . see I t takes many �71 P35jdl (Ringing of b e l l . ) -- f o r o r g a n i c communities t o — 30 seconds? CHAIRMAN ROWE: MRS. HEUTTE: 30 seconds. Thank you. I t takes many y e a r s f o r o r g a n i c communities t o grow; they cannot be manufactured. r e s i d e n t i a l area. Washington Brookland i s an u n u s u a l I t has r e c e n t l y been d e s c r i b e d i n t h e Post a s a q u i e t New England town w i t h i n the city. T h i s i s a neighborhood fully whore f a m i l i e s l i v e i n a balanced urban environment. p o l i c y t o s t r e n g t h e n such neighborhoods I t should be p u b l i c but i t i s w e l l known t h a t b l i g h t f o l l o w s freeways and t h a t neighborhoods t h e i r paths d e t e r i o r a t e . peace- along The damage t o Brookland would be e s p e c i a l l y s e v e r e a s the freeways would c u t through the c e n t e r o f our q u i e t town d e s t r o y i n g homes, r u n n i n g d i r e c t l y a d j a c e n t t o s c h o o l s and playgrounds and imposing i n c r e d i b l e h a r d s h i p i n n o i s e , s t e n c h , smog and w a l k i n g hazards t o s e v e r a l thousand s c h o o l c h i l d r e n . And on t h a t note I w i l l end my t a l k . Thank you. (Applause.) CHAIRMAN ROWE: ten minutes. Recess. (Recess.) Wo w i l l s e t the t i m e r now f o r �72 T35jd2 CHAIRMAN ROWE: I would like- t o c a l l tho h e a r i n g back t o o r d e r and we w i l l proceed w i t h the next w i t n e s s . MR* SHEAR: John H. C a r t e r . STATEMENT OP: JOHN H. CARTER MR. JOHN H. CARTER: My name i s John H. C a r t e r . am a r e s i d e n t of S i l v e r S p r i n g , Maryland. private citizen. I represent I speak as a no organized group. My k i c k r e a l l y i s maps and s t r a n g e lead you i n t o strange I k i c k s can t h i n g s sometimes and what i t d i d f o r me w^s made me an e x p e r t , i n the Washington sense of the word, on urban geography and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and t r a f f i c flow i n t h i s area. However, my e x p e r t i s e was not developed a t the Harvard School of B u s i n e s s nor i n a Bethesda law o f f i c e . My e x p e r t i s e was developed on the s t r e e t s of Washington and i n the A n a c o s t i a ghetto. What I was was geography and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n cons u l t a n t f o r an e x p e r i m e n t a l program i n A n a c o s t i a . and anti-poverty mobility t r a i n i n g I t was my j o b t o r e s e a r c h , develop teach the s t r e e t l a y o u t system, the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system and so f o r t h t o our t r a i n e e s i n t h i s program. As a r e s u l t of t h i s , I t was n e c e s s a r y f o r me to t r a v e l s e v e r a l thousand m i l e s over most of the major t h o r o u g h f a r e s and through roads i n the Washington a r e a , some �73 T35jd3 n o t so major, c l o c k t r a f f i c f l o w under v a r i o u s I t was a l s o n e c e s s a r y conditions. f o r me to make a f a i r l y d e t a i l e d study o f the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system, tho p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system i n the c i t y . I developed a g r e a t d e a l of data but not too many t h i n g s t h a t were new and s t a r t l i n g out o f a l l o f t h i s , I don't t h i n k . One of the t h i n g s t h a t I d i d l e a r n , o r perhaps c o r r o b o r a t e i s a b e t t o r word,is t h a t the p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of Washington i s e n t i r e l y When I s a y t h i s , I don't intend inadequate. to impugn any of the companies t h a t a r e d e a l i n g i n p u b l i c I t i s simply transportation. t h a t thoy a r e u s i n g a medium which i s s e v e r a l decades behind tho times and no m a t t e r how e f f i c i e n t l y you f u n c t i o n w i t h t h i s medium, i f i t i s 20 y e a r s behind the times, you r e a l l y can't develop a t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system t h a t i s any l e s s than t e n o r 15 y e a r s behind tho t i m e s . We have I n downtown Washington, as a l l of you know who have walked o r d r i v e n i n the downtown a r e a , a g r e a t b a c k l o g of p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n busses on the s t r e e t . These busses l a y down a g r e a t d e a l o f fumes, thoy b l o c k traffic. They a r e n e c e s s a r y , nothing b e t t e r . ience, a great of c o u r s e , because we have But they a r e e s s e n t i a l l y a p u b l i c i n c o n v e n i e n c e t o everybody except the people who a r e a t the t i m e , a t t h a t moment, r i d i n g them. one inconven- of the t h i n g s t h a t I developed. This i s �74 ?35jd4 Another t h i n g t h a t I developed was t h a t i n a p o v e r t y area the concept of a c a r pool w i l l not work. I did a g r e a t d e a l of work and devoted a g r e a t d e a l o f thought to the idea of t r y i n g to s e t up some kind of c a r pool system, some kind of system maybe o f making used c a r s a v a i l a b l e t o groups of people who a r e working i n v a r i o u s a r e a s , and I won't go i n t o a l l of t h e d e t a i l s , but i t j u s t turned out t o be not f e a s i b l e a t a l l . I had to abandon the idea. I t d i d become v e r y apparent to me t h a t Washington, a t l e a s t tho people i n t h e c e n t r a l c i t y o f Washington need a subway system. greatly Because I l i v e i n the suburbs m y s e l f , I r e a l i z e t h a t the people i n tho suburbs a l s o need a subway system. As Mr. B a r n e s , the Commissioner of T r a f f i c of the C i t y o f Now York, pointed out, the p r i v a t e automobile i s the most i d i o t i c and i n e f f i c i e n t system f o r moving commuters t h a t has e v e r been d e s i g n e d . adequate. Wo know t h a t the busses a r e i n - I t h i n k we w i l l have to r e a l i z e the p u b l i c a u t o - mobile W i l l be inadequate as a commuter system. Of c o u r s e , some people w i l l c o n t i n u e t o commute by p u b l i c automobile. have t o pay f o r i t . T h i s i s a l u x u r y , howovor, and thoy w i l l The whole body p o l i t i c , I don't think, can be s a c r i f i c e d t o the few w e l l - t o - d o who p r e f e r t o t r a v e l by t h i s method, i f i t i s a m a t t e r of s a c r i f i c e and my �75 conclusions a r c t h a t i t would bo. I would l i k e to examine i n p a r t i c u l a r one freeway system t h a t I am more f a m i l i a r w i t h than most of the others t h a t develops out o f my own t r a v e l i n g , out of my study on this. T h i s i s the North C e n t r a l system. The i r o n y of tho North C e n t r a l Freeway i s t h a t i t runs through a c o r r i d o r where the commuting t r a f f i c moves extraordinarily fast. Tho commuter t r a f f i c moves more r a p i d l y i n the North C e n t r a l C o r r i d o r through a number of f a i r l y quick routes than i t does i n any o t h e r c o r r i d o r coming i n t o the c i t y . Wo have, f o r i n s t a n c e , l S t h S t r e e t , which i s f a i r l y quick, with r e v e r s i b l e lanes. MR. PRAHTNSKI: I t took mo f i v e minutes to got t h r e e k i d s a c r o s s the s t r e e t CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. CARTER: — (Pounding g a v e l ) A l l right. Did you c r o s s a t a t r a f f i c MR. PRAHINSKI: light? No, but I (Laughter.) MR. CARTER: Try lights. There a r e some. (Applause.) And I w i l l t a l k about k i d s i n a minute. Even more e f f i c i e n t than 1 6 t h S t r e e t i s 1 3 t h Street., a r e v e r s i b l e t h o r o u g h f a r e i n which tho t r a f f i c traffic runs -- a l l i s routed southbound i n tho morning, northbound i n �76 T35jd6 tho e v e n i n g . We a l s o have New Hampshire Avenue, Sherman Avenue, 9 t h S t r e e t , p l u s North C a p i t o l S t r e e t and s e v e r a l o t h e r s no doubt. I n the Northwest C o r r i d o r , of c o u r s e , you have v e r y slow -- two main t h o r o u g h f a r e s : Wisconsin Avenue, which i s v e r y slow and v e r y d i f f i c u l t and C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue, which i s not too much b e t t e r , both of which b r i n g i n tremendous amounts of t r a f f i c . Now, what does t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway then p u r p o r t t o do s i n c e i t I s r e a l l y not n e c e s s a r y f o r people moving i n t h e North C e n t r a l C o r r i d o r , a t l e a s t from t h e D i s t r i c t L i n e south? What i t w i l l do e s s e n t i a l l y , and I t h i n k t h e t e s t i m o n y of the gentleman from Bethosda bore t h i s o u t , i t w i l l b r i n g people from the B e t h e s d a , Wheaton and Kensington a r e a s away from the Northwest C o r r i d o r i n t o the North C o n t r o l C o r r i d o r t o commute. However, i t w i l l b r i n g them by the B e l t w a y and down the North C e n t r a l Freeway down t o tho District Line. However, when they g e t down t o tho D i s t r i c t L i n o , they w i l l e v e n t u a l l y f i n d , when they w i l l come down here ( i n d i c a t i n g ) , of c o u r s e , which i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h r e e m i l e s o a s t of tho d e s t i n a t i o n of most of those people who a r e going t o be working i n t h e L a f a y e t t e Square, downtown, �77 Dupont C i r c l e , F e d e r a l T r i a n g l e area. So, before t h i s i s b u i l t , i f i t i s b u i l t , they w i l l have to f i g h t crosstown t r a f f i c w h i c h , of c o u r s e , w i l l be e n t i r e l y impossible, as I t h i n k we would a l l appreciate. A f t e r t h i s l i g h t here, i f i t i s b u i l t , w i l l s t i l l be tremendous c o n g e s t i o n . us who have t r a v e l e d d u r i n g there I t h i n k , as many of rush-hour on major urban freeways i n c i t i e s l i k e L o u i s v i l l e know, i n rush-hour tho slows to a c r a w l on these r o u t e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y comes i n along t h i s traffic i f 1-95 route. I t h i n k t h a t i t w i l l be found by people t r a v e l t h i s route who t h a t when they get to tho D i s t r i c t L i n e they w i l l be b e t t e r o f f l i g h t i n g out away from tho Freeway and whore thoy w i l l come w i l l be l o t h S t r e e t , 1 3 t h S t r e e t , New Hampshire, Sherman Avenue. The same r o u t e s that people i n the North C e n t r a l C o r r i d o r a l r e a d y use, and tho these r o u t e s w i l l then be burgeoned not only by North C e n t r a l t r a f f i c but a l s o by Northwest t r a f f i c and thoir children i n t h i s a r e a w i l l be put I n t h a t much g r e a t e r danger of l i f e and limb. T h i s t r a f f i c w i l l not s t i c k to tho Freeway because the Freeway i s i d i o t i c a l l y designed and people (Applause.) -- w i l l not move q u i c k l y on i t . -- �78 T35jd8 Okay, why i s tho Freeway designed the way i t is? MR. MR. SHEAR: MR. One CARTER: MR. map. SHEAR: Two CARTER: minutes. There a r e two obvious reasons Two — minutes. -- f o r people, i f you look a t the i s t h a t you a r e b u i l d i n g s e v e r a l m i l e s more of roadway than a d i r e c t r o u t e would e n t a i l , thus s e v e r a l hundred m i l l i o n d o l l a r s more p r o f i t engendering f o r the highway lobby. Tho second i s t h a t the Northwest Freeway was blocked by the f a t c a t s i n the Northwest d i s t r i c t of Washington, as we a l l know. (Applause.) Okay, now, a g a i n we r e a l l y don't even know i f these freeways a r e n e c e s s a r y . We have tho A r t h u r D. Little Report's t e s t i m o n y which suggests t h a t wo hold o f f tho freeways u n t i l tho r a p i d t r a n s i t goos on and then s e e . That seems to make s e n s e . T h i s i s r e a l l y tho o n l y o b j e c t i v e e x p o r t testimony and study t h a t has boon developed this out of thing. (Applause.) Tho o t h e r f a c t o r , and I t h i n k r e a l l y the primary f a c t o r t h a t ' s beyond even the t e c h n i c a l a s p e c t s of t h i s i s : What do we do w i t h people and what do people want? Are we �79 T3ojd9 b u i l d i n g the roads f o r the people o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia? No, we a r e n o t . This i s f a i r l y obvious, I think. I f the people i n the Northwest s e c t i o n want t o come i n by f r e e w a y , f i n e , l e t them b u i l d t h e i r own. I t h i n k most o f the people i n tho o t h e r s e c t i o n s o f the town, i f i t were put t o a v o t e o f them, would not choose t o have a freeway b u i l t i n the c i t y , have many o f t h e s e f r e e w a y s 40 built i n the c i t y . However, thoy have no s a y i n i t because of tho p e c u l i a r n a t u r e o f tho D i s t r i c t o f Columbia governmental setup. You might s a y , W e l l and good, f i n e . The people i n the freeway lobby -( R i n g i n g of b e l l . ) CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. CARTER: — forth, 30 seconds. the Highway Commissioner and so we can put i t through. But there aro c e r t a i n inherent dangers i n t h i s . CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. CARTER: 30 seconds. And the ono danger t h a t comes t o mind r e a d i n g about the r i o t s i n Tampa tho o t h e r day where Molotov c o c k t a i l s wore heaved on the f r e e w a y , a s soon as the t r o u b l e began and the resentment b o i l o d o v e r . T h i s , I t h i n k I can a s s u r e you, w i l l happen h e r o . The f r e e w a y s w i l l not o n l y be i n e f f i c i e n t because o f t h e i r l a y o u t , thoy w i l l a l s o be u n s a f e �8o T36jdlO t o d r i v e and I p e r s o n a l l y would not want t o d r i v e on a freeway t h a t was b u i l t over people's homos, over l i v e s o r over people's dreams and hopes. people's And I t h i n k t h a t you w i l l f i n d , i f you push through w i t h t h i s w i t h o u t a p u b l i c v o t e , w i t h o u t any s e n s i n g o f t h e w i l l o f t h e people, t h a t t h e r e w i l l be bloodshed and t h a t t h e blood w i l l bo upon tho hands (Applause.) -- of those who put i t through. (Applause.) MR. SHEAR: Joseph Kogok, K o j a k ' s (No response.) Mr. Kogok. (No Liquors. response.) L e s l i e Logan, P r e s i d e n t , A r l i n g t o n i a n s f o r Preservation of t h e Potomac P a l i s a d e s . (Applause.) STATEMENT OP: L E S L I E LOGAN, PRESIDENT, ARLINGTONIANS FOR PRESERVATION OF THE POTOMAC PALISADES MR. L E S L I E LOGAN: I am L e s l i e Logan, 2523 2 3 r d Road, North A r l i n g t o n , V i r g i n i a , P r e s i d e n t Arlingtonians representing f o r Preservation o f tho of tho Potomac Palisades v i t a l l y a f f e c t e d a l l c i t y a s s o c i a t i o n s , many hundred i n d i v i d u a l s , two l a r g e s t churches i n t h e Potomac �31 3ojdll Palisades area. I appreciate t h i s opportunity to onco more appear b e f o r e you to repeat tho o p p o s i t i o n of A r l i n g t o n to the i n c l u s i o n of the Potomac R i v o r c r o s s i n g i n tho v i c i n i t y of Three S i s t e r s I s l a n d s i n the Proposed Comprehensive P l a n f o r the N a t i o n a l Capital. T h i s r i v e r c r o s s i n g i s s t r o n g l y opposed by Arlington. and I t s approaches would r i p through tho p a l i s a d e s parks of tho A r l i n g t o n shores I t s concrete of the Potomac R i v e r . path of s i x to ton l a n e s and i t s interchange w i t h I n t e r s t a t e Route 66 would d e s t r o y e s t h e t i c , human and historic values. I t would take over 20 a c r e s of l a n d on the A r l i n g t o n s i d e of tho Potomac R i v o r and parkdestroy a c o h e s i v e , l o n g - e s t a b l i s h e d , s i n g l e - f a m i l y neighborhood. Tho A r l i n g t o n County B o a r d , e l e c t e d government, has expressed the w i s h e s of tho c i t i z e n s of A r l i n g t o n i n i t s unanimous o p p o s i t i o n parkland to tho Three S i s t e r s p r o j e c t . through which t h e c r o s s i n g would pass was massive approaches to t h i s The rivor purchased j o i n t l y by A r l i n g t o n County, the S t a t e of V i r g i n i a and the United S t a t e s Government w i t h tho agreement t h a t , quote, the p r o p e r t y o n l y f o r park and parkway purposes and w i l l never use the land so a c q u i r e d s h a l l be acquired t h a t the United States f o r any o t h e r purpose except w i t h the consent of tho County of A r l i n g t o n , unquote. T h i s agreement, as you know, was signed by the �82 '36jdl2 Chairman of t h i s Commission a t t h a t time and A p r i l 3 r d , 19^0, by tho P r o s i d o n t of tho United S t a t e s . However, even t o t a l l y a p a r t from t h i s agreement, tho Cappor-Cramton A c t i t s e l f , which a u t h o r i z e d the a c q u i s i t i o n of those park l a n d s , p r e c l u d e s tho a p p r o v a l by t h i s Commission of any p l a n s f o r use of t h a s e lands f o r parkway purposes. except C l e a r l y tho Throe S i s t e r s B r i d g e - I n t e r s t a t e Routo 266 Freeway complex i s not a parkway. To p r o t e c t i t s r i g h t s , A r l i n g t o n County has boon f o r c e d t o i n s t i t u t e l e g a l proceedings s t r u c t i o n of t h i s p r o j e c t . defendants i n this suit. t o prevent tho con- You gentlemen a r e among tho How can you j u s t i f y t h i s violation of law and solemn agreement? The r e c e n t r e p o r t of the Potomac P l a n n i n g Task F o r c e , e s t a b l i s h e d t o develop P r e s i d e n t Johnson's program to make t h e Potomac a c o n s e r v a t i o n model f o r tho e n t i r e n a t i o n , concludes t h a t tho Three S i s t e r s r i v e r c r o s s i n g i s , quote, a major t h r o a t t o p r e s e n t v a l u e s t h a t should never — t h a t should somehow be a v e r t e d . I correct that, t h a t should somehow bo a v e r t e d . As r e c e n t l y as May 4 t h o f t h i s y e a r , you unanimously requested tho S e c r e t a r y of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o s t u d y t h o , quote, n e c e s s i t y f o r a d d i t i o n a l laneago i n the i n t e r s t a t e system d e s i g n a t e d You a s I n t e r s t a t e Routo 2 6 6 , end quote. requested t h a t , should t h e S e c r e t a r y conclude �83 . 36jdl3 t h a t a d d i t i o n a l lanoagc i s needed, t h a t ho s t u d y a l t e r n a t e l o c a t i o n s and proposals. Madam Chairman and you y o u r s e l v e s question Members of the Commission, i f the need f o r t h i s r i v e r c r o s s i n g and I n any event would p r e f e r , quote, a l t e r n a t e l o c a t i o n s and proposals, why i s this project s t i l l included i n tho Proposed Comprehensive P l a n f o r the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l published j u s t a few months ago? The a l l e g e d nood f o r t h i s r i v e r c r o s s i n g i s based on v a r i o u s t r a f f i c f i g u r e s compiled by the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Highway Department and a publication Supplementary Report on I n t e r s t a t e Routo 266, 1964, entitled, November 4 , of tho V i r g i n i a and D i s t r i c t of Columbia highway departments. I t was public hearings on the b a s i s of t h i s r e p o r t t h a t the were h e l d . required Y e t a s t a f f s t u d y of tho House Committee on the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, dated A p r i l 30, 1965* proved t h a t t h i s r e p o r t used i n c o r r e c t t r a f f i c f i g u r e s and contained i n v a l i d t r a f f i c forecasts. s t u d y showed t h a t v a l i d 1985 The Congressional f o r e c a s t s would not justify this r i v e r crossing. 1 _. Even more r e c e n t l y , the n a t i o n a l l y - k n o w n D. L i t t l e c o n s u l t i n g f i r m , s e l e c t e d unanimously by P o l i c y Advisory of 14 c r i t e r i a Arthur the Committee (PAC), made a study on tho supplied by tho S t e e r i n g Committee of basis PAC �84 1 , 37jdl4 nnd concluded t h a t , quote, p r e s e n t p l a n s f o r freeway e x t e n s i o n s i n the D i s t r i c t a r o based on i n s u f f i c i e n t and on q u e s t i o n a b l e assumptions end data, and f o r e c a s t i n g t e c h n i q u e s , quote. (Applause.) Madam Chairman, Members of t h e Commission: are There many, many ways t o s o l v e the t r a f f i c problems of the Metropolitan area. F i r s t and foremost construction of a r a i l rapid t r a n s i t i s tho e a r l i e s t system. (Applause.) You have suggested, quote, t h e upgrading J e f f e r s o n D a v i s Highway t o i n t e r s t a t e of the s t a n d a r d s , unquote. The S e c r e t a r y of tho I n t e r i o r , Mr. U d a l l , i n a l e t t e r to the A r l i n g t o n County Board on A p r i l 2 3 , 1965, e x p r e s s e d , quote, o p p o s i t i o n t o c o n s t r u c t i o n of any b r i d g e , end quote, and o u t l i n e d s i x a l t e r n a t e p r o p o s a l s . I n i t i a l stops have boon taken t o m a t e r i a l i z e s e v e r a l o f these p r o p o s a l s but most s i g n i f i c a n t i s the removal o f , quote, any r e s t r i c t i o n on t r u c k use of t h e Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e , unquote. of t h e o r i g i n a l its T h i s moans the d e f e a t excuse f o r t h e 1-266 r i v e r c r o s s i n g and approaches. Madam Chairman and Members of the Commission, we r e s p e c t f u l l y r e q u e s t t h a t you e l i m i n a t e t h i s p r o j e c t which Mr. H a r t z o g , D i r e c t o r o f tho N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e , s t a t e d �85 r J37jdl5 i n a l e t t e r of Juno 2 1 , 1965 t o our o r g a n i z a t i o n , t h a t t h i s p r o j e c t would, quote, s e r i o u s l y i m p a i r p a r k l a n d and park v a l u e s , unquote, from t h e Comprehensive P l a n f o r tho N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l . Thank you. (Applause.) MR. SHEAR: Theodore R. Hagans, J r . , The D i s t r i c t of Columbia Chamber of Commerce, I n c o r p o r a t e d . (No r e s p o n s e . ) I s Mr. Hagans here? (No r e s p o n s e . ) A r t h u r E . M o r r i s s o t t c , Chairman, Communications, Committee of Concern, B u s i n e s s and P r o f e s s i o n a l People i n tho No. 11 Precinct. (No r e s p o n s e . ) Mr. M o r r i s s o t t c ? (No r e s p o n s e . ) Chauncoy Thomas, Change, I n c o r p o r a t e d . STATEMENT OP: CHAUNCEY THOMAS, CHANGE, INCORPORATED MR. CHAUNCEY THOMAS: t h i s g r e a t Commission: Madam Chairman, Members of My name i s Chauncoy Thomas. I am the Chairman of the Housing and Urban Development Commission f o r Change, I n c o r p o r a t e d . I was s e n t here to t a l k t o you about the changes �86 ,'37jdl6 of tho subway s t a t i o n s i n tho Columbia Heights a r e a . The people i n t h a t a r e a want to r e g i s t e r o p p o s i t i o n t o the change i n the p l a n s and they f o o l t h a t tho changes aro going to s e r v o tho suburban a r e a s a t tho expense of the city. I t o l d them t h a t wasn't t r u e , you a l l weren't going to do that. Thoy wanted to go back to tho o r i g i n a l p l a n before A p r i l 6 t h t h a t you promised them t h a t they would have f o u r stops i n tho Columbia Heights a r e a . And I a s s u r e d them t h a t t h i s was going to be, because tho N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission had t h i s i n 1962 and i t had boon approved by Congress i n approved 1965. So I assured them t h a t thoy had nothing to f e a r , t h a t tho N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission was going to put the f o u r stops t h e r e . They seemed to t h i n k t h a t tho A p r i l d e c i s i o n was maybe -- some p o l i t i c a l i n t e r e s t was involved. I explained to them t h a t tho NCPC had no p o l i t i c a l a f f i l i a t i o n s , they had no p o l i t i c a l p r e s s u r e s and what Mr. Natchor might have mentioned had no b e a r i n g on NCPC and t h a t thoy made t h e i r p l a n s a c c o r d i n g to the way they saw i t and that plan was t h a t Columbia Heights should have tho f o u r s t o p s . Thoy a l s o s a i d t r a d i t i o n a l l y the use of p u b l i c funds f o r a t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system has boon j u s t i f i e d on tho �87 L'37jdl7 grounds t h a t mass t r a n s i t b o n o f i t s b l u o - c o l l a r groups who o t h e r w i s e could not a f f o r d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o employment or t o shopping c e n t e r s . I t o l d them t h a t NCPC was w e l l aware of t h i s . They s a i d t h i s i s e s p e c i a l l y v a l i d i n t h i s area where r a c i a l s e g r e g a t i o n i n housing p r o h i b i t s many workers from l i v i n g n e a r t h e i r jobs. I a l s o t o l d them t h a t NCPC was w e l l aware of t h i s . Thoy s a i d t h e d e c i s i o n of NCPC t o drop tho Columbia Heights l i n e f o r a Southwest l i n e — I t o l d thorn not t o even c o n s i d e r t h a t . Thoy f e l t t h a t t h i s was a misuse o f p u b l i c f u n d s . They underscored p u b l i c f u n d s , I don't know why. They s a i d they a l s o thought t h a t t h i s l o f t tho b l u e - c o l l a r Negro of t h e upper Cardozo a t tho mercy o f an inadequate, inconvoniont and e x p e n s i v e bus. s e r v i c e . I t o l d thorn NCPC would n e v e r c o n s i d e r a n y t h i n g like that. They a r e w e l l aware of the s i t u a t i o n . There's a l s o some S p a n i s h hot blood, I might add, S p a n i s h r e s i d e n t s i n t h a t a r e a who wanted to como. I assured them t h a t i t wasn't n e c e s s a r y f o r them t o come. They f o o l t h a t t h e p r o p e r t y v a l u e s and j o b opportunities and many a s p e c t s o f t h e community l i f e of t h e upper Cardozo stand t o b e n e f i t from t h e Columbia Heights lino. �88 ri 37jdl8 They s a i d t h a t we would urge NCPC t o f o l l o w tho o r i g i n a l p l a n f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n our a r e a . Thoy s a y t h a t t h e y , by your book o f F e b r u a r y 1967 — t h a t ' s March, A p r i l , a couple of months — they s a i d that you e s t i m a t e d t h a t t h e r e i s 1 7 5 , 0 0 0 people i n t h i s a r e a . Thoy were w i l l i n g t o go a l o n g w i t h t h a t . However, they counted 2 3 0 , 2 3 0 , 0 0 0 a g a i n s t what was proposed f o r t h e Southwest and thoy could not bo t a l k e d out o f tho idea t h a t i t would be b e t t e r f o r t h e f o u r stops t o be i n tho Columbia Heights a r e a than i t would be i n the Southwest a r e a . They f o l t t h a t the people i n tho Southwest a r e a could w a l k t o work, p l u s thoy had b e t t e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , thoy had b e t t o r means. They l i v e i n an a r e a where thoy pay $ 1 ? 5 a month f o r e f f i c i e n c i e s , where these people i n t h i s a r e a , some of them don't make t h a t a month. Moreover, they f e e l t h a t Congress has not approved an a l t e r n a t e l i n e o r an a l t e r n a t e p l a n but they have approved, they have approved t h e Columbia Heights l i n e w i t h money. I don't know why they put the money down t h e r e . f o o l t h a t i t i s not i n the p u b l i c i n t e r e s t And thoy t o take from the poor t o g i v e t o tho r i c h . (Applause.) And I might add i n c l o s i n g , Don't take away what you have promised u s . . o have been promised f o r 300 y e a r s . / �89 ?37jdl9 Thank you. (Applause.) MR, SHEAR: Harry R. Applegato, N a t i o n a l Automobile D e a l e r s A s s o c i a t i o n . STATEMENT OF: HARRY R. APPLEGATE, NATIONAL AUTOMOBILE DEALERS ASSOCIATION MR. HARRY R. APPLEGATE: Madam Chairman and Members o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission: name i s H a r r y R. Applegate. My I r e p r e s e n t tho N a t i o n a l Automobile D e a l e r s A s s o c i a t i o n . ' / a r e f o r i n t e r s t a t e highways and b e l i e v e t h a t .a they should be completed a t the e a r l i e s t date p o s s i b l e . There i s a s m a l l segment of the North Log o f t h e I n n e r Loop t h a t could be improved. Wo recommend a r e v i e w of t h e Commission's o r i g i n a l p r o p o s a l f o r a s u r f a c e r o u t e around t h e core o f the c i t y to s e r v e more people e f f e c t i v e l y and efficiently. Tho defense. i n t e r s t a t e highways a r c e s s e n t i a l t o n a t i o n a l Should tho a i r r a i d s i r e n s w a i l , and God, f o r b i d t h i s , a s they have over o t h e r n a t i o n ' s c a p i t a l s j u s t a few days ago, t h e i n t e r s t a t e highways w i t h t h e i r i n n e r and o u t e r loops o f c i t i e s would p r o v i d e f o r a more speedy and o r d e r l y e x i t from those cities. Thank you. Thank you, Madam Chairman. (Scattered applause.) �90 r i.37jd20 MR. SHEAR: Edward J . MacClano, Chairman, C i t y P l a n n i n g Committee, D. C. F e d e r a t i o n o f C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s , Incorporated. STATEMENT OF: EDWARD J . MacCLANE, CHAIRMAN, CITY PLANNING COMMITTEE, D. C. FEDERATION OF CIVIC ASSOCIATION , INC. 0 MR. EDWARD J . MacCLANE: Madam Chairman, Members of the Commission, l a d i e s and gentlemen: map, As we look a t t h i s wo see a tremendous number of l i n o s . l i n e s t h e r e b u t they r e p r e s e n t t r a f f i c Thoy a r e just coming i n t o t h e downtown a r e a of the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. F o r the p a s t ten y e a r s , the Midway C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n has boen f i g h t i n g the freeway program. The North Log o f the I n n e r loop comes d i r e c t l y through the middle o f t h e Midway C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n . Ono of the p r e v i o u s speakers has suggested t h a t wo remove the K S t r e e t T u n n e l f u r t h e r n o r t h . put i t back i n the Midway a r e a . T h i s would Wo c e r t a i n l y r e j e c t this. Furthermore - • •738 (Scattered applause.) F u r t h e r m o r e , l e t ' s t a k e a look a t the downtown Washington, the t r a f f i c How I n the world can the downtown a r e a handle t h a t l a coming i n t o one s m a l l a r e a ? Thoy a r o b u i l d i n g the F B I B u i l d i n g which w i l l house 7000 employees. Thoy a r e b u i l d i n g the l a b o r Department B u i l d i n g . �91 T38jd21 Along Independence Avenue, Southwest, we have a row of highrise office buildings. I have had an o p p o r t u n i t y t o t r a v e l freeways i n t h i s c o u n t r y and i n Europe and freeways a r e f i n e but thoy load t o tho c i t y and when they get t o t h e c i t y then you have tho problems. The F e d e r a t i o n a p p r e c i a t e s t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o a g a i n e x p r e s s i t s p o s i t i o n s u p p o r t i n g a subway system f o r the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. b u i l t a t once. T h i s needed f a c i l i t y should be The F e d e r a t i o n s t r o n g l y opposes the con- s t r u c t i o n of freeways i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia not only -(Applause.) -- not o n l y because of t h e displacement of homos and b u s i n e s s e s but the downtown a r e a i s too s m a l l to handle a l l of tho automobiles, the automobile traffic t h a t would bo a t t r a c t e d by more freeways and b r i d g e s . The g r o a t i n c r e a s e i n h i g h r i s e b u i l d i n g s i n t h e downtown a r e a w i l l r e s u l t i n only massive t r a f f i c - j a m s i n the c i t y . Because t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a i s growing a t a r a p i d pace, i t i s urgent t h a t tho subway system be g i v e n ovory p r i o r i t y to prevent c h a o t i c conditions i n the c e n t r a l employment a r e a . The F e d e r a t i o n has expressed i t s views many times c o n c e r n i n g the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs of t h i s community and i t s �92 T38jd22 views remain s o l i d l y f o r a subway system and j u s t as s t r o n g l y opposed t o the f r e e w a y s . L a d i e s and gentlemen, f o r t e n y e a r s we hove boon f i g h t i n g the freeway program i n tho D i s t r i c t of Columbia and on May tho 1 7 t h the Midway C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n hold i t s a n n u a l awards d i n n e r and on t h a t o c c a s i o n wo had the p l e a s u r e of honoring tho Chairman of the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, Mrs. E l i z a b e t h Rowe, f o r h e r courageous stand a g a i n s t tho i n t e r e s t s who f a v o r tho freeways i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. (Applause.) I must s a y t h a t though Dr. Edwards i s not as eloquent as Mr. Abbott, ho c e r t a i n l y has done a. tremendous job as Chairman of tho T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee o f the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission. Dr. Edwards. (Applause.) One of the t h i n g s t h a t d i s t u r b s mo i s when speakers come from tho o u t l y i n g a r e a s and t e l l us how we should live o r what should come through our c i t y . (Applause.) I t i s g r e a t l y d i s t u r b i n g to mo to hoar a member of the Congross of the United S t a t e s t e l l the c i t i z e n s of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia t h a t , i f you don't have tho freeways you c a n ' t have the subways. I c a n ' t understand how any �93 American can s a y such a t h i n g t o tho r e s p o n s i b l e c i t i z e n s of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. Thank you. (Applause.) MR. SHE;>R: W. W. Ennis. STATEMENT OP: MRS. MRS. WILLIAM W. ENNIS WILLIAM W. ENNIS: Madam Chairman, distinguished members of tho N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission: My name i s Mrs. W i l l i a m E n n i s and I r e s i d e i n S i l v e r S p r i n g i n the s u b d i v i s i o n known as Woods i d e F o r e s t . i d e a l , quote, unquote, suburban the c r e e p i n g death of American as a garden spot surrounded Georgia Avenue, C o l o s v i l l e A nearly region, i t i l l u s t r a t e s c i t i e s by i t s q u a l i f i c a t i o n by thundering t r a f f i c arteries: Road and the C a p i t a l B e l t w a y . On the S l l g o Creek P a r k s i d e or w e s t e r n boundary, the p e r i o d i c p a n i c r a i s e d by the promotion of a t l e a s t two highspeed p a r k throughways by road p l a n n e r s i s a c u t e but not effectual. It i s , i n f a c t , the i n e f f e c t u a l i t y p r o t e s t t h a t concerns mo t h i s e v e n i n g . of c i t i z e n Testimony g i v e n t h i s evening and y e s t e r d a y evening has shown t h a t not one s i n g l e c i t i z e n group i n tho D i s t r i c t and most of thorn i n tho e n v i r o n s , have supported any p a r t of tho p l a n s to c h a n n e l highspeed v e h i c u l a r t r a f f i c through Washington and i t s suburbs. �94 T38jd24 The o n l y s u p p o r t , o u t s i d o o f o f f i c i a l highway s o u r c e s , r i s e s from those b u s i n e s s e s and a s s o c i a t i o n s which stand t o p r o f i t from tho c o n s t r u c t i o n of r o a d s : automobile and t i r e m a n u f a c t u r e r s and salesmen, automobile c l u b s , r e a l e s t a t e p r o f i t e e r s who can e x p e c t t o b u i l d apartment developments on highway margins whore p r e v i o u s c o n s t r u c t i o n has been condemned, and t h e e n t i r e b u r e a u c r a t i c a p p a r a t u s i n a d v e r t e n t l y c r e a t e d by the c r e a t i o n of 9 0 / 1 0 money l e g i s l a t i o n and tho p o l i t i c a l machinery a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the Highway U s e r s ' Conference and t h e g a s o l i n e l o b b i e s . Tho l i s t of components of t h i s c o t e r i e shows e x a c t l y why you do not hoar about the r e s t of us i n tho newspapers. I f you w i l l n o t i c e how slow i s tho t r i c k l e o f nows p a s t t h e a d v e r t i s i n g a r i s i n g from those s o u r c e s , s t a r t i n g on page two, you may f i n d i t v e r y easy t o i n f e r t h a t a p o l i c y of s u p p r e s s i o n of p u b l i c p r o t e s t through a p o l i c y of s i m p l y not p r i n t i n g i t i s p o l i t i c a l l y prudent, i f not p r a c t i c a l , f o r any e d i t o r . T39 L e a v i n g a l l i t e r a t i o n a s i d e , however, i t i s amusing to note t h a t s i m u l t a n e o u s l y w i t h t h e commencement of d e t a i l e d t e s t i m o n y on t h e h o r r o r s and dangers of the B e l t w a y and the numerous s t u p i d i t i e s of i t s d e s i g n , we a r e being t r e a t e d to Sunday supplement s t o r i e s on, quote, V i r g i n i a ' s Ambitious Highway Network, close- quote, coupled w i t h paeans o f p r a i s e on the W h i t e h u r s t Freeway and e d i t o r i a l comment on how r e a l l y �95 T39jd25 s a f e those f i n e now roads a r o . Did you road i t i n tho S t a r ? One t h i n g we do not hear about, i n t h a t or any o t h e r l o c a l newspaper to my knowledge, i s t h e ongoing cons t r u c t i o n of t h e s i x - l a n c juggernaut, 1-95* on which little cowpath t h e r e has boon no contemporary h e a r i n g a t a l l . Or the condemning and purchase o f land f o r tho North C e n t r a l Freeway under c o n s t r u c t i o n almost before approved, ono might s a y . Nor have we heard any r e p o r t i n g a t a l l on tho c u r r e n t s u i t a g a i n s t some of the agencies represented on t h i s Commission, placed by the c i t i z e n s o f tho D i s t r i c t o f Columbia a g a i n s t tho i n d i s c r i m i n a t e use of tho r i g h t of eminent domain by highway b u i l d e r s i n c o n f i s c a t i n g tho homes and lands of p r i v a t e c i t i z e n s . I have a s h o r t statement and I am going t o add t o i t a few t h i n g s t h a t have come up which i l l u s t r a t e what I moan. I n t h e l a s t day, o f c o u r s e , we have read tho r e p o r t s on l a s t n i g h t ' s t e s t i m o n y . I t soems a p i t y t h a t a l t h o u g h a g r e a t d e a l of t r i b u t e was paid t o Mr. Abbott's flamboyant p r e s e n t a t i o n , no n o t i c e whatever was g i v e n t o h i s numbers, tho r a t i o of e x p e n d i t u r e s , tho e r r o r s i n s t a t i s t i c a l usage and, I might add t h a t i f we r e a l l y wanted to j a z z up some of those r e p o r t s , wo might g i v e some e s t h e t i c c r e d i t to his presentation. Whatever the m e r i t s of l a s t n i g h t ' s testimony, while �96 T39jd26 I was s i t t i n g i n tho audience and l i s t e n i n g to the d i s t i n g u i s h ed Mr. W i r t h p r a i s e t i r e s and rubber and hold up the v a r i o u s e d i t o r i a l s which a t t a c k e d those people who do not want to bo d i s p l a c e d o r see the D i s t r i c t of Columbia d e s t r o y e d by l a r g e r o a d s , he s a i d , i f you w i l l r e c a l l , t h e s e a r e your newspapers, and I hoard someone remark, I t ' s h i s paper, not our newspaper. T h i s may be t r u e . Looking over r e c e n t e d i t o r i a l s t h a t I have hero, I note a c o n f l i c t on those p l a n s which i s q u i t o fundamental. The problem of the a p p r o v a l of tho p l a n of the North C e n t r a l Freeway by the Bureau of P u b l i c Roads, which a p p a r e n t l y does not a c c e p t the p r e s e n t p l a n . How i n tho world aro wo to go a l o n g w i t h any p l a n where t h e r e i s not r e a l agreement among the a g e n c i e s r e s p o n s i b l e ? I must say i n f a i r n e s s to tho s o u r p r e s s I have boon s o u r l y commenting about, Mr. F l o r , my a p o l o g i e s to you, t h a t on page two on May me, 6/13/67. 9th, I t h i n k i t was — No, excuse I don't have my documents i n o r d e r -- Attendance urged a t p u b l i c h e a r i n g s on the frooway p l a n . I don't know how I t got i n . i t got i n but we were v e r y glad to see i t and I want to thank the people who A l s o , on page t h r e e , May printed 31st, it. a nice a r t i c l e c a l l e d , C u l t u r e , A T h r o a t to Freeways. little So I don't t h i n k perhaps i t i s j u s t the b l u e - c o l l a r workers o r the hot S p a n i s h bloods who aro opposing them. There i s actually �97 ?39jd27 some c u l t u r e , a v e r y n i c e e d i t o r i a l under tho of David B r a t t a . those of tho signature So I should a l s o take o f f my hat j o u r n a l i s t s i n tho audionco who g i v i n g us a b i t of a boost. boon e n t i r e l y n e g a t i v e . to havo been I don't t h i n k the p r e s s has I would j u s t l i k e to a s k t h a t i t would r e p o r t a fow more f a c t s . Now, Mr. remarks. Solomon mentions h i s p l a n which f o r c e s people to rapid t r a n s i t . How I should l i k e to comment on t o n i g h t ' s use I would l i k e to ask an a l t e r n a t i v e q u e s t i o n . about the immense e f f o r t of p r i v a t e i n d u s t r y t o f o r c e people to use c a r s and automobiles or h i s own people to uso c a r p o o l s ? People aro going to havo to channel t h e i r ways of g e t t i n g to work i n some f a s h i o n . t h i n k i t ' s r a t h o r s e r i o u s t h a t wo c a r s and p l a n to f o r c e Also, see tho c l e a r war r a p i d t r a n s i t r a i s e d by a person l i k e Mr. I between Wallace. I am sure t h a t we w i l l havo to dovote something o t h e r than h o a t , perhaps a l i t t l e more l i g h t , to t h i s problem. I wanted to conclude my statement t o n i g h t w i t h s i n g l e p o i n t t h a t I can speak i n my of the League of Women V o t e r s . tho c a p a c i t y as a member I t i s the c u r r e n t p o l i c y of the League, a r r i v e d a t by p a i n s t a k i n g study of tho urban needs of t h i s e n t i r e r e g i o n , t h a t no more l a r g o highways should bo c o n s t r u c t e d i n the Washington a r e a u n t i l wo a v i a b l e , completed r a p i d t r a n s i t system, and the members -- have I checked w i t h �98 (Applause.) Thank you. -- the Chairman of the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee of tho League who spoke t o me f o r the seven r e g i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s t h a t r e p r e s e n t the League i n the Washington area. They support no p r e s e n t proposed r o u t e s and should, i n any e v e n t , t h i n k t h a t none should be i n c r e a s e d beyond the p r e s e n t p r o p o s a l s . be c o n s t r u c t e d They f e e l t h a t r a p i d t r a n s i t first. A major problem t h a t they have r a i s e d I've should i s the one mentioned between the Maryland highway p l a n n e r s and tho Bureau of P u b l i c Roads, and t h i s has to bo ironed out. They do not havo any f i g u r e s , and thoy a r e v e r y careful about t h e i r s t a t i s t i c s -- They a r e q u i t e u n b i a s e d . A l o t of them l i k e c a r s too -- which they can c o n s i d e r a c c u r a t e enough on a c c e s s and r e t u r n on the roads downtown t o j u s t i f y t h e i r use i n any r e s p e c t . MR. SHEAR: One minute. MRS. ENNIS: Thank you. (Applause.) F i n a l l y , I would l i k e t o take my one minute t o answer Mr. S o l o s c h i n v e r y positively. One - I do not know anyone l i v i n g i n the a r e a of the B e l t w a y i n tho S i l v e r S p r i n g a r e a who l i k e s i t o r whose land v a l u e has been i n c r e a s e d as a r e s u l t of i t s �99 ~'39jd29 presence. Two - To p e r p e t u a t e the use of land as i t has begun i n the suburbs i n the p a s t 2 0 y e a r s i s i m p o s s i b l e because of tho growth of p o p u l a t i o n . That i s understood by those who c o n t r o l land use i n the a r e a . ( R i n g i n g of b o l l . ) CHAIRMAN ROWE: MRS. ENNIS: 30 seconds. 30 seconds. And, as i l l u s t r a t e d by t h e growth of h i g h r i s e a p a r t m e n t s , as a mechanism o f h a n d l i n g tho s t o r i n g of human beings. Three - We q u e s t i o n the genuineness o f h i s r e p resentation. A telephone c a l l t o the p a s t p r e s i d e n t of the G a r r e t t Park C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n , which ho p u r p o r t s t o r e p r e s e n t , Mr. Bormann, b r i n g s us a d e n i a l o f tho statements t h a t t h i s i s the f e e l i n g o f h i s a r e a . (Cheers and a p p l a u s e . ) And f u r t h e r , Mr. Applegate, thank you f o r your testimony. Subways could evacuate us f a s t e r than f r e e w a y s ; i f we do have t o got bombed, we're probably going t o be s i t t i n g ducks anyway. The m a t t e r of the unsafenoss o f t h e B e l t w a y i s i n c r e a s e d by i t s most dangerous a r e a between Georgia Avenue and Old Georgetown Road. Thank you f o r l i s t e n i n g t o my p r e s e n t a t i o n . �(Applause.) MR. SHEAR: Joseph H. H a i r s t o n , V i c e P r e s i d e n t , Neighbors, I n c o r p o r a t e d . STATEMENT OP: JOSEPH H. HAIRSTON, V I C E PRESIDENT, NEIGHBORS, INCORPORATED MR. JOSEPH H. HAIRSTON: of tho Commission, speak. Madam Chairman, Members l a d i e s and gentlemen: We, tho people, Wo have boon s p e a k i n g f o r two e v e n i n g s . s p e a k i n g because we a r e v o c a l . indignant. We a r o We a r e e m o t i o n a l . Wo a r o We a r e angry and a l s o wo a r e a l i t t l e a f r a i d . We a r e a f r a i d t h a t you a r e going t o d e s t r o y something t h a t ' s v e r y dear to u s , our homos, tho p l a c e whore we r a i s e our families. My o r g a n i z a t i o n , Neighbors, I n c o r p o r a t e d , and I am t h e V i c e P r e s i d e n t , i s tho a r e a i n the Ncrthwcst p o r t i o n of tho D i s t r i c t , s o r t o f l i k e t h i s ( i n d i c a t i n g on map). My comments, v e r b a l , w i l l be r a t h e r d i s j o i n t e d because I would l i k e t o c a l l your a t t e n t i o n t o some of tho p o i n t s r a i s e d by those who would pave the c i t y , r a t h e r than t u n n e l under i t . I would l i k e t o f i r s t s t a r t w i t h p o i n t i n g out something on the map. Note the b a l a n c e o f t h e f r e e w a y s -- I mean, of t h e subways. A l l p a r t s of t h e c i t y a r e c o v e r e d . Note the b a l a n c e of t h e f r e e w a y . Note t h a t you have missed �101 T39jd31 a b i S P a r t o f i t * Now, wo don't want t o f o s t e r -(Applause.) #40 We don't w i s h t o f o s t e r the freeway on t h e p a r t t h a t you m i s s e d . We t h i n k the best way t o balance it is to remove i t from t h e remainder o f t h e c i t y . (Applause.) And you have v e r y e f f e c t i v e balance. Now, you know, I have a g r e a t d e a l o f r e s p e c t for the i n d i v i d u a l s who stood b e f o r e us and faced our anger. They a t l e a s t had the i n t e s t i n a l f o r t i t u d e t o speak to u s , t o put out i n the open what they thought. I don't have t h a t seme r e s p e c t to those p r e s s u r e groups t h a t have submitted a statement and have f e a r e d t o f a c e we the people. (Applause.) Commenting on some of the remarks made by t h e proponents of freeways p a r t i c u l a r l y and hoping to draw your a t t e n t i o n t o some of the f a l l a c i e s i n t h o i r p r e s e n t a t i o n s , because I am q u i t e s u r e t h a t you being human you w i l l never be a b l e t o read t h i s e n t i r e r e c o r d , I hope t h a t a t t h i s p o i n t to s o r t o f i n c a p s u l e form c a l l your a t t e n t i o n t o some minor f a c t o r w i t h r e s p e c t t o each proponent. F i r s t , I have a g r e a t d e a l o f r e s p e c t f o r t h e D i r e c t o r o f Highway T r a f f i c i n tho D i s t r i c t . He s a i d , and I don't quote e x a c t l y but I t h i n k t h i s i s c l o s e : E v e r y time �102 T40jd32 an American wants to go some where he wants to go by c a r . You know, t h i s i s t r u e . Tho question i s : Do we have to l e t him go by c a r through our homes? Can't we b u i l d a subway and maybe change h i s p a t t e r n ? That's the first point. (Applause.) The second p o i n t , Mr. A i r i s has done a very, goed job of manning two-way s t r e e t s , of p r e v e n t i n g p a r k i n g artorials. T h i s i s v e r y good but who I t s e r v e s the person who not those who does i t s e r v e ? wants to run through our live in i t . on city, B u i l d the subway and we don't, we won't need so many one-way s t r e e t s to f a v o r those people who j u s t want to go through us r a t h e r than bo a p a r t of u s . (Applause.) I r e s p e c t Mr. industry. M i r t h ' s advocacy f o r tho tire I wouldn't expect him to do a n y t h i n g e l s e . has to l i v e and Ho I t h i n k he d i d a good job of e a r n i n g h i s salary l a s t night. (Applause.) I p o i n t to a f a l l a c y i n h i s statement: Highways are f r e e , our t a x e s have paid f o r them. Gentlemen and Mrs. t h i s world that's free. The p r i c e he's Wo You Rowe, t h e r e i s nothing in pay f o r e v e r y t h i n g you got. a s k i n g us to pay t h i n k the p r i c e i s too high. i s our homos, our community. �103 T40jd33 (Applause.) I f I were a member of the T r i p l e A, I wouldn't be. Mr. L a s h l e y f a v o r s freeways and he argues as p a r t of h i s l o g i c t h a t the t r a f f i c on R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e i n c r e a s e d 32 per c e n t . Now, has examine the l o g i c of h i s s t a t e - ment . The B r i d g e hasn't been opened v e r y long. wouldn't bo s u r p r i s i n g t h a t i t d i d i n c r e a s e . many of you have t r i e d to f i n d how It Further, how to got on t h a t t h i n g ? (laughter.) You place know, i t t a k e s a w h i l e to j u s t f i n d tho — (Applause.) -- so, n a t u r a l l y , a f t e r you f i n d i t , the statistics w i l l show an i n c r e a s e i n t r a f f i c . (Applause.) Mr. L e r n e r , V i c e P r e s i d e n t of tho A i r p o r t T r a n s - p o r t a t i o n Company, o r whatever i t i s , wants to p r o t e c t tho jobs of h i s employees and, i s a noble i n c i d e n t a l l y , h i s j o b , and this cause. (Laughter.) 1 I don't want to put any man recent was out of a j o b . e d i t i o n of the Washingtonian pointed But a out t h a t t h e r e a move to spend something l i k e $200 m i l l i o n a t N a t i o n a l A i r p o r t t o improve i t . The a l t e r n a t e s u g g e s t i o n was to use �104 r J .4ljd34 t h a t space- f o r people, b u i l d a r a p i d r a i l t r a n s i t t o D u l l e s , got the people to town much q u i c k e r than you now can on the s u r f a c e and t h e n , what about tho jobs of those people d r i v i n g tho taxicabs? Have you n o t i c e d the ads? more bus drivers. D. C. T r a n s i t noods That's tho s o l u t i o n . (Applause.) Mr. Koch's c l a i m to fame, he speaks f o r no organ- i z a t i o n , and, from what ho s a i d , I can w e l l understand ( L a u g h t e r and that. applause.) His concern i s t h a t he can r a p i d l y got i n t o tho c i t y and he doesn't c a r e how ho does i t , as long as i t ' s not through h i s homo but through your home. Mr. Chancy argues t h a t we have been taxed f o r freeways and t h a t wo should got our money's worth. You know, I t h i n k , from having t e s t e d tho a t t i t u d e of t h i s a u d i e n c e , we would g l a d l y g i v e our share to A r i z o n a , T e x a s , New Mexico, a n y p l a c e , b u i l d a freeway someplace e l s e . Wo w i l l w i l l i n g l y g i v e up t h a t t a x b e n e f i t . (Applause.) Or, i n the a l t e r n a t i v e , l e t ' s s t a r t t h i n k i n g i n terms of what i s p o s i t i v e . L e t ' s t h i n k i n terms of u s i n g somo of t h a t t a x money to b u i l d a subway and not b u i l d a cheap routo but go the routo t h a t w i l l do the most good. Somo of those m i l l i o n s f o r freeways would b u i l d a subway �105 T4ljd35 r a p i d l y t o sorvo tho people. (Applause.) Mr. Waters wants the Throe S i s t e r s B r i d g e and s c o f f s a t tho n a t u r a l beauty o f the a r e a and advocates the n a t u r a l beauty of b r i d g e s . I love b r i d g e s . i s angry because I stop t o admire b r i d g e s . thorn. My w i f e I really enjoy B u t I don't enjoy thorn so much t h a t I ' d l i k e to see o b r i d g e , something t h a t ' s u n n a t u r a l , r e p l a c e something t h a t can n e v e r be r e p l a c e d and t h a t i s the boauty of t h e P a l i s a d e s of t h e Potomac. (Applause.) Mr. Solomon r e p r e s e n t s i n p a r t B a l t i m o r e . speak i n B a l t i m o r e ? T h i n k of tho l o g i c . a h i g h e r a c c i d e n t r a t e i n the c i t y . sense. Do wo Ho says t h e r e i s W e l l , t h i s i s common- You have more c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n the c i t y . How many people do you f i n d out t h e r e on t h a t freeway u n l e s s t h e y ' r e In a car? N a t u r a l l y t h e a c c i d e n t r a t e i s going t o be h i g h e r i n the c i t y . Mr. W a l l a c e , tho paving c o n t r a c t o r , I'm happy .35 t h a t he's s o l i c i t o u s f o r my b l a c k b r o t h e r h i s s t e w a r d . i s a wonderful spread fooling. But l e t him pave t h e subway. This We'll j u s t as much c o n c r e t e and h e ' l l keep h i s people working. (Applause.) Tho a t t o r n e y from Bethosda f a v o r s tho frooway. �106 T4ljd36 I'm not s u r e who ho speaks f o r i n l i g h t o f tho l a s t state- ment but he t a l k e d about tho f a c t t h a t h i s communities f a v o r the f r e e w a y s but tho l a d y t h a t you j u s t heard -(Ringing of b e l l . ) -- d i d not f a v o r thorn. CHAIRMAN ROWE: 3 0 seconds. MR. HAIRSTON: And 30 seconds. n o t i c e out t h e r e tho freeways go by and not through. I n summary, somebody i s r i g h t and someone i s wrong, freeway v e r s u s subway. you c a n ' t undo i t . I f you b u i l d tho f r e e w a y , I f you b u i l d the subway f i r s t and we prove t o be wrong, you can r e c o n s i d e r your c o n c r e t e highways later. Thank you. (Applause.) MR. SHEAR: Hosoa E . T a y l o r , Chairman of tho Public U t i l i t i e s and P u b l i c Works Committee of the D. C. F e d e r a t i o n of C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s . STATEMENT OF: HOSEA E . TAYLOR, CHAIRMAN OF THE PUBLIC U T I L I T I E S AND PUBLIC WORKS COMMITTEE, D, C FEDERATION OF CIVIC ASSOCIATIONS 0 MR. HOSE/. E . TAYLOR: Mrs. Rowo and o t h e r members of the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission: Hosoa T a y l o r and I am r e p r e s e n t i n g My name i s the D. C. F e d e r a t i o n of �107 .L'41jd37 Civic Associations i n my P u b l i c U t i l i t i e s and w i l l bo directed Tho D. c a p a c i t y as Chairman of P u b l i c Works Committee. My to the proposed r a p i d t r a n s i t C. F e d e r a t i o n the remarks system. of C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s i s i n complete support of the proposed r a p i d t r a n s i t system, t h a t i s , the subway system i s a long overdue and much-needed p u b l i c t r a n s i t system, but w i t h s t r o n g r e s e r v a t i o n s as to the o r d e r of p r i o r i t y . Tho f o l l o w i n g r e s o l u t i o n was passed by the Civic Federation: RESOLUTION: BE I T RESOLVED THAT the o f f i c e r s of tho D. Federation of C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s a r e d i r e c t e d t o ; C. inform the D i s t r i c t Committees of both houses of Congress and tho E x e c u t i v e Branch t h a t i t opposes g i v i n g f i r s t p r i o r i t y to tho c o n s t r u c t i o n of a subway route s e r v i n g a Avenue a r e a h a v i n g a p o p u l a t i o n Connecticut of only about 50,000 and i n s t e a d c a l l s f o r f i r s t p r i o r i t y to bo givon to construction of a route s e r v i n g 600,000 r e s i d e n t s , s p e c i f i c a l l y a routo r u n n i n g from E a s t of the A n a c o s t i a (Going to map) proposed. Rivor -- I t ' s not on t h i s map as i t i s However the routo t h a t I am s u g g e s t i n g t h a t r u n s , i f I can understand t h i s , e a s t of tho i s one Anacostia R i v e r , which s t a r t s i n t h i s a r e a , c u t s through i n t o tho G S t r e e t and i n t o Union S t a t i o n , up the North C e n t r a l C o r r i d o r �103 T4ljd38 somewhere i n the a r e a of Georgia avenue, f o l l o w i n g i t out, going up and then f o l l o w i n g New Hampshire Avenue l i n e . ( C o n t i n u i n g r e a d i n g of r e s o l u t i o n ) -a r o u t e running from E a s t of the A n a c o s t i a specifically River. t h i s a r e a has a 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 p o p u l a t i o n , Now, through C a p i t o l E a s t , which has a 1 2 0 , 0 0 0 p o p u l a t i o n , and up North C e n t r a l C o r r i d o r , a l l of which t o g e t h e r have about tho 290,000 people. The It for r e s o l u t i o n i s based on tho f o l l o w i n g . i s a w e l l known f a c t t h a t tho major purpose the r a p i d t r a n s i t system i s to p r o v i d e c i t y w i t h the a p p r o p r i a t e kind and each p a r t of amount of a c c e s s , as quoted from your book on page 108 of tho proposed tho and, 1985 Comprehensive P l a n , i t can h e l p shape the p a t t e r n of development, encouraging now h i g h d e n s i t y development i n p l a c e s w i t h the b e s t a c c e s s and and p r e s e r v i n g lower d e n s i t i e s elsewhere p r o t e c t r e s i d e n t i a l neighborhoods and tho h a r m f u l e f f e c t s of heavy through Now, I ask you i n s t i t u t i o n s from traffic. c i t y planners: I s t h i s the most a c c u r a t e d e s c r i p t i o n of your purpose? There i s c o n s i d e r a b l e same time freeways volume of t r a f f i c businesses and room f o r doubt when a t the a r e being proposed to b r i n g i n a i n t o the c i t y a t the expense of higher residences, b u i l d i n g s t h a t w i l l have t o bo s a c r i f i c e d not o n l y tho freeways but a l s o f o r tho d a i l y s t o r a g e of for �109 T4ljd39 automobiles between the hours of 8 and 6 p.m. Although i t has been p r e v i o u s l y s t a t e d by Mr. MacClano t h a t the F e d e r a t i o n e f f e c t s of freeways, i s t o t a l l y a g a i n s t tho h a r m f u l i t i s only mentioned hero t o p o i n t out tho l u d i c r o u s c o n t e n t i o n of c i t y planners relative to f r e e i n g the s t r e e t s of the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia from t r a f f i c , most of which i s duo to commuters. With tho r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t tho commuters must havo a way o f e n t e r i n g o r l e a v i n g t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia, i t Is highly meritorious proposed. t h a t tho r a p i d t r a n s i t We do not k i d o u r s e l v e s . rapid t r a n s i t lines aro We r e a l i z e t h a t tho system, a s proposed, i s geared t o tho commuter r a t h e r than tho r e s i d e n t of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, a s evidenced by tho fow stops w i t h i n tho c o n f i n e s of t h e D i s t r i c t lines. However, i t i s a f a c t t h a t t h e r e s i d e n t s a r o not n a i v e t o the t r u e purpose o f tho system and a r c w i l l i n g t o boar somo of t h e i n c o n v e n i e n c e s a t t a c h e d thereto. do f e e l r e a l i s t i c a l l y t h a t the r e s i d e n t s must a l s o But wo realize some of t h e b e n e f i t s from both a democratic p o i n t of v i e w , an economic p o i n t o f view and t h e p o i n t o f need. T h i s should be done by changing tho o r d e r of p r i o r i t i e s and put t o the top t h a t o f s e r v i n g over 600,000 r e s i d e n t s o f t h e D i s t r i c t , as w e l l as commuters. We propose t h a t top p r i o r i t y should be placed on a �110 T4ljd40 t r a n s i t l i n o running from tho D i s t r i c t L i n o o a s t of the A n a c o s t i a R i v o r through C a p i t o l E a s t w i t h a main t r a n s f e r stop a t Union S t a t i o n up a c o r r i d o r through e i t h e r 7 t h S t r e e t and Georgia Avenue — and out through the Now T h i s i s i n the North C e n t r a l — Hampshire Avenue l i n e . The a r e a s being served w i l l be A n a c o s t i a , which i s i n c l o s e p r o x i m i t y to the f a r Northeast-Southeast. Tho advantages a r e numerous. I t w i l l s e r v o a r e a s t h a t havo the need of p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n seven days a week and 24 hours a day. I n view of t h i s , the revenue r e c e i v e d w i l l decrease the amount of s u b s i d y r e q u i r e d f o r tho t r a n s i t system as opposed to a C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue l i n e and any o t h e r l i n o where revenue w i l l o n l y bo a c q u i r e d d u r i n g r u s h hours. I t w i l l s e r v e an a r e a h a v i n g fewer c a r s per f a m i l y , which i s a b a s i s f o r the need, and whose needs f o r t r a n s i t aro j u s t as g r o a t a t a l l p e r i o d s as opposed to being l i m i t e d to r u s h hours. T42 I t w i l l a l s o s e r v e the commuters from o u t s i d e of the D i s t r i c t , which a r e a s a r e h e a v i l y populated expanding out through the N o r t h e a s t - S o u t h e a s t T h i s has boon proposed to NOTA and rapidly area. I havo been t o l d no l a t e r than today t h a t t h i s l i n o was under study n e e d l e s s to s a y , r e g a r d l e s s of tho way and and, i t i s studied, there can o n l y be shown m e r i t to such a l i n o , and I have boon so �Ill ljd4l informed by one of tho e n g i n e e r s down t h e r e t h a t t h e r e i s m e r i t and much m e r i t t o such a l i n o . There i s o n l y one o t h e r f e a t u r e t h a t I would l i k e t o address m y s e l f t o and t h a t i s tho p l a n n i n g a t t e n d a n t to the e s t a b l i s h i n g of the few subway s t o p s . Since i t i s r e a l i z e d t h a t tho p r i m a r y purpose i s t o s e r v e t h e p u b l i c and i t s convenience, i t i s doomed h i g h l y unnecessary t o d e s t r o y the contour o f tho c i t y i n o r d e r t o promote some a n t i q u a t e d idea of p l a c i n g h i g h r i s e , h i g h d e n s i t y l i v i n g a t o r about a l l subway s t o p s . and Tho need f o r the system i s a l r e a d y p r e s e n t i t I s h i g h l y unnecessary on the b a s i s of p r e s e n t needs to f u r t h e r d i s r u p t the few good communities of D. C. by c o n v e r t i n g i t completely i n t o a c o n c r e t e j u n g l e of b r i c k s , a s p h a l t and c o n c r e t e . The r e s i d e n t s s t i l l l i k e g r a s s , f l o w e r s , yards and homos j u s t the same as those who have the freedom of migrating to suburbia. Providing parking f a c i l i t i e s i n and around subway s t o p s i n s u b u r b i a w i l l make u n n e c e s s a r y the a r t i f i c i a l manu f a c t u r i n g o f r i d e r s f o r the r a p i d t r a n s i t system by con- v e r t i n g the l i m i t e d subway s t o p a r e a s t o h i g h d e n s i t y a r e a s . Thank you. (Applause.) �112 T4ljd42 STATEMENT OP: LEROY L . WERNER, C..FRITZ CONSTRUCTION COMPANY MR. SHEAR: Number 58, LcRoy L. Werner, C a f r i t z C o n s t r u c t i o n Company, f i l e d a statement f o r tho record. (Mr. V/ornor's statement reads a s f o l l o w s : ) �113 T4ljd43 MR. SHEAR: A r t h u r Clarendon S m i t h , J r . , P r e s i d e n t , Smith's T r a n s f e r & Storage Company, I n c o r p o r a t e d . STATEMENT OP: ARTHUR CLARENDON SMITH, J R . , PRESIDENT, SMITH'S TRANSFER & STORAGE COMPANY, INCORPORATED MR. ARTHUR CLARENDON SMITH, J R . : don't have a prepared s t a t e m e n t . I would l i k e to submit ono I'm s o r r y , I I w i l l make a few remarks. later. I a p p r e c i a t e tho o p p o r t u n i t y to speak. I won't take long and I n o t i c e t h a t Mr. Theodore Hagans' name was c a l l e d and he came i n a l i t t l e l a t e and I am i n s e v e r a l b u s i n e s s a s s o c i a t i o n s w i t h him and ho has a statement and I would l i k e t o g i v e him p a r t of my time to t a l k . MR. SHEAR: Mr. S m i t h , the names of those who f a i l e d t o respond to tho f i r s t c a l l w i l l be c a l l e d a g a i n . So Mr. Hagans' name w i l l be c a l l e d a g a i n . MR. SMITH: N a t u r a l l y , as a businessman I think most businessmen, but I w i l l speak f o r m y s e l f -- I operate a moving and s t o r a g e f i r m employing about 200 people. branches around We havo t h i s c i t y and havo p a r t i c u l a r l y moved i n two c a s e s to tho B e l t w a y , i n two b r a n c h e s . o f f i c e s and a downtown branch. We s t i l l have downtown We i n t e n d to c o n t i n u e those branches but n a t u r a l l y we f o l l o w the p o p u l a t i o n . I t seems to me -- I c a n ' t understand the opponents to the f r e e w a y system b u t , of c o u r s e , everybody i s e n t i t l e d �112A •a ( * / i TORS 18 2 5 K S T R E E T , ' N.W., ' ' * • * * BUILDERS W A S H I N G T O N , - D . i C . , 2 (T006 v.... U T I VE r Q OFFICES 223-6400 Ala n uy J u n e 15, 1967 N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission 1111 - 2 0 t h S t r e e t , N. W. Washington, D. C. Gentlemen: In connection w i t h the c u r r e n t c o n t r o v e r s y concerning t h e proposed program o f f r e e w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n , t h i s company h a s the f o l l o w i n g comment. T h e r e h a s been much argument b o t h p r o and con o v e r the c o n t i n u a n c e o f t h e f r e e w a y s y s t e m by v a r i o u s f a c t i o n s i n the M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a . Those opposed seem t o have more i n t e r e s t i n h a l t i n g any f u r t h e r e x p a n s i o n o f t h e program r a t h e r t h a n i n the s e l e c t i o n o f r o u t e s f o r new roadways. We i n t h i s company f e e l t h a t t h e minimum program, w h i c h s h o u l d be c a r r i e d out, i s the work o f c o m p l e t i o n o f some highway systems w h i c h p r e s e n t l y a r e dead ended, i f f o r no o t h e r r e a s o n t h a n t h a t the s t a t u s quo p r e s e n t s an i n t o l e r a b l e s i t u a t i o n . More s p e c i f i c a l l y , and i n r e f e r e n c e t o t h e E a s t - W e s t Leg o f t h e freeway shown on t h e NCPC map as b e i n g i n a t u n n e l under K S t r e e t , from t h e Potomac R i v e r Freeway t o 6 t h S t r e e t , N. W., we w i s h to r e g i s t e r our o b j e c t i o n t o such l o c a t i o n f o r the f o l l o w i n g r e a s o n s . C o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h i s f r e e w a y through K S t r e e t , t h e h i g h e s t t a x p a y i n g a r e a i n t h e D i s t r i c t , and one g e n e r a t i n g the g r e a t e s t d e n s i t y of workers, per square foot, i n our o p i n i o n would p a r a l y z e t h e movement o f t r a f f i c , a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t b u s i n e s s and g r e a t l y r e t a r d t h e h i g h r a t e o f growth i n t h i s a r e a f o r y e a r s t o come. Our o p i n i o n i s t h a t t h e p l a n i s i l l - a d v i s e d and made w i t h o u t due c o n s i d e r a t i o n b e i n g g i v e n t o t h e h a r d s h i p imposed on many o f t h e m e r c h a n t s , p r o f e s s i o n a l p e o p l e and employers, some o f whom m i g h t be f o r c e d out o f b u s i n e s s a s was the c a s e i n the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e DuPont C i r c l e U n d e r p a s s . OWNERS DEVELOPERS PROPERTY MANAGEMENT INSURANCE �112B National C a p i t a l Planning Commission - 2 6/15/67 - I t i s f u r t h e r f e l t t h a t the proposed l o c a t i o n r e q u i r i n g underground c o n s t r u c t i o n would be f a r more c o s t l y t h a n a l t e r n a t e routes run a t surface l e v e l . T h i s company i s a l a r g e p r o p e r t y owner, t a x p a y e r and employer i n t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a and h a s made a m a j o r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e development i n t h e K S t r e e t a r e a . I t owns and manages b u i l d i n g s i n t h e immediate a r e a a f f e c t e d , among w h i c h are the following: K S t r e e t Garage Office Building Ambassador H o t e l Continental Building Office Building RCA B u i l d i n g Office Building 1212 K S t r e e t , N. W. N.E.Corner 1 3 t h & K, N.W. 1412 K S t r e e t , N. W. 1012 14th S t . , N. W. 1701 K S t r e e t , N.W. 1725 K S t r e e t , N.W. 1825 K S t r e e t , N.W. - Very t r u l y yours, CAFRITZ COMPANY Calvin Cafritz, President �114 T4ljd44 to t h o i r r i g h t s and t h o i r p r i v i l e g e to speak. always f a v o r e d highways. We have We t h i n k r a p i d t r a n s i t has got to come, r a p i d r a i l , r a p i d t r a n s i t . s i t u a t i o n as tho town grows. I t ' s a natural I t h i n k wc a l l want growth and wo a l l want p r o g r e s s . I t h i n k the two aro compatible and thoy 'vo got to come and i t ' s j u s t a m a t t e r of p r o g r e s s . I don't under- stand the o t h e r s i d e but thoy havo t h o i r r i g h t and t h o i r o p i n i o n and t h o i r i d e a s . I do hope the Commission w i l l in i t s wisdom f a v o r tho highway system as has boon o u t l i n e d , and I thought approved once, but i t was postponed, as wo a l l know, un- f o r t u n a t e l y , and I don't understand t h a t , but t h a t was supposed to be p r o g r e s s too. anyhow, those a r e my s e n t i m e n t s and I would l i k e to submit my statement l a t e r when I ' v e had a just little b e t t e r time to p r e p a r e . CE">IRMaN ROWE: W e ' l l a c c e p t your statement l a t e r . (applause.) (Mr. Smith's f u l l statement reads as f o l l o w s : ) �Statement of Arthur Clarendon Smith, J r . , President of Smith's T r a n s f e r & Storage Co., I n c . , Washington, D. C , before N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l , Planning Commission-State Dept. Auditorium, June 15, 1967 ~A [' V3 .\ Mrs. Rowe and Members of the Commission: MCrC Thank you f o r t h i s opportunity to speak i n behalf of our company, a moving and storage company employing approximately 200 people. We are i n favor of the proposed highway system which remains to be b u i l t . We a l s o think that i t i s necessary to b u i l d the proposed subsway system as one compliments the other. Our company has developed two branches outside of the d i s t r i c t i n recent years i n Kensington, Maryland and A l e x a n d r i a , V i r g i n i a , near the beltway as i t i s necessary for us to follow or s t a y c l o s e to our customers. We a l s o maintain a downtown warehouse, o f f i c e s and terminal and intend to s t a y i n the c i t y . I am always amazed to see people opposed to new highway c o n s t r u c t i o n which i s f o r the general improvement of our community yet they are e n t i t l e d to t h e i r view point and t h e i r p r i v i l e g e to speak out t h e i r opinions or ideas as we a l l have t h i s r i g h t i n a democratic n a t i o n , thank goodness. Our proposed highway system of freeways i s a p a r t of the N a t i o n a l I n t e r s t a t e Highway System passed by Congress i n 1956. Unfortunately, the D i s t r i c t of Columbia i s way behind on i t s percentage of comp l e t e d highway to t i e i n with t h i s National System because of an unfortunate postponements. T h i s j u s t doesn't make sense to us and we can't see how anyone can c a l l t h i s progress. I f we are to keep people and goods moving by c a r s , buses and truck i n an o r d e r l y manner i n or around the c i t y i t i s only l o g i c a l we must have a b e t t e r highway or freeway system to avoid the other i n t e r c i t y t r a f f i c and t r a f f i c l i g h t s . We b e l i e v e i t i s a b s o l u t e l y n e c e s s a r y to continue the completion on t h i s freeway or highway system post haste to keep our c i t y growing r a t h e r than to become more and more t i e d up i n bigger and bigger t r a f f i c problems. �115 ! ,"4'l.jd-r5 MR. SHEAR: Andrew W Johnson, Managing D i r e c t o r , . Washington, D. C. Area T r u c k i n g Association. STATEMENT OF: ANDREW W. JOHNSON, MANAGING DIRECTOR, WASHINGTON, D. C. AREA TRUCKING ASSOCIATION MR. ANDREW W. JOHNSON: tho Commission: Mrs. Rowo, Members o f My name i s Andrew W, Johnson and I l i v e a t 1819 Quincy S t r e e t , Northwest, i n the Crestwood Section of Washington, D. C. I speak f o r tho Washington, D. C. A r e a T r u c k i n g A s s o c i a t i o n founded i n 1 9 3 3 . We m a i n t a i n o f f i c e s a t l 6 l 6 P S t r e e t , Northwest, and a r e a f f i l i a t e d w i t h the American Trucking Associations a t t h e n a t i o n a l l e v e l and w i t h t h e other 50 s t a t e trucking a s s o c i a t i o n s . Our A s s o n l i t i o n i s composed o f the many and v a r i o u s typos o f t r u c k i n g companies and motor f l e e t o p e r a t o r s o f tho Washington, D. C. a r e a . Our members i n c l u d e tho over-tho-road i n t e r c i t y t r u c k l i n e s , the l o c a l d e l i v e r y t r u c k i n g companies, tho household goods movers, the p r i v a t e t r u c k f l e e t s and many o t h e r s p e c i a l i z e d t r u c k owners. The A s s o c i a t i o n has i n s t r u c t e d mo t o -- and, i n c i d e n t a l l y , I concur p e r s o n a l l y i n the t e s t i m o n y t h a t I am g i v i n g , -- t o t e s t i f y i n f a v o r o f tho e a r l y and f u l l completion of tho e n t i r e i n t e r s t a t e f r e e w a y system f o r tho Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a . F i r s t , l e t me s t a t e f o r the r e c o r d the s i z e and �116 T4ljd46 importance of tho t r u c k i n g i n d u s t r y to tho economy of Washington. I n a r e c e n t y e a r over 4000 now t r u c k s wero r e g i s t e r e d i n the D i s t r i c t , b r i n g i n g a t o t a l r e g i s t r a t i o n of t r u c k s needed to s e r v o you to over 20,000 v e h i c l e s . Those motor f r e i g h t c a r r i e r v e h i c l e s pay 428 thousand d o l l a r s i n D. amount, $3 m i l l i o n 651 foes and a t o t a l of C. and F e d e r a l t a x e s . thousand i s paid Of s t r e e t s i n the I n s i d e of D. this in registration motor f u e l t a x e s f o r tho D i s t r i c t f o r the of highways and 6 million support District. C. t h e r e a r e 164 motor v e h i c l e f l e e t s of 25 o r more v e h i c l e s , among which a r e o v e r 20,000 t r u c k s . I n a d d i t i o n to the f o r - h l r e t r u c k i n g company, these f l e e t s i n c l u d e tho many p r i v a t e f l e e t s such as the u t i l i t y department s t o r e s and the l i k e . Tho companies, various truck operators employ 1 3 , 6 1 8 d r i v e r s i n a d d i t i o n to t h o i r o t h e r employees. An example of the importance of t r u c k i n g to w e l f a r e and the to tho economy of Washington i s tho f a c t t h a t 70 per c e n t of a l l f r u i t s and Washington markets a r r i v e by v e g e t a b l e s hauled to tho truck. Around the n a t i o n as a whole, t r u c k s c o n s t i t u t e 39 per cent of the t o t a l t a x e s going i n t o the highway t r u s t fund. The 16 per cent of a l l motor v e h i c l e s but they pay h e a v i e r t r u c k s , w h i c h a r e one pay per c e n t of a l l motor v e h i c l e s , 18 per cent of those t a x e s . I n the D i s t r i c t i n the t o t a l t a x e s paid by t r u c k s wero $3 m i l l i o n 704 1965 thousand. �117 T41jd47 T h i s i s about 17 por cent of t o t a l highway u s e r t a x e s to D. C,« ovon though t r u c k s c o n s t i t u t e d only 7-5 of the v e h i c l e s i n our L a d i e s and of p r e s e n t i n g to show you cent city. gentlemen, I have taken the the s t a t i s t i c a l liberty s t o r y of tho t r u c k i n g industry the r o l o t h a t we p l a y i n the economy of C a p i t a l C i t y and to demonstrate how the important i t i s to t h i s v i t a l i n d u s t r y to havo the modern highway and ities Por paid traffic facil- t h a t t r u c k i n g companies havo i n tho o t h e r l a r g e cities of North America, tho f a c i l i t i e s s e r v i c e s needed by you, to b r i n g you our customers, e v e r y tho goods and day. F e d e r a l r e p o r t s show us t h a t Washington, D. i s a t tho end of tho l i s t of tho C. j u r i s d i c t i o n s i n completing the i n t e r s t a t e freeway system which Congress approved f o r a l l s t a t e s and cities back i n 1956. w i t h i t s 934 m i l e s to be b u i l t and tho system i n '62, Only the S t a t e of Utah H a w a i i , which came i n t o f a l l behind us i n the percentage of mileage completed. D. C. has boon a l l o c a t e d a moro 2 9 . 8 s m a l l e s t of any a r e a . 40 m i l e s and Tho tho next s m a l l e s t i s Delaware w i t h Hawaii with 51 m i l e s . And y e t , our s h a r e of t h i s f e d e r a l network f o r d e f e n s e , b u s i n e s s and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i s only 35 P^r cent completed. all miles, pleasure The average of of our s u r r o u n d i n g s t a t e s i s 50 per cent completed and the e n t i r e n a t i o n 58 per cent f i n i s h e d and open to traffic. of �118 T42jd48 Maryland alone has 75 per cent of hor i n t e r s t a t e freeways open and s e r v i n g the p u b l i c , i n c l u d i n g many m i l e s throughout the B a l t i m o r e M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a . T43 Now a question. How can the p l a n n e r s of the C a p i t a l C i t y of the Nation t h a t developed the motor v e h i c l e and automotive and p e r f e c t e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n l a g so f a r behind our s i s t o r c i t i e s i n the western World? lead the p r o c e s s i o n , not t r a i l D. C. should it. Tho freeways t h a t a r o under r e v i e w a r e not l o c a l commuter r o a d s , as sometimes has boon s a i d . just They aro a p a r t of the n a t i o n a l system of i n t e r s t a t e and highways which Congress a u t h o r i z e d and f i n a n c e d i n defense 1956 f o l l o w i n g an i n t e n s i v e study by a blue r i b b o n committee headed by G e n e r a l L u c i u s C l a y . of nonstop i n t e r c i t y and T h i s r e p o r t showed the v a l u e i n t r a c i t y t r a n s p o r t a t i o n by a l l types of v e h i c l e s to s e r v e the needs of d e f e n s e , f r e i g h t and p a s s e n g e r s . The i n t e r s t a t e system which tho Cloy Com- m i t t e e recommended was modeled a f t e r the Autobahn system of Germany, tho A u t o s t r a d a network of I t a l y and the now Autoroutes being b u i l t through F r a n c e . A modern type of highway was needed to improve upon the horse-and-buggy roads and s t r e e t s t h a t wero i n use i n a l l n a t i o n s u n t i l the end of World War a now II. Freeways are i n v e n t i o n i n tho t r a n s p o r t a t i o n world i n t h a t they p r o v i d e nonstop, f r o o - f l o w i n g t r a f f i c through a l l typos of �environments, urban or r u r a l . A l l n a t i o n s have found them to bo needed because of tho tremendous growth i n p o p u l a t i o n , u r b a n i z a t i o n and tho use of motor v e h i c l e s . S i n c e the Washington a r e a i s one of the f a s t e s t growing r e g i o n s of our n a t i o n , i t i s i m p e r a t i v e t h a t we, today, i n a u g u r a t e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s to s e r v e a t l e a s t the n e x t 20 y e a r s . T h i s dynamic and growing c i t y has to be r e c o g n i z e d as such and not t r e a t e d as somo s o r t of a n o s t a l g i c s h r i n e such as W i l l i a m s b u r g or i t s l e a d e r s h i p i n tho r e g i o n w i l l d e c l i n e and a l l of tho f u t u r e growth w i l l to the suburbs where adequate highway t r a n s p o r t a t i o n go will prevail. The t r u c k i n g i n d u s t r y of the Washington a r e a does not want to routo i t s t r u c k s over such r e s i d e n t i a l as 1 3 t h , 1 6 t h , Massachusetts Avenue, New streets Hampshire Avenue and the l i k e , but today we r e a l l y have no a l t e r n a t i v e . aro There no freeways l e a d i n g out from the c e n t e r of the c i t y to enable our v e h i c l e s to got out of the way of m o t o r i s t s and to get out from i n f r o n t of your houses and your s t o r e s . Wo would l i k e to r o u t e our through t r u c k s over freeways and keep them away from your doorways b u t , as long as no freeways e x i s t , t r u c k s h a n d l i n g v i t a l goods to the outl y i n g r e g i o n s w i l l have to c o n t i n u e to t r a v e l Wisconsin Avonuo, Michigan Avenue, the Brookland a r e a and o t h e r s t r e e t s not designed f o r f r e i g h t movements. �120 '><-3jd50 Freeways a r e designed to accommodate the v e h i c l e s of the n a t i o n a l defense e s t a b l i s h m e n t , a l l commercial v e h i c l e s , passenger busses and the automobile freight t h a t brought most of you here t o n i g h t . UouId not those of you who l i v e i n the i n n e r c i t y , as I do, p r e f e r to havo a l l t h i s dense t r a f f i c a. freeway r a t h e r than p a s s i n g by your p r o p e r t y ? on One way to do t h a t i s to b u i l d tho n e c e s s a r y freeways and b r i d g e s . I v e r y s t r o n g l y emphasize the n e x t p o r t i o n of my statement. Our p l e a f o r freeways should not be i n t e r p r e t e d as c r i t i c i s m of tho proposed Washington a r e a subway system, which i s a l r e a d y a u t h o r i z e d and beginning to m a t e r i a l i z e . E v e r y m i l e of freeways under d i s c u s s i o n here w i l l bo needed r e g a r d l e s s of how many m i l e s of subways a r e b u i l t . Tho modes of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n do complement each o t h e r and two do not compete i n any s e n s e . ( R i n g i n g of b e l l . ) N e i t h e r can p o s s i b l y s u b s t i t u t e f o r the o t h e r . Tho subway w i l l s e r v e e x c e l l e n t l y as a mover of commuters but i t w i l l not c a r r y f r e i g h t , the goods and s e r v i c e s need. you S i n c e f r e i g h t i s c u r b u s i n e s s , wo need the freeways i n o r d e r to move i n a manner t h a t does not burden tho r e s i d e n t i a l thoroughfares. How much more time do I have, Mrs. Rowe? �121 CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. JOHNSON: You'VG r u n o u t . I ' v e r u n out? CHAIRMAN ROWE: Y o s . MR. JOHNSON: I w i l l stop a t t h i s p o i n t -- CHAIRMAN ROWE: MR. JOHNSON: No, f i n i s h your s t a t e m e n t . Would you l i k e mc t o f i n i s h ? CHAIRMAN ROWE: Y o s . MR. JOHNSON: A l l right. S p e c i f i c a l l y wc h e a r t i l y support tho immediate p l a n n i n g and b u i l d i n g o f tho North C e n t r a l C o r r i d o r a t whatever l o c a t i o n and d e s i g n i s found by t h e plannGrs and tho e x p o r t s t o be t h e b e s t by a l l concerned. A l s o , Washington cannot have a freeway system w i t h o u t completion o f tho e n t i r e I n n e r Loop and t h e Potomac R i v e r Freeway w i t h i t s b r i d g e a t Three S i s t e r s Islands. These a r e not j u s t l o c a l roads m a i n l y f o r commuters; they are p a r t o f the n a t i o n a l system o f i n t e r s t a t e and defense highways which have boon under c o n s t r u c t i o n s i n c e 1956, c o a s t t o c o a s t , border t o b o r d e r , t o p r o v i d e America t h e m o b i l i t y t h a t i s needed i n t h e immediate CHAIRMAN ROWE: future. I d i d n ' t r e a l i z e t h a t you had another page as w e l l . MR. JOHNSON: I can stop a t t h i s p o i n t , Mrs. Rowe, i f you p r e f e r . CHAIRMAN ROWE: A l l right. We w i l l put t h e r e s t of �122 Mjd52 i t i n the r e c o r d . MR. JOHNSON: Thank you v e r y much. (Applause.) (Mr. Johnson's f u l l statement reads as f o l l o w s : ) �122.A .... •.; •: STATEMENT BY ' ANDREW W. JOHNSON, MANAGING DIRSC1OR WASHINGTON D. C. AREA TRUCKING ASSOCIATION , • IN SUPPORT OF A COMPLETED FREEWAY SYSTEM AT TrtE ' •, : TRANSPORTATION HEARING ; NATIONAL' CAPITAL PLANNING COMMISSION S t a t e Department, Washington,D.C. June 14, 1967 MRS. ROWE, MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION: MY NAME I S ANDREW W. JOHNSON AND I LIVE AT 1819 QUINCY STREET, N. W , . CRESTWOCD SECTION OF WASHINGTON, D. C. IN THE I SPEAK FOR THE WASHINGTON D. C. AREA TRUCKING ASSOCIATION, FORMERLY KNOWN AS THE D. C. TRUCKING ASSOCIATION. FOUNDED IN 1933 AND I T S PREDECESSOR ORGANIZATION IN 1925. OUR ASSOCIATION WAS . WE MAINTAIN OFFICES AT 1616 P STREET, N. W., AND ARE AFFILIATED WITH THE AMERICAN TRUCKING ASSOCIATIONS AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL AND WITH THE OTHER FIFTY STATE TRUCKING ASSOCIATIONS. CUR ASSOCIATION I S COMPOSED OF THE MANY AND VARIOUS TYPES OF TRUCKING COMPANIES AND MOTOR FLEET OPERATORS OF THE WASHINGTON, D. C. AREA. OUR MEMBERS INCLUDE THE OVER- THS-ROAD INTERCITY TRUCK LINES, THE LOCAL DELIVERY TRUCKING COMPANIES, THE HOUSEHOLD GOODS MOVERS, THE PRIVATE TRUCK FLEETS, AND MANY OTHER SPECIALIZED TRUCK OWNERS. THE ASSOCIATION HAS INSTRUCTED ME TO TESTIFY IN FAVOR OF THE EARLY AND FULL COXPLETCT OF THE ENTIRE INTERSTATE FREEWAY SYSTEM FOR THE WASHINGTON METROPOLITAN AREA AS THE BARE MINIMUM THAT SUCH A DYNAMIC AND GROWING REGION AS WASHINGTON WILL NEED. FIRST, LET ME STATE FOR THE RECORD THE SIZE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE TRUCKING INDUSTRY TO THE ECONOMY OF WASHINGTON. THE IN A RECENT YEAR OVER 4,000 NSW TRUCKS WERE REGISTERED IN DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, BRINGING A TOTAL REGISTRATION OF TRUCKS NEEDED TO SERVE YOU TO OVER 20,000 VEHICLES. IN ADDITION, D. C. HAS 668 TRUCK TRAILERS-, 562 TRUCK TRACTORS, AND 85 DIESEL TRUCKS. THESE MOTOR FREIGHT CARRIER VEHICLES PAY A TOTAL OF $6,428,000 " STATE AND FEDERAL TAXES. OF THIS AMOUNT, $3,651,000 I S PAID IN REGISTRATION FEES. AND MOTOR FUEL TAXES FOR THE SUPPORT OF HIGHWAYS AND STREETS IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. �T22B INSIDE OF D. C. THERE ARE 164 MOTOR VEHICLE FLEETS OF 25 OR MORS VEHICLES, AMONG WHICH ARE 20,078 TKUCKS. IN ADDITION TO THE FOR-HIRE TRUCKING COMPANIES, THESE FLEETS INCLUDE THE MANY FRIVATE FLEETS SUCH AS THE UTILITY COMPANIES, DEPARTMENT STORES AND THE THE VARIOUS TRUCK OPERATIONS EMPLOY 13,618 DRIVERS IN ADDITION TO THEIR OTHER LIKE. EMPLOYEES. .. . AN EXAMPLE OF THE IMPORTANCE OF TRUCKING TO THE WELFARE AND TO THE ECONOMY OF WASHINGTON, D. C. I S THE FACT THAT 70 PER CENT OF ALL FRUITS AND VEGETABLES HAULED TO THE WASHINGTON MARKETS ARRIVE BY TRUCK. AROUND THE NATION AS A WHOLE, TRUCKS CONSTITUTE 16 PER CENT OF ALL MOTOR VEHICLES BUT THEY PAY 39 PER CENT OF THE TOTAL TAXES GOING INTO THE HIGHWAY TRUST FUND. THE HEAVIER TRUCKS, WHICH ARE ONE PER CENT OF ALL MOTOR VEHICLES, PAY 18 PER CENT OF THOSE TAXES. IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA IN 1965, THE TOTAL TAXES PAID BY TRUCKS WERE $3,704,000. ; THIS I S 16.9 PER CENT OF TOTAL HIGHWAY USER TAXES PAID TO D. C. EVEN THOUGH TRUCKS CONSTITUTED ONLY 7.5 PER CENT OF THE VEHICLES IN OUR CITY. LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, I HAVE TAKEN THE LIBERTY OF PRESENTING THE STATISTICAL STORY OF THE TRUCKING INDUSTRY TO SHOW YOU THE ROLE THAT WE PLAY IN THE ECONOMY OF THE CAPITAL CITY AND TO DEMONSTRATE HOW IMPORTANT I T I S TO THIS VITAL INDUSTRY TO HAVE THE MODERN HIGHWAY AND TRAFFIC FACILITIES: THAT TRUCKING COMPANIES HAVE IN THE OTHER LARGE C I T I E S OF NORTH AMERICA—THE F A C I L I T I E S TO BRING YOU THE GOODS AND SERVICES NEEDED BY YOU, OUR CUSTOMERS, EVERY DAY. FEDERAL REPORTS SHOW US THAT WASHINGTON, D. C. I S AT THE END OF THE L I S T OF THE JURISDICTIONS IN COMPLETING THE INTERSTATE FREEWAY SYSTEM WHICH CONGRESS APPROVED FOR ALL STATES AND C I T I E S BACK IN 1956. ONLY UTAH WITH I T S 934 MILES TO 3E BUILT AND HAWAII, WHICH ONLY CAME INTO THE INTERSTATE PROGRAM IN 1962, PERCENTAGE OF MILEAGE COMPLETED. 7 ANY AREA. AND YET, FALL BEHIND D. C. IN THE D. C. HAS BEEN ALLOCATED A MERE 29.8 MILES, THE SMALLES' THE NEXT SMALLEST I S DELAWARE WITH 40 MILES AND HAWAII WITH 5 1 MILES. OUR SHARE OF THIS FEDERAL NETWORK FOR DEFENSE, BUSINESS AND PLEASURE TRANSPORTA- TION I S ONLY 35 PER CENT COMPLETED. THE AVERAGE OF ALL OF OUR SURROUNDING STATES I S 50 PER CENT COMPLETED AND OF THE ENTIRE NATION, 58 PER CENT FINISHED AND OPEN TO TRAFFIC. �MARYLAND A L O N E HAS 75 F E R CENT O F HER I N T E R S T A T E F R E E W A Y S OPEN AND I N C L U D I N G MANY M I L E S THROUGHOUT T H E B A L T I M O R E M E T R O P O L I T A N MAY I ASK A QUESTION? THAT D E V E L O P E D AND FAR HOW i - R C C E S S I O N , NOT T R A I L I N T H E WESTERN TRANSPORTATION, LAG SO WASHINGTON, D. C . SHOULD L E A D T H E T H E Y A R E A PART O F T H E N A T I O N A L S Y S T E M O F I N T E R S T A T E AND B L U E R I B B O N C O M M I T T E E HEADED NONSTOP I N T E R C I T Y AND RECOMMENDED WAS F O L L O W I N G AN PASSENGERS. NOa T I N T E N S I V E STUDY BY A T H I S R E P O R T SHOWED T H E V A L U E O F T H E I N T E R S T A T E S Y S T E M WHICH T H E C L A Y B E I N G B U I L T THROUGHOUT A MODERN T Y P E O F HIGHWAY WAS NEEDED TO NETWORK O F I M P R O V E UPON T H E H0RSE-AND-3UGGY I N T H E T R A N S P O R T A T I O N WORLD I N THAT THROUGH A L L T Y P E S O F ENVIRONMENTS, COMMITTEE FRANCS. THAT WERE I N U S E I N A L L N A T I O N S U N T I L T H E END O F WORLD WAR FLOWING T R A F F I C DEFENSE HIGH- MODELED A F T E R T H E AUTOBAHN S Y S T E M O F GERMANY, T H E A U T O S T R A D E INVENTION SOME- I N T R A C T T Y T R A N S P O R T A T I O N B Y A L L T Y F E S O F V E H I C L E S TO S E R V E T H E T H E AUTOROUTES STREETS F I N A N C E D I N 1956 BY GENERAL L U C I U S CLAY. N E E D S O F D E F E N S E , F R E I G H T AND A R E A NEW WORLD? OF T H E NATION ITI WAYS WHICH C O N G R E S S A U T H O R I Z E D AND AND T H E PLANNERS O F T H E C A P I T A L C I T Y F R E E W A Y S THAT A R E UNDER R E V I E W A R E NOT J U S T L O C A L COMMUTER ROADS A S HAS T I M E S BEEN S A I D . I T A L Y AND AREA. P E R F E C T E D T H E MOTOR V E H I C L E AND AUTOMOTIVE B E H I N D OUR S I S T E R C I T I E S THE CAN SERVING THE PUBLIC, I I . ROADS FREEWAYS T H E Y P R O V I D E NONSTOP, URBAN OR R U R A L . FREE A L L NATIONS HAVE FOUND THEM T O B E N E E D E D B E C A U S E O F T H E TREMENDOUS GROWTH I N P O P U L A T I O N , U R B A N I Z A T I O N AND U S E O F MOTOR V E H I C L E S . R E G I O N S O F C U R NATION, FACILITIES BE S I N C E T H E WASHINGTON A R E A I T I S I M P E R A T I V E THAT WE, TO S E R V E A T L E A S T T H E N E X T 2 0 Y E A R S . R E C O G N I Z E D A S S U C H AND TODAY, INAUGURATE T H I S DYNAMIC AND TRANSPORTATION GROWING C I T Y HAS NOT T R E A T E D AS SOME SORT O F A N O S T A L G I C S H R I N E S U C H W I L L I A M S B U R G , OR I T S L E A D E R S H I P I N T H 3 R E G I O N W I L L D E C L I N E AND W I L L GO TO T H E S U B U R B S WHERE ADEQUATE THE I S ONE O F T H E F A S T E S T GROWING HIGHWAY T R A N S P O R T A T I O N W I L L PREVAIL. M A S S A C H U S E T T S AVENUE, AND THE L I K E , THE C E N T E R O F T H E C I T Y T O E N A B L E OUR V E H I C L E S TO G S T OUT O F T H E WAY T O G E T OUT B U T TODAY WE 16TH, FRCM HAVE NO A L T E R N A T I V E . I N F R O N T O F Y C U R H O U S E S AND AS A L L O F T H E F U T U R E GROWTH T R U C K I N G I N D U S T R Y O F T H E WASHINGTON A R E A D O E S NOT WANT T O ROUTS O V E R S U C H R E S I D E N T I A L S T R E E T S A S 13TH, NEW I T S TRUCKS HAMPSHIRE AVENUE, T H E R E A R E NO F R E E W A Y S L E A D I N G C U T STORES. TO O F MOTORISTS WS WOULD L I K E T O ROUTE OUR FRCM AND THROUGH �122D TRUCKS OVER FREEWAYS AND KEEP THEM AWAY FRCM YOUR DOORWAYS, BUT AS LONG AS NO FREEWAYS EXIST, TRUCKS HANDLING VITAL GOODS TO THE OUTLYING REGIONS WILL HAVE TO CONTINUE TO TRAVEL WISCONSIN AVENUE, MICHIGAN AVENUE, THE BROOKLAND AREA, AND OTHER STREETS NOT DESIGNED FOR FREIGHT MOVEMENTS. FREEWAYS ARE DESIGNED TO ACCOMMODATE THE VEHICLES OF THE NATIONAL LEF2l\ZE ESTABLISHMENT, ALL COMMSRCLAL FREIGHT VEHICLES, PASSENGER BUSES AND THE AUTOMOBILE THAT BROUGHT YOU HERE TONIGHT. WOULD NOT THOSE OF YOU WHO LIVE IN THE INNER CITY, AS I DO, PREFER TO HAVE ALL THIS DENSE TRAFFIC ON A FREEWAY RATHER THAN PASSING BY YOUR PROPERTIES? ONE WAY TO DO THAT I S TO BULLD THE NECESSARY FREEWAYS AND BRIDGES. OUR PLEA FOR FREEWAYS SHOULD NOT BE INTERPRETED AS CRITICISM OF THE PROPOSED WASHINGTON AREA SUBWAY SYSTEM, WHICH I S ALREADY AUTHORIZED AND BEGINNING TO MATERIALIZE. EVERY MILS OF FREEWAYS UNDER DISCUSSION HERE WILL BE NEEDED REGARDLESS OF HOW MANY MILES OF SUBWAYS ARE BUILT. THE TWO MODES OF TRANSPORTATION DO COMPLEMENT EACH OTHER AND DO NOT COMPETE LN ANT SENSE. NEITHER CAN POSSIBLY SUBSTITUTE FOR THE OTHER. THE SUBWAY WILL SERVE EXCELLENTLY AS A MOVER OF COMMUTERS, BUT I T WILL NOT CARRY FREIGHT, THE GOODS AND SERVICES YOU NEED. SINCE FREIGHT I S CUR BUSINESS, WE NEED THE FREEWAYS IN ORDER TO MOVE I T IN A MANNER THAT DOSS NOT BURDEN THE RESIDENTIAL THOROUGHFARES. SPECIFICALLY, WE HEARTILY SUPPORT THE IMMEDIATE PLANNING AND BUILDING OF THE NORTH CENTRAL CORRIDOR AT WHATEVER LOCATION AND DESIGN I S FOUND BY THE PLANNERS AND THE EXPERTS TO BE THE BEST BY ALL CONCERNED. ALSO, WASHINGTON CANNOT HAVE A FREEWAY SYSTEM WITHOUT COMPLETION OF THE ENTIRE INNER LOOP AND THE POTOMAC RIVER FREEWAY WITH I T S BRIDGE AT THREE SISTERS ISLANDS. THESE ARE NOT JUST LOCAL ROADS MAINLY FOR COMMUTERS, THEY ARE PART OF THE NATIONAL SYSTEM OF INTERSTATE AND DEFENSE HIGHWAYS WHICH HAS BEEN UNDER CONSTRUCTION SINCE )56, COAST TO COAST AND BORDER TO BORDER, TO PROVIDE AMERICA THE MOBILITY THAT I S NEEDED IN THE IMMEDIATE FUTURE. - k - �THE THREE SISTERS BRIDGE ROUTS I S INTERSTATE HIGHWAY 266 WHICH LEADS TO THE MAIN ROUTE 66 CONNECTING WITH ROANOKE, KNOXVILLE, CHATTANOOGA, BIRMINGHAM AND NEW ORLEANS. THE NORTH CENTRAL FREEWAY ALONG THE B & O RAILROAD NORTHWARD OUT OF THE TTY I S A PART OF BOTH INTERSTATE ROUTS 95 LEADING ALL THE WAY TO HCULTON, MAINE, f AND INTERSTATE 70 THROUGH ST. LOUIS AND KANSAS CITY TO DENVER, COLORADO AND ON TO CALIFORNIA. THIS I S A NATIONAL SYSTEM OF MODERN HIGHWAYS. LET THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA NOW BUILD I T S SHARE OR THE NATION'S CAPITAL WILL BE THE MISSING LINK IN THE SYSTSI �123 J 53 STATEMENT OP: d FRANK L. GRIMM, PRESIDENT, 0'BOYLE TANK LINES MR. SHEAR: F r a n k L. Grimm, P r e s i d e n t , 0'Boyle Tank L i n e s w i l l f i l e a statement f o r t h e r e c o r d . (Mr. Grimm's statement roods a s f o l l o w s : ) �123A O'BOYLE TAIS5K LIMES • N C O R P O R >T E D 4848 C O R D E L L A V E W A S H I N G T O N D.C. 200 14 50 T E L E P H O N E PM 4 12 29 Jun 1967 Mr r Secretary N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission 1111 T w e n t i e t h S t r e e t , N. W. Washington, D. C. Dear S i r : Our company, founded i n 1914, s e r v e s t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia w i t h t a n k - t r u c k o p e r a t i o n s . During t h e f i r s t f i v e months o f 196?, our t r u c k s t r a v e l e d 654,824 m i l e s i n t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Area. We a l s o s e r v e 15 s t a t e s n a t i o n a l l y , and employ over 800 i n our e n t i r e company s t r u c t u r e w i t h 75 employees i n t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a . We r e c o g n i s e t h e need f o r adequate highway t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , d e s p i t e t h e o b j e c t i o n s o f some members o f t h e Commission, and, s p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e need f o r completion of t h e f r e e w a y system i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i n order t o e f f i c i e n t l y serve the area. P l e a s e c o n s i d e r t h i s l e t t e r a s support o f t h e highway p l a n s o u t l i n e d i n t h e 1985 Comprehensive F l a n and enter i t i n the record. We w i l l a p p r e c i a t e a r e p l y t h a t t h i s has been done. Sincerely, O'EOYLS TANK LINES FLC-:af v . FRANK L . GRIMM President 655-0-656 �124 T43jd54 MR. SHEAR: Eugene I . Kane, E x e c u t i v e Vice P r e s i d e n t , Kane T r a n s f e r Company. STATEMENT OP: EUGENE I . KANE, EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT, KANE TRANSFER COMPANY MR. EUGENE I . KANE: the Commission: Madam Chairman, Members of I t i s an honor to make t h i s b r i e f statement to t h e Commission t h i s e v e n i n g . I am E x e c u t i v e V i c e P r e s i d e n t of Kane T r a n s f e r Company, a t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f i r m which s i n c e 1918 has boon operating and based w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. Our f i r m o p e r a t e s 300 p i e c e s o f motor v e h i c l e s and wo employ i n excess of 500 Washingtonians. I am a n a t i v e Washingtonian myself. Further, a t present, I am P r e s i d e n t Washington, D. C. Area T r u c k i n g A s s o c i a t i o n . c a p a c i t i e s I cannot too s t r o n g l y r e p r e s e n t of t h e I n t h e above t o you t h e v i t a l importance of t h e t r u c k i n g i n d u s t r y t o t h e economy of t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia. V i r t u a l l y a l l goods consumed i n the D i s t r i c t a r e c a r r i e d a l l o r p a r t of t h e way t o t h o i r d e s t i n a t i o n s by motor t r u c k . Many of our p u b l i c s e r v i c e s r e l y h e a v i l y on t r u c k t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o c a r r y out these functions s u c c e s s f u l l y . Thousands of our c i t i z e n s a r e employed i n the t r u c k i n g i n d u s t r y which pays n e a r l y $4 m i l l i o n to t h e D i s t r i c t Government i n highway u s e r taxo s a l o n e . �125 T43jd55 I t i s obvious t h a t a proper system of highways i s e s s e n t i a l to the e f f i c i e n t f u n c t i o n i n g of our industry. T h i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e of tho i n t e r s t a t e l i n k s I n road system. These freeways w i l l a l l o w through to bo taken o f f l o c a l s t r e e t s and to move f a s t , e c o n o m i c a l l y and i n our a r e a . our traffic permit the f l o w of goods e f f i c i e n t l y from p o i n t to point They w i l l a l s o permit goods f o r o t h e r d e s t i n a - t i o n s to f l o w f r e e l y around our community w i t h o u t c r e a t i n g u n n e c e s s a r y c o n g e s t i o n on the e x i s t i n g s t r e e t s . I n a d d i t i o n to the obvious b e n e f i t s of those f r e e way l i n k s i n c r e a t i n g highways t h a t w i l l c a r r y l a r g e volumes of passenger t r a f f i c , those same highways w i l l be of questioned v a l u e to tho b u s i n e s s and un- commercial l i f e of our community. Our A s s o c i a t i o n and our i n d i v i d u a l members have long supported tho highway p l a n of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Highway Department and we have r e p e a t e d l y emphasized need f o r speed i n p u t t i n g i t i n t o f u l l e f f e c t . the V/e t r u s t t h a t t h i s p l a n , p a r t i c u l a r l y such e s s e n t i a l f e a t u r e s of i t as tho North C e n t r a l Freeway, tho I n n e r loop and the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e , w i l l c o n t i n u e to be approved and t h a t i n the b e s t i n t e r e s t s of the people of our a r e a i t w i l l be to a r a p i d conclusion. I thank you. (Applause.) directed �125 r,1 43jcl5S MR. SHEAR: Raymond N. Morauor, P r e s i d e n t , Washington T r a i l e r Company, I n c o r p o r a t e d . (No r e s p o n s e . ) I s Mr. Morauer hero? (No r e s p o n s e . ) Harry L. Graham, Potomac Grange # 1 o f tho N a t i o n a l Grange. STATEMENT OF: HARRY L . GRAHAM, POTOMAC GRANGE #1 OF THE NATIONAL ORANGE MR. HARRY L . GRAHAM: of t h e Commission: Mrs. Rowo and Members I am H a r r y L. Graham, a r e s i d e n t of the Oxon H i l l a r e a . I am employed a s a L e g i s l a t i v e R e p r e s e n t a t i v e of t h e N a t i o n a l Grange here i n Washington. I am s p e a k i n g t o n i g h t f o r the Potomac Grange Number 1, which i s the Grange which founded the N a t i o n a l Grange movement 100 y e a r s ago and i s s t i l l meeting r e g u l a r l y a t our n a t i o n a l h e a d q u a r t e r s . I am a l s o s p e a k i n g i n b e h a l f of the N a t i o n a l Grange. The Potomac Grange i s composed o f D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and suburban f a m i l i e s who have an i n t e r e s t i n a g r i culture. As you know, the Grange i s a f r a t e r n a l o r d e r o f r u r a l and suburban f a m i l i e s . The N a t i o n a l , S t a t e and l o c a l Granges c a r r y out many programs o f economic and c i v i c i n t e r e s t t o t h e i r communities. Back i n 1954 and 1955 when Congress was d e b a t i n g �127 tho l a u n c h i n g of an enlarged F e d e r a l - S t a t e highway program, the N a t i o n a l Grange r e g i s t e r e d s t r o n g support f o r tho g r o a t new post-war highway program t h a t had boon recommended by a b l u o - r i b b o n committee headed by G e n e r a l L u c i u s C l a y and supported by tho N a t i o n a l Governors Conference and most b u s i n e s s , a g r i c u l t u r a l and c i v i c o r g a n i z a t i o n s of the n a t i o n a t t h a t time. The Grange, r e p r e s e n t i n g a g r i c u l t u r e , felt t h a t America's highway system would have to bo modernized t o accommodate tho g r e a t growth i n both people and motor v e h i c l e s o r the shipment of farm crops and p r o d u c t s would be seriously retarded. Our support and t h a t of tho many o t h e r n a t i o n a l groups r e s u l t e d i n tho passage by Congress i n 1956 of tho e n l a r g e d highway a c t , and I w i l l s k i p p a r t of t h i s as I go along. The Grange has boon i n the good roads movement s i n c e the e a r l y days of tho h o r s e l e s s c a r r i a g e and we a r e still i n i t strongly. We want tho urban i n t e r s t a t e freeways completed along w i t h the r u r a l p a r t s of the system because, as the N a t i o n a l Master of the Grange, H o r s c h o l Nowsom, has s a i d , The farm-to-market road docs not ond a t the c i t y limits; i t ends a t tho end of tho t r u c k h a u l , u s u a l l y i n the market and produce a r e a s i n the c e n t e r of the c i t i e s . The above i s s t a t e d by way of background on the Grange's n a t i o n a l support f o r the i n t e r s t a t e system. Bringing �128 ';'l4jd53 t h e m a t t e r down t o the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia a r e a , our D. C. u n i t , t h e Potomac Grange, voted a t i t s r e g u l a r meeting on June 7 t o support the completion of t h e i n t e r s t a t e freeways through t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and a u t h o r i z e d me t o be i t s spokesman. O b v i o u s l y , t h e Grange's long-time p o l i c y f o r a n a t i o n w i d e system o f i n t e r s t a t e f r e e w a y s cannot be r e a l i z e d u n t i l they a r e completed through the C a p i t a l C i t y . Therefore, we support the b u i l d i n g of t h e I n n e r Loop, tho North C e n t r a l Proeway, t h e Northeast Freeway, the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and the n e c e s s a r y c o n n e c t i n g l i n k s t o complete t h e system. I n c i d e n t a l l y , the p a r t t h a t I am most i n t e r e s t e d i n as being completed, and t h a t ' s t h e S o u t h e a s t Freeway, and t h a t ' s t h e one t h a t I w i l l use coming i n to work. be obvious t o anyone w i t h Washington's I t should f u t u r e i n mind t h a t t h e s e a r t e r i e s a r c v i t a l l y needed f o r two c l e a r - c u t r e a s o n s : One - To r e l i e v e t r a f f i c on a l l of t h e p r e s e n t major s t r e e t s and avenues, and Second - To speed d e l i v e r y o f goods and s e r v i c e s . A l s o , Washington i s such a g r e a t t o u r i s t c e n t e r t h a t t h i s type o f t r a f f i c r e l i e f i s i m p e r a t i v e . When our members from a c r o s s the c o u n t r y come t o t h e N a t i o n a l Grange H e a d q u a r t e r s , we g e t d i r e c t e x p e r i e n c e w i t h tho dilemma t h a t t o u r i s t s t o Washington a r e s u b j e c t e d t o because of our c i t y ' s primitive t r a f f i c conditions. They a r e used t o d r i v i n g �129 ! 44jd59 on freeways throughout the major p a r t of t h e i r t r i p to Washington but they have to go back t o stop-and-go d r i v i n g soon a f t e r c r o s s i n g the C a p i t a l B e l t w a y , and wo hoar t h e i r complaints. I n c i d e n t a l l y , wo a r e e x p e c t i n g about 25,000 of them through here t h i s f a l l as a p a r t of our C e n t e n n i a l celebration. L e s t the Commission and tho opponents decide t h a t farmers a r e immune to the problems t h a t b u i l d i n g super highways i n urban a r e a s i n v o l v e , we would remind you t h a t almost a l l of tho i n t e r s t a t e system i s b u i l t on f a r m l a n d . Duo to modern d e s i g n i n g , which seeks to reduce the monotony of the highway and highway hypnosis w i t h i t s t r a g i c r e s u l t s , f r e q u e n t c u r v e s are planned i n t o the system. A l s o , i t should be noted t h a t tho s h o r t e s t d i s t a n c e between major c i t i e s docs not f o l l o w s e c t i o n l i n e s upon which most farm s u r v e y s and d i v i s i o n s a r e based. Another problem we have f a c e d i s t h a t the i n t e r s t a t e system u s u a l l y p a r a l l e l s e x i s t i n g roads w i t h farm b u i l d i n g s c l u s t e r e d near the r o a d s . As a r e s u l t of these f a c t o r s , the i n t e r s t a t e systems have c u t d i a g o n a l l y a c r o s s farms l e a v i n g the e f f i c i e n t use of the land h e a v i l y i m p a i r e d . They have passed immediately behind the farm b u i l d i n g s , c o m p l e t e l y s e v e r i n g the land from tho b u i l d i n g s . S m a l l towns and t h o i r b u s i n e s s e s have been s e r i o u s l y damaged by being bypassed by the highway t r a f f i c . �130 T44jd50 Farmers have provided over 90 por cent of the land f o r the i n t e r s t a t e system so t h a t the 93 per cent of the p o p u l a t i o n which i s non-farm can move q u i c k l y and c o m f o r t a b l y from p l a c e to p l a c e . f o r progress, We have paid our p r i c e We don't b e l i e v e t h a t p r o g r e s s should stop a t c i t y l i m i t s because some people u n f o r t u n a t e l y a r e i n c o n venienced . Your w i t n e s s worked f o r f i v e y e a r s f o r a p r o f e s s i o n a l a p p r a i s a l company which d i d the m a j o r i t y of the a p p r a i s a l s f o r condemnation proceedings f o r highway and p u b l i c u t i l i t y l i n e s i n New York S t a t e , so these o b s e r v a t i o n s a r e not t h e o r e t i c a l but the r e s u l t of h a r d , p r a c t i c a l experience. Farm people have supported t h e s e highways to improve our m a r k e t i n g and d i s t r i b u t i o n system. However, much of the advantage hoped f o r i s l o s t i f t h e r e i s not adequate p r o v i s i o n f o r the d i s t r i b u t i o n and h a n d l i n g of t h i s traffic once i t e n t e r s the c i t i e s . We a l s o b e l i e v e t h a t t h e r e a r e ways of r e d u c i n g the adverse e f f e c t s of t h e s e highways i n the c i t i e s a v a i l a b l e i n the open c o u n t r y a t a r e a s o n a b l e c o s t . not Con- s t r u c t i n g a c a t t l e pass under a f o u r - l a n e road i s i m p r a c t i c a l when the c o s t i s compared to the advantages. However, i t has been demonstrated t h a t c o n s t r u c t i n g super highways beneath i n some c i t i e s the s u r f a c e l e v e l �131 '_44jd5l can almost o l l m l n a t o the noiso problem. B u i l d i n g s can c o n s t r u c t e d d i r e c t l y over the highways. Pedestrian v e h i c l e t r a f f i c bridges can permit be and tho normal f l o w of traffic and s o c i a l contacts. The d i s a s t r o u s d i v i s i o n s of farms and communities by i n t e r s t a t e highways w i t h e x i t s e v e r y or 20 m i l e s and w i t h c r o s s o v e r s e v e r y f i v e m i l e s can 15 and should be avoided i n c i t i e s such as Washington. However, tho g e n e r a l w e l f a r e should prevail. Our condemnation procedures provide adequate compensation f o r those who lose property. They have been r e c e n t l y expanded t o permit payments f o r Inconvenience Programs aro being d e v i s e d and the h a r d s h i p s and moving c o s t s . can be d e v i s e d imposed on r e n t e r s of low-cost to c a r e f o r housing d i s p l a c e d by highway c o n s t r u c t i o n . However, the highways must be completed as r a p i d l y as f i n a n c e s w i l l p e r m i t . s t a r t e d out w i t h a $27 Costs r i s e w i t h each y e a r . b i l l i o n budget. I t ' s now i n i t s e s t i m a t e , as an example. increases. $54 Downtown t r a f f i c L o s t time i n going to and We billion congestion from work i s e x p e n s i v e . Unless adequate p r o v i s i o n i s mado f o r moving t r a f f i c and people i n t o , through and out of our urban c e n t e r s , tho c o s t to our s o c i e t y i n terms of tho d e p r e c i a t i o n of downtown p r o p e r t y v a l u e s i s going to c o n t i n u e . program i s promptly and e f f i c i e n c i e s of U.S. Unless p r o p e r l y implemented, the food p r o d u c t i o n this increased a r e going to be o f f s e t by �132 '-l-4jd62 the c o n t i n u a l l y i n c r e a s i n g c o s t s of moving t h a t food, most of which i s t r a n s p o r t e d by t r u c k s i n t o tho c e n t e r s of tho consuming population. No s o l u t i o n by t h i s Commission i s going t o p l e a s e the people d i r e c t l y a f f e c t e d . T h e r e f o r e , the Commission should e x o r c i s e the p r e r o g a t i v e s g i v e n i t under the law and p l a n f o r tho permanent good of the g e n e r a l w e l f a r e . We b e l i e v e t h a t the completion of the i n t e r s t a t e system i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia f a l l s w i t h i n t h i s category and we urge p o s i t i v e a c t i o n t o a c c o m p l i s h t h i s o b j e c t i v e . Thank you. (Applause.) MR. SHEAR: V. L. P a r i s , P r e s i d e n t , American Sightseeing Association, Incorporated. STATEMENT OP: V. L. PARIS, PRESIDENT, AMERICAN SIGHTSEEING ASSOCIATION, INC, MR. V. L. PARIS: Madam Chairman, l a d i e s and gentlemen of the Board hero and a l s o such an eloquent and demonstrative audience: I t ' s an honor and a p r i v i l e g e t o speak b e f o r e t h i s group. I r e p r e s e n t the White House S i g h t s e e i n g O r g a n i z a t i o n here i n Washington l o c a l l y and the American S i g h t s e e i n g A s s o c i a t i o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l l y and you might c o n s i d e r t h a t I should be speaking about s i g h t s e e i n g i n Washington and our immediate a r e a because of the number of people who a r e �133 j?44jd63 employed i n t h a t and how much they might havo h a r d s h i p s imposed upon thorn, i f thoy d i d n ' t havo those proper highways, and t h a t would be my n a t u r a l c o u r s e . But I t h i n k more important than t h a t , tho time has come f o r us here i n Washington t o s t o p being s e l f i s h . We r e p r e s e n t about a m i l l i o n , l o s s than a m i l l i o n people i n tho D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and we a r o s a y i n g t h a t wo shouldn't havo t h e s e many highways hero because i t would inconvenience us, l e s s than a m i l l i o n people. for us t o g i v e a l i t t l e thought t o the 200 m i l l i o n of I t h i n k t h e time has come people tho United S t a t e s . (Applause.) There a r e i n our o f f i c e , l o c a t e d i n the downtown a r e a a t 519 S t h S t r e e t , Northwest, wo havo from throe to 500 people a day w a l k through our f r o n t door, a f t e r they have s t r u g g l e d t r y i n g to got i n t o tho Nation's C a p i t a l t o visit their Capital. Many -- And I am g l a d t o f o l l o w tho gentleman from the Grange because he a l s o r e p r e s e n t s t h e s e urban, rural people who seldom have an o p p o r t u n i t y o r even t a k e a chance on d r i v i n g i n a major c i t y . Thoy v i s i t us because thoy know i t i s not o n l y t h e i r c i v i c duty but they a r e c u r i o u s and know t h a t they should v i s i t t h e i r Nation's Capital. I f o o l m y s e l f i n tho n a t u r e o f an h i s t o r i a n because i t was i n 1929 t h a t I came t o Washington and I havo watched the �134 T44jd54 growth h e r o . business and busses had now Then f i n a l l y I went i n t o the sightseeing then we r a n i n t o tho r e a l problem because our to go i n t o tho suburbs e v e r y morning. wo have a bus Right t h a t p i c k s up about f i v e or s i x m i l e s n o r t h of here ( i n d i c a t i n g ) i n the Maryland a r e a , one that goes as f a r west as 17 m i l e s out i n t o tho F a i r f a x County a r e a of V i r g i n i a , one ono t h a t goes way down below A l e x a n d r i a , t h a t goes to S p r i n g f i e l d , V i r g i n i a . Those busses p i c k up these v i s i t o r s t h a t I havo boon s p e a k i n g to you about. Thoy got on t h i s b i g bus thoy s t a r t to creep t h e i r way i n t o tho downtown a r e a and so t h a t thoy can see the C a p i t a l t h a t they c o n t r i b u t e t a x e s to annually. I can remember j u s t a few y e a r s ago when we n o t h i n g but t h a t l i t t l e b i t of a 14th S t r e e t B r i d g e thank f o r t u n e , they are now had that, t e a r i n g down and we d i d n ' t have the Twin B r i d g e s coming i n and, a f t e r we got the Twin B r i d g e s , i t s t i l l took — we had at to p i c k the people up, f o r i n s t a n c e , the Penn-Daw H o t e l , south of A l e x a n d r i a , as e a r l y as s e v e n - t h i r t y i n the morning i n o r d e r to get them to the Washington Monument f o r t h o i r f i r s t b u i l d i n g , or the S m i t h s o n i a n f o r t h e i r f i r s t b u i l d i n g when i t opened up a t nine o ' c l o c k and we would get t h e r e sometimes f i v e minutes late. I f we wore l u c k y , we would get t h e r e seven or e i g h t minutes b e f o r e nine and have an o p p o r t u n i t y to t o l l them a �135 T45jdl little something about the i n s i d e of i t b e f o r e they went i n s i d e of the buildings. F i n a l l y , they opened up the Washington Channel B r i d g e and i t ' s amazing how much t h a t a l l e v i a t e d our traffic s i t u a t i o n because, on tho v e r y morning before the b r i d g e opened, our busses wero s t r u g g l i n g a c r o s s w i t h o u t the of the Washington Channel. The was use f o l l o w i n g morning, tho very f o l l o w i n g morning when thoy opened up the Washington Channel we saved about 18 minutes from what i s now the Marriott to g e t t i n g i n to the downtown a r e a or the Smithsonian a r e a of the traffic. Now, i f one l i t t l e Washington Channel B r i d g e a l l e v i a t e the t r a f f i c to t h a t e x t e n t , can we f i n d can ourselves s e l f i s h enough to p r e v e n t these people, our v i s i t o r s from coming i n to v i s i t t h e i r Nation's C a p i t a l , which i s t h o i r C a p i t a l the same as i t i s yours and VOICES: MR. mine? Yes. PARIS: You can? I think that i s awfully narrow judgment, i f you say yes to t h a t q u e s t i o n . it's I think t e r r i b l y narrow. I t h i n k tho time has come when we'd better think of 200 m i l l i o n people b e s i d e s our n a t i o n a l v i s i t o r s come i n from o v e r s e a s and that got o u r s e l v e s some highways i n here so t h a t not only tho busses can b r i n g them downtown, which i s not n e a r l y as important as the f a c t t h a t those 200 million �135 T'45jd2 people w i t h t h e i r own c a r s can u s e , when i t i s f i n i s h e d , tho Union S t a t i o n and the l a r g o p a r k i n g a r e a t h a t i s t o bo provided over the t r a c k s , not t a k i n g any housing a r e a a t a l l , and l e t those people they're paying t a x e s . come down and got an i d e a o f why I t might p o s s i b l y p r e v e n t a few of those r i o t s i n Watts a r e a s and o t h e r s of t h a t k i n d and I t h i n k we'd b e t t o r l e t them v i s i t t h e i r Nation's C a p i t a l and see what a f i n e C a p i t a l we have and how important i t i s t o l e t them g e t downtown and s e c these important t h i n g s . Thank you f o r your t i m e . (Applause.) MR. SHEAR: Committee, Lawrence W i l k i n s o n , Chairman, P l a n n i n g Brookland Area C o o r d i n a t i n g C o u n c i l . STATEMENT OF: LAWRENCE WILKINSON, CHAIRMAN, PLANNING COMMITTEE, BROOKLAND AREA COORDINATING COUNCIL MR. LAWRENCE WILKINSON: I n view of the time l i m i t a t i o n , I won't i d e n t i f y m y s e l f any f u r t h e r and w i l l j u s t s a y I am Lawrence W i l k i n s o n , a n a t i v e - b o r n Washingtonian, r e s i d e n t i n the D i s t r i c t . My t o p i c i s tho mass t r a n s i t a s p e c t of tho Compreh e n s i v e P l a n as presented by the P l a n n i n g Commission. We have a l r e a d y presented a t a l o c a l meeting some p u r e l y l o c a l comments r e g a r d i n g c e r t a i n f a c e t s of t h i s P l a n and t h e r e i s a d i a l o g u e p r e s e n t l y e s t a b l i s h e d . I w i l l t r y not �137 •: 5jd3 l t o r e p e a t a n y t h i n g which you a l r e a d y have. There has been from s e v e r a l speakers an a l l u s i o n to a s i t u a t i o n and I w i l l p r e f a c e my remarks p e r t i n e n t w i t h a few comments. I t h i n k we a l l r e c o g n i z e , f i r s t of a l l , t h a t the p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e i n the M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a i s h i g h . The f a m i l y income l e v e l i s r e l a t i v e l y h i g h , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n Montgomery County, P r i n c e Georges County, A r l i n g t o n , F a i r f a x and i n c e r t a i n a r e a s of tho D i s t r i c t of Columbia. But only the D i s t r i c t of Columbia has a q u a s i m i l i t a r y form of government, government by E x e c u t i v e Order, w i t h tho f i n a n c e s cont r o l l e d by C o n g r e s s i o n a l committees, the D i s t r i c t and A p p r o p r i a t i o n s Committees of both the House and the Senate. U n f o r t u n a t e l y , the D i s t r i c t of Columbia has been h i s t o r i c a l l y f o r a number of y e a r s , a g r e a t number of y e a r s , a cookie j a r i n t o which everyone d i p s f o r the payment of p o l i t i c a l debts i n c u r r e d e l s e w h e r e . There i s a t p r e s e n t a R e o r g a n i z a t i o n P l a n to make t h i s a b s o l u t e c o n t r o l even more e f f e c t i v e . approximately designed With 43 per cent of the land w i t h i n the c o n f i n e s of tho D i s t r i c t of Columbia a l r e a d y i n the hands of the F e d e r a l Government and a p p r o x i m a t e l y s i x per cent i n the hands of the D. C. Government and w i t h a p p r o x i m a t e l y 35 por cent of the r e s i d e n t s of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia f o o t i n g the t a x b i l l s but having no v o i c e i n e i t h e r tho E x e c u t i v e Branch, as �136 f a r a s appointments go o r i n tho L e g i s l a t i v e B r a n c h , as f a r as r e p r e s e n t a t i o n goes. T h i s R e o r g a n i z a t i o n P l a n can o n l y be a c c e p t a b l e , i f -- T h i s i s t h e R e o r g a n i z a t i o n P l a n Number Three o f 19&>7 - can o n l y be a c c e p t a b l e i f both the Commissioner and tho A s s i s t a n t , although appointed and consent by t h e P r e s i d e n t w i t h the a d v i c e of t h e S e n a t e , i f both o f them be f i v e - y e a r r e s i d e n t s of t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. T h i s would be under P a r t 3 , S e c t i o n 301-B. Under S e c t i o n 3 0 3 , t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f any new o f f i c e s s h a l l bo f i l l e d by appointment of t h e Commissioner w i t h t h e a d v i c e and consent of the C o u n c i l and, l i k e w i s e , the t r a n s f e r of p r o p e r t y and funds under S e c t i o n 304 should a l s o bo w i t h t h e a d v i c e and consent of tho C o u n c i l . Nov;, i n P a r t 2 under S e c t i o n 201-B, t h e Chairman and V i c e Chairman should be f i v e - y e a r r e s i d e n t s o f t h e D i s t r i c t and e l e c t e d by a m a j o r i t y of a l l D. C. r e s i d e n t s b e f o r e November 1 s t o f t h i s c u r r e n t y e a r . Seven o t h e r members, t h e seven o t h e r members should be f i v e - y e a r r e s i d e n t s of the D i s t r i c t and bo e l e c t e d one each from the Northwest, the Near North, t h e North C e n t r a l , t h e N o r t h e a s t , t h e C a p i t o l E a s t , t h e Southwest and t h e A n a c o s t i a a r e a s a s d e f i n e d by NCPC i n t h e i r Comprehensive P l a n and they should bo e l e c t e d regardless of t h o i r p o l i t i c a l a f f i l i a t i o n instead of as i n d i c a t e d i n tho R e o r g a n i z a t i o n P l a n . �139 I n S e c t i o n 204 r e g a r d i n g compensation, the p r e s e n t p l a n c a l l s f o r the Chairman t o r e c e i v e a p p r o x i m a t e l y You can't buy cheap government. $10,000. You get cheap r e s u l t s , i suggest the Chairman r e c e i v e a t l e a s t $20,000, the V i c e Chairman 18 and tho o t h e r s $15,000. To S e c t i o n 205 I would add tho f o l l o w i n g : D, the Chairman s h a l l s e r v e a s a member of t h e Senate D i s t r i c t Committee w i t h f u l l v o t i n g p r i v i l e g e s i n committee and with the p r e r o g a t i v e o f a d d r e s s i n g the Senate on matters p e r t a i n i n g t o the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. The V i c e Chairman s h a l l s e r v e a s a member o f the Senate Appropriations Committee w i t h f u l l v o t i n g p r i v i l e g e s i n committee and w i t h the p r e r o g a t i v e of a d d r e s s i n g the Senate on m a t t e r s p e r t a i n i n g t o the D. C. CHAIRMAN ROWE: Mr. W i l k i n s o n , i n view o f the l a t e hour, could you got t o tho p a r t o f your testimony on t r a n s p o r - tation? MR. WILKINSON: MR. SHEAR: How much time do I have? About f o u r and a h a l f MR. WILKINSON: A l l right, minutes. I w i l l complete t h e e n t i r e t h i n g w i t h i n t h a t time, I promise you. CHAIRMAN ROWE: A l l right. MR I would a l s o add t h a t paragraph 8 'WILKINSON: E, t h a t two o t h e r members o f the C o u n c i l should be appointed by the C o u n c i l t o s e r v e as members of the House D i s t r i c t �140 45jd6 Committee and the A p p r o p r i a t i o n s Committees r e s p e c t i v e l y w i t h f u l l v o t i n g p r i v i l e g e s i n committee and w i t h the p r e r o g a t i v e of a d d r e s s i n g the House on m a t t e r s p e r t a i n i n g to the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. And under P a r t 5 , S e c t i o n 402, the C o u n c i l be s p e c i f i c a l l y empowered t o recommend a r e a s o n a b l e and equitable amount to be r e g u l a r l y a p p r o p r i a t e d by Congress based upon tho percentage and of f e d e r a l p r o p e r t y so exempt from t a x a t i o n the t o t a l t a x and non-tax revenues of tho D i s t r i c t of Columbia i n the c u r r e n t f i s c a l y e a r . From 1967 through 1972 t h i s would a n n u a l l y average about $150.5 m i l l i o n as a g a i n s t the c u r r e n t 88 m i l l i o n . T h i s f i g u r e , which they would recommend, should a l s o guide the Commissioners and the C o u n c i l under S e c t i o n 403. And to P a r t 5 , S e c t i o n 504-B-2, I would add, no- l a t e r than December 1 s t , Now 1967. to tho statement: support a balanced but We aro i n f a v o r of and and coordinated t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system, i n c l u d i n g the r a i l r o a d s , the bus, tho r a p i d r a i l , the t r u c k s , the c a r s , water and a i r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . And apparently the b i g g e s t problem a t p r e s e n t , from tho testimony which has been p r e s e n t e d , i s t h a t t h e r e seems t o be no way of l i m i t i n g and c o n t r o l l i n g v e h i c u l a r t r a f f i c through the T h i s can probably b e s t be accomplished city. by p r o v i d i n g a t t r a c t i v e a l t e r n a t i v e s i n c l u d i n g l u x u r y e x p r e s s s c h e d u l i n g of r a p i d r a i l �141 to a r e a s not served by t h e r a i l w a y commuter s e r v i c e and by e l i m i n a t i n g t h e f i v e p a r k i n g l o t s i n Northeast along t h e r a p i d r a i l r o u t e , which a r e c o n t r a r y t o t h e s t a t e d p o l i c i e s of NCPC and can only a t t r a c t more t r a f f i c from P r i n c e Georges County through r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s . MR. SHEAR: One minute. MR. WILKINSON: F r e e f r i n g e p a r k i n g proves t h a t the commuter, i f he d r i v e s h a l f w a y t o h i s j o b , w i l l not park and d r i v e and take t h e subway the r e s t of t h e way; he w i l l continue on a l l tho way. So t h a t these l o t s , these p a r k i n g l o t s must be reduced to kiss-and-ride f a c i l i t i e s o n l y , v e r y short-tarm p a r k i n g . More r a p i d r a i l must go i n t o t h e suburbs G a l l a t i n S t r e e t r o u t e toward t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Maryland w i t h a major p a r k i n g f a c i l i t y n o r t h of Egger Road. p a r a l l e l to Bladcnsburg immediately. A second r o u t e Road along t h e B&O r o u t e through t h e F o r t L i n c o l n s i t e and on t o G r e e n b e l t and NASA. A t h i r d route e x t e n d i n g tho Banning r o u t e i n t o P r i n c e Georges County a t l e a s t to the Beltway. Four spurs o f f t h e Wisconsin Avenue r o u t e along t h e B&O r o u t e s i n Montgomery County both c o r t h e a s t and southwest with large parking f a c i l i t i e s i n s e v e r a l locations, appropriate locations. Number f i v e , s i m i l a r spurs f o r R o s s l y n w i t h some parking f a c i l i t i e s i n A r l i n g t o n and F a i r f a x Counties. �142 Number s i x , spurs e x t e n d i n g n o r t h e a s t and s o u t h e a s t a p p r o x i m a t e l y p a r a l l e l t o o r a l o n g Southern Avenue w i t h parking f a c i l i t i e s i n P r i n c e Georges County. T h i s would make p o s s i b l e t h e e l i m i n a t i o n o f a l l -of downtown a l l - d a y p a r k i n g l o t s , as tho r a p i d r a i l i s completed, and such land could then be converted t o moderate d e n s i t y housing, r e c r e a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s , schools, l i b r a r i e s , as w e l l as needed commercial enterprises, including parking buildings. ( R i n g i n g of b e l l . ) CHAIRMAN ROWE: 30 seconds. MR. WILKINSON: 30 seconds. As t o the defense a s p e c t s of 1-95* t h i s should o n l y connect t o tho B e l t w a y . I f you look a t the map, you w i l l see t h a t t h i s a r e a and t h i s c o i n c i d e and you have i n t h a t a r e a r i g h t now a major r a i l f a c i l i t y . You propose t o put i n a major r a p i d r a i l f a c i l i t y and an e i g h t - l a n e , p r i m a r i l y t r u c k - c a r r y i n g routo. One s t i c k of nonnuclear e x p l o s i v e s could c l o s e that completely. (Applause.) S t r a t e g i c a l l y , t h i s d i s p e r s a l o f the t r u c k s i n many d i r e c t i o n s over many r o u t e s t o a v o i d t h i s b o t t l e n e c k i s a necessity. T r u c k parks o r exchange f a c i l i t i e s should be e s t a b l i s h e d where t h e B e l t w a y i n t e r s e c t s r a i l w a y l i n e s and �143 '46jd9 u l t i m a t e l y rapid r a i l l i n o s — CHAIRMAN ROWE: Mr. W i l k i n s o n . MR. WILKINSON: May I p l e a s e , since sovon-thirty l a s t night. -- I havo s a t hero I would l i k e t o f i n i s h about 30 seconds more, i f you p l e a s e , Madam. MR. SHEAR: Mr. W i l k i n s o n , a s u b s t a n t i a l part of your testimony d i d n ' t r e l a t e t o the s u b j e c t m a t t e r of the hearing. MR. WILKINSON: I'm s o r r y , I t h i n k i t i s p e r t i n e n t . May I -CHAIRMAN ROWE: Ten seconds. MR. WILKINSON: Ten seconds, a l l r i g h t . The t r u c k parks and exchange f a c i l i t i e s should bo e s t a b l i s h e d whore the B e l t w a y i n t e r s e c t s t h e r a i l w a y l i n o s and ultimately rapid r a i l tion centers l i n e s i n order to s c a t t e r d i s t r i b u - of a l l transported goods, -- (Applause.) -- t h e r e b y r e l e a s i n g some c e n t r a l land f o r housing, schools, parks, c t cetera. The r a p i d r a i l system may a l s o w e l l be u t i l i z e d d u r i n g o f f - p o a k hours — CHAIRMAN ROWE: (Pounding g a v e l ) MR. WILKINSON: — Mr. W i l k i n s o n . f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n o f goods a l o n g i t s routes by u s i n g pod c o n t a i n e r rapid r a i l cars. systems and c o n v e r t i b l e �144 CHAIRMAN ROWE: Thank you vory m u c h . (Applause.) M R . SHEAR: Richard A . L i l l , C h a i r m a n , Transportation Engineering C o m m i t t e e , National Capital S e c t i o n , American Society of Civil E n g i n e e r s . STATEMENT OP: RICHARD A . L I L L , C H A I R M A N , TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING C O M M I T T E E , NATIONAL CAPITAL S E C T I O N , AMERICAN SOCIETY OP CIVIL ENGINEERS M R . RICHARD A* LILL: of the Commission: Madam C h a i r m a n , Members I w i l l try to hurry through t h i s . I am Richard A . L i l l , Chairman of the Transportation Engineering C o m m i t t e e , National Capital S e c t i o n , American Society of Civil E n g i n e e r s . I am appearing on behalf of Frank A . B u t r i c o , President of the S e c t i o n . The National Capital Section represents tho civil engineering profession in tho Washington Metropolitan a r e a , including the District of C o l u m b i a , Montgomery and Prince Georges C o u n t i e s , except College Park in M a r y l a n d , and Arlington and Fairfax Counties and the city of Alexandria in V i r g i n i a . Our section has over 2100 m e m b e r s , m a n y of whom are practicing civil engineering in fields such as highway t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , air t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , rail t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and all aspects of urban t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . It is the civil engineering profession and its offshoots which has developed tho technical foundation of �145 .?46jdll tho entire transportation system of this c o u n t r y . intensely proud of our accomplishments and Wc are intimately interested in its future d e v e l o p m e n t . It i s , of c o u r s e , not possible nor our intent to offer a detailed critique of tho transportation plan of the Proposed Comprohensive Plan for the National C a p i t a l . Tho subject is so i m p o r t a n t , h o w e v e r , that we do w i s h to go on record with the National Capital Planning Commission as to certain tenets of transportation which must be met to accomplish a successful urban transportation system. We w i s h to comment on broader aspects of the question of the transportation plan for tho National C a p i t a l , some of which have become the center of c o n t r o v e r s y . The American Society of Civil Engineers has as background for our comments the Principles of a Sound Transportation P o l i c y , adopted by the National Board of Direction in M a y , 1963, policy statements of the local Section and tho transportation engineering experience of i t s m e m b e r s . P r i m a r i l y , of c o u r s e , a workable urban transportation system must meet the needs o f individuals and businesses which u s e it in t h e manner they c h o o s e . No successful s y s t e m , at least in this c o u n t r y , c a n be based on an assumption t h a t one mode of transportation c a n bo arbitrarily substituted f o r a n o t h e r , if such is contrary to t h e wishes of tho u s e r s . The proposed transportation p l a n f o r tho National �146 .•46jdl2 Capital appears to havo considered this aspect of tho question and to have sought a system containing f r e e w a y s , arterial streets and rail transit with complementary bus s e r v i c e , which seeks to balance the transportation proposed w i t h the demands to be placed upon i t . capability We support such an a p p r o a c h , based on sound engineering and economic p r i n c i p l e s , to provide transportation consistent with c o m munity n e e d s . It is u n d e r s t o o d , h o w e v e r , that tho proposed system is an interdependent o n e . One segment or mode is not a substitute for any other but is intended to work with all the other portions of tho s y s t e m . P o r this r e a s o n , there should be no thought that segments of the freeway s y s t e m , for i n s t a n c e , can be arbitrarily eliminated without d i s ruption of the entire system with undesirable r e s u l t s . In f a c t , it is clearly established that the proposed s y s t e m , particularly tho freeway segments of i t , is the minimum which w i l l meet the transportation requirements of tho National Capital for tho foreseeable f u t u r e . As the program develops and continuing engineering and planning studies trace its progress and s u c c e s s , it is conceivable that modifications and additions w i l l be n e c e s s a r y . It should never bo overlooked that almost a l l the goods and services used by tho citizens of the National Capital move over the highways and that expeditious and �147 T4<f>jdl3 efficient movement of these service vehicles Is essential to the well-being of the a r e a . In p a r t i c u l a r , freeways provide a wide range of services and utilities to the community and are not simply commuter a r t e r i e s . The commuter aspect is largely a bonus to the community which is obtained from the provision of tho f a c i l i t y . It is significant that the vast majority of trips in tho Washington a r e a , more than 80 per c e n t , do not involve the downtown business district and are thus best served by the proposed freeway s y s t e m . No discussion of transportation is complete without somo mention of highway s a f e t y . Substantial and growing highway traffic is present in this area and w i l l not be significantly diminished by tho provision of rail t r a n s i t . It is now federal intent and in the interest of each of us that traffic safety be fully c o n s i d e r e d . Any w i l l f u l compromise of design standards which are known to provide tho optimum in safety for tho operation of motor vehicles is i n e x c u s a b l e . In this r e g a r d , the past experience of the civil and traffic engineering professions in designing and operating tho arterials and freeways is i n v a l u a b l e . F i n a l l y , the National Capital Section of tho American Society of Civil Engineers wishes to endorse the concept that the coordinated transportation system in the National Capital must result from competent and continuing engineering study and analysis and that the maximum amount �148 T47jdl4 of cooperation and coordination between the professional disciplines responsible for the provision of our area transportation system be a c h i e v e d . This organization w i l l lend its support and cooperation to the attainment of this goal. This statement was prepared by the Committee on Transportation Engineering of our Technical D i v i s i o n . It has been accepted by the Board of Directors of tho National Capital S e c t i o n , American Society of Civil E n g i n e e r s . Wo ask y o u r consideration of our c o m m e n t s . Thank y o u . (Applause.) MR. SHE:,R: Harry O b e d i n . M R . PRAHINSKI: M r . Obedin is working t o n i g h t . He arranged to be off last night but it didn't do him much good but he asked me if I would present a brief outline of his statement. M R . SHEAR: You m a y submit his statement for tho r e c o r d , M r . P r a h i n s k i , but you may not testify in his p l a c e , in accordance with the groundrules e s t a b l i s h e d . M R . PRAHINSKI: Yes. Hero aro somo copies for the members of the Commission and the outline of his s t a t e ment . M R . SHEAR: Thoy w i l l be d i s t r i b u t e d . M R . PRAHINSKI: Thank y o u . �149 T47jdl5 STATEMENT OP: HARRY OBEDIN (Mr. Obcdin's statement reads as follows:) �ABSTRACT A study is m a d e of the socio-economic factors that affect the homeowners, educational institutions, and businesses of the District of Columbia portion of the proposed North Central Freeway. Data are gathered and analyzed and numerous inquiries m a d e of officials of District of Columbia government, of leaders of citizens groups, of officials of businesses and educational institutions, and of homeowners. Original ideas are proposed to lessen the disruption to occupants of the freeway area, and, possibly, to avoid the disruption entirely by rerouting of the freeway. Certain of the ideas are costed and benefits determined. • . �149B C. In this study there was no need for sophisticated data analyses, using complicated mathematical algorithms. The arithmetic was simple: (1) a homeowner expected to lose a certain amount of money on his h o m e . because he would be offered less money for his h o m e than he thought it was worth, (2) a certain percent of homeowners had as their primary objection to the freeway the loss of their h o m e s , or (3) a certain percent of the businesses depended on the B & O Railroad for supplies. Furtherm o r e , s o m e of the factors were difficult to measure. Emotions were heated in m a n y cases--as homeowners contemplated the loss of their h o m e s , the disruption of their neighborhoods, and the forced changes' in their habits of going to work, visiting friends, shopping, going to church, etc. Businessmen were being forced to m o v e their businesses far away from their present locations - s o m e for the second time because of earlier impaction by previous freeway construction in the District of Columbia. D. It must be emphasized that the data collected by questionnaires and personal inquiries were based upon the expected disruption to be received by occupants of the freeway area. Most people appeared in doubt as to what would happen to them--and were angry about it. But whether their expectations of disruption and hardship were realistic or not w a s not the principal question. For there was a direct casual relationship between their opposition to the freeway—expressed over a period of the last few years--and the delay in freeway construction. It matters not whether the citizen's views were realistic or not if these views work a financial hardship to the District of Columbia by causing postponement of needed freeway construction until construction prices have escalated by the millions. E. This study did not go into the question oi whether or not a North Central Freeway was needed in the first place. Nor did the study go exhaustively into various types of freeway design: under . the surface, on the surface, and above the surface. N o queueing studies were made of the traffic movement. The focus of this study was on the disrupted •3- �' view. XI A s the various orators held forth it w a s possible for the study \J team to form opinions concerning the realism of the arguments m a d e by the several speakers. Also at these meetings it w a s possible to observe the approach m a d e by officials of the District of Columbia to inform the citizenry of the need for the freeway. Conclusions were drawn as to the efficacy of this approach. D. The study of the questionaires revealed the following results. 1. Total number of families in the area 257 2. N u m b e r of families answering the questionaire 3. Percent of respondents owning h o m e s 4. Percent of respondents paying a mortgage 53 100% 81% 5. Average years remaining on the mortgage . 12 6. Average worth of homes (in opinion of owners) $17,500 7. Range of expected appraisal of worth of homes $15-20,000 8. Average expected condemnation price $15,000 9. Average expected replacement cost of homes $23, 500 10. Average expected D . C . condemnation price^Q. 0 „. V*«Crj | $15, 000 11. Percent of those homeowners whose house would provide sufficient equity for new h o m e mortgage 12. Average number of years lived in house by owners 13. Average number of bedrooms in houses 3 14. Average number of persons living in houses 6 15. Percent having one or m o r e cars 16. Percent using bus to get to work (one or m o r e m e m b e r s of each family count 1) 52% 17. Percent that would try to live in the District of Columbia if displaced 89% 18. Percent of displaced persons who would' support project if a rapid transit system were to be m a d e a part of the freeway 43% 19. Percent now opposing the freeway project as presently planned 98% 20. Percent breakdown of primary reasons for opposition to project 49% -6- . . 92.5% 11 73.5% �a. Loss of house . • b. Anticipation of lack of fair settlement c. Separation from family and friends d. The bother of moving e. 49% Noise and dirt from highway 26% 7. 5% 11% 6.5% 21. 22. Percent desiring w a y plans 23. Percent willing to exchange present house for equal or better 15.0% 24. Percent not willing to do so 21.0% 25. Percent undecided whether to exchange 26. Percent willing to live on land above freeway 15.0% 27. Percent unwilling to do so 30.0% 28. Percent in doubt 29. Percent who have started looking for replacement housing 30. E. Percent receiving official notice concerning the proposed freeway plans 0.0% Percent losing jobs as a result of the freeway official information about free- 100.0% .' • 64.0% 55.0% 30.0% 6. 0% Conclusions Several interesting conclusions can be drawn from a study of the questionaires. 1. S o m e of these conclusions are listed below. The neighborhood is a settled neighborhood and a racially integrated neighborhood with a large majority of Negroes • 2. 3. There is a community spirit in the neighborhood Most of the people in the disrupted neighborhood are h o m e owners, and definitely not of the slum type 4. A . majority of the homeowners might have been induced to trade their present homes for better h o m e s if they had reason to believe that this was possible 5. The people in the area support rapid transit and are willing to m a k e s o m e sacrifices for it �A9T 6. The opposition to the freeway is focused on two things: a. b. 7. Loss of h o m e by the owner A belief that a fair settlement will not be m a d e Most citizens feel that the District government is acting in a high handed manner 8. Civic opposition to the freeway is growing, and all m e a n s , (legal or political, will be used to fight the freeway �149F 13. The final question, number 23, was an attempt to try to quantize the essential basis for the businessman's objection to the proposed m o v e . In general, it was a confusing set of answers as they did not correlate well v/ith obvious implications of previous questions. The ranking of objections by questionees did not appear to be particularly significant and the answers were, therefore, treated as yes or no. Ninety-two percent of the business community cited the inconvenience of making a move as a reason for objection. F r o m the tone of m a n y of the answers, it appeared that this inconvenience resulted from, or at least included, the lack of full knowledge of both their options or choices and the District's plans. Fifty-six percent cited loss of business during the move and m a n y of these dealt with perishable and/or short notice demand items. Twenty percent cited amincrease in operating costs and twenty percent citea uncertainty due to incomplete information . A s m o r e than one objection was often cited, the total exceeds 100%. 14. It should be noted that in social surveys such as this, one cannot expect that the data will point to clear conclusions with no traces of ambiguity. With this in mind, the m a n y questions and their varied results in this survey m a y be summarized with several salient points. First and most obvious, there is no significant communication or understanding; between the. District and the impacted businessmen. This has resulted in strong feelings of alienation and hostility on the part of the business community. They feel that their needs and problems are unheeded and this feeling is a strong part of the basis for their objections to the freeway. A second and related survey result is that the business community is operating with a high degree of uncertainty. It is uninformed as to both the District's plans and to the effects of these plans on the business community. The community does not know the options or courses of action open to it. The most widespread expectation among the business community is one of inconvenience. �IV. A. P R O P O S A L S T O A L L E V I A T E O R ELIMINATE T H E DISRUPTION In the two previous sections the study team cited s o m e of the disruptive features of the freeway and s o m e of the undesirable aspects. It is difficult to cite one undesirable situation as m o r e undesirable than all the others for the reason that different groups of people are affected. T o the homeowner, the loss of his h o m e , the disruption of his neighborhood community spirit, and the possible lack of a fair settlement on his property loom as the most disruptive features of a new freeway through his neighborhood. To the bakery owner who must relocate and suffer loss of neighborhood trade as he attempts to build up a new clientele in a strange neighborhood, the disruption of his business is the worst aspect. T o the District Government, loss of tax revenues m a y appear to be the most serious problem from the personal standpoint of the government. However, the district government must concern itself not only with its own tax revenue problems but also with the problems of the homeowner and the problems of the business community. Also the government has a responsibility to the taxpayers to build public works in the most economically feasible manner. It must give consideration to the desires, feelings, traditions, etc., to educational institutions. Therefore, out of these m a n y responsibilities must come public policy designed to do the most good for the greatest number of people. B. If the District could spend $ 2 0 , 0 0 0 and thereby save millions of public funds, the taxpayer would applaud vehemently. If the District could, by devisal of new schemes for use of public property in the district, increase its tax revenue the public would likewise applaud. Finally, any contribution which the District might m a k e to keep high the morale of spiritually contented neighborhoods would also be a plus factor. In the next three sections of this paper are discussed plans which decision makers of the District government should weigh carefully with the view of achieving the above objectives. �149H C. The research performed by the authors of this paper have identified the disruptive features of the freeway and given rise to creative thinking about certain types of urban development. The proposed plans - all of them original with the authors to the best of their knowledge are designed to eliminate or mitigate the disruptive features of the freeway. -18- �1491 V. THE INFORMATION TRAILER P L A N A. Citizens often learn of public programs having traumatic effects on their lives through various unofficial and inaccurate m e a n s . Needed projects are stymied by aroused citizen groups w h o are able to translate the impacted citizens fears into dramatic and costly opposition. Even ^ though these disruptive actions cannot permanently halt necessary public works, the' cost of the delay lessens the value that the taxpayer gets for his dollar spent. This section of the report will show, by using the North Central Freeway as an example, how the District of Columbia government (and other governments) can minimize the opposition to a public works project. B. Land resources are almost always limited. This is especially true in the District of Columbia. In the District most large public projects and m a n y small ones require that the District Government acquire land from private sources. The most desirable method of (j^^ acquisition is open market purchase. This can be done occasionally S through bidding on parcels of land advertised for sale or negotiation. S o m e land has been acquired at favorable rates from private groups desiring public projects which enhance the value of their remaining contiguous property. Examples of this would include donation of land for public squares and for roads which serve the property. In rare cases, land is donated to the District by public spirited citizens. Land is also often acquired by seizure for nonpayment of taxes at a federal or district level. C. W h e n none of the above methods work, and when the District desires to acquire certain specific property, the procedure as explained in Appendices C and D is followed. Appendix C is a detailed explanation of the normal procedures that citizens should follow. But the methods described in this appendix presently only half of the picture. The covert activity is usually what gives the District government the most trouble. These covert activities will be described briefly later in this section. In -19- ^ �addition, what is evaluated to be a fair settlement by real estate estimates m a y not be as fair as it appears. D. The District Government usually holds public hearings on any important project as well as budgetary matters. Public hearings are supposed to inform the impacted citizens and to provide a forum for their views. For this purpose, they can be a great failure. Here are the reasons w h y . A large number of the people in an impacted area are not aware that their lives are affected .0.Vit' ov rt by a particular project. While it is true that public announcement is m a d e through newspaper advertisements, etc., the percentage of people reading the legal announcements or the entire newspaper every day to find potential threats is quite small. In m a n y cases the language of both the advertisement and the hearings is confusing to the affected citizen. It is true that engineering drawings and survey m a p s are shown. But it is also true that the average college graduate finds such technical presentations extremely difficult to fathom, particularly when presented in the charged atmosphere of a hearing. Furthermore, m a n y , if not most, of the impacted citizens lack college degrees, particularly engineering degrees. M a n y of the public officials talk in abstract . terms about general welfare, etc. The impacted citizen is primarily interested in himself, his family, his house, etc. Therefore, the citizens' meeting or public hearing that does not immediately focus on the problems -20- 8 �149K of the individual citizen is apt to be an egregious failure. Almost every public project is opposed by a group having certain strongly vested interests. Certain public relations officials of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad have led opposition to the North Central Freeway. These officials, and others who oppose the freeway, s e e m to be peculiarly adroit at dominating a meeting of a citizen's association and swaying the populace to their point of view. The professional engineer from the District of Columbia who is there to present a care 3 fully thought out plan appears to be at a V 0 0 o disadvantage when arrayed against the opposition to the freeway. H e is untrained inttieartofmam public opinion. T w o of the authors of this paper attended meetings in which opponents of the freeway skillfully presented the freeway in the worst possible light and made light of carefully \ engineered plans. Advocates of the freeway were poorly prepared to defend their cause. M a n y interested citizens cannot attend the meetings for various reasons. Others fear to speak in public. Businessmen in the area don't have the time. Thus the meetings are held, the covert opposition is instituted, and the project is delayed, changed or cancelled. Even the citizens who appear to win, lose because of the court costs, aggravation, etc. -21- 0 �E. The North Central Freeway has been delayed by m o r e than two years. Present estimated costs of the 1.5 mile leg from Taylor Street i * to Rhode Island Avenue are 30 million dollars. Engineering N e w s Record . H and the Dodge Reports both estimate that building costs have risen an average of 7. 8 — 10. 0% per year. Present legal suits by the opposition \£/ & will represent an additional delay of at least one year in the award of the contracts and subsequent construction. This means that the cost of the ^l*1 ^ highway's construction will have risen a m i n i m u m of $6, 000, 000 for just ffi (L ft a that portion of the highway from Taylor Street to Rhode Island Avenue. 6 | v It This does not include the costs of the various engineering studies, the hi' C:0 yj 1 ^ legal costs, the increase in property values, etc. It represents the * » rj « J #.CL cement and steel phase of the highway construction. The estimate also Q_y does not include the added costs for the highway users who are forced <y4 to use an inadequate road network pending comoletion of this project. /»0v* F. The District Government is now showing s o m e awareness n 8V* yp . of the problems discussed above. The solutions adopted are a step in -A") f> \ ,„?;vJ the right direction. Dittoed sheets are being mailed to all affected citizens. This helps, but unfortunately, the language is often written Jfi* P• A by lawyers more interested in the legal complications of the contested - 0 ^ issues than the social problems involved. Communication madia (fi ' V unsupported by personal contact will often prove to be self-defeating to the cause that it supports. G. It is recommended that the District Government purchase a van style truck similar to a bookmobile. The van, or trailer, should / V! A lA be equipped with a small office and various literature racks and audio * visual materials. The truck should also be equipped with an outdoor . public address system. The interior of the van should be so arranged s\ that various displays could be accommodated on the various projects Q when necessary. This will be inexpensive in terms of the expected benefits to be derived. Purchase of the truck ard related equipment would cost less than $20, 000. The annual operating costs would be #I Q �149M less than $10, 000. per year if the cost of the public relations m a n is < excluded. If his salary is added, approximately another $15, 000 would . be required. The entire acquisition cost and first year's operations / j/^ cost would be charged to the highway project. Other public works, R the Recreation Department, etc., could also find this unit invaluable and might be willing to rent it on a part time basis. Using the lowest ho* estimates for savings and the highest.for costs, a savings/cost ratio of 144 to 1 results. If s o m e of the higher benefit figures are acceptable, »il ' a cost ratio upwards of 200 to 1 results! N o value is placed on the fact that the van probably would save the District legal expenses or ' A 0 /) 0^ fa * p If engineering costs. The surplus time that the van has available would also be of great value to the city. The sound equipment would be of A \ A\A ' ' (% * great potential value for civil defense operations. Teenage dances at various public playgrounds would be supported by this unit also. In any situation similar to the Watts ,/ V riots in Los Angeles, this unit ^Q; would be of enormous value. •f H. For the North Central Freeway, the van would be used in the lg manner: 1 1. The District would outfit the van f mr with the charts of the proposed " -" \r" . O r Jk freeway, models as appropriate, and various literature racks. I1 It would be manned by the public Q relations m a n . IT* /D) \ \ , V Packets of literature would be > \S% ^ J • ft prepared for each citizen including such items as: a. Explanation of homeowner's rights and businessman's rights. -23- • 1-* \ - ,vO ^^j) * _\CL �149N b. Real estate information sheets. c. Pamphlets describing assistance available from the District of Columbia Redevelopment Land ' Agency. d. Survey of economic data for the selected area. e. Family personal planning packet. The District would attempt to contact each family in advance to arrange an appointment to present the explanation. All presentations would be in small groups of one or two families at most. Every family would be asked to sign a receipt for the packet of information. This would provide check that every family was contacted. Local real estate firms would be invited to participate in providing h o m e buyer/home renter \0 x information. The van personnel would try to determine which people wished to sell. Those indicating this »&Q* ' ^\ Q desire would arrange times convenient for I fi, w " * § Ml themselves that a representative of the district \ real estate division could visit. N o transactions are to take place in the truck. At all times, emphasis should be placed on the concern on the part of the District government for the impacted citizens and for the assistance available from all sources. Of en v row h -24- �• 9. H90 £L \u The van personnel must have a presentation prepared that will convince the owner that he . will not suffer as a result of the public project • Jiw / ) |t/ \^ and that he might benefit. All stress should be on the individual. Regional concepts, grand design, engineering efficiency, etc., should be avoided. The presentation must also be accurate. 10. All promises m a d e to the individual citizen or businessman should be in writing. The District must honor these written promises or the entire van concept is useless. Verbal promises, unkept promises, or misunderstood promises can rapidly cause people to distrust the use of the van. Both the District and the citizen should get a copy of the promised agreanent. The public relations m a n should be warned to avoid makingpromises that cannot be met. I. A s far as publicity through mass media is concerned, any ^j ® > Ifi . 0 information about the proposed freeway should contain announcements . . - .. citizen of the freeway area. Of course, the word "impacted" or the ^x «^4> ,. a # \ word "disrupted" should never be used in any mass media communicatioir.'" Q* For it is the purpose of this public relations campaign to make the citizen * feel that he is in no way impacted or disrupted. . V J. Use of the information trailer can be easily justified from a i• J/| A* • \$/* a worthwhile expenditure as a means to make the individual citizen feel ftliV Sn \ I that his government is concerned about his welfare and desires to treat \ y * him fairly. The following computations reveal that a m i n i m u m benefit- . I * • *** J I :•, cost ratio of 144:1 results from use of the information trailer plan, * Q v assuming that use of this plan prevents delay of freeway construction W v �until prices are higher. These computations assume a freeway cost increase of 7. 8 % from 1964 through 1967. This is the m i n i m u m of the figures cited above in the Dodge Reports. The benefits are applied only to one section of the freeway - from Taylor Street to Rhode Island Avenue. Obviously, if the entire length of the freeway were considered, the benefits would be higher. 1. Cost of truck and related equipment $20,000 Cost of driver, for one year 6, 600 Cost of public relations m a n , one year 15, 000 Annual operating costs Total Cost, one year 2. 3, 400 $45, 000 Cost of freeway (Taylor Street to Rhode Island Avenue) at present costs 3. Cost one year ago 30, 000, 000 1. 078 4. $27, 800, 000 approx. Cost two years ago 27,800,000 1.078 5. $25, 800, 000 Cost in 1967 30, 000, 000 x 1.078 6. $30,000,000 $32,300,000 Cost increase, 1964 to 1967 32, 300, 000 minus 25,800,000 $6,500,000 Benefit: cost ratio, $6, 500, 000 : $45, 000 or about 144 : 1 -26- �VI. A. NEIGHBORHOOD RELOCATION PLAN Highways and other public projects often disrupt viable social ^ communities. These communities provide desirable environmental ^ ^ conditions for humans who are able to lead comfortable lives therein, tj, iJj «• y This is true in slums as well as m a n y middle class neighborhoods. v fl^ ^1*1 / A X People displaced from these communities often find adjustment to new ~C^J (y neighborhoods difficult. The children must change schools and they lose their circle of friends. Housewives find that new shopping patterns must be established. Churches lose m e m b e r s . Husbands m a y have to shift work arrangements, etc. This experience is seldom welcome. B. In our surveyed neighborhood, in the opinion of the homeowners, the average house will be condemned by the district government for $15, 000 to $20, 000. Those people who have looked for replacement housing feel that they can duplicate their present homes for approximately $23, 000.'; | » J If we assume that the average figure of $17, 500 will be paid to each L ; homeowner and if w e assume that the $23, 000 figure is accurate, the & 'O average homeowner stands to lose $5, 500 plus the additional interest necessary to carry this investment. Relocation costs are an additional I . ft M * expense. \) c. The authors of this paper have devised a plan by which the district could avoid harming the displaced homeowners without spending f additional tax revenues. In addition, the community could be retained as a unit. T o do this the district would have to adopt the following arrangement: r, .7) JI3 A suitable stretch of land should be selected in the Fort Totten Park area. A This land would then be given to a corporation set up by the district government. This corporation would then be responsible for carrying out portions of the plan. •27- to* M 9 0 �I49R Sufficient houses in a variety should be erected on this site. Care should be taken to insure that the project was competitive with new developments in the suburbs in the s a m e price range. Comparison with similar projects in the Dodge Reports* indicates that projects of 250 one family houses can be built for approximately $10 per square foot. This allows for the landscaping and other popular recreation features such as a swimming pool. It does not include the cost of land, the costs of selling and the promotional profits. It does allow a profit for the contractor. The houses should be started prior to the attempted acquisition of the private homes of the potential disrupted community. At least one sample house should be c o m pleted and opened for display. 4. The iniormation Van described in a previous section should attempt to provide all impacted homeowners with information on these h o m e s . The people/-; should be informed that they have first * • choice on exchanging their present homes for the new h o m e s . Since the new homes would cost $16, 600, the district would be gaining the use of the homeowner's property for an amount less than straight condemnation costs. -28- The F . W . Dodge reports are a McGraw-Hill publication which provide the c 'buildine f ades wit'" contract co^t and with blueorihts of sending construction: 'l''"V | U l • | ! �1 /,Qt> •i Those people desiring the present cash 1 compensation method would be reimbursed as per the normal method. Any homes not traded in this manner would be offered to other displaced families in the city. A n y remaining homes would be sold on the open market. W h e n the highway is completed, enough land could be created in the form of an air rights park to compensate for the land lost to the relocation h o m e construction. Recent studies have indicated that small neighborhood parks are of more value to a community than one massive park that people fear to use. ' ' The mortgage support for this project would be provided by the district government. In addition, the district could expect revenues from renting to such businesses as small neighborhood grocers and from property tax revenues. The beauty of this plan is its simplicity and its satisfaction provided to all parties concerned. Following is a cost study of housing in the disrupted neighborhood. Average house in surveyed neighborhood had 4 Bedrooms 14 x 14 = 780 ft2 1 Kitchen 20 x 14 = 280 ft2 1 Bath 10 x 10 = 100 ft2 1 Living R o o m 20 x 15 - 300 ft2 200 ft2 Other Space at $10/ft , this could be duplicated for $16, 600. -tip- I \ 0i �149T The $16, 600 is less than the $7, 500 that the District could expect to pay in condemnation costs. The h o m e owner loses nothing on the deal. Losing nothing is better than losing $5, 000. The section on homeowner disruption mentioned several questions in the homeowner's questionnaire. Seventynine percent of those responding either are willing to participate in the relocation proposal or are undecided. Those undecided feel they must actually see that the relocation project is at least equal. It is felt that an attractive project could be sold to the majority of those undecided. Those who oppose the relocation project m a y support it if their neighbors do. -30- �VII. A. AIR R I G H T S C O N S T R U C T I O N P L A N The movement of vehicular traffic through metropolitan areas requires an ever increasing proportion of land area. This expansion has progressed so far that in certain large cities over 50% of the surface area of the city is devoted to highways, parking lots, and other areas reserved for storage of and m o v e m e n t of vehicular traffic. This situation has several undesirable aspects: 1. Almost all land used for the movement of Jr si f vehicles is lost to the tax rolls. JM I The pedestrian and vehicular use of the cities is in conflict: dangerous and competing for the same areas. n ipAIJ 1 1 V 3.. Adequate road nets often disrupt valuable aspects of city life.. 4. In m a n y cases construction of adequate roads results in the elimination of the area for which the roads were ^ built in the first place. B. • I A modern six lane highway uses m o r e than 12 acres of land per ' » T v j linear mile of highway. This impressive figure is computed as follows: (J* r* Each of the six lanes is 12 feet wide, making seventy-two feet of width for the six lanes. Then 4 feet are added for a median and 12 feet each v for two shoulders. All of this totals to 100 feet, and this excludes scenic *f •W \ . „i» \* barriers, approaches, and complicated interchanges. S o m e of these interchanges require as m u c h as 35 acres of land. C. Washington, D . C , has additional problems not experienced by m a n y other communities. It is limited in its area growth potential to the area of the District. This area is essentially a ten mile by ten , • *\ f\A *r\^ . \ \ mile square - with a section on the Virginia side of the Potomac River removed. M a n y Washingtonians are not able to find adequate housing -31- I% \° �I at a reasonable price inside the city limits, and because of several tf" factors such as race, economic status, location of employment, and V _ g l*' /-/^^'^ lack of public transportation, are virtually limited to domicile in the District. D. The land in the District is steadily being driven up in price by the competing uses for the land. Public buildings remove land from private use — and from the tax rolls. Commercial buildings are being erected to house the ever increasing number of federal agencies and private firms w h o deal with these agencies. Institutions, and professional groups, unions, etc., like to be near the source of power. E. With different groups, both public and private, competing for the use of land it therefore becomes necessary to'consider joint use of * — \ V land for both public and private groups. This is the air rights u * V-J* L> v construction idea wherein commercial and residential buildings are constructed over a public highway. In order to illustrate the economics of this scheme, this paper will discuss that section of the North Central Freeway covering the route from Taylor Street to Rhode Island Avenue. i.*^ This is a stretch 1. 5 miles long running along the B & O Railroad. The impaction to homes and businesses resulting from this stretch is discussed in previous sections of this paper. This mile and a half xj t, /V * I L\» stretch of six lane highway will cover at least twenty-four acres of land. This figure is arrived at as follows: . . 1 linear mile of highway covers 5, 280 X 100 = 528, 000 sq. ft. 1 acre is 43, 560 sq. ft. Hence 1 linear mile of highway covers 5.2^'Pf!? = 12.1 acres 4o,ObU Hence 1. 5 linear miles of highway covers 1 2 . 1 X 1 . 5 = 18. 5 acres A d d 5. 5 acres for approaches, loops, etc., 18. 5 + 5. 5 = 24 acres -32- �,. . 149W H I F. H o w should the 24 acres be used? Should the Highway Department n* • build a depressed freeway at a cost of about $30, 000, 000 for the mile and a half stretch or a surface freeway at a cost of only nine million dollars? f>'^\ f This section of the paper argues that a depressed freeway should be built, w f$ • V ^ \ However, before argumentation is m a d e concerning alternate types of \ freeway construction, it is well to enter into discussion of land values in the District of Columbia. G. '< £j* ^ , i f^'< (,£> ft*H 6 r'!wa i », * Land at the center of Washington sells for a m i n i m u m of $25 per "J y square foot. Certain choice locations have, in fact, been sold for m o r e J than $100 per square foot. In general, the larger the size of the lot in a r X downtown area the m o r e desirable it becomes. For instance, the slum ^ area of Rosslyn across the river in Virginia became the location of a number of large office buildings. Other factors such as availability of \ public transportation greatly influence market values. In Washington, • D . C , any land along the site of the proposed North Central Freeway will sell for $25 per square foot. H. | The "tunnel-in-the-sky" idea for a freeway must be ruled out at the start. This scheme is opposed by the Fine Arts Commission, local citizen groups, Catholic University, and virtually any thinking I \J ^ f<a | 5 . \ ,O " »v !! S> person who can visualize the beautiful city of Washington, D . C . , being \ bisected by a "Berlin Wall". Therefore, the competition lies between o « y \\\] . the surface freeway and the submerged freeway. If a surface freeway . B* is built it would be difficult to build over the freeway because of c*t w*. . A V fir • \ **** limitations on the height of buildings in the District of Columbia. A n d * the land would be removed from the tax rolls. However, if a 6 , \ '• [ j depressed freeway is built, the air rights can be sold for at least \,~^ ',r'' $25 per square foot. Thus the 24 acres of land in the mile and a half stretch from Taylor Street to Rhode Island Avenue would sell for fy^S1 r ' '"• more than S26, 000, 000 ($25/sq.ft. X 43, 560 sq.ft. /acre X 24 acres). (> VO The District would thus come out $5, 000, 000 ahead if it spent the AC» (k �149X $30, 000, 000 for the depressed freeway rather than the $9, 000, 000 for the surface freeway. In addition to the S5, 000, 000 advantage, there \S, v L are other benefits to the air rights idea: tax revenue to the District / XT in a \U 3. » from businesses along the freeway and an economic buildup in the - area adjacent to the freeway, which would return m o r e tax money to r-y" the District government. There is the further consideration that a ' covered highway is essentially weather proof; thus, snow removal is sf;)~r--i not a problem in that area. I. Displaced homeowners in the freeway area will be able to return to air rights apartment houses constructed over the freeway. Thus they ^ can continue living in their original neighborhood if they so desire, A although, admittedly there will be a "camping out period" while the A V . £ freeway and the apartment houses are being constructed. With a surface highway, no air rights apartment houses are likely. J. »,y *C\ r/ >r v£, *9"x Catholic University, whose land lies near the proposed freeway r route, would find the air rights proposal attractive. At present, the freeway has been routed east of the B & O tracks to bypass Catholic University property on the west side of the tracks. But suppose the freeway were rerouted slightly to pass through some undeveloped land V J f\ ''•> 6 w owned b y Catholic University west of the B & O tracks. The University could grant an easement for the highway and then lease the air rights to a builder for office buildings and high rise apartments on a twenty- 8 year lease. The annual rental of the land would return perhaps 10% t I per year. At the end of the lease period the buildings would revert \ t-pi' to school use. George Washington University has arranged a similar ij 0 ~ business deal on a site near 20th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue. K. p ». * v*"*'* Because of the presence of the B & O Railroad, Catholic University cannot negotiate as good a deal for its land as it could negotiate if a freeway were built through this land. For, under present plans, the freeway will run on the east side of the tracks. \t, Eft f ^ ' tr^Zf* This means that it would be m u c h more difficult for people to get to work on Catholic University property, for they would have to find \ * an overpass to cross the B & O tracks, whether they arrived in the �area by automobile or by a rapid transit system running down the center of the freeway. With the freeway and rapid transit system running through Catholic University property, access to this property is m u c h easier. �STATEMENT OP: D R . JOHN P . G A L L A G H E R , P R E S I D E N T , NORTH FOXHALL ROAD ASSOCIATION M R , SHEAR: D r . John P . G a l l a g h e r , P r e s i d e n t , North P o x h a l l Road Association has filed a statement for tho r e c o r d . (Dr. Gallagher's statement roads as follows:) �15 OA NORTH FOXHALL ROAD WASHINGTON ASSOCIATION V. •.> C. ... June 14, 1967 National Capital Planning Commission 1111 20th Street, N. W. Washington, D. C., 20576 Dear Members of the Committee: I come before you as a representative of the North Foxhall Road Association to register an objection to the proposal to build a crossriver bridge in the region of the Three Sisters Island. Without a doubt, the traffic coming over such a bridge would further aggravate the severe auto traffic problem which already exists in all of the Northwest residential areas of Washington. In this matter, we join hands with the numerous other civic organizations in Northwest Washington who object to this bridge. Also, we support the position taken by the many citizen's committees on the Virginia side of the Potomac River who view the presence of such a bridge as a special problem of their own. We recognize that the National Capital Planning Commission is bending every effort to the solution of creating an orderly flow of traffic through the Washington Metropolitan Region. In this connection it is sad to note that the best solution to the relief of the traffic congestion through all of Northwest Washington was lost when the dedicated traffic freeway known as the Glover-Archbold Parkway was transferred from the ownership of the District of Columbia over to the U. S. Parks Authority of the Department of Interior. As you recall, the Glover-Archbold Parkway was a strip of land one hundred feet wide running through the middle of what is now designated the Glover-Archbold Park. This strip of ground was given to the District of Columbia in 1893 by Charles Glover with the stipulation that it be forever reserved as a right-ofway for any projected traffic requirements in the years to come. In 1946, 1952, 1957 and 1959, all of the traffic plans proposed by the various planning authorities advocated the use of this dedicated roadway through this park for the prime purpose of relieving the traffic congestion through the Northwest part of Washington. In 1962, principally through the efforts of one prominent U. S. Senator, a bill was introduced in the Senate which proposed the transfer of this freeway out of the ownership of the District and over to the Department of the Interior. After numerous hearings before the U. S. Senate and House District Committees, the bill finally was passed in 1963, and the roadway then came into the hands of the Department of the Interior. This Act served to close the curtain on the matter and to render impossible any solution to the auto traffic congestion in the Northwest Washington region. It is for this reason, then, that this organization objects to the construction of any bridge in the Three Sisters Area since the bridge would only compound the serious traffic problem in Northwest Washington, a problem recognized as far back as 1946. John P. Gallagher, H. D ^ President, North Foxhall Road Association �151 MR. SHEAR: Madam C h a i r m a n , that concludes the first call of tho list of w i t n e s s e s . Wo w i l l call at this point those witnesses on tho list w h o failed to respond to thoir first c a l l . Stanley to*. D z i u b a n . (No response.) Is M r . Dziuban hero? (No response.) Lucillo S . G o o d w i n , C h a i r m a n , Metropolitan A d v i s o r y Council Citizens of tho Near N o r t h . (No response.) Is Miss or M r s . Goodwin hero? (No response.) Charles J . P i l z o r , General C o u n s e l , Yellow Cab Company of D . C , Incorporated. STATEMENT OF: CHARLES J . P I L Z E R , G E N E R A L C O U N S E L , YELLOW" CAB COMPANY OF D . C , , INCORPORATED M R . CHARLES J . PILZER: Madam C h a i r m a n , gentlemen: I havo prepared copies of my statement a n d , especially in view of the hour and the limited time,I would depart from tho s t a t e m e n t , f r a n k l y , and make somo comments that I d i d not intend to make when I camo i n . Let mo say I now live just over the line in M a r y l a n d . H o w e v e r , I was born in Garfiold H o s p i t a l . I attended public �152 school in tho District of C o l u m b i a . My wife was born h e r e . My m o t h e r was born h e r e . I havo lived hero all m y l i f e . I think I am a Washington r e s i d e n t . (Applause.) I represent tho Yellow Cab Company and other cab c o m p a n i e s . VOICE: What other cab companies? M R . PILZER: The Checker Cab and Blacktop C a b . I havo on occasion represented almost all tho major cab companies at various times before the Public Service Commission hero. I think I understand the cab i n d u s t r y . I am not a highway e n g i n e e r . I do know that taxicabs need streets to operate o n . I do know that in a l l tho plans and in all the hearings in all tho fervor about highways and subways somehow nobody talks about t a x i c a b s . Wo have between 8 and 1 3 , 0 0 0 of thorn, it varies from time to t i m e , in the District of C o l u m b i a . Thoy aro a l m o s t , so far as I k n o w , all operated by independent b u s i n e s s m e n , the actual operator of the c a b . Those cabs can provide transportation that can't bo provided in any other w a y . Thoy aro a natural supplement to the subway s y s t e m . The subway system is also a natural supplement to tho cab s y s t e m . competition. Thoy aro not in any way in conflict nor in They need each o t h e r . �153 T47jdl9 The highways on which thoy must run must be available to thorn. Somo of you gentlemen at tho table aro familiar w i t h the complaints that wc havo had in the cab industry and that is w h y I am taking tho time of you people horo and of tho Commission to appear this late because it would not bo fair for mo to have gone to tho Public Service C o m m i s s i o n , as I havo time and time a g a i n , and s a i d , We can't do anything about lack of service because we don't havo tho r o a d s , if I didn't como here and express the problems that we h a v e . W e , in January — January 2 8 t h , 1 9 6 6 , a public hearing not unliko this ono was held by tho Public Service Commission and numerous complaints wero made about lack of cab service and inability to got i t . Ultimately every one of them resolved down to tho fact that w e couldn't get the cabs through tho s t r e e t s . N o w , the only thing that I could d o , because I wanted to do something h e l p f u l , was to prepare for y o u , and I have t h e r e , an analysis as best I could find out of what would happen if those roads and tho interstate links as proposed here were b u i l t . I havo provided you with charts and oxamplos and w i t h some citations from newspaper a r t i c l e s . I have a few other copies of my statement and I would bo glad to give thorn to anybody who wants Y o s , S a m , you can havo o n o . them. �154 T47jd20 A n d , if there is an error in i t , then someone else should point it out to y o u , because I don't want to load you a s t r a y . I want to bo f a i r . I want to present this p i c t u r e . I think that tho -- our companies operate cabs in the District of C o l u m b i a , we aro licensed h e r o , we aro not licensed in M a r y l a n d . Wo servo the r e s i d e n t s . customers and it is their wants that m a t t e r . They are our It's thoir city a n d , to that e x t e n t , it has to bo made plain that we can only do so much without s t r e e t s . We can only do so much if tho streets are clogged with interstate t r a f f i c . How you got it out of t h e r e , I don't k n o w . I know that it's thoro now and if you -- it would seem to me and it appears from the evidence that I have presented to you in this statement that if you build interstate loops around and through the city it w i l l move it off the s t r e e t s . The lady who was sitting behind me tonight s a i d , Y e s , but everyone of them has a p r i c e , the price of my h o u s o . A n d , in all h o n e s t y , if it was my h o u s o , I wouldn't want to pay that p r i c e , and I think you'vo got to be fair and say t h i s . But I also think that you havo the very difficult problem of balancing the interests of tho entire city against a person's h o u s o . Ono of the best examples of the balancing of i n t e r e s t , I t h i n k , was in this East Log or s o m e t h i n g . It may not bo g o o d . It may not bo right n o w , I don't �155 'jd21 k n o w . I'm not an export on t h a t . But I do know that at one time it was going to take a whole lot of h o m o s . Then it was going to take loss and less and finally it takes considerably l o s s . Maybe it's still too many but it has been improved u p o n . this. That's what comes out of dialogues like That's why I c a m e . I wanted to make sure- that people who I think aro very fairminded are--for i n s t a n c e , I think M r . Peer was ono of the gentlemen I felt was very honest in his a p p r o a c h . I think M r . C a r t e r , who spoke about the problems ho had trying to educate people in tho Transportation System w a s honest in trying to give you their s i d e . I know one s i d e . clear s t r e e t s . I know that cabs must havo those That's w h a t my statement was a b o u t . not going to take any more of your t i m e . I am I do t h i n k , t h o u g h , that wo do have to weigh that and I do think that the people w h o oppose highways must consider that there are such problems and that they have to bo m o t . Thank y o u . (Applause.) (Mr. Pilzer's full statement reads as follows:) �155A Statement of Charles Jay Pilzer, General Counsel for Yellow Cab Company of D . C., Inc., and Other Cab Companies in Support Of Full Implementation of Major Thoroughfare and Highway Development In Relation to the Proposed Comprehensive Plan for the National Capital The Transportation Section of the Proposed Comprehensive Plan for the National Capital , "Highways and Transit" (Page 108), indicates that the 1950 Comprehensive Plan projected a 1980 regional population of two million, which was reached in 1960, twenty years sooner than predicted, and the Second Transportation Plan (the Mass Transportation Survey), published in 1959, proposed a transportation system for a 1980 population of three million, while the background information in the current proposed plan indicates that ". . .the transportation system will have to accomodate a greater volume of travel, as the population of the region grows from 2.2 million today to 3.7 million in 1985". The proposed plan does not take into consideration one of the only major facilities available to accomplish the purposes set forth in the "Basic Plan Policies" (Page 109). This one facility is the local taxicabs. I have in the past represented most of the major taxicab companies in connection with appearances before the Public Service Commission and elsewhere, as well as represented Yellow Cab Company of D . C., Inc., Checker Cab Company and Blacktop Cab Company, as general counsel for better than ten years. During this period of time there has been an increasing number of complaints of poor service or inadequate service, although the District of Columbia has by far the highest ratio of cabs per user. On January 28, 1966, a major hearing was held by the Public Service Commission to determine in what manner service could be improved. Ultimately, it appeared that the primary cause for poor service was the inability of the driver of a cab to move his cab through the city streets. This inability has increased the cost of cab service to the user and at the same time caused the drivers of taxicabs to remove the cabs from the streets at the times when they are most needed. Even if the drivers, (all of w h o m , so far as I know, are independent contractors) tried to remain on the streets, local congestion would prevent effective service. It would seem obvious that this local congestion is resulting in large part from a failure to provide adequate highway facilities promptly, and especially failure to provide properly designed connections to highway interstate legs which terminate at the edge of the District. As a result of these failures, the local streets have become those connections. This has resulted not only in preventing the use of these streets for the purposes normally assigned to the local streets, but has also been a major factor in destroying the pattern of land uses most valuable to be preserved within the District. I a m particularly concerned with what I believe to be a unique footnote appearing at Page 111, which indicates that certain members of the Commission, including the Chairman, do not support several of the projects proposed in the plan. I assume �li>5B Page T w o that this failure to support these projects by the named members of the Commission and the failure to complete the highway system as proposed numerous times before has resulted from the failure of those citizens who understand the need for these projects making clear such need to the proper governmental authorities, including this Commission. It is absolutely essential that these highway facilities be promptly completed. Numerous emotional statements notwithstanding, the city stands to be destroyed more rapidly by a failure to complete the proper highway system than by the completion of the highways themselves. The major industry of this city, other than perhaps the Federal Governme..c, is the tourist and convention business. Tourist and convention business brings 10, 000 people to D . C. each year, spending $413, 000, 000 per year. Taxicabs transport most*of these people, and traffic conditions must be improved to accomodate these tourists and delegates. There is much competition among the large cities for the convention business, and the cities with good bridge and freeway facilities are the ones who will get the business. In addition to this, local residents must have freedom of movement from the city. The companies I represent are concerned almost solely with the local residents and their transportation needs. Our operations are limited to the District of Columbia for all practical purposes. I believe that this Commission has been led astray and misled by highly active groups who do not have an overall view of the problem. The hard-core polarized antagonism to highway development in the past has been exacerbated by the failure of the Highway Department, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, and the Relocation Assistance Office of the District of Columbia, in providing a satisfactory solution to the crying need for decent housing among many of the local residents. It appears that there is no reason why programs designed to achieve these highway facilities could not be equally valuable in helping in upgrading communities and relocating individuals or families as well as providing additional decent living facilities for the local expanding population. It is the primary concern of the companies I represent to see that these programs are carried out, because we serve the same people. I a m informed that a new and imaginative type of program has been developed, and that the Highway Department, along with the others I have mentioned earlier, has come up with designs which take all of these matters into account, such as leapfrog development and erection of housing in air rights over highways. The possibility of providing employment and decent housing as well as schools, hospitals and other public buildings through these techniques, is most encouraging. In N e w Yorh City, for example, fine luxury high rises have been constructed in the air rights over the highways near the George Washington Bridge and near Beekman Place on the East River Drive. As a matter of fact, much of the United Nations Complex is of this same type of construction. As one element of a mass transportation system, taxicab companies are absolutely essential to a successful operation of any mass transportation system. The taxicab facilities serve two purposes; first, in providing flexible and comprehensive extensions of the termination of the subway system or busline, and second, in providing expeditious surface transportation facilities to complement any other mass �Page Three transit system. It does not make sense to tear up the streets for the construction of subways without providing for the use of local streets by such services as taxicabs and trucks. Unless the heavy through traffic is removed from local streets by providing this traffic with other routes not now existing, the use of streets by delivery vehicles and taxicabs is foreclosed. Some examples of redirection of traffic congestion on local streets after construction of alternate routes, are provided in Appendix "A" attached hereto. An example of how this can be achieved can be observed from the experience in Downtown Boston. And further, an example of how this Commission, along with others, has been misled can be ascertained by comparing the actual facts with the implications of a report entitled, "Balanced Transportation--Downtown Boston, " issued on December 18, 1965, by the North West Committee for Transportation Planning. The report states that "Downtown Boston today has more vehicular traffic than ever." While that statement on the face is true, it seems to indicate that there is more congestion in spite of highway construction. This is not true insofar as local streets are concerned. (See Appendix B for bar grafts based upon Boston Traffic and Parking Commission 1964 Cordon Count, 1964, pp. 5, 12, and 18) The conditions there are similar to those forecast for the District of Columbia insofar as increase of people are concerned. The report states that, "During the peak hours of vehicular traffic, there was no diversion of traffic from pre-existing highways. Instead, traffic on such arterials increased by three percent. Traffic on all pre-existing highways during peak hours, did increase by three percent, but traffic crossing the cordon line during the peak hours in peak direction on city streets remained the same over the ten year period. All of the 52 percent increase was on expressways, both pre-existing and new. The expressways have thus accomplished a major feat in absorbing the entire Downtown traffic growth of a ten year period." (Boston Traffic and Parking Commission 1964 Cordon Count, 1964, Tables 13 and 14, and Table 18) If the expressways are not constructed, as they have not been in Washington, the Downtown area will stagnate. I a m informed that if all freeways were completed in the District, including the North Central Freeway and the Inner Loop, we could expect a reduction in traffic using the arterial street system of 35 to 40 percent. An analysis of travel times from Downtown Washington lends further support in that corridors for which major improvements have been implemented now show decreased travel time in peak hour when compared to travel times in 1959 prior to opening the new facility. In 1959, for example, a Virginia commuter could consider himself lucky to get across Memorial Bridge or 14th Street Bridge in less than 25 minutes from Downtown. Test drivers last October, however, took only 15 to 20 minutes to cross the Potomac and reach Arlington Boulevard, Shirley Highway, or the M t . Vernon Highway. And after 25 minutes of driving - the point at which 1959 commuters were just entering Virginia - 1966 test cars had reached Glebe Road on Shirley Highway or were almost to the Woodrow Wilson Bridge on the M t . Vernon Highway. �Page Four Traffic officials have said growing Virginia traffic volumes in the past seven years have been more than offset by the addition of the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge and a second 14th Street Bridge to existing bridge capacity and opening of Cabin John and Woodrow Wilson Bridges to provide a thru traffic by pass on the Beltway. The proposed Three Sisters Bridge is expected to meet the problem of increasing Virginia traffic volumes - at least for a few years. The major objections to highways have been that "they pave over too much of the living area of the city" and "that the money used for highways should be used for other purposes". In connection with the first allegation, I have seen numerous references to the fact that something like 30% of the area would be required by streets, or is currently used as highway ground. This charge appeared, among other places, in a Northwest Committee for Transportation and Planning Report. This figure does not appear to be accurate if the Summary of the District land use submitted to the Congress in April of 1965 is correct. That report indicated as follows: Taxable land (14, 082 acres) 36.0% Tax-Exempt land (16,675 acres) 42.5 % Public Space land (streets, alleys & sidewalks)(8,437 acres) 21.5 % Public space land is the land between property lines used for a multitude of purposes. It serves as sidewalks, front yards and access to private property from the street without which private property would be valueless. The composition of this land is as follows: Street (Paved Area) Alleys, M e w s & Courts (Paved Area) Sidewalks, Tree Space, Front Yards, etc. 12.0% 2.0 % 7.5% In addition to this 12%, there is one percent of major paved park roads for a total of 13 percent of the District land in highways, not 30 percent as reported by the Committee. This error is over 130%, a gross misinterpretation for such an astute "committee" to make. (See Appendix A3) In regard to the second allegation, the money for the highways has already been paid by taxpayer users of the highways and is not presently available for any other purposes. At least if the highways we so badly need were built, the major portion of tins money would be paid for local labor used in the construction of these highways, in the studies of relocation and of housing in connection therewith. The benefit would be to the whole metropolitan area but most especially to the local residents, who are our customers. �155E Page Five The New York-av eastbound traffic flow is vastly better than in 1959. After 15 minutes, 1959 test cars were at North Capitol Street, while 1966 drivers had nearly reached Bladensburg Road. And after 25 minutes, the drivers seven years ago were only at the Montana and West Virginia Avenues intersection, but 1966 cars were speeding along the Baltimore Washington Parkway. Reason for the faster 1966 pace: the widening of Rhode Island-av which drained off some New York-av traffic and improvements on New York-av. The reduced travel times reflected above are indicative of the improved mobility which has resulted from highway improvements in these corridors. In conclusion, I would stress that open and excessible local streets for use by the taxi cab industry, along with delivery services and other local traffic, is the only possible solution to prevent disintegration of the District of Columbia. In your proposed comprehensive plan, provisions are needed for parking of numerous vehicles. If the traffic can be removed from the local streets by providing alternative acceptable routes, the balanced mass transit subway system and bus system, along with a healthy taxi cab industry, can provide such superior and economical services that there should be less motivation for individuals to bring automobiles into the District. A highway system which provides for expeditious movement of traffic is not only desirable but is absolutely essential. A portion has already been built outside the District. If the connecting links are not supplied the encroachment on the Downtown area of these vast amounts of traffic will so clog the local streets that your entire comprehensive plan will fail. �EXAMPLES OF REDUCTION IN T R A F F I C CONGESTION ON LOCAL STREETS A F T E R FREEWAYS W E R E OPEN LITTLE R O C K , A R K A N S A S , "Arkansas D e m o c r a t , " September 2 5 , 1965 B e c a u s e of the G r e a t e r Little Rock F r e e w a y , v e h i c l e m o v e m e n t across the M a i n Street and B r o a d w a y b r i d g e s h a s d w i n d l e d from an annual average of 68,100 v e h i c l e s per day in 1960 to approximately 34,350 per d a y . T h e third freeway b r i d g e showed an average of 56,000 vehicles crossing every 24 h o u r s . "American M o t o r i s t , " A p r i l , I 9 6 0 , page 8 "Opening of D e t r o i t ' s freeways relieved d a i l y volumes on a d j a c e n t streets b y as much as 34 per c e n t and some peak hour volumes as much as 40 per c e n t . " "In San Francisco the Bayshore Freeway had a dramatic e f f e c t in the relief of adjacent overcrowded a r t e r i a l s . A r e p o r t b y the San F r a n c i s c o Division of T r a f f i c Engineering shows that traffic v o l u m e s on arterials p a r a l l e l to the f r e e way have decreased. Potrero A v e n u e adjoining the freeway showed a 62.5 per c e n t reduction w h i l e T h i r d S t r e e t , which is about one m i l e away w a s reduced 35 per c e n t . " .Providence, R . I., found that construction of a APPENDIX A-l �1550 - 2 - short freeway reduced traffic v o l u m e s over the old route from 50,000 to 25,000 vehicles a day w i t h a r e s u l t a n t relief of congestion." "Urban Transportation Issues and T r e n d s , " A u t o m o b i l e M a n u f a c t u r e r s A s s o c i a t i o n , J u n e , 1 9 6 3 , p a g e 34 Streets p a r a l l e l to C o n g r e s s Street E x p r e s s w a y in O a k P a r k , a suburb of C h i c a g o : D e c l i n e in Traffic D i s t a n c e from Expressway Jackson B l v d . M a d i s o n Street Roosevelt B l v d . Washington B l v d . Chicago Avenue D i v i s i o n Street h H h 5/8 1% 2 mile mile mile mile miles miles 63% 45% 48% 44% 14% 22% M a j o r Streets p a r a l l e l to four freeways in the Los A n g e l e s M e t r o p o l i t a n R e g i o n : Daily Street Traffic Before Freeway South Figueroa S t r e e t (Near Harbor Freeway) S u n s e t Boulevard (Near Hollywood F r e e w a y ) Valley Boulevard (Near San Bernardino Freeway) T e l e g r a p h Road (Near Santa Ana Freeway) After 45,710 13,542 35,016 20,850 23,540 20,346 38,125 19,720 APPENDIX A-2 �*55H EXHIBIT A-3 �1551 A l l V e h i c l e s Crossing Downtown B o s t o n Cordon L i n e 7:00 A M to 12:00 M i d n i g h t 17 h r . t o t a l 696,732 43% 17 h r . total 518,430 Sumner Tunnel &—> Storrow Drxve I 15% ! Ill Streets- Storrow Drive Sumner T u n n e l -o-Callahan T u n n e l S .E.Expressway Fitzgerald Expresswa i i i i 9 % drop in street tra r ric o—Streets I :i ; i ;!!iiitit 1964 1954 APPENDIX B �155 ?48jd22 MR. SHEAR: C o u n c i l f o r Rapid (No Duncan W a l l , M e t r o p o l i t a n C i t i z e n s Transit. response.) I s Mr. W a l l here? (No response.) Mr. J . C. T u r n e r , P r e s i d e n t , G r e a t e r Washington C e n t r a l Labor C o u n c i l , AFL-CIO. STATEMENT OF: J . C. TURNER, PRESIDENT, GREATER WASHINGTON CENTRAL LABOR COUNCIL, AFL-CIO MR. J . C. TURNER: Madam Chairman, Members of the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission: for Thank you v e r y much tho o p p o r t u n i t y t o appear b e f o r e you and I must comment on tho marvelous sense of p u b l i c d e d i c a t i o n the Commission has t o keep going a t t h i s l a t e hour t o t r y t o a l l o w t h e c i t i z e n s an o p p o r t u n i t y t o t e s t i f y on these important m a t t e r s . We w i s h t o compliment t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission on tho p r e p a r a t i o n of a f i n e b a s i c p l a n f o r t h e p h y s i c a l a s p e c t s of t h e growth and development of the Nation's Capital. for We a r o d i s a p p o i n t e d , however, t h a t s o c i a l p l a n n i n g t h e people of t h e C i t y was not i n c l u d e d . The Nation's C a p i t a l i s tho sum t o t a l of t h e people who l i v e i n i t . I n g e n e r a l , wo a r o i n accord w i t h tho recommendations as they p e r t a i n t o t h e F e d e r a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t and to the downtown a r e a . P l a n s f o r c e r t a i n s p e c i f i c a r e a s , as an A n a c o s t i a �157 T48jd23 Uptown C e n t e r , an I n t e r n a t i o n a l C e n t e r , Mt. Vernon Square and J u d i c i a r y Square, Union S t a t i o n and o t h e r s a r c o u t s t a n d ing. B u t p l a n n i n g f o r t h e people of Washington, f o r t h e neighborhods where thoy l i v e , must be more s p e c i f i c and more complete. Some of t h e k i n d s of housing proposed f o r low- and middle-income groups a r o e x c e l l e n t but housing alone i s not enough f o r those neighborhoods. There should be s c h o o l s , c h u r c h e s , shops, p u b l i c f a c i l i t i e s such as h e a l t h c e n t e r s , f i r o and p o l i c e p r e c i n c t s , r e c r e a t i o n a l a r e a s , i n c l u d i n g p l a y i n g f i e l d s and swimming pools and somo k i n d of m u l t i purpose a u d i t o r i u m t o enable the people o f the neighborhood to have tho f u l l e s t e x p r e s s i o n of t h e i r t a l e n t s , as w e l l as a p u b l i c meeting p l a c e . T h i s i s an a r e a of a c t i v i t y which, of n e c e s s i t y , would have t o be coupled w i t h s o c i a l p l a n n i n g . With a l l the programs t h a t we have today f o r t h e e r a d i c a t i o n of p o v e r t y and the r e h a b i l i t a t i o n of f a m i l i e s and i n d i v i d u a l s and which should continue t o bo expanded throughout the next 20 y e a r s , i t would seem t o us t h a t our e f f o r t s should be i n tho d i r e c t i o n of u p l i f t i n g r a t h e r than as the tone o f tho p r e s e n t a t i o n s u g g e s t s , a p e r p e t u a t i o n of tho s t a t u s quo i n ghotto-type environment, i t be a somewhat improved ono. Wo must not a c c e p t i t . even though We must e l i m i n a t e p o v e r t y . �158 I48jd24 We will skip down hero so far as the social aspect is concerned to say that wo favor a comprehensive program for improving tho s k i l l s , opportunities and abilities of the i m p o v e r i s h e d , the discriminated-against and the uneducated. The quality of education and training must bo improved a t every l e v e l , dealing especially with problems of motivation and including vocational rehabilitation to compensate for tho economic need resulting from cultural d e p r i v a t i o n , segregation and i s o l a t i o n . Moving on d o w n , wo must havo the c o m p r o h e n s i v o , balanced transportation program as is outlined in the P l a n . Wo support tho Commission in its action last y e a r generally in approving the various highway routes and completion of tho Inner L o o p . Rail transit and freeways are equally n e c e s s a r y . Esthetics and relocation of residents must be our first consideration in transportation p l a n n i n g . Air space above freeways and rail systems must be utilized for h o u s i n g , recreation and public health f a c i l i t i e s . (Laughter.) Insofar as it is p o s s i b l e , freeways and rail systems m u s t bo built below normal street l e v e l s . Thank y o u . Madam C h a i r m a n . (Applause.) �M R . SHEAR: Laura Lee S p e n c e r . (No response.) Jesse D e v o r e , P r e s i d e n t , Ivy City Trinidad Citizens A s s o c i a t i o n , I n c o r p o r a t e d . (No response.) Joseph K o g o k . (No response.) Theodore R . H a g a n s , J r . , District of Columbia Chamber of C o m m e r c e . STATEMENT OP: THEODORE R . H A G A N S , J R . , THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CHAMBER OF COMMERCE UPTOWN P R O G R E S S , INCORPORATED M R . THEODORE R . H A G A N S , J R . : I am Theodore R . H a g a n s , J u n i o r , a native W a s h i n g t o n i a n . To M r s . Rowe and Members of the Commission I apologize for missing the first c a l l , b u t , as I said in my letter r e q u e s t i n g permission to speak last n i g h t , we had our quarterly meeting t o n i g h t . I w o u l d like to say that the D . C . Chamber of C o m m e r c e , the Washington Business League and Uptown Progress thought very seriously on this and I thought even more seriously again tonight after hearing the testimony of the citizens groups of last n i g h t . W e didn't change our testimony because we felt that W a s h i n g t o n , it is u n f o r t u n a t e , does not have the opportunity �160 T48jd26 to v o t e on what i t ' s supposed system. to do w i t h i t s f r e e w a y A p p a r e n t l y i t has been planned and, and p o p u l a t i o n growth, l i k e automobiles f r e e w a y systems a r e a n e c e s s i t y and, l i k e n i g h t and day, thoy a r e g o i n g t o come. I t h i n k the b e t t e r p r o c e d u r e would be to make tho b u s t of the f r e e w a y s y s t e m , s e a t h a t i t s e r v e s t h e community a d e q u a t e l y , s e e t h a t i t i s p r o p e r i n i t s l o c a t i o n and make the b e s t of i t . C e r t a i n l y i n a m u n i c i p a l i t y s u c h as Washington whore we cannot v o t e out the s y s t e m , we must t o l e r a t e i t . T h e r e f o r e , wo must make s u r e t h a t i t ' s p r o p e r l y p l a n n e d . With t h i s i n mind, I would l i k e t o r e a d my state- ment . It of i s my tho D i s t r i c t p r i v i l e g e t o make t h i s s t a t e m e n t i n b e h a l f of Columbia Chamber of Commerce and Uptown Progress, Incorporated. The D. C. Chamber of Commerce, o r g a n i z e d more than 30 y e a r s ago, throughout i s composed of b u s i n e s s and p r o f e s s i o n a l people tho c i t y of Washington, D. C. Both tho D. Chamber of Commerce and Uptown P r o g r e s s r e p r e s e n t throughout the n e a r n o r t h s i d e of Washington. businessmen Some of our members a r o c o n c e n t r a t e d a l o n g tho F l o r i d a Avenue and S t r e e t a r e a s , upper 7 t h S t r e e t and upper We w i s h to t e s t i f y program t h a t i s proposed C. U 14th S t r e e t . i n f a v o r of tho modest freeway i n the Comprehensive Plan under �161 T43jd27 discussion t o n i g h t . As b u s i n e s s m e n , our members know the value of accessibility to an increase in t r a d e . We notice that the other largo cities have their freeway programs much farther advanced than does Washington and we also n o t i c e , r e g r e t t a b l y , that much of tho growth of business in the Washington area is out along tho Beltway whore the freeways are now finished and in u s e . We believe that business w i l l be benefited tremendously both in downtown Washington and uptown Washington by a system of modern f r e e w a y s . P a r t i c u l a r l y , we are interested in the Inner Loop freeway system and the North Central F r e e w a y . Those proposed r o a d s , passing under and over all existing s t r e e t s , w i l l get rid of much of the through traffic that now congests l 6 t h S t r e e t , 14th S t r e e t , 1 3 t h S t r e e t , S h e r m a n , Georgia and Now Hampshire Avenues and w i l l channel that type of traffic over onto the F r e e w a y . The type of traffic we want is shopping traffic and wo want our local streets relieved of tho through traffic so that shoppers w i l l havo easier a c c e s s . The North Central Freeway and Inner Loop w i l l also enable more shoppers to como to our part of the city providing there aro on-and off-ramps from tho freeway to the major uptown s t r e e t s . Regarding the North Log of the Inner L o o p , we object to the suggested location of it in a tunnel under downtown K Street. By routing it through the very heart of t o w n , K S t r e e t , �162 T48jd28 you w i l l be defeating the purpose of an Inner L o o p , which is to provide a bypass for tho central a r e a , rather than to funnel a l l of the through traffic through tho middle of d o w n t o w n . Wo recommend that tho North Log of the Inner Loop bo built alongside Florida A v e n u e , Northwest -A VOICE: People live t h e r e , M R . H A G A N S : — where there is a small hill providing excellent grades for notching the freeway into tho hillside and allowing it to pass under most of tho major s t r e e t s . By following tho hill just north of Florida A v e n u e , tho North Log could pass under the lawns and playgrounds of Cardozo High School in such a way that tho neighborhood would not know it is t h e r e . We believe the Florida Avenue location would cause less displacement of residents and businesses than tho originally proposed location parallel to S and T S t r e e t s . The Florida Avenue hillside provides w o n d e r f u l opportunities for attractive structures and designs duo to tho changes in elevations along the s l o p e s . T49 Another reason wo recommend the Florida Avenue location for the North log is that wo do not want the freeway to separate our business district from downtown W a s h i n g t o n . We want complete and easy access between the two r e g i o n s . A freeway south of U Street would separate the community much more than at Florida A v o n u o . Florida Avenue is tho �163 T49jd29 original city boundary and today is the boundary for many of the c i v i c , r e d e v e l o p m e n t , census and welfare r e g i o n s . The location cannot be s u r p a s s e d , in our o p i n i o n . Please do not interpret these remarks to moan that wo are not sympathetic to tho hardships of people who live in tho path of the proposed f r e e w a y s , no m a t t e r where they w i l l be b u i l t . We believe that the current l o c a t i o n s , if the Florida Avenue route is included, have boon carefully selected so as to displace the least number of p e o p l e . Having reduced tho total displacement in this m a t t e r , there aro other measures which w i l l soften that i m p a c t . F o r the first time in tho history of public w o r k s , people that have to bo removed for highway-building aro now entitled to be paid removal costs up to $200 per family and greater amounts for the removal of b u s i n e s s e s . This is in addition to paying the owner for full value of tho land t a k e n . A l s o , new designs proposed by the highway officials would enable the building of modern highrise apartment houses alongside or over the f r e e w a y s , which w i l l house more people than have been replaced who formerly lived in the old row h o u s e s . Also pending is legislation to legalize tho building of structures in the air rights over the top of freeways which w i l l enable the building of h o u s i n g , s c h o o l s , parks and p l a y g r o u n d s , o r any type of structure needed straddling tho f r e e w a y . �164 T49jd30 This has been done in other cities and should be done h e r e . Ladies and g e n t l e m e n , please record us as being for p r o g r e s s . Let the record show that we favor the building of the essential freeways listed in your plan along with provisions that the subway system bo built f i r s t , that ..21 displaced people through air rights legislation o r housing programs / b o made so that the highway may p r o g r e s s . Thank y o u . (Applause.) M R . SHEAR: Raymond N . M o r a u c r , P r e s i d e n t , Washington Trailer C o m p a n y , I n c o r p o r a t e d . (No response.) Madam C h a i r m a n , that concludes tho second call of the list of witness in accordance with your statement at the beginning of this evening's s e s s i o n . I w i l l now call the names of those whoso requests to testify wero received after the close of business on June 12th. M r . William S m i t h , President of the Palisades Citizens A s s o c i a t i o n . STATEMENT OF: WILLIAM S M I T H , P R E S I D E N T , PALISADES CITIZENS ASSOCIATION M R . WILLIAM G . SMITH: Good e v e n i n g , Chairman R o w e , Honorable C o m m i s s i o n e r s , ladies and gentlemen: William G . S m i t h , President of the Palisades Citizens I am �165 T49jd31 Association. Our Association of over 2 0 0 0 members serves the western section of tho District along the Potomac R i v e r . I have lived here for 27 years and I speak from knowledge about our m u n i c i p a l a f f a i r s . have heard e v e r y t h i n g . In this hearing I You havo been called: commissars, homewreckors, omnipotent, omniscient, powerless, inconsiderate, unsympathetic. I went homo last night to study tho dictionary to find out what thoy had loft o u t . I deny a l l these c h a r g e s . You aro the first Commission to hold public h e a r i n g s . are trying to improve our c i t y . You You arc working hard and long-suffering. (Applause.) Speaking for my A s s o c i a t i o n , I acknowledge our debt of gratitude to you and express my personal sympathy and thanks. Now that I got that off my c h e s t , let mo toll you our p o s i t i o n . Ono - Wo appreciate the opportunity to review the transportation section as part of tho proposed total picture for the D i s t r i c t . This plan is an attempt to relate and reconcile tho various competing and conflicting interests such as the highway l o b b y , federal a g e n c i e s , r e s i d e n t s , mass transit enthusiasts and o t h e r s . We recognize that such an attempt challenges the ingenuity of the staff because thoy havo to reflect the views �166 T49jd32 of thoir C o m m i s s i o n , which has scarcely spoken with a single voice on those q u e s t i o n s . Tho fact that a l l of the federal agency representatives frequently vote as a bloc following the load of transportation officials has not boon lost on tho c i t i z e n s , any loss than it must bo perceived by the Commission staff. Turning now to the Plan on page 2 2 , several principles are set f o r t h . Number one preserves residential a r e a s . Wo would agree but not at tho cost of isolation as the t r a n s p o r tation plan m a y p r o v i d e . On principle number eight the requirement that the transportation system bo specifically functionallzod m a y conflict with our belief that the system should be thoroughly integrated to make m a x i m u m use of mass transit facilities and to minimize the expenditure of funds for commuter c o n v e n i e n c e . F i n a l l y , wo must emphasize that tho jurisdiction of this Commission is the District of Columbia and that we r e s i dents are conscious of the costs to us of cooperating with commuting suburbs in creating an integrated metropolitan plan. I use the word integrated because racial integration is a hostile concept to the neighboring commuters in Maryland and V i r g i n i a . Wo boliove that those commuters should board public transportation facilities near thoir homos to get to work downtown. N o w , to spoak specifically about our immediate area: �167 Wc support tho parkway at Canal Road with continued uso by commercial traffic as of p r e s e n t . If this commercial traffic cannot uso a d u a l roadway at Canal Road l e v e l , it would have to be diverted up the hill to MacArthur Boulevard which has weight and design limitations because it also carries the principal w a t e r main system for tho D i s t r i c t . F o u r * We support completion of Routo 66 as soon as * possible. Opening Roosovolt Bridge to commercial traffic w i l l permit completion of this road several years earlier than waiting for a Throe Sisters B r i d g e . Five - Wo support a low-level bridge at the Three Sisters site when its need has been p r o v e d . We have earlier mentioned tho need for its justification because the new 14th Street Bridge may reduce tho traffic demand and opening Roosevelt Bridge to commercial traffic should further reduce the traffic justification for a Throe Sisters B r i d g e . Six - We support changes in the Plan's proposed interchanges for Whitohurst Freeway and Three Sisters Bridge so that our residents can have access in both directions to these proposed f a c i l i t i e s . As the Plan is presently d r a w n , these are 100 por cent commuter f a c i l i t i e s . These two systems would be exclusively available to commuters because no District residents could got onto them after the Washington Circle I n t e r c h a n g e . Virginia commuters could use Throe- Sisters Bridge and Maryland commuters could use the Palisades �168 T49jd34 Parkway. You know Distric taxpayers w i l l bo reluctant to spend many tons of millions of dollars for those two facilities if they cannot uso t h e m . Seven - We support continuing Key Bridge as an essential part of our highway s y s t e m . The Plan as drawn appears to make Key Bridge obsolete because it would be accessible only to local t r a f f i c . Eight - We support immediate improvement of our bus service and arrangements for it to connect as close to our area as possible to tho subway s y s t e m . Our present bus routes give us poorer service than we had 30 years ago with the Cabin John S t r e e t c a r . Nino - The Plan supports on page 117 improved surface and helicopter transportation to tho a i r p o r t s . Right now this service must bo provided between several points in the Metropolitan area and Dulles and Friendship a i r p o r t s . This transportation problem is critically important to resolving the problem of jets at N a t i o n a l . Wo regret that tho Plan has not recognized the incompatibility of a program to improve our city w i t h the existence of a jot airport in its c e n t e r . This anachronism can no longer bo t o l e r a t e d . Thank y o u . (Applause.) M R . SHEAR: Reverend John Dillon and Reverend James S c a n l o n , S t . Anthony's P a r i s h , B r o o k l a n d . �169 T49.jd35 (No response.) Is cither F a t h e r Dillon or F a t h e r Scanlon horo? (No response.) M r s . Jessie W e s t , C h a i r m a n , Consumer Commission of C h a n g e , I n c o r p o r a t e d . (No response.) Is M r s . West here? (No response.) M r . Kenneth K e n n e d y , Northeast Neighborhood C o u n c i l , Incorporated. STATEMENT OF: K E N N E T H C . K E N N E D Y , C H A I R M A N , NORTHEAST NEIGHBORHOOD C O U N C I L , INCORPORATED M R . KENNETH C . KENNEDY: of the Commission: Madam C h a i r m a n , Members My name is Kenneth C . K e n n e d y . Chairman of tho Northeast Neighborhood C o u n c i l . I am I am again pleased to offer testimony on tho 1985 Proposed Plan on behalf of the many r e s i d e n t s , a s s o c i a t i o n s , businesses and churches of U p p e r Northeast W a s h i n g t o n . The concluding sentence of the first introductory paragraph of tho transportation section reads as follows and I q u o t e : "Finally, the transportation system is a m a j o r p h y s i c a l element in the c i t y , for it occupies a significant amount of land and has a strong impact on tho eye and tho o a r . " �170 U n q u o t e , page 1 0 8 . I wish to emphasize tho concluding words of this q u o t a t i o n , a strong impact on the eye and tho o a r , and note a grovous o m i s s i o n . This omission is the failure to include tho sense of smoll and indeed also the sense of t a s t e . I pertinently address myself to tho problem of p o l l u t i o n , both air and s o i l . I would earnestly hope that Rachel Carson's landmark b o o k Silent Spring would become a mandatory guide for all transportation planning in Metropolitan W a s h i n g t o n . While Silent Spring primarily addresses itself to the use of i n s e c t i c i d e s , the exhaust of internal combustion engines, with their products of nitrogen and oxygen c a r b o n s , arc not without possible sovoro e f f e c t s . We arc now witnessing a very severe tree blight in Northeast Washington w h i c h appears proportional in severity to the increase in traffic that has occurred in Northeast Washington. I cannot link tree blight and traffic increase as c a u s a l , as this is beyond my c o m p e t e n c y . I plead, rather, that very critical studies first bo done to study the effects of the substantial increase of exhaust that w i l l occur because of the freeway development on plaivfc and soil e c o l o g y . As freeways channel automobiles into narrow p a t h s , f r e e w a y s , l i k e w i s e , channel exhaust into narrow p a t h s . With the largo amount of attention devoted to air �171 T50jd37 p o l l u t i o n , I am amazed that tho transportation portion of tho proposed Plan fails to dovoto one sentence to air or soil p o l l u t i o n . It is not in the least sufficient to say that a i r and soil pollution are tho responsibility of another agency or that federal controls w i l l be o p e r a t i v e . Silent Spring warns us of irremcdial destruction to p l a n t , soil and microbe e c o l o g y . We would like to receive from tho Commission a report on how much time and effort was spent on soil and air p o l l u t i o n . It may very w e l l be that tho Commission's failure to investigate the impact on smell and taste may very w e l l guarantee the irapact of ugliness on the eye and the nose and the o a r . Tho proposed transportation plan in its 1967/1985 Major Thoroughfare Plan constitutes for us our greatest disappointment. If North and South Capitol Streets are defined to bo the boundary between East and West W a s h i n g t o n , then tho following observations can bo m a d e : One - With the single exception of the Center Log F r e e w a y , a l l major freeway construction within Washington in the residential areas occurs in East W a s h i n g t o n . Tho Center Leg is the low-income area where prior residents had no real opportunity to voice their c o n c e r n . Two - By no stretch of imagination can tho limitedaccess freeways being built in East Washington be of gr^-at utility to tho residents living in East W a s h i n g t o n . �172 Throe - Housing in East Washington is already T50jd38 crucially s c a r c e . Wo simply arc opposed to any removal of housing for f r e e w a y s . (Applause.) F o u r - Housing in East W a s h i n g t o n , and I specifically refer to U p p e r Northeast W a s h i n g t o n , is basically in sound condition and located in excellent residential a r e a s . The secondary arterial plans in the street development as a system linked w i t h m a j o r a r t e r i a l street d e v e l o p m e n t , Rhode I s l a n d , North C a p i t o l , Michigan A v e n u e , w i l l utterly depress residential n e i g h b o r h o o d s . The compactness of tho secondary arterial development in East Washington simply guarantees that our entire Northeast area will be surrendered to the automobiles. Those a u t o s , by the very n a t u r e , location and design of tho secondary arterial and m a j o r arterial s t r e e t s , are serving those vehicles entering and leaving the District to and from downtown W a s h i n g t o n . linked with children and s c h o o l s . Housing is intrinsically Our inspection of your transportation diagram shows that tho m a j o r increase of street traffic w i l l occur in front of or n e a r elementary schools and p l a y g r o u n d s . This does not enhance residential areas. Five - We resent that sound freeway planning in W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . is based on the fact that because of Congressional action no freeway is to be built west of 12th �173 T50jd39 Street, Northwest. We hope a good Senator w i l l introduce a resolution forbidding freeway construction east of 1 2 t h Street, N. W . (Applause.) Six - L a s t l y , we are shocked and disappointed that despite the overwhelming protest by tho citizens of the District of Columbia at the Highway Department hearings on tho Northeast Freeway that we again must fight this b a t t l e . In our o p i n i o n , exceedingly bad judgment and decision is now causing tho construction of the Center Leg F r e e w a y . for c o u r a g e . W~- plead Do not allow tho fact that the Center Leg is being constructed to dictate the completion of tho entire frooway p r o g r a m . (Applause.) To do s o , we b o l i e v o , would be irrational p l a n n i n g . We recommend that tho mass rail transportation plan bo increased with a spur out Rhode Island A v e n u e , N o r t h e a s t , w i t h a turn-around at the District L i n e ; a spur out Michigan Avenue w i t h a t u m - a r o u n d at tho District L i n o . Likewise, a spur should extend out Florida Avenue and Benning Road w i t h a District Line t u r n - a r o u n d . A f t e r an initial period of u s e , these lines could extend into M a r y l a n d . Wo suggest in each case a District Line t u m - a r o u n d for a specific r e a s o n . We believe the District is already grossly over-saturated with a u t o m o b i l e s . At each �174 T50jd40 t u r n - a r o u n d , wo would rocommend froo f r i n g e p a r k i n g . Wo must now stop tho increase of autos entering the D i s t r i c t . I n d e e d , we must sot as an objective a ton p e r cent decroaso by 1 9 7 5 , w i t h an additional 15 per cent decrease by 1 9 8 5 . Tho decrease is to be a decrease of tho 1965 figure. If this decrease was a g o a l of transportation planning., then I believe we citizens and residents of W a s h i n g t o n , D . C . would begin to see rational transportation p l a n n i n g . would also begin to see a more beautiful c i t y . We Unfortunately, the transportation plan has tho wrong g o a l s . Madam Chairman and Members of the B o a r d , kindly indulge me while I mention one final m a t t e r regarding Upper Northeast W a s h i n g t o n , excluded from the prepared t e s t i m o n y . In each of my prior appearances before tho C o m mission I have raised the question of the site of the National Training School which w i l l become available shortly to the District of C o l u m b i a . This is tho largest single acreage of land available for uso by the c i t i z e n s . Y o u r Plan calls for the development of housing t h e r e o n , somo 16000 additional residents in our c o m m u n i t y . While wo don't agree with your P l a n , wo believe this is vital and I m p o r t a n t . There are others of us w h o bolievo that its use could best bo had by being used for higher « 3 u c a t i o n p u r p o s e s , In accordance w i t h the recent passage of legislation to that e f f e c t . �175 T50jd4l In any e v e n t , whether for h o u s i n g , education or o t h e r w i s e , not one single consideration has been given to a rapid transit lino to this s i t e , while surrounding us aro tho f r e e w a y s . My final comment before you cut me o f f , Madam C h a i r m a n , relates to y o u . Wo havo caused to bo sent to tho President of the United States a request asking that he speedily rename you as Chairman of this Commission for your outstanding s e r v i c e . Wo thank y o u . (Applause.) T51 CHAIRMAN ROWE: M R . SHEAR: Thank y o u . Madam C h a i r m a n , in the r e c a l l , the second call of tho witness l i s t , I neglected to call the name of Arthur E . M o r r i s s o t t c , C h a i r m a n , C o m m u n i c a t i o n s , Committee of C o n c e r n , Business and Professional People in tho Number Eleven P r e c i n c t . Is M r . Morrissottc hero? (No response.) Madam C h a i r m a n , the last name that I have on tho supplemental list is Paula E c h o v e r r i a , Housing Advisor of the Urban L e a g u e . CHAIRMAN ROWE: witness. I think that you w i l l bo the last I did say when we started that if thero was time we would hear from members of the audience but I think that �176 T51jd42 the time has run o u t . So my apologies to any of you who have waited hoping to go on but I think it's too late to call from the a u d i e n c e . STATEMENT OF: PAULA E C H E V E R R I A , HOUSING A D V I S O R , URBAN LEAGUE NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT CENTER M R S . PAULA of the Commission: ECHEVERRIA: Madam C h a i r m a n , Members I am grateful for this opportunity tonight to at least end this very long and attentive session that you have permitted us to have tho last two n i g h t s . I am r e p r e s e n t i n g , a c t u a l l y , M r . John H o w a r d , who is the Chairman of the Spur C o m m i t t e e , the Committee of Shaw People for Urban R e n e w a l . Ho represents — He would have boon representing here the Mid-City Housing Alliance of the Urban League Neighborhood Development Center this e v e n i n g . ..20 This is a committee that is composed of our Northwest One Urban Renewal C o m m i t t e e , our Dunbar High School Expansion Site Committee and two Freeway C o m m i t t e e s , in addition to the Spur Committee that I .mentioned e a r l i e r . Tho Urban League Neighborhood Development Center is ono of ten community organizations funded by the United Planning O r g a n i z a t i o n . Our neighborhood is largely in Northwest Washington and it's bounded by the B & O tracks on the west and M t . Vernon Square on the e a s t . It Is part of the �177 T51jd43 N e a r North Planning District delineated in the 1985 P l a n . Our aroa contains four urban renewal areas and two sections of the Inner Loop and Center Leg of tho Inner Loop F r e e w a y . The principal problems we face are the acute shortage of standard housing in our a r e a , the difficulty of matching jobs to the large number of unemployed and u n d e r employed people in our area and needed improvements in our schools. Tho transportation plan affects each of those p r o b l e m s , either through its negative impact on our housing and schools or by its omissions that deprive our people of the benefits of a w e l l designed balanced transport p l a n . A plan that would help us would clear our streets of u n n e c e s sary through traffic and make it easy for us to travel to w o r k within the city and out into the s u b u r b s . And I w i l l depart from my text for a minute to comment that both M r . Hagans of the D . C . Chamber of Commerce and Uptown Progress and we have very much the same a t t i t u d e s , really. While we address ourself to the problem of the Center Leg because this is something already under c o n s t r u c t i o n , we address ourselves to the problem of tho Inner L o o p , which is something that could really help relieve the traffic problems in the innor-city residential areas and we find this plan is faulty in providing Jjst the kind of relief to residents of the inner-city that it might w e l l have d o n e . �178 T51jd44 There are four specific plan changes that w e , t h e r e f o r e , recommend either to be followed immediately or that you consider extended study on in tho future: The first is on the eastern side of tho North Leg from the K Street Tunnel up to New Y o r k Avenue r o u t e . Secondly would bo the termination of tho Center Log of the Inner Loop on Now Y o r k A v e n u e , a merging together of both at that p o i n t . T h i r d l y , after the completion of the subway system and an analysis of w h a t is happening and a study of the Florida Avenue route for the North L e g , because we feel that the K Street route w i l l do absolutely nothing to solve the problems of the inner-city in bringing the traffic through the streets of tho Shaw Urban Renewal Area and wo doubt w h e t h e r -- we don't k n o w , r e a l l y , how much the North Central F r e e w a y is going to help in that r e g a r d . L a s t l y , the most obvious gap in this plan is the omission of a subway lino through the Cardozo area and our very strong support for such a l i n e . I w i l l go into rapid detail on the reasons for the changes that we are asking f o r . The present plan calls for an intersection of the K Street Tunnel w i t h the Center Log at this p o i n t . As you k n o w , wo and tho Traffic Department havo boon working for over a y e a r on the possibility of air rights housing on that s i t e . �179 T51jd45 However, the j u n c t i o n or tho i n t e r s e c t i o n of those l i n e s at that point obviously and two r e q u i r e s a major i n t e r c h a n g e would, t h e r e f o r e , e l i m i n a t e any p o s s i b i l i t y of a i r r i g h t s housing. We're a d e d i c a t e d — We know t h a t t h e r e a r e many problems r e l a t e d to tho a i r r i g h t s housing and we a r e a t a l l s a t i s f i e d w i t h the s o l u t i o n s t h a t the havo come up w i t h to d a t e . We not consultants a r e p l a n n i n g to work on thorn f u r t h e r but we f e e l t h a t t h e r e a r e s o l u t i o n s to t h e s e problems and we a r e d e d i c a t e d to g e t t i n g t h a t housing i n . I remind you of about 125 who t h a t t h i s w i l l g i v e us a net increase u n i t s of h o u s i n g , low-cost housing f o r f a m i l i e s a r e v e r y b a d l y i n need of housing i n our neighborhood. F u r t h e r m o r e , the K S t r e e t Tunnel w i l l cause f u r t h e r d i s r u p t i o n i n the c o n s t r u c t i o n passing through Northwest One of housing i n our a r e a Urban Renewal A r e a . I by am, f r a n k l y , amazed t h a t the Redevelopment Land Agency i s not here p u b l i c l y . I don't know how much they have done p r i v a t e l y i n p r o t e s t i n g the K S t r e e t r o u t e going through Northwest Northwest One t h r o e y e a r s now. b u i l t y e t and has been i n e x e c u t i o n f o r c l o s e to We don't have a s i n g l e u n i t of housing I am hard put to understand how p o s s i b l e to e x c a v a t e tho t u n n e l f u r t h e r delaying One. construction i t would be through K S t r e e t w i t h o u t of more than 500 t h a t would be f l a n k i n g e i t h e r s i d e of K S t r e e t . u n i t s of housing The same �180 T51jd46 kind of objection applies to Northeast One which has its own problems in development w h i c h I cannot fathom but I am sure that any of the factors that are now inhibiting the rapid advance of tho execution of Northeast One would be further inhibited by the construction of the tunnel u n d e r K Street t h e r e . T h e r e f o r e , we urge the Planning Commission to seriously examine the desirability of a route that follows New Y o r k Avenue oast of M t . Vornon S q u a r e . We have already had lengthy consultations with the Highway D e p a r t m e n t . We have examined m a n y alternatives and the best route that is available seoms to be tho New Y o r k A v e n u e . Now> on the Center Leg i t s e l f , y o u r own 1985 Plan makes a very strong case against tho continuation of the Center Leg up Now Jersey Avenue where it passes D u n b a r High S c h o o l , right up here ( I n d i c a t i n g ) , and then crooks to tho e a s t . It goes under McKinley High School lot and then goes out until it finally joins up with the North Central F r e e w a y . Y o u r planners point out that this route unnecessarily separates the D u n b a r High School from its feeder p o p u l a t i o n . It further unnecessarily disrupts the residential area a n d , if one examines this p l a n , the only explanation f o r this hook that I can think of Is that it is a historical leftover from an earlier concept of design which would have been a �"^1 181 T51jd47 r e a l I n n e r Loop and t h e r e f o r e a need t o b r i n g the C e n t e r Leg r i g h t up to j o i n the North and South Legs of the Inner Loop. B u t , s i n c e we don't have the I n n e r Loop a t the moment, i t seems r a t h e r f o o l i s h to g i v e us two s i d e s of a t r i a n g l e when a hypotenuse would b r i n g us t h e r e i n s h o r t e r d i s t a n c e w i t h o b v i o u s l y much l e s s c o n s t r u c t i o n expense and would not then d i s r u p t a neighborhood b u t , on the contrary, would go through a r a t h e r n a t u r a l d i v i d e r l i n o between two areas. Again, wo would urge t h a t i t bo tunneled so t h a t , oven though I say i t ' s a n a t u r a l d i v i d e r , we don't want to I s o l a t e o r e n f o r c e d i v i s i o n between two a r e a s t h a t r e a l l y a r e v e r y s i m i l a r and homogeneous i n c h a r a c t e r . T h e r e f o r e , we urge you v e r y n e a t l y s t a t e d i n the 1985 to stand by tho p o s i t i o n so Plan. We should l o g i c a l l y s t o p a t 3rd S t r e e t and t h i n k the C e n t e r Leg i n t e r c h a n g e here w i t h our proposed r e r o u t i n g of the North Leg to permit t o r e a c h out i n t o the North C e n t r a l Freeway, i f i t i s b u i l t , on the s h o r t e s t T52 traffic route. Another c o r o l l a r y argument to eliminate t h a t crook i n tho C e n t e r Log i s tho d e s i r e of most of the community i n the Shaw a r e a f o r an e d u c a t i o n a l v e r y hard f o r an e d u c a t i o n a l S c h o o l and park. Wo had been working p a r k t h a t would l i n k Dunbar High Shaw J u n i o r High S c h o o l and, d e s p i t e Mr. Hansen's �182 T52jd48 statement of the other d a y , we are going to continue to w o r k f o r it very h a r d . Dunbar High School expansion plans havo already been severely damaged by the threat of the Center Leg passing by the edge of its l o t . A better expansion plan for D u n b a r could be achieved if this threat were r e m o v e d . The design of the E d u c a t i o n a l Park linking Dunbar to Shaw and its feeder area on the west side of New Jersey Avenue would be both simpler and more e c o n o m i c a l , a g a i n . M R . SHEAR: Two m i n u t e s . M R S . ESCHEVERRIA: We say this while recognizing that M r . Airis and the Highway and Traffic Departments have boon consistently outcoming and honest in their demonstrations of good faith in trying to w o r k out a i r rights s o l u t i o n s . We f e e l that ono could get an even better solution without having to go to air r i g h t s . I w i l l then not go into any more d e t a i l . M r . Hagans really covered for us the reasons that wo think that Florida Avonue should bo very seriously studied as an alternative to K Street as the real development of tho function of an Inner Loop h i g h w a y . In our development of plans for sotting tho plans for the Shaw Junior High S c h o o l , wo discovered wo couldn't close any street there in order to d^-volop Shaw in a proper w a y . Y o u r plan again points out that wo need 55 acres of �183 T52jd49 additional park land in S h a w . One way to got it is to close the enormous amount of acreage that's occupied by streets b u t , if you look at y o u r p l a n , almost every street through the Shaw area is cither a m a j o r arterial or a secondary a r t e r i a l , because of the expected continual heavy traffic flow because of the inadequacy of the Inner L o o p , as it is t o d a y . T h e r e f o r e , wo urge you very seriously to consider this p r o g r a m . L a s t l y , again I w i l l repeat our amazement that the subway lino was not brought down through the Cardozo area o r through now what is called tho Shaw Urban Renewal A r e a . Wo understand that the Columbia Road spur has been expunged from the p l a n , which we don't like at a l l , b u t , t h e n , If that were done — (Ringing of b o l l . ) — why wasn't there a replacement thought of in the Shaw area? I don't have to go into the arguments in favor of this position which I know you w i l l consider s e r i o u s l y . Thank you very m u c h . (Applause.) ( M r s . Eschcvcrria's full statement reads as follows:) �183A , ; | TESTIMONY OF URBAN LEAGUE NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT CENTER ON THE TRANSPORTATION PLAN OF THE NATIONAL CAPITAL PLANNINC C O ^ I S S I O N June 14, 1967 I am John Howard, Chairman of SPUR—the committee of Shaw People for Urban Renewal. I am representing the Mid-City Housing Alliance of the Urban League Neighborhood Development Center composed of representatives from Northwest One Urban Renewal area, Dunbar High School Expansion Site, and our two Freeway Committees—in addition to my own SPUR committee* The ULNDC is one of ten community organizations funded by the United Planning Organization. bounded by the B & O Our neighborhood is largely in Northwest Washington tracks on the west and M t . Vernon Square on the east. It is part of the Near North Planning District delineated by the National Capital Planning Commission. The area contains four (4) urban renewal areas and two (2) sections of the freeway. Principle problems we face are the acute shortage of standard housing, the difficulty of matching jobs to the large number of unemployed and underemployed in our area, and needed improvements in our schools. The transportation plan affects each of these problems--either thru its negative impact on our housing and schools, or by its omissions that deprive our people of the benefits of a well designed balanced transport plan. A plan that helps us will clear our Btreets of unnecessary thru traffic and make it easy.for us to travel to work within the city and out into the suburbs. There are four specific plan changes we recommend: 1. New York Avenue route east of M t . Vernon Square 2. Termination of the Center Leg of the Inner Loo-p at New York Avenue 3. Florida Avenue route for the North Leg of the Inner Loop �, 183B - 2 west of M t . Vernon Square. 4. A subway line in the Cardozo Area in the First Stage of Construction. New York Avenue Route East of M t . Vernon Square The present plan calls for ah intersection of a K Street Tunnel with the Center Leg at Third Street. The interchange required here will eliminate the 327 units of air rights housing proposal that we originated with the Department of Highways and Traffic. We have been working over a year with the Highway Department and their consultants on this project. This proposal was presented to you for informal discussion a few weeks ago. There are still several problems that have to to be resolved, but we knov; there are solutions to those problems and we are dedicated to getting this housing buiit. Therefore, the interchange on K and Third Streets must be eliminated. The K Street Tunnel will cause further disruption by delaying construction of housing in the Northwest One Urban Renewal Area. Northwest One has been in execution for close to three years and not a single unit of new housing has been completed yet. Over 500 units of new middle and low income housing flank K Street between North Capitol and New Jersey Avenue. Architectual plans are now being developed and delay here would be unconscionable. The same problem of delays and disruption of Urban Renewal progress applies to the Northeast One Urban Renewal area—an area in execution for an even longer period of time. Therefore, we urge the Planning Commission to seriously examine the desirability of a route that follows New York Avenue east of M t . Vernon Square. We have already had lengthy consultation with the Highway Department, have examined many alternatives and consider New York Avenue �- 3 - the best route available] A New York Avenue Route would leave the two Urban Renewal Areas and the air rights housing untouched by highway construction and furthermore would reduce unnecessary disruption caused by the present plans for the Center Leg. The Termination of the Center Leg of the Inner Loop at N. Y . Avenue The proposed 1985 Comprehensive Plan makes a strong case against the continuation of the Center Leg up New Jersey Avenue where it passes Dunbar High School, going to R Street where it crooks to the east. It then passes thru a residential area, past McKinley High School grounds until it reaches the B & O Railroad Tracks. In the 1985 Plan, you point out that this route unnecessarily cuts off Dunbar High School from its feeder area and,unnecessarily,dis- rupts and in part destroys residential areas on R Street both East and West of North Capitol Street. This is absolutely true anc we urge you to stand by this position. Examination of past plans shows that this crook in the road is an historical left-over from a former proposal ,'for the Inner Loop on T Street. We think the Center Leg should logically stop at Third Street and New York Avenue. An interchange here with our proposed re- routing of the North Leg would permit traffic to reach the North Central Freeway on the shortest route, ttfith minimum disruption to neighbor ing areas.. We are working hard for the establishment of an Educational Park that would link Dunbar High School and Shaw Junior High School. Dunbar High School expansion plans have already been severely �183D j 4 - damaged by the threat of the Center Leg's passing on the edge of its lot. A better expansion plan for Dunbar could be achieved if this threat is removed. The design of the Educational Park linking Dunbir to Shaw and its feeder area on the west side of New Jersey Avenue would be both simpler and more economical. We say this, while at the same time appreciating the willingness and past demonstrations of good faith on the part of the Highway Department to work for air rights solution to this problem. We especially wish to point out that the 1985 Plan shows asBolution to the problem of the Center Leg in the Urban Design for Judiciary Square that will not solve the problems we mention. The interchange of K Street and the Center Leg is still part of that design—effectively eliminating our 327 units of air rights housing. There- fore, we urge again that both the Center Leg and K Street North Leg of the Inner Loop be rerouted on to New York Avenue, to provide a clear platform for 327 new units of air rights housing } a net gain of 150 for the area; to speed construction of new housing in Northwest One; to stop needless destruction of existing housing in Northwest and Ncrtheast along R Street; and to improve design prospects for schools that serve the local population. The North Leg of Inner Loop West of M t . Vernon Square Though the construction of the North Leg of the Inner Loop on K Street in the downtown area does not directly affect this community, it leaves unsolved the traffic problem of northsouth streets in the Shaw Urban Renewal Area. �183E We understand that the North Central Freeway may drain 50 per cent of thru traffic from city streets. This traffic will be coming from suburbs. However, we know that much thru traffic originates within the city. The present plans do nothing to drain this traffic flow from Shaw area streets. In the study of alternate sites for the Shaw Junior High School, we learned that it was the impossible to consider street closings because of the anticipated heavy flow of traffic on the northsouth streets. Almost every one of these is indicated as a major or secondary arterial through the Shaw Urban Renewal Area. It seems that very little benefit will derive from the K Street North Leg for those living and working in the Cardozo Area. Therefore, we urge the reconsideration of the North Leg along Florida Avenue. This route would permit the Inner Loop to per- form a true function of draining through traffic from the central city. And its location has excellent support from the point of view of civic design and natural topography. The Subway Lastly, we raise our voices in amazement over the emission of a subway line in Cardozo. We understand now that plan changes are afoot to replace the Columbia Road Spur with a line through the Shaw area. We urge that this be done in the first stage of construction, 1967-72. The rapid transit system as it now stands will help suburbanites enter the city and will reduce the enormous flow of daily commuter traffic. to be a balanced transport plan! But this is supposed �183F - 6 - This plan ignores.the second potential economic benefit for the subway which is the easing of travel to work by those who live in the inner city and cannot get to jobs in the suburbs. We will not take time here to discuss the severe problems caused by unemployment and limited earnings of those who live in the inner city. We will remind you though that it is the Negro population of Washington that we are talking about. Jobs exist in the suburbs but housing is closed to the overwhelming majority of us there. being built in the inner Housing exists and is city and open occupancy in the region is still a long way off. It is essential that those who work now, those who need jobs and those children not yet in the labor force will need the high earnings that suburban employment permits in industries along the Beltway or the Route 70S corridor and construction for the new towns planned in the region. A subway route, perhaps on 7th Street, will strengthen the economic base of that area and will contribute as much if not and more to the economic /social health of this city as the removal of commuter cars thru the construction of the Conneticut Avenue subway line. Therefore we urge inclusion in the first stage of subway construction of a subway route through the Cardoza Area. �CLOSING REMARKS OF THE CHAIRMAN T52jd50 CHAIRMAN ROWE: I t h i n k -- I know, I don't o n l y t h i n k , I know wo hove como t o tho end o f a v e r y long and t h e end o f two long evening evenings. I am not going t o uso t e n minutes b u t I j u s t t h i n k i t might be h e l p f u l i f I repeat one o r two o f t h e t h i n g s I said yesterday a t seven-thirty. A complete r e c o r d o f t h i s h e a r i n g , i n c l u d i n g statements and m a t e r i a l s submitted a f t e r t h e h e a r i n g b u t on o r b e f o r e Juno 30th, t h a t i s , submitted t o tho S e c r e t a r y o f tho Commission, w i l l bo a v a i l a b l e f o r examination a f t e r June 30th i n t h e Commission o f f i c e s , 1111 20th S t r e e t , between nine and f i v e . y Copies o f t h e r e c o r d may a l s o be obtained the J o Ann Withers from R e p o r t i n g S e r v i c e a t 1906 M S t r e e t . F o l l o w i n g t h i s h e a r i n g , tho Commission and i t s s t a f f w i l l r e v i e w t h e comments r e c e i v e d a t t h e h e a r i n g and submitted f o r t h e r e c o r d , a s w e l l a s those r e c e i v e d i n tho s e r i e s o f p u b l i c meetings p r e v i o u s l y h e l d by thu Commission on v a r i o u s p a r t s o f t h e Proposed Comprehensive P l a n . w i t h t h e views o f o f f i c i a l agencies submitted Together t o t h e Com- m i s s i o n , t h e comments w i l l be used i n p r e p a r i n g t h e Comprehens i v e P l a n f o r tho N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l f o r adoption by t h e Comm i s s i o n i n accordance w i t h the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g A c t of 1952. Tho Major Thoroughfare p a r t o f t h e Comprehensive P l a n i s r e q u i r e d by law t o bo approved by t h e Commissioners �185 T52jd51 of tho District of C o l u m b i a , as w e l l as by the C o m m i s s i o n , and the Mass Transportation Plan is required by law to be approved by a joint board consisting of the District C o m missioners and tho members of tho Public Service C o m m i s s i o n . T h a n k you all very m u c h , m y colleagues here (indicating d a i s ) , my friends there (indicating a u d i e n c e ) . I havo learned a l o t . I hope everybody else h a s . Thank y o u . (Applause.) (The hearing adjourned at 1 2 : 2 3 o'clock p . m . ) �i I N D E X *r A G E A b b o t t , Sammie A b d u l l a h A . B . & W . Transit Company I * A c e V a n & Storage C o . , Inci A d a m s Morgan Community Council ^7 Ill- 8 Ill- ?7 »...III- 33 * Address, Marvin A i r i s , T.F I l l - 190 I14 A i r p o r t Pavement Marking Co I l l - 186 A i r T r a n s p o r t , Inc .......I- 104 A l b a n T r a c t o r C o . , Inc I l l - 187 A l l e n , Mitchell & Co I l l - 149 A m e r i c a n Automobile A s s o c i a t i o n I- A m e r i c a n Sightseeing A s s o c i a t i o n , Inc II- 132 A m e r i c a n Society of Civil Engineers II- 144 A m e r i c a n University Park C i t i z e n s ' A s s o c i a t i o n A n a c o s t i a Citizens A s s o c i a t i o n A n t h o n y , John M I l l - 109 Ill2 I l l - 132& 33 134 A p p l e g a t e , Harry R ....II- A r c h i t e c t u r a l Barriers Project A r l i n g t o n i a n s for Preservation of the Potomac Palisades (*Roman numerals preceding page number indicate volume in which page appears.) 89 .Ill- 92 II- 80 �• ii I N D E X P A G E Arthur, C . Blakeley I l l - 192 A s p h a l t Services Company I l l - 160 Atlantic G a r a g e , Inc Ill- 85 A u g e r , Ulysses G Ill- 8l Automotive Trade A s s o c i a t i o n Ill- 58 B a b b i n g t o n , Barbara A I l l - 199 Barber, William E I l l - 245 B a r b o u r , Harry A I l l - "J2 Barker, Bill I l l - 165 B a r k e r s Brake S e r v i c e , Inc I l l - 245 B a r n e t t , John I l l - 121 Barry, Marion, Jr. I- B e r r y , Calvin F I l l - 158 B e t h e s d a - C h e v y Chase Chamber of Commerce I l l - 111 B i a s , Frank II- 139 4& I I I - 226 B i t t i n g e r , Donald S I l l - 205 B i t u m i n o u s Products Corporation I l l - 159 B l a c k i e ' s House of Beef Ill- B l a c k w e l l Construction Company I l l - 151 B o l g i a n o , F . W . & Co I l l - 192 B o w l u s , E . Robert I l l - l6l 8l �ill I N D E X P A G E B o s w e l l , Harry Associates I l l - 166 B o z z i , Rene II- 12 Brady, G. W *IH- 66 Brookland A r e a Coordinating Council II- 136 Brookland A r e a Co-ordinating Committee I l l - 125 Brookland Citizens A s s o c i a t i o n I- 126 Brookland F o r People and Trees Committee I- 143 Brookland Neighborhood Civic A s s o c i a t i o n > Inc Brookland Neighbors II39 I l l - 119 Brookland Neighbors of Washington II- 67 Cafritz Construction II- 112 C a i n , Bernard I- 126 C a i n , Simon I- 119 C a m p , Edward A I l l - 240 Cantwell, T . A . & Company, Inc. I l l - 189 Capitol Concrete Pipe Co I l l - 252 C a p i t o l Hill Community Council II- 38 Capitol H i l l Southeast Citizens A s s o c i a t i o n Ill- 95 C a r t e r , John H II- 72 Catholic Interracial C o u n c i l of W a s h i n g t o n , D.C II- 28 Catholic University of A m e r i c a I- C e n t r a l A r m a t u r e W o r k s , Inc I l l - 240 Chaney, D . L , I- 113 110 �iv I N D E X P A G E C h a n g e , Inc II- 85 Citizens A s s o c i a t i o n of Georgetown II- 37 Citizens Committee for E q u a l Justice I- C l a r k , John 139 .Ill- 77 Closing Remarks of the Chairman II- 184 C o l e a n , Miles L II- 66 Collins, T . Byron, S . J I l l - 211 Committee Against National Ill- 34 Committee of 100 on the F e d e r a l City I- 90 Connecticut A v e n u e A s s o c i a t i o n II— 4& I I I - 226 C o n n e l l y , Janice M I l l - 113 C o n t i n e n t a l Trailways I l l - 162 C o r r e l l , Paul E I l l - 194 C o r s o n & Gruman C o m p a n y , Inc II- Covington & Burling,. Esqs I l l - 228 Cummlngs General Tire Company I l l - 208 Cummings, W m . F . , Jr .'.'.»- 53 I l l - 208 C u r t i n , John J . , J r . , I l l - 142 C u r t i n & J o h n s o n , Inc . . . . . . I l l - 146 Czernowski, A . J I l l - 237 D a v i d s o n , Morris I l l - 182 D a v i d s o n T r a n s f e r & Storage Co *.III- 182 �V I N D E X P A G E D e l l i n g e r , Harry E I l l - 159 Democratic Central Committee .» Ill- D e v o n a l d , Ira R I l l - 191 D i m m e t t e , Claude C < I l l - 196 D . C . Area Trucking Association II- D . C . A r m o r y Board Ill- D . C . Chamber of Commerce II- D . C . C o m m i s s i o n e r s 1 Planning and Urban Renewal A d v i s ory C o u n c i l « IllD . C . Department of Highways and Traffic 21 ** I - 115 4 159 7 14 D . C . Department of Public Health I l l - 129 D . C . F e d e r a t i o n of Civic Associations II90I I - - 106& I I I - 228 D . C . Road B u i l d e r s ' A s s o c i a t i o n I l l - 143 D . C . Society of Professional Engineers Ill- D o n a l d s o n , E . B . & Co I l l - 150 Draper, Elizabeth Ill- 95 D u d l e y , Tilford Ill- 21 D u p o n t Circle Citizens A s s o c i a t i o n I l l - 253 E a s t e r n Greyhound Lines I- E c h e v e r r i a , Paula , .....II- 13 118 176 E d l a v i t c h , Irwin P Ill- 85 E d w a r d s , Adolphe I- 41 �vi I N D E X P A G E I - 12 Ill- 111 Emergency Committee on t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C r i s i s I - 47 E n n i s , Mrs. W i l l i a m W I I - 93 Edwards, G. F r a n k l i n E i s i n g e r , Richard H E v a n s , Robert P., C o l il I I - 37 » r Ill- Fahraey, F. E a r l Fahrney's F o u n t a i n Pen H o s p i t a l » 102 Ill- 102 Fay, Janet W i..»III- 92 Federal C i t y Council ....II- 66 F e d e r a t i o n of C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n s of t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia I l l - 66& I I I - 168 I - 87 F r a i n , George I - 95 F r a n k l i n , James D Ill- 258 G a l l a g h e r , John P I I - 150 G a r a y t a , Jorge A Ill- G a r f i n c k e l , J u l i u s & Co I l l - 30 Garner Equipment R e n t a l Company, I n c I l l - 145 G a r n e r , Robert J Ill- 143& III- 146 Garrett, F. 0 Ill- 162 Gary, W i l l i a m T Ill- 123 G a r y , W. L . Co., I n c Ill- 123 Ferrier, Joseph G. 203 �vii I N D E X P A G E Georgetown U n i v e r s i t y • . .Ill- 211 Georgetown U n i v e r s i t y H o s p i t a l H I - 91 Glasgow, Norman M Ill- Glickert, H- Peter 155 38 Godfrey, Mr. and Mrs. H H I - H8 Graham, H a r r y L I I - 126 Graham, Roy E Ill- 241 G r a n t , Murray Ill- 129 G r e a t e r Washington Food W h o l e s a l e r s A s s o c i a t i o n , I n c . . I l l - 25 G r e a t e r Washington Labor C o u n c i l .II- 156 Ill- 79 G r e a t e r 'Washington S e r v i c e S t a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n . . . . . . . . . I l l - 254 Green, L. F IllIII- 59& 169 Green, L. J . , Commander Ill- 204 G r e e r , W i l l i a m C. Ill- 122 Grimm, F r a n k L I I - 123 Grove, M. J . Lime Company Ill- l8l Gude, G i l b e r t Ill- 60 Hagans, Theodore R., J r . I I - 159 H a i r s t o n , Joseph H I I - 100 H a l e y ' s Ford i n Southeast Ill- 179 I- 179 G r e a t e r Washington Petroleum Committee H a l l , C. E , �viii I N D E X P A G E Hanback, W . B . I I I - 209 Harlow, L . E I l l - 131 Hayes, H. M I l l - 118 Heath, Frederick C I l l - 129 Hechinger III- Hecht Company Ill- H e i l Equipment C o m p a n y , Inc I l l - 184 Helsing B r o t h e r s , Inc I l l - 206 Helsing, Einar A I l l - 206 Helms Concrete Pipe C o m p a n y , Inc I l l - 191 H e r r i m a n , Richard A I l l - 179 Herrmann, William 0 HI- Heutte, Ann 86 31 .II- 67 H e u t t e , Frederic A II- 28 Highway Supply Corporation I l l - 152 Highway Users Conference I- 22 ...Ill- 3 Hoffman, J. M Ill- 79 H o r n b a c k , Russell H I- 76 Howat Concrete C o m p a n y , Inc I l l - 242 Howat, P. Y . K. I l l - 242 Ignition Headquarters,' Inc I l l - 225 I m l r l e , John F Ill- Hill & S a n d e r s , Inc 91 �ix I N D E X v P A G E I m m e r , John R I l l - 168 Independent T a x i O w n e r s 1 A s s o c i a t i o n , Inc Ill- 89 Institute of Traffic Engineers II- 46& I I I - 212 Intraclub F e d e r a t i o n of Golfers of the D . of C Ill- 18 Israelson, John A II- 27 J e w e l l , James J Ill- 89 Jiffy J o h n , Inc . I l l - 185 J o h n s o n , Andrew W . II- J o h n s o n , Elizabeth S I l l - 139 J o h n s o n , W . Guy I l l - 148 Jones, E . J I l l - 201 J o n e s , R . A . C o m p a n y , Inc I l l - 147 J o n e s , Ronald A I l l - 147 J o s e p h s o n , Diana H Ill- J o y , B . F r a n k , C o m p a n y , Inc I l l - 235 J o y , Thomas L I l l - 235 Kalorama Citizens A s s o c i a t i o n , Inc I- K a n e , Eugene I . II- K a n e , Francis J Ill- Kane Transfer Company II- K e n n a n , Robert M . J r . , I- K e n n e d y , Kenneth C II_ 115 33 95 12' 4 124 90 169 �X I N D E X P A G E K e n n e d y , Kenneth Ill- 74 K i v i t z , Murray A I l l - 193 Kloetzli, Werner, Jr I l l - 166 K o c h , Robert F I- - 130& III- Kojak, Joseph Kojak's Liquors Lamond-Riggs Citizens A s s o c i a t i o n Lamond-Riggs Civic Association Lao, Vincent 115 ,111- 15 ...Ill- 15 I- 119 ....,11- 12 .III-. 197 L a P l a c a , Raymond G I l l - 150 Lashley, Glenn T I- L a w s o n , Richard F Ill- League of W o m e n Voters of the D.of C I l l - 139 Lehman, Russell H I l l - 239 Lehman's Tire Company I l l - 239 L e r n e r , Robert D I- L e v i , Robert H Ill- L e v i n e , Lewis I l l - 200 Lewis, Mrs. M I l l - 153 L e w i s , Morris M I l l - 154 L i l l , Richard A II- L i p s c o m b , cAdgate A . & S o n I l l - 103 33 8 104 86 144 �xi I N D E X P A G E L i p s c o m b , Lisle T I l l - 108 List of Witnesses I- 13 II- 80 L o g a n , Leslie . ..Ill- l88& I I I - 210 L o u i s , John C . C o m p a n y , I n c . L o v o c a , Phyllis Dee Ill- L u b e l , Leon I l l - 249 M a c C l a n e , Edward J II- MacPherson, Allan B I l l - 198 Mac's E s s o Servlcenter I l l - 153 Mac's Rockville Servlcenter , 28 ....Ill- 154 Maddri.., James F I l l - 184 Mahoney, Andrew I l l - 160 M a l o n e y Concrete Company II- 36 M a l o n e y , C . P . , Jr II- 36 Marquette Cement Manufacturing Co Marriner, R . M I l l - 128 I l l - 152 Master Builders ' A s s o c i a t i o n , Inc I l l - 237 M a t h e w s , R a y , N u r s e r i e s , Inc I l l - 183 Mathews, R. C Ill- I83 M c C a r r o n , Catherine M c N u l t y , Patrick J I l l - 253 I l l - 189 Metropolitan Citizens Council for Rapid Transit Ill- 82 M e t r o p o l i t a n Council of Governments Ill- 23 Metropolitan W a s h i n g t o n Board of Trade II- 11 �xii I N D E X P A G E Metropolitan Washington Tire Dealers A s s o c i a t i o n . I l l - 249 M e y e r , Henry H . Company .Ill- 251 Michigan Park C i t i z e n s 1 A s s o c i a t i o n illl- 246 M i t c h e l l , A . Stuart I l l - 149 Moeller A i r Compressor S e r v i c e , Inc I l l - 190 Molinelli, L I l l - 209 M o l l i s o n , James A „ ».III- 202 135 Montgomery County Citizens Planning Association I- Montgomery County Council Ill- 94 M t . Pleasant Ill- 77 N e i g h b o r s , Inc Morauer & H a r t z e l l , Inc I l l - 232 M o r a u e r , Raymond N I l l - 232 Morrissette, Arthur E Ill- M o s h e r , Goerge M u r p h y , Maurice J I l l - 188 I l l - 58 Murrill Paving Company I l l - l4l M u r r l l l , Robert E I l l - 141 M y e r s , Paul G I l l - 164 N a t i o n a l Automobile Dealers A s s o c i a t i o n II- 89 N a t i o n a l Capital A i r p o r t s , B u r e a u of Ill- 10 87 N a t i o n a l Capital B u i l d i n g & Supply C o m p a n y , Inc I l l - 142 National Capital Region Transportation Planning B o a r d . . I l l - 23 N a v a l Facilities Engineering Command I l l - 204 Near-Northeast Subway Committee I l l - 134 �xiii I N D E X , PAGE 1 0 0 & Neighbors, I n c I I — I I I - 243- Nordlinger, Ill- 13° Norfolk, Bernard W Ill- 195 North B e t h e s d a Congress of C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n s I I - 57 Northeast Business Ill- 101 N o r t h e a s t Neighborhood C o u n c i l , I n c I I — III- 169& 74 North F o x h a l l Road A s s o c i a t i o n I I - 150 Northwest B r a n c h C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n Ill- 113 Notices I - 7 Nunn, John E . I I Ill- 187 Obedin, H a r r y I I - 0'Boyle Tank L i n e s I I - 123 Bernard I Men's A s s o c i a t i o n , I n c of P u b l i c Hearing Opening Statement of t h e Chairman ....I-II- 149 2& 2 Owen, Roberts B Ill- 228 Palisades P a r i s , V. Payne, E . Peach, P. I I I I IllIll- 164 132 231 151 P e e r , William B Ill- 243 P h i l l i p s , W. B Ill- 21C P i l z e r , Charles J I I - 151 Piper, Charles J I l l -2 P o l i s h e r , Manuel I l l - 101 Citizens Association L J S �xiv I N D E X P A G E H I - 244 Poole, C h a r l e s Wright Poole's Warehousing I n c ....Ill- 244 Potomac Grange No. 1 of t h e N a t i o n a l Grange I I - 126 Potomac Sand and G r a v e l Company Ill- 59& IIIIll- Potomac V a l l e y League 169 177 80 .1- P r a h i n s k i , Ted Pryor, Bernard W I I - 39 P u b l i c Hearing Notices I 7 - Public I n t e r e s t C i v i c Association Ill- 132 Queen, M. V Ill- 118 Queenin, M. E i l e e n Ill- 236 Q u i n t e r , Mrs. Annie V Ill- 118 R a f f , Morton S I - 135 Ramsey, B e r n a r d E Ill- 128 R o c k v i l l e Crushed S t o n e , I n c Ill- l6l Ill- 254 Rodman, S t a n l e y A , Rooney, Angela I - 143 Rooney, Thomas P I I - Rowe, Mrs. James H., J r R u s t , H. L. Company I II II Il S a f f o r d , L. P Ill- 17 - . . 2 184 l - 259 12 2 �XV I N D E X P A G E S a f f o r d , L. P., Rambler C i t y S a l o s c h i n , Robert L .Ill- 12 57 ....II- Sanders, J . M Ill- 3 Saunders, A r v e n H Ill- 10 .....I- 87 Ill- 23 1..III- 94 S e c h r i s t , E. Paul Ill- 225 Selecto-Flash, Inc Ill- 158 Shelton, Charles E Ill- 231 Shepard, R o y a l E . Ill- 18 Shepherd P a r k C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n I 80 Sherman, Mr. and Mrs. George M Ill- 118 Shewbridge, W. K Ill- l6l Simms, W i l l i a m R Ill- 185 Simpson, Murray S I I - 65 Simpson, Murray S., J r Ill- 177 S l a v i n , Sanford Ill- 252 Smith, A r t h u r II- 113 Smith, J . Walter Ill- 25 Smith's T r a n s f e r & Storage Company, I n c II- 113 Smith, W i l l i a m II- 164 Save Takoma P a r k Committee Scheiber, Walter A S c u l l , David - �xvi I N D E X P A G E I l l - 258 Smithy, H . G S n i d e r , Jennings A t Ill- S o l o m o n , David * II— 4 6 & I I I - 212 i Southern Road C o n t r a c t o r s , Inc South Manor Neighborhood A s s o c i a t i o n ...» 30 I l l - 164 I- 41 119 S p o t t s w o o d , Louisa ** ..Ill- S p r a g u e , J o h n V/. m 1 ..Ill- 103 S t a k e m , Edward S , I l l - 180 S t e u a r t , Curtis S . i I l l - 233 S t e u a r t Petroleum Company „ « . . ; I I I - lo0& I I I - 233 Stewart Brothers P h o t o g r a p h e r s , Inc I l l - 140 S t e w a r t , George H . I l l - 140 S t r a u s s , Martin Ill- 16 Strauss Photo-Technical S e r v i c e , Inc Ill- 16 S t r i t t m a t t e r , Charles W . I l l - 145 Super Concrete Corporation II- S u s i , R. J I l l - 251 S w e n s o n , Roy L I l l - 246 T a y l o r , Hosea E II- 106 Taylor, Wavery Ill- 29 T h o m a s , Chauncey II- 65 �xvii I N D E X P A G E 109 T r a s k , A l f r e d S. Ill- T u r n e r , J . C. I I - 156 Union T a x i Owners C o o p e r a t i v e A s s o c i a t i o n , Inc United States Representative ....I- from the S t a t e of Maryland I I I - 76 6c .....II- 159 Urban League Neighborhood Development C e n t e r JI» 176 Waldrop, F r a n k C. Ill- 34 W a l l , Duncan Ill- 82 W a l l a c e , Robert I I - 53 Walsh,' Thomas M . I I - 11 Washington C o n t r a c t o r s , I n c Ill- Washington D. C. A r e a T r u c k i n g A s s o c i a t i o n I I - 115 'Washington Gas L i g h t Company Ill- 205 Washington P a r k i n g A s s o c i a t i o n Ill- 72 Washington T r a i l e r Co., I n c Ill- 241 Waterhouse, Harold C. Ill- 124 Waters, W i l l i a m H. I - 148 Werner, L e r o y L I I - 112 Uptown P r o g r e s s , I n c 148 .Ill- 209 Whitney, James R Ill- 186 Whyte, W i l l i a m G Ill- 19 Wilkinson, I I - 13- West End C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n Lawrence �xviii I N D E X P A G E W i l k i n s o n , Lawrence A . Ill- W i l s o n , LXoyd B., J r I l l - 259, W i r t h , Harold E I - 22 Witness L i s t I - 13 Wolfsheimer, F r a n k IllIIIIII- 6 7& 13 Wood, H. T I - 113 Woodward & Lothrop I I - 27 W o r r i s , Maria F i e r r o ...» Y e l l o w Cab Company of D. C., I n c o r p o r a t e d .IllII- 125, 14 151 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Public hearing on the transportation section of the proposed comprehensive plan for the national capital : Volume II Subject The topic of the resource Express highways Freeways Public hearings Traffic engineering--Washington (D.C.) Description An account of the resource Public hearing testimony on the Comprehensive Plan for Washington, D.C. The Comprehensive Plan included plans for the Inner Loop freeway system, the North Central Freeway, and the Three Sisters Bridge. See here for <a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6328" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Volume I">Volume I</a> of the public hearing testimony. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Capital Planning Commission Jo Ann Withers Reporting Service Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 15, 1967 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/ef66eed04548606a963800581083b2a4.pdf?Expires=1787788800&Signature=ZDj9JBjI0Fp4rDTW%7ESG6nBex4XW-sudV3hBhD3j6DGDHc8akfpy8y-x%7E8IPYky%7E1OSr5eULQZG8QIq1rsBD7vUZ2OA3iDb-m2dZddbrahibDMAIcWB9apGbWalZcG1xvMT0yiPGdQJ03rGqut2bJUclJF930lADMNY9ldVXEPEdK1YsndIldRK4jYyrKUcvrHCyspHmp8vfHcYJlTGyw-WFIqK5uvK271l4hgv-ua%7EB23Lh9ekuuFyKW8gBeWdc3GKZYJnlrOOb1TDOlzBc9SJE0vPG4s0ZfC503rmDaZVYaq83VpcLtgX5QJq0JbPxswNfVUBz0z3fVp4pVzOp4jw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 9cd77040f1d5b1c410cf1a863fdbb2d8 PDF Text Text D, C, CITS GOcWCIL PUBLIC JIEARIMCJ OH TIffi BTCEfcSlM'E FREEWAY S Y S M I S OSffi D I S T R I C T OP COLOMBIA F r i d a y , January 3 0 , • 1970 Washington, D, C. W A R D & PAUL OFFICIAL REPORTERS •25 K S T R E E T , N. E . Washington, D . C. 20002 (292) 628-4266 �A PUBLIC H E A R I N G ON T H E I N T E R S T A T E FREEWAY SYSTEM I N T H E D I S T R I C T OF. C O L U M B I A CITY COUNCIL DISTRICT BUILDING WASHINGTON, D* C E C O U N C I L CHAMBERS ROOM 5 0 0 FRIDAY, TIME: February 6, 1 2 7 0 7 : 3 0 p.BU until i : C 0 a.m. F e b r u a r y 7, 1970. PURSUANT TO NOTICES THE A B O V E HEARING WAS CALLED T O ORDER A N D T H E FOLLOWING PERSONS WERE PRESENT: JERRY A» MOORE- Chairman o f t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee f o r the Do C „ C i t y C o u n c i l ? GILBERT H&HN, Chairman o f t h e D* C, C i t y C o u n c i l ? COUivfCILMSN: Mrs* Haywood and Dr* Robinson? Et a l e THE FOLLOWIHG P R O C E E D I H G S WERE RECORDED: . ( F i n a l 3 a y o f H e a r i n g s on I n t e r s t a t e Freeway System) �B SUMMARY INDEX PAGE WEE RE: TESTIMONY OE: Opening Statement of Chairman Moore 1 Mr, V i n c e n t Leo, P r o f e s s i o n a l E n g i n e e r 2 Mza E e l e n l e a v i t t , Adams Morgan Community C o u n c i l 6 Dr. Ferguson., P r e s i d e n t of Midway C i v i c Assee i a t i o n , jdz u Mr. D a v i d S u t h e r l a n d , E l e c t e d Delegate,, V i r g i n i a S t a t e Assembly Lou Robinson, Urban P l a n n e r , D.C.T C. tt B R I E F DISTURBANCE AND Mr. ORDERS TO CONTINUE Mark F i e l d s , A l l S o u l s Church S o c i a l R e s p o n s i b i l i t y Co:traittee 14 22 26 37 37 Mr. W i l l i a m Buchanan, Foggy Bottom A s s o c i a c i o n 45 Mr. Mr. Eugene Thompson, L a n i e r Heights A s s o c i a t i o n 54 Rene B o s s i , R e p r e s e n t i n g "Save Laraond Committee" 61 P r o f e s s o r Thomas Rooney, Assembly of the F a c u l t y C a t h o l i c University 72 Mrs. Angela Rooney, Citizen 83 MrSo C a r o l e M u l l a n y , Private citizen 90 Mr. Mr. Floyd A g o s t i n e l l i , Citizen E l l i o t Liebow, C i t i z e n 94 109 �SUMMARY INDEX TESTIMONY 0 7 : PAGB WHERE B R I E F RECESS 114 Mr. George P i p k i n , Student Committee on t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n . C r i s i s 114 Mr. B r u c e T. Weaver, Member, B r o o k l a n d Neighborhood C i v i c A s s o c i a tion 123 Mr. R i c h G i l f i l l a n , Citizen 131 Mr. George A l d e r s o n , F r i e n d s of the E a r t h 133 Mr. L e s l i e Lucha.no 1, Student Committee on the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C r i s i s 144 Mr. Maurice A, D a v i s , B r o o k l a n d Neighborhood A s s o c i a t i o n 149 Mr. B e r n a r d C a i n , Brookland C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n 155 Miss Linda Rodrigues, Undergraduate S t u d e n t , C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y Of America 4 ISO Mr. Kenneth F i l a r s k i , Undergraduate S t u d e n t , C a t h o l i c University 162 Mr. W i l l i a m K. S c h e i r e r 167 Mr. P a r r y Hamilton 167 CLOSING REMARKS BY CHAIRMAN MOORE: 166 FINAL ADJOURNMENT ; 184 �CHAIRMAN MOORE: Good e v e n i n g , T h i s h e a r i n g i s c a l l e d t o order. Jr, l a d i e s and gentlemen My name i s J e r r y A, Moore, I am Chairman o f the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee f o r the D, C„ C i t y C o u n c i l , These h e a r i n g s have been c a l l e d t o r e * c e i v e your t e s t i m o n y concerning p l a n s presented t o the D i s t r i c t Government by t h e Highway Department, Headed by Mr. Thomas Airis, By F e b r u a r y t h e 23rd, I97C t h e C i t y C o u n c i l i s r e - s p o n s i b l e f o r making a r e p o r t t o t h e Congress i n r e s p e c t t o these plans. Your t e s t i m o n y w i l l c e r t a i n l y be h e l p f u l i n making t h i s d e c i s i o n . We i n v i t e e a c h o f you who h a s s i g n e d a s a w i t n e s s t o g i v e your testimony. I t i s the d e s i r e o f t h e Chairman t h a t the h e a r i n g will proceed i n an o r d e r l y way. Those o f you t h a t have s i g n e d have come t o w i t n e s s t o n i g h t and w i l l be c a l l e d t o do s o when your name i s announced,. We a r e v e r y p l e a s e d t o have p r e s e n t w i t h us t o n i g h t , t o my l e f t . Chairman o f the C i t y C o u n c i l , The Honorable G i l b e r t Hahn. ment. We w i l l a s k him a t t h i s time i f he would make a s t a t e c CHAIRMAN HAHN: Not a t t h i s time„ CHAIRMAN MOORE: Thank you. CHAIRMAN MOORE: Our f i r s t w i t n e s s t o n i g h t i s Mr. D a v i Sutherland, E l e c t e d Delegate, (no response) V i r g i n i a S t a t e Assembly, �CHAIRMAN MOORE: Oar n e x t w i t n e s s i s Mr. V i n c e n t Lao, P r o f e s s i o n a l Engineer . WHEREUPON, MR. VINCENT LAO, PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER, TOOK THE WITNESS SEAT AND T E S T I F I E D I N SUBSTANCE AS FOLLOWS: CHAIRMAN MOORE: We a r e v e r y p l e a s e d t o welcome you here t o n i g h t . MR. LAO: Chairman Moore, Chairman Hahn, Members of the C o u n c i l , L a d i e s and Gentlemen: I am happy t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n our d e m o c r a t i c p r o c e s s of government, t o g i v e my views a s an i n d i v i d u a l , c o n c e r n i n g the d i f f i c u l t i s s u e of a b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system i n our n a t i o n ' s c a p i t a l . I want t o b r i n g some new dimensions to the problem w i t h the hope t h a t i t may i n i t i a t e a r e d i r e c t i o n o f the i s s u e s towards a p o s i t i v e s o l u t i o n , instead of using old ideas. What c o n s t i t u t e s a b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia? I do not want t o arouse old arguments about subways or highways, i n s t e a d , I a s k a l l c i t i z e n s concerned t o take a second look a t the r e p o r t s and ask a few q u e s t i o n s . t o your a t t e n t i o n the s k e t c h i l l u s t r a t i o n 16, 18, 19, and ? 1 , I call on page 13, 14, 15; I t may look l i k e a d i f f i c u l t assignment; but i n p e r s p e c t i v e we can get a q u i c k i d e a of what has been happening i n D. c„ s i n c e 1950. �.1. Do we have a freeway i n D.c. today? 2. How much f r e e w a y do we have today? Where do we s t a n d i n p r o v i d i n g a token system, t o r e l i e v e us o f t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n now and i n the y e a r s t o come? 3 e What i s t h e minimum or most e f f i c i e n t road system i n the D. C. t o b a l a n c e t h e proposed subway system? 4. Knowing t h a t e a c h mode has a unique contribution t o the t o t a l urban t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problem, s h a l l we s a c r i f i c e one i n f a v o r of the o t h e r ? W e ' l l come t o these q u e s t i o n s i f anyone i s i n t e r e s t e d t o have a second HISTORY: look. -When P r e s i d e n t Kennedy took o f f i c e i n 1961 he immediately e s t a b l i s h e d i'i'CTA t o implement some of t h e i d e a s i n t h e 1959 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n , A f t e r the completion o f the NCTA s t u d y i n 1 9 6 2 , the . worst t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c r i s i s i n the n a t i o n ' s c a p i t a l started.' M r . S t o l z e n b a c h might not have intended t h a t , i t would come c u t t h i s way, b u t u n f o r t u n a t e l y he was t h e c a t a l y s t of t h e u l t r a n e g a t i v e view towards highways. Prora t h i s sad e x p e r i e n c e , t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Area T r a n s i t A u t h o r i t y , WMP.TA, and t h e D . C . Highway Department have l e a r n e d t o weir): t o g e t h e r d e s p i t e M C P C ' s s e l f c o n t r a d i c tions. PROBLEM: U n f o r t u n a t e l y no one can s t o p t h e momentum and the argument i s now c o n c e n t r a t e d i n the p o l i t i c a l , end s o c i a l a r e n a w i t h a s p r i n k l i n g of p s e u d o - s c i e n t i f i c racial, facts. �4 I f we do not take stock and r e s o l v e t h i s problem together, we a r e going to s o l i d i f y our p o s i t i o n s t o a p o i n t where no f a i r s o l u t i o n c a n be found. RECOMMENDATIONSJ t o g e t h e r and n e g o t i a t e . "Let us go forward I b e l i e v e there i s s t i l l time t o s i t To use P r e s i d e n t Nixon's theme: together. " The problem i n v o l v e s so many t e c h n i c a l and i n t a n g i b l e f a c t o r s t h a t we can not e x p e c t t h a t the Highway Department alone can come up w i t h imaginative s o l u t i o n s w i t h o u t the d i r e c t p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e c i t i o e n s and a l l i n t e r e s t e d groups. I f Congress approves a n o t h e r s t u d y f o r t h e North Leg, f o r m a l arrangement should be made f o r a c o n f e r e n c e among i b o n a f i d e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of a l l i n t e r e s t e d groups and spend one or two 'reeks on the problems a t f u l l time. This i s better t h a n the Design Concept Team and would be an implementation on the c i t i z e n ' s p r o c e s s a s Reverend F a u n t r o y mentioned i n h i s testimony. The l e a s t you can do i s t o t r y , o t h e r w i s e , you w i l l n e v e r s o l v e t h i s problem a m i c a b l y . Perhaps most o f you have s o l i d i f i e d your p o s i t i o n s , but i f you a r e s i n c e r e l y i n t e r e s t e d i n a pragmatic s o l u t i o n , t o b e n e f i t e v e r y o n e , p r i d e and p r e j u d i c e s must be c a s t a s i d e . Not t o appear f o o l i s h and n a i v e and pretend t h a t I kno\| a l l the a n s w e r s , I must s a y t h a t i t w i l l not be e a s y t o s i t t o g e t h e r and t a l k . The P a r i s Peace T a l l : may be used a s an example t o dump c o l e w a t e r on my idea,, My o n l y answer would be �t h a t a t l e a s t we a r e on t h e same s i d e of t h e fence i n our common concern f o r t h e h o s t w e l f a r e t o our people. GENERAL SUPPORT: of t h e recommendations I want t o v o i c e ray g e n e r a l support w i t h r e s e r v a t i o n on some of t h e d e t a i l s . B e f o r e I make my c o n c l u d i n g s t a t e m e n t , I am going t o r e a d a l e t t e r from Reverend Channing E . P h i l l i p s , c o n c e r n i n g t h i s problem, t c whom 1 wrote a few months ago: "Mr. V i n c e n t Lao " 1 0 I I S B r u n s w i c k Avenue " S i l v e r S p r i n g , Maryland 20902 "Dear Mr. L a o : "Thank'you f o r s h a r i n g your i d e a s w i t h na r e g a r d i n g D. C.'s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems. U n f o r t u n a t e l y I am not q u a l i - f i e d a s a t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e n g i n e e r and t h e r e f o r e can not comment on t h e p r o p o s a l . My major concern has been the d e s t r u c t i o n of housing by highways, l e a v i n g s p e c i f i c s o l u t i o n s and a n c i l l a r problems t o t h e t e c h n i c i a n s . " Now i n my c o n c l u d i n g s t a t e m e n t : can be l i t t l e argument I n conclusion, there over t h e need f o r t h i s North C e n t r a l Freeway i n the a r e a f o r w h i c h i t has been planned. I do b e l i e v e , p r o f e s s i o n a l l y , t h a t t h e f r e e w a y c a n be built: {1} Without d i s p l a c i n g any f a m i l i e s ? (2) Witnout d i s p l a c i n g any b u s i n e s s e s ; (3) W i t h g r e a t e r b u i l t - i n s a f e t y f a c t o r s ; �(4) R e s u l t i n g i n a e s t h e t i c a l l y enhancing the a r e a ; and, (5) R e s u l t i n g i n a c a p i t a l s a v i n g s o f about $24,000,OCX-; (6) And r e l a t i v e l y reduce c o n g e s t i o n and p o l l u t i o n . Thank you.' CHAIRMAN MOORE: raony. Thank you v e r y much f o r your t e s t i - * Chairman Hahn, do you w i s h t o a s k q u e s t i o n s ? CHAIRMAN HAHN: No. CHAIRMAN MOORE: Councilman Robinson? COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: No q u e s t i o n s . CHAIRMAN MOORS: Thank you v e r y k i n d l y . Do you have a copy o f your t e s t i m o n y t o l e a v e w i t h t h e R e p o r t e r ? MR. LAO: Y e s , s i r , (handing t o a C o u n c i l a s s i s t a n t . ) CHAIRMAN MOORS; Cur n e x t w i t n e s s i s Mr. W i l l i a m Buchanan, Foggy Bottom . A s s o c i a t i o n . MR. BUCHANAN: Mr. Chairman, I would l i k e t o exchange ray p l a c e w i t h Number 7, Mrs. Helen L e a v i t t . CHAIRMAN MOORE: We would be v e r y p l e a s e d t o have you come f o r w a r d , Mrs. L e a v i t t . MRS. LEAVITT; Thank y o u . WHS RED PON, MRS. HELEN LEAVITT, ADAMS MORGAN COMMUNITY COUNCIL, APPROACHED THE MICROPHONE AND TOOK THE WITNESS SEAT AND T E S T I F I E D I N SUBSTANCE AS FOLLOWS; MRS. LEAVITT: Can you hear me okay? �CHAIRMAN MOOREs We a r e v e r y p l e a s e d t o welcome you here t o n i g h t . MRS. LEAVITT: Thanh you. I t i s v e r y n i c e t o be h e r e . I always e n j o y an o p p o r t u n i t y t o t a l k t o the C o u n c i l . CHAIRMAN MOOSEi MRS. LEAVITT: Thank Can you h e a r me CHAIRMAN MOORS: MRS. LEAVITT: you. okay? I am h e a r i n g you a l l Okay. right. Mr. Chairman, Chairman Hah'A and Dr. Robinson, my name i s Helen L e a v i t t . I have been a r e s i d e n t of the Adams Morgan neighborhood, a community o f • 2 5 , 0 0 0 c i t i z e n s , f o r more t h a n e i g h t y e a r s now. I am h e r a today t o t e s t i f y both a s a r e s i d e n t of the neighborhood and an o f f i c e r of the e l e c t e d Adams-Morgan Community C o u n c i l . You a r e w e l l aware by now t h a t the n o r t h l e g o f the i n n e r loop of the D. C. Highway Department*s -proposed f r e e w a y system has f o r y e a r s been aimed s t r a i g h t through the c e n t e r • of our community. When f i r s t proposed, the n o r t h l e g was t o c r o s s C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue between R and £ S t r e e t s , Northwest, a f t e r w h i c h i t was t o f o l l o w an a l i g n m e n t j u s t n o r t h o f S Street. G r a d u a l l y , the Highway Department has s h i f t e d the proposed r o u t e more n o r t h e r l y , f i r s t t o Swann S t r e e t , then t o T S t r e e t and f i n a l l y , the p e n c i l s o f the highway p l a n n e r s r e s t e d on an a l i g n m e n t a l o n g the F l o r i d a Avenue-U S t r e e t c o r r i d o r , w h i c h l i a s now become v e r y , v e r y famous. �o o A t no time have t h e r e s i d e n t s o f t h e a r e a f a v o r e d any o f t h e s e v a r i o u s p r o p o s a l s . The Adams-Morgan Community C o u n c i l doss not f a v o r any of them now, t h e 3 S t r e e t , T o r U S t r e e t c o r r i d o r s , f o r the following reasons; 1. I n t h e f i r s t p l a c e , any such e i g h t - l a n e f r e e w a y through our neighborhood would b i s e c t both o f our h a r d fought f o r community c o n t r o l l e d e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l d i s t r i c t s . I am s p e a k i n g o f t h e Adams S c h o o l and Morgan S c h o o l . 2„ Secondly, more than 2,390 h o u s i n g u n i t s would be wiped o u t . 3. 4, F u r t h e r m o r e , 2,000 j o b s would be a b o l i s h e d . B u t f i n a l l y , t h e end r e s u l t would be t h a t more automobiles would be e n t i c e d i n t o our congest neighborhood, increasing already intolerable a i r pollution levels, creating greater pressure t o convert precious inner business d i s t i c t l a n d t o p a r k i n g l o t s f o r the s t o r a g e o f t h e s e a u t o m o b i l e s . C o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e n o r t h l e g through our a r e a can o n l y r e s u l t i n d i s p l a c e m e n t o f Adams-Morgan r e s i d e n t s and t h e i r replacement by a u t o m o b i l e s . Nov;, we a r e aware t h a t t h e D. C. Highway Department h a s , f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s now, o f f e r e d an a l t e r n a t i v e r o u t e known as t h e K S t r e e t t u n n e l . B u s i n e s s i n t e r e s t s along t h a t a l i g n - ment, however, he ve r e g i s t e r e d t h e i r o b j e c t i o n s t o t h e d i s r u p t i o n such an a l t e r n a t i v e would c r e a t e . 1 And r i g h t l y so. How we f i n d t h a t Mr. A i r i s would recommend t h a t you �adopt an 18-month g r a c e p e r i o d t o permit h i s department to r e s t u d y the n o r t h l e g . I must remind you t h a t the n o r t h l e g has been s t u d i e d , as f a r a s we a r e concerned, t o death* The reason Mr, Airis o f f e r s a s j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r the 18-month g r a c e p e r i o d i s t o f i n d a more " a c c e p t a b l e " a l i g n m e n t somewhere between U and K streets. He s t a t e s i n h i s r e p o r t t o you t h a t the II S t r e e t c o r r i d o r was abandoned, and 1 quote him i n h i s r e p o r t t o you, "as a r e s u l t of r e l a t i v e l y h i g h d i s p l a c e m e n t o f f a m i l y d w e l l i n g u n i t s , " unquote. Yet Mr. A i r i s a l s o s t a t e d t o you t h a t he would guarantee such h o u s i n g would be r e p l a c e d b e f o r e any f r e e w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n began. I f i t so e a s y f o r Mr. A i r i s t o d e l i v e r t h i s the Highway Department should, be w i l l i n g housing, t o s t a n d behind i t s own recommendation f o r the U S t r e e t c o r r i d o r . The Highway Department has never j u s t i f i e d the need f o r the n o r t h l e g of the i n n e r loop nor indeed have h e a r i n g s e v e r been h e l d . The Adams-Morgan Community C o u n c i l b e l i e v e s t h a t , f o r a l l the r e a s o n s j u s t mentioned, its t h e r e i s no j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r construction. T h e r e f o r e , we recommend t o you t h a t a l l p l a n s f o r the n o r t h l e g be permanently abandoned. F u r t h e r m o r e , we be- �10 l i e v e t h a t a l l D i s t r i c t r e s i d e n t s a r e a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d by J.any f r e e w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n , whether i t be the one through our community or e l s e w h e r e . Therefore, we oppose of the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and c o n s t r u c t i o n construction of any more f r e e - ways i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. TBS AUDIENCE: (applause) CHAIRMAN MOORE: MRS. LEAVITT: j Thank you, Mrs. L e a v i t t . Do you have any q u e s t i o n s ? I also ask i f I might e x t e n d my remarks f u r t h e r beyond the t e s t i m o n y . i • The t h i n g s I would l i k e t o b r i n g up now do not r e f l e c t the p a r t i c u l a r a t t i t u d e o f t h e Adaias-Morgan community c o u n c i l . They r e f l e c t my a t t i t u d e h a v i n g r e s e a r c h e d y e a r s , a booh w h i c h w i l l be p u b l i s h e d f o r two and a h a l f s h o r t l y by DCUBLEDAY, I t w i l l be out i n A p r i l . I c a n a s s u r e you, gentlemen, t h a t you a r e a p p e a r i n g . You w i l l be mentioned i n the book. THE COUNCIL: THE AUDIENCE: MRS. LEAVITT: (laughing) (laughter) And your d e c i s i o n s THE AUDIENCE: '(laughter) MRS F i r s t of a l l , particularly. 0 LEAVITT: I would l i k e t o make the p o i n t t h a t t h e r e appears t o be some c o n t r a d i c t i o n between t h e p r e s e n t a l l - o u t commitment t o c l e a n i n g up the environment i n c l u d i n g t h e a i r and t h e mandate from the Congress t o b u i l d more f r e e w a y s i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. I would c e r t a i n l y urge �11 you t o support our P r e s i d e n t , a s I ara s u r e you would l i k e t o t o do and recommend t h a t none o f t h e s e f r e e w a y s he b u i l t . can o n l y l e a d t o more urban b l i g h t . They They can o n l y l e a d t o more e n v i r o n m e n t a l 3:?light. You, gentlemen, have the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r making a v e r y , v e r y important d e c i s i o n , of t h i n g s be done. T F — TFX, o r w h a t e v e r build i t . 'The Congress o r d e r s a l l k i n d s Robert McHamara was ordered t o b u i l d t h e i t i s — a n airplane. Anyway, he d i d n ' t The money was a p p r o p r i a t e d and he was ordered by t h e Congress t o do s o . The Congress a s you a l l know ordered a • "subway" i n i 9 6 0 , and we s t i l l don *t see i t . I t ' s coming a l o n g . The p o i n t I want t o make i s t h a t I t h i n k i t i s v e r y important. I f I were a councilman, i t t h i s way: I f I were a councilman a t l e a s t , •— l e t me put I would want t o have an image based on my concern f o r t h e community not on my concern f o r b u i l d i n g roads. Why don't you l e t t h e Congress do i t s own d i r t y work? L e t them b u i l d t h e s e f r e e w a y s i f t h e y want. so badly—»and t h e community d o e s n ' t — t h e n I f t h e y want them l e t t h e d i r t be on t h e i r hands and n o t on y o u r s . I would j u s t l i k e t o make one o t h e r comment: w a t c h i n g t h e proceedings on TV when t h e y were being I was televised and t h e r e was a gentleman from t h e D. C. T r u c k e r s ' A s s o c i a t i o n I b e l i e v e i t was who took a p o s i t i o n o f c o n s t r u c t i o n more f r e e ways . �12 1 would l i k e t o p o i n t out t h a t u n f o r t u n a t e l y f r i e n d s i n the b u s i n e s s community — our some of them -— have a r a t h e r s h o r t - s i g h t e d a t t i t u d e toward the whole freeway problem. I f you s t o p and t h i n k of i t a minute, the r e a l problem of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia i s t h a t we have too many s t r e e t s . already There a r e a l r e a d y too many. What we have been a b l e t o do i s e n t i c e more and more a u t o m o b i l e s onto our s y s t e m t h a t c l o g s up and bogs down. The t h i n g t h a t was T r u c k e r s ' A s s o c i a t i o n was we i n t e r e s t i n g t o me about the D. t h a t i f t h e y s t o p and C. t h i n k of i t , i f c o u l d get r i d of the p r i v a t e a u t o m o b i l e s on our streets, t h e r e a r e enough a r t e r i a l s t o c a r r y e v e r y t r u c k w h e r e v e r i t may w i s h t o go w i t h o u t any i n the area f u r t h e r f r e e w a y or s t r e e t c o n s t r u c t i o n 0 2 thin!-: the day has now a r r i v e d , and Z am s p e a k i n g f o r m y s e l f a t t h i s p o i n t and c e r t a i n l y not the C o u n c i l , t h a t i t i s time t o a b o l i s h t h e automobile i n t h i s city. As f a r as the a u t o m o b i l e ' s p l a c e i n the urban v i r o n m e n t , i t i s as a n t i q u a t e d a s the outdoor p r i w y , enand for p r e t t y much t h e same r e a s o n . I would a l s o l i k e t o mention some s a f e t y f i g u r e s : I h e a r d a gentlemen, and I don't know whether i t was or s e v e r a l d a y s , d i s c u s s i n g how would be. yesterday s a f e the i n t e r s t a t e s y s t e m I j u s t want to remind you t h a t i n 1956 when the i n t e r s t a t e s y s t e m w i s e n a c t e d the t o t a l number of persons k i l l e d i �or i n j u r e d , i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia was 7,296. Today, a f t e r more t h a n $400 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s w o r t h o f c o n c r e t e h a s been s p r e a d around, t h e f i g u r e i s new more t h a n 11,000. I would j u s t l i b s t o remind you t h a t a l t h o u g h t h e i n t e r s t a t e h a s s a f e t y s t a n d a r d s b u i l t i n t o i t people j u s t don't get On t h e i n t e r s t a t e s y s t e m and d r i v e around a i m l e s s l y . g e t on and o f f i t , causes these and i t e n t i c e s t h e k i n d o f t r a f f i c They that fatalities. Do you have any q u e s t i o n s ? CHAIRMAN MOORE: f o r your t e s t i m o n y . he would l i k e t o thank you v e r y much We r e a l i s e t h a t we have a long l i s t o f w i t n e s s e s h e r e and o t h e r s want t o g e t t h e i r " w i t n e s s " i n . MRS. L E A V I T T : Thank you. CHAIRMAN MOORE: Thank you s o much. THE AUDIENCE: (applause) CHAIRMAN MOORE: Chairman Eahn? CHAIRMAN EAHN: Councilman Robinson? I hope your book i s a b e s t s e l l e r , Mrs. L e a v i t t . THE AUDIENCE: (laughter) CELAIRMAN MOORE: Councilman Robinson had a q u e s t i o n he wanted t o a s k you. Would you p l e a s e come back, Mrs. L e a v i t t . MRS. LEAVITT: Speak l o u d e r . CHAIRMAN MOORE s Councilman Robinson had something he wanted t o a s k you. MRS. L E A V I T T : I c a n ' t h e a r you. Surely. �14 REPORTER'S ROTE: (Mrs. L e a v i t t reapproaehed t h e microphone and resumed t h e w i t n e s s s e a t and t e s t i f i e d .in substance a s f o l l o w s : ) MRS. LEAVITT: Yes? COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Good e v e n i n g , Mrs. L e a v i t t . I j u s t -rant t o c l e a r up one q u e s t i o n . "abolish a l l automobiles i n t h i s MRS. LEAVITT: D i d I h e a r you s a y city?" Absolutely! COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Nobody t o have a c a r ? MRS. LEAVITT: AbsolutelyJ COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Thank you, Mrs. L e a v i t t . THE AUDIENCEt (laughter) CHAIRMAN MOORE: (applause) The n e x t w i t n e s s i s Mr. W i l l i a m K. S c h e i r e r and Mr. P e r r y Hamilton, Kalorama C i t i z e n s As s o c i a t i o n ? (no r e s p o n s e ) CHAIRMAN MOORE: of t h e Midway C i v i c The n e x t w i t n e s s is a Representative Association. WHEREUPON, DR. FERGUSON, APPROACHED THE MICROPHONE, TOOK T E E WITNESS SEAT AND T E S T I F I E D IN SUBSTANCE AS FOLLOWS: DR. FERGUSON: My name i s D r . F e r g u s o n . I.am P r e s i d e n t o f the Midway C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n . , I would l i k e t o s a y f i r s t t h a t Mr. Edward J . M c C l a i n had t h e m i s f o r t u n e t o loose �15 h i s mother i n Cape Cod, M a s s a c h u s e t t s s o t h e r e f o r e he was not here t h i s a f t e r n o o n * when he was due t o appear* because he had to go t o t h e base s t a t e . I have a statement here w h i c h t h e Midway C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n f u l l y endorses a s i t has endorsed the s t a t e m e n t of t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of the D. C. F e d e r a t i o n C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s of w h i c h I happen t o be a of delegate. At t h e o u t s e t I would l i k e t o s a y t h a t a s e a r l y a s Tuesday, J a n u a r y 10, 1956, t h e Midway C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n went on r e c o r d a t a meeting, and 1 have a f l y e r h e r e — a n announcement o f s a i d meeting; and we went on r e c o r d here a s d e p l o r i n g the c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e $20 m i l l i o n i n n e r loop as i t was a t t h a t time' w h i c h would d e s t r o y 6,800 b u i l d i n g s , i n c l u d i n g p r i v a t e homes apartment houses, rooming houses, s t o r e s , and business establishments. other A t t h a t t i m e , over 23,000 f a m i l i e s , were p u b l i c l y announced as b e i n g t h e v i c t i m s and d i s p l a c e s i n t h i s g i g a n t i c p r o j e c t , w h i c h was announced i n l a t e Mow, 1955. t o t h e s t a t e m e n t of Mr. M c C l a i n who was due t o appear t h i s e v e n i n g but was unable t o do s o . T h i s i s the s t a t e - ment t h a t our Midway C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n unanimously e n d o r s e s : He i n t r o d u c e s h i m s e l f as t h e P a s t P r e s i d e n t o f t h e Midway c i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n . Ws have s o r t of an arrangement where f i r s t he i s " P r e s i d e n t , " and t h e n I am P r e s i d e n t every t e n y e a r s or so. I t ' s not i n t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n but t h a t ' s what the people want.. He i s the immediate Post P r e s i d e n t of the D. C„ F e d e r a t i o n of C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s . He i s a l s o a member o f �IS the C i t y P l a n n i n g and P a r k s Committee of the F e d e r a t i o n . During the p a s t 10 y e a r s he has keen the p r i n c i p l e spokesman f o r the F e d e r a t i o n i n opposing f r e e w a y p r o j e c t s w i t h i n the District of Columbia. . would remind the honored Councilman t h a t the 2 F e d e r a t i o n opposed the freeway through the A r c h b o i d - G l o v e r Parkway, I l t h S t r e e t , M. E . f r e e w a y , the North Leg o f t h e I n n e r Loop; and the North C e n t r a l Freeway and the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the Three S i s t e r s Bridge. THE AUDIENCE: DR. appearing FERGJSON: (applause) We f e e l t h a t the advantage of on the l a s t day of t h e s e h e a r i n g s i s t h a t the p o s i - t i o n of the F e d e r a t i o n has now bean v i n d i c a t e d by the whelming r e j e c t i o n of f r e e w a y s by D i s t r i c t c i t i s e n s . overWe b e l i e v e the g r e a t e s t s e r v i c e the C o u n c i l can render t o t h i s community as w e l l as t o the n a t i o n i s t o s t r o n g l y recommend t o the Congress t h a t no f u r t h e r f r e e w a y s be c o n s t r u c t e d i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. The reasons f o r t h i s a r e as f o l l o w s : F i r s t , the D i s t r i c t of Columbia i s too compact and too l i m i t e d i n l a n d a r e a t o handle the l a r g e i n c r e a s e i n t r a f f i c t h a t would be n e c e s s a r i l y a t t r a c t e d by a d d i t i o n a l freeways. I n o t h e r words, we don't have the space of square m i l e s such as t h e y have i n Los A n g e l e s . 10 m i l e s s q u a r e ; or a l i t t l e over I understand. We 133 a r e some �17 I t e m two, the F e d e r a t i o n s t r o n g l y s u p p o r t s — a n d the Midway C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s t r o n g l y s u p p o r t s — t h e Metro-Subway System as the most l o g i c a l means of b r i n g i n g commuters i n and out the C i t y t o t h e i r p l a c e s o f employment and on o t h e r missions. We r e j e c t , however, the concept of b u i l d i n g f r e e w a y s s i m p l y t o provide: s u b u r b a n i t e s w i t h the a l t e r n a t i v e e i t h e r the subway or t h e i r automobiles. of u s i n g This objection i s based on the tremendous c o s t t h a t w i l l be i n c u r r e d i n b u i l d i n g the subway and i t s operation a f t e r c o n s t r u c t i o n , as w e l l b u i l d i n g f r e e w a y s , and then maintenance of s a i d T h e r e i s a double c o s t t h e r e . We as freeways. f e e l t h a t the M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a ' s p o p u l a t i o n cannot j u s t i f y the a d d i t i o n e i l expenditure i n v o l v e d i n p r o v i d i n g b o t h - a subway and an extended freeway system over and above the freeway system such a s we have a t the p r e s e n t morent. Item t h r e e , a d d i t i o n a l f r e e w a y s would encourage g r e a t e i use of automobiles by those commuting t o the C i t y from the s u r r o u n d i n g suburbs. The obvious r e s u l t would be a demand f o r more p a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s a t t h e expense of C i t y r e s i d e n t i a l b u s i n e s s needs. T h i s i s one of t h e prime r e a s o n s why and both the F e d e r a t i o n Of C i v i c and C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n s have j o i n e d — and t h e D. C. F e d e r a t i o n of C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s — h a v e j o i n e d i n opposing t h e T y d i n g s - B r o y h i l l P a r k i n g B i l l , f o r t h i s b i l l con-• t a i n s a p r o v i s i o n f o r t a k i n g r e s i d e n t i a l property f o r parking f a c i l i t i e s through the power of eminent domain. Consequently, �18 t h e c i t i z e n s o f the D i s t r i c t e r e confronted w i t h d i s l o c a t i o n and u p h e a v a l by both the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the f r e e w a y s and by t h e need f o r a d d i t i o n a l p a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s once t h e roads a r e built. Perhaps t h e s i n g l e most important F e d e r a t i o n ' s dees concern deep c o n c e r n o b j e c t i o n i s the « = and t h e Midway C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n ' s ' • »«• ever t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t o f thousands o f D i s t r i c t r e s i d e n t s and b u s i n e s s e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n order t o p r o v i d e space for t h e proposed freeways,. Many o f t h e d i s p l a c e d r e s i d e n t s would be unable t o r e l o c a t e or purchase homes elsewhere? e s p e c i a l l y d u r i n g t h i s time o f h i g h i n t e r e s t r a t e s f o r mortgage money, w h i c h i t s e l f the b u s i n e s s i s a s c a r c e commodity. However, many o f 1 s h o u l d s a y "moreover" many o f t h e b u s i n e s s e s t a b l i s h m e n t s would be l o s t f o r e v e r t o the D i s t r i c t because of i n a b i l i t y t o r e l o c a t e i n other areas of the C i t y . The mere f a c t t h a t Congress h a s announced i t s posi« t i o n s h o u l d n o t he t h e c o n t r o l l i n g f a c t o r o f anyone i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e i r c i t y , t h e n a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l , b e i n g a v i a b l e community* We w i s h t o p o i n t out t h a t Congress h a s r e v e r s e d itself t i n the p a s t on ct'rer m a t t e r s . E v e r y e f f o r t t h e r e f o r e should be made t o persuade Congress t o r e v e r s e i t s e l f on t h i s i s s u e * b e f o r e i r r e p a r a b l e damage i s done t o t h e C i t y and i t s r e s i d e n t s . Ws note w i t h g r e a t i n t e r e s t t h a t t h e c i t i z e n s o f Montgomery County r e c e n t l y m a n i f e s t e d strong opposition t o a freeway p r o p o s a l design2d n e t so much t o d i s p l a c e people, but t o make u s e o f t h e l a r g e p o r t i o n o f t h e i r wooded and park areas. �We a l s o note t h a t the a r t i c u l a t e members of Congress from the s u b u r b s , who a l w a y s seem so v o c a l about m a t t e r s a f f e c t i n g the D i s t r i c t , were s t r a n g e l y s i l e n t r e g a r d i n g the d o u b t f u l wisdom of c o n s t r u c t i n g t h i s c o n t r o v e r s i a l f r e e w a y as proposed i n Montgomery County. opposition t o the C e r t a i n l y the b a s i s of c o n s t r u c t i o n of f r e e w a y s i n the our District of Columbia i s even more c o m p e l l i n g s i n c e the trade-*off f o r c o n c r e t e roadways h e r e i s human m i s e r y , n e e d l e s s s u f f e r i n g , and l o s s of b u s i n e s s income, and not mere l o s s of a park or r e c r e a t i o n a r e a i n the woods. I n c o n c l u s i o n , we would l i k e t o s i m p l y observe t h a t i n v i e w of a l l of the t e s t i m o n y t h a t has been so a b l y p r e s e n t e d t o the C o u n c i l , your recommendations t o Congress s h o u l d , indeed must be, and t h a t the c i t i z e n s of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia n e i t h e r want nor need any more f r e e w a y s i n t h e i r beloved THE AUDIENCE: DR. FERGUSON: city. (applause) Now, I would l i k e t o e x t e n d my. remarks by s a y i n g t h a t many of us who happen t o be n a t i v e s of the C i t y of Washington have a l w a y s had an i n t e r e s t i n not o n l y e n t i r e c i t y but coiomunity a f t e r community. seeing that there i s an e x t e n s i o n t h e h i s t o r i c a l v a l u e s , and pleasant I f we We the a r e i n t e r e s t e d in of h e r e the a e s t h e t i c v a l u e s , o t h e r f a c i l i t i e s t h a t make t h i s a p l a c e f o r people from a l l over the w o r l d t o v i s i t . a r e going to t a k e a l i m i t e d a r e a and knot i t a l l up g a n g l i a r of macaroni cype of highways f o r the p l e a s u r e of with the �20 concrete and the automobile m a n u f a c t u r e r s and the tire m a n u f a c t u r e r s , and a l l the o t h e r c o l l u s i v e i n t e r e s t s t h a t seem t o want t o w r e c k oar r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l and r e l a t i v e l y l i m i t e d . nation's c a p i t a l . J u s t don't know! I t seems t h a t we have come upon an age where a e s t h e t i c s , where beauty, where a b l e comfort a r e t h i n g s o f the p a s t * Civic Association reason- Now* we o f the Midway iion't propose t o w a i t a n o t h e r 14 y e a r s . You see, i t i s 14 y e a r s s i n c e we have opposed t h i s t h i n g and we have had t h i s t h r e a t hanging over our heads a i l t h a t t i m e . have s a i d v a r y c o n c r e t e l y t h a t the Midway C i v i c and the F e d e r a t i o n We Association b e l i e v e t h a t t h i s whole matter o f a n y a d d i t i o n a l f r e e w a y s i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia has come t o halt ( s l a p p i n g the desk v i g o r o u s l y } and we must get on w i t h the subway s y s t e m because we f e e l t h a t - — y o u a r e t a l k i n g about b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n — i t c e r t a i n l y i s unbalanced now because t h e y have a l l o f t h i s g a n g l i a r o f f r e e w a y s nor and not t h e f i r s t s i g n y e t o f the subway other than a couple o f h o l e s over here i n J u d i c i a r y Square and some p i c t u r e s i n the papers o f some b u i l d i n g s t h a t might be t o r n down around the Square t h e r e . So, t h i s i s our t e s t i m o n y , t h i s i s f e e l i n g , t h i s i s the f e e l i n g of our members o f the Midway C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n . I would bs g l a d t o answer any q u e s t i o n s t h a t anyone has, CHAIRMAN MOOSEs You have dona a v e r y good j o b , Mr. F e r g u r s o n , and you.: statement was "very c l e a r . �21 Dr. Robinson? COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: on the same s t r e e t t o g e t h e r . Republican. Doctor, you and I s t a r t e d out You r e n t Democrat, I went And we a r e bach on t h e sane t r a c k a g a i n . DR. FERGUSON: W e l l , t h i s has no p o l i t i c s i n t h i s . THE AUDIENCE: (applause) DR. FERGUSON: We s t a n d t o g e t h e r on t h i s . THE AUDIENCE: ( l a u g h t e r and a p p l a u s e ) DR. FERGUSON: Thank you v e r y rauch. CHAIRMAN MOGRE: Thank you, Mr. F e r g u s o n . E e f o r e I c a l l t h e n e x t w i t n e s s , I would a g a i n remind us here t o n i g h t t h a t we have q u i t e a long l i s t of w i t n e s s e s to d e a l w i t h . One of the problems toward the end o f a long day i s t h a t t h e audience i s a l l . gone; the w i t n e s s e s a r e t i r e d and t h e y don't get t o s a y what t h e y have t o s a y t o anybody. I know t h a t a i l o f us a r e d e e p l y , d e e p l y , concerned and we c o u l d t a l k on and on and on, when we g e t our chance t o s a y something, I would a p p e a l t o you t o remember t h a t your " b r o t h e r " wants t o s a y some;hing r i g h t behind you. He's w a i t i n g f o r h i s chance. F o r t h a t reason—-and I am not going t o put t h e time l i m i t on you, because b e i n g a p u b l i c speaker m y s e l f I know how time can s l i p by and you don't know i t i s gone when you get t o t a l k i n g . And a f t e r f i v e ( 5 ) minutes have pa,ssed I am j u s t going t o n o t i f y you t h a t you have been t a l k i n g f i v e (5) minutes and then I would hope t h a t you would be m i n d f u l a t t h a i �22 time. Now, a t the b e g i n n i n g I c a l l e d f o r Mr. David E l e c t e d D e l e g a t e , V i r g i n i a S t a t e Assembly. a t t h a t time. X understand t h a t he i s now Sutherland, Be had not present. arrived May I welcome him t o come t o the w i t n e s s t a b l e . THE AUDIENCE: (applause) WHEREUPON, MR. DAVID SUTHERLAND, ELECTED DELEGATE, VIRGINIA STATE ASSEMBLY, APPROACHED THE MICROPHONE AND TOOK SEAT AT THE WITNESS TABLE AND T E S T I F I E D IN SUBSTANCE A3 FOLLOWS: MR. SUTHERLAND; Thank you v e r y much, Reverend Moore. CHAIRMAN MOORE: V e r y p l e a s e d t o welcome MR. W e l l , thank you, s i r . As you SUTHERLAND: I am D a v i d S u t h e r l a n d . you. said, I am a r e s i d e n t of McClean, V i r g i n i a , and ray' O f f i c e i s i n the D i s t r i c t ; I am a commuter and a D i s t r i c businessman. ture. As you s a i d , I s e r v e d i n the V i r g i n i a As a matter of f a c t , Legisla- I am probably a s t i r e d as anybody e l s e here t h i s e v e n i n g , and h a v i n g been down t h e r e doing the b e s t I c o u l d t o l e g i s l a t e as l a t e a s .1:30 t h i s afternoon.; I appear b e f o r e you t o n i g h t t o renew my r e q u e s t f o r c o o p e r a t i o n between t h i s C i t y and the people o f the suburbs i n a speedy s o l u t i o n to our mutual t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems; and t o r e p o r t p r o g r e s s towards e a r l y implementation t r a i n s e r v i c e between the D i s t r i c t and V i r g i n i a of commuter suburbs. I do net assume t o a s s i s t you i n the c r u e l dilemma of �23 the e x p r e s s w a y p r e s s u r e ; but i t should be c l e a r t o a l l t h a t — however soon e x p r e s s w a y s can t a k e houses or d e s t r o y p a r k s t h e y w i l l not be b u i l t t o b e n e f i t d r i v e r s f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s . Conmiuter t r a i n s can s t a r t r e l i e v i n g t r a f f i c The t r a c k s a r e t h e r e . i n 1970, The B &. 0 runs t o the same p l a c e s a s the proposed North C e n t r a l Freeway — Union Station, S i l v e r S p r i n g and then n o r t h w e s t t o R o c k v i l l e and G a i t h e r s b u r g . The P e n n s y l v a n i a t r a c k s l i k e w i s e s e r v e the 1-95 a r e a of Maryland. E a c h i s today c a p a b l e of a g r e a t e r throughput of commuters t h a n the e x p r e s s w a y may c a r r y y e a r s from now. To V i r g i n i a , the t r c c k s run from Union S t a t i o n through Southwest t o A l e x a n d r i a and Franc:onia or S p r i n g f i e l d and Manassas. Commuter t r a i n s a r e v i t a l i n the i n t e r i m b e f o r e Metro s t a r t s : and l a t e r to e x t e n d Metro s e r v i c e . moving commuters — A l l t h a t i s needed t o b e g i n D i s t r i c t r e s i d e n t s or D i s t r i c t w o r k e r s — i s c o o p e r a t i o n and modest amounts of f e d e r a l money. Maryland service, or V i r g i n i a s e r v i c e , can be s e p a r a t e l y conducted. Most e f f i c i e n t and u s e f u l would be through s e r v i c e - - t a k i n g Maryland commuters t o the D i s t r i c t and D i s t r i c t commuters t o V i r g i n i a i n one d i r e c t i o n , and V i r g i n i a t o D. C. and D, C. t o Maryland i n the o t h e r . On the V i r g i n i a end, we a r e making progress,, Byron Andrews^ my f e l l o w D e l e g a t e from F a i r f a x County, has i n t r o d u c e d V i r g i n i a l e g i s l a t i o n t o permit the Northern V i r g i n i a Transport a t i o n Commission t o c o n t r a c t f o r commuter r a i l s e r v i c e . • I �have sponsored a b i l l so chat our l o c a l i t i e s can buy t h e l a n d for p a r k i n g and s t a t i o n s . Those powers have been r e q u e s t e d by the l o c a l j u r i s d i c t i o n and t o g e t h e r w i l l p r o v i d e f o r a c t i o n by N.V.T.C. a t t h e V i r g i n i a end o f commuter r a i l service. I e n v i s i o n t h e use o f planned Metro s t a t i o n s f o r p a r k i n g and a s t h e t e r m i n a l s f o r f e e d e r bus l i n e s . Station c o s t s c a n be o f f s e t by l e a s e o f a i r r i g h t s f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n ever the s t a t i o n s . Some Metro s t a t i o n s a r e on e x i s t i n g rail l i n e s ; i n o t h e r ce.sas, s h u t t l e buses can meet t h e t r a i n s from s t a t i o n s a t f u t u r e Metro sites. i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia, p r i n c i p a l s t a t i o n s a r e i n Southwest, where s t a t i o n space remains open on t h e t r a c k s i n t h e midst o f f i v e f e d e r a l departments and a t Union Station, Loop b u s e s , r u n n i n g i n both d i r e c t i o n s , have a l r e a d y been e s t a b l i s h e d t o u c h i n g t h e s e s t a t i o n s and downtown p o i n t s . the When commuter t r a i n program b e g i n s e x p r e s s buses s h o u l d meet t h e s e commuter t r a i n s a t Union S t a t i o n drawing from the p r i n c i pal r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s o f t h e D i s t r i c t , f o r commuters t o s u b u r - ban jobs. I hope t h a t Maryland w i l l a g a i n f o l l o w where leads } by u n d e r t a k i n g h e r end o f commuter r a i l Virginia service. The D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, through t h i s C o u n c i l , may • h e l p implement commuter r a i l s . remain a v a i l a b l e . The Southwest s t a t i o n must- Union S t a t i o n , w h i l e undergoing r e h a b i l i t a - �25 t i o n , must be r e q u i r e d t o prov5.de f o r commuter t r a i n s and c o n n e c t i n g e x p r e s s and loop b u s e s . This Council, i n fact, i s i n a k e y p o s i t i o n t o c o o p e r a t e w i t h t h e suburban t r a n s p o r t a t i o n commissions. Gentlemen, the suburbs and t h e c i t y have a common interest i n adequate r e g i o n a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . The proposed highways cannot and w i l l n o t be b u i l t i n t i m e t o h a l e frag- mentation o f the metropolis, which i s i s o l a t i n g r e s i d e n t s of a l l a r e a s from t h e p l a c e s t h e y would l i k e t o work. Metro when b u i l t w i l l h o l d t h e a r e a . t o g e t h e r , b u t t h i s e f f e c t w i l l n o t be f e l t u n t i l the late Seventies. Commuter t r a i n s on e x i s t i n g • • r a i l s c a n meet our mutual needs now. L e t us work together for e a r l y a c t i o n . Thank you, gentlemen. THE AUDIENCE: (applause) CHAIRMAN MGORE: We a r e v e r y g r a t e f u l t o the delegate f o r p r e s e n t i n g t h i s c o n s t r u c t i v e t e s t i m o n y here t o n i g h t , and we w i l l a s k t h e Chairman o f t h e C i t y C o u n c i l i f he would l i k e t o comment o r a s k q u e s t i o n s ? CHAIRMAN HAHN: have you here t o n i g h t . Mr. S u t h e r l a n d , we a r e v e r y honored t o We c o n t i n u e from time t o time t o r e a d about t h i s p l a n o f t h e ' ' t r a c k s . " Do you have a comprehensive map showing t h e e x i s t e n c e o f t h e s e r a i l MR* SUTHERLAND; lines? Mr. Hahn, between Richmond and Wash- i n g t o n I don't have e l a b o r a t e d l y s c h e d u l e d naps and what n o t . �26 These a r e a v a i l a b l e . problem. As you cay, i t i s a v e r y complicated' We have t o p a t t o g e t h e r t h e p i e c e s o f t h e p u z z l e , suburban j u r i s d i c t i o n , suburban commissions, t h i s C o u n c i l , and more and more F e d e r a l p r o v i s i o n s . ginning t o f a l l t o g e t h e r now. CHAIRMAN HAEN: ing Some o f t h e p i e c e s a r e b e - Well, i t i s certainly a v e r y promis- p r o j e c t and I applaude you f o r w o r k i n g on i t . MR. SUTEERLAND; trains The b i g t h i n g about t h e commuter i s t h a t t h e y a r e cheap and t h e y a r e s w i f t . They do i t q u i c k l y and a r c cheap. THE AUDIENCE: CHAIRMAN MOORE: (applause) Councilman COUNCILMAN ROBINSONs Robinson? Mr. S u t h e r l a n d , I want t o compliment you on your - r e p o r t - and thank you, s i r . ' MR. SUTHERLAND: Thank you. THE AUDIENCE: CHAIRMAN MOORE: (applause) Mr. Lou Robinson, Urban Planner, D C.T.C. 0 WHEREUPON, MR. LOU ROBINSON, URBAN PLANNER, D.C.T.C., APPROACHED T E E MICROPHONE, TOOK THE WITNESS SEAT AND T E S T I F I E D I N SUBSTANCE AS FOLLOWS: MR. ROBINSON: A l l r i g h t ? CHAIRMAN MOORE: You a r e v e r y welcome here* s i r . MR. ROBINSON: Thank you. The f i r s t t h i n g I would �l i k e t o do i s t o r e g i s t e r r. p r o t e s t and t h a t i s to t h i s k i n d o f f a s c i s t environment t h a t t h e s e h e a r i n g s a r e being conducted under. I r e a l l y d e t e s t t h i s k i n d of p o l i c e t a c t i c s - gestapo p o l i c e t a c t i c s t h a t you a r e doing. As you e n t e r , t h e y q u e s t i o n you and a s k f o r your i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , and t h e y a s k f o r c a r d s a s you e n t e r t h i s Hall. I see p o l i c e l i n i n g the c o r r i d o r s of t h e Hearing Chamber. I f t h e r e i s a s m a l l c i t i z e n r y o u t c r y from the Chambers the p o l i c e surge i n a s a p s y c h o l o g i c a l s u p p r e s a n t . Even the r e a c t i o n a r y news media f o r the p a s t few days has t o l d o f , • quote, " t i g h t s e c u r i t y g u a r d , " unquote, a t the freeway h e a r i n g s t o c o u n t e r a c t any p o s s i b i l i t y of v i o l e n c e . T h i s was news r e p o r t from W G M S r a d i o ? a l l day Tuesday, too. d i d t h i s statement come about? an a c t u a l And how Well, i t i s r e a l l y very simple. F i r s t , you t a k e your p r e s s r e l e a s e from Reverend Moore on Monday morning e x p r e s s i n g the need f o r adequate p o l i c e p r o t e c t i o n i n the C o u n c i l Chambers, the need t o c o n t a i n p o s s i b l e v i o l e n c e and the r a t i o n a l e behind t h i s , based on p r e v i o u s counters. Secondly, en- you t a k e a UPI summary about the need f o r heavy p o l i c e f o r c e a t D, C. C o u n c i l Freeway H e a r i n g s . Thirdly, you add a l i t t l e media s e n s c ; t i o n a l i s r a , coupled w i t h t h e i r own hang-ups, plugged i n , and you g e t , quote, " t i g h t s e c u r i t y guard a t t o n i g h t ' s C i t y C o u n c i l Freeway Hearings p o s s i b i l i t y of v i o l e n c e t h a t may t o suppress any occur. a s d i d l a s t .August i n the same C i t y C o u n c i l Chamber." 9th I a l s o p r o t e s t the f a c t t h a t �28 t h e s e h e a r i n g s a r e b e i n g h e l d here i n t h i s b u i l d i n g . We a l l know t h a t t h e y r i g h t l y should be h e l d i n t h e neighborhoods, s c h o o l s , c h u r c h e s , and community c e n t e r s — i n the a r e a s most affected. THE AUDIENCE: MR. suppress t h e ROBINSON: (applause) I t i s an obvious C o u n c i l s t r a t e g y t o " s i n " by r e q u i r i n g us t o come t o a f a s c i s t en™ i vironment such as we have h e r e . t o suppress I t i s also a Council strategy i n f o r m a t i o n by not a c t i v e l y d i s s e m i n a t i n g informa- t i o n i n t o the community by not h o l d i n g community r e v i e w session;; and by not a c t i v e l y u s i n g the newspaper media t o show g r a p h i c a l l y what t h i s highway i s a l l about. I f a l l adds up t o a v e r y simple s t r a t e g y ; beep i n f o r m a t i o n , e d u c a t i o n and communication t o a minimum. you w i l l minimise c i t i z e n r y r e a c t i o n t o your program. Therefore, The people i n the C i t y w i l l not t o l e r a t e your breed f a s c i s m , so • beware' I come here t o n i g h t t o a s h you t o r e j e c t the v a r i o u s f r e e w a y p r o p o s a l s b e f o r e you. The b a s i s f o r t h i s i s t h a t t h e proposed freeway p l a n w i l l f u r t h e r add t o an overwhelming housing 1969 c r i s i s i n the C i t y and the r e g i o n . I n F e b r u a r y o r March of your Housing Committee, under t h e C h a i r m a n s h i p of Mr. Y e l d e l l , h e l d a s e r i e s of h e a r i n g s t o a s s e s s the D i s t r i c t ' s | housing problems, i t s s u p p l i e s , i t s r e s o u r c e s and i t s needs. . ; T h i s s t r a t e g y was w e l l t a k e n ; t h a t i s , w h i l e under d i r e c t i �29 C o n g r e s s i o n a l p r e s s u r e t o change y e a r d e c i s i o n s you d r a m a t i s e d the most e f f e c t i v e way yea c o u l d where t h e r e a l p r i o r i t i e s a r e and how t h e f r e e w a y s y s t e m does n o t h e l p our b a s i c housing problem, b u t adds t o i t . . L e t me j u s t r e i t e r a t e some o f your major f i n d i n g s on h o u s i n g c o n d i t i o n s and needs and a l s o t o r e f u t e much o f t h e t e s t i m o n y o f Mr. C r o c k e r who t e s t i f i e d a t Tuesday's meeting, from t h e C e n t r a l r e l o c a t i o n B u r e a u : "What a r e seme o f t h e h o u s i n g needs o f the C i t y ? r e n t a l housing c o s t a s a s t a n d a r d , Washington's t o t a l , Usin house- h o l d p o p u l a t i o n i n c l u d i n g both r e n t e r s and homeowners i s d i v i d e d a l m o s t h a l f and h a l f between a f f l u e n c e and p o v e r t y . T h a t i s , 5 0 . 1 % o f t h e C i t y ' s p o p u l a t i o n would be a b l e t o a f f o r d ; and 4 9 . 9 % would not be a b l e t o a f f o r d sound, uncrowded, privately-owned r e n t a l housing." i Whit we a r e t a l k i n g about i s t h a t 400,000 people i n t h i s C i t y cannot a f f o r d market r a t e housing„• T h i s p o v e r t y s e c t o r o f 49.9% c a n be d i v i d e d i n t o f o u r ( 4 ) c a t e g o r i e s : Number o r e , 1 3 % o f Washington's t o t a l population— t h a t i s 1 0 3 0 0 0 p e o p l e — h a v e income w h i c h exceeds t h e maximum s a l l o w a b l e f o r a d m i t t a n c e t o P u b l i c Housing b u t t h e y a r e t o o poor t o a f f o r d sound, uncrowded, p r i v a t e l y - o w n e d r e n t a l housing Another 2 2 % o f Washington's t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n — t h a t i s , 176,000 p e o p l e — w i l l be e l i g i b l e f o r P u b l i c Housing a s w e l l a s f o r t h e Pent Supplement Program and w i l l be a b l e t o pay t h e �30 minimum r e n t a l s f o r t h e NCH h o u s i n g . 8% of Washington's t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n — 6 4 , 0 0 0 p e o p l e — w o u l d be e l i g i b l e f o r p u b l i c housing on the b a s i s of need but t h e y a r e t o o poor t o a f f o r d the minimum r e n t a l s charged by NCHA. Another 3% o f Washington's t o t a l population-—24,000 people—-are u n r e l a t e d i n d i v i d u a l s who a r e not e l d e r l y and who a r e t o o poor t o a f f o r d sound, p r i v a t e l y - o w n e d r e n t a l h o u s i n g . T h e r e f o r e , t a k i n g a s a minimum: A minimum o f 9 1 % low-income r e n t a l households c o m p r i s i n g a p o p u l a t i o n of 269,000 p e r s o n s — t h a t i s 37% o f Washington's t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n — ' a r e eli- g i b l e f o r o r need a s s i s t a n c e t o occupy sound, uncrowded h o u s i n g i n t h e C i t y a t r e n t a l s t h a t t h e y can a f f o r d . A maximum o f 133,000 h o u s e h o l d s , c o m p r i s i n g a p o p u l a t i o n o f 445,000 p e o p l e — t h a t i s 6 2 % o f Washington's t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n — a r e e l i g i b l e or need a s s i s t a n c e t o occupy sound, uncrowded h o u s i n g i n t h e C i t y a t r e n t a l s t h e y can e i f f o r d . T h i s maximum: Add 61,000 low-income homeowners and moderate income r e n t a l households h a v i n g undetermined and raargi n a l household heeds, t h e s e a r e minimum e s t i m a t e s . No-;, what a r e some of t h e c u r r e n t l y a s s i s t i n g h o u s i n g resources that a r e a v a i l a b l e ? That i s , i n Washington? Well, t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Housing A u t h o r i t y i s p r e s e n t l y a s s i s t i n g 8,900 f a m i l i e s . The 2 2 1 — Program c u r r e n t l y has i n o p e r a t i o n 424 u n i t s — c h a t ' s o n l y 424; W i t h 173 under c o n s t r u c t i o n . Okay, t h i s means a l l t h e housing s u b s i d y programs i n Washington �are c u r r e n t l y a s s i s t i n g o n l y 9,358 low and moderate income r e n t a l households c o m p r i s i n g a p o p u l a t i o n o f 45,000 people. T h a t i s o n l y 6% o f the t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n i n the C i t y . Over t h e n e x t decade NCHA W i l l o n l y b u i l d 3500 a d d i t i o n a l p u b l i c housing u n i t s . for T h i s s i t u a t i o n i s most a c u t e f a m i l i e s needing t h r e e o r more bedrooms. B u t o n l y 1600 u n i t s o f t h e s e s i r e s w i l l p r o b a b l y be i n c l u d e d . P u b l i c Housing c l e a r l y cannot meet the demand f o r housing b y Washington's low-income f a m i l i e s . Furthermore, i t i s n o t l i k e l y t o do s o a s long a s HCHA i s l i m i t e d by law to' c o n f i n e i t s o p e r a t i o n s i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. How, t h e 221-D3 Housing Program s u b s i d y has had v e r y l i t t l e s u c c e s s , w i t h the amount o f FHA red-tape and the obvious high cost of C i t y land. What does a l l t h i s mean? W e i l , poor f a m i l i e s a r e responding t o Washington * s housing s h o r t a g e by d o u b l i n g and o v e r c r o w d i n g ; by l i v i n g i n s t r u c t u r a l l y s u b s t a n d a r d h o u s i n g ; by s h a r i n g o r doing w i t h o u t e s s e n t i a l f a c i l i t i e s ; by f a r m i n g out t h e i r c h i l d r e n whenever t h e y c a n ; by denying t h a t t h e i r c h i l d r e n e x i s t t o l a n d l o r d s and p u b l i c of f i c i e - . l s ; by p a y i n g r e n t s w h i c h a r e h i g h compared to income s o t h e y must s a c r i f i c e o t h e r l i v i n g n e c e s s i t i e s ; and by l i v i n g w i t h o u t d i g n i t y and p r i v a c y . The h o u s i n g needs a n a l y s i s shows t h a t more than 100,00C c h i l d r e n a r e growing up i n Washington now under one or more h o u s i n g c o n d i t i o n s w h i c h c r e a t e p s y c h o l o g i c a l , s o c i a l and medi- �32 c a l impairments t h a t make s a t i s f a c t o r y h o m e - l i f e d i f f i c u l t or a practical impossibility. The s o c i a l c o s t of the housing s h o r t a g e i n wasted human r e s o u r c e s a^e b e i n g accompanied by g r e a t e r need and g r e a t e r p u b l i c c o s t f o r many g e n e r a l w e l f a r e s e r v i c e s i n t h e City. Qf e q u a l l y g r o a t concern i s the mergence of a s o c i o l o g i c a l g h e t t o w i t h i n a r a c i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n Washington. Washington's t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n i s i n c r e a s i n g now, and a t the same time the w h i t e p o p u l a t i o n i s c o n t i n u i n g t o move. . out of t h e C i t y . O f f s e t t i n g t h i s n e t l o s s of the w h i t e p o p u l a t i o n , Washington's b l a c k p o p u l a t i o n i s c o n t i n u i n g t o grow through natural increase i n migration. One r e s u l t of t h i s population exchange: t h a t s k i l l and e a r n i n g l e v e l s of a s i s e a b l e p r o p o r t i o n of t h o s e t h a t l i v e i n Washington a r e b e i n g lowered a t the same time t h a t housing c o s t s aire i n c r e a s i n g . Washington, now a r e b e i n g improved b r i v a t e housing developments and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n . Some neighborhoods p h y s i c a l l y m a i n l y by and by p r i v a t e market Housing New new redevelopment However, p r a c t i c a l l y a l l of t h e s e ments a r e b e i n g made f o r a f f l u e n t p o p u l a t i o n s . in improve- Public i s b e i n g b u i l t i n the C i t y but o v e r a l l the C i t y ' s r e n t -housing s u p p l y i s b e i n g d i m i n i s h e d by p u b l i c and .uarket removals and by r e n t - p r i c e movements; t h a t i t ' s low- private increasing h o u s i n g r e n t a l s and p r i c e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h r i s i n g l a n d v a l u e s . �•The poor a r e b e i n g squeezed by changes of growing low—income demands, r i s i n g housing c o s t s , and a d i m i n i s h i n g supply of h o u s i n g a v a i l a b l e , t o them. B o t h p h y s i c a l and occupancy c o n d i t i o n s of housing occupied by the poor a r e w o r s e n i n g and the poor a r e b e i n g s h i f t e d geographically market placements. rapidly. w i t h i n t h e C i t y m a i n l y by the p r i v a t e As a r e s u l t the neighborhoods are d e c l i n i n g I n s h o r t , slums a r e b e i n g s h i f t e d w i t h Iow-inco:-ne f a m i l i e s ; t h a t p u b l i c and p r i v a t e r e n e w a l and new construction a r e not beeping up w i t h r e s i d e n t i a l g y r a t i o n i n Washington because o f the p r e s s u r e Therefore, o f t h e h o u s i n g needs. , I propose a recommendation t o Congress, by you, t h a t you e l i m i n a t e the Worth Central Freeway; eliminate the Worth Leg o f t h e I n n e r Loop; and e l i m i n a t e the E a s t Leg on B l a d e n s b u r g Avenue. These h e r e (3} t h r e e r o o t s h a v i n g the most d e t r i mental a f f e c t on housing s u p p l y and resources. I a l s o recommend immediate c e s s a t i o n of c o n s t r u c t i o n a c t i v i t y on t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e and the E a s t Leg of the I n n e r Loop from I n t e r c h a n g e C t o B l a d e n s b u r g h E:>ad; e l i m i n a t i o n of t h e South Leg of the Inner- Loop and e l i m i n a t i o n o f t h e Potomac R i v e r Freeway from a l l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n plans. T h i s w i l l r e s u l t a s a v i n g t o the C i t y of around m i l l i o n d o l l a r s , w h i c h i s Q% of the proposed 1970 Budget. $50 This $50 m i l l i o n c o u l d be s p e n t on b u i l d i n g 2500 housing u n i t s , w h i c l �34 would house about 1 0 , 0 0 0 people. THE AUDIENCE: (applause) CHAIRMAN M O O R E : MR. ROBIN-SON: Yeldell Thank you, Thanh you v e r y much. I have one q u e s t i o n . S i n c e Mr. i s n o t h e r s , I would l i k e t o a s k t h i s o f Mr. Hahnt At T u e s d a y ' s s e s s i o n , i n h i s c o n f r o n t a t i o n Charles Cassell, he mentioned t h a t t h i s with " i s a new b a l l game," and t h a t h i s d e c i s i o n 'August 9 t h ' was an " o l d b a l l game;" t h a t t h i s i s "a ne.v b a l l game, " Mr. Hahn, do you a g r e e w i t h this? CHAIRMAN HAHN: I don't remember t h e exchange you refer to. MR. ROEIN3ON: W e l l , he was r e f e r r i n g to h i s decision of August 9 t h , b e i n g t h a t c e r t a i n p r e s s u r e s , i n s i d e and o u t s i d e , f o r c e d him t o make a d e c i s i o n . l a t e r he c a l l s a "new b a l l game?" d i f f e r e n t s e t of standards? I n o t h e r words, i s t h i s a I n o t h e r words, we don't have t h e black m i l l ever us, or Congressional b a l l gams? B u t now, 7 o r 8 months pressure? I s i t a new I t h i n k you c a n answer t h a t . CHAIRMAN HAHN: You have made your p o i n t . -would s a y t h e answer t o your q u e s t i o n But I , i s t h i s i s a hearing i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e 2 3 ( c ) r e q u i r e m e n t o f t h e Congress t h a t we r e p o r t on t h e s e p r o j e c t s by F e b r u a r y MR. ROBINSON: the 23rd. I t ' s a v e r y e v a s i v e answer, s i r . Would you be more s p e c i f i c , Mr, Chairman? Reverend Moore, �c o u l d you answer pressures? chat q u e s t i o n ? Do we s t i l l have " b l a c k m i l l " Do we have t h e C o n g r e s s i o n a l s t r i n g s o v e r u s ? CHAIRMAN MOORS: No. MR. ROBINSON3. Can you make independent d e c i s i o n s ? CHAIRMAN MOORS: U n f o r t u n a t e l y , Mr. C a s s e l l i s n o t p r e s e n t t o i n t e r p r e t what he meant by t h a t MR. ROBINSON: statement. I am t r y i n g t o i n t e r p r e t what Mr. Y e l d e l l mace. CHAIRMAN MOORS: MR. ROBINSON: I don't remember t h e s t a t e m e n t . You don't remember t h e s t a t e m e n t ? CEAIEHhH MOORE: And t h e one you s a i d t h a t Mr. C a s s e l l made and I am not a b l e t o comment on what someone e l s e said when t h e y a r e n o t h e r e t o i n t e r p r e t what t h e y s a i d f o r themselves. I would p r e f e r t h a t you d i r e c t t h a t i n q u i r y t o t h e person t h a t s a i d i t because they would be a b l e t o t e l l you what t h e y meant, when I c a n ' t . MR, ROBINSON: W e l l , where i s Mr. Y e l d e l l ? I s he on the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee? CHAIRMAN MOORE: I cannot answer t h a t q u e s t i o n because I don't know. MR. ROBINSON; You don't know. Okay. I s Mr. Y e l d e l l on t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee? CHAIRMAN MOORE: Y e s . MR. ROBINSON: I s t h i s the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Hearing? CHAIRMAN MOORE: Y e s . �MR* ROBINSON: Xs Mrs. Shackletoa or? t h e T r a n s p o r t a - t i o n C ommittee ? CHAIRMAN MOORE: much f o r your t e s t i m o n y . MR. ROBINSON: Y e s . Mr. Robinson, thank you v e r y Yon have' done a b e a u t i f u l j o b . Oh, another p o i n t I -canted t o b r i n g up: I j u s t h e a r d today t h a t you v.?ill n o t be h o l d i n g night review session. I s that CHAIRMAN MOOES: t h e Monday true? T h i s i s the f i n a l hearing i n this series. MR. ROBINSON: T h i s i s t h e f i n a l one. Therefore, Monday Mr. A i r i s w i l l no.'; come bach f o r a hash s e s s i o n w i t h you and the citizens - a question-review-cession? CHAIRMAN MOORE: I have answered your question, Mr. Robinson. MR, ROBINSON: This i s the f i n a l ? CHAIRMAN MOORE: MR. RD31N60N: T h i s i s the f i n a l session. I n your l e g a l n o t i c e i t s a y s Monday w i l l be a n o t h e r s e s s i o n — i s here i n the l e g a l n o t i c e p a r t . a s a review session — I don't either. CHAIRMAN MOORE: Mr. Robinson, I j u s t gave you an a n - s w e r : t h i s i s t h e FINAL s e s s i o n . MR. ROBINSON: you a r e . and i t Can you c l a r i f y t h i s , o r a r e you c o n t r a d i c t i n g your l e g a l n o t i c e , o r what? understand t h i s that ' This i s the f i n a l session. Okay, t h e n �CHAIRMAN MOORS: Than}; you v e r y k i n d l y . CHAIRMAN MOORS: The Reverend J o e L . Gipson, P a s t o r , F r a n k l i n . P. Hush U n i t e d Methodist Church, (no r e s p o n s e ) REPORTER'S MOTE: (Loud comment from the a u d i e n c e , a p p a r e n t l y coming from Mr. Abbott, a s p e c t a t o r , } A VOICE: Reverend Moore, I would l i k e t o know why he bus t o l e a v e ? REPORTER'S NOTE: ( F u r t h e r l o u d comments from Mr. Abbott, a s p e c t a t o r . ) A VOICE: He h a s n ' t s a i d a n y t h i n g . REPORTER'S MOTE: (At t h i s p o i n t , Reverend Moore, Chairman Hahn, and Dr. Robinson, c o n f e r r e d a t t h e bench.) L a t e r , a n o f f i c i a l guard came i n and s t a t e d t h a t t h e r e was a '•'slight m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g . " Reverend Moore s t a t e d t h a t t h e p r o c e e d i n g s would n o t c o n t i n u e u n t i l Mr. Abbott r e t u r n e d t o the Chamber. Mr. Abbott r e t u r n e d t o t h e Chamber and t h e proceedings continued a s f o l l o w s : ) MR. ABBOTT: A l l r i g h t , I ' l l be q u i e t . CHAIRMAN MOORE: Mr. Mark F i e l d s , A l l S o u l s Church S o c i a l R e s p o n s i b i l i t y Committee? WHEREUPON, MR. MARK F I E L D S , ALL SOULS CHURCH SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY COMMITTEE, TOOK THE WITNESS SEAT AND T E S T I F I E D I N SUBSTANCE AS FOLLOWS: MR. F I E L D S : I am a p p e a r i n g on b e h a l f o f t h e S o c i a l R e s p o n s i b i l i t y Committee o f t h e A l l S o u l s U n i t a r i a n Church a t �33 l o t h and Harvard S t r e e t s , Northwest. I n s t u d y i n g t h e freeway and highway problem. . . 1 REPORTER S NOTE: and a d d r e s s e d (At t h i s p o i n t a s p e c t a t o r stood the Council.) A SPECTATOR: X b e l i e v e I was supposed t o be n e x t . Reverend Moore. CK-iIRMALT MOORE: A SPECTATOR: I beg your pardon, s i r . I M l wait. CHAIRMAN MOORE: I a p o l o g i s e t o you. happened r a t h e r threw me o f f . my mind a f t e r t h e l i t t l e I t h i n k what • I had i t i n mind but i t s l i p p e d incident. I f you a r e a g r e e a b l e , s i r , s i n c e t h e w i t n e s s i s hero - i s i t a l l r i g h t f o r him t o c o n t i n u e and you w i l l be c a l l e d n e x t ? A SPECTATOR; MR. FIELDS: Yes, s i r . Thank you. CHAIRMAN MOORE: continue. A l l r i g h t , s i r , would you p l e a s e You a r e a " v e r y welcome w i t n e s s " here t o n i g h t . M R . FIELDS: Thank you, s i r . I observed that i n the o p e r a t i o n o f Government bodies t h e r e i s a c e r t a i n tendency toward i n e r t i a ? a tendency t o do what h a s been done b e f o r e . T h e r e a r e Highway departments i n e x i s t e n c e w h i c h p l a n highways and t h e y a r e composed o f p l a n n e r s who a r e t r a i n e d i n t h a t e n deavor s o , t h e y c o n t i n u e p l a n n i n g highways,, And we a r e t o l d t h a t t h e r e i s a need f o r a b a l a n c e between highways and something e l s e ; namely, t h e subway. But i t i s the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of t h i s �39 C o u n c i l i n making a recommendation t o t h e Congress, t o t a k e an overall l o o k a t t h e problem and not s a y we have t o have a balance,we have t o have t h i s , and we have t o have t h a t , b u t , i n s t e a d , what i s needed and what i s p r a c t i c a l , needed i s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . bow, what i s The q u e s t i o n i s , " I s i t p r a c t i c a l t o b r i n g more and more and more automobile i n t o Washington?" I s t h a t going t o meet t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs o f people who work and people who t r a v e l f o r o t h e r r e a s o n s ? I t seems t o us t h a t t h e c o n g e s t i o n t h a t you observe i n downtown Washington and many o t h e r a r e a s o f Washington - ought t o demonstrate t h a t b r i n g i n g more a u t o m o b i l e s i n i s not the answer. The subway p r o b a b l y i s the answer. We observe t h a t a subway l i n e i s planned t o S i l v e r S p r i n g a l o n g t h e alignment, o f t h e BdO t r a c k s . Now t h e Highway Department t e l l us t h a t t h e y want t o b u i l d a f r e e w a y — a s u p e r h i g h w a y — r i g h t a l o n g t h o s e t r a c k s , c l o s e t o them, b e f o r e t h e subway i s b u i l t b e f o r e you have a chance t o see how w e l l t h e subway i s going t o do i n b r i n g i n g i n people from S i l v e r S p r i n g t o Washington. F u r t h e r m o r e , c o n s t r u c t i n g t h i s North C e n t r a l Freeway i s going t o compete w i t h t h e subway f o r b u s i n e s s , w h i c h the sub way needs t o be s e l f - s u p p o r t i n g . E x p e r i e n c e h a s demonstrated that.many commuters—most commuters, p e r h a p s , w i l l choose t o d r i v e t h e i r own c a r s , i f t h e y have a c h a n c e . The policy q u e s t i o n t h a t you ought t o a s k y o u r s e l v e s i s , " S h o u l d you g i v e �them a chance t o -.ee t h i s l e a s t e f f i c i e n t method o f t r a n s p o r t a - t i o n w h i c h i s h o p e l e s s l y overcrowding downtown Washington a l ready?" of Because, the e x p e r i e n c e i s t h a t commuters from p a r t s t h i s D i s t r i c t and from V i r g i n i a -and from M a r y l a n d — i f t h e y have a choice, t h e y l i k e t h e f l e x i b i l i t y o f the automobile and w h a t e v e r ego r a m i f i c a t i o n s i t . g i v e s them t o d r i v e i t , I g u e s s , and t h e y w i l l t a k e c a r s i f you b u i l d f r e e w a y s , perhaps, even though a subway i s t h e r e . I s that wise? i s that desirable? Do you want an e v e r i n c r e a s i n g number of c a r s brought downtown Washington? into The cinswer has got to be, "You don't want f r e e w a y s t o b r i n g c a r s i n f o downtown Washington i n t h a t manner? you want t o g i v e t h e subway a chance." F u r t h e r m o r e , the Worth C e n t r a l Freeway and t h e r e m a i n ing p o r t i o n s o f t h e .Inner: Loop w h i c h a r e c o n t a i n e d i n t h e r e p o r t from t h e Highway Department t o you, a r e going t o have the e f f e c t of c a r r y i n g a s u b s t a n t i a l amount of t h r o u g h - t r a f f i c through Washington w h i c h ought t o go around Washington. the I tis most i n c o n s i s t e n t t h i n g i n t h e w o r l d f o r Mr. A i r i s t o t e l l you i n h i s r e p o r t t h a t he I s f i g h t i n g p o l l u t i o n by b r i n g t h r o u g i t r a f f i c from the .south t o t h e n o r t h , through Washington, i n s t e a d o f l e t t i n g i t go around on t h e b e l t w a y where i t b e l o n g s . The Freeway c o n c e p t , i t seems t o us., p r o p e r l y belongs to I n t e r - C i t y - H i g h w a y s , from one b e l t w a y t o a n o t h e r ; from t h e Washington B e l t w a y t o t h e B a l t i m o r e B e l t w a y but not through con- gested c i t i e s . F u r t h e r m o r e , we have h e a r d a g r e a t d e a l �41 e x p e c i a l l y i n t h e p a s t y e a r about p r o t e c t i n g our environment". I t i s c l e a r t h a t the subways, underground, o f f e r s a s e n s i b l e approach t o p r o t e c t i n g our e n v i r o n m e n t . reasonable For you, b e f o r e the subway i s b u i l t , t o g i v e t h e s e people a c h o i c e o f d r i v i n g t h e i r c a r s i n t o downtown Washington would be t o s t u l t i f y the subway and t o r u i n c u r e n v i r o n m e n t . You s h o u l d c o n s i d e r the e f f e c t of those proposed f r e e w a y s , w h i c h a r e l i m i t e d a c c e s s and w h i c h a r e l i k e Chinese . w a i l s * t h a t we w i l l have i n the neighborhoods t h a t t h e y through. pass A t the p r e s e n t t i m e , neighborhoods a r e v i a b l e and - t h e y a r e i n t e g r a t e d , s h a l l ! w e s a y , because t h e r e a r e c r o s s t s t r e e t s , people can g e t from, ore a r e a t o a n o t h e r . These f r e e - ways and sunken t r a n c h e s w i t h i n f r e q u e n t c r o s s i n g s , w i t h i n f r e q u e n t e n t r a n c e s a r e going t o d e s t r o y the neighborhoods t h e y pass through—-not o n l y t h e b l o c k t h a t i s t o r n down but t h e y a r e going t o c r e a t e deadend s t r e e t s ? t h e y a r e going t o c r e a t e deadend s t r e e t s w i t h c o n d i t i o n s t h a t can o n l y breed c r i m e . a r e going t o c r e a t e s t r e e t s t h a t w i l l be under a b i g w a l l o r d i t c h or what n o t , people don't go through, They Chinese people don't c i r c u l a t e , t r a f f i c doesn't c i r c u l a t e , and you have a stagnant c o n d i t i o n . So, the e f f e c t o f t h e s e f r e e w a y s has to be c o n s i d e r e d not o n l y i n terms of the housing t h e y d i s p l a c e and the b u s i n e s s e s t h e y d i s p l a c e . You have t o c o n s i d e r whether f r e e w a y s l i k e t h i s belong i n l i v i n g neighborhoods. You have to c o n s i d e r t h e c b a d l i n g e f f e c t o f f r e e w a y s t h a t a r e e l e v a t e d or dug �i n c h a n n e l s t h a t c a n ' t be c r o s s e d ? c o n s i d e r the e f f e c t t h e y w i l l have on t h e neighborhoods a n a on t h e l i v e s o f people who now c r o s s t h e r o u t e , w h i c h i s going t o become impassable .when t h a t freeway i s b u i l t . We f e e l t h a t , Mr. Chairman and Members o f t h e C o u n c i l * a b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system i s not g i v i n g t h e subway proponents what t h e y want and g i v i n g t h e highway proponents what t h e y want and t h e r e b y t r y i n g t o s a t i s f y everybody,, A b a l a n c e d s o l u t i o n i s s e e i n g what i s needed and "what i s t h e most e f f i c i e n t way o f a c h i e v i n g t h a t . And i f you w i l l observe r u s h - hour t r a f f i c , w i t h a s u b s t a n t i a l percentage o f c a r s loaded w i t h p a s s e n g e r s , b u t another s u b s t a n t i a l percentage containing only a d r i v e r , and you t h i n k about t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway b r i n g i n c thousands o f more c a r s l i k e t h a t i n t o downtown Washington—in d i r e c t c o m p e t i t i o n w i t h t h e subway r i g h t n e x t t o i t — y o u will r e a l i s e what e f f e c t t h i s w i l l have on downtown Washington. the Highway Depart/sent attempts t o sweeten t h i s u n p a l p a b l e Now, pill w i t h a number o f supposed remedies w h i c h , on e x a m i n a t i o n , t u r n out t o be i m p r a c t i c a l o r v e r y , v e r y p o o r l y thought o u t . They r e a l i s e t h a t t h e y a r e going t o b r i n g t o o many c a r s i n t o downtown Washington, b u t t h e y s a y , "We a r e going t o r e s t r i c t p a r k i n g W e l l , why wasn't p a r k i n g r e s t r i c t e d y e a r s ago? how p r a c t i c a l i s i t t o r e s t r i c t p a r k i n g ? And Our c o u r t s uphold t h e r i g h t s o f p r o p e r t y owners t o r e a s o n a b l e use of t h e i r p r o p e r t y . And when p r o p e r t y owners come t o t h e proper a u t h o r i t i e s i n t h e �43 ! C i t y Government ana t h e y a s k f o r coning f o r p a r k i n g l o t s , . a n d so f o r t h , i s the C i t y Government i n a p o s i t i o n t o r e f u s e them? Would i t be l e g a l ? And w i l l Congress pass a u t h o r i t y t o deny t h e s e landowners t h e r i g h t t o have p a r k i n g l o t s ? happened y e t . And, a s p r a c t i c a l men, I t hasa *t you c a n ' t r e a l l y b e l i e v e t h a t i t i s going t o happen. The b r i n g i n g of m a s s i v e numbers of c a r s i n t o downtown Washington i s going t o c r e a t e i r r e s i s t i b l e p r e s s u r e s f o r p a r k i n g f o r t h o s e c a r s , and i t doesn't make sense f o r t h e Highway Department t o s a y , "We a r e b u i l d i n g Freeways so t h a t more v e h i c l e s can come downtown but we a r e not g o i n g . t o g i v e theim any place to park." i f t h e Highway Department doesn't want them parked h e r e then why b r i n g them down? Why c a n ' t people from S i l v e r S p r i n g t a k e the subway? Mr. Chairman, I submit t h a t a n o t h e r r e a s o n t h a t the Highway Department g i v e s f o r t h e s e f r e e w a y s has been d i s p r o v e d by t h e days of h e a r i n g s t h a t you have had. day i s t h e f i n a l c a y of t h e s e h e a r i n g s . You s t a t e d t h a t t o - The Highway Department has t r i e d t o b a l a n c e people on one' s t r e e t i n t h e C i t y a g a i n s t a n o t h e r by s a y i n g , . " B u i l d t h e s e f r e e w a y s and t a k e the p r e s s u r e off unnamed s t r e e t s i n the C i t y , presumably l i k e 13th S t r e e t , w h i c h a r e now used as f r e e w a y s from S i l v e r S p r i n g — o n e - w a y the D u r i n g the days of h e a r i n g s t h a t you have had morning,, in have you heard r e s i d e n t s of 1 3 t h S t r e e t and the o t h e r s t r e e t s h e r e t h a t a r e used a s f r e e w a y s from Montgomery County, coming i n �to^-yoa and a s k i n g f o r the f r e e w a y t o t a k e the p r e s s u r e o f f t h e i r neighborhood? Mo, you h a v e n ' t . f r e e w a y s would ds s t r o y the environment neighborhoods• And t h e people They know t h a t t h e s e o f t h i s C i t y and t h e i r f o r whom the Highway Department i s c l a i m i n g t o h e l p by! g e t t i n g t h i s t r a f f i c o f f the s t r e e t s a r e not a s k i n g you t o b u i l d a f r e e w a y . existing They who l i v e h e r e on t h o s e s t r e e t s have a more s e n s i b l e v i e w t h a n t h e Highway Department and t h e y know t h a t these' f r e e w a y s would mess up t h i s c i t y more t h a n t h e e x i s t i n g t r a f f i c p a t t e r n would. And t h a t i s why you haven't h e a r d c i t i z e n s s u p p o r t i n g what Mr. A i r i s s a y s on page 4 o f h i s s t a t e m e n t , t h a t i t would t a k e t r a f f i c o f f their streets. They know b e t t e r . The subway w i l l t a k e t r a f f i c o f f t h e i r s t r e e t s , and t h a t ' s what needed. Mr. Chairman, the Government has a l r e a d y b u i l t m i l e s o f highways and f r e e w a y s i n t h e c i t y and i n v a r i o u s c i t i e s o f t h e c o u n t r y , such a s San F r a n c i s c o and Hew O r l e a n s . s a i d — p e o p l e have come t o t h e i r s e n s e s — y o u People have j u s t c a n ' t keep b u i l d i n g c o n c r e t e f r e e w a y s through c i t i e s and e x p e c t t h e c i t i e s t o be p l e a s a n t p l a c e s t o l i v e . happen h e r e . Thank you. THE AOD33NCE: CHAIRMAN MOORE: testimony. And t h e same t h i n g has got t o (applause) Thank you, Mr. F i e l d s , f o r your Chairman Hahn, do you have q u e s t i o n s ? (no r e s p o n s e ) CHAIRMAN MOORE: Chairman Robinson? �45 CHAIRMAN MOORE: (no Chairman Robinson? response) CHAIRMAN MOORii;: I would l i k e t o welcome Councilman Haywood i n t o t h e h e a r i n g . Councilman Haywood, have you comment or q u e s t i o n s ? COUNCILMAN HAYWOOD: No q u e s t i o n s , CHAIRMAN MOORE: Now t h e gentleman who I f a i l e d t o c a l l ~«< whose name I f a i l e d t o c a l l Foggy Bottom A s s o c i a t i o n . Mr. W i l l i a m Buchanan, I a p o l o g i s e f o r o m i t t i n g your name, WHEREUPON, MR. WILLIAM BUCHANAN., ; FOGGY BOTTOM ASSOCIATION, TOOK THE WITNESS SEAT AND T E S T I F I E D IN SUBSTANCE AS FOLLOWS: MR. BUCHANAN: B e f o r e I g i v e my t e s t i m o n y I would l i k e t o once a g a i n r e g i s t e r a complaint a g a i n s t t h a t map r i g h t b e h i n d you* I t i n d i c a t e s t h a t f r e e w a y s have been b u i l t a l l over t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a when i n f a c t a t l e a s t h a l f o f t h e f r e e w a y s on t h a t map a r e i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia,,, and three ( 3 ) o f t h e f o u r ( 4 ) i n t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a have n o t been b u i l t , • , T E E AUDIENCE: (applause) MR, BUCHANAN: So i n f a c t - - s o t h a t i n f a c t we a r e . way ahead t h e r e s t o f t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a i n doing our s o called "duty" t o the road b u i l d e r s i n t h i s c o u n t r y . I am W i l l i a m Buchanan and I speak f o r t h e Concerned �45 C i t i z e n s o f Foggy Bottom—-not t h e Foggy Bottom a s s o c i a t i o n w h i c h t e s t i f i e d yesterday. T h e r e have been q u i t e a few mixups. I am a l s o a member o f the Emergency Committee on the T r a n s p o r t a tion Crisis* a l l freeways I would l i k e t o s a y a t the o u t s e t t h a t we i n the D i s t r i c t . oppose I w i l l emphasize, however, the North and South .Legs of the I n n e r Loop Freeway. L e t us look a t t h e North Leg. (indicating); You have maps t h e r e d i v i d i n g the Highway Department's "shaded a r e a " i n t o the K S t r e e t t o P S t r e e t b u s i n e s s a r e a and the ? S t r e e t t o u S t r e e t "redevelopment a r e a . " One: There i s o n l y one k i n d of road w h i c h w i l l s a t i s f y the Highway Department's p r o j e c t e d t r a f f i c needs of 130,000 c a r s per day, s a t i s f y the Bureau of P u b l i c Roads' r e - quirement f o r the c h e a p e s t r o u t e , and s a t i s f y the demands of s a f e t y , and t h a t i s an e i g h t - l a n e open t r e n c h road whose r i g h t of way w i d t h would r e q u i r e the t a k i n g of h a l f a b l o c k vzide swath of b u i l d i n g s . F o r obvious-economic r e a s o n s , t h e n , this road c o u l d o n l y be l o c a t e d i n the s o - c a l l e d "redevelopment area*" Two: C o n s t r u c t i o n of roads under K S t r e e t or under e a c h of two p a r a l l e l s t r e e t s would be p r o h i b i t i v e l y —« the "cheapest" expensive b e i n g K S t r e e t , w h i c h by some e s t i m a t e s would c o s t $200,300.000,. Three: C o n s t r u c t i o n of t h i s road c o u l d o n l y " b r i n g people downtown" i f b u i l t i n the redeveloped a r e a , because there �47 i s no room i n the b u s i n e s s a r e a f o r ramps., Even then reports show people would coma downtown t o -work and congest but not make to purchases. Four: 1 would l i k e you t o p i c t u r e i n your mind an a c c i d e n t a t 8:30 Mi i n v o l v i n g a g a s o l i n e t r u c k l o c a t e d about one m i l e down a two-and-one-half m i l e c l o s e d t u n n e l i n c l o s e p r o x i m i t y t o a v e n t i l a t i o n s h a f t s u c k i n g up tons of a i r per minute. Five: C o n s t r u c t i o n i n the b u s i n e s s a r e a would d i s - r u p t the r i c h e s t b u s i n e s s s e c t i o n i n town. I n the December, 1969 h e a r i n g s , 46 b u s i n e s s e s and b u s i n e s s groups t e s t i f i e d f o r a l l f r e e w a y s except t h a t 33 s p e c i f i c a l l y opposed the K S t r e e t T u n n e l *—25 c a l l i n g i n s t e a d f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e F l o r i d a Avenue U S t r e e t c o r r i d o r . These i n c l u d e d the Board of T r a d e , the Board of R e a l t o r s and the D. C. Association. Trucking We welcome the d e f e c t i o n a t these h e a r i n g s of t h e C o n n e c t i c u t Avenue A s s o c i a t i o n and the S t e r l i n g Laundry from t h i s monolith. Cn the o t h e r hand, c o n s t r u c t i o n a l o n g U S t r e e t would, a c c o r d i n g t o Highway Department f i g u r e s , d i s p l a c e o v e r 6,000 persons and o v e r 2,000 j o b s . ginning. The f r e e w a y - i n d u c e d But t h a t ' s o n l y the be* a u t o t r a f f i c combined w i t h ramps would make o f the a r e a s o u t h of U S t r e e t one v a s t p a r k i n g l o t , and a r e a l e s t a t e s p e c u l a t o r ' s p a r a d i s e . I want you t o h e a r t h i s , Mr. Hahn: �A s p h a l t upon what must be one and most i r r e p l a c e a b l e r e s o u r c e s — Six: of our most p r e c i o u s low income h o u s i n g . Furthermore, there are p h y s i c a l obstacles construction to of crosstown roads: L S t r e e t - 2 subways and the Washington Post M S t r e e t - 2 subways and t h e Thomas C i r c l e T u n n e l N S t r e e t - 2 subways and the S c o t t C i r c l e T u n n e l O S t r e e t - Bees not c u t through P S t r e e t - 2 subways and Dupont C i r c l e T u n n e l Q S t r e e t «* 2 subways and Dupont C i r c l e T u n n e l R, S, T, U S t r e e t s • 2 subways, m o r a l i t y , » and firebombs despair,, THE AUDIENCE: Seven: (applause) Need a n y t h i n g more be s a i d about p o l l u t i o n ? L e t ' s t r a v e l bach now ( 2 5 t h and t o Foggy Bottom a t i t e m K S t s . ) on your maps. t h e Potomac Freeway and Loop Freeway. Here l i e s the i n t e r s e c t i o n of the Worth and West Legs of the Inner Ours i s a l r e a d y an a r e a h e a v i l y i n f e s t e d w i t h c a r s and c a r routes., a n o t h e r 100 #4 The projected r o a d s w i l l add perhaps t o n s o f p o l l u t a n t s per day t o our a r e a , not mention the added n o i s e . Mr, to A l a n Boyd i n h i s r e v e a l i n g Con- g r e s s i o n a l t e s t i m o n y of December 5, 1967 opposed the Throe S i s t e r s B r i d g e because i t would " t r a n s f e r a growing t r a f f i c jam from the V i r g i n i a s i d e of t h e Potomac t o the i n t e r c h a n g e a t 2 3 t h and K." We a r e not i n s e n s i t i v e to the evidence t h a t real �49 e s t a t e s p e c u l a t o r s want those roads t o d e s t r o y t h e remaining l i v a b i l i t y o f our a r e a i n o r d e r t o d r i v e out t h e homeowners and complete i t s a p a r t m e n t a l i s a t i o n . The p r e s e n t l y c o n s t r u c t e d West Leg i s now l i t t l e more than a ramp f o r E S t r e e t and t h e Theodore Memorial B r i d g e Roosevelt And w h i l e we a r e on t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e "Teddy R o o s e v e l t " B r i d g e , have n o t i c e d our p u b l i c works p r o j e c t s o f t e n w i n d up a s a memorial t o g r e a t men. And t h i s , an u g l y , p o l l u t i n g m i s p l a c e d b r i d g e , named a f t e r a g r e a t P r e s i d e n t and c o n s e r v a t i o n i s t , one can o n l y imagine f u t u r e p u b l i c works projects: THE NORTH LEG; THE MARTIN LUTH KING MEMORIAL i FREEWAY? THE ANDREW JACKSON SEWAGE TREATMENT CENTER* And, o f c o u r s e , t h e Highway Department h a s a l r e a d y planned f o r t h e FRANKLIN D . ROOSEVELT MEMORIAL GAS CHAMBER r i g h t i n t h e midst o f t h e C h e r r y Blossoms, p r o v i d i n g a n y t o u r i s t s c a n l i v e through t h e f i l t h o f an a d d i t i o n a l 6* GOO vehicles—5° 000 a d d i t i o n a l v e h i c l e s a day t o see them. The r e a l purpose o f t h e West Leg o f t h e I n n e r Loop i s t o l i n k t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e t o t h e South Leg. 1 t h i n k i t i s a p p r o p r i a t e a t t h i s time,, t h e n , t o denounce t h e Department's South Leg p r o p o s a l s . Let us t u r n i i n t h i s unholy s c r i p t u r e t o page 5 and r e a d what t h e D i r e c t o r of t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e s a i d i n , quote, "endorsing t h e p l a n , " end quote p r e s e n t e d a t i t s September 3 r d , 1963 h e a r i n g s on t h e South Leg: Ha s a i d : "We b e l i e v e t h e p l a n which, h a s been worked �50 Out between t h e Bureau o f t h e Budget, t h e N a t i o n a l Par:: S e r v i c e , t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia , and t h e Bureau of P u b l i c Roads, c a n a c c o m p l i s h t h e n e c e s s a r y t r a f f i c needs and w i l l , in fact, a l s o enhance t h e t r a f f i c c i r c u l a t i o n f o r t h e pari: usee and v i s i t o r t o t h e N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l ? • but most i m p o r t a n t , perhaps t h i s p l a n w i l l g i v e t h e N a t i o n a, a park a r e a w i t h e s t h e t i c q u a l i t i e s w h i c h i n many r e s p e c t s does n o t e x i s t a t the present time." You - w i l l f i n d c o n s i d e r a b l y d i f f i c u l t y , however, i n f i n d i n g o u t what ho s a i d a f t e r t h a t . f o r t u n a t e l y , t h a t I copied And i t j u s t s o happens, v e r y down some o f t h e t h i n g s he s a i d when 1 d i d g e t ahold o f one o f t h o s e h e a r i n g s . a b l e t o g a t ahold o f a copy s i n c e . went on t o s a y t h a t , q u o t e , I have not been He s a i d — - t h e D i r e c t o r — . . w h i l e we would r a t h e r n o t see t h e I n n e r Loop go t h r o u g h t h e p a r i : a t a l l , I t h i n k i t has g i v e n us a l o t o f t h i n g s we wouldn't have other-wise. i t i s a g i v e and take p r o p o s i t i o n , ' 3 end o f q u o t e . I think Clearly, the D i r e c t o r thought he had made t h e b e s t o f a bad s i t u a t i o n . . J u s t a s c l e a r l y , t h e Department h a s suggested, t h a t t h e d i r e c t o r was e n t h u s i a s t i c about t h e 1 S 5 3 p l a n and by e x t e n s i o n recommended P l a n A . their The Department might have t o l d us t h a t t h e t h e n D i r e c t o r was Conrad W o r t h — - p r e s e n t l y of the National C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, who was quoted b y t h e S T A R — n o �51 f r i e n d of the a n t i — f r e e w a y 7, 1969 movement I might a d d — o n November o f P l a n As Quote, " I f you go ahead w i t h i t upon h e a r i n g you w i l l i s o l a t e the T i d a l B a s i n and the c h e r r y blossoms and you w i l l commit a n a t i o n a l d i s g r a c e , " end Post of quote. The quoted him as s a y i n g t h a t P l a n A would, quote, "cut the pari: a l l t o p i e c e s , " end o f quote. T h i s i s the man t h a t t h e y would have you b e l i e v e endorsed t h i s r o a d . The p r o p o s a l c a l l s f o r the p r e s e n t 40,000 v e h i c l e s per day a t 35 m i l e s per hour t o be augmented t o 100,000 v e h i c l e per day a t 60 m i l e s per hour at least for s t a r t e r s . blossoms and and f o r t h i s we pay $65,000,000 I t - i s then suggested t h a t the the t o u r i s t s who cherry supposedly demand t h e s e f r e e w a y s w i l l be saved from a s p h y x i a t i o n because "great s t r i d e s have been made by the automobile i n d u s t r y t o improve the internal combustion e n g i n e . " These 109,000 v e h i c l e s a r e , of c o u r s e , d e s t i n e d e i t h e r Independence Avenue or t h e Southwest Freeway. r e c e n t l y informed us t h a t t h a t road was many a s 94,000 v e h i c l e s per day. for Mr. Airis a l r e a d y c a r r y i n g as T h i s road has y e t t o feel t h e e f f e c t s of a n o t h e r f o u r - l a n e Potomac C r o s s i n g , the C e n t e r beg,, t h e Southwest E x t e n s i o n i t i s pro«* and E a s t l e g , and now posed t h a t p o t e n t i a l l y another 1000,000 v e h i c l e s w i l l j o i n equationJ the Raven t h a t i n v e t e r a t e r e a d b u i l d e r F r a n k T u r n e r , known i n the b u s i n e s s as " B u l l d o g " T u r n e r , has characterised t h i s road as a "cannon" w h i c h w i l l l i t e r a l l y f i r e t h r e e lanes �o f t r a f f i c a t t h r e e l a n e s w h i c h a r e a l r e a d y on t h e e x p r e s s w a y . I would l i k e t o make some recommendations c o n c e r n i n g your predicament. to 1 t h i n k t h e C o u n c i l has no a l t e r n a t i v e b u t oppose a l l f r e e w a y s i n t h e D i s t r i c t 0 TBS AUDIENCE: (applause) MR. BUCHANAN: I t i s j u s t a s c l e a r t h a t a s m a l l group o f p o w e r f u l congressmen a r e determined t h a t t h e y s h a l l be b u i l t . I would l i k e t o s u g g e s t , t h e r e f o r e , a p l a n o f a c t i o n — a plan of r e s i s t a n c e t h a t w i l l hold things o f f u n t i l the conscience or t h e r e a l i s m o f t h e Congress w i l l p e r m i t t h e i r c a p i t u l a t i o n . One: S e c t i o n 23 c l e a r l y p e r m i t s you t o recommend a s you see f i t on t h e North and South Legs of t h e I n n e r Loop F r e e way and t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway. So I urge you t o recommend t h a t t h e s e f r e e w a y s not be b u i l t —> c e r t a i n l y you have had i r r e f u t a b l e e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e y s h o u l d not be b u i l t . Two: Budget h e a r i n g s a r e coming up. You c a n r e f u s e t o a l l o c a t e any more money f o r f r e e w a y s and i n s t e a d recommend money for use o f e x i s t i n g r a i l s and purchase o f t h e e n t i r e bus n e t - work. Three: J u s t a s t h e p r e s i d e n t can s i g n l e g i s l a t i o n and a p p r o p r i a t i o n s and then r e f u s e t o e x e c u t e t h e laws and r e f u s e • to spend t h a a p p r o p r i a t i o n , so you i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e Mayor can r e f u s e t o b u i l d f r e e w a y s and r e f u s e t o spend money on -roads.. C o n t r a r y t o what Mr. A i r i s t o l d you about w e a k - l i v e r e d o f f i c i a l s — o r d i d he c a l l you (nervous n e l l i e s ? ) — g i v i n g in to �53 c i t i z e n s demands, i t i s Congress t h a t w i l l t e s t your l i v e r s , I urge you t o s t a n d up t o t h a t t e s t . You s t a n d l i k e Washington i n 1776, M a r t i n L u t h e r a t Worms, o r M a r t i n L u t h e r -Wing a t Birmingham. You have t h e good f o r t u n e t o s t a n d b e f o r e t h e e y e of h i s t o r y b e f o r e whose judgment f u t u r e c o n g r e s s i o n a l a p p o i n t ments, f u t u r e j u d g e s h i p s and s o f t r e t i r e m e n t s mean l i t t l e and courage means everything,, T E E AUDIENCE: (applause) MR. BUCHANAN: I would l i k e t o c l o s e w i t h a s t a t e m e n t by Henry D a v i d T h o r e a u : . "A MAN . SITS A3 MANY R I S K AS HE RUNS. WE MUST WALK CONSCIOUSLY ONLY PART W A Y TOWARD OUR GOAL AND THEN LEAP I N THE DARK T O CUR SUCCESS." THE AUDIENCE: (applause) CHAIRMAN MOORE: Mr. Buchanan, t h a n k you f o r your v a r y f o r t h r i g h t testimony. Councilman Robinson? COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Thank you, Mr. Buchanan. CHAIRMAN MOORE: Councilman Haywood? COUNCILMAN HAYWOOD: No q u e s t i o n s . CHAIRMAN MOORE: MR. BUCHANAN: Mr u Thank you. A g a i n , we t h a n k you. I would l i k e t o males one comment t o Robinson. CHAIRMAN MOORE: Yes? MR. BUCHANAN: I don't t h i n k t h i s h a s been brought out. T h a t t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway had s i x ( 6 ) l a n e s , until �54 i t meets 1-35, and the N o r t h e a s t Freeway, w h i c h has s i x (5) l a n e s ; from t h e r e i t ' s e i g h t four {4} l a n e s . traffic? {£} l a n e s wide* That's a d e f i c i t of What's going t o happen t o f o u r {4} l a n e s o f i t i s g o i n g t o become the M i s s o u r i Avenue E x p r e s s w a y , w h i c h t h e y h a v e n ' t been t a l k i n g about r e c e n t l y . Either that or a monstrous t r a f f i c jam e a r l y morning and e v e n i n g . TEE AUDIENCE: (applause) CEAXRMAK MOOES: Mr. Eugene Thompson, L a n i e r H e i g h t s Association? (no r e s p o n s e ) MR. THOMPSON: Herei WHEREUPON,' MR. EUGENE THOMPSON, LANIER HEIGHTS ASSOCIATION, TOON THE WITNESS SEAT AND T E S T I F I E D IN SUBSTANCE AS FOLLOWS: CHAIRMAN MOORE: Mr. Thompson, we a r e v e r y happy t o welcome you t o the h e a r i n g t h i s MR. THOMPSON: evening. Thank you. Before I start I . . " j s h o u l d perhaps p o i n t out t h a t w h i l e come o f my f r i e n d s here a r e t o t a l l y opposed t o f r e e w a y s would f a l l i n t o the I l i k e t o t h i n k t h a t my "breach," testimony "when we a r e o r i f we a r e forced t o have freeways,'" and t h a t t h i s would h a p p i l y be a s e m i reasonable compromise w i t h the f r e e w a y problem. I represent the L a n i e r Heights A s s o c i a t i o n , a s t h e i r Co-chairman. Our b o u n d a r i e s a r e Adams M i l l Road, Columbia Road �55 and. H a r v a r d S t r e e t , Northwest, T o n i g h t 2 want t o propose a r a d i c a l s o l u t i o n t o t h e much debated and c o n t r o v e r s i a l North Leg or the i n n e r Loop. I t seems t h a t no one but t h e commuter wants f r e e w a y s i n g e n e r a l and t h e North Leg i n p a r t i c u l a r . R e s i d e n t s do not want t o be r e l o c a t e d and the businessmen do not want t o have t h e i r businesses disrupted. T h e r e f o r e , the obvious solution i s t o so d e s i g n t h e North Leg t h a t i t i s d e s i r a b l e . I believe t h i s i s possibles Up t o now, f r e e w a y s have added n o t h i n g of p o s i t i v e v a l u e t o t h e a r e s of t h e c i t y where t h e y have been b u i l t . But t h e y s h o u l d . F o r example, we s h o u l d use our f r e e w a y s t o r e v i v e a r e a : o f the c i t y w h i c h a r e rundown and have b u i l d i n g s which have passed t h e i r economic l i f e e x p e c t a n c y . Metro, Zoning and o t h e r c i t y departments s h o u l d c o o r d i n a t e e f f o r t s and use the massive i n f l u x o f F e d e r a l and D. C. money t o h e l p the a f f e c t e d communities r a t h e r than m e r e l y a m e l i o r a t e the u n d e s i r a b l e s i d e e f f e c t s of the freeway. What a r e the i t e m s w h i c h everyone would l i k e t o see i n h i s neighborhood? (1) C l e a n , modern and r e a s o n a b l e housing; (2) Adequate open space f o r r e c r e a t i o n ; (3) Job o p p o r t u n i t i e s ; (4) Adequate p a r k i n g ; �56 (5) (6) i Goocl shopping? Good t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ; (7) No "thru"traffic. Well designated freeways, t h a t i s freeways designed from the v i e w p o i n t o f the a r e a through which t h e y pass r a t h e r than the circa where t h e y o r i g i n a t e , can be an a s s e t and even d e s i r e d by the c i t i z e n . I n t h e J a n u a r y 12 l e t t e r w h i c h Mr, A i r i s s e n t t o Mayor Washington, he s t a t e d t h a t "the North Leg i s an i n t e g r a l p a r t o f the I n n e r Loop Freeway System . ' . f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n of t r a f f i c t o the downtown a r e a . " Perhaps I s h o u l d c a l l my p r o p o s a l "The V e n i c e P l a n " because i t p r o v i d e s f o r t h e North Leg t o be the t e r m i n u s o f most t r a f f i c headed f o r downtown. TEE PLAN': B a s i c a l l y my p l a n f o r t h e North Leg involves d e p r e s s i n g the f r e e w a y below t h e s u r f a c e and u s i n g the a i r r i g h t s f o r a r e v i t a l i z e d community. The p r e s e n t r e s i d e n t s and businessmen would have v e s t e d r i g h t s , a t no i n c r e a s e i n r e n t , f o r e q u i v a l e n t square footage i n new s t r u c t u r e s c o n s t r u c t e d over the f r e e w a y . P a r k i n g g a r a g e s , w i t h d i r e c t a c c e s s t o the freeway would be b u i l t a t common p o i n t s w i t h the Metro and f e e d e r bus s e r v i c e s t o the c o r e a r e a . Only r e s i d e n t s i n the a r e a would have l o c a l s t r e e t a c c e s s t o t h e s e g a r a g e s . P r e s e n t r e s i d e n t s and businessmen -would have f r e e �57 parking. A l t r i g h t s would he used t o b u i l d garden h i g h r i s e apartments apartments, and commercial and o t h e r m u l t i u s e b u i l d - ings, including schools, l i b r a r i e s , police stations,etc. Ex- c e p t f o r t h e garages and p u b l i c b u i l d i n g s , . t h e s e s t r u c t u r e s would be p r i v a t e l y owned and developed. They would pay p r o p e r t y t a x e s w h i c h would, o f c o u r s e , be h i g h e r than c u r r e n t t a x r e v e nues from the e x i s t i n g s t r u c t u r e s and c e r t a i n l y h i g h e r than f r e e w a y s alone (which i s s e r o ) . j F o r example, t h e p r o p e r t y t a x on k t y p i c a l b u i l d i n g a t 1 7 t h and K i s about $132,000 a y e a r . M a s s a c h u s e t t s Avenue, $50,000 a y e a r . On an apartment on This i s a t o t a l of a l - most $200,000 a y e a r f o r about 130,000 square f e e t of l a n d . On a i r r i g h t s over a 30 y e a r p e r i o d t h e c i t y would g a i n about $5 3/4 m i l l i o n f o r o n l y two b u i l d i n g s . Of c o u r s e a number of such b u i l d i n g s a r e p o s s i b l e over t h e North L e g . Nov?, from another a n g l e , 130,000 square f e e t i s a p i e c e o f land 130 f t . wide and 1000 f t . l o n g , r o u g h l y t h e -width of a f r e e w a y o f 3 12 f t . l a n e s i n e a c h d i r e c t i o n w i t h a 12 f t . median p l u s space f o r v e n t i l a t i o n and r e t a i n i n g w a l l s . I f i t was d e c i d e d t o b u i l d s o l i d over t h e t u n n e l e d freeway—and I don't recommend t h i s — i n 30 y e a r s one m i l e o f a i r r i g h t s would g e n e r a t e about $29 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s a t c u r r e n t t a x rates,, Thus i n c r e a s e d p r o p e r t y t a x revenue would pay a l l or .most o f t h e i n c r e m e n t a l c o s t s of t u n n e l i n g t h e f r e e w a y . �58 T h i s , of c o u r s e , does not c o n s i d e r a l l the other b e n e f i t s w h i c h would a c c r u e , i n c r e a s e i n s a l e s t a x r e v e n u e s , increase i n pay r o i l t a x from commercial s t r u c t u r e s a s w e l l a s s o c i a l b e n e f i t s o f a r e v i t a l i s e d a r e a w i t h o u t community d i s i n t e g r a t i o n R e l o c a t i o n and c o n s t r u c t i o n c o u l d be planned so t h a t o n l y a two-block move would be n e c e s s a r y f o r any r e s i d e n t s I n a d d i t i o n , the use o f garages would r e l i e v e congestion i n the downtown c o r e a r e a . traffic These garages a r e not to be c o n s i d e r e d a s s u b s t i t u t e s f o r t h e planned f r i n g e a r e a s e x i s t i n g or planned by R e t r o , but t o s e r v e those who find them g e o g r a p h i c a l l y i n c o n v e n i e n t and would o t h e r w i s e d r i v e a l l t h e way downtown. We must r e a l i s e the e x t e n t t o w h i c h our s o c i e t y i s s u b s i d i s i n g the automobile, e s p e c i a l l y i n our core a r e a s and b e g i n t o s u b s i d i s e more e f f i c i e n t methods o f t r a n s portation. An a l t e r n a t i v e t o the a i r r i g h t s p l a n would be to b u i l d t h e f r e e w a y beneath an e x i s t i n g s t r e e t , , or s t r e e t s , and the dock would be r e t u r n e d f o r p u b l i c use a s a s t r e e t . I n t h i s i n s t a n c e the p u b l i c garages c o u l d be b u i l t over t u n n e l s and access i n t e r c h a n g e s but., a g a i n , not connected t o the s u r - f a c e s t r e e t s e x c e p t f o r r e s i d e n t i a l and l o c a l s t r e e t traffic parking. T h i s would r e q u i r e , a l s o , r e a l i s t i c zoning to accompany t h e f r e e w a y , t o r e n d e r concomitant b e n e f i t s t o the community along w i t h the v e s t e d r i g h t s mentioned e a r l i e r . �I f you w i l l v i s u a l i z e w i t h mo f o r a minute the — • - s i m i l a r i t y between f r e e w a y s and s e w e r s , I b e l i e v e , you will see t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r c o n s t r u c t i n g t h e f r e e w a y s i n . o u r cities as t u n n e l s . C i t i e s need f r e e w a y s » t o a degree - j u s t a s t h e y need sewers. Both c a r r y o b j e c t i o n a b l e i t e m s t o and from our cities. I n the c a s e o f f r e e w a y s - = motor vehic3.es s e n t down our «• s t r e e t s a r e about a s welcome a s t h e raw sewage Washington used t o have r u n n i n g i n t h e s t r e e t s not too many y e a r s ago. We con- s i d e r i t a n e c e s s i t y f o r the government t o f i n a n c e t h e ©ut-of~ s i g h t , and o u t - O f - s m e l l , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of sewage. Motor v e h i c l e s a r e j u s t a s u n s i g h t l y and bad s m e l l i n g and s h o u l d be t r a n s p o r t e d underground a l s o . With t h e f r e e w a y designed a s I have o u t l i n e d , I bel i e v e t h a t most neighborhoods would not o b j e c t a s much., When t h e r e a r e d e f i n i t e advantages, a s opposed t o o n l y d i s a d v a n t a g e s people a r e more w i l l i n g t o a c c e p t change. s p r e a d i n g some advantages I t i s time t o s t a r t t o the r e s i d e n t and businessman who i s p h y s i c a l l y a f f e c t e d by t h e freeway, i n s t e a d o f r e s e r v i n g a i l t h e advantages f o r t h e commuter who demands t h e f r e e w a y i n the f i r s t place. The p r e c i s e r o u t i n g of t h e North Leg becomes t h e n , h o p e f u l l y , a d e s i r a b l e a d d i t i o n t o a neighborhood. Perhaps t h e o p p o s i t i o n t o a U S t r e e t r o u t i n g when shown the advantages, may r e q u e s t i t a f t e r a l l . Thanh you. ; �THE AUDIENCE: (applause) CHAIRMAN MOORE: Thank you v e r y much f o r your w i t n e s s , Mr. Thompsonj I t i squite "different." •• MR. THOMPSON,: Thank you. CHAIRMAN MOORE: the record. (no We t h a n k you f o r i n s e r t i n g i t i n t o Chairman Hahn? response) CHAIRMAN MOORE: Councilman Robinson? COUNCILMAN ROBINSOH: CHAIRMAN MOORE: Y e s . Mr. Thompson? Mr. Thompson,, would you p l e a s e r e - ma i n ? MR. THOMPSON; I am s o r r y . COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Mr. Thompson, your i d e a i s n o t too o r i g i n a l because s e v e r a l y e a r s ago I t h i n k i n t h e Shaw a r e a where t h e y wanted t o r e v i t a l i z e t h e y came up w i t h t h e same d e s i g n o f h a v i n g a i r r i g h t s over Rhode I s l a n d Avenue. To my s u r p r i s e , about 9C% o f t h e r e s i d e n t s o f t h a t a r e a thought i t was a f i n e t h i n g , and I d i d n ' t h e a r a n y o u t c r y t h e n . I would agree probably So although not i n r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a — b u t maybe i n b u s i n e s s a r e a s — t h e r e may be something, t h a t some thought c o u l d be g i v e n t o your i d e a . A s I s a y , t h e r e was n o t " o u t c r y " from the C i t y , i n t h e Shaw a r e a , when t h a t was advanced. They had t h e p l a n s and a l l and everyone thought i f was a p r e t t y good idea. T h a t was j u s t t h e a i r r i g h t s over Rhode I s l a n d . MR. THOMPSON: I see. �CHAIRMAN MOORE: Councilman Haywood? COUNCILMAN HAYWOOD: No q u e s t i o n s * Mr; Thompson, thank you. CHAIRMAN MOORS: A g a i n , we thank you. MR. THOMPSON: Y e s , s i r . CHAIRMAN MOORE: Mr. Rene B o s s i ? Save Laraond Committ WHEREUPON, ' • MR. RENE BOZZI, •1 REPRESENT INC "SAVE LAMOND [COMMITTEE" APPROACHED THE MICROPHONE i' TOOK THE WITNESS SEAT AND T E S T I F I E D CHAIRMAN MOORE: I N SUBSTANCE AS FOLLOWS: I hope I h a v e n ' t mispronounced your name „ MR. BOSS?I: appreciate No, you have done r e m a r k a b l y ".veil and I that. CHAIRMAN MOORE: Thank you, s i r , and you a r e v e r y •welcome here t o n i g h t . MR. BOE2I: My name i s Rene B o s z i . I am t h e T r a n s - p o r t a t i o n Chairman o f t h e Lamond-Riggs C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n . I am a l s o t h e Chairman o f t h a Save Laraond Committee w h i c h i s a s e c t i o n o f t h a e a s t e r n p a r t o f t h e Laraond-Riggs a r e a . Cur c i t i z e n s association c o n s i s t s of three (3) thousand {3,000} person; 10,000 p e r s o n s , l i v i n g i n t h e a r e a w e s t o f E a s t e r n Avenue, E a s t o f t h e B&O T r a c k s arid bounded down t h e s o u t h b y Galloway S t r e e t . I t i s one o f t h e l a r g e s t and one o f t h e most active Civic Asseolations. We a r e o f f i c i a l l y and unanimously �62 opposed t o any f a r t h e r c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r any f r e e w a y s i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. ?7e have been f o r t h e p a s t f i v e (5) years, We were t h r e a t e n e d w i t h a 10~lane f r e e w a y down Worth C a p i t a l S t r e e t and we fought t h a t c o n t i n u o u s l y and we w i l l c o n t i n u e t o f i g h t any more f r e e w a y s i n our c i t y . I f t h e f r e e w a y had moved out of Lamond-Riggs, we w i l l c o n t i n u e t o f i g h t f r e e w a y s because we.sympathize w i t h t h e people i n t h e B r o o k l a n d a r e a , i n t h e Adams-Morgan a r e a , i n Georgetown, i n South Manor P a r k , and i n any o t h e r p a r t o f t h e City, I must s a y f o r one t h i n g , p e r s o n a l l y , a s a persona 1 note, I f i n d i t d i f f i c u l t t o speak, I am a l i t t l e u p s e t by t h e p r e s s u r e s a g a i n s t both t h e audience and t h e s p e a k e r s i n this Council. I know t h i s i s u n f o r t u n a t e , b u t j u s t e x c u s e my emotional f e e l i n g s a t the present time, REPORTER'S MOTE: (The s p e a k e r was s t u t t e r i n g and near t e a r s . ) MR. BOZZI: I t might be u n d e r s t a n d a b l e by a l l o f u s . I t h i n k we should s t o p f o r a moment and have a l i t t l e historical r e v i e w o f t h e F r e e w a y s i t u a t i o n and t h e Highway s i t u a t i o n i n ou? City. T h i s C i t y , a s b e a u t i f u l a s i t i s , comparable t o P a r i s , was d e s i g n e d by P i e r r e L ' E n f a n t and Benjamin Bannekar w i t h t h e patronage o f George Washington and Thomas J e f f e r s o n . Thomas J e f f arses: was a s t u d e n t o f t h e a r t s and an educated man. George Washington was a s u r v e y o r who s u r v e y i n g work and �63 a r c h i t e c t u r a l work a l l over t h i s a r e a b e s i d e s h i s o t h e r accomplishments. But We a r e now d i s c u s s i n g a r e v i s i o n of t h e L ' E n f a n t - B a n n e k a r P l a n and we must remember t h i s i n the h i s t o r i c a l p e r s p e c t i v e of our c o n s i d e r a t i o n s t h i s e v e n i n g . something There i s u n u s u a l about Washington: i t was designed w i t h t h e p l a n i n w h i c h t h e r e a r e b e s i d e s the c h e c k e r b o a r d s t r e e t s going n o r t h and s o u t h and e a s t and w e s t , such a s most c i t i e s have such a s New York and P h i l a d e l p h i a , e t c . , t h i s c h e c k e r b o a r d i s c r o s s e d d i a g o n a l l y by avenues, such a s Rhode I s l a n d , New York, Maryland Avenue, K a n s a s , Sow Hampshire. T h i s g i v e s you a d i r e c t and easy way t o g a t from one p a r t of' the c i t y to another. I t was planned i n a s c i e n t i f i c manner, a s a r e s i d e n t i a l c i t y and a s a c i t y t o r e p r e s e n t a g r e a t democracy. Mind you, t h e r e was n o t h i n g here when i t was planned. There was] n o t h i n g but a s m a l l town of Hamburg where the southwest a r e a i s now; and the s m a l l town o f Georgetown. But t h e s e men were v i s i o n a r y enough and had f a i t h enough i n our r e p u b l i c t o b u i l d a great c i t y . And we,at t h i s p o i n t , a t t h i s v e r y minute, a r e c o n s i d e r i n g what a r e we going t o do, or what a r e we going t o be a l l o w e d t o be done t o t h i s g r e a t c i t y , and I , f o r one, would not l i k e t o see i t d e s e c r a t e d by any f r e e w a y s e s p e c i a l l y s t a t e highways, coming i n t o t h i s inter- city. A g a i n we must go i n t o some h i s t o r i a l p e r s p e c t i v e v e r y c l o s e t o our p r e s e n t t i m e : How dees i t come t h a t t h a gentlemen o f the Highway Department of Washington, D. C„ a r e oven suggest-] �64 ing t o b r i n g 6 l a n e s of i n t e r s t a t e highways i n t o the c i t y , as on G a l l a t i n S t r e e t where Route 95 would come t o b r i n g such inter- s t a t e t r a f f i c from Maine t o F l o r i d a , and where 70-S would come i n the form of the North C e n t r a l Freeway. come t o t h i s c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h i s was I t doesn't mare any s e n s e . How did they ever a l o g i c a l thing to do. T h a t ' s the f i r s t t h i n g I thought about when I saw the F o r t h C e n t r a l Freeway and t h a n I saw p l a n s f o r the I n n e r Loop. Why would: "Somehow i t doesn't jell. • anyone p l a n t o b r i n g i n t e r s t a t e t r a f f i c i n t o the - h e a r t of t h e c i t y ? way I said, the Who would b r i n g s i x l a n e s of t r u c k and high t r a f f i c , , buses, and L o r d knows what k i n d of t r a f f i c , , i n t o the c i t y , i n t o the Rock Creek Park a r e a , Fogey Bottom, and up 20th S t r e e t or 2 1 s t S t r e e t , around Dupont C i r c l e west of Dupont C i r c l e and Worth of Dupont C i r c l e ? " P h i l l i p s A r t G a l l e r y and Dupont C i r c l e ? " "Who "Between the would conceive of p u t t i n g a f r e e w a y of t h i s k i n d i n the h e a r t of a c i t y ? " I s t i l l couldn't who was f i n d out why. W e l l , f i n a l l y Mr, P a t e r Craig,, the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Chairman of the Commituee of a F o r t h e F e d e r a l C i t y t o l d me 100 one e v e n i n g a t a p u b l i c meeting. I s a i d , " P e t e r C r a i g , what i s t h i s ? " Ee s a y s , "Well, do you know t h i s a l l s t a r t e d w i t h sometime i n the SOs when someone s a i d 'Why we should have some k i n d of an i n s i d e f r e e w a y t o f a c i l i t a t e t r a f f i c going e a s t and west i n our c i t y . 8 course t h i s i s q u i t e e x p e n s i v e . " And i t was But of never b u i l t . But the i d e a remained i n the back of the minds of the gentlemen of �65 the Highway Department. T h i s was t o be j u s t an i n n e r w i t h no i n t e r s t a t e c o n n e c t i o n s . city When t h e Highway B i l l was passed i n t h e 60s i n w h i c h 90% o f t h e c o s t of a highway w o r l d r be p a i d through g a s o l i n e t a x e s t h e b r i g h t men of t h e highway lobby, t h e b r i g h t men o f t h e highway p l a n n e r s s a i d " F i n e , we w i l l connect t h e i n n e r road w i t h an' i n t e r s t a t e road and i t w i l l become an i n t e r s t a t e highway and i t w i l l be p a i d w i t h t h e money c o l l e c t e d from t h e g a s o l i n e t a x . " I n o t h e r words, an i n n e r c i t y highway suddenly became an i n t e r s t a t e highway. And by t h i t i m e the highway lobby became q u i t e i n t e r e s t e d because t h e y saw a chance t o b u i l d r o a d s , The m a n u f a c t u r e r s of c o n c r e t e became i n t e r e s t e d and t h e highway lobby was i n f u l l bloom t o b u i l d the f r e e w a y s y s t e m w h i c h we a r e now t h r e a t e n e d w i t h . The 'problem o f f r e e w a y s i n our c i t y a r e p r i m a r i l y the d e s t r u c t i o n o f housing and t h e i n c r e a s e i n p o l l u t i o n and the a b s o l u t e n e g l e c t o f s t u d y i n g o t h e r ways o f b r i n g i n g people i n and out o f t h e c i t y f o r employment o r f o r purposes o f buying merchandise o r doing b u s i n e s s . T h i s i s a completely u n s c i e n t i - f i c approach when we c o n s i d e r t h a t o n l y through r a p i d transit c a n t h e problems o f a c i t y t h i s s i z e be s o l v e d . I t cannot be s o l v e d .by b r i n g i n g a u t o m o b i l e s i n t o t h e c i t y the rail because more f r e e w a y s you b u i l d t h e more space you need t o park t h e s e automobilesr t h e n you have t o d e s t r o y more b u i l d i n g s t o park t h e s e a u t o m o b i l e s , and you f i n a l l y have t h e abomination t h a t you have i n J o s A n g e l a s . We do not want t h a t t o happen �65 here. I t i s happening now. The gentlemen of t h e p a r k i n g in- d u s t r y a r e g e t t i n g f a b u l o u s l y r i c h , gentlemen such a s Doggett, and others., We don't want'the c i t y t h o r o u g h l y d e s t r o y e d by tha b u i l d i n g of parking l o t s e i t h e r by p r i v a t e o r by p u b l i c lav; i n s p i r e d by Congressmen, i n s p i r e d by cheap p o l i t i c s . c i t y i s too valuable, future This i t i s t o o h i s t o r i c a l l y important f o r generations. Again speaking h i s t o r i c a l l y : President I n 1963 t h e l a t e John P. Kennedy was p r e s e n t e d a plan o f t h e Highway Department t o b u i l d highways and f r e e w a y s i n t h i s c i t y . a f t e r looking And a t them, he sent them back f o r f u r t h e r s t u d y . He s a i d t h e y ware t o o d e s t r u c t i v e of t h e c i t y a s t h e y were planned: t h a t t h e r e must be o t h e r ways o f s o l v i n g problems o f i n t e r c i t y highways. A f t e r the d e a t h o f P r e s i d e n t presidency of President Lyndon B„ Johnson, we a g a i n had t h e q u e s t i o n o f f r e e w a y s come up. Freeway was proposed. Kennedy and t h e A t t h i s time t h e Worth C e n t r a l I was p a r t o f a d e l e g a t i o n o f 7 people i n c l u d i n g Reverend J a c k s o n , Dorothy Mosby o f t h e Democratic Committee, Mr; F r e d Thomas o f t h e Lamond-Riggs C i t i z e n s Association, President's t h e Freeway. m y s e l f and o t h e r s . We spoke t o Mr. HOrsky, t h e a d v i s o r , and e x p l a i n e d I also explained t o him our p o s i t i o n t o Mr. Horsky against the d i s a s t e r that any Worth Leg would be i n t h e r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a whether on K S t r e e t , U Street,, o r On T S t r e e t . Nov;, I a l s o i n v i t e d Mr, �67 H o r s k y t o w a l k a l o n g T S t r e e t and U S t r e e t w i t h me and show him a l l of the apartment houses t h a t the proposed p l a n s the Highway Department would d e s t r o y Some of t h e s e houses a r e i n p e r f e c t l y good c o n d i t i o n a l t h o u g h t h e y may y e a r s o l d ; people a r e l i v i n g i n them. d e n t i a l a r e a and of be 10, 20 or T h i s i s a dense r e s i - should not have any f r e e w a y s in i t A f t e r the p r o t e s t of the c i t i z e n s and a f t e r the i n g s i n the Department of Commerce a u d i t o r i u m , 1965, 30 February P r e s i d e n t Johnson so t h a t t h e 'problem was hear4th, s e r i o u s and he suggested t h a t the A r t h u r B« D i d d l e C o n s u l t a n t s would l o c k i n t o t h e problem and make s u g g e s t i o n s i n the d i s t r i c t . And about the f'reewaybQuestiOi the A r t h u r D i d d l e C o n s u l t a n t s t h a t mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n was decided t h e answer t o the commuting prob- lem but f r e e w a y s were not needed e s p e c i a l l y i f freeways would destroy v a l u a b l e housing i n a c i t y which i s a l r e a d y v e r y c r i t i c a l l y s h o r t o f housing., T h e r e i s a law of d i m i n i s h i n g 'returns i n e v e r y t h i n g ; you know, b u s i n e s s of man; or i n n a t u r e . i n g r e t u r n s a p p l i e s t o highways as w e l l . { And the law of d i m i n i s There i s a good ) on the h i g h w a y s , but beyond t h a t t h e r e a r e d i s a s t e r s . J u s t a s t h e r e i s good i n a l o t of t h i n g s , beyond a c e r t a i n p o i n t t h e y have no v a l u e and d e s t r o y t h e i r v a l u e . economic law and. ws c a n n o t a v o i d i t . - Y e t , gentlemen of the t i r e , true!: and automobile l o b b i e s - — t h e c o n c r e t e convince progresss T h i s i s an lobby—^would us i n a l l t h e i r f a s h i o n a b l e arguments t h a t t h i s i s "There ace a h a n d f u l of people, such a s m y s e l f , that �' 68 1 are against progress," T h e r e i s not a h a n d f u l o f people. The m a j o r i t y o f the s i t y h a s e x p r e s s e d theip.seIves i n e v e r y way t h e y c o u l d , by p u b l i c h e a r i n g s over t h e p a s t s i x - y e a r s ; by referendums; by u n o f f i c i a l referendums; by d e m o c r a t i c referendum—to b = completely nomination opposed t o t h e f r e e w a y , Mr. Natoher, Mr, B r o y h i l l and Mr. K l y c y z a n s k i know t h i s , and I am s u r e I must remind you gentlemen o f t h e C o u n c i l t h a t 2 honor your o p i n i o n and I must beg you t o c o n s i d e r t h e feelings o f t h e people i n t h e c i t y . responsible Can They have begged t h e people in. t h e c i t y t o -not b u i l d any more f r e e w a y s . i t be o t h e r w i s e t h a t soma o f us l o s e our tempers, t h a t some people r a i s e t h e i r v o i c e s ? raise their voices: I know o f some young people who P a t r i c k Henry, Thomas J e f f e r s o n , raised their voices i n Virginia, TH3 AUDrSNC-3: MR 0 BOZ2I: (applause) Who among u s , gentlemen, c o u l d answer t h e judgment o f f u t u r e g e n e r a t i o n s a s t o t h e g u i l t o f h a v i n g d e s t r o y e d t h e c i v i c beauty o f Washington, D. C,? Who among u s , gentlemen, w i l l answer t h e judgment of humanity of t h e g u i l t of h a v i n g c a l l o u s l y o r c r u e l l y h a v i n g a l l o w e d d e s t r u c t i o n o f houses, apartments and r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s i n t h i s c i t y ? Can't we see o r f e e l t h e s t a g g e r i n g d e m o r a l i s i n g h o r r o r o f t h e housing condition of t h i s c i t y ? o r empathise Can't a n y o f us f e e l or understand w i t h t h e knowing f r u s t r a t i o n and t h e a n g u i s h of t h e people, m o s t l y b l a c k — m o s t l y p o o r — a n d many m i d d l e - c l a s s �69 —the l o w e r - m i d d l e - c l a s s , and some o f the middle m i d d l e - c l a s s ; w o r k e r s , unemployed, employed; young and o l d , who look to the C o u n c i l f o r l e a d e r s h i p because t h e y c a n ' t v o t e any o t h e r way? They c a n ' t e x p r e s s t h e m s e l v e s . They have no r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s . . T h i s c r i t i c a l housing s h o r t a g e , t h e c o n t i n u o u s r a i s i n g o f r e n t s t h i s i s a d i s a s t e r , and we a r e s i t t i n g on i t . The l a c k o f funds f o r s c h o o l s , t h e l a c k of funds f o r h o s p i t a l s — * a n d we t a l k about b u i l d i n g f r e e w a y s — 1 0 % of w h i c h w i l l be b u i l t from t h e money p a i d by the C i t y T a x p a y e r s , m a j o r i t y of t h a people have spok.cn; t h e y have w r i t t e n The letters. Even c h i l d r e n have w r i t t e n l e t t e r s i n Lamond«*Riggs t o the F r e s i d e n t and. t o t h e C i t y Commissioners; you must keep i n t e r - s t a t e highways out of our c i t y , out of the h e a r t of our You must save our r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s . city. You must save our c i t y . There a r e o t h e r ways o f s o l v i n g the problem o f t r a n s portation. There a r e b u s e s , t h e r e a r e many b u s e s . Here i s a p i c t u r e o f many buses, w h i c h I p r e s e n t t o the C o u n c i l f o r . ' • study, 1 p r e s e n t a Readers' D i g e s t r e p r i n t : on t h e highway Hobby." "Highway Hobby?" A s l i p of the tongue. are T h a t ' s a good word' ,! "LET'S PUT BRAKES OH THE HIGHWAY LOBBY, from t h e R e a d e r s ' D i g e s t of l a s t y e a r . s e c t i o n checked " L e t ' s put b r a k e s There i s a p a r t i c u l a r o f f here r e g a r d i n g D. C. s i t u a t i o n and how being black-mailed. 1 am a g a i n s t b l a c k - m a i l . We we should a l l be a g a i n s t b l a c k - m a i l . The subway system, w h i c h s h o u l d be b u i l t a s soon a s p o s s i b l e , r e g a r d l e s s o f ho-./ the gentlemen were �70 t r y i n g t o i n t e r f e r e : Roy C h a l k , and o t h e r s , And t h e r e s h o u l d r e more f r e e w a y s , More subways' The C i t y of New t a s t i c subway system,, New Years. God h e l p me' York has a complete and f a n - I n a l l k i n d s o f weather? I was t h e r e last I n a l l k i n d s of weather you can go from any p a r t of t h e c i t y t o t h e o t h e r . They a r e b u i l d i n g a n o t h e r subway, gentlemen, on Second Avenue. F o r a l l t h e y have, t h e y a r e s t i l l b u i l d i n g more. I would h o n o r a b l y beg you, gentlemen, t o b r i n g my s e n t i m e n t s and t h a s e n t i m e n t s of t h e people of Lantond-Riggs ; t o a l l t h e gentlemen who have the power t o make t h e s e d e c i s i o n s , i n c l u d i n g y o u r s e l f , the committees of Congress? t o the Eonorab3.€j P r e s i d e n t Nixon i n the White House-*that t h i s i s a v e r y s e r i o u s problem--and how here t h e people f e e l . I f t h e r e i s any q u e s t i o n l e t us have a f r e e w a y referendum, i m m e d i a t e l y . THE AUDIENCE: ( a p p l a u s e ) MR. the BOZZI: And a s a w h i t e person I want no p a r t of d e s t r u c t i o n of t h e nomas and t h e m i s e r y of my b l a c k f e l l o w citizens, THE AUDI3NCE: (applause) CHAIRMAN MOORE: Mr. B o s z i , thank you f o r your v e r y touching testimony. I b e l i e v e you a r e q u i t e wrapped up i n t h i s l i t t l e concept as many o f t h e c i t i z e n s — - i n c l u d i n g t h e C o u n c i l a r e — i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia„ Would t h e Chairman of t h e C o u n c i l c a r e t o comment o r a s k q u e s t i o n s ? �(no r e s p o n s e ) CHAIRMAN MOORS: Councilman Robinson? COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Thank you v a r y much* . CHAIRMAN MOORE: Councilman Haywood?• COUNCILMAN HAYWOODi No q u e s t i o n s . Thank you, Mr. Chairman,, CHAIRMAN MOORE: A g a i n we t h a n k you, s i r . MR. B 0 2 2 I : I would l i k e t o add one t h i n g , s i r , a p o s t - s c r i p t , and I knew I have been l o n g , o v e r l y - l o n g : B u t the question fession. of experts. I respect a man's t r a d e , h i s p r o * I m y s e l f am a c o m m e r c i a l a r t i s t and photographer. i I was a photographer i n t h e U n i t e d been i n b u s i n e s s S t a t e s Marina Corps';- 1 have f o r m y s e l f i n photography and a r t . p r e s e n t l y employed t h e p a s t 20 y e a r s . I am i n a department s t o r e h e r e i n Washington f o r B u t e x p e r t s , sir,-"-gentlemen, and Madam, a r e people who a r e f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e s u b j e c t t o t a k e i t t o t h e i r heart t o study i t . I have been both on t h e E x e c u t i v e Board o f Neighbors, I n c o r p o r a t e d , Board a t Lamond-Riggs„ p a r t i n our a r e a . and I am now on t h e E x e c u t i v e I have been busy a s a c i t i z e n doing And t h e people who come hare and speak my they a r e e x p e r t s i n community problems, because on t h e E x e c u t i v e Boarc we t a k e s e r i o u s l y t h e problems t h a t people b r i n g t o u s whether i t i s a p o l i c e problem, highway problem, g e t t i n g a t r a f f i c light, e t c . , e t c . So a l t h o u g h I a p p r e c i a t e t h e s o - c a l l e d f e e l i n g s o f the highway b u i l d e r s we a r e now a t t h e c r o s s r o a d s , and t h e e x - �72 p e r t s o f t h e community s u c h a s we have, such a s have spoken here b e f o r e me s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d , THE AUDIENCE: Thanh you. (applause} CHAIRMAN MOORE: A g a i n we than]; you , I would a g a i n remind t h e v ; i t n e s s e s t h a t t h e r e i s someone t o f o l l o w you and we have q u i t e a d i s t a n c e t o go. The 11th w i t n e s s i s P r o f e s s o r Thomas Rooney, Assembly o f t h e F a c u l t y , C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y ^ , We a r e v e r y p l e a s e d t o welcome you, Mr * Ro one y, WHEREUPON, PROFESSOR THOMAS ROONEY, ASSEMBLY OF THE FACULTY CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY, APPROACHED THE MICROPHONE, TOOK 'iHE WITNESS SEAT AND T E S T I F I E D IN SUBSTANCE AS FOLLOWS: MR 0 ROONEY: Thank you. Reverend Moore, My name i s Thomas Rooney and, 1 am a Member of t h e F a c u l t y o f t h e C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y ? f o r 12 y e a r s a r e s i d e n t of Brookland i n Northeast Washington, F o r t h a past 9 y e a r s t h e bank and I hare owned my home a t 14th and Monroe S t r e e t , N o r t h e a s t . the Brookland I am a member of C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n and of t h e Emergency-^that infamous and n o t o r i o u s group—Committee on the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Crisis, THE AUDIENCE: MR. ROONEY: (applause) And from i t s beginning 5 or 6 y e a r s ago. I n case you don't know i t s h i s t o r y i t wag formed, r e a l l y . �73 f r e m such meetings, h e a r i n g s and p r e s e n t a t i o n s about m a t t e r s such a s thi3„ thing. People found t h e y were s a y i n g the same T a l k e d t o each o t h e r a f t e r w a r d s . and were informed freeway i n t h e most n a t u r a l way. Phoned each o t h e r I come t o r e p e a t f o r t h e f o u r t h time i n t h r e e y e a r s a statement voted upon by t h e f a c u l t y of C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y opposing c o n s t r u c t i o n of I n t e r s t a t e Route 1-35 and t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway. statement This of o p p o s i t i o n was f i r s t voted upon by the Graduate School of A r t s and S c i e n c e s , ; t h e l a r g e s t of the s c h o o l s a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y , and p r e s e n t e d at''the h e a r i n g s on the budget f o r the D i s t r i c t of Columbia i n 1957? t h i s . s t a t e m e n t was l a t e r endorsed and lodged and voted upon by the Assembly of t h e F a c u l t y , the o n l y body i n the U n i v e r s i t y r e p r e s e n t i n g the e n t i r e f a c u l t y , soma 600-man f a c u l t y . I t was p r e s e n t e d i n the name of the assembly a t t h e h e a r i n g s h e l d by R e p r e s e n t a t i v e K l u c z y n s k i ' s subcommittee on roads i n A p r i l 1968. Significantly anough, the l a s t day of t h e s e s o — c a l l e d h e a r i n g s on C a p i t a l H i l l marked the b e g i n n i n g s of the f i r i n g - r e v o l t f o l l o w i n g the a s s a s i n a t i o n of Dr. Ring., The same statement ivas presented a g a i n a y e a r ago l a s t December a t t h e h e a r i n g s on t r a n s p o r t a t i o r h e l d here by t h i s C o u n c i l and the members of t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission. I t was immediately a f t e r these h e a r i n g s of December °G3 t h a t the C i t y C o u n c i l and the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission v o t e d no more gateways f o r the automobile i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia, and here we a r e a g a i n : Another y e a r — a n o t h e r hearing. �74 The h i s t o r y of t h i s statement alone seems t o be a c l a s s i c case o f t h a t o l d and t r a d i t i o n a l Department o f Highways and l o b b i s t s of highways t a c t i c ; " I f you c a n ' t beat them wear them down and wear them o u t . " B e f o r e going f u r t h e r , one m a t t e r needs comment: D u r i n g Tuesday's testimony,- D r . N e i s e , t h e E x e c u t i v e V i c e P r e s i d e n t , C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y , p r e s e n t e d a b r i e f statement which n e i t h e r supported nor opposed f r e e w a y s under considers." tion there. I n B r . Robinson's q u e s t i o n i n g w h i c h f o l l o w e d i t be= i cams apparent t h a t some c l a r i f i c a t i o n was needed on which segments o f t h a U r i v e r s i t y Dr. N o i s e ' s statement speaks f o r . To t h e b e s t o f my knowledge, t h i s statement was drawn up by t i e U n i v e r s i t y ' s O f f i c e o f I n s t i t u t i o n a l R e s e a r c h and P l a n n i n g and was g i v e n f i n a l form by t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s C o u n c i l , a l l o f whom a r e a d m i n i s t r a t o r s . To my knowledge n e i t h e r t h e F a c u l t y nor t h e Student Body was c o n s u l t e d i n drawing i t up and cer« t a i n l y never a t any o f f i c i a l meetings o f F a c u l t y o r Student Body. S u r e l y t h i s statement cannot p u r p o r t t o speak for- t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e f a c u l t y s i n c e t h e statement I am presenting-*-^ • and have o f t e n p r e s e n t e d — w a s approved by a 2/3rd vote o f t h e Assembly, w h i c h a g a i n r e p r e s e n t s t h e e n t i r e SOO-man f a c u l t y . The Student Body h a s n e v e r t a k e n a s t a n d on t h i s i s s u e , b u t from what I have h e a r d r e c e n t l y i t soon w i l l . And even D r . N e i s e , who gave t h i s s t a t e m e n t on Tuesday t e s t i f i e d a g a i n s t t h e �75 f r e e w a y i n s t r o n g terms i n 1955. S i n c e the statement I am t o p r e s e n t here has been p r e s e n t e d so often, be fore—•••-and you have c o p i e s of i t • • • do *=! intend to read through i t a g a i n . R a t h e r X would l i k e t o comment, as a c i t i z e n of D i s t r i c t of Columbia and r e s i d e n t of B r o o k l a n d , and not o f f i c i a l l y f o r the Assembly, on two i n the not the rather of the i s s u e s p r e s e n t e d statement. The t h i r d reason g i v e n by the Assembly of the F a c u l t y i n opposing I n t e r s t a t e 1-95 "No i s t h a t , quote: s t u d y has been made of the e f f e c t s on health and environment of the l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s of a d d i t i o n a l a i r p o l l u t i o n c r e a t e d by an e s t i m a t e d 290,000 c a r s and bringing t r u c k s per day- through p r i m a r i l y r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t on the proposed I n t e r s t a t e Route 1-95," end of quote. To t h i s d a t e and 1-95 even a f t e r a s o * c a l l e d r e s t u d y of t h e r e s t i l l e x i s t s no s t u d y or p r o j e c t ion of the e f f e c t s of the p o l l u t i o n to be g e n e r a t e d . I n f a c t , not even a mention of any such s t u d y has been made by the Department of Highways. • In 1967 when t h i s statement was f i r s t p r e s e n t e d anyone who mentioned p o l l u t i o n as a s e r i o u s f a c t o r upon w h i c h t o make an i m p o r t a n t d e c i s i o n was a bird~watching g e n e r a l l y c o n s i d e r e d t o be some k i n d anti-progress nut. T h i s climate,, and, un- of �76 I f o r t u n a t e l y , our atmosphere, t h e s e p a s t t h r e e (3) y e a r s r has changed d r a s t i c a l l y i n here t o the p o i n t where the P r e s i d e n t h i m s e l f i n a major a d d r e s s has i d e n t i f i e d p o l l u t i o n and e c o l o g i c a l imbalance as a major t h r e a t t o t h i s c o u n t r y and indeed t o t h i s p l a n e t . P o l l u t i o n has become a m a t t e r of b a s i c importance, a m a t t e r of s u r v i v a l . no p r o j e c t i o n s . And should 1-95 Y e t here we a r e : no studies, or any of t h e s e i n t e r s t a t e s be b u i l t w i t h no hope i n s i g h t of even the b e g i n n i n g s of the c o n t r o l of auto-induced air~po1lution« The s o l u t i o n s o f f e r e d by Mr. A i r i s e l u d i c r o u s and insulting. H i s p r o p o s a l t o b u i l d i>95 w i t h o u t even a nod to<= ward the p o l l u t i o n problem i s criminal. You have h e a r d , and I b e l i e v e were a s impressed a s I was w i t h the s t a t e m e n t s of p r s . Cone and F i s h e r c o n c e r n i n g the e f f e c t s of auto e m i s s i o n s on p l a n t and a n i m a l l i f e . You heard them speak of the a i r - p o l l u t i o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n s found i n a i r r i g h t s apartments and b u i l d i n g s b u i l t over I n t e r s t a t e freeways. T h e r e f o r e , I a s k t h a t t h i s C o u n c i l f o l l o w the example of Hew York C i t y and ban from the D i s t r i c t of Columbia any u s e s of a i r r i g h t s over i n t e r s t a t e f r e e w a y s e s p e c i a l l y f o r the c o n s t r u c t i o n of apartments f o r human THE AUDIENCE: MR. ROONEY: occupancy. (applause) The h e a l t h and w e l l - b e i n g and perhaps t h e l i v e s of thousands of D. C. r e s i d e n t s r e s t s w i t h t h i s matter.. I r e q u e s t s p e c i f i c a l l y the h a l t i n g of a i l p l a n s and �77 c o n t r a c t s f o r t h e 3 5 0 — u n i t a i r r i g h t s apartments 2>95 a t T h i r d and few J e r s e y Avenue. to built over I n v i e w o f what you now : know about air»pollutipn you j u s t c a n ' t i g n o r e t h e consequences t o anyone u n f o r t u n a t e enough t o have t o l i v e over 2-95 # I hadn't i n t e n d e d t o go i n t o t h i s b u t s i n c e Mr. Eugene Thompson spoke o f L a n i e r H e i g h t s A s s o c i a t i o n , I would l i k e t o s a y t h a t i n 1955 2 a t t e n d e d a meeting a t Mt. Carmel Church i n t h e Northwest Renewal # 1 A r e a , a t w h i c h t h e Department o f Highways was p r e s e n t i n g r i g h t s apartments.. a s o l u t i o n t o trie housing problem*—-air The e n g i n e e r a t t h a t m e e t i n g — o f t h e Highway Departments-suggested t h a t two huge v e n t s , one through each o f t h e b u i l d i n g s t o be c o n s t r u c t e d , would be enough t o shoot t h e a i r - p o l l u t i o n i n t o t h e s t r a t o s p h e r e . e x a g g e r a t e d a b i t . C e r t a i n l y a t t h a t meeting I t h i n k he n o t h i n g was men= t i o n e d t o t h e c i t i z e n s t h e r e t h a t were being asked t o a c c e p t t h i s about the e f f e c t s o f a i r ^ p o i l u t i o n . When i t was brought Ope ''Well, t h e h e a l t h department w i l l have soma s t u d i e s on that." The c o s t o f d e c k i n g over t h a t l e s s than 2-block a t t h a t time was 2.2 2 c a n ' t remember — d o l l a r s , b e f o r e t h e houses want up on i t . of a i r — r i g h t s , even outsi.de area 2.2 o r 2.8 m i l l i o n So, t h i s proposal of h e a l t h , i s a r a t h e r r i d i c u l o u s thing. The o t h e r p o i n t t h a t 2 w i s h t o b r i n g t o your a t t e n t i o n i n t h e Assembly of. the F a c u l t y ' s s t a t e m e n t b e f o r e you i s a �78 f o u r t h reason g i v e n f o r o p p o s i t i o n t o 1-95 - North C e n t r a l Freeway, i f I can f i n d i t . "4 0 Quoting from the s t a t e m e n t : There i s no low-income housing and v e r y l i t t l e moderate-income housing a v a i l a b l e i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia f o r t h o s e thousands of people=>«the v a s t m a j o r i t y of whom a r e lowincome Negroes**-to be d i s p l a c e d by interstate 1-95 a s i t p a s s e s through Washington.. D. C . " A f t e r the f i r s t n i g h t of t h e s e h e a r i n g s Mr. E i s e n h s c a p t i o n i n r e p o r t i n g the e v e n t s i n t h e Washington Post was, quote: "ROADS Si'ART TO WAIT FOR NEW HOUSING." And over the c o n t i n u a t i o n of t h e a r t i c l e f a r t h e r on i n the •aper: "D, Co ROADS CHIEF PUTS HOUSING BEFORE FREEWAYS." Other b u s i n e s s i n t e r e s t s t e s t i f y i n g here i n f a v o r of these i n t e r s t a t e freewayss And i t has o n l y been b u s i n e s s i n - t e r e s t s t h a t have mentioned t h i s , s u c h a s Mr. L e r n e r of the Y e l l o w Cab Company Tuesday n i g h t . I r e f e r t o t h i s promise o f Mr. A i r i s . Not only does Mr. A i r i s not have power t o mobs such a d e c i s i o n s t i c k . , h i s boss i n t h e House P u b l i c Works Committee wouldn't l i k e i t . H i s word a s a gentleman, and I quote t h a t , i s v e r y f a r from reliable. He made t h i s same promise i n 1966, �3.977 and whenever t h e o p p o r t u n i t y p r e s e n t e d itself t h a t no one would he moved u n t i l housing was a v a i l a b l e . In fact, after a meeting on t h e f r e e w a y i n June of 1967 a t t h e S t a t e Department A u d i t o r i u m I p e r s o n a l l y h e a r d Mr* A i r i s promise Mr. B e r n a r d P r y o r , who you a l l know-—a b l a c k neighbor and c l o s e f r i e n d o f mine i n . B r o o k l a n d — - t h a t on h i s , Mr. A i r i s ' word a s a gentleman, word o f honor a s a g e n t l e man, no ens would be r e p l a c e d - o r d i s p l a c e d u n t i l adequate housing was a v a i l a b l e . Y e t , w i t h i n a year SS homes, were emptied i n B r o o k l a n d i n t h e path o f t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway, and i f i t hadn't been f o r the c o u r t - i n j u n c t i o n h a l t i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n and a c q u i s i t i o n of l a n d , 250 homes would have been t a k e n i n c l u d i n g Mr. P r y o r s 8 - and even Mayor-Cor. :aiss i o n e r Washington c o u l d n ' t o r wouldn't s t o p t h e a c q u i s i t i o n of t h e s e 69 homes. promises and Mr. A i r i s ' So much f o r Mr. A i r i word. Of t h e 69 f a m i l i e s thrown o u t , one t h a t I know was r e l o c a t e d by t h e redevelopment Land Agency. THE AUDIENCE: MR. ROONEY: (applause) I f one went t o t h e o f f i c e RLA s e t up a t 1 0 t h and Rhode I s l a n d Avenue, supposedly t o h e l p i n r e I d e a t i o n , one was g i v e n t h e r e a l e s t a t e l i s t i n g s from t h e d a i l y papers. �so THE AUDIENCE: MR. ROONEY: know i t . for And (laughter} There i s no h o u s i n g a v a i l a b l e , and. v;e a l l so much f o r Mr. C r o c k e r s ' t e s t i m o n y Tuesday the D. C . R e l o c a t i o n A d v i s o r y Board: About the o n l y t h i n g t h a t Board can a d v i s e , f o r s u r e , i s t h a t t h e r e i s no r e l o c a t i o n e x c e p t f o r t h a t i n the r e a l e s t a t e columns i n the paper, very l i t t l e and of t h a t . As a n o t h e r example o f the r e l i a b i l i t y of the word o f the Highway Department: as soon a s t h i s C o u n c i l r e v e r s e d on the c o n s t r u c t i o n of Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e the huge s t e e l , beams f o r the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the T a y l o r S t r e e t B r i d g e B r o o k l a n d were o r d e r e d . in T h i s b r i d g e had been t o r n down f o r the North C e n t r a l Freeway, but c o n s t r u c t i o n was c o u r t i n j u n c t i o n two itself y e a r s ago. stopped by Yet i n s p i t e of the o r d e r f o r an 13-month study on here the North C e n t r a l Freeway, w h i l e s t u d y was and t o have been going on the T a y l o r S t r e e t B r i d g e i s n o w — b e i n g b u i l t t o North C e n t r a l s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . the day a f t e r Mr. I three (3) l i t t l e Northeast. b o o k s — s u r v e y o r s were on 9 t h and 2 saw s p e a k i n g t o Mr. A i r i s r e l e a s e d h i s l a t e s t proposed them on my way P r y o r who work, lower down on 1 0 t h . that was— Also, plan— 10th S t r e e t t o the U n i v e r s i t y . l i v e s on 10th S t r e e t he saw And in them a t So, w h i l e the h e a r i n g s continue~«one a f t e r a n o t h e r , y e a r a f t e r y e a r , the c a s t of c h a r a c t e r s r e m a i n i n g p r e t t y much the same—'business, p r e s s , l o b b y i s t s p o l i t i c i a n s v e r s u s D , C . and Suburban C i v i c and T r a n s p o r t a t i o n g r o u p s — t h e �81 Department o f Highways b u i l d s a b i t here and a b i t t h e r e . you t o s t o p t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n on t h e T a y l o r S t r e e t B r i d g e and I as now s t o p t h i s i l l e g a l p e r n i c i o u s p i e c e - m e a l b u i l d i n g of these roads b e f o r e you t h e C o u n c i l has even reached a d e c i s i o n on t h e n , a s r e q u i r e d by l a w . THE AUDIENCE: MR. ROOKSY: i l l e g a l way. (applause) Many homes i n B r o o k l a n d went t h e same As Chairman o f t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Committee f o r t h i s C o u n c i l I would l i k e t o a s k - - - r e a l l y beg you. Reverend M o o r e — t o look i n t o t h e m a t t e r of t h e T a y l o r S t r e e t B r i d g e and the proposed a i r - r i g h t s housing over 1-35. I t i s a very serious matter. F i n a l l y — a n d I know you a r e a l w a y s g l a d t o h e a r t h a t — f i n a l l y , you have been ordered by,some of you, by two ( 2 } P r e s i d e n t s t o r e p r e s e n t t h e people of t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia a s though you were v o t e d i n t o o f f i c e bythera. You have seen i n Maryland t h e power o f t h e v o t e and t h e e l e c t e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e s e same f r e e w a y s * A l l we a r e a s k i n g i s t h a t you f o l l o w t h e P r e s i d e n t i a l mandate and a c t a s though you were r e a l l y e l e c t e d , t h a t would your d e c i s i o n be i f you were running f o r t h i s O f f i c e i n November? THE AUDIENCE: MR. ROONEY: (applause) S e c t i o n 22 o f t h e 1933 F e d e r a l A i d Highway A c t i s a s l o p p y b i t of l e g i s l a t i o n . intentionally ill-conceived fascist Represents.tive K l u c y z y n s k i f o r e s a w your �82 i n d e c i s i o n and h e s i t a t i o n when Mr. Why S u l l i v a n w r o t e i t f o r him. haven't you t a k e n t h i s t o the c o u r t ? And da you r e a l l y be- l i e v e t h a t a i l of the F e d e r a l p o r t i o n of the D i s t r i c t Budget w i l l he w i t h h e l d by the B r o y h i l l Amendment i f t h e s e aren*t b u i l t ? Even R e p r e s e n t a t i v e B r o c k Adams who interstates had a hand i n t h i s b i t of b l a c k m a i l s a i d i n an i n t e r v i e w on TV. the e v e n - * i n g of August S t h , a f t e r t h i s C o u n c i l r e v e r s e d i t s s t a n d on . t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e and f o u r t e e n (14) c i t i z e n s were a r r e s t e d h e r e i n t h i s chamber, t h a t , quote, q u o t i n g Representa- t i v e Adams: "Everyone- knows t h a t the Congress c a n ' t run the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. We have t o have them t h e r e i n c o u n c i l t o handle i t s a f f a i r s , " unquote. Why wasn't t h i s B r o y h i l l b l a c k m a i l t a k e n t o the c o u r t s ? see no s a n c t i o n s a t t a c h e d t o e i t h e r law. i f you s a y , "bo" t o more f r e e w a y s ? And W i l l you go t o how P o s t ' s E d i t o r i a l s now. And I jail long do you t h i n k the F e d e r a l p o r t i o n of the D. C. Budget would be T r y t o f o r g e t what the p r e s s w i l l s a y . And withheld? Z can see the Washington t r y t o remember what your c o n s t i - t u e n t s have s a i d here and e l s e w h e r e . Make the Congress and the l o b b y i s t s f o r w h i c h t h e y s t a n d a c t out i n the open and don't g i v e them a c o v e r f o r t h e i r a c t i o n s by .talcing the and the g u i l t f o r them, on y o u r s e l v e s . THE AUDIENCES CHAIRMAN MOORE: responsibility Thank y c u . (applause) Mr. Rooney, you have done a v e r y �83 thorough j o b . v e r y good t e s t i m o n y . MR. ROONEY: . _ . _ I t h a s boon a long f i g h t . You know i t well. CHAIRMAN MOORE: I would l i k e t o a s k t h e Chairman o f t h e C o u n c i l t o a s k you a q u e s t i o n o r make a comment. CHAIRMAN HAHN: No q u e s t i o n s . Thank you v e r y much foa coming. CHAIRMAN MOORE: Councilman Robinson? i COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Thank you, no q u e s t i o n s . CHAIRMAN MOORE: Councilman Haywood? COUNCILMAN HAYWOOD: No q u e s t i o n s . CHAIRMAN MOORS: THE AUDIENCE: Thank you. A g a i n we thank you. (applause) CHAIRMAN MOORE: Mrs. P h i l i p G. F o r t u n e . P r e s i d e n t , League o f / . o e V o t e r s ? ''mn (no r e s p o n s e ) CHAIRMAN MOORE: THE AUDIENCE: citizen? (applause) CHAIRMAN MOORS: Mrs. Mrs. A n g e l a Rooney, p r i v a t e We a r e v e r y p l e a s e d t o welcome you, Rooney. WHERE UPON r MRS. ANGELA ROONEY, C I T I Z E N , TOOK THE WITNESS SEAT AND T E S T I F I E D I N SUBSTANCE AS FOLLOWS: MRSo ROONEY: I w i s h I c o u l d s a y t h a t I am p l e a s e d t o �84 be here,, T h a t a f t e r what happened i n t h i s C o u n c i l room a — . s h o r t time ago I must p r o t e s t . I must p r o t e s t the i n t i m i d a t i o n o f honest c i t i z e n s ; t h e u n n e c e s s a r y p o l i c e a c t i o n t o me speaks of a v e r y s i c k and a v e r y d y i n g s o c i e t y when you have t o p r o t e c t y o u r s e l f from t h e people who speak the truth. I t was v e r y u n f o r t u n a t e , and I hope you don't t a k e t h a ; o f f my time because I am going t o go backwards w i t h my little t a l k tonight. Mr. Bahn I have something I would l i k e t o s a y t o especially. I understand and I have heard some q u e s t i o n i n g con- c e r n i n g what I t h i n k have been c a l l e d "Mr. and t h i s i s my answer t o t h a t q u e s t i o n . Hechinger's I t has t o do w i t h the f r e e w a y s i n the 1953 Comprehensive P l a n . h e n s i v e p l a n was Road" How t h a t compre- d e s t r o y e d when t h i s C o u n c i l b e t r a y e d the citi- zens of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and v o t e d t o c o n s t r u c t t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . There i s no e x i s t i n g comprehensive p o r t a t i o n plan t o d i s c u s s . We have never heard of nor seen any s t u d i e s , t e s t s , d r a w i n g s or d e s i g n s or s t a t i s t i c s r e l a t i n g those r o a d s . trans^ I f t h e r e i s t o be any d i s c u s s i o n of any o t h e r than the t h r e e items of t h i s h e a r i n g , then to road entirely s e p a r a t e h e a r i n g s w i l l have t o be h e l d b e g i n n i n g w i t h a d u l y a u t h o r i z e d p u b l i c h e a r i n g on the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . . THE AUDIIIICE: We (applause) t h e people of the U n i t e d S t a t e s have been g i v e n 20 t o 30 y e a r s t o come t o terms w i t h c u r environment or we shaI3^ �DC O J p a r i s h from t h i s l a n d . We s h a l l choke, s i c k e n and d i e of our own a f f l u e n c e , s l a v e t o t h e g r o s s n a t i o n a l product and poisoned by our own hand. T h i s i s t h e c o n s i d e r e d v e r d i c t o f many i n - t e r n a t i o n a l l y famous s c i e n t i s t s who d i s p a s s i o n a t e l y s t u d y our habits, analyse our systems and w a t c h and w a i t f o r t h e c u r t a i n t o f a l l on our c i v i l i s a t i o n . The evidence i s a l l around u s . We can s e e , f e e l and c a s t a t h e f i l t h and n e g l e c t resources. of our n a t u r a l We wipe o f f t h e d i r t , swallow t h e smog and a v e r t our e y e s from t h e s t a t i s t i c s about "death from p o l l u t i o n . We t e n d t o b e l i e v e i n t h e o f f i c i a l o r a t o r y o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l concern when we know i t be o n l y more words t o p o l l u t e t h e a i r f o r t o most o f i n d u s t r y " p o l l u t i o n " i s p r o f i t . We hope t o be saved by t h e v e r y ones who have brought us t o t h i s s t a t s o f m a l i g nancy we a r e c l e a r l y n a i v e . No one can save us now but o u r - s e l v e s , and so we s i t i n t h i s room and d i s c u s s t h a t most det e s t e d v i o l a t o r of our urban c e n t e r s , t h e 8 t o 10 t o 12-lane f r e e w a y and p o l l u t i o n d e v i c e s and team concept, a s i f by some compromise we could a v o i d f a c i n g d i r e c t l y what we know t o be our l a s t chance t o r e v e r s e t h e b r u t u a l amputation of communities, i and t h e massive a c c e l e r a t i o n o f d i s e a s e i n the a i r . We know now t h a t f r e e w a y s a r e t h e probing a c t i o n t h a t opens t h e h e a r t o f t h e community t o t h e a f f l u e n t e x p l o i t s rs-j Those "who program t h e P u b l i c Works p r o j e c t , those who p l u n d e r the c i t y and i t s people f o r p r o f i t . What e l s e does i t mean when t h e Board o f Trade o r t h e F e d e r a l C i t y C o u n c i l o r Downtown' P r o g r e s s , w o r r y i n g about p r o f i t and l o s s lobby f o r eminent do- �83 main laws and then h o l d up f o r s a f e t y i n hundred thousand dollar homes i n F a i r f a x or Potomac, Maryland? THE AUDIENCE; MPS. - ROONEY: (applause) B i g b u s i n e s s i s bold i n i t s demands. wants the l a n d , a l l of i t , and i t wants i t f r e e from the demands o f t h e l i t t l e c i t i z e n who there. It nagginc owns a l i t t l e p i e c e here Homeownership and s m a l l b u s i n e s s i s d i s t a s t e f u l . and The l i t t l e people get i n the way of the b i g d e v e l o p e r s ' a p p e t i t e for c i t y land. Eow e l s e e x p l a i n the complete l a c k of c i t i z e n ownership and urban r e n e w a l p r o j e c t s and the eagerness w i t h w h i c h the f r e e w a y program t o d i s p l a c e thousands by t h e f a t l a n d g r a b b e r s . Government a r e welcomed I t i s c o n t r o l l e d and e x p l o i t a t i o n a t expense. T h i s s h o u l d not be c a l l e d recommendations f o r a f r e e way i n the n o r t h e r n s e c t o r and r e l a t e d p o l i c y . What i s should be c a l l e d i s " c o n t r o l , e x p l o i t a t i o n , a t Government THE AUDIENCE: MRS. ROONEY: expense." (applause) T h a t ' s 'what i t means. This results in t h e c r e a t i o n of a r u t h l e s s , c o w a r d l y , mobile s o c i e t y , t h a t i r r e s p o n s i b i l i t y and contempt f o r Government. build a c i t y . I t i s no way breeds to We have l e a r n e d t o r e c o g n i z e d u r i n g t h e s e h e a r - 7 i n g s how v e r y o f t e n the f r e e w a y - r e l a t e d p r o f e s s i o n , members of it, t r y t o c u t i n on the g r a v y c h a i n . Mr. D i r e c t o r of t h e Bureau of P u b l i c Roads, was a r c h i t e c t s and p l a n n e r s who a s s i s t e d him. Dridwell, former fond of c a l l i n g The p r o f e s s i o n s who �s e r v e u s , t h a AIA——American I n s t i t u t e of A r c h i t e c t s - — i n v e n t e d the design concept team approach t o freeway b u i l d i n g w i t h i t s j o i n t development and m u l t i p l e use of r o a d s - r i g h t - o f - w a y . should for rename t h a Washington Branch of the AIA, who t y p o g r a p h i c a l caraaflouge and We testified landscape c o s m e t i c s , "The Embalmers I n s t i t u t e of Bead Communities," and get i t o v e r w i t h . THE MRS. one AUDIENCE: ROONEY: (applause) The concept team approach i s based on i n v a l u a b l e assumption, the roads and o n l y the roads w i l l built. I t ' s almost always freeways* We know now promise them a n y t h i n g but g i v e them t h a t robbing our c i t i e s and suburbs of parks and open s p a c e s i s a t t h i s p o i n t c r i m i n a l . "crime i n the p a r k s . " And AUDIENCE: MRS. RCOHEY: of our day. We I t is literally robbing thousands of f a m i l i e s of homes i n the c i t y i s l i t e r a l l y THE "crime i n the streets." (applause) I t i s the r e a l v i o l e n c e and understand now t h a t freeways lawlessness can and do f r i g h t e n i n g i n c r e a s e s i n poisonous fumes i n p a r t i c u l a r . bring We h e a r d e x p l a i n e d g r a p h i c a l l y the hideous r i s k s i n the f i e l d mental r e t a r d a t i o n , h e a r t , blood and follow,, The have of lung d i s e a s e s t h a t w i l l f a c t s a r e i n , a l l of them, on the a u t o m o b i l e . E n g i n e , b r a k e s , c l u t c h , t i r e s — = • i t w i l l k i l l us one -way another. be I f we or f a c e the f a c t t h a t i t w i l l t a k e f o u r hundred t o f i v e hundred y e a r s t o r e v e r s e what we have a l r e a d y done t o p o l l u t e the ocean, i f we r e a l i s e t h a t penguins a t t h e North Pole �88 c a r r y DDT i n t h e i r f a t , do we not g e t some glimmer of the ext e n t t o w h i c h we a r e o f n o t s u r v i v i n g i n our c i t i e s ? Do we not u n d e r s t a n d what we a r e doing t o o u r s e l v e s and t o our children? And what about t h e c h i l d r e n ? Do we have t h e r i g h t t c smash.through t h e i r neighborhoods, s c h o o l s and playgrounds s o t h a t t r u c k s and c a r s can move w i t h e a s e and rob them o f t h e veryj a i r they breath? Do we have t h e r i g h t t o so b e f o u l the atmos- phere t h a t our c h i l d r e n becomes t h e v i c t i m s of our greed o r our i n d i f f e r e n c e o r c u r cowardess? Can we s i t around and p r e - tend t o be h e l p l e s s when we know what i s happening and t h e y do not know? who You and I a r e n o t h e l p l e s s y e t , i t i s t h e c h i l d r e n a r e and we dare n o t p l a y p o l i t i c s w i t h them and t h e i r futureo THE AUDIENCE: MRS. ROONEY: together. (applause So we r e c o g n i s e a t l a s t what we must do We t h e people of t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and you i t s duly authorized r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s must r e t u r n t h e s e freeway- p l a n s t o Congress and t e l l them t h a t we s h a l l n o t commit s u i c i d e t o s a t i s f y t h o s e who d i n e a t t h e F e d e r a l THE AUDIENCE: MRS. ROONEY: 23 o r 22, (applause) T h e r e i s no p o i n t h i d i n g behind o r any o t h e r s e c t i o n . Section We knew who wrote t h a t lav?: the highway m a f i a wrote i t . I t i s no s a c r e d heard l a w y e r s trough. caul We have o f both p e r s u a s i o n s t e s t i f y t o o r f o r a p a r t i c u l a r interpretation. I t i s not the business of t h i s C o u n c i l there- �89 f o r e t o condemn a c i t y on the t u r n of a phrase. T h i s i s not t h e time or t h e p l a c e t o determine the v a l i d i t y of a law or s e t an i r r e v e r s i b l e precedent or c r e a t e an accomplished T h i s c o u n c i l doss, however, have one p r i o r i t y over a l l o t h e r s — a n d fact. r e s p o n s i b i l i t y that takes t h a t i s t o r e p r e s e n t the people o f the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and v o i c e t h e i r d e c i s i o n . It is d e r e l i c t t o c l a i m h e l p l e s s n e s s i n d e a l i n g w i t h Congress. have the same r i g h t s a s any s t a t e i n t h i s p a r t i c u l a r We matter. Congress cannot b u i l d t h e s e roads-*-only you can s i g n the contract-•••and o n l y you can g i v e t h e a p p r o v a l . T h r e a t s of b l a c k m a i l o n l y work i f you a r e w i l l i n g t o p l a y games. Ho p e n a l t y can be imposed on t h i s c i t y w i t h o u t immediately i n g those n e i g h b o r i n g affect- c o n s t i t u e n c i e s that maintain t h e i r c i a l h e l p by f e e d i n g on t h i s city. Cut out the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and you V i r g i n i a ' s r i g h t arm. finan- severe Cut out the subway money and you have the enraged c i t i z e n s of Maryland a t your t h r o a t . As a v e r y w i s e man once s a i d , and "ANY WRITS A LAW," DAMN FOOL CAN would l i k e t o add, I quote: unquote. And I o n l y g r e a t honest c i t i z e n s , g r e a t honest l a w y e r s and g r e a t honest judges can determine i t s v a l i d i t y i n the l i g h t of our c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r i g h t s and i t s justice b e n e f i t t o mankind. THE AUDIENCE : CHAIR MAN (applause) MOORS: V e r y w e l l done, Mrs. Rooney. and �THE AUDIENCES (laughter) CHAIRMANMOORE: May I a s k t h e Chairman o f t h e C o u n c i l i f he w i s h e s t o comment or a s k you a q u e s t i o n . CHAIRMAN HAHN: No q u e s t i o n s . CHAIRMANMX3RE: Councilman Thank you, Mrs. Rooney. Robinson? COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: No q u e s t i o n s . Thank you v e r y much. CHAIRMAN MOORE: Councilman COUNCILMAN HAYWOOD: Haywood? No q u e s t i o n s . Thank you, Mr. Chairman. CHAIRMAN MOORE: THE AUDIENCE: A g a i n may we thank you. (applause) CHAIRMAN MOORE: To those o f you who may have come i n t o the h e a r i n g l a t e r on, when you hear t h e Chairman r a p t h e gavel i t i s j u s t simply t o Indicate that f i v e ( 5 ) minutes o f time has passed and t h a t t h e r e i s someone e l s e who w i s h e s t o speak. I t doesn't i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s p e a k e r i s t o cease t a l k - ing but j u s t t o i n d i c a t e that f i v e <5) minutes has passed. W i l l Mr. D a v i d G r i n n e l l come f o r w a r d ? 1 I f .he s present? (no r e s p o n s e ) CHAIRMAN MOORE: C a r o l e Mullanoy, p r i v a t e c i t i z e n ? WHEREUPON, \ MRS o CAROLE MULLANEY, PRIVATE C I T I Z E N , TOOK T E E WITNESS SEAT AND T E S T I F I E D I N SUB-- �91 STANCE AS FOLLOWS: MRS. MULLANEY: you f i r s t the ing. of a l l Thank you. And I would l i k e t o thank f o r t h a t l o v e l y e x h i b i t i o n t h a t you staged i n back of t h i s h a l l p r i o r t o some o t h e r t e s t i m o n y t h i s e v e n I can s a y thank you because I have now seen p o l i c e b r u - tality. I grew up i n a n i c e w h i t e m i d d i e - c l a s s suburb, i n a n o t h e r s t a t e , an3. I d i d n ' t have t h a t e x p e r i e n c e . And I am so happy t o have seen i t so t h a t I c a n go back and t e l l what i t ' s everyone r e a l l y l i k e here. THE AUDIENCE: ( a p p l a u s e ) MRS. MULLANEY: What e l s e I am going t o s a y here t o n i g h t i s not new, b u t I t h i n k i t b e a r s r e p e t i t i o n s i n c e t h e r e seem t o be some who haven't been l i s t e n i n g much i n t h e p a s t few y e a r s . The opponents of t h e f r e e w a y s have been, a t t h i s s e r i e s o f h e a r i n g s and a t o t h e r such r i t u a l s i n t h e p a s t , i t e l l i n g t h e p l a n n e r s and t h e p u b l i c of t h e damage which f r e e w a y s c a u s a t o ourenvironment. Y e t h e r e we a r e i n 1970, a l r e a d y choking and/or drowning i n our own f i l t h , and some people want to go on w i t h t h i s madness. THE AUDIENCE: ( a p p l a u s e ) Oh y e s . it. Pollution^ Suddenly everybody's t a l k i n g about Time and Newsweek i n r e c e n t c o v e r a r t i c l e s c o l l e c t t h e f a c t s t h a t we have known o f f o r y e a r s and have shrugged o f f i n d e f e r e n c e t o what one G e o l o g i s t terms "the American c r e e d " —* "get r i c h today and t o h e l l w i t h tomorrow" — "Newsweek, �92 J a n u a r y 26, 1970, page 4 7 . " The automobile i s our number one a i r p o l l u t e r . body knows t h a t , and i t doesn't much s t r i k e t h e f a n c y . about t h i s one from a r e c e n t magazine EveryBut how i n Los A n g e l e s , t h e highway lobby's v e r s i o n o f heaven, t h a n k s t o a i r p o l l u t i o n , quote, "Almost e v e r / o t h e r day, t h e c i t y ' s p u b l i c s c h o o l s f o r b i d c h i l d r e n t o e x e r c i s e l e s t they breaths too deeply." (Time, F e b r u a r y 2, .197 0, page 59) A r e Washington's s c h o o l s next? And. s i n c e your neighborhood r e a l e s t a t e agent cannot keep a i r p o l l u t i o n Out, t h e t a i n t might even spread from t h e Worth C e n t r a l and i n n e r loops and. l e g s t o Maryland and V i r g i n i a , where the highway p l a n n e r s l i v e . But s u r e l y I c o u l d go on f o r days w i t h s t a t i s t i c s and s t o r i e s t h a t 1 have g a t h e r e d i n t h e p a s t few y e a r s on t h e a i r p o l l u t i o n a l o n e . But i t i s n o t t h e o n l y k i n d o f p o l l u t i o n t h r e a t e n i n g us. What o f n o i s e p o l l u t i o n ? What of t h e c a r s and t r u c k s , r u m b l i n g , t h u n d e r i n g through our c i t i e s a t 60, 70, 80 m i l e s an hour, day and n i g h t ? the nervous What o f t h e d e a f n e s s and the d i s e a s e s o f system caused by n o i s e p o l l u t i o n ? And what of space p o l l u t i o n ? Not o u t e r space where we've s e n t so much money, b u t i n n e r space, our c i t y borhoods, where we've s e n t so l i t t l e . neigh- The green s p a t e i n our c i t i e s , t h e t r e e s , t h e parks a r e a l r e a d y m i s e r a b l y few. Y e t a s anyone who h a s e v e r had elementary b i o l o g y knows, g r e e n e r y i s e s s e n t i a l t o our p h y s i c a l l i f e * and i t i s a l s o e s s e n t i a l t o our �93 psychological l i f e . for the fun and Would you r e p l a c e "summer i n the p r o f i t of our c h i l d r e n w i t h "summer on f r e e w a y s " f o r the fun and Men parks" p r o f i t of D e t r o i t ? and women of the C i t y C o u n c i l , the greed short-sightedness d e s t r o y our c i t y . and of the highway lobby must not be a l l o w e d We must have no more f r e e w a y s . courage the s e l f i s h and We i n e f f i c i e n t use of p r i v a t e automobiles R a i s e the p a r k i n g f e e s by heavy t a x a t i o n , speed up ; AUDIENCE: MRS. { the 7 0 s . MULLANEY: I t i s now discourage construction get b e t t e r and cheaper bus s e r v i c e by ownership, and b u i l d not another i n c h of THE to must d i s - f o r commuter purposes; - not j u s t not encourage, but of the subway the public freeways. (applause) Environment i s s a i d to be the cause of the " i n " t o p i c of c o n v e r s a t i o n , a politi« c a l l y s e n s i v e s u b j e c t , and a l l our f r i e n d s on C a p i t o l H i l l i n the White House a r e 'mocking each other over to get on bandwagon. mat, t o use you, the n o n * e l e c t e d ment—sensitive a I am cer° c i t y c o u n c i l , as t h e i r on which they can wipe t h e i r f e e t b e f o r e THE f a c i n g the doorenviron v o t e r s of t h i s e l e c t i o n y e a r . AUDIENCE; M R S 0 MULLANEY: (applause) Therefore,, I s a y , r e s i s t . Do recommend, approve, or even win]; a t t h e i r f r e e w a y l u s t . them., as Mr. the Y e t , to keep t h e i r f r i e n d s h i p w i t h the t r e a s u r e c h e s t t h a t i s the highway lobby, they would be g l a d tain^ and not Let Hechinger urged l a s t week, take the blame f o r t h i s �rape..- f o r i t i s r i g h t t h e i r s . THE AUDIENCE: (applause) CHAIRMAN MOORE: We a r e v e r y p l e a s e d t o have you come and hear your w i t n e s s t o n i g h t . Are t h e r e q u e s t i o n s from t h e Council? CHAIRMAN HAHN: No q u e s t i o n s . COUNCILMAN HAYWOOD: No q u e s t i o n s . COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: V e r y w e l l s a i d , Mrs. M u l l a n e y . CHAIRMAN MOORE: THE AUDIENCE: Thank you a g a i n f o r your testimony. (applause) CHAIRMAN MOORE % Mr, James S p a n s l y , c i t i z e n ? I am s o r r y . Mr. F l o y d A g o s t i n e l l i ? I have s t i l l hav- ing t r o u b l e w i t h your name. WHEREUPON 9 MR. FLOYD AGOSTINELLI, C I T I Z E N , APPROACHED THE MICROPHONE, TOOK THE WITNESS SEAT AND T E S T I F I E D IN SUBSTANCE AS FOLLOWS: MR, AGOSTINELLI: Moore. That i s r i g h t a l l r i g h t . Reverend As I s a i d l a s t n i g h t , you may m u t i l i a t e my name a s long as the c i t y i s not m u t i l a t e d * THE AUDIENCE: (laughter) CHAIRMANMOORE: MR. AGOSTINELLI: Thank you, s i r . B e f o r e I begin w i t h my remarks I would l i k e t o i n t r o d u c e i n t o t h e r e c o r d an item from t h e Washington Post,, C l a s s i f i e d S e c t i o n , dated J a n u a r y 17, .1970 �under t h e o f f i c i a l n o t i c e s where i t s t a t e s t h a t t h i s Council, i f n e c e s s a r y , w i l l h o l d a meeting on Monday J a n u a r y t h e 9 t h . The o r i g i n a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g was t h a t Mr. A i r i s was t o be a v a i l a b l for questioning by t h e e x p e r t s . l i k e t o have t h a t scheduled.. And we, t h e c i t i z e n s , would yet I t i s through no f a u l t of ours t h a t i t i s b e i n g c a l l e d o f f and we would l i k e i t s c h e d u l e d . And I want t h i s i n t r o d u c e d i n t o t h e r e c o r d . My name i s F l o y d A g o s t i n e l l i . I l i v e w i t h my w i f e and f a m i l y a t 1801 Kearney S t r e e t , N o r t h e a s t . I am one of t h o s e , Reverend Moore, who was a r r e s t e d on August the 9 t h , 1969 i n t h e s e v e r y C o u n c i l Chambers, and I w i t h my f i v e was (5} c h i l d r e n p r e s e n t a t the s y m b o l i c opening of the home- on 1 0 t h Street. I and my c h i l d r e n e n t e r e d t h a t one (1) house t h a t we opened. And w h i l e ray c h i l d r e n swept t h e f i r s t f l o o r t h o r o u g h l y I helped t o remove the plywood from t h e windows. I mention t h i s , Reverend Moore, because i n t h a t l i t t l e exchange t h a t took place Tuesday e v e n i n g between y o u r s e l f and Mr. C a s s e l l who spoke of w i t n e s s — a n d I i n t e n d Reverend Moore t o speak t o you •my witness—»when Mr. C a s s e l l f i n i s h e d h i s t e s t i m o n y Councilman Y e l d e l l , whom I note i s a b s e n t , had t h e nerve t o s a y t o Mr. C a s s e l l t h a t h i s vote on August 9 t h was not a vote f o r f r e e w a y s but a vote t a k e n under p r e s s u r e . Councilman Y e l d e l l f u r t h e r s t a t e d t h a t t h a t vote on August 9 t h was a "new b a l l game." • "The i s s u e has changed," Councilman Y e l d e l l s t a t e d . | i s s u e h a s changed. There i s no new b a l l game. W e l l , no I , t o o , a s Mr. j �.95 Booker- l i v e d i n the o l d Southwest. the Then a s now t h e i s s u e i s sar..e«»~the b a l l game i s the same. F o r example, G r e e n l e a f Gardens land was a c q u i r e d by t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l -Housing A u t h o r i t y a t a c o s t o f around $2,75 per square f o o t . I t i s , of c o u r s e , p h y s i c a l l y l o c a t e d o u t s i d e o f t h e Southwest Urban Renewal A r e a . C a p i t a l Plaza acquired i t s about $1.60 per square f o o t . housing n e v e r comes cheap. land a t a c o s t of Land use f o r people who need Those f i g u r e s , w h i c h a r e a p p r o x i - mate, were t o l d t o me by a former E x e c u t i v e D i r e c t o r o f the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Housing A u t h o r i t y who happens t o be something of t h e Mayor-Commissioner o f t h e Washington, D. C. I n the o l d Southwest we were a s s u r e d so many t i m e s t h a t t h e people who l i v e d t h e r e would be a b l e t o move back i n t o t h e a r e a but i n t o new h o u s i n g . Then, a s now t h e i s s u e was the same. i t was t h e same o l d b a l l game. t h a t a massive storm — we c o u l d s t o p p r o g r e s s . pressure. Then a s now When i t became q u i c k l y e v i d e n t snow storm — was o c c u r r i n g we were t o l c Vie were t o l d we d i d n ' t u n d e r s t a n d We were t o l d t h a t commitments were a l r e a d y made. We were t o l d so many of the same f a b r i c a t i o n s t h a t I heard i n t h i s room s i n c e l a s t T h u r s d a y e v e n i n g . not But Councilman Y e l d e l l b a t t e r t e l l me that, t h e r e i s a new b a l l game. And i f h i s v o t e f o r f r e e w a y s wasn't a v o t e f o r f r e e w a y s - t h e n I have the dubious p l e a s u r e o f meeting t h e f i r s t Councilman from A l i c e i n Wonderland , •• Councilman Moore, what i s w i t n e s s ? I s i t o n l y a bunch �97 of words t h a t I w r i t e on paper t o be read t o you? something more? name. Or i s w i t n e s s And I note the p r e f i x of "Reverend" t o your I presume t h a t you understand w e l l the meaning of t h i s word " w i t n e s s . " But t h a t I may a l s o be a s s u r e d t h a t Hahn u n d e r s t a n d s the meaning of the word " w i t n e s s " Chairman l e t me state f i r s t and f o r e m o s t , Chairman Hahn, t h a t t h i s p u b l i c h e a r i n g should not have been c a l l e d on the i n t e r s t a t e f r e e w a y system i n t h a D i s t r i c t of Columbia. R a t h e r i t s h o u l d have been c a l l e d on t h a q u a l i t y of p o l i t i c a l courage, needed i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. X w i s h a t t h i s p o i n t t o s t a t e t h a t both Councilwoman S h a c k i e t o n and Councilman Anderson have no need t o h e a r me spea>; of p o l i t i c a l courage nor does Councilman Robinson, who was not here on t h a t infamous day of August 9 t h , for They a r e not i n t e n d e d him but t h e y are c e r t a i n l y i n t e n d e d f o r V i c e Chairman T u c k e r , whom I a l s o note i s a b s e n t , who, a f t e r v o t i n g f o r the freeways could only say i n r i g h t i o u s i n d i g n a t i o n , were "We double "-crossed. " On p o l i t i c a l courage I f i r s t s t a t e t h a t s i m p l y because a lav- commands an a c t t o be performed, i n i t s e l f t h a t i s not s u f f i c i e n t r e a s o n t o obey t h a t lav;. Nov;, I a s k the C o u n c i l t o l i s t e n and f o l l o w c a r e f u l l y because Councilman Moore—and I am s u r e he w i l l g i v e h i s amen t o what I s a y h e r e : I r e p e a t , be- cause a law commands an a c t t o be performed i n i t s e l f t h a t i s not s u f f i c i e n t r e a s o n t o obey t h a t lav;. Laws t o be obeyed must meet the f o l l o w i n g c r i t e r i a as a minimum: �F i r s t , t h e substance o f t h e law must be f o r th< common good of the people f o r Whom t h e law i s l e g i s l a t e d ; Second, t h e law d i r e c t l y or i n d i r e c t l y must not v i o l a t e ; the human r i g h t s of a n y one person; T h i r d l y , t h e law must be r e a s o n a b l e . H i t l e r ' s laws r e q u i r e d Jews t o wear t h e STAR OF DAVID because t h a t was a lav;. Who i n t h i s room, who i n t h i s C o u n c i l would c l a i m t h a t t h a t law should have been obeyed o r should not have been obeyed? Was t h a t law o f H i t l e r ' s f o r t h e common good of Jews i n Germany? Was t h a t lav; upholding t h e human r i g h t s of t h e Jews i n Germany? Was t h a t lav; i n any sense e x c l u d i n g , o f c o u r s e , an A l i c e i n Wonderland m e n t a l i t y , a r e a s o n a b l e lav;? Nov;, i f some of t h e C o u n c i l Members a r e a l r e a d y t h i n k ing t h a t t h e laws o f H i t l e r and t h e laws of Congress a r e two d i f f e r e n t b a l l games, two d i f f e r e n t i s s u e s , then a n a l y s e t h e a c t i o n of Congress. F o r whose common good i n Washington, D. C. was S e c t i o n 22 o f t h e 1968 Highway A c t passed? have e a r s t o h e a r , o r i s i t d e a f ? t e s t i m o n y on f r e e w a y s 'witnessed? Does t h e Council}} What has t h e overwhelming Are t h e f r e e w a y s f o r t h e common good o f the- persons t h a t must be moved out o f t h e i r homes? I s t h e i n c r e a s e d t r a f f i c generated and induced good f o r the common good o f Washington, D. C.? p o l l u t i o n for; the common good? I s the resultant a i r - Has Congress l e g i s l a t e d a lav; t h a t I s r e a l l y good f o r Washington, D. C.? �99 T h i s i s •the f i r s t q u e s t i o n t h a t t h i s C o u n c i l must r e s o l v e b e f o r e you can even b e g i n t o t h i n k of the r a m i f i c a t i o n s of i t s l e g a l i t y and i t s b i n d i n g f o r c e on you* As Couneilwoman Haywood, seems t o be so concerned,' w i l l be i n t e r e s t i n g t o l e a r n by how woods It j you vote Counciiwoman Hay-- I f you t h i n k the f r e e w a y s a r e f o r the common good of Washington, B„ C.—'and I mean i t s r e s i d e n t s . Secondly,- a law t o be obeyed must not d i r e c t l y or i n d i r e c t l y v i o l a t e a s i n g l e human r i g h t of one ( 1 ) person. Today we understand t h a t human r i g h t s means so much more t h a n a r i g h t 5 t o l i f e ; i t means s p e c i f i c a l l y i n t o d a y s Washington, D. C. t h a t i f a person owns a h o m e - - e s p e c i a l l y i f he i s b l a c k and owns a home-—that home i s n e v e r t o be t a k e n from him w i t h o u t his full " f r e e " and "informed" d e c i s i o n made a t h i s i n i t i a t i v e , not someone e l s e ' s . TH3 AUDIENCE: (applause) M R . AGOSTINELLI: a r e now U n l e s s some members of the C o u n c i l t h i n k i n g .that owning a home i s a m a t t e r of o n l y p r o p e r t y r i g h t s , I r e f e r you t o the U n i t e d N a t i o n s ' u n i v e r s a l Declaration of Human R i g h t s and I a l s o r e f e r you t o the Councilman Moore, who r i g h t to acquire^ a man. How can e a s i l y s t a t e t h a t e v e r y man has a p o s s e s s and keep a h o m e — s i m p l y because he i s many persons and how many more persons must have t h e i r b a s i c human r i g h t s a s persons v i o l a t e d because way Reverend the h i g h - lobby w i s h e s t o continue' t o i n d u l g e i n t h e i r hobby of b u i l d - �100 mg roads? I would l i k e Councilman Y e l d e l l t o know, who i s absent what new i s s u e i s i n v o l v e d when a person l o s e s h i s home because of outrageous governmental a c t i o n . What d i f f e r e n c e i s t h e r e i f a person l o s e s h i s home t o Southwest Urban Renewal or t o a f r e e 17a y? P e r m i t me t o r e l a t e an i n c i d e n t t h a t o c c u r r e d Tuesday, J a n u a r y I S , 1968, i n B r o o k l a n d , an i n c i d e n t by both Mayor Washington and Mr. A i r i s . on witnessed A Mrs. Jeane B e n n e t t who used t o l i v e on 1 0 t h S t r e e t , N o r t h e a s t , i n a meeting a t S t . Anthony's s t a t e d t o t h e Mayor t h a t some Highway men came t o her house, t o l d h e r she had t o s e l l , o f f e r e d h e r $12,500 f o r a house she purchased 7 y e a r s e a r l i e r a t $12,Q00-«and t h a t agreement t o s e l l . modest. I t had t h r e e small backyard. she s i g n e d She t o l d t h e Mayor h e r house was ( 3 ) bedrooms, a s m a l l f r o n t yard and a She t o l d the Mayor t h a t she has two ( 2 ) boys, young t e e n a g e r s whose f a t h e r i s no l o n g e r i n the home. She t o l d 1 the Mayor t h a t she had t o work hard t o keep t h e payments on t h a t house, but t h a t she was doing i t . And she t o l d t h e Mayor t h a t s i n c e s i g n i n g t h a t l e a s e she looked everywhere and c o u l d not f i n d a s m a l l house w i t h a s m a l l y a r d t h a t she c o u l d a f f o r d . I have been t r y i n g t o l o c a t e t h a t woman, and 1 havent—-but I w i l l ! She a s k e d t h e Mayor i n t e a r s , b e f o r e 300 persons she asked t h e mayor, "What c o u l d help. she p o s s i b l y do?" And the Mayor o f f e r e d He t h o u g h t f u l l y brought w i t h him t h e R e l o c a t i o n Officer �101 from t h e Redevelopment l a n d .Agency. And I s a y t h a t b e f o r e t h i s C o u n c i l dare approve o r d a r e t o become an i n s t r u m e n t t o b u i l d f r e e w a y s i n Washington, D. C, yon ought t o s a t i s f y your cons c i e n c e a s t o whether or not t h i s one {.1} "woman was h e l p e d . T h i s woman had been, t a k e n from a home, a decent home t h a t she could a f f o r d . And i f t h i s i s n ' t a v i o l a t i o n of human r i g h t s , then I must agree w i t h Councilman Y e l d e l l t h a t h i s v o t e wasn't a vote f o r freeways. Mr. B e n n e t t , a s so many persons i n t h e Southwest Washington, was t o l d one t h i n g o n l y t o have a n o t h e r happen, and. X wonder who i s double - c r o s s e d , t h i s C o u n c i l or t h e c i t i z e n s of Washington, D. C.? A t the same time t h a t Mr. Washington was t e l l i n g us t h a t no f i r m d e c i s i o n was made on t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway, Mr. A i r i s under my q u e s t i o n i n g p u b l i c l y a d m i t t e d t h a t 90-10 Funds were used t o t e a r t h e deck o f t h e T a y l o r S t r e e t B r i d g e down and 90-10 f u n i s w i l l be used t o r e b u i l d i t . two And t h i s was (2) minutes a f t e r t h e Mayor s a i d no d e c i s i o n was t a k e n . W e l l , we want t h a t T a y l o r S t r e e t B r i d g e r e b u i l t p r e c i s e l y a s was w i t h t h e v e r t i c a l s u p p o r t s and i n p r e c i s e l y t h e same p l a c e . TEE AUDIENCE: (applause} ME. AGOSTINELLI: And I even recommend t h a t t h e High- way Department use second-hand a s p h a l t — b u t r e b u i l d i t a s i t was o r i g i n a l l y . I : was i l l e g a l t o t e a r i t down; i t i s i l l e g a l • t h a t i t i s now b e i n g r e b u i l t t o accommodate t h e North. C e n t r a l Freeway, and i t i s i l l e g a l t h a t t h i s C o u n c i l even t o l e r a t e s such; �102 t a c t i c s by t h e Highway Department. I n t e s t i m o n y about a y e a r ago o v e r i n the b a r S o u t h e a s t I brought t h i s v e r y same i s s u e on the T a y l o r S t r e e t B r i d g e b e f o r e t h e C o u n c i l and y e t n o t h i n g has happened. Thirdly v a lav; t o be obeyed must be r e a s o n a b l e . Councilman Daugherty, who I a l s o note i s a b s e n t , a s k e d many t i m e s about the i m p l i c a t i o n s of t h e C o n g r e s s i o n a l lav;. He , a s k s about p o s s i b l e repayment t o f a m i 1 ies—»not on the b a s i s of market v a l u e — b u t on replacement v a l u e . My e x p e r i e n c e s i n c e 1955 i n Washington, D. C. leads me t o quota t o Councilman Daugherty the speech of Mark Anthony: "Judgment thou a r t f l e d t o b r u t i s h b e a s t s and men have l o s t t h e i r .reason. " A p p a r e n t l y my l i f e e x p e r i e n c e i n Washington, D. C„ i s diamet r i c a l l y opposed t o Councilman D a u g h e r t y * o 0 Does Councilman Daugherty u n d e r s t a n d t h a t t h e r e i s an a b s o l u t e s h o r t a g e o f housing i n Washington, D. C ? Does he know t h a t . a t t h e same time t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia has been e r a d i c a t i n g the dilapi™ dated d w e l l i n g s here t h a t o v e r c r o w d i n g has i n c r e a s e d i n Washi n g t o n , D. C . s l i c e 1945? Does Chairman Eahn r e a l l y know t h a t t h e r e doss not e x i s t i n Washington, D. C. sufficient h o u s i n g t o house e v e r y f a m i l y i n a d w e l l i n g t h a t i s d e c e n t , s a f e and s a n i t a r y ? And j u s t what does Chairman Hahn u n d e r s t a n d about h o u s i n g i n Washington, D. C ? r e l o c a t i o n ' w i l l s o l v e problems? Can any person contend t h a t �103 We t u r n t o you, Reverend Moore,, your w i t n e s s . My w i t n e s s and to As you w e l l know, the word '"'witness" comes t o us from the Greek word . knowing t h a t t h i s word " The e a r l y C h r i s t i a n s " was f r e q u e n t l y used by our Lord h i m s e l f i n such p h r a s e s as, " I come t o w i t n e s s . . . I come t o g i v e t e s t i m o n y , " a p p l i e d t h i s word t o those C h r i s t i a n s died f o r t h e i r b e l i e f . These C h r i s t i a n s were c a l l e d because t h e y gave t h e i r supreme t e s t i m o n y - - t h e of t h e i r l i v e s . who martyrs supreme w i t n e s s G. K. - can d e f i n e "courage" a s "a s t r o n g d e s i r e t o l i v e coupled w i t h a w i l l i n g n e s s t o d i e . " The h a l l m a r k o f a m a r t y r and i t s p r e s e n t day ( counter* p a r t of w i t n e s s , Reverend Moore, i s t h e h a l l m a r k of courage. T h i s Council;, a s a C o u n c i l , has a s t r o n g d e s i r e t o l i v e and this desire i s f i t t i n g . I a d d r e s s m y s e l f , however, t o the q u e s t i o n : "Is this C o u n c i l ' s s t r o n g d e s i r e t o l i v e coupled w i t h a w i l l i n g n e s s t o die?" "Does t h i s C o u n c i l have the courage t o s t a n d i n f r o n t Of t h e law r a t h e r than h i d e behind the law?" " I s the p r e s s i n g q u e s t i o n f a c i n g t h i s C o u n c i l one of i lav/, obedience, t o a d i r e c t i v e of Congress- or i s the p r e s s i n g q u e s t i o n f a c i n g t h i s C o u n c i l one of m o r a l i t y , obedience t o c o n s c i e n c e ? " To whom. Reverend Moore Caesar, or to God? ; s h a l l you r e n d e r , t o �104 I can r e a d i l y u n d e r s t a n d , Reverend Moore, why j several of the other members of t h i s C o u n c i l a r e not e x p e r t s i n p u b l i c m o r a l i t y . ' They a r e not c l e r g y , f o r one Secondily, hearings thing.. I note the absence d u r i n g these evening of t e s t i m o n y from many of the r e l i g i o u s bodies--and I e x c l u d e t h a t v e r y e x c e l l e n t person who I r e g r e t t h a t t h i s C o u n c i l was testified last not f u l l y informed on the ment of m o r a l i t y by the r e l i g i o u s community. The role in society. t o my t h i s C o u n c i l would have t o f a c e the w r a t h of h i s L o r d s h i p P a t r i c k C a r d i n a l O'Boyle. f a v o r of freev/ays, t h e y are not T h a t the C o u n c i l may One thing in contraceptive. be u t t e r l y c l e a r as t o i n i t s r e p o r t bark t o Congress must r e p o r t the F i r s t , the T a y l o r S t r e e t Bridge dimensions. And to terrible my testimony., my w i t n e s s . Reverend Moore,. I s t a t e t h a t t h i s r e b u i l t according mind This Council i s f o r t u n a t e f o r t h a t , however, because i f f r e e w a y s were saw be c o n t r a c e p t i v e require f a u l t i s cleaz l y w i t h the r e l i g i o u s community t h a t has so long ago abandoned any c o n f e d e r a t e night. Council following: i s t o be t o i t s o r i g i n a l dimensions and I ask t h i s C o u n c i l t o have t h i s immediately not freeway construction stopped i m m e d i a t e l y . Second, the c h a r g e s a g a i n s t M c Booker and the others a r r e s t e d f o r opening the home on 10th S t r e e t a r e t o be dropped and apologies THE ^r__z±_ made t o those a r r e s t e d . AUDIENCE: (applause} j — 1 — : — — "• — ' • i �105 ! j I MR. AGOSTINELLI: A l l work on the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e i s t o be h a l t e d and whatever p i l i n g s t h a t were pat i n p l a c e a r e t o be removed, THE AUDIENCE t MR. AGOSTINELLI: (applause) F o u r , a l l homes on 10th S t r e e t a r e t o be r e p a i r e d and the C i t y C o u n c i l , a s a symbol of i t s good f a i t h , w i l l c o n t r a c t t o the Emergency Committee on the T r a n s - p o r t a t i o n C r i s i s , the r e p a i r , p o s s i b l e r e t u r n t o o r i g i n a l owners and t h r e e , the f i n a l d i s p o s i t i o n of the 10th S t r e e t boaves. F i v e , t h a t p a r t of the C e n t e r Leg of the I n n e r Loop that l i e s outside of t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n of the Department of j I n t e r i o r i s t o be b u i l t up, c o v e r e d up, and g i v e n back over to housing. THE AUDIENCE: {applause} MR. AGOSTINELLI: ' And s i x , not one i n c h of f r e e w a y s are t o be a u t h o r i s e d by t h i s C i t y C o u n c i l u n t i l the c i t i z e n s of Washington, D. C. have a u t h e n t i c Home R u l e . I f the C o u n c i l t h i n k s t h a t t h i s p o s i t i o n i s extreme I can o n l y r e f e r you t o Reverend Moore, t o d i s c u s s w i t h him the r e q u i r e m e n t s of p o l i t i c a l m o r a l i t y . Congressmen I s the l e g i s l a t i o n of and Councilman Daugherty'and Councilman Y e l d e l l and Councilman Haywood so hung up on f o r the common good of 1 I the c i t i z e n s of Washington, D. C.? v i o l a t i o n of human r i g h t s of any one reasonab.le ? I s t h a t l e g i s l a t i o n f r e e of (1) person? I s i t even I �106 One l a s t observation. i s n ' t i t obvious why the Marylan3 S t a t e Roads Commission has y e t t o hold t h e i r p u b l i c h e a r i n g s on 1 the i n t e r s t a t e system t h a t would connect a t the D i s t r i c t Line? Congress b l a c k m a i l s Washington, D. C. t o b u i l d i t s f r e e w a y s so t h a t Washington, D„ C. can be used t o b l a c k m a i l the Washington suburbs„ Does the C o u n c i l r e a l l y want t o i n v o l v e i t s e l f t o be the i n s t r u m e n t of b l a c k m a i l so t h a t the Maryland S t a t e Roads Commission can s a y t o the r e s i d e n t s of Maryland, "We a r e s o r r y , too, but Washington, D. C. has chosen t o go ahead and b u i l d t h e i r freeways. We now have t o b u i l d ours t o accommodate the f r e e w a y t r a f f i c t u g g i n g out of Washington." You know, the Maryland S t a t e Roads Commission have c a l l e d i t s p u b l i c h e a r i n g s a s e a r l y as 1965. could They knew p r e c i s e l y where 1-95 was t o e n t e r i n t o the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and i f t h i s i s denied of then you have o n l y t o produce a s u r v e y 1-95 a t t h e D i s t r i c t L i n e showing p r e c i s e l y how t h e y c o u l d e n t e r the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia,, I saw t h a t s u r v e y w h i c h was done by t h e Maryland S t a t e Roads Commission, and i t i s i n e x istence. I n t e r e s t i n g l y enough t h i s C o u n c i l c o u l d r e p o r t to" Congress a l l my recommendations on the b a s i s t h a t t h e C o u n c i l f i n d s i t prudent t o a w a i t i n g the d e c i s i o n by the Maryland S t a t e Roads Commission b e f o r e proceeding f u r t h e r . would not c r e a t e a new b a l l game. But you know, t h a t And you can t e l l Councilman Y e l d e l l we have been p l a y i n g the same o l d b a l l game a t l e a s t s �107 s i n c e 1955., And i n p o i n t of f a c t , i t i s t h e same game, and we the people here a r e s t i l l at bat. i n the o u t f i e l d and we 'rant our t u r n We want t h i s C o u n c i l t o s t a n d up t o Congress and tell them t h a t i n c o n s c i e n c e t h e y w i l l not p r o s t i t u t e any l o n g e r the c i t i z e n s of Washington, D. C. And Chairman Hahn, on August 9, a f t e r I was a r r e s t e d and r e l e a s e d from j a i l on ray c a r r a d i o I heard the r e p o r t that P r e s i d e n t Nixon commended you on your courage i n the f a c e of very t r y i n g circumstances. And I wonder, Chairman Hahn, i f P r e s i d e n t Nixon would l i k e w i s e commend you on your courage f o r s t a n d i n g up t o C o n g r e s s ? He s t a n d s up t o Congress, why can't you ? THE ALT3I3MCE ? (applause) MR. AGOSTINELLI s I n Indianapolis^. President Nixon s t a t e d to the people of I n d i a n a p o l i s t h a t the people of Indian-™ a p o l i s know what's b e s t f o r the C i t y of I n d i a n a p o l i s , and I agree w i t h P r e s i d e n t Nixon. I would l i k e t o recommend, Chairraar Hahn, t h a t y o i i i n v i t e P r e s i d e n t Nixon t o Washington, D. C. and t o make t h a t same s t a t e m e n t here i n Washington, D. C. THE AUDIENCE: MR. AGOSTINELLI: (applaus) T h i s c o n c l u d e s my t e s t i m o n y , Reverend Moore, and I am c e r t a i n t h a t my view on the requirement of j u s t i c e , w h i c h i s the b a s i s of m o r a l i t y , cannot s u b s t a n t i a l l y d i f f e r from your view and I am l o o k i n g f o r w a r d t o your when you c a s t your v o t e on t h i s i s s u e . "witness' �108 A VOICE FROM THE AUDIENCE: MR. AGOSTINEELI e TEE AUDIENCE: Thank you. (applause) CHAIRMAN MOORE: in Amen,! Mr. A g o s t i n e l l i , i t sounds l i k e I am church. THE AUDIENCE: (applause and l a u g h t e r ) CHAIRMAN MOORE: Thank you s o v e r y much. ' r j. You a r e v e r y f o r c e f u l i n t h e way you p r e s e n t proposition. your A r e t h e r e a n y q u e s t i o n s from t h e C o u n c i l ? CHAIRMAN HAHN: No q u e s t i o n s . COUNCILMAN HAYWOOD: No q u e s t i o n s . COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: No q u e s t i o n s . CHAIRMAN MOORE: May we thank you s o v e r y much f o r t h i s very f o r c e f u l testimony MR. AGOSTINELLI: thing very q u i c k l y . l o s t population t h a t you have brought h e r e tonight.' I would j u s t l i k e t o p o i n t out one I n 1950, we l e a r n e d t h a t Washington, D.C. over 1950. I happen t o be an urban s o c i o l o g i s t . I f we d i v i d e t h e c i t y i n h a l f : North C a p i t a l - South C a p i t a l S t r e e t - we f i n d t h a t west Washington l o s t population:•Northwest < Southwest, Washington between 1950 and I 9 6 0 , b u t we f i n d t h a t Northeast and S o u t h e a s t - c o n s i d e r a b l y increased t h e i r popula- t i o n between .1950 and i 9 6 0 . And t h e 1970 census w i l l be o u t , w i l l , be t a k e n t h i s y e a r , and i t w i l l show year by year i n c r e a s e of overcrowding s i n c e .1945. h e a v i l y on t h i s C o u n c i l . I t h i n k t h i s ought t o weigh v e r y Thanlc you. �109 CHAIRMAN MOORS: THE AUDIENCE: CHAIRMAN MOORS: Mr. Again may we thank you. (applause) We w i l l proceed t o t h e n e x t witness, E l l i o t Liebow, C i t i z e n . WHEREUPON, MR. E L L I Of LIEBOW, C I T I Z E N , TOOK THE WITNESS SEAT AND T E S T I F I E D I N SUBSTANCE AS FOLLOWS :. CHAIRMAN MOORE: We -welcome you here t o n i g h t t o b r i n g your w i t n e s s , Mr. Liebow. MR. LIEBOW: and Thank you, Chairman Moore, and L a d i e s Gentlemen o f t h e C o u n c i l . be l e s s t h a n 10 m i n u t e s . and I w i l l be v e r y b r i e f . My name i s E l l i o t Liebow. I will I was born r a i s e d h e r e i n Washington and I l i v e here now, i n Brook- l a n d , w i t h my w i f e and two c h i l d r e n . organization. I speak o n l y f o r I do not speak f o r a n y myself. I t seems t o me t h a t t h e r e a l problem f a c i n g t h e members o f t h e C o u n c i l on t h i s f r e e w a y i s s u e i s not t h e problem of knowing what s h o u l d be done, b u t t h e problem o f doing what s h o u l d be dons i n t h e f a c e o f o p p o s i t i o n and from p o w e r f u l economic p o l i t i c a l i n t e r e s t s and a p o s s i b l y p u n i t i v e Congress. I t i s p e r f e c t l y c l e a r by now t h a t t h e g r e a t majority of c i t i z e n s o f t h i s c i t y do not want any more f r e e w a y s h e r e . And i f i s e q u a l l y c l e a r t h a t we a r e r i g h t f o r not w a n t i n g them. Freeways i n t o a c i t y and through a c i t y d e s t r o y a c i t y ? they �110 are a s d e s t r u c t i v e o f ' i t s economic- l i f e a s t h e y a r e o f i t s s o c i a l and moral l i f e . Freeways i n t o our c i t i e s have become c o n c r e t e symbols and c o n c r e t e s u p p o r t s o f r a c e and c l a s s e x p l o i t a t i o n i n our s o c i e t y — n o t so much because t h e y a r e "white men's roads through b l a c k men's houses" but because t h e y a r e used t o f a c i l i t a t e and encourage t h e s e p a r a t i o n o f r a c e s and social classes, rind w o r s t o f a l l , perhaps, i s the fact that through f r e e w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n , i t i s t h e b l a c k people and. t h e poor people and the o t h e r people i n t h e c i t y who a r e being- asked t o s u b s i d i s e t h i s s e g r e g a t i o n , f o r t h e y a r e t h e ones who w i l l have t o pay t h e p r i c e — n o t s o much i n money terms perhaps b u t i n e v e r y o t h e r way. Let us i g n o r e , f o r t h e moment, t h e e x p e r t t e s t i m o n y you have a l r e a d y h e a r d ; how t h e automobile's a p p e t i e f o r f r e e ways c a n never be s a t e d j how freev/ays i n t o c i t i e s generate "induced" t r a f f i c and i n e v i t a b l y a t t r a c t more t r a f f i c t h a n t h e y can b e a r , t h u s d e f e a t i n g t h e v e r y purposes f o r w h i c h t h e y were c o n s t r u c t e d * how a f r e e w a y program i r r e v o c a b l y commits a c i t y t t u r n i n g over more and more o f i t s l a n d a r e a and i t s r e s o u r c e s to t h e movement, s t o r a g e and maintenance o f a u t o m o b i l e s . let And us i g n o r e , t o o , f o r t h e moment, t h e enormous money c o s t o f freev/ays, and t h e t e r r i b l e p o l l u t i o n t h e y b r i n g w i t h them. L e t us i g n o r e a l l t h e s e t h i n g s and a s k , i s a freeway r e a l l y a free-way? A r e t e n s o f m i l e s o f c o n c r e t e , l a i d out i n s t r i p s a s wide a s f o o t b a l l f i e l d s , coming from a l l d i r e c t i o n s and a i l aimed a t �110 A the h e a r t of t h e c i t y , a r e t h e s e r e a l l y man who freeways? Well, to tha l i v e s i n t h e suburbs and. who wants a s t r a i g h t , clear shot a t h i s downtown o f f i c e or b u s i n e s s , such broad avenues o f c o n c r e t e may loo"-: v e r y touch l i k e a system o f f r e e w a y s . But what may appear t o the commuter t o be a marvelous s y s t e m of f r e e w a y s i s , t o the hundreds of thousands of c i t y d w e l l e r s , a monstrous complex o f c o n c r e t e b a r r i e r s . What appears t o open up t h e w o r l d f o r t h e commuter, c l o s e s i t o f f foi) the c i t y dweller. The commuter b e l i e v e s he i s l i b e r a t e d by the f r e e w a y , but f o r the b l a c k and the poor i n our c i t i e s , t h e free«j ways a r e a 2 0 t h C e n t u r y upside-down v e r s i o n of the e n c l o s u r e s y s t e m — a n o t h e r rape of p u b l i c l a n d f o r p r i v a t e g a i n . Freeways t h a t s l i c e through t h e c i t y c u t people o f f from one a n o t h e r , and t h i s i s something t h a t no • c i t y can s t a n d , and something thatj we have too much o f already;, Anything t h a t closes c i t y people o f f from one a n o t h e r , p h y s i c a l l y or p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y , s t r i k e s a t the v e r y h e a r t of c i t y l i f e , - i t f o r c e s neighborhoods t o t u r n i n on t h e m s e l v e s and c o n v e r t s them i n t o g h e t t o e s , t h e r e b y t r a n s forming t h e c i t y d w e l l e r , i n H e r b e r t C a n s "urban 5 f i n e phrase, i n t o villagers." But t h e people who < l i v e i n t h e suburbs have both a' r i g h t t o and need f o r e a s y a c c e s s t o t h e c i t y , and t h e people i n the c i t y have a r i g h t t o and need f o r e a s y a c c e s s t o one another. The obvious and s i m p l e way t o r e s p e c t t h e r i g h t s and s e r v e t h e needs of both the c i t y d w e l l e r and h i s suburban �111 c o u n t e r p a r t i s t o c o n s t r u c t a mass r a p i d t r a n s i t network which r e a c h e s i n t o t h e O u t s k i r t s o f t h e c i t y and beyond. T h i s would .provide t h e base f o r a t r u l y b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m — not the phoney b a l a n c e between mass t r a n s i t and f r e e w a y s , but an honest b a l a n c e between mass t r a n s i t on one end, and w a l k i n g , b i c y c l i n g , and perhaps i n the f u t u r e s m a l l , t w o - s e a t e r c a r s on t h a o t h e r , w i t h automobile electric and t r u c k t r a f f i c kept t o an a b s o l u t e s t r i n g e n t , e s s e n t i a l minimum., Of c o u r s e , t h e s t e e l r a i l s o f a mass r a p i d t r a n s i t system would s l i c e through t h e c i t y i n much t h e same way t h a t f r e e w a y s do, b u t where f r e e w a y s d i v i d e t h e c i t y and e n c l o s e i t s p a r e s , a mass t r a n s i t system k n i t s t h e c i t y t o g e t h e r . It b r i n g s j o b and worker t o g e t h e r , and s t o r e and p a t r o n t o g e t h e r , and s c h o o l and s t u d e n t , and c l i e n t and s e r v i c e , and f r i e n d and friend. Thus a r a p i d mass t r a n s i t system e n l a r g e s freedom o f 1 movement and choice , e s p e c i a l l y f o r poor people i n c i t i e s be-c a u s e , f o r them, t h e s e freedoms o f movement and c h o i c e a r e c l o s 6 l y t i e d t o the c o s t and. e f f i c i e n c y o f p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t ion. Many of t h e people who I5.ve here f e e l t h e y a r e s t r a n g e r s t o t h e c i t y and t o one a n o t h e r . But an e f f i c i e n t mass t r a n s i t system c o u l d h e l p b r i n g our c i t i z e n s t o g e t h e r w i t h the c i t y t h e y l i v e i n . With the new freedom of movement and c h o i c e made p o s s i b l e by an e f f i c i e n t mass r a p i d t r a n s i t system, people would have a w i d e r range of j o b s , s t o r e s , homes, s c h o o l s �and s e r v i c e s t o choose from. And more people might go t o p u b l i c p a r k s , p a r a d e s , museums, l i b r a r i e s , a r c g a l l e r i e s , and t o D„C» Council Hearings, And i n going t o t h e s e p l a c e s , t h e y would g e t t o know t h e c i t y t h e y l i v e i n , become l e s s f e a r f u l of i t , even f a m i l i a r w i t h i t , and f e e l t h e m s e l v e s a p a r t of i t . And i f the c i t y , on i t s p a r t , were t o r e c i p r o c a t e , we w i l l have t a k e n a g i a n t s t e p toward b u i l d i n g t h a t sense of community w h i c h i s so d i f f i c u l t t o come by. One l a s t point,, I f a mass t r a n s i t system i s t o do i t s job o f opening up the c i t y t o the people who l i v e i n i t and around i t , i t must o f f e r r i d e s t h a t a r e cheap, q u i c k and venient. And of c o u r s e the cheaper, t h e b e t t e r . con- L a s t week, former C o u n c i l Chairman E e c h i n g e r t e s t i f i e d b e f o r e you, s a y i n g ; : t h a t the c o s t o f c o n s t r u c t i n g a f r e e w a y system c o u l d d e f r a y the c o n s t r u c t i o n and o p e r a t i n g c o s t s of a mass t r a n s i t system f o r many y e a r s . T h i s s u g g e s t s an o p p o r t u n i t y f o r Washington t o move] t o the f o r e f r o n t o f t h o s e American c i t i e s s e e k i n g new ways t o s o f t e n the deep d i v i s i o n s among our people, t o g i v e new the life to c i t y ' s , i n s t i t u t i o n s , , and t o enhance the l i v e s of i t s citizen's L e t t h e C o u n c i l propose t o Congress t h a t we use the money t h e y were p r e p a r e d t o g i v e us f o r f r e e w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n t o b u i l d and o p e r a t e a f r e e , p u b l i c , mass r a p i d t r a n s i t THE AUDIENCE: MR. LIEBOW: public u t i l i t y . system. (applause) T h i s system would be a p u b l i c l y - o w n e d P a s s e n g e r s would pay no f a r e s a t a l l j mass �t r a n s i t would be- f r e e i n tha same sense t h a t f i r e and. p o l i c e p r o t e c t i o n and t r a s h c o l l e c t i o n and p u b l i c s c h o o l s a r e free. Such a s t e p , I b e l i e v e , would not o n l y i n v i g o r a t e ' t h e economic and s o c i a l l i f e o f our c i t y , but would go a long way toward b u i l d i n g a sense o f b e l o n g i n g and p a r t i c i p a t i n g , a sense o f community among our c i t i z e n s . And i t would go a long way, too, toward making the N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l e x a c t l y t h a t , the N a t i o n ' s Capital. Thank you. TEE AUDIENCE: (applause) CHAIRMAN MOORE: Thank you, Mr. Liebow, f o r t h i s v e r y worthwhile testimony. A r e t h e r e q u e s t i o n s from members o f the Council? • • CHAIRMAN HAHN: MRS. HAYWOOD: No q u e s t i o n s . 1 have no questions., thank COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: CHAIRMAN MOORE: you. No q u e s t i o n s . A g a i n we than!: you, s i r . A VOICE EROM THE AUDIENCE: Mr. Chairman, I t h i n k you s h o u l d know something about Our p r e v i o u s d i s t i n g u i s h e d s p e a k e r . A t the r i s k o f smbarasement, everyone Dr. E l l i o t s h o u l d know t h a t t h i s i s Liebow who has w r i t t e n a c l a s s i c on i n n e r c i t y in this c i t y called "Tally's life Corner-;" TEE AUDIENCE: ( a p p l a u s e ) A VOICE FROM THE AUDIENCE: Wo do have a v e r y d i s t i n - g u i s h e d c i t i z e n s p e a k i n g b e f o r e u s a t t h i s time and I recommend t h i s book t o you h i g h l y . *Check S p e l l i n g o f book. �114 CHAIRMAN 2'IOORS: tion. Thank you v e r y much f o r chae i n f o r m a - T h a t makes us doubly proud, s i r , t h a t you came t o bear t e s t i m o n y t o n i g h t , and I look f o r w a r d — a n d w i l l j o i n me i n t h i s — i n I am s u r e the C o u n c i l r e a d i n g your book. Now we have been s i t t i n g f o r a .long time and perhaps we would l i k e t o s t a n d up and s t r e t c h , . here and i n f i v e Suppose we t a k e a break (5) minutes we w i l l s t a r t a g a i n . WHEREUPON, THERE WAS A B R I E F RECESS. THEREAFTER, THE HEARING HAS CALLED TO ORDER AND THE FOLLOWING PROCEEDINGS WERE RECORDED: CHAIRMAN MOORS: The n e x t w i t n e s s i s Mr. K i r k Hess? (no r e s p o n s e ) CHAIRMAN MOORE: Not h e r e ? CHAIRMAN MOORE: The n e x t w i t n e s s i s Mr. J o s e A e a v e r o ? A VOICE: Not h e r e . CHAIRMAN MOORE: A VOICE: The n e x t w i t n e s s i s Mr. George P i p k i n Here. CHAIRMAN MOORE: Am 1 c a l l i n g t h a t name c o r r e c t l y ? A VOICE: That's correct. WHEREUPON, MR. GEORGE P I P K I N , STUDENT CCMMITTEE ON THE TRANSPORTATION C R I S I S , TOOK THE WITNESS SEAT AND T E S T I F I E D IN SUBSTANCE AS FOLLOWS: • �115 CHAIRMAN MOORE: We a r e v e r y p l e a s e d t o welcome you here tonight,, MR. P I P K I N : Good e v e n i n g , Reverend Moore, s i r . CHAIRMAN MOORS: MR. P I P K I N : Good e v e n i n g , s i r . I a n s u r p r i s e d t o see t h a t t h e Chairman o f t h e C i t y C o u n c i l has f l e d . O b v i o u s l y he has looked over the agenda f o r t h e w i t n e s s e s and n o t i c e t h e Student Committee on t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C r i s i s coming u p — t w o o f t h e m — a n d t h e r e i s a t h i r d one h e r e . him o f f . Those b i g b l a c k l e t t e r s must have f r i g h t e n e d There a r e two t h i n g s I want t o t a l k about b e f o r e I b e g i n my t e s t i m o n y . here. P e r s o n a l l y , t h i s h e a r i n g s h o u l d n ' t be They s h o u l d be up i n t h e Adams-Morgan Community where I l i v e and where t h e f r e e w a y i s going t o be coming through. the second t h i n g , t h e a s t o u n d i n g presence o f so many i n t h i s room. And policemen On t h e way down t o n i g h t my g i r l f r i e n d was almost a s s a u l t e d by a f r u s t r a t e d Southern Congressman. THE AUDIENCE: MR. P I P K I N : (laughter) I b e l i e v e i n law and order and I t h i n k t h a t t h e s e men c o u l d be b e t t e r used on t h e s t r e e t s t o p r o t e c t us from t h e s e c r e a t u r e s . , THE AUDIENCE: MR. P I P K I N : " S " on my j a c k e t h e r e . (laughter) You might a s k me t o e x p l a i n t h i s b i g T h i s s t a n d s f o r : SUPER LIBERAL. here t o d i s c u s s m e a n i n g f u l a l t e r n a t i v e s t o the f r e e w a y t o n i g h t and t o engage i n d e c i s i v e d i a l o g u e . I'am system �116 THE Au'DIENCE: MR. P I P K I N : (laughter) _ , Consequently, I w i l l n o t speak a g a i n s t the f r e e w a y system b u t propbse a new one w h i c h was drawn up by t h a New Hampshire Design Team concept. The name o f t h e b l u e p r i n t w h i c h I have prepared on t h i s b e a u t i f u l map t h a t has been p r o v i d e d t o me by t h e Highway Department-—and about the o n l y good t h i n g t h e y put out t h e s e d a y s — a n d , is unfortunately, i t smeared w i t h mashed p o t a t o e s t h a t I had a t d i n n e r . THE AUDIENCE: MR, P I P K I N : (laughter) Tha name o f t h i s p r o j e c t e d g r e a t road i s t h e G e n e r a l J u b l e T. E a r l y Memorial I n t e r s t a t e Highway. THE AUDIENCE: MR. P I P K I N : (applause) (laughter) To t h o s e o f us t h a t have been p r i v i l e g e d t o a t t e n d Georgetown U n i v e r s i t y and t a k e n American h i s t o r y , you w i l l remember J u b l e E a r l y was a s o u t h e r n G e n e r a l who invaded t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i n 1363. A VOICE: He's s t i l l h e r e j MR. P I P K I N : He's s t i l l here y e t . And we f e e l t h a t t h e presence o f f r e e w a y s i n Washington w i l l g r e a t e r f a c i l i t a t e h i s descendants go t o work. from r e p e a t i n g t h e a c t e v e r y morning when t h e y We name i t the J u b l e T. E a r l y Freeway a s a sock I t o Congressman B r o y h i l l . We Super L i b e r a l s a r e used t o making i s o c k s i:o Congressman B r o y h i l l . As a m a t t e r o f f a c t j we a l l o w e d one of our b r i d g e s t o be named THS LIGHT HORSE HARRY L E E BRIDGE. T e l l me, Reverend Moore, c a n you d i g t h e LIGHT HORSE �117 HARRY LEE BRIDGE? THE AUDIENCEi MR. PIPKIN: ( l a u g h t e r and a p p l a u s e ) Q u i t e f r a n k l y , I f e e l t h e advantage of the s y s t e m w h i c h I propose i s f a i r l y o b v i o u s . Because f r e e w a y s a r e d e s i g n e d t o c a r r y suburban and F e d e r a l employees t o t h e i r j o b s I don*t t h i n k i t s h o u l d c a r r y them "near" t h e i r j o b s but r i g h t " t h r u " t h e i r p l a c e s o f employment. A l s o I t h i n k you s h o u l d t r a n s f o r m roads from a measure w h i c h s u p p o r t s t h e growth o f t h e o p p r e s s i v e F e d e r a l C i t y b u r e a u c r a c y t o one w h i c h would a c t i v e l y smash i t by b u l l — doosing t h e b u i l d i n g s where i t h i d e s . THE AUDIENCE: MR. PIPKIN: (applause) F i r s t of a l l , i f you w i l l look a t t h e raap""=and I am s o r r y t h a t i f h a s n ' t been posted up t h e r e but I remember the r o u t e p r e t t y w e l l — i t s t a r t s o f f a t the Pentagon, which of c o u r s e r would have t o be l e v e l e d THIS AUDIENCE: MR. PIPKIN: immediatelyi (laughter) Those p a r t s o f the Pentagon w h i c h would not be t a k e n out by a m a s s i v e c l o v e r l e a f would be t r a n s f o r n l d beyond t h e f r i n g e p a r k i n g l o t . r i g h t s Pentagon. We would not even have an a i r - . We would have no Pentagon w h a t s o e v e r . The road would proceed d i r e c t l y n o r t h . M.a. P I P K I N : Oh, good e v e n i n g , Mr. Chairman, I am g l a d yc a r e t u rne d. MR. PIPKIN: I t would proceed d i r e c t l y n o r t h , right �through the A r l i n g t o n Memorial Cemetary where, u n f o r t u n a t e l y , i t would of c o u r s e d e s t r o y the Iwo Jima Memorial. proceed t o b u l l d o o z e most of R o s s l y n and Mow, .cross the Key B r i d g e . of c o u r s e I see no n e c e s s i t y t o b u i l d a new a c r o s s the Potomac R i v e r , THE AUDIENCE: MR. PIPKIN: I t would bridge We con make a double-deck k e y b r i d g e , (laughter) Then the road would proceed n o r t h , s t r a i g h t i n t o t h e h e a r t of Georgetown and then make a r i g h t "E" on S t r e e t , w i p i n g out most o f W i s c o n s i n Avenue. THE AUDIENCE: MR. PIPKIN: (applause) Subsequent t o t h a t i t would d i r e c t l y down P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue and THE AUDIENCE: MR. PIPKIN: . proceed " t h r u " the White House. (laughter) However, because t h e r e i s a housing problem here t h e r e w i l l be a r e l o c a t i o n . THE AUDIENCE: (laughter) (applause) MR.PIPKIN: propose t o r e l o c a t e t h e r e s i d e n t s We disrupted, by a g r o u n d s - r i g h t s h o u s i n g . d e s i g n team concept. new We a r c going t o put Nixon i n a bunker. THE AUDIENCE: MR. This i s a very ( l a u g h t e r and applause) P I P K I N : About SO meters beneath t h e s u r f a c e where, o f c o u r s e , he w i l l be p r o t e c t e d a g a i n s t the angry c r i t i c i s m s o f t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia, The road w i l l then proceed "thru" the F e d e r a l T r i a n g l e , w i p i n g out the Post O f f i c e Department, the I n t e r s t a t e Commerce Commission., and t h e o t h e r p l a c e s of employe �119 ment t h e r e . ing f a c i l i t y . To t h e l e f t w i l l be an enornorous downtown p a r k As a m a t t e r of f a c t , i t w i l l be so downtown t h a t a l l o f t h e downtown b u s i n e s s e s w i l l be f o r c e d t o s a c r i f i c e . Then, of c o u r s e , i t w i l l go s t r a i g h t t o and " t h r u " t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Capita.! B u i l d i n g . Nov;, t h i s p r e s e n t e d a unique problem because t h e C a p i t a l B u i l d i n g - - h a s and r a t h e r unique a r c h i t e c t u r a l a e s t h e t i c v a l u e , you know-—--and so I had my g i r l f r i e n d draw up an a i r - r i g h t s U n i t e d S t a t e s C a p i t a l B u i l d i n g . THE AUDIENCE: MR. P I P K I N : (applause) h b e a u t i f u l p i e c e o f a r t , i f I may have your i n d u l g e n c e t o p a s s around t h e room, b e f o r e s u b m i t t i n g as evidence. the. it I t i s drawn by Kathy- and i t * s designed by Kathy, young l a d y s i t t i n g t h e r e . We propose t o put t h e C a p i t a l I up on s t i l t s , and 50 f e e t up i n t h e a i r , move i t up b r i c k by b r i c k , t h e n r u n an i n t e r s t a t e - h i g h w a y THE AUDIENCE: MR. P I P K I N t The r i g h t underneath. (laughter) There would be a N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l e x i t . highway would t u r n r i g h t , t h e r e , d e m o l i s h a l l o f both House and Senate O f f i c e B u i l d i n g s . T h i s would be no g r e a t loss* However, we t h i n k t h a t we c a n spare, t h e L i b r a r y o f C o n g r e s s . Then t h e highway w i l l make a loop back., plow through t h e Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , , destroy most of L ' E n f a n t P l a z a , where i t w i l l j o i n up w i t h t h e well-known LIGHT HORSE HARRY L E E BRIDGE t h a t w i l l c a r r y i t a c r o s s t h e b e a u t i f u l l y p o l l u t e d Potomac R i v e r and back o f c o u r s e t o t h e Pentagon. �120 Q u i t e f r a n k l y I f e e l t h a t most o f those d i s r u p t i v e f r e e w a y opponents who have come and outraged t h i s C o u n c i l f a i l e d t o present meaningful a l t e r n a t i v e s t o the D system. a have C. Freeway I t h i n k t h a t t h e p l a n w h i c h was produced by t h o s e e x c e l l e n t e n g i n e e r s down a t our Highway D e p a r t m e n t — w h i l e i t i s the r e s u l t o f b r i l l i a n t work**«really doesn't h i t t h e r i g h t targets. F r a n k l y , I t h i n k t h a t we ought t o save t h i n g s o f value, l i k e Avenue. and "U" S t r e e t , Frankly, You know, g e t r i d o f Pennsylvania "U" S t r e e t i s t h e main s t r e e t of t h i s city p r e t t y soon I t h i n k that you w i l l r e a l i s e t h a t , you know, i f i t comes down t h r a s h i n g on your head where t h e main s t r e e t i r t h e c i t y i s . And the people o f t h i s c i t y , of c o u r s e , a r e going t o defend t h e main s t r e e t o f t h e c i t y - o f t h e i r town - w h i c h is U Street. So, we a r e going t o have t o s a c r i f i c e Avenue i f we a r e going t o have Pennsylvania freeways. I d e c i d e d t h a t we a l s o need a N o r t h Leg f i n a l l y w i t h a l l o f my'haggling. So, we d e c i d e d t o r u n the North Leg s t r a i g h up W i s c o n s i n Avenue where i t w i l l s t o p dead a t t h a t n a t i o n a l Cathedral. T h i s way people w i l l be a b l e t o g e t t o c h u r c h . THE AUDIENCE: MR. P I P K I N : about t h a t . (laughter) 1 have v e r y l i t t l e e l s e t o t e s t i f y t o I am s u r e you have hundreds o f q u e s t i o n s on t h i s i n n o v a t e d d e s i g n team concept. THE AUDIENCE: CHAIRMAN MOORE: Thank you much. (applause) Mr. P i p k i n , you a r e d e l i g h t f u l . �I So d e l i g h t f u l t h a t I c a n ' t t h i n k o f any q u e s t i o n s . THE AUDIENCE: (laughter) CHAIRMAN MOORE: Q u i t e i n n o v a t i n g , quite relieving. quite refreshing, I would a s k my f e l l o w Councilmen i f t h e y have any q u e s t i o n s ? COUNCILMAN HAYWOOD: Mr. Chairman, 1 wonder i f Mr. P i p k i n and t h e young l a d y would a l s o l e t t h e C o u n c i l see t h e drawing she d i d o f t h e C o u n c i l ? MR. P I P K I N : Oh? Ke would be d e l i g h t e d . { REPORTER S NOTE: (Mr. P i p k i n and h i s g i r l friend passed t h e • d r a w i n g s t o t h e C o u n c i l . ) MR. P I P K I N : These a r e j u s t p r e l i m i n a r y sketches. T h i s one i s you might s a y a s u r r e a l i s t s t u d y i n boredom. ( E x h i b i t i n g t o the Council.) And I t i s a p i c t u r e o f you. o f c o u r s e t h e t i t l e i s " I T ' S GOING TO E E A HOT TIME IN T E E DID TOWN TONIGHT," w h i c h o f c o u r s e i t may be. The Robinson. o t h e r one i s a c r e a t i v e s t u d y o f Mr. Hahn and Dr There have been c e r t a i n changes i n p h y s i c a l appearance—distortions. Sometimes a r t i s t s do t h i s s o r t o f t h i n g t o g i v e some k i n d o f message. Anyway you r e a l l y don't l o o k t h a t much l i k e a "bookie," Dr. Robinson. DR. ROBINSON: MR.PIPKIN: Bookie j DR. ROBINSON: THE L i k e a what? AUDIENCE: Oh, b o o k i e ? (laughter) �REPORTER'S NOTE: (The C o u n c i l r e v i e w e d t h e two drawings.) CHAIRMAN MOORE: Mr. Pipkin,, you come a s a'bold r e l i e f i n t h e midst o f a v e r y solemn a f f a i r . I know a l l o f us here have been v e r y s e r i o u s i n c l u d i n g C o u n c i l . Somehow t h e way you do t h i n g s t e n d s t o b r i n g us t o g e t h e r . MR. P I P K I F : I f I might add a s e r i o u s note h e r e * I t h i n k sometimes t h i n g s w h i c h a r e — w e l l , you u s e t h e comic t o portray the serious. A l t h o u g h t h e r e may have been a l o t o f l a u g h t e r w h i c h accompanied t h e J u b l e T. E a r l y Memorial Freeway we were dead s e r i o u s i n what we mean by t h i s . not d i s p l a c e t h o s e homes. Freeways s h o u l d F r e e w a y s , i f t h e y have t o be b u i l t , should s t r i k e back a t t h e people 'who b u i l d them. We f e l t i f we c o u l d p o r t r a y a f r e e w a y system w h i c h would mean a s much t o J o e l B r o y h i l l a s i t means t o u s — t h a t i s i t would knock out h i s 0 home 0 h i s b u s i n e s s — r a t h e r t h a n our homes and c u r b u s i n e s s , perhaps we c o u l d d r a m a t i s e t o him and t o you what we mean. a r e v e r y s e r i o u s i n Our o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e f r e e w a y system. a r e t h e Student Committee on t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C r i s i s . We We We a r e opposed t o any f r e e w a y s and w i l l c o n t i n u e t o oppose i t . I hope t h a t through p r e s e n t i n g a comic r o u t i n e h e r e t o n i g h t I c o u l d communicate t o t h e people h e r e through g u e r i l l a t h e a t e r j u s t e x a c t l y -what we a r e t a l k i n g about; t h a t t h e f r e e w a y s w i l l not be b u i l t whether o r not you pass t h e money. 1 T h a t may be a young r a d i c a l s h o o t i n g o f f . Perhaps you s h o u l d a s k t h e foreman �1 of t h e Head C o n s t r u c t i o n Company about h i s t r a i l e r s . 2 CHAIRMAN MOORE: Councilman Haywood, have you f i n i s h e d ? 3 CHAIRMAN HAYWOOD: 4 CHAIRMAN MOORE: Thanh you v e r y k i n d l y . 5 MR. P I P K I N : 6 CHAIRMAN MOORE: Thank you. 7 THE AUDIENCE: 9 Thank you, s i r . (applause) CHAIRMAN MOORE: **> Y e s , Mr. Chairman of Mr. R i c h G i l f i l l a n . Now, I would l i k e t o a s k t h e indulgence T h e r e I s a gentleman here who w i s h e s t o 10 t e s t i f y b u t he h a s t o go t o work. The time i s almost h e r e when 11 he h a s bo go t o work. 12 t e s t i f y i n g s o t h a t he can go t o h i s JO3D? Would you o b j e c t v e r y much t o h i m 13 MR. G I L ? I L L A N : 14 CHAIRMAN MOORE: 15 Mr. Bruce T. Weaver, Member, Brookland 16 Thank you v e r y much. Mr. Weaver? Neighborhood Civic Association. THE AUDIENCE: 17 18 B r i n g him on. (applause) WHEREUPON, MR. BRUCE T . WEAVER, 10 20 MEMBER, BROOKLAND NEIGHBORHOOD C I V I C ASSOCIATION, TOOK THE 21 WITNESS SEAT AND T E S T I F I E D I N SUBSTANCE A3 FOLLOWS: CHAIRMAN MOORE: We a r e v e r y p l e a s e d t o welcome you, 22 • 23 Mr. Weaver. 24 MR. WEAVER: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Chairman Moore, 25 I want t o thank t h e gentleman who s a i d " b r i n g him oh." I have �124 been brought out of t h i s C o u n c i l Chamber by those who s e t up the meetings. I urn shaky f o r two r e a s o n s , Mr« Chairman. s p e a k i n g t o oho Chairman of the C o u n c i l . way out on August the 9 t h , l o c k e d up. I am I was touched on my Subsequent t o the dis«-» m i s s a l of the c h a r g e s i t was s t a t e d i n the C o u n c i l ' s paper.;, the Washington P o s t , and I q u o t e : 8 " I t i s the C o u n c i l s f e e l i n g t h a t t h i s d i s ~ p o s i t i o n b e s t s e r v e s the i n t e r e s t of. j u s t i c e . " I am here t o n i g h t t o do i n a s m a l l way j u s t i c e f o r the c i t i z e n s of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. I am s u r p r i s e d t h a t I am n e r v o u s but I a l s o read 0 here a s t a t e m e n t , on October t h e 9 t h , t h a t was p u b l i s h e d i n the M e t r o p o l i t a n pape :s of the area~~Maryland*«~not the Washington S t a r i s s u e , the Maryland i s s u e . Among o t h e r t h i n g s , I.was c a l l e d t o the C o u n c i l Chamber a t t h e time t h e y were considering,; quote., "Decorum i n the C o u n c i l Chambers." I lament t h e f a c t t h i s e v e n i n g t h a t t h o s e who promulgate the p o l i c i e s ^ , the r u l e s of t h i s chamber, have y e t t o s a t i s f a c t o r i l y s e t up a system ~-which i s , no s y s t e m needs t o be s e t up. They conduct them- s e l v e s i n such a f a s h i o n t h a t we. w i l l have democracy i n the C a p i t a l of the v/o.:ld 0 the C a p i t a l of the U n i t e d S t a t e s , D i s t r i c t o f Columbia C o u n c i l Chamber*, I might s a y my statement i s a re.-* p r e s s e d one, r e p r e s s e d because of the f i a s c o of August the 9th„ I have been a f f e c t e d by i t . I t i s unbelievable,, t h a t i n a d e m o c r a t i c c o u n t r y i n t i m i d a t i n g a u x i l i a r y p o l i c e s u r r o u n d the �C o u n c i l Chamber where c i t i z e n s s p e a k i n g i n t h e i r own b e h a l f and b e h a l f of o t h e r s have become intimidated., f r i g h t e n e d . I suggest t o you. Members of t h e C o u n c i l , t h e r e w i l l be a dark d a y — — d a r k e r days—^vhen those i n t h i s Government c o n t i n u e t o e x e r c i s e such omnipotent stupidity. I v / i i l read my s t a t e m e n t . S i n c e i t being a long time I have had time t o look i t over and 7. don't t h i n k much of i t . No a s s e r t i o n s i n t e n d e d . p o r t i o n o f i t i s t a k e n from something much a t t e n t i o n t o i t . it; here. A great I p a i d not t o o I was astounded when I s t a r t e d reading- "Recommendations f o r a Freeway i n t h e Northern S e c t o r and Related P o l i c y . " night. T h a t i s not the s u b j e c t of t h i s h e a r i n g t o - T h i s i s a c l e a r d e m o n s t r a t i o n , Mr. Robinson^ Mrs. Haywood, Chairman Hahn, of t h e procedures o f T. F . A i r i s , Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c . wood a s i t i s . Director, He n e v e r l a y s i t on t h e He o f f e r s p i e i n t h e s k y f o r those of t h e • t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system, t h e p o l i t i c i a n s ? and has no answers t o Mr. A g o s t i n e i l i and o t h e r s . I w i l l proceed now. I might s a y Z am a c i t i z e n o f the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. I am here because I want t o e n j o y democracy such l i t t l e a s i s o f f e r e d and do my bit t o have more throughout t h i s l a n d . s u r e you know ma: - I might t e l l you., I am My name i s Bruce T. Weaver E x - P r e s i d e n t 0 among o t h e r reasons a s a consequence of August 9 t h f i a s c o ; Brookland. To members o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia appearance C o u n c i l my here a s an i n t e r e s t e d c i t i z e n concerned w i t h t h e �problems of the D i s t r i c t Of Columbia, s p e c i f i c a l l y i n t h i s i n s t a n c e a s r e l a t e s t o the f r e e w a y program i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia t i n i e r s e c t i o n 2 3 ( c ) o f t h e 1968 F e d e r a l Highway Act„ - T h i s "public hearing" according January 14 0 1970 i s f o r purpose of making " . . . r e p o r t t o Congres on t h e f r e e w a y p r o g r e s s report t o announcement dated i n the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a . " a n d "... i n c o n n e c t i o n D i s t r i c t of Coluubia w i t h the a c t i o n r e q u i r e d by t h e Government under t h e 1268 Highway A c t . " I w i s h to submit t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia Government, r e p r e s e n t e d e s s e n t i a l l y bh t h e Council,, unto t h i s time, has not performed i n b e h a l f o r i n response t o t h e w i l l o r t h e i n t e r e s t of t i e c i t i z e n s of t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. position i sclearly body August l a s t . 'in response This supported by t h e u g l y performance o f t h i s The C o u n c i l ' s judgment then was s t a t e d t o be t o Congress. Apparently i n response t o t h o s e persons, who deem i t b e s t not t o appear b e f o r e t h i s body but i n v i s i b l e t o the p u b l i c . system? A r e t h e y func biorl i n g w i t h i n t h e Ely r e f e r e n c e i s t o t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e Freeways s i n c e 1955. S h a l l we d i r e c t our a t t e n t i o n t o t h e "Recommendations f o r a Freeway i n t h a N o r t h e r n S e c t o r and R e l a t e d P o l i c y ? " The recommendation on Page I V t h a t i t "was prepared i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e u. s . Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , , Bureau of P u b l i c Roads." of t h e c o o p e r a t i o n What i s t h e e x t e n t of these F e d e r a l Agencies w i t h the D i s t r i c t �127 of Columbia Department of Highways and T r a f f i c ? Which was dominant? I t would be w e l l t o c o n s i d e r t h e c o n t e n t o f t h e "recommendations f o r a freeway i n t h e n o r t h e r n s e c t o r and r e lated policy," First, i t i s w e l l t o note,, e a r l y i n h e a r i n g s a s r e l a t e t o f r e e w a y s t h r o u g h t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i t was s i m p l y stated-*—and I s a y e a r l y i n h e a r i n g s — — r i o t • t h e s e h e a r i n g s , I s a y i n "65e t h a t i s what I r e f e r t o 0 I t was s i m p l y s t a t e d a f t e r t h e q u e s t i o n s and answers by Mr, A i r i s and h i s a i d e s , and a gentleman responded. I t was s i m p l y s t a t e d , t h a t t h e o b j e c t o f t h e freeway was t o make i t e a s y — d i r e c t , economical;, c o n v e n i e n t f o r persons t o g e t frcat p o i n t A~"~Maryiand and V i r g i n i a — - t o p o i n t B«*~the i n n e r c i t y of t h e D i s t r i c t o f Column bia, t o government B u i l d i n g s , t r a d e a s s o c i a t i o n s o f f i c e s , p e r s o n a l o f f i c e s and b u s i n e s s e s . The U r b a n i t e coming i n t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia: i s t o emasculate the j o b s . Through t h e s e p l a c e s of employment c o n t r o l i t s development Q Back t o t h e "Recommendations" to i t e c o n o m i c a l l y t o have i t r e f e r s on page 3 " . . c a l l r e s i d e n t s o f Washington and. t h e region.,«" "people i n t h e a r e a . . , " Page 4 . „ Page 5, F i g u r e 1 " . . . p r o j e c t e d growth of p o p u l a t i o n i n t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a , 1940 t o • 2000." Page 8 " . . . t r i p s made by t o u r i s t s and o t h e r i n t o Washington from o u t s i d e t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a . " visitors Same page �Table I I r e l a t i o n s h i p ..between t r i p making and urban a c t i v i t y . p r o j e c t i o n of peak work t r i p s . . . a r e 0 0 C e n t r a l Employment A r e a . " Activity. foreseen t o the Note on. page 9, s e c t i o n C„ Urban - * t * g o a l s s e t by t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Planning Commission i s t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t s h o u l d c o n t i n u e t o be t h e r e g i o n s c e n t e r f o: commercial and F e d e r a l . Employment. As one reads t h e "Recommendations" t h e same t h r e a t i s used. The committee on 'Downtown P r o g r e s s i n i t s 19SS A n n u a l Report i n d i c a t e d by f i g u r e 4., Page 10, t h e demand f o r o f f i c e space i n 1935 by government -^Federal and D i s t r i c t , and p r i v a t e - - a l l housing jurisdictions. essentially institutional a preponderance ofemployees from o t h e r F i g u r e 4 shows demands f o r t h e needs o f n o n r e s i d e n t s , p r i v a t e e n t e r p r i s e ^ numerous educa=- t i o n a l , m a n u f a c t u r i n g t o u r i s t s and consumer s e r v i c e s . o f f e r e d by t h e Department t o a f f o r d t r a v e l t o t h e s e I t is offices. S h a l l we c o n t i n u e t o a d d r e s s o u r s e l v e s t o page 9 ? "The N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission f o r e s e e s t h e n e c e s s i t y t o develop w i t h i n the c i t y i n d u s t r i a l complexes t h a t u t i l i z e l i m i t e d urban l a n d more e f f i c i e n t l y and t h a t have adequate a c c e s s i b i l i t y t o r a i l and highway t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . " F u r t h e r on page 9 « « • development p o t e n t i a l f o r i n d u s t r i a l use i n t h e a r e a i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f Nov/ York Avenue.. . e s t i m a t e d t o be o f almost proportions." We r e a d on page 10 t h e statement limitless •• o f t h e Department "To p r o v i d e g r e a t e r m o b i l i t y t h e Department has c a r r i e d forward �129 a c o n t i n u i n g program of accomodation, l i m i t i n g parking, r e v e r s i b l e lories and s t r e e t s , e x t e n s i v e s t r e e t s i g n i n g , and marking, and. a t r a f f i c o p e r a t i o n c e n t e r . I n t e r s e c t i o n s have been r e b u i l t , a r t e r i a l s t r e e t s widened„»»the department h a s encouraged improved bus s e r v i c e and i s c o n s t r u c t i n g t h e a r e a s ' f i r s t s h e l t e r e d o f i s t r e e t bus t e r m i n a l i n t h e Southwest employment a r e a . " The Department l i g h t l y r e f e r s t o neighborhood "»„.this program has g i v e n t h e s t r e e t s more c a p a b i l i t y t o move t r a f f i c , t h e h e a v i e r v e h i c l e movement has impinged upon n e i g h borhood . q u a l i t i e s . " Y e t on page 10 t h e Department e l u d e s t o t h e r e q u i r e ments t o p e r f e c t a balanced t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system. problem i s handled i n t h i s manner, ".«,the S o l u t i o n of decisionmaking a u t h o r i t y i s d i s t r i b u t e d among t h r e e major j u r i s d i c t i o n s ? t h e F e d e r a l government and two s t a t e s . " the s t a t e s . Mr. A i r i s won't even name He l i k e s t o c o v e r up. G r a p h i c a l l y t h e "recommendation o f t h e Department i s interesting. Beginning on page f i v e t o page t w e n t y f i g u r e s a r e drawn i l l u s t r a t i n g evoivement o f p l a n s c o v e r i n g twenty^years., S t e p by s t e p t h e p l a n s show one development—«—freeways proposed t o be b u i l t i n t h e a r e a s o f t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e c i t i z e n s of t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. I submit t o you ««- freeways» r i b b o n s of c o n c r e t e : w a l l s o f concrete,, i f you p l e a s e . Members o f t h e C o u n c i l may I remind you t h a t my r e f e r e n c e s t o t h e recorrnendations o f our Department o f Highways �130 i s o n l y a c a p s u l e i n d i c a t i n g the temper of i t s u l t i m a t e jectiveSo end. ob« F u r t h e r r e a d i n g c a u s e s one's h a i r t o s t a n d on The Department has p r e s e n t e d a " C h a l l e n g e . " b e l i e v a b l e t h a t such would be o f f e r e d . I t i s un- I t i s a cancerous pro- p o s a l t o fence i n the c i t i z e n s , t o i m m o b i l i s e them, put them t o s l e e p by r e p e a t i n g t h e t e r m i n o l o g y of the A r e a . Neither c i t i z e n s ' i n t e r e s t or v o i c e i s c o n s i d e r e d . I n summary, i t can be s t a t e d t h a t the impact of the proposed Freeway c l e a r l y p r o v i d e s t h r e e purposes: ( 1 ) an o p p o r t u n i t y f o r t h o s e i n v o l v e d i n c o n s t r u c t i o n and s u p p l y of m a t e r i a l t o r e a l i z e g r e a t f i n a n c i a l rewards? a l t e r l a n d v a l u e s ; \3l (2) t o g r e a t 3.y t o d i s r u p t , d i s l o c a t e , and c o n f i n e c i t i z e n s behind c o - r r i d o r s of c o n c r e t e 0 T h e r e i s no need f o r f r e e w a y s t o b i s e c t the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. The C o u n c i l of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia shou3.d have no d i f f i c u l t y i n r e s o l v i n g a s o l u t i o n t o the q u e s t i o n of i n " t e r n a l freeway f o r the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. The comprehensive q u e s t i o n , and the o n l y q u e s t i o n , i s t h i s C o u n c i l going t o be r e s p o n s i v e t o the C i t i z e n s of t h a D i s t r i c t of Columbia and e x p r e s s t h e i r w i l l ? Time and again t h e y have demonstrated t h e r e i s no need t o c a r r y c u t t h e recommendation o f the Department of Highways. C o u n c i l ' s recommendation can i n c l u d e p r o p o s a l s t o b u i l d around the D i s t r i c t not through it„ Your indulgence i s �appreciated,, L e t s a l l g e t on t h e s i d e o f j u s t i c e , m o r a l i t y and] a l i v i n g democracy* Thank you. TBS AUDIENCE: (applause) COOHCILKAN ROBINSON: q u e s t i o n s , Mr. Chairman? Thank you, Mr. Weaver. Any ? CHAIRMAN HAHN: Noj MR. WEAVER: I would l i k e t o p o i n t out t o my f r i e n d : Mr. R o b i n s o n - - ! c a l l him my f r i e n d because I understand he i s i a Republican—a 8 s t a n d up R e p u b l i c a n s - t h e r e s a d i f f e r e n c e ^ the North C e n t r a l Freeway i s chosen i n p r e f e r e n c e t o t h e New York Avenue a r e a because chore i s u n l i m i t e d commercial posslab i l i t i e s a l o n g t h e New York Avenue a r e a . ' COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Councilman Haywood? ' ' I COUNCILHIN IJAYNOOD: No q u e s t i o n s . " k COUNCILMAN ROBINSON:. Thank you, Mr. Weaver. Mr. G i l f i i l a n ? MR. G I L F I L L A N : Gilfiilan. COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Come r i g h t f o r w a r d , s i r . . WHEREUPON, MR. RICH GILFILLAN, C I T I Z E N , TOOK T E E WITNESS SEAT AND T E S T I F I E D IN SUBSTANCE A3 FOLLOWS: COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Mr. G i l f i i l a n , a c i t i z e n . We a r e g l a d t o have you here t o n i g h t . MR. G I L F I L L A N : People o f t h e C i t y C o u n c i l and people t h a t a r e h e r s t o n i g h t , I would l i k e t o p r e f a c e my remarks w i t h �132 a c o u p l e o f o b s e r v a t i o n s about.what X saw here tonights, what I saw when.X f i r s t cams i n and was s i t t i n g heme when Sam Abbott was removed from t h e room, I haven't seen a d i s p l a y o f a l a r g e number of policemen l i k e 2 saw t o n i g h t s i n c e I t h i n k i t was around October .when about 100 policeman from the c i t y organi- z a t i o n was s e n t t o t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e t o s t o p people from stopping the c o n s t r u c t i o n o f the Three S i s t e r s Bridge. Again I would s a y on a few days a f t e r t h a t I sav? them a g a i n , was a t t a c k e d by them and was a r r e s t e d . Again I saw them i n such a l a r g e f o r c e d u r i n g t h a days o f the moratorium;, on October 15th • and KOve ruber 1 5 t h , and 1 see them here a g a i n t o night. I t h i n k i t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o observe, t h a t t h e p o l i c e " men a r e not s e r v i n g t o p r o t e c t whoever they, a r e p r o t e c t i n g a g a i n s t t h e C i t y C o u n c i l ' s P r e s i d e n t , Mayor, and people that. like They a r e n e t p r o t e c t i n g them from people l i k e Representa- t i v e Nader',, l i k e people from t h e Highway lobby, o r businessmen. They a r e p r o t e c t i n g them from t h e people i n the D i s t r i c t , the from people of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , and from the people of t h e world. I t h i n k i t would be e q u a l l y c l e a r t h a t i f t h i s i s a body supposedly w o r k i n g f o r t h e people of the D i s t r i c t there would seem t o be a c o n t r a d i c t i o n a s t o what t h i s body i s a c t u a l l y doing and who i t i s s e r v i n g . Secondly, I would a l s o l i k e t o comment on t h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e seems t o be a l a c k of any a quorum of C i t y C o u n c i l �133 here., and I don't' l i k e the i d e a o f h a v i n g t o t e s t i f y b e f o r e such a s n a i l number of Councilman. 2 can't r e a l l y take . ... seriously . t h e s e h e a r i n g s when i t seems t h a t even the Councilman involved can°t take them them s e r i o u s enough t o take a F r i d a y n i g h t t o come and l i s t e n t o the t e s t i m o n y t h a t people have t o o f f e r . Now the I haven't been here d u r i n g the l a s t few days of h e a r i n g but I t h i n k t h a t t o n i g h t s u f f i c i e n t t e s t i m o n y . h a s been o f f e r e d on why the b r i d g e i s t e c h n i c a l l y bad, why i t i s bad f o r the people of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, and why are highways bad i n g e n e r a l , and why the automobile i s bad and why p o l l u t ion i s bad. What I would l i k e t o do i s o f f e r an a n a l y s i s of why t h i s . - i s bad or why i t i s O c c u r r i n g , why t h i s highway i s b e i n g b u i l t and why i s i t t h a t the p o l i c e f o r e s of t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia, t h a t the p o l i c e f o r c e of the c o u n t r y , and t h a t the Army of the United. S t a t e s has t o p r o t e c t people from the people of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, from the people of the c o u n t r y ' and from the people of the w o r l d . So 1 t h i n k we h a v e . t o s t a r t o f f by a s k i n g • t h e q u e s t i o n s "Why i s t h i s highway being b u i l t ? " And 2 t h i n k we c a n , from l o o k i n g a t what's going and s e e i n g who has been i n f a v o r of highways and who has been a g a i n s t highways, i t i s c l e a r t h a t t h i s highway i s not b e i n g b u i l t t o s e r v e people,, Highways a r e being b u i l t to serve business i n t e r e s t s ? they are being b u i l t t o s e r v e the b u s i n e s s i n t e r e s t s of the D i s t r i c t ? t h e y a r e b e i n g �134 b u i l t to s e r v e the b u s i n e s s i n t e r e s t s of people who make h i g h - ways t h a t b e n e f i t from the c o n s t r u c t i o n of highways. And so I t h i n k t h i s b r i n g s us t o the i s s u e of what p o l l u t i o n i s a l l about. Pollution i s t e r e s t s , between the and the interests 0 e s s e n t i a l l y , a c o n t r a d i c t i o n between i n - i n t e r e s t s of the people who of people who t o l i v e a good l i f e make money want t o l i v e a n i c e l i f e , want and want t h e i r c h i l d r e n t o grew up i n a c o u n t r y and. i n a w o r l d t h a t can p r o v i d e them t h a t good I t h i n k i t i s unfortunate life. t o have t o come t o t h i s When people can't b r e a t h e , and when people can't c i t y , . a n d when people and k i d s c a n ' t go out and point hear i n the have fun and r e c r e a t i o n w i t h o u t h a v i n g t o w o r r y about what k i n d of a i r t h e y breathe. But i t i s a c o n t r a d i c t i o n t h a t has a l w a y s e x i s t e d , t h a t people i n the r e s t of the w o r l d has known f o r many y e a r s , t h a t people i n South America have t a l k e d about f o r a v e r y t i m e ; ana the people of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and of America a r e j u s t coming t o f i n d out the people i t exists. I s i t b e f o r e you w e a r i n g two b u t t o n s ( i n d i c a t i n g his chest}. One an o r g a n i z a t i o n D i s t r i c t and i s a button sayings long- on "ENVIRONMENTS, " s u p p o r t i n g t h a t wants t o f i g h t a g a i n s t p o l l u t i o n i n the i n t h i s country. The other button i s a button ganaremos that says, (Spanish T r a n s l a t i o n : word, and means "We , which i s a Spanish w i l l w i n j we w i l l conquer." I t i s a button t o support the Cuban r e v o l u t i o n , a r e v o l u t i o n t h a t was against �the same f o r c e s , same people- and t h e same Government t h a t i s t r y i n g t o b u i l d a b r i d g e over the Potomac R i v e r and t o r u n h i g h ways through the D i s t r i c t the of Columbia and t o run highways over r e s t of t h e l a n d . THE AUDIENCEt (applause) i M R . GILFILLAN: I see t h e s t r u g g l e t h a t the people a r e waging a g a i n s t t h e highways for a better l i f e ing i n the D i s t r i c t i n the D i s t r i c t . i s more of a s t r u g g l e I t i s a s t r u g g l e t h a t i s be- fought a l l over tie world, and i t ' s b e i n g fought a g a i n s t t h e same people. I t i s b e i n g fought a g a i n s t Nixon. fought a g a i n s t people I t i s being l i k e R e p r e s e n t a t i v e Nader. I t i s being fought a g a i n s t people l i k e those t h a t s i t on t h e C i t y C o u n c i l i n Washington, D C . C I I t i s a s t r u g g l e being fought a g a i n s t people who don't c a r e about, people, whose i n t e r e s t i s not people, whose interest i s making money, and whose i n t e r e s t i s s e r v i n g people t o make more money. I t h i n k D. C. i s a c o l o n y . the l a s t colony. T h a t ' s not t r u e . Some people s a y D. C„ i s D. C R i c o i s a c o l o n y , Vietnam i s a c o l o n y . the same power of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . t i s a c o l o n y , Puerto They a r e c o l o n i e s of The U n i t e d S t a t e s * i m p e r i a l i s t power i s waging a war i n Vietnam. I t i s the U n i t e d States'' i m p e r i a l i s t power t h a t i s k e e p i n g the people o f P u e r t o R i c o f r e e ; and i t i s the U n i t e d S t a t e s ' i m p e r i a l i s t power t h a t is insisting on b u i l d i n g highways through the D i s t r i c t of �136 Columbia by d i s r u p t i n g people's l i v e s and r u i n i n g t h e a i r of the D i s t r i c t or Columbia-^—of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s and the r e s t of t h e w o r l d a t t h e same t i m e . THE AUDIENCE: (applause} MS, G I L F I L L A N : I f e e l t h a t t h e s o l u t i o n f o r D. C. then i s not a l l o w i n g home r u l e j t h e s o l u t i o n does not l i e i n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e government. C i t i e s around t h e c o u n t r y have r e i p r e s e n t a t i v s government and have highways going through t h e i r homes. for They have p o l l u t i o n i n t h e i r a i r e t h e i r c h i l d r e n t o l i v e w i t h everyday. They have p o l l u t i o n We have a Potomac R i v e r t h a t i s p o l l u t e d from t h e t o p t o the bottom, not because i t i s not r e p r e s e n t a t i v e g o v e r n m e n t — b u t because i t i s a problem i n our land.. I t i s an e s s e n t i a l c o n t r a d i c t i o n i n our s o c i e t y , and t h a t c o n t r a d i c t i o n has t o be r e s o l v e d . I t h i n k then f o r the C i t y C o u n c i l people here there i s o n l y one q u e s t i o n . tonight There i s o n l y one i s s u e and t h e r e has o n l y been one i s s u e a l l a l o n g : The C i t y C o u n c i l recognized t h a t when t h e y v o t e d a g a i n s t t h e f r e e w a y s i n t h e b e g i n n i n g . The i s s u e i s a b e t t e r l i f e f o r people i n t h e D i s t r i c t , a b e t t e r l i f e f o r pao'ple i n t h e w o r l d . And t h i s i s s u e i s going t o be d e c i d e d . F i r s t of a l l , t h e C i t y C o u n c i l has a chance t o decide it. The C i t y C o u n c i l has a chance t o stand up and s a y . "We a r e men," and s a y , "We s t a n d f o r t h e s e people, t h a t we want a b e t t e r l i f e f o r t h e s e people and we want a b e t t e r l i f e f o r o u r s e l v e s . " �. The C i t y C o u n c i l h a s n ' t done t h i s . of courageo I t i s an I t i s an i s s u e of g i v i n g t h i n g s up. issue I t i s an o f even M i s c o n c e i v i n g what one's s e l f - i n t e r e s t i s y One's s e l f - i n t e r e s t i s not making more money when he won't be a l i v e spend t h a t money. I t doesn't issue to mean a n y t h i n g i f you have a l o t of money and your c h i l d r e n c a n ' t go c u t and p l a y l i k e i n the s t r e e t s of Tokyo where people have t o wear masks t o w a l k down, the s t r e e t s . T h a t ' s not your s e l f - i n t e r e s t . Your self**in« t e r e s t i s not c r e a t i n g p o l l u t i o n and r u i n i n g the w o r l d . TEE AUDIENCEs MRo GILFILLAN; (applause) I -would l i k e t o address the a t t e n t i o n of the C i t y C o u n c i l t o the.two f l a g s t h a t s i t behind Both f l a g s a r e topped by an e a g l e . of the U n i t e d S t a t e s . Eagles deficate. then: I t i s the e a g l e The e a g l e of the U n i t e d S t a t e s has d e f i c a t e d on the people o f the D i s t r i c t of Columbia., the people of the c o u n t r y , and the people of the w o r l d too l o n g . The F e d e r a l Government and the D i s t r i c t Government see t h a t t h e r e a l t h i n g t o do r i g h t now, the r i g h t t h i n g t o now do i s t o stop t h a t , t o s t o p the highway system, s t o p the war i n Vietnam, and t o so s t o p d e p r e s s i o n around the w o r l d and i n the D i s t r i c t a s w e l l . There i s going t o be another e a g l e t h a t i s going t c rise. I t i s going t o be the e a g l e o f the people, and that e a g l e i s going t o r i s e up and i t i s going t o " s h i t " on t h e �133 people o f t h e F e d e r a l Government. I t i s going t o " s h i t " on t h e people o f the D i s t r i c t Government, and on t h a t " s h i t " and on t h a t waste and on t h a t b u r i e d waste t h e y a r e going t o b u i l d a new w o r l d . And i f those people i n the F e d e r a l Government and the D i s t r i c t Government a r e going t o w a i t f o r t h a t " s h i t " t o come down then t h e y a r e net going t o see t h a t b e t t e r world,, I t i s going t o be a shame,, because people should be around t o see t h a t b e t t e r world., THE AUDIENCE: (applause) MR. G I L F I L L A N : Thank you. CHAIRMAN MOORE: Any q u e s t i o n s from members o f t h e Council? .i COUNCILMAN HAYWOOD: No q u e s t i o n s , Mr, Chairman. CHAIRMAN HAHN: . No q u e s t i o n s . COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: CHAIRMAN MOORE: The S i e r r a No q u e s t i o n s . Trie n e x t w i t n e s s i s Mr. Bob Waldrop, Club. (no response} CHAIRMAN MOORE< The n e x t w i t n e s s i s Mr. George A l d e r s on. F r i e n d s o f the E a r t h . WHEREUPON, ' MR. GEORGE ALDERSON, FRIENDS OF THE EARTH, TOOK THE WITNESS SEAT AND T E S T I F I E D IN SUBSTANCE AS FOLLOWS: j MR 0 ALDERSON: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. �133 CHAIRMAN MOORE: We a r e v e r y p l e a s e d t o welcome you,' sir* MR. ALDERSON: S am George A l d e r s o n , and I am A c t i n g Washington R e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f F r i e n d s of t h e E a r t h , a member-" s h i p o r g a n i s a t i o n i n c o r p o r a t e d l a s t July**»and t h u s t h e newest, s m a l l e s t n a t i o n a l c o n s e r v a t i o n group-*=»commi11ed t o preserva« t i o n , r e s t o r a t i o n and r a t i o n a l use o f t h a ecosphere. Our Washington o f f i c e i s t e m p o r a r i l y a t 323 Maryland Avenue, M.E. By f o r e g o i n g t a x exemption and d e d u c t i b i l i t y , F r i e n d s o f t h e E a r t h i s s e e k i n g t o be a s e f f e c t i v e a s p o s s i b l e i n i n f l u e n c i n g l e g i s l a t i o n and i n m o b i l i s i n g e l e c t i o n support f o r p o l i t i c a l candidates w i t h outstanding conservation records. i n i t i a t i n g a p u b l i s h i n g program. We a r e a l s o 1 have handed i n a copy o f the e n v i r o n m e n t a l handbook f o r your c o n s i d e r a t i o n . t i c u l a r l y commen3 t h e c h a p t e r on t h e auto.mobile. I par- Rather than go i n t o f u r t h e r 3 e t a i l on what F r i e n d s of t h e E a r t h a r e d o i n g I m e r e l y s u b m i t t e d c o p i e s o f our r e c e n t N e w s l e t t e r w h i c h will o u t l i n e some o f vhaf we a r e doing. W i t h r e g a r d t o t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia a f f a i r s we a r e one o f t h e p a r t i e s t o t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e litigation. S t a t e d a s s i m p l y a s p o s s i b l e , t h e p r o p o s a l s of t h e D. C. Department o f Highways a r e an i n s u l t t o the i n t e l l i g e n c e of t h e c i t y ' s r e s i d e n t s , t h e i n t e l l i g e n c e o f those who o n l y work i n t h a c i t y , and the i n t e l l i g e n c e o f t h e n a t i o n . The p r o p o s a l s s t a r t from t h e l u d i c r o u s assumption t h a t more freeways �140 are d e s i r a b l e — o r even n e c e s s a r y . Mow, t h i s i s not v e r y s u r - p r i s i n g , s i n c e we know t h a t these a r e p r o p o s a l s done by en* g i n e e r s , and i t ' s a l w a y s e a s y t o p i c k on the e n g i n e e r s a s the villains. As somebody once s a i d , " E n g i n e e r s a r e too t o c a s t a shadow." one-sided T h e y can do v e r y w e l l a t c a r r y i n g out the l i m i t e d o b j e c t i v e s they've been a s s i g n e d ? t h i s i s a p p a r e n t l y true i n t h i s case, A g r e a t d e a l of i n g e n u i t y has been t o t h e wrong o b j e c t i v e s . I t i s e a s y t o see how devoted much i n g e n u i t y i t takes, t o t h i n k up a l l t h e s e i s s u e s and e v e r y t h i n g t o h i d e t h e s e f r e e w a y s , but everybody knows t h a t t h e y w i l l be t h e r e a l l t h e same. I t i s not the e n g i n e e r s who a r e the problem s o l v e r s i n t h i s s i t u a t i o n , i t i s the p o l i t i c i a n s t h a t c i t i z e n s on t o t e l l the e n g i n e e r s , "No, those erroneous assumptions rely t h a n k s , " and t o look beyond o f the e n g i n e e r s and f i n d the a l t e r n a t i v e s t h a t w i l l b e n e f i t the people and not h u r t them. Thus, F r i e n d s of the E a r t h j o i n w i t h o t h e r c i v i c groups to Urge the C i t y C o u n c i l t o r e j e c t a l l of the freeway p r o p o s a l s s u b m i t t e d by t h e Department of Highways, and t o h a l t work on the Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e a s w e l l . Now, t h e bad e f f e c t s o f t h e s e p r o j e c t s have been documented t h o r o u g h l y by o t h e r w i t n e s s e s . T h e i r impact s o c i a l ana e c o l o g i c a l v a l u e s i s a m a t t e r of r e c o r d . f a c e of t h e s e r e a s o n s not t o b u i l d them, f r e e w a y I n the advocates a p p a r e n t l y f a l l back on an i n t r i g u i n g concept c a l l e d But what t h i s on "demand." "demand" b o i l s down t o i s t h a t i f you b u i l d free<=» �14 ' ways, people w i l l use them. C o n t i n u i n g t o choose t h e p r i v a t e .car over p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and over l i v i n g c l o s e r t o work The consequences of t h i s c h o i c e i n c l u d e not o n l y a network of f r e e w a y s d i s s e c t i n g the c i t y and i n s u l t i n g the environment,' but a l s o a need f o r more p a r k i n g l o t s and an i m p o s i t i o n of s t i g r e a t e r a i r p o l l u t i o n downtown. T h e s e , 1 t h i n k , aire conse- quences t h a t a r e no l o n g e r a c c e p t a b l e . As David S i v a has a s k e d , "Suppose we b u i l d them?" simply didn't Not b u i l d i n g the f r e e w a y s or the Three Sisters B r i d g e would have the f o l l o w i n g b e n e f i c i a l e f f e c t s , q u i t e a s i d e from a v e r t i n g t h e d e s t r u c t i o n caused by the p r o j e c t s themselves; F i r s t , you would p r o v i d e an i n c e n t i v e f o r m-ore e f f i i c i e n t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , t h a t t a k e s up l e s s space, uses energy,, and c r e a t e s l e s s p o l l u t i o n . less As long as the f r e e w a y s keep expanding, t h e subway system and buses c a n n o t ' r e a c h their peak v a l u e t o the c i t y because the i n c e n t i v e t o use them does not s t r i k e home. Second, you .would be p r o v i d i n g an i n c e n t i v e a g a i n s t i suburban s p r a w l and a l l t h e consequences, which a r e p l a g u i n g t h e n e i g h b o r i n g j u r i s d i c t i o n s even now. I have been p r e s e n t a t h e a r i n g s b e f o r e the N a t i o n a l Capital---—the Maryland. N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission and o t h e r county b o d i e s out t h e r e and t h e y a r e going through some s i m i l a r problems, a s of c o u r s e everyone knows from the r e c e n t news r e p o r t s . . So, one of the �b e n e f i t s of not b u i l d i n g a D. C. f r e e w a y i s t h a t suburban f r e e w a y s l i k e w i s e become l e s s d e s i r a b l e ; because people have t o s t a r t t h i n k i n g about l i v i n g n e a r where t h e y work. As a r e - s u i t o f t h i s , p r o j e c t s l i k e t h e N o r t h e r n Freeway and t h a C u t e r B e l t w a y become even more l u d i c r o u s t h a n t h e y a r e t o s t a r t T h i r d , people f i n d t h a t , w o r k i n g c l o s e r t o home, t h e y have more time t o spend w i t h t h e i r f a m i l i e s , i n s t e a d o f spending two hours a day behind t h e s t e e r i n g w h e e l o f a c a r . And those people, who don't go l i v i n g out t h e r e f i n d t h e y don't have t o contend w i t h f r e e w a y s and t h e r e s u l t a n t e f f e c t s around the house. I n a d d i t i o n , a s Mr. Liebow s a i d , people by l i v i n g c l o s e r t o where t h e y work t h e y have a chance t o g e t t o g e t h e r and develop a sense o f community w h i c h i s a b s o l u t e l y l a c k i n g the way t h i n g s a r e g o i n g . So, t h e s e a r e some o f t h e k i n d s of s o c i a l v a l u e s t h a t you g e t by d e c i d i n g not t o b u i l d any more f r e e w a y s . c i t i e s have made t h i s d e c i s i o n . Francisco i s another. Other New York C i t y i s one. San And, i n San F r a n c i s c o , . t h e y look f o r w a r d t o t h e day when t h e y can t e a r down t h e Embarcadero Freeway, somewhat t h e same concept t h a t we have been t a l k i n g about h e r e w i t h t h e W h i t e h u r s t Freeway. Cur t h e r e even t h e Mayor t a l k s about t h e day when t h e y w i l l t e a r down t h e freeway..„The D i s t r i c t o f Columbia h a s , I think., more t o l o s e from t h e s e c u r r e n t p r o - �143 p o s a l s than e i t h e r o f those c i t i e s , . I fhinlc t h a t here we a l s o have a consensus t h a t i t ' s time t o s t o p . F r i e n d s o f t h e E a r t h urge t h e C i t y C o u n c i l : t o t a k e a s t r o n g s t a n d a g a i n s t t h e f r e e w a y s , and e x e r t some p o l i t i c a l l e a d e r s h i p l e a d i n g a broad p u b l i c e f f o r t t o k i l l t h i s idea freeway Q The C i t y C o u n c i l doesn't have t o s i t here l i k e an umpire c a l l i n g b a l l s ana s t r i k e s , i t c a n l e a d , V7e a l l know t h a t t h e s e p r o j e c t s have s u r v i v e d t h i s long o n l y because o f a few men on C a p i t a l H i l l , I suggest t h a t t h i s i s t h e time t o make use o f t h e broad c o a l i t i o n has been forming, and i t has been forming by month, and make use o f t h i s c o a l i t i o n that y e a r by y e a r and montl tobuild a p o l i t i c a l movement t h a t c a n d e f e a t t h i s i d e a up on t h e H i l l where i t ' got started. Thank you. CHAIRMAN MOORE: THE AUDIENCE: CHAIRMAN MOORE: Thank you, Mr. A l d e r s o n . (applause) A r e t h e r e q u e s t i o n s by members o f t h e Council? CHAIRMAN HAHN: No q u e s t i o n s . COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: COUNCILMAN HAYWOOD: CHAIRMAN MOORE: No q u e s t i o n s . No q u e s t i o n s . Thank you v e r y much. Your testimony w i l l be e n t e r e d i n t o t h e r e c o r d . Mr. L e s l i e L u c h a n o l . name. Pardon me f o r mispronouncing youi �144 WHEREUPON* MR. L E S L I E LUCEANOL, STUDENT COMMITTEE OH THE TRANSPORTATION C R I S I S , TOOK THE WITNESS SEAT AND T E S T I F I E D IN SUBSTANCE AS FOLLOWS: CHAIRMAN MOORE: We a r e v e r y p l e a s e d t o welcome you. MR. KJCHANOLs My name i s L e s l i e L u c h a n o l , and I am a s t u d e n t a t Georgetown U n i v e r s i t y , and I have been a c t i v e on t h e Student Committee on. t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C r i s i s . I am a l s o a member o f the Georgetown and Graduate S t u d e n t s <» where e a r l y = i n t h e y e a r we passed unanimously a r e s o l u t i o n condemning a n y f u r t h e r c o n s t r u c t i o n o f f r e e w a y s i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. One of t h e r e a s o n s why I am here i s t h a t I am a s t u d e n t i n Washington ( D & C. Most o f t h e r e a s o n s a g a i n s t con- s t r u c t i o n o f t h e f r e e w a y system have been g i v e n v e r y , v e r y w e l l s p o k e n l y by Mrs. Rooney and o t h e r people. I would j u s t l i k e t o put a c r o s s my p o i n t o f v i e w , a s a s t u d e n t - i n Washington, D. C. 0 U n i t e d S t a t e s of A m e r i c a , i n a v e r y p e r s o n a l way, a way t h a t I t h i n k i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f any o f t h e s t u d e n t s i n Washington, D. C. o r any of t h e s t u d e n t s i n the United S t a t e s . I r o n i c a l l y enough I was born i n Dearborn, Michigan, w h i c h i s t h e hometown o f Henry F o r d , and my e d u c a t i o n i s f i n a n c e d by F o r d Motor Company. I f i n d myself i n a v e r y strange p o s i t i o n o f h a v i n g been a r r e s t e d i n t h e f a l l i n p r o t e s t i n g t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e Three S i s t e r s B r i d g e . Between t h e time t h a t �145 X was bora and r a i s e d and educated i n Dearborn, M i c h i g a n , and t h e time t h a t I was a r r e s t e d , v e r y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c e v e n t s have happened t o ice t h a t I t h i n k a r e . v e r y , s i g n i f i c a n t . Washington, D, C, I came t o s c h o o l I came t o . i n Washington, D„ C. I was h i t c l m i h i n g through t h e c i t y and 7. f e l l i n l o v e with the c i t y o f Washington, D„ C. by i t s n a t u r a l beauty* a l s o by t h e governmental a c t i v i t i e s o f t h a t c i t y t h a t I had bean brought up t o r e s p e c t a s t h e b e s t government i n t h e w o r l d , represent** i n g t h e i n t e r e s t o f t h e people o f t h a t c o u n t r y . i A f t e r g r a d u a t i n g from High S c h o o l , coming t o Washing** t o n , D. C. t o go t o s c h o o l , a l o t o f e f f o r t s o f w o r k i n g i n t h e community, a l o t o f e f f o r t s o f r e a d i n g and being a c t i v e have g r a d u a l l y changed a l o t o f t h o s e c h e r i s h e d views that 1 f e l t . A f t e r b e i n g a r r e s t e d t h i s f a l l I w r o t e a terra paper in r e g a r d s t o urban highway p o l i c y i n Washington, D. C„ and across the country. And t h e r e i s no way t h a t I can r e a l l y communicate t o you t h i s overwhelming d i s g u s t t h a t I j u s t p i c k e d up i n r e s e a r c h i n g struggle occurring the h i s t o r y of the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n Washington, D. C. e where time and time- a g a i n t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e people o f Washington, D. C. have b£ec disregarded. P a r t o f t h i s can be understood by t h e p a r t i c u l a r f e t i s h t h a t t h e American people have had. f o r t h e automobile s i n c e i t was b u i l t and s i n c e t h e l a r g e s t p u b l i c works, program in t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s was begun. This particular f e t i s h that t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s h a s had f o r t h e automobile I t h i n k i s �146 c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e m o b i l i t y and independence l a t i o n h a s a l w a y s desired„ the t h a t t h i s popu- i f i s also very c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t e c h n o l o g i c a l and p r o d u c t i o n o r i e n t a t i o n t h a t the U n i t e d States has taken during t h i s time. An o r i e n t a t i o n t h a t r i g h t now p l a c e s highways, c o n c r e t e , o v e r v a l u e s o f j u s t individual s a c r e d human r i g h t ; ; . And so I f i n d m y s e l f a s t u d e n t here i n Washington, D. C., j u s t w a t c h i n g t h i s government t h a t I have grown t o c o n s i d e r l e s s t h a n i n a r e s p e c t a b l e manner, and I t h i n k f o r v e r y legitimate reasons. I f i n d m y s e l f t e s t i f y i n g here i n f r o n t o f a C i t y C o u n c i l , a p p o i n t e d by t h e F e d e r a l Government, b u t w h i c h i s supposed t o r e p r e s e n t t h e r i g h t s o f t h e people, t h e i r interests, the needs o f t h e people o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, w h i c h a t one time v o t e d t o c u t o f f f u r t h e r f r e e w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n b u t then r e v e r s e d i t s d e c i s ion, b u c k l i n g down t o p r e s s u r e s from Congress ->"to b u s i n e s s and economic i n t e r e s t s . I j u s t doubt, r e a l l y , whether t h i s C i t y C o u n c i l w i l l have t h e courage a f t e r l i s t e n i n g t o t h e t e s t i m o n y o f t h e people o f Washington, D. C. t o uphold t h e i r w i s h e s f o r no f u r t h e r f r e e w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, t o s t a r t t o r e d e s i g n a c i t y t h a t i s indeed designed t o meet t h e needs o f t h e people t o c r e a t e a; community, a c i t y where people come t o l i v e , t o l e a r n , t o work, t o j u s t pursue what human b e i n g s a r e supposed t o . When Mr. B o z z i was t e s t i f y i n g e a r l i e r �147 t h i s e v e n i n g he mentioned .ton, C, P a r i s and compared P a r i s t o Washing- When he was r e c i t i n g t h a t example I c o u l d n ' t h e l p but t h i n k of P a r i s i n t h e s p r i n g of 1963 when t h e w o r k e r s and the s t u d e n t s of t h a t c i t y r o s e because t h e i r p a r t i c u l a r ment was not meeting t h e i r needs and t h e i r govern- interests. I am a f r a i d i f the t e c h n o l o g i c a l o r i e n t a t i o n t h a t has been e x h i b i t e d by t h i s c o u n t r y o v e r p a r t i c u l a r l y the p a s t 50 y e a r s , t h e c o n t i n u e d d i s r e g a r d of t h e i n t e r e s t s of t h o s e people, t h a t t h e same t h i n g i s going t o happen here i n Washing** ton, D. C« i n t h e N a t i o n ' s C a p i t o l , w h i c h I t h i n k would be a v e r y a p p r o p r i a t e t h i n g , s y m b o l i z i n g t h e l a c k of response of t h e Government t o meet t h e needs o f the people^ of the people, by the people, ana f o r t h e people. THEi AUDIENCE: (applause) MR. When I f i r s t came t o Washington. LUCIlfiNOL: D. Co, on a h i t c h h i k i n g t r i p , I w a l k e d a l l o v e r t h e c i t y , t o t h e v a r i o u memorials, around t h e v a r i o u s parks—'•and i t * s a v e r y b e a u t i f u l city. I wonder i f i n 20 y e a r s I w i l l be a b l e t o f i n i s h the walk w i t h a son daughter o f mine t o t h e same memorials., same p a r k s , and same c i t y and s a y t h a t t h i s i s t h e C a p i t o l o f our c o u n t r y and t h i s i s the symbol o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s of A m e r i c a . h a t e t o sea an atmosphere I would t h a t c a n ' t be b r e a t h e d : park l a n d s be-*' • i n g c o m p l e t e l y paved over? b u s i n e s s e s and h i g h - r i s e o f f i c e b u i l d i n g s being' c o n s t r u c t e d r a t h e r t h a n people's homes and c people s p a r k s and people's c i t i e s , where people can j u s t come t o , a s I �143 s a i d b e f o r e , j u s t t o l e a d t h e i r l i v e s t h e way human b e i n g ought to. I r e a l l y don't have t o o much more t o s a y beyond t h i s : I have had p r e p a r e d v a r i o u s s e c t i o n s o f my t e r m paper t o r e a d back t o you, but a l l t h e s e arguments have a l r e a d y been much b e t t e r s a i d by people much more knowledgeable i n t h e v a r i o u s areas. I would j u s t l i k e t o conclude my remarks by s a y i n g t h a t i t i s up t o ycu - a s people~«as r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , s u p p o s e d l y t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e people o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, a f t e s b e a r i n g t h i s overwhelming testimony«-«=to s t a n d up ' f o r t h e r i g h t s o f t h e s e people,;, t h e r i g h t s o f y o u r s e l v e s a s i n d i v i d u a l s f o r t h e r i g h t s of your c h i l d r e n , t o s t a n d up and make your voicz be heard,, h e a r d i n such a way t h a t t h e d i g n i t y o f human b e i n g s i n t h i s c o u n t r y and t h i s c i t y and throughout t h e w o r l d c a n be p r e s e r v e d and promoted. THE AUDXEHCE: CHAIRMAN MOORE: Thank you. (applause) Mr. L u c h a n o l , thank you v e r y much f o r your t e s t i m o n y here t o n i g h t Above a l l , t h e depth . o f your s i n c e r i t y . I -want t o compliment you on t h e superb c h o i c e and noble words w i t h i n the E n g l i s h language t o e x p r e s s y o u r s e l f . THE AUDIENCE: (laughter) A VOICE FROM THE AUDXEHCE: COUNCILMAN MOORSi May I a s k the o t h e r members o f t h e C o u n c i l i f t h e y have q u e s t i o n s ? (no r e s p o n s e ) " S h i t " i s now l e g a l i s e d ? �149 CHAIRMAN MOORE: Mr, Maurice A« Davis,. B r o o k l a n d Heighborhcod A s s o c i a t i o n ? WES RED'PON 2 MR. MAURICE A, DAVIS, BROOKLAND NEIGHBORHOOD ASSOCIATION, APPROACHED THE MICROPHONE AND T E S T I F I E D I N SUBSTANCE AS FOLLOWS* CHAIRMAN MOORE: We a r e v e r y p l e a s e d t o welcome you h e r e , Mr, D a v i s . MR, DAVISx Mr. Chairman, e t h e r Members o f t h e C o u n c i l , I am M a u r i c e A. D a v i s , P r e s i d e n t o f t h e B r o o k l a n d Neighborhood •~*Civic A s s o c i a t i o n . I extend g r e e t i n g s t o you on b e h a l f o f t h e B r o o k l a n d Neighborhood. We t a k e t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y your i n v i t a t i o n t o a p p e a r b e f o r e you. t o accept I t i s our hope t o make known t o you and r e f l e c t a t t i t u d e s , moods, and s o on, e x p r e s s e d by t h e m a j o r i t y o J t h e people i n our community. We a s e l e c t e d o f f i c e r s and r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f B r o o k l a n d Neighborhood A s s o c i a t i o n a r e p u b l i c s e r v a n t s and f e e l a sense o f d u t y and r e sponsibility toward our community. However, we must admit t h a t t h e r e was some r e l u c t a n c e a s t o whether o r n o t we would appear b e f o r e you because o f t h e e v e n t s t h a t o c c u r r e d h e r e on August 9 t h , 1969. We w i l l g e t r i g h t t o t h e p o i n t . convey t o you t h a t w h i c h i s e x p r e s s e d L e t us by t h e r e s i d e n t s o f t h e B r o o k l a n d Neighborhood. They a r e a l l opposed t o a n y f r e e w a y s , gateways o r new roadways, coming through t h e i r community, I r e p e a t , we a r e �ooposed t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway- i n a s * I much a s i t w i l l not enhance our c i t y i n any way. Father i t would s e r v e m e r e l y t o accommodate any d e s i g n f o r t h e suburban commuter. I t i s not i n t h e b e s t i n t e r e s t o f , and, t h e r e f o r e , i t i s o f no v a l u e t o our community. I t would s e r v e i n a d d i t i o n t o d i s c r i m i n a t e a g a i n s t our community. The B r o o k l a n d Community i s a r a t h e r unique i n - t e g r a t e d m i d d l e - c l a s s neighborhood. t h a t i t be k e p t t h a t way. The c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e proposed f r e e w a y s c a r r i e s i n i t s wake : the d e s t r u c t i o n of dwellings .which a r e a l r e a d y i n c r i t i c a l demand. freeways I t i s e s p e c i a l l y desirous, The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a r c t h a t t h e y w i l l b i s e c t , d i s s e c t and s e p a r a t e s e c t i o n of t h e community from t h e o t h e r . way were c o n s t r u c t e d one I f the proposed f r e e - i t would e l i m i n a t e t a x a b l e r e a l e s t a t e , c o n t r i b u t e t o a i r p o l l u t i o n problems, and would not embrace a b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n program. I n t h a t t h e c i t i z e n s o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia "would not be prime u s e r s . An unbalanced s i t u a t i o n would r e s u l t by v i r t u e o f t h e f a c t t h a t t h e freeways would not p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y a l l e v i a t e t h e D i s t r i c t * s v e h i c l e I problems. The c i t y p l a n n e r s have a l r e a d y a d m i t t e d t h a t freeways a r e g o i n g t o be b u i l t f o r non-rush-hour t r a f f i c , a s s t a t e d by Mr. A i r i s . We a r e i n a c c o r d w i t h the D e m o c r a t i c C e n t r a l Committee "which recommends t h a t t h e r e be no more roadways t h r o u g i the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. �151 THE AUDIENCE: ME, DAVIS: are (applause) The automobile and t h e t r u c k r e q u i r e m e n t s i n s a t i a b l e and i f t h e s i t u a t i o n i s appeased by one free-ray t o d a y , a n o t h e r w i l l be b r e d t o m o r r o w — a n o t h e r s l a u g h t e r and haven f o r s e l f - s e r v i c e , self-interest alley lobbyists, big i n - t e r e s t d e v e l o p e r s , c o n c r e t e companies, and c o n t r a c t o r s , a l i k e * a r e a l l d e t e r i m e n t a l t o t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia. The r e s t r i c t i o n of the commuter t r a f f i c into the D i s t r i c t , augmented by the u t i l i s a t i o n of a s u r f a c e t r a n s i t system and u t i l i s a t i o n , of an imminent r a i l system, owned and o p e r a t e d by the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, i s the answer t o our dilemma. We o f B r o o k l a n d a r e aware t h a t time d i c t a t e s changes and we a r e not o n l y w i l l i n g b u t we demandto be i n s t r u m e n t a l i n b r i n g i n g about t h e s e changes. our But we w i l l not r e l i n q u i s h d u t y by s a n c t i o n s and t r a n s O r m a t i o n o f our neighborhood i n t o a j i g ~ s a w p u z z l e , brought about by a f r e e w a y w h i c h we do not need or want.. At t h e p r e s e n t t h e heads o f our Government a r e v e r y s e t by t h e p r o t e s t movements i n t h i s c o u n t r y . L e t us i n f o r m them t h a t t h i s c o u n t r y , a s our h i s t o r y t e l l s u s , were founded by people who were d i s s i d e n t s . We c a l l your a t t e n t i o n t o one o f t h e most i m p o r t a n t documents of our Government, and I quote? When i n t h e Course o f human events,, i t becomes up° �n e c e s s a r y f o r one people t o d i s s o l v e t h e p o l i t i c a l bands w h i c h have connected them w i t h a n o t h e r , and t o assume among t h e powers o f t h e e a r t h , t h e s e p a r a t e and e q u a l s t a t i o n t o 'which t h e Laws o f Mature and o f N a t u r e ' s God. e n t i t l e them, a decent r e s p e c t t o t h e o p i n i o n s o f mankind r e q u i r e s t h a t the< should d e c l a r e t h e c a u s e s w h i c h impel them t o t h e s e pa r a t i o n . — ; "We h o l d t h e s e t r u t h s t o be s e l f - e v i d e n t , t h a t all men a r e c r e a t e d e q u a l , t h a t t h e y a r e endowed by t h e i r Creator with certain, unalienable Rights, t h a t among t h e s e a r e L i f e , L i b e r t y and t h e piirsu.it of H a p p i n e s s . — "That t o s e c u r e t h e s e r i g h t s , Governments a r e i n s t i t u t e d among Men, d e r i v i n g t h e i r j u s t powers from t h e c o n s e n t o f t h e governed, «— "That 'whenever any Form o f Government becomes d e s t r u c t i v e o f t h e s e ends, i t i s t h e R i g h t o f t h e People t o a l t e r o r t o a b o l i s h i t , and t o i n s t i t u t e new Government, l a y i n g i t s f o u n d a t i o n on such p r i n c i p l e s and o r g a n i z i n g i t s powers i n such form, a s t o them s h a l l seem most l i k e l y t o e f f e c t t h e i r S a f e t y ana H a p p i n e s s , " THS AUD3SNC3« MR. DAVIS: (applause) We do not advocate o v e r t h r o w i n g t h e gove �153 :aent a s s u c h . But one would t h i n k t h a t d u r i n g t h e s e ultramoderr t i m e s u t o p i a n i s m i s being i m p r a c t i c a l . needs of t h e I t doesn't s e r v e t h e people. We would l i k e t o c a l l t o t h e Mayor's a t t e n t i o n a few q u e s t i o n s : What do we s a y t o our people i n B r o o k l a n d about t h e 69 homes he promised We t o r e t u r n t o t h e community? a r e nob here t o p e r s o n a l l y a t t a c k t h e Mayor. understand he has l i m i t e d power. should — We But we do not f e e l t h a t he but we do f e e l t h a t he should e x e r c i s e t h e power t h a t he does have. To date o n l y f i v e rented. (5) homes have been r e s t o r e d Our demands were home^cwnership. and We c a l l on t h e Mayor t o e x o n e r a t e t h e men who were a r r e s t e d f o r unboarding one (1) home a t the Corner o f 10th and F r a n k l i n . We must r e s t a t e t h a t t h e a c t o f t h e s e men was s y m b o l i c one. law. We a I t was not commuted out of d i s r e s p e c t f o r t h e c a l l on t h e Mayor a g a i n t o l i b e r a t e t h e s e men from t h e s e c h a r g e s , f o r t h e y a c t c u t o f r e s p e c t o f humanity. We want t h e heads of our Government t o know t h a t a r e concerned city. we about t h e many problems t h a t e x i s t here i n our Among; them a r e h e a l t h , h o u s i n g , c r i m e and underemployment Mr. Chairman, and Members o f the C o u n c i l , we a r e u r g i n g you not t o submit t o any more p o l i t i c a l o p p r e s s i o n . You have i n your hands the d e c i s i o n , t h e d e c i s i o n you make now w i l l decide �whether or not you w i l l d i v i d e t h i s community, o r whether you w i l l keep i t i n t e g r a t e d . I t i s v e r y important t h a t yon make t h e r i g h t decision because we don't t h i n k you w i l l g e t another chance. I n c l o s i n g , Mr, Chairman, I d i r e c t your a t t e n t i o n t o a small verse f r o a the Bible. You w i l l f i n d i t i n t h e O l d Testament: "God e x p e c t s more t h a n s a c r i f i c e s and o f f e r i n g s . Ee demands t h a t j u s t i c e he g i v e n t o a l l men: t o t h e poor a s w e l l a s t o t h e r i c h . Ee demands r i g h t e o u s n e s s i n a l l your d e a l i n g s e v e r y day o f t h e week. L e t j u s t i c e r o i l down l i k e w a t e r and r i g h t e o u s n e s s l i k e an e v e r f l o w i n g AMOS , stream," 5TH CHAPTER, 24TI-I VERSE. I am s u r e t h a t t h i s l i t t l e v e r s e i s f a m i l i a r t o yon. You have probably used i t i n your M i n i s t r y b e f o r e . I ti s just a l i t t l e thought t o pass on. On b e h a l f o f t h e Brookland C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n , I thank each and e v e r y one o f your f o r your p a t i e n c e i n l i s t e n i n g . CHAIRMAN MOORE: THE AUDIENCE: CHAIRMAN MOORE: Thank you v e r y much. (applause? You have been v e r y f o r t h r i g h t i n your t e s t i m o n y , and we do a p p r e c i a t e . b e r s of t h a C o u n c i l ? (no ! response} A r e t h e r e q u e s t i o n s from mem« �15: CHAIRMAN MOORE: Mr. you. J o s e p h Coleman,- C i t i z e n ? (no response) CHAIRMAN MOORS: Mr. Again we thank I f Mr. Coleman i s not p r e s e n t - B e r n a r d C a i n , Brookland C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n ? .WHEREUPON* MR. BERNARD CAIN, BROOKLAND C I T I Z E N S ASSOCIATION, TOOK THE WITNESS SEAT AND T E S T I F I E D I N SUBSTANCE AS FOLLOWS: CHAIRMAN MOORE: Mr. C a i n , we a r e v e r y p l e a s e d t o w e l - come you. MR. CAIN: Thanh you Reverend Moore. I am p l e a s e d t o be here t h i s morning. P r e s e n t a t i o n t o t h e Reverend Moore and t h e D. C. City Council: I appear here i n o p p o s i t i o n t o S e c t i o n 2 3 ( c ) o f t h e Highway A c t o f I 3 S 3 . As President o f the Brookland Citizens Association,., I w i s h t o e x p r e s s my a p p r e c i a t i o n f o r t h i s opport u n i t y t o speak. And I w i l l j u s t s t a t e f o r a moment t h a t I j u s t g o t t h r o u g h t y p i n g t h i s copy f o r t h e r e p o r t e r and I am s o r r y t h a t t h e y d i d n ' t have more carbons i n t h a t t y p e w r i t e r . I would have had one f o r a l l Of you. I was s i t t i n g back i n t h e back t o n i g h t and I took my time t o w r i t e t h i s , so. I hope you w i l l appreciate i t . I have been t o a l l o f t h e s e h e a r i n g s and I have been unable-«-working e v e r y d a y — t o forth. get t h i s done hence- �One, t h i s proposed f r e e w a y would s e v e r e the f u l l y integrated Specifically, success- B r o o k l a n d Michigan Park neighborhoods. i t would s e p a r a t e the raain C a t h o l i c Campus from a p p r o x i m a t e l y 30 d o r m i t o r i e s , University seminaries, r e l i g i o u s houses w h i c h a r e s i t u a t e d e a s t of 10th and Street, Northeast. A d d i t i o n a l l y , i t would r e n d e r somewhat i n a c c e s s i b l e the 12th S t r e e t , N o r t h e a s t shopping c e n t e r . T h i s i s the sole e x i s t i n g shopping a r e a f o r the 7,000 C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y and T r i n i t y C o l l e g e s t u d e n t s , as w e l l a s the neighborhood r e s i d e n t s . May I c a l l your a t t e n t i o n t o the d e m o l i t i o n o f T a y l o r S t r e e t B r i d g e , l o c a t e d o v e r the B&O Railroad the tracks. T h i s i s shown i n the Sunday S t a r F e b r u a r y 1 1 , I 9 S 3 , a l o n g w i t h some o f the 59 homes a l o n g the t h e n proposed North Freeway r o u t e . The ramps shown on t h e s k e t c h e d map t o death by G e n e r a l Duke. p l e t e d by November 1939 later i t s t i l l Central T h i s b r i d g e was t o have been com- w a l k up t h e r e tomorrow. c designated Over two year l o o k s the same. The t o t a l North C e n t r a l t a k e s 191 homes and nesses. The a r e a between F r a n k l i n S t r e e t and took 440 dwellings u n i t s and a t $2,606,000 t a x a b l e . of the 69 mentioned). 121 busi- Euchanan S t r e e t 23 b u s i n e s s p r o p e r t i e s assessed Today i t i s 101 hemes (32 of t h e s e Now are i t i s 35 b u s i n e s s e s . A need f o r t h i s commuter road i s d o u b t f u l . As a r e a s o n a b l e t r a f f i c count on the N o r t h e a s t S t r e e t s has not been �p o s s i b l e s i n c e 1932. F i r s t - Monroe• then 12th, were paved, f o l l o w e d by 13th; t h e n erne Rhode I s l a n d Avenue? North C a p i t o l S t r e e t ? Michigan Avenue? and now S t r e e t Bridge s t i l l unuseable. d e t o u r s t r e e t s wear out and New York Avenue and t h e People a r e r e r o u t e d don't get r e p a i r e d . and Taylor the Perhaps the C o u n c i l s h o u l d recommend t h a t t h e Bureau of P u b l i c Roads become i n v o l v e d on a 50«=>50 b a s i s and r e q u i r e t h a t detour be repaved whenever damaged by t r u c k t r a f f i c n e c e s s i t y of c i t i z e n s ' r e q u e s t s . This city routes Without the i s i n bad shape. These f r e e w a y s we a r e t o l d w i l l g e n e r a t e b u s i n e s s . wonder why I t h e E l i t e T h e a t e r n e x t t o the Southwest Freeway i s closed? The C o u n c i l s h o u l d a s k Congress t o L e g i s l a t e power t o charge Motor V e h i c l e Owners an a n n u a l f e e of $20,00 t o p o s i t i v e crankcase p o l l u t i o n control devices. inspect T h e r e i s one b e i n g e'eve loped t h a t can be put on a v e h i c l e i n p l a c e of a m u f f l e r t h a t w i l l reduce the carbon Monoxide c o n t e n t from t o 0.6%. 3.6% I a s k t h a t you p l a c e t h i s p o l l u t i o n c o n t r o l c o s t d a t a i n t o the record. What does Montgomery County o f f e r i n exchange f o r the D, C. s a c r i f i c e s of t h e s e homes and and I am s o r r y — - i t i s y e s t e r d a y ' s F e b r u a r y 6, 1970, t h i s t o the reads: streets? Tonight's paper-" now-^the Suburban Record "Freeway Dumped." I w i s h t o submit record. I n o r d e r t o c o r r e c t a misunderstand the 1953 Federal �15S A i d Highway A c t o f 1953., i n the C o n g r e s s i o n a l Record, J u l y 2, 1968, Page H 5337, C h a p t e r housing: 5, S e c t i o n 5 0 5 ( a ) , Replacement "Such payment, not t o exceed $5,000, s h a l l be t h e amount, i f any.*.such payment s h a l l be made o n l y t o a d i s p l a c e d owner who p u r c h a s e s and o c c u p i e s a d w e l l i n g w i t h i n one y e a r subsequent t o t h e d a t e on w h i c h he i s r e q u i r e d t o move from the d w e l l i n g a c q u i r e d f o r the p r o j e c t . " High i n t e r e s t r a t e s may dash such owner hopes and l e t Mr. A i r i s o f f the hook* Without naming names I assume t h a t t h e r e a r e members on t h i s Committee who w i t h i n the l a s t two y e a r s have waxed eloquent on the need o f D i s t r i c t r e s i d e n t s f o r Home R u l e and s e l f - d e t e r m i n a t i o n on seme o f the m a t t e r s which a f f e c t them. A r e t h e s e same members s t i l l o f t h e o p i n i o n t h a t t h e d e s i r e s o f c i t i z e n s o f a community should be r e s p e c t e d ? How can those members c r y f o r Home Rule a s t h e y stomp i n t h e d u s t t h o s e who p r o t e s t the t a k i n g o f t h e i r homes? Make t h e J a n u a r y 2„ I S 7 0 R e p u b l i c a n H e a d l i n e s i n t h e £ D a i l y News t r u e , TQ EXPAND PARKS AND RECREATION. ! I would l i k e t o submit t h i s t o the r e c o r d also., Make t h e 1970 U o r l d Almanac changes page 6 3 1 , under Washington; D c Co, r e a d s , q u o t e : "The new C o u n c i l , t a k i n g o f f i c e i n 1957, and t h e newly appointed N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Coaimission attempted a f t e r p u b l i c h e a r i n g s t o e l i m i n a t e two p r o j e c t s c a l l e d f o r by t h e Highway A c t o f 1953. orooosed These were a T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e o v e r t h e Potomac and the North �159 C e n t r a l Freeway. Unable t o o b t a i n r e l e a s e o r subway funds O t h e r w i s e , t h e C o u n c i l v o t e d i n August 1959 t o a c c e p t t h e b r i d g e and f r e e w a y , w i t h t h e p r o v i s i o n t h a t an a l t e r n a t e f r e e w a y route- would be s t u d i e d . " You actions. c a n w i t h d r a w t h i s n a t i o n a l r e c o g n i t i o n by your 1 t h a n k you f o r your attendance a t t h i s l a t e hour. TEE AUDIENCE: CHAIRMAN MOORS: worthy testimony. (applause) Thank you, Mr. C a i n , f o r your v e r y The m a t e r i a l you have r e q u e s t e d t o be e n t e r e d i n t o t h e r e c o r d i s o r d e r e d t o be e n t e r e d i n t o t h e record. Are t h e r e q u e s t i o n s from my f e l l o w Councilman? (no r e s p o n s e ) CHAIRMAN MOORE: MR. CAIN: A g a i n we thank you, s i r . I would a l s o l i k e t o send you l a t e r a copy o f t h e a l t e r n a t e l o c a t i o n s s t u d i e s f o r t h e E a s t Leg Freeway, d a t e d i n 1952. should read it. I think, t h a t t h o s e o f you t h a t don't have i t I t ' s r a t h e r o l d b u t i t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o note how some o f t h e s e t h i n g s have developed. I don't have a carbon w i t h me b u t I w i l l t r y and g e t you one. CHAIRMAN MOORE: MR. CAIN: Thank you, s i r . Thank you, s i r . CHAIRMAN MOORE: Thank you, and we w i l l be v e r y happy to r e c e i v e i t . Mr. John C a r t e r , A s s i s t a n t D i r e c t o r , T r i a n g l e M i n i s t r y ? t �150 (no r e s p o n s e ) CHAIRMAN MOORS: Miss L i n d a R o d r i g u e s , Undergraduate Student, C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y of America. WHEREUPON, MISS LINDA RODRIGUES, UNDERGRADUATE STUDENT, CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, TOOK THE WITNESS SEAT AND T E S T I F I E D I N SUBSTANCE A3 FOLLOWS: MISS RGDRIGUES: Thanh you. CHAIRMAN MOORE: Miss R o d r i g u e s , we a r e v e r y p l e a s e d t o welcome you here t h i s morning. MISS RODRIGUES: Thanh you. My name i s L i n d a R o d r i g u e s , and I am a s t u d e n t a t t h e C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y o f America and a l s o a member o f t h e Undergraduate ment a t C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y . Student Govern^ B e f o r e I r e a d my t e s t i m o n y , 1 would l i k e t o p r e f a c e my statement w i t h a few remarks concerning e x a c t l y why I am here t h i s e v e n i n g . Tuesday o f t h i s week you a l l heard t h e t e s t i m o n y of D r . C„ Joseph N i e s e , Provost, o f our U n i v e r s i t y . t h i s morning because I am here I believe that h i s testimony d i d not a t a l l a d e q u a t e l y e x p r e s s t h e f e e l i n g s o f t h e over 8,000 people which comprise our U n i v e r s i t y community. The North C e n t r a l Free-way i f built — r a t h e r than p r o v i d i n g a r e a l i s t i c s o l u t i o n t o t h e t r a n s i t problem a s i t i s now i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia w i l l b r i n g h a r d s h i p t o more t h a n 1,500 persons whom i t w i l l d i s p l a c e , r o b t h e D i s t r i c t o f i t s �161 now-limited parkland (case i n point: F o r t Totten thousands t o loose; t h e i r j o b s due 120 p l a c e s of b u s i n e s s , and one P a r k ) , cause t o the d e s t r u c t i o n of over i n c r e a s e what we now know t o of our major n a t i o n a l problems, a i r p o l l u t i o n . be In addition, i t i s obvious t h a t the North C e n t r a l Freeway would p r i m a r i l y accommodate t r a f f i c coming from o u t s i d e would be of o n l y l i m i t e d a c c e s s the D i s t r i c t , s i n c e i t t o D. C, d r i v e r s . The freeway, i n t h e e v e n t t h a t i t s h o u l d be c o n s t r u c t e d , w i l l not s e r v e r e s o l v e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems f o r r e s i d e n t s of the but to District r a t h e r c r e a t e an e n v i r o n m e n t a l nightmare. As a s t u d e n t of C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y I must r e g i s t e r my outrage a t the f a c t t h a t t h i s proposed, f r e e w a y w i l l not o n l y d i r e c t l y a f f e c t our campus by t a k i n g the l a n d i n f r o n t of our d o r m i t o r i e s - on B r o o k l a n d Avenue but w i l l d e s t r o y t h e homes, and b u s i n e s s e s The of many of c u r neighbors, i n the B r o o k l a n d a r e a . North C e n t r a l Fjreeway, t h e n , does not promise t o be an i n t e l l i g e n t nor transportation. a sprawling, s e n s i t i v e s o l u t i o n t o our problem o f Rather, i t w i l l t u r n the nation's C a p i t o l i n t o 30-mile n e t w o r t h o f c o n c r e t e . I t w i l l l e a v e many r e s i d e n t s of t h e D i s t r i c t homeless, o t h e r s w i t h o u t adequate a c c e s s t o the roadway, s t i l l o t h e r s of low answer t o t h e i r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs, and c h o k i n g on e x h a u s t fumes. THE AUDIENCE: CHAIRMAN MOORE: Thank income w i t h o u t an i t w i l l leave a l l you. (applause) Thank you. Miss R o d r i q u e s u We didn't I �g a t a chance t o a s k you any q u e s t i o n s , but t h a t ' s a i l r i g h t . T E E AUDIENCE: THE COUNCIL: (laughter) (laughter) CHAIRMAN MOORE; F i l a r s k i , Undergraduate The n e x t w i t n e s s i s Mr, Kenneth Student, C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y , WHEREUPON, MR. KENNETH F I L A R S K I , UNDERGRADUATE STUDENT, CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY, TOOK THE WITNESS SEAT AND T E S T I F I E D I N SUBSTANCE AS FOLLOWS: CHAIRMAN MOORE: We a r e v e r y p l e a s e d t o welcome you here t h i s morning,, Mr, F i l a r s k i , MR, F I L A R S K I : Same t o you, s i r . My name i s Kenneth Ob F i l a r s k i , and I am c u r r e n t l y s e r v i n g a s the P r e s i d e n t , Undergraduate The C a t h o l i c U n i v e r s i t y o f America. Student Government a t I want t o s a y r i g h t now t h a t I would l i k e t o add a p o s t s c r i p t t o my o f f i c i a l I t reads a s thus: statement: P a r t o f the proposed f r e e w a y system i s i n t e n d e d t o be my neighbor^ The North C e n t r a l Freeway will d i v i d e t h e p l a c e where I l i v e from, the p l a c e where I l e a r n and work, , : The s t u d e n t concern t o a u n i v e r s i t y and a community ( i n t h i s c a s e the B r o o k l a n d a r e a o f N o r t h e a s t W a s h i n g t o n ) • i s e q u a l t o t h a t o f h i s f a c u l t y and a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . I nfact a t t i m e s the s t u d e n t concern i s more v a l i d t h a n the o t h e r his because f o u r y e a r movement through a u n i v e r s i t y does not n e c e s s i t a t e �163 him c u l t i v a t i n g v e s t e d p o l i t i c a l i n t e r e s t s h u t r a t h e r a l l o w s his p o l i t i c a l i n t e r e s t s t o remain o b j e c t i v e , both t o a p a r t i - c u l a r and a g e n e r a l s i t u a t i o n . The s t u d e n t t h e r e f o r e i s a p p a l l e d a t t h e seemingly t o t a l unconcern t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and t h e Congress o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s have f o r t h e C i t y o f Washington, D. C„ I n a time when an e f f o r t t o t a k e p r e s s u r e , whether i t be c o n s c i o u s o r s u b c o n s c i o u s , o f f t h e w a r i n Vietnam w i t h a n a t i o n w i d e d r i v e t o r e p a i r t h e e c o l o g i c a l damage and upgrade t h e l i v e a b i l i t y o f t h e environment i s supported by t h e F r e s i = dent and t h e Congress o f t h i s U n i t e d S t a t e s , t h e s e same people, t h e s e same i n d i v i d u a l s s a y n o t h i n g o r n e x t t o n o t h i n g about a 30-mile f r e e w a y system proposed t o e x i s t w i t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia. I n t h e l e a s t I s a y t h e s e two p o s i t i o n s a r e not h a r monious w i t h each o t h e r . are B u t w h e t h e r o r not t h e two p o s i t i o n s n o t i n a c c o r d t h e r e i s a v a l u e o f a much h i g h e r n a t u r e , t h a t i s , and I speak o f , t h e people^ The people who r e s i d e here i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Those w i t h whom yon r e f e r t o i n your census c h a r t s . . . t h o s e t o whom you s a y one l i b r a r y s h o u l d s e r v e s o many people? o r one f i r e s t a t i o n , o r one s c h o o l . But do t h o s e r a t i o s s e r v e t h e n o t i o n o f "people" that i s , a p l u r a l i t y of i n d i v i d u a l s which g i v e s r i s e t o a v a r i a b l e f i e l d o f i n t e r r e l a t i o n s . , o r i s t h e i d e a confused w i t h �164 "mass" (an amorphous a g g r e g a t i o n of human u n i t s , made amorphous by t h e s i m p l e f a c t o f being lumped together,} Or a r e t h e r a t i o s such t h a t t h e N o r t h Leg, E a s t L e g , and N o r t h C e n t r a l Freeway approaches w i t h i n no l e s s t h a n si:-: b l o c k s i t h r e e u n i v e r s i t i e s (not t o mention t h e Three S i s t e r s i n t e r c h a n g e and Georgetown U n i v e r s i t y and t w e n t y - f o u r e l e m e n t a r m i d d l e , and s e n i o r - h i g h schools. How many people does one have t o have t o o b t a i n a . freeway? myself? for I f I l i v e i n Montgomery County, may I have one f o r What I am s a y i n g i s t h a t f r e e w a y s a r e n o t t h e answer human movement. ment n o t h i n d e r . and b u s i n e s s Remember v e h i c l e s a r e t o a i d human mover Human movement t h a t f o r c e s f a m i l y r e l o c a t i o n r e l o c a t i o n i s n o t a t a l l human. d i s p l a c e d f a m i l i e s and hundreds o f b u s i n e s s e s Thousands o f t h a t employ thousands a r e , i f no one r e a l i s e s ^ human.. "No p r e v i o u s s o c i e t y h a s made q u i t e so l i t t l e o f the knowledge and t e c h n o l o g y a v a i l a b l e , o r f e l l so f a r s h o r t o f what i m a g i n a t i v e concerted action c o u l d b r i n g about. . . our i s a s o c i e t y o f w a s t e d gain." T h a t i s .quoted from Aldo van Eyck, Professor of A r c h i t e c t u r e , I n s t i t u t e o f Technology, D e l f t , H o l l a n d . I, t h e r e f o r e , am a g a i n s t a l l f r e e w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n a s proposed by t h e Highway Department o f trie D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, J a n u a r y , 19^0. �165 CHAIRMAN MOOR?!: Thank you. Oh, you a r e not q u i t e finished? MRo FILARSKI: That's quite a i l right. I am much a g a i n s t f r e e w a y s f o r o t h e r r e a s o n s : t h a t the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, the Congress I think of the U n i t e d S t a t e s and t h e D i s t r i c t Highway Department, have f o r c e d our U n i v e r s i ^ t y t o compromise i t s e l f — t h a t i s , are linked very c l o s e l y t o - g e t h e r , a l a n d g r a n t p r o p o s a l from our U n i v e r s i t y t o t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia f o r 1.2 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s w o r t h of l a n d and p r o p e r t y a s t h e r e a s o n f o r t h e U n i v e r s i t y t a k i n g a of t h e r o a d " s t a n d on t h e f r e e w a y . "middle There i s a t h i n g 'when you want t o get money from t h e D. C. Highway Department and opposing a . f r e e w a y proposed by them. A l s o , I would l i k e t o s t a t e t h a t I come from t h a S t a t e of Ohio, I n the s t a t e o f Ohio and the s t a t e of M i c h i g a n , t h e foremost s t a t e s i n c o m p l e t i n g t h e i r highway s y s t e m s , a s score s 'those roads a r e opened t h e y a r e f u l l of a u t o m o b i l e s . You are just aggravating a s i t u a t i o n . A l s o another statement: Me h e l p e d the D i s t r i c t — t h a t i s , the U n i v e r s i t y , t o a v e r t a p o s s i b l e d i s a s t e r t h e 'weekend of November the 15thj t h e weekend of march on Washington, when we h e l p e d house over 3,000 people Who District. were coming i n t o t h e We h e l p e d them by keeping them o f f of the s t r e e t s ? we helped them i n a c r i s i s . I s i t not time f o r the D i s t r i c t Columbia t o h e l p the people w i t h i n i t and a v e r t a n o t h e r of crisis �156 i n keeping t h e i r automobiles o f f t h e i r s t r e e t s , or b u i l d i n g l a r g e r s t r e e t s f o r these automobiles? You s e e , I t h i n k we go from a l i m i t e d t o t a l l o s s t o a l i m i t l e s s t o t a l l o s t . Another t h i n g h i t me: Outside your v e r y C o u n c i l doors t h e r e i s a quote f o r P r e s i d e n t M c K i n l e y , 'which s a y s : "You t r i u m p h o v e r o b s t a c l e s w h i c h would have overcome men l e s s b r a v e and d e t e r m i n e d . " I would w i 3 h and I would hope t h a t t h e C i t y C o u n c i l of t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia would t a k e t h a t up a s t h e i r model. Thank you. THE AUDIENCE: (applause) CHAIRMAN MOORS: Thank you v e r y much, Mr. F i l a r s k i f o r your v e r y f i n e t e s t i m o n y . A r e t h e r e q u e s t i o n s from members of t h e C o u n c i l ? CHAIRMAN HAHN: No. Thank you v e r y coming. COUNCILMAN HAYWOOD: No q u e s t i o n s . COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: No q u e s t i o n s . CHAIRMAN MOORS: We a r e v e r y p l e a s e d t h a t so many o f you have reamined u n t i l t h i s morning t o l i s t e n t o t h e s e v e r y e x c e 1 l e n t t e s t iraon i e s » I w i s h t o t h a n k you f o r t h e c o u r t e o u s w i t h w h i c h you have t r e a t e d t h e C o u n c i l and responded t o the C h a i r . I want t o thank a l l o f t h e p e r s o n n e l who have worked h e r e i n t h i s room today and on o t h e r d a y s . session of the Council hearing. This i s the 11th �167 1 CHAIRMAN MOORS: Yes, sir? A VOICE FROM TEE AUDIENCE: t o be put on the l i s t t o n i g h t . CHAIRMAN MOORE: Mr. Hamilton and I asked He were numver f o u r ( 4 ) . Sorry, s i r . W i l l you come f o r w a r d now. THE AUDIENCE: (applause) CHAIRMAN MOORE: A VOICE: I s t h i s Mr. S c h e i r e r and Mr. Hamilton? Mr. S c h e i r e r . WHEREUPON, MRo WILLIAM K, SCHEIRER AMD MR. PERRY HAMILTON, TOOK THE WITNESS SEAT AND T E S T I F I E D I E SUBSTANCE AS FOLLOWS: MR, SCHEIRER: Mr. Hamilton w i l l b e g i n . CHAIRMAN MOORE: MRo HAMILTON: Mr. Hamilton; you a r e welcome, s i r . Thank you, s i r . Gentlemen, t h e stu-* dents who appeared here t o n i g h t a r e s t r u g g l i n g i n a v e r y r e a l way t o communicate w i t h what i t seen a s a v e r y u n r e s p o n s i v e system. A l t h o u g h t h e i r o c c a s i o n a l c h o i c e o f -words may be d e - b a t a b l e , t h e i r anger and f r u s t r a t i o n a r e j u s t i f i e d . Even i n c i t i e s w i t h s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t t h e money, power and e x p e r t i s e of t h e highway lobby and t h e Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads e f f e c t i v e l y s u b v e r t and t w i s t the w i l l o f t h e m a j o r i t y a g a i n s t i t s e l f . book t h a t I am h o l d i n g up here i s e n t i t l e d This, "JACKSON - PARK «~ a c a s e s t u d y f o r Department o f Developing and P l a n n i n g , Chicago Illinois " u I t i s done by Johnson, Johnson and Roy, I n c o r p o r a t e �3.63 La nd a cap-a A r c h i t e c t s , and 1„ imagine, o t h e r s . from a Highway Department s o u r c e t h a t was I understand k i n d enough t o l e c t u r e a t a graduate •-'level c o u r s e t h a t I took l a s t s e m e s t e r , t h a t t h e Bureau o f P u b l i c Roads expended 1 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s i n a p u b l i c r e l a t i o n s campaign t h a t l e a d up t o the c o r r i d o r h e a r i n g s a t w h i c h t h i s s t u d y was used. They i n d i c a t e d a t the second h e a r i n g s I b e l i e v e a t what t h e y c a l l the as s u c c e s s f u l . The i n Chicago-^ 8 "design hearings"»~weren t q u i t e people s t a r t e d t o a s k some q u e s t i o n s about the assumptions t h a t were behind the roads. B e f o r e bee i n n i n g my remarks about the f r e e w a y I would l i k e t o make a few comments t o Chairman Hahn. Although he i s not h e r e , I would l i k e f o r someone t o convey the message t o him, t h a t t h e i s s u e of the d e m o l i t i o n s h o u l d be p l a c e d b e f o r e the C o u n c i l ' s of the Old Planning Post O f f i c e Chambers. the F i n e A r t s Commission i s s u c c e s s f u l i n d e s t r o y i n g this If re« l i e f from c l a s s i c s . ] monotony and b u i l d s a n a t i o n a l square a s w e l l , t h e h e a r t of our c i t y w i l l be an even more u n i n v i t i n g p l a c e t o w a l k and t o be. THE MR. p e l one AUDIENCE: HAMILTON: {applause} As a businessman, I would l i k e t o myth b e f o r e I go any the end. of my t e s t i m o n y . further. I was going t o put i t a t But we have h e a r d much about the of f r e e w a y s c o n t r i b u t i n g t o t h e d e c l i n e of b u s i n e s s city. dis- lack in this I am a Member of the 13th and Columbia Road Businessmen's �159 Association,, freeways I am a r e a l e s t a t e b r o k e r , and I am a g a i n s t u THE AUDIENCE: (applause) MRc HAMILTON: I would l i k e t o quote from an a r t i c l e i n t h e Washington P o s t , F e b r u a r y 5th, 1970, the B u s i n e s s and F i n a n c e S e c t i o n , where i t s a y s : "The Mayer's Economic Development Committee d i d a s u r v e y o f 100 businessmen a t random from each of the c i t y ' s I w i l l quote from t h e quadrants." article: "The respondents, about 10% o f whom a r e white„ complained t h a t t h e r i s i n g c r i m e r a t e and t h e i r i n a b i l i t y t o f i n d adequate i n s u r a n c e p r o t e c t i o n threaten.'; t h e s u r v i v a l o f t h e i r s t o r e s 0 01% r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e y had e i t h e r poor i n s u r a n c e c o v e r a g e o r none a t a l l , and some owners w i t h p o l i c i e s are apparently a f r a i d t o report loses. A m a j o r i t y o f the businessmen, 64%, f e l t t h a t p o l i c e p r o t e c t i o n was fair„ was good. None thought i t B u t t h e remainder c l a s s i f i e d p u b l i c s e c u r i t y f o r t h e i r s t o r e s a s poor - 12%; f o r non-existent, 24%. F a c i n g t h e s e problems most businessmen p r e d i c t e d a b l e a k f u t u r e . " Gentlemen, J. d i d n ' t r e a d a n y t h i n g i n t h i s a r t i c l e either before,, i n o r a f t e r t h i s quote, t h a t r e f e r r e d t o f r e e w a y s �170 and I c a n ' t understand t h e a t t i t u d e c f t h e Highway Department. Much has been s a i d about highway c o n g e s t i o n . The 1916 Highway A c t — a n d t h i s was t h e f i r s t Highway A c t t h a t was passed i n the country—^said as follows: "The U n i t e d S t a t e s such a i d t h e s t a t e s i n con- s t r u c t i o n o f r u r a l post roads and f o r o t h e r purposeso" I t ' s t h e "other purposes" gentlemen t h a t we a r e here t o d i s c u s s tonight. They have somewhat expanded t h a t from r u r a l post roads. I t a l s o provided that " a l l roads s h a l l be f r e e from t o l l s of a l l k i n d s . " L e t u s examine t h e type o f commitment g i v e n t o highway-tin 1916. The i n i t i a l commitment was a 5-year commitment o f 5 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s a year. The a c t u a l amounts a p p r o p r i a t e d f o r t h a t 5 y e a r p e r i o d were z 5 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s ? 10 m i l l i o n dollars? 15 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s - 20 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s ? and 25 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s * respectively. S i n c e 1916, e v e r y penny a u t h o r i s e d f o r highways has been a p p r o p r i a t e d . And I emphasise, gentlemen, f o r roads w h i c h , quote, " s h a l l be f r e e from t o l l s o f a l l b i n d s . " s i m i l a r commitment t o t r a n s i t •-"•a mass t r a n s i t - ^ w o u l d toll-free A mean subways. What h a s been t h e impact o f t h i s freedom from t o l l s ? "C« O. M..." i n an a r t i c l e p u b l i s h e d in. a q u a r t e r l y j o u r n a l of �171 economics, November 1953, e n t i t l e d an Highway S e r v i c e s , " c o n c l u d e s t h a t "Economic A n a l y s i s of "congestion has assumed the f u n c t i o n o r d i n a r i l y performed by p r i c e i n a system,, " and recommends t h a t u s e r - t a x e s be implemented to r e - g u l a t e demand f o r f r e e w a y s . operating free-private-market Contrary t o popular b e l i e f nominal c o s t s such as t i r e , t i m e , f u e l , t i r e - w e a r , d e p r e c i a t i o n and r o g i s t r a t i o n f e e s and are f i x e d costs—-not user taxes. personal insurance, property taxes These c o s t s a r e p a i d a u t o m o b i l e owners whether or not t h e y d r i v e i n t o the by city, so t h e s e c o s t s do not e.ffect t h e i r d e c i s i o n as t o whether or not t o d r i v e i n t o the c i t y . The main u s e r - t a x e s c u r r e n t l y i n e f f e c t i s the per g a l l o n t a x on g a s o l i n e , and nominal, i n my o p i n i o n , this tax i s the p r i c e and q u a l i t y of a l t e r n a t i v e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i s a major f a c t o r i n f l u e n c i n g highway demand. T h i s i s s u b s t a n t i a t e d by a 1953 an a r t i c l e by L. N, Moses and Chicago s t u d y . My reference i s H. P, V ? i l I i a m s o n , J r . , entitled,-, "VALUE CF TIME, CHOICE OF MODE, AND THE SUBSIDY ISSUE IN URBAN TRANSPORTATION," p r i n t e d i n the J o u r n a l of P o l i t i c a l Economics, June 19S3. T h e r e were two major c o n c l u s i o n s f i r s t conclusion, of t h i s s t u d y . The u s u a l l y a p a r t of Highway Department's argument i n f a v o r of f r e e w a y s and a g a i n s t mass t r a n s i t , i n d i c a t e t h a t a subway of mass t r a n s i t f a r e s would have t o be a subsidy? negative t h a t i s t o s a y , an a c t u a l c a s h payment d i r e c t l y t o subway r i d e r t o induce him out of h i s a u t o m o b i l e . The second �172 c o n c l u s i o n of t h i s s t u d y u s u a l l y i g n o r e d b y highway p l a n n e r s i n d i c a t e s t h a t an i n c r e a s e i n t h e per t r i p c o s t o f automobile t r a v e l o f $.70 par t r i p o r $1.40 p e r day would i n d u c e 5.1% o f a u t o m o b i l e u s e r s o u t o f t h e i r c a r s onto o t h e r modes o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and t h a t an i n c r e a s e o f $1,00 p e r t r i p , o r $2.00 per day;, would i n d u c e 7 7 % , o r 'would have induced 7 7 % o f a u f o ^ mobile u s e r s i n C h i c a g o under o t h e r modes o f t r a n s i t i n 1953„ One c a n o n l y guess what t h a t would be t o d a y . The Hew York Magazine, September 22nd, 1959, s u g g e s t s s e v e r a l s o l u t i o n s t o Hew Y o r k ' s problem. S i m i l a r concept should be c o n s i d e r e d b e f o r e a n y f r e e w a y s a r e b u i l t i n t h e District, I w i l l r e a d a few o f t h e more r e l e v a n t s u g g e s t i o n s from t h e magazine: " C o l l e c t t o l l s o f $1.00 on b r i d g e s and t u n n e l s w e s t bound o n l y . T h i s would lower t h e c o s t o f c o n s t r u c t i o n - o p e r a t i o n and maintenance and would speed t r a f f i c , " "To rai.se t h e low a v e r a g e o f 3..7 persons p e r v e h i c l e entering the c i t y . C o l l e c t t o o l s i n inverse proposition t o the number o f people i n t h e c a r . " Accordingly., f o u r ( 4 ) people t r a v e l i n g i n a c a r would pay a t o l l o f $ o 2 5 , w h i l e one parson would pay a t o l l o f $1.00. "Improve s e r v i c e i n q u a l i f y of mass t r a n s i t t o i n c r e a s e usage, " "iUiiminate e n t i r e l y a l l bus and subway f a r e s w i t h i n t h e �173 burroughs o f New York C i t y and f i n a n c e t h e upkeep o f t h e t r a n s i t 1 s y s t e m by 'commuter t a x , t o be p a i d by a l l r e s i d e n t , nonr e s i d e n t s and b u s i n e s s e s e a r n i n g income i n t h e c i t y , ' t o be collected weakly l i k e withholding t a x . " Even w i t h t h e proposed subway, gentlemen, w i l l we be a b l e t o do a s p o i n t t h r e e s a y s , "Improve s e r v i c e and q u a l i t y ? " To answer t h a t q u e s t i o n we have t o t u r n a b r o c h u r e p u b l i s h e d by METRO and examine some o f t h e i r f i g u r e s on e s t i m a t e d r i d e r ship. On page 27 o f t h i s l i t t l e b r o c h u r e i t s a y s , "To measure- Metro's revenue p o t e n t i a l an e x t e n s i v e a n a l y s i s o f r i d e r s h i p was undertaken u t i l i s i n g t h e l a t e s t a v a i l a b l e r e g i o n a l d a t a and t h e most up-to-date proven computer t e c h n i q u e s . " To e s t i m a t e r i d e r s h i p c e r t a i n b a s i c assumptions were n e c e s s a r y . F o r s t u d y p u r p o s e s , i t was assumed t h a t b y 1975 a f r e e w a y s y s t e m w i l l be i n p l a c e i n v o l v i n g t h e complete i n n e r loop network o f t h e F o r t h , South, E a s t and C e n t e r Legs3 Completion o f 1-55 and t h e T h r e e S i s t e r s B r i d g e a c r o s s t h e Potomac? c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway? 1-95? and a p o r t i o n o f t h e N o r t h e r n Parkway i n Maryland. the By 1990 we assume highway s y s t e m . w i l l i n c l u d e t h e o u t e r b e l t w a y , t h e M o n t i c e 1 Freeway., e x t e n s i o n s o f t h e I n d i a n Head Highway, S o u t h e a s t E x p r e s s w a y , and C e n t r a l Avenue,, And t h e s e , o f c o u r s e we h a v e n ' t r even h e a r d about t o n i g h t because t h e y a r e somewhere down t h e pike. �174 We must conclude t h a t our proposed r a i l t r a n s i t s y s t e m c o u l d not f i l l the demand c r e a t e d by e l i m i n a t i n g our freeway system. T h e r e f o r e , c o n c u r r e n t w i t h your r e p u d i a t i o n of t h e e n t i r e proposed f r e e w a y system you must r e q u e s t a complete r e v i e w of Metro f o r t h e purpose of b u i l d i n g g r e a t e r c a p a b i l i t y i n t o t h e system. Based on Metro f i g u r e s , a n n u a l r i d e r t r i p s i n will be 348,848,000. 1990 A r e c e n t experiment i n T o r o n t o l e a v e s us t o q u e s t i o n the v a l i d i t y of t h i s e s t i m a t e even i f the freeways are b u i l t . experiment: L e t me g i v e you some of the d e t a i l s of t h i ; a 4 2 - m i l e r a p i d t r a n s i t system was b u i l t on e x i s t i n g r a i l r o a d network. The an P r o v i n c e of O n t a r i o i n v e s t e d $24 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s i n r o l l i n g s t o c k , t r a c k improvement and stations. T h a t comes t o about $1.3 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s per m i l e . I n the most r e c e n t -12—month p e r i o d t h e r e was o p e r a t i n g d e f i c i t of t h i s $2.5 $2.5 m i l l i o n dol.la.rs. m i l l i o n d o l l a r s was the f r i n g e p a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s $.05 an million of expended, gentlemen, t o expand and t h e s i z e of t h e s t a t i o n s to accommodate u n a n t i c i p a t e d demand. The P l a n n i n g Department u n d e r e s t i m a t e d demand by 34% and u n d e r e s t i m a t e d the f i r s t year a c u r r e n t y e a r demand by 6 *3o/ The Government n e v e r had planned t h a t the system would be s e l f - s u s t a i n i n g . The development t h a t i s t a l c i n g p l a c e i n �175 areas convenient ------ - t o t h e " g o - s t a t i o n " h a s brought UP a c o n t i n u i n g - - i n c r e a s e in- p a s s e n g e r s . —- - -- — T h a t i s quoted d i r e c t l y from t h e a r t i c l e w h i c h was p u b l i s h e d i n B u s i n e s s Week-- J a n u a r y 3 r d , 1970. I recommend i t f o r your p e r u s a l . We h a v e , i n c a s e people i n t h e audience a r e not aware of t h i s — p e r h a p s maybe t h e C o u n c i l Members a r e n ' t — b u t s h o u l d be, because i t i s probably they on t h e i r map up t h e r e ( i n - dicating) . T h i s Map, gentlemen, i s p r i n t e d by t h e Department of Highway T r a f f i c . REPORTER'S NOTE: (Mr. Hamilton approached t h e C o u n c i l bench and proceeded t o t e s t i f y i n substance MR. HAMS uTON: as follows:) The b l a c k marks on t h i s m a p — t h e b l a c k lines indicating existing r a i l - l i n e s i n t h e Washington a r e a ( i n d i c a t i n g ) w h i c h c a n be u t i l i s e d . 1 j u s t wanted t o show i t . THE COUNCIL: MR. HAMILTON-: ( r e v i e w i n g same i n d e t a i l ) L e t ' s introduce that i n t o the record. I t h i n k I would l i k e t h a t i n t r o d u c e d , i f p o s s i b l e . THE AUDIENCE: (applause) MR. HAMILTON: . . . t r a f f i c i s v e r y a s t u t e l y r e c o g n i s e d « « *. the p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r a r a i l highway system coming i n from R o c k v i l l e ^ coming i n from B a l t i m o r e , coming UP from Richmond,, thru Alexandria. The p o s s i b i l i t i e s a r e l i m i t l e s s . Why i t even i n c l u d e s a r a i l - l i n e i n t o Georgetown, w h i c h i s n ' t even proposed �175 in t h e p r e s e n t Metro p l a n * I would h i k e t o comment now on the c o s t o f t h i s Torono experiment, w h i c h I mentioned was $1.3 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s per mileo The l a s t Wednesday e v e n i n g t h e h e a r i n g r a n s o l a t e we decided t o c a n c e l u n t i l the n e x t day. ing A t the end o f t h e meet- I approached Mr. Thomas A i r i s , t h e Highway Department, and a s k e d him f o r some p e r m i l e c o s t f i g u r e s , on the METRO SYSTEM— t h a t i s , on the Highway System f o r t h e D i s t r i c t . He t o l d me t h a t w i t h a l i t t l e mathematics I c o u l d go i n t o t h e books w h i c h t h e Highway Department p u b l i s h e d here and l o o k a t t h e f i g u r e s for the number o f m i l e s and look a t the f i g u r e s f o r c o s t and thereby a r r i v e a t my answer. W e l l , 7. have done t h a t t o n i g h t i n t h e back o f t h e room I spent some time going through i t , and I c o u l d n ' t f i n d a n y f i g u r e s , f o r t h e c o s t o f t h e E a s t Legs I couldn't f i n d any c o s t o r the f i g u r e s f o r t h e Worth Legs and I c o u l d n ' t f i n d a n y 7. am a l i t t l e c u r i o u s a s t o why I mileage f o r any o f them. c o u l d n ' t f i n d t h o s e f i g u r e s i n the b o o k l e t when he s a i d t h e y would be t h e r e . A VOICE PROM THE AUDIEECE: MR. HAMILTON.: They a r e s e c r e t * I am a l s o c u r i o u s — i n t h e l i g h t o f t h i s p a r t i c u l a r occurrence—why Mr. A i r i s h a s evaded h i s r e s p o n s i - b i l i t y t o appear b e f o r e t h e c i t i z e n s a t t h e f i n a l h e a r i n g t o answer? c u r q u e s t i o n s . �177 THE AUDIENCE: ( a p p l a u s e ) MR. HAMILTON: A t any r a t e , I carae t o an approximate t o t a l mileage o f t h e highway s y s t e m , from Mr. Sam Abbott, Ad Hoc D i r e c t o r o f t h e Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c . THE AUDIENCE: ( l a u g h t e r and a p p l a u s e ) MR. HAMILTON: U s i n g h i s approximate t o t a l mileage and t h e c o s t o f o n l y t h e North C e n t r a l Freeway and t h e South Leg of t h e I n n e r L o o p — t o t a l i n g $209,000,000,00—not i n c l u d i n g the c o s t o f t h e whole system, j u s t t h o s e two elements o f the 30~miie«-system, we a r r i v e d a t a p e r - m i l e c o s t o f j u s t over $7 m i l l i o n dollars. As a businessman, gentlemen, i t doesn't make s e n s e , t h i s doesn't make common sense and i t doesn't make b u s i n e s s s e n s e , t o i n v e s t t h a t k i n d o f money i n a system w h i c h i s going t o be o b s o l e t e when we c o u l d put perhaps $2 o r $3 m i l l i o n d o l l a j per m i l e i n t o u s i n g our e x i s t i n g r a i l ^ l i n e s . And maybe even $4 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s p e r m i l e i n t o b u i l d i n g an adequate subway, TEE AUDIENCE: ( a p p l a u s e ) MR. HAMILTON: I n c l o s i n g , I would l i k e t o add t h a t age i s no b a r r i e r about c o n c e r n t o t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems. My l l ~ y e a : : - o l d b r o t h e r - i n - l a w , Mark o f Chevy Chase, Maryland, who i s o u t here t o n i g h t — d e s p i t e t h e l a t e hour ~° because he wanted t o come t o t h e s e h e a r i n g s — has asked, me t o i n c l u d e some of h i s suggestions i n t o the p u b l i c record; (1) r a i s e t h a c o s t o f p r i v a t e p a r k i n g i n t h e downtown �a r e a t o a l e v e l t h a t would e c o n o m i c a l l y p r e c l u d e many a u t o - u s e r s from automobile commuting. TEE AUDIENCE: MR* HAMILTON: (applause) (2) provide free r a p i d s e r v i c e feeder b u s e s t o o u t l y i n g t r a n s i t s t a t i o n s ; f r e e parking s t a t i o n s and f r e e t r a n s i t r i d e s . a t those Gentlemen, t h a t sounds l i k e t o me a t o l l f r e e s y s t e m t h a t we committed o u r s e l v e s to f o r high- ways a l m o s t 50 y e a r s ago? Thank you f o r t h e o p p o r t u n i t y o f a p p e a r i n g * THE AUDIENCE: ME. SCHEIRSR: statement. home here — (applause) Mr. Chairman, I have o n l y a s h o r t I car.*t h e l p b u t f e e l t h a t — f e e l s v e r y much a t i s that right? THE AUDIENCE: MR* SCHIIRHH: (laughter) You, o f c o u r s e , d i d n ' t pass t h e l a w . Congress passed t h e 1958 Highway A c t , b u t C o u n c i l d i d have something t o do w i t h a n o t h e r a b s u r d i t y , namely t h e removal of Sammy Abbott t o n i g h t j I commend you,, Reverend Moore, i n your a c t i o n i n t h i s r e g a r d . I want t o s t a t e f o r t h e " r e c o r d " t h a t I was t o l d by t h e B u i l d i n g S u p e r i n t e n d e n t , "Robert T a y l o r t h a t t h e o r d e r s l e a d i n g t o t h a t r e m o v a l came from Chairman Eahn«j The third absurdity i s t h e map behind you. I t contradicts a map down i n ROOM 4 1 0 . T h a t map shows t h a t t h e North C e n t r a l and t h e North. E a s t F r e e w a y s have t h e same s t a t u s o f t h e i r Mary- land extensions. T h i s one does n o t . I t h i n k t h e comparison �shows t h a t t h e Highway Department r e a l i s e d what t h e y were doing, I t h i n k i t i s j u s t an a b s u r d i t y t h a t t h e y chose t o put a s a p l i k e t h a t up t h e r e . And, o f c o u r s e , I t h i n k t h i s wais mentioned l a s t F r i d a y by someone from t h e Montgomery C i v i c F e d e r a t i o n , anc i t h a s n ' t been changed. A fourth absurdity i s the status of the February 9th hearing, I n o t i c e on my n o t i c e h e r e t h a t i t s a y s , 3 t h , " and i t doesn't s a y " i f needed." session w i l l include questioning "February And i t s a i d a c o n c l u d i n g of o f f i c i a l witnesses, I s y m p a t h i s e w i t h your d e s i r e t o be r e s p o n s i v e t o the c i t i z e n s but I d c n ' t t h i n k i t i s w i s e t o o f f e r something and then take i t back, TE3 AU31SFCE; MR. SCEEIRER5 (applause) As you know, I am a l s o chairman ~ Chairman o f t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n A s s o c i a t i o n and t h e r e Committee - F e d e r a t i o n of C i t i s e r . I would l i k e t o c o r r e c t t h e r e c o r d . ' President has c o r r e c t l y s t a t e d t h a t the Federation's Our position i s t h a t t h e r e i s no need f o r a d d i t i o n a l f r e e w a y s and such need cannot p o s s i b l y be demonstrated u n t i l t h e subway i s b u i l t , i n a d d i t i o n , t h e f o l l o w i n g comments a r e i n o r d e r : The Federation projects, therefore has t a k e n no p o s i t i o n on t h e i n d i v i d u a l i t cannot s a y t h a t t h e s t r o n g e s t be made f o r t h e South Leg. Two, t h e F e d e r a t i o n p o s i t i o n on t h e s t u d y o f t h e F o r t h Leg,, t o t h e Horth L e g . c a s e can h a s t a k e n no I t i s s i m p l y opposed �TEE AUDIENCE: (applause) MR. I n vie";; o f t h i s , t h e F e d e r a t i o n would SCHBIRER: not s u g g e s t t h a t the Department of Highways and T r a f f i c look i n t o the p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t adequate E a s t or West c a p a c i t y c o u l d i be p r o v i d e d on t h e South Leg - South West Freeway, and E a s t C e n t e r Leg, p l u s a d d i t i o n a l M a l l c r o s s i n g s , e t c e t e r a ' E v e r y t i m e I l o o k a t a d i f f e r e n t map of t h e f r e e w a y s i t u a t i o n I become v e r y c o n f u s e d because t h e r e i s a , as I s a i d , i the s t e p s of h i s Leg and Limb, v a r i e s from map t o map. However, i t i s not too i m p o r t a n t because t h e b a s i c i s s u e i s v e r y s i m p l e : the dominance of the "automobile." / . dominates t h i s C i t y t o o muchj The automobile j u s t s i m p l y I And any a d d i t i o n a l f r e e w a y s , i t i i s o n l y going t o dominate i t more. '•I P r e s i d e n t Nixon, i n h i s statement t o Union a d d r e s s c a l l e d f o r b a l a n c e d growth i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , , W e l l , no m a t t e r j how you d e f i n e i t , b a l a n c e d growth i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i s s t i l l going t o l e a v e an unbalanced t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system. j I f you t a k e t h e r a p i d t r a n s i t and t h e f r e e w a y system - s e c t o r s - and. i f t h e y grow a t the same r a t e , why t h e a b s o l u t e d i f f e r e n c e be^ tween them i s going t o grow g r e a t e r even i f t h e y grow a t t h e same a b s o l u t e * By t h e same a b s o l u t e amount,the a b s o l u t e d i f f e r e n c e i s s t i l l going t o remain t h e same, and t h i s i s the same s o r t o f comparison people make between standard o f l i v i n g and developed c o u n t r i e s . In less- What we need s i m p l y i s unbalanced growth. o t h e r words, we need r a p i d t r a n s i t and no more f r e e w a y s . ! j �THE AUDIENCE: (applause) MR, SCHEIRER: How, I have s a i d t h i s b e f o r e . METRO won't be c o n s t r u c t e d u n t i l 1979. I n t h e meantime, t h e s i t u a t i o n i s n ' t t o o d e s i r a b l e , b u t t h e r e a r e t h i n g s we ca.n do. We can have more e x p r e s s b u s e s . busways. We c a n i n v e s t i g a t e We c a n use e x i s t i n g r a i l - l i n e s - a s you have h e a r d f r o d many people. Even t h e n t h e s i t u a t i o n would n o t be d e s i r a b l e , b u t I submit one a d d i t i o n a l f r e e w a y would be f a r worse. THE AUDIENCE: MR, HAMILTON: (applause) May I add an a d d i t i o n a l word, p l e a s e ? CHAIRMAN MOORE: MR. HAMILTON: Y e s , you may; Thank you, I have been s i t t i n g i n t h e h e a r i n g t o n i g h t and I have been h e a r i n g t h e s t u d e n t s , and t h a t i s why I made my oomments a t t h e opening o f my remarks about the f r u s t r a t i o n and anger b e i n g j u s t i f i e d by t h e s t u d e n t s . And I have been a s t u d e n t m y s e l f u n t i l r e c e n t l y and 1 am g r a d u a l l y w o r k i n g toward a g r a d u a t e degree. I have e x p e r i e n c e d i n t h e .last t e n y e a r s i n t h e D i s t r i c t a good d e a l o f f r u s t r a t i o n b e * cause I come from a m i d d l e - e l a s s s m a l l m i d d l e - w e s t e r n town. You might s a y I am a .middle o f t h e r o a d , and I am used t o p o l i t i c a l voice.' I am v e r y , f r u s t r a t e d . A l t h o u g h I d i d n ' t mind n o t v o t i n g i n i t i a l l y when I came here I have been q u i t e f r u s t r a t e d when I watched Congress and R e p r e s e n t a t i v e N a t c h e r , and t h e o t h e r s , v o t e through a s y s t e m w h i c h i f not opposed v o c a l l y by t h e c i t i z e i —-by a l l t h e c i t i i ; e n s - < ~ i t j u s t doesn't make e c o n o m i c a l s e n s e , a s �182 I have t r i a d t o show, and a s many people have t r i e d t o show, a n d . i t doesn't make e n v i r o n m e n t a l s e n s e * I t h i n k I f e e l i n m y s e l f t h e same k i n d o f anger and the same k i n d o f f r u s t r a t i o n i n t a l k i n g t o a C o u n c i l , and I guess i n d i r e c t l y t o a Congress w h i c h doesn't seem t o l i s t e n * And " would o n l y hope t h a t t h e C o u n c i l would g i v e ! t h o s e o f u s t h a t f e e l t h i s f r u s t r a t i o n and who a r e young some s i g n t h a t t h e y a r e l i s t e n i n g , because I have a d i s t i n c t feeling t h a t we w i l l not c o n t i n u e t o t r y much l o n g e r — w e c a n ' t * Time seems t o be r u n n i n g out f o r t h o s e o f u s Who arev e r y d i s t u r b e d w i t h a system t h a t does seem u n r e s p o n s i v e . Thank you v e r y much. TEE AUDIENCE: CHAIRMAN MOORE: Councilman (applause) Thank you. Robinson? COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: admonition t o you, s i r . Western s t a t e . Thank you v e r y much. J u s t one You s a y t h a t you a r e from a mid- 1 hope you w r i t e home t o your f r i e n d s and t e l l them t o put t h e p r e s s u r e on C o n g r e s s , T H I S AUDIENCE: (applause) COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: Have you f r i e n d s back home, have them put p r e s s u r e on t h e Congress and we' w i l l g e t somet h i n g done c and maybe we w i l l g e t t h e Home R u l e . anything here. We have no Congressman t o go t o . We c a n ' t do B u t you f o l k s from the mid-West who come here t o Washington, w h i c h you have a �r i g h t t o do b u t I never hear any o f you s a y you have put t h e p r e s s u r e on your f a m i l y and your f r i e n d s back home t o w r i t e t o your r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s * MR. HAMILTON: j S i r , I haven't been home i n 10 y e a r s . COUNCILMAN ROBINSON: MR* HAMILTON: I know, b u t you c a n w r i t e . I" don't know anyone t h e r e . We a r e here in this city. THE AUDIENCE: MR* HAMILTON: {laughter} And w i t h a l l due r e s p e c t , s i r , i f we don't do something here i n t h i s C i t y a s C i t i z e n s o f t h i s we a r e n o t e v e r going t o g e t Home R u l e . City, I f t h e people i n t h e C o l o n i e s had w r i t t e n back t o t h e i r f r i e n d s i n E n g l a n d we wouldn't have had s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t today. THE AUDIENCE: (laughter) COUNCILMAN R03INS0N: I t took f i v e ( 5 ) months i n t h o s e days t o g e t back, t o home but now i t o n l y t a k e s you f i v e ( 5 ) minutes t o g e t t h e r e . MR. HAMILTON: Have you t r i e d U* S„ M a i l s ? MR Mr. Chairman., s i x y e a r s from now we w i l . a SCHEIRER: be c e l e b r a t i n g t h e 200th A n n i v e r s a r y o f 1776, s y m b o l i z e d b y the D e c l a r a t i o n o f Independence. I f 1576 comes and p a s s e s w i t h o u t s u b s t a n t i a l Home R u l e i t w i l l be a complete mockery of t h i s C e l e b r a t i o n . CHAIRMAN MOORE: THE AUDIENCE: Thank you. (applause) �3.84 CHAIRMAN MOORS: Are t h e r e any (no questions? response) TEE AUDIENCE: (applause) CHAIRMAN MOORE: The h e a r i n g i s hereby adjourned» A VOICE PROM THE AUDIENCE: Mr. Chairman, I have a t t e n d e d many h e a r i n g s i n t h e p a s t s i x ( 6 ) y e a r s . ; REPORTER 3 MOTE: t h a t the meeting was (At t h i s p o i n t , the Chairman s t a t e d adjourned,) WHEREUPON, THE HEARING WAS AT APPROXIMATELY 1:00 ADJOURNED ON F e b r u a r y 7, 1970„ A.M. REPORTER'S NOTE: ( A l l e x h i b i t s and documents p r e s e n t e d d u r i n g t h i s h e a r i n g a r e i n the p o s s e s s i o n of the C i t y C o u n c i l , and a r e unmarked f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n purposes. An a s s i s t a n t t o t i e C o u n c i l s t a t e d t h a t he would t a k e c a r e of the e x h i b i t s and documents a t t h i s p o i n t . ) [REPORTER: Joseph C. Browne, J r . , Ward & P a u l R e p o r t i n g S e r v i c e , Washington, 25 K NE D.C. �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Public hearings on the interstate freeway system in the District of Columbia : Friday, January 30, 1970 Subject The topic of the resource Express highways Interstates Freeways Public meetings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Ward & Paul District of Columbia. City Council Transportation Committee Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 30, 1970 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/fa2115bfbc1c2d743a023d4f7c9f51c7.pdf?Expires=1787788800&Signature=LY-BeoQOglJic4QTHcVDPrgNAfuXfRIk16RjOiPVHdCsYHgHKYyHSCGtoq7%7E%7EEFGjUPReufGDCYU6bEjkw9Tt0erDvFEUM4l4M4ZmQa6v7s%7EcnF0R%7EtZ5WTH3RGlEunJEkWp5p3a00zdhgT3r6iwsdMr1fQbuHKkJGmqGhMLtjKCrFIPLEsCOcr1jnUnPmMcObdGBt9KqNkck4wHdSLU%7Em0bIoq4AnBkUVMMFqkyrSPjYwnnxFEkqiZx2Gsp0iw9ZbGdfSqNJrWV4yaF5CHMuLJEnHLpMglnQJv%7EGjwgWL9Gg%7EfbWqVyxEaJFzzJJkq9TH2iKL7fdg80pO2I9kB4SA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 5b18bc020ad17450791af81dfddb0b04 PDF Text Text THE EVOLUTION OF THE O.C. HIGHWAY SYSTEM G e r a l d C. T u z o Howard U n i v e r s i t y F e l l o w , Urban T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Center J u n e 1971 URBAN TRANSPORTATION CENTER CONSORTIUM OF U N I V E R S I T I E S 1717 M a s s a c h u s e t t s A v e . , N.W. W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. 2 0 0 3 6 ��CONTENTS Paje PART I : D e v e l o p m e n t o f W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. f r o m 1791 - 1 8 9 0 ' s PART I I : D e v e l o p m e n t from 1900's - F u t u r e 1 14 23 Bibliography ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I w o u l d l i k e t o g i v e t h a n k s t o Mr. R. A . T r u a x , o f t h e C o l u m b i a H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y , f o r a s s i s t i n g me w i t h t h e r e s e a r c h o f maps a n d o t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n he w a s a b l e t o f i n d . I w o u l d a l s o l i k e t o t h a n k Mr. Gus S c h m i t t f o r t h e p h o t o graphs t h a t a r e used. —0O0— T h i s r e p o r t was p r o d u c e d a s a p a r t o f a p r o g r a m o f r e s e a r c h and t r a i n i n g i n U r b a n Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n s p o n s o r e d by t h e U r b a n Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e D e p a r t m e n t of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n . The r e s u l t s and v i e w s e x p r e s s e d a r e t h e independent p r o d u c t s o f u n i v e r s i t y r e s e a r c h and a r e n o t n e c e s s a r i l y c o n c u r r e d i n by t h e U r b a n Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f t h e Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n . ��PART I : 1791 - 1890's As t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l was p l a n n e d b e f o r e i t was b u i l t , and a s t h e m a j o r p r i n c i p l e s o f t h i s p l a n h a v e been a d h e r e d t o t h r o u g h more t h a n a c e n t u r y and a h a l f , W a s h i n g t o n i s u n i q u e among c a p i t a l c i t i e s , and t h e h i s t o r y o f t h i s p l a n and i t s e v o l u t i o n must be o f i n t e r e s t t o t h e Nat i o n . I m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r t h e f o r m a t i o n o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k s and P l a n n i n g Commission i n 1926, a s t u d y o f the L ' E n f a n t c o r r e s p o n d e n c e and r e p o r t s was u n d e r t a k e n , so t h a t t h e C o m m i s s i o n m i g h t be f u l l y a d v i s e d o f t h e i d e a s w h i c h a c t u a t e d him i n m a k i n g h i s d e s i g n and t h e m o d i f i c a t i o n s w h i c h had been made i n t h o s e i d e a s , o r w h i c h s h o u l d be made i n o r d e r t o meet t h e c h a n g e d c o n d i t i o n s o f a g r o w i n g c i t y . The g e n e s i s o f t h e L ' E n f a n t p l a n had been r e v i e w e d by t h e M c M i l l a n C o m m i s s i o n i n 1901 and t h a t C o m m i s s i o n had been s u f f i c i e n t l y g r e a t - m i n d e d t o a c k n o w l e d g e t h e m e r i t s o f t h e L ' E n f a n t p l a n and t o b a s e i t s recommendat i o n s upon h i s w o r k . I / H o w e v e r , t h e M c M i l l a n C o m m i s s i o n was c h i e f l y c o n c e r n e d a b o u t b e a u t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e c i t y , t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e p a r k s y s t e m , and t h e a d e q u a t e t r e a t m e n t and d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e F e d e r a l p u b l i c b u i l d i n g s . I t was t h e d u t y o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k s and P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n , u n d e r t h e law i n s t i t u t i n g i t , t o i n c l u d e i n i t s c o n s i d e r a t i o n a l l t h e e l e m e n t s o f c i t y p l a n n i n g , i n c l u d i n g such p u r e l y u t i l i t a r i a n q u e s t i o n s as t r a f f i c , w a t e r s u p p l y , s e w a g e , and h o u s i n g . z ! I m m e d i a t e l y on b e i n g a u t h o r i z e d by t h e A c t o f J u l y 1 6 , 1790 t o s e l e c t t h e s i t e f o r t h e new F e d e r a l c i t y and t o p r o c e e d w i t h l a y i n g i t o u t and w i t h c o n s t r u c t i o n of the p u b l i c b u i l d i n g s , P r e s i d e n t Washington proceeded t o f i n d an e x p e r t c i t y p l a n n e r t o make t h e p l a n . F o r t h i s d u t y he s e l e c t e d M a j o r C h a r l e s P i e r r e L ' E n f a n t , a F r e n c h e n g i n e e r who had s e r v e d w i t h d i s t i n c t i o n d u r i n g t h e A m e r i c a n R e v o l u t i o n . M a j o r Andrew E l l i c o t t , a n o t h e r E n g i n e e r o f f i c e r and G e o g r a p h e r G e n e r a l o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , was a p p o i n t e d s u r v e y o r o f t h e new c a p i t a l , a p p a r e n t l y on t h e recommendat i o n o f Thomas J e f f e r s o n , t h e n S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e i n W a s h i n g t o n ' s Cabinet. W i t h i n 20 d a y s , M a j o r L ' E n f a n t had a p r e l i m i n a r y r e p o r t and o u t l i n e plan ready to p r e s e n t . He w o r k e d on p e r f e c t i n g h i s p l a n a s r a p i d l y a s t h e s u r v e y o f t h e t e r r i t o r y p e r m i t t e d , and he s u b m i t t e d t h e f i n a l p l a n and r e p o r t t o W a s h i n g t o n a t P h i l a d e l p h i a on A u g u s t 2 7 , 1 7 9 1 . T h r e e months t h e r e a f t e r , an i n c i d e n t o c c u r r e d b e t w e e n L ' E n f a n t and t h r e e C o m m i s s i o n e r s a p p o i n t e d u n d e r t h e A c t o f 1790 t h a t may be c o n s i d e r e d t h e i n i t i a l c a u s e o f h i s s u b s e q u e n t d i s m i s s a l a t t h e end o f F e b r u a r y 1792. T h e most u n i q u e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f L ' E n f a n t ' s p l a n a r e i t s g r a n d s c a l e and t h e f a c t t h a t i t was l a i d o u t so a s t o u t i l i z e t o t h e f u l l e s t e x t e n t t h e n a t u r a l t o p o g r a p h y , a s s e e n i n Map #1. — T r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n t h e C i t y o f W a s h i n g t o n , An A b s t r a c t o f S u r v e y , p. \k - Elizabeth K i t e , L'Enfant and W a s h i n g t o n , p. 5 ^ , 1890 1925 Transit �Man # 1 1300's - 2 - �I t i s f e l t that L'Enfant's plan bears great resemblance to that of V e r s a i 1 1 e s - - s i n e e he l i v e d t h e r e f o r many y e a r s - - w h e r e L o u i s X I V had a t t e m p t e d t o f o u n d a new c a p i t a 1.1/ W a s h i n g t o n a s i t was known t h e n c o n s i s t e d o f e v e r y t h i n g b e l o w F l o r i d a A v e n u e , w h i c h was c o n s i d e r e d t o be t h e n o r t h e r n b o u n d a r y o f W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. The l a n d n o r t h o f F l o r i d a A v e n u e was known a s W a s h i n g t o n County, and i t was n o t u n t i l 1896 t h a t t h e c o u n t y became a p a r t o f W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. A t t h i s t i m e and p r e c e d i n g t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f L ' E n f a n t ' s p l a n , t h e r e was v e r y l i t t l e d e v e l o p m e n t n o r t h o f F l o r i d a A v e n u e . Most r o a d s came t h r o u g h G e o r g e t o w n , w h i c h a t t h a t t i m e was n o t a p a r t o f W a s h i n g t o n and was n o t s o o f f i c i a l l y u n t i l F e b r u a r y 1 1 , 1 8 9 5 . A map o f t h e p e r i o d ( s e e Map #1) shows Rock C r e e k R o a d , Roads t o B l a d e n s b u r g , Road t o G r e a t F a l l s , Road t o F r e d e r i c k T o w n , Road f r o m L e e s b u r g and S p o u t Run road. T h i s was a l s o t h e f i r s t i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e b o u n d a r i e s o f W a s h i n g t o n , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 10 s q u a r e m i l e s , s h o w i n g c l e a r l y t h e b o u n d a r i e s b e t w e e n M a r y l a n d and V i r g i n i a . During the 19th c e n t u r y , t h e r e were o t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t s s u c h a s s t r e e t s , s e w e r s , and t h e l i k e . I n a b o u t t h e m i d d l e o f t h e 1 8 8 0 ' s , t h e r e was t h e O r g a n i c A c t o f I 8 7 8 , w h i c h c r e a t e d a C o m m i s s i o n c o n s i s t i n g o f t h r e e p e r s o n s , i n c l u d i n g an o f f i c e r o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Army C o r p s o f E n g i n e e r s , w h i c h s e t a general administrative pattern for organization. T h e r e i s a l s o s h o w n , on Map # 2 , f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t a b o v e F l o r i d a A v e n u e . Up u n t i l t h i s t i m e , no s i g n i f i c a n t c h a n g e s had t a k e n p l a c e i n W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. T h e r e was l A t h S t r e e t E x t e n s i o n , P i n e y B r a n c h , P i e r c e M i l l R o a d , and some i n d i c a t i o n o f s t r e e t d e v e l o p m e n t i n W a s h i n g t o n p r o p e r and G e o r g e t o w n , Rock C r e e k , C h u r c h and R i d g e R o a d . T h e r e w e r e a l s o o t h e r s , s u c h a s L e e s b u r g T u r n p i k e , B l a d e n s b u r g T u r n p i k e , and Columbia T u r n p i k e . P a r a l l e l w i t h t h i s s t r e e t d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e r e was a p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h d e v e l o p m e n t w h i c h s t a r t e d i n 1791 w i t h a b o u t 8,000 p e o p l e and i n c r e a s e d to 200,000 i n 1925. As t h e p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e d o v e r t h e y e a r s , t h e r e was need f o r p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and i n 1862 t h e f i r s t s t r e e t c a r o p e r a t i o n i n W a s h i n g t o n was i n a u g u r a t e d . I t was run o v e r t h e l i n e s o f t h e C a p i t a l T r a c t i o n Company, w h i c h was f o r m e r l y o p e r a t e d by t h e W a s h i n g t o n and G e o r g e t o w n R a i l r o a d Company and Rock C r e e k R a i l w a y Company. I n 1 8 9 5 , t h e C a p i t a l T r a c t i o n Company owned 318 c a r s w h i c h w e r e i n a c t i v e s e r v i c e and a n o t h e r 331 c a r s o f w h i c h some w e r e i n o p e r a t i n g condition. T h e 318 c a r s i n a c t i v e s e r v i c e w e r e a l l o f d o u b l e - t r a c k b o x - c a r t y p e , w i t h f u l l y e n c l o s e d p l a t f o r m s and s e a t i n g c a p a c i t i e s r a n g i n g f r o m 38 t o h8 p a s s e n g e r s . i t / 1/ I b i d , p. 96 - I b i d , p. 20 - 3 - �Man # 2 1367 - 1870 - k _ �P r i o r t o 1895 ( i n 1 8 9 3 ) , t h e r e w e r e l a w s r e l a t i n g t o t h e s y s t e m o f h i g h w a y s o u t s i d e t h e c i t i e s o f W a s h i n g t o n and G e o r g e t o w n . The A c t o f March 2, 1893 p r o v i d e d a p e r m a n e n t s y s t e m o f h i g h w a y s i n t h a t p o r t i o n o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a o u t s i d e t h e c i t i e s o f W a s h i n g t o n and Georgetown: "An A c t t o p r o v i d e p e r m a n e n t s y s t e m o f h i g h w a y s i n t h a t p a r t of t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia l y i n g o u t s i d e o f t h e c i t i e s . Be i t e n a c t e d by t h e S e n a t e and House o f R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f the U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a i n C o n g r e s s a s s e m b l e d , t h a t t h e Commissioners o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia a r e hereby a u t h o r i z e d and d i r e c t e d t o p r e p a r e a p l a n f o r t h e e x t e n s i o n o f a p e r m a n e n t system o f highways o v e r a l l t h a t p o r t i o n of s a i d D i s t r i c t not i n c l u d e d w i t h i n t h e l i m i t s o f t h e c i t i e s o f W a s h i n g t o n and Georgetown. S a i d s y s t e m s h a l l be made a s n e a r l y i n c o n f o r m i t y w i t h the s t r e e t plan o f t h e c i t y o f Washington as the C o m m i s s i o n e r s may deem a d v i s a b l e and p r a c t i c a b l e . The highways p r o v i d e d i n s u c h p l a n s s h a l l n o t i n a n y c a s e be l e s s t h a n n i n e t y f e e t n o r more t h a n one h u n d r e d and s i x t y f e e t w i d e , e x c e p t i n c a s e o f e x i s t i n g h i g h w a y s , w h i c h may be e s t a b l i s h e d o f any w i d t h n o t l e s s t h a n one h u n d r e d and s i x t y f e e t i n w i d t h . " Section 5 o f the Act s t a t e s that: "The C o m m i s s i o n e r s o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a a r e a u t h o r i z e d t o name a l l s t r e e t s , a v e n u e s , a l l e y s and r e s e r v a t i o n s l a i d o u t o r adopted under t h e p r o v i s i o n o f t h i s Act."JL' T h i s n o t e d t h e b e g i n n i n g and d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e s t r e e t s y s t e m i n t h e a r e a s n o r t h o f F l o r i d a A v e n u e , a s i n d i c a t e d on Map #3, and i t i s a p p a r e n t why t h e r e i s s t i l l some i r r e g u l a r i t y i n t h e p a t t e r n i n t h e u p p e r n o r t h w e s t and n o r t h e a s t a r e a s . D u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d , t h e r e was a newspaper r e p o r t e d : the t a s k o f renaming t h e s t r e e t s . In 1905, " T h e C o m m i s s i o n e r s t o d a y i s s u e d a l i s t o f names w h i c h h a v e been t e n t a t i v e l y a d o p t e d , s t a t i n g a t t h e same t i m e t h a t t h e s y s t e m i n d i c a t e d i s i n a c c o r d w i t h o t h e r c h a n g e s made i n t h e n o r t h w e s t and n o r t h e a s t s e c t i o n s o f t h e c i t y . T h i s new l i s t t a k e s i n a l l the p o r t i o n o f t h e D i s t r i c t bounded g e n e r a l l y by Rock C r e e k P a r k and t h e Z o o l o g i c a l P a r k on t h e w e s t , and N o r t h C a p i t o l s t r e e t on the e a s t , and i n c l u d e s many o u t l y i n g s u b d i v i s i o n s . A l l t h e names h a v e been c a r e f u l l y s e l e c t e d by t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r s w i t h a v i e w t o h a v i n g them c o n f o r m t o t h e s y s t e m , b u t s u g g e s t i o n s f o r m i n o r c h a n g e s w i l l be c o n s i d e r e d , p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e names s u g g e s t e d conform t o the system adopted."—' — P e r m a n e n t S y s t e m o f H i g h w a y s , Laws r e l a t i n g W a s h i n g t o n and G e o r g e t o w n , p. 3 , 1893 —• Washington S t a r Newspaper, S t r e e t Contemplated i n F u t u r e , August 1, - t o , Outside of the Name C h a n g e s , R a d i c a l 1905 5 " Action Cities �C a r r y i n g o u t t h e i r p l a n , t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r s s t a t e d t h a t t h e numbered s t r e e t s w o u l d c a r r y t h e i r t i t l e s n o r t h w a r d l y t o t h e D i s t r i c t l i n e , and t h e l e t t e r e d s t r e e t s , a s f a r a s t h e end o f t h e a l p h a b e t , w o u l d be extended i n t o the D i s t r i c t outside o f the o l d c i t y l i m i t a t F l o r i d a A v e n u e . When t h e a l p h a b e t was e x h a u s t e d , names o f two s y l l a b l e s , a l p h a b e t i c a l l y a r r a n g e d , w e r e t o be g i v e n u n t i l t h e a l p h a b e t was a g a i n e x h a u s t e d , and t h e n names o f t h r e e s y l l a b l e s w o u l d be u s e d . Z ^ T h i s s t r e e t naming s y s t e m s t i l l s t a n d s t o d a y . T h e f o l l o w i n g i s f r o m an o r d e r t h a t was g i v e n u n d e r a u t h o r i t y o f S e c t i o n 5 o f t h e A c t a p p r o v e d March 2, 1893, t o p r o v i d e a p e r m a n e n t s y s t e m o f h i g h w a y s f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia: "That t h e Commissioners o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia a r e a u t h o r i z e d t o name a l l s t r e e t s , a v e n u e s , a l l e y s and r e s e r v a t i o n s l a i d o u t o r adopted under t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f t h i s a c t . " A n o t h e r o r d e r was i s s u e d , u n d e r a u t h o r i t y o f t h e f o l l o w i n g c l a u s e i n the D i s t r i c t a p p r o p r i a t i o n a c t approved June 30, I898: "That the C o m m i s s i o n e r s o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a s h a l l h e r e a f t e r h a v e power and a u t h o r i t y t o c h a n g e t h e name o f a n y s t r e e t , r o a d , a v e n u e , o r o t h e r h i g h w a y w h e n e v e r a n y two o f s u c h h i g h w a y s h a v e t h e same name.".§/ T h e f o l l o w i n g s y s t e m o f naming i s a d o p t e d f o r t h e h i g h w a y s i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia o u t s i d e o f t h e l i m i t s o f t h e c i t y o f Wash i n g t o n : N o r t h and s o u t h s t r e e t s w i l l be d e s i g n a t e d by n u m b e r s , t h e present c i t y system being extended into the county. E a s t and w e s t s t r e e t s w i l l be named a f t e r d i s t i n g u i s h e d A m e r i c a n s . / T a k i n g E a s t C a p i t o l s t r e e t a s a d i v i d i n g l i n e , and r u n n i n g n o r t h , names o f one s y l l a b l e w i l l be u s e d , a r r a n g e d i n a l p h a b e t i c a l order. Upon c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e o n e - s y l l a b l e s e r i e s , a t w o - s y l l a b l e s e r i e s w i l l b e g i n , and upon c o m p l e t i o n o f t h i s , a t h r e e - s y l l a b l e s e r i e s u n t i l t h e n o r t h e r n l i m i t o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s reached. E a s t and w e s t s t r e e t s i n t h e c o u n t y s o u t h o f t h e l i n e o f E a s t C a p i t o l s t r e e t w i l l be named w i t h t h e l e t t e r s o f t h e a l p h a b e t . Upon c o m p l e t i o n o f t h i s , a s e r i e s o f o n e - s y l l a b l e names o f American c i t i e s o r prominent g e o g r a p h i c a l o b j e c t s , arranged i n a l p h a b e t i c a l o r d e r , w i l l be s t a r t e d , and s o o n , u n t i l t h e s o u t h e r n l i m i t o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia i s r e a c h e d . A m i n o r o r p l a c e s t r e e t w i l l be d e s i g n a t e d a " p l a c e " and w i l l b e a r t h e number o r i n i t i a l o f t h e n e a r e s t p a r a l l e l main s t r e e t b e t w e e n i t and t h e C a p i t o l . T h e b r o a d d i a g o n a l h i g h w a y s w i l l be d e s i g n a t e d a v e n u e s and w i l l be named a f t e r t h e S t a t e s and T e r r i t o r i e s o f t h e U n i o n . 2/ ibid. 8/ — E x e c u t i v e O f f i c e , Commissioners of the D i s t r i c t August 6 , 1 9 0 1 . - 6 - of Columbia, Washington, �Map # 3 Showing t h e O r i g i n a l Washington, D.C. 1862 �S t r e e t s w h i c h a r e i r r e g u l a r i n d i r e c t i o n , o r c u r v e d t o an a p p r e c i a b l e e x t e n t , w i l l be t e r m e d " r o a d s " and w i l l be named a f t e r some p r o m i n e n t l o c a l f e a t u r e i n t h e i r v i c i n i t y , o r o t h e r distinguishing designation. A map w i l l be p r e p a r e d , s h o w i n g t h e names o f h i g h w a y s a d o p t e d u n d e r t h i s o r d e r , w h i c h , when a p p r o v e d by t h e C o m m i s s i o n e r s o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a , w i l l be r e c o r d e d i n t h e o f f i c e of the Surveyor of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. A l i s t w i l l a l s o be p r i n t e d , f o r g e n e r a l d i s t r i b u t i o n , s h o w i n g the names o f h i g h w a y s a s t h e y now e x i s t and t h e new names adopted i n l i e u t h e r e o f under t h i s o r d e r . T h e new names s h a l l t a k e e f f e c t on t h e d a t e t h e map a b o v e r e f e r r e d to i s recorded in the o f f i c e of the Surveyor of the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. P u b l i c h i g h w a y s w e r e unknown a t t h e t i m e t h e s u r v e y o r s w e r e m a r k i n g o u t t h e s t r e e t s o f G e o r g e t o w n . R o l l i n g r o a d s made by t o b a c c o , h o g s h e a d s , and b r i d l e p a t h s u s e d by p a c k h o r s e s w e r e t h e c h i e f means o f communica/t'\on. T h e m a i n r o a d t h r o u g h t h e D i s t r i c t was t h a t known a s t h e / G e o r g e t o w n - B l a d e n s b u r g Road ( s e e Map # 2 ) , and f r o m t h e e a r l i e s t t i m e u n t i l s t e a m came i n t o u s e , i t was an a r t e r y o f t r a v e l b e t w e e n t h e n o r t h and t h e s o u t h . Two s e c t i o n s o f t h e road s t i l l e x i s t , one i s F l o r i d a Avenue from t h e f o r d a t t h e p r e s e n t P S t r e e t b r i d g e t o 7 t h S t r e e t . From 7th S t r e e t t h e r o a d t r e n d e d t o t h e n o r t h e a s t and mounted t h e e n c i r c l i n g rim o f h i l l s . A spur ran to the s o u t h , the course of which i s preserved i n p a r t i n t h e l i n e s o f t h e modern B l a d e n s b u r g Road w h i c h comes t o t h e o r i g i n a l bounds o f t h e c i t y a t M a r y l a n d A v e n u e and 1 5 t h S t r e e t , N.E. In t h e e a r l y d a y s i t p a s s e d on t o t h e s o u t h , p a r a l l e l i n g t h e E a s t e r n B r a n c h , t o t h e f e r r y a t t h e f o o t o f T 4 t h S t r e e t , S . E . On t h e e a s t s i d e o f t h e E a s t e r n B r a n c h was a l s o a r o a d f r o m B l a d e n s b u r g t h a t l e d t o a p o i n t on t h e Potomac n e a r l y o p p o s i t e A l e x a n d r i a , w h e r e t h e r e was a f e r r y at a v e r y e a r l y d a t e . I t c r o s s e d t h e M a r l b o r o Road n e a r t h e E a s t e r n Branch f e r r y . The w e s t e r n s e c t i o n o f t h e p o s t road beyond Rock C r e e k passed through Georgetown t o n e a r t h e f o o t o f W i s c o n s i n Avenue. At t h a t t i m e t h e s e c t i o n o f W i s c o n s i n A v e n u e s o u t h o f M S t r e e t was known a s W a t e r S t r e e t , and l e d t o t h e f e r r y a c r o s s t h e Potomac t o t h e V i r g i n i a s h o r e , a s shown on Map # 1 . W h i l e t h e p o s t r o a d c r o s s e d Rock C r e e k by a f o r d , y e t t h e r i s i n g i m p o r t a n c e o f G e o r g e t o w n was i n d i c a t e d by t h e e r e c t i o n o f a b r i d g e — t h e f i r s t i n t h e D i s t r i c t — o v e r t h e c r e e k about on t h e l i n e o f M S t r e e t two y e a r s b e f o r e t h e r e s i d e n c e b i l l became a law. From t h i s p o i n t , a r o a d p a s s e d t h r o u g h t h e c i t y and by a f o r d i n the T i b e r C r e e k j u s t n o r t h o f t h e p r e s e n t s i t e o f t h e C a p i t o l t o t h e E a s t e r n B r a n c h w h i c h i n d i c a t e s i n a g e n e r a l way t h e c o u r s e o f t h e o l d t h o r o u g h f a r e b e t w e e n G e o r g e t o w n and t h e E a s t e r n B r a n c h t h a t was w i p e d o u t by t h e c i t y p l a n . I t was p r o b a b l y a s p u r f r o m t h i s r o a d t h a t t r e n d e d t o t h e n o r t h and w e s t o f t h e C a p i t o l s i t e , t h e n c e t o t h e e a s t o f M a s s a c h u s e t t s A v e n u e and 4 t h S t r e e t , N.W., and on t h e n o r t h , p r o b a b l y c o n n e c t i n g w i t h t h e Rock C r e e k C h u r c h R o a d . By means o f t h e Rock C r e e k - 8 - �Mar # 4 Showing W a s h i n g t o n . D.C. & Georgetown 1300 �Church Road, the s o u t h e r n s e c t i o n o f w h i c h , ending a t the o r i g i n a l bounds o f t h e c i t y a t C o n n e c t i c u t A v e n u e and F l o r i d a A v e n u e , i s now known i n p a r t a s C o l u m b i a R o a d , and t h e p o r t i o n e a s t o f New H a m p s h i r e A v e n u e b e a r s t h e o l d name; t h e c o u r s e o f t r a v e l f l o w e d n o r t h t h r o u g h Montgomery C o u n t y t o R o c k v i l l e and s t i l l n o r t h t o t h e B a l t i m o r e - F r e d e r i c k Road. I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e B l a d e n s b u r g , M a r l b o r o and A l e x a n d r i a r o a d s w h i c h c e n t e r e d i n G e o r g e t o w n , t h e r e was a l s o a t h o r o u g h f a r e f r o m t h a t p l a c e t o F r e d e r i c k , the s o u t h e r n p o r t i o n o f w h i c h i t i s supposed c o i n c i d e s w i t h w h a t came t o be c a l l e d t h e R o c k v i l l e Road ( s e e Maps #1 and §2) I t i s a l s o conjectured that t h i s s e c t i o n of the road, in the e a r l y y e a r s , f o l l o w e d more c l o s e l y t h e b a n k s o f t h e Potomac and t h a t w h i c h i s known a s W i s c o n s i n A v e n u e came i n t o u s e a t a l a t e r p e r i o d , p e r h a p s a b o u t t h e t i m e o f t h e War o f t h e R e v o l u t i o n . 2 / As a p p r o p r i a t i o n s f o r s t r e e t s c o n t i n u e d t o be t h e l a r g e s t i t e m i n t h e a n n u a l c i t y b u d g e t , t h e p o l i c y p u r s u e d c a n be t r a c e d n o t a l o n e i n t h e a c t s o f t h e C i t y C o u n c i l making a p p r o p r i a t i o n s f o r t h i s p u r p o s e , but a l s o i n t h e p r o v i s i o n s f o r t h e i n t e r e s t on t h e C i t y d e b t . By t h e o r d i n a n c e o f November 3 , 1 8 1 4 , $1,300 was v o t e d t o pay i n t e r e s t c h a r g e s , and s i x y e a r s l a t e r t h i s i t e m had grown t o $ 3 , 0 0 0 , an i n c r e a s e i n s i x y e a r s i n t h e p r i n c i p a l o f t h e d e b t f r o m $21,000 t o $ 5 0 , 0 0 0 , a p e r c a p i t a indebtedness of $ 3 . 7 7 . — ^ The e a r l i e r method o f p r o v i d i n g f o r d e f i c i e n c i e s i n t h e c u r r e n t r e v e n u e s , a t f i r s t i n a n t i c i p a t i o n o f d e l a y t a x payments by means o f l o a n s f r o m b a n k s , was s u p e r s e d e d i n 1 8 1 8 , when t h e e x i s t i n g d e b t was f u n d e d by an i s s u e o f c o r p o r a t i o n s t o c k , and f u t u r e demands w e r e met by a f u r t h e r i s s u e . W h i l e t h e amount o f s t r e e t w o r k i n c r e a s e d , i t s c h a r a c t e r r e m a i n e d u n c h a n g e d . T h e i m p r o v e m e n t s w e r e c o m p l e t e d when t h e l i n e o f t h e t h o r o u g h f a r e s was c l e a r e d and g r a d e d and t h e s u r f a c e in whole o r i n p a r t c o v e r e d w i t h g r a v e l . The f i r s t t h i r d o f t h e c e n t u r y p a s s e d b e f o r e any c h a n g e was made, and t h e n macadam was u s e d , b u t o n l y w h e r e C o n g r e s s i m p r o v e d P e n n s y l v a n i a A v e n u e b e t w e e n t h e C a p i t o l and t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s h o u s e . No s i d e w a l k s o f b r i c k w e r e l a i d e x c e p t by an a s s e s s ment on t h e a b u t t i n g p r o p e r t y . W h i l e t h e m u n i c i p a l i t y was spending money on t h e s t r e e t s w i t h i n t h e c i t y , b r i d g e s and t u r n p i k e s w e r e b e i n g p r o v i d e d by p r i v a t e e n t e r p r i s e t o make t h e c i t y a c c e s s i b l e f r o m t h e s u r r o u n d i n g c o u n t r y . A y e a r a f t e r t h e armed f o r c e o f t h e enemy l e f t t h e c i t y , t h e t h r e e b r i d g e s t h a t had been d e s t r o y e d w e r e r e p l a c e d . As t h e two b r i d g e s o v e r t h e E a s t e r n B r a n c h had been b u r n e d by o r d e r o f t h e A m e r i c a n m i l i t a r y a u t h o r i t i e s and n o t by t h e i n v a d e r s , t h e i r l o s s was r e g a r d e d a s a p r o p e r c h a r g e on t h e p u b l i c , and i n t h e S p r i n g o f 1815 Congress passed b i l l s of r e l i e f . S h o r t l y a f t e r t h e money became a v a i l a b l t h e A n a c o s t i a o r u p p e r b r i d g e , owned by D r . Thomas E w e l l , was r e a d y f o r u s e . T h e E a s t e r n B r a n c h o r L o w e r B r i d g e was r e b u i l t d u r i n g 1815At t h e n e x t s e s s i o n o f C o n g r e s s , t h e W a s h i n g t o n B r i d g e Co. was reimbursed i n p a r t f o r t h e l o s s o f t h e Long B r i d g e , a s i t was shown t h a t t h e 2/ — f W. B. B r y a n , A H i s t o r y o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l , 1 7 9 0 - 1 8 1 4 , pp. I b i d . , p. 62 - 10 - 61-63 �e n c o 0 > �s o u t h e r n p o r t i o n had been s e t on f i r e by t h e A m e r i c a n f o r c e s , w h i l e t h e match was a p p l i e d a t t h e o t h e r end by t h e B r i t i s h . T h e new s t r u c t u r e had h a r d l y come i n t o u s e when C o n g r e s s was a s k e d t o a u t h o r i z e t h e Navy Y a r d B r i d g e C o . t o s p a n w i t h a b r i d g e t h e E a s t e r n B r a n c h a t t h e f o o t o f 1 1 t h S t r e e t east.11/ The s t a n d i n g o f t h e C h a i n B r i d g e a s a d i v i d e n d e a r n e r was s e t f o r t h i n a m e m o r i a l t o C o n g r e s s . T h e t o l l s r e c e i v e d had n o t a v e r a g e d , i t was s t a t e d , one p e r c e n t on t h e c a p i t a l o f $ 8 1 , 0 0 0 , and t h e r e t u r n a t t h a t t i m e was a b o u t 2-1/4 p e r c e n t . T h e company p r o p o s e d , i f t h e p r i v i l e g e o f a l o t t e r y f o r t h e amount e x p e n d e d was g r a n t e d t o i t , t o a s s i g n t h e b r i d g e t o t h e l e v y c o u r t and make i t f r e e . I t was c l a i m e d t h e company had a s much r i g h t t o s u c h a p r i v i l e g e a s t h e c o r p o r a t i o n o f G e o r g e t o w n t h a t was t h e n a s k i n g f o r a l o t t e r y i n o r d e r t o e r e c t a f r e e bridge a t or near the Three S i s t e r s . 1 2 / I t was n o t u n t i l 1829 t h a t t h e r e was a s e c u r e r o a d d i r e c t l y c o n n e c t i n g t h e c i t y t o t h e n o r t h . T h e n one was b u i l t f r o m t h e head o f 7 t h S t r e e t to the D i s t r i c t l i n e , the r e s u l t o f y e a r s o f e f f o r t t h a t , however, f e l l s h o r t o f t h e o r i g i n a l p u r p o s e , w h i c h was t o e x t e n d t h e road t o R o c k v i l l e . By t h e y e a r 1 8 3 0 , a t a l l t h e p r i n c i p a l a p p r o a c h e s t o t h e c i t y by r o a d or b r i d g e s , that f a m i l i a r f i g u r e of the period, the t o l 1 - g a t h e r e r , s t o p p e d t h e t r a v e l l e r and e x a c t e d a c h a r g e . I t was a t r i b u t e t h a t no doubt was c h e e r f u l l y p a i d by t h o s e who r e c a l l e d t h e c o n t r a s t b e t w e e n c o n d i t i o n s t h e n and a s t h e y had b e e n . F o r i t was s a i d when t h e W a s h i n g t o n - B a l t i m o r e r o a d was n e a r l y c o m p l e t e d , t h a t t h e t i m e o f t r a v e l b e t w e e n t h e two p l a c e s was r e d u c e d f r o m 12 o r 15 h o u r s t o a b o u t s i x . T h e o p e n i n g o f w h a t came t o be c a l l e d t h e 7 t h S t r e e t p i k e was l o o k e d u p o n , no d o u b t , a s a g r e a t p u b l i c b e n e f i t . F o r i f one w i s h e d t o go by a good r o a d i n t o t h e c o u n t r y n o r t h o f t h e c i t y , t h e way was n o t l i m i t e d , a s had been t h e c a s e , t o p a s s i n g t h r o u g h t h e s t r e e t s o f G e o r g e t o w n and up the e v e r l a s t i n g h i l l s above i t . How l o n g t h i s s a t i s f a c t i o n o v e r t h e improvement i n t h e f a c i l i t i e s o f t r a v e l l a s t e d i s n o t f u l l y r e c o r d e d , b u t f r o m t h e s t y l e o f r o a d b u i l d i n g t h a t was c a r r i e d o u t on t h e G e o r g e t o w n and R o c k v i l l e P i k e i t does n o t seem p r o b a b l e i t c o u l d h a v e l a s t e d a n y l e n g t h o f t i m e u n l e s s t h e c o m p a n i e s s p e n t y e a r l y a good d e a l o f money. T h e l i n e o f t h e G e o r g e t o w n P i k e - - a n d i t i s p r o b a b l e t h e same p l a n was f o l l o w e d i n b u i l d i n g t h e o t h e r D i s t r i c t r o a d s — w a s made a s s t r a i g h t a s p o s s i b l e and t h e s u r f a c e l e v e l l e d and c o v e r e d w i t h g r a v e l a f e w i n c h e s t h i c k , a t a c o s t o f $2,500 p e r m i l e . l i i / — W. B . B r y a n , A H i s t o r y o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l , — I b i d . , p. 100 !_/ibid. - 12 - 1 8 1 5 - 1 8 7 8 , p. 99 �Map 1 9 1 # 5 1 Showing t h e Development o f W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. 1900's - n - in early �PART I I : 1900's - FUTURE The W a s h i n g t o n R a p i d T r a n s i t Company began s e r v i c e i n 1921 w i t h a m o t o r bus l i n e f r o m 1 4 t h and B u c h a n a n S t r e e t s v i a 1 6 t h S t r e e t , t o 8 t h and P e n n s y l v a n i a A v e n u e , N.W. and t o Potomac P a r k . The e q u i p m e n t a t t h a t t i m e c o n s i s t e d o f 46 b u s e s , 9 o f w h i c h w e r e d o u b l e d e c k . About f o u r y e a r s l a t e r , i n 1925, t h e motor v e h i c l e r e g i s t r a t i o n b u r e a u o f t h e D i s t r i c t i s s u e d 98,000 m o t o r v e h i c l e l i c e n s e s f r o m J a n u a r y t o J u n e o f t h a t y e a r . Of t h i s n u m b e r , 72,482 w e r e p r i v a t e c a r s , 553 w e r e t a x i c a b s , 85 w e r e motor b u s e s , 10,631 w e r e m o t o r t r u c k s , and 80 w e r e t r a c t o r s . A l s o , t h e r e w e r e 59 s i g h t s e e i n g b u s e s , a g g r e g a t i n g an e s t i m a t e d 3 4 0 , 6 8 7 s e a t i n g c a p a c i t y . T h e t o t a l s e a t i n g c a p a c i t y o f t h e s t r e e t r a i l w a y and bus c o m p a n i e s a g g r e g a t e d 3 6 , 0 5 1 , w h i c h b r i n g s a g r a n d t o t a l o f 376,738 . s e r v i n g 75-9% o f t h e permanent p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a . — At a b o u t t h i s t i m e t h e r e was a l s o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e P u b l i c S e r v i c e C o m m i s s i o n , composed o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a C o m m i s s i o n e r s , w h i c h had c o m p l e t e j u r i s d i c t i o n o v e r t h e p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s w i t h i n t h e D i s t r i c t . In A p r i l 1925, o f f i c e r s o f t h e N o r t h A m e r i c a n Company, w h i c h had s u b s t a n t i a l i n t e r e s t i n t h e p u b l i c u t i l i t i e s , met w i t h t h e members o f the s t a f f o f t h e P u b l i c S e r v i c e C o m m i s s i o n . T h e r e was an a g r e e m e n t w h e r e b y t h e N o r t h A m e r i c a n Company o f f e r e d t o h a v e made a c o m p l e t e and t h o r o u g h s t u d y o f t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s i t u a t i o n by M c C e l l a n 6 J u n k e r s f e l d , I n c . A c o m p l e t e r e p o r t was done i n a b o u t f o u r m o n t h s . W a s h i n g t o n a t t h i s t i m e was one o f t h e few l a r g e c i t i e s i n t h e c o u n t r y s e r v i c e by two t r a c t i o n s y s t e m s — the W a s h i n g t o n R a i l w a y £ E l e c t r i c Co. and t h e C a p i t a l T r a c t i o n C o . , e a c h o p e r a t e d an e l e c t r i c r a i l w a y s y s t e m . In a d d i t i o n , t h e W a s h i n g t o n R a p i d T r a n s i t Co. o p e r a t e d an i n d e p e n d e n t bus s y s t e m . — ' At a b o u t t h e e a r l y p a r t o f t h e 1 9 0 0 ' s , t h e r e began t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f the Highway S y s t e m . T h e D e p a r t m e n t o f H i g h w a y ' s m a i n i n t e r e s t o r c o n c e r n was t h e p r o c e s s o f "Highway D e v e l o p m e n t P l a n n i n g " , w i t h some c o n c e r n w i t h a d e q u a t e c o n n e c t i o n s t o t h e roadway s y s t e m s o f a d j a c e n t a r e a s o f M a r y l a n d and V i r g i n i a . T h i s was a c c o m p l i s h e d i n t h e D e p a r t m e n t t h r o u g h i t s Highway P l a n n i n g U n i t , o p e r a t e d i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h P u b l i c Roads Administration. I n 1924, t h e r e w e r e two i m p o r t a n t l e g i s l a t i v e a c t s a f f e c t i n g D i s t r i c t Highways: 1) M o t o r V e h i c l e F u e l T a x A c t , o f 2c p e r g a l l o n o f g a s o l i n e . ( E x c l u s i v e l y f o r s t r e e t and r o a d i m p r o v e m e n t ) 2) C l a s s i f i c a t i o n A c t o f 1 9 2 3 , w h i c h r e q u i r e d e v a l u a t i o n and c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f a l l s t a t u t o r y p o s i t i o n s by t h e F e d e r a l Personnel C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Board.Iz/ __ — —•* T r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n t h e C i t y o f W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. 1935 T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S u r v e y , p. 2 0 , 1925 —• - An A b s t r a c t o f t h e T h e W a s h i n g t o n T r a f f i c S u r v e y by M c C e l l a n & J u n k e r s f e l d , I n c . , p. 10, 1925 - 14 - �Man # 6 Showing t h e growth p a t t e r n o f W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. surrounding v i c i n i t y - 15 - and t h e �The Highway S y s t e m o f D.C. includes a l l s t r e e t s , bridge s t r u c t u r e s , a l l e y s , and s i d e w a l k s , e x c e p t t h o s e c o n t r o l l e d by t h e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t . T h i s h a s been i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e p e r m a n e n t Highway P l a n e s t a b l i s h e d by l a w , e x t e n d e d o r m o d i f i e d f r o m t i m e t o t i m e by t h e D.C. G o v e r n m e n t a s a p p r o v e d by t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k s and P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n . A l o o k now system: at the present and f u g u r e o f t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and highway " P l a n n i n g t o meet f u t u r e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e Region s h o u l d p r o v i d e f o r a c o o r d i n a t e d s y s t e m i n c l u d i n g both e f f i c i e n t h i g h w a y and mass t r a n s i t f a c i l i t i e s , m a k i n g f u l l use o f t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f e a c h mode o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . M a j o r t h o r o u g h f a r e s and r a p i d t r a n s i t l i n e s s h o u l d be l o c a t e d so t h a t t h e y w i l l s u p p o r t t h e h i g h d e n s i t y r e s i d e n t i a l and commerc i a l a r e a s planned f o r each s e c t i o n o f the Region, e s p e c i a l l y t h e c e n t e r s o f new c o m m u n i t i e s i n t h e r a d i a l d e v e l o p m e n t corridors. E v e r y e f f o r t s h o u l d be made t o e n c o u r a g e t h e use o f p u b l i c t r a n s i t i n h o u r s o f peak t r a f f i c l o a d s e s p e c i a l l y f o r t r i p s t o and f r o m M e t r o - C e n t e r and o t h e r r a d i a l t r i p s , i n c l u d i n g the d e s i g n a t i o n of e x c l u s i v e r i g h t s - o f - w a y f o r express b u s e s t o s u p p l e m e n t t h e p r o p o s e d subway s y s t e m . " _ ' V i r t u a l l y a l l l o c a l and s u b r e g i o n a l p o l i c i e s c a l l f o r a b a l a n c e d and c o o r d i n a t e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m . Such a s y s t e m s h o u l d i n c l u d e r a p i d r a i l t r a n s i t , r a d i a l and c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l h i g h w a y s , f e e d e r b u s e s , and fringe parking f a c i l i t i e s . Highway p l a n s o f t e n recommend f a c i l i t i e s up t o 20 y e a r s i n a d v a n c e o f t h e i r n e e d . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , h i g h w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o g r a m s c o v e r a p e r i o d o f about f i v e y e a r s . For r a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t , t h e r e i s another set o f time dimensions to c o n s i d e r : the a u t h o r i z e d system i s the f i r s t s t a g e t o be b u i l t , t a k i n g 5 t o 7 y e a r s f r o m s t a r t o f c o n s t r u c t i o n ; t h e a d o p t e d s y s t e m i s an e x t e n s i o n o f t h e a u t h o r i z e d s y s t e m , t o be c o m p l e t e d by 1 9 8 0 ; f u t u r e e x t e n s i o n s , t h e n , a r e t o be added t o t h e a d o p t e d s y s t e m a f t e r 1980.12/ T h e r e w e r e f o u r b a s i c schemes t h a t w e r e t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m f o r W a s h i n g t o n and i t s s u r r o u n d i n g m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a ; t h e r e was t h e p l a n n e d s p r a w l , d i s p e r s e d c i t i e s , p e r i p h e r a l c o m m u n i t i e s , and t h e r a d i a l c o r r i d o r p l a n . The programmed and p l a n n e d h i g h w a y and t r a n s i t f a c i l i t i e s g e n e r a l l y support the r a d i a l c o r r i d o r development c o n c e p t . T r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n s c a l l f o r 7 c o r r i d o r s s e r v e d by 9 r a d i a l f r e e w a y s : I - 7 0 S , R o u t e 50 ( J o h n Hanson H i g h w a y ) , 1-95 ( s o u t h ) , 1 - 6 6 , t h e D u l l e s A c c e s s RoadR o u t e 7 , 1-95 ( n o r t h ) , t h e S o u t h Potomac F r e e w a y , t h e N o r t h e r n P a r k w a y , and t h e M o n t i c e l l o F r e e w a y . T h e f i r s t f i v e o f t h e s e c o r r i d o r f r e e w a y s now e x i s t o u t s i d e t h e B e l t w a y . 1-95 ( n o r t h ) i s programmed and p a r t i a l l y — ' — T h e C h a n g i n g R e g i o n , The G o v e r n m e n t s , p. 41 Metropolitan - 16 - Washington Council of �under c o n s t r u c t i o n . The r e m a i n i n g t h r e e a r e i n c l u d e d i n c u r r e n t longr a n g e s t u d i e s o f h i g h w a y n e e d s now u n d e r w a y by t h e M a r y l a n d and V i r g i n i a highway a g e n c i e s . The c o m m i t t e d 1-95 ( n o r t h ) and t h e f i v e e x i s t i n g freeways p r o v i d e a c c e s s to f i v e o f the seven proposed c o r r i d o r s . P a r a l l e l l a n e s t o t h e D u l l e s A c c e s s Road w o u l d p r o v i d e l o c a l a c c e s s from the Beltway to D u l l e s A i r p o r t . W i t h i n t h e C a p i t a l B e l t w a y , l i t t l e has been done t o c i m p l e m e n t t h e r a d i a l f r e e w a y s b a s i c to the c o r r i d o r development coricept. Interstate1-95 ( s o u t h ) i s t h e o n l y o p e r a t i o n a l r a d i a l f r e e w a y r o u t e w h i c h e x i s t s w i t h i n the C a p i t a l Beltway. R o u t e 5 0 , J o h n Hanson H i g h w a y , e x t e n d s o n l y to the D i s t r i c t of Columbia l i n e . The r i g h t - o f - w a y e x t e n d i n g 1-66 t o t h e Potomac R i v e r has b e e n a c q u i r e d b u t c o n s t r u c t i o n has n o t t a k e n place. T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f 1-66 w i l l s e r v e t h e D u l l e s A i r p o r t c o r r i d o r a s w e l l a s t h e 1-66 c o r r i d o r . The p r o p o s e d e x t e n s i o n o f I - 7 0 S , t h e N o r t h C e n t r a l F r e e w a y , and t h e e x t e n s i o n o f 1-95 ( n o r t h ) w i t h i n t h e B e l t w a y a r e s u b j e c t s o f g r e a t c o n t r o v e r s y , m a k i n g t h e i r i m p l e m e n t a t i o n u n c e r t a i n . The r e s u l t has been a v i r t u a l h a l t i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f r a d i a l h i g h w a y f a c i l i t i e s - a " f r e e z e " w h i c h has now been i n e f f e c t f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s . C o n s e q u e n t l y , the proposed r a d i a l c o r r i d o r a r e a s l a c k the n e c e s s a r y a c c e s s i b i l i t y t o downtown W a s h i n g t o n w h i c h w o u l d s t r e n g t h e n their e c o n o m i c a d v a n t a g e o v e r n o n - c o r r i d o r a r e a s . As a r e s u l t , l a n d u s e d e v e l o p m e n t o u t s i d e o f t h e s e r a d i a l c o r r i d o r a r e a s i s e n c o u r a g e d beyond the B e l t w a y . T h i s has s e r v e d t o weaken the i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f the radial corridors concept.—' W i t h t h e p r e s e n t and p r o p o s e d s e r v i c e o f t h e b e l t w a y s , f r e e w a y s , and h i g h w a y s , t h e r e i s c o n s i d e r a t i o n b e i n g g i v e n t o o t h e r means o f t r a n s portation. The p r o p o s e d r a i l r a p i d t r a n s i t n e t w o r k f o r t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a i s a l s o r a d i a l in nature. The programmed p o r t i o n o f t h e t r a n s i t n e t w o r k , s c h e d u l e d f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n b e f o r e 1 9 8 0 , p a i r s some t r a n s i t l i n e s w i t h r a d i a l highways w i t h i n the C a p i t a l B e l t w a y . Along Route 6 6 , R o c k v i l l e P i k e , and G e o r g i a A v e n u e , programmed t r a n s i t l i n e s e x t e n d beyond t h e Beltway for several m i l e s . V i r t u a l l y none o f t h e programmed l i n e s w i l l s e r v e community c e n t e r s p r o p o s e d f o r d e v e l o p m e n t i n c o r r i d o r s outside the Beltway. Some o f t h e s e a r e a s c o u l d be s e r v e d a f t e r 1 9 8 0 , h o w e v e r , s i n c e e x t e n s i o n s of t r a n s i t s e r v i c e a r e planned f o r s i x of the seven proposed corri dors. T h e r e a r e two p r o p o s e d f r e e w a y s w h i c h a r e c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l r a t h e r t h a n radial: t h e O u t e r B e l t w a y and t h e W e s t e r n F r e e w a y i n F a i r f a x C o u n t y . M o r e o v e r , the b u l k o f the r e m a i n i n g p l a n n e d highway improvements ( t h e T87 I b i d . , p. k2 - 17 - �Map # 7 Showing t h e C a p i t o l B e l t w a y around W a s h i n g t o n , u . C , 1962 - 18 - �a r t e r i a l network) i s o r i e n t e d to i n t e r c o n n e c t i n g the 9 r a d i a l freeways and t h e r a d i a l t r a n s i t l i n e s . Through t h e s e i n t e r c o n n e c t i o n s , these a r t e r i a l h i g h w a y s w i l l p r o v i d e a c c e s s t h r o u g h o u t much o f t h e a r e a p r o p o s e d f o r r e l a t i v e l y low d e n s i t i e s b e t w e e n t h e c o r r i d o r s . These a r e a s a r e , o f c o u r s e , t h e wedge open s p a c e a r e a s recommended i n t h e 1964 COG p o l i c i e s . T h e a c c e s s p r o v i d e d by t h e s e a r t e r i a l h i g h w a y s w i l l make t h e s e open s p a c e a r e a s a t t r a c t i v e f o r a more i n t e n s i v e d e v e l o p m e n t than t h a t f o r which they were o r i g i n a l l y p l a n n e d . An a n a l y s i s o f h i g h w a y and t r a n s i t p l a n s a s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e d i s c l o s e s a f u n c t i o n a l s p e c i a l i z a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e s e p r o p o s e d f a c i l i t i e s beyond I 9 8 O . P r i o r t o 1 9 8 0 , i m p r o v e m e n t s i n t h e h i g h w a y and t r a n s i t s y s t e m s w i l l emphasize c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l connections ( t h e planned Outer B e l t w a y , t h e W e s t e r n F r e e w a y , and t h e a r t e r i a l n e t w o r k ) , w h e r e a s t r a n s i t p l a n s continue t o emphasize r a d i a l l i n e s . The b u l k o f t h e highway improvements i s d e s i g n e d t o i n t e r c o n n e c t o u t l y i n g c e n t e r s a l o n g t h e e x i s t i n g and p r o p o s e d r a d i a l f r e e w a y s . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e r a p i d r a i l t r a n s i t n e t w o r k i s p r i m a r i l y a r a d i a l s y s t e m f o c u s i n g on c e n t r a l W a s h i n g t o n . A s e c o n d f u n c t i o n a l s p e c i a l i z a t i o n w i l l be e x p e r i e n c e d p r i o r t o 1 9 8 0 . H i g h w a y s w i l l be v i r t u a l l y t h e o n l y t r a v e l mode beyond t h e C a p i t a l Beltway. R a p i d t r a n s i t l i n e s programmed t o I98O e x t e n d no f u r t h e r t h a n t h e B e l t w a y , w i t h t h e few e x c e p t i o n s n o t e d e a r l i e r . Hence, highways d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d p r i o r t o 1980 must be r e l i e d upon t o g u i d e g r o w t h in the d e v e l o p i n g a r e a around Washington. D u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d , new a r t e r i a l h i g h w a y s w i l l a l s o b e g i n t o i n t e r connect t h e r a d i a l f r e e w a y s as n o t e d . T r a n s i t w i l l have i t s impact in t h i s p e r i o d i n t h e a l r e a d y u r b a n i z e d a r e a , but g e n e r a l l y t r a n s i t w i l l f o l l o w , n o t l e a d , l a n d d e v e l o p m e n t . 12.' E v e n though t h e r e i s some c o o r d i n a t i o n t h a t c a n be d e m o n s t r a t e d b e t w e e n p l a n n e d and programmed h i g h w a y and t r a n s i t f a c i l i t i e s , t h e r e a r e a l s o major s h o r t c o m i n g s r e l a t i v e t o r e g i o n a l development p o l i c i e s t h a t e x i s t . The s t a g i n g o f t r a n s i t improvements i s s u c h t h a t o n l y f o l l o w , not l e a d , land development. transit can A l t h o u g h t h e f r e e w a y and t r a n s i t n e t w o r k s a r e r a d i a l and w i l l encourage c o r r i d o r g r o w t h , the proposed a r t e r i a l network w i l l i n t e r c o n n e c t t h e s e r a d i a l r o u t e s and e n c o u r a g e g r o w t h o u t s i d e o f t h e c o r r i d o r s i n t h e wedge a r e a s o r i g i n a l l y c o n t e m p l a t e d f o r no u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t o r f o r low i n t e n s i t y d e v e l o p m e n t . C u r r e n t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n s and p r o g r a m s do n o t p r o p o s e t h e f u l l range o f f a c i l i t i e s i n each c o r r i d o r c a l l e d f o r i n the 1964 r e g i o n a l development p o l i c i e s . To m a i n t a i n t h e v i a b i l i t y o f t h e g e n e r a l development c o n c e p t , i n t e r i m i m p r o v e m e n t s t o t h e e x i s t i n g r a d i a l a r t e r i a l h i g h w a y n e t w o r k a r e needed unless freeways are b u i l t w i t h i n the Capital Beltway. B u s e s and i2.' i b i d . , p. 42 - 19 - �commuter r a i l r i g h t s - o f - w a y c o u l d be u s e d t o s u p p l e m e n t t h e a u t h o r i z e d t r a n s i t s y s t e m beyond t h e B e l t w a y p r i o r t o 1980. At l e a s t t h e programming o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s must be c o n s i d e r e d i n l i g h t o f p r o b a b l e e f f e c t s on t h e l a n d d e v e l o p m e n t p a t t e r n . To be t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n w i t h t h i s g r o w t h o f t h e c o m m u n i t i e s i s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s t a g i n g o f t h e h i g h w a y and r a p i d r a i l t r a n s i t s y s t e m i s i m p o r t a n t t o t h e p r o p e r d e v e l o p m e n t o f h i g h d e n s i t y r e s i d e n t i a l and c o m m e r c i a l a r e a s and community c e n t e r s . For t h e most p a r t , e x i s t i n g h i g h d e n s i t y r e s i d e n t i a l and c o m m e r c i a l a r e a s a r e s e r v e d by m a j o r h i g h w a y s . Most a r e a s p l a n n e d f o r h i g h d e n s i t y r e s i d e n t i a l and c o m m e r c i a l u s e s , i n c l u d i n g community c e n t e r s , w i l l be s e r v e d by m a j o r t h o r o u g h f a r e s o r f r e e w a y s e i t h e r e x i s t i n g o r p l a n n e d . T h e programmed t r a n s i t s y s t e m , i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h i t s f e e d e r bus system, w i l l serve v i r t u a l l y a l l high d e n s i t y areas w i t h i n the Capital B e l t w a y . T h e o n l y m a j o r c o m m e r c i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n u n s e r v e d by t r a n s i t and f e e d e r b u s e s w i t h i n t h e a d o p t e d s y s t e m i s B a i l e y ' s C r o o s r o a d s i n Virginia. T h i s a r e a w o u l d be s e r v e d by a C o l u m b i a P i k e L i n e p r o p o s e d a f t e r 1980. E x t e n s i o n s o f t h e t r a n s i t s y s t e m , p l a n n e d a f t e r 1980, w i l l s e r v e e x i s t i n g and p r o p o s e d h i g h d e n s i t y r e s i d e n t i a l and c o m m e r c i a l a r e a s i n s i x o f the seven proposed c o r r i d o r s . T h u s , e x i s t i n g and p l a n n e d m a j o r t h o r o u g h f a r e s and f r e e w a y s s u p p o r t p l a n n e d h i g h d e n s i t y r e s i d e n t i a l and c o m m e r c i a l a r e a s o u t s i d e t h e B e l t w a y R a p i d t r a n s i t w i l l s e r v e most m a j o r r e s i d e n t i a l and c o m m e r c i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n t h e a l r e a d y u r b a n i z e d a r e a , b u t w i l l n o t s e r v e t h e p r o p o s e d new community c e n t e r s u n t i l a f t e r 1980, and t h u s c a n n o t be u s e d t o s t i m u l a t e t h e i r development. A l s o c o n s i d e r e d was p u b l i c t r a n s i t and p e a k h o u r t r i p s . COG's R e s o l u t i o n on D e v e l o p m e n t P o l i c i e s f o r t h e Y e a r 2000 f o r t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Region acknowledged t h a t t h e g e n e r a l development p a t t e r n as recommended w o u l d c r e a t e h e a v y demands f o r peak h o u r r a d i a l t r i p s and s u g g e s t e d t h a t p u b l i c t r a n s i t be d e v e l o p e d t o h a n d l e t h e m . The adopted r a i l t r a n s i t s y s t e m i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h i s o b j e c t i v e . I t i s a r a d i a l s y s t e m d e s i g n e d f o r peak hour u s e , p r e d o m i n a n t l y work t r i p s f r o m s u b u r b a n a r e a s t o employment l o c a t i o n s i n t h e c e n t r a l c i t y . Bus t r a n s i t , w h i c h i s c u r r e n t l y o r i e n t e d t o peak h o u r r a d i a l t r i p s , h a s e x p e r i e n c e d a 10% i n c r e a s e i n p a t r o n a g e s i n c e 1955. However. However, p o p u l a t i o n h a s i n c r e a s e d a t a much f a s t e r r a t e . Although the region has e x p e r i e n c e d an a b s o l u t e r i s e i n t h e number o f t r a n s i t u s e r s , t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t o t a l work t r i p s u s i n g t r a n s i t has c o n s i s t e n t l y d e c l i n e d . I m p r o v e m e n t s i n bus r o u t i n g and s c h e d u l i n g h a v e e n c o u r a g e d p u b l i c t r a n s i t use f o r t h e p e a k h o u r r a d i a l t r i p . R e c e n t l y , s e v e r a l s u b u r b a n bus l i n e s h a v e been g r a n t e d e x t e n s i o n i n t o downtown W a s h i n g t o n , i n c r e a s i n g t h e a c c e s s i b i l i t y and c o n v e n i e n c e o f p u b l i c t r a n s i t f o r peak h o u r t r i p s . Such moves may h e l p t o s l o w t h e d e c l i n e i n bus t r a n s i t u s a g e d u r i n g t h e peak h o u r . 20/ I b i d . , p. hi - 20 - �Map # 8 Indicating 1969 the proposed r a p i d rail t r a n s i t system �S e v e r a l s t u d i e s c u r r e n t l y b e i n g c o n d u c t e d by t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n n i n g B o a r d o f t h e C o u n c i l o f G o v e r n m e n t s a r e g e a r e d t o e n c o u r a g i n g t h e use o f p u b l i c t r a n s i t f o r peak h o u r r a d i a l t r i p s : 1) A s t u d y o f t h e B a l t i m o r e and O h i o R a i l r o a d , G e o r g e t o w n B r a n c h , f o r bus r a p i d t r a n s i t t e s t e d t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f u t i l i z i n g an a l r e a d y f u n c t i o n i n g r a i l r i g h t - o f - w a y f o r p u b l i c mass t r a n s i t d u r i n g peak h o u r s . 2) A d e m o n s t r a t i o n p r o j e c t c o o r d i n a t i n g two-way e x p r e s s t r a n s i t s e r v i c e f o r c e n t e r c i t y and s u b u r b a n e m p l o y e e s i s g e a r e d , i n p a r t , t o f a c i l i t a t i n g i n b o u n d and o u t b o u n d j o u r n e y s t o w o r k d u r i n g commuter p e a k h o u r p e r i o d s . T h i s p r o g r a m w i l l a l s o provide f r i n g e parking a t major regional shopping c e n t e r s . — ' With regard t o r a p i d r a i l t r a n s i t , however, t r a n s i t p l a n s c a l l f o r buses to s e r v e a v i t a l r o l e . R a t h e r t h a n s e r v i n g r a d i a l t r i p s , a s t h e y do p r e s e n t l y , b u s e s a r e t o c o l l e c t and d i s t r i b u t e p a s s e n g e r s t o s p e c i f i c , widely space, rapid r a i l s t a t i o n s . Maximum u t i l i z a t i o n o f e x i s t i n g bus s e r v i c e s h o u l d be e n c o u r a g e d d u r i n g t h e l e n g t h y p e r i o d o f r a i l t r a n s i t construction. E x c l u s i v e l a n e s and r i g h t s - o f - w a y s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d t o encourage the use o f t r a n s i t d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d . U n t i l the adopted r e g i o n a l t r a n s i t s y s t e m i s c o m p l e t e , s u b u r b a n r a d i a l bus f e e d e r s y s t e m s h o u l d be u s e d t o e x t e n d t h e a r e a o f i m p a c t c r e a t e d by t h e b a s i c a u t h o r i z e d s y s t e m . C o n s i d e r a t i o n c o u l d a l s o be g i v e n t o u t i l i z i n g a commuter r a i l s y s t e m a n d / o r i t s r i g h t s - o f - w a y a s an e x t e n s i o n o f t h e r a i l t r a n s i t system u n t i l the f u l l regional system i s o p e r a t i o n a l . — I b i d . , p. 43 - 22 - �BlBLIOGRAPHY B r y a n , W. B . , A H i s t o r y o f t h e N a t i o n a l Capital, 1790-1814 B r y a n , W. B . , A H i s t o r y o f t h e N a t i o n a l Capital, 1815-1878 E x e c u t i v e O f f i c e , Commissioners o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, Washington A u g u s t 6 , 1901 K i t e , E l i z a b e t h , L ' E n f a n t a n d W a s h i n g t o n , 1890 P e r m a n e n t S y s t e m o f H i g h w a y s , Laws r e l a t i n g o f W a s h i n g t o n a n d G e o r g e t o w n , 1893, p . 3 t o , outside of the c i t i e s S t a r N e w s p a p e r , W a s h i n g t o n , S t r e e t Name C h a n g e s , R a d i c a l A c t i o n C o n t e m p l a t e d i n F u t u r e , A u g u s t 1 , 1905 The Changing R e g i o n , The M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington C o u n c i l o f Governments - 23 - 1 ��r �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The evolution of the D.C. highway system Subject The topic of the resource Freeways Express highways Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Tuzo, Gerald C. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Urban Transportation Center. Consortium of Universities Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/bf4dfaf555f7956e5f9056e5cdd4e935.pdf?Expires=1787788800&Signature=HobjbSmzPAHZURIRVBltQ9uODf1HCTwJrA3zYevhIpNrfo6rNDdy3pkA8Zlb06NnIEy6YHf0UygF21kjHa1VPlGQfHI-I6DsDdBdApeo81HMwjWOBOiYIVFm-ndo3qYCG6ssiYeYVYneSfPPKkkK%7EDiN2DQaE9yK1RVfsZFt6c5C7Z6VIO6s8Kkf%7EtAYuLCG1nXEwGEbB0%7EqSoiVDSlVJ-48ahzNo41%7EjILbk6w85q1EprO1wuzdvTy7mjtJdZ%7Edhe4izvuu7lTNy-Oy2bZcCm7-x7rrsOISfCQ4EbS1qGcem--HeFbDfiwk%7Ee7wKJvpWgvZd6gQV1wE%7EVFaMZ1spA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 167d5066143d1ad41b0906a4172168bf PDF Text Text RETURN TO OFFICE OF PLANNING AND PROS R M I G A MN DEPT. OF HIGHWAYS AND TRAFFIC GOVT. OF THE DISTRICT OF FILE NO- K.H �T W E N T Y - F O U R Y E A R S OF P R O G R E S S In HIGHWAY D E V E L O P M E N T 1924 - 1 9 4 8 "fa m A SUMMARY OF PERtORMANCE In PLANNING, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION By THE DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS . Of THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA " fS \ O " r\ > ~ i* ~ > Prepared and Published. By The Department of Highways Washington, D. C. LIBRARY DEPT. CF HIGHWAYS & TRAFFIC DISTRICT Of COliUiviBlA •4 1 �This publication i s dedicated to the memory of an Engineer who, as Engineer of S t r e e t s from 1931 to 1941, directed the a c t i v i t i e s of the Street and Bridge D i v i s i o n s , and was l a r g e l y responsible for the progress made during the l a s t quarter of a. century. LEONARD 1887 PAUL ROBERTSON - 1941 Leonard Paul Robertson rose from the grade of Chainman, which he held i n 1907, to become the head of the S t r e e t D i v i s i o n . H i s professional a b i l i t y , leadership and e f f i c i e n c y fostered a s p i r i t of l o y a l t y among h i s employes, and r a i s e d the e f f i c i e n c y of the D i v i s i o n to a high degree. He made possible the accomplishments outlined herein by the present s t a f f of the S t r e e t and Bridge D i v i s i o n s . �C O N T E N T S Page Foreword Part I - Administration 7-78 Personnel and Organization General Statement Comparison 1924 - 1948 Planning S t r e e t Design and Construction Bridge Design and Construction Maintenance Administration Research Organizational Charts Organizational Highlights since 1924 Growth of Washinrton General Statement Population Pattern of R e s i d e n t i a l Development Public Transportation Automobile Ownership and Use Growth of Suburban T r a f f i c The Parking Problem Meeting the Challenge of the Highway Problem 7 9 9 11 16 17 20 24 25 28 31 31 32 33 34 39 43 45 46 Revenues and Appropriations 49 Federal Aid 53 Programs and Reports 59 General Statement Programs of 1930,1934 and 1937 Program of 1939 Organization of Highway Planning Survey The 1941 Highway Report and Program Preliminary Survey and Report on Subways K S t r e e t Trunk Highway The 1944 Central Area Report The 1946 Transportation Report 59 60 62 62 63 66 68 71 74 t I �ii Page Part I I Construction 78-102 Structures Procedures and Methods Major C a p i t a l Outlay Structures Bridges Grade Separation Structures Special Structures Railroad Grade-Crossing E l i m i n a t i o n Projects Minor C a p i t a l Outlay Structures Paving 78 79 79 80 80 80 81 81 Procedures and Methods General Statement Concrete Construction Bituminous Construction Concrete Materials and Design S o i l Studies Major C a p i t a l Outlay P r o j e c t s Major Paving P r o j e c t s Major Widening P r o j e c t s Major Replacement P r o j e c t s Summary Minor C a p i t a l Outlay P r o j e c t s Summary Part I I I Maintenance General Statement Methods and Procedures Contract Repair Heater Repair Bridge Maintenance Part IV Looking Ahead 81 81 82 84 87 90 92 92 95 98 101 101 102 103-107 103 105 106 106 107 108-130 General Statement. 108 Present Construction The F i r s t Postwar Program Paving and Structures The Second Postwar Program Paving Structures 109 109 113 114 115 115 �111 Page i Highway Development Planning T r a f f i c Density Origin and Destination Studies Channelization Road L i f e Study Plans f o r the Future Projects under Study Expressways 117 119 120 121 121 123 123 125 127 Conclusion •JHK;- CHARTS and TABLES Organization Chart - Department of Highways Organization Chart - S t r e e t D i v i s i o n Do C« Gasoline Tax and Motor Vehicle Fees Source and Amount of Highway Department Appropriation A l l o c a t i o n of Federal A i d Funds, 1940-1948 D. Co P r i n c i p a l Highway Network I 26 27 54 55 57 131 -.4: �- I FOREWORD What i s the present highway s i t u a t i o n i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia? What i s being done to provide highway f a c i l i t i e s adequate to meet future requirements? What has been done i n the past to a n t i - cipate the great t r a f f i c burden now being borne by our highway t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system? These are questions which have no doubt occurred to many of us, p a r t i c u l a r l y to the motor v e h i c l e owner, who finances such improvements through gasoline taxes and f e e s , and to members of the Congress who have so understandingly provided the necessary l e g i s l a t i o n and appropriations, and who i n r e t u r n must expect r e s u l t s from those entrusted with the planning and execution of t h i s work. I f a l l of us were highway engineers and had a knowledge of the many f a c t o r s which go into the planning, f i n a n c i n g , and execut i o n of highway development programs, t h i s summary of the a c t i v i t i e s of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Department of Highways over the past twenty-four years could be b r i e f e r . However, since we cannot a l l be f a m i l i a r with highway engineering, t h i s report has been prepared i n somewhat more d e t a i l , hoping i t w i l l i n d i c a t e that the t r u s t and r e s p o n s i b i l i t y reposed i n us have not been misplaced and that they have been discharged f a i t h f u l l y . The t i t l e f o r t h i s r e p o r t , "Twenty-Four Years of Progress i n Highway Development", was selected because the f i r s t gasoline t a x was imposed i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia j u s t twenty-four years ago. By coincidence, t h i s period approximately covers the tenure i n o f f i c e of most of the personnel, now i n key p o s i t i o n s , who have �contributed so much of t h e i r t a l e n t s and s k i l l s , and who have made these accomplishments p o s s i b l e . The planning and construction of an adequate highway and bridge system i s not alone a question of p r o f i c i e n c y i n mathematics and engineering. A f a r more important element i s experience or "know-how" which can be acquired only through many years of a c t u a l work i n the planning and execution of urban highway improvements. We have bean very fortunate i n having i n our organization numerous employees i n key p o s i t i o n s who have gained such experience through long service i n the Department. The work we have accomplished i s i n large part due to the l o y a l t y and constant i n t e r e s t of these employees, and a word here concerning them i s considered proper. The f o l l o w i n g employees have been i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Highway Organization f o r v a r y i n g periods, i n some cases exceeding the period covered by t h i s report. While i t i s not our i n t e n t i o n to e x t o l l the v i r t u e s o f these employees, t h e i r c o n t r i b u t i o n to these accomplishments has been great and i t i s appropriate to acknowledge t h i s f a c t here. Administrators Years S e r v i c e Herbert C, Whitehurst Director of Highways 22 John N. Robertson Deputy D i r e c t o r of Highways 31 Samuel R. Harrison Deputy Engineer of S t r e e t s 27 Harry R. Howser Engineer of Bridges 31 Engineers Leland Harold Albert Joseph M. Hedgcock F. Clemmer Green G. Rousseau Chief of Construction & Design Engineer of Tests and M a t e r i a l s Resident Engineer (Bridges) Asst.Chief of Construction & Design 23 18 13 29 �Engineers Judson A. Sencindiver Lewis R. Watson Douglas S. B r i n k l e y John J . Curtin Leo A. H a l l e r John F. Hoover John R. Neate Kenneth W. Cole P h i l i p T. May Joseph T. E l b e r t James Joseph Sweeney Miles F. Rouse W i l l i a m P. MacGregcr James C. Wade Thomas E. Lepson Joseph D.A. Handiboe Charles Vogel Brown Boyd F. Rohrback Ralph W. Wilton Arthur W. Clark Medford C. F r a z i e r Reverdy Donaldson Marcey Years Service Asst. Chief of Construction and Design O f f i c e Engineer Chief Planning Engineer Chief of Assessment & Permit Chief of F i n i s h e d Concrete Chief of S p e c i a l P r o j e c t s Engineer of Major Finished Concrete Engineer of Major Finished Concrete Engineer of Major Finished Concrete Engineer of Contracts Resident Engineer (Bridges) Chief of Bituminous Unit Chief of Sheet Asphalt Unit Engineer of A l l e y s Engineer of Sidewalks Engineer of Asphalt Widening Projects Engineer of Building Grades Engineer of B a s i c Grades Engineer of Plant Inspection Design Engineer (Bridges) Engineer of Minor Finished Concrete Engineer of Curb and Gutter 28 28 23 44 31 23 32 28 23 40 28 25 36 25 25 25 30 24 29 20 20 21 Maintenance Superintendents Roy L. Bourgeois Harry A. Key W i l l i a m B. McKinney Superintendent of Maintenance A s s t . Superintendent of Maintenance Asst. Superintendent of Maintenance 27 29 21 Inspectors & Engineering Aides Morris A. Gainey Dennis J . F i t z p a t r i c k J o s l y n W. Minckler Cornelius Cain Walker M. Moore Ralph H. Dick Leman H. Nevitt George S. Wilson L e s t e r Howard S t u l l Arthur M. Isherwood Joseph M. Wetzel Howard C. Jenkins Clayton B. Donaldson Chief Inspector ( S t r e e t D i v i s i o n ) 43 Inspector 42 P r i n c i p a l Inspector 18 Inspector 34 P r i n c i p a l Inspector 20 Inspector 32 Engineering Aide 29 Inspector 24 Engineering Aide ' 23 Inspector 21 Inspector 21 Inspector of U t i l i t y Cuts 20 Inspector 20 �Inspectors and Engineering Aides Paul M. McMurry William L.Travers George E . Travers Years Service Chief Inspector (Bridge D i v i s i o n ) P r i n c i p a l Inspector Engineering Aide 20 20 20 S p e c i a l Assignments William L i s s e k Constantino Chase P e r c i v a l G.Melbourne Frank J . Neff 21 A3 20 Administrative Officer Purchasing Clerk Chief Draftsman A d m i n i s t r a t i v e A s s i s t a n t to Director of Highways 26 Foremen, Overseers, Bridge Operators, Guards Andrew Mullen John J . Ma honey George E . Mullen Marshall G.Henderson Dorsey L.Reynolds Louis F.Woods John E. D e l l John Naylor Emmet H. Hidey Howard C.Jenkins J u l i u s Morcock ' Edward Williams Robert E. Sherry George R i c k e t t s W i l l i a m M.Clampitt 45 29 25 25 24 22 21 20 20 20 27 25 40 22 21 Foreman Foreman Foreman Foreman Foreman Foreman Foreman Foreman Foreman Foreman Overseer Overseer Bridge Operator Bridge Operator Guard S t i l l other employees, no longer with the Department, due to death or retirement, contributed to our accomplishments, through long and f a i t h f u l service and we wish to chronicle here our thanks for their efforts. Engineers & Superintendents C.B. Hunt ^ C l i f f o r d R.Whyte -"-Leonard P.Robertson J.W.Dare - -Lloyd D. Smoot E. G. Emack Henry G. D a r l i n g L.R.Grabill W i l l i a m W.Curtiss Charles E . Wager W i l l i a m B. Champion S t u a r t John Gass Aloysius S.Fennell ;; Years Service Engineer o f Highways Engineer of Bridges Engineer o f S t r e e t s Construction Engineer Engineer o f Strut :ures and Grades Engineer Engineer Engineer o f Maint nance Engineer Engineer Engineer Engineer Engineer 40 36 34 49 45 37 , 41 33 42 19 30 39 44 �- 5 Engineers & Superintendents Years S e r v i c e George Lawrence Quinn Engineer Christopher Armat Engineer Frank B. Couch Superintendent of Cuts 40 37 26 Inspectors ^Samuel R. B e a l l Walter L.Hoover Charles F.Myers F r e d e r i c k P.Causey Edmund B.Coolidge P h i l i p B.Darling Clarence E . F i s h e r W i l l i a m P.Hanlon W. M. Barton Harry T. Wallace Frank A. McNamee P r i n c i p a l Inspector Inspector Inspector Inspector Inspector Inspector Inspector Inspector Inspector Inspector Inspector 21 30 39 21 25 23 37 20 ' 40 21 25 Overseers, Foremen, Guards and Others. Presley G r i f f i n W i l l i a m W. Swaggart John W i l l i a m White G. B. Brady Andrew J.White . Darius Gaskins W i l l i a m Lee B r i t t o n ^Eugene Lynch Albert C. Berger John H. Grove -"•John To Creegan Almanza S. Lindsey William's. H u l l Charles Mottern Marion H. Lynn E. S. Greenwell -^-Robert J.Johnson Bridge Overseer Overseer Foreman Foreman Foreman Foreman Foreman Foreman Foreman Foreman Foreman Draw Operator Watchman Guard Computer Chief Clerk Master Mechanic .- 21 30 33 18 39 35 28 31 23 26 16 21 21 19 22 39 46 * Deceased i n s e r v i c e . Many changes have taken place during t h i s twenty-four year period. These changes are evidenced not only i n the growth of the c i t y of Washington and i n new t r a n s p o r t a t i o n methods due to mass adoption of the motor v e h i c l e , but a l s o i n the i n t e r n a l organization of the Department and i n procedures and techniques, so as to keep pace with the a c c e l e r a t e d tempo of the times. impact of motor v e h i c l e use and c i t y growth on the Department The �- 6 and i t s resources was tremendous. The need f o r modernizing our i n t e r n a l organization, which w i l l be described i n more d e t a i l i n the following pages, had to be foreseen and the Department gradually perfected i t s e l f as we moved along i n t o t h i s streaml i n e d age. One of the most important of these changes was the establishment and development nf evaluating procedures to predetermine the highway requirements of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, including adequate connections to the roadway system of adjacent areas of Maryland and V i r g i n i a w i t h i n the Washington Metropolitan Area. We d i s t i n g u i s h between "highway development planning" and " c i t y planning", The Department of Highways i s concerned with the former and not the latter-, except i n the matter of adherence to master c i t y plans i n the formulation of development programs. The Department, through i t s Highway Planning Unit, operated i n cooperation with the Public Roads Administration, i s constantly studying the t r a v e l h a b i t s and o r i g i n s and destinations of persons and v e h i c l e s moving w i t h i n our j u r i s d i c t i o n . Traffic volumes and other economic data, which are needed to forecast requirements and to plan the scope and sequence of construction, are c o l l e c t e d and analyzed on a continuing b a s i s . Indeed, i t would be e n t i r e l y correct to state that the Department of Highways i s the agency w i t h i n our j u r i s d i c t i o n which has a s t a f f organized for and capable of forecasting the required capacity and planning the geometries of p r o j e c t s i n future highway development programs based upon up-to-date f a c t u a l data. �- 7 P A R T A D K I N 1ST (A) Personnel and Organization: I R A T I O N E a r l y i n the a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and l e g a l h i s t o r y of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, highway development , received recognition as a major function. The Organic Act of 1878, which created a Commission c o n s i s t i n g of three persons,in- cluding an o f f i c e r of the United States Army Corps of Engineers, set a general a d m i n i s t r a t i v e pattern for organization. I n 1924 two important l e g i s l a t i v e a c t s a f f e c t i n g D i s t r i c t highway adminis t r a t i o n were enacted namely, the o r i g i n a l Motor Vehicle Fuel Tax Act, which l e v i e d a t a x of two cents per gallon on gasoline, the revenue to be used e x c l u s i v e l y for s t r e e t and road improvement and r e p a i r , and the C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Act of 1923, which required evaluat i o n and c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of a l l s t a t u t o r y positions by the f e d e r a l Personnel C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Board. The highway system of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia includes a l l s t r e e t s , bridge s t r u c t u r e s , a l l e y s , and sidewalks i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, except those controlled by the Federal Government, mostly i n the National C a p i t a l Parks. They, have been located i n accordance with the permanent Highway Plan, establ i s h e d by law and extended or modified from time to time by the D i s t r i c t Government as approved by the National C a p i t a l Park and Planning Commission. The D i s t r i c t Commissioners approve the width and p h y s i c a l features of each project before i t i s a c t u a l l y constructed, u s u a l l y i n accordance with standards established by the U. S. �Public Roads Administration. The Highway Department determines the r e l a t i v e needs f o r various p r o j e c t s and e s t a b l i s h e s t h e i r priority. Accomplishment of any construction r e q u i r e s approval of the D i s t r i c t Board of Commissioners^ appropriation of funds by -Congress, and a c t u a l c o l l e c t i o n of Highway Fund revenues with which to perform the work. Any highway organization must perform planning, design,cons t r u c t i o n , r e p a i r , administration, and research functions. I t should provide a basic o r g a n i z a t i o n a l pattern which i s stable and enduring, with orderly promotions of personnel w i t h i n the organization, but i t must also be adaptable to increased or decreased work-loads and to changing problems and concepts, as required. Highway procedures i n any large municipal area r e - quire close coordination with other engineering a c t i v i t i e s and with public s e r v i c e s , such as p o l i c e and f i r e departments. Because the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, i s the n a t i o n a l c a p i t a l , i t i s , i n an a r c h i t e c t u r a l sense, a monumental c i t y . Hence, the Depart- ment here cannot escape a s p e c i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r upholding and developing the high standards of s t r u c t u r a l and e s t h e t i c adequacy which are appropriate to the c a p i t a l of a great and progressive nation. I t i s believed that t h i s Department has demonstrated both b a s i c soundness and s e n s i t i v e n e s s to changing demands through the y e a r s . I n the following pages some of the s i g n i f i c a n t im- provements w i l l be high-lighted, and some of the u n f u l f i l l e d plans f o r f u r t h e r progress w i l l be i n d i c a t e d . We s h a l l begin by comparing the organizational and f u n c t i o n a l patterns f o r 1924 and 1948, r e s p e c t i v e l y , and then summarize some of the �important steps which have l e d to the present system. (2) Comparison 1924 and 1948: I n 1924 the forerunner of the present S t r e e t and Bridge D i v i s i o n s was known as the Surface D i v i s i o n , headed by the Engineer of Highways. He supervised d i r e c t l y nine group heads: engineers i n charge of s t r e e t construe t i o n , bridge a c t i v i t i e s , and o f f i c e engineering, r e s p e c t i v e l y , superintendents i n charge of r e p a i r s to c i t y s t r e e t s , suburban roads, and u t i l i t y cuts, r e s p e c t i v e l y , superintendent of s t a b l e s , inspector of asphalts and cements i n charge of m a t e r i a l s inspect i o n , and a c h i e f c l e r k . The t o t a l personnel numbered sixty-two annual s t a t u t o r y p o s i t i o n s , eight miscellaneous t r u s t fund p o s i t i o n s , and n e a r l y f i v e hundred per diem l a b o r e r s . I n 1948 the Director of Highways i s responsible f o r a broade program: S t r e e t and Bridge D i v i s i o n s , which l a r g e l y comprise what i n 1924, was the Surface D i v i s i o n , and i n a d d i t i o n the O f f i c e of Coordinator of Surface and Subsurface Work, the E l e c t r i c a l D i v i s i o n , the D i v i s i o n of Trees and Parkings, and the Central Garage. The S t r e e t D i v i s i o n has been consolidated i n t o three groups: Administration and Maintenance S e c t i o n , Construction and Design S e c t i o n , and M a t e r i a l s Section. The Bridge D i v i s i o n i s composed of the O f f i c e Engineering Section, F i e l d Engineering Section, Operations Section, and Maintenance Section. ( a ) - Planning: Planning i n 1924 included a. v i s u a l i n - spection of requested or proposed p r o j e c t s by the construction engineers and the Engineer of Highways, to evaluate the need f o r new construction i n terms of percentage of adjacent area already containing b u i l d i n g s , whether the s t r e e t was a connecting l i n k �between two sections of improved roadway, and the condition of the e x i s t i n g s u r f a c e . The recommendations of the Engineer of Highways were subject to approval by the D i s t r i c t Commissioners and a c t i o n by Congress. Each p r o j e c t was authorized i n the annual appropriation a c t s . I n 1948 planning i s based p a r t i a l l y on the subjective con- clusions of experienced observation and judgment, but i t r e l i e s i n c r e a s i n g l y on s t a t i s t i c a l data obtained and analyzed according to modern s c i e n t i f i c methods by the Highway Planning Unit i n the Administration and Maintenance Section. T h i s u n i t i s composed of three sub-units: S t a t i s t i c a l Surveys, Plans and Development, and P u b l i c a t i o n s , each with a small nuclear force capable of expansion whenever the program warrants. The S t a t i s t i c a l Sur- veys Sub-Unit has four major f u n c t i o n s , namely, ( l ) to c o l l e c t numerical data regarding present t r a f f i c loads, turning movements, e t c . , (2) to c o l l e c t numerical data regarding present desires f o r v a r i o u s t r a f f i c routes i n the D i s t r i c t , (3) to consolidate and i n t e r p r e t these data i n terms of expected c i v i c development, population trends, e t c . , i n order to guide sound planning of d i r e c t i o n s and dimensions of the most needed highways, and (4) to e s t a b l i s h and analyze a perpetual inventory of a l l paving i n the D i s t r i c t , i n order to a s c e r t a i n d e f i n i t e l y the r e l a t i o n s h i p s between type of construction and d u r a b i l i t y of pavements, age of roadways and cost of maintenance, to guide annual programming of replacement p r o j e c t s and long-range economical planning of types of construction and other p o l i c y matters. T h i s last-named f u n c t i o n remains to be implemented, but has passed through most of the preparatory stages i n cooperation with Public �- 11 Roads Administration. - The functions of the Plans and Develop- ment Sub-Unit are ( l ) to a s c e r t a i n the most economical l o c a t i o n s f o r desired highway improvements and extensions, (2) to develop geometric designs f o r grade separations, surface channelization, and other p r o j e c t s , and (3) to prepare engineering e x h i b i t s r e garding proposed major p r o j e c t s f o r presentation i n public hearings, e t c . The functions of the P u b l i c a t i o n s Sub-Unit are ( l ) to compose t e x t u a l r e p o r t s , ( 2 ) to prepare photographic exhibits regarding the work accomplishments or the program proposals of the Department, ( 3 ) to arrange f o r p r i n t i n g , and (4) to maintain a l i b r a r y of p u b l i c a t i o n s regarding l o c a l and general c i v i c planning problems and techniques. The personnel force of the Highway Planning Unit t o t a l s approximately twenty-five on a regular b a s i s , but at present i s being expanded to 150-200 f o r a temporary t r a f f i c survey project to be completed w i t h i n the year. objective s t a t i s t i c a l procedures These f o r a s c e r t a i n i n g paramount high- way needs represent a f a r c r y from the guess work upon which the administration had to r e l y i n 1924. (b) S t r e e t Design and Construction: The design and con- s t r u c t i o n of s t r e e t s a quarter-century ago were r e l a t i v e l y simple. The construction work was performed by c o n t r a c t o r s , except f o r temporary s u r f a c i n g by maintenance f o r c e s , using c h i e f l y hand labor. Except f o r the a,venues and downtown s t r e e t s , most ways were only t h i r t y feet wide. road- They could be closed to t r a f f i c during construction without s e r i o u s l y d i s r u p t i n g t r a f f i c . Vehicul a r loads were l i g h t e r then. R e l a t i v e l y l i t t l e was understood or attempted i n the way of expansion-contraction j o i n t s , s t r u c t u r a l reinforcements, and s p e c i a l design f e a t u r e s . Rather l i m i t e d �- 12 drawings were prepared to guide the layout and the s e t t i n g of grade pegs, to assure conformance with the b a s i c grade plan established f o r the D i s t r i c t Engineer Department many years before and to serve as construction records f o r future reference. S p e c i f i c a t i o n s were prepared f o r each contract. Supervision of the contractor's work was divided among three groups: ( l ) the engineering f i e l d p a r t i e s , who conducted the surveys, prepared the drawings, s p e c i f i c a t i o n s , and estimates, staked out the proj e c t s , and measured the f i n i s h e d work; (2) i n s p e c t o r s , who enforced the terms of the contract and the s p e c i f i c a t i o n s regarding methods of work and m a t e r i a l s received a t the s i t e ; and (3) the Inspector of Asphalts and Cements, who operated a laboratory f o r t e s t i n g the q u a l i t y of paving m a t e r i a l s and c e r t i f i e d the materia l s which l e f t the contractors' plants f o r highway jobs. The engineering p a r t i e s numbered seven or eight and each consisted of a highway engineer, who had r i s e n from the ranks, and two f i e l d a i d e s . One o f f i c i a l who served as deputy to the Engineer of Highways, supervised a l l these p a r t i e s . Since there were r e l a t i v e l y few complications, i n e i t h e r design or construct i o n , l i t t l e review or guidance was necessary. Two f i e l d p a r t i e s u s u a l l y engineered new concrete paving, two or three r e s u r f a c i n g and widening of asphalt roadways, one sidewalks, one a l l e y s , and one heavy grading p r o j e c t s . Two regular i n s p e c t o r s , with some per diem a s s i s t a n t s , were able to handle the s t r e e t , sidewalk, and a l l e y work, since seldom would contractors be doing the same thing simultaneously. The Inspector of Asphalts and Cements supervised ^according to the annual p a y r o l l s f o r 1924) three i n s p e c t o r s , one �- 13 - laboratory a s s i s t a n t , and a s k i l l e d laborer, besides some per diem l a b o r e r s . I n 1948 s t r e e t design and construction are both more complex. The construction work (except for temporary surfaces) i s performed by contractors, using heavy machinery. This not only means that more new l i n e and grade pegs are needed each day, but also r e s u l t s i n many pegs being disturbed, so that they must be r e - e s t a b l i s h e d . Design i s now a d e f i n i t e function, i n s t e a d of being i n c i d e n t a l to the construction. Because of greater s t r e e t widths and complexity, the average project today requires more thorough a p p l i c a t i o n of mathematical design t e c h n i ques than i n 1924. Because every e f f o r t must now be made to keep heavy volumes of t r a f f i c moving, the sequence of work must be c a r e f u l l y planned, and s p e c i a l q u i c k - s e t t i n g mixtures used i n i n t e r s e c t i o n s . Standard s p e c i f i c a t i o n s , prepared and published by the D. C. Department of Highways, guide the design o f s t r u c - t u r a l f e a t u r e s , j o i n t s , mix formulas, etc.,' modified as necessary by s p e c i a l provisions f o r a p a r t i c u l a r contract. On each project i n v o l v i n g Federal Aid grants, the Public Roads Administration requires an e n t i r e set of d e t a i l e d engineering drawings. This work i s performed by four groups: the engineering p a r t i e s and the F i e l d Inspection U n i t , both i n the Construction and Design Section, the D r a f t i n g Sub-Unit i n the Administration and Maintenance Section, and the M a t e r i a l s Section. The number of engineering f i e l d p a r t i e s has been doubled since 1924, being fourteen on a regular b a s i s , with temporary expansion possible during periods o f excessive woik loads. Each party now c o n s i s t s o f a highway engineer and t h r e e , instead o f �- 14 two, engineering aides who as construction work. ing - perform subordinate design as w e l l The highway engineers d i r e c t the engineer- surveys to locate l i n e s , grades, obstructions, e t c . , i n the f i e l d , adapt the geometric design of the Highway Planning Unit to the e x i s t i n g conditions, and develop a l l h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l curves, curb f e a t u r e s , o f f - s e t measurements, j o i n t l a y outs, reinforcements, c u t s , f i l l s , s p e c i a l mixtures, construction methods and sequence, and any other d e t a i l s required i n advance of the work. They also prepare the d e t a i l e d contract estimates on which the bids are l e t and the work programmed, and n o t i f y property owners to perform any necessary underground work i n advance of the paving. To obtain s a t i s f a c t o r y r e s u l t s i n 1948, a high type of employee i s required. The present organization provides a chain of advancement, with minimum q u a l i f i c a t i o n s f o r each l e v e l , to a t t r a c t and keep capable and ambitious men. Per- sonnel turnover used to be very high i n the subordinate p o s i t i o n s , but since t h i s organization was put into e f f e c t only one employee has l e f t the Department, and that was to resume h i s college s t u d i e s . The F i e l d Inspection Unit i s a. pool of ten regular inspectors and t h i r t y per diem a s s i s t a n t s . A c h i e f inspector i n s t r u c t s them i n uniform techniques and assigns then- to various p r o j e c t s from day to day. work. They represent the project engineers on D i s t r i c t They are responsible f o r c a r r y i n g out the engineers' i n - s t r u c t i o n s , deciding minor d e t a i l s , and r e q u i r i n g conformance to the standard s p e c i f i c a t i o n s , the contract terms, and accepted cons t r u c t i o n p r a c t i c e . I n addition to D i s t r i c t paving, these men also supervise highway construction performed f o r property owners i n connection with housing developments, e t c . , by contractors �- 15 at p r i v a t e expense under permits granted by the D i s t r i c t on a "whole cost" basiso The D r a f t i n g Sub-Unit, under the O f f i c e Engineer, prepares the Federal Aid drawings, the p l a t s , some of the working maps, and other drawings needed f o r the engineering p r o j e c t s . I t a l s o i s responsible f o r keeping the"counter" maps current and accurate for public reference, checking data i n the f i e l d and i n the r e cords of the Surveyor's O f f i c e . This force c o n s i s t s of a c h i e f draftsman and s i x engineering draftsmen, ranging upward from apprentice. The M a t e r i a l s Section inspects concrete aggregates, bituminous mixtures, s o i l s , s t e e l reinforcement m a t e r i a l s , and construe t i o n equipment before t h e i r use i n construction work. Other departments must.reimburse the S t r e e t D i v i s i o n f o r non-highway i n spections and t e s t s . Now, instead of operating a separate labora t o r y , the Engineer of M a t e r i a l s obtains from the National Bureau of Standards or the Public Roads Administration l a b o r a t o r i e s what ever chemical or p h y s i c a l t e s t s are required, except f o r c e r t a i n f i e l d t e s t s which must be made to guide the preparation or use of the m a t e r i a l s pending o f f i c i a l t e s t s . Section i s s t i l l on a temporary b a s i s . Most of the Materials The organization i s being c r y s t a l l i z e d i n t o three u n i t s : Engineering, I n s p e c t i o n , and Administrative. The Engineering U n i t , with i t s three sub-units, composed of eleven p o s i t i o n s ( i n c l u d i n g per diem), i s responsible f o r s o i l s mechanics, obtaining and. i n t e r p r e t i n g t e s t s , t r a i n i n g i n s p e c t o r s , conducting surveys of m a t e r i a l s performance under t r a f f i c , approving j o i n t l a y o u t s , and developing specifications. standard The Inspection U n i t , which includes from f o r t y �- 16 to s i x t y p o s i t i o n s i n four sub-units, i s responsible f o r accepting a l l m a t e r i a l s a t the plants or t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t e r m i n a l s , i n specting concrete mixtures and s o i l compaction on the project s i t e s , assuring the strength of concrete before t r a f f i c i s permitted, and approving a l l equipment to be used i n D i s t r i c t construction. The Administrative Unit requires s i x employees to keep and c o r r e l a t e records, prepare vouchers f o r reimbursable t e s t s and inspections, check vouchers from the Bureau of Standards e t c . , and perform routine s e r v i c e s . (c) Bridge Design and Construction: The bridge program i n the D i s t r i c t a quarter-century ago was v i r t u a l l y at a s t a n d - s t i l l . From 1922 to 1927 a single grade crossing was b u i l t . The engineer ing force consisted of the Engineer of Bridges, h i s a s s i s t a n t , and two aides. They were responsible f o r developing the design for a l l s t r u c t u r e s and f o r supervising the construction by contractors. I n a d d i t i o n , the Engineer of Bridges, under s u p e r v i - sion of the Engineer of Highways, was also responsible f o r the operation of draw-bridges and the maintenance of a l l D i s t r i c t Bridge s t r u c t u r e s . I t was the procedure during t h i s pre-war period to wait u n t i l a project was authorized i n appropriations fore s t a r t i n g to design i t . Then the development and be- checking of the design were rushed through l i k e an emergency by many hours overtime each day. Whenever a consultant was h i r e d , i t was f o r consultation and review of the design, not f o r a c t u a l preparation of the e n t i r e set of drawings and s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . The general, type of s t r u c t u r e and the estimated cost were determined on very short n o t i c e . �- 17 - Bridge design today i n v o l v e s a l l the s t r u c t u r a l and a r c h i t e c t u r a l aspects present before 1924, and i n a d d i t i o n carbon monoxide con- t r o l f e a t u r e s f o r underpass tunnels, advance planning and develop- ment of p r e l i m i n a r y design p r i o r to estimate and appropriation, and studies to determine the most economical type of structure f o r a s p e c i f i c purpose and l o c a t i o n . Bridge p r o j e c t s to be constructed i n 1951-1953 are already being planned i n the Bridge D i v i s i o n . At present nine major s t r u c t u r e s and numerous l e s s e r ones are i n various stages of design, and s e v e r a l others have benn released by the O f f i c e Engineering Section (a few prepared by consulting engineers); i n a d d i t i o n , s p e c i f i c a t i o n s are being prepared or shop drawings are being checked f o r four other major p r o j e c t s f o r which contracts have been l e t . The O f f i c e Engineering Section includes normally three bridge designers, three subordinate engineers, a.nd two draftsmen, but v a r i e s according to the work-load and a v a i l a b l e q u a l i f i e d personnel. As necessary, contracts are now l e t to consultants f o r development of designs end s p e c i f i c a t i o n s ; however, the Bridge D i v i s i o n i s responsible f o r a thorough check and acceptance of the r e s u l t s . includes f i v e important p r o j e c t s . Bridge construction now Under the Chief of the F i e l d Engineering Section each p r o j e c t i s supervised by a resident engineer, one or two a s s i s t a n t engineers, and one or two subprof e s s i o n a l a s s i s t a n t s , making a t o t a l of twenty on the force at the present time. These are a l l temporary, as are the members of the O f f i c e Engineering Section, i n the sense that each i s h i r e d s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r the duration of a p r o j e c t . (d) Maintenance: Highway maintenance i n 1924 e n t i r e l y by D i s t r i c t day labor f o r c e s . was almost , The Superintendent of �- 18 S t r e e t s ( i n the old City of Washington, bounded by F l o r i d a Avenue and the r i v e r s ) , the Superintendent of Suburban Roads, and the Superintendent of Cuts each supervised about s i x or eight foremen or i n s p e c t o r s , besides a per diem f o r c e . The Superintendent of Stables had a s t a f f of f i v e s t a t u t o r y employees and forty-seven per diem employees, mostly d r i v e r s . There were three auto r e p a i r mechanics and a' few l a b o r e r s , s i x t e e n auto d r i v e r s , and four rollermen f o r steam r o l l e r s . The cost of h i r i n g teams and wa.gons was over $20,000 a year, about the same as the expenditures f o r operation and maintenance of t r u c k s and automob i l e s a t that time. Most of the t r u c k s were h i r e d from t r u c k i n g contractors. The Engineer of Bridges s t i l l used a carriage f o r h i s inspection t r i p s . A bridge inspector ascertained the r e p a i r s needed on various bridges, i n s p e c t i n g them on a scheduled b a s i s annually, semi-annually, or monthly, according to the type and condition of each bridge. ers P. bridge overseer supervised a gang of ten labor- (carpenters, p a i n t e r s , e t c . ) , who made the a c t u a l r e p a i r s to bridges. The Highway Bridge had four draw operators and four watchmen, the Anacostia Bridge had two draw operators and two watchmen, or bridge keepers, to preven . e x c e s s i v e l y heavy loads from endangering the bridge and to sto t r a f f i c when the draw had t o be opened. The rrdles of s t r e e t s to be maintained ha.ve almost doubled since 1924. The Maintenance Unit under the Superintendent of Maintenance has been created out of the four separate groups which existed, p r e v i o u s l y . I t has been organized under a s s i s t a n t �superintendents i n charge of a l l concrete r e p a i r s , bituminous r e p a i r s , and shops, machinery, and s p e c i a l construction. Although the Maintenance Unit includes nineteen statutory positions and approximately two hundred t h i r t y per diem workers, r e p a i r cont r a c t s amounting to approximately $900,000 were executed l a s t year, about h a l f of which was f o r r e p a i r s of c u t s , chargeable to miscellaneous t r u s t funds. Part of the work performed by the bituminous r e p a i r gangs i s the construction of temporary surfaces on newly graded s t r e e t s , using "old m a t e r i a l " broken up and speci a l l y treated. An important change has taken place here. The old p o l i c y was to construct "old m a t e r i a l " roadways, fallowing the contours of the land with only a few modifications, l e a v i n g the correction of the grades to the construction force when permanent paving was i n s t a l l e d . During the intervening y e a r s , however, pro- perty owners n a t u r a l l y constructed t h e i r leads, driveways, and even b u i l d i n g s i n conformance with the temporary grades. Now a s p e c i a l u n i t i n the Construction and Design Section furnishes grades to the maintenance forces so that the temporary roadways w i l l conform from the beginning and so prevent many problems. Although the t o t a l maintenance forces have s l i g h t l y decreased i n the past two decades, they t u r n out more work because of i n c r e a s i n g mechanization. There are now s i x t y c a r and t r u c k d r i v e r s and seventeen operators of heavy powered equipment, which indludes not only s e v e r a l r o l l e r s , graders, shovels, loaders, and bull-dozers, but a l s o a mudjack f o r r e s t o r i n g sunken pavements, d r i l l s f o r obtaining t e s t cores o f concrete or s o i l m a t e r i a l s , concrete mixers, a i r compressors, and e l e c t r i c welders. The present organization i s able to do not only more work per r. -in, but a l s o more d i f f i c u l t �- 20 and valuable types of work. I t has been able to save much con- s t r u c t i o n which, without t h i s modern equipment, would have r e quired replacement. The Maintenance Section of the Bridge D i v i s i o n has no s t a t u t o r y p o s i t i o n s , operating a storehouse and supervising two r e p a i r gangs, t o t a l i n g f i f t e e n per diem workers. Associated w i t h bridge maintenance i s the Operation Section which has twentythree s t a t u t o r y p o s i t i o n s and two per diem l a b o r e r s . these are drawbridge operators and guards. Most of One or two, however, are responsible f o r i n s p e c t i n g the carbon monoxide control equipment i n the underpasses every few days and f o r making adjustments and r e p a i r s as needed. (e) Administration: The Surface D i v i s i o n i n 1924 r e l i e d h e a v i l y upon the Engineer of Highways f o r p o l i c y decisions and even f a i r l y d e t a i l e d supervision. The a d n d n i s t r a t i v e work was performed by two small groups, one headed by the c h i e f c l e r k , the other by the o f f i c e engineer. Two computers and two copyists a s s i s t e d t h e - c h i e f c l e r k i n preparing and processing personnel a c t i o n s , p a y r o l l s , purchase r e q u i s i t i o n s , vouchers, accounts, and budget estimates. Time and leave records were kept by the i n d i v i d u a l foremen or other supervisors. supervised four employees. The O f f i c e Engineer also One of these computed basic grades and prepared recommendations regarding them f o r concurrence by other d i v i s i o n s of the Engineer Department. Another made i n - spections regarding permit a p p l i c a t i o n s f o r driveways and other actions a f f e c t i n g public space, and contacted the c o n s t r u c t i o n " branches of other D i s t r i c t agencies a id of the telephone, l i g h t , �- 21 gas, and t r a n s i t companies immediately p r i o r to commencement o f s t r e e t work, to a s c e r t a i n whether or not they had any pending order to perform underground work. Another employee checked the mathematical computations on the engineers' f i n a l measurement sheets, from which the contractors were paid, and furnished information f o r the o f f i c e estimates and the annual r e p o r t s . Each i n d i v i d u a l s t r e e t intended f o r construction had to be included i n the budget estimates and was s p e c i f i c a l l y authorized i n appropriation acts. Scheduling and coordination of the work consisted of l i s t i n g the various s t r e e t s authorized to be paved, designating the type of construction and. l i m i t s of work, and rather a r b i t r a r i l y s e t t i n g the s t a r t i n g date f o r each contract. Today the Administration and Maintenance Section furnishes a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s e r v i c e s and control t o both S t r e e t and Bridge D i v i s i o n s . The s e c t i o n includes the O f f i c e Engineering Unit and Accounts and Personnel U n i t , besides the two already described. (Highway Planning and Maintenance). The O f f i c e Engineering Unit has seventeen employees i n f i v e sub-units: Release, Contract, Basic Grades, Permits and Public Rdcords, and Drafting ( a l s o previously described). The O f f i c e Engineer a c t s as the representative of the Highway Department with the Public Road Administration end various other agencies and coordinating committees regarding highway programming and contract execution. The placing of various f a c i l i t i e s i s coordi- nated through the work of the engineer responsible f o r developing basic grades and that of the underground construction o f f i c e . The timing of these a c t i v i t i e s i s coordinated by the Release O f f i c e r , h i s two a s s i s t a n t s , and the a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a s s i s t a n t i n �- 22 the o f f i c e of the D i r e c t o r of Highways. Every e f f o r t i s made to keep, cuts i n permanent pavements a t a minimum. Scheduling of highway construction today means not only deciding which proj e c t s s h a l l be undertaken and how they s h a l l be designated, but also coordinating advance plans by the u t i l i t y companies, other engineering agencies, and even the property owners involved. The Release O f f i c e r apprizes the u t i l i t y organizations w e l l i n advance of the s t r e e t s contemplated f o r s u r f a c i n g , a s c e r t a i n s t h e i r major future development plans, and prepares a j o i n t schedule to f a c i l i t a t e each phase o f the work, both surface and subsurface, i n order to assure completion of t h e i r work by the time the Highway Department i s ready to s t a r t , thus d i s t u r b i n g t r a f f i c a minimum length of time. This procedure has y i e l d e d large d i v i - dends i n reducing t r a f f i c t i e - u p s , expensive r e p a i r s , and marred surfaces which formerly r e s u l t e d from cuts required soon a f t e r the l a y i n g of permanent pavements. Greater i n t e r n a l as w e l l as e x t e r n a l coordination of the steps i n the design and construction process i s now being achieved by the use of a c e n t r a l control system which shows a t a glance when each step should be started and completed, and which are on schedule or need expediting. F r e quent a n a l y s i s of these data, enables the a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o f f i c i a l s to l o c a t e and correct the causes of delays or to plan more r e a l i s t i c a l l y i n the f u t u r e . The master c o n t r o l i s maintained by the O f f i c e Engineering Unit i n the Administration and Maintenance Section. Subsidiary charts are located throughout the S t r e e t D i v i s i o n a t a l l necessary control p o i n t s . The Accounts and Personnel Unit i s divided into four subunits: Departmental Accounts with eight employees, Miscellaneous �-. 23 - Trust Funds with f i v e , Personnel with four, and, temporarily, C l a s s i f i c a t i o n and Organization with t h r e e , a l l supervised, by the Administrative O f f i c e r . The Departmental Accounts Sub-Unit has s e v e r a l functions: preparing budget estimates, auditing vouche r s , maintaining soundness of funds, analyzing maintenance c o s t s , i n i t i a t i n g purchases, and i s s u i n g supplies. The Miscellaneous Trust Funds Sub-Unit processes detailed records of deposits and monthly statements, charges, and refunds regarding guaranteed construction or r e p a i r s to pavements cut or damaged, by p r i v a t e builders. The Personnel Sub-Unit processes personnel actions regarding s t a t u t o r y and other annual p o s i t i o n s and per diem employment, prepares p a y r o l l s , administers time and leave r e g u l a t i o n s , i n v e s t i g a t e s duties and q u a l i f i c a t i o n s of per diem employees, f a c i l i t a t e s payments to b e n e f i c i a r i e s , r e t i r e d annuitants, and i n j u r e d employees, and processes e f f i c i e n c y r a t i n g s . The Classification and Organization Sub-Unit i n v e s t i g a t e s i n d i v i d u a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s i n the Highway Department, and prepares organization charts and position descriptions. Study and. improvement of the d i f f e r e n t parts of the Department have progressed, to varying stages. The engineering u n i t s of the Construction and Design Section have gained most from t h i s work to date. An attempt has been and i s being made to help the employees understand c l e a r l y t h e i r own r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s , to standardize and streamline the procedures, to adjust i n e q u i t i e s i n r a t e s of pay, and to recommend, a d d i t i o n a l s t a t u t o r y p o s i t i o n s i n place of per diem or construction r o l l p o s i t i o n s where such �- 24 a c t i o n i s warranted. When a re-grouping of functions has seemed d e s i r a b l e , recommendation i s made to the a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o f f i c i a l s responsible f o r making the d e c i s i o n s . Promotion of q u a l i f i e d personnel i n t o established vacancies has been stepped up c n a systematic b a s i s . Employees have been encouraged to take the i n i t i a t i v e and to o f f e r suggestions f o r the good of the s e r v i c e . Some o f these suggestions have been adopted w i t h good r e s u l t s . (f) Research; The research to which any highway organization should, keep a l e r t i s c h i e f l y along two l i n e s : highway economics, tbe sure of what i s needed and where, and highway engineering, to improve the m a t e r i a l s , design, and methods of meeting those needs. I n 1924 l i t t l e s c i e n t i f i c e f f o r t was made i n e i t h e r o f these directions. As f o r economics, the need f o r improved roadways was perhaps so widespread that any progress might be d e s i r a b l e . Unit costs were smaller and t r a f f i c d e n s i t i s were l i g h t e r , so that mistaken judgment was l e s s s e r i o u s . ALS f o r engineering, weight loads were l e s s and roadways took l e s s punishment. smaller and replacement was l e s s c o s t l y . P r o j e c t s were During the years f o l l o w - ing the twenties, the value: of s c i e n t i f i c research became evident, due t o increased t r a f f i c volumes and loads on our pavements. Therefore, the Department i n s t i t u t e d advancements i n t h i s f i e l d of a c t i v i t y . By 194S economic research has become f a i r l y w e l l developed i n the Highway Planning U n i t , as previously discussed. The M a t e r i a l s Sectinn, while i t spends most o f i t s time on inspection and control o f m a t e r i a l s , must a l s o keep a l e r t to the p o s s i b i l i t y �- 25 of new formulas, methods, and s t r u c t u r a l designs. The D i s t r i c t of Columbia was one of the pioneers i n developing a sound engineering design f o r r i g i d - t y p e pavement;-;, using expansion-contrac- t i o n j o i n t s to prevent buckling and s p l i t t i n g o f the concrete surface during seasonal temperature changes. I t has developed a concrete design which w i l l support t r a f f i c i n one or two days instead, of a ten-day or longer curing period as formerly required. I t has conducted f i e l d experiments by l a y i n g a small section of each type of m a t e r i a l , where t r a f f i c would be the same on a l l , and analyzing the r e s u l t s . The dividends from these and. s i m i l a r studies d i c t a t e d the gradual expansion of what has become the Materials Section, to make i t include three or four key positions responsible f o r keeping i n touch with the experience of other j u r i s d i c t i o n s and f o r t a k i n g the i n i t i a t i v e i n l o c a l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s and surveys. These men, such as the c h i e f s of the Engineer- ing U n i t , the S o i l s Suh-Unit, and the Test L i a i s o n Sub-Unit,carry on these studies along with t h e i r e x e r c i s e of routine c o n t r o l s . The Chief of the Inspection Unit a l s o makes constant comparisons between the routine t e s t r e s u l t s as charted, and cooperates i n a s c e r t a i n i n g the causes and r e s u l t s of the deviations which appear. (3) Organizational Charts: I t i s thought that the two organization charts found on pages 26 and 27, > w i l l s u b s t i t u t e for a concluding summary of the foregoing presentation of the Department and i t s d i v i s i o n s today. Since the S t r e e t D i v i s i o n i s so much l a r g e r and more complex than the Bridge or other d i v i s i o n s , a more d e t a i l e d chart of the S t r e e t D i v i s i o n i s added, with most of i t s o r g a n i z a t i o n a l breakdowns. �DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Organization Chart January 1948:mir STREET DIVISION - BRIDGE DIVISION U i 1 Administration and Maintenance Section Construction and Design oaation Materials Section F i e l d Engineering Section O f f i c e Engineering Section Maintenance Section Operation Section ELECTRICAL DIVISION[ Administrative Section Inspection Section S t r e e t L i g h t i n g Section Communications Section DIVISION OF TREES AND PARKINGS Administrative Section P u b l i c Tree Section Nursery and Landscaping Section Parkings Control Section Equipment and Supply Section CENTRAL GARAGE Administrative Section Auto S e r v i c i n g Section D i s t r i c t Auto Repair Shop DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS j ~ �DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA STREET DIVISION Organization Chart January 1948:mir ( S o i l s Sub-Unit - J T e s t L i a i s o n Sub-Unit [Training Sub-Unit Administrative Unit MATERIALS SECTION I s p h a l t Plants Sub-Unit Equipment Sub-Unit [ I n s p e c t i m Unit H F i e l d Sub-Unit '.Concrete Plants Sub-Unit l a n s and Development Sub-Unit Highway Planning Unit Publications Sub-Unit S t a t i s t i c a l Surveys Sub-Unit 'Release Sub-Unit Contract Sub-Unit O f f i c e Engineering Unit <Basic Grades Sub-Unit -a Permits & Public Records Sub-Unit .Drafting Sub-Unit [Departmental Accounts Sub-Unit ADMINISTRATION AND Accounts & Personnel U n i t - J P e r s o n n e l Sub-Unit STREET D I V I S I O N j — ~ MAINTENANCE SE CTION Miscellaneous Trust Funds Sub-Unit : C l a s s i f i c a t i o n & Organization Sub-Unit (temp.) Concrete Repair Sub-Unit Maintenance Unit Asphalt Repair Sub-Unit 1Shops and S p e c i a l Construction Sub-Unit Finished Concrete Unit Bituminous Unit Assessment and Permit Unit CONSTRUCTION & DESIGN F i e l d Inspection Unit .SECTION Sheet Asphalt Unit j Grading and Temporary Cons t r u c t i o n Unit I S p e c i a l P r o j e c t s Unit Engineering Unit �- 28 (4) Some Organizational Highlights Since 1924: 1. Establishment of Motor Vehicle F u e l Tax at two cents per g a l l o n , to be used e x c l u s i v e l y f o r highway improvement and r e p a i r . 2. Establishment of c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s f o r sixty-two s t a t u t o r y p o s i t i o n s and eight miscellaneous t r u s t fund positions by f e d e r a l Personnel C l a s s i f i c a t i o n Board. 3. Construction and design program expanded to include widening of permanent pavements. 1. Bridge D i v i s i o n resumed the function of designing. 1. Engineer of Maintenance appointed. 2. Purchase of Highway Department F l e e t of t h i r t y - f i v e t r u c k s for maintenance forces i n place of h i r i n g trucks. 1. Establishment of o f f i c e of Coordinator and Chief Engineer to secure j o i n t planning by the D i s t r i c t Engineer departments, public u t i l i t i e s and i n d i v i d u a l s performing surface and subsurface work. 2. D i v i s i o n of M a t e r i a l s established i n place of inspector of Asphalts and Cements, to t e s t concreting m a t e r i a l , • asphalt m a t e r i a l s and mixtures, s t e e l , and. other materi a l s f o r the e n t i r e Engineer Department. 3. Standard s p e c i f i c a t i o n s for Pavement, S t r e e t and A l l e y Improvements and work i n c i d e n t a l thereto issued March 1929. 1. Negotiated f i r s t contract f o r bridge design w i t h engineer consultant to accomplish program because work load was temporarily greater than Bridge D i v i sion f a c i l i t i e s . �- 29 1930 2. Highway garage, and shops established at 2nd and Bryant S t r e e t s , N. V/. 1931 1. Materials Laboratory expanded as a leading road m a t e r i a l laboratory i n U. So with emphasis on » soils research. 1932 1. Re-organization of the nineteen D i v i s i o n s i n the Engineer Department. the four new Department of Highways, one subordinate Departments, had the of follow- ing d i v i s i o n s : Office of Coordinator of Surface and Subsurface Work, Street D i v i s i o n , Bridge D i v i s i o n , E l e c t r i c a l D i v i s i o n , Surveyor's O f f i c e , D i v i s i o n of Trees and Parkings, Central Garage, D.C. Auto Repair Shop. (Surveyor's O f f i c e since assigned d i r e c t l y under Engineer Commissioner). 2. 1933 F i r s t r e v i s i o n of Standard S o e c i f i c a t i o r s published. 1. Purchase of modern machinery to f a c i l i t a t e s o i l s r e search and t e s t i n g as w e l l as r e p a i r of depressed pavement areas by mudjack method. 1934 1. D i v i s i o n of Materials began a n a l y t i c a l f i e l d e x p e r i ments regarding performance of paving m a t e r i a l s . 1937 1. Revenue Act established Highway Fund, and authorized 38 a d d i t i o n a l s t a t u t o r y p c r i t i o n s , making a t o t a l of 117 i n Street and Bridge D i v i s i o n s . 1938 1. Federal Aid Highway Act amended and f o r f i r s t time provided f o r a l l o c a t i o n of funds to D i s t r i c t on same basis as the s e v e r a l s t a t e s . 1939 1. Highway Planning Survey established pursuant to terms of Federal Aid Highway Act of 1938. �- 30 1939 2. Second r e v i s i o n of Standard Specifications published. 1940 1. Introduction of carbon monoxide control i n underpasses as part of bridge f u n c t i o n . 1943 1. Transfer of s p e c i a l i z e d s o i l sampling and mudjacking equipment from the D i v i s i o n of M a t e r i a l s to the maintenance forces with r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r a n a l y s i s i n the D i v i s i o n of M a t e r i a l s . 1944 1. Post war bridge program i n i t i a t e d ; i n furtherance of f i x e d p o l i c y , temporary overload of design work l e t by contract to consultant 2. engineers. Cost a n a l y s i s system i n s t i t u t e d on a l l construction or maintenance p r o j e c t s . 1945 1. New budget procedure established d e t a i l e d j u s t i f i c a - t i o n f o r lump sum appropriations. 2. Accounting system modernized to separate c a p i t a l outl a y from operating expenses. 3, 1946 Third r e v i s i o n of Standard S p e c i f i c a t i o n s published. 1. Study i n i t i a t e d f o r reorganization of Department and r e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of p o s i t i o n s . 1947 1. Reorganization of Construction and. Design Section completed, a l l p o s i t i o n s r e c l a s s i f i e d , f i x i n g responsib i l i t i e s and providing f o r progressive promotion of employees. 2. O f f i c e Engineering Section established i n Bridge D i v i sion. 3. Central control system established f o r maximum coordination and follow-up on construction program. �- 31 (B) Growth of Washington ( l ) General Statement; I n order to appreciate the serious nature of the problems which have confronted the Department during the past twenty-four y e a r s , i t i s necessary t o r e c a l l some of the conditions p r e v a i l i n g a t the time when the Department o f Highways i n i t i a t e d a c t i o n s i n d i c a t e d by t h i s report. A mere r e c i t a l of pavement and s t r u c t u r a l improvements made, i s net adequate to t e l l the f u l l story of i t s accomplishments. The problems with which the Department has had to d e a l , have benn l a r g e l y dynamic i n character, and how these problems have been faced and how t i m e l y was the a c t i o n cannot be appreciated without some i n d i c a t i o n of the conditions prev a i l i n g a t the time when decisions had to be made. How e f f e c t i v e l y the Department has acted can nov; be judged i n the cold l i g h t of some years of a c t u a l experience by applying the t e s t , "What would ha.ve been the r e s u l t i f these improvements, now i n place, had not been made?" I t i s r e a l i z e d that a l l decisions and a c t i o n s were not per- f e c t , but i t can'be stated t h a t our e f f o r t s were sustained and prog r e s s i v e , and. the r e s u l t s good. Because o f l i m i t a t i o n s of space, no attempt w i l l be made here to describe i n d e t a i l the conditions p r e v a i l i n g p r i o r to or during the 24 year period covered by t h i s report. However, i t i s believed t h a t a few reference points w i l l s u f f i c e to gain some measure of comparison. Those readers i n t e r e s t e d i n more d e t a i l s are therefore r e f e r r e d to the Washingtoniana Section of the Central L i b r a r y which has a wealth of information on a l l aspects of the o r i g i n , growth, and development o f the Nation's C a p i t a l C i t y . The needs f o r highway improvements are d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d to population, and the: n e c e s s i t y f o r s a f e , r a p i d intercommunication �- 32 between r e s i d e n t i a l areas and centers o f employment and business. They are a l s o r e l a t e d to r e p a i r , replacement, and modernization needs as w e l l as to the parking s i t u a t i o n and t o the a b i l i t y of the t r a n s i t companies to continue a vigorous program of improvement. ing L e t us review some o f the h i g h l i g h t s or main f a c t o r s a f f e c t - the highway problem. (2) Population: Growth o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia has been c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y upward. I n 1800 the population was 21,000; i n 1850, 40,000; i n 1900, 279,000; and the estimated f i g u r e f o r 1950 (1) i s 893,000. Census f i g u r e s i n d i c a t e t h a t the population increase during the 24-year period, 1924 to 1948, i s approximately equal to the t o t a l population growth f o r the preceding 124 y e a r s . This i n - dicates c l e a r l y that a vigorous highway development program has been a v i t a l necessity. A f a c t about Washington population growth, perhaps not r e a l i z e d by many, i s t h a t important gains i n population have been made i n suddon s p u r t s , and these have coincided with National emergencies. The Water Report r e f e r r e d to previously points out t h i s f a c t c l e a r l y i n these words! "During the t h i r t e e n decades of the l i f e o f the D i s t r i c t of Colurbta since 1810, the f i v e decades during which -ware and economic c r i s e s occurred produced an increase i n population of 437,224 or 67 per.cent of the t o t a l increase as against an i n crease during the eight decades o f normal National l i f e o f 217, 659 or 33 percent of the t o t a l increase i n population." Bearing t h i s f a c t i n mind,, i t becomes c l e a r that highway improvements must be c a r r i e d out i n time to serve w i t h reasonable e f f i c i e n c y , the c r i t i c a l demands thrown upon the l o c a l highway system during periods ( l ) House Document 480 (Water Report) • �- 33 of National emergency. When highway improvements have been pro- posed by the Department, there has not always i n the past been complete agreement as to the n e c e s s i t y f o r such proposals. Many times i t has been argued that such improvements,, though m e r i t o r i o u s , were not needed y e t . However, Congress i n i t s wisdom has seen f i t to support, on numerous occasions during the past 24 y e a r s , the Department's recommendations, and proof of the need l i e s i n the simple t r u t h that these improvements have served c r i t i c a l needs at c r i t i c a l times, and a r e t u r n to the former s t a t u s would produce i n t o l e r a b l e conditions. (3) Pattern of R e s i d e n t i a l Development. The pattern of r e s i - d n n t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n i n VJashington has been an important f a c t o r r e l a t i n g to the n e c e s s i t y f o r highway improvements. Space w i l l not permit d e t a i l e d comment, but s u f f i c e i t i s to say t h a t i t was not u n t i l near the t u r n of the Century that the population began to " s p i l l - o v e r " heyond the "Old C i t y " , the area bounded by Rock Creek Park, F l o r i d a Avenue, the Anacostia R i v e r and the Potomac R i v e r . As outward growth''continued, v a r i o u s types of b a r r i e r s have influenced the p a t t e r n of r e s i d e n t i a l development. These b a r r i e r s have been of two types: ( l ) n a t u r a l , and ( 2 ) man-made. Those com- • ing under the former are r i v e r s , and other topographical obstacles to highway development. Man-made b a r r i e r s to highway f a c i l i t i e s include r a i l r o a d s , l a r g e r e s e r v o i r s , and extensive park a r e a s . As needs f o r the improved intercommunication between various portions of the c i t y have evolved, the Highway Department has taken the lead i n seeking ways and means to improve the a c c e s s i b i l i t y of these newl y developing areas. �- 34 How - e f f e c t i v e l y the Highway Department has kept up with the expanding needs of a r a p i d l y growing c i t y i s c l e a r l y indicated i n Chart I , on page 35 which shows assessed r e a l estate v a l u e s . I t w i l l be noted that during the twenty-four year period, 1924 1948, that t o t a l values have increased from 779 b i l l i o n 573 m i l l i o n d o l l a r s . - m i l l i o n s to one Thus, during the f i r s t 124 years of development of the Nation's C a p i t a l C i t y , assessed r e a l estate values b u i l t up to a t o t a l of three-quarters of a b i l l i o n d o l l a r s , and during the next 24 years of growth these values have doubled. A c c e s s i b i l i t y through good s t r e e t f a c i l i t i e s i s a p r e r e q u i s i t e to such enhancement of property values. Greater a c c e s s i b i l i t y has been brought about by widening, improved alignment, new bridges, grade separations, the opening of new highways, and the l i k e . channelization, The more important of these improvements are discussed i n Part I I of t h i s report. The departmental p u b l i c a t i o n e n t i t l e d "Washington's Bridges" s c r i b e s and i l l u s t r a t e s these s t r u c t u r e s i n d e t a i l . de- For the o v e r a l l view of the growth of Washington's highway system, the readers a t t e n t i o n i s d i r e c t e d to Chart 2, on Page 36, which shows t h a t expansion of new roadways into new areas has bean orderly, with consistent y e a r l y gains averaging 18 m i l e s . Here too, i t w i l l be seen that during the f i r s t 124 years of development of the c i t y , 544 miles of highway were brought i n t o existence while . during the next 24 years t h i s mileage has n e a r l y doubled. ( 980 Now miles of equivalent 30-foot roadway.) |(4) Public Transportation: Changes of public t r a n s p o r t a t i o n have also had an influence on highway development i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. For example bus l i n e s were i n t h e i r e a r l y infancy ��—36- MILES 500 - 1 1920 L — 1 1925 CHART 2 OF HIGHWAY IN THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 1 1930 1 1935 1 1940 1 1 1945 ' 1950 �- 37 back i n 1924. (l) At that time only about 4.4$ of the l o c a l t r a n s - portation w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia was served by bus l i n e operation. , I n 1924 the l o c a l bus l i n e s then operating outside the "Old C i t y " followed these p r i n c i p a l s t r e e t s : 1. Massachusetts Avenue. 2. Connecticut Avenue to Chevy Chase. 3. 16th S t r e e t (Washington Rapid T r a n s i t Company). 4. Bladensburg Road. 5. Good Hope Road, H i l l c r e s t v i a the Old Pennsylvania Avenue Bridge. 6. Anacostia- Congress Heights. I n comparison w i t h e x i s t i n g conditions today, there are many more bus routes providing a better pattern of d i s t r i b u t i o n and (1) service. Today the bus l i n e s provide roughly 34$ transportation service. of the l o c a l Growth i n the s i z e and capacity of these v e h i c l e s have added to the highway problems as they r e l a t e to curb r a d i i , s t r e e t width, and maintenance Gosts. I t can be r e a d i l y seen that on r e s i d e n t i a l s t r e e t s having r e l a t i v e l y narrow width roadways, many of the bus-type eight feet i n width, can complicate vehicles the highway problem, p a r t i c u - l a r l y a t t u r n s , bridges and other r e s t r i c t e d points. I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g to r e c a l l that back i n 1925, two s t r e e t r a i l w a y companies provided the s t r e e t car service w i t h i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. Outside o f the "Old C i t y " the C a p i t a l Traction Com(1) pany operated over these p r i n c i p a l routes: ( l ) Source: C a p i t a l T r a n s i t Company �- 38 1. To Rosslyn V i r g i n i a v i a Georgetown. 2. Connecticut Avenue to Chevy Chase. 3. 14th S t r e e t , Colorado Avenue, Takoma. The Washington Railway and E l e c t r i c Company operated over these routes: 1. Cabin Jchn, Glen Echo, Maryland. 2. Wisconsin Avenue to R o c k v i l l e , Maryland. 3. Georgia Avenue 4* Mt. Ranier, Maryland 5. Brookland 6. Kenilworth 7. Anacostia, Congress Heights v i a 11th S t r e e t Bridge. I t i s a l s o i n t e r e s t i n g to note that the Connecticut Avenue S t r e e t Gar Line north of C a l v e r t S t r e e t has benn replaced by buses, and t h a t the s t r e e t car l i n e across the 11th S t r e e t Bridge has a l s o been replaced. Other changes such a s , f o r example, the Benning Line now scheduled f o r conversion to bus operation w i l l n e c e s s i t a t e highway modifications i n v o l v i n g a s u b s t a n t i a l sum of money. These items are merely pointed out to i n d i c a t e i n a general way, the magnitude of changes t h a t have taken place i n t r a n s i t f a c i l i t i e s during the oast 24 y e a r s , and to i n d i c a t e how they r e l a t e to the highway problem. The reader's a t t e n t i o n i s a l s o c a l l e d to the f a c t t h a t a vigorous program of improvement i n addit i o n to t h a t heretofore undertaken i n t r a n s i t f a c i l i t i e s and s e r v i c e must be made i f the t r a n s i t r i d i n g habit i s to be encouraged and stimulated. I f t h i s i s not achieved, then i t i s i n e v i t a b l e t h a t Washingtonians w i l l t u r n t o p r i v a t e passenger car i n l a r g e r �-739 - numbers and, thereby, produce t r a f f i c loads f a r i n excess of existing street capacities. There were, i n a d d i t i o n , a number of interurban e l e c t r i c r a i l way l i n e s i n e x i s t e n c e . Two of these l i n e s are i n t e r e s t i n g to' recall. One, the Washington-Virginia Railway Company operated from a terminal s t a t i o n on ground now occupied by the Federal Triangle and crossed the Potomac on the Highway Bridge. The other interurban l i n e , the Washington, Baltimore and Annapolis E l e c t r i c Railway Company terminated at 12th and New York Avenue at the s i t e of the present Greyhound Bus Terminal. I n addition to l o c a l t r a n s i t , interurban l i n e s and bus l i n e s , the other f a c i l i t i e s a v a i l a b l e f o r l o c a l t r a v e l were: 553 taxicabs, 72,482 passenger automobiles and 59 sightseeing buses. (5) Automobile Ownership and Use: The emergence of the automo- b i l e as an important f a c t o r i n urban t r a n s p o r t a t i o n has influenced the pattern of growth and, f o r the past 24 y e a r s , has influenced the extent and character of highway improvements. For t h i s reason, i t i s of s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t to t r a c e t h i s evolution. The D i s t r i c t of Columbia, f i r s t began to f e e l the e f f e c t s of the automobile r e v o l u t i o n about 1920. I n October of t h a t year the P o l i c e Department found i t necessary to e s t a b l i s h a T r a f f i c Bureau. Net r e g i s t r a t i o n s i n that year were about 34,200. t i o n s had increased to 88,800. By 1924 registra- This 250$ increase during a four - year period imposed severe burdens upon the highway system. The t o t a l mileage of highway system i n 1924 was 544 miles of pavement (equivalent 30-foot roadway). type was as f o l l o w s : This pavement c l a s s i f i c a t i o n by �- 40 Sheet Asphalt and coal t a r Gravel and unimproved ( t r a v e l e d ) Macad&m Asphalt block Granite block and rubble Cement concrete A s p h a l t i c or Bituminous concrete A s p h a l t i c surface V i t r i f i e d block Cobble 183 160 108 31 18 24 7 10 1 2 544 At t h a t time there were approximately 700,000 square yards o f highway over 30 years o l d . Many o f these s t r e e t s , though s a t i s f a c t o r y for horse-and-buggy t r a v e l were not suited to automobiles with high pressure t i r e s . The bridge s t r u c t u r e s then i n existence were comparatively few and those which were i n use were not adequate for the growing volume of automobile traffic. Chart 3 on page 41 shows the net v e h i c l e r e g i s t r a t i o n s e s t i mated by calendar y e a r s . R e f e r r i n g now to t h i s chart f o r the year 1924, i t w i l l be noted that the r e a l impact of the automotive revo- l u t i o n was j u s t beginning t o be f e l t on the s t r e e t s o f Washington. The problem of s t r e e t t r a f f i c c o n t r o l had become an important consideration. On March 3, 1925, an Act of Congress e s t a b l i s h e d the O f f i c e of D i r e c t o r of T r a f f i c , 25, which began operation March 1925. I t seems hard now t o r e c a l l the conditions e x i s t i n g back i n those days, so perhaps t h i s t a b u l a t i o n , which shows the number of passenger automobiles by type, w i l l help r e f r e s h the reader's memory: Passenger car tyoe Touring Sedans Coupes Roadsters Coaches Misc. types Peri s t r a t i o n 37,542 14,447 9,245 6,235 ��- 1*6 - The reader w i l l no doubt f i n d i t i n t e r e s t i n g to note that over 60% of the passenger cars were of the open type. Net automobile r e g i s t r a t i o n s , consisting o f p r i v a t e passenger c a r s , t r u c k s and buses, continued t o make spectacular gains u n t i l 1937 when 184,000 v e h i c l e s were r e g i s t e r e d by the end of the calendar year. This was followed by a short period o f reduction t o 162,000 (1940) and a subsequent recovery to 174,000 (1941). The end o f automobile production of p r i v a t e use i n January 1942, following our entry i n World War I I , r e s u l t e d i n a steady decline t o a low of 110,000 i n 1945. With the resumption o f pro- duction i n 1946, there has been a steady gain, and by the end of 1947, there were 156,000 v e h i c l e s r e g i s t e r e d i n the D i s t r i c t . I t (1) i s estimated that r e g i s t r a t i o n s w i l l reach approximately 177,000 by the end of the 1948 calendar year. Another f a c t o r which i n t e n s i f i e s the t r a f f i c problem i s the t r e n d toward increased use o f the automobile. This has been a nation-wide trend, r e s u l t i n g from improved convenience and comfort provided by t h i s means of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . trend has followed the national trend. I n general, the l o c a l I t i s r e f l e c t e d i n greater volumes o f t r a f f i c , and i t i s i n some measure r e l a t e d t o l o c a l gasoline s a l e s . For example, i n 1925, gasoline consumption per r e g i s t e r e d v e h i c l e o f a l l types was approximately 46O g a l l o n s . I n 1930, i t increased to 540; i n 1935 to 690; i n 1940, t o 1040; and, i n 1946, i t had r i s e n t o 1130 gallons. The corresponding f i g u r e s on a Nation-wide scale are: 450,550,600,670,and 750. The a c t u a l i n crease of automobile use has been somewhat l e s s than the l o c a l r a t i o s i n d i c a t e , but i t i s l o g i c a l to assume that the n a t i o n a l ( l ) Based on normal production schedules i n the automotive industry �- 43 average increase since 1925, i s a reasonable approximation of i n creased damands upon the D i s t r i c t highway system, i f adjusted to allow f o r the hundreds of thousands o f motorists who come to Washington to v i s i t our National Shrines. This increased automobile ownership, together with consistent increases i n the use of each of these v e h i c l e s , adds up to tremendous t r a f f i c burdens. C a r e f u l l y planned highway improvements are necessary to promote o r d e r l y development of a r a p i d l y growing community and to accomplish t h i s objective with the l e a s t possible burden on the tax-payer. (6) Growth of Suburban T r a f f i c : Growth of population i n the Metropolitan Area i s another f a c t o r contributing s u b s t a n t i a l burdens upon the D i s t r i c t of Columbia highway system. An i n d i c a t i o n of the magnitude of t h i s increase i s given i n the following comparisons of v e h i c l e s crossing the D i s t r i c t boundaries (both d i r e c t i o n s ) between 7:00 A.M. and 10:00 P.M.: Location June 1925 MacArthur B l v d . 2,172 River Road Wisconsin Avenue Connecticut Avenue Georgia Avenue 394 June 1948 4,191 Increase 93$ 4,174 959$ 2,663 16,746 529$ 10,423 13,920 33.5$ 4,469 20,074 349$ Riggs Road 753 2,155 186$ Sargent Road 181 1,638 805$ Queens Chapel Road 892 7,834 778.5$ Rhode I s l a n d Avenue 4,363 15,857 263.5$ Bladensburg Road 6,434 20,447 218$ Benning Road 2,480 2,582 4.1$ �- 44 June 1946 Increase 1,459 5,545 280$ 909 5,335 487$ ..37,592 120,498 June 1925 June 1948 Highway Bridge 11,683 47,787 Memorial Bridge Not b u i l t 42,292 Key Bridge 7,599 Location June 1925 Walker Road (Now Branch Avenue) L i v i n g s t o n Road (Now South Capitol S t . ) T o t a l , Maryland / Chain Bridge 27,594 220.5$ 309$ 263$ 5,019 1,418 254$ Total, Virginia 20,700 122,692 492.7$ Grand T o t a l 58,292 243,190 317.2$ I t w i l l be noted that t r a f f i c on Benning Road a t the D. C. l i n e has not increased appreciably. This i s due to the f a c t that the heavy volume o f t r a f f i c presently on Benning Road, west of Minnesota Avenue, i s dispersed over routes which did not e x i s t i n 1924. Thus, i n 1925, about a s many cars crossed into and out of the D i s t r i c t on the 17 main roads across the D i s t r i c t Line as now cross on Highway Bridge i n one day, during the same hours. This increase of t r a v e l into and out of the D i s t r i c t serves t o f u r t h e r increase the t r a f f i c load upon the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia highway system. A sample of how t h i s a f f e c t s the highway system may be i l l u s t r a t e d by Wisconsin Avenue. At present t h i s a r t e r i a l i s r a p i d l y approaching capacity conditions. The suburban area served by t h i s a r t e r i a l - continues t o develop and the time i s f a s t approaching when a d d i t i o n a l roadway capacity must be provided. �- 45 Further widening o f Wisconsin Avenue i s out of reason. There are no other a l t e r n a t e routes which can -reasonably and economically be adapted to carry the overload. The only sound way to meet the grow- ing needs of t h i s sector of the C i t y , and y e t meet the demands of suburban t r a f f i c as w e l l , i s the development of the Arizona Parkway as proposed by the Highway Department. Growth of suburban t r a f f i c into and out of the D i s t r i c t a l s o a f f e c t s the highway system i n another way. I t increases demand f o r parking capacity. For example, a study by the Highway Planning Survey i n 1940 revealed that out of 34,000 cars parked on the s t r e e t , 15$ had Maryland l i c e n s e s and 14$ had V i r g i n i a l i c e n s e s . Out of 18,500 automobiles parked o f f s t r e e t , 22$ had Maryland l i c e n s e s , and 19$ had V i r g i n i a l i c e n s e s . (7) The Parking Problem: T h i s problem which d i r e c t l y a f f e c t s highway f a c i l i t i e s has been a growing one f o r many y e a r s . Simultaneous w i t h increased parking demand has come increased demand f o r movement of t r a f f i c . P r o v i s i o n of parking f a c i l i t i e s i n reasonable q u a n t i t i e s • i s e s s e n t i a l to s a f e , expeditious t r a f f i c movement. Such f a c i l i t i e s must be adequate to serve the e s s e n t i a l needs of business and governmental a c t i v i t i e s , which are the prime generators of t r a f f i c and parking demand i n Washington. However, the p r o v i s i o n of low cost, subsidized parking, as advocated by some, would impose such large burdens upon the highway system as to require r e b u i l d i n g that would involve tremendous sums f a r i n excess of anything y e t considered, and would undoubtedly mean the v i r t u a l e x t i n c t i o n of the public t r a n s i t systems as we now know i t . I t i s not sound economics to provide parking f o r a l l who want to use such f a c i l i t i e s , f o r the simple reason t h a t the r e s u l t a n t induced t r a f f i c burdens would over- �- 46 load the capacity of our s t r e e t system. The problem i s one o f b a l ance between parking supply and demand. I n a l l forms of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n there a r e three p h y s i c a l r e quirements. facility. These a r e : the v e h i c l e , the roadway, and the terminal H i s t o r y r e v e a l s that the terminal i s the l a s t to develop. The problem i s one of stimulating orderly development of o f f - s t r e e t terminal f a c i l i t i e s , so that e x i s t i n g highways may serve t h e i r prime function which i s t r a f f i c movement. To t h i s end the Department played an Important r o l e i n the creation of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Motor 'Vehicle Parking Agency. This e s t a b l i s h e d , f o r the f i r s t time i n the United S t a t e s , e f f e c t i v e machinery f o r achieving a sound and l a s t i n g s o l u t i o n to the parking problem. The Department has maintained an a c t i v e i n t e r e s t i n t h i s Agency and i t s a c t i v i t i e s , because how e f f e c t i v e l y t h i s problem i s solved has a d i r e c t bearing upon the highway needs. (6) Mectln? the Challenge of a Dynamic Problem; Many people are under the impression that the operations of the Department of Highways are simply routine t a s k s of r e p a i r i n g and replacing o l d roadways, and the building of a few new roadways and highway s t r u c t u r e s as demands increase. The problems are not as simple as t h a t . The problem of keeping up with highway needs i s characterized by routine t a s k s plus a large measure of c r e a t i v e e f f o r t . a. v e r s a t i l e organisation having imagination, engineering I t requires f o r e s i g h t and sound s k i l l s , together with courage to face e n t i r e l y new problems, and inget i t y to overcome the d i f f i c u l t obstacles which i n v a r i a b l e a.-compa- / a l l major highway improvement p r o j e c t s . L e t us examine b r i e f l y some of the changing aspects of the highway problem over the past 24 y e a r s , and how the organization has maintained �-inf l e x i b i l i t y to modify i t s operations to meet changing needs. Over t h e 24 year period covered by t h i s r e p o r t , the highway problem has passed through a s e r i e s of changes geared t o meet the changing needs of the times. The f i r s t phase of the problem was to "get'em out of the mud" with hard roads. The problem was Dne of converting earthen s t r e e t s into paved s t r e e t s , o f converting cobblestone s t r e e t s into smooth s t r e e t s , and of building bridges and other s t r u c t u r e s strong enough to stand the weights which would be imposed upon them. volumes of t r a f f i c . and s t r e e t widening. The second phase came as a r e s u l t of increased This c a l l e d f o r t r a f f i c control measures The t h i r d phase has been to improve the operating c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of our highway system from the standpoint of s a f e t y and capacity by improved alignment, channelization, grade separations a.nd the l i k e . The next phase w i l l be the development of l i m i t e d access roadways, where warranted, to " p i p e - l i n e " large volumes of t r a f f i c through or around congested points. The Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway i s an example of t h i s type f a c i l i t y now i n place. The K S t r e e t elevated highway, now under construction, and the proposed construction of Arizona Avenue as a l i m i t e d access highway f a c i l i t y are f u r t h e r examples of t h i s technique. During the course of evolutionary change over the past 24 y e a r s , the Department has recognized the f a c t that highway design must not only embrace the idea of b u i l d i n g pavements and s t r u c t u r e s strong enough to c a r r y the p h y s i c a l loads, which use these f a c i l i t i e s , w i t h out premature d e t e r i o r a t i o n ; that they must be wide enough to c a r r y the peak load volumes with safety a.nd e f f i c i e n c y ; and that they must be expanded so as to promote orderly c i t y development. However, i n addition to these things i t should be pointed out that �- 48 - the Department has long recognized the f a c t that highway safety requires that due allowance must also be made i n roadway design f o r the v e h i c l e operating c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and f o r the humal e l e ment - the shortcomings and l i m i t a t i o n s of the d r i v e r himself. Let us review b r i e f l y some cf the changes i n the charact e r i s t i c s of the automobile of the past 24 y e a r s . At the begin- ning of t h i s period the s e l f - s t a r t e r was comparatively new. The automobile was then p r i m a r i l y a man's v e h i c l e . Few women had the a g i l i t y and mechanical s k i l l to reach the s t a r t e r pedal, operate the choke, and manipulate the t h r o t t l e and spark at the same time to s t a r t the car. Even when s t a r t e d , few had the strength necessary to use the mechanical two-wheel brakes c r , on occasion, to use the emergency brake. High pressure t i r e s of those days did not have the road-gripping c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of present day t i r e s . Uncertainty of operation during the winter months use of the automobile. r e s t r i c t e d the Putting cars i n "dead storage" with wheels blocked up and r a d i a t o r s drained was a common p r a c t i c e i n those days. Improvements i n automobile design came w i t h amazing speed, and r e s u l t e d i n spectacular gains i n r e g i s t r a t i o n and i n use as previously discussed. P a r a l l e l i n g improvements i n the design of the v e h i c l e , there have been improvements i n highway design and construction. For example, such improvements as reduction of high crowns, the e l i m i n a t i o n of barrel-type g u t t e r s , banking of curves, smoother grades, better alignment, removal of obstructions to v i s i o n , use of more stable and s u i t a b l e m a t e r i a l s , increased radiu of corner curbing, channelization and other design features were e f f e c t e d to adapt the roadways to the operating c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s �- 49 of the v e h i c l e s which use them. Use of more e f f i c i e n t road- b u i l d i n g equipment and techniques has made i t economically p o s s i ble to h u r t l e the more d i f f i c u l t topographical b a r r i e r s and thereby open up new areas f o r r e s i d e n t i a l development. Part I I of t h i s report deals with the s p e c i f i c construct i o n improvements now i n place. However, i t must be pointed out t h a t without a Congress having a f u l l understanding of the need f o r these improvements, the l e g i s l a t i o n p r e r e q u i s i t e s to such improvements may not have been enacted i n time to meet the highway needs, and g r e a t l y increased costs of l o c a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n together with chaotic t r a f f i c conditions could have been the r e sult. Sound l e g i s l a t i o n has been enacted, and i t i s pertinent that we review b r i e f l y the more important public laws a f f e c t i n g revenues, appropriations and Federal A i d . ' (C) Revenues and Appropriations: P r i o r to the f i s c a l year 1925 a l l expenses o f the Department of Highways were paid for from appropriations made from the General Fund o f the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. The General Fund consisted o f a l l taxes and fees c o l l e c t e d by the D i s t r i c t and deposited t o i t s c r e d i t i n the U.S. Treasury. As we were entering the twenty-four year period under d i s cussion, the demand f o r funds to maintain and expand public f a c i l i t i e s i n the r a p i d l y growing c i t y became so great that the Congress enacted l e g i s l a t i o n e s t a b l i s h i n g a gasoline t a x fund f o r the D i s t r i c t of Columbia t o be used e x c l u s i v e l y f o r road and s t r e e t improvement and r e p a i r . Thus the f i r s t gasoline t a x was imposed i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. The Act was approved on A p r i l 23, 1924 and f i x e d the t a x r a t e a t two (2) cents per g a l l o n . �The-'first appropriation;'made from t h i s - f u n d for. the f i s c a l ycax*.-^.''? paid only a s m a l l .share of the operating and improvement costs of the Department of Highways. The balance of the neces- s a r y funds f o r c a r r y i n g on highway a c t i v i t i e s came from the General Fond of D i s t r i c t revenue. Gradually, e l l items of the S t r e e t and Bridge D i v i s i o n s of the Department of Highways, properly chargeable to the Gasoline Tax Fund, were t r a n s f e r r e d from the General Fund to the Gasoline Tax Fund. As a r e s u l t , the 1937 Appropriation Act provided t h a t a l l such a c t i v i t i e s would be payable from t h i 3 fund. Duri n g the period from 1925 to 1933 i n c l u s i v e , w i t h a r a p i d increase i n motor v e h i c l e use, the revenue from the t a x increased r a p i d l y , making possible such a t r a n s f e r , thereby r e l i e v i n g the General Fund of the D i s t r i c t to the amount of the t r a n s f e r . was gradual u n t i l 1933, end only to the extent of the i n c r e a s e i n the revenue from the t a x . However, i n 1934, 1937, The t r a n s f e r continuing u n t i l when a l l items were t r a n s f e r r e d , the changes were made regardless of revenue a v a i l a b i l i t y , r e s u l t i n g i n a d r a s t i c reduct i o n i n the funds a v a i l a b l e f o r highway work. The annua], r e t u r n from the t a x showed no' m a t e r i a l change during the f i s c a l years 1934 end 1936 i n c l u s i v e , y e t the t r a n s f e r as an o b l i g a t i o n of the Gasoline Tax Fund f o r the items covering maintenance, personnel, condemnation, sidewalks and a l l e y s , representing an appropriation i n excess of one and one-half m i l l i o n d o l l a r s , r e s u l t e d i n a m a t e r i a l curtailment i n other highway work payable from D i s t r i c t funds. Fortunately f o r the D i s t r i c t and i t s highway a c t i v i t i e s , Congress included the D i s t r i c t i n Emergency Federal Aid under �the National Recovery Act. Strange as i t may of the amounts received during 1934. to D i s t r i c t Gas Tax Appropriation, to 1936 seem, the average i n c l u s i v e , when added gave the Highway Department a t o t a l sum about equal to the average appropriation f o r highways during the period 1925 to 1933 inclusive. An Act of Congress e n t i t l e d " D i s t r i c t of Columbia Revenue Act of 1937", approved on August 17, 1937, established the "High- way Fund, Gasoline Tax and Motor Vehicle Fees." This Act enlarged the scope of the fund to include, i n addition to r e c e i p t s from the Gasoline Tax, a l l funds c o l l e c t e d from fees charged for the r e g i s t r a t i o n and t i t l e i n g of motor v e h i c l e s , and fees charged f o r other motor v e h i c l e l i c e n s e s and permits to operate motor vehicles. The Act l i k e w i s e enlarge the f i e l d of a c t i v i t i e s which could be properly supported from t h i s new fund. The Act specifi- c a l l y l i m i t e d the use of the Highway Fund s o l e l y and e x c l u s i v e l y to ( l ) the construction, reconstruction, improvement and maintenance of public highways, i n c l u d i n g the necessary expenses i n connection therewith; (2) administrative f o r the expenses of the o f f i c e of the Director of Vehicles and T r a f f i c incident to the r e g u l a t i o n and control of t r a f f i c and the administration of the same; and (3) f o r the expenses n e c e s s a r i l y involved i n the p o l i c e . c o n t r o l , r e g u l a t i o n and administration of t r a f f i c upon the highways, provided that the t o t a l amount to be expended under t h i s l a t t e r item s h a l l not exceed 15$ of the t o t a l amount appropriated for pay of o f f i c e r s and members of the Metropolitan Police Force. Fursuant to the provisions of t h i s Act, subsequent approp r i a t i o n a c t s c a r r i e d items .chargeable to the Highway Fund f o r �- 52 other than S t r e e t and Bridge D i v i s i o n a c t i v i t i e s . These items have increased during the y e a r s , as these other a c t i v i t i e s have expanded, t o an estimated appropriation of $2,113,200 f o r the f i s c a l year 1949. Subsequent to public Congressional hearings held during the f a l l of 1941, the o r i g i n a l gasoline t a x law of A p r i l 23, 1924 was amended to provide f o r an increase i n the t a x rate of one ( l ) cent per g a l l o n . The new r a t e of three (3) cents per gallon became e f f e c t i v e January 1 , 1942 and was made -to extend to and include June 30, 1951. This gasoline t a x rate increase was i n response to the presentation of a w e l l balanced program, and j u s t i f i c a t i o n t h e r e f o r to Congress by the Department, and was at the time considered s u f f i c i e n t to c a r r y on the work. I t i s a. matter of h i s t o r y that the war i n t e r r u p t e d t h i s program of s t r e e t improvements and diverted our energies to furtherance of the war e f f o r t . The war r e s u l t e d i n such an expansion of the c i t y and such a great backlog of s t r e e t improvement work, f o r which no funds were a v a i l a b l e i n current revenues, t h a t the Department was again forced to present our problem to Congress. twofold. The problem was The war e f f o r t decreased the use of automobiles to an extent which reduced the revenues derived from the three (3) cent gas t a x to a f i g u r e below that of the former two (2) cent t a x rate. T h i s , coupled w i t h the construction of urgent highway f a c i l i t i e s i n connection w i t h the war e f f o r t , depleted the Highway Fund to a point where we came out of the war without any r e serve. We were faced not only with a v a s t backlog of postponed s t r e e t improvements but w i t h the n e c e s s i t y f o r other work o f a �- 53.- o a p i t a l nature which was necessary due to the growth o f the c i t y and the increased volumes of t r a f f i c generated thereby. Again, a f t e r a presentation of a l l the f a c t s and j u s t i f i c a t i o n t h e r e f o r , the Congress increased the gasoline t a x r a t e . By Act, approved J u l y 16, 1947, the o r i g i n a l gasoline t a x law as amended and increased by the Act of December 16, 1941, was f u r t h e r amended and the r a t e increased to four (4) cents per gallon e f f e c t i v e August 1 , 1947, and extending to and i n c l u d i n g June 30,1952, a f t e r which i t w i l l r e v e r t to a permanent r a t e of three (3) cents per gallon.See appropriation and revenue charts on pages 54 and 55. (D) Federal Aid: The D i s t r i c t of Columbia was included i n regular Federal a i d under the Act approved June 8, 1940.Prior to the passage of t h i s Act the D i s t r i c t did share i n some Federal funds i n connection with NRA highway work and grade crossing e l i mination. I n accordance with the Act of 1938 the D i s t r i c t has r e g u l a r l y since 1940 been a l l o c a t e d i t s share, under the p r o v i sions of the Federal Aid Highway Acts f o r each and every year. Several s p e c i a l B i l l s during the war years were of benefit to the D i s t r i c t and we shared i n advanced engineering funds, access road funds and s t r a t e g i c highway funds. Also of benefit was the more important Federal Aid Highway Act of 1944 providing f o r Federal funds to be matched by the S t a t e s during the three postwar y e a r s , which were l a t e r designated as the f i s c a l years 1946, 1947 and 1948. The o r i g i n a l Act made these funds a v a i l a b l e f o r one year a f t e r the year f o r which a l l o c a t i o n was made. Since passage of the Act Congress has, by J o i n t Resolution, extended the period of a v a i l a b i l i t y one a d d i t i o n a l year, allowing t h i s a d d i t i o n a l time to place the p r o j e c t s under agreement and u l t i - �DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA GASOLINE TAX AND MOTOR VEHICLE -—NET FEES COLLECTIONS o o o 1924 1925 1926 1927 1929 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 - ™ * PREPARED BY DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 =r- PLANNING SURVEY 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 �HIGHWAY DEPT. APPROPRIATION (MILLION D O L L A R S ) - 9 S - �mately under construction. I t i s with some pride that we state that t h i s a d d i t i o n a l time was not required by the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. A l l of the p r o j e c t s embraced i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, postwar program are f u l l y prepared, i n s o f a r as plans and working drawings are concerned, and a l l have been placed under contract except f o r a few minor items. Construction work on the e n t i r e program, including the l a s t of s e v e r a l large s t r u c t u r e s , w i l l be completed during the l a t t e r part of 1949. The funds that have been received from t h i s source between 1940 (the f i r s t year the D i s t r i c t was e l i g i b l e ) through 1948 are shown i n tabular form on page 57. The amount i n d i c a t e d i n each column i s the Federal a l l o c a t i o n to the D i s t r i c t and had to be matched by the D i s t r i c t of Columbia on a 50/50 b a s i s , except i n the case of access and s t r a t e g i c highways, both of which c a r r i e d a higher Federal c o n t r i bution than the regular formula for" matching. There were excep- t i o n s during the period i n the nature of r a i l r o a d grade separat i o n structures which were assumed to be 100$ Federal o b l i g a t i o n s . There i s i n the process of passage new l e g i s l a t i o n by the Congress which w i l l r e s u l t i n the a l l o c a t i o n of a d d i t i o n a l Federal Aid funds to the D i s t r i c t of Columbia which w i l l a s s i s t i n the construction of the many p r o j e c t s necessary to provide an adequate highway and bridge system. Congress, i n connection with the Defense Highway Act of 1941 approved November 19, 1941, authorized, i n addition to other t h i n g s , funds f o r advanced engineering s t u d i e s . The D i s t r i c t took advantage of t h i s a l l o c a t i o n and u t i l i z e d i t f o r two major p r o j e c t s , a preliminary report i n one case, and a l l o c a t e d the �Federal Aid Ponds / . I l e e t- d Primary 1940 $ 490,070 For Highway Improvements Grade Urban Crossing Strategic Secondary $ 73,389 $ $ 586,538 $ Access $ Totals $ 1,149,997 1941 562,505 70,669 152,100 1942 467,500 84,025 97,500 1943 487,500 1,279 1946 1,096,875 731,250 1,146,477 2,974,602 1947 1,096,875 731,250 1,146,477 2,974,602 1948 1,068,750 712,500 1,117,080 2,898,330 $5,290,075 $2,404,362 $3,410,034 Totals: 785,274 170,625 2,185,250 7,800 $843,938 3,024,900 496,579 $170,625 $2,185,250 $14,304,284 �balance of the funds a v a i l a b l e f o r the preparation of plans f o r Highway Bridge. Congress, by the Act of J u l y 15, 1943. authorized a reapportionment of Federal highway funds, then-unexpended from p r i o r balances, so as to permit advanced engineering studies both prel i m i n a r y and f i n a l , on a matching b a s i s . The D i s t r i c t had a v a i l - able at that time i n unexpended funds, s u f f i c i e n t moneys to take up the maximum amount that could be a l l o t t e d to the D i s t r i c t under the p r o v i s i o n s of the Act r e f e r r e d t o . I t was from these funds and under the provisions of t h i s Act that the D i s t r i c t i n i t i a t e d p r o j e c t s with the Public Roads Administration f o r postwar planning. The operation of t h i s Act enabled the Department of Highways to prepare p r a c t i c a l l y a l l of i t s plans f o r the postwar period without securing any a d d i t i o n a l appropriation f o r that s p e c i f i c purpose. The funds remain a v a i l a b l e u n t i l one year a f t e r the end of the present emergency. That portion of the D i s t r i c t matching fund i s a v a i l a b l e u n t i l June 30, 1948. By that time a l l of the work o r i g i n a l l y contemplated w i l l have been completed. We have heretofore r e f e r r e d to the D i s t r i c t ' s i n c l u s i o n i n the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1938, which provided f o r a l l o t ments to the States f o r 1940 and 1941. The i n c l u s i o n of the D i s t r i c t , on the same basis as the States and T e r r i t o r i e s , i n t h i s Act was the r e s u l t of a number of years of e f f o r t on the part of numerous organizations and persons. I t may be s a i d i n t h i s connection t h a t , i n s o f a r as t r a f f i c and highway a c t i v i t i e s of the D i s t r i c t are concerned, i t i s , even aside from the funds that r e s u l t , the most valuable piece of l e g i s l a t i o n ever enacted i n behalf of these i n t e r e s t s . Itis �- 59 proper that we should extend our sincere thanks t o a l l who so e f f e c t i v e l y made our i n c l u s i o n p o s s i b l e . The improvements that have been made possible are extensive and w i l l continue as time goes on. Working i n cooperation and w i t h the advice and counsel of the Public Roads Administration has r e s u l t e d i n great b e n e f i t to t h i s community. ( E ) Programs and Reports ( l ) General Statement: At some time during the t r a n s i t i o n from i t s conception on the drawing board to i t s emplacement i n the s t r e e t system, a highway construction project i s incorporated i n a schedule and assigned a p o s i t i o n of r e l a t i v e importance determined by the degree of i n t e n s i t y to which the need f o r the improvement has grown, by the type and nature of the improvement, and by c e r t a i n other economic f a c t o r s i n v o l v i n g the amount of funds a v a i l a b l e and the s t a t e of the labor and commodities market G. Programs a r e , a t best, o p t i m i s t i c p r e d i c t i o n s of future accomplishments, but they are necessary i f extensive construct i o n a c t i v i t i e s are to be c a r r i e d on i n l o g i c a l and o r d e r l y sequence. They c o n s t i t u t e an e f f o r t on the part of highway o f f i - c i a l s to space out i n d i v i d u a l p r o j e c t s over a period of time — u s u a l l y 5 years — so as to make two ends meet: appropriations and t r a f f i c requirements. They are the product of long-range analyses of population growth, accurate surveys of t r a f f i c habits i n urban and suburban areas, and engineering i n v e s t i g a t i o n s . They are susceptible o f adjustment, e i t h e r by extension or contract i o n , and vary w i t h the general r i s e and f a l l of the n a t i o n a l income from which are derived the funds necessary f o r t h e i r exe- �- 60 cution. They can be c a l l e d construction time-tables which d i r e c t l y r e f l e c t the e f f i c i e n c y of the agencies which conceive them and the general economic conditions which a f f e c t the time of complet i o n of the highway f a c i l i t i e s included i n such programs. Formulated programs are the b a s i c matter of formal reports prepared by the Department of Highways and submitted to the Commissioners and to other i n t e r e s t e d agencies f o r approval or comment. As a r u l e , the reports contain not only a l i s t i n g of proposed a c t i v i t i e s to be undertaken during a s p e c i f i e d period, but a l s o present j u s t i f i c a t i o n of the v a r i o u s p r o j e c t s embodied i n the programs. twenty-four (24) T h i s s e c t i o n of the present report, covering years of progress i n highway development i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, i s p r i m a r i l y concerned w i t h the programs t h a t have been developed and adopted djiring t h a t time. (2) The 1930.1934 and 1937 Programs: I n 1930, the Depart- ment submitted i t s f i r s t d e f i n i t e program f o r the development of adequate improvements i n i t s highway system to meet the demands of r a p i d advances i n the design and use of p r i v a t e means of transportation. A t e n t a t i v e budget was prepared to accompany the report and, i n i t , p r o v i s i o n s were made f o r the expenditure of funds on p r o j e c t s of the S t r e e t s and Bridges D i v i s i o n s to extend over a period of approximately 5 y e a r s . S t r i c t adherence to the schedule of construction proposed i n the program became impossible because of adverse economic conditions i n the t h i r t i e s . I n 1934, a new program, based on an estimated drop i n revenue, was drawn up f o r approval by the Commissioners. T h i s r e v i s e d program was c a r r i e d out without f u r t h e r s e r i o u s curtailment Of operations through f i s c a l a i d �received from the Public Roads Administration under provisions of the National I n d u s t r i a l Recovery Act of 1933. Of n e c e s s i t y , the more extensive p r o j e c t s contained i n the program f o r the f i v e y e a r s , beginning with 1930, were l a i d aside * u n t i l such time as the necessary funds could be l e v i e d without working a hardship on the taxpayer. The e x i s t i n g Gas Tax Fund was established to finance a l l the a c t i v i t i e s of the Department of Highways and, consequently, t h i s a d d i t i o n a l load, coupled with the f a i l u r e to provide funds i n the Deficiency Acts of 1933 ?nd 1934 f o r supplemental highway p r o j e c t s , forced the deferment of major improvements to future programming. I t should be emphasized that retrenchment i n construction during t h i s period must not be construed as evidence of f a u l t y planning. The programs had been developed on the assumption that the sum of approximately four (4) m i l l i o n d o l l a r s , which had heretofore been appropriated f o r highway improvements, would continue to be a l l o c a t e d annually f o r t h i s purpose during the course of the 5-year program. The adjustment made i n 1934 took into account the reduced revenues and the operations which had been scheduled f o r execution during the preceding years were allowed to remain dormant u n t i l such time as conditions more favorable to t h e i r accomplishment would p r e v a i l . These did not come about u n t i l 1938, when the n a t i o n a l economy showed d e f i n i t e signs of having improved permanently. During the previous year, the Department prepared a report which r e c a p i t u l a ted the accomplishments and shortcomings of the programs of 1930 and 1934. The. report also stressed the l a c k of s u f f i c i e n t r e — venues t o underwrite extensive modernization of the.' highway system which had been retarded by the economic depresion. I t f u r t h e r urged the adoption of a f l e x i b l e program of highway improvements to per- �- 62 mit the execution of major p r o j e c t s over a period of y e a r s . (3) 1939 - Highway Program; port had an immediate e f f e c t . Act of 1937, approved August 17, The f a c t s d i s c l o s e d i n the r e - The D i s t r i c t of Columbia Revenue 1937, e s t a b l i s h e d the Highway Fund, r e f e r r e d to p r e v i o u s l y , i n t o which a l l motor v e h i c l e r e g i s t r a t i n n , f u e l taxes and fees were paid. This Act a l s o l i m i t e d the expenditure of these monies s o l e l y and e x c l u s i v e l y for highway purposes as defined i n the Act. A new program of construction, based on the l i b e r a l i z i n g aspects of the new f i s c a l p o l i c y , was formulated f o r the 5 years extending from 1939 to 1943. The budget set up i n support of t h i s program provided s u b s t a n t i a l amounts i n excess of operating expenses to allow f o r general improvements and long-needed extensions of the Highway system. New paving on major thoroughfares and l o c a l s t r e e t s , roadway widening, bridge construction and r e p a i r , special major- p r o j e c t s i n v o l v i n g grade separation s t r u c t u r e s and limited-access highways, redesign of c r i t i c a l i n t e r s e c t i o n s , a l l these were p r o j e c t s which had been conceived during the preceding years and. deferred u n t i l the passage of an adequate revenue measure to finance t h e i r construction. The 1939-1943 program r e v i t a l i z e d them and, with minor changes, most of them were scheduled f o r construction during the f i v e years embraced by the program. (4) Organization of Highway Planning Survey; Highway Planning Survey Units were e s t a b l i s h e d i n the 48 S t a t e s , following the passage of the Hayden-Cartwright Act of 1934 gan functioning i n 1936. by Congress, and be- The language of the act s p e c i f i e d that l g percent of each s t a t e ' s annual highway a l l o c a t i o n be spent i n the development of "surveys, plans, engineering and economic i n - �- 63 vestigations." The Public Roads Administration was largely re- sponsible f o r the enactment of t h i s l e g i s l a t i o n which created f a c t - f i n d i n g bodies to operate as " p i l o t s " for highway departments. T h i s Agency of the Federal Government had long been aware of the need f o r a s p e c i a l i z e d instrument to conduct i n t e n s i v e research studies i n the nation's t r a v e l h a b i t s on the highways. I t meant the systematic and continues compilation of t r a f f i c volume counts at permanent and s p e c i a l s t a t i o n s , the evaluation of t r a f f i c - g e n e r a t i n g areas by conducting o r i g i n - d e s t i n a t i o n surveys, the e s t a b l i s h ment of.the parking demand i n r e t a i l business d i s t r i c t s and other r e l a t e d i n v e s t i g a t i o n s designed to produce f a c t u a l data on which an o r d e r l y and adequate program of highway improvements could be developed according to the nature and i n t e n s i t y of t r a f f i c r e q u i r e ments i n urban areas. As stated p r e v i o u s l y i n 1938 the Federal Aid Highway Act was amended to recognize the D i s t r i c t of Columbia as a c i v i l e n t i t y equally e l i g i b l e to p a r t i c i p a t e i n Federal Aid. This automatically included the D i s t r i c t of Columbia i n the National planning program. The task of assembling the required information, analyzing and i n t e r p r e t i n g t r a f f i c data, and presenting the f i n d i n g s i n graphic form f o r f u r t h e r study by highway o f f i c i a l s was entrusted i n 1939, to a newly e s t a b l i s h e d u n i t of the Department which was designated as the Highway Planning Survey U n i t . (5) 1941 - The Highway Planning Survey Report; The newly organized research group had accumulated s u f f i c i e n t data and e v i dence, derived from a survey of the parking demand i n the General Area of Washington, from a study of the use made of urban routes �i n and about Rock Creek Park, from i n t e r v i e w s with motorists on Trans-Washington t r i p s , and from a study of the t r a v e l h a b i t s of a l l employees i n the c e n t r a l business and governmental areas to i s s u e a report, i n 1941, on the more c r i t i c a l aspects of the problem of motor t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n the Metropolitan Area. The f i n d i n g s and recommendations of the Highway Planning Survey, which were d e t a i l e d i n the report, were of such s i g n i f i c a n c e that they were u t i l i z e d by the Department of Highways to i n s t i t u t e a long-range program of highway developments proposed f o r subsequent program years.. Moreover, the report pointed up the c r i t i c a l nature of the parking s i t u a t i o n i n the business and Government d i s t r i c t s , and l e d d i r e c t l y the c r e a t i o n of the Motor Vehicle Parking Agency by an Act of Congress, approved February 16, 1942. The Act con- f e r r e d broad powers upon the Commissioners. I t authorized the a c q u i s i t i o n , c r e a t i o n and operation of public o f f - s t r e e t parking f a c i l i t i e s i n the D i s t r i c t , as a necessary messure to insure the f r e e c i r c u l a t i o n of t r a f f i c i n the public i n t e r e s t . The Parking Agency was a c t i v a t e d i n 1946 and published a report the following year. I t s recommendations f o r the development of storage f a c i l i - t i e s by p r i v a t e e n t e r p r i s e were based on the r e s u l t s of the study conducted by the Highway Planning Survey i n 1940, and on adjusted data revealed i n a supplementary inventory of e x i s t i n g parking accommodations i n the downtown area a t the end of war. The Department of Highways' Preliminary Report of 1941 cont a i n s a very c a r e f u l a n a l y s i s of the problem presented by the need for adequate terminal f a c i l i t i e s i n Washington. The recommenda- t i o n s , which stemmed from t h i s study are based on information ob- �- 65 tained from r e p l i e s , furnished by 75,000 persons employed i n the survey a r e a , to Travel-Record questionnaires, and from a canvass, a l s o by the questionnaire method, of persons parked i n the area for. a short period i n order to shop, v i s i t , pay p r o f e s s i o n a l c a l l s , e t c . . They s t r e s s the n e c e s s i t y f o r t i g h t e r control of a v a i l a b l e "ons t r e e t " space f o r the b e n e f i t of t r a n s i e n t of short-time parkers by means of wide-spread use of meters i n the downtown area other c r i t i c a l d i s t r i c t s . and The Department's recommendations a l s o p a r a l l e l those made by the Parking Agency i n the matter of encouraging p r i v a t e business i n t e r e s t s to e s t a b l i s h customer parking facili- t i e s f o r the a l l - d a y parker near Federal Agencies by creating " f r i n g e " parking l o t s on the outer periphery of the c e n t r a l d i s t r i c t which could be serviced by mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n v e h i c l e s . I n addition to making s p e c i f i c recommendations for measures designed to improve the parking s i t u a t i o n the Department published i n the preliminary report of 1941, the r e s u l t s of engineering studies which were aimed d i r e c t l y at the preparation of Washington's highway system to bear the impact of v a s t l y increased t r a f f i c pressures engendered by accelerated Federal a c t i v i t i e s i n the approaching war. The improvements which came about i n the years immediately following p u b l i c a t i o n of the 1941 Preliminary Report are l i s t e d elsewhere i n t h i s volume. B r i e f l y , they c o n s i s t of major thorough- f a r e reconstruction on r a d i a l t r u c k highways connecting the c e n t r a l d i s t r i c t to outlying r e s i d e n t i a l and suburban areas i n Maryland and V i r g i n i a . They a l s o include such major p r o j e c t s as grade separation s t r u c t u r e s a t congested, multiple i n t e r s e c t i o n s i n �— 66 — the general c e n t r a l area which e n c i r c l e s the business and Govern- ment d i s t r i c t s . Where s t r u c t u r e s of t h i s type were not f e a s i b l e forone reason or another, the f a u l t y i n t e r s e c t i o n s were redesigned and channelized on the surface. Narrow s t r e e t s of the d i s t r i b u t o r type, which were considered e s s e n t i a l to the proper dispersion o f heavy t r a f f i c streams entering the c e n t r a l area v i a high-volume r a d i a l highways, were widened and rcpaved. The scope and magnitude of the p u b l i c works program formulated by the Department of Highways i n 1941 necessitated c e r t a i n other recommendations of a f i s c a l nature i n order to insure the r e a l i z a t i o n of c a p i t a l p r o j e c t s w i t h i n a reasonable length of time. Con- sequently, the report emphasized the need f o r immediate a c t i o n i n the i n t e r e s t s of public s a f e t y . The argument was advanced that the only way i n which the Department's extensive p l a r s f o r modernizing the D i s t r i c t of Columbia's system of permanent highways could be t r a n s l a t e d into a c t u a l improvements,over a period extending roughly over the next ten y e a r s , would be to implement the program by amending the fue.' - t a x Act of 1924, r a i s i n g the impost on gasoline from 2 to 3 cents. This recommendation became law by an Act of Congress, approved December 26, 1941. As stated elsewhere, even w i t h t h i s i n c r e a s e , revenues declined during the war to an extent which necessited a f u r t h e r amendment to the f u e l - t a x Act of 1924> i n c r e a s i n g the t a x to four ( 4 ) cents on a temporary b a s i s , i n order to c a r r y out our program of necessary improvements w i t h i n the time required by sound planning. (6) Preliminary Survey-Subways: Leaving no p o s s i b i l i t y unexplored i n an effort to relieve the extremely severe condition of congestion i n downtown Washington, o f f i c i a l s of the Department �- 67 i n s t i t u t e d i n 1942, an engineering and economic i n v e s t i g a t i o n of l o w e r - l e v e l s t r e e t or tunnel systems, as a means of d i v e r t i n g excess t r a f f i c , p a r t i c u l a r l y mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n v e h i c l e s , into underground channels. The study was authorized by Congress i n a J o i n t Resolution approved March 7, 1942, which d i r e c t e d the Commissioners of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia to determine the f e a s i b i l i t y of the construct i o n of subways i n the area under t h e i r j u r i s d i c t i o n . 13, 1942, On March the D i r e c t o r of highways was ordered to proceed with the survey and to prepare a report on the f i n d i n g s , accompanied by s u i t a b l e conclusions and recommendations. The urban region delimited by 17th S t r e e t on the west, 6th S t r e e t on the e a s t , K S t r e e t on the north and Pennsylvania Avenue on the south, i n c l u d i n g short but densely populated sections extending outward from t h i s area on c e r t a i n a r t e r i a l s , was selected as the survey area. The cordon enclosed the c r i t i c a l r e t a i l b u s i - ness and Government d i s t r i c t s , i n which the s t r e e t s , during peak hours, became over-saturated with bus and s t r e e t c a r t r a f f i c . It was chosen with p a r t i c u l a r care because the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n tangle w i t h i n i t s borders had e x i s t e d p r i o r to 1941-42. Those were the years which witnessed the i n f l u x of new personnel to s t a f f the expanded Federal establishment and the consequent increase i n t r a f f i c movement. Any b e n e f i c i a l measures designed to a l l e v i a t e the abnormal s i t u a t i o n during the war would remain, t h e r e f o r e , to correct peacetime conditions. On June 24, 1942, a report on the f i n d i n g s of the preliminary survey was prepared and submitted to the Commissioners. I t con- tained an a n a l y s i s of the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n requirements of the d i s - �- 68 t r i c t surveyed, from which three basic conclusions were formed: ( l ) that r a p i d t r a n s i t subway l i n e s to the o u t l y i n g sectinns of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia are not warranted or necessary ; (2) t h a t a system of s t r e e t c a r tunnels and underpasses, including appropriate t e r m i n a l f a c i l i t i e s i n the c e n t r a l congested area, i s f e a s i b l e and, i n many cases, warranted; (3) that the construction of grade separation s t r u c t u r e s and depressed highways w i t h i n and beyond the c e n t r a l area i s necessary and l o g i c a l . These conclusions were embodied i n a recommendation to the Commissioners and to Congress with a request f o r a d d i t i o n a l funds to conduct more d e t a i l e d studies by Department engineers and cons u l t a n t s , i n order to prepare d e f i n i t e plans as to p r o j e c t s , l o c a t i o n s , costs and other f a c t o r s . These recommendations were endorsed i n part by the National C a p i t a l Park and Planning Commission i n a companion report issued by t h a t agency on the question of subways for Washington. The Commision expressed i t s e l f i n favor of grade separation s t r u c t u r e s , or l o c a l i z e d subways, i n the h e a v i l y congested multiple i n t e r s e c t i o n s caused by the convergence of s e v e r a l a r t e r i a l s t r e e t s into overtaxed r o t a r i e s , such as Thomas and Scott C i r c l e s , and at 14th (?) S t r e e t , S. W., and Maine /venue. The K S t r e e t Trunk Highway Improvement: The need f o r an east-west limited-access highway across Washington, which would serve adequately as a high-speed d i s p e r s a l a r t e r y during the morning rush period, and as an equally r a p i d means of egress from the c e n t r a l business and Government d i s t r i c t s during the evening rush period, was recognized by the Department of Highways i n i t s p r e l i minary highway report of By 1943, 1941. the s t r a i n exerted on the highway system by excessive �t r a f f i c movements generated by the war had reached the point where public s a f e t y and welfare were endangered unduly. As a r e s u l t o f t h i s condition, the Director of Highways i n v i t e d the J . E. Greiner Company, a consultant engineering f i r m o f Baltimore, Maryland, to explore the p o s s i b i l i t y of c r e a t i n g such a through highway and t o determine the f e a s i b i l i t y of improving K S t r e e t along these l i n e s . The design of the proposed expressway was influenced by s e v e r a l f a c t o r s based on the t r a f f i c s i t u a t i o n as i t e x i s t e d i n 1941, the l a s t pre-war or normal year, i n order to avoid any possible wartime d i s t o r t i o n . Proceeding on the b a s i s of t h i s known quantity, the consultants projected a curve shewing the population trend by years i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, i n conjunction with the c o r o l l a r y y e a r l y trend of persons-per-vehicle, and y e a r l y v e h i c l e r e g i s t r a t i o n i n c r e a s e s . This combined i n d i c a t o r of probable normal t r a f f i c growth i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia was adjusted to express induced and d i v e r t e d t r a f f i c volumes, which would be generated by the improvements, and expanded to include a f o r e c a s t of future t r a f f i c requirements by 1980. The Department's choice of K S t r e e t as best suited f o r t h i s type of development was endorsed by the consultants on account o f width, s t r a i g h t l i n e l o c a t i o n and c o n t i g u i t y to the business d i s t r i c t , and was recommended as e s s e n t i a l to the r e l i e f of t r a f f i c pressure on congested p a r a l l e l s t r e e t s . On the b a s i s of t r a f f i c data furnished to the consultants f o r a n a l y s i s , i t was computed t h a t immediate construction of the improvement would e f f e c t an approximate reduction of 60% i n the t r a f f i c c a r r i e d by the adjacent s t r e e t s and a r t e r i a l s serving t h i s s e c t i o n of the c i t y . The w e s t e r l y terminus o f t h i s f a c i l i t y , when considered t o - �- 7b gether with other improvements recommended i n the 1941 report, was to be located a t the F r a n c i s Scott Key Bridge, an important highway crossing of the Potomac R i v e r . Construction of the elevated s e c t i o n i s now i n progress a t t h i s l o c a t i o n . The eastern terminals at 6th S t r e e t , West V i r g i n i a Avenue and at 15th S t r e e t and H S t r e e t v i a F l o r i d a Avenue, connect with a l l important a r t e r i a l s i n t h i s section of the c i t y , i n c l u d i n g a connection to the proposed Washington-Baltimore Freeway by way of West V i r g i n i a fcvenue and York Avenue extended. New Other sections w i l l be constructed at a l a t e r date during subsequent programs. Engineering treatment of the highway l y i n g between these p o i n t s , c o n s i s t s of both underground and surface f a c i l i t i e s . The under- ground work proposed takes the form of a depressed interchange a t Mt. Vernon Square, a 4-lane depressed highway i n the.bed of K S t r e e t between .Mt. Vernon Square and 6th S t r e e t , N.E., and underpasses at the i n t e r s e c t i o n of K S t r e e t with F l o r i d a Avenue and i n the v i c i n i t y of the i n t e r s e c t i o n of F l o r i d a Avenue with Benning Road, 15th S t r e e t and H S t r e e t s , N.E. The proposed surface improvements consist of widening roadway pavements on K S t r e e t , the construction of service roadways along c e r t a i n highly developed sections of the highway, and the redesign of a l l i n t e r s e c t i o n s to permit entrance and e x i t from the trunk high way, v i a channelized connections. The consultants declared t h a t the trunk highway was entirely f e a s i b l e from an engineering standpoint, and desirable as a much needed development f o r the r e l i e f of i n c r e a s i n g t r a f f i c congestion on the present s t r e e t system i n the v i c i n i t y of K S t r e e t . �With the exception of the underpass treatment proposed a t Mt. Vernon Square, d e c i s i o n has been reached by the Department to . defer construction of the e n t i r e p r o j e c t , as recommended by the consultants, due to i t s great cost and the p o s s i b i l i t y of d i v e r t i n g t r a f f i c to other routes through surface improvements a t a r e l a t i v e l y minor c o s t , u n t i l the r e s u l t s of the Washington Metropolitan Area Transportation Study, now i n progress are a v a i l a b l e . (8) The 194A Central Area Report: The t r a f f i c s i t u a t i o n i n . the Central Area was reviewed again i n a report submitted to the Commissioners, i n October 1944, by the J . E. Greiner Company and De Leuw, Cather & Company, consulting engineers. Data r e l a t i v e to t r a f f i c volumes, employment, population trends and other s t a t i s t i c a l information of l i k e nature, which r e f l e c t e d conditions e x i s t ing p r i o r to 1942, when gasoline and t i r e r a t i o n i n g became e f f e c t i v e , were used as a b a s i s f o r estimating future t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs. The report i s mainly concerned with a discussion of a master plan f o r the c o r r e c t i o n and the future development of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s i n the Central Area of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. The plan i s aimed d i r e c t l y a t improving a c c e s s i b i l i t y to the r e t a i l business and Federal d i s t r i c t s located i n the area and. i s given d e t a i l e d consideration i n the report. I n t h e i r a n a l y s i s of conditions i n the congested downtown d i s t r i c t , the consultants again advanced the proposal of l o w e r - l e v e l s t r e e t s as the only p o s i t i v e means of reducing the c o n f l i c t s between fixed-wheel mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n v e h i c l e s and free-wheel t r a f f i c on surface pavements. The contemplated r e l o c a t i o n of s t r e e t c a r l i n e s , which now operate on Connecticut and Pennsylvania Avenues and Fourteenth S t r e e t , to underground tunnels i n the c r i t i c a l �- 72 downtown area, i s a project which appears to be amply j u s t i f i e d . I t was considered by the consultants that the proposed subway system would ( l ) serve the greatest number of people with the minimum mileage; (2) extend the b e n e f i t s of rapid t r a n s i t on l o w e r - l e v e l s t r e e t c a r s to people l i v i n g i n a l l parts of the c i t y ; (3) remove s t r e e t c a r s from the surface of the most congested s t r e e t s ; (4) permit coordination with r a i l and bus routes remaining on the surf a c e ; ( 5 ) allow f o r future expansion. I t was f u r t h e r pointed out that the flow of buses, a f t e r subways were b u i l t , would be reduced to the extent that patrons would be a t t r a c t e d to the f a s t e r underground routes. The master plan evolved by the consultants and presented i n the Central Area Report, involved extensive improvements i n the e x i s t i n g s t r e e t layout through the construction of grade separat i o n s t r u c t u r e s and channelized connections, to form convenient inner and outer b e l t l i n e d i s t r i b u t o r routes around the c e n t r a l portion of the c i t y . K S t r e e t , s i t u a t e d on the northern rim of t h i s area, was earmarked f o r f u r t h e r improvement as part of the i n n e r b e l t route and as a surface d i s t r i b u t i n g a r t e r y . Underpasses to separatethe heavy t r a f f i c flows were urged as remedial measures f o r the overloaded r o t a r y at DuPont C i r c l e and f o r the multiple i n t e r s e c t i o n of Pennsylvania and Constitution Avenues and Fourth S t r e e t , N. W. Work on the underpass f a c i l i t y a t Dupont C i r c l e i s curently i n progress. L a t e r studies and d e c i s i o n by the C a p i t a l T r a n s i t Company to remove i t s t r a c k s from Pennsylvania Avenue, i n the v i c i n i t y of 4th S t r e e t and Constitut i o n Avenue have made i t possible to redesign t h i s i n t e r s e c t i o n i n order to serve t r a f f i c adequately at t h i s point through surface �- 73 channelization without r e s o r t to expensive underpass construction. The report noted, moreover, that e x i s t i n g parking f a c i l i t i e s i n the shopping d i s t r i c t were e n t i r e l y inadequate at present and t h a t the c r e a t i o n of throughways leading into the heart of the c i t y would be wasted e f f o r t , unless storage f a c i l i t i e s were provided to accommodate the increased t r a f f i c which would be a t t r a c t e d by the improved highways. The consultants also suggested that c e r t a i n obsolete buildings i n t h i s area be replaced gradually by a type of b u i l d i n g more i n keeping with the character of motorized t r a n s portation i n t h i s modern age — buildings which would combine small shops and o f f i c e s , c e n t r a l i z e d s e r v i c e , underground merchandise c o l l e c t i o n and d e l i v e r y , and o f f e r parking f a c i l i t i e s f o r c l i e n t s and customers. They f u r t h e r suggested that land i n Government ownership be converted i n t o s u i t a b l y landscaped parking l o t s f o r the accommodation of Federal employees. The program formulated by the J . E. Greiner Go., Cather and Co., and De Leuw, focuses anew the a t t e n t i o n of c i t i z e n s and High- way Department o f f i c i a l s on the major improvements which have been recommended by engineers since the middle t h i r t i e s , a period i n the h i s t o r y of the Nation's C a p i t a l which saw the beginning of increased a c t i v i t y i n the executive functions of Government. The population and t r a f f i c volume curves have been on the r i s e ever s i n c e , but without a corresponding expansion of the highway system to absorb excess t r a f f i c movements i n the Central Area. Hazardous conditions, increased cost of motcir v e h i c l e operation, delay and i n a c c e s s i b i l i t y of v i t a l regions located i n t h i s area are the wasteful and unproductive r e s u l t s suffered each day by a large segment of the population. These f a c t s were r e i t e r a t e d i n the �Transportation Survey and Plan f o r the Central Area of Washington, D. C. and formed the b a s i s f a r the recommendations made i n the r e port of October 1944* (9) The 1946 Transportation Report: A f t e r f i v e years i n the r o l e of the world's war-time c a p i t a l , Washington was bursting at the seams under the pressure of i t s swollen population. New groups of m i l i t a r y and c i v i l i a n personnel, engaged i n the accelerated f u n c t i o n s of a Government waging war on a global s c a l e , had, by 1946, overflowed into the adjoining counties of Maryland and V i r g i n i a i n such numbers that t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems were no longer l i m i t e d to the c i t y of Washington. A metropolitan area, composed of v a s t new housing developments, had sprung up to form a populous and exceedingly a c t i v e f r i n g e on a l l sides of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. Morning and evening periods of intense vehicu- l a r a c t i v i t y between suburban r e s i d e n t i a l areas and the urban cent e r s of employment were periods f i l l e d with danger and delay to the s h u t t l i n g motorist, so that a r e v i s i o n of long-range highway programs to include expressways, was considered as e s s e n t i a l to the s o l u t i o n of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problem. The engineering firms of J . E. Greiner Company and De Leuw, Cather and Company, were again c a l l e d i n consultation with De- partment of Highways o f f i c i a l s to study the new t r a f f i c trends and developments, and to recommend possible a c t i o n . I n December, 1946, they submitted a report containing broad recommendations which emphasized the n e c e s s i t y of consolidating and enlarging past proposals f o r improvements i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia's highway system, to include a system of expressways serving a l l p a r t s of the D i s t r i c t and connecting w i t h e x i s t i n g and proposed highways �of t h i s type i n Maryland and V i r g i n i a . A network of a r t e r i a l s , improved a t i r r e g u l a r , multiple and high volume i n t e r s e c t i o n s through the construction of grade separation s t r u c t u r e s , channeliz a t i o n , and the use of e f f e c t i v e s i g n a l i z a t i o n and other control measures were a l s o recommended. The most f a r reaching plan conceived by the consultants, and presented i n t h e i r 1946 report, was a limited-access highway de- signed to r e l i e v e the shopping d i s t r i c t of through t r a f f i c dest i n e d f o r the Federal T r i a n g l e , the Southwest Mall and other points beyond the Central Area. T e n t a t i v e l y designated as the "Mid-City Expressway", the proposed-highway would extend from Canal Street i n the v i c i n i t y of Independence Avenue across the M a l l , along Third S t r e e t as a depressed highway, west of G r i f f i t h Stadium, under the h i l l north of Howard U n i v e r s i t y , along the west edge of the S o l d i e r ' s Home, through a h i l l east of Rock Creek Cemetery and thence northeast to the D i s t r i c t L i n e . J u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r the high-cost heavy construction work necessary to the execution of t h i s ambitious project was based on assumption that enormous volumes of t r a f f i c would be accommodated, to e f f e c t a welcome r e lease i n the pressure on other s t r e e t s serving t r a f f i c destined for the Central Area, as w e l l as that of a s t r i c t l y l o c a l character Further extension of the expressway system involves c e r t a i n modifications i n the t e n t a t i v e plans f o r the K Street prepared by the consultants i n 1943. improvement Redesigned to f i t the new plan, t h i s c r i t i c a l a r t e r y would s t a r t a t t h i r d s t r e e t , N.W., to connect with the Mid-City Expressway. Another important l i n k i n the system developed i n the report of 1946, c o n s i s t s of a high- speed connection between the proposed Baltimore-Washington Parkway and the Anacostia R i v e r highway crossings and Seventeenth �S t r e e t , N. W. Designated as the Capitol H i l l Expressway, t h i s improvement c a l l s f o r the construction of two one-way d r i v e s depressed east of Capitol H i l l , through which they would be c a r r i e d i n tunnels, and merging i n the Mall east of T h i r d S t r e e t , from which point they would be c a r r i e d at grade, on the approximate alignment of the present Madison and J e f f e r s o n D r i v e s , C o n f l i c t s at a l l important i n t e r s e c t i o n s would be eliminated by grade separation structures. Improvements of l i k e nature, conceived on a somewhat l e s s e r scale are also proposed f o r the Rock Creek Park d r i v e s which would be extended northward to the D i s t r i c t l i n e to connect with U,S, Route 240, and with the Northern Parkway as proposed by the Maryland National C a p i t a l Park and Planning Commission. P r o j e c t s such as the K S t r e e t Elevated Highway, Canal Road widening, the opening up of the v a l l e y along Arizona Avenue as a parkway to connect Canal Road with Wisconsin Avenue, the Whitehaven Parkway as a high-speed a r t e r y to serve a densely populated area west of Wisconsin Avenue, and the Anacostia-Kenilworth Freeway as a section of the proposed c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l route to provide f o r a l l by-passable t r a f f i c , on U. S. Route 1 on a throughway extending from points of entry i n the Northeast to South Capitol S t r e e t along the east side of the Anacostia R i v e r , and thence to Alexandria on a proposed crossing across the Potomac R i v e r , a l l these are highway ameliora-, t i o n s discussed i n the report as p r a c t i c a b l e engineering measures designed to f u r t h e r Washington's long-range t r a n s p o r t a t i o n objectives. Studies made by the consultants i n connection with the operat i o n of mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n v e h i c l e s on expressways, i n d i c a t e jj �- 77 that maximum b e n e f i t s w i l l accrue to patrons of the t r a n s i t company by inaugurating express schedules to a t t r a c t and induce a greater portion of the population to use public t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . The consultants stressed anew the a d v i s a b i l i t y of the construction of o f f - s t r e e t bus terminals i n the c e n t r a l business and Government d i s t r i c t s , to be b u i l t as i n t e g r a l p a r t s of new groups of Federal b u i l d i n g s , and strongly recommended the v e r t i c a l segregation of fixed-wheel v e h i c l e s i n the downtown area through the construction of a system of depressed right-of-ways f o r s t r e e t c a r s . �PART II C O N S T R U C T I O N " *• ^\ - T >- f t * ^* "' 7 ' " 1 ' 'W'^ . ' -2 L i > '"OJi»T (A) S t r u c t u r e s : ( l ) Procedures and Methods: The twenty-four year period covered by t h i s report has been one of great progress i n the Bridge D i v i s i o n of the Department of Highways. During t h i s period we have seen a l l but a few of the major obsolete and inadequate ges replaced w i t h modern s t r u c t u r e s . brid- I n a d d i t i o n , the Bridge D i v i s i o n has undertaken and completed eight major grade separation s t r u c t u r e s , and at t h i s time plans are complete f o r three a d d i t i o n a l structures. There i s a l s o i n progress the construction of two major s t r u c t u r e s on new l o c a t i o n s , which w i l l provide a d d i t i o n a l t r a f f i c f a c i l i t i e s , d i r e c t l y to areas of dense population, connect- ing w i t h main c i t y highways that have r e c e n t l y been developed. This period saw the e l i m i n a t i o n of the l a s t main-line r a i l r o a d grade-crossings, with the construction of nineteen s t r u c t u r e s over or under main-line r a i l r o a d s . Plans f o r one a d d i t i o n a l crossing are ready so t h a t , when the s t r u c t u r e i s completed, a new a r t e r i a l highway to the Northeast w i l l be opened. This l a t t e r i s not an e l i m i n a t i o n p r o j e c t , but an a d d i t i o n to the system. The Bridge D i v i s i o n has been c a l l e d upon to design and cons t r u c t numerous s p e c i a l p r o j e c t s , such as the Fourteenth S t r e e t T r a n s i t Terminal, and the Dupont C i r c l e Underpass which includes f a c i l i t i e s f o r an underground s t r e e t c a r s t a t i o n . This l a t t e r work i s now i n progress. I n connection w i t h the design of replacement and new structures, as w e l l as grade separation p r o j e c t s , the D i s t r i c t has u t i l i z e d �- 79 the services of consulting engineers on some projects i n order to speed up the work. The Design Unit of the Bridge Division, as heretofore stated, i s unable to prepare plans i n the volume required to carry out bridge programs of the magnitude with which we have been confronted during the past several years. During the period of t h i s a c t i v i t y , the design of bridges and other structures has followed the modern trend. Provision has been made i n • a l l cases for increased loadings and accepted approved standards of design. type. I n the main, bridge structures have been of the deck Added safety provisions have been incorporated i n the de- signs and special lanes for heavy load t r a f f i c up to forty-five tons have been included. Following i s l i s t e d the major and minor bridge and structure work accomplished during the report period. (2) Major Capital Outlay Structures: (a) Projects Bridges Source of Funds D.C. Connecticut Avenue Bridge over Klingle Road Calvert Street Bridge over Rock Creek D.C. P Street Bridge over Rock Creek NM R M Street Bridge over Rock Creek ' D.C. K Street Bridge over Rock Creek D.C. Massachusetts Avenue Bridge over Rock Creek D.C. Military Road Bridge over Rock Creek D.C. Klingle Road Separation Structure over Rock Creek FAS 14th Street Bridge over Potomac River (East Bridge under construction) FAP South Capitol Street Bridge over Anacostia .Slver (under construction) D.C. ' Pennsylvania Avenue Bridge over Anacostia (John Philip Sousa Bridge) D.C. Benning Bridge over Anacostia River D.C. Chain Bridge- over Potomac River D.C. Independence Avenue Bridge of Tidal Basin FAP Tidal Basin Outlet Bridge D.C. High Level Military Road Bridge over Rock Creek (plans completed) Completion Year 1932 1935 1935 1929 1940 1941 1929 / 1948 1949 (1) 1949 (1) 1941 1934 1938 1943 1942 �- 80 Source Of Funds Projects 16th S t r e e t Bridge over M i l i t a r y Road (plans completed) 14th Street Bridge over Potomac River (West Bridge plans completed) (b) FAP D.C. AW-FAP AW-FAP DAWR FAP 1942 1940 1942 1943 1943 1943 FAP D.C. FAP FAP 1943 1937 1949 ( l ) 1948 ( l ) —* E.C. 1942 S p e c i a l Structures 14th S t r e e t T r a n s i t Terminal Municipal F i s h Wharf P i e r #1 (superstructure) Dupont C i r c l e Underpass and T r a n s i t S t a t i o n K S t r e e t Elevated Highway (in-progress) K S t r e e t Depressed Highway (22nd S t r e e t t o 27th S t r e e t - plans completed) D.C. F i r e Boat Wharves (d) Railroad Grade Crossing E l i m i n a t i o n P r o j e c t s Van Buren S t r e e t under B. & 0. R a i l r o a d New Hampshire Avenue over B. & 0. R a i l r o a d Piney Branch Road under B. & 0. R a i l r o a d Riggs Road under B. & 0. R a i l r o a d Taylor S t r e e t over B. & 0. R a i l r o a d Michigan Avenue over B. & 0. Railroad Monroe S t r e e t over B. & 0. R a i l r o a d F r a n k l i n S t r e e t over B. & 0. R a i l r o a d E a s t e r n Avenue over B. & 0. R a i l r o a d Montana Avenue under B. & 0. Railroad (1) (2) FAP Highway Grade Separation Structures Scott C i r c l e Underpass Thomas C i r c l e Underpass V i r g i n i a Avenue Underpass Portland S t r e e t Underpass 14th S t r e e t over Maine Avenue and Park Drive Independence Avenue Overpass (c) D.C. NRS D.C. FAP FAGM WPGM D.C. D.C. D.C. Anticipated completion year Constructed by r a i l r o a d under Union S t a t i o n Act Key to Source of Funds: D.C. - D i s t r i c t of Columbia FAS - Federal Aid Highway Act FAP - Federal A i d Highway Act NRM) " Completion Year N a t i o n a l I n d u s t r i a l Recovery Act o f 1933 FAGM)_ e r g e n c y R e l i e f Act of 1935 WPGM) ^ DAWR - Defence Highway Act-of 1941 Em 5 1926 1934 1934 1948 1940 1937 1931 1937 1935 r — (2) �(d) Railroad Grade Crossing Elimination Projects. Eastern Avenue under Pennsylvania Railroad Montana Avenue under Pennsylvania Railroad Bladensburg Road under Pennsylvania Railroad 9th Street over Terminal Tracks Queens Chapel Road over B. & 0. Railroad 12th Street over Terminal Tracks New York Avenue over Terminal Tracks Maine Avenue under Terminal Tracks Benning Biaduct over Pennsylvania Railroad Source Of Funds Completion Year D.C. 1937 D.C. 1938 D. C. FAGM D. C. FAGM D. C. 1939 1940 1931 1942 1937 (2) (2) (3) Minor C a p i t a l Outlay Small Bridges Culverts 11 (B) 21 Paving (l) Procedures and Methods: ( a ) General Statement: Many improvements have been made i n the construction f i e l d during the past twenty-four (24) y e a r s , not only i n the a c t u a l construction methods employed, but i n the machinery used and i n the pavement design as w e l l . Many o f f i c i a l s of the Department are members, and as such serve on committees of the American A s s o c i a t i o n of State Highway O f f i c i a l s , the American Roadbuilders A s s o c i a t i o n and other a s s o c i a t i o n s concerned w i t h highway development. Through these contacts the Department i s able to keep abreast of a l l progress i n the i n d u s t r y . Specifications covering paving and s t r u c t u r e construction i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia have been r e v i s e d and r e w r i t t e n as often as necessary to take advantage o f the great improvements made i n equipment manufacture and by research agencies throughout the United S t a t e s i n improved roadway and s t r u c t u r e design. A word concerning paving methods i n 1924, (2) as compared with Constructed by r a i l r o a d under Union S t a t i o n Act. �the methods employed today, w i l l serve to i l l u s t r a t e the changes which have taken place during the y e a r s and w i l l bring out very f o r c e f u l l y the f a c t t h a t those changes were of n e c e s s i t y gradual, and the r e s u l t of much research and e f f o r t , not only on the part of t h i s Department, but a l s o on the part of the whole highway i n dustry. The changes themselves i n d i c a t e , more c l e a r l y - t h a n words alone could, the f a c t t h a t the Department must be a l e r t to changes and improvements, no matter where or by whom developed, i n order to operate e f f i c i e n t l y and economically. (b) Concrete Construction: the To those who remember the twenties present pace of construction work must indeed seem i n c r e d i b l e . Back i n 1924 the paving o f a s t r e e t of any considerable length was quite a p r o j e c t , judged not alone by the q u a n t i t i e s involved but by the time consumed i n completing the work. Excavation was by steam shovel and as o f t e n as not the excavated m a t e r i a l was disposed of by wagon-team as w e l l as by t r u c k . There was no such t h i n g as batch-wagons or t r u c k s , a l l aggregates being dumped on the sub-grade i n stock p i l e s , from which point they were rehandled by hand labor and dumped into the concrete mixer with wheel barrows. Volumetric measure was used. F i e l d control was exercised by " s t r i k i n g - o f f " a l e v e l wheel barrow and measuring i t s cubic content by use of a one ( l ) cubic foot sample box. The amount of mixing water and time o f mixing where determined by the mixer operator by experience only. The mixer i t s e l f was a v a s t l y d i f f e - rent machine from t h a t used today, being of l e s s e r capacity and w i t h a manually-operated swiveled spout to discharge the concrete onto the sub-grade. by hand. A l l concrete was " s t r u c k - o f f " and f i n i s h e d The e n t i r e width of s t r e e t was poured a t one time and �- 83 - no wire mesh reinforcement or J'oiot m a t e r i a l s were used to control cracking o f the pavement. Hand s p r i n k l e d water was used for curing and the pavement was barricaded a f t e r completion f o r an a r b i t r a r y period o f twenty-one to t r a f f i c . (21) days before being opened A good day's pour of s i x (6) inch concrete pave- ment consisted of approximately three hundred (300) square yards. Compare the foregoing w i t h the modern methods and procedures used today. Excavation i s by a f a s t gasoline shovel or Keystone skimmer, and disposal of excavated m a t e r i a l as w e l l as h a u l i n g " of aggregates are made by motor t r u c k . The t r u c k s used to haul aggregates are p a r t i t i o n e d o f f into batches, each containing a l l of the ingredients necessary f o r one complete w e l l designed concrete mixture. The proportion of m a t e r i a l s i n the mix i s now c o n t r o l l e d by weight a t a c e n t r a l "batching p l a n t " and the batch i s dumped d i r e c t l y i n t o the mixer from the t r u c k . The amount o f mixing water i s determined by an automatic gauge attached to the mixer, and the mixing time i s c o n t r o l l e d by a counter on the mixer which i s a c t i v a t e d a t the correct number of r e v o l u - tions. There are some modern concrete mixers of the two-drum type. However, the mixer u s u a l l y used on our work c o n s i s t s of one drum, one ( l ) cubic yard capacity, a l l power operated by one man, and with a boom and discharge bucket which swivels and extends twenty (20) f e e t ahead of the mixer. Although hand broomed, a l l concrete i s now"struck-off" and f i n i s h e d by modern f i n i s h i n g machines. I n s t e a d of being poured i n one s l a b , pavements are now constructed i n l o n g i t u d i n a l sections conforming to a pre-determined j o i n t design. T h i s o f t e n permits the main- tenance of t r a f f i c on one side of the s t r e e t during construction, �- 84 a very important factor tofjay. Expansion and, contraction j o i n t s , and wire-mesh reinforcement are used today to control cracking, and load-transfer devices are i n s t a l l e d to distribute the load among slabs. Calcium chloride and water saturated burlap i s now used to cure concrete, and due to improved methods of t e s t ing i t i s possible to open newly constructed pavements within four or five days after pouring. By the use of special cements or admixtures, even t h i s time can be reduced at important i n t e r sections and on main a r t e r i a l s . A good day's pour of s i x (6) inch concrete pavement today measures approximately one thousand (1,000) square yards. So-called "transit-mix" trucks are often used today on minor construction, such as curb and gutter, a l l e y s , or sidewalks. These trucks, which transport as well as mixvthe concrete, have a l l the automatic devices necessary to controlthe production of good concrete. (c) Bituminous Construction: The development of bituminous paving construction i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia has paralleled the development of the industry. These developments may be c l a s s i f i e d as improvements i n the equipment, materials, and methods of control and inspection. The equipment manufacturers have made great strides i n the designing of new equipment, bituminous plants, f i n i s h e r s , r o l l e r s and miscellaneous equipment. The early bituminous plants consisted of a coal or woodf i r e d d r i e r , some means of volumetric measuring of aggregates and bituminous material, and p i t s or tanks for storing the �bituminous materials. The capacity of coal or wood-fired driers was very low and i r r e g u l a r , and accurate control of the heat was impossible. With t h i s type of drier i n the plants pro- ducing sheet asphalt, i t was necessary to dry the sand at night prior to the day's operations. The present day drier i s heated by means of f u e l - o i l burners and a forced draft, i n connection with the dust control u n i t , which directs the heat uniformly throughout the drum. A pyrometer or other type of recording thermometer i s located i n the discharge chute, thereby enabling the fireman to regulate and maintain the temperature of the aggregates as directed. The volumetric method of measuring the con- stituents of the bituminous mixture has been replaced by weighing. The modern plant i s equipped with d i a l or beam-scales, with individual beams for each aggregate bin compartment, and a separate scale for weighing the bituminous material which i n sures accurate proportioning of the mixture. The storage of the bituminous material i n open p i t s or tanks has been replaced by modern insulated tanks equipped with steam c o i l s or e l e c t r i c heaters, capable of maintaining the bituminous material at the desired temperature. A thermometer i s located i n the bituminous l i n e i n order that the operator may have a constant check on the temperature of the material. The transportation of the bituminous mixture to the paving projects i n modern insulated dump trucks replaced the use of horse-drawn carts and dump-bottom wagons at about the same time that the modern truck came into general use. The development of the modern finishing machine has been �perhaps the greatest advancement i n the construction of bituminous pavements i n the past ten to f i f t e e n y e a r s . Previously the mixture was placed and f i n i s h e d e n t i r e l y by hand which caused a v e r y i r r e g u l a r thickness and grade. The modern f i n i s h i n g machine places and f i n i s h e s the m a t e r i a l to a uniform thickness and grade, and eliminates minor i r r e g u l a r i t i e s i n the base course or old surface i n the case of r e s u r f a c i n g work. The modern gasoline or diesel-operated r o l l e r s are an improvement over the old steam r o l l e r i n that they prevent contamination of the surface by f o r e i g n m a t e r i a l s such as c o a l , ashes, e t c . There has been a d e f i n i t e swing from the use of three-wheel r o l l e r s to tandem r o l l e r s on bituminous work. The e a r l y bituminous pavements i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia were mixed with asphalt cements imported from Central or South America. This m a t e r i a l was r e l a t i v e l y hard, having a penetrat i o n of approximately 20, and was cooked and mixed with a heavy f l u x o i l to the s p e c i f i e d penetration a t the bituminous p l a n t s . Improvements i n the o i l r e f i n i n g industry produced a petroleum asphalt cement from a s p h a l t i c base crude o i l which compares v e r y favorably with the imported asphalt cements. This domestic m a t e r i a l was accepted f o r general use i n the 1917-1919 period, and i t ' s use has increased since that time to the exclusion of f o r e i g n asphalt cements f o r paving work. The petroleum a s phalt cements are produced by the r e f i n e r i e s at s p e c i f i e d penet r a t i o n s and require no f u r t h e r conditioning a t the bituminous p l a n t s except heating. The aggregates used i n bituminous construction are b a s i c a l l y �- 87 the same as have been used through the y e a r s . The aggregate ; s i z e s have been improved to secure a more uniform m a t e r i a l and a denser'pavement. The requirements on the q u a l i t y of the aggrogates have d e f i n i t e l y been r a i s e d . The methods of inspection and c o n t r o l of the bituminous " mixtures have improved along with the progress i n design of equip* ment and m a t e r i a l s . The modern s p e c i f i c a t i o n s are very thorough and s t r i c t , compared w i t h those of past y e a r s . The present day design of bituminous mixtures i s based on d e f i n i t e t e s t r e s u l t s , r a t h e r than the t r i a l - a n d - e r r o r methods used i n the p a s t . Modern methods f o r determining'the s t a b i l i t y of bituminous mixtures, surface area equivalents of the aggregates, and the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the bituminous m a t e r i a l have improved and s i m p l i f i e d the design of bituminous mixtures. The D i s t r i c t of Columbia has maintained continuous i n s p e c t i o n a t the bituminous p l a n t s . The Department endeavors to keep it»s i n s p e c t o r s abreast of new deve- lopments i n the bituminous f i e l d . (d) Concrete M a t e r i a l s and Design: Control of paving m a t e r i a l s i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia i s not a new development. I n 1888, there was e s t a b l i s h e d the Bureau of Asphalts and Ce- ments f o r inspection and t e s t i n g of these m a t e r i a l s as they were being used i n s t r e e t paving. C o n t r o l , however,extended only to asphalts and cements. As l a t e as 1924. concrete m a t e r i a l s f o r Portland cement concrete were s t i l l being proportioned by volume and l i t t l e consideration was given ,to soundness or gradation of the aggregate. The expansion of the concrete i n d u s t r y and the increased use of concrete during the period 1920 to 1930, l e d to a great amount �- 88 of research on concrete m a t e r i a l s . the value of exact proportioning This research established of m a t e r i a l s , the need f o r soundness, i n the aggregate, and the r e l a t i o n o f mixing water t o the ultimate strength. The f a c t s established by t h i s research l e d to the i n s t i t u t i o n of a more r i g i d inspection system f o r concrete, and with the establishment of the Materials Section i n 1930 there was developed the comprehensive system o f i n spection and t e s t i n g of concrete m a t e r i a l s which p r e v a i l s t o day. A l i sources of sand and gravel are thoroughly i n v e s t i g a - ted and a l l concrete mixes are a c c u r a t e l y proportioned by x^eight. The aim has been to duplicate f a c t o r y conditions as nearly as p o s s i b l e , so that each section of pavement c o n s i s t s of a uniform material. ers. A l l concrete i s mixed thoroughly i n mechanical mix- A l l cement i s inspected by the U. S. Bureau of Standards. Specimens are made and t e s t e d f o r strength requirements before the pavement i s opened'to t r a f f i c . I n addition to c l o s e l y c o n t r o l l i n g the q u a l i t y of the mat e r i a l s i n i t s concrete pavements , the Department has attempted constantly through improvements i n i t s design and construction p r a c t i c e s to increase the s e r v i c e a b i l i t y of i t s concrete pavements. E a r l y recognition was given to the f a c t that the temperature extremes, to which concrete pavements were subjected, n e c e s s i tated some provision i n design for expansion of concrete. ing the period from 1924 t o 1930, Dur- research conducted by the U.S. Public Roads Administration and State Highway agencies demons t r a t e d the need f o r l o a d - t r a n s f e r devices a t j o i n t s and a i r a t i o n a l design of j o i n t spacings. These findings together �with studies of l o c a l conditions l e d to the adoption of a b a s i c design i n 1932, mary systems. which met the requirements of Federal Aid P r i This design consisted of transverse expansion j o i n t s a t i n t e r v a l s of 3,0. f e e t with l o a d - t r a n s f e r devices at each j o i n t . The success of t h i s apparently conservative prac- t i c e has been demonstrated c o n c l u s i v e l y as s t r u c t u r a l f a i l u r e s , due e i t h e r to wheel loads or expansion s t r e s s e s , have been e l i minated. Thorough s e a l i n g of the j o i n t s , a p r a c t i c e not commonly followed at that time, has been p r a c t i c e d since 1933. and has proven i t s worth i n preventing f a i l u r e s due to i n f i l t r a t i o n of surface water. Since concrete i s used to a great extent as a base for sheet asphalt s u r f a c i n g , i t was necessary to develop a j o i n t design which would be s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r these asphalt s u r f a c e s . Recogn i z i n g the d e s i r a b i l i t y of r e t a i n i n g the d i s t i n g u i s h i n g charact e r i s t i c s of an asphalt s u r f a c e , t h a t i s , i t s i n i t i a l l y smooth, unbroken, and uniform appearance, and f u r t h e r appreciating that the major portion of i r r e g u l a r cracking of a bituminous surface could be a t t r i b u t e d to an inadequately designed concrete base, a study was undertaken by the Department i n an e f f o r t to develop a design and construction procedure whereby i r r e g u l a r cracking of bituminous surfaces at an e a r l y age, with subsequent premature f a i l u r e and high maintenance cost, could be d e f i n i t e l y c o n t r o l l e d i f not e n t i r e l y eliminated. These studies extended over a period of s e v e r a l y e a r s i n which bases with d i f f e r e n t j o i n t spacings were c l o s e l y watched. I n 1939 the Department adopted the present design of transverse j o i n t s spaced a t 12-1/2 f e e t . By the use of t h i s design i t has �been possible to eliminate any large movement i n the concrete base. As a r e s u l t , asphalt surface cracking has been eliminated to a great extent, with a consequent reduction of maintenance costs. The f a c t s revealed by these studies were a l s o applied-to the design and construction o f concrete pavements during the war years when s t e e l p r i o r i t i e s made i t impossible to construct conv e n t i o n a l type pavements. (e) S o i l Studies: P r i o r to 1930, highway engineers had made l i t t l e attempt to t r e a t s o i l as a m a t e r i a l of construction. I t s value as a supporting medium f o r pavements was not considered i n design, and the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of d i f f e r e n t s o i l s \*ere overlooked. I t was about t h i s time- t h a t f i r s t information on the behavior of s o i l s under highway conditions became a v a i l a b l e . A l though t h i s e a r l y research information did not answer a l l o f the many problems regarding highway s o i l mechanics, i t d i d show that maintenance costs on pavements could be reduced by proper consideration o f the c a p a b i l i t i e s of the s o i l foundation supporting the pavement. I n 1930 there was e s t a b l i s h e d , w i t h i n the M a t e r i a l s Section, a s o i l s u n i t which was to devote i t s time t o the performance of s o i l inspection and i n v e s t i g a t i o n . Thus the Department was among the f i r s t to recognize the need f o r adequate s o i l s i n v e s t i gations on construction p r o j e c t s , and among the f i r s t to devote, f u l l - t i m e personnel to t h i s type of work. By 1932 the duties of t h i s u n i t included a l l s o i l s f i e l d work f o r the Department. I n a d d i t i o n i t s s e r v i c e s were i n constant demand by the various Departments of the Engineer Department. I t s duties^ expanded t o �- 91 include the performance of deep foundation borings, load bearing t e s t s , sub-grade and drainage surveys, and the l o c a t i o n and c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of sources of s o i l m a t e r i a l f o r use i n highway construction. Because of the pioneer work of t h i s u n i t the Department has become " s o i l s conscious". Material f o r pavement foundations i s no longer taken from the most a c c e s s i b l e places, but i s caref u l l y inspected and t e s t e d before being used. The l o c a t i o n of s u i t a b l e sources of m a t e r i a l w i t h i n the systematic District has made i t possible to obtain q u a l i t y s o i l m a t e r i a l f o r a l l projects. The accumulation of accurate information on l o c a l s o i l has made i t possible to incorporate d e f i n i t e construction require ments i n t o the standard s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . I n t h i s manner, the advance i n knowledge of s o i l s has been r e f l e c t e d i n a c t u a l cons t r u c t i o n p r a c t i c e and savings to thfe D i s t r i c t of Columbia. Excavations f o r u t i l i t i e s i n a c i t y of t h i s s i z e are numerous, and the proper treatment of the b a c k f i l l m a t e r i a l i n these u t i l i t y cuts i s maintained by constant inspection of u t i l i t y projects. An important part of the s o i l s work has been the .performance of deep earth borings and load bearing t e s t s f o r major s t r u c t u r e s constructed by the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. The f i r s t equip- ment used was hand operated and very laborious. By 1933, the demands f o r t h i s work had become so great that motor-driven equipment was made a v a i l a b l e to eliminate some of the hand operations. Although t h i s equipment was crude by present day standards, i t made possible the thorough i n v e s t i g a t i o n of s o i l conditions of such major s t r u c t u r e s as the Blue Plains.Sewage �- 92 Treatment Plant and the K l i n g l e Bridge. I t was possible t o explore the foundation conditions a t Blue P l a i n s to a depth o f one hundred and s i x t y f e e t below the surface, a record depth without precedent f o r t h i s type o f equipment. This work has provided design engineers with accurate i n formation on which to base reasonable design, and has eliminated to a large extent the once general p r a c t i c e o f overbidding by contractors where large q u a n t i t i e s of sub-surface construction was concerned. R e a l i z i n g the value of t h i s type o f s o i l s work, i n 1938 two (2) modern d r i l l r i g s were purchased and are i n use today. Following i s l i s t e d the major and minor paving work accomp l i s h e d during the report period. (2) Major C a p i t a l Outlay P r o j e c t s (a) Major Paving P r o j e c t s Projects Source Of Funds A l l i s o n Street,N.2.,Rock Creek Church Road • to Hawaii Avenue & Rock Creek Church Road Harewood Road to North Capitol S t r e e t FAS Arkansas Avenue N W , - 16th S t r e e t to Deca.. D.C. tur S t r e e t Alabama Avenue S.E. - 12th Street,21st S t r e e t FAP Alabama Avenue & Bowen Road S.E. - Pennsylvania Avenue to D. C. Line FAP Alabama Avenue S.E. 21st S t r e e t to Good Hope Road - 25th S t r e e t S.E. from Alabama Avenue FAP to Good Hope Road D.C. Armory Plaza - 19th Street to 22nd S t r e e t Blagden Avenue N W - 16th S t r e e t to Rock .. D.C. Creek Park B l a i r Road N W - Peabody S t r e e t to Aspen .. D.C. Street Benning Road N.E. - Minnesota Avenue to Central NRM Avenue D.C. Bladensburg Road N.E. - H to D.C. Line Brentwood Parkway, & 6th & 9th Streets,N.E. FAP from F l o r i d a Avenue to Rhode I s l a n d Avenue Bunker H i l l Road, Taylor S t r e e t and Randolph FAP S t r e e t , N.E. 14th & 26th S t r e e t s . Completion Year 1946 1941 1947 1947 1947 1941 1931 1938 1934 1931 1942 1946 �- 93 ;• • , Source Of Funds Projects Branch Avenue S. E. - Pennsylvania Avenue to Alabama Avenue NRS Branch Avenue S.E. - Alabama Avenue t o D.C. Line D.C. Canal Road N W - Weaver Place, t o Chain .. - Bridge D.C. Central Avenue N.E. - Benning Road to D.C. Line D.C. D a l e c a r l i a Parkway N W - Loughboro Road to .. FAP Massachusetts Avenue East Capitol S t r e e t - Central Avenue to 55th Street D.C. Randolph S t r e e t and Eastern Avenue N.E. - 26th FAP S t r e e t to Rhode I s l a n d Avenue E a s t e r n Avenue N.E. - Bladensburg Road to Rhode I s l a n d Avenue D.C. F o x h a l l Road N W - Canal Road to Reservoir .. Road NRS F r a n k l i n S t r e e t , N.E. - Michigan Avenue t o L i n c o l n Road D.C. . F r a n k l i n S t r e e t , N.E. - Rhode I s l a n d Avenue to 20th S t r e e t D.C. Georgia Avenue, N W - Fern S t r e e t to D.C. ., Line D.C. Good Hope Road S.E. - Nichols Avenue to Naylor NRM Road Hawaii Avenue N.E. - North Capitol to T a y l o r North Capitol S t r e e t - Farragut Place t o FAP Hawaii & Taylor between 7th and Hawaii D.C. I l l i n o i s Avenue - Grant C i r c l e to 9th S t r e e t Independence Avenue S.W. - 14th S t r e e t to 17th DAWR Street Independence Avenue S.W. - 17th Street to DAWR L i n c o l n Memorial C i r c l e K S t r e e t , N W - 12th S t r e e t t o Connecticut .. D.C. Avenue D.C. K S t r e e t , N W 17th S t r e e t to 20th Street .. FAP K S t r e e t , N W 29th to Key Bridge .. (Low L e v e l Roadway) Kennedy S t r e e t , N W Kansas Avenue to North .. D.C. Capitol S t r e e t Kennedy S t r e e t , N W Kansas Avenue t o 14th .. D.C. Street Kennilworth Avenue Benning Road to Deane Avenue WPMS Kennilworth Avenue - Deane Avenue to D.C.Line WPMS Loughboro Road,N.W. - I n d i a n Lane to Glenbrook D.C. Road Loughboro Road, N W - Glenbrook Road to Mac.. D.C. Arthur Boulevard. MacArthur Boulevard N W - F o x h a l l Road t o .. NRS Reservoir Road. Completion Year 1935 t «, i J (ijl 1 1938 1938 • *j 1925 1 1946 H 1942 1 1940 1935 1936 1938 1941 1928 1934 1940 1934 1943 1942 1938 1933 1946 • 1939 i • 1 m gg 1938 1936 1936 1 1938 1939 • 1 1934 pi • 1 1 �- 94 Projects Source Of Funds MacArthur Boulevard N.W. - Reservoir Road to D. C. Line NRS Massachusetts Avenue N.W. - Nebraska Avenue to D. C. Line FAP Montana Avenue N.E. 17th S t r e e t t o Rhode I s l a n d Avenue D.C. Montana Avenue N.E. and 17th S t r e e t N.E. New York Avenue to Douglas S t r e e t D.C. Minnesota Avenue S.E. 18th S t r e e t to Pennsylvania Avenue D.C. Minnesota Avenue S.E. Benning Road t o 27th FAP Street Mount O l i v e t Road, N.E. - New York /venue to Bladensburg Road FAS Maine Avenue S.W. (Roadways i n connection with s t r u c t u r e s ) D.C. New Hampshire Avenue N.W. - Randolph S t r e e t NRS to Grant C i r c l e New Hampshire Avenue N.W. - Buchanan Street D.C. to North Capitol S t r e e t New Hampshire /venue N W - North Capitol .. NRS . .Street to D.C. Line New Mexico Avenue & Tunlaw Road N.W. 39th FAS S t r e e t to Nebraska Avenue North Capitol S t r e e t - Farragut Place t o FAP New Hampshire Avenue North Capitol S t r e e t & B l a i r Road between New Hampshire Avenue and Peabody S t r e e t F/.P New York Avenue N.E. - F l o r i d a Avenue t o D.C. Bladensburg Road Naylor Road S.E. - Good Hope Road t o Texas FAP Avenue Nichols Avenue S.E. - Upsal t o South Capitol D.C. Street Nichols Avenue S.E. 4th S t r e e t t o Upsal FAP Street Nichols Avenue S.E.,.Chesapeake S t r e e t to FAS J o l i e t Street Nichols Avenue S.W. - South Capitol S t r e e t D.C. to Chesapeake S t r e e t Nichols Avenue S.E. - Portland Street,northD.C, ward 2800 f e e t . Oklahoma Avenue N.E.-Benning Road t o C Street FWZ Overlook Avenue S.W. - South Capitol to FAS Chesapeake S t r e e t Piney Branch Road N.W. - Butternut Street to D.C. D. C. Line Rock Creek & Potomac Parkway - K S t r e e t to NRS Que S t r e e t . Scott C i r c l e Underpass ( S t r e e t s i n connection FAP with s t r u c t u r e ) D.C. Sherman C i r c l e N.W. Completion . Year 1935 1946 1940 1937 1928 X m "11 1940 1947 1 i 1943 1934 | 1937 1934 1947 M 1940 f 1941 1931 1940 1939 K 1939 1946 1948 1923 1943 i I i 'i • • mt 1943 I 1932 1936 1942 1933 | �Projects Of Funds South Capitol S t r e e t - Howard Road to Nichols Avenue FAP South Capitol S t r e e t - A t l a n t i c S t r e e t to D. C. Line FAP Taylor S t r e e t , N.E. between Hawaii Avenue & Harewood Road FAS T i l d e n S t r e e t , N.W. - Connecticut Avenue to Rock Creek Park D.C. Union S t a t i o n Plaza D.C. Utah Avenue N W - Nebraska Avenue to Van .. Hazen S t r e e t FAS Ward C i r c l e N W .. D.C. 3rd S t r e e t , N W - Kennedy S t r e e t t o Peabody .. Street D.C. 4th S t r e e t N.E. - F r a n k l i n S t r e e t to Michigan Avenue D.C. 12th S t r e e t , N.E. - Rhode I s l a n d Avenue Monroe Street D.C. 16th Street,N.W. - Alaska Avenue to Kalmia Road D.C. 16th S t r e e t , N W - Kalmia Road t o D.C.Line D.C. .. 17th S t r e e t , N.E. - Rhode I s l a n d Avenue t o Douglas S t r e e t D.C. 18th S t r e e t , N.E. - Montana Avenue to Rhode I s l a n d Avenue F/S 42nd S t r e e t , N W - River Rpad to Wisconsin .. Avenue , D.C. 49th S t r e e t , N.E. - Central Avenue to Grant Street FAS 49th S t r e e t , N.E. - Deane Avenue to S h e r i f f Road FAS 1 (b) Major. Widening P r o j e c t s Connecticut Avenue N W - M S t r e e t to Dupont .. Circle Connecticut Avenue N W -Dupont C i r c l e t o .. F l o r i d a Avenue Connecticut Avenue N W - ( T a f t Bridge) .. C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue N W - 2nd S t r e e t to .. Pennsylvania Avenue C S t r e e t N.E. - 16th S t r e e t to 19th S t r e e t E S t r e e t N W - 5th S t r e e t t o 13th S t r e e t .. E. S t r e e t N W - North Capitol to 5th S t r e e t .. F l o r i d a Avenue N.E. - North Capitol S t r e e t to West V i r g i n i a Avenue H S t r e e t N W - Massachusetts Avenue to 7th .. Street I H S t r e e t N W - 7th S t r e e t to 13th S t r e e t .. H S t r e e t N W - 17th S t r e e t t o Pennsylvania .. Avenue H S t r e e t N.E. - 2nd to 15th S t r e e t s Harvard S t r e e t , N W - Entrance t o "Zoo" .. D.C. D.C. D.C. D.C. D.C. D.C. D.C. FAP D.C. D.C. D.C. D.C. D.C. �- 96 Major Widening P r o j e c t s Source Of Funds Eye S t r e e t , N W - 13th S t r e e t to 15th .. Street D.C. Independence Avenue S.W. 1 s t S t r e e t to Maryland Avenue D.C» Independence Avenue S.W. 6th S t r e e t to 12th Street D.C. Independence Avenue S.W. 12th S t r e e t to 14th • Street D.C. Independence Avenue and Maryland Avenue S.W. 1st S t r e e t t o 7th S t r e e t FAP M. S t r e e t , S.E. - 4th S t r e e t S.E. t o Maine Avenue S.W. FAP Pennsylvania Avenue S.E. - F a i r l a w n Avenue to 27th S t r e e t FAP Pennsylvania Avenue S.E. - Branch Avenue to Alabama Avenue FAP South Capitol Street - M S t r e e t , to Potomac Avenue FAP Reno Road, N W - Quebec S t r e e t to Van Ness .. S t r e e t , and Yuma S t r e e t to Nebraska Avenue FAP Reservoir Road, N W - 35th S t r e e t t o F o x h a l l .. Road D.C. Reservoir Road N W - MacArthur Boulevard to .. F o x h a l l Road NRS You S t r e e t N W - 10th S t r e e t t o 18th S t r e e t FAP .. Wisconsin Avenue N W - R S t r e e t to 37th .. Street D.C. West V i r g i n i a Avenue N.E. F l o r i d a Avenue t o Perm S t r e e t D.C. Penn S t r e e t to Holbrook Terrace D.C. Holbrook Terrace to Mt. O l i v e t Road • D.C. West V i r g i n i a Avenue N.E. - Mt. O l i v e t Road to New York Avenue FAP 3rd Street N W - D S t r e e t to H Street .. FAP 3rd Street,N.W. - H S t r e e t t o New York AvenueFAP 3rd Street,N.W. & S.W. Maryland Avenue to Pennsylvania Avenue FAP 6th Street,N.W. - D S t r e e t to M Street D.C. 6th S t r e e t N W - M S t r e e t to Rhode I s l a n d .. Avenue FAP 6th Street,N.W. - K S t r e e t to F l o r i d a Avenue NW .. D.C. 7th Street,S.W. - C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue t o Independence Avenue D.C. 9th Street,N.W. - G S t r e e t to K S t r e e t D.C. 9th S t r e e t N W - Rhode I s l a n d Avenue t o .. You Street B.C. 10th Street,N.W. - Constitution Avenue to Pennsylvania Avenue WPMS 10th S t r e e t , N W - F S t r e e t t o New York .. Avenue D.C. 11th S t r e e t , N W - Massachusetts Avenue to .. Rhode I s l a n d Avenue D.C. �- 97 Major Widening P r o j e c t s Source Of Funds 11th S t r e e t , N W - Rhode I s l a n d Avenue .. to Vermont Avenue D.C. 11th Street,S.E. - Pennsylvania Avenue t o Anacostia Bridge WM PH 11th S t r e e t S.W. - Maryland Avenue t o Water Street D.C. 12th Street,N.W. - New York Avenue to Massachusetts Avenue D.C. 12th S t r e e t N W & S.W. - Constitution .. Avenue to Independence Avenue D.C. 12th S t r e e t S.W. - Independence Avenue to D. S t r e e t NRA 13th S t r e e t , N W - You S t r e e t t o F l o r i d a .. Avenue D.C. 13th Street,N.W. - E u c l i d S t r e e t to Spring Road FAP 13th Street,N.W. - Eye S t r e e t to Massachus e t t s Avenue D.C. 13th Street,N.W. - Massachusetts Avenue t o Logan C i r c l e NRA 14th Street,S.W. a t Maine Avenue ( I n connection with 14th and Maire underpass) D.C. 14th Street,N.W. Constitution Avenue t o Water S t r e e t NRM 14th S t r e e t S.W. Independence to Highway Bridge ( i n connection with 14th and Maine underpass). D.C. 15th Street,N.W. - Constitution Avenue t o Pennsylvania Avenue D.C. 15th Street,N.W. - Pennsylvania Avenue t o New York Avenue D.C. 15th S t r e e t N W - Eye S t r e e t t o Massachu- ' .. s e t t s Avenue D.C. 15th Street,N.W. - F l o r i d a Avenue to E u c l i d Street D.C. 15th Street,N.W. - Massachusetts Avenue t o F l o r i d a Avenue D.C. 17th Street,N.W. - K S t r e e t to Rhode I s l a n d Avenue FAP 17th Street,N.E. - E S t r e e t to K S t r e e t FAP 18th Street,N.W. - F l o r i d a Avenue to Columbia Rtnad D.C. 19th Street,S.E. - B S t r e e t t o E. S t r e e t D.C. 20th S t r e e t N W - Pennsylvania Avenue t o .. New Hampshire Avenue D.C. 21st Street,N.W. - C S t r e e t to V i r g i n i a Avenue and E S t r e e t - 22nd S t r e e t to V i r g i n i a Avenue D.C. 23rd Street,N.W. - Constitution Avenue on Washington C i r c l e DAWR 23rd Street,N.W. - N S t r e e t to Que S t r e e t and 22nd S t r e e t t o Massachusetts Avenue DAWR 27th S t r e e t , N W & Utah Avenue - M i l i t a r y .. Road to Nebraska Avenue FAS Completion Year i 1939 1936 1935 1939 1938 1934 ; 1939 1 1940 1928 j 1934 1943 1934 1942 1931 1929 1927 ;ijl^(i i 1933 ' J 1947 1939 1939 1935 1932 I ' -4 1946 1941 1942 1942 1947 I 1 �- 98 Major Widening P r o j e c t s 34th S t r e e t , N.W. - Massachusetts Avenue to Cleveland Avenue 46th S t r e e t N.W. Massachusetts Avenue t o River Road Source Of Funds Completion Year D.C. 1927 D.C. j 1938 • *M ( c ) Major Replacement P r o j e c t s Benning Bridge over Anacostia - Kingman Lake to Viaduct D.C. Connecticut Avenue N.W. - Calvert S t r e e t to Cathedral Avenue D.C. Connecticut /venue N.W. - Calvert S t r e e t to D.C. South end o f K l i n g l e Bridge Connecticut Avenue N.W. - Newark S t r e e t to Fessenden S t r e e t NRM Connecticut Avenue N.W. - Van Ness S t r e e t to NRM Fessenden S t r e e t Connecticut Avenue N.W. - Fessenden S t r e e t to WM PH Chevy Chase C i r c l e Constitution Avenue N.W. - Pennsylvania Avenue NRM to 14th S t r e e t Constitution Avenue N.W. - 14th Street to V i r g i n i a Avenue D.C. Canal S t r e e t , S.W. - South Capitol S t r e e t to D.C. Independence Avenue D.C. C S t r e e t , S.W. - 1 s t S t r e e t t o 6th S t r e e t Delaware Avenue N.E. - Constitution Avenue to D.C. Union S t a t i o n D.C. E Street,S.E. - 1 s t S t r e e t to 4th S t r e e t D.C. F.Street N.W. - 9th S t r e e t to 14th S t r e e t F l o r i d a Avenue N.W. - 1 s t S t r e e t to 7th S t r e e t D.C. F l o r i d a Avenue N.W. - 16th S t r e e t to You ' D.C. Street. F l o r i d a /venue N.W. - 18th S t r e e t to ConnectiD.C. cut AvenueD.C. G. S t r e e t N.W. - 17th S t r e e t to 22nd S t r e e t Georgia Avenue N.W. (west-side) - B a r r y D.C; S t r e e t to O t i s Place Georgia Avenue N.W. - 100* South o f Trumbull D.C. S t r e e t to Rock Creek Church Road Georgia Avenue N.W. - Rock Creek Church Road D.C. to Buchanan S t r e e t D.C. Highway Bridge - South Approach Roadway K S t r e e t , N.W. - North Capitol S t r e e t to New D.C. Jersey /venue Louisiana Avenue N W - New Jersey Avenue to .. D.C. Union S t a t i o n Plaza K Street,N,W. - New Jersey Avenue t o 7th S t r e e t FAP M Street,N.W. - New Jersey Avenue to 11th D.C. Street M S t r e e t N.W. - New Hampshire Avenue t o 26th FAP Street M Street,N.W. - Connecticut Avenue t o New D.C. Hampshire Avenue 1934 1927 ."l i 1935 1936 1923 • 1 1936 1 1934 'Hi 1931 •-'ft 1938 1940 - 1 M . 1931 1939 1933 1930 * 1933 1928 1931 4 1933 1933 ft m 1930 1931 1 1938 1931 1939 1932 1940 1931 • M �- 99 Major Replacement P r o j e c t s Source Of Funds Massachusetts Avenue N.W. - Union S t a t i o n Plaza to G. Stre'et D.C. Massachusetts Avenue N.W. - 9th S t r e e t to FAP 13th S t r e e t s Massachusetts Avenue N.W. - Wisconsin Avenue to Nebraska Avenue WM PH Massachusetts Avenue N.W. - Sheridan C i r c l e to C a l i f o r n i a S t r e e t D.C. Massachusetts Avenue N.W. - C a l i f o r n i a S t r e e t to Wisconsin Avenue FAP Michigan Avenue N.W. - North Capitol S t r e e t to Columbia Road NRS Missouri Avenue N.W. - 3rd S t r e e t to 8th FAS Street Mt. Pleasant Street N.W. - 16th S t r e e t to Park Road D.C. Michigan Avenue N.E. - North Capitol S t r e e t t o D.C. Monroe S t r e e t Maine Avenue S.W. - M S t r e e t to P S t r e e t D.C. Maine Avenue S.W. - 12th S t r e e t to 14th S t r e e t D.C. Maine Avenue S.W. - Independence t o HighwayD.C. Bridge Maryland Avenue S.W. - 1st S t r e e t to 3rd D.C. Street Nebraska Avenue N.W. - 45th S t r e e t to Indian Lane D.C. New Hampshire Avenue N.W. - L S t r e e t to Dupont D.C. Circle North Capitol S t r e e t - Massachusetts Avenue to D.C. Pierce S t r e e t North Capitol S t r e e t - Truxton C i r c l e to D.C. Rhode I s l a n d Avenue North Capitol Street - V S t r e e t to Michigan D.C. Avenue New Jersey Avenue S.E. - M S t r e e t t o Eye D.C. Street Nichols Avenue S.E.-Anacostia Bridge to Howard D.C. Road D.C. Nichols Avenue S.E. - Sheridan Road North Nichols .'venue S.E. - Portland S t r e e t to 4th D.C. Street North Carolina Avenue S.E. - B S t r e e t to 11th D.C. Street 0 S t r e e t N.W. - North Capitol S t r e e t to New D.C. Jersey /.venue D.C. P S t r e e t N.W. - 6th Street to 13th S t r e e t P Street,N.W. - Wisconsin Avenue to 28th StreetD.C. Pennsylvania Avenue S.E. - 11th S t r e e t to FAP Barney C i r c l e Randolph Street,N.W. - Georgia Avenue to D.C. Kansas Avenue Rhode I s l a n d Avenue N.W. - 1st to 3rd S t r e e t s D.C. Completion Year 1930 n 1939 1936 \ 1931 * •"•W ••3 , t 1941 4 • 1934 1939 1932 * s a 1930 1940 1942 • 1 1942 4 1933 1937 •1 $» 1931 •* 1930 1930 1925 1935 1937 1933 1925 1928 1i 1929 1937 1936 •v* 1941 1940 1935 ' �- 100 Ma.ior Replacement P r o j e c t s Source Of Fund* Rhode I s l a n d Avenue N W - New Jersey Avenue .. D.C. to 7th Street Rhode I s l a n d Avenue N W . - 7th to 9th S t r e e t s .. FAP and 10th Street to Logan C i r c l e Rhode I s l a n d Avenue N W - Logan C i r c l e to .. Scott C i r c l e D.C. Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway - under MassaD.C. chusetts Avenue Bridge, Rhode I s l a n d Avenue N.E. - North Capitol NRM S t r e e t to 4th S t r e e t Rhode I s l a n d Avenue N.E. - (SS) 14th Street WM PH to 16th S t r e e t Rhode I s l a n d Avenue N.E. - (NS) 12th Street WM PH to 16th Street South Capitol S t r e e t - K S t r e e t to V i r g i n i a D.C. Avenue D.C. South Capitol S t r e e t - K Street t o 0 Street Vermont Avenue N W - Logan C i r c l e to R S t r e e t FAP .. V i r g i n i a Avenue N W - Constitution Avenue to .. 26th S t r e e t . NRS 1 s t S t r e e t , N.E. & S. E. - B S t r e e t North to B S t r e e t South D.C. 1 s t Street N.E. - B S t r e e t to Union S t a t i o n Plaza D.C. D.C. 1st Street N.E. - H S t r e e t to New York Avenue 1st S t r e e t S.E. - North Carolina Avenue to D.C. Carroll Street 2nd S t r e e t , N W - Indiana Avenue t o Massa.. D.C. chusetts Avenue 2nd S t r e e t , N W - F l o r i d a Avenue to U Street D.C. .. 4th S t r e e t , S.W, - Pennsylvania Avenue to NRS Maryland Avenue D.C. 4J Street, S,W. - Maryland Avenue to P Street 5th S t r e e t , N W - M S t r e e t to Rhode I s l a n d .. D.C. Avenue 8th S t r e e t , S.E. - Pennsylvania Avenue to M D.C. Street 9th S t r e e t N W - Massachusetts Avenue to .. D.C. Rhode I s l a n d Avenue 11th Street S.E. - East Capitol S t r e e t to D.C. Pennsylvania Avenue 12th S t r e e t , N W - B S t r e e t North to B .. D.C. Street South 13th S t r e e t N W - Logan C i r c l e to You Street D.C. .. 13th Street N W - Hamilton S t r e e t to Kennedy .. D.C. Street 14th S t r e e t , N W - Rhode I s l a n d Avenue to You .. WPMS S t r e e t (West-side) 14th S t r e e t , N„W , - Rhode I s l a n d Avenue to You D.C. Street (East-side) 14th Street N W - F l o r i d a Avenue t o Monroe .. D.C. Street Completion Year .... 1938 : 1940 1934 1941 1934 1935 Mm 1935 1929 1928 1940 1935 1936 1931 1933 1941 1931 1927 * 1934 1934 1935 ' | 1941 • "4 1939 • t 1927 1930 1928 1937 SRI 1936 C 1939 ""•if* 1940 i �- 101 Major Replacement P r o j e c t s 14th Street,N.E. - Rhode I s l a n d Avenue t o Kearney S t r e e t 14th Street,S.W. - Water S t r e e t to Highway ' Bridge 16th S t r e e t , N W - Scott C i r c l e to You .. Street 16th Street,N.W. - Columbia Road to Tiger Bridge 14th Street,N.W. - You S t r e e t to F l o r i d a Avenue 14th Street,N.W. - Rhode I s l a n d Avenue to You S t r e e t ( E a s t - S i d e ) 17th S t r e e t , N W - Constitution Avenue t o .. New York Avenue 35th Street,N.W. - Prospect S t r e e t to Wisconsin Avenue Source Of Funds Completion Year D.C. 1944 D.C. 1932 D.C. 1928 1933 NRM D.C. 1947 D.C. 1939 FAP 1939 D.C. 1927 Summary: (a) (b) (c) Major Paving Project Major Widening P r o j e c t s Major Replacement P r o j e c t s Total (3) 1,752,280 Sq.Yards 890,519 Sq.Yards 1,057,821 Sq.Yards 3,700,620 Sq.Yards Minor C a p i t a l Outlay P r o j e c t s : I n addition to the major projects l i s t e d i n 2-a,b and c, many r e s i d e n t i a l s t r e e t extensions were made, minor s t r e e t s replaced or covered to prolong t h e i r l i f e , macadam roadways reclaimed by cons t r u c t i o n of curbs and g u t t e r s , sidewalks and a l l e y s constructed and other minor work performed to expand the highway system to accommodate the growing c i t y . A summary of t h i s work follows: Key to Source of Funds: D.C. FAS) FAP) NRS) NRM) WPMS) MPMH) DAWR FWA D i s t r i c t of Columbia. Federal Aid Highway Acts. National I n d u s t r i a l Recovery Act of 1933. Emergency R e l i e f Act of 1935. Defense Highway Act of 1941. Federal Works Agency (Lanham Act Funds). �- 102 (a) (b) New paving, concrete roadways New paving, standard asphalt roadways. ( c ) Curb and Gutter,macadam reclamation, (d) Bituminous Roadways (low cost t y p e ) ( e ) Replacement ( f ) Asphalt cover of concrete roadways (g) Cement Sidewalks . (h) Concrete a l l e y s ( i ) Grading (heavy) 2,085,533 Sq.Yards 946,042 Sq.Yards 2,464,000 816,875 713,856 1,822,104 1,312,027. 1,157,139 7,512,804 Sq.Yards Sq.Yards Sq.Yards Sq.Yards Sq.Yards Sq.Yards Cu.Yards Totals Paving Grading 11,317,576 Sq.Yards 7,512,804 Cu.Yards �MAINTENANCE'. (A) General Statement; The maintenance o f our highway system, other than bridge and s t r u c t u r e r e p a i r , . f a l l s i n t o two general classes; r e p a i r o f d e f e c t i v e pavement areas, and r e p a i r o f ex- cavations made i n pavements by public u t i l i t i e s , underground departments and plumbers or other i n d i v i d u a l s f o r t h e ' i n s t a l l a t i o n of subsurface work. The r e p a i r o f d e f e c t i v e areas i s chargeable to appropriations made f o r maintenance, and the r e p a i r o f excavated areas o r " c u t s " i s chargeable t o the corporation, department or i n d i v i d u a l making the excavation. The former i s r e l a t e d to the extent and condition o f our highway system while the l a t t e r i s t o a l a r g e r degree c o n t r o l l e d by the growth o f the c i t y . The annual cost o f work chargeable t o corporations, departments and others making " c u t s " I n pavements has i n some years amounted to a s much a s $600,000. Reference was made i n the f i r s t part o f t h i s report on Admini s t r a t i o n to the coordination which e x i s t s between sections w i t h i n the Department. While i t i s true t h a t the annual charges against u t i l i t i e s , plumbers and others f o r the r e p a i r of " c u t s " i n pavements have amounted to as much as $600,000 i n a s i n g l e year, such r e p a i r s have been held a t a minimum through the adoption of o f f i c e procedures to coordinate surface and subsurface work. B r i e f l y , here i s the procedure followed. The D i r e c t o r of Highways, by v i t u e o f a Commissioners' Order, a c t s i n the dual capacity of Coordinator of Surface and Subsurface work. Through the Release Sub-Unit of the S t r e e t D i v i s i o n , complete information concerning f u t u r e programs and sequence o f p r o j e c t s i s disseminated �- 104 to a l l departments and u t i l i t i e s concerned with underground i n stallations. This information i s also supplied to the owners of property abutting the street improvement projects, i n order that the condition of underground service connections can be determined, and replacements made prior to the paving i f found necessary. This information i s furnished well i n advance of the actual performance of the work, and permits a l l agencies and individuals to coordinate proposed sub-surface i n s t a l l a t i o n s with our construction programs. A l l improvements of a permanent character are processed through t h i s "release" channel prior to paving. This practice has, without doubt, encouraged the i n s t a l l a t i o n of a l l sub-surface work that can be foreseen, and has held the cutting of new street pavements to a minimum. As stated heretofore expenditures for repair of defective areas i s related to the extent and condition of the highway system. This relationship i s , however, influenced by the standard of maintenance and by the design of the pavements under repair. I t i s a credit to the Department that the enforcement of a "high standard of maintenance", combined with the construction of properly designed pavements has resulted i n lowered maintenance costs even i n the face of a constantly growing highway system. This i s i l l u s t r a t e d by the fact that during the s i x (6) year period 1924-1929 an average of $810,416 was expended annually for maintenance of our highway system. The average pavement mileage for these s i x years was 581.34 miles of pavement. During the s i x year period 1942 - 1947, v i t h an average roadway mileage of 969.67, there was an average annual expenditure of $1,066,666- for maintenance. This -reflects an increase of 24»02$ i n expenditures for maintenance �- 105 purposes as compared with an increase of 40.04$ i n highway mileage. T h i s very favorable record which has been a t t a i n e d despite r i s i n g labor and-material costs i s , we b e l i e v e , due to three factors: important properly designed and constructed pavements, a high standard of maintenance and a constant e f f o r t to improve r e p a i r methods and techniques. B. - Methods and Procedures: At the beginning of the period under d i s c u s s i o n almost a l l r e p a i r processes were manual. One-half cubic yard portable concrete mixers were placed a t s t r a t e g i c l o c a t i o n s , and moved as necessary, depending upon the amount of r e p a i r work required i n the various areas of the c i t y . Aggregates were s t o c k - p i l e d , and measured and loaded i n t o the mixer with wheelbarrows. Defective pavement sections were removed by hand, and the base or f i n i s h e d concrete r e p a i r was placed from crank h o i s t operated t r u c k s and f i n i s h e d by hand. Asphalt mixtures f o r r e p a i r work were obtained from a municipally-owned plant located i n l i n e of New York Avenue N.E., j u s t east of F l o r i d a Avenue. This plant was unique i n t h a t i t u t i l i z e d old a s p h a l t , removed i n connection w i t h r e p a i r work, i n the manufacture of a s p h a l t i c mixtures f o r use i n making r e p a i r s . A l l handling of m a t e r i a l s a t the plant was by hand, and r e p a i r work i n the s t r e e t was a l s o a manual operation, i n c l u d i n g compaction of the repaired area with a 1,200 pound hand- drawn r o l l e r . The technique of s t r e e t r e p a i r has of course benefited from a l l of the advancements i n design and i n s p e c t i o n of concrete and b i t u minous mixtures. Equipment'manufacturers have made great s t r i d e s i n c r e a t i n g new and improved machines f o r t h i s c l a s s of work which have been adopted and used to great advantage. �r 106 - Two separate procedures which were adopted during, t h i s period have probably r e s u l t e d i n greater b e n e f i t t o the c i t y thsn any o f the many improvements i n r e p a i r work which have been adopted. These are r e s p e c t i v e l y the "contract r e p a i r work" procedure and a s p h a l t i c r e p a i r by the "heater method". Contract Repair: I n 1929, coincident w i t h the approval and issuance of the f i r s t e d i t i o n o f our "Standard S p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r Pavements, S t r e e t , and A l l e y Improvements and Work I n c i d e n t a l Thereto" a d e f i n i t e d e c i s i o n was taken to l e t by contract r e p a i r work which was susceptible t o u n i t measurement. As a r e s u l t a l l r e p a i r work, i n c l u d i n g defective areas and cuts on hard-surfaced type pavements i s performed by contract. This method of r e p a i r has proven most s a t i s f a c t o r y and economical, and has r e s u l t e d i n considerable saving to the c i t y . Asphaltic Heater Repair: The Department's Maintenance Section i s among the pioneers i n the development o f t h i s type o f b i t u minous r e p a i r . P r i o r to the p e r f e c t i o n and adoption of the "heater r e p a i r " method the common proceedure i n making surface r e p a i r s to a s p h a l t i c pavements was t o cut and remove the a f f e c t e d surface down to the concrete base. A f t e r t h i s trimming of the r e p a i r a r e a , a binder course was placed and r o l l e d or tamped, a f t e r which a sheet asphalt surface course was applied and al'so'.'rolled. Due to the d i f f i c u l t y of securing s u f f i c i e n t compaction o f the binder course, t h i s method of r e p a i r more often than not r e s u l t e d i n cracks appearing around the edges of the repaired area. Such patches very seldom "ironed out" under t r a f f i c . 1 A s p h a l t i c "heater r e p a i r ' i s performed by burning the asphalt surface w i t h a s p e c i a l l y designed o i l - b u r n i n g heater, the hood �- 107 of which, i s lowered to the surface and moved from place to place as the r e p a i r process r e q u i r e s . When the area has been heated s u f f i c i e n t l y the burned top l a y e r of asphalt i s raked off to a depth o f approximately one ( l ) inch and a new sheet asphalt surface mixture i s raked over the area and thoroughly compacted. The r e - s u l t a n t patch i s not only by f a r more economical, but r e s u l t s i n a r e p a i r which " i r o n s out" under t r a f f i c and becomes an i n t e g r a l part of the o r i g i n a l s u r f a c e . T h i s method of r e p a i r a l s o lends i t s e l f to our c o n t r a c t u a l method o f r e p a i r i n t h a t u n i t payment can be made by the ton of surface mixture, emplaced, i n c l u d i n g a l l burning and work i n c i d e n t a l t h e r e t o . C - Bridge Maintenance: I n the f i e l d of bridge maintenance, progressive r e s u l t s have been obtained by the use o f mobile pneumatic equipment providing f o r f i e l d .operations consisting o f sand b l a s t i n g , guniting of concrete s u r f a c e s , pumping and f o r d r i l l i n g and r i v e t i n g , r e p l a c i n g the o l d method of hand operation. The use o f the portable e l e c t r i c a r c welding machines has shown a decided improvement i n f l e x i b i l i t y and c o n t r o l over the old methods o f acetylene gas welding with attendent hazards of operation. The adoption of a standard color scheme f o r the p a i n t i n g of a l l D i s t r i c t bridges and the use of a standard paint formula to accomplish t h i s o b j e c t i v e , represent a long period of experimental developments i n t h i s f i e l d . The r e s u l t s obtained from t h i s a c t i - v i t y have r e f l e c t e d economy o f maintenance and a very favorable contrast between the combined elements o f s t e e l and masonry construction. �LOOKING.AHEA'DAdvance planning i n preparation f o r future a c t i o n has'become g e n e r a l l y recognized as e s s e n t i a l to the s u c c e s s f u l conduct of p r a c t i c a l l y every kind of e n t e r p r i s e , public or p r i v a t e , of any s i z e and complexity. I n any w e l l organized e f f o r t , i t i s the f i r s t and most important step taken toward the r e a l i z a t i o n of aims and o b j e c t i v e s , on schedule and according to predetermined procedures, w i t h a,minimum amount of waste i n time, manpower and m a t e r i a l s . I t i s a form of insurance against u n c e r t a i n t y , delay and c o s t l y experiments during the course of productive M u n i c i p a l i t i e s are no exception. operations. The increase i n the number of s e r v i c e s required of modern c i v i l governments has. necessitated a corresponding expansion i n the functions performed by t h e i r departments. I n t u r n , the gradual increase i n expenditures to finance improvements urged by c i t i z e n s has had to keep pace with costs. Betterment programs, today, involve v a s t amounts of public funds, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n the case of public works departments respons i b l e f o r the construction of adequate highway f a c i l i t i e s . Con- sequently highway departments have been l e d by the magnitude of t h e i r operations i n t o f i e l d s of research u s u a l l y reserved f o r the s o c i a l sciences, r a t h e r than those concerned s t r i c t l y with engineering and construction f u n c t i o n s , i n order to plan a c c u r a t e l y and j u s t i f y c o s t l y s t r u c t u r e s on the b a s i s of economic n e c e s s i t y . Highway engineers of the Department are technicians engaged i n the a c t u a l design and construction of roadways, bridges and a l l i e d structures. As such, they can only be held responsible �- 109 - for the s t r u c t u r a l worthiness of the f a c i l i t i e s erected under t h e i r s u p e r v i s i o n . T h e i r l o c a t i o n , layout and c a p a c i t i e s must be determined as p r e c i s e l y as possible by the Planning Survey Unit from p e r t i n e n t , up-to-date data, derived from observation and f a c t u a l s t u d i e s . I n looking ahead, the Planning Survey Unit seeks to discover and plot the d i r e c t i o n of trends, and to p r o j e c t these f a r enough i n t o the f u t u r e to e s t a b l i s h the degree and i n t e n s i t y of the f a c t o r s which enter i n t o the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s i t u a t i o n . The r i s e i n the l e v e l of population i n the whole urban area and i n p a r t i c u l a r l o c a l i t i e s , housing, centers of mass employment, r e c r e a t i o n a r e a s , shopping c e n t e r s , e t c . , are major f o r c e s which i n f l u e n c e the s e l e c t i o n of a design f o r a bridge, highway or other transportation f a c i l i t y . (A) Present Construction; I . , The F i r s t Postwar Program: The accumulation of t r a f f i c data, the preparation of p r e l i m i n a r y plans and other m a t e r i a l r e s u l t i n g from engineering and economic i n v e s t i g a t i o n s conducted by the Department had, f o r the most p a r t , remained l a t e n t during the war y e a r s . The end of the war acted as a pre• c i p i t a t i n g agent to s o l i d i f y t h i s mass of s t a t i s t i c s and paper p r o j e c t s i n t o the d e f i n i t e program formulated -in 1946. I t was necessary t o e s t a b l i s h a p r i o r i t y l i s t i n order to make a l o g i c a l beginning w i t h those improvements which were c r i t i c a l l y needed, according to the nature and i n t e n s i t y of the nood. The f i r s t pout-rwar program aonsitrWL, -th*>r<-fore, of p r o j e c t s g e n e r a l l y recognized as e s s e n t i a l to the w e l f a r e o f the -immunity. �• - 110 - I n i t s 1941 report on highway, parking and r e l a t e d t r a f f i c problems, the Department published the d e t a i l s o f a long-range s t r e e t improvement program. The need f o r such a program to extend the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia's major thoroughfares had, by t h a t time, become a pressing one. The c i t y had expanded to i t s s t a t u t o r y l i m i t s and i t s general pattern - the r e s u l t o f c e r t a i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of topography which have f i x e d t o some extent the form, r a t e and d i r e c t i o n o f growth - became r e a d i l y apparent. The p r i n c i p a l shaping f o r c e s were the r i v e r s , v a l l e y s , r a i l r o a d s and other n a t u r a l and man-made b a r r i e r s which were instrumental i n subd i v i d i n g P i e r r e L'Enfant's geometric plan i n t o smaller u n i t s . The development of l a r g e r e s i d e n t i a l areas i n o u t l y i n g sections of the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, and beyond i n s e v e r a l cases, during the war and post-war eras gave r i s e to a new and intense demand f o r adequate l i n e s o f highway communication between the s o - c a l l e d "dormitory " areas and the downtown centers o f mass employment. E x t e n s i v e r e c o n s t r u c t i o n , i n the form of widening, repaving and general overhauling o f i r r e g u l a r i n t e r s e c t i o n s , was recommended i n the report of 1941, so as to provide f o r the accommodations o f heavier t r a f f i c loads. The studies and i n v e s t i g a t i o n s made by the Department's Highway Planning Survey U n i t , i n support of plans t o modernize the highway system, were continued during the v i r t u a l suspension of construction a c t i v i t i e s which was enforced by war-time shortages of labor and m a t e r i a l s . The r e s u l t s o f such studies conducted on a continuing b a s i s were e s p e c i a l l y valuable i n keeping highway engineers informed on the ohangipg needs o f f l u c t u a t i n g �- Ill population groups. The metropolitan a r t e r i a l system, which when completed w i l l serve t o connect the various r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s , located on the outer periphery of the business and government d i s t r i c t , with the heart o f Washington, i s the d i r e c t r e s u l t of a r e a l i s t i c master plan, contrived p r i n c i p a l l y t o s a t i s f y the demands o f constant users o f these f a c i l i t i e s a s revealed by t r a f f i c studies. The b a s i c plan i s predicated upon a recognition o f the f a c t t h a t the c i t y and the Metropolitan Area are geographically divided into segments a l l of which should be served by a r t e r i a l highways leading t o the c e n t r a l portion of the c i t y . Roughly, these seg- ments are the arbas west o f Rock Creek Park, Rock Creek Park t o S o l d i e r s ' Home, S o l d i e r s ' Home to the Washington Terminal Yards and the B. & 0. R a i l r o a d , the B. & 0. R a i l r o a d to the Anacostia R i v e r , the northern s e c t i o n east of the Anacostia R i v e r , the cent r a l s e c t i o n east o f the Anacostia R i v e r , the southern s e c t i o n east of the Anacostia R i v e r , and the s e v e r a l areas across the Potomac River i n Virginia. To i n s u r e the proper flow of automobile and bus t r a f f i c t o and from these segments i t was found d e s i r a b l e t o develop one or more through s t r e e t s t o each segment and t o superimpose upon the network o f "through s t r e e t s " a system o f major a r t e r i a l highways w i t h expressway c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s t o serve each of the geographical segments. Feeder s t r e e t s from the "through s t r e e t s " and the "major a r t e r i a l highways" into each segment, and t h e improvement o f r e s i d e n t i a l s t r e e t s w i t h i n the segments located w i t h i n our j u r i s d i c t i o n were a l s o a part of the b a s i c plan. The b a s i c plan was announced by t h i s Department i n the p u b l i c a t i o n o f the 1941 report hereinbefore r e f e r r e d t o . Studies since �* 112 f then have changed the plan to some extent, i n t h a t the Arizona Avenue Parkway has been approved as a s u b s t i t u t e f o r the formerly proposed improvement of F o x h a l l Road as the "major a r t e r i a l highway" t o serve the area west of Connecticut Avenue, and the o r i g i n a l plan hasJpeen implemented by the consultants' recommendations that the Mid-Cxty and C a p i t a l H i l l Expressways be constructed. The map on the l a s t page of t h i s report shows the "through s t r e e t " and "major a r t e r i a l highway" plan. By appropriate symbols the various portions of the "major a r t e r i a l highway" system are i n d i c a t e d as e i t h e r completed, under construction, programmed or under study. - The l a t e war a c c e l e r a t e d some phases of t h i s plan. Notable among the p r o j e c t s that were constructed i n furtherance of the o v e r a l l plan are the Maine Avenue grade separation, the improvement of Independence Avenue, S. W., from 14th S t r e e t westward to the L i n c o l n Memorial C i r c l e , the improvement of 23rd S t r e e t N.W. from C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue t o Massachusetts Avenue, i n c l u d i n g an underpass a t V i r g i n i a Avenue, the paving of South C a p i t o l S t r e e t and Overlook Avenue bordering B o i l i n g F i e l d and the construction of an underpass a t Portland S t r e e t and South Capitol S t r e e t . Most of these p r o j e c t s were constructed as war measures to provide more s u i t a b l e access to governmental establishments i n the areas i n volved. The new bridge across the Anacostia R i v e r i n the v i c i n i t y of South Capitol S t r e e t , now i n progress, i s another p r o j e c t which forms an important part of the major a r t e r i a l plan. The passage of the Federal A i d Highway Act of 1944, and appropriations made subsequent t h e r e t o , made i t possible f o r the Department to program many more p r o j e c t s on the "through s t r e e t and major a r t e r i a l " systei® f o r construction. �- 113 Following i s a l i s t of the projects included i n t h i s " F i r s t Postwar Program" as approved by the Public Roads Administration. Project -Status (a) Paving M Street S . E . 4th Street to 11th Street West Virginia Avenue N . E . , Mt. Olivet Road to New York Avenue South Capitol Street, M. Street to Potomac Avenue Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Nebraska Avenue to D.C.Line Alabama Avenue S . E . , 12th Street to 21st Street Alabama Avenue S . E . , 21st Street to Good Hope Road and 25th Street, S . E . , Alabama Avenue to Good Hope Road. 6th Street, N.W., M. Street to Rhode Island Avenue Taylor Street, Bunker H i l l Road arid Randolph Street N . E . , 14th Street to 26th Street Minnesota Avenue and Pennsylvania Avenue S . E . (channelization of intersection) Alabama Avenue and Bowen Road, S . E . , Pennsylvania Avenue to D. C. Line 49th Street, Quarles Street and Minnesota Avenue S . E . , Sheriff Road to Eastern Avenue Utah Avenue and 27th Street, N.W, Military Road to Nebraska Avenue Reno Road, N.W. Quebec Street to Van Ness Street and Yuma Street to Nebraska Avenue Sheriff Road, N.E. Minnesota Avenue to D.C. Line Dalecarlia Parkway, N.W., Loughboro Road to Massachusetts Avenue Eastern Avenue N.E. and N.W., New Hampshire Avenue to Laurel Street Nichols Avenue S.W., Chesapeake Street to Joliet Street Rock Creek Church Road N.W., Harewood Road to North Capitol Street and A l l i s o n Street, Rock Creek Church Road to Hawaii Avenue Tunlaw Road and New Mexico Avenue N.W., 39th Street to Nebraska Avenue Porter Street, N.W., Connecticut Avenue to Klingle Bridge and Klingle Road, N.W., Klingle Bridge to Adams M i l l Road Riggs Road N . E . , North Capitol Street to South Dakota Avenue Riggs Road, N . E . , South Dakota Avenue to D.C. Line Mt. Olivet Road, N . E . , New York Avenue to Bladensburg Road Weaver Street,N.W. Loughboro Road to MacArthur Boulevard Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete I n Progress Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete I n Progress Complete I n Progress �- 114 Project Status Dupont C i r c l e Underpass and T r a n s i t Terminal i n c l u d ing approach and surface roadways Riggs Road, N.E., Grade Separation B. & 0. R a i l r o a d Highway Bridge over Potomac R i v e r , foot of 14th S t r e e t K l i n g l e Road Bridges K S t r e e t , N.W. Elevated Highway, 27th S t r e e t to Key Bridge I n Progress Complete I n Progress Complete In Progress The accomplishment of t h i s f i r s t postwar program c o n s i s t i n g of major c a p i t a l outlay p r o j e c t s almost i n i t s e n t i r e t y , was c a r r i e d out i n s p i t e of high construction c o s t s , and the demands of r e p a i r and maintenance schedules, replacement work, s t r e e t extensions, grading and sidewalk and a l l e y construction to which the Department i s committed by p o l i c y before undertaking any new major construction, no matter how urgently needed. That they became a c t u a l i t i e s i s g r e a t l y due to c a r e f u l , long-range planning, adequate f i s c a l management, and a s s i s t a n c e i n the form of funds and t e c h n i c a l guidance extended by the Public Roads Administration. 2. The Second Postwar Program: The formulation of a "Second Postwar Program" to be undertaken upon completion of the current program a l s o grants p r i o r i t y to p r o j e c t s located on the "through s t r e e t " and"major a r t e r i a l highway" systems. I n a d d i t i o n the Department w i l l continue to f u l f i l l i t s maintenance obligations and f o l l o w i t s p o l i c y of supplying l o c a l improvements i n the form of roadways, sidewalks and a l l e y s to serve abutting properties i n residential districts. These a c t i v i t i e s w i l l be provided f o r be- fore any funds can be a l l o c a t e d to the construction of c a p i t a l improvements and long-range p r o j e c t s . At t h i s w r i t i n g the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1948 i s pending i n the Senate. The enactment �- 115 of t h i s l e g i s l a t i o n w i l l have a controling e f f e c t upon the time and sequence o f t h i s program. Following i s a p a r t i a l l i s t of proposed p r o j e c t s from which the second post-war program may be formulated. (a) Paving: M i l i t a r y Road, N.W. ( F o r t Drive) 13th S t r e e t to 27th Street ( i n c l u d i n g 16th S t r e e t Underpass and Rock Creek B r i d g e ) . D i v i s i o n Avenue N.E., East Capitol S t r e e t t o S h e r i f f Road. Kansas Avenue N.W. and N.E. Madison S t r e e t to Eastern Avenue. Harewood Road, N.E., Michigan Avenue to Taylor S t r e e t . K S t r e e t N W , Connecticut Avenue to 21st S t r e e t (paving .. and s e r v i c e roadways s i m i l a r to mid-town section o f K S t r e e t ) . South Capitol S t r e e t , Howard Road t o new bridge over Anacostia River. South Capitol S t r e e t , M S t r e e t to Canal S t r e e t 11th S t r e e t , N W , Vermont Avenue t o F l o r i d a Avenue. .. Massachusetts Avenue N W , 1st Street t o 7th S t r e e t . .. Arizona Parkway, N.W. Canal Road to Wisconsin Avenue ( i n c l u d i n g s t r u c t u r e s , channelization and other f e a t u r e s ) . South Dakota Avenue N.E., 12th S t r e e t t o Riggs Road. Ridge Road,S.E., C. S t r e e t to Bowen Road. Benning Road, N.E., East Capitol S t r e e t t o D. C. L i n e . Michigan Avenue N.E., Varnum S t r e e t t o D.C. L i n e . Constitution Avenue and Pennsylvania Avenue N.W. ( i n t e r s e c t i o n channelization) ( l ) (b) Structures: Kansas Avenue r a i l r o a d grade separation B. & 0. R a i l r o a d . K Street,N.W. 21st S t r e e t t o 27th S t r e e t ( i n c l u d i n g underpass a t Washington'Circle, depressed s e c t i o n and paving o f s e r v i c e roadways). Commodore Barney C i r c l e ( l ) . Mt. Vernon Square ( l ) . Eckington Place, New York Avenue and F l o r i d a Avenue N.W.(intersection channelization including possible s t r u c t u r e ) ( l ) . Massachusetts Avenue over the Anacostia River ( l ) . ( l ) Although s t i l l i n the planning stage, these p r o j e c t s are included i n t h i s l i s t a s d e f i n i t e p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r future programs. �- 116 I t should be pointed out that the D i s t r i c t of Columbia i s not exclusively dependent upon the allocation of Federal monies i n carrying out large-scale highway construction projects. The Highway Fund, which consists largely of taxes paid l o c a l l y on the gasoline consumed by c i t i z e n s of Washington, i s used to finance the construction of capital outlay projects. During the next year, these funds derived from the l o c a l taxpayers w i l l be spent on such major improvements as Canal Road, N.W. from 36th Street to Foxhall Road, 4th Street, N.W. from College Street to Harvard Street, and Benning Road, N . E . , from 16th Street to Kenilworth Avenue. Although they are derived from a different source of funds, these improvements are nonetheless conceived and planned as i n tegral parts of the a r t e r i a l network of highways which has been and continues to be one of the principal aims of the Department. Development of t h i s network of "through streets" on the circumf e r e n t i a l , inner belt and distributor systems, i s one of the outstanding achievements of sound, economic planning. Studies to determine the need for t h i s expressway type of f a c i l i t y , which forms inner and outer belts around the central and metropolitan areas respectively, and which provides fast access routes from the heavily populated geographical sectors of the city to the inner core i n the Government and r e t a i l business d i s t r i c t s , have "determined the selection of routes, and governed the engineering design of these roadways and the complementary structures which are needed to prevent c o n f l i c t s at major intersections. Certain sections of the systems which have been constructed i n recent years, or which are programmed within the foreseeable future �- 117 meet the requirements f o r high-standard highways capable of accommodating heavy t r a f f i c flows w i t h l i t t l e or no i n t e r r u p t i o n s i n "through", d i r e c t i o n s . Other sections consist o f roadways which were constructed years ago when automobiles were s t i l l r e latively scarce as a p r i v a t e means of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . As these obsolete sections become incorporated i n the expressway systems t h e i r design standard w i l l be r a i s e d to meet modern requirements. Whenever t r a f f i c conditions warrant grade separation s t r u c t u r e s , surface channelization and other means of engineering c o n t r o l w i l l be placed i n s e r v i c e . These conditions w i l l be sampled and ana- l y z e d through procedures which have been developed during the l a s t few years as the means f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g p r e c i s e l y the i n t e n s i t y of demand f o r p a r t i c u l a r types of highway f a c i l i t i e s i n different localities. A b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n of Highway Planning Survey methods f o l l o w s . (B) Highway Development Planning: For the past t e n y e a r s , there has been a growing tendency among the more p r o g r e s s i v e l y minded highway engineers, who f u n c t i o n a t a policy-making level, to undertake major construction a f t e r exhaustive studies have been made of a l l f a c t o r s , economic and engineering, which have a d i r e c t bearing on the type and design o f the f a c i l i t y to be placed i n s e r v i c e . This s c i e n t i f i c approach to the problem of providing highways and bridges that w i l l not be threatened with premature obsolescence, has long been urged by v a r i o u s p r i v a t e and p u b l i c agencies as the only l o g i c a l b a s i s on which the spending of huge sums f o r improvements can be justified. This p r i n c i p l e i s p a r t i c u l a r l y a p p l i c a b l e i n l a r g e c i t i e s where the movement of t r a f f i c has c r y s t a l l i z e d over a period of �- 118 years i n t o set p a t t e r n s , which do not n e c e s s a r i l y i n d i c a t e t h a t the users a r e operating under i d e a l conditions, but r a t h e r t h a t they have been constrained by the r i g i d i t y of the s t r e e t system i n t o making compromises. The way i n which most American c i t i e s have grown to the metropolitan l e v e l i s best described by the word: haphazard. They j u s t grew. T h i s of course, i s e s p e c i a l l y true i n the case o f those c i t i e s which have t h e i r o r i g i n i n the colonial era. Many others, however, q u i c k l y reached economic maturity because they were founded on the banks of a navigable r i v e r , on the rim of a n a t u r a l port or i n the neighborhood of then unknown deposits of mineral resources, while remaining i n the adolescant stage from a t r a f f i c engineering point of view. These a r e the population centers which r e q u i r e today, under the i n c r e a s i n g pressure of motorized t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , v a s t public works programs aimed a t f r e e i n g t h e i r congested business and i n d u s t r i a l centers from economic p a r a l y s i s . The Nation's C a p i t a l i s a planned c i t y . I t s broad avenues and wide thoroughfares were l a i d out by L'Enfant, a man of t a l e n t and v i s i o n , who wished to impart some of the d i g n i t y and spaciousness of European c a p i t a l s to the C a p i t a l of the new world. Unfortunately, the many squares and c i r c l e s embodied i n h i s design are f o c a l points f o r the many important thoroughfares which empty t h e i r t r a f f i c loads i n t o inadequate i n t e r s e c t i o n s . Highway engineers have long t r i e d to remedy t h i s s i t u a t i o n by i n c r e a s i n g the surface area o f these f a c i l i t i e s w i t h corner "cut-backs", widening and other s u p e r f i c i a l measures. They have found t h a t the only s o l u t i o n - one which does not involve the demolition o f valuable property i s to be found i n the grade separation s t r u c t u r e . �- 119 - Elsewhere i n t h i s r e p o r t , the r a p i d r a t e of increase i n the population of Washington and i t s environs i s t r e a t e d . B r i e f l y , the whole region has expanded i n t o a metropolitan area to bring about an unexpected degree of v e h i c u l a r a c t i v i t y which has overburdened the highway f a c i l i t i e s to the danger point. L'Enfant's s t r e e t s may be wide and spacious, but t h e i r c a p a c i t i e s are l i m i t e d by t h e i r i n t e r s e c t i o n s ; the s t r u c t u r a l inadequacy of these c r o s s i n g s l i e s a t the core of the urban t r a f f i c problem. ( l ) T r a f f i c Density: Volume studies conducted over a period of 10 years by t h i s Department i n cooperation with the P u b l i c Roads Administration have d i s c l o s e d the f a c t t h a t almost h a l f of the t o t a l mileage performed by r e s i d e n t s of the area i s confined to the metropolitan region. Other c i t i e s have reached the same conclusions: t h a t metropolitan centers exert a strong magnetic force on t r a f f i c movements w i t h i n a 35 mile o r b i t . I n t e n s i v e planning i s therefore necessary to adjust the inadequate and c o n s t r i c t i v e urban s t r e e t plan by designing f a c i l i t i e s that can absorb t h i s high degree of i n t e r n a l and e x t e r n a l a c t i v i t y . The Highway Planning Survey Unit has been compiling s t a t i s t i c s f o r s e v e r a l years on the nature and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the t r a f f i c using the highway system i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. T r a f f i c volumes have been and are being recorded automatically a t 14 permanent s t a t i o n s located on the major highways and bridges which c o n s t i t u t e the c i t y ' s p r i n c i p a l entrances and e x i s t s . The machine counts obtained can be compared by day, by season and by year w i t h those t a l l i e d a t the same points during preyious y e a r s to 1939. Manual counts have a l s o been made a t some 150 i n t e r s e c t i o n s i n order to e s t a b l i s h the p a t t e r n of t u r n i n g move- �- 120 merits as w e l l as the volume of t r a f f i c using the f a c i l i t y . The r e s u l t s of these studies supplement other i n v e s t i g a t i o n s and are extremely valuable i n guiding highway engineers i n the s e l e c t i o n of a design which w i l l be most e f f e c t i v e i n expediting the safe passage of l a r g e flows of v e h i c l e s through i r r e g u l a r i n t e r s e c t i o n s . (2) O r i g i n and Destination Studies: To observe and record the t r a f f i c patterns which are woven each day under conditions caused by the e x i s t i n g s t r e e t layout i s not s u f f i c i e n t . I t i s a l s o necessary to determine d e s i r e routes and to estimate what the patterns would be under hypothetical conditions which would ensue i f improved f a c i l i t i e s were to be constructed elsewhere. Consequently, c a r e f u l studies must be made before a long-range improvement program can be formulated on the b a s i s of the f i n d ings derived from t r a f f i c s t u d i e s . The procedures followed i n obtaining mass data concerning t r a v e l h a b i t s of r e s i d e n t s , i n the various sections the comprising the Metropolitan Area, vary to some extent with the nature of the information d e s i r e d . The most accurate method c o n s i s t s i n *the a p p l i c a t i o n of the sampling formula o r i g i n a l l y developed by the U. S. Bureau of the Census i n the conduct of population surveys, and adapted to the study of t r a f f i c phenomena by the U. S. Public Roads Administration. The technique involves the pre- s e l e c t i o n of a sample on a percentage s c a l e , and i n expanding the sample by a f a c t o r which expresses the t o t a l sum of s i m i l a r u n i t s i n a pre-determined area. Contact i s established d i r e c t l y with the sample, who then becomes respondent, and the r e p l i e s to s p e c i f i c questions are considered as r e p r e s e n t a t i v e . �- 121 When applied to the planning of highways, t h i s technique i s used t o study t r a f f i c movements w i t h i n zones that correspond roughly to census t r a c t s , enumeration d i s t r i c t s and other subd i v i s i o n s established by the Bureau o f the Census. T h i s permits the c o r r e l a t i o n of t r a f f i c data w i t h population density and other f a c t o r s e x i s t i n g w i t h i n known l i m i t s . The means of conducting the survey are the same, but the ends d i f f e r i n t h a t t h i s Department i s concerned with mode, frequency and route of t r a v e l , and w i t h points of o r i g i n and d e s t i n a t i o n f o r t r i p s performed w i t h i n and between zones. (3) Channelization: Generally speaking, there are three remedies a v a i l a b l e to highway engineers i n the treatment of unu s u a l or multiple i n t e r s e c t i o n s : ( l ) by s i g n a l i z a t i o n , the cheapest and most popular; ( 2 ) by channelization, which i s more expensive and more e f f i c i e n t when combined with the f i r s t remedy; and (3) by a v e r t i c a l separation of grades which involves the construction of expensive s t r u c t u r e s . Most d i f f i c u l t i n t e r s e c t i o n s encountered i n the average s t r e e t layout can be improved s u b s t a n t i a l l y by applying the f i r s t two remedies. Channelization c o n s i s t s p r i n c i p a l l y i n e s t a b l i s h i n g a geometric design f o r the l o g i c a l and o r d e r l y passage of v e h i c l e s entering a common area from d i f f e r e n t points and seeking d i f f e r e n t exists. To prevent c o n f l i c t s the path of each i s defined by p h y s i c a l means and r e s t r i c t e d by channels formed e i t h e r by painted l i n e s or low concrete s t r i p s , which conform to n a t u r a l movement at a moderate r a t e of speed. i to U s u a l l y , s p e c i a l studies designed r e v e a l the predominant or normal t u r n i n g pattern through the i n t e r s e c t i o n are made before e s t a b l i s h i n g t r a v e l l i n e s . , �T _(4) Road L i f e Study: 122 - Of great importance to economical highway development planning, because of the more accurate method of keeping a running inventory of e x i s t i n g pavements which i t enforces, i s the Road L i f e Study which was inaugurated by the Highway Planning Survey i n 1940. The generally u n f a m i l i a r approach to the problem of taking p h y s i c a l stock of urban pavements by reducing these to b a s i c block and i n t e r s e c t i o n u n i t s has created some d i f f i c u l t y i n the prosecution of t h i s p r o j e c t . There i s a strong tendency among highway personnel, caused by long a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h previous routine methods, to r e l y f o r inventory purposes on the conventional contract concept of : i d e n t i f i c a t i o n rather than on the r i g i d block and i n t e r s e c t i o n system. B r i e f l y , the study c o n s i s t s i n reducing the data a v a i l a b l e on the construction and performance of pavements, by u n i t s of blocks and i n t e r s e c t i o n s , to coded information on t a b u l a t i n g cards f o r greater ease i n the preparation of r e p o r t s . Information as to type, l o c a t i o n , c o s t s , age, f u n c t i o n and other pertinent matter would, under t h i s system, be condensed into a single record; medium. Over a period of y e a r s , t h i s record would assume greater value as a ready source of information on any phase of pavement h i s t o r y , from date of completion to date of retirement. I t would lend i t s e l f more e a s i l y to a n a l y s i s and to the subsequent formul a t i o n of f u t u r e construction programs which would have the b e n e f i t of past experience i n t h e i r shaping. A preliminary Manual of Coding Procedure was prepared i n 1946 and subsequently r e v i s e d i n the l i g h t of new procedures • ' developed during a " p i l o t " study made on the Federal Aid System. �- 123 (C) Plans f o r the Future: 1. Projects Under Study; Looking toward new horizons, the Department of Highways has t e n t a t i v e l y l a i d plans f o r the development of improvements to be undertaken i n the period f o l l o w - • ing completion of the postwar programs. The p r o j e c t s l i s t e d f o r the indeterminate future are of considerable importance, and i t i s quite conceivable that contingencies may a r i s e a t any time i n the present t r a f f i c s i t u a t i o n to force t h e i r construction a t a d e f i n i t e and e a r l i e r date. Although they are not now recommended as part of any program, they are engineering items which have f o r some time been r e c e i v i n g the a t t e n t i o n of the planning s t a f f of the Department, and they w i l l continue to be the subjects of further investigation. Proposals f o r the e r e c t i o n of a new highway crossing over the Anacostia R i v e r i n l i n e with Massachusetts Avenue S.E., and another over the Potomac R i v e r to connect w i t h V i r g i n i a v i a U.S. Route #1, i n the v i c i n i t y of A l e x a n d r i a , with southeast Washington, appear to have merit. The sustained rate of expansion i n t h i s densely populated suburb i s expected to create a new and greaterdemand f o r such a l i n k across the Potomac which would obviate the n e c e s s i t y of t r a v e r s i n g the congested c e n t r a l area to reach e i t h e r of the present c r o s s i n g s . The Massachusetts Avenue Bridge i s a l s o e s s e n t i a l to complement extensive f a c i l i t i e s of the expressway type which are i n the d i s c u s s i o n stage. Construction of the Kenilworth-Anacostia Freeway i s one of these improvements contemplated f o r construction i n the f u t u r e so as to provide an adequate connecting highway between the proposed Alexandria Bridge and the Washington-Baltimore Parkway �- 124 - which i s a l s o i n the planning stage. I t ' s v a l l e y l o c a t i o n makes i t p a r t i c u l a r l y susceptible to development as a c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l route to accommodate by-passable t r a f f i c i n the southeast section. A d d i t i o n a l connections would be e f f e c t e d to a t t r a c t t r a f f i c ted by the highway crossings over the Anacostia R i v e r . genera- T h i s would serve to r e l e a s e the overburdened l o c a l s t r e e t s from the pressure of v e h i c l e s having e x t e r n a l d e s t i n a t i o n s , by d i v e r t i n g them to the b e l t highway planned to the west of the Anacostia R i v e r . The extension of New York Avenue i s another improvement of the l i m i t e d - a c c e s s type which would be developed to provide a s u i t a b l e connection from Bladensburg Road to the proposed Washington-Baltimore Parkway. I t would be u r g e n t l y needed to e f f e c t r a p i d d i s t r i b u t i o n of the heavy t r a f f i c flows a t t r a c t e d to the Parkway and, with s u i t a b l e connections, i t could be made to funct i o n as part of the b e l t route and expressway systems planned f o r the area west of the Anacostia R i v e r . The extension of Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway through the Zoo with appropriate connections to the east and west of Rock Creek Park i s a l s o considered as a necessary" improvement even a t the present time. These p r o j e c t s , i n whole or i n p a r t , have the endorsement of o f f i c i a l bodies charged with the r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of d i r e c t i n g and c o n t r o l l i n g c e r t a i n phases of the construction programs prepared by the Department of Highways. They are based upon the r e - s u l t s of t r a f f i c s t u d i e s which r e v e a l trends i n population and use of privately-owned means of t r a v e l as f a c t o r s pointing d e f i n a t e l y to the p o t e n t i a l demand f o r highway f a c i l i t i e s . �- 125 2. Expressways: - T r a f f i c engineers and highway departments concerned with the t a s k of expediting the huge volumes o f t r a f f i c through congested urban areas are turning to t h i s admitedly expensive measure as the only one capable of achieving the desired results. The l i m i t e d - a c c e s s feature of t h i s type o f highway i s p a r t i c u l a r l y advantageous to a c i t y l i k e Washington, where the predominant t r a f f i c flow during the morning rush period i s aimed d i r e c t l y a t the c e n t r a l business and Government d i s t r i c t s w i t h no appreciable counter-flow i n t o the suburbs. I n metropolitan centers of l i k e s i z e , there i s a c e r t a i n amount of vacuum created i n the c e n t r a l d i s t r i c t by the outward movement of t r a f f i c des t i n e d to f a c t o r y and warehouse areas located on the f r i n g e s of these c i t i e s . T h i s compensates to some extent f o r the opposite movement which i s .focused on the downtown a r e a . The D i s t r i c t of Columbia's major i n d u s t r y i s the Federal , Government, The b i g agencies with the exception of the Department of National Defense and the Bureau of the Census are s i t u a t e d i n a region south of and contiguous t o the r e t a i l business d i s trict. T h i s condition has served to double the normal points of d e s t i n a t i o n i n the area and has f u r t h e r agravated the problem by i n c r e a s i n g the demand,not only f o r means o f access i n t o the c e n t r a l d i s t r i c t , but a l s o f o r storage f a c i l i t i e s . The p r o v i s i o n of parking l o t s , although r e l a t e d to the problem of highway cons t r u c t i o n , i s not a d e f i n i t e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y of t h i s Department, A s p e c i f i c agency to study and recommend ways and means o f f u r nishing adequate >arking f a c i l i t i e s i n the congested c e n t r a l d i s t r i c t was createc by Congress i n 1944. I t s findings are pre- �- 126 sented b r i e f l y elsewhere i n t h i s report. This Department i s , however, d e f i n i t e l y concerned with moving t r a f f i c loads, with reasonable speed and safety, and with minimum f r i c t i o n and hazard, over the network of highways which i t has constructed and for which i t i s responsible. I t has reached the conclusion I n consultation with several engineering firms, which were retained to study the t r a f f i c problem i n YJashingtcn* s Metropolitan Area, that a system of expressways w i l l probably become necessary i n the not too d i s tant future. These high-speed t r a f f i c channels should be depressed i n order to preserve as much of the remaining pavement area, which i s aiready at a preminum, at grade l e v e l to serve l o c a l movements. Further studies and investigations are being made i n this f i e l d . Although the safe and rapid movement of vehicles into and through the c r i t i c a l central area i s the prime concern of t h i s Department, the construction of expressways would be beneficial I n many ways other than as a means of achieving t h i s end. It has been the experience of other large metropolitan centers, pla- gued with the same troubles, that expressways have had a r e v i t a l i z i n g effect on run-down residential neighborhoods which usually form an exceedingly unattractive ring around the business area. I t i s a well known fact that rehabilitated slum areas have a tax potential far beyond the values which are placed upon them i n t h e i r present condition. Suitably interconnected with the street system at grade, ex- pressways would also serve as protection for the valuable properties which occupy the r e t a i l business d i s t r i c t by opening up new connecting a r t e r i e s and speeding up the circulation of l o c a l surface �- 127 traffic. Although i t i s extremely doubtful f o r example, that F S t r e e t w i l l ever be abandoned while the major f e d e r a l i n s t a l l a t i o n s with t h e i r thousands of highly-paid workers remain w i t h i n walking distance of i t s shops, i t i s nevertheless e s s e n t i a l and .prudent to adopt measures which w i l l f o r e s t a l l any f u r t h e r encroachment of the "downtown d i s e a s e " upon i t s high t a x - y i e l d properties i n the heart of the c i t y . The slums can and should be eradicated before reaching unmanageable proportions. Highway f a c i l i t i e s of the expressway type can very w e l l mean the r e s t o r a t i o n of a r t e r i e s through which new blood, i n the form of h e a l t h i e r commercial a c t i v i t i e s , could be pumped to r e v i v e the stagnant neighborhoods. (D) Conclusion; I n the foreword, the question was asked: "What i s being done to provide highway f a c i l i t i e s adequate to meet future requirements." The obvious answer, of course, i s t h a t we have t r i e d to b u i l d as many f a c i l i t i e s as possible w i t h i n the l i m i t s of our f i n a n c i a l resources, f o r such i s the mission of a Department of Highways. We have progressed with new and improved techniques i n the road-building i n d u s t r y , and with the growth of Washington. We have been constrained to use great care i n the s e l e c t i o n of a r c h i t e c t u r a l designs by the f a c t that a l l s t r u c t u r e s must conform to s p e c i f i c standards i n keeping with the dominating a r c h i t e c t u r a l motif of public buildings and monuments i n the Nation's C a p i t a l . But the obvious answer does not r e v e a l , except to the eyes of the t r a i n e d highway engineer and the map-maker, the t h i n k i n g and the planning which determined the f i n a l design and l o c a t i o n of each and every bridge and highway. �- 128 This report i s an attempt not only to l i s t the various highway f a c i l i t i e s constructed by the Department during the past 24 y e a r s , but to show the reasons which shaped our decisions to b u i l d as we did, and which l i e a t the base of the plans we drew f o r a l o g i c a l system o f highways. The layman may t h i n k that highways are con- s t r u c t e d on the b a s i s of independent causes which flow from l o c a l conditions. That may be true f o r s t r e e t s that serve r e s i d e n t i a l d i s t r i c t s , because most of these come about as a. r e s u l t of improvements i n the properties which abut the roadway. There the l o c a l resident makes f u l l use of curb, gutter and roadway. But such i s not the case where major thoroughfares are concerned. The l o c a l r e s i d e n t ' s use of a r t e r i a l highways i s l i m i t e d almost exc l u s i v e l y to the curb and gutter which serve to protect perty from erosion. h i s pro- The b e n e f i t which he derives i s only i n c i - dental compared to the intense use made of i t by the residents of other areas beyond, who must use t h i s highway as the only way i n which those regions can be reached. I n a l a r g e c i t y , there are of n e c e s s i t y a large number of these a r t e r i a l s which r a d i a t e l i k e the spokes of wheel from the hub i n which are concentrated the points of mass i n t e r e s t such as department s t o r e s , h o t e l s , banks, t h e a t r e s , r e s t a u r a n t s , etc. Because so much depends upon t h e i r a b i l i t y to f u r n i s h access i n t o the areas with which they connect, these s t r e e t s have been placed i n a preferred c l a s s . They are designated as part of a s y s - tem of highways which are t r e a t e d as expressways i n that a l l engineering as w e l l as other means of c o n t r o l , such as "Stop" s i g n s , t r a f f i c l i g h t s , e t c . are i n s t a l l e d on other minor s t r e e t s which i n t e r s e c t these high-volume a r t e r i e s , i n order to provide greater sa �- 129 - s a f e t y and prevent i n t e r f e r e n c e and c o n f l i c t with heavy t r a f f i c i streams. Where two major a r t e r i a l s i n t e r s e c t , the engineer i s often forced to segregate equally important t r a f f i c streams by constructing a grade separation s t r u c t u r e . These considerations have guided us i n the past, and will continue to do so u n t i l the planned network of a r t e r i a l s i s comp l e t e w i t h i n the Metropolitan Area, i n c l u d i n g important points. interchanges at a l l They have motivated the plan which has been gradually t r a n s l a t e d into concrete and asphalt during the past 24 years. The success of t h i s plan depends l a r g e l y upon how w i s e l y w i l l be the use made of the f a c i l i t i e s which were derived from i t s various f e a t u r e s . Although i t i s expected that owners of p r i v a t e means of conveyance w i l l make f u l l use of present and future express highways, i t should be understood that the advantages of s a f e r , more comfortable and more economical t r a v e l on expressways muist be put w i t h i n reach of a l a r g e r percentage of the population than that now represented by p r i v a t e car-owners, i f f u l l return i s to be r e a l i z e d from the investment. This condition, however, f a l l s w i t h i n the province of the t r a n s i t u t i l i t i e s . The media of mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n must be made as a t t r a c t i v e as possible i n the form of r a p i d , frequent and comfortable s e r v i c e so that more people may be persauded to leave t h e i r automobiles at home during the work week. I t i s our f i r m conviction that the system of "through s t r e e t s " and "major a r t e r i a l highways" t h a t has been envisioned and planned to care f o r the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs of our community, w i l l prove • to be adequate f o r a good many years to come when a l l s e c t i o n s �- 130 have been r a i s e d to the desired standard of design, providing the system as constructed i s used by a l l to the greatest advantage. 1 I n t h i s connection the importance of a vigorous program, designed to b r i n g about an increase i n the bus and s t r e e t c a r r i d ing habit cannot be overemphasized. I t i s our b e l i e f that a r e - s p o n s i b i l i t y r e s t s upon the t r a n s i t industry to make f u l l use of a l l components of the system as soon as possible a f t e r such a f a c i l i t y i s opened t o t r a f f i c . These improvements must be made a v a i l a b l e to a l l c l a s s e s of t r a v e l e r s . Much of t h i s appeal would be enhanced by the construction of s u i t a b l e storage f a c i l i t i e s near the expressways suburban terminals where the t r a n s i t i o n from p r i v a t e t o public modes of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n could be made conveniently and q u i c k l y . I n essence, the problem of t r a f f i c i s one of mechanics. F l u i d i t y must be maintained on a l l p a r t s of the system, f o r each member i s inter-connected and inter-dependent. F a i l u r e on one / s e c t i o n has repercussions on the whole system. I t has been s a i d t h a t roads are movement and t h a t movement i s l i f e . I t should be remembered that the l i f e of the community, t h e r e f o r e , depends i n large measure on how w e l l the highways can serve v e h i c u l a r movement. i �* il:.'' {:- !i.,. ..'l ). iir,,. il.r'b t' t. *i" t -' ' d ,.. i-:it'' t,il ' . .b" ,,i ' t., ti-': {..'n { '' t- .::.,:, i't. ,,.:', . l cA illL ' i, 'l' l:. . L I) T. f {: t DISTRICT t t.' PRINCIPAL !,iIG $' t,,-- OF ' OLUMBIA NETWORK li; 5'i) THROUGI{ $TR MAJOR ARTERI b :.' i. lr ,: Fr $.i. *v tr & b. [r '*t: t: t:1 F ft ' -E-- --x- iffiGFl3'r" llttfqtF .d MAJOR I UNDER CONg PRO@RAMMED UNDER STt"lDY L HIGHWAYS T3 COMPtETSD UOTION � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Twenty-four years of progress in highway development, 1924-1948 : a summary of performance in planning, design, and construction Subject The topic of the resource Traffic engineering -- Washington (D.C.) Highway planning -- Washington (D.C.) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1948 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DDOT Historical Reports & Other Documents Subject The topic of the resource Transportation--Research--United States Transportation--Planning Description An account of the resource District Department of Transportation's historical reports and other documents. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource District Department of Transportation Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Freeways & Highways Subject The topic of the resource Traffic engineering--Washington (D.C.) Express highways--Washington (D.C.)--Estimates and costs Traffic engineering Express highways Freeways Description An account of the resource Historical reports and documents related to the freeways and highways in Washington, D.C. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Various Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Freeways Inner Loop Interstates https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/feff47bb58b7d918d759e14c207f327a.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=rXrHCxVWvxBN2L3eEJPNMWDaw3mFDUOAWm8b4QQl1Qs%7EuUkcHJdMqtEImfaKtK4C693vHFXRChc8AHxWKwlAUNtrmMlUKuDbeE4X4kPTAt5gBuK0eDM3-1TAlUBFIz%7E%7E-W7Vd60RfzqdNuLAeAXgKEdQkvhamRQoKSvASyCGaSFOfWmxahZ0RnTBJCkOkdnHrSqtSl48ciUWt6zhej0WNfxXLSZQJK0MPdeXKnTUJ44SJWNpISdcwcVKcuwS2I7HkN1-pqzO%7EfCBySeFSo6lul5uQ-V6sl28bY%7ES--Y0HAi3%7EtOipvGkR7lXX5eWwbOfRRXmvZy7IKH-MPFQupNllQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e72fb333ff6d696ea90f84c124d81d3d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 11th Street Interchange 001 Subject The topic of the resource Eleventh Street (Washington, D.C.) Roads—Interchanges and intersections Interchanges Anacostia Freeway Traffic signs and signals Description An account of the resource A view of bridge #1004 from 13th Street southeast. There is a sign pointing toward 395 South. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 24, 1999 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d28a8a7642a0b612597f395910859ef8.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Qi7nt-xTl%7EwhPs7zjDafZP2DxG19k6WbBICIGJ78JaMzy0Y5IPfBvaNqC1%7Elr5kVmwn7a-o36wHdXaztZ71lHqqB7KnKztBTj0NHRNfDdCKgyKjg2AVZ1Pd5rRlGMn74cQDHn%7EAbOoZg7L8rPP4mnCRPOxELPwtjxuLIWP5ktkZZ3Yj043%7EgGgouKCNa1V6OIvUoJilT%7ECwjltJsXgn2CuCHX-3R5in6eWrqlxI2UpdsoGfuknjtCbrt7azr64%7Ea1LON9bEY8JX%7Eoz77mAUET7hAGAUtrKwPqmzoD0mWsM33W9RHOc802kMHGJDHhOzQaT36BS1IZ6die2wO6GXC7A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 17fd64825120ebb4547a9448b5d1a3ac Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 11th Street Interchange 002 Subject The topic of the resource Eleventh Street (Washington, D.C.) Eleventh Street Interchange Roads—Interchanges and intersections Interchanges Anacostia Freeway Description An account of the resource A view of the approach to 11th Street westbound. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 24, 1999 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/480c317387b23d52de5a20c10b3bb8cd.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Dz-3gC8Sf4SyVDKjGfXb9cEegHwwh0BpTh0Ki8N%7E9eW5h6AVoaHQpjPfxM36A2ObsjWm%7EBsfOAJ2aaUP3nF%7EfyZILBFGoSKR5Q7e28LvOr9%7EJk33ebVOIUHX7O1Ls1EshOR9Q4bHKSnM6SQn6ne7vUf4jUClcSrgxop9s%7E6uQCCbeLCKMOlXyCj8EUtwWEoRqCRPqzPbOVpD5Z0te7N7Xou085sVmwCaCTif5VucSGYYu1tlIzZ2u6LWfkDjsAsrXUTUbSmF4UAW-Fzaew%7E6rLfjAUFU2Nxin9PINtUP6JVmS90Ekwf2taL0hF-z9z4ZNBCbaeFj-zfJW2YZJEe84A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 98136ceccec3f437be5643112e5fd2bb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 11th Street Interchange 003 Subject The topic of the resource Eleventh Street (Washington, D.C.) Eleventh Street Interchange Roads—Interchanges and intersections Interchanges Anacostia Freeway Description An account of the resource A view of the approach to 11th Street eastbound. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 24, 1999 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/3070be1b0d347c2f44a0639f09e2c725.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=idZcy%7E9Q3k8rSwtQLexMLRrPEQ%7ENSLc7jchKoej4vBG6S3iRP5djKGRUMl8m4y%7EXEId6SQb50vui0ksuZo063aiihMtFO7WqrEMxCEo004BLEcMMP9zqVm0tXF%7El7GGCW4v%7EDJGh-y6%7EuIIfln7TcB1-DtDYg5U%7E1tkPQYyBZzPuYeQhsf7GkUqyp-Z2zG-Z-4CGdAP3Iq6AcU-co2y5X2EEdYw-9cnTndt1ByyO3skxTe6oQlIvKB9-q4EUgOWz00rLv8L65rDYj7o6frm7k7SiQOGDX26qwtQ6K1d%7EjIcTGz8z16-ScpQKZ5LmS4bODxUpJBwDXpmyrTeSKCTJww__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 6071d6a9e22f1f636938abae3b1796b0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 11th Street Interchange 004 Subject The topic of the resource Eleventh Street (Washington, D.C.) Eleventh Street Interchange Roads—Interchanges and intersections Interchanges Anacostia Freeway Description An account of the resource A view of cars going down the ramp. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 24, 1999 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/46b36ff2f0327bd84a0e9070c694c515.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=ST%7E1c8RCGvb1C3c0aKvuPDLAo-iPCXnaz%7ENWMQFQN6siLMeFJWz0i-jUcRDD8%7EmZk76J94ylIhUVjqmX725vCUaYhwM2mKeVqd4u%7EmOftREo9j85-rT1FW%7ExoALviH7luAMDPJeNAy535Ftt-rYXI-p9JDy4o2NO0zQh6zIr4YWiucFjM9PDH7SB%7EuFVinSbcnL%7E7t4msEM3MWnxjjB1q-g%7EpdmvHVFtk9Tdql81k6-PBqdIJjdB4AQ8ybCxf8osfLJLGOD1MoJuG5b8BEW50YB1nU0Resr0ACS0Rz1d19PdzY6GAMiyA03qp-moHmEmu-yAM4npuWeg1n55RBgrZg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7cf609f60250746301ca81b8bcae6b31 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 11th Street Interchange 005 Subject The topic of the resource Eleventh Street (Washington, D.C.) Eleventh Street Interchange Roads—Interchanges and intersections Interchanges Anacostia Freeway Description An account of the resource A view of cars in the area between ramp 9 and I-295. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 24, 1999 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/80e288e6c99a87b988dbb9717f3d0362.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=HBewqTcSGawxnlV-55Muspbp3HlGzbgwLHjv9UY0n6-vdHlrz09nAmBP0CFZU-p33D50C073Q44K5%7ELgi6gAVpicCxn8Igzx6zR6c%7E9qTeoLBdjzCF8-LexpN9Q3XnCCxMcmqrg5Xk2dAqtVWLgWas54yNhjLD0ZvAE2Y%7EcO21Z5m0GCpopEjuhvDFhbyiJM04fAdv0QlH0y44OJsf6pgk46kCFvjmdsi3wPzEeh3cx4YWugXTHA48DT6oY13uD8hmtI4Z1UAsvUvubeuIfa5U88EejWKui%7EV8GH1aDSuylqvb9VaE%7EU%7E8XlP9TDNSDAJhB728%7ENFNrySHR-nxm2%7EQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8139d6b30edf2dfef52fbc9dbcc45dd6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 11th Street Interchange 006 Subject The topic of the resource Eleventh Street (Washington, D.C.) Eleventh Street Interchange Roads—Interchanges and intersections Interchanges Anacostia Freeway Traffic signs and signals Description An account of the resource A view of bridge #1013 with cars and a traffic sign visible. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 11th Street Interchange 007 Subject The topic of the resource Eleventh Street (Washington, D.C.) Eleventh Street Interchange Roads—Interchanges and intersections Interchanges Anacostia Freeway Description An account of the resource A southern view of bridge #1007 with cars visible. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 11th Street Interchange 008 Subject The topic of the resource Eleventh Street (Washington, D.C.) Eleventh Street Interchange Roads—Interchanges and intersections Interchanges Anacostia Freeway Description An account of the resource A northern view of cars driving down bridge #1066. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 11th Street Interchange 009 Subject The topic of the resource Eleventh Street (Washington, D.C.) Eleventh Street Interchange Roads—Interchanges and intersections Interchanges Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Description An account of the resource A view of the site looking south. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 11th Street Interchange 010 Subject The topic of the resource Eleventh Street (Washington, D.C.) Eleventh Street Interchange Roads—Interchanges and intersections Interchanges Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Description An account of the resource A view of the construction site near bridge #1006 and pier 13, looking south. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 11th Street Interchange 011 Subject The topic of the resource Eleventh Street (Washington, D.C.) Eleventh Street Interchange Roads—Interchanges and intersections Interchanges Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Description An account of the resource A view of the construction site and bridge #1006. This shows abutment 4, looking north. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 11th Street Interchange 012 Subject The topic of the resource Eleventh Street (Washington, D.C.) Eleventh Street Interchange Roads—Interchanges and intersections Interchanges Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Description An account of the resource A view of the construction site on ramp 9 and looking south at bridge #1007. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 11th Street Interchange 013 Subject The topic of the resource Eleventh Street (Washington, D.C.) Eleventh Street Interchange Roads—Interchanges and intersections Interchanges Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Description An account of the resource A view of ramp 9, looking south. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 11th Street Interchange 014 Subject The topic of the resource Eleventh Street (Washington, D.C.) Eleventh Street Interchange Roads—Interchanges and intersections Interchanges Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Description An account of the resource A view of bridge #1006, abutment 3, from bridge #1004. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 18, 1998 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/6f10866ef2a66c1ae44593fd97e4dec4.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=K34xPGbfJxWBu02AMhY1JpMFg95%7EAH3ur%7E4g7j59w5cSaKvnrmMOIVak9hocypYGmXg9PXX-DdFnhDRjTm00JKMYm6otzKvCarF-5TDLBSvt4yeXNj3h-ga5th4Zwz9Mrvw8WYnS3b%7E8LGgz3-rBhyBMxA8%7E0JK9C2z23ipalBwlag4oIEdRYrojJcC2Kx9vH-z6a4bIlwEozFGZXoxdMi1yCiomczSJqyTsm4ypEzb-W5XvIU0jcMk0u-XWIQm%7E1syk%7E3wwMt47I-zebWbjAd%7EneHfLU6A4WRjpBbb2G8DVEO9Zq4V9EKB7sppjbdN6VHNQ9k-DUnxqHNDullEMwg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e0c081c2c1ca899ee9e5fe6bbb8899d9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 11th Street Interchange 015 Subject The topic of the resource Eleventh Street (Washington, D.C.) Eleventh Street Interchange Roads—Interchanges and intersections Interchanges Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Description An account of the resource A view of bridge 1006, span 9, from bridge 1004. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 18, 1998 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/57490506de85152221bf15f4e99c1b64.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Fdqklath7-%7Ej5k%7ERGs4h6cWO8FC0vwwwdlhdfbDOGw6pd7k8ETS1rkJB5IMIQVrcteA0IfXAPZLKBcfOuFM7NdNM0Jk6V%7ESDpQv4uoOpXA%7ES83%7EYkRxh7jCwCO7afPoE8dgbhTfKdK6WTJ3SoXUL4whH7bB9wJSiXv%7Ecy2j5jt9WT6HZUTHOZAPj-BKnfeMgoRXQBkFhecqWHzDwMS5pCZKZMKAbQLpyoyN2TPnxOTmwLML45ZLEjPyvp0X3Z0QihVzKrOVauVOcSJKzZ5j6eK6-zEK6QxXxqd689AM5aaaU0BiyV2qzRc%7Ey7aI8IRTVVHvSkKoHArAXpYnSJZauPA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 91f46a273625de8965b45f8f21169585 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 11th Street Interchange 016 Subject The topic of the resource Eleventh Street (Washington, D.C.) Eleventh Street Interchange Roads—Interchanges and intersections Interchanges Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Description An account of the resource A view under bridge 1006, looking south. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 18, 1998 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DC Highways, Interstates, and Freeways Subject The topic of the resource Highways Freeways Interstate highways Description An account of the resource Photos of highways, freeways, and interstates in the District of Columbia. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource District Department of Transportation Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 11th Street Interchange Rehabilitation Subject The topic of the resource Eleventh Street Interchange (Washington, D.C.) Roads—Interchanges and intersections Interchanges Description An account of the resource Photographs of the rehabilitation of the 11th Street Interchange at the Anacostia Freeway. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1998-1999 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Freeways Interchanges Overpasses Rehabilitation https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/03fb7b9d4f60996c5536dfac66d52c51.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=ncEKXVz9zyT3ErX3xRmdB6Xr4MkTjTduHpy%7EOLriSCqsxv6R8LcofI-G7TvFQfw5PkL1mizQp55QU3x2eoVRxIApW2cODiL47RyqVRiVXuGgMzFtZyIyJRJG7QKOQjq6pAgKlAn19-B863ekyWGwtIK8Vu5XaiJXQpMwYH3rBcRAihC8dpF3%7EM1YjqD4nP%7EooyhgQZRw711G13rF5CAT7w-vi41-5BOZLon-x8yD11xaXfLLRtFFHiS4t0J8meRQcau1nQv-apIKtvIbGt0KD65dMan1cW5y2kN4yRoess8WQ4M3ugIbMRlO7FYiW8N%7EF4ytUuxD8-M5Im0o2Fn0uQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 2b9e756686f23fcfb51368d657f85677 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wall Construction of Southeast Freeway Subject The topic of the resource Public Works Roads-Design and construction Elevated Highways Description An account of the resource Tieing into existing RW-19 wall footings looking south. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 18, 1971 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/3003d5cb5e761f05aca39cfb2fdf18f0.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=qqMCefQvwvNKcr9hgh0WldDvKPS5GwbKAK4wucT8vE8vsd85ahvrgu6qRolP7wn0o2I-4q830GVoPQxho2NLCn1r1KPxAYVGj2Nyq9bqdyw1g2ak23%7EpVN-h2Q7h1-9lvwCEaKamQqQ35%7EJUmImgPeaCNfiCh9kxdKGG5bQ7UPkUPGDWkmM3irGSYrLOv8c3RlrrVZcRm8-4wGclo97PvEnQEIWRJkbRKia10l8vnIWOeeb6m0Sl3efb77SgZ4tdoUsDxYPBL3fWYPC-z%7EKdTDbFMkumd2ifdIVImHfBBqZx7T0lA44NZIboBm-fa4qli86YkPp2dPN5lH9RVfDWUg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 689cafa9fcd176561775b765ed82696a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Beneath Southeast Freeway Subject The topic of the resource Public Works Roads-Design and construction Motor vehicles Description An account of the resource RW-28 footings and south abutment looking northwest Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 18, 1971 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/cb4230c0b19b5ce328106e002fbd7f7c.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Foi3JXvU3SUM6rSLtpPXqv%7EVsOJjLLrthOIraef3cRN2FjjgeuASxytEO---amiMvH088Jn7WhdilJFwNyPviaO3RnBmFpS9FEmbLzStY72Pa76Ykmgz6i4pmL5nBcBOPi9hThLKMkUtTs7ytB6m9OrJD%7EiB3dkehxENVrXsLcrB2wJF2OTi3TdVkA5q8fTr7ju4lLP%7EzHwsx4EYQjp3UjZBCp4nl3ZFjT%7ExyKXkHRs3kFy5hgtouBCqmcsvIuFnPMDVIcDyUyuK1oaKUl3vpVUnoKWxY8zYK9SiNet5muG%7EJC8ncBQWzdynnEKgd-c4vONSYVqDsXSEd5JQQ-%7ESkQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3d9756969532c64bba2edb8eac43f0c7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast Freeway Abutments Subject The topic of the resource Public Works Roads-Design and construction Elevated highways Description An account of the resource Piers II, III, IV looking north Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 18, 1971 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/611d109e7e430691cfb1b2fef562294d.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=LVQ%7EY%7EGVpEBYfyEHUUACL-VblYLMGh-fypjTksq89pmV3ilgSbLCRza7HjNy1jH1fvG31eV3-Ks%7ES0AyFLcaUNkDYvOHNxwoHrW%7ErRj1fqVNNA-Q8PUBSBOPtdfTI9ziI8IbjgCVx-06TSASNcCInn7sCjQJr1I6cDecUWRJE1OBlUod6DD7hSmx32QK8tPPNJe1kLFWqeniWijAZ819Nnat8c33BX7dDNwLzwgYgDJpaSNmsfs3CdYxQZGiZS8rv6mgEoBU7zioMYXvKcgLABcAhdUy7hGNpWY%7EICoYUa9qVDIGntH11Okwn7jZmhW2mOrO8Bf9m8t3KNX9fjl4Xw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b238401b8227b6490b0b1e983321936c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast Freeway Interchange Construction Subject The topic of the resource Public works Roads-Construction and roads Elevated highways Description An account of the resource Pier V looking west at the elevated freeways. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 18, 1971 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/c8696f2e10b13aa263686ef1705d0f74.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=dpToVFtQn%7ER0PFPSktMNvkr8DOHBXjk3GB9sMl-g8rnY4h2Q-M%7Ezbr6TrmepD7Kfgm5PmLvKyY521Hv3Mx8kutZSumurl6BVQNYYKstdsPNSUAnAOXhsC15E9ajKraZsJy3jdEWly6IIIqdP5obn3S1DNw20HCxVARM08RzCMurpNOxU70ajlEbMGNkFTFALpcLFEWE0tZnSErWAGwDIP2PyJdmOkNtYSQtI8jSqbz4MUTO-MXb5mD4-ykYS5wOjFeFLCDVdrOWtO3FeaKd89KafxgELP3U1KJw9GFiO%7E-2zb0yWuZDA3MExOQ-92SFncqdxvmXDZf1BCvRHNmZ08g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 828adade09e986aa75b98f07db390fab Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Railroad underneath Southeast Freeway Subject The topic of the resource Public works Railroads Elevated highways Roads-Design and construction Description An account of the resource Railroad south retaining wall leading from tunnel looking west. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 18, 1971 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/cbe10b53f3d66aee99e4bd5f2da1fc08.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Ym6WKF6G8N4sigRCi7j0RUAAz6qZyLme1CmLYzs9bcaktwuRb%7EUl-wsNes%7EY%7Ek2FigscL8%7E%7EGr7h9m11JUZBx5qqBt%7Eex%7Ee8v6lcX-nc3HPeaCXHinVxMF75hXculKDnK3mgys8gzKvQ5A3gHJ%7E1nTx-dvsoT4sHtIMyBL2BEe3oPmlfBcCAtVd29bkPYryBquQRQ85Ai6X-GWlIo61WMSdgDbVIHpQEhHb7ICRpuiAAhHu5Mfu5mU7geP3VSsmRPn34496XLedhw9OEbP7mLZloY-3AbJG37Vl08lyZelyfUn4jPauQmDNs82ptFMhbmtae2IjDHJiCSuGnmZh1fA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7b2ca373330b2065d211ed7aff29a51e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Road Clearing Underneath Southeast Freeway Subject The topic of the resource Public works Roads-Design and construction Elevated highways Description An account of the resource RW#19 wall and south abutment looking north Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 22, 1971 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/301b6ea6effa96e683564fd579ffca79.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=j8Vp1zOslMmvcCFmKKR3o9nsjh5qessGzNcG-0rdyl3ibUnJ-hr8yIbjKaWB7S3tkIeT87K5wJrWAZ0SYmQGwrYGKtGPtVXMpvbMJ9txSF-wtuHLadCpW8eAGg55OYdR03ZoywGFwqANCY5qocY16YnXw46CLxeH9jIm8O9K7I3Gmr18n9XCcukuIbB6ZL-0t7n3CgNbpzbf-9bqSD%7EU-eo4SNhTfAvLPGVMrplWKnFqb4v8k-JhoN5FDEV6uW4VQ4dt-osZUf5lZR3p9r3k7QevDNC3wVfukeBjzeoOqQlw%7ES2LH1NuimKaMTvhhRs1roPwUE4TkgMpIw03jHTV4Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f76c8f9d3859c2dab0fa5e93da225196 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Abutment of Southeast Freeway Subject The topic of the resource Public works Roads-Design and construction Elevated highways Description An account of the resource Pier #2 looking north Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 22, 1971 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/36d699d1469f3ac68e631377f8faf759.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Z4uozdyWo18n1bjALprLtqrdfd1arzR8PtnwiLD7pU2d3PBYN6P008QuHdQlKlYhTE6tg22VU8OXJ6r93yI01K-Lq2UafAlaU4ymBSwaAaezVF6u4QuGTMCmOaCknRjLD3Sa5lKmMAZ%7EUQCyvrQQBfx-YfOXf3u3TuFEEuMSNWejM9yF6WxTsXybTECJlkkqJAukeh4MZ4Z1oA8OuGMujkNQDRhwqHa3xm%7EKvJ9%7EYOtzrV%7E6jcS7GnIaq5skJ%7EqvB8hiEOywKYEHfQNvcKEgHgNZ4GftkGeU51lQ-GIZtIkHKmteyY9JxRBfOrsp0-6%7EVSD%7EUY%7EraMK6xdzvnk6-cw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 1be84f9fa81618666abe19e3c4cd300b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Abutment of Southeast Freeway 2 Subject The topic of the resource Public works Roads-Design and construction Elevated highways Description An account of the resource Pier #6 looking northeast Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 22, 1971 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DC Highways, Interstates, and Freeways Subject The topic of the resource Highways Freeways Interstate highways Description An account of the resource Photos of highways, freeways, and interstates in the District of Columbia. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource District Department of Transportation Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast Freeway Interchange Construction Subject The topic of the resource Public works Roads--Design and construction Elevated highways Description An account of the resource The Southeast Freeway under construction. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1971 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Construction Projects Freeways Interchanges Southeast Freeway https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/a069fc4c9922c113602c6e9bac4033a0.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=rmrr7X5w5vURflc7iC2TAQDQPpU9dro3G50ZGkE3i5AwbVTJT-hH%7EWl9xMN%7E2Q4w0sUcg7tcy0b1kdIb4yvY2JQbNNpuDVLon0dRrgJzgXeRM6QlL1esA5a2IgFFiwJbl3CkTeevNJXN6UtrTb-kZMzKrFGJLLKfTDI-gCg5KFRm58JMNp20IkWqtL%7Ed1EIfQcyhj5FwXkfIuIjekTleJCKlTrB3CkNtikIMG2gyxNj0K4-X48fQXPzqsA42PlyF7H3kzmZIiauIMUWY7fh7eSwkHjDiXDpwizC4NGGsI14Z6UmgeFV6rEo5wmJvGkR064H0Fe-D2LK%7Eb6Eow4OMog__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 40d99aa6cfc10f95e22377c61c42d9ad Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southwest Freeway Construction 001 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction Description An account of the resource The construction of the Southwest Freeway from 2nd to 4th Streets with a view of the 4th Street Abutment looking east. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shields Pictures District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 10, 1958 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource J.H. Hedin, construction contractor A.W. Clark, project engineer Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/cf2145a4973d3d92631522988ebce520.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Hws9V57bePwKVkTEKDJKK%7Ev2k0wQjKdE%7EM6Ue8ziZpp-HiqfKXlAq5zHes1DF8TK86oGGkFTpVm0HLD39SwFlLlsAckKkboohMW3WJ098tCblXu13b8fE9kravulkCXvaKCzt9eWEHlOsM0CrFhoMFCAbl9dYyxaMRLXoC%7E4UjKipHysxhqhPkQeb-uQO916Mcb9Bg-uEA8GLvSW16TY0E9emzqkJG9Vz%7EAKvHZHA1WW6au3icJvW1H8TwjVKPqYnP6Vb-spZLpPeIfXwyGcLFca6n5Vtz3ye9zHh9y4Kxz3G-GVptCdifYD1ZUyOUk3kOHGUW2Br1LOmzkMFDxydQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 532ec996c90ad5605744e27c3f92ddcd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southwest Freeway Construction 002 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction Description An account of the resource The construction of the Southwest Freeway from 2nd to 4th Streets with a view looking west. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shields Pictures District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 10, 1958 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource J.H. Hedin, construction contractor A.W. Clark, project engineer Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/5566e0a6210b8c861940a401c2d648b6.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Lp6Rya90pbORDiMZlS2xwfMQZW5uxVVy9CAXBy5Cg10UmcgD0NtglTJu8fB%7E%7Ewg0F61sUtnSanlsQiNLK4XtH6LBVzsPvih-0sERx-zGTA4cDpknREHKOjlLO5HQoq8YOlDEQ9JDVtLnTJfq3H5nzhdMkKGKvEV9APmyTeEvUbcDPulzG-k2DAO-b-c83EXlVjpx3wqRAdK-w0LVQ7I9SnhvGdOooxaWqOU6DU054M%7EZ%7EBN25EJAPQjlKCWutonDPzcev7saRNj7B9DdIy%7EhNEpvUKfUbUDtGPPsjrf4peATYQmYMoWYra2fFALx4q03YGaKnfwf2L4wR-8sPfWUhw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM a2311d7fc885db65f66a8c7ed11fb404 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southwest Freeway Construction 003 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction Description An account of the resource The construction of the Southwest Freeway from 2nd to 4th Streets, with a view looking west toward 4th Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shields Pictures District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 24, 1958 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource J.H. Hedin, construction contractor A.W. Clark, project engineer Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/4e38c243a5db56b50100cef24bc1fd26.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=o4ZOV5x9Vlc-c1PvFq865cVk75%7E8v54iT5KRkK0mlMEcMVZPYjqyD3u023LjRGA5U5i3tk-O6jaKE2bq7iGrA0DI2USgvwuBoDYrjJV4aZPM2Cs04IG4eQrJBZA1ickwTGhVzYKhK6K5AVgf0%7EN36lOeysQ6Bs8I6-FDGcLTynr%7E%7EUXscAwsCl%7EXag-NxNf3wXlBP2uQAWLFal5f5S4TxLakrIUBUN1apyAzSxgMKJRFggXe%7ENzfTt-wD85aGFAfaxfIqQ8m-5sLd%7ERzvp6WfxHhJcQYSUAP35i54LIBTO6V3JWMP5TFMhBQqLanZB%7EfI4xA7APVhqKyPk-X7PGBtw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 97abdc73b0068424350230f5772ffd37 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southwest Freeway Construction 004 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction Construction workers Description An account of the resource The construction of the southwest freeway from 2nd to 4th Streets with a view looking west toward 4th Street. #9. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shields Pictures District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 31, 1958 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource J.H. Hedin, construction contractor A.W. Clark, project engineer Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/b8bf168e3a2c08e9f426a11979fc0ecd.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=edm-WLwQkLmve3V92BFxVI5n6B0Cg8HqI7AbPhB98BYD2SlltcHorlLK-LXkN-Gg1PwzKA5Haq3JS5ZSU4s0oQqhPS35vgLFbV8tiyhhZk3DUTJJJkMBFVnShr3c4eTOgX%7ETbXigxXxvQUAUFjZNXCVypRfgCLKy5db28XjruKrHDcYUysTJLDRNpugTZBRwPg-jsqySiwnMARd5jijmL7FQ4T2meEs-1aXn7rc4W10lpFcEPKUFKXqf-Bj979TPki611W6FBXpRzyvNvEebmwnRpsuCiHrH9ZpNL-qcrGe2Pbd60b9Rc8A8P1Tb3vBabe8LUBlnuOM53kj-AvUIJg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 008a8c4dfcdd6aa2a5304f0ffe1def95 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southwest Freeway Construction 005 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction Description An account of the resource The construction of the Southwest Freeway from 2nd to 4th Streets with a view looking southeast toward 2nd Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shields Pictures District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 31, 1958 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource J.H. Hedin, construction contractor A.W. Clark, project engineer Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/6ad905cada0151064beb3899566da42d.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=HeHxR3ojJ77kGcQ-eD1v7nK-PfbE5%7EAGqfiiSfdofIJmqcXwuLJC1guRx2W4CbGbyHZqKTd-i9AaJ187k6T4FGIuut5y8DHkBc2MlsG8gMVYnfDQsfDpzADWaM-Ctct-nR2WoqQbAXhzoE1Ki3q0H2qmoAUEuykWTBKtjzUJEb03j-LTc1SkZ8AL4mxB-eSSyRCwDxN4azZm11Jcr-xAnIuxpPfTsqI1Np5UFWQUJlVNEjVCf9DZ9QxxnZuKd3g2O5GNI7RsB7zHW7SBMJ5bHrkVupOmT1NpOdMhJRuzxk-d0RV9-4z0tD0kq7ry6Nak-9lYrQa%7EHZDXjj6sO%7EyGZA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c68093bfbedb22588c28afa14fde6ae5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southwest Freeway Construction 006 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction Description An account of the resource The construction of the Southwest Freeway from 2nd to 4th Streets with a view looking northeast toward 2nd Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shields Pictures District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 28, 1958 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource J.H. Hedin, construction contractor A.W. Clark, project engineer Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/4838da8a9bce0be625400cbd1baf02ff.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=QAybH5GVBq6aWnSj2d6txOD0C3wWYwAwSRLKcnqWSt2MQWTOAK7fk5XwfsXtQZTnBArSsmgfFIsnlnCf3o%7Ey9UDx6qvnTqltbYD8Kbpi38cQ01wwILbBtwnmkfYiCjeEqL0ZaHIWmr6MgVqKO8hPcoY2EXc1GRO%7EpEVJ%7Eszh8zvnFEkUQ%7Ez%7ExWo0NzDpx%7ESJzxS947KN4lplKupPnXOMB5IsEfq4aUOailWsQ3eav2pd5aaj9JwUO7aQw-aJwsJS99IxpGW61CkkRDFHYuE%7EGIMmil4ddjRpqoUsQWiIO6PSEYAzeXfAouqnkoyE%7E0o1KAuUfNiPtglk1rax4y7gbQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM bd137bce37e6e4f007e33f63f7db579f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southwest Freeway Construction 007 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shields Pictures District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource J.H. Hedin, construction contractor A.W. Clark, project engineer Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 28, 1958 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d6f219b56f6fc3761b870155486d1768.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=ocn2o3W5lLe34WooRSlx1E764j2wrsIX7PWZOX5sX6nkfguXHDaJSfvxsn5P3QYyRyaHGENlk0B-4hcv2qfvq1rpAm9WTpkvxmNgXsNKY7d7IrDA5tZwOBDkylhAIK-WaZIO7BeI84SUoeuDDat3wjepCcmZRuBcv53SjqUJomelI0Ibf7JFTIA8C4t0IIVGtVnCmLOo5wSkI-E3uVpbOjEDVch2GTF6JQE3YBvp9efoYVgMW6Do8ZGwzhLqNedDhcqIVO9GbfLZ5QG49QErHQL1CQOQaN7WZn-VZieZ2h2hXtOfhQhUV5Viy6AFsM4cEIAI8kAtmwbzekaGG7aZug__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 6f2210d8463c5ca3c58e94630035e6d0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southwest Freeway Construction 008 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction Description An account of the resource The construction of the Southwest Freeway from 2nd to 4th Streets with a view looking east toward 2nd Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shields Pictures District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 28, 1958 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource J.H. Hedin, construction contractor A.W. Clark, project engineer Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/1b1346e1820e692bea2f06f39f4dee6d.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=c8yGvjuFyX2RozPS4Y0K8qi%7E2NNixLwMiqA14d-ep%7E1EoaFYVHPBQTLf%7EP5nCjTJNXgm38oBzwe5wiCxscgpAYa6JSZ2iuvZckThKeV0oBF6ORkOWJ-yqcHuJbtDFp8sfyzhP0pX6k5wEs2pVXk6NLrdU2WBAvnRpZoVKuaq0XLTsPF3ViaiKA68rXfHWWVBeXMxQbStiuPTLZEwCtFNAn0%7EKHXXkceKAZakebkk%7E6I7-G0TbR86KiwVEJV2eJjNXgbd0M9S7YM9XJdbkGRdfNrmTVmWt3Hsta0g3WF%7E%7E%7EiHvkuxRO7NyZ5jpfkJetNeSA37tIxpecZ9%7EVL3p58Qnw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM da6bb4472e62b705a30152d1ae5f8c60 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southwest Freeway Construction 009 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction Description An account of the resource The construction of the Southwest Freeway between 2nd and 4th Streets with a view looking west toward 4th Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shields Pictures District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 29, 1958 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource J.H. Hedin, construction contractor A.W. Clark, project engineer Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/ee791aeadefbc23fdfba0f130b253433.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=W6aVly%7EDafa64k0DOFIKVlCKHp1S0muAIl1fiJSX0fd%7ELaZa1Ngu5Y9yKovaBqX449PmQ%7E8ouPVDZwK7%7EJnH2p2govTmQrPIPNK-0yVd4I8aWL31ZR9a-kqzgwFe8lI4jcaYki0wAxcyLJkEFCLovy1-5MoOpxxhUzLYb%7E7Z6FCmkwoZARPb56elKvPG5zpKOhckZImFDGdXFbnI7X4CNRK4dwsPU9KI6RMLjU8AtpI6U6syHBkFWHSh%7EXaZfvYqps60FuNdOHcaHX6rhZDxj8CB77ESrrEkrq6bUdZko99PDCsDx3gP9NaG1kCgf284WDf773MtuYR7%7EiGNJeFdtg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 55058a9391a76188d1f5dae2d0958e31 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southwest Freeway Construction 010 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction Construction workers Description An account of the resource The construction of the Southwest Freeway from 2nd to 4th Streets with a view looking east toward 2nd Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shields Pictures District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 29, 1958 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource J.H. Hedin, construction contractor. A.W. Clark, project engineer Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/2a2b2bdb6e7eb1dd128c1588e28a9796.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=FydDOR4OyZMcxBMiGZtdDjGlBUVCocG8RRCb%7EaYTipNy8NxniKjhJfpQ6D4Pzzz0H2qgyIokujpT8EvmiVqZ0I743m%7ESRnTFykRMjoIZW6NIz-gpUuS47hh4I1cpZ56g5uVve3WQ9aE7aaNIPte8moNB9CYhYuf7WxMkgFUnWTHRyCPGPuPM84pGYPDMpSkup87uYgBsW%7EESpUFYbZc0jV4CE5YnnVw-1qIWSDwwWyAnX4Wttsbogw8l2OYnDD3TA6WjHOqsWWcKGT0eqJ61-3pd%7E6Ommm2uyKzyMo6u0elm5dB5QS7W7ARCtL9vZh0i3qvm1e1CJtvc1WOVI3VEAg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ce8c39a3e44b1aa6040d031cd49f0dec Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southwest Freeway Construction 011 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction Construction workers Description An account of the resource The construction of the Southwest Freeway from 2nd to 4th Streets, with a view looking west toward 4th Street Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shields Pictures District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 11, 1958 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource J.H. Hedin, construction contractor A.W. Clark, project engineer Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/ea3ed2ea6bcc59c134abb1f6a42a3a68.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=gzMqavD3A0MabjwsYm8RuGArtCTuVJiF0VWxDeVA65wdpjt0wsrAT5PBNwOJ2CJO4vV0tjj6OSk3aSxF7zWF2j-DFEou0ih8OlIVkIEGJmFOG5EYTFDGdWdr-lreIoiyYiJj8EheesETiERI02SVTiNLeCv4aUSYWgtTmMEu9AJbwKnegHq7X3f9kfcT5EIdInKSmhNzIvwWiz3GbmaQHONidzn0zY7EM-8ljtSICmo35k5iu6WnDUZWH7qPYJI6L-LVmaZ0szj0KEBFApP1OIy56Ow3ZFgkj7NzXiXCtbszxkdxI7e2QUHlejKoXcMWQrhX9gbl5JB4HvxHN%7EW%7E9w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 5484f26585fe00397e9bf914d95f7a46 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southwest Freeway Construction 012 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction Construction workers Description An account of the resource The construction of the Southwest Freeway from 2nd to 4th Streets with a view looking southwest toward 3rd Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shields Pictures District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 4, 1958 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource J.H. Hedin, construction contractor A.W. Clark, project engineer Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/fbe27a76f4cd98c27f6d573ce3bb8e69.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Ff7HHHmFJgfWnmNBE-W3zMIy%7ENGqJVGv06DhCTQ2YGCXdg7yRxcMokETkIy1OfQDNToe2fH%7E%7ElqXyzNyNCND%7EbECEY3kYWi9Oehcn5GVapU9V0DOIi83iZU9vREl9Blb3gsui%7E9t2aj5fXAlWkNLtFZcs3Oo2J8BP92yGFDG6DCHXo2cwJCLHJkbqgqvjezGum2oTW2fAehxNULtuSs1t0UpdcLY6GECZuaKDssdkSCLvp%7Eaz4MRgZzEmXp1DCvShRYW0HVRUtU%7EISOE32m75KJw6zRkxUS4cYHZvaXqazG2C1GExeatHJlPMkF6yFSdiV-i6eijpm5EbvvO-sOLcg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3047673be4cf6613f4c6953879ec0fff Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southwest Freeway Construction 013 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction Construction workers Description An account of the resource The construction of the Southwest Freeway from 2nd to 4th Streets with a view looking west toward 4th Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shields Pictures District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 9, 1958 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource J.H. Hedin, construction contractor A.W. Clark, project engineer Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/e9f1d2803bbb0844f2fe16e3903f9432.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=DS7Cf7iR4vbn6vkD1VNOMCeDmBp9YLxpnDw4iex84cdlJc25fmUsbxkAu3HCP9ZQoetqpcGaMekk8YTeymmuD-QV3K45cudWQMorfUmFgjnGw4tlTLA%7ElwdldOEsGNwSL-PEvKnwxnegXS5bnIkVmF7ROwU3ldcYcvf-lBzH77EppNTeRgF9R8fyZNTX0qehaZ98mSqZfkmwsEeBYaWn8Tme7JOjmO7qelPSr4zwaG-s5ucyIB93-LtPvbB1l-T-GLAPZhDSkeCIs4vBnAfL8-zYZVLMHL23lSI0wYnMWS-0PntfTOWR-nIqymAmeA72C9Zp9WY0gxQRxGobpbe6IQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7cdee16d16f334a2a1ae7e87a7f8c689 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southwest Freeway Construction 014 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction Description An account of the resource The construction of the Southwest Freeway from 2nd to 4th Streets with a view looking east toward 2nd Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shields Pictures District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource J.H. Hedin, construction contractor A.W. Clark, project engineer Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 9, 1958 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/e167ceecf92016980985b2b78f2f296d.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=WyMMqGkLJN0y%7EfhumGu88EHV2RLnBFoZ41AqMjkI6SxJ%7E32IOAl%7EnhDpiVOIPIuD21JWZkEVrZzIEKKvMaTaSJC989xTeQ1oeIBE9oMzwL-1Lo-jPYHLe4RVasLbcI-muzKmIe%7E42ZaaF7caq6XP4p2f1EGO7Dg1DI7dOwjo0f%7EHnryP%7Eb2lCMcOGDOv2Lm8yWrnVI%7EiTjzVg%7EqMxqL3ymbo3kdGEzEECyRzhGA2Dw3MQOGkyxrhWh9PDtZYPsUv6550IpFccD8JrZtMCnLs1tQIMinOY8e5pFyI9FI0K8KX9AArmp9itvMUxrUx9Ss6GN38Ec%7EgrhH-J4cKK%7Etf1Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 4ea0c0ed10caac3f012b0b9c5014fbbf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southwest Freeway Construction 015 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction Construction workers Description An account of the resource The construction of the Southwest Freeway between 2nd and 4th Streets with a view of 2nd and E Streets looking south. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shields Pictures District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 29, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource J.H. Hedin, construction contractor A.W. Clark, project engineer Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/9f292ab25334a4ae8f8116c67e680215.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=q2ej%7EvJZKLeENuEJXpVzrNrQTaE-FD9ci4ddkXLb-lQ6bwXjSz-lrTKm-rmKpNuhfSGfnIfDOrNK-xsptWDgQgDvZPEtyGosGt9pIyxenOCtaM96RRCKB5d5HDCy9rWDLZkCqCc760lF9YugVxYJKDlOF1vrBkG0pBvXOUeqoy8LP9gS3oC0DBajnM0KEXtp3AQi88%7EF3kiu2OkMvjafEsl2AhCc0iBVjoki%7EFX7kOpYNyqDuamdJUj3BjKZ76BafqOIaYfuo20Fk2%7E9cxpD%7EZrJuB5JibMSgJYjZcZRRMuX0dG8b%7ESj9igCNWPYLsc3mP-Pof9Y8tb56pkIyo3Zaw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 37ee79ca1aa84850c72fd010c7d2f5b2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southwest Freeway Construction 016 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction Construction workers Description An account of the resource The construction of the Southwest Freeway between 2nd and 4th Streets with a view looking west toward 4th Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shields Pictures District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 29, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource J.H. Hedin, construction contractor A.W. Clark, project engineer Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d08207a0f5688dde08fb95bf55767c20.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=iVnX5UUa-2HFt1r6X2NZUd2WB2P7gqR7C6aXUAGkeF6UiFNX3b-HPAo0xE30E8xkhD9l8yX1NcuWF8KYEi8g2q87rRptlxQ5TOKg7vE3eeRNOUIECQRRrP6gkFk5Jji431k5yep37rySH%7Es4lAu7jiQAmmpbjo0DkpNkGNYFx3hr-Sf6hobcCT3uk8WKDmSF83CKshLaLFwwUw3UPHDlUa9T71KKwjDv3kXViK7YzOmmCPlg0u3iZW342NxyBHx2QMYNfW6Hb-npXwH2i71hbLLl44OxWyZf83PAGY5xVE2QXkVjMLbjdFwA1dzk59d24JeC70Py1A%7EJKYCnvsZ9MQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 6e5394e5f5dafc76f553dc0021c932fc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southwest Freeway Construction 017 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction Construction workers Description An account of the resource The construction of the Southwest Freeway between 2nd and 4th Streets with a view looking southwest toward 3rd Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shields Pictures District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 29, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource J.H. Hedin, construction contractor A.W. Clark, project engineer Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d91abafa103b2da8a9823617d3d125af.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=V%7EtgYvlzJJOYkHyid959MwIJqJ2kt11mkXjzyi4thlXGGPy%7EASpcPSpoAHBAxgUHUtLu-VdolpEa%7E-zUoEzNv9WrHi-x4Bme6RPryBQBxvBm%7EZ2cqt%7E25v6TtN9Vz4clRKAEpTPlKkMv-yKnjHM0BFuV4eWEOK4pquxBBOTaQrdAzY2ZPiN%7E3SJzIhH5yO9p6sMtgK%7EZm2N8za9tLgJDZATzunJnaFPpD-7f7-1J54ZEcsuUfhExxsrLbvms16yZPcEN67IcYtyVotsrFBESVdET403eJz8KIDG3oXbLl2SGdl1RI422ywyzKfOtWHcNOrECvozGGhqiw0mIAJMiCg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 5931bd206e324458a63a226d94b0e70b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southwest Freeway Construction 018 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction Description An account of the resource The construction of the Southwest Freeway between 2nd and 4th Streets with a view looking west toward 4th Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shields Pictures District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 29, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource J.H. Hedin, construction contractor A.W. Clark, project engineer Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/0c9b850bf82613e2c1a996bc6e378234.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=h-kvx68WNdszsuwGatzdhoEOT14BJ%7Er%7E9ZEdHfv0V%7ECleE8mzFLVwsRxpKBjBpytMzu2Tee6f99Mz-PYUAiSnUqb-HO4wwAXIXmgrWrz%7EW5FC8jNGMRtNd1g2PcdpBmJ6ACW6CbONZ7ln4KUr5mhXNLkkGYoqUGdRju-U3WI3ODCVZEdQke9rSv9aLY4ZP6jfvQJw51ouk7XXrmHUZwr-cDvZHioG1784e5xtJkOgDuMzbi8g%7EcxhBigYgcb7dvalx%7E9Pf45bkv%7E3d04hbWntGs%7EaPkMsa28u6rBCBc5Dm9C3HpuOk7o4AzK750KqjsuSSFft2oWcMwjBrW6ZyK8Hw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b2db729198997c18b488c127a7b8c64a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southwest Freeway Construction 019 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction Construction workers Description An account of the resource The construction of the Southwest Freeway between 2nd and 4th Streets with a view looking north toward E Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shields Pictures District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 25, 1960 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource J.H. Hedin, construction contractor A.W. Clark, project engineer Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/f0037d6a8fa1a1fadc9419be3f73436d.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=UBdccftG6eUkgF2WNkcD4sa9D%7EgMFiudId0ARnProPYhjXeX7gjeoNVptKejMXmCu7EwY7m4mceE3wtuIOSHuiWnTNI5q8Wi4tXmHioOOwjNkY-YLh-ClMAOc-ajDosiYiWmXDXgpeM65fikltI8lpIwiOE1cbB0ka5YGxg9MxtP62JGkxmYqGvBTFu2plJaUZhDdEzgo0HvfPj%7EPgGu4DTS7sOH6EDkJGW7P60neWkKxOtdLDhH2w79fR8mEMhwvHXHZE%7EQHSA-AWz1DDGCNatgTVjuJk5MY5zBV9l1%7ELLPm1sPWmpDrA94Nnv3z8BWZJGdWFhsqk8aKKmmK9VNDA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 268752973ba5a19876f485e685d49091 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southwest Freeway Construction 020 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction Description An account of the resource The construction of the Southwest Freeway between 2nd and 4th Streets with a view looking west toward 4th Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shields Pictures District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 25, 1960 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource J.H. Hedin, construction contractor A.W. Clark, project engineer Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/7de9940fe4b04de96263f56fbdd4ac81.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Gc-V2tcK0Q6Deao57o8qIrbF1Vq%7EBnB%7EIN7dYsRdtfFOV3YmCDw59gBFqY9XNC8XeHUvZbMbM8gjfImGFxYOYDwRP57gpUxlSjDDdouSfJyKtfB6hpLWsYfSlNrYu42xGl3soLya9daRQF3jDthb1DE3%7EBeeqPb3oY4bOPAECHjP5ykQAuHQCb3mITyMLqyKzw6LhwrULBvIRUOcwC5pif3XneHQ7YQzN1GIPCOK-X4MmQ--4oyMhjQipJvJerAu40Zl1jWYDraCGBauIKsRrB-n4czF3ZcPXtxI6kuFNZm-dHIIP1IWrWs39C59oxatKrhP2vifnIJBMaEQS5og-A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM fb4ae08f59a754812c7e8414755245c7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southwest Freeway Construction 021 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction Construction workers Description An account of the resource The construction of the Southwest Freeway between 2nd and 4th Streets with a view looking toward 2nd Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shields Pictures District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 26, 1960 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource J.H. Hedin, construction contractor A.W. Clark, project engineer Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/24db9af948b32f9b8541281910ea9ccf.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=cIDIgy62sM6SamDM1vINoeTFjE%7El6vxOm%7E0EM021jOtJFpijP9xKG5wZBK%7EOltrNxXE5iLKEuwSWlbFKdWSMA2foWTyB8xOwpHqft9m8NCoLqcuIbGBjSrXIc3QMaZaZKVDeASXy9WI%7EZl%7E9snrv0qlPXONe21wF2qA-h7ZkhOsbKpokQsAu-XZ2imWpMywlXoBqSk10elsbWzz3ejlbJmiHrqqmvoBXC5dU688vnqvmOxE99kzGFFnboC9MtrbE9SsuLHAcrYVMMGJHeme5Hqms%7E5QJ89HP3%7EfsxbAqnsv2mRBJxDe-YGH%7Eb47UZxUj03bu8BLr%7Ey-s4qJlOhJgxQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3135555f59e9660d35898a5b451879be Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southwest Freeway Construction 022 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction Construction workers Description An account of the resource The construction of the Southwest Freeway between 2nd and 4th Streets with a view of the north wall looking toward 4th Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shields Pictures District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 25, 1960 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource J.H. Hedin, construction contractor A.W. Clark, project engineer Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/ca41cb70c7ced6a27659caf024f42fb7.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=UAMbPQtw0WKtc8r0gfSuR7nj4cr-T4mpn-dKi81n%7EUEHtZMM7gWB77kVA72QQisTtb758uDtiwmSsRsJyhkj3gx9ino0%7EaqWN7dnOaTHRkQW4CKgfLRD%7Eb3hatxA2h-eVEfIcQxXx9l5mPKuYXN%7EXoIynQYvZPefSF0-8Tg2N4d46kxtWf-LShYbnkfQf94m85389TkTWUN6065ulHxhdHLHyFyzoCme-Bd-q-XHhzmcqvrpImLswXqjgC0ByX%7E%7Eng-6sMI%7Es%7Ej7D68w7qHrd5adR9oFNna1YwZzKDbz2YilJ%7E3nVmiqPvOvKcpSN738fjdyR1HKFrVAd5v0SIZAvw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 2d728f210d9e354002722dcac49d58a3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southwest Freeway Construction 023 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction Description An account of the resource The construction of the Southwest Freeway between 2nd and 4th Streets with a view of the brick paving in the vehicular tunnel. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shields Pictures District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 14, 1960 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource J.H. Hedin, construction contractor A.W. Clark, project engineer Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/e58cbed33dd16d5b1c9b161fbe47e074.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=XowCGYiTVHpa3wrP8HhMKGSBIPiy4K1hnoAFHt1DSaZPcRKf%7EfiGHXs%7E4sjjTyLnm73rgpmAn3ty7PXNpq3I%7EYxFUGe3Ehha2IWqHiMaGqPpb1EcngXSe7UdO3CD9ktk8FXDhsyK5PxurixKV2V6YdUQCaC40maxAsDjHm5Js0sSQqTDIuG6ouKSJnnweeAjYV7XS5IRbQ4s7LiTb5dMSRkBHrISLk1%7E-X5B95rlxFOIznvDjfoMs8ej7wFvD7-zK8qR6Mud7eWpQvM7GC5Np7MS5WY6Nqc%7ET8zjTMmp4bZ%7En8z-GEGxMk2AGYv1D1gzWmzbaELM5IGkrxrwOVe9Xw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM a008447f746c3aa45bfce6bb47395d24 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southwest Freeway Construction 024 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction Description An account of the resource The construction of the Southwest Freeway between 2nd and 4th Streets with a view looking east toward 2nd Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shields Pictures District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 21, 1960 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource J.H. Hedin, construction contractor A.W. Clark, project engineer Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/aae49e8ff4b44548b8952cf36b8049b6.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=r8lT0DB%7Eg77OXqEwCNw1loTWOo8JTCb7o1npbJWQWnLejQWCH4UduZeUwJTFA79hM9WYI089c-gesfQzxBOtcNaDT6Ntx%7EevJ2P0b71MLNk4OJKctJ-d-Rh15Pdf0Uf-TgGW7UMdw2vjl%7ECrPcGHgcKi2mtoaLOFLfy0A-4QfogeUwOp5vQvQzqMXbiFd8tiUwh9gPCor5HhUoygBwMg5JjnKnSYxQogNFcAR8gxRf9hoH6znCLInOQ4TLRFfpx8nmXvHX7PjcBvF9RE5H31loBadgn5vWafVhwxdfpygIl02qEYlo0Z7pKynU7y6Q4yIJLoumxWotnRwfcp2wPE7g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 4786fe8bd9565c40894fad1832f1a419 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southwest Freeway Construction 025 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction Description An account of the resource The construction of the Southwest Freeway between 2nd and 4th Streets with a view of 3rd Street looking east toward 2nd Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shields Pictures District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 21, 1960 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource J.H. Hedin, construction contractor A.W. Clark, project engineer Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Construction Projects Subject The topic of the resource Construction projects Road construction workers Road construction Description An account of the resource Construction heavy photographs that don't otherwise fit in DC Streetscapes or DC Bridges. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource District Department of Transportation Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southwest Freeway Construction Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction Freeways Construction projects Description An account of the resource Photographs of the construction of the Southwest Freeway from 2nd to 4th Streets, southwest. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Shields Pictures Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1958-1960 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Construction Projects Freeways Southwest Freeway Tunnels Underpasses https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/11c34d573fdf690bf7a5fca34fd98d1c.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=NHsdL5wHDafITgnoVReHhu%7EuFG5wkQIveNkOaezzNe7PGcNviKz1xUzpLxpFGOY4XSekGHbfFHACl7a4Vfv9gQT8Cp3RoLlpdBOGYk3i6E2ELEz%7Ec%7Ermbgm02lrR12YSb8%7EmqjGD9OMOhxspFBZrVKMnm9pjPli2UvMvKjNd4eJJmaZtdcNfshAi%7EAAVXimY0fgmrJAymhzDKQDOVL2-KHSxkgycuRKFgKiSBrDnl%7ECBb9-Ob6VKI1urzE6P0G5BqdWk96SpPuHiRSHHRlR3WxJmcz6sr1YJ%7EdFawmFIbHLe2O4z0DGccswfwmrv3ytSMoYrbcg2fLMjWHGOq7hxMA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b5bfac167278c813ff9abaafca535746 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 001 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Streetscapes (Urban design) Motor vehicles Parking lots Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 1. Looking northeast at area for ramps 1 and 4. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 2, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/cd30ccbdade3f6a2a008582e6507b42f.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=oLqYaSmhUFjzcStrUjcTSQ6XtxeTqrbvKqC5nkuOp7207XgalD9vpR7ZoMXfDnD0phVEZ2T3KlN3nBIqHr8hXn%7EO%7E3JF56OboihlzmCLdcaBndhQcZOok3bLjXkuVUWj6TNyL4ihzF3MTrEwvW-xXIqqbaB%7E6LLslr7lWByaIgtqlohklO5NdoM2T29K5QjJXJ%7Ei6QrrRSJW0Vn8W5XhWeew8lx0Xn8sXwehFX-gL-BhK3LMDZqQpJFDsDQSS43N9NUtq8kAYW0SdrLtCDQkbHponaJH2w4lvDxSuWQ6dCEUH84VAh06AzUPxrbuOrqFf9wFo0Jsh2HjN6uEfyVIWg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f1114f50678eb60e35d72a41cf48e7f3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 002 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Streetscapes (Urban design) Freeways Motor vehicles Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no.2. Looking east along Whitehurst Freeway from 31st Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 2, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/b370717b35f821b820fab227f279d63f.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=IuB3EHMX0mk-MeqgWC%7Ex4AylUsoscanJoIeGA69KzBqp5dWjvuig-gx0nmw5k6NPSYG4LI28isquGfuwM349vANXcCFgRgpem384GmQLC3oN7Sa43ITIgghJIdAQHNmAxoJrNSruUCW%7EQyA0j8nbhdaFrmTftDb07ANENgPtndMvYLghca4iOyZT-bE-UlahnFM5rMcJ7Kh0JvXe19xy9l5lDS11UBg4lUmarA0nzQfoUtW3w7YW%7Eof5D1bATy0q7DJxOCqIritLQf84L1d-aTI1r4pEUrHaCuZRdB6m9qVqHXXKBCoeXTVVwU9SBfG6aMAz%7Evgzmoc1bkTfmVgqJw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 27b3a99798815d7d6859977b2731d7f1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 003 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Motor vehicles Personnel Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 3. Looking northeast at substructure of existing Whitehurst Freeway. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 2, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/3a924fdb6ebd436ac58a405031f5bb1e.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=od3eKqDfswHc0PomUfNT1M1hKl1Ik1dfaxsQufWzwsh1JvGY288T7wN500DvsG6pSP75%7EjGHzwLEQ57kyDZ7AZaczgDQhPXAs3b2q3UU6NTvdQZnWgcmP35lqS2%7E50g-iuNAutgxfoQH-IYZutKRLSKiUxNVsIyYQni0Jsl3PKChcy8bHeaeHQGOGwDlWSA2t9CeMNvlJaIy--EfJp8Gu3RW15T2yk7lDMUTAraZ6qgZIwmWpe1uYZ6CImpOOjmu9bc3k7uaPZdN8seAxSxAgx2DrbxKum%7El9G84s25xiSFE5pbb3AH5TZjyi43C45fmyAYbYvug1ALPcR6oqVG8yQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 0fde719574a81481d57d6d7c4d7fec04 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 004 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Personnel Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 6. Looking south in coal yard. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 17, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/c7e06887e7985b43e73494b334eabea2.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=J-7DdsqYkLGQe-xpCZIKwUbTqa2Y26OD7cwA5RCrSyuSz1lhIHjTp8X4uGgApHltJsEKwXYJ00tQRmWT5KV6dG4KF-6r6RJqreVKgMmxiVNBti2FMH7oqvQ4bmUiaTSkX2NSuqJUJu7vV9jq3rQec4HbchrdXAZcIDchGXe6cRYY8OHoY%7EDbQOvFbnUWiocP1xJbcUbrXhaD6u%7Eb4GSkmsRevbVb3JsOqh%7Eh-gS3839wLNtWmXGU3rZjrhcWfqB0QQocu46iwhleCcKj5la4jPw6EFiDDkI9XViKohV3oMwlSEkYjOU5Tv3yWDi97-Ux2JxJ12Kc7djVkAXlOo4ZaA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 5567f3cb720ee48c8b79be89b8c31ff0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 005 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Ramps Construction sites Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 7. Looking east at site of ramp 1. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 17, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/3fb96e68f8ded96787734573fc38ad75.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=iy1vLL-9E5ggJHavBnIGka4qG0dsuBoW87gT-rklSj-nESviBz34e64tgpXHKXqv9QfTfB0RT1Qmr9wQC8DMC9ArPhZ8OQkYzg6MyvPMIXfcH2O1Myp7kGS5u90IiJuRLzZNM4Ics1etpQUcvY7q-uZJ4tyoHUpdkQxTYQZ5wVuuLJyMKg7A-u6aSDmz5MAbykHbuJnXn2kLqBmMk-hBhRd6qxSeqvnHAbcv0sbhz0KJmrxLVTZMop0fVC3O1InUG1474MHmj7RDzGE0vi2O1m%7Ev3rMAGDNjZFZKd8EMk%7E2zik%7EtSjXXna2NAJzKZCa9uvB53YWMnRwEON9ngrXMRA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 4e5bda9b615a88a5f07da4219b50b829 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 006 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 9. Looking south in coal yard from west heating plant. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 17, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/9565f4e13238a6b4bfec63dee2d299c6.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Fbc%7EPTcW6NBfxmjPPbHE7RwsBRe0oF-xYjha2UYWNBYKYsGwktSXPRnFUj1Iz3Bw8bjm%7Eo5zeeq77gPXc4JPRQFVKMumPTc7wVjHJrdFokaS0wAF4mzWEJmLe9cYdskSnMioNnXv4JzXJlPrvPr4jMqR74SqGzuRC6ipUOMbD2K6T6DpyvlwdCBXpPO2C2l4y2vzGFDdMpSJH-Ulvw%7Ed4f7iDqlBo%7EtlzpCwMaTUw7ukGwRrlfYWSBgKTAFk63IICbaAstanXHNLWlsJzgWVpzK1PDvd8KCAgJ8tkA7czBJ9L9P4EA9T91jV%7E0nRd1nLHj1PDbTsd1iocSM4cZdHQg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 92367a00181e9da249a545970714ea80 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 007 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Cofferdams Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 10. Looking southeast at cofferdam where bents 3 of ramp 4 and bents 6,7,8, of ramp 1 are. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 17, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/091a8be7011c1b85033eb6d1098b2b68.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=surHuXjMFsphj-R-ooMGYAXsA1EJarGcbXIbBUIkw9pv3g--MwrL5YVLoxneoR4m6O8mDfD8UehmJfE43sjLPnyajdz2trHC-o-qg06HAzQi2CIaDMBrGkyHEQSOWUENE4wIc4B8saX3wawkPSWLG7pj-Zw%7E81sXIjY2Sn-CBv0TLUzGKkX6DIekSn00c0MI0W9BryY6eW-LcUJKjn1EXRMPSds-l20H4J%7Ezk%7EVstTtenjtAudFzqZ0hTE04luY4g9UGVuVQetr5ZKlmLpLcXMHJNKPlHZa7HnlMvxizeerx55JnxvI1LG-3ZQRgBu-t2zNeKEs0hwfQZk78xVLV9A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 54fd9fe9c8879edbc46ded9cd30c0755 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 008 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Ramps Construction sites Motor vehicles Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 11. Looking east at ramp 1 and 4 from west heating plant. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 17, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/bababd8de01a3b1baca91a05a02212f4.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=rlR5Rpu9XxwU7gBHmzNPgrp9oFWFFERyEwMFUXeKVwNafeToQhwnKGtzRjJaD3ysKWvfjLSlm%7EjIhMfBkXjKk3Xqsu8CRO8L-UGvlQtiN3Ly16u-phCuHCan5k4uQkdMaY22ie6cCi1KiAZxWfn5ibv8by4U5%7Eex5xGxYYbaNEZMiE4bcB7033NowQZhBZzCdKigoc7vlafWagB2QTI95ThlWb1qEhQW2b3FsE89cufTAcEnsAX43am3U-8Rl%7EUg3fex0-gZge4H-gBtjkvuU-aJLWxB7JULIsw5oEB4ZGLqSaUaZZuBaH4bxkQpLhmudiSl5MNe8y9uttyEDVZJUg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7a0841ae01228e6bf3d20503b36f2d7d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 009 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Ramps Construction sites Personnel Abutments Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 12. View of abutment falsework ramp 1. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 17, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/010ce82e86c03a809a347d04d73eac65.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=nJkmkFILbeR6OkerIOf-chA2cIXnmLwCbfSSJpLADrD0FjK5MGdwodsU2Nh4cy869jDlJPbsNQWUYnyjkn%7EED8mifRAVkvIgMXCTlJbeuRNKAtDgXrZifJPO5LiqlyccU3yDkfHX17hkkA64-bUTaZasWhRAfJ2KVm4f6eNDIRt7PMjYMfjTl75DQGBksXtMvlQn2d5K1iHQFUE7XbikKCE6R1gi%7E9cJxhgRFOUjbueRN9hZgis5A1J2PmaptCf40ED4HUnlixp0HeoTNINr205Wguwz3syxLjnpDPkS3Lpn7AALHohFzpji2iA7rr9gk4WW9u13ki1frjtzEmyMNA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM cf6b525596ae12a2f93ec897f40c5fd8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 010 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 13. Looking south at coal yard from west heating plant. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 16, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/480e00c2e22a38f3c1730609f9df97d3.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=dR9laEf5R2k17NHsps7hipCJwidy915MYZIGjBVCzHdbYuSoghnu3FeD8q0Lq5031nIHaVPwACiYN3nmXGLzi7wngrVibTLsAGVB3cuwch%7E6tE6MuAY3Om-GNOGGldFAIOtcEOQOfrfBIOcr62E7DFEO5qlFcdWPVFmss-5HHGQJT5%7EYIY-NJpfKKP7as%7EZ0dqu8YhASzAzT9Asty4cNB3jzNxoBsoi-j7MXbGaoBGO5q%7EYfoOG1-QPT75llEpIoNTg0HFFxsautBGIwE%7EZE1eaCZO0PJNbJ84BP5WK4p8iTieXMD3WAaORdK1c1PotbVgwAL4hTUj6N9mBB0MCgJg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 770fee82c0533d75a9bf09004b6f9e16 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 011 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Ramps Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 14. View of bent 6-7 of ramp 1 and bent 3 of ramp 4. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 16, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/5b5c7ad5a698326bb154c2b8616ff6d0.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=oGWpER%7EpxbPkd8d54rhyJzne92zkdzXmXmKq3IyCnpiZhXP56zr7GMGk-IxYuJixYorx-IUc2DAWaYlsTauUPnp7OZTV7xvr05qCxtSKQHLMp4ZgBzMUq5o-ckJkzP5HpMrdzSouuLzEOIv1RXmgDW1CkYUfq2XdKLzpLIO06ZkHXq42qZiiEbFSBPjkmIv7rSVEhO5CnJztoSJZqWJwKS%7EzmFI8VksOVWJwwrlZc71ffXqdnphGWXGVQlaC%7EDf7mEkWEO6GNpUADz-ZJdC0RyEnHN00fSAx5Judke5mrA-SUu0wyZv6GpIeY5VHIa1icr3ksOJz7RGr%7EDNmAzAb3g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 24aec286aa3498119923a4c9f6ce56bb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 012 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Ramps Construction sites Motor vehicles Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 15. Looking east at proposed site of change order #1. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 16, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/b1a28cf60b3cc9ea3f9732af8baada29.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=I9hM9VIZT3ArqmnULP9XZih4QM1-fQMklyA3DiW%7EQzX0DujLI7KMoEptytwnivRRnbJJJdhifZ80KVy5783ANmiL2ZcBYAMAcJzGPRxKxufchDjd4x2sT6fkWybLQbwAKfrxX8q%7EGanRuk8Q2O5Djgs6asG23IWgjr7HXwfbaMr7E6EcUkwDueMFV545Y9qBQHjsnexvbpLftTF0mL8KHWlxxlCGZ-cn3WeVpgvGrQv51vQ5nVMZ1oPD7OaEGhXgId24Kgs%7EBty9YXdOwggr3FXtJ9ISjjGxxOAR1W1nQTD99lmP7%7E4exSQSVXpcgCOW6psZW2bTpOjtXXVv2D6vaQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 9cd595835e80ba3eed31fa8a499c0e98 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 013 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Ramps Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 16. Looking north at falsework of stand 7, ramp 4. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 19, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/fa4d41e91ada6f420b5b9b2527e63997.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=QH8DjZKqFEzioD3zcjvD6rQgePMcL72WvcoM94CmemANcwZZ-4hxnrxcEgpLWnUqTEvh0G70KMHL5dzscpnHXkara5ktYqyvj7oPNUpLy6Gg0oiCyVHFsgYCQMlaQiiCKAQTqPdV8GoZQkArYOylxvyFvuEl%7E82zp7yCAZ9mH1doVioPRUIhtBLBy6gYYIK67Od7MpD%7EzNMJn7lCUn9kRdWrU04IfUiu8pF-LURmpZCX2RsN8CcbOjXmmh5L0uAtuAS3bLEvHr14pc20VfywncQqmtnIbObsGB5QrQH64ee6x8TMzO8%7Ee3AwMXKLkxqrjp21vnFEFjOgXt1wPtaOBg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM a09bbf03a5ef33a40e06c6ce26c9add8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 014 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction sites Freeways Ramps Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 17. View of falsework for ramp 4 northeast of the coal yard. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 19, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/1c6b0ad6b04eae954b54fc572f743204.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=OVkd1%7ER18HhPWuZcC1HihMk6fkxccOvKcigEFGvFouvbBCZE6na-CxeXqGekwLii2QeC4i%7ExJsxcC%7E9NcjRiNZiYEF07VSuzlHO3-%7Ei5VqLQL7UwKuVUEM979gXwz7uv-1sv4GR4XXVkkWWzT0xx5KNIKCQc4Bv9vRFav9Jmn7-GbXIuTGYNOx6vdB8VdwgoIqjX2vEFBLAy-AtH3v7rl3O601%7EctDLX8Tp6P%7EBCM1Sbq1n0F7MoYudbNDyciIkJUkFPSmfdEcRN%7E9lG9NYgDS2eEDD4YjKvCT20TsmtBZUYfbnDdpZE9ATtgsBgnJLmzzeBrYWSKMwlQAGru0e1ng__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e5bb91e1919ae71c5a6035f4aed6e1ff Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 015 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Ramps Construction sites Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 18. View of matting for falsework on coal yard slab. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 19, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/b2c88ddb5eadd60d9aa6d20d806e91c5.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Y24-Zxv8244tMQ%7EzglbHlXjtyWxfEck0UIr7ZIuSXSyTfa-piEPVd8cmp6N%7EvnKIxG3zJ0oPuW2E8tfqJ09p-nB9kyOqwISNgOqebtNIFaFDRioZ%7Et1TlqIcAh-TxA02cPKEpSDcAPdg-r10%7EvngAEkHcxJVJHv7b8GP9iHqu4MzgcPn9EBJQHk5g%7EmFwV8E%7EBHQyDudw3Uz-6jDC5HtjjWxZe4fJQPF-CAxNInVfU6fTUPXknR6XGHaFHIHkBliqCRmQdT1-qK4U4wNtUSmi6QmhJglGDfIaPaR4biaACoh6vkIc91zCLUt4R6KozwR9TnFa4GgwVFnOVj7xAwbhQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM a5dbd7dafaa210317d1f752f18aba013 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 016 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Ramps Personnel Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 19. Looking south from west heating plant at ramp 4. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 19, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/da0bd549dccf52407a3fcebce2d7d861.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=aPctetXIJMV-KyKvPyiUAsRo9GJ8W452fWDgySuuqgzh3kRI8ANKmarM%7E0vdtMfJm%7EGdEwy9rt7hpGoob8yN2Dsj7MtJYxgSRHOEwGbimAEwL98xnEjTdAC10Ixgpgxx2LlaagtTsMi8kSKvE1Ee7R7b1S%7EAhM4kPs1pkQsM%7EOcNnbaN%7Ec1UiAvBsQ3XKuys6pvtveeMrKSzVJRzf3HAnE7275BNahkgQfFAy5BpihNSnCRlvqsUQcRlQxEy%7Ee6uQouIhjJV77PlB81gmhhl-hsn1FIT0F-U-z7BWHB5isMeYEiKt9gHosxn9-jkb7GLH0rnT6tVwRRNH6D-LsyfjA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f6c38ef970e4791b545562c39bcc0cd7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 017 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Ramps Construction sites Detours Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 20. Looking east at ramps 1 and 4 and completed detour of northbound parkway ramp. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 19, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/531a7631ed58c30e00bcb621dbb88a6b.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=f0HtyZFLKFub3Oje6-Ihg1bpxSKWWc7g1rhOrwtvzlxoESd3cmx9Bwur0BH5AOctLGpDY5WRcQu%7EhiLXFsJCMqI5FfDyVgz04AYDnwCa-1cLpBmX5PKnf9HgRiDGt224gNr8pLE9IwQNawa4kgdShtCDHN4GDovuspGhV0bMLrGduVMsQXhugIKkK5v97Nf0V94gykgoobwF7fM-VYW4nnUUNwKu4XPTiCkbhaqUIdnuYP%7EYyXAobkqk0LSqMVQvN%7EHOwN9GqdNvbJCepLPkdKPjxgdNfDb6TzQqKkbtAjYNJ4SttIfOq%7ENUnhIhxZoZrod16w3deJMfxEtJp3-B-w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 6263833b3ed29eb3f6437861b56d276f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 018 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Ramps Construction sites Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 21. Looking south at ramp 4 in area of coal yard. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 18, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d1b8a704fd0a7820a2b47a08d9b08cf4.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=GpAL9Pi60FcWsWAp%7EEoX47QN0vJ-7TK6Us1tHOpdykuLvRvUimRQJcNOfKAzNf-A0%7Ew1c63%7EUBOMrnc5yr0MLgwuFBCJNl%7Et6%7E3UoykLmDF6tHrWyZ57r8YIA6S1MVhxP04Bb8Csw%7EwmfcVrayP9DI-hk9tyG0-e7XaJK4XIg47eFd%7EbuHY6lkcTsZuzzbvy3yZttKfH79i0iKjZIat42QqoBlSolysCyvxZlg3SUQSP02m9BbSLt4Onzobld6Ajxwfs3mZmnM5R-tMeZF%7EWgT5b3Tk809T42rQS9GOX9M7ySM4KauFlZmeWs%7E9T5X4X%7EIGXe0FDfK0AFKDMbgozgg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM d0b8b65dc96de643efe3c95bb25363ae Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 019 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Ramps Motor vehicles Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 22. Looking east ramps 1 and 4. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 18, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/19323ac6e6e683cb5ab1c2922798e9ce.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=E0mRV7GNveQuZE7YiapJNSmwFTzFlAtVD6MH1WG-WuMZBkFb83EjAc7xnwLC%7EW1rmFuX0kUlmMJlcLBRLV8dAT1hA%7E30Nq4lJZGQXFqC%7E3YtqxzkhQZfYMvm-QzJ9vMlfAfRzWDp1ubaXAyC1I21MO8kexHIcnHapyLdQs5VBmTkbKLhlynRNtfHZF%7EVicYrUP-Mg7MmLG5RtXKB8Z4rRyVSIAgBaWmwUfG6op2jrwFIxXrJ8DOUAp5fmpRca35Dh-PhOC4XrIHNuMhw79-zwTEl8RrAWDOXSZp-Ivw-iB%7EQnaUrO2KvtyXm7SxzC%7EW1nMsWZLjJnmDspQsuPv5%7ErQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 94bc483e5ac0ed082729f6c94db85724 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 020 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Ramps Personnel Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 23. Looking west at ramp 4 reinforcing and girders. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 18, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/b5184c206d19302ccf95501bc3b0c02e.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=lLPYexgsXeq7pP4HOj08ev2FiAOmMzU7pmLzC7Mip%7E2Yjhc4U0UbTJh7YuQbFTtGxhPtjk5rxdAZJb7krOpkPc5x%7EkWmaP8qbPdGci65L9DmKxJ1qyqhe1ctjTRwcrXm6i1i6CAq%7EbOHQI0xMqmbVLhnPwBMS-58Vbv1x%7ECh0f2wzue8wr0WkTbESBJUKYLZCQPpdA7sfPUbW3ffjyatqZd3WnptLj5t146g1vbTSLGshQFrhC7NIPVbkq2SU34b3NaFLLXhJLoEkSQrIcm4kKu9lDEcqe2Otsfb3ai%7ENHtpD%7EaUUrRkPVNG-EuyuqXpEEnXV4eQ0lJ8XHghkdIJIw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 4a4d5080f11b2286e4129ed272bb67a1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 021 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Cofferdams Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 24. Cofferdam bent 9, ramp 1. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 18, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/b5e42df21f20832a43c865b80be963e4.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Hxme7ajke08RKjWP3lcQZWEAZJygpXW%7EkWvE0TpOF6DPO9VuAYFAd7WOd-rmkopNuDrqia0%7EcyXq91TAg-%7ENjMOfZ3wG32LREZz%7Ef%7EW%7EmwUJpvl-w0m6c0sO28g6t6t%7EI4Q2utGlcqs1U4jpEcL%7EzAumArYbVJTkc%7E5kRyCtcYaN1F7lGtWvp4H8stHHRKC-CUcTCNFJUnccOmovTxAfI%7EnypCSA-g1xW1ikNrlAXBN9wGYimTZCXyH7Rg8iguBhcQGjglf8iXV6pvcwi6FTOMpIgxHuKahHnCH5GKGY8Z-eBNL9ZEaTpp6ZyGw3Pana3rl3RfIbuIl4nSYBD4dQlg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM d62736efabbc2758cffedaff5f43487c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 022 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C. ) Freeways Ramps Construction sites Rock Creek Parkway (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 25. View of falsework over Rock Creek Parkway, span 2 of ramp 4 looking north. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 17, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/f91e0d42f0d78ca87bc7dd18105c4bb8.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=IAC6vt213QOCCJ-JFTM0DCOc1XiBRaMcXJlRlUm9T32EsMLHA5RHpoAmVX4dR6xmbJWS54u9deFZJcvPNCZCRjLuC0ROp9ooKMnPpyUUc1ClU%7EbZQ-iR7ABJ8ooS0d62KY1Hrz8u77Qfz76hkOqNQi1P1ax9J7T%7ENgxkqwyro6o1Iw3hAiz149itArLf-eM8Gsc70GVr8fXly4WE%7E%7EK9PKRXAwB5xmiNhGQ6uPVDc0Jb1kJ-xHOE5mJOzAbgkdAUSFZfyXxprXse2nxwNp8zaNoQzFVWtyqEzVu8f1FGqdJ21q7i9yF4G%7EQoTXAAPoQ-MtLigsG%7E1534Qk%7EbzdHn2w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 0d484cacad2266d5b3b04fefdf4d41c5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 023 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Personnel Ramps Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 26. Close up of reinforcing steel in exterior girder, span 2 of ramp 4, (steel is not yet completely set). Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 17, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/359cdb728a37009925923d7fef3541cf.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=faOxqbPRtQg0UJEqFCQrWP3LiB4GefDy332G8rJ1wKeKcEob-5RKlTmyc4K%7E3lTUB4oP1R-ec8XbhE5KBD6%7E03AyT39KOpiqY9FeyR3etVWaMsYY3Wq0pskQnSLfiTNLw-xdl0-2pMg1P21sE8wiywt4y-x0aGbQymXp%7EbDwM-TOu3Seuv-sYmLchRjeptWcNT6tbm%7EBJgngaqQ3PvsKJXsJbLZvsH05DShCcTzk5A%7EfvIv1CKqM227fkFDJQclJq2UGTkLz74KBJ4rsAm47dwDahr1%7EtAeVoOTQJ8G0nKvycHLnllS21EJ8cG-peuGeyNUeJA3PCCLhMt0Pneb8Ng__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 88a6a6fd1793bcfb0d021c3417ad41dc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 024 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Ramps Potomac River Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 27. View from west heating plant of completed span 6 and 7 of ramp 4. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 17, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/eea03e0f93ad44a6d91e9b14102d7451.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=J4cI6o3Jg2Aeu1-HxMVKY5K73QJcnK8uKiE0ngQxqc%7Eb0Cc6i-GMoPKiUKmLRmr1W5VgINQfpKtNDiYNzgbFf-nh%7EIOHhgU2YURHuuNQ665bkN63YHeBu9SX7VRbd0uVe1kthOUoBygHs-eXoYpM4cjVHADSijik3pc1FYTFrChQq5i8lgCGHCfCeCQW-OAknvvFgzhnA9lXyXVkxCXP4vaOFEUFS4iiA4QjmNMxOl%7EAUn4QXy7cy-7OfaKj9JFCFTM4UqYFS5wl8GrVN-zgODhBhkTsR6DpQZ5XLyuwjhiPB3KY68P58xT-ip-LI2rgKEdQ7dWHf3YWUDfiRcuJNg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 972258d81bc1c2d2201d24ad955afa11 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 025 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Ramps Construction sites Motor vehicles Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 28. Looking north from west heating plant at spans 1, 2, and 3 of ramp 4. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 17, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/05b7fc7fafaad4cdc0a8b6d2733d4b9c.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=kasaxStDhDKOElgQyu-%7EnolgPwlO2Oz9LHKE68l2Peb6HvAWsSV0Bn9aTBP3HIWdThvyr4lIF8p-QsHT458nggGnuP0pRgR95qGOxGMGjRfOEt6jeqqI7ga0ykVOKnMeRjII6f%7Eg8orwL%7E6L-keQOkLgbTFeMJtzxgueA4kiESBWNRyq8m0IdSXEiL%7Eb292T1jAYuVAU6GUrW8dUS1QO6yA1cbkCkZ72fu8UpKW8SAHrsbnYecWFfNVknko2bBXbSRs3uHIJvxBr7QlmbmoCGg-5zQ6gXKpDq4Ej183oxijWUNw2O235TF-bV9bGM1p6yu93cTesPCHCK2zzfR17eg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c9c0868e86790328e2a0914def3a05b5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 026 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Ramps Personnel Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 29. Spans 7 through 10 looking west. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 15, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d62a84a32f3d2feb6e45f66a85a9a844.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=v66Ut%7E4zKN3sLVKlYAhzcu-zD36LOLWu0CqQBRGVepbD2sFf3ehEIfy%7EhKyHeoQO9-eJeAK3tON8aFws0Yowwrxwdj%7EryeiJCSW3L2SPwrRuLDKLmFvpKgNiR7BauBLpo%7EEIastAiIqcfXwLinp9ETgOIulO3fuUBcKPA9D71gZWgwV%7EcB9VIKRumtV7yFQ%7EslZWuh76eqEwq%7Emvvy3d7d4V1Zo28zKkjzG3fqUQD5EW0xkasWV0R6lms6PhhgaxvwLITgQ-WDtSDuM1uK-zULA33%7E1FCLxFcAD08C6BDtyOQCH%7EGCIWBwGer99E1ueGiieMf2hhwntjri1Z6Kod-Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 02709b3b7119028ce41a2e336b8cd975 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 027 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Ramps Construction sites Rock Creek Parkway (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 30. Rock Creek Parkway crossing falsework. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 15, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/1a7e9e97f96073676e6d7780e4b8cbd4.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=DHJ8riPIxBFD3WmZisCBUBXGtEhPF7OkdoQmWRbjyMCc71iRtW%7E4Auo33N8bAocFxDnTPDhtteBnvG28cx9WHJE5fYJD5jT3yIXPdssmxl9TJH-aEmY1KljHDs81RNbqe1ty%7EBdIycNmsafIK-6Pz0h9s7XY9Vs1sbxE4OYhZacImKEdg65zn%7Ez1DQs6Nn9Mz3Z-6vjjosASD733j%7Ej-vUN1yvAzcTseY60zEcp1Pf0GyJFtWXSFIVYvDLLWjalUyiFnTQwSJhAoOjoYeBzOk5VHkqnpp%7E9eTx%7EY%7E5ogVJwaC-ptlbgaMbqD8qpREVyXh6W4vpnib569MjjwGHOYWg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3bd83cd3031312932e1dc47f98de63f6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 028 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction sites Freeways Personnel Abutments Ramps Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 31. Looking southeast showing the ramp abutment. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 15, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/4bdc32b0e563405ad93749a1e21d7b71.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=pKQlJ2NM7Q7EJz4A16HF-XgMvG84ayUfFH5d-wNbMu5wWm94PwuILKTwDkzCt0g4X1LEFzqQ4jlz1jpHTUKeo6CwHp-cjVX%7EqtiEch4wXINLv1KCYPbGXqNMW93GPJkQ%7EW5TlpTi8XQTTAVIfQ-NFdeB0Ji6o0Er8j6MUE8Zben3yEzm5ZRf6m2p8Sf-zyqyNG0O8FZUAyJv4KaB6DTbQsZyyVkJexJyTUHqksszU4MLIQq9SP95t2lezkv1z99KhZUzID8ddyD%7ECcOtX3mS0IdIWGhpX6sI1DyzIROyfYHpCf3Pfd83U-7IISTfSi3jdXDCPIBBNAXDnZZB008ijw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 10dfd94a161f8dd486a345b2a80b5b82 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 029 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Ramps Construction sites Potomac River Bridges Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 32. From west heating plant looking southwest. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 19, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/f6d94da2110d68416acf709c08b5484f.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=HrICxfk-ww7K4b-CkIVlouJSCGJXlna0AjJYtqNeQ7YQQjC1gIVzLfSnTk0KsE7nord4Fvhy-PEGY36HGE2KWGTnsiq12cwMZAaGMIFy%7EAW3AN0WU85jZ1NVGlPRhxe1Mjkc8OaWN8v6W7UaKwKFpe2QkbRVnAAPvrdHJibOUUxI9JOQJKK3E3UW8x-9r%7EF5dnJD4Miblmq1tcaVrtM36rHsv0V-54Jr2ylP0MYncoh%7E9L-WBtHxw%7EnvxW0dSmH%7EXzU1iiy4TC%7EnhaQ6I8eO99nxtYt0IwiluzQDONcAIz5wHErZ1ExVvMCCawJD-uqx6%7EOz%7Ep2xwAINpdVhquDgYw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 39467b940cb91d87e3494b849e7fbb20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 030 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Ramps Construction sites Motor vehicles Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 33. From west heating plant looking east. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 19, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/9a93c1e1b6e22766de657256e6c78780.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=tn1FwXXwuo8tlLMrMkqGHilMTBP7TzMkaC8Uqa5StKL4crsH9RNloCwDHTqScP2rI0kExqtOUKfjUfGuQKgQX91dqWHBMhk-0I1qceLuYxFXvmJqNiVweBdwjIu-%7E6DuxqN3L7YTbSxzpLTvi13Pm1JuwCf-br4nTKKwJ07A%7EaOYcUOA4bGC5movhxQChEFlz2QaoBvlbZUmQwAZIH8-stjhcLA-mtl458L-DkVwhapWGIrHxjwZeE0dsyCdqp3ZTLVr4pK6c9SvVUShLcopctUXiCOBDsJfHEQf9IUmzP9Jb6fAUVEtdbg%7E4KH4h0tJJP5QbUoteBp0OjMRRj2ntg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 189f5991a551560ee440b1a89fd0cdd9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 031 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Ramps Construction sites Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 34. From west heating plant looking south. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 19, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/118fe2aa835a303b941d6ed893e71a31.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=siBQpaJwALiPPivtDk8963QYznqlXANHs1CAtVna5wPl1r7y31-IZw4O8avNrKMaasQwyCOG1r4Xl1ma4raPGfbUItxgJGUvpFQRKp%7E2%7EACQOLn8wnkKe3ueS6gTy4bC7ZVhMFEi5omHY4bGNrkAR5hoWDB46Owvc8XneMnMlizmmNOCxKfJKWOTYqxakTTsm999SPuOx6%7EG4hsxUBDPk7WcZ1Qsto4ybDYS1FmGqQxGvabzBuvT56phpiRjfwqety3R0abij6v008fpyxHAbFTvaRzRaPJh15m1pL87Td6vn1hWO5Uldp%7EIBIfAJCGkFGXoknASKfWpkKSet%7EtISw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3f5c8d01a9c4c1fe656e316c6532637a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 032 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Ramps Potomac River Construction sites Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 35. From west heating plant looking southwest. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/ad3194a8ec6c5e8c6124f296168f1f82.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=PHw49WfKUbqL5Z-l0DBTW0-JYi9vEULRfXv7Pq9WRcNuCQbW%7EsLlfc4MeBTJfpg045vbhPPIBYUxvrr0dk3ZIBjTKkoSVPddHRQaiWnCBQsUDi1nmOW2Ld2979rF3pSa6rX41SIwi0YmVAxBKvxtK-NKKvVR3x32EQvgH9rHo-Ar-XPY92KyZBQCUz1Hn3UXtXLVbES6Z-vn-ptKIiL1MT7XE2fCrZmGdowQNWrcKcmNewzl2DSAqaguFU7%7EP4cgWB35WVWTGo1Ven-TGC6QqaUuqA-kt8-invrUefuNIJhKHPlsyAOdz3d2khv1K6BnutpHql7xRcvUPjBYBGiNWA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c08ffae9d567c9cd75ba91667e74f5fe Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 033 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Ramps Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 36. From west heating plant looking east. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 16, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/c215791232e8fdf22b5807e424212a96.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=sIHtdmaGIFzMiahS4xuQBRyA1wX%7E8SupvuL6CL8JeWE7tLczGmsTuo-gFsjt974c%7EnQGfI1VnaKDnNF3M-tEoywiQ1MnPBee2aDBocJ0VCHZBI8JPvjqCzcM6Fn9c1x6Ji5u4dlB4hoMJzJ0xErxfNtjs8FpEHJYU3vAqyOFTHizYALVvkWt66eDQCaxCJC8z4TfppLvoGWTSsdPGtpEtfo19pyxyi-RZ6SX3aCfYAwCc0ROHmhbj0mxJY1ewBy0zfkWDUuPYj%7Emr4X6m2zcBAvBrpRRsIVg1JqQc3bM0BjcsAcnykTJ1P8R4qU7G5%7E94egCbZCbkNRsVMuL3QJAAw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 1d5d3c53d0698c0226d62982f1dd29cb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 034 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction sites Freeways Excavation Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 37. Pumping station showing completion of rock excavation. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 2, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/836b43a35e417b8cba91e93cac263c41.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=LwBMtTRK%7EA4SOpSIYNneu7Zn%7EBUuvoj8SKoFAzsWq-FtGCSQXd9mKOuxiQMyCkaUeGT6ijiZDP2Z%7EVNSzmHt6dfaO7welt8YH3EmYCIrswlHjAL2AGo6fJg%7EI9k5vccyP2AA2Ot9DYZIaKv-7Dz09yNgt-QDmPc108ZfsT7o4W65fXpThqVwHAVIxokSgSiL8bbE6Zl5e6s2wCSMGvpDbftjHN-vz640gNiIW8rFf09LgJIoCPYx8j9-okE0l0EAQ-oowQng98hBUijrLcuj1dQdz250aUDyna5jNSwkvzIAU-w8nAhJiOlMOYQ5H4Z0D11W3-ekT5fprMQLXnN0Kg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM cd84c4eb05afe882163058f8bc6e4faf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 035 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Ramps Construction sites Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 40. General view looking southeast. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 20, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/1055391f91c4df0e52052f7c5a9ee5e3.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=GQWnBdLs3kukX5IDLTGnivgpSAYm1ml-UeosaPSQpCHNlUKfhqIW6vHd0%7E6S4jLMw8enaFQUu9sk94h-gtWiwiSETZn50hqdGKg5IvCw84jlxMzqsCFREMesisjjQPiR8gcFe96CfLBPoFkSoa%7EXAzDa%7EryhEZhTE1-cYDjXiFyQnMsYftyXqfy8E%7EFpp3HmnL97-ZPEAZvgz6yvEkAtyUNANHVBuoTQZvgiqzYzZAh4tIMgHz-3392au67-fOwT%7Ep0T3srQ%7ErOw3FUcQWdSKyBBOAJ8ZTrsXZLzLeZAyRXnIm%7Ecch%7E2Svcx4YWdPEO3B7zmFtEEkgDholoTL8D4kA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 76b0a782730ca5b404c51e134d70872f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 036 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Ramps Potomac River Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 41. General view looking southwest. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 20, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/dbcecef539eee37caf38390d5a797224.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=RxFiUBmfMHezrUws9XgfHi4XW%7EBpMV-HHvTNBpmNsTDdOaPBbvFvLtRDfgzV2SYEK6EN4p8RYvM1MBn8fWoUs%7E6TJ01HBa1ewcyxpewJm7Zdx3rzOHEMNMpX4NIUq8x8AVEfEu8iVJNN16CVzY4z8MoGMaKuJ-aMpf2-mAzbt2oR1VR14hoSALE55x10VfDXQFg2SQXCvn7LLrgFyuhe6-aG1bkrub1A3JM6j42VmiEVJntFTdasyiBoOdwKmVNzNhYQTtcMSXECjr397dLqUyQ2hgGYSJ8CfdHTuxddKw4hcocPjHJdcNF8hDlXoiGuB-kdJBMJj0fjSR1YuAbEgQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM bd87d4c46509a74ff72350be410aff63 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 037 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Motor vehicles Ramps Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 42. General view from the roof of the west heating plant looking southeast. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 24, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/1261b7ecf4c823ab7469bd9bd4b33948.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Z%7EwMxPxLHDPeXKep1YU1RwqlbWdPy04VtAUudIC68HSOxSRCzKwWmUs7Q6A0nSZXI6XKPUapUp1ehqrACVF2BFdiL6%7EsQnqtZM51XzCK7oBwwJTxva2v0L3YyEUdGVlv32syZL4QhFTgrNZMzbREi1gLGE8vyXH1foNwOFu5KEin22ct7qqEmAjG1kad8hUan55ZbkMT4VO6iJJ0KdraxlXefoMt%7E1Rl%7Er3uQnPp9JeFuGgAmnbvXpCsXs8XhW9Sbi19h0oXtUMR4nMdIeIRW5r8wBfgqedtwMIn10p5C-l1qRPdnHYY-Vk%7Eylxney28-uyhxUF00hD4eFvvI9wokQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 608464449c7cc17bcb385c16d339a995 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 038 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Ramps Potomac River Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 44. General view from the roof of the west heating plant looking southwest. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/f4ffdc9747d66c785b8f962131131064.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=n25BMnJFBARXwMtRpJCMKXDKB7huCqJmV4boPHC7IxmKxHwJZkq993BA%7EzYBKq67sUQ9WpL5b4yhwtM35z49AyC77x1zFlGS-rt2bHrmnIbZno5oz934Hc0ROT2GnDeHpp3AHNh1WpM-QLU1HEw66St50BmzsKShc%7EIUgUH63wOnJ45uH8RPcT7WyiZMRrmb73%7EENvcmN63KJU1r0eEOxQXQiQV5Pi4AKWxW9J4BwEC8c1UT8nFIzBgJJPUd5sENy%7Ek8iNeDCsQjunnLjoB8rug4oVMlLE0axoIi3i9nDV%7EfGTKKRxTMcjfkYs3rdMJgI0Lu3dCvEk3ZS0yiNcSdsw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7592ba246de67f788f6f5cf0a095471d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 039 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Ramps Construction sites Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 45. General view from the roof of the west heating plant looking southeast. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/c8ea0606ef87eeea5ddb358f535a3afa.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=GohXXLad4lxZmaBIbGxQVQ9-2sfbulxORhtTS6rGU23fgTQLCdTfAsfVeGogt1GcyTq67xLaAnX12LrgAkoq1xqm6h8dR-aqPEL1218G1ESoumfIg8eFUVyB0E3gJ4LzDxwfEfUirfj5GDkSrF42mkoLzbfhkorZCDASNd7WFcdvjNrVYjyxiZ0Qe1HHmeoTkUwoLBg9MYsoW0FwQsAoUzwQtd-wxfY5iBnHqNtOW8Eo-quuFmjmymOFUqjRKBI69iZOVc9vocrxDAyF3rpvI-WqQaerKdWw1tK%7Ekhv8AnLYyWZbnv7u98weFdVNcY4sUG5R1TK3%7EgpTNbOPuzQOaQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ba16e9f0372e700e6451677137153f1b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 040 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Ramps Potomac River Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 46. View of deck removal on the Whitehurst Freeway from the west heating plant roof looking south. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/94b80e9a49474eb0e06c44b1a9ac88d9.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=wQScRQSkZcD%7E85WwLOcCf8rdt0isD7E8ASyrtWdINgw2VBOG6nfwsgqaPDIOstQH%7Ej4QfZjq7TcVS%7EC6lPOZjjOwI-KFFhIiH-7-5ea3ds0DPSJVeyMdFPcj9K9NWPaIpMr5MJ5EGm88wAXI57rnJ5ymyMlJc3H2HUUvZiP6lG2GFDJ7yau2rnqZZs6kNmyH5BHUoKrJM8FHhyi6cNpOK0cown5HyufHJocGwbAlePaxMqV32pDz3aKmystqjnf8nkbq61LYKVR3MGWWNwwqkE%7EmaU0kek%7ENYX0yrckrQ9Gf61InzP-Z2u-6N%7EvBb9fmvoyEcwqef%7EFAyATilDRZ5g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ef6be1f8927a37d9ae485eff3adea310 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 041 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Personnel Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 47. Structural steel work on the Whitehurst Freeway. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 25, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/fc56c604085b159d55c5e49c36b20ad9.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=PpE88aU8VGaYkKAKi-Gla%7EKQB1gR5EIKDD5kDYDQYmypMGOGlbgnQdkXecpxG5MUfwURHnxv-OPJ5IrOu6pxbDG9xhLBGPxPJ06FlbPxJ%7Ea0UWZxC0tUcJmcGU0eulSckA%7EWIdNaImZvHvEGaElH9zTsqIss4Ggl-KB1-3GqCyszu3EtAIDkO1Vz1ZY5BuFVLrQULwZBQ9Uom%7E9vvI16egDP2BpUyjYSS-DUGMPGjqx0w3gXKlSyd3MP4BNEampvUzrApwgliTUm14TBsIbF8wY39yzUhLZ3UQI9lqLbJwW18aOVzBZEu1BU7BeaRF-eOYvopAal1IbstNS2kOARpw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b6c55d56a51db53205347acff2dd2d40 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 042 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Personnel Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 48. Deck forming Whitehurst Freeway looking east. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 27, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/6532e001bd0427585fcd9e7a7cd1ad43.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=MAKXW4474r0Jwrt5sjZVeAs9OHN51vhYFwFw%7ERS4kmdKHanwh5qprEskGv7iLNXPdtOGN7Kn8rrlm2poI72ex1SpjpHQtnsAKmRqLWQU06sQX%7EPKciVJ-PE5VEYQel6m25lORsONW0WfcPQw0JY99WknBXXYovOvgpkh6rYSfKnx9Ed66AZpP9BJdMiPmY8lUru-WTK9hIcnoF6Xyo%7ET%7EGIHfw%7EksaDAYVff9yFeDdoAMqLIF-SMFlMQ07UDhpwu5l6yvj%7EZ7bDr-2ZfSUpjShiusykFDNlxROefSPAdpBbmBSQfHOpfgER8s-lINmRIJ1aEc7yX%7EcAuubok6f3ENA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM db2b8b22a2972ad037c32864a5f5ecf6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 043 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction sites Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Ramps Freeways Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 49. Structural steel Whitehurst Freeway looking southwest. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 27, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/a1bd2edcbaaba68957c6732926ed4a84.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=GI0nL41QroP1HFpH5grINnNUN5TxmB82cuLRNyQv4fNwcbYmCANc4r4gsA8ewd8d%7Eueb9P2URY%7Eo86QxfjC4YAr197Z2IQudks7hNUr9UasputQT0Y-ECAKgBS4Lie4ahdVTOa52NQCJKxMh4VWojjADXeSHzUSSi3NRqJpuLMGix%7EzjG%7EE063vltwuQTbnN1kheSNFy7pS7qslgiu4xd2C1uNBSYlAivxaj0tYUSqDZycxoZkPtcDBJABe7MyCeKL5cc6ovAmqMXhoT4BxHFgARy%7EUWVwlSmvE56-kESuRlW7lUInDr9kQKgDiviv1ix1bikDwBtz2KG1fLAGbnIA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM da020727a52d3211c81dc1d5afb5d499 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 044 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction sites Freeways Ramps Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 50. General view looking southwest from bent 48E. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 26, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/490b2429738774ed616827d5a5d7aca0.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=QeztrP4VvMLdb-f1-IyObdeowl4V2fCU8XsdDLA4-FQBDgT7CqVpfiNIm6eVhwiurapYbwxi%7ESfsQ4Vg7mPS2aWqDFMk-iDbsnftvpO%7EoKAaj4rxR8PoKpfmjBfHkBWEjPShVp6xlZ6IiH0h8xMOGuH94c%7EOfTk5Cg%7E3ur-%7EsoOpsvucY56fZnSKAlUUcfhdMF%7ElN9jS0E8offsaJ4%7EvzlQ9jQVtHdy8OUN7p3TcrdLrcIbJ6f287lfpmziPCR7HGMaO4V8RdOI%7EX3XfJ%7EOZG8CQGuDzhDzd0s1uXYIqaeLEP6g95woPgW1xfTRoFn0NPMRhFXBeDs9SZWMY7Wl9qw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM bd64f571f92f2e63f937dd575c859627 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 045 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Ramps Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 51. General view of ramp 4 looking west from bent 7, ramp 4. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 26, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/aacfe67a79e0c021b3e94c7402a81969.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=vonnFOMe%7ETyGpO4SPt5ArcgXqNdtFcuiwGYtSev0Uh6QD2OU7QVXgSnf2pvllgWiry%7EvpCCribfjQpNIUYwc3A-e4vppE5YaSdTgSX-FZCi0Rej2DpkEvDnBlxP58rm5ehBmu%7EU2FoFL8X5V7L6Y7d6Quo8CMpG8LiAzq6rgLWf9ALikL9ruk6a9b9QgqunWQZ0dSV2%7Ef2B4MYutSrljQ7H0J3mZKE4RdCYcOvKixrJ7CHKCjZ8W-qR3nuZN26lr4EVeLFcQW6nbfKkXq6fQcvsGa3IsKtr56YpInjw9KksbJNHK-kEBSYR6UAjYBLgF72M11T6gKAF7NHkn-7bDiA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7d3ffdf97513fbcba01cf601d200263a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 046 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Ramps Construction sites Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 52. General view of ramp #8 looking southwest from bent 7, ramp 4. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 26, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/df7f8c3c84b36ffdc4b1d7e77b837f83.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=mLCXCLpYXuFtoxPXQ7fi29N4hE4O2R2gtZUBAsjgjg89QWz0ksjbj8I8lKBx9seKJWscCkCdkTvhpqg1JdoXvqcPIxpb3scgwH3UN%7EYfkKnpdIdOeLVTlxLdMN0aOZiMU9ur36VK64sFAi0DspkHzZaYdIgx1vUk-5SwxPmwpvOiQYml2FUzvmnnn7EJwHrHSPw8si4t%7Ep7vrp%7ENGeosP-XwPrT4Y15-RHn4LOrqmGrOqObcYL7yxATZhpOm8t5FGp5wFufQ-bTbPxDvYWkQrZrkOenoeTfTsqFhMzUrUtdc791XS5hrWdfiaqp8PK9aU4KrHCF67WnBC4IH5A8WaQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e7ed314224ca9f1847558a2a313342dd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 047 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Personnel K Street (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 53. New drainage for ramp 4 on K Street west of 30th Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 1, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/6820447a6f1ff4b015061015a5aca225.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Npqokcq0qAq2rIq-RWvqepHuKBSILzyriZkActA1pEczzo8HxgQe5YvpmtqDxUo-MTo9CZasoKkxIGgBRuW15dVZqawHIRDVOsnTbMHZ2pL6w2lEBm%7EXJ7dUwiM94wxqfYvnZNOOBDqzzi0hgbTIhpeRKEXgd0bxkjYvK85656A2M9jpUcUo24JAC0e6M2HNnkp2zN%7EfA-2YxHs5kjqvZUpupv6-h3pGbhEAS6JlRFT%7EJvQzlYB5TzAZuVCp4sRbK5O-nT%7EmXXvhrUhfcHAkmBKkIU5CRVTZkzsFS-LNOaLUD1AkmFrT%7EmoK8fBC1Ms6JdzdvrTIbd7jA7chCJF8yg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 6749267fedad657107e81537cf96b256 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 048 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Ramps Construction sites Potomac River Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 54. General view looking southwest from the roof of the west heating plant. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 1, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/f3ad7192c9136638a957e5d7cc5c0c5f.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=vo%7ExklR8JeCp4CAxxUxangIviG05F1c3F%7Ee7zPYfsDw62OGEfQk0ioBmaQJzqdeNuWVQcpfJJK435RVM37NmC4-A3biw8uuLw%7EbKRFogl9wvjY3XIWXOc0kd9mJwgO9hOSuAYO6UylhUjjY1tL6gaZWoAHPO7mfTR0g5PMWlSRk2k0TjbhHTeYooQf7O6hF29p7XKwrQ6MK9CeyYjyO24qusupHBMnbd%7E2RvGzNgEv89ZhHqY7sUf7F6baWnXLIrnazEsJzyAigUG0%7EJHZjYaAUqM-rt25L5HrLp8s3wP4SELHQJMo6MEn%7EfuHsYGcufVL%7E4zGa4xFi7xUQc3cgfVg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 6132b6984e463ce9c082c5a19b9ba0ec Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 049 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Ramps Potomac River Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 55. General view looking southwest from the roof of the west heating plant. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 30, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/ea4e3cd2c04a16fa48568f44529a6162.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=pXMlqPaaiI%7Ei7MSRJ1GmoDSi6YzbOWli3YjDX5xnwUM60WhM4KNjMmDgS-T69DNYsxj5yDZeV6h3kfkWIwXoKdqv3Zec-UJzkt86Ov-5Ykha2aVmawKt%7EAcPAzbS3FFhXhAJ7wDHBkPGCnX9n106jry3T11LBRhru%7EbzywIaZ2XIdDMCxaynlofhgdORqU663Jrx2hONdzd3Hz-JXvsMleQus0dACGUFl4vQVgadoSCD3r7ZJk-v60A5uczlekGe9Fs0Qd8zTyS9nrlEUTkyKDFdgJvTzj1WFuCs7BSfe3eMpqGonqiKelUpRwqGDD9Z8bUe-jZnXr7n2ilq7WGPYQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 203a7b206704220627ac5bf08c44f8ff Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 050 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways K Street (Washington, D.C.) Construction sites Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 56. New drainage for ramp 4 on K Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 30, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/0b61e5848a9fe709891d91fed0d27849.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=NAtaLr4MO%7EfQ%7Efz2UqvcRUSN7jA87XtsxnW1uD6L1BES4f0LOFApPTKsX84ynFXP-vEuJbO345mCOpXrovzMJF6w73jc7WKET7Aolm4P84tG3LejqUh7iTSuLaMvd5YTPPUjS%7ENGjuwvY2NhkMV0Q-ab8nMKw5cWwjMoBiai%7Ed6X2B1icuaWjNoKQll9gMjU6Z59po4a3l-mbDlekPoqLcvZ7--93Hq7kZSCtQvVO3wdsrZNGEpR2ld0fqbTmta6g4Fk7BYhpTsbi39HGEPl3w5G-33D83BABm3SqV7E3DdFLgmml-AoYp45rYwXHyiUUA959cWyDv9v4f0qqfpn%7EA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 5fbddb7bd86a070f92dd4ec325874852 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 051 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Ramps Potomac River Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 57. General view looking southwest from roof of west heating plant. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 30, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/3861b01cd4fd196f6eb7dfe0e8cedb98.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=wACkLwXmSi-p09NPO7Ht1KbE1YRF3O9IvNTAczkCM8aWT0qT-EkIuqxmEnGtgyUSfZoNI3v8TIRmbz%7EJcIOs-Fl2RqVOgVVcMCtXbmGjXeegW8ENAoMmj7%7ECU1dd8Ps14PZRNB1t31fov6gsK5w5RMkRXY3GLKRInHIm3ccy8sIVCDdKL-A6KjDH9hrGzc8lt0mWx99PiZNFykjWIv6fMQ2IZi-2YEF4FVyVggGGoNoAw%7Elqi-AkmohHc2XIUWT8ENdIb3uC8t4sAEEZ1J0M51b4mjlGZizpc1mlW4PJ7f-Zq9dObz%7E5hbUC2QZorHpVuJ6eKnyuecjMRdiBe6Ne3Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 309eb4e16e13f5de4887d30ced6d3d3f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 052 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Ramps Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 58. Ramps 1 and 4 under traffic looking southeast. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 5, 1965 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/799a3ccec893c1441745f0cc6f839e21.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Ozx3K6zXfYDGdbyGwbY3n2tOu%7EB7q7-rqs4gvJ84KWimUzhmz0BtWtSgJjDnOnN%7ENf88XMTPHXkTGkpRSNwa5AnvtHb55Loz%7EPLbmuqVvq1ZWCPRBfUQbdHyUE%7E2uxMiQwt2lVw-H-Zk4ns9-nPSoXvnAFPIxbzbuSZNH70B7rJ9iy3RfvWTp-kLcl%7EgXCyCtOdl0T8a1r2ka23hMLt5RyHGoT40A8J3tzYWmbAeeSjij%7E0NILComstqou8HFOjHf23ZqJ5SVaOe0ey8aLfgQy0GYJ12P-0HZmwLDu8CWzOmjWcQ5Oiizo%7E5gHUqQfpHAMEIokuosm0wbBTyVqkS1g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e4e35074dd2501a8db0f5019a171a24b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 053 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Ramps Potomac River Motor vehicles Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 59. Ramps 1 and 4 under traffic looking southwest. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 5, 1965 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/98f977ced6771a88d87bbf0299ad015e.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=HsELov6-pyX2wv6cRpp4mA1sGilt-uN1Lqbuc0Mh4u9hDQVzmRx2uElD3GXkB8Oc0dhD%7EewM%7E69gNmlS4oBYN5z41Q9wcEA%7Eko4SqA30OMIOgNuxRkppyvmojrymRq5d-zhxatn%7EHroPGGLOD4lHI6kfDfrvWKuJ4o8PdYm0n42%7EXdaj4JnaDlQ065i0UuH6WDW84R6mdXdTDzvO8z%7EALW58wj4LRvYUwIB41laUvn9tK6BEYIrSShLk3LQJeCRrNIBaUcuhEL3EXuPcAcE%7Eeha5m0ZGoQ56yxMzEItJI%7E06owtNcdxJxqqmETd90DwdmSjaTUT-BOE5GIbE4Me0uA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 6b9704e0bd57bd5ec79cf1c19e4abede Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 054 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Tunnels Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway contract no. 3, no. 34. Steam tunnel looking east at 26th and Virginia Avenue. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 2, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d3eb405458770c3cb446e9e0145e2c02.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=jM%7EakW9%7EczV5UU7E54mrpJGcGqddicNC3MD3BgsD6e6-u6R0B6eqsDPlzzTU1OEYrzroQ1GRbOxZV4%7E9%7ETcLNgFxuTvedwCyTNJCulsQuI9WjONRd-DWuapf5TZ9Uf6bV4RZdlBJmYHv9iRIt-Z1pKtOgj5KOwmBN%7E4loLDQ7U0WaeewOqiEASdk3pL7KHBXwhR9bgKJ4K0qhjL2f9FZkTxOE%7EBBobqH-0i%7EZncgfLFq7CFNanM-W0RYr2-DgN9xgIK0RjKDyMLY340Pcah-97%7EJbsUaCPc5xXdiUDAH-nXFo98aDMLWskY0pmWw1MH9jj6H1TLBC6OBFp2kTUvvUA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b7fc993293a8383de6da3cfffc4deec7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 055 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Tunnels Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway contract no. 3, no. 35. Steam tunnel from station 1+00 looking west. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 2, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/c7f03a05bb8a383b93e0adb4a743c838.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=N2CLOaOo1qRuwgwKlQr60s866bD7qozP6BpJSOTy1Bhv9Jy0zy3FbqHw7-uwVJ2HT0gXnKJSWlTYxfrKjf75HQFWOlVG%7EHwi7tUVosol8y%7Eteg0BWDpjgENZwxuugY2EXw0J7dr74OlviG-n6O4wkcd9HwzPBiJtvauN5JFC5z71PEtDbdFNOMMooMKdrnT5Lai05kREHPYEXChIQD35hnhZvOhxZ8cYb%7EjYOeTANp9KLpRUfZbf0704WXYxcAAyx1nTGogQQEJzKuWtU%7EOkQ10hMapncc8NyFxOQAkkxPUyP452x2MNh1VRnFJqZxEaHix3Q3%7EEMrIFA4MFpV3AKA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f94247b0bf52f5fb0c53778848ee90e8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 056 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Personnel Tunnels Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway contract no. 3, no. 36. Vehicular tunnel looking southeast. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 2, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/8416c18e9483f36b436a997af710822f.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=jZQ23Y80IOysdIwyoMhySstSmMUiwGe5YC7l662iP2-RRAV1QzkXWzg-qxXxwR5ZwSb33mx50Bt2qgkAYxdAV7RLwa-buek2m4Mmhcv-0HdeFaRzSW9Jfge96u-EU82OkG2VF-Hjq91raJqHj0BTrD1BCCYJJxTN5n6u9WMZ2K4-LNDru9mVxRtwR0DRUDRZZUpKJzChZUyQgzKlkcuLwWUihvDMDD61xKzVSDs132om25FW%7EYovqDBGEIar3bI8Xm-WsTfzVo%7EMYOSDGTPTzPy-t1lDUoRWPU1C51PXb%7EXwISePdUi4gbaUQCuWj9h6AvN1Ft9Dugy0C7Debb%7EmQQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 2b73eaafea820ff4b5a9822f66cbaa45 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 057 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Ramps Construction sites Snow Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway Ramps 1 and 4 no. 36. From west heating plant looking east. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 16, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/2b4ccc4e4d83cf4c27104820d30677c2.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=F0mDJiDUMa4rlr98csuXMcU16PqDTQ%7EUA889h1aZkAPQmW%7E0avE1RSSl7GevG53OVEI4IjcnXtEbW2JvLZxvKRX0HH6v3fkR753rY-vv0ZIan0nJwgI226vFGUiJNv-H2Yj8XOawsgMC06xLaHHqkZAml0q1uiCV36U8rEMHkbkTQEIHAhZm0M3yHsF5d%7Eu%7EDtSFBkv2zxKSsmHXIM3AEUF-ujfq3VU-bSCjjmdkt6V7%7EKJbVobyke71ruXqNcToXYVpdjAuloXXVQ-rHJoM7aFn%7EXG-vZB6jyrw3Yfe68wByqZMGPwQiVPBd06xNal%7Elzbm5GJOqiKQkYeSkvl98Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8ee851f6722dee592921c598a4c6f8c7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 058 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Description An account of the resource A photograph of the construction of the Potomac River Freeway from G Street to Pennsylvania Avenue northwest. Federal Aid Project No. 1-66-1 (29) 1. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Broider Photography District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 28, 1964 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Blackwell Construction Co. S.S. Ather, resident engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/3fadb8d46988cb0a367dfef4ba96f597.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=NtPv1xXaeecfeExJClBgYfJNcQdaW3MKNhdAe-sThaQDn%7EMQ%7Efxa-iBXlnS1qcsQaqGrbJ383wsQPVs4NIFDMjlRo-B1hKmzYp%7EQ2WSfw8vGqtoSk0STaB16NstVfcfoWN8CC0PpD7c4C24jEOmPkSm6rtLEzLC5E5NUuJdLD4n7SKyNdaWUcSCF9O2FG7dM%7Ennj4%7EW1aiKYQu797VYE9e9lqG3OAr1ShhSJaBd-7Sh9RHUs92nYdiQUfU3VSupKSJ%7EB9oTOtwcuGhhyYrbXePCWDgJilrCsWG0a3OUK%7ELNude7kTi32ElXKD966WCDc1vXZV965qJly6UwKhTwh7A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7bc04798863e4d55d3d1e8d93d8a3148 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 059 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction projects Construction Construction workers Description An account of the resource The construction of the Potomac River Freeway from G Street to Pennsylvania Avenue northwest. Federal Aid Project No. 1-66-1 (29) 1. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Broider Photography District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 28, 1964 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Blackwell Construction Co. S.S. 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Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 060 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction Transportation planning Motor vehicles Description An account of the resource Site of the soon to be constructed Potomac River Freeway. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 061 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction Transportation planning Motor vehicles Description An account of the resource Site of the soon to be constructed Potomac River Freeway. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 4, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/061ae2dd6f44523173f00a2babb00986.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Vk6eqliYpQv46QBdoPNZZKkOh8xz8Tf19y4Xb4ee7xJOrC9%7E%7EVY8a2w8b35RRLPBk7Iju84c0aSqxeCBKjCaIi--m3%7EuoLTojsj7VaWgwffR%7EXS5wmaMhqeygKySWStGkx9TNB-vLDlxpSwE3qrEfDYpiW3Q1FvPpIp9Bvc71hheKm6knPIumbvnfPNTGLsd7a9XDve5Ge726e1mw6LBPNgWcWxUYd7mED7otcMKUX3Q2GALbb8SsBjKpkBKt2qnI7ACj-DDXU7Wx5VJx%7E9LHYyF4yL7Le-7gByB0pkQUk9Fyyn6EzFBsEQXPqJOFnrX1b2VVI0sC3EDTRjyGiC1hA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 44389449285ed974c974938a34ca41fa Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 062 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.) Construction Transportation planning Description An account of the resource Site of the soon to be constructed Potomac River Freeway. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 063 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeways (Washington, D.C.) 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 064 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction Transportation planning Description An account of the resource Site of the soon to be constructed Potomac River Freeway. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 065 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Transportation planning Buses Bus rapid transit Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource View of G Street NW and Virginia Ave NW where the Potomac River Freeway would be built. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 4, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/7d4255e691b14e79ff3e758f54553c6f.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=bGxUvlMkeA-wVlHG%7EDXIyp2cTM81iGO3lKYWFu8EX180UALG3gXJYET0pGMAJ6kVxNZXKhfu3hNP8etvjJwksytOk6t%7E3389FYeO91QY1yBvZyHER2oT%7E4JSDa3BYg2fj3Vy3CrjFuKj%7EQg6rz6gFr2PVn9g0Cgz0kh2eYUuedt623Iz%7EXygeizra1usligRn5dAwNDJEpNAnutVdxFgG0OKVWtfvKPz3d23xsAir47Ub08dw823Rmoa1jwdtc6UpfE6NtOCgiiXmBmpVqVpUM1QgeF1vIstqNmQRa3staWE4zJzVhsPQsOQG%7EqXDaUAFAQpQpL7Ds4Zv8Vxjxq2hw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM cb7298dfa6e4f31829428ac90c3df246 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 066 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Construction Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Site of the future Potomac River Freeway. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 067 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Buses Bus rapid transit Description An account of the resource Intersection of 25th Street NW and Virginia Ave NW where the Potomac River Freeway now lies. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 4, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/cce9bf73d93beecb42a3b8890e09fe0c.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=kdrB0i2-PCm1zp6sOrUJCpcLw0K7nlzr1I3P4eqTtwnydS-XokZqz0VCTqHZAo1bUasDkUtKkVQIVyi3zc0UWbuREFiFfYEA6Nr%7ECQ86Xf5ZF9hlLEg91G8J4Hl%7Ew%7ECYSgQNuJagAIRyfgHu3lbZNw97eXxMD7L%7EUOazveUacQPkMR40Syxu8LSF4N%7E%7EpcJSTqistQ%7EW9n%7Eeb4HnjNLqCl8hIARPywTUl6e6A3MliyMnh7bTaV8t12IiyolFRFNydjIsgcGQ6JRViHme1X5T4097ua%7ES3urUecWcWScrOuDVRbimQu0XHQ1AS%7E2fn-XKvNpNcohl8NdFFCMTb4E7RQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8128b2e4de956992646d699bcd0f35f3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 068 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Construction Description An account of the resource Intersection of New Hampshire Ave NW and 25th Street NW where the Potomac River Freeway now lies. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 069 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Construction Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.) Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Site of the area where the Potomac River Freeway now stands. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 070 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Construction Description An account of the resource View of Potomac Plaza Apartments which now lies above a tunnel of the Potomac River Freeway. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 4, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/bf812e03fc84a595a5c98f5c9105740d.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Y61wo223-M65P-b78TaXcdm8LPQ0MRiCsh8rKOcEtYLgr1rfFRbPa7ExzUHJynnyqy4LaOMZBAfWWMwDdAJLBHSqpaxvh%7E2hFVxjRG5ueG%7Exu3MR3jYtASucMWgHCX1GYEk-YIBwSJDoXTIo6mxTh5f%7ESowcjCuAm4FAfDoKbrFqFwtPjY%7Esp9KTcDhoSx7joNesNiwEAQjXqkQdDJSJbwdzUhiwxUu3Bf5fn-ddeTzlN3FTv27nyu6dNPmN8gNZf8Vm0XgJFeBB0lGZ7bHBEezP-wTRP%7E8NeEYGY2-1Lu9hR2b0vJehjSdMgFnYLocPQN3COcyamZ4VwiXjdMYNcA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3eeea960cd6b7b23ba16abd23159c80a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 071 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Construction Description An account of the resource Intersection of 25th Street NW and Virginia Ave NW where the Potomac River Freeway now lies. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 4, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/161292a48e8dcf0fec802e8a69ba5605.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=JB72twRWrIvMzWhI3pGNI3LAykjAbHY5Lde5ItCl3XCasSKRRNWY875C1ERUIuObPod74LljWJbrDENN8JPXhlUYzhIePf9ShWUyVsPiCgk-S7IGBxB7OeKbs2llQeQUOZM19MuSzr5-LvMVqZGJqLgNyO0iuIwiY5yUkdgFqVVmLavYqXebAQZRS0Dgpe8BDCvnWYx3ztxi9cNrCtYyTo1JyYG9hB1k1DmhsKXAoyja8zj0Cy8k8QyfWK0Xpzv3KGTwXHAxwH8-Khgy-eFfu4mZ4iQNZTz41vX3aqK72C7sJwX-g85SACmpOXmrbxuvJlGacKYu%7EQHO5zQS3D36Rg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ff4744d74a04441b7c7dd5b9eb36ff18 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 072 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Description An account of the resource Construction underway on the Potomac River Freeway Tunnel that connects I-66 in Washington, D.C. to the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 5, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/f2b9d48410cf37bdada084cba96449af.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=vr4tnD0pKj6wBJUFnjrQWFrohDqbp4vE7obBegHRhpwZaXgvH9fy6onzF32AqacXiOk91bn5Ycs6yMRZXSntxXaVI-utxL-Q%7Epy8O--fCxXEGsAdY9agKJFRoggi-ds7bcJJbHHEVhxTlIipIJV2FrCZbATiNIHqyjGLcLbi77027J7npJHwTPSZAlH036hb0jHifaWW8O2KAtj3Rkqc8XtQmP-oQJBmapmdpYLzEYCBHsYPaDsvxVVpdIEkCkKhfdEO0FNfPZE%7EqsFIah44BCMVim5go7-O3yKKozy-e3Qrdrx%7Eu-Vwe1O9T9DciJiqDDWgwM-kjXv9XTHitweP2A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 864c7e78bd2045ea6460deb6e4324849 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 073 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Construction projects Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Construction underway on the Potomac River Freeway Tunnel that connects I-66 in Washington, D.C. to the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 5, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/a8f7f17bd41c2f05f0245a2286376df1.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=jLHeYRnBrrqE43vlwnVraveKBDgk-BPIqIP7IN0Eu8644OVTOJCJBeqhoyE%7E9XvipRm0T6ovIHvk0Va-IGhqjW6gigmhbc1DBM%7E-E6b2GlNjb-RGBJKq4NchjGtB6xIkEmo2JvrNNbanzHHX0ti7Xr1a-qcNpXfElRp3DLz62-dmQfdOQfJJfdc8yq3Y3ojb%7EAPamUfpNWVMVyMl-gWx0HZc-0piki1esDmCIN1I7TODtV-dMQ%7EnkjtoKtKLsX%7E5GemUqG1xclIE4h8s4goshHqoC0h1EcpPc%7E9HoTO0dF8F72ELbOSV7epxdLmPmuIDPEUxMYpfDpFG-1bwXZ8T9Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM bf18a79a690d17e57154b26abde9891d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 074 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Description An account of the resource Construction underway on the Potomac River Freeway Tunnel that connects I-66 in Washington, D.C. to the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 5, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/e1eb92fd58babc294a71f495475071d5.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=D6UT-fvbqeMkYch3op8uUTozoeTly6s%7E0uFzfGvP7ZLNBdUd5SynQmszRgnhHJjStiJbG09-RTj6Rtbf4-OK3WSygqUm5jYZVOV2FQi9LqCVoK8w1fHkrWV-Bt7r6aRl%7E0Ifc25ycv1o5zmFhr-RMpcGkz34dUmwqHpIAkrF5xPkI6LONoCSKH%7ES0TYyXb9YHG-Bn6jzNowRK4hiLTDIYfQNhKIAQ8tEd13E8yLP8mEgmVHQIGLsuf3ujBELDhbjqok07NvHsiKjiKpSaWzV8wT%7EjmTmhgBHi82ZacPRxF0oKEeWyMkJhIkx%7E01khGbTUQzdXboYmgHzSkVrDRAZbQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 795c09a8c0a863dffa9133d9189d2093 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 075 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Photo of the widening process of Virginia Ave NW as part of the Potomac River Freeway Project. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 3, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/5ad9cd7a88956a0d87862520c67abbe7.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Aid-OO6Qji7wiSW4z%7EO0auRxBWB6fSDkY7hZHy8yO09rwNOARc0vqgHjP0v0YFJaOszPJo%7EW6o5kAREEC8NWCQRPhKvJyjrCxTjMBlvSnlAthGRU3c3FE202iyPaQ26KrjHHGsJMiXameZviQxbO0FR7KIEmbpryrX6BY3VYivjK%7EWh6pQtdla-GYqvs3BBrwaLmOv2JPmv6A5Yv7LlMPJzSBqcdjCOI2E54cp1ZTQ2sLuCrwLFb7isypJJ1C6UP28Q%7EBdYQRJpTToesvuBRdeNuHgGq0-ah155P2Xixh2eK24LbjVDVxjBfvWBYXBeNYFA8OobhvFb9zlWGWAX1Aw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e393baf8d712555d796b9907e8e549b6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 076 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Description An account of the resource View of the Potomac River Freeway Tunnel spanning between H and G Street NW along 25th Street NW. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 2, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/51c9a3956415f09333d4cfa1a2be734e.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=U%7E9D7WXuxzWt9arH1YCIkFVHgT7fqsdlZ2ADcIayawbJsO8fu8CLFvoEf6jlfxlZKxu4ii4zuzTWQvfLQi8eF%7EUYbGGrnlFCtn-dr32BE7pUwlzKWo1WCJY721a%7ESO5COFUgP7PfjXynXZo1AgC5FkJ8IyilYuwrAccGpNCCzdxJnrEljl6z4lTPbji50BEeEoqUiBRGNfYDnQ30z%7Euo4w953X9X4%7ELuiS1gZ-xTFoFhSNcKYtak1Ah0vVPYiHEX23Q0H27mbVQBJvpfF5%7E3OJWvjT8wXUbJfDYP1jVKUZRqWwiwxnSU8hVpL1ZoC2OCBh6vGu3aXnMR8JU5rjz1gA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 64b1f80d1775b191b5cd96cd5738a697 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 077 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Description An account of the resource View of the Potomac River Freeway Tunnel spanning between H and G Street NW along 25th Street NW. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 4, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/e14044f747f3024a7c05b89837875826.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=pwrjvIjTQ8mxWCKIqkxEMZXelCflD%7E%7EkSiDqSjG7Wk1-k341kBmchDjlSCLPg7p3zLpXTTbcjIfNVS3ud%7Eg01gTKMGrjuCHAbU4pb6YyEH2RvZxF2c9vuOo1RCB8kyFjb64oKtMsAXIyW13foBtY38GRDzol3-aavfEpYWvfINqX1oWptaJ3lnxhq-7zoy5fpYgtnGi70NFXvbUtWISGOZ78QnI2v65WQ7JSwBcxCxtJOE%7Eb8SbeNAuRsHvwzABS7U9p5FT0sDEupYT7oiikJwvjvCDA37uG6kDDDlXdeqkmL0xRa1RTrl77m555P84PL4ZFohiVOIbMjVvSzKSc3w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM fda41540eeec64eea03788e6f71f7817 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 078 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Description An account of the resource Photo of the excavation undertaken for the Potomac River Freeway Tunnel. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 1, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/7fdf0ae622699df82a2ed6de84c0af57.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=idrln95dt0NPWEHKurUV2LWS4TElQc7PH-p4Fk6HeHkV9IaJcfYh0pTJEqgs6KvvknTiVIXA77Q8pw5FHU7LCDpOuT8BXKXxewuwM43etY0Ac52mrpyD4ZiBe-1lH-npGluO6XSmLcIrdsBeNqjjFXDIJYkXw%7ECVZ5Jv9D7sjOlYj%7EAmbpPyzaJKQZZxcccieI9tsN7Wi6jO5jno0AFoQMR-xG4SIYTBK8oRzfgLd5e5KuUVkCkwxL3KJSPzAjMdL2iJShx39W3XYRftCTL7Rxsps51AqCTYPhaTJoS2-2CAcvZfNz4XVf8ssmcbmPkGBVcBJnihY7O%7E-z1RG8xKyw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3f555c43d56aef4804cf7afd04024fbd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 079 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Construction projects Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource View of redirected traffic as a result of construction for the Potomac River Freeway. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 1, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/2f7a3a46b8e88f8f7bbee862fe03f213.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=KmOvV7xiKhuEjRdE%7E9V3Tx8f7OU80IJPoayuLYLEBQZ35%7Edw-aKYv2bQaolWJjHtqBckgHQHi21Kw89vHz-v6F4RHoVlAVXjqo2nQgXI3qcKp8JEWGxGo-sAq1FwIhrCvluOFjcAyUGNF35mpAlXzW1kHuoCaC0x2xpYFcFLaX-46scj8ZOgxZDagfMuIQcNIGPXuXiOAd2m2LUUd2brRiw3ajzzsl0qChIcg3NOblIKtgpn3eBMelm7o5crkDQ3Y19pZDlxsPJ9glgryzWYM8TdJRhsRFM2lnLbnAu1X3jXaLdI2siMEnbjDJ%7ERJwFWeFLS%7EOq3c3Qft0xqg0xH0w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 6ca5ef641d8665e73b61e7d1cb7fbeaf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 080 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Description An account of the resource Excavation of the Potomac River Freeway Tunnel underway. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 5, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/3f7f3a9880c6f0d2d2c540454545e3cd.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=JdbGxK9i2FmrVZ87qCWETmGCfcrxTGiLBlm%7EMF9Baofd-oyI4-2h9uHa-YhipQj4IyQbhJ-xI90rGCU%7EbDRCffeAp1D63D7IjhMw57Kb1odrJ9jFRzl2wQV5WfSobRuNRpfoNxWa6E2ZW8weOCTfiQW6LINW02ZWeZc8lacKvmQxoJMdfTJG52xVsb6prx31JbfXx9OS0osPyrr0Q8Of1iIcPOBcQTmFLdfBoA7S5xHvJvX9H9tpQ7ahRvC%7EzzDX5dGs87coLgBaElYtbNQOM0ydvcGkF74nx9u0rFawZY7KfKnMV2y60gYsLSs8VFL4-yGdmzJgbexR0KX891qRIQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM dfb568991d0831af960a1000620b1ed8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 081 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Description An account of the resource View of the Potomac River Freeway Tunnel spanning between H and G Street NW along 25th Street NW. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 3, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographers Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/79e1ef1c8169567fdc0332ccf09b3435.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=CSxsNF6KQAqttoMlxhRDwwFsvVGEyjqf0dr%7Ee2AOoCHIBs97A8AA32g4QuyyJVzuTiQpg4oCR8k%7EBoo44HY7KOoeLtikVvlE7Z4TsusvYFkvikQk-dm9eNvpZEIaxPY6uMJRs0zI0kkxmaJ3k73wyORJ6R-9cuwNEgKQY38LLkTc0kzUq1TVeLJb5aCrP6KaBnDzLACBUuBYts3qxBkT48vyWVpNdIL37WGYS52MrwGTFj16emMI6ghMGj5GmTJEqPTLgWJZC8-U7T6kIxmCOqobtftypBujfZE2Hk7GQrWS4hrHtizeQGQTmeriQIcil5Pt4tvlbQLwyBDSDB9x5A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c6e3ab91e5ada5a47433f03731e663d3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 082 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Description An account of the resource View of the excavation for the Potomac River Freeway Tunnel under Virginia Ave NW and 25th Street NW. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 3, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographers Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/1ed1a6a2173b3956b196c5d94deed3c8.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=SDTIC7zCg3IYGiYYeju1Pg0iRjZwqvhdIr3SgptbYovTFFm52d8zir7u3MNpP%7EzSQX%7E%7EHu2p8L4HEhenXy6hBfi2gUdGuE0-y5vE5AXHZr8IQVurJkLFLAolbhRVvPQV3ji5XH3ghLNssqxgsidIO8B5cIqPtwD-iHoCmY3b9o8tGX0OiaDEives%7EawhB3Swos06J-alvKgUizRVxkVqtHBuHoQigEEnVPaqo1qIVfaLGpHWgUf-owk1-6wHm31yYn2hGIt-Y36lFdeMk-ZNlZJGIi0cGo7%7EU59Q-f0eFZBTIsj1uBCPi1oZJ3jXQEe-uvXHc8izIhthonVRvqsOdg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 11d77c3d3cf2b5855cda627370d364c8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 083 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Description An account of the resource View of the excavation of the Potomac River Freeway Tunnel Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 7, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/fd230b9c4a0e58394f18b2a57a92e295.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=WZiTlmTJDdtuyxJswtpaM%7EY36qU6UpsvHCsAcAX2uDN-109Sl3tctvNfHADaSXshyOr30epqfgJMwJKpOPw7KDGuHaiR3fGIU17uRko1w6tL4TF8BHo4bINr7xyhK0RPKk6BSxD3vzX1aoneM3NauX26faTgGdSmwsEdVXDGL9f1f-08ehxtaCq6Lm076RZcFCQRZ1REceEgZZTRp%7EVuho-%7EZcOTQ5hH9Wvbb5idBJ84G57G7H6lQ6X%7El7UVv63fH3mfdtpcvMHWBP5BFlPi2kCEkjAG25zInYskjUvRKtc8cSkqdMC6F6BGs%7EqtUzwGlp7dEs4oDQXYqc9EoL7MyQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 2a30b7f7bf2a17249d5718b7bcfd6c90 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 083 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Watergate (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource View of the roofing for the Potomac River Freeway Tunnel. Construction of part of the Watergate complex can be seen in the background. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 5, 1965 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographers Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/32f9fb962efc7751749c5d901c1049e2.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=S57BnF5ExKo0NLAthjKGDPKU%7EeI20O6P5rV8phXNZrmgZWN4SklNQY4pSkHR%7E5D0KJ-zf%7EvvTPYBwuHjoFkAcarG2ooHV2hrwIv-Q5MpuEORam7-2LPeaP6qWV0y3auT4-6kjfJkaW8CBOwKuJW0N6CuqAZuWAXu3r-Fv-LTdL7dVNkuP2xDhhOGOIXvOuuxgFu825zOtIDVGyh%7ErdHvgyx6sBk3J-vYNdP7DM4C6l1ctfs1UwoPRSq6Xc62T7nIBX40NnWtsKYbeE7XhNpBsT196bKmdIF6S1HK%7ELlvCyvC6e2DMg3C26fm2o4M4AgM2ij6eYwWddbu37GOX-nH%7EQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 853135a8a3cdffe44087f97c8fb12a6b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 084 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Description An account of the resource View of the Potomac River Freeway Tunnel with the columns laid down separating the lanes. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 2, 1965 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/4a50ac05b22bb31275a99f33f2ee517d.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=iI3pGk%7EdPKyjakzlxdds5gXQmYbZhCKndu3T6-1548B4CSDcUeK6oLf1FPsZQufi3-tHNf5sJ4w9pS2CxcaE5acLDsba8dyfwwWZA3irD4le4gibbkxQZ7dQVenzVkhZr8HeSwcM1S7gUgBvKHRhynlap1fpFgBk%7Eo%7E1ErccaQj10UL33%7ED4NKrYcJAXIQKJZZj89CxFHCsq1UXuhKyh3oOGUyTJb84QL-9q9CbIpxNflL4YKcI2m%7EMYyR951nkXu8n7gNvu%7EaUIomREQz0z9u9m1TKcL58UjnwLLD-KDP9-IhaOuLeawyVu6PGT9KZWyIAPUtbMC6RuluWXpZs8uA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f311b3bf12888df96ad38984278c1078 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 085 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Description An account of the resource View of the steel reinforcements being laid down for the Potomac River Freeway Tunnel. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 2, 1965 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/699e496e1f3255440097ec490066ec7a.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=BdphQZ5Oq5RtfWA4-INyw7w7UA6dIvCfBgr6CMQ%7EyeUi3Aoc%7EUkYA6AMbpMVmaDTSy4EvgQVGnwPSxfoCMRXgIX%7EuR5-dTGSVPWWNm4uhLG-He26fsnQzRPnMyf4XMUMh6U%7EOxs05GadfUwiYco%7EvJVs3Z5X%7EF%7Eys2fT38TvobpCt%7EejUdu3LeCYGi7pJM2s3Vxms4czQAqVQolTCD4VyOkpE0OSQTTyzLuAuYFm-zP%7ENDExcKcTF7CQh7XKaY9dfVVktDSqxpk-naJ6UJDTph7maIkx7rdfMB3YQ7HtI1bxDOn1BRRRe3CGTSuiryxUibreZPy5mMHgCsLmU2UWUw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM bdb597754fa393e7c04c872978f88cc2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 086 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Description An account of the resource View of the excavated land for the Potomac River Freeway Tunnel. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 3, 1965 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/2776aca805adcf35da122c412e7c4312.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=BJELV6Z8jGV4633ei7WxAmPomWzD669WmIZNeLMmk1QqsiOJPa3USFVWOEQ-%7EvN-VAsz3wQ0p3yu3cvreS9MuYm%7EqVQXxfk20xZ3d2R%7EJt4ZiwKDCd2IWuqe2mtygJwpz6y9EYQJrHaivOICr2GRkrhnFXSsyGc6Q8VrkqdDtQ85-BVqMrovYp4RnUv41Wl4exph6fp12pGmFCnQ6RWuwkezE7ghQeqks8JbpR%7E8fHNuO7w-UVwvW7plNRHpA1SeW7OQ-NNIBp71u-87THQ8RRm76h5PXiJCN37CEKdCCcRayyxsaPoSntWqhgcgX0WtQveDEoGuWsHdTcY5fkQ%7EyQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ebd23d37c7b1e6cfde2d283eedb3c798 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 087 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Description An account of the resource View of the Potomac River Freeway Tunnel as its roof is being laid down. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 5, 1965 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/3ea46dbc291fd24b2d51a0cea25a2e27.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=WN6I1VVZYrHl2-2PQvXuCUjitiLRrWkQErzMmlwTBcYK05Mc0Dt3C1oG0H1YLHTIea-xmAQdoS0lC15aesEWd2yjx1tcOEUURPM%7E4Ah2GN4I5tYs2R-3AhJFbHh-u8%7EOndkFVTEdHUlwnVVNliI5CKIBpY7XikNgeukP25AzHHS-pnH1wYL2N%7EJ5yt8XtaFjYhD9gdTHW9cRR-LNdnMzERkY2lplzpSykMU4pQ5VM-6e%7E8kG7G0yjJM1LEoi5Ueh1fvxKX0OWqh9Uy4CDeZJ4AjyBHMSV8sIv5yIoSR8ZyNxffZfSfIGBDmGxNSDdDKR2WtGkpCgE05YH1lJ%7EZH91w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 326f8c21c17ad6eab45bccef559557a5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 088 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway Planning Construction Projects Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource View of the Potomac River Freeway Tunnel while still under construction. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 3, 1965 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/4d81a20afa48aab4526327f055360395.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=EQCuq6lIAa4n6mx0XP53fkT0o5yFe0Wml0E38SZs9liZtWJqt7XEQJ32g8jfD7%7EqaE3qXTWwhuR8v9J5Ah0dIE3HHMnZxM2JrqxhVRrpgw-1jQOzUCyy-GH6tKEh0dBk69if-JJRiCgqNcqQuUbOaRNj2XVqt11eFDTWCfkbViMEgYqdWFR5wvycZeZqfMcLpnkrt90%7EfN9e2VOXKaH8nrW%7EKwykoEB8WXGJHg7l0cx4KEzR3MgFDRkNjDACIM9O9MqQ6iJSKzU9w9bggRosq6w5GLbQd5AI5Zo6bfsT2NcpTkf3NIWsEcOh%7Epddv6n4%7EO66bZbn-Itep3UhDzA-0g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e8a31bcd9f69018d0d673c1617117e53 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 089 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Construction projects Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource View of the Potomac River Freeway Tunnel while still under construction. The tiling of the ceiling is being done in this photo. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 2, 1965 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/784b5043f009dfe43c90cef7cddfe453.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=AxPYHeQNnAU%7Ex1O3pUzivtvGdS%7Ej4T%7EhIQg1dSvhDHrTakShlbq-2VWozHeYG8d-0e%7E51fwJ25ymrWr7%7Ep6wh6JqpJ6qLfcL66ZCjwyjuuzuuxjGIAAewsKwBYuAu-h0tS0bYBMvWSiM6QAjsVn3cU1eVTt5WvOCgO8QRxTRYUeCRuflH7vxdaY9vRX6iv%7ESDv-wOG3GPa40FcToei4V1T%7EKk3-aBtxmGcu%7ESl9A2oh1q4f-TcsAm69rF8XfJSrladYjQC%7EpnFlWN2ibVEPMsj7xUSNOmTTU6zy97IP1Goqh1cqij8oJtrFXahXBhkj4aZ7zeDUcMgR7yWZebugvEQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7ad221a22e253256c815bb493dccfaf2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 090 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Construction projects Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource View of the Potomac River Freeway Tunnel while still under construction. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 2, 1965 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d45656b45fa5e6369ba4f35914958ce5.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=rWzYDu7RIhfwlYjwr9KUzkdfYvlicdUI90LZlCpdwrgomZBanBv2Ak6CaoIDULJOwHLLTEI7zyEYFR-7%7EYA99RfXvhSJZAmimsskZejfE868-9nXd-r7jdWDxqv83WZoZxhdbD2O1n0NFcDY0tgrXkld0ui5YCiKkdn%7Et3GMBx4RZWN7Sw7DWQbNVrU5%7E1HuDnnxVdyUjzCN6pJQPWi6YyQao1MGSv5%7Ea9l8XP1iNtuaGOLguhjgQXIM9oiO-0qXix6ufiH1xiQrIbqrqIPVU17s%7Ej8BuEJHpP80mqGXw6fJx39WFv6dO4iLAFCAhCCyYIv4DFOqJq98zNKXekGBUQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 84c55bf0945d1f0fec1e742f50946e89 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 091 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Construction projects Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource View of the Potomac River Freeway Tunnel while still under construction. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 2, 1965 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/a3e7ca0fd59a1f8f6683694ff652e22b.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=lCvJLCTaKtMKSFQ1GzBR6vAlWR7nJYSwGzurPP4e42cN1ddSPqKtzlzjJCgjDWTC1N54kKQ9C8-%7Em5cc1fWp5A%7EM-tQRbcYYJzw1hz7bn7IOOD5aVr2Ql8f3w8U96AX9vb6NFSr-MGxPSFHbN5kqWC-LqZVCmAphOjplSeCxsLLmEHzrr5M6RucRj0LM8D3QFGiFEUqqu9ZtKR0r5xgR1ikXEpPv4VzF0%7E1jkEJKOo6-uPOEn8PUsBpLMPAwni0WtzbG3mNetC3XpEVdHoBYZdhM%7Eqv%7EqqvzTLtjSgt7LGuQ9VxTQoIWlvF2MkKd02xKJ0APzGNMyXRyHcebEs1jtw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 4f65a54eed533f117d6ab87f79043c54 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 092 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Construction projects Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource View of the Potomac River Freeway Tunnel while still under construction. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 2, 1965 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/ceab00bc744a0a15cd4ec1002f9b6d73.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Stk1eVMOgSA64i5okJdOl4zt1NOk7M2rG1Ysdbdmrbh6Gsh1QfrCuubm-cxSqxAl%7E1n9TdaSkADX1VsHMyVS-OQc-eBQubtL-CD9LEwl-bHYOgPEVebIt08zMCOBUvDZ1i7MJtxQ8-WV1dzdqlj2FcpubRXZMu5Z8KOdAWGsUvz8iURFGxM2pZgj6XgtKe3EtUVQH1SiKT%7EIgfG6YWC2QdASiRpFAxM1Z1XY4bNHfj2YjuGdIdETpnI9K%7En4b0p-gNWmOAGPWqjxH1R3WQx31kf4ZpEidtLrDU5bqdjUFfYrecJiqeleogpjfOTJKo%7EgukgRe8AD4QKpHltzHH4j4w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 23b049f55144a14119e0c7c8253b721c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 093 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Construction projects Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource View of the Potomac River Freeway Tunnel while still under construction. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 2, 1965 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/451768882dfcb409c14f4bf7b6c5f4ae.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=eeVcgZUqbZaq914gIJowTwjaWmWgZXJb329tXqWNgUHaXPkNJUsxBIcmVfTw7uiNUMyJqSX59MoCgrTtphNl9IdsaWKEI%7EsZN1kgElzvKHiSEOxbhxyE5qW8QGIuxV5JgCteLfXCIwKzb5INQ-v7iHLoaJHjXBcWvwON7f5P96dHb2l8pbveeTHIyh8WE0nC7jy3AHZmLGtp2qQih0xwBAuCdhE8Ko9lylCKPxzNJYR0NZNmaDiT88tguS8bWHYjsSjL7uXGDJUnu-ek1H9TZ0%7E3ECgh5xjAEorVTph71PcHZBzal%7EdWltgOqjlAVpaOeijJYSY1xVPKleFOuOpIVg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM d486c413587eb0bf3faaf0104ed43ebc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 094 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Construction projects Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource View of the Potomac River Freeway Tunnel while still under construction. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 5, 1965 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/2758fd8ed00365619078fa946fb31498.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=jalAW1jHtM2IVLOqFEvvu77J5PVcMNDW-QL0MOnCHKlSBEP46sLuoIdCNyZ63sIRLxMEXIXjnpZHD0c%7EdsDmU6jSPZZucc3iU9oKzvgI3evokLAZ5R%7EUQ0p1TCWmBIHFI08Xsx3wEcCPB0jWyhVUbUVRe-yilbK%7ExyKAqJ5fE5kquuBQaMLn22eW4xFOTjV6sb4m00Ms4qU2te45RV7Ov%7EsqYGbzmxOJbSE31syoodC6Tm81PcekupyAyxSi3FvHWi2XhpxTPHVgaFVaosRe5YhLy7zb9T3a0SNulSBtXHHEc0ypYYkHJHSc5%7E7s5qHyNG8fEYllQ0HCNoLpWwjXKA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 4af82e247a203ad5008791841342a4ec Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 095 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Construction projects Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource View of the Potomac River Freeway Tunnel while still under construction, but almost complete. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 3, 1965 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/caa80c9ac41a4f4de15fd19f4346d2e3.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Jz7zI42O60bU--WpyC3V3clxo1Gcc08HVwb5brJeGYD4wLhPceBPMdo4noBA%7EtBcMp%7E8Y2yROteykh%7EPB3%7Ed3fh5gLsw8n3QhsXKxk6-sRMFQWLOFY8sQ7WwiJ2MOJvTS2tjHRfqClMzmMnF8Fj%7Eo7krUXptcvQxy4sTFGYJoAz%7E2aTzqwc1851iUbfApQj0Ezr0LZ50omSdmtqGjl0QrXCAvceN-HWYJUyp2H0RdyxpSXFnzTVVaDtdy5lk1ywqONdKwBK371VHj6QHzlx2PYWybu0VfD3IxANEkrNBn2ATXMKjVPp2SgL42%7ELMLlPpPeznPcTOuRRU6cKhW10Ygw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 930d56969541387a6adfb913a8e5a165 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 096 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Construction projects Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource View of Virginia Ave NW being redone above the Potomac River Freeway Tunnel. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 3, 1965 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/5dc946cd5f6d42ce2ef9173936a052d0.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=jLe1zHBDlCG8J5FWlv4LWIAex1Y47IkyH9z97W0Mt0vLqyT1ECd1%7EuL8ELRTMAAae0Epx95CFq3NZtmgUMtn5Q%7EZ2C7en2bKOuCSDoN4cGRNT0M8Mu7CDdyMqgmVenGo5YTA3Nz7wnBUXo4SiB-gEpk3uP0vMwe2T4OjAjY2xRbbBAsr4pdMZ73ct0qL8rZn4DDhfE3INvb8EH0VK9IxIKrRRboA3oZ0TxB%7E-4B2ex4xMWh5GNy1XFx-MiRBsa2cLIBhaLSdey9FWKSzKeoVy1CC5JUEmneLRQCw4Di2%7E5GxZt7hIpZ-Qu39KpTvJyNAW3Ce7Xau7WnXD1OQ3vo6zA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 5ec11d03451c458f6d9a2785e31ab1ad Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 097 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highway planning Construction projects Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource View from the unfinished street level above the Potomac River Freeway Tunnel Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 3, 1965 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DC Highways, Interstates, and Freeways Subject The topic of the resource Highways Freeways Interstate highways Description An account of the resource Photos of highways, freeways, and interstates in the District of Columbia. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource District Department of Transportation Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway Early Construction Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction Construction projects Description An account of the resource Photographs of the Potomac River Freeway and its construction. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Aerial Photography Construction Projects Construction Workers Freeways Potomac River Freeway https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/93f57939f99771cded39dc4267756935.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=t1CTW%7El9ZCpeCRQdo-beL2%7EqMjw3AfnpPZ6HCzFDLyfHHlyYhG0clhh%7EMI7N4pqOYzuNKp08DIHhcYmYrZoXerxx8dpksHKWkqNcLH22kbEIf1ElS7Za5c0pE6ZE%7E-X6EDtLt28sB8lOstA%7EUSKTIbYQX5jbKkB0FknFuqubVzy-AiYeb5B%7E-UMBCOnE7xjV%7EjKD5uw1pFbvd9npJZPcB8nd3rXbrR2dLmIta68dOATCAQ1BPMy6xIIBSDPKua2BUh-CdfQ5ANmUZ3ANKDBjKCL6U0prM11Z7XQyqdVtyD9I7SXmKyg3dZyfXaD23mfsSBty9UpY0TVIH9bNnZ3FGw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 336c846a2f8e34db07297d63cecd0612 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 001 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Description An account of the resource The Anacostia Freeway--also known as DC Route 295-- Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 15, 1961 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/47d1a03ba2a865b74ce35b9cb4060df9.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=rtAmEq6sqrxZd%7EHV%7EL6agVoOB-52zPpNljkHtdCNIs%7EVXEECdkOvOPFUzaaxPqqaREyuPjumgOlr9lnA6234IK18ScBz7vCFrrhOGuv55G5ZjI36plrESssq1muIX94r9EEIjpuncO8T3evq949JnuETKn5fnefkvSdZeRAB7IUlH8dI2CkLu5LChZTPmnf5TRjRRwsGB7xOJYX-0XxOLERVAgmNz0RgP4p8bW5N9h73ISCKkSpmnLRv6SCXjS6ieUnCTrGP8DGMf2MZ6H7VJl2KFkRWVkSu6OEdSmGIC5jd7K9cvZAhUYHh8kYid1Ev5ULS55LPZe7og2zOCA%7EClg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM eabd3a91c186198ab795cd6918ca62d6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 002 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Interstate 295 Description An account of the resource Aerial view of construction of the Anacostia Freeway/Interstate 295 south of East Capitol Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/98b57b79f3fd0747c6c5ee590ed7f011.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=ZzS3AiMcqhDi5sI5hubHQWvcAelo5DXpRsyD6DovNQHPRqdcXSh1fbUFUD5bb3S%7ElB%7E5M%7EYA2ExWJT1S5ADJg5MVVwlfLek6bEcZ6vD0h4tdbNzIbcBgoreZQacnjNh7DixGjculGhIObqLsfRGHQUkR9frlzcpN4sJVYTHaWjAYXcBVdVX%7EvEgQI5EzMW-HPtpO6dyRGMxPPAIKZ9Q3MBEFAvRbu39KAreah4Koeu577IC6P0pb8i2D7WRfvrgxZVkKGMz4ISX6rew7CRGips0alQzJxq7rkFt-M2w57WUijL8bEIdz9BNKacjvxSc9mIpj3Nbio6lMlvQNY9dUhQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM d5fcfe852f9d07baf022c75aec2ba609 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 003 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Interstate 295 Description An account of the resource Aerial view of the Anacostia Freeway/Interstate 295. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 16, 1962 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/3a85a780897e1d6b15cfe41e8623a539.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=ahMzH0SsHWoDDAUKJsrHPt-I0TNlR09wOOKxud5q9pRc5RzkhjI8G%7EMzqdTYn6tC3aAhUEb42v9STSdpHsqvka1PzMzZYN7-Fly3w1VnazPelOcRaoFjTIuM2VqTJc4LFUTVBbNhpI3jhdxGoRmGv8Cgg7hfB-uz%7EzZuWlJuJZZe4vPJeqARMOw8LcmuIEpzN6KUl4f222GL1x%7E79r6GFOpnavj26boCmAM7ddbSQLfiUreWKf-iwaf5FLCNIqRPbGWNZqH3N3Um2e2wy6mShXnz97C3eO0cqjG58sE8X-9lhzl9AqnBuwnvLnOEZIS6YUwIvbTu04letLw5-tJuRQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM babc92720197d3d24af991913e2cfa40 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 004 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Anacostia (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource A photograph showing the Anacostia Freeway over the railroad under construction with a view of the north abutment showing the rails installed. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Douglas Photographers District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 1, 1960 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/8d855911535b87157f7c883bcc8177e0.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=VAnme0SYwdydeLa4uTVo0xyFVpIWLpJfLqm8FSMeTY4r07MJwZSCm%7Enz8lFNV7ZMd39EPqHbrxxrbppiTsklARxtRR-XAQrgBGxS1QD6mtFbBPKPoRGkYvs1mtb6DYvxdJ6JmM6aBPpfiGK6dujJST60jmdKa9Lh7RLSCeuaXBMm7zZlUlwN6n%7EgvGlb719kUO-f-p0mFPoN029ccZn6-mfNBnx42JuJlZ2wE5tFjzt6rXSBfkoNeI3%7EumnoEC9ADhl9uYsyPyqw5sc8cWj79agxyEQ07Bg3oau18%7EhpfgL3B73opuQbhhSRxbC0EDP1VbsCY7560qpm6-o5-j5AIA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b9c38de410152b363ab54a438c558767 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 005 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Air bases Motor vehicles Description An account of the resource General aerial view looking southwest towards Joint Base Anacostia-Bolling which still has its old landing strip in the photo. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 18, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/9fb404880b55d552dfd5124ddedc72cd.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=pjpSIBmaaSgXsRfmYN7g5YO7kppHO-%7Ew2IvT5DkzD6HRibg5k5vm1qbmWpXOIGk6Y3wV%7E83KaoZ3MpKRWo%7EELIBCWwHvk56HYpXGt%7EJ38%7EG8L-RasiucDoia9NSI6iCNptzAnHszIvwB5cFk7ZQihzL8mo2Iyo-I8EMCkJzPts3HxBtsXb4dYtnJbvrWEIb7YHz7JrDCB3N%7EnD4osHPrBV1IrWAIgrvrJdPhpG0YsZOKTHQfkP1bGimitT6LmCkXz77JFVNBtKIovGzv2VZwNDSBKJRLZhSiE7MVNTIfznWhh9vhF%7EmuSINlpgVBRMZ6j3qVO%7EdFalSRE8-9nvyouQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3d0e579cb7e2c4bffdbea9d08840fedd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 006 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Aerial photography Construction projects Description An account of the resource General aerial view looking north Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 18, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/a0206b4132b7facc1578c9747250bedb.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=E1Zr%7EBPOh%7Ew8R-SMsUvSMa1y6QOj%7ETHIp1jOS%7E-67NC-Fxd1N2E2J%7EfK9mkW6kvMtoEDuL--Hq8nsPsm8LnVvL3VLKxbMzHlSHKwNeILiFcelE4GhrL7R9U3TpiPOu8hrsOnWQs6gBBCj42IunDawQnsuAeuGLWu1unvF21hCvp1iAvMBn-RM9nILo8EmRDMBvzaO9MlYltZrEpQ2izttBAxBfDMMzrwkudOiQQLGO7Gt6fxtVTz1fVG24F75xQEd7a2IA-d9J0zp-Nl993HAxxUerpavg-thDeRS6IT8ESQI4oo561CXvgvYCbtu5iXMv0ba7RaFFygYpTuKWCPpQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 80dbb04ca71002d42992ec0c2ba12cf1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 007 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Aerial photography Construction projects Air bases Description An account of the resource General aerial view looking south towards Joint Base Anacostia-Bolling and the Potomac River. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 18, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/4f41342c244a6739f2e71ff339f4b229.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=pHhGOV2iWAAEmaonP4xY4GQkA%7ERLq39-M%7Etwa5suRr8FjTxZvAPObokz3zErqLy-lSqfcYKU1QZFl4Ei1N%7E4gEZMzJzED2tOo3vbtAb4J1qEbfvCVxgjX0jeJf7HPYdzDda9F7%7EDgkapwdwZBdD7hibGPTCP%7Ehz5EU57AZqbJDeH4B8NqSepy%7EKHiq8Qiw%7EHnRGaogw69Wt5humTHX62fALWB5IiZ47Nyaco4cfclOwuzaN2OUFCUVyZEyiJXsM1lA0-lKVGZNC92VSXJp7O%7E6%7EA5CJMRLG8SgWp0WH%7ERiQ4Xcnv0ZsuusTAhOoepi53man%7Eu48xKVc-KapEkz-iXg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8f60f0e5d412efa2110f37652be12a6a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 008 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Aerial photography Construction projects Air bases Description An account of the resource General aerial view looking south towards the Anacostia Freeway and Joint Base Anacostia-Bolling. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 10, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/45d27379394cd1e761ef6a1f90fc9fc2.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=sdGC2oSxE78EHzZ48ZtFBCiC41KY6qIZyinfokXyABQng1VbniYyhHYuadXypzSilupMeBpaGrKaHr-E02hhn%7E7gwQOwJsPVvulCJRU5MwldJ2Xur3wi39LHlEoLe4fVxbrqFvwS%7EsCetcOugibImj6jCRqkV42TgT7h0-TUJjhCeO8Nm51NFY-F2gjXXHsAvfTjLBh9o5tj-f-IkryYYjhxlejbKsx42IZ%7ETCrI19CBM157Mybr1lNfaGRtPFSUkzjDI-4f7ZeVCgI4sLlvIfKOfQRWhtDP-1sgA15HxPL70fxKXSzu7tkpd1GA%7EhHPaaMq4TZMz2ifBDuCjWUKcA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 39ad7410e52e29e60d74645b7c5a02a0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 009 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Anacostia River (Md. and Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Description An account of the resource General aerial view looking north towards the Navy Yards. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 10, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d42ca7dc9ca76863c5e46f0f65dc3649.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=lUhrFDNzDTsE9O3gIuGlg8eLxg7t2zp1PWAKDHaZp2qC0vh4hUZ6mX8xU9eGdJCHb6hZvbpLH-jt6N9oJDbJXiiaZyjhoydZaSkNxYWuCXgtSP7CCiLGBMRjAUhiq78Onr4RO%7E7Foq1rG9174dIyXOX2Tg-FDFBC7wjNptjc2nVlhTY%7ECE45scA4A9BeSYw10FPzsn5XsLHlXOuA9V07o14XAGtu4KjWSOgd-F3e9KtITDS38dKsTs6Oca67ikCtS0MGta-rnaCmgPgKHyrruECXGruDc-Sxg8Heaaszh9oNqq%7EK84tj5Vr1-ZEKnTw1gAqiXP2k7zJFP9jPS3qQDA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b5a259618dc60fbfb92e640fe4acc568 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 010 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Aerial photography Construction projects Description An account of the resource General aerial view of 295 overpass under construction Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 10, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/22884cbf773dd354f23551eeaaa7a33a.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=SKTCqy020PW3pj1AzWNGJa2YBG9gbO2wrsgOU8MIG2NPikh3UEVW-f2zcsS5FrfMK%7EZGoNYmna90TiYyFQ-KyZZN4mTl6aaV3O%7Er5GFv0L2oPf9ptzocHyLaTwd0vNKbqixA0J4h69gMQRIf72WuiSqy9agnnwyUg43aQUUhn7qQvZv-jZc8yU5APFEBC60eRP7C3kHxYssSusCniQNC5v%7EEEYBWasrgKUB88S5umEHcqlKK4aZQERJlSoIWUy57%7Exm%7Ew%7ES0FzdXXqwwtwfvY-NbOuvrg%7E9FCxPg51-LnG30uTnHfwAJGmRFFaz11LRmzRZr5NJcOndjm870V2vcHg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b31de89070af694b731907aee157721e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 011 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Aerial photography Description An account of the resource General aerial view looking north towards the Navy Yards Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 13, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/e29ecc2e2a1a8a944fbfd1c76b879668.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=GQry6nPlq-ew15vSRQSIWIXzBDdzAXCvdGpfg1h5-PimEU6NrUhZmaA4HI0IQnOL%7EkWcKiIRDCj84MGCQdOxuq1684eHRZ9roUrd3scl1lVD6ohxtsPOSWCj7Mmg0CSj4zTyRBk6afzcvT8zba6mpoNAROvboudMl%7EcJ39S-ee%7EfzIp7j6HZLYJ4KkN9MNRIgTl8jngL2ic0rp4GLRw6OQued7Bd1t4jhMZoBlt8lE4RaWEOcrHUaha0F5-sa4yWxH-5AXgqeq5VRgeGyYDUD2HGbBXbi75iAOQobaDwqygJVz4f3FpCbNTQZiRMobz%7E9Y9m7QBVgoaSkfO1SM00Gg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f2e537265a95d4bd8c425bfd1f78feb5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 012 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction Projects Aerial Photography Elevated Highways Description An account of the resource General aerial view looking south Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 13, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/fc5bffb148378a64fb4277d10702c0b1.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=RGEqzbS7ECgD9O0d8MYqcNsLUFbFGjA6EIGYyL-KaE2pF8mPAUkmstqJmFrr5EKmVOtJPUGn5CDMc1i3HvNPaYd0gCjrdCoT4RvOMlmTLxhgjYg9HXcyxaQUnRmv4m0kxF3STRCaZ9v8BOBK6teiVw6KLLB2ZQOn-DBOn2KqT7xXhw-2vWiBG5OSV3R-RH5-UibNEfVFjJkKalefcBShzNXtP1JJPyldJ8KIh1PS5O6n3VOfNypj8K6ilApTMI8IuUcHOBSW98RHfa6HtXzPPzaxmiSO7-lWD7PuU%7EOhIsf73%7EVaN1d1wslMKBCk%7ER7UKia7jP61pZ8S4XvuRRZXPA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 60557b40d7d60ee37a08d992bbc7bfe1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 013 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Elevated highways Motor vehicles Description An account of the resource General aerial view looking north Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 11, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d0f467870b54b52449e63b53f3868241.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=F8uADzS-rDoAmd4Y-jsJFVnjTVmOOMCabnbkS6qlsn6%7EwbiNrHn7e6YrTXgajQ3%7Ehw9zOOVjbewv1JSO26Ii6cR88gbVCpr3WNuxP-V7cy%7EIdc8Y1xbZmPLmOUdoNiFH0aLby3vPktuJ81Dt%7EzqNiXurEXugCcIng9qMdC%7EQPouqS9u%7EBRD6JU8UMbgnZ2FtfCQtmM7BsoQ-Tdo-grEfwj1HEFinTlXfPWTY4gGii1-zayyyBnyCpNnAd6J3SH6p8SuQIE%7ECg2%7EExd7evvTsGEc2A59y2PtARSV7C%7EY6Li0Q3NDmvEC-khQm383Mn2fwp7UlztLX9jAe-E4iwqWSeg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 9e193399340cccf0a0399571eb674237 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 014 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Elevated highways Aerial photography Description An account of the resource General aerial view looking west Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 11, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographers Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/0d7fd549318d473500e4086c28ab583c.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=fsr443dqtyGENfJhpRHhaP%7E7eafKddBf9H1wkclJJNbASb6xCNynapkb8ov4PjkslRNbU1TNOJIpjcANuIBB3a0XkKYVY7aZVFpE4RZTT-9eDiOQ2tQGyKQ8m9PGBP4rAXt1kW%7EGr3mKuifuSXmh3H2xLTIIqAUM23QGmBwx2BXNruk-ysw2edj2pknoV%7EkjXb-YsNoUkB-M0HU8g34vUJTlqRujyRwtfvlFd2jm%7EpCsrd1XraortIl01TCg1oAC4T5fmTnMXcdnj-fxskbrOtNDPhNFoGfefwSZIfA8l1x5ykiJLkDc3w6YjfQYniHvm9R-v1KqzAvc1XAAuk6V6Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7086fda7baf44bcbd5baaf9b63847bd7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 015 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction Projects Aerial photography Elevated highways Description An account of the resource General aerial view looking north Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 15, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographers Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/61b968635c7fa63e08313e92f0513f0a.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=p7NxG0TmAVkPb7lTIvsjiq2e0CedIqJUFhmVjFEE3qWowRKQfgCrgK%7E7nXs0J9ez6U-adQpfQsHgRyOltZT4BkVEsrR2UeBP-tD4jDOfv88Tuxgj9buo64xTf9lt8Wv-PimTKpZ7yPYNvci%7EqKfHE18NpMi1Yd0LsiKMThcPWz6CG6vLIdCm7kJgklPmgPpti2RIlv4qgO2JYiBRJTaxiw57TkeXahzgQhv24S9zQ-961E54WjqA9xFmYejigsRrtuIJiez3XCbb4KbywR6y4xrhSSDFpmtfgWrJNwmY-q9Nx7hxpDglbRuWQU41xPovK0qACs80Hh8qyCZ1DNUfVw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 03f8e6bb218e6e9ae1813599132b51d5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 016 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Elevated highways Description An account of the resource General aerial view looking south Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 19, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/fea06e105f7c56a50e4eb5fac08a7d1b.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=BCRb1vNxuc6sUsTA6uAfoK1W9BnjsURB-IK0I6HeM47WIdX5eu7fmQFtqw1ayRPm91gnl-0Ion85tBxy%7ERgCKqVKbOGJ5uSamwgHCsU8NbwDd%7E71QRIzSDf%7EKb4GcMp1Wdj3eT4MMNtWVBB91yr-8hLK%7EXoRa4cQNNbh1t4J2DfKZ7DBjXLWoiAew-1tBAGNw9%7EGu7%7E%7Eeb9YpkFHy785Di%7EmeH9cWkypJHQ47SE%7EphrJ1JrA5ZUFXNlEIKB-xf1a9JPm4FwJ3iQ689RJ90oBp1E%7ELXlk%7Ep2uxMWrkdqZIe154BrYqWI5Ei9Gu97PozgEiHmGgvzkmHh4ymghfqGivg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 1593b5320aaa965624c37af7eb745985 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 017 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Elevated highways Description An account of the resource General aerial view looking south Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 12, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/66e3245f11a0d2da0c607bae4d24c66c.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=UuGlEaIKhWnl%7EvwJVogeOWGgScuPDFal7QPMusOgD75uhnm0zrET8o-bYKSLO6IY2e1-UPfVYemXLAOK6vFJM2-5Apz3Dt3g%7Ey%7ERRgRu-6Tl9fGJxlTN4HxR473j582IhDqf7d0Zhj11gKqKXLATthLULe8kx92EndIN29Tamdcv5Smd5m76aRM8hIv64bCsFelZbLTXM3SeyUf1gqRxBY8oU3WiUC3Gs21rtS2cDEA9-C0puC4TDlOBCNMWCtb9h-hT3n1jwrnB4UFNy-WIzpYwty5HAYOxV0I59dnxDTLuSWQ%7EtVownL443W1TQCzmuYCkL44khtoPpzHmRpFemw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 6e83585fcf01b8540cc84ad0a8f6a0a8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 018 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Elevated highways Description An account of the resource General aerial view looking north Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 12, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/a08b7e50d6fe4286cf37ba5c2c037038.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=hv0YlDHya5h-qDOpoqcUwJtx37eeXQLlmYIoKzi4wi2vPgvQFlJ1kz-88FkDFX8yfjGlCE%7Eflisz4wDNtqzofHkWzlF6ENRZRpRaxuP%7EvJ6QHDbhfMlqTH9b2xSPFFd05vGYmyKorTZfYjM68uw%7Ebzkd9quQxLb-p0%7EJ2n5jk07wk5c5ciOLGWC9Lh5yNQ4JkHouBk4FpjLslzVKgFx5RC1RJmmtWCgKl%7EH573NHl2CAzgfKryAwT1oaKAwADPfRe-158P1Ywc-0IeSTka2-vovCD1mEPXuPYerCh-0ZznzOM6PaX8c5gIR-K8RhUZIs%7EeUCA4UHtyxzH%7E3SI9f5Ow__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 1ec4ca8047a12fe29bbf60e45e3927e8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 019 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Elevated highways Description An account of the resource General aerial view looking west Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 12, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/0a825989515c067d16e4b9f94bc68357.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=KBJpOSjw7UX80CEKwyB6A6ZiLoAkxRq52hBD2tUE0DrBn-EOcn4TWDrqnUnpWKvEgsecmU%7EVF0VPpFHsZir1pJnRDLlzJF-04o1Cu0QiO1bSsUqm2s-cXGNjCEoLhCeR1owNMyg--cNGUYesmvBoCI5x28zS4YT0kKI2dndQOmBTKwlqfMipdIc94tOXI09EgJFM0-p7nJyV5mzWsdjHYwczp69HUnBfqJ6aDfUuGsB8Oqv7ol744e4e7ZsRYx1XrIxOYmofOHl7cvJJEmxgSSB1GnaIoBisDFVj2mBg%7Ep5M5zZpZftbS0cS4F2eXpdc7jpdGSx%7EYGaYQpsymGwi8g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM a3d3f74a25e383c69391db827b6aec2e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 020 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Anacostia River (Md. and Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource General aerial view looking west Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 16, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/41ef3175f766596ba2b55c665224244a.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=iR6W-Va0kGzzRFShRTX-OkczH0OY34hPG6toKH5G59LvVwIx9xio3k7vQ8Kw-a5lXy2-Ch%7EJgl7VjAlAdW9iwIzuiArKEftnZB82OqUMAQxRBjrLQIV1P44cZ4SMrQLwzmHCccVYW4D4jgl4-qx%7EeE5YhgmQ8XLXrPSKxGCF07eKX2p0nfztQxd-lUzUfGHZyp16znp8WTBzFA79EIYZAVeq8AYuYXgVyE5B7IoXSI6zKLMahONMqJnsZCkrxTzdjex4AdqRoYobODZw0lTCN2tAm4C0V%7E5Ivdgm7i5t8o0xkaOS2-XXAe6MXVnPyoMGEWKqtgomGN8f-DGSwaYrgQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 0e86746a49fe1ac8657bd5fbb12b3500 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 021 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia River (Md. and Washington, D.C.) Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Aerial photography Description An account of the resource General aerial view looking north Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 16, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/715cceb4bfc5a9008e1a486c540e4c29.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=pK7lFv7tsji-oHfCsHGr5DYid53ozOxoewtyVGpS%7E9CKDuOpnOMGIDEstsABjLlXOzm5Yt6T-IdueStk-NaTOT5bpqAPE%7EPkYkFHrdZFlr4JB3ptk9lYXnHA6kGVg7wXbWY8lg2zjY8bqUvd--H3q97SrYpT6WOFxISPnx-ljpoZgvvqmQCpFD05Be1SiEkNMeL9rqKPsV7sU1QZe15NjD%7EoArRgum1D3HWs5WfnXJR2wi6Xv1Jz39wY%7EylsVeDKBL-GML7a9YE6Ob5yuPd0UHDOcywZeJjboxp0J0FBUSjHK5GTbnRfo6%7EOphd8QmOBfNJJ4q%7EbhvDMbv2VGGEmgw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 658cffae45ce723c8afeab325e7ed92c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 022 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Aerial photography Description An account of the resource General aerial view looking south Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 16, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/67d22ec454ad8603f29fb08ae9e58d89.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=hZp6NTStMDe-YtB14Nng029hHkBslfBQC6t5iQ9mIY1vuWEnwfgzHhAGxxBhmTXaJBNfeW0-dO-w9N6Ddszc0Jq%7Ejr73uYMXtzVYyCfdx2rGvrwaS2HoVz1vvXIpFOMo7GCMOtYGop7-QkrLJoTnTFZZeqjzSUEmBYZ5usVMrzGUrhZNq-g8-B%7ETzcD80frbmc82aDJnlLhc7lxdVpJp7yCowihskYegHWUnSLGBu8LHzgYjmLQJmOclbhff8bNFWZPJ6ll9buU%7ExXhtt1VxxZ6Uz%7EjO5X8wRjIu1yIyCHIixbbfbcnq7Hu2yOvKetTshpqToYiczMjAh-EYUxmnCg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ac51b7c0a4ca34a7fd1cf81c4f1394f9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 023 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Elevated highways Description An account of the resource General aerial view looking west Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 22, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/84d9ee23cc29c8e8c008e7884fe9c8c1.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=gr339xKiQzUn5wzBND9qYcTJNfhKAulk2B8QOgdGFGrIzR2ye1MAK8iW2ZrZdzub734j83o3UX1cJEQZeFUlP-2RWb2Z1QoPkyTehOghMPovKKRuAOZYJwnigcnzXxAFwYX9DblFlP9AWlf7vBZS4YeVB3hFS2DgIUlz5Ym94v3paALsmJB5DVhSJ0ZyvUCcRXG3IbM7ZPa%7EaM751on8XSithV6kV65WgX3Q8QjhmhdLH6GkqqOsgkzB2NEX3m5qXhKXLTfsJXuZ67%7EypDvxhP3SUYc80sK%7ENE-PouJ4VDt5ldmHCx-JCW9-6TcQDxnwVIfP7ztU33E2BT-uj75E6g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 67483f83699fe48a1bcb7a1b26c76616 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 024 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Elevated highways Description An account of the resource Aerial view looking south Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 17, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/60d7b8569ea267ec07eb8ad500ac0c04.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=ClqSTGEFouoeKdgclk%7EZTIbmcyPJz9JgM0l1M%7EVsiH26vcFaj9oX0lXxDCmE05Pzr64frJ3Bexv%7EqGg1mXNxH1VyVVtXtliweeHcO%7Ed9b0DdWvGswSQUmpB1GAdVRWjAK2tQd%7ErfB-C3T7vIuZ22oMvXHyN8eoLkigLY23JPNgvY-H7DznK5wGpSn3JeL8uBMu4-tF2Xra0JNdNXhIfQJJyQDvla6c4ENHMCdnpyW0oyo-LncUavLx8vDXIsGe1qA245-APpzt7Q3eKQA7WyjQaSZQq6LMfaqIDhUUxLdjJmwhflt-0ONpUhQPSx2rdKChspnqoJ-LD3-Z9J6hDJmA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 9981f088e46965cd411d26b6992de9d4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 025 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Elevated highways Description An account of the resource Aerial view looking west Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 17, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d0e61965c58b875949792e02ccdc7674.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=OKB9lodCFC1KDFkOIk6IQRQEDe5BjhAyUoXkhWW6QPe4XGJ-jm2ZUW5SRThOowCDDJTrzvi7hNn%7E6fFZ8rbCyAqq7J5bSNEBQn3fondpzfk4dI3Gsgg9hI%7ECeYL-ePcfSUq%7EOtvKo5g9WsotHOpSAsXLaIIW8c4HREPXagWO6lkQFZ-ZlvBtv4bnnqkVykSwH8Mf78NGNhvsL654DxawHbOET1AcYjlj2a%7EVlcLIr0Q2Y2a0QC53rFzkRR-tjJevOmaZjEh9NZquBWd3Fx4c6OYJ0dkquT-cpdl82NhPL3i-4JAa-lVYGWQ11GEF8Qahgoj6XJaXpf4pKk35EInRPg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 4bcb8561beeda8501cc6ccecb2fd3293 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 026 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Elevated highways Description An account of the resource Aerial view looking north Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 17, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/3d927f1f2edb2597c7d7355aa9d4b208.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=ndMCYaSK2zddGID5TZJBAr3rDgXCtSpakSIVTNcNMJthj83te2-4UZnJUsWOyt8idwrfAAppGY0DMLugwQXLOwu2slBjBMzQmaIVgLbQTsW5i5uqFQAKIwzIsc%7EY%7E2zf3yaObZpjHWqPMkCq4jIwhmL1YTrJx5xrB4pp0xTf4oaKktCojPxQsS7gWx3rWC%7ENNPw64XvXmOTJgY2yhEJGEXtNNJB6YRJUKSdT60wVYjKaK2JsSjOVZGuzjB1%7E9CpL38I8IW1bY6DtR-eZ9keFpBnLSTfkeamPgFqGEBJ4QZ9BQU62Nu9cE05WspLmN4KRqIiKrkIbGzlfhYZrRwF2JA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 5d4255ffb8d1529502462247585a1b14 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 027 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Elevated highways Freeways Aerial photography Description An account of the resource A general aerial view of the Anacostia Freeway construction area, station 183 to 200. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 7, 1962 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co., contractor Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photography Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/1613c13dafcd3926555aa885e195b3dc.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=YWRcRUg3KTgjfZyG%7EGI9A9f8M-cjpEo6ADz1Wg9he9bL9jakP6u3RctEIt%7EdHxX9bnf3DF5F8x5QUedhyBfU-emjb4R8sxuOjKLFsqW2EbyUKbJzoC8gdCjUEe3f-GYE1hT--I2XjjnqVrR1KGfZ8w%7E9gcNKSBtopVZI4C2iUh%7EGpObO068pEYVzV9PuekTfokcDR7G%7EVxjwuh6tNsNq5xoO3MI%7E9SceWMXyW%7E8fIjlg12oWIgCaxNbqmd1hUTKMMpT6VttfR2QeK1pOtzw89wb81Q0Wp79NMn5L10WJiNN7V6dqYWawYdVTx7ZVnETyo1asEB39V7YZgsCYcW9z5Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 99e052073bc0f050c6e2fb66c3e7d6dd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 028 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Elevated highways Aerial photography Construction projects Housing Anacostia River (Md. and Washington, D.C.) Bodies of water Trees Parking lots Description An account of the resource A general aerial view of the Anacostia Freeway, from station 183 to 20, with the Anacostia River visible in the background. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 7, 1962 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co., contractor Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/2e1572c823bd9b0971f776b431876c24.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=NT86ZtsHrHVrlJYP32nazZo9Cs-EGQPDlrR3gxae3WM-68HyJFXHtSMwRIGodVACAVzSH%7Ep%7EN7W5wdungHtyxa77cFRMczJeyRL9VfGaw4Sx0spuvp6zlqb8-0FAF8MbgZhAzEhFXj3AWXz4c5oZ50-iA5ZqjuyqzVhnPUJsCJE%7EFis2aqt2jwcsnr6OpNnr5k8Xce9t05Z3dGRUEM8YKRZMyYDDZPZQm-1gmZpxvQ3DXKIpbVZshrwoblFvm1F54pi1D-WGia95%7EzGOQ-Vtn17epaL%7EqBmAdr6%7Er8pkufjEQ6ssba4nwzSXXKFTTQ1goiwWteGQ6htneyQfTge40A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 1f7cf653e96e7bf26e469ee51c0ba792 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 029 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Elevated highways Freeways Trees Housings Aerial photography Description An account of the resource A general aerial view of the Anacostia Freeway from station 183 to 200. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 7, 1962 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/edfd68f2595e5bb62d66fb4c03c7d88f.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=UCPja64rejcW65KSYUL1VgZGySFFbRIKL2ZXwCLFTD4GMWBqhIcaEKQ5Wz9E1WCpNaRVwRAGUU2OnJiNsC5MPBs5u7Ka-igsY6GDrNgrFWhc1znD37Kskp4Yu26su2Ro3IxtlqYelsHB1Oe90NxtVir2bnWeBQpR0BgqzxT9KLDaVb3VHiVl1te87%7EklIP8nQDbTqwG7xGpkyCyFZbkuRKjBb2M9QokqkeJ1wFscUjaF4Wk6OMG%7EjwZ72n95zs9mFjXZLNTedAOFWj0xvR3pb8eNo%7EQ6soIJEjsUc1xsZwG4NMd8Mw2emZRCYyvkvUIH2wVzW3VOQzvNmqG%7ExRRgmg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3e47276e5d7a16ef9c22f015dc9c3506 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 030 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Elevated highways Aerial photography Parking lots Air bases Bolling Air Force Base Freeways Description An account of the resource A general aerial view of the Anacostia Freeway from station 183 to 200. Bolling Air Force Base is visible in the background. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 7, 1962 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/b76d7e6d06144da388c8e52351b8488f.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=HlCeEzjm%7E70qQmiCW-Fset0ggfC1GNACL16vC-hw7fc5qWgjujb6yNnUlUbu3JX6rm8CNyCZYTUmA0Yr803cFQD9GeEcu9vqoikXtwd8Lt%7Eao-2DfiDSWgwB3lgBZykLkLgUYfvkqo5oRRZdoiVfEZFMFqKs5F1h%7EP%7ErUjfqeTRxbPO9cAFgwQsP3DOEY5UQdCwYMBkCXS-fCqTF8TDvcp8GVI2bTGDtnMk4xjYgZCQdzaz8KJro-LwSlNOi0LcJXGfoGjton7P8%7El8LScIwkjPmoJUAV8OD4fOQQSKWmU5c%7EXZ-O2CbZGANckST0-2To6K%7ExEUX6Pn9fX4vTv-cZg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM d66a5be5c4c41f25a86f722cc17a9007 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 031 Subject The topic of the resource Construction Construction projects Anacostia Freeway Freeways Construction workers Description An account of the resource A view of the Anacostia Freeway construction, featuring work on pier no. 5. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 6, 1962 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/8dc6bd013894e117ff28a99eacd03ac0.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=e0I2N2iZh3yKGzEuchvghNja0R7doRFbmIJ-Z6jxi6QCdbCcgHadfShfTEK47b0UJSMiB4Sgx6JUo%7EQTCGN8Qdebz35qVkWylD4GGLxyLnTYmdTfScjmuryfkT%7ELvvSm3GzP11hmip3B8uD8jf4QtPHAfaPgT%7EfdMOc9M6tMXvHZVQNBYqQ5gg3%7E3sX5agUkt%7EJJpL5iFCt2gUJIkK3UhswAxqtrowM6sHB7qv61drnWFUZC5k6V4JVlusE0MjSFxD26mviaLKkcFh3SipzcoM18ExAoHdhcWHnLsx-ytPJr4TyVlM7w%7Eai9uuwPEaNeUCSpnCNQVgx6biHH4P7hKQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ed20ca743aba18eb738e6dc0252cce99 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 032 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Trees Railroad tracks Description An account of the resource A view of the area where the Anacostia Freeway was set to be constructed, from station 183 to 200. This is looking north and features the half removed railroad tracks in a forested area. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 6, 1962 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/fd3c630e11b6c7a29621ff7ed4a46bc0.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=CDqYYkKgtPd65uIHPDC9DfBpo-Ni8q96d4EPy6uT7fIBUPlXEl6DfdzJi2veR6UDCGVqnIUpvZKzjAABVCzRY7LmXODHOm8faw5nhTB-iNNnsxDPkjtbkN7YkVomAIoXaCnbJyQUIXeneq7BDw6XkBavYJ-1W6Pg8ls8R2zZgzqw4yzCHkdWF6z59fPHZcvvXaByPcDR92j0Wi24UPeUsHLZkT-9M2flLcRDshGljX4-bYz49C6V90VgU%7E6gWCV6K5w9CRul9U8bKrngXllEpgXCkecqNMKXQBVw-6%7E%7EtCaW2MPvjGy7kCH60zBmIQMOF-6hdjmv-tumUsFa2q1uZA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 275b6a8f176b7f84e73b309558f78067 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 033 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Trees Construction projects Housing Description An account of the resource A view of the area where the Anacostia Freeway would be constructed, from station 183 to 200. This looks north, showing the removed railroad tracks and a single family home in the background. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 6, 1962 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/c4610ca2ab6fee887cb6c407e335aa17.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=RrYFIzYFvL72UulN-l1tPPG6LeXROsBlCKwlUITv67mTsvAsD9G1OkizxvDMqZkoqdf%7EINXDZT6Oafuhswe5XcaHCTO5IP0355DNbQYRPlpMXtj8Pdaifte6ocbVY3MZ7HWmp21HaAvyfA-oF95l2RbwxriuDgDIBcLikWz5bVmLgkIY%7EQqRoPqSX6wtBRoiB3VG-hMtLnilga9Gf68S98Ld3X7sKEu2nGuGJnQCbqII30Y25XWbuBd6Vvv%7EkhjustLKIxt0LwFZjXiE3aSod0byczR9nID0UiL7lqszizn79fizjXc1zCoqbgUtF2tm8%7EU5Ki-0-0yiqfRIUp270A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 9d3c2efeeda3fd9af05f5eda7845a0b6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 034 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Trees Construction projects Description An account of the resource A view of the area where the Anacostia Freeway was set to be constructed. This look south, showing the removed railroad tracks. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 6, 1962 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/ba6f7caca4afd2407b84414a49b9a854.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=AAInOnF4NBRic5XaJ3lYBYs4qAFVikSIr9mvl0JBWpz281QmwsuWCAbeZAdrKHd%7EEhu8eCyuqtWINceJfymRjNno7nrFd0e2iGF8qGgy9r1ZoLzlFf5hilcapYZm-ZMevoFplIiRhdRWpnmGaHtjzH-4R14IAiA9Q8uDE7oN3n3BoxFpx2RVb6fBJMDC05aS0I14nkvHDWBpFI869BCl9A6%7Eiv4-5%7E8ipkfkdWwPqKhxV2El8rcyqRY3VehT8Ya5HpDMP9ltgND%7EKeZD9AJmhUpLcvHS3mJc-q%7E4QJ63kuzPptupCGcHs-q6236E4GCIB1D6MaT4-LUVgGfpMy7YCA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 79e44e2002978584d540033c13e57c43 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 035 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Parking lots Construction projects Description An account of the resource A view of a parking lot near the area where the Anacostia Freeway was constructed, looking south. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 6, 1962 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/9ddcd92c15a2bb56d50db125c40ede55.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=lKvCH%7EKYfJ6otIZA7ulGFEpY8RPpZn%7EkqK5%7EkkgY0fVspkr5JY4UmEhOPhK57kvn6SqFktO8Z9JtuEbwCa4-WV1uV97DcY4a-R3H5qo3z8pViSpHJrttfvByO8o9XYUxZbWaG8hva9U3hxzGHerBf451KptVdZymTdaUqx8%7EvZLM7DOKBf1HpkkW-f8TaStv0ezl0ILf9LpkBPGWYFt7zOPFWci3Q9NnGjMgwkpOk06lEfeLQQU%7EpPMijsaVwybvouPi4IejLZ98PfKgFl-vQpktDbf6jmV%7ESgeIfapLVx8aqs3AcqFDggFyRcIyBlaZ%7Eu5NkKrCwErA7VipHdpVKA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c3b639fbec114c5988a7478723459ba2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 036 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Freeways Elevated highways Housing Description An account of the resource A general aerial view of the Anacostia Freeway Construction. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 8, 1962 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/17a18dbe082b505399a61e67d829dbe4.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=ZWubqXrTOwdWPiafdzjKsO9Z6RpqOakfGwtsZGNC1-FO3KEHP1AwZT5ezQtwNOCu6DfQx3Izel17Hav0BXIm1vGcAphWuOiT2ljl8Upi%7Eg2avPLVmDl2et2DWLlrcgXhSrEQZjs3UYZd4HvkKkeNkmTT5z2z1M5aKObEyodwvBNu5Y%7E1LhS1A-uvyEP7uG8oBgC9esnDgClRuu8Ss4Q47WAZN-J65x3GTr78V01InwHRgkRvRGE1KovImOMNNDNlA6MrSq0tfAzoyHio7ODeav39wDkaJNTx8GbwzmHHKtRifMNg2TQNAZFMI2y2tKOi7sTHxAJWaWJwmHiNHlsq%7Eg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 73111a6aa11e81c12d810c6498539b4f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 037 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Aerial photography Freeways Description An account of the resource A general aerial view of the construction of the Anacostia Freeway. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 8, 1962 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/1b38b352ed5ce36b84d294e7bbc29546.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=dhJp-T-Nk4HLjvp79zYC6p3vDpn0WSnirmDt0Nj%7Ew4PyXuzEJ-Tquyd0VrRZwrdI43kRaR1IAYuVg6povjzGzRmm7LtL5O2wj4UaUCEgsmO7EQ30mTvJ4bdm9wYDB2yc6jOyPBS0mnq4j5GuR9Uvpgq0KhCkM2WefaUX5irFgp6kNFo7OjLkY2PjnGm1uLXI-%7E%7EcubFnBBhnOHpd78AAVRQ6usFtZqRBw8SZ6tVRpgLHkARsbImRUjv-KdvkisY8UIXSZoFZeF7wpL1MoM5AH4q2Ci6PIpkzVuGaOSgEv07ZEA-KTs0pEYQuaYneeCAJcdusC1GJDz3kNIFKcG80Yg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 199a3c4bf93cf9b8bd05539ec2490465 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 038 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction Construction projects Freeways Air bases Bolling Air Force Base Description An account of the resource A general aerial view of the construction of the Anacostia Freeway from station 183 to 200, featuring a glance of Bolling Air Force Base. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 8, 1962 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d1142c92a47a83d4b05d033e4ad06f12.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=veKBiXUpx5m4C%7ENEPgHzTqS8geyRNT74zocDL-pczo4sNE1C47Ed436gXZ4xCSHuRXstTYmDCci2VemEPBhDmPPsZ6Dn6rk%7EhqlsyUCrNqgIVCwXmn1pn62z4XK1w%7ET3QQmSc3zXk6RogyBDIZ-gyP-QijTv-4lqZGf2Iw33aCWKHUi%7EK8uIfcs2%7EzBBqjt%7EOutoMj3%7Egd9dLH6mPoNKIjgY4e7tWj-ZVBm06jyb0BCPoxWbiCB3Ehj36tUZePEdiuzOiYrLOc0dvdhOvXQ7TyB9lGMJcOVpDZQZfja7Kh2%7EiDzNTGQX5nEuonD159H4dNtjYSUTw94nNylJwvT3uw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 1a47774cc42377f304a6ae46e9efc227 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 039 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction Construction projects Construction workers Description An account of the resource A view of the construction of the Anacostia Freeway, looking at the north abutment. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2, 1962 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. 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Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 040 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction workers Description An account of the resource A view of the south abutment, with workers standing near a some of the construction supplies. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2, 1962 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/971e3c723a8feac23f00c800dd89c5f3.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=cHI4tj0hDqTVxGfzlKxikt5s3YsVe2iZMQZKeZcAwvFq2q0nuYotKvGC3Z-1N1XeT62sIHU-dnX1Pf%7EDy2UZQSAkgxIuOXhIQWMrI-9-caD7V8jaRVwX3Fq8OJ5eSVpCwPsjwPtxwlE2vmqC6wNAVqMmqucwrQqHNPB3SOhRr%7Emvsl3QeIeVlUO%7EP9g6qZ-CM4Ui8a3O1wbP97U4qh9mkpM0JKIKe4GbTFoZO%7Eyq-mqR98SVbT8%7E6DnAMWKPkYgW3HvGXt4btFVpThzm2mv1R3Z96Ktugz8x4hkn6zV1KsaNPAccOHA94JF8gCtSgDhL4bC9HGLZeqjRiVqJAVaDVw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8f788e81473694a3c6067ce6694b1abc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 041 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Freeways Construction projects Construction Description An account of the resource A view of the construction area looking south on the detour road. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2, 1962 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. 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Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 042 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Description An account of the resource A view looking south along the freeway construction area from station 197. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2, 1962 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. 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Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 043 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Freeways Description An account of the resource A view of the construction of the Anacostia Freeway, looking north along the freeway from station 197. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 2, 1962 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/2ac6fb83ca2c019fa9859d6b923a7158.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=hTlz836fkjpCPs1EM7TjQ6-%7E2hjHslb8zjcHSwPcqFjlkffGLOX0csNFJqjBcgawYBkUHApy8t-mRt4R3-ABy094RzZTXOxpO8aRXDFpfu0End7fMypzniquSfEobnocc9TgyZsSle4CYF-Ow1U2pJBtRbW9LF1WmrUGzjb%7EaePDmImXCzNFxPlGCwiNMOwfbAU5v8ujlJ1auytud5Qo5rNI-1wMevwiqO4rL1H4Wfxhj6NL-B07o%7Eoyl8bhUnUXl4Zo6kicKQCJhrGyjO23fBbch5JnSdSDeDM2rAfuK8wFztQFmVl9rYGq-dILfAbDCFB6gF0dFYZC%7ExLfLRHkFA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ea916c5f283ae6092ee0ff05d8df980e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 044 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction Construction projects Freeways Description An account of the resource A view of the construction of the Anacostia Freeway from station 183 to 200. This is a general view of the structure looking northeast. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 5, 1962 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/5bc8cb9b1c92de4e2de41e11ad4eba00.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=WtNMl3jgQAh5TfOm9IWSc6YVqCOum-yhwtNSEsO6tsW3nHeVkxVmBSNJVqCjuVmbcdgKJsBZt30o8XtgfYesM-ITOVJHOgwyckUKSCbrJ4VWuNcbdE9jmosp3XE7IwJGATaw1M2bpBrzkvAjglVG%7EDhseXTPAtEFPB7pvlbus1YoB27CvRHzengKHbN6gITC8XSvVHi0oYmVMfhxtFkOhDflihJJwJWB8ph-ke9bez4OtdREn5nT0qvmNMgI411hZu37WAN514eUyLXbLVZcEb45lbk7%7E5BOTVqcLpaGd-b9bgC6FZ2JzHbbwt3IV4rTnQYLmrdwhbhBeZI%7EH%7EvtXg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM faf9397438cd8e25fe5deee839b66be6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 045 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Freeways Description An account of the resource A view of the construction of the Anacostia Freeway from station 183 to 200, looking at the backfill of the south abutment. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 5, 1962 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/6ced079e02adf2dbfc45c10bf5289ee1.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=RWO-CiE6umlPZswRfHH8S1-Z4KpehAJezvGnpXjPmuRvCvkuqp4wCFI6qPTXyRkHX8%7Eime1ldDKcFm5D1PtaRoD4F5raUoz91iJTLPvkBwXrtg3ltHS6pY8euM9owATtyajckmBADIOxrMMwmy5Yrrp4d9OB8WqJtmSQQoiDzh%7EBC213aIDBdK4QxVxoXfW%7EKDzEqZttELvXXZaramhUknWGCNCr8bI9Fer%7EJooRAG5Dg9KkEW966XJzD%7Enpr3CQD5UsLsJmPyTdFJHBatrC43Tqf%7EOLFwI-f-i7BG7nvS9htikxJhPwOfqspIsplbUb7a-hS8BUNubr%7El95mN6CXQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 65623dcbebbdfcab71485e874ae165a1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 046 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction project Construction Freeways Description An account of the resource A view of the construction of the Anacostia Freeway from station 183 to 200, looking south from station 189+70. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 5, 1962 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/1db859ef4d106cbbcbec919165651ec4.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=I11UB6CsgLnG0MT2uT%7EikzwT5EnI16nLrOYNthVcrJcBoVcgQ1m3Xo2yIPkugTmh0cFdSM-ZqaC6M8AsU6vX8KZW2GBe2NfuLpvX1L%7ENjJq8dBWJU6oepsH4nkoMtwS8vZQ-z2IyzJ5f6K-k4u4b76Ob92Z2GqTqkvlr0-VPxcyWszkflgyI2d0qU-lYSM-f5HkrnMm47M9xV8ADXLAbULuhFmpZbIMhehXT%7EwBrwYOMEAal-mQ-y9cqmgfdxNqqLSzLo0q9oVHgNvveOBy%7E2qUWgqLEkpXjcZ3ksoYFVejFTAXeOglrFQ1yhjh75Jn9rBj5ko5VMx6P21rLyDLpTA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b03188175eb55ac2e2c93093d6139da7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 047 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction Construction projects Freeways Description An account of the resource A general view of the construction of the Anacostia Freeway from station 183 to 200, looking southwest. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 5, 1962 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/64fc78f898a195736592db74316b9cfa.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=h7zHCmSo7toKCU-Tmku2UZSMnmRBFBZ4p6BCrfeqT1usEqWndomOx1WLkO5yWHtSk8G1j6v5bHu%7ELwkifoRwdqMasWkEu9eWtjVOcrb4xuwHIpnt3yFTza5LZMTbaT-I9%7E4Ekh25YPk-Za4wafZMLkMIUzeREOYIdIkfc3k6gEoSGmP1Pdw6lzDAohtv8FsWh2FKNqN7y82rQHgOBMfIJ35xC9lNBiVM8jMbaNbXvTMUwlnLt7rm1REhWAsYAPQHG4OiRS1jTz7WtamhSc-R3Fbwlom2HEx5kGz7q84VQ25bXqEA3OzOhKGBHGZCKcl81zODpcIpItVWCXUbXJ6Jlg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 5ec92b07d94bed5c20f8b5c95a318b11 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 048 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction Construction projects Freeways Construction workers Description An account of the resource A view of the construction of the Anacostia Freeway from station 183 to 200, looking north from Firth Sterling. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 1, 1962 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/cbbef096fbe5fd49ddd68af2b4f00bbc.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=JXaRmsgYudh9fCXqrWK8cNbWxYB9JkhQ%7EsKiTDyZ81%7Ew2r024k3xljKJnr3JabdIMdTJFemxk138QRV0mTQLf2AWiKw1iiEVPiPPNGwtpWVm%7E6uPu8ueTpyU16rdMH7X5dSfRYglYGLQtphZ4q%7E0huugDkMq3a4QDqc7LOWF6oT1vaE%7EGvzYnJgfK13zdHclFJi28-V9Q-%7EZdcWbIgIxcxVl4kIOZYJNaaFVDgUS4RAhh-EfopDywZXq4azN5OMpUXVLSu7y7ItnIRRRepe%7ExOtxEERs84vxfu7QvFHygHFT8aM-nYRag9DiiQzV-Bz-1VLkR9aW1aKb-f-yR4c9Kg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 6d5549e7f2def571ba5ae80613430f9f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 049 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Freeways Description An account of the resource A view of the construction of the Anacostia Freeway from station 183 to 200, looking west. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 1, 1962 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/2417a0e687b952fc708dc1054048db53.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=FnrAqufLD%7EFMtmArc3jcsIyj3eqxswcO5xJBX2zuohL5Cugi%7EFi4wZTXjRntyN0swfh8uI2J1-HRP6tyKCGFMuCjky3Ftcr8XsF4FX%7EnoZRBbcQZxZVyohw9Lb4qMTeX8M9Pk8ncCxqgVnzTB5XWOCbhZeQ1leyN7nwQSxmHbf85l6OjQpnhOBmOTtgJ%7E832NenDNV5plI9kDJwp6loYxhXiGcVCjoArlclqhYwT-QtWOUU8xGLe%7Ex4Wjb-%7ELo7n9lTtbQm8ejxkg0meZoChjGtlhsp2B0smbQde1QQsimBuCtcRVd1YVIEpE8qbAUCkDTOjJzKn3jUAg-Bt577qjw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 18bb96e11a9ac77456a3df017c2e0aa0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 050 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction Construction projects Freeways Description An account of the resource A view of the construction of the Anacostia Freeway from station 183 to 200, looking south at the detour road. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 051 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction Construction projects Freeways Description An account of the resource A view of the construction of the Anacostia Freeway from station 183 to 200, looking south from station 195. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 1, 1962 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. 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Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 052 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction Construction projects Freeways Snow Description An account of the resource A view of the snow covered construction area, with a general view looking southwest. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 3, 1963 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. 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Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 053 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Freeways Description An account of the resource A view of the construction site, looking at the northwest retaining wall. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 3, 1963 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. 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Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 054 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Freeways Snow Description An account of the resource A view of a snow-covered construction site, looking south from station 189. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 3, 1963 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. 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Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 055 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Freeways Snow Description An account of the resource A view of the snow covered construction site and construction workers near a manhole. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 3, 1963 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. 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Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 054 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction project Construction Freeways Description An account of the resource A view of the construction site, featuring the northwest retaining wall, looking northeast. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 4, 1963 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. 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Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 055 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Freeways Description An account of the resource A view of the construction site, looking southwest. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 4, 1963 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. 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Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 056 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Snow Freeways Description An account of the resource A view of a snow covered construction site, looking southeast from the railroad station. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/27e9af34cfc13270e61e48c6e268a97b.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=F%7EUIFYskn9bbaThT7ITZICGIPHQuZdvC0loXZEq%7EbJY-xtU9s8r7bkFPRcFDTht0aPkuwpLhFWTY0IHiMTfLU85EYX7tIK9416F77qx3McODeqmtTgyffPKC8i8o9-VJMss5kf-PIjl3Bd-VEcaRINE-bne6VhaNQJ%7EOrnvoqyQaBGLz3To%7EP%7EetPrsxJQCCIYBX%7EA6KNiH%7E26gbB3U77%7Ep-y1xhSu6NCWk51EqhgDA9aNTA8stB9HPdstAh25QoFTB%7EmxoFcDYJViQCXlwuyM36ZeyFtd7NDLO5ksp7ACVx2vHm86H3RIf-u52xGxB8X9oN55bFB2inin2dr9HkhA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ee0043b8f18f2002994b6810a7a585f8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 057 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Freeways Snow Description An account of the resource A view of a snow covered construction site, looking south from station 190. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. 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Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 058 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Freeways Description An account of the resource A general view of the construction site, looking southwest. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 4, 1963 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. 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Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 059 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction Construction projects Freeways Railroads Description An account of the resource A view of the construction site, and the proposed St. Elizabeth's spur line from Firth Sterling. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 4, 1963 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/a7391bd9575d1bde8fa80f77bb98287e.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=JI-1uqI1NkgyJ4ZMEYLEZYtv-Ht3oG7NviuAarERhwDacgicRRQ6N3RGJL1Ff4ERzq-oVEIVH8LyHupesgDz0d4x3776vQxwzFKum7cR1xf%7EycmhyVArHgXCA7-afSqyz-K7Ti7uECrkHaLCXQ9-keV%7E4ogDIsTWOp6FwPFGOHexeNK3CO2dZ1u7YARsdK7l%7EWvBunXt9HhSqKn8wj1z2QAilrpVp2Uk6-%7Eu758BkgmuClGzW8JjZKfliFilJh2JDJPsIkSJBB-KW3o7wdJpMpoeeWxbfp1G5T5WaewykSVBdZ65gXKalkCn9Vki6cvK-aAHiZjPqtjSmMBtvosuCg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 93e117b07a62bdd655f1b57ad9079bda Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 060 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction Construction projects Freeways Freeways Description An account of the resource A view of the construction site looking south from station 193+50. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 4, 1963 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Alexander, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/cf1c7c9027a6f75aeaf6d57910a0047e.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=VSwboot7DUl3pKnnwS1TgI6EJTeVNa-xSLvuA5cz9Z1-rSdOcPCELz0uiv33D6jI1BvydEfqf43bFSjgz8IjMPD7TYyqzE32vNZlE2wn6IJISl0FqUAd-%7EZLXC6mmMCZGBuXmJhyy%7ENg0AMaimrTMEcmF5Eu3J8CPqURcw1%7EBpn32mNj9HC0l%7EgKflv6z9Zx41VRYj1RWPdAIbxrbUsSVKsku12wkHEattRHIcH82bsH%7ENSlwLV8CXwvaMqLsjOAJImPfvUm1Pul5Mzh6bCx2xc%7E6cNBe3dEAwIqMfkItQkLNLxRtOt0E2aipLjb-wgyLIRDSBRzcn-KM7oSTe3DbA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c05b8ec0740afd94d1b7e3f57e41fc5f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 061 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Freeways Description An account of the resource A view of the construction site, looking north from station 195. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 4, 1963 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. 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Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 062 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Freeways Description An account of the resource A view of the construction site near the proposed spur line from railroad station 11+50 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 4, 1963 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. 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Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 063 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Freeways Description An account of the resource A view of the construction site, looking north from station 190+50. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 4, 1963 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/29bb43df0de96fbf8ceb1a71c3276e6e.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=QIQu1MtDgyGBzvPQuLHhvHnIHShEGdoL8hrGBv1P8xgW9Qu9kr4PKGHR2KQhh2xsHbp8z-lykBvM3zjHUlshK%7ErY3rGi0b7b3MRgEvpSypPWuO6i6NbIkh7OZh%7Eg5eUdnVHnUkbXbQJcXYVhtGGs0V7F36X1mhaq5P-lmX9CP%7EY7cBRYjpS2vALmBvJgQOooR6AGBlfw74OR3k20CKNQzGphnyQuKP21zTM3YEdzxMhdSgmw1w1LkvMeKXbtGvKYnLzYw0-gXpAJGPVEf5SS8cDibH5jVMyCVMc22ceFoITCyNipZUoTBI6SIRijQfTAYZSKtW1VjD%7E6KdsteRsxOA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8dfcb7fa43dc1b9f2da1b4cd6348a7b0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 064 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Freeways Description An account of the resource A view of the construction site, looking north from station 190+00. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 4, 1963 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. 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Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 065 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Freeways Construction workers Description An account of the resource A view of workers at the construction site at the southwest wing wall. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 4, 1963 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. 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Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 066 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Freeways Description An account of the resource A view of the construction site at the northeast win wall. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 4, 1963 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A.L. Spencer, resident engineer McCloskey & Co. 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Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 067 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Freeways Description An account of the resource A view of the construction of the Anacostia Freeway overpass at the Naval Research Laboratory. This is a general view of the site looking east. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Received January 8, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 068 Subject The topic of the resource Naval research Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Freeways Description An account of the resource A view of the Anacostia overpass at the naval research laboratory. This is a general view of the site, looking south from station 330+43. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Received on January 8, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 069 Subject The topic of the resource Naval research Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Freeways Description An account of the resource A view of the Anacostia Freeway overpass at the naval research laboratory. This is a general view of the site, looking west from ramps 26 & 27. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 8, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 070 Subject The topic of the resource Naval research Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Freeways Description An account of the resource The Anacostia Freeway overpass at the naval research laboratory. This is a general view of the site, looking north from station 500-00. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Received on January 8, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 071 Subject The topic of the resource Naval research Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Freeways Overpasses Description An account of the resource The Anacostia Freeway overpass at the naval research laboratory. This is a general view of the site, looking north from station 500+00. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 29, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 072 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Naval research Overpasses Construction projects Construction Freeways Description An account of the resource The Anacostia Freeway overpass at the naval research laboratory. This is a general view of the site, looking east. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 29, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 073 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Freeways Description An account of the resource The Anacostia Freeway overpass at the naval research laboratory. This is a general view of the site, looking east of ramps 26 and 27. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Received April 9, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. Kelley, construction engineer Smith Brothers contractors Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/3fd775f75d94cfca6c7e5cf31f5a21b5.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Ko%7EBO5XnkNBj5s1qoh3lV58rF-I2SLt29s5ewbvz-xUmtlgN19cCPtGaTGa8egBHvWOC2bmPSAEC-AztgKUxuwNv%7EmUAC7Y1H7I6eSmk-20aG7Ol2WroyZy06ObTTpuVUeFytiqN2ikkYbrVsBYWBgoVYAyuTnE0S3uTn8P44RDc2RVrStzIE9aVrBlJoxarWTy1UfcII8uyjU3xAu6P5akcc3Oo4OJn-cPejm4DDUB%7EsB41PU47JcjancdcRS3KtsJSEZ7HnswIGhRtiduhZNp5AejWogL2n%7E2kXDnjhSM7lOE4C3MdcIm48ttxPTAsQkUeJqBlg90mKYbYDNZzqw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 1634ac79bebb80e1c2f3c907de2a8ee8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 074 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Freeways Overpasses Description An account of the resource The Anacostia Freeway overpass at the naval research laboratory. This is a general view of the site, looking south from station 330+43. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 29, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 075 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Freeways Overpasses Description An account of the resource The Anacostia freeway overpass at the naval research laboratory. This is a general view of the site, looking west from ramps 26 & 27. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 29, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 076 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction Construction projects Freeways Overpasses Description An account of the resource The Anacostia Freeway overpass at the naval research laboratory. This is a general view of the site, looking east from the laboratory. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Received on March 10, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 077 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction workers Freeways Overpasses Description An account of the resource The Anacostia Freeway overpass at the naval research laboratory. This is a view of the general site, looking east and showing the piles. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 2, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 078 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Freeways Overpasses Description An account of the resource The Anacostia Freeway overpass at the naval research laboratory. This is a general view of the site, looking west of ramps 26 & 27. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 1, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 079 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Freeways Overpasses Description An account of the resource The Anacostia Freeway overpass at the naval research laboratory. This is a general view of the site, looking east south of the abutment. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 11, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 080 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway Construction projects Construction Freeways Overpasses Description An account of the resource The Anacostia Freeway overpass at the naval research laboratory. This is a view of the bearing north abutment, looking east. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 081 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction projects Construction Overpasses Naval research Description An account of the resource The Anacostia Freeway overpass at the naval research laboratory. This is a view of the profile grade line, looking north. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 082 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Overpasses Construction projects Construction Naval research Description An account of the resource The Anacostia Freeeway overpass at the naval research laboratory. This is a view of the freeway, looking south. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 1, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. Kelly, construction engineer Smith Brothers contractors Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photography Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/44f97a930dc701ad17d7739a8fbed162.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=pU8k6P26uCJUWsh8KIOwFOzmXpTOgefbqNNGHqbEFud0L9ZoEg8jgKEQCRDrsW94QdPGbNA%7EL%7EyFKm-EqY-v5t-Kdj3TZWVVLeH0VeR4hI60LRpUHz5CZd%7E7aXvHYimrpHOePTdoqIQ1U6Ew%7EGTdpkNXtbP3phVe3pRgJZ6YPv9pzELLgTKNN8BB4xLfwApA2RlKOPoY17MqNHhSmvxCZpnTugGzwXIAVcrN6u6NGux26lY4BqGZKqmz-Iu0NJkFJ9qga1xe2%7EQaOUDvcVEdhkIUW70o-3nj3UnddBVqC-5tGmMRi-FpKATBzKcwt0FdN3X%7EPxrZmGdtJ2EGgrUJ6Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM fa7c2eabfd663eb9bf747d3cb0051683 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 083 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Overpasses Construction Naval research Construction workers Description An account of the resource The Anacostia Freeway overpass at the naval research laboratory. This is a general view, looking east. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways Stewart Brothers Photography District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 1, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 084 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction projects Construction Overpasses Construction workers Naval research Description An account of the resource The Anacostia Freeway overpass at the naval research laboratory. This is a general view, looking south. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways Stewart Brothers Photography Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 1, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. 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Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 085 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Overpasses Construction projects Construction Naval research Description An account of the resource The Anacostia Freeway overpass at the naval research laboratory. This is a general view, looking north. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 30, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. Kelly, construction engineer Smith Brothers contractors Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/58e23bad66f5ab99104ba0e37e20c320.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=dRkQI-GCzXwQ1rY8oGR6FlSDaFpRAyWeHahCNX60TjwKhIuKEpaPC0U7AcoNUDS06U3QVdATNs8EflkoDTKwM5tjhinHTNBkXrjtPbcHWw9xt2ievKmzwXli-7ASs155nEw5%7EKXw3yyeb9ZtgHfzXVkOLE3a9a6SFL9hHhMzc8impzEBS8mqWKzaPgPjOZFAz9AOwud0V5UmzyosvYNNec4caMF3dxDCHJp7hrJGCBguWirNDHQhJfLB377P2hQrY2PHbX1IbNMm%7EpVSEM3TIoetvW-2A7HR7x4OtHeXYtzFsx9vkhtCsJBsby1CkYji4XCSwyXvoczIdhmhapYEEw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 0b0952150d3be80f01138665d54bcb69 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 086 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction projects Overpasses Naval research Description An account of the resource The Anacostia Freeeway overpass at the naval research laboratory. This is a view of ramps 26 & 27, looking east. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Received on August 5, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. Kelly, construction engineer Smith Brothers contractors Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/43b01d5afba98b886285dbe0afffa9be.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=PBQkfwPl9h5n8T3a9L-9SugneMHwpHg%7EChMQlAwCwxCe2h7PYHkpk66lVGWyRdILo90syK13JEtUbd0AMx2v61067asVdyt2QX5nPLliDauJmOft-m%7E%7EM2FFyCon2PSHAFIIdfUsI%7EFRMjUu1bvpod2NdJ3M%7E8VQ2%7EZfD8y3QXgRWs6oqQFvMsjBdojT7uyR3w8SZYXcMsWFn4yKPOjBioXjLi0i1GqQE98MjOoPJg3pD-x839LEKrJlQX3Blp849huC%7EXxpJRTR7o6bhJxQdv%7EOSH4zzUdbNo2V3e1B9ZRLRgRsLz%7Ep%7EE1%7EEfayMgiQV9Q%7E90pM91bid0HEdSLLvg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ed88080a2260549dfb788dc905c7aeaa Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 087 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C. ) Construction projects Construction workers Freeways Overpasses Description An account of the resource The Anacostia Freeway overpass as the naval research laboratory. This is a view of the freeway, looking south. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Received on August 5, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. Kelly, construction engineer Smith Brothers contractors Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/a1120725673acf386830fa0ca72398ec.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=DEbQmOIpm-AcyyDEpmFpS33Dffq4Ho2%7EWHJGOI6hRYuwS3nd-qviMoTVn0edWlshjGN0bkSLgNrVlEdy%7E4L3p0ItkYC5l%7EExtmAS2JqITMswXRG-HQy1FsdBz21yob5KaqwVhtdA2-MfWyjgMb1npM-QAvMwVQxPRoeqeY89Y5ztigVRxvOKjbzQ4rSNuWFBH-3JgBbuTt09A%7EitXEdTs2AZb%7ED6u0dtB46NsCEKrQJ5-SwhE-89Sv2QPC1LqNtjdiUff8xiTqAYdILx6mi03hGEAxh6A0k%7Eggwf9TEWRlYew5u1CicdDzSJA1bGaR%7EtXOI2cK0Zr77Dqw2y8FceXQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 492af357dbbec28238f122b9fb757746 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 088 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction Freeways Overpasses Description An account of the resource The Anacostia Freeway overpass at the naval research laboratory. This is a view of the freeway, looking north. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Received on August 5, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 089 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Freeways Overpasses Description An account of the resource The Anacostia Freeway overpass at the naval research laboratory. This is a general view, looking east. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 28, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. Kelly, construction engineer Smith Brothers contractors Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/770a571f8770adc760b41bae5698574d.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=RXmqJ-X566V%7E4DovsfQbVVWALsXFRQZpd0ZjB7k3%7Ez5tAX474OV6pOf0PyWGGxUF7e5gwAv1a0i%7E50DfzIANZS1CFBBg1UKmf71Qli9h2kTfjdLN44vpJth1%7EzmPmUjlQS2q3BrQAn5r6AyyNaaQ6VquD-I72TCSFNGEOEOZofZOBHQUIKb80kj9UxInNsKUQ3s9LQpviBUpC-Q4ILPEdviDlMt2K4U1bgb8QAG2KXCaaRQoBm4u57kc3VAa6JpNXw-iiJhYdj708oi4hwx1Olyh4tyJaXJWXaQzhXyd6y-wtd6A72Z64zU9g%7EpHUmdDCQ9aSkSZdwuAynMT8rDNlA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 15174d0752b5c70ca1fdb1d1a9adfc40 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 090 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Freeways Overpasses Construction workers Description An account of the resource The Anacostia Freeway overpass at the naval research laboratory. This is a general view of the overpass, looking west. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 28, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. Kelly, construction engineer Smith Brothers contractors Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/50d5d6364d16650f44146bc52a1e80d4.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=jDSFiaELuC%7EVO-16dLbkr9xNHJAztjwX30YAt78%7EjX1-XGohG5MVLoIq7iNFDYLxtc5%7E-aFO1eLh9pCalOUucr83GaHaBJcQtA7H04-kxlyESoNjalz72hW8Kp0gUM7UuuBRwNTnU9hNDURfQ8wS63wkBUlsSKn9jNIKGOyzCTV5j7kfZu7y9lGqQnSmW6Oswbac1tzFC0yAyhka4M%7EbA%7E7tiA2160yx7PE%7EY6LlRK%7EIYU3j%7EY2hAaA9DDJcRqYD9fZ25XdunD0hsutUwTSx4Z3rpOrLEJxq1fQRzEVWfZYJu0lAWzqNfwHAntWtIGFnlKYLgS-ygbgSEBeKZCCXaw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e601dc4c0abf9e4e854dfbbe42965f83 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 091 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Freeways Overpasses Description An account of the resource The Anacostia Freeway overpass at the naval research laboratory. This is a general view, looking south. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 28, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. Kelly, construction engineer Smith Brothers contractors Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/2a8f3536d9b6b0cc6c2fdf083f779abd.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Hs5q5TDYK4LsMyd4fyzkjsWDX5NvjrTQrb7SkNSHzoMeLW9sMmbekJW3Nlbl41cM%7EbnjRp-MaMIbE7oCd1m6vfh4JG3WCX6WeZ10PP-DgjPOZAKKVtLlxLGIwXnARmnMvESeY6DZs0hWPoHryz5XlA-r1rsQuf1jVLcJZNzre%7EuvPv-Hy720xrgDIme9Z%7E9Mj1vYzwvtsGvLYrCGhsw%7EXFmrf9GsyaP0PUEks-ej3kPa3Td7p8Edz0Juha0gGAsBl%7EYVhMgKHJyF5xqjZj4L3tFolphW2h-bB9KJrNQA1FTT9F7DiViVAjsyk217GybQIrytvUiX6g6ZhDFhaVw7jw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 789aeb01eda97d2f635c1c1812bc4fb8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 092 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction projects Construction workers Overpasses Description An account of the resource The Anacostia Freeway overpass at the naval research laboratory. This is a general view, looking north along the southbound lane. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways Stewart Brothers Photography District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 29, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. Kelly, construction engineer Smith Brothers contractor Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/7ded6d726a8e1cb311538002f5ed4d33.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=CbywVam47M83WNmGmfOgyhdYdJ1w8iiQRt-7V7XOvgJhYdfC6yQrvxkV5zqfA1VIGrPmR3G1TyjzLWT3csCL3odiEUGxRSyjeiOANnEvdM82HCryaUXFHKEIb2patoAufSgyL6mglR2GC58w0jqyR1aKGlr2d3vgyu3JJCIK6uRZd-mL8iuLUXVipEMg6lt0w6U9dnyZhyCr9vs4U53o8FoU4Xagrlxk%7EPvW2KuJbquLg-3uV832ySbFnoGYHsU4riRnnn60AQubprRTCVS8lLnu7xYTLAUOeD3i5c6EJgyWXLuzWMBjkzeblxOT4E7TqBOF4d0vgC8TNTJNIjBEWA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 6ff708da807ddfe232c109850db435dd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 093 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction projects Construction workers Construction Freeways Overpasses Description An account of the resource The Anacostia Freeway overpass at the naval research laboratory. This is a general view, looking northwest. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource A. Kelly, construction engineer Smith Brothers contractors District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 29, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. Kelly, construction engineer Smith Brothers contractors Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/29fe52694a8c923a55811e30ce86253c.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=MMYPLHiyWehwkNVHFD4iZJzIYV-0zlFxCeGyEBXXJC6GlRpXWGziEwOatWQbtBerXYYD5QVgtuHPUCJCR8v9DthH4sJtq%7EP1FwwYkxp9oi%7EJSBsN4yxA3oGbO2e%7E%7EfNQL2heFh8EGsNtozxN1rv1B3Ufol3vpSDULI1NwMS%7EA9P5cLEeQFUpQbtbAdMT9tV9sV-WbUTTgg42CDHSEfb7P80dKu-wNatveiQfSKYgBVFcJn5DZ%7EwUj94tVv5RkeR8UU4TTIML5GCqewPjZsQxAqH4sdhV4-p80dXxQcDtgk08Rt2jLEIJt5axGAa9YFOz%7EGEEr4gBfcF5Iz5ql6hyQQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 150b8bb4461dd1aadc3db3d24ce2efca Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 094 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction Freeways Overpasses Description An account of the resource The Anacostia Freeway overpass at the naval research laboratory. This is a general view, looking southeast. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 29, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. Kelly, construction engineer Smith Brothers contractors Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/ee69cf211ab4fb1c2d845546513700ca.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=vkveCKS8-zneEaGwceI54P49%7EU1yKA33M6LWwwT3x%7Ey9BM7j5Dw0NTsXr69bOKpTAgQHVZ42vIj%7EWMnh608aUuxgvt9WFUxDSWZztBlG73WXyLV95-AgMbCSC6uWqCibZrCROKNgnDpNfiHq2Ww-xsrYi7BYpZ2qKXySP4YMch%7EKwrZV2vopcoB%7EeRFRf1U1Mgm0NAnXwUsK2McEvYXfw3wJCLrlqFLLgOlic8UZs1RFfUT9R75-iNDQ3fSfV-DP8zKcMUXZt-X%7ErYYAgnb%7EOucI63wtjRsmWV614mYVVC5AVqbtr2IPlDpkmh5Wjo4tt6yHDtoB83vx4maaJIvYkA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 5fb132c8cb1e4ecc8349985541ce4777 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 095 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Freeways Overpasses Parking lots Naval research Description An account of the resource The Anacostia Freeway overpass at the naval research laboratory. This looks south along the bridge. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 27, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. Kelly, construction engineer Smith Brothers contractors Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/a905b5bde6e3cf52f06ba54a466f8191.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=c2ytYK2jK1PWuece6gZnrDY8RYH%7EkaUKcV6D321RBb%7EvE8IahM1REtNe7Dj5RB321gHH9YotLA-yWej7Uja97IYmm%7EOHqu80FhXeKv21t61UKsBebThVMLohbcEhNM4PescNYiEepLcG-Qr0hRlyczKR1wm2%7EWVg-2SfEX15w6ECcvF8RHMzbHqgjI9JQlnkA-HUupu7Vx4EzjdTTJD2PrDSVud9g1VNsRsONN8iHCMSDSMSDJl2I3X%7E9hHp3QRuEGEfrkwKRymXdv67m8KimMSTtpyJTRNCFKB%7EvoYHJ6m3yXrfHT5w6IhZYCh2ZyncVpeZbV1R%7Equ7Wm%7El9tSnEw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM cb66cf0c7a671dbaf25525bfd53ee5af Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 096 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction Freeways Overpasses Description An account of the resource The Anacostia Freeway overpass at the naval research laboratory. This is a general view, looking east. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 27, 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. Kelly, construction engineer Smith Brothers, contractors Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/866d815c4acaf552685cead5237de6ee.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=K6i6u3q%7EtIZ2N0BdV6eZPMzQzDbALjOcsdT0Gp07o6qo6TA8d93ZDnLUU2I3WpjjlygiQ6KX4y3R%7EBvZcAknsm%7EgkJfvzIZiWoQe09ydJ1WD8T6-lssebl4uMPh8ba8ZxYG1otn4SmIo1Lwf6ui-Xn73IW8bPSDrK5XSaGHLYa7kU6gqNokmlKqSKLQTpK0DaGXnpOmQ82J7bgB4xryKeTZ3mhSkSA61rRs0OXNZjbKuhr%7EYNhbkVC8-k4QMeRr-amq3zSGzpQd6uRjD8UEOkyv4XhmzHANx8iAHZvPd1Zl6kEbXj2Lk6rlRaokxixJM8CXRi9ZLfniu48JOP9%7E0bw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 4c4f8a5b5c04c135b25e23832cc34a57 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 097 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction projects Overpasses Description An account of the resource The Anacostia Freeway overpass at the naval research laboratory. This is a general view, looking north. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 18, 1960 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. Kelly, construction engineer Smith Brothers contractors Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/0ab7b238f94aea010d379c8211869d7d.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=lG4DEczJruDkU9%7EnAPjkiB%7E7hwqNQL%7EYvqGw7haOIkuosJvOZ37qDi67QcgtRyoivtpEllp7tuX6lR4N2%7EBFTMfX1Eh1ZmxbaJvVtJQc%7EMi7deWbyWqrllcYyDZvCZ1UK2Gs2VWoJXu68l%7EkUTwv-yCQP3ZhO2p7VmDwdBwfr2l6GpRreV%7EXbRbL7xg4prIDVWjdqMfX%7EmlwlvsTXUfZOUJaOiN2S11ns39BwNvZXykxm2wXcRdykk6Tw5FSnwyrfT84b9YFBjNdqetnamxE2G4it-IAZM3qBYX5zsjPR0dPhr2vRms4BinGHebow1HyJHvJCpDm%7EztfBpS28EJilA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 9b724ec9270625cf73bebeaade3a5190 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway 098 Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Freeways Overpasses Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Stewart Brothers Photography District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 18, 1960 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource A. Kelly, construction engineer Smith Brothers contractors Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DC Highways, Interstates, and Freeways Subject The topic of the resource Highways Freeways Interstate highways Description An account of the resource Photos of highways, freeways, and interstates in the District of Columbia. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource District Department of Transportation Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Anacostia Freeway Subject The topic of the resource Anacostia Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Elevated highways Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Description An account of the resource Photographs of the Anacostia Freeway, otherwise known as Route 295. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Aerial Photography Anacostia Anacostia Freeway Construction Projects Freeways https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/8584742711ef527cfdeb8695dc983c26.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=YwgbpXD8%7ErLE2Xh10LeZ-5zCJ9uEaWViHK4idQ7OliPDHzgY70Szw1JdoL7FHWXsDLdPMY7tEOh1dBx4R9-fksLni-3xuNuDGmOHQd2I4PfubnMn3AqVTVVpRhR6-LNVwIS%7EVL-U1NZFXY6l9Ha1k7KhDxv9Vtzs3PiW-Ayeos1QKowjBiBfFTsB0SW3C6Z45gJQF0L9K9GLe6LDFHgdJVAXW5ko9BogI0jiQAtIf0BcCsWUH1TWE8wIWjRMeJOFQsuDvnlHNYmXBp-DukjLnpdn6m5y-qx%7EIX44oSIkF3HcfC8rvdsotp7Nq9X3Od8V7jkY1g2XO7BTMTgvlYf-qQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 185704d9a493b4df4e507dc3bd118fa1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 001 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Description An account of the resource Cars driving down the Whitehurst Freeway. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 15, 1961 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/99edb0105ba4979c697c00e88a0718b8.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=X7ucxfLQSTOYayw-6OoEYym3%7EoZywGeLJpAfmjLZyYM1Qe-ywH3myWF9H4yzN2ALpnQW0oKiAV%7EppLUuBUrnQsMMQAqCtmvb6dp52awcWtK9nlmVM5B4YLWuvL3apvz4FV5QWc2LOv4nivuK5U0KkfSTz6XSqyPUVA%7ED0S7QpCUEJD1dN4zOtgz3R-chr89r%7EAugc5SvjtodIKVMi2VWncX1T4s9ZDanwb-5Lqmk1iUAPWtg2mHH2DjRNDetbYZ18zeGOgi5squW-o9hqC7FGj91ysZDCjQXGwmjG4NnQ7YAsSlu0UFTxhqfT1s9cjdbT7NL%7EDqPIjO%7EizIA8LoOZw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 746ec000b76c10e67b78a7171bed9962 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 002 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Potomac River Georgetown (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource The Whitehurst Freeway leading into Georgetown. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 1974 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/5485a5adcc88f82a18281114d6923ff5.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=byDoX7BaymM6Wqu14OI3BydNsKJVEUdKm9V%7E1OXJ4n5zL4TEZAq0lv3CtLh%7EPC8--S9hG15sk86mqUOLdd6fJbaefZ01atbI81yW4fFeKR2jB5Yl064rj6ZUmQa6%7EALi4DivV-06CmPEtiaramgxH2OGkubNX9XrcUi1pV3oYpW0PWsDkZTKRbK9DOjqGXoxiQEc7loNRpbjA9v%7EneBBd31BB8N9P9iOGSxUnQhlHWapfRT5By1tVfmKULp3L%7E2BKsYX1xYLJ7bU6IO56zihnrceauzOWcHs3VYeToLM6ZDBgaQrmvaTAP1OaoenDsdcyimz6Ptbz4DkmeSdWb8vnw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b2e47df4f6b088963f2f1a43305efff5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 003 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) K Street (Washington, D.C.) 31st Street (Washington, D.C.) Thirty First Street (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource The Whitehurst Freeway at 31st Street and K Street northwest, looking east at 2 pm. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 13, 1959 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/c35762c674c8045c67ff5b874ae60088.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=jzesf4DbRy-eeVfFk8tluUHtAsSd7x30UilYtxfSW8rrmC5hm4KwRMKmu9MuYsZtbCI6IV1DjgeMKOIZIJKex6dw607MorCBYWgvCyQknhUjM3Exo5xWwVny3Z8BS95QH5%7E6OoTO-mQAj4gO5UX73RsOirGaCsprcq7R9J2p7PLJMwjyi0scbQHFUcmnf92ToiYnbSJodosxZuNaGPjtBqv7zCzfj5TAqhq2EO1NPa-Ie0WykJEo8aRGPUKOAYufCJ86Q29-BilChbEY41xNtnmtOD6GZZpbV-pFFZxzZwT5Vw6DL175m8U4AJLjLAiinBgaju58%7ERtrN0U5VTbU5w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 9d23ab69c71fe34e7068453ed518ccd2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 004 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Motor vehicles Streets K Street (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no. 1, no. 1. Looking east at column 16W. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 28, 1990 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/89df4063f1e386ef6f3beac7490c62e8.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=G5e7uOwDEGe35juCwO%7E4EjqjQY5DTiOYo5od6FVzSj%7EMHqFzUE4CI3qLagGdjQuSITDrPFEjxLCa-fIOZ6%7EhGD2XHGlhY9Wm9IWEodgagkBdWmReIXn608DSqO38lDeQcRhRAqbM%7Ekds6iN629U1-B%7E3Ar8VXjcXt5lxkFysPNW%7Ef4r0N3oTcbBx9TemfRIJUU5-9oRpOM74RX7hKdEqVrKl3oxxO6yXgH%7E6iiKsjTvpCTLHage9j3LeKDRvcYTONa7dT--gM737gqlrl9t9B9eXZwHI7QkvzbdaMViBcPA1fk-L0dZ6bDMuqsohJs4bxho-cAzSJx7lSWSx3QCvIg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3bade6426dcfa51eb7b8e2524c5fe87f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 005 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Streets K Street (Washington, D.C.) Motor vehicles Parking lots Bars Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no. 1, no. 2. Looking west across Wisconsin Avenue down K Street at column 24E next to Chadwicks bar. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 28, 1990 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/5127ece4efc4af06f6b6e47b86f05ceb.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=iIHgYXd2O2K4rraFhK4AvLToncdtxTFo484k7KAC7bW6hRLilqlKzkgWylpnET5TRQAu0%7EGwOU-T-sjgLyDwOhvLVna7oroBQA8Qy0ngdMQ7Bpr9C0RUvpTdCfGorhqPWV-QF9ms2ZWDmhGSTwx3peMMF3Me%7EfLYF-9bgXtRMeMQb%7EHTNq08xyCmH7CqpQBdWuGE4I63mheAvZ%7EmrkY%7EV6yRn6tg-srXx-4UsIXo3UuFa6KXSp3M8NK7kGlBX5vEvX1U38VcK%7E8hYw3KAM5LiT83KBdg4xJ1wkz3nM0s0%7EI4Rk8YIYklSUdyQmn66bon8qC8du-4wc3vehgi30F%7EfQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b77b0f7506e6ae0c07db46cf7b56c5b4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 006 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) K Street (Washington, D.C.) Wisconsin Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Motor vehicles Streets Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no. 1, no. 3. Looking east across Wisconsin Avenue at column 24E. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 28, 1990 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/f92cc84e6502ff1d809c1cc1328554b3.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=n3NccXW%7Eph5hZr6QF4NXWQAc1xBXVQHpCd0v5SQqJbkWUSffmQkjDi5-sefDIUfSikgVn1uHzKpmSWiMCRNLacf5BpvO-9ssoY3b5UJRZpfiWzLShTspHzHfW%7E-nzK6d4OCFV3PYgXpqlp8ZX-uoCf5bwy7bSKyWBiiDFv6dvgUHV53sGDzcCnXxJJEXU5eK2ZGwrRog4xj6fGZuipaKRMvqZSzQ6OgkCzMzGx17xRZSFY71Xc9LOQiYFd1WdIfzwe5GDs8EuDSpBs3XJ8kNemt-rNKJhI0mOO9r0vQemThNhCRtIX8tTrru29985lPA9cf%7EYNZ7WSAUIAIcyM3Mmg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 5af547de3cc9f709ed452ed943727691 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 007 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Streets Construction K Street (Washington, D.C.) Motor vehicles Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no. 1, no. 4. Looking west at column 38E. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 28, 1990 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/501fb6d301202cca536f11198db860d6.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=HNbqyEwUROQEcliSNNsah05YHd0CXHoWLKs3x6QmBTWKFsZ16BQbJIq-Vfu28rzDJvK5ldib-54%7EC6bkzgpUUbPMiGVbmHJ7yFc3CX4Zszcyu3boSAkjCL30sBv3wWhk2T9VIme0YNzNmSta78a4IIduzyvw1yGPwUV64BuwFoDfFBFkcdoLKU44kP8RTYUK99a-OLwLzBx7VjVnf2wAEVDuWyIkogxt6xNqkuv-YKrP5tWfu8uiSjtKfRrono%7E47%7EuptvX0IZfG7-ndVSUy9fFZnGAF4QZ0TzzlsrQKU8MF2QW5Z0pRxu4U9npXpy-mlEfFOaU2JkPvqKilKZ%7ELPA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM fd43e7e7e497cba6bf2729b9b00a3237 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 008 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Motor vehicles Potomac River Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no. 1, no. 5. Looking west from Harper House. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 28, 1990 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/5bcec623ed85482986e21cffe41c70e8.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=WBlOfdVBNyEdgT42SoTJCn0QKrjPKWPGq8ZEAX2DE%7EfxOTRP4sAGQiWyD1urHTsaauGpQIRp62mu1ewfhWt8WEOdUbifpopnx0301%7E6WtJEkUxeRjGE%7E5i62fGkf0O2090C2pSc28lVQpOrA7c48ECaqR3pdFbXDeaaWsTk1TF1c%7E3RCDXiQpaAWMOu8NqxRcrVArXxPi9%7EnAzeHd1O%7Es5tZqCwlyCppaiDWUgtTJc07pamwGafa9pWUEXc1L-6kEjGrc-XG%7E8VEH1nunes3ieG0oWqhiKSUCtkJLSCLMjx8Zb8%7E7gKhVhjIiSaWEifCwoMq7WkzuSMDordb76MvHQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 67a902acc05ac2786e6e429ceff7c7d5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 008 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Bridges Francis Scott Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no. 1, no. 6. Looking east from column 16W. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 28, 1990 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/99731dde80628450ede2162482949c53.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Qv75AfUSTQNzUrphivxChGdxsxr1ujufcQ%7EzyK27lNH4-D7cdoA2U6YzIt24mqZfsDvVymG9syylakZ1ro3k85vUUv8Z54mjWhdR5o86twWjdBapFDL2XS98T4S%7EmWsj98KF8czhts7I7el%7EMK6gsH9f2NQSwzH2KJl41UPge5BgyjQ19XUBQPL24YAgr9ex3A3e3tBA8Oyrk6vP3QIGaZCD2LwayzFmtywx8HC4dqM6hWkBGCv01xLNKG6BEQsN1TJIc7tHsVbe37m8qUR-oS9gUmTuWgZYj-kIoY8Xv7EyCdzshmTLlH-izbLEAN%7EkU1k7ua4WfhPQGTmu%7Ef4YDg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ece9dd1cd151af86f5d746df0d1a4f56 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 009 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction sites Construction workers K Street (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no. 1, no. 7. East from west end of K Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 9, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/cce3120d660486188767ec3ef3aaba19.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=M0e2iY8XG2VqMRevqpRuS0tqe5jRoqirFkLgf3hYZ7HFSy7dmf0Fh0HI%7EZV1DJhnDP-A1xna5xoCKewU1oRsg%7EVdlqV1DlRm69OaDv3VrYxqSKkDtjhdTVLWQWGGvocxImaCLhHOCFhlZZUkAmewSJs125P2u4VWsRCXt5kkiUtnFFsz9DbTM46nznk--fk%7EieRdKDtci7L5tJrGz9e4aP9RhHSmeBpjA57LEldnFdXgaqrtoEkz0cKIeg1ATMA1VYPurHFMKIiAfKlFsz2VKbfALMD6eDk8pYXH%7EyttBIgMDrkpnQPTTD7LwI9purfWRfURVW-H%7EeqisINee3zI9w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 9b07114236a89f751ff81c799ccc9ea2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 010 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction sites Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 8. Northeast at poly protection. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 9, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/761cff28417b83b0cba86cdc0efb5f06.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=C3PfWez2ZliNbFGgdQ8dbVklukudZVjPB0uihD7zQFGkkGPL0jmQuamfRzYZe0-Umh-NQOP5AaxG50MEDaqOYomAAjWjZmXAwfOvDTgPvPZQzeoCltUBjFd3iNy7YpT9wh88lQ%7EzDnX9O1nrFjqGbfz0SJDbRUmTre9fE8C0e2iAjB9uujeTu95GBdxyPRkB-%7EPPF2yG2-Rlu5Nnc20vBMR7bdQR7kYu6C%7Eo0e-PbvgPuRNkksQ-8jfqSdpsWtTPtQXW-5-doaA1au1AdapQINEd05i-IWTa9A6WjEPxNQeN-AoUoy5h40CxFM7My4LG4Nu1N7ieKxwLTCuNQWav9Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 303f50b1c4f5cb7c9d03ab73586ba829 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 011 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) K Street (Washington, D.C.) Streets Construction sites Bars Construction workers Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 10. Looking west from Wisconsin Avenue down K Street next to Chadwicks Bar and Restaurant. Chadwicks was founded in 1967 and stayed in operation at this location until 2014. It is most famous for being the meeting place for CIA counterintelligence officer Aldrich Ames and Soviet counterintelligence chief Viktor Cherkashin on June 13, 1985 when Ames revealed the names of over 100 American undercover agents working in the Soviet Union for a reward of about $4.6 million. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 9, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/0ff1cd89ecf5936a764dbe00c38fbb0d.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=iac8Vox2JnwLY682SX3VmKWjPnOsYntE14%7EDvGdy9jVLt6iNWlE9AWyKMHu-81-lUMpcuLCv%7EreYx7YE7C7crbuMDyH9wfUBvx8us8obN14QseswAi7Lv4IXp8caG9QU1veaL1V6oCxDp143Cxgvk09c7Hw5P-ZApOrMvSxeP-N3H7Ya89Sci-JBETwY1NtYBxpCXLbobeERCNQ4DcC7vbGOxiHf5H6pkEKJOR97pgkONbRvTTmnazkJpViHO9iC3-UXVyR8ToG%7E1Z9KIdLteCA2LY5RM4wfZIo1LmeL4CMLxiAbjnYXl7ntX12u0QbDtOIHozQBZu32O7RrjENcpA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 6795b36bf89d561bcedcb878d37fbd0b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 012 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) K Street (Washington, D.C.) Streets Construction sites Stores Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 11. Looking east from Wisconsin Avenue down K Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 9, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/a8843d36089e0c2bb2d24827f7cc8f14.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=opSwdkiUamZBme2vK91wroJ5v3dAu1hVWXHviC4XNr7Idpa6RTl2U7yDhfAgVCaX8Cuql4%7EWPwfR-aiEWKP3XoeyvjKLG8YLgvRIU0AhuIRhz7GDe0T52yLpWB4k-F6lmwZRpa1dsgVUFtKHW2Wo2RRrZmtFZd4o8UOSaTl-n0gY3oMdKdI0SwYtp6IVF0mnEdYels5iVRZxf5YSJ5tCpc1-Tzp1RZBOK0ZTpIsiHJSQ-cx57I5kRTy0WoWsgqeg6v0nDldPff66zfj5lTM4k1MGBhDwemrNK-U8C7bn0MyCJ7p4LIDxoy-oH1pp1NS3tEu0rLjyS9gfnip4E6uYYA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 129faef789aa7db7bd62ccc1960b25d9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 013 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) K Street (Washington, D.C.) Streets Parking Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 12. Looking west from 30th Street down K Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 9, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/2ad33c48ab47f2fde56545dfdc440d57.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=ZUW5B1WTAWCAFXGnT0ZP7fxjB5ukK%7ERKriLQ4znHmCNU9QGw0zC0U43ng6uvHb2dg7s8OFwaqqk955MU2Oc9j2rPToTVY1ms%7Ekf-gu1W9GXYERzRQYelwa9tQLqPELLUjUwFnojCCC6gYMeLbXnc3lC9lHT1mRlh%7E0flZbrlk3L9v%7EXFDmX8bPOXU1xRcalk-4pkrOyFdacAbx7kUKVgKSf5tidd%7EbgS8kTr5N7fid0egd1EenEQnTyP1Gy1yYG09N4sLYTRoWxNPnxvn4Mz6gdonaF5OCwTl1YXHklzC8GzGlVmiU9cL-Pmgk5sL6tslyfExNajrl2OpDPoH41-qA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 4585412f9aea2a576de0fdf96cc8b47f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 014 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Bridges Potomac River Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 13. Looking west from the east end of the project. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 9, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/b307c10b90963765fd26b5982d437893.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=aKNaggNXmanEZA5py9mRUiP-v-WDG1NOlHaBrekn2miEenHGtMbU5E%7E8nvleqD6APoVPMnZaycVoZ81-9jFzzjXvINEF3xzklCOD5HTiJaPaJkYryQK%7EZIQMQLajz1oOI-NjAZ-gy13cfzXWJ9B6yUHo9Oq7LrMLELrYtsEFCIbtfluJXBI0QGSXX%7Eksf69oxjK7ZVkm96Gr2Aj1k-07lctbzk-1MlBBihFvzEadQFeul%7EyDmNCORZgkzqWP3cG5Xr5PB9yOhrxjkBxD9atUEyRzbr-GnY%7EXO97tQYmewvRoqAtaMNlmkW3jBoqX0GqBjRbGkjetUnzqZGrLPbvDZA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 74d9c48541b9991cfcb6850cea2cc27f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 015 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Bridges Construction sites Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 14. Looking west toward deck removal. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 9, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d1de3f73469407455602112738f56c00.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=iu5KP-5i9eOQP5E9S%7EAG7GBh6gLjVsTo7gCiPTv1uPYTnV3n2I5etdioQ8UvmKA6Epy1C96-gpkUBVLD1kqzXn0SBx8eXDUSEl4rTI%7ESeWG6DojwD2VgGUJfPYJnGX-8LBnwilNEU-XTL6futqBzP-76EUMgug05mdHTtxZIhMZscG2WmUwX6nZb4FXM0t4qavzkOak6frPADT6Yq%7E96wdbikTOl13%7EZlGP4pAicli-LrMuGZ%7EMccinwktB1lOwx1FVcKZFrBDyCCBOtf8NmCU-eO6PyVdGYln8FMU14gasEsAkezjzJel-XxmAVJIw8AYnzya6PUpnPHSmbD2moDA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM d43279a883e58bfcbae490a1657b7053 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 016 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction sites Construction workers Bridges Francis Scott Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 15. Looking east at deck removal. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 9, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/774ec44a7f5f9b024e9b4088f22f671e.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=po5KVV94v8vg-iMfWmHnuyjcxAiOIrKlPCrvWc8HDuoqa60uz37QzmzlgSf1RVNiauoaCFCiVwMBTq2oCWUP4KMH5S78vdCF8oGXLayNTmUjXdt-vcMAg-ypuFefHpxqXAC5MpRBugPGNT-deRJQ8AWBvL4jucefk%7E01ZQ48A1wk7hDRksugfDj9QK8dtnRO0KZzl07K4bVAxf2CurP%7E%7EoGhrUv221VHGsI5mZ5u0dNSlCIy4O7OXkcfMn6IWJz05PeEndYZOyeRTwNAkLiepKQlIKj5bCCWz%7Egs%7EmiJ1cRl2gCIE5fY-lxggyBS1x1Hf8XHbgDhykfzv%7EkdLNtoxg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3a29fa5dddd41d1df9c015e57285a257 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 017 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Bridges Construction sites Francis Scott Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 16. General view looking west from Key Bridge. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 7, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d17eed48b16a96c9225f803275cde0f5.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=a2SWwSFQHG1vr06UAvMHY7UpPsPxLjjcCF9Ngf44%7EgW4zROjW-IFM8SWvMTM8ZVrGYsJt8lHRAVyB4WkJrrdkI55Ef7GN5RYFLK93LHlJ-Q9cobuh8p03Ohu-dUxrx8mMt6npYjl7Atu00H8fIQx1qxu6mIZ2S3JcW86AHhZcbj6pWlSfg%7E6jWdJ8Hd2kcQENUKYZETpUsqR8hQGG7E5kvjMt5oP4T5f9hlH-dhAJOS%7EmLpzLFfzGbrKDUwDjoLgc6JxFlmrvUH2C%7ECbZNtsnQXYJDTMyk3Qqqf-is5yihHZ1p3Jta-9uKg-GH%7E6QukAlvzOoZdCGOK3s2%7EQSGco-A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c7e45f6e90383fb2118d02c5e1d71643 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 018 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) K Street (Washington, D.C.) Construction sites Streets Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 19. Wood protection shield vicinity of 31st Street and K Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 7, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/856a3fa2782c40a801f59589de8b391b.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=nxpR%7EAElxUdQ22GtgPxldvf8sYtRvliN0iyR1Wh8spkC4uIDiueKzMFfsPQhKpVNVpiULgWyIXubQgn7hy3zG0-GQX-tTQYOEGJjrT%7ERPoQENDsXxCjPK2Xl%7EY7VZHWNuabN1eSBzD6LdxoAzjRNuPKArYUuEoCBrYUuD%7Er5oU6AYZELluJxJKFLjNFOZn3-5zN7fqM-YR2gDuvnfdsFfNywhHIOEJFWxVMNBrPojV5Gl1A6rvmlLvgRZ9EWu7h5GUtjQ3%7EHZzrRU33A%7EYftWG-GfvyF0PN8cLbbMPD0ukelIHxvohdRjo2UGJ7trQahhjTAWIL7OoqNHs6R5tKNiA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e494c1b1d417b85a5e1bec3b9896f7e2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 019 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Parks Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 20. General view looking northwest at bar joist. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 7, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/49fc45fff41ad9ef9717057355e5b5ed.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=LWfHOthG5vWz%7EE8q6RA8iudJ%7EYO1jcMCFK0Fj0i86kbwDWOGfVrDstzEwySfQHXOxI3kzRWugyDbwN4fkjWGo-RrfjsJMrySd0zcq-Cz2IRVSmV4MJSXb0gtj3TYDkFGmo81AKG6ihTNLwoZwDPG9vKE4TfH8dDjtDG1C8Ik00R9YEg5Bwj8eOTz77z8xpbqbF9g8iNVaryOj5Wk03-hsdprYze8CdBhobEJD3zjHyB0X63J8z%7E8sMKSSZfJ3OeR-UvvIgUSU9sWDXqi-q-bAessyDhm-9R6beIsrmFbEChUrjoUy%7EhampRALbRqTVAv6lB5L%7Er5Y4ExSpdXNyxbBA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 860ec2cbc4c83f88985fb693b7b1e64c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 020 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) 27th Street (Washington, D.C.) Twenty Seventh Street (Washington, D.C.) Motor vehicles Streets Freeways Cyclists Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 21. General view looking south along 27th Street from K Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 7, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/475c556cbab0d44c1bbf2c67b475b46b.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=FgvJs0fxK7T7s%7EqYejjiyS5wkbifI8UPe-2B3jvEZCbV9BJs4xe4d5c0hNsYW8ZW9Bj%7EeHnew3lagDBVCvGBZ7AWsLdjVBoOIOuTL19GOrTtdjVhfsGeanvCCAPM05mtFNFaClpOUqBDg3RSdcvKYfbqY5gR-Vx4QtHDmVIJRQbySnEKwSHVXTpzRRaBENBdC%7EbGtcNlQ3uVZwd-QHcdFdfvUJ7buWAOGD6jrV78mfdsMObRc-1lpYfWWsmpf2uDl30aTsmEg6fE4klWI7DOys5jo2aGGzDZXwHt%7EWITzTXTigLCi1fUT%7ELW47ZmTQwPnyBxDd%7EPmF14v0-IIaZr4Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 56e38412e796660822587a10d8728cab Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 021 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Francis Scott Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.) Construction sites Freeways Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 22. Overall site view looking east from Key Bridge. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 7, 1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Stewart Brothers Photographers Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/e9cd852bec99b4cdbdf7aa64abf6e9d9.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=VczgaEc5483ilPJPJ6nSmAviXzFqsgX78APE2EEZQnRW4PuwxfQ-BZF6DEA%7EbldOa2ekoummHC%7EwyyNN0BHewpj%7E6VZIqtS2jhyJX1T2ggqnEVMXQsSW648lfbfN4nrkE277ladSrPytPHQ0u2%7Efirs6oYIXWdxnheM84F44hg2NaPAN6gn887KV6cIafZHaarWpZ3ShJcIVtCOReU3Mm46IXLaKwOJswYLxvQ4sK6ET338bc3mb4Tp4dt8JeJTZru9nlfr0GqadAeaGVdWkSox-fJyTqn4qfNZsbwDnJ95-IVtmtvLLh3aTHiEXnwzSfH98-r7Ss-11ZtcVlZlY4w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e6875c642f8e5f53910e9813e2f1e7dd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 022 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Freeways Motor vehicles Potomac River Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 23. Overall site view looking northeast from Key Bridge. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 7, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/59b8b42d7627f7fb71e3678e00317ec2.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=OMyzrR76APzISykk4Ea7byzgYcWhsBD6eHs2XXm0B5D1P2AuMhX1N5JZdk3xDt%7Eoe2OZqBi9AqtuV0uHLF%7EqXYIWJYRxPXthxuQxrF1CTLf0sUkMFroS6ffPAo7boXlQDfe5-oV%7EBepS1Mito4XC9R5knvPnoE0jYs0y7gO3jK1%7E3mmaloiBZ%7EwhlhSqA5gr5xAgpJdw-hS25dJnJ1nic0A62PtG-bEF6cm%7EIElvjbZLEYx1c9GcFV8rDGYbuVgLil9BTeNfk689TfAAU5-NoPiL8xDjTpd1Cxq6IVcHUYiz95FJoKQQiIWuuYrFxsnDg-Z33HM9TNZlDLEtVEMDFg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM da7ebda32b4661dd96af9af3fea2d3b4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 023 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction sites Freeways Construction workers Bridges Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 24. Bridge deck looking east from column 9 west. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 7, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/8ff8665e3c7eba2e90cbc1b15768521a.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=eBcxhAeJn9RDa5VmRrXk9mEnJ3TBP1h21zmm8uZGUJfwJtL4oQHB%7E0mta%7EG80MuKN-sQtqjUonSYJr-Zj14ysHjoYYoUaxhW1aI4d%7EB6VE99gfZSCrzERc5xPClYxcgsFJ38hmAiqR2GpESwvHfzeMunr7wgZZnr7eu6qrjt6Q4dsWUckrVOSdRQQYYnkY1LrSlHBqWLoFoRAD9CNvjkG7hr2mpv-2bfbhbbFlEezAvjJVzbYdyPmoTuJMJl30y7bX-hN56LvkI3q2G4BIfgPs5jSjSDX0jXfK1NLT9UZ4jCJFwCuzveBiBkEe%7EVB2yTVy2wRVSJ24UHhXhhakt4fw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ba9c4a2f422c9bab43a4921b41b2abc5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 024 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Formwork Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 25. General view looking east at formwork from column 14 west. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 7, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/c9df56f7f335e2cce56385f5b307589f.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=IUaucIffj3xPHdhcczJSZ9EAYNfBVFMxYETKYtchnDbaR0BhD3f2B-H-6GThuPc-HKH%7EIbvgZKjp%7Es8Ul07bGihdzSCuIGTwWplAK50WTWiTubjeI5MyBtVFN0xkV10A55M30-Zh55HC4SORjtMF245GQoEWR8QLDWsYVdX2c5-N%7EwGTDxXptr9Y8niMc7DkdaSZUwTOJWCINghcDzY-ABTMThRnT-FDMYWEsT1rd0XKiWrPsz1ar9v%7EWBE648%7EGAUpcN1mKci56x6XXj1WK%7El2pyd0lVtyJr9Af7iUJB3eeyaWUWF5c%7Ey6WVw-ixIHXvLzjGGoRksMjiRZjHOKcbg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 1a85014b8295d6e87f6549c170ca6b8f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 025 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Bridges Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 27. General view looking west from column 7 east. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 7, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/cfe59e27bcd0cea2370ed535460e4aba.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=in3etxdgxRWEct0Vo5v0fAg2MaGPgyfiGC0Uq-N6Nvk6tWBkh0GcXvcDbv%7EXnkb68Db29xcjWGH2FH0MzV2suyT3axPhrbeqYL9r8m%7ESXF559VTkXYfbY09y9oCAKtJlXLf71KnkMO7uODSavOfYzntHLxj67WLA5pwxQtyBOAkhRLDvy3dXR0e-aoUZXKNjZ96uXx30xQGdZSfLMMh1qTk95SkP62bfq90vPKYk1VHZLIpOFLKDcH3tyAzHyoPe5gWIO5xPgmBrvAZjXbnp4pKBnF0-IQAHMoSVh9gTB%7EAPj3dGeTznxxFJ1z2Os94e3yOli5KUFAUFt3okV3ksyg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 238e558c0adb6a86ce1786a108f38395 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 026 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 28. General view looking east from column 7 east. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 7, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/16b6bc866fdf1768f2bf276decccb940.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=o8wCd2dAmlSVneA1hIhrtkmKaOX-Vy8L1nKlc-Rj5coZwd5KVD0tcyeC9icegoh4Ygu1kGqu4c%7EyEslvPtiKOoh7ikdckm4WjYSF3iQWF0t5GbAog16QkKnQebb54bb6WzPZFFDm3zHughnNNFxVcn4DbxxponCUhdZrhZup7xmbYs7MTLEme9VbGU2k%7E37i3z7xkQyu26JwcF4YlnYLFCeg1HyX2SBQepQJiNXiiilM97-aciYXA-HrNMP9YoCFqG-6QlTbgLesIvNICCTlK16yhduMQPKt8cG2nbliQpEQI0cI82fACyDgGF7IcGBgT1zyw-3cZ6yqoSJ6opYWmg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c75752faf6cab261fed3c3eee792d04d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 027 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Bridges Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 29. General view looking west from column 24 east. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 7 , 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/5a586738362149bbbd3c33fc3bd35223.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=pC-i02JrWPv7FUOgN7pD77IWRc%7ECI7ESF4L%7EMkRv%7EjK79ogoPtRUKoxNdiHI5qUQOJjlMBLNBPBzaObmnCh8UFACiX7jxohR0x5VqfIt1uAjFg6AYI3X2KhFsbKwHs1SEeF%7EMhpsWVMy74H4nwYEL32ynBsiExGqthF5BMwzymarJWvdfiThFgYLEam52Fjwt2Qik1OOJOLvX61ifXgc-ctmaotZlyZ20dbJXtevRyctiZtLnNHxX9d6sz3gwMbx-Z78HjapeRHibWSqAEcWRUa4O2HFHdJA05DcraExg9FvKDQY3OMEQWQULjI9niRoJqZkwj3O1j2FFv2oNv6%7Elg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 48b95b3f84b118853b8cf92493e7d28f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 029 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Storefronts K Street (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 30. General view looking east from column 26 east. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 7, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/191aec99a80beafbcaf1910857e77407.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=CviDZpCX-vEJScrkmXEHlfrJT0KgmClA4KOBzfhFLj51flO98H0UK-Iw0HuUFntxqlG2QdQkwX4qsI1Mc8oVG0NV1XO6VXR%7EbCmfP9k2ygvqkud1t2uNoFf--H81Hy4RW-m-3LWOS%7EkRizFeLGzPmVBVDoZNI%7EUi9n6FJ1XwokKeFGNMntJinU3gBC8CQZ8IAMAQPw1Sk8KBxOoXvzeoZQAWdfsNWG1fvhH2mac0pd-SWHxt1axWPRFp1PFkRTgnGakOB7hqDv2Mw2dVYMVn-tm3G2Jdg4tSKPOpnPgXapqMZd3IHq-05Ky1RQuKYgxIyWn3UHhEEtsOz3jiZNFY4g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 85b1df214e6af8d20a61ac090c147442 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 030 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction sites Bridges Construction workers Freeways Francis Scott Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 32. Placing rebar on bridge deck, bent 16W-13W looking east. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 4, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/a7ab72849101c36ef85d2caf280c4b8b.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=oZz2%7E6IcM9jH9FEXPAdvKHXHApNDK9UsDUSj36L1TrJxc7dKs5gDRCS9ryiAGzR27xJhn-grGxLnxoJuwK-G2XwsF81%7EhFq7ni2epWWFrwMvjMB3GiBPpV6TGkT%7EePHgGBIuj9Srfrzwr-XIJI6DB%7EGgSLMeEHrrRb0qcBPUZZK8vz8OZCz0rJus0FYWL1P-4sBtSFgLrSmyV1bqXOa-wXLiccoltl-bLn7LgvmjxM-oI-VSuOyD0qegz8zfbKl2-GwTwI7hZ8IVRHfNZ-KlRVVstjvY8VhJTzlUwuRZ6%7EpPLSOAHMNgHIlyjatwdztOeFIrpjQAVforvPHPbr-4jA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM a756b3f3d3439f7b491f82d32b311874 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 031 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Canal Road (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Streets Francis Scott Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.) Ramps Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 33. On ramp at Canal Road and Whitehurst Freeway looking south. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 4, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/53cdc4a631027241ae321d2735fbff6f.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Sq%7EJPLqCOcJGp6Cyvh1A7NMDg0bsSlrnx%7EIVfHAgvBOVa24QI8VxzecosgOMtu50mXFs5AvHiIqRc%7E43CmXB0e41J5CjgcLyAyG3stW392zUxKoJwxLnTRIJuHaVSMXzDed8KG3n0-uqZCqYOrewWtaPibMGXrBBY5BRzw27EyxugnBxHRN%7EtzyTPUUWvfWlzQsbm2vZctwbRweMRXTwBxXX5MBjYwomdZNKZX%7EA-Oq5pe8g6Hu2zEm82P7qOuE33CNRzJTtFtd%7EO0YSr5RC%7EhiTuaQQN4Jy51ebnI7KofmggcMxotGBr82sTrpDDPKuiqYhjqeOOo7xYEDSiEUFbw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 632f93a58d81c9e5e5bb3b3eb54c2a54 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 032 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction sites Construction workers Bridges Francis Scott Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.) Potomac River Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 34. Placing structural diaphragm on span 13E looking south. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 4, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d0ecbf4890c665b214e9933ab4f74d73.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=UCsRR2xyjhp5Ql6PyE6FgcUDMVLFnR0uVl404dbwIO2QVOgLK%7EwGUZwm2HwWxnOvXlBdWkS18qTqNUgDX8TZ9aEhEdqML211EeAwW2LRqlr50XKwoAfK1rcPgrRuKUFv6lfmvXDA86AYPBMI2BkrXko1t-i%7E%7EyDly4zgPFeZOrAyYPtZMW4cOaWB6K1FBVpuWhpVuIG0s4A7nRe0cxiOHnDp5huVoPLSheT4BVVB9LecauCxMz766M1%7EMxVvu0bj0mETCFd0ZhrE7pTQ-NWrjwJure8S0cE1OCjQ4Jp2sVAYON1UmhHxuxuDNTEKNiut1vPuC0%7E5cHAnlCcEOJwEWQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 43d4e7dd71b0694f5b5f13973a1786ed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 033 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction sites Construction workers Freeways Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 35. Tightening bolts on cover plates on span 13E, beam G3. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographs Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 4, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/5c0daad9743f21c941df35acbab37a1b.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=O5O7wHn6swQCIuOdtFywYWAJZ0L%7E6dH7d4euOGIgnMeN0Aiz8by0SrsoXXB6UHSF-n79TPEROznryR0dXQnPONcGaj2AVqouv2y6drDmoXeMcbpv1x01a49wGoydwbaIdjbypa7s3m%7EilQXYWmBSxJcWFdpS%7E1RhbwygT2xsXqDCJsgc7JogdpgJ4-TQd5O0RIpHao9gcS8XobzoFlkvLD0mocVD4xM7LplkBiRdISGUEf7H3AynErO1wtfNMWDf1GQSD6ZV641GNKAraB-gK98yNVOxLrJHKGSq68u7AcvY8pTKAX107ZN3ghTe3-2RwAz5bFLVL%7EGwkinkSTvLaQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e094041f82783f819ad03b69c998f94e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 034 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Sand blasting Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 36. Sandblasting span 23E looking northwest. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 4, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/110defff6d027df619d022ec47cbf4ce.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=EgOHHLj9LsM4rqLaebb7bjTFNV5W2O2yXlByawIPfCoYPOkEWO1nnyTuvxjI5H%7EyAgG1OctIYqAp6fqEWZMGcQQNJjdmEMYzKgIT8TM0i61BwAKHv9BfaNAln3Q5v7bKm9xCVNKzl7kH%7Estb4DtLgeC6-oWsuopw82OfnNLc1e%7EkWNk8WxU4k5kY6bYt91v3pqwF7%7E87td5tYq2aAP-8I6-VmF4dTvtSzQ4DMyLNSTZwgSmmP8tbIecZlmqy7G5xg-QEjogTL61-yYopYqxBp5QSkxqzxqk54WL40zbAwMOxlrRFSs6Yl0m1KEyi4zAg%7EFQWN5dxDPSiWPjKvaUc%7Eg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM aa2af22764118e72c4a8dd48134f9d06 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 035 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Construction workers Tests Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 37. Airborne inorganic lead test, span 23E. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 4, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/83673c5ddf8efb12855395734292409c.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=lRV0Fy7eLJq7aHPsW6UAd0cRMfK8capl73xMoJYdGhADgvdAYk%7EbvAx4Ri2CUdPpydNrHBPuij6AWyUCgbIPj9cSuKQRbaCzRO4RmoWLZfb0DVzLHa96XlWZgt9flr4ZtFHAy-4fiGQ5S-swz7lYnQvLtAygk9OXgChmJ67MhFo5Algy97b6UMacRbc93aswOHJuYa6%7E6DCyhZjnfIYmImRPxjcHzxotcndg-Zmya7H7M0W0gBALx%7EJIqXUWAz5QdzHN0-HGYRj8TbNQhQ4MB1gXY6IVxaFXxFzLHWi5aw5YaEocHL9GiyBUgWIFkojRAmM2Iltq7miUi2znwKNu2A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 50a4e84ef17a5dd7e38daf3d78f817ac Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 036 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction sites Freeways Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 38. Typical downspout installation (disapproved). Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 7, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/5a0fe504df7354935161ebe47022e65d.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=GyEkzZRxkR1NBqh91N4YmHQmiZy5EelOLrDuSQ7JRcsc1voTpbcnaEVrFLrxZpFP7pMVzb41G6xkxcB4PAWNF3mHqwckMYSmnvCCQCXV5MUuMSAoggHK5%7E9ICG6OhYgtind35H0tCy0n2ccIpY9jt5Lsg%7EXYllAibdvCZj2xD1y66muEKhYYZQuzhxLa6AUGKpbqH1CSn1vt0f1zJxHjbfHbLHPkz9R5tOs9ajsoq99Vkb7Ln35t5edB94l%7EX3Uu5h2I%7Ek9CBb0HY3vgiYqjWvyXG3gckB2Z9eTozpRzck3t9l0IiwKUYS9RBvj3IbYOqQ5mklzsmMhS8yEO%7E-2uWw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b16ebba0272960878da03ae6ec84511a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 037 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction sites Freeways Sewers Construction workers Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 39. Bent ISE-5 footing and 12 inch diameter sewer pipe looking north. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 7, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/6c3ed544b19d87daf85f6ad6196e0600.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=etHGpIkZchx5gz348z1ppTlttzVw0wBBL%7EB1RNJzKTiMsVazu%7E7Ee6YZuuPmVi6Lar1Kq0mMKsR6DxdZFi22VoWqzNHDqJAS2GbU2bhR-Azv%7EA1IXjNPG5xN8p5DFARGmFsCkdIWSMjR5txsr4mX7J3nymvUjXLFRjI9KoaT5OL79XTKyQi5MbkQgucbEB9dBM-kwM5UoZe4zgNi977mRubQ%7EygwtSG2HmRY1EXwl4VUUWbZ9OGR9rtmR0PLEbDsu6i7Qc0qTlvkj23rxyTjn0qAqch%7EEnnqgEK-X%7EokStqPkn6juAqSfyF-AaGTAc4LvL1fllY2yGyKf1m4wC9apw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 99ae178a79c77c55c718ffbb28c213fc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 038 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Streets Freeways Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 40. General view looking southwest from 6W-N. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 7, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/18a03c99867a9b97e4c8fdcc6f1ea16a.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=v2up7hRV4U7b6tGvbFuTzHPOW07xIWXAW2sSqIYNRyMey1UZY66-AxtQS94ViBAJxpadMGdDpEc1QnRyqJE12TdVtp7gPdTrfobXz6dgikMavVje44VwUp2Et4i7%7ECraM0ls788qX9I3BUTn1jddlpHLGgwnByp5xsJkhfZqevUPNeGzDJT0dKCLsuYBHHkZHHoSx8%7ElR3-dPkf2N9gwVKP3cWjti42B2pKL21laQtzNJcWbVy%7EIdMarrMFx-mXZVCnZlbGR4bJowFywYgriBEWTCoQ5JhHR7xSWvYzkY-bhmyOdJ1uGGwXKwgWuU%7EgMQAuNG0r0nf-Sj6n1XeRSDA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8c659d854b45f9abf4e4da616243457f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 039 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Wsahington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Sand blasting Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 41. Sand blasting and paint enclosure, span 16W, phase 1. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 7, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d3d3242d7b1f40313f6a6f543a7c1073.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=iiTsgEbk2lvTN91vCVK1E%7E7yPiGVz--GGVk5ADwhT0tZl3%7Elkvfx4jXSPgYKkIGrW7%7EuPX-mSM1MY0VRBBfGDOUyC96TNbAhuMT162AIf58aOPmI4DFEHNHJoxbnTbFER4uzzY6wp6PYPbgFgj1GUXfPNoNsLSAF-hHo5T2LSkiHKW4UOQFhT1o4eYiXMHHl47qTR-hwjjGMgpQb-Xe-ISNvg%7EeKUWX32pk%7EFr82M4JGS41OeQB5HuBty2NU7j6NAOqmsSpsVD-KzQK3Yt9eJZFzDbpDGmsuI3Js5%7EHRKUYJnrgcYCnV6gCiLLyRJCUG6vajdQYH%7EFK8nuwJDul7vA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 15e912581aa6d686c2f2bfc275b158bf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 040 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Parapets Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 42. View of south parapet looking west from 14W. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 7, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/23d5b66c339fe61cba040926312932e2.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=X5cscK5HpHmsaSEH%7EvpjmN19WaqmvwUQ587fU7vS7br85hi60E2xNMeUnCWQ3POuFSC6L9bNhxsIKQxI-isOMKDbZA1WckzvAWqyUz5A3D48NbYbNId1n66lxRxnZKdH37MymzBEAA3UDkEymRKS1MAC8uVDVnlr1buBeCttQ2S7KdcKGG9HN7YZVeskmcVMiXYgvRzioynGrZAS52C2pcYA3%7E%7EKLQ8g-6Nqmt6v9u3GNAZpy8sMP0YkD0wR9DcO6CtM%7E-pDpCySI-LOzjDTYO3N-eUrhsC%7EHn7oxF9hIbsC%7EXVe8lclQsufnRiIgQRong-ujV6W9A7M05bugIdMiA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 4c0a574024e85b44a5f4f6103ca3a804 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 041 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction sites Freeways Construction workers Bridges Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 43. General view looking east from 5W. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 7, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/731d70e0ae6314992a5a887e55493894.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=CQd5uGcckQBoCBESEVAtO2EbPVikL9H89uqwk6VrtrOsJ56aF6o5G9Tifg7Ay%7EN02zfYSDcPKEi5tQXL4mLa7Ikny6tEKB2iXUSJGDDP5zPOInkvcVQnbcLGKrK9%7EgosMCOYiQzPkvoWKJzj5ZSZUMuRXKsZaXkVp8g%7EFs6%7EMlBdNgq7qLNIedOnb6GtYcCgzYRY929tcjuvaHXAvfbX2UscSuooHtmQH527OEDkZwhvZJz%7EHX2DfSpRkR8DP5jY0pXQIMGeewMWKEji2TDRMD3KWAdmoVPfhiTDg5JGpjPvaPTrnBv7a2TVtDbiZhhYbYVZ0zSsQmanRaApOMMykg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e4b5a702b5f63289118a412ca5eab167 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 042 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Construction sites Freeways Sand blasting Construction workers Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 44. General view looking south from bent 12W of the enclosed blasting and painting operation. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 7, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/c66ac6a118aedde42f3b7c59ae3b1e1f.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=E9OkM55Jwx0bIS9tlCWvSq3fjv7OgsWWKeVPx1inI%7EbSEPTSPYD3CC51M86LhE5Xag4TH8ceSJNfZErOU%7EaP3JtSJYgI6ES2Ny6IuCh2GmDfKRlWC-kXNzIYzt1oHz0LGw4ee9nx9PQOfhJwhOBgDjqnm74G%7E7-Gctspf--2jL2HBcSSlV5pB5QW7Qi3kgSehuZaaHlH4xML3WQNZde0G4xJgu%7EKlSla8qEm1BOqfG3hosEfkmbIHQPtHnbK7sYT-lzwOlWaesGOVAwd3WOtGbMWzN4P4tpDfTmF1PMG2GriCWAI6PMjj7u1PvqrBABF5WdVlYHtwvYh6c7pmFP6TA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 48ffe485bdb551bea41a53d5b044d32f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 043 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Painting Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 45. View of span 15W and 16W primer and intermediate coat. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 7, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/e41f6d1ac1cea3258238f5fae46eef35.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=PtJtcCxQsOilBT5kVNM3qnoCmN26B0N3eXY5g81tFVYnG3XzEEO8LU2XuzZeeCvqJcBwLcN6nVFzj87AQurAFS8jMr5vL3FJsh-LefR8t3-zDBQQRdeksX99puvZOoW8iGAdsVWUYGLn3wUX3i-1JaJ-iJA7L8jZpBk1NyWHPbK8VM3DErxKxVDw4xoDeVRgtG%7EEvQMY0eoWmJecZ1lVBHF8MhfxXvc4bPF5nhOa0ohMzH7CN9064esg6x-fCI7%7Ew8s0-90kbOMJCwLToBLyvBiv2rCtBaRSXPTCpTnaZZH%7EmTO4itU1e0ZLNErj3f75VPyPAWPdLUQ2e72JEa8BxA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 62d73956dba0c5e0b99ce46f0a11faf0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 044 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Bridges Francis Scott Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 46. General view looking east for south parapet from 15w. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 7, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/bfad33c72c84e90909d21650166c15c7.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=LywyPyyS4KjErBr2N8mZC7n28IGbAryKqMU9MRa0C5RKOQQ0TdF8hxcqwfLxBdxd0TtWxdWMIb1DPKEzsab1U7JVJ0KnvloBqQjBsgVSGR6mbSJn2AS0CSVF3OJ4nhJy9gN-UYner6VIc8sT4s1QOdJuEgpBopk2bLfXUWhydrLXGOh2m-PaLQHY9liko33k186meB3BWJ-HPSWq2UA7gWHAMns0NB-UTB7aPE1eC3G4Ppm9CdgZemnsgD0ze5mbKIAg%7EB3vKw4FKyMYQ6b%7EfTcU8uWMK88KyBIrAMAuuswJNZ7VWwO95W8qlDgiBce47BBYVSlOTaS9-YgiImnxjQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c2177105ce755a2be99b9b75d077083c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 045 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Construction sites Freeways Francis Scott Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.) Ramps Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 48. General view looking west from southeast at ramp from Key Bridge. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 046 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Bridges Construction sites Construction workers Francis Scott Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 49. General view looking west from 12E. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 047 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 50. Temporary support tower south of column 5WS. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 11, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/e11f26d58212545b43305de8d8062017.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=rB57NPWFFS-7PneevIc%7EcvjkBUn%7EXDZEy8fF1sf9SQnEA-AjX0w-liKuyUcd0wcqpiY20vgqW3dyPL1UUVcvJRBHA9y5b9tnfTCBZdTfqWSmUTgDcCAtbKhJpaHDBQ2fhNyKOvuvKX5eQKDEjDzbCmbuwplhRD50Uw8J2PcaFOsTE9EVta%7E3G4cZk%7E%7ETw2YPE0ser%7EztUVqs6xK1WArPSrczojjcr6PiXF7P97k%7EQuspHy3XC%7En0iwXerEIzlSvgN171FaR2Xg3wt78nL9oq3tpXA6xlwHlGPFAl5hLiSuq19PYCQf4clpNRTiuDhGbitvVjcLqq55k1aJOW5vhOnQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e4c42d6acc1b54bbe12bde104cbd25f8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 048 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 51. New column and support tower 15ES view from 16ES. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 11, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/63e9a85d0b3277b0ed6bc05f4df3514d.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=hgnGR9TWTxVVhBAXziKTZUROL6OAjkF8RPiV%7EJ0MAtFiHgNs2DebQCUcEOhN3e9habQfCobOh7ZOLlI2FUuxXotR0FERsDTjATcrDfFlgFz9uZ0sBWcLi6Ko4BBjEDFpEd3ItJTCYkCKzAyMPNYIrV9QtYVreDLLzeyVUPmPzbkdipnueVkoA51Ty6hlI%7EMeZzoe7jv9Gxfl60SCYbsuyAzqigc9i4StvdoCoPom1fCy9OJzNJLyOPrd1hgaLFk7gpz3KbXddjtjRsZSia8LoTGugq%7EtQsRWZ4zku%7Edq3nQaW5BizWx043uP-XVxFFFMBmXaoOJpPpq-Z8N8%7EqHCng__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8a3d42f48249b6cb13db139d04c3b664 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 049 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 52. Column 17ES strengthened viewed from 16ES. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 050 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 53. Down spout clean-out box, column 19ES looking north. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 11, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/bb5f8028b4202d444703049663efa35c.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=pjNjyfBh2HyXENdrrMq%7EHUBEZ4tLRBHAdthgmEKAHyZVH7nJPkCTFZxywik2Kep-L%7ELCNFt52Gd%7Es3FqLHCA%7EeJOp17IVPQ2y-fKckXXpopCYkbRrFHT6QPTLIGynHGY4-nvDgJqu5gXUxs4gxg3VS95MkICxa6pQj-f9f2157407q1hoO64U8SSnKnAs9TaYcJysjb-bPHdoGqgVmiZhcZ%7EK4h1YqSSCGt6LyX0l9oZW4komGi2gq7a3idUUpj7Dzfk5AT3V2LjgPkHBqu59S-KQUs9hazJOX4I%7EYDeL0iafjrCJ2kD0vBaYPZIEzS40G0o6OSj-xuzHrLp%7EKi85Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM d43b9d86a9d4280abec7e6273db62306 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 051 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Parking lots Girders Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 54. General view of G.O. girder connection to column 24ES. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 052 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Parking lots Motor vehicles Bridges Francis Scott Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 55. General view looking east from bent 24E. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 053 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 56. General view looking west from bent 24E. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 11, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/c8eb69d46d68fa2274e879c493534696.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=dO1aqaiALoCkZpPCXTBK4UMbi9WuOaYiveozdQLT8JbAY2xWtcM0b-cbZesJhcD6fWgNiWZKTVf4rKoalHOhhFtCP9F1hIt6i5YbvUyK51KM4Tg4PuLA6YqREDzsUq-JV4qeiL-96PfxwbP875-gyWuFOXcvT8WBc4EMEWoCaq88w3s7bA1lYgQxMjewbOVIJHvjXrIKxLLq9nPRL4OsyXdWfK7w4N7CVJYoRIY%7EyqzAakbqy%7EvxDwPE%7E%7El61g2NWEIte3IcGvCVxTwubsnhh0%7EujtaFZNb7tIo2XZVHxzzj0zUVq%7EzHgg4WmItrtTul9ViTb7dMIxdTCdLDBOskqA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 9e1d5bd06930598439a13fd7eeec5118 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 054 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Streets K Street (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 57. Looking west from 34th Street down K Street, typical phase 1. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 7, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/36fd1636589bbca6086ff23642863a22.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=YjHFdb1uQDKABOlXUqeRRPKtlshAChyV9n%7ED5HnmpkAG7VxOWdHHaX7wRHPtnwYMwo4ipaRJp2m3JEChekTVfMRo-e2oMcKGMvOVkDSq%7E2JeldC8Su7IuiHyJZFNVv2Q5n0UatzZCjucoyY2TkpS%7EblnT3QIV62IvahDRy9XHqrm2lxNaiyzST%7Es4xaSJoy-vSA7sf38LK58i5lfd02unM41vLc3h-FlHvQnodZlgN8nXH4kpVXejKqG0vLwatmzbxLC1VTSEfbPRInNMSX3cJlaSYE4KrULPfHkY7iKnNzv2LKAUApom8HWTJMWAM042Odw3%7E2ysvbLzRNwO0fOpQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8d4b145dd3eea554d2b46695998ac0bb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 055 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Streets Construction sites K Street (Washington, D.C.) Pedestrians Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 58. Looking west on the north side of K Street at the pedestrian protection shield under construction. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 7, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/8f7038912dcecab064dc2f282c7b14b6.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=toGKW0aSN2u2mygVucePlQL2qsr%7EVnxt-ogatz%7En73mRYh9IH-KuGiEUsxrqn8pHpEtB7vzUSclUGLrs3dxrFwWjRQy41kY6q7C4RxPdjhMNySbMFIvMBjzwgTzVL6ooDYwptWYT95Datp4cSIJW485ozw7un3VBW7YXZXzoSt1AQZGUseHRM9%7EwM-SNVAbxH5MQOuMsQPPZH3Byfm0mKblomzfma5oaFu4OL%7ExSeE%7ErSoFa8N%7E9NWXHpezbjZMzbxok4l-lDLK-vgcdd6gDmv1739E2WbTJqHGqkw8CFoeJe5mxd%7EZwPx0snMm0c8JY4KT15vT86izn9ue33c%7EMgA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c44bc369519013406e8f3e678de38a79 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 056 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) K Street (Washington, D.C.) Pedestrians Construction sites Trucks Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 59. Pedestrian protection shield under construction, looking east from Waterfront Center. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 7, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/da63401357271174638b723284534175.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=QRd6tsKNO5nl94S-scTUpw3jNyVyeAg%7EhPQFT-Hb7t06Ig1sZ40Mtt5WqrlwepMtVUM-Ws8LmPtBxikzy1nQnjKGHRg9-eT3AalN3nGRPCa03IgT6UAyS50eMbhySysjy6v0bUf5213DEiTvsVdIoXUgDUaOjscflgP8Es520EmzjO0XBCI1BElZJMbDEofPzufEQzRbr0ilzQJ0%7EVsGKzXa5FFm9L4XQ1OZF6N6PEFbTvjQdaHAVWHo51dQNrpzQe7esJoYx8XMuFGBXq%7EJe2Lfa72-wL-r4Ump1wOFWjoM8IHyL8OWMUzUvfcnsbT%7E1ZASJSwIPb-QXd6%7EmDC94Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM bb2596d412dce78da7aed0c655edb62a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 057 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction sites Bridges Francis Scott Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Whitehurst Freeway contract no 1, no. 60. Looking west from 28E. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 7, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/6b82aa968a70e34fc3e1b740ba19e700.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=EOPXKfyQgS30y7o-rVEP-83tRxaCvVxW4BPRvK7UgQXotRj3RyOH1J4ozuIrynLXS9hrPFa1QN4ci204BpYW4Ri9J54%7EKaicAZt891f7T8IkpQkLVmRkDHrZOqshHDLSyHsDCqd1%7EAcISzE5pCd%7E%7EFf3R44ltPMgKS8c5rI9ZHeCNkintri6OMnfQBrzvfFCPoFLtHgFc4KSJDJFg78nEvm2lz2q-zTnfISDY1XMLynJBzgAzbXql3fGQDfXCZ1gL9OoQwWef8P8ldN3EGq2T3LQhYmShMFsaGLlgm7Xkls0NNUs0XOzKjZ67ZMFeoGwL18VdPPCUmqe8bcq8aqeEA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 291a8cc13be1d3c0934d373e08666c45 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 058 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Roads—Interchanges and intersections Construction projects Construction Description An account of the resource A view looking north from Foggy Bottom at the construction of the the interchange connecting the Whitehurst Freeway/US Route 29 and I-66. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource early 1960s Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The description and year information with this photograph was crowd-sourced from the group Old Time DC on Facebook. https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/10a8e3a0fc716c7436ced420cd2b0919.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=V--nKUeDbXd1A57WD2UjxJT2yqN4ETB7wAJt45DEEv9HLFi7r-xmy0Oek5uOaZjQe7SwMNO9KQiYHCtV5zNSf4EO50nIU0c9gC2aX5YJC6%7E3xNHo0texK-LlCLxsX5kjRTvZc-fLCxJN6uLLVYwV5Uwz7j%7EEkNiaGV1Y-KGncj5nlNSP5FdbwtF5FPOhXRSKfUZL5p6xuGd0VYf8QlAtfsjrCkH58OiVFQ6l8T-PRne8OnHWfGLQ74HYVRSDIzkKZZ-VzPm9K%7EB56-GeDwveLnIv4aMD2MCaKewAtDoK%7E1fh80p2Q4C0m4l6lXET04KXQrJBT7iCPudYp%7EzYv1gHOg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7b7eba2eb6c0f418cc8525420ba3503d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 059 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways K Street (Washington, D.C.) Thirty-first Street (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Description An account of the resource This is a a photograph of the original construction of the Whitehurst Freeway, which opened in 1949. It was originally called the K Street Elevated highway, and was set at K Street and 31st Street, northwest. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alexander and Repass Company District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 8, 1947 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/93f6f9b43678464b92048118fdf5ab51.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=NStU-%7EZy55aIIWa5tLN3hzif-7xujDSNC%7E6JXwnlOWVGqQypmBM3wFCC7%7EjSkxmAhJmgyae-sV%7E-2DeB3j8ZlEuRZo-gP068GSHNSX0jU4GdENMCV9CCMOWd9Kp5Y%7ECrNQMzkakAwHImR7pevO9eUb%7EbIOmAsM4mxmpP8iqQu3TCSmtCLR4OE6ghRiiK4SYhroBPOIT6nRC8aWY74LU1DJPIhDo2KhIcgf4dYqBvjwyOU5EuJu0V1gJFIUC0E0ERfm%7Ex6Z7cMfR7UqxJnv1GjZBVhZ9V10A37d9xLfl9gDfURqHykvZD0yprFcWDKQWdZJqnspgwytdSYCW1c-DCAA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 36d15775e38a57803a4ac1b5ec9f918f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 060 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways K Street (Washington, D.C.) Thirty-first Street (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Description An account of the resource This is a a photograph of the original construction of the Whitehurst Freeway, which opened in 1949. It was originally called the K Street Elevated highway, and was set at K Street and 31st Street, northwest. This is a view of the general construction area. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alexander and Repass Company District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 10, 1947 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/7921925be458d64b009c9626fd0c8e67.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=n5urZ8ENdsIyK%7EfO9EVU7K%7Ekzgm%7EePScK-4aOTfzr8undUscl%7E6pr2jJJMwtGf35Zlf%7E%7EhAclBhh91WOqUk4Ne0xf02xV4-9XO-fI%7ETCZLT0F28b0ZwPbW2NltsT2XskKJPxRhzKvGrSDEMIIcv9OKN%7ESJQzhe91vWfKEOWkzBKwdtVo-737%7Elq3fb9eY78uw-IxGK0MgAD3Y%7E8NGDkrQkOCZ01AF8TO0FHR7Ls1n0M0VVZWzBhLC4PPo0ovY9tP8HMPoqnfVquMJx9YvXcxynyM75T58XKwnjuCchUL1-0I1WuEthDZCXBAA9JChJjsqU-CDQz6RDFdqMrikG8QnA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM a5e8652cae7a78f56607acf2a231f620 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 061 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways K Street (Washington, D.C.) Thirty-first Street (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource This is a a photograph of the original construction of the Whitehurst Freeway, which opened in 1949. It was originally called the K Street Elevated highway, and was set at K Street and 31st Street, northwest. This is a view of the general construction site. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alexander and Repass Company District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 8, 1947 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/5bb310a6b5de5068fa4d062d500d04f3.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=LP%7ElWoCpkpE%7EoGDR01DqakxkLW6FRYbwWlh9%7Ew-P9wEQn4mY%7ExKP66jzbD1NAXdKnal7r8L8pwqVMAcyAFnKt8uVgCTRrPg4uTSpmJZUwBHHX5GbHYAgxuu6KLJX5i3ivmjcDagC7auT8YNgXFLWfrbg4bb6uYg8zehdpG9svev99sTqm0vdVd5cC5%7ExpchPDpO5NgKC8QAcX4EsKLve19eFV4O8CPR7RBBJkJDX5eoNN73nnWWm0mVNXjCUWrBhUkYE0MVTD48iaSKbxd2FCGnZlXeXQdtzFJfHB-mduZqKUPqPVez0ooQGr2NNhi1TAzoUAN5uGyjwXOe0vMDw6Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 853876a31284e0d9c88d8b33ff22b845 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 062 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways K Street (Washington, D.C.) Thirty-first Street (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Construction workers Georgetown Waterfront (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource This is a a photograph of the original construction of the Whitehurst Freeway, which opened in 1949. It was originally called the K Street Elevated highway, and was set at K Street and 31st Street, northwest. This is a view of construction workers at the site, and Georgetown is visible in the background Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alexander and Repass Company District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 10, 1947 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/15e58f739e862ae942b1e45efe08a5f5.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=CATQhXpl7b872l43iRLKEjoD3-58O4RXtbDG1bB08ExNmq3ATZpx42ymOVh8EeJyfarFM56QuKMo3hhRPM54NQ7ltFRoS4hl992CxTSdSl9fvFDqJ0XdQpOEaMRVi4zFAEidtkaKcZUDgY8RAfPiCwZ0GKX7F0GIyun79uqGzrk0rYZZyjiFnpdiSTRgS13tPaYlQXtJLS%7EcCxsZScQbthdNpBoarumrNxeIMnjeIHF%7E%7Est3QNB9bGlziomCLZvVgM5yEFuu5qhZE3Df8LiIVYeWvzQv4vHQYATzxBJgRxLIUhYj9Mrig1uscWvFfOn5c3qC5x4qj-u9pDhXEeSOjA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 5437beabc9470cfbb99b2e33226aed42 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 063 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways K Street (Washington, D.C.) Thirty-first Street (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Georgetown Waterfront (Washington, D.C.) Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource This is a a photograph of the original construction of the Whitehurst Freeway, which opened in 1949. It was originally called the K Street Elevated highway, and was set at K Street and 31st Street, northwest. This is a view of the general construction site with Key Bridge visible in the background. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alexander and Repass Company District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 10, 1947 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/f6e3de2d3c857f6104a3766e49d9f465.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=MA7C1AcNJxfEhb8ePIZN5DxnmStlLdouUxyzqt-AbydAqzKryIoIy8N6DsWVLj3CB%7Et0AmDcG1ks5Xjj8G0valCLU5G7MWLmayicqZxwSO4-GlRvNLBKukFPYy20WDKJ95J3IhAm9JQglYvzPuCRtzHeIDPDYk9aZOaSYap-Sdu7bL7AnM5ugOSIJrv9D7aP868SrETfxPdRGpTWu67TxHXyOv61PEAYC9My%7ERVAn1o7t3QSKHdTsdKaRAKVEgeuBeYk2vWqqZvoYBsIydYcMRJUmjLhiY2PlxkYbBYGgLCBu6L05C%7EQTywdLOoQFHEo0DMyHK1WrEN5Is1Rh2NVmw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7a33b6909c8d494d514e70b679de9b29 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 064 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways K Street (Washington, D.C.) Thirty-first Street (Washington, D.C.) Georgetown Waterfront (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource This is a a photograph of the original construction of the Whitehurst Freeway, which opened in 1949. It was originally called the K Street Elevated highway, and was set at K Street and 31st Street, northwest. This is a view of the general construction site with the Georgetown waterfront area visible in the background. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alexander and Repass Company District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 10, 1947 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/492676b8916dc7af0f418e04573503ea.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=X0O-bXcTW34I50V-f8UOOOMC9IZ7GUzSUMdPUnBY8v1Vmb-Nov9HXAlw67liSXIcpiccTB0GUDwHpEepYaLLZugOW%7EINWn2lH66ht2bAXtGG2LLM2BRp4gGXfTZcw2rlo6-Wk-7lZbNHeEE2YwzVx1kZZsTXIpk1lLDFwYP9M36UqJysMWz9EiGIyXXI7oof-gszTWppobPTFl4irJ1eOt0uVgFjc%7EpXZKxyIc4sAfx6kVw6rySCM5Q0moAq4ikaG2hYK4mkRHCf9w45Soo5BzplN39M7ct2X773CzlmpoJcwF7NXRzO5VT9tA7GjjgtIwXnK-0BXyqsh9MZphNJOA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 31283ae69bf55915b4498883f853cb4d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 065 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways K Street (Washington, D.C.) Thirty-first Street (Washington, D.C.) Construction workers Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource This is a a photograph of the original construction of the Whitehurst Freeway, which opened in 1949. It was originally called the K Street Elevated highway, and was set at K Street and 31st Street, northwest. This is a view of the site, with a construction worker visible in the foreground and Key Bridge visible in the background. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alexander and Repass Company District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 10, 1947 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/b950c146cee3a72c3d2aa9c16a9377e6.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Givt3HPAg5NeB2bwJKEYYr48rZlkKK1tdsVaP4GWUFQwI3zi26JShbuIgP%7EFU5UHp7WdJLSntIPl1t-OSPMVFtifSC613T3jCThUFLhafmqwRAVkttpJp-EpmW0z%7ESOUutQgHJuBmet6ss53eqtw8tQgqv1LzcTqwP9LVFfGSWnwHYuraymf8AEPjjaocx%7EnpMBTAIly-Fmq0xDaBgbFrgvyWwWx84D-hyYJUGt46%7ESoufp7PEqRkm5SU1m%7E7GbisnHgPPKA8YAOBmQnRqRuuxME%7EVZU4kPFenw5eilwjFK5m6tSBzuXLqhBvS5c43EjLZPDl2Y3lTgZ4EIoHtqzKQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 712080a1cb76847145a8f963def9b44f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 066 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways K Street (Washington, D.C.) Thirty-first Street (Washington, D.C.) Construction projects Georgetown Waterfront (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource This is a a photograph of the original construction of the Whitehurst Freeway, which opened in 1949. It was originally called the K Street Elevated highway, and was set at K Street and 31st Street, northwest. This is a view of the general construction site with the Georgetown Waterfront area visible in the background. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1947 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/5756d09275ac81a3d38714d9489570ba.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Vj0WvU8ISbMdif3oKz50nW0baKfmRIsmqtwNqEV0RT6cgTXgBNu8IqEPrwe6cB2DEb-QXOCsu7zHPG9lYbjKoBU-giWeRFB9xRIB94sFoRdaDE63qktkP%7Eo5LqBuPo03X%7EizSAN3HASJsVehOMHi0dYLzdhn9Vjhy5kmi3T35hDJyz27uA2s8V%7EkI5TlY0QCPbg8TLUHvxR%7ExtiZIGiLqr3m5TtLNxVZKIhXCIYOzsEuEYUpUP2wZg%7Ejp09LfQHDtkYJiErjZDjcF08RlAXtUUkdNuBX9YGwN6MFcmubqSQmOtdBYYHR07FpvqpC50jxVz5n8nXgw6pBGA9kcHT3rw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7c355060aa5c7eee1bba00b5c50d077a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 067 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways K Street (Washington, D.C.) Thirty-first Street (Washington, D.C.) Georgetown Waterfront (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource This is a a photograph of the original construction of the Whitehurst Freeway, which opened in 1949. It was originally called the K Street Elevated highway, and was set at K Street and 31st Street, northwest. This is a view of the general construction site. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Alexander and Repass Company District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 15, 1946 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/4e98847cba207d8100446a714455eaec.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=BP-hmLp5zfv4x9qQUPeJ2SHgZ45Bn5HiJFuIVAzKk6TPn5uVG2H6zxAgGwg1BexdY45QpNoixJ97c0RHUwn1sdB%7EuXksGORI8NXenuZuu3DQb7qknwoQLtJDBV0bhiLe%7EeyQo5ZJqLcSv5BbP2opo6bS%7EgKEdXFowddVxG4wCVJAmECgqD9WwtbRbaZcfv5B-OLuq5VqcDXCkA%7EcRBVGzxZkk006mvLy31DD7y-tiOsENmZ6RKNIkw16vi9ozcTwabPj41LotLHuD9bvQsdDrrBu738YC-x6RdFEwpLtGObLjprw3jco75Xcnp2YEOrEl-6QpQKWhdXeMfSmOWgCTQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM d150d880271bf06dd007c749e5025c7d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 068 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.) Aerial photography Georgetown Waterfront (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource This is an aerial view of the Whitehurst Freeway and the Key Bridge in Georgetown that was printed in the Washington Evening Star newspaper. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Washington Evening Star Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1950 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/3b233405074d85f99f0481024c3ceaf3.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=IwLEXA4p55uN4sP-q2czCmGaL2qpJrIEXVS4laCl7tCuvqDGlkX1x-ynwwYGWqnXf5Wa0YN3%7EKGDgqXPNqRt-8Ydg3HnEWUCB3t70IxjTm--u335TCDH4k1ckhbKf-B3BljF6%7ET8THjR4AwXnDnplYCkWn4CmnEPjzXxyT6AF9Q9VEUQr8rCWUazv-WB2oVjlnn%7EvYys5RfgDMjWezsfaxwN12KoPnfHjjhfDFMhmioj6fPX3j1aQ-YmqaGBQ3dHh6XggXnI0MR3v1gVnAaNPCsgsKS6LVcTfRMeCpi4xw3X4v0khTONLVPfLRSVFrDP9EDIPLvYwuXyOPQbLueHhw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 4fa92dfbeea0f1db6be4a20c0c378e96 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 069 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Georgetown Waterfront (Washington, D.C.) Twenty-seventh Street (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource This is a view of the cars driving at the intersection of 27th Street and the Whitehurst Freeway, with Georgetown visible in the background. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1950 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/3f011998b1cb40331d7da555d538de21.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=nGqmKwZEVcEq9-awJRokfOacNdxAZwFtp8tToLldgtfa97jKBsdyBmMm%7EyzECjjNJZG%7ELk19BlzH1YRN6yD5KK17SvI0iazCOkcgDeOIrJ8HYehevUgbocgyArf4E9dmchdOx7lRv357Tg%7EYT0Cdf7HZ7C7h-kCEtfZTOpS-6y6fXIALsslJAVq1s4%7E80-LLn4LeJoThysddBsbc07GQ9zrhmB7qsgh85Li61jFHnx6MZ4Y7jByiYiwAOVOMdknlT90XrJ9GkXUyrokEhkHbtqQlq5NZ16EX%7EFn71047yYfHyFvwoYazg8kLQ4sFSAr7T%7EMkfbWH3xgF8PdthCYYFQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c16970d3e2f86404aa2f0fc0b745da8e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 070 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.) Georgetown Waterfront (Washington, D.C.) Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource This is a view of the Whitehurst Freeway and the Key Bridge, with cars visible on the roadway. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Circa 1950 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/86afaaa4e5fc0bcb547f5ca23022dead.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Ev8abiLlyrS5NTuJ8586LxpJGlWH7MnkYGSDXk6qP8AtDQEEW9GnWTSbgUyq6X-67CRoLnrBl4JydBuJKsFBKf0JEYoPySfA109FviW09iiGrMftt54WN5WejmN1%7E1UtLUm-2kaGN6uB59xPv1EwJVR5EAHQoFv1ZXyEfZfb6mff7SgX1XX1IYTBG2WyRruIIRMesij8saq9dNP%7Ej2HFbQpCcvi%7EBRgqcngKLd5L4ncgnueBcYzh67-ocySn5UWJ%7E1A844Zi-kSx2ZqfVYrZaiNWyT36mfZc%7EoLEWQzlqovEOyoNW%7EXthDYjmkJDSPLPYF1p2Mm7aQB6sx1gCkGl4w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 701812e603b1c21cb84edc7e8a1bc23c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway 071 Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource This is a view of cars driving on the Whitehurst Freeway under the Key Bridge. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1950 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DC Highways, Interstates, and Freeways Subject The topic of the resource Highways Freeways Interstate highways Description An account of the resource Photos of highways, freeways, and interstates in the District of Columbia. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource District Department of Transportation Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Whitehurst Freeway Subject The topic of the resource Whitehurst Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Highways Description An account of the resource Photographs of the elevated portion of U.S. Route 29 in DC, best known as the Whitehurst Freeway. The Whitehurst Freeway began construction in 1947 and was completed in 1949. There was a push to demolish the freeway in the 1970s, but it remains in place today. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Construction Projects Construction Workers Freeways Georgetown Overpasses Potomac River Underpasses Whitehurst Freeway https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/ab6fd1cca3188e53747c74f673ddb097.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=O9dIcJgCNzWOBVmBFq%7EhXJ5l3q3qV8bPX%7EJeTl4FYxyExD1qXheC3Pt5JXRMgMX1pTvAa8SAyMN1HmbThEluUeMwNR8SoCHhXPYdg4ikoIfzErrVuN4k28IRmVgwg%7EJROOxD3NBYOeaSNZ0Dz0CeNb9HiddfDqTLDvJKCOWfkkOF%7Eqo5zY40ld7kHXzCNufQ5L0pt7T1Y6VvDD3rRrvQTpnLpsYIJlRmgwyi1NFaEjzzyeuw8q3ZOoMG6tDCUQFzcDCHGiat8ZH%7ENIkCZOuC4VFkqu3rQvcDNZPwG5rjFKLybBCQ990G12jO-ygeCmmZdcp2lE4xsVbBrnEuZd8eoA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 0a7dd8f94e9e0b1821e37ea25806e77f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 001 Subject The topic of the resource Southeast Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Description An account of the resource The Southeast Freeway, looking west. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 15, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/5c09252809311228c5d8457f075e2933.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=NQbRg20UCKpwC-1ujUME8UeDeI%7E36BVVUzHiCwBfYONUd-692bfrNncF3L-ACternuQrGiGPXvmXlSftEl7st1SAUxyoXB0d7IQm8kUbjsC2IgaSJkiOPyHrL8JFyzG2I9m5kJ33UaZIDE9fQBgqL%7EteJRPt8IqLv4Q97KSFqzQWpKGe0EepQ7txOGnAOrt7RP6ep5qKmHHVcWlQFY10JPemaOdicrfbViM0rKnD-shDXUjJfgsgSGLDNSvm-aze5QWOotWcHgrfv-6j%7EeeB%7EQ1mx6vKTtDvpSbwN3m-UpEi2p2boGF0MfOy1z0FaF9Q5PwqDO3vjf7c1azKjeJSpQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 92521eef00a19599371e0527cebe5263 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeeway 002 Subject The topic of the resource Southeast Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource A photograph of the Southwest Freeway. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 2, 1960 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/07653a93241f29b71dc522e69be12ff0.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=edOvnn%7E4qgimhi1eE3J0W7seFSy7vkX8PVjSHnES08B9r42B7wjp%7EbUbeAl4%7EfplVCBu5Nd0Gc5aTIZ5vhvS9XUDo9E9idLe7H%7ES6qaWM9wpblgq9SnPhLYjcJ2vqsJYuNyv6onjFWGveJglZbpoktewcyiusMvaR0x6mrL8eTDI3w3-okkSv2rD6F7ahZeDAH4wuVKGnd0HOa1B0%7EJuZSPjuPqRYwoP-2666WqGWAPwGc53Qlm1-qlrcYWdMnEH1ocFRDgzSq8mSuMJi5APna-yOnwv6pcJe-rYbzg16DMNQ0NRvlzIL3WjdLTxx0SmBs8geHAdO5pydjVhlhNvQQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 23c1788a2fe0e8335a3bf5a98afd471a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 003 Subject The topic of the resource Southeast Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource A photograph of the Southwest Freeway. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 2, 1960 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/9fb807b7ff3d8468900c643ea6600602.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=atGQVvdr-Z-ooH5tq%7EvP6Z-bB77anoqfEaCUvpJhpkHcurukCNjvkx27sYaXcftMP8jPUQ3wHublFdmX3EdAquEAMYsv8STyQRRv0SjVFNf6pllD7SkfIg08dXcGjw0KEj8grXuCY4h005MW0Q2TUmVddGOpqH9EyZayzUZz6H2iHcxDBG4H4csY2CjWz866ydPh4hF5NHAQwXexKRjEs8QHbNViO%7E2gZVYeP5lSG4iCaOQbhoBdZfZXenqFb0J77BX8z1uph6TJG50j9C2F%7E8UsxzL8Y2zQnanvF3ZhZsz5Mdn%7ELLBdcifIHz3S3dwLueSINhZCgkSEOcFbzHlxxg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 2c913d8c6db1fc679f60678dba61f6cf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 004 Subject The topic of the resource Southeast Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Description An account of the resource A photograph of the Southwest freeway renewal. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 25, 1962 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/b8466668e69e5e09bcabe6346b8952f8.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=nbtL%7EpIFGAnpQ5PnEb7M3f1QUD945vzhvt2PfayTeFDsHP7DOEL6lwM2HeWRCt4FCMXQK7EJNiwerd9z9Gwm7iH5vos44wsvUHrui%7Eq0Fl2Bev1QkrFjlucv%7ELTl6aZA7UwZJg6hYuipebWuF1s5iUjN6Twrjm0-zElE8sCUFZ2HahWl5QJCzF9hJ0PWtMoRWYuQsQ3kKvlE6iNCppZ%7ENsb8FqhU06AndjcRRGcALcShPfgL2gfu5NLiU6wkxC%7EauTgzXYgy0jRRvj3BkLfiJXMx9oEJOH4%7EcfbcJnY5EYmhXMs1r4wSTLoqTK8PNc1clpl1UCDZ0dlGDnO2thcWgw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM d9479c373054f2f8da39b85d4b954ef1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 005 Subject The topic of the resource Southeast Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Description An account of the resource A photograph of the Southwest Freeway. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/a325c6f10f27fe514c0491e0a85f9f09.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=KEvfD37sNtgWkY4gR5pb0XjyNvPhgUHCykRf7eoREQGG4QuLZ4HWJv8Rv7wYQNbcJS6FDU8z71NfB9quxuIxsraLltTBQEVRsrQqzyggTxDaDKg1oE9G-vrBSoEXevw8B4sfGrs0D6jQ5zEZgOpVyCtqkaN9NDq-vw035gB88dYtEG6zZPBAe1PvbV3FwKNUWJ8XGM9uqKsrM0WLVs4pWRIePEImQOsXUAAoj7eNupomlFIsfDNEoiO1JBkBrFj3ek302%7ERrRwtI7TdLKwybpzDMJAtrltUL13R5j5GQ2MFPuiCnVdKLsXPV5tnb2gXXTyEK%7EhKALcFFho-gmWmCBg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 5ba6dc717b0068bc746a20ea7794df20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 006 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Interstate 395 Freeways Description An account of the resource An aerial view of the Southwest Freeway (no. 1) near L'Enfant Plaza. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 23, 1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Stewart Brothers Photographers M. G. Stewart Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/dd321bec5e0a0c1f430a1345d0bf4d24.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=QwY7cuBCfVrmw-yXzNNHXYs%7E4FiRz2j5VnHyphQzL1ANU0b2Qy0c34yuv9YmfmCO4iZLdupXr4xSRUx54dGb1VM0jHaalJIr0OrQX83prYg8g8MxUkusUrePiOkrj6oPsFh5lHrr-4dl1c3IxUMhBRou5UApfOSjX2NJsGBtte58b6s3OThzej%7E7ZGQ9DF8Sx27uP2dlE5gvPavqCxBReAcfsO0laj15eWRVKvhYgs0BE9jMUiFeWSvUKZUpmuGoKJ1xksFlP2HD93-fdH4RiQPEZiCH%7EBPOj-JRWm8VBMGZqULXZ7df6PwrckT43pIcQ59L13lEj8GzjNl-1ImVgg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7a8d9ce9d118534a64caef91eded05d0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 007 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Interstate 395 Freeways Description An account of the resource An aerial view of the Southwest Freeway (no. 3.) near L'Enfant Plaza. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 23, 1991 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Stewart Brothers Photographers M.G. Stewart Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/ed330046847ac9f8e75c7f27f5781182.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=NM-XRkAepPuiWPdW9FVP6XtZVomF0smZMOysJh-hfOP7qMuD5%7ETyWVVQdLsrm5omlzbEDafqsJ7UnetMB9JQj2D2K9RE2D6JfaabSV2qfi7kj9ybEAYC-UoDeioOQ8lStrPfr2aFZvXRCgCM39BvpUBuU44aq71che59D0qcpfffJJmvr9KspYXz5CBpmaFKCL9uBreY8ZKyGsfxQfZagepxvGWXeAKk78BScRc0oHF-0btsUFy35yQfCTvAzE2WhY1iP247%7Eh1L5z4H31YpOZ8foWmtPz%7EFprNgAjro0NLPiRYskxqF3G6TH5nqTqTWtfJ2EFSBJaVuEIM0KJYQkw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ce07c787f35c650705cc33ee127212ea Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 008 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Interstate 395 Freeways Description An account of the resource An aerial view of the Southwest Freeway/Interstate395 looking west toward 7th Street and the Potomac River beyond. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1960s Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/df88e31714ec4ed8159298176c6d70a7.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=T7DguZlhK4nNnrPrQI2dsrCgMmkOf6EQM8MQ4efsSAp%7Ep03hfFvAJbrA2IVuCaZkMsTvZino1PMB-eM6FlUvPN1EgIsi1kGb48nfm5Cr0Av3cK7xkUKd1IZGZOQv4EI-OED9YpCEKphvOsIHuavvQSkH-N6ef7dxU1o7Wp2ziScEYaPckPJKvrkVQvJIgWP0t0TLAvrpXisNoybdXAcp8o4jvHH4M-u72vLcrd3oUSXMpiOrZQDWkv%7EVsKtpPvApdgDrskCiTgMBgiFCJKzDyLDzO5utVqP2UifLR0hySqBUtPd7RRxX89Ej6b82rHfaZORtcrjomojeWAe8pzVCXw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e10070985bb6dce06f4bfaec2200ebce Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 009 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway Interstate 395 Freeways Description An account of the resource An aerial view of the Southwest Freeway/Interstate 395 near the 14th Street Bridges looking west. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 29, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/6dca50427217f1ab01649764023140ae.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=hfz6en7odMoFTM3GhMSd0IuRmUMkq%7EvgAYeY2bpSXqHWG4qg2aSCjTzkXcn8LM9c-6u31YFbKCrZIgvtYcfo3TmawemSC5cwTizH7B1THmZkEL-jYeuKuia3KL%7EG3zYrJXKRqCkPEUzxhfbeQe89kbRdXj3PNgyN-8z97eOElJj9e5R1f1iKzOiL72pV2VgZ9XJAUQcgXFeWq005azNUIcfoBr6yHsqx5dHRpSFq82oYllzloPlQH-u-%7EG-CmBA2tjZikB2hTcS4sq7nvDi7s3GTUFHBsMjCTXBi7hQu3uPXc9-6FSsptZpdKKD9kfkwXuTaGTIegU9ARAMz9bfn-g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 15d8fe8bfa6b5d19e8ea40a0244ea530 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 010 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Interstate 395 Freeways Description An account of the resource General view of construction of the Southwest Freeway/Interstate 395. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 2, 1960 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/dacb36816b91f6f1288d0edac07ebaef.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=ulaVcUNt0a2cJ9jlkpRN948acGcI2W%7E4rubAKA2OGYkYW4HcvaZZaHttS6xHrSWxsUtIK50x8lYTAkAPGUoANLJe-OHCL4FIEJgbYi8UwSi19ZmR4rSOs4jdFd%7E1X3Xyk4c5%7EnGe3vsbUDelvdleZIF6sjMeBGVvLPgnCfyrxfUUghX1r6PIFsUzbnMXfzUjlz6xv4ml-lFuSmFgeyazzBN-1J2F9D9lX4Ww-JPS7eEMeq%7EyjyQq3j1QTNnSypBst%7EkHkMF9feKNMpxIErvt3afCWmVhCVeDkeOxX4YGV8btUl8BWaobWeJdqEu7uc9KrPxu4Bxro7hXYug4i8wGFg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ff1ad09406aabb538b32c51978f492b9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 011 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Interstate 395 Freeways Description An account of the resource Construction shot of an overpass on the Southwest Freeway/Interstate 395. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 15, 1960 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/e6ade7d53f11fef0b3b96264fca0a940.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=AVCEFgD9M98pp%7ErIqImZyEA8ItNHfZ-qK6WekLfuWnT12bnhtzp6gcSsboe4oBt%7EWQUey6XIsbY3Hfm7M4rLhrdmjIlUB1edRm6WpfESRJ3HduzIVt0hT-GdcMmE00PKTyV3HBp4HqBBMptWUoC%7EK%7EEvXa9MxKipMYQkIuJb%7E23QsrMk5Jqxl5UrxsbV2%7E8wJWsysyABZ2lWOYVd3jma1e7wOubMs2L%7E6uPgNl0yFDyG%7E-vaU2dly0QMM0lQShn%7EFLN827Xai4F0oTwkvCSR%7EyPO6PEdtTccdCnT2oBKrS3SnbzkddsAohkZmBjFoPdfbIra%7EfrRXadtrAhM4wxZ9w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 456d335f4399a0c485fe44e0a266bef5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 012 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Interstate 395 Freeways Description An account of the resource An aerial view of the construction of the Southwest Freeway/Interstate 395. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 14, 1960 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/cf82681c48ea96d63b932af45ec7679a.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=JPjxBsfBQtDuoffrgtRRUs5mct9UBl1fCv8wY2aunda6eh1ky2cta68LshZYqK%7EhAIgnlWrz6yG00R-paTdyy97jnG2fmeHE5lqlF68IIwiMjEN-Y1YAYwQX4cAhjr1psyBw2-nzK4r-z-f2o1C8DJeVXz-sKBvWgdCK4I6IqpYy2ZGoEee3wCA7N4VeWEBlUxgonEbpBqKbifbpHmoAw01pa7xZU4y9DnUzjjacv5agpTOE3eOnJJw5m1CUVSO1oTSV7TwCtX0e3CCvIBcdYPrw89VMKWKxd0tvNlWGvzbfy2K9ZJ8Ir7FG2eWMdll3YVJacDWCrjldeFOpxmhhOg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3f4676472cc4d0e773b0d90d15bff386 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 013 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Interstate 395 Freeways Church buildings Churches Description An account of the resource Southwest Freeway/Interstate 395 looking west toward 7th Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 2, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/ba7235a3e8ed77adf6fbef1e5f2f8c9c.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=jlG603ngvlDBGfemfoZaCoQ4PxC3nBp9OvKwmMcFn4Gas9BRAZbizVVKhZ3lATv5NfU3fcf1v2qXaNxDwvOAB8JnJON4PQEldnaG-mtiGKnuHETHLiVOFywjNbeBhhFvkPhVip-VxHSeo1IoqCHJG7o0KjIL-Ui2zJhTSO6fDKfSrodAjXh0VLa6BbOF0U3Zska3w-L6JTVrc6e0LI9-xae15Ob3-hSzrqLChyfEXaIQgWYRgkHLjlECl8ADEJxDb3al7QigTXY7pikA2e0IO85K9vx%7Ed%7EUg0gFLh912j3fJmbVcFx8%7Eb-c50srlsFW2ueKWk9vZpo%7Eg4tWrnJbhdA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ab898d742acc7b0990809f5d00a1f7ff Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 014 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Interstate 395 Freeways Church buildings Churches Description An account of the resource View of construction of the Southwest Freeway/Interstate 395 looking west toward 7th Street and St. Dominic's Church. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 25, 1962 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/85f137150abb79d47d885e535f0991de.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Bac8W1o2lQg9my2Vk3BMj9xwB2Nfxk5vqqTmCQU%7E9wiofI65ZM8TL4gsrXl3lV19Z4FUHjrZgnrcvrRdo6tuyPUWSoZG9Bn9pcYjOt%7EAFWEtRxqB9HGQr7uRqqmrE3Cf5C8L%7E9z%7E-F0MXjSAHW5MG0MvYrIsKapVEH1WYaQz-s9fj7vKWMpKkKK1DBXtTCJ8IG48w6WCA6p-yNO-vAXSqTMrwuL4v1AqYRybJM34Ep9DOG5XiTg0OzhOilSahEvYDh%7EzFMfTEqVwJGkmDfiEtyf74VKSgFTwUSznVIohQtuGmjAi%7ErLu0Iv7ls0pN1tOFRfdjMPUiJGrDjFQNxucFg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 1ba617a6e6a53640d910947b3d132bf3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 015 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Interstate 395 Freeways Description An account of the resource Southwest Freeway/Interstate 395 near the 14th Street Bridges. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 23, 1969 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/311d5896a821643c76258ffb0d84a081.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=CEEcJM1CtvxF1sFho9Lk-6NtIiaBk3qeRtU2siUDP4ZP-L9b46b9FPknWe4zg95EpZwx0iaUjnC1As9qnmA511WKMCRII0wgthFppnM5PzcRw4aEspszT4V2afe6UtcsdTURnN4oqZzi4ZzaXD0pDSXER5lU5GjYyqQN0V0J86fYkczf6buCYXMl2%7E2J273eDU2zKrLD8uc%7ElOdBuO1KBU4VSTEvY43EGMYiX9XJ5tq%7EaGnFqmAyCqjOPct6%7EPJmvaMyEb-fz0P%7ElGoxlBmFTqEvIJH6a6r73S8pYSqL1cxpbVm3QaSdQ9KjMBv9Ih5mzPZy113MndHPIakQgOL0Cg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 5e6b2b29c53bdb1023c3129b53327f49 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 016 Subject The topic of the resource Southeast Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Traffic Freeways Interstate 695 Motor Vehicles Description An account of the resource Traffic jam on the Southeast Freeway/Interstate 695 near the exits for 6th Street S.E. and South Capitol Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1960s Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/f7d21ab08e374e706c18637b76f83eab.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=RHQUwIfed7JLFvCXUnHhZ1CB9KArr7U9MRzZ9VmX-bYvC9YfsT9PANkpgDQ6Y77oNQIYuKDdeHUXIncycaVanfVoSRkf4b7bfRpVlOXLFGRfEVBbi9P2vjWxXRmOSK0PSypJYFXuPPhh5aSjq5aHoqEn-O2xSEG8%7EuyozVgsyLxDXEl96dwKKuswRF2L658odFKUzhQa7yb0%7E0PqzFznRnPAlztvlpJEiyA5bQnfM8BPfud8SS49NoDETuai2VEckQEz2tv8DNyw9Wu4eRCfthmbybKrk0sdK40dk5RJxdy6dtbRuy6Rw1Nfe3rgpwH37nk8mmmyGruSuVWsANXBuQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f608f47b17cafddf07430eaf2a71a9db Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 017 Subject The topic of the resource Southeast Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Interstate 695 Interstate 395 Freeways Description An account of the resource Construction of an overpass on the Southeast/Southwest Freeway (Interstate 695/Interstate 395). Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/bf59d8ca52abb03d6c0884248dd4fdd2.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=YLx2-2kHQuRRhpDWciOVkJyPHlBkk3ucvPf1kiTGzPoO-Fv--cVC55cZBfZGLFGGme29U0Z%7EPET1gu5CJjzM0F9ub7S6jlDnUhyazs%7EsGZxIvNP63zaDwqDAkPKdHfnGm48CS0v831HL9dlsgMn2bSzIH-w5Ysl-PtZ91%7EW-TQ-%7E29X2uj9S87%7ET2iR02QcruEr%7ENW6Nm%7EVfu8FeR2fyaFsLcd1bGjSa02bG%7EBFACRJfWj2vQuvIiVheQP5ak%7ElKGdPxkMkowtAp%7EmREuusXDgpLgQvaU4T45ozDoIJh0szQsLp3g8aGKAC96YP6sD9uQAEE48lK0M2v5jBLx7rfVQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM cb18cf55970d927fabc9b2324353a214 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 018 Subject The topic of the resource Freeways Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Interstate 395 Churches Overpasses 7th Street (Washington, D.C.) Motor vehicles Description An account of the resource Southwest Freeway/Interstate 395 looking east at the 7th Street Bridge/Overpass. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1960s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/6026da50a556cb4042807f932ab3e46d.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=f-J-bo3qS2LviSjh2p7HpS1YfOT%7Eiv67P%7Ek-%7EL-oELstabr6qmYmqbPmv184o0Yb8DonXyLhec3KzFokZ7DpS17J68EWBLJ1WiKaOhzQTABo8wzYdQ-T8atak8%7Ex6ZFxLMJRjDpryLeqUFcYJ0uERGqIXyK-%7EJOPXJqA4%7E39gEhKE-64ADRzvtMkzZTH-wT6STxcqFO6UYdg4kpK0ghPnYr3GE5fMFeJwE-QtnWpwrv3%7EmFEu%7EuHC0CiWKmLxTfrun5pYjhEvRPW0HlSW39IEwhOPPz1h-rusYAEOFeEWizGaNnHBzRGOxgkqHk-f8OAsbHTa3eteaBjkv4zSt-O1g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 47f87732f0d6371b87a2a35975f6275b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 019 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Interstate 395 Freeways Motor vehicles Overpasses 9th Street (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Southwest Freeway/Interstate 395 looking northwest toward the 9th Street Bridge/Overpass. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1960s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/bb3cf2e6c9211d28a2302b4a25dc0682.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=HtMIegO%7ET%7EyeWJtairC-pSzLpvNKNEADOdFV1t7sf39RcsQ8pE3yHUWFce3rSnLNH3twrAA4gi9G6phUxllF2CBTaedrKfQD5RVVp0VtnBZbLd0CQ1fUB7P7OFU8corN5A1hn3qiJL1sBdPkojAlwPWnQnABiXpPyGmf7S-xIqXTKXJvC2SEgEopSucaJWKERKUKZYoZhNGcUq9zdRVwScJ0gzCeRQ9IYhRMNX%7EELquSZgZ70IPk9rUdsn8YeRloizO-VOgwnJTwWTPOce1IwodCzBL1Or2ub0koHWLHU8naB7BJxWVbQFFvzxBSYbfXlDbdI-AI0SZA8y6ZLTvhHQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 63e75754c5c59bf55af6ece2c6f823ba Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 020 Subject The topic of the resource Southeast Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Interstate 695 Freeways Construction sites Overpasses Railroads Description An account of the resource Construction of the Southeast Freeway/Interstate 695 bridge deck looking west northwest toward the Washington Monument. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource November 16, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/2c5e7b6d82e9db78c45775711e422f75.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=KTbDpvThMpy6qBc0Av5Jev0fJeVOCpECHF4vnb8xce87dYwVy9t9Q0dHctGksQqihRAKLt79UnYm-IOr3WUgc0LeK-MAkRiBCAYcnUdsELTrNGmdgHX4TJym54n3qHsuxe-8e9KNx6NBnfBfeyaHhAWFRxx146bUTIwWMl3MBxkNbS8K3RTUdPIufpfBloy75UVgkXRhVqM8bTIlxkgAiNYUdg9COUJKdO5hlvh%7Ezu5qxr4NkF8kecIKcoEHO5Z%7EecCnNXJeIdESPUCxgeDWKAlXHSt4FH2gdAXUVvhIeJfqMCKd8it%7E7zQNv4-UEAQueJots3IDfImI26XNKeg0%7Ew__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM d391060388572ba429cd34978cd51510 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 021 Subject The topic of the resource Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Aerial photography Description An account of the resource An aerial view of the Southwest Freeway. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 13, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d7b5585a5a2023108add647e0525bf36.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=VmbYgT4nIqAVIHQEVkybC9JZ6Vmyzp7bxbe7VZF%7EobSln-AchITuR9QIxrDR72QgQjMR4VEcyCLiOwe9fdaWE622TvL75ZD66bZtZQJSYu7R5DLdSXMgHtmVkIHJWhNGX4-lpp98OwA3SLlNKilfTb81lEqsqRbL3ISjdYLfhH67M3tuIowxY-aiXkkZcPGWWE4mL6texts8hG6WmUcjQ1BA-o88cSQLbZ%7EjEcwB87QvWTWkPL5cgsVma0LLNWm2DQSesTeKCxvDVHrUMWbL2idHw2dY35Qedwie4Ibnjaxy5CAMLZmToqB15pSQaVwwfdrD1FlTxmYIJAqz3DB%7EYQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM a458424ca1e4acc3d49eef826bd6011c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 022 Subject The topic of the resource Southeast Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Aerial photography Description An account of the resource A general aerial view of Interchange "C" on the Southeast Freeway. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 1, 1973 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Excavation Construction, Inc. Paul C. Farmer, resident engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/8d0c7122ae3899940acd08b2c1f9cacf.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=GMyShksbKUtCeCQ4me9pZ0BlFUSQHQjbHAYSaEVToH8hdafsXGt0Xt583ipQ07Yof-qTdxlEiVojDbbZmRyj1L24rVVJ9dPKu1DkQ4CpYwIL3tLlnF8jFj5b5b%7EDwcfyQqEL9vgswGBObPdCjC5TbS8yeZmd6IdT4TtAyz0H-C5995gOaVlv0ILUTI60qu4Gmu4wJC3N8fnwMfwo5HtE2AzaBNFYHHYmdEqzbmiXdXOFnjzKbHuNcYSmCZv8-RnkgymGympe9KZCl91EO3of-zRZ-STG5jZ%7Eno9YCbzxqtopLyS2g6r9SLvDz0M21UNRRKF63Acdn%7E5mUXIxU1ttcw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b6b2903d7ebe05717ccd6b102c680a91 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 023 Subject The topic of the resource Southeast Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Aerial photography Description An account of the resource A general aerial view of Interchange "C" of the Southeast Freeway, stretching from 8th Street to 15th Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 1, 1973 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Excavation Construction, Inc. Paul C. Farmer, resident engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/83f725566c8641e32e1f2dc956953b18.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=GqtQGal9A7E-zmACPmGTbHoMDBtBInHt-RWeNwkOHNMzmCduoQtgDqA590HL99EDMQUWsPnW9FmFaQE43ypxvRUgJ9zVmyCGLBtgrSGbWgr1RaZHbNe4i4dcZ9IzviqntH1CGzLfwvWfWDG0UmQNVdTCo5krjGHM4DfluPnljJu5Mo1-IqdFYbluUhKY4YITtT69vf25ULeYPRYZmVPDl3s-AgkE%7EBEyYkm%7ECLIIV4lNo2wQ2ZeYPYhh1Rz1YcrBYPE9htCjFcOGyDj5VCF7PInV7vCJ0LtD8WciIZuZkcQ84rbJef1GRx-kGg4eEE6hr0T%7EokzevkJLJccet683aA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e1b59d726d9d73e1c4c4b9c2385ddc3e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 024 Subject The topic of the resource Southeast Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Aerial photography Description An account of the resource A general view of the finished construction of the Southeast Freeway Interchange "C" stretching from 8th Street to 15th Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 1, 1973 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Excavation Construction, Inc. Paul C. Farmer, resident engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/40af744a6da9e653e347324b482a0198.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=fXy7KgvMhVhLzCrxINAflOUxhb9eOMOh2AurKztbPMMzE4YYipUviVjuWAcQLvyYNv3V4qfP4e5f6hvpjF0bzJ61kWWj03CcrETFCt8InbAmd%7ErEhETo2enJKKF9raGIkfv99%7EIiyxAA6xbkyLj0fORj%7EfEmaWX5otqU9wePb4kYLTQhxKP8ODWhiQ-XoEyJbguerjGgTPxMp7hRAe7Vb044SOy4cci9TYVZLSXY5iUaTM4e7POtmNoEPya%7EU1%7EWzc2eogqRvn04PtWCAOQIXTrBpKbUoZ-YUAQznUIJcOWm%7E%7E9lsGSC9mJj65ilRcD%7E15ZrU2gAnVQlClD1OSpu8w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c54b97d211291e77e784d16acbe4e44f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 025 Subject The topic of the resource Southeast Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Aerial photography Description An account of the resource A general view of the finished construction of the Southeast Freeway Interchange "C" stretching from 8th Street to 15th Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 1, 1973 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Excavation Construction, Inc. Paul C. Farmer, resident engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/340308514b3fa2663e848ebbd1aec859.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=lVUY%7EUEU9Fn3rq9ZszKMyHiAxifNXpcqEtQL6nr7uHNnn1MoJja%7EqS6C-9zPhIWVbDtPpI9gP7a%7EkPR09-PzYUgVCNOnL6ymS67oSU2Qqb91c4BNXXZIoDfRcu7n4NuUp4uVXJcEQnVWU-03DBIu-AovBMuqs-xsfRX2SrM2qi0UDEv4k8GHyGDeq0bVjxU4xTqVjbSqUL4N-HJaGHGgGdXJgCzAyzEW7PnNnnVKgQNL%7EAdHhE47Y7pCG-bkC3Onr%7Ed0hqapOgvsDgB22Er31vGG82H3SwCEaORKhASm1KX%7EUz2rbzLKDbuvdi19of7Z2xOK2ZBFiW3rI%7ELALtErjw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7881ec3dab61a507fa8e3ebe32b24073 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 026 Subject The topic of the resource Southeast Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Aerial photography Description An account of the resource A general view of the finished construction of the Southeast Freeway Interchange "C" stretching from 8th Street to 15th Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 1, 1973 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Excavation Construction, Inc. Paul C. Farmer, resident engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/8cad301a71d28aa40500f3f57b6ce043.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=ReysuCn6S%7E-WsMpk0id-vAh81csZiQYkKxg-9EfZeh3C4bfrTyvYVel8scsZ4TnaiZuimC4IjnEEOwCu3Q6FR3Cz9GtglvDPHGg37DopQzihSB6sYJE5EiXG6FWTbLCuaNLRjwM-XLHIwucNcLJrt3NfKvBCWNfna5fcERzPgvLZWXFvouVWE9qzRh8w76keMVLt3GdwqE0pxET%7ERsOH-W7DdZ4EbcjanWyYxuvdZ3P-9lTpKAphibxgYZEcC4RguhTwKTeYrcatbJTbZmXhyB5GedC8GyMR2k-dC2%7Epc5dFryJjaQlL8-vhLzyJy3-YT7%7EsO5CAZFjv4IXeXVD1Ww__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3597ddcfeb32b1a213d00760df50d73f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 027 Subject The topic of the resource Southeast Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Churches Description An account of the resource A view of the Southeast Freeway with St. Dominic's church in the background at 630 E street southwest. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The description and year information with this photograph was crowd-sourced from the group Old Time DC on Facebook. https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/db1aeabb0c3608f6f89f761dd86b912d.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=VRLzCFmZlXP1yOLi0EXTUL-i8jgw88KlG5jGhEdQcfj8fLrt8okW7FK3qb89qzm53boZSM7l90EcjEV0HiNFCIANqyJVjsCRWBxDHFLAexDVVgvTAgBln8hk5sRm3hOp3Uks5roDKkq9UquKBy7gIAjBMVLdWzlYHKKFCH4Rg%7E0qNSl63hnHogAYALfbwgZt1iRR%7Elmt-HBwc-soGQoNW1IqXnf7jKcaijbu1CawDbFVMdvLX0bhOdvnvd%7EK2z4SJ8J5KPJ1iebNOCENl%7EosYHajMxlybiMqqh4c5gwzdhQntoBTR4flnwpASE9TdZ6u3olT94DfB6zRGhOTBkiEZw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 600b8e209784168b4bfc39e12cbfa0b5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 028 Subject The topic of the resource Southeast Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Churches Description An account of the resource Looking northwest on the Southeast-Southwest Freeway with a view of Saint Dominic Church in the background at 630 E Street northwest. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1968 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The description and year information with this photograph was crowd-sourced from the group Old Time DC on Facebook. https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/5e94a3681e9a44277f266fed6172fb05.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=JMij%7EAoe85X6dbU6mqNT%7Ewm77HJ2MePuvSBX6ZjuPXcM35eOKdg8heYuXqFPPWNeAx0BJFhhVTPcDyfIAQM1vCL5YkhEPPBj-BIhiPtrIIVPrs8KyWEgyssPmwupQWKCyLUqKtsViWB9wn8VXMBF1b2nXMyj4GLyceIXEFyrJYWiIvTq-V7I9Uvk1yCGSK%7ENJSi0mYi6pBddqAi7jA29WCBoAwqcLIj2Pke7ZlVXJklmaj-OT5vQxlXJgxalDrwe%7E6BDY92w52n4bqPD5XPmrHrsp3hz9jveY3%7Ejccc7VP1CYoRqaYQ2AvO32VyPRM7eTAY-nKeZj87D9X5xxs2t2w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3e1d1f5a796d4bb5e5b93040d0caf9a7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 029 Subject The topic of the resource Southeast Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Rehabilitation Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Southeast Freeway, with a view of ramp B to 8th Street, looking southeast from the Marine barracks toward the westbound freeway. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 23, 2000 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Adish Nafici, engineer Ft. Myer Construction Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/46202cd548aee8a3f7915f8a35129484.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=B8-DGeQal-fQf54b5ki1RLZuQHQsWHOI%7EqRfJ2FdaJPK98s%7EimRF7wTPD-Y99gAT6QN3zvrcxnvKJ3O93QUgEeugtWBnT8KMh4U1vNDdq687xvtrH0du5Wd7xu3wZ0XaOMSlYvgH8yYl5eHzNPKgVnVs-hAJJBcblg6qXKmlVerhEWBs3ajlOTJw2pjJwp-iieHP2axfCzMnZZ9AIrGWvVFTMWVEP0L2BksAD7fpC4zW8sezzMnhyAwzidSX28Si85mH96UyEQVrapuGrfODg22YLUsJhgLffWKpXoX69g%7EeLVEDO6%7EoBaQl6wvHmskP%7EFSNneC1SDsxpxvBQGTQxw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 2f6cb34e8cd290acd63175f702a78cdc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 030 Subject The topic of the resource Southeast Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Construction projects Construction workers Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Southeast Freeway, with a view of the 7th to 8th Street bridge reinforcing. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 23, 2000 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Adish Nafici, engineer Ft. 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Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 031 Subject The topic of the resource Southeast Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Rehabilitation Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Southeast Freeway, with a view of the earthwork for phase 2 PCC pavement east of 6th Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 23, 2000 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Adish Nafici, engineer Ft. Myer Construction Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/53ca46d71a27a9c04f225aee3b926443.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=BEX5faeuk-mUfB9qxMDWFgMQHk8mj3IkWxNl7KWSiiGuVStis7VLYi7as8B1ScwkloGYfk-hE99IWh0sc3TWMszjWMwdqUwFuZxWVyeabHgOihDvMu8%7EZOvrQ8hr8b2BwUFNjVISYBFfW5Fug9j1JMUu%7ERynEduK2UkK6gOTNkzCOwmUmPd7ZqNt17I1f8zR975tRZL3nQnzjnX8%7EnRqloLAdSWDSC1iAvckkV5Ak0BJKskSAvy%7E8PdaIzi84P7bLE4zbT8R49BL3Xztz0%7ETcbrb%7Epwgd8fZaSYBd5qPa5GKoynvPwYkv%7E3Z6LNu1mrSL9MoCMzAUoT2s1QzwRNlQw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 56ad0eaa8ac3dc2eabc76aa0bc11d06f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 032 Subject The topic of the resource Southeast Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Rehabilitation Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Southeast Freeway, with a view from 2nd Street southeast to 11th Street southwest. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 23, 2000 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Adish Nafici, engineer Ft. 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Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 033 Subject The topic of the resource Southeast Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Rehabilitation Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Southeast Freeway, with a view from 2nd Street southeast to 11th Street southwest. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 23, 2000 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Adish Nafici, engineer Ft. 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Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 034 Subject The topic of the resource Southeast Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Rehabilitation Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Southeast Freeway with a view from 2nd Street southeast to 11th Street southwest. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 23, 2000 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Adish Nafici, engineer Ft. Myer Construction Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d70e8b9585eb083700df1136af2b73ca.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=uAfxI91KGW3dZ9P8QmMYasHlyaL4KWu1ME1IWdgPMBOoJNjTYp5PwxbXOQii9v1fLYDT4e3UmWrJoM8zHYTOtqw30ofzYiguBogwhN2p6J-V%7E7xrEctTlymJ1x%7EOad-sMXW7dfxEgSJLJp7uaD4pOT0tzOr23B4QzW7rfrjbW3yl%7EyqrTd05afTTnhsNcPHKL0Zrjr0jfmNdAndmV4iOiLEF08K9S2wuY5Iygz9DV1Ddh432fIdOTcywM8Lmf4YLHJbM7vQ3PJtMCB4DyQyGmDk5vy5cVyUph%7E5jFkgUMMHrPmXPutcsCX1o6kSjYnsk4uXiJdAYxgfnVZ0UQIdxHg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 598255da992fbadaf51fac2d8ba4695d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 035 Subject The topic of the resource Southeast Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Rehabilitation Construction projects Construction workers Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Southeast Freeway with a view from 2nd Street southeast to 11th Street southwest. Construction workers are visible. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 23, 2000 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Adish Nafici, engineer Ft. Myer Construction Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/7e2af6371b042777febee5a3b9bd0a10.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=CJr98QojD1JdqWKjtQeJRu4E40PiTGUbT2SnON5-C7A6F7c5BENTLW4Aa-Yy1VgR1U7yn2xWL2xpQRPT1cyRkv%7EGiejQOZTQOO-ms8ivtuzB8QdFDrSkZOXKG072Sh0uBGlAVMDs6g1TW3f4rTmDEK-1LUKou%7E8ppnoMmRR%7EErGnEnJBtQnRrlr%7ERRj6ZxmEmlxalCjX9EjPqou9hfivjG5z%7EpQv1UfrGSB0jkkuSSwifpLVwg8a%7EDotbRpY4ulG2rLyeH-TNCexyfJzpUDsjvpV6pB%7ENj3wdaHQBLj1bELCOleSRINSmbi7dOe11%7EEmxZx5alOtRsXQqFliZwNYQA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM a28c16adf833150f6c4053cca784f218 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway 036 Subject The topic of the resource Southeast Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Rehabilitation Construction projects Description An account of the resource The rehabilitation of the Southeast Freeway from 2nd Street southeast to 11th Street northwest. This is a view of the forming overhang for the 7th Street Bridge, looking southeast from Virginia Avenue. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 23, 2000 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Adish Nafici, engineer Ft. Myer Construction Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DC Highways, Interstates, and Freeways Subject The topic of the resource Highways Freeways Interstate highways Description An account of the resource Photos of highways, freeways, and interstates in the District of Columbia. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource District Department of Transportation Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Southeast/Southwest Freeway Subject The topic of the resource Southeast Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Interstate 395 Interstate 695 Description An account of the resource Photographs of the Southeast/Southwest Freeway. The Southwest Freeway is also known as I-395, and the Southeast Freeway known as the I-695 interchange. Running from the 14th Street Bridge to the Southeast Freeway interchange (I-695), the Center Leg or Center Leg Freeway from the Southeast Freeway interchange to New York Avenue, Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource Prints Type The nature or genre of the resource English Aerial Photography Color Photography Freeways Interstate 395 Interstate 695 Southeast Freeway Southwest Freeway https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/bf34ff010ea17f9bd7ae13fd62eeffc5.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=XcHj4gj7OvL0Ut0gVcwxn1ehzFL6OOYXuQCYNYmIsbPYPtrUzZKo0cpDemH7zxfTRqjryAi-dYij3EdCFfCsERSNFvoaF7koNXT2mVaUi%7Ek6NikLYO7DQL44Z9R850ttsTe7uh55du7I1uByg4-pEl0VoOCp%7Ep7ZwyapnfRf%7E0zEAGRlTIS4NIXHpCK0dry27pwT9ps-85x6DyiMhY4%7ETn5Wp0t9ggoFhagj2oxZXo-iZOgtTt8pRgzFLB5WWnZGW2sg7sIFTx5Fm7ag5p7B5f4%7E1hLciKuTPIovgCwbHiWmkw1TKX6UB5UOAaz-xvHNZx0uzpsCMDnYIB9ngKQ%7Ebg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM efbb4038b98f516522b2e4952ec5a283 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 002 Subject The topic of the resource Interstate 95 Interstate highways Description An account of the resource A photograph of workers during the construction of the center leg of I-95. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 11, 1968 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/70c2ebf060335859edf9efe051014067.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=YaqlIAI%7Eek5pVxca2gYhd6yze3J0jnEqXNUb9G3x4YNRHG5AqJf0Maezjxq7bz2WXMT%7EcGFe5I3jclUmB7USklJiKz4Eq3cJfYgQJeYzCZopdLFuMr21ZJJVsmSzcEnO9mp4mFIQwJ2MzsmFklTb0nW0STwS-skVZVWWIo7Trps5wS-ewpXS%7E9jSS1KtUMUScAaEepqtVn1meWCKICEE9MgUUjVHd2pGYwQ-KFA5oiPzYEKxLCw5n-vV47VOCmXixjZKohPz3RLWT3CZH3%7EDKmkZHuphAEsW17wjXqxtDBzX32GYEyvCPfdt6ariu8qLkJmKhjEQQaq8Eiadcsph0A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b658bf46cfa7091e85dd3dff4be4d3ba Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 001 Subject The topic of the resource Interstate 95 Interestate highways Description An account of the resource A photograph of workers during the construction of the center leg of I-95. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 11, 1968 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/ecd17f793867e8205e32a7ed4213949f.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=JTSdeAy2s%7EkVKXWfSBZ2HZFSy0AModa14lBY12bp1SxUQwnydzFM4xQuBjtQhJSyiOZYYsiym08nI6yXBPqNfjvmZV3MYUb7uAGBMpczk8aZ%7EVABE6Vzar1OF-MPHepMs8L3NG9dsqWwyqIFwm5QKkVO1RHPgEpBglD1g4hevZwyiL2zOP5XWM%7EQN5S2MdmipjsUDQ1jastrb9IGREl5O9qDc00BNlc5celGiIihoB6iEGY2B1wc8y2MixCVgzRKVax4rQhllbl8K-r4f-p91Mag%7EJoCw4VosOSVyai-dY1ohn4RMO79KH6AA3XqlDy2uvzY6KAAHTgh2dYeKtQNcQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ea1966eb5ffa5ad7dece6330c53d5ba5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 003 Subject The topic of the resource Construction sites Construction workers Interstate 95 Freeways Trucks Description An account of the resource Construction site of a section of the Interstate 95 Center Leg near the National Mall. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 11, 1968 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/595718dc9037786b08153b543eea6bd6.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=ZA6wtnWu5cIEdxQu2-1vCyEnNGP-ohciT05X6IaZl2XU0l1MzhiQ7rAo-z3GoiBg6I3feEI8497TWcGThXJ44STEQTzDJnf7lEQyL4OVEp7np6N2K1G4dCG%7EIp3RcAuG7Bw2xG2dSykXsYbrfLqpGs32tAw-ihiLcJKKnBTupR4vG%7E21RWkP8evmMmrlD-Lc3SIMd0pHV-e3qHkOR71lygN0pkKgURmP82XeCb6vwOcqte8PaIFFcLLIam0Q0cajO4V7gycRTwmBYw0vLfKCQjy8o4P-iNaeDrmr2fKwSM0ZuBeraYBeNLZlkPQyzIfW6oCMBN%7EfPvFGkYUcAuQl3Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e98b7a90796508ec320a409e85730e7d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 004 Subject The topic of the resource Interstate 95 Construction sites Freeways Construction workers Mall, The (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Construction site of a portion of the Interstate 95 Center Leg near the National Mall. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 11, 1968 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/be7b753ab92cd1dc86068b3a23e9c41c.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=YtF8gvV1BPoQDoO8ebPxq8ZmP0UkvZ-0ohUnNO6PYfLwWdgHbZ6fjTNeSXVUHJZGRY1o55r-D4lamue2IdrdfS%7EqigCKKkES5Cwq3PDolG9REHmuLJQK7aiQAbnOIo%7EG-hGxczojyP59rsVyZYic%7E78NsNc0c8%7EV6bbHhcU0SeMw51B6rM39FM0Eiq5bA%7EXG4oyrDweagw-WmNwTufxnBWqxIIR2a3BEL11teCk20T9nquJB5nC6SXZCACsgV%7E8Bcn-XN1Gc4K9laHC-%7EJb5CJE2RGCmj-0QrPe0%7EHDhl5HM3iLd0iMWhzwS3sijoX20z9YbFnadPvkpHMERLUl-AQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 925205c2901c7d3935a877e887f1e434 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 005 Subject The topic of the resource Mall, The (Washington, D.C.) Personnel Construction sites Ponds Description An account of the resource Construction site of the Capitol Reflecting Pool as a part of the construction of the Interstate 95 Center Leg looking west toward the Smithsonian History and Technology Building. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 23, 1968 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/e98f37536fb8b5f695171a5ace3a7bb3.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=hzpOSAVwfzMHhXd3Oznnzo5SJ2d05jYoR1RerpjrzWZNshpgXM0QdpA96F2x92Q2Nt-5C-A-xS-i1I0cAcZwaBtRjvCWuKyJPK4gaDTtubJaary-%7EUqJHH9FvDzkpuy%7E8aDC48ku%7Em74E2%7E3EOfjluiHhrRhSouDEjWYfK5WA4q6ltokDv%7EhhWkAFAetlryTknt6IqpKxOQg4Z3XTdN26GUGe6TuO2GIztjTVfyp76SA0hQtXWtnFyS1rAI4kA0fmLCNuJhE8FZQc2qG7jL-Qepg1uFcW-dIGnXEqOxS9WGe-72DkeUoFwk17V06Lfa67Z2HO197bOcwtosojS5uMQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c3aba19f8d0ad3be09a733e5881cd473 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 006 Subject The topic of the resource Construction sites Mall, The (Washington, D.C.) Personnel Ponds Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Construction site of the Capitol Reflecting Pool as a part of the construction of the Interstate 95 Center Leg looking west towards the Washington, Monument. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 23, 1968 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/02b96289f578c14397c7aa929a987d56.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=j6CzUX3pgPoKkibqb4EShIjPVvJZd-yWUq1m58vXPyRg-V-QPaqFE7kJ3oLebtbxImkkoAevbDPOHBDyFjbGTQph69Ot7-raMM4T-niResCa239lusmrDhQIOfxWXEkA9yt5EGOh-j2F%7EhCgQkl2iiISmHiHpnr2fLguDKCl0O73k0gW61osktcp7A4-YZs5LbVef9mubTbciBvRSjzkFnEOsn2rkF%7ESCrPsuvtE65zMuQrSEthA%7E5l%7EQyRhuB9y6Xm%7EHZ792vpIpwJpahwNJ0Gd7fwMLMWlppiXbnBUMfImOWJFcLhkZp-8mov18NrdTwSe5wpkcmNAPRwiud6xrg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3b5b738a1e2893ed1a1af9b46e08ae49 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 007 Subject The topic of the resource Ponds Construction sites Manholes Personnel Mall, The (Washington, D.C.) Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.) Sewers Description An account of the resource Construction site of the Capitol Reflecting Pool as a part of the construction of the Interstate 95 Center Leg looking west towards the Washington Monument showing a sewer line hole. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 23, 1968 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/1e1daaf7fa37bcf8ca209c6728b8a95f.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=pbOgTKXvEMQG%7E2zm-3hN%7ED3KuJsovxDC1T6r3ulqoFKx-QLLFfnMu4HsNK35z5dsrqR32NihjMP9vUqV0tX4yc4K%7E-wQW8MSUPCKOMXF4EdSF-L9BBxn4M22q3QuIVmjnh3Y-RRVd%7E6ir1qZyppGPqJXvWe-XRskyMqrKHonITi61uAxXqXTAxO%7Eno0f35J4hYM170wnfBK8mmFvFAf830jA%7EdaIYrbr4q0l-Hv9dyMl6zQOAJ%7ErwtaP52nP04MDWi9t%7E8cERNa1gIsb6psO3TinGfLZJ93x0GpASUl67zGGOO2-BbNH0x8rByLl-DNhjYyDbspAVgggW2RdWUvgJg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM aa5a724f88e983fefe1815c88d352906 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 008 Subject The topic of the resource Sewers Ponds Construction sites Mall, The (Washington, D.C.) Manholes Description An account of the resource Construction site of the Capitol Reflecting Pool as a part of the construction of the Interstate 95 Center Leg looking west next to manhole and sewer line. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 23, 1968 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/1a8ab67c2c087715af3673c9c8ff0830.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=dm4WVQqIGgEM4riOfWLdA52QVZyi20YQiE59GUvcf5YvVXnecJN0hD7dnl5ExURs12rhLPn%7EiMugF0zRDEMciNma8y8JlfJBeFAipk8OZZRYWcowUGIpRxnzDiM5Ny7eL6uFNux2tWtcthSnKdex1zNDeea8z5m1-mBGwqzZsxQ%7E4xRbaBdecLSHW3slCw2%7EY6gRUY5Z-pDc0TkrlaHHhiU-838UGtzGDUmF7XzlWmjtMPSPtIl5T0C5HfhAWVgWbF2qNMfI7C4WWjidwJQ8c5QcrHTHGcMLtjnYE7tTTpKwOs0HDoiGx7YenxKoq9zMMxGXPvPuRgqttIJJyYJvww__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 13864bb70c53061fd53cb9719423d74a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 009 Subject The topic of the resource Ponds Construction sites Personnel Mall, The (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Construction site of the Capitol Reflecting Pool as a part of the construction of the Interstate 95 Center Leg looking west towards the Municipal Building and Meshain Building. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 23, 1968 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/89de11b6710c241d4f95ebd7543c2a61.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=gyXQBPkcdRhghPSW50g0AUyvZUVdzArrmXWYX9c7WHtj%7EvaFWuvPJsGeEwR8YouiVD9qEXCnHsROTaOHBBuT6pfV2Rv7G9fX5Z9TB%7EUz5KJPv-5eREdp5FKjtWl0OZ4hPvjuSib47TI57-FjJXPO6B5E63bZFViY3uup5Q-P3cx51z0D7uUKQuiwrewA1yk9ufSmXvj5FfnGmvZ5OUGo%7EKWBuhXVyY8O5cb4Jp4Tq%7E2r8BNNqfmnKmcHkbMVwhDcqzxJ6xSGTEnQ%7EtIpLjW7qPZDyiDR688uGHBNGlAVi0dkqEubxf5wUxv21jE4u%7EuZuuak6-KR9JqJE2XOXF9K4g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM eb9be98b33b43fd82482556c53727051 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 010 Subject The topic of the resource Ponds Personnel Construction sites Mall, The (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Construction site of the Capitol Reflecting Pool as a part of the construction of the Interstate 95 Center Leg looking west at the north end of the pool site. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 23, 1968 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d4641255bca05d95865b4625218720ac.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=kujQ68-qUDzYfzLCT2MUx0UFEWaosy3tKX%7EahEIW9Jz85WsIXYvHsUgNNiwfkNlxfk1eOI46gXzBeVEwg9ETKSyJdvd-qd6wAvAt4IdO9gwtedhv0bV4tCNLuagujfIscgEnvFyNv5zjTcLLJFDjbL25dXh%7ELCYIB8W0Q3oInwvONVL0Sdgec8AQ8doVEUTQidkodt7iVSDzgC-dQA4rDAiXWDHnjGFiVtt8NwOYFheYJtBLMGt%7E9J0qR9zliYPoke0%7EjnjeEd58728Tmamr6uBBTlNwr-E4kDiHL5ZRT6PPu6MM5tKlnSd4wIlw8YfClLBwdPItbQ4ePbgoA81kUw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM af51ed084d034d18524271e9a384e2b0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 011 Subject The topic of the resource Ponds Construction sites Personnel Mall, The (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Construction site of the Capitol Reflecting Pool as a part of the construction of the Interstate 95 Center Leg looking southwest. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 23, 1968 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/deed10b16e055284209f9f17cb7fce4e.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=ZTwFt2CG7754PAUBduR9ujmYznQGWm-QFhTZRipOF2ik5IhmOgEUJ2bzHCabB7pU9iDAGK5kqbvtT7YYUTFurVIArfg4jg6xKb%7EPqOetQ0qEGdXgBq1Fz5yRPBhCyEijyA9D5dpy7Mi7bSSaCMDjv9KLo0NNi%7EtDG%7EoqFsv5be5BNYfbeNCix33A4Lka4FxvZl1qFHUGbqfeMNTZmxIYZJnZlgxTOtiIGN2wfHpKpMu18UYtgvhygmWzXUZDy8V6QtutIjoV1w77hk9tpMui0YwOyxrh418aOOtfa4XNUcAuLFUrIcr5%7EEd%7EipTX28a1c2p7sZfykNhacMRIiZc4Xw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7e32a499c15ea7497aad498dc249a78d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 012 Subject The topic of the resource Construction sites Ponds Mall, The (Washington, D.C.) Independence Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Construction site of the Capitol Reflecting Pool as a part of the construction of the Interstate 95 Center Leg looking west towards Independence Avenue S.W. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 23, 1968 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/2bd86d4802018977ab5173073f88f6f3.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=QUHUIYCIqseZ%7Eb58OzHDtn3lJAA%7Ea5yqEAV78ZN1YbsTsRevCTINj1oJ3BlhVVCibtc9NEPd2aqhGa4UfoTxtufSti8h3gK18coXTZAz2FhLidlRh8WFklb4mv%7EwoDfJcZ7gQH8fT0h5ZzLoP6A8%7EGqXZmXlCdk0k%7EBO2b4kDg4lcZRfZpnpkrWH9CEQXkjCZn6rs3S8nz5asW1rjT4DSG-UFswVJemP3PdNkkZ-x2IrZSQtdSA0rcMGtNL4MqQzE3%7EDx8LsLgLmlGp0X7m6vVlhrdJdvsKmVsqG5dqUJgQshg1UOAXd4KdyMFnBUwWFlWUFZqlUoVH0aup1iXN4tw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b7ec3a65ca6d1c88cfc5e5db0312e28c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 013 Subject The topic of the resource Ponds Construction sites Mall, The (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Construction site of the Capitol Reflecting Pool as a part of the construction of the Interstate 95 Center Leg looking west south of Independence Avenue. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 23, 1968 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/094cbe70e32256f1ca739aec882cc592.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=aZpIbA6FC-YCTtRur7%7EnaTS2Z1dlqwbsbpnuetVcSvYweP7evzlpNue2Wkz3hl184wJhFbIq%7ElBep8BTXNQoGkNbxUAABJXCtJgKVlDBCUGMpztUKMl6Kmq3P1t-R9Lk2O3riCJ1YoFoZax%7EtnOCADdT61DdhwdnR7ilZj73cvEy3UohZashA9FLOcSyq1-8msWghM3pZtp042Swrr3kx%7EWQ9-M6nUzK7JYsvIYNBHjpAbmm1aGak9NBHxJtNkr-t%7EtzlfaBkMzTSIEDETkZMCxvXMw3PlyXnwoJEVhEeK2TgOc-ydVkdqAGfyEoEWD2NEJY%7EUaWUKMm8oqOqPAa0w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM d6f8d350016b1fdb7e6bd44a4b6d746f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 014 Subject The topic of the resource Construction sites Ponds Mall, The (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Construction site of the Capitol Reflecting Pool as a part of the construction of the Interstate 95 Center Leg looking north. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 23, 1968 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/e5acdb5803f6c864e45d15e7dbb58bd1.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=glZVtPBtavbwPUO3XvZekbG9F2R9ZIvLtuw-QMJ5Kcbs%7ECJE-Vug9pRD4owH3TeEN-jeWNy6pWNvV4oGf2nG6ytrNbphDNlpIJHk6Tr9MgCkKSHOal-LEXhEtsZRtPyAAGxlUNBqw2tJfmsabJ%7ERI7Tr58arR8QzSDvfHkUqkXfGwI9mqxmCxUG55N-073tygWpF4o6jpg4aKZu1gPrFCwpC8djjWaIStqGnQT8nwFfh8hTspivFOqrnhrQ%7EoEPQFvU2TBKaqTsIQZ8W-eFKgKyOlZl3Ms9Yb-I86phSj8UjBuOjNNJUn%7EkNdrFtAwQoTGuXLaM4SlMcPoJSSTkShQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ba173b8002a1764a586df7fd11f23f2e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 015 Subject The topic of the resource Interstate 95 Interstate highways Construction Description An account of the resource A photograph of construction of the Center Leg of I-95 near the National Mall, stretching from D Street to Massachusetts Avenue northwest. This view is the freeway looking south from E Street bridge. No. 18. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 15, 1973 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Asphalt Construction, Inc. D. Lawton, project engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/6d49740e4a80643addbb47772fcd7247.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=g44WZfoenJS8UFqCNXx7%7EvricmhaDPsuu%7Ek2EwRut1y4kdNblTbKcVYCsTEID8%7EvKU-Z2XppgcqEYJw8XviCna93ccZICBK8MKsSRIOg4b2jGNQTs5Y-t2On68nYenUlhU5%7ElhjJV16eaabtqmpAAiDnh9INGNRNyEVGMDDL%7E68L1-kwJ1alkiHe232QZpU-q19trgBUgAGrlvdN56KjMq0pLm1Jo6rPbZk1QsIf9P9nqqhUIHCYq9mJJGuK9f4cCaTA0a9Bgp22u1olmbUct4AFCVNDLnFepwYmBQiezAR2WaiAs3NjvBaboOJ0S3--Wbre1ZspvoQk3g61nagcww__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8acaa71654958e4e5f70e9d2b3eefa7c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 016 Subject The topic of the resource Interstate 395 Interstate 95 Freeways Center Leg Freeway Description An account of the resource A view of the Center Leg Freeway facing south from Massachusetts Avenue. The freeway was originally not completed all the way to New York Avenue, thus there was a section that ended in a dead end under Massachusetts Avenue. This area was turned into a public parking space. It was called "The Pit" by locals in the early 1980s. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The description information with this photograph was crowd-sourced from John DeFerrari, a local DC citizen and author. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 23, 1977 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/8dad30888372edac60e2b33454475d5e.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=YJWPszZ6MivtaZ%7E6z-iLJsej7zEwhXHfN7RI36jEaIOPYe4QME0nEKxh9UuuhHqSg%7EhKdRG39Ge07dr%7EeKADvQ4wb4U7QSU4Zgcf%7E9J1McrUzEIkabkpN73Jhc5jDU5tjnbKPuSMh7NTTaRJA54Om1WIXtN8qFKJLgYxJqYAYcoY9yEnzVieLZ20rDNOjdGU8SXdsQqiFYk%7EN%7ERcqVAlKzR8Cxfym41HPoYXiPDTn90DFVmIw9aqtyBQHjvl9vHWM-6N-Lk9XavUji-hKgi5FFVt%7EJc0rvps-PovPnsSAAhFj4bcrGT2kqI-1MM2D2mmZ7c1z0KPso-Zf9fPiOo6pQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 264eebeb4df4c2730e355239609a6a16 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 017 Subject The topic of the resource Interstate 395 Interstate 95 Freeways Center Leg Freeway Mall, The (Washington, D.C.) Reflecting Pool (Washington, D.C.) Botanical gardens Description An account of the resource An aerial view of the Reflecting Pool, the Botanic Garden, and the HHS building near the Center Leg construction where the freeway burrows underneath this stretch of the Mall. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The description information with this photograph was crowd-sourced from John DeFerrari, a local DC citizen and author. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 23, 1977 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/ccf317c5602273f4bff318737f41bf07.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=vxpn6riN7ISYVmOXwJvRPfJwRiYgpJ9NAod5E9rZN8dCKVnKrEVfaJoyiKb6D9AukE8XbOeD6a%7E0HOc9H%7EjIDBcG4um6YEC9aHmNaSXvruu2grH9WcYXbZPGPunIbf71tslsAtWsSyZPZT2fWE8H-J9L%7ESFSsP%7E37wLf5A%7E1JyS9mYBYTILwsXyOBOO91GhjeTivQce1vKGliVwmRxFGvMhaA29Lm9l-SI3E53rticL-e6xPkT80PwwbbeDFl9KR2SSInHMbYheKeFpbHZj1ypwLyUiI9J1UGiOtTG6HF1Q1d9buFgmaJzwgR0-tNBBxtdpn7L7zgv1AIuFvQElnPA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 2b6fa5913b968d2138f7522fa1b0647f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 018 Subject The topic of the resource Interstate 395 Interstate 95 Freeways Center Leg Freeway Construction projects Construction Description An account of the resource A view of the Center Leg construction facing south from somewhere north of Massachusetts Avenue. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The description information with this photograph was crowd-sourced from John DeFerrari, a local DC citizen and author. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 23, 1977 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/bae6d8cea1a015dd568acbdca563fda4.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=kG0gMyz-e-ywBFTYjdmoa2kfubAevo8sGxTbBwTM13hgJaG7d0rNjfGyATmpRIof-k5vuLs3hqv6KyFDHdL886KKfH0MY1OclKRp3RYXwQZZaH2Mu0vUYBkQgJcpt2or0QSVOqOWvbhM6oshn2dpGc2KhRkTOD7wt0%7EWKTfxVmjis%7EMbWk72ycLRU-YIF3LZlOUBHXjNDhZVShCWCVqfsb8AsPRBJscMyOB4SskOP-BzI8GYSABj2wbj2gWQVfKEUab6vByIyUHWtQOEDtt3jpu8ScTmcNAznyQ-tkrNpJFsg3l7WfjoSaJF3lACoA3t1%7EQhdhyyibeyFw-8raYk1w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 264bea4647e830bb0147ea622d5b0b44 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 019 Subject The topic of the resource Interstate 395 Interstate 95 Freeways Center Leg Freeway Description An account of the resource A view facing south of the D Street overpass under construction with the Labor Department building in the background. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The description information with this photograph was crowd-sourced from John DeFerrari, a local DC resident and author. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 23, 1977 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/65aee18b0cd79f66a80cd883d608f3ad.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=kDm9qNor0xew7DsjhcLaPPpsmDiUNQvnNFtvC6kCELtb6bhcqd7iW910UjQIKECT%7EVgGzkCRawovt3s4HrmU2cuMbpzXWqTZ8MPr1pd7m82BFYPvzBqFNQU8NHpiOECGB7zorOYy2YFjfUjU6XSXEaWAAZylFwrBZn1CNsJQOklqAFjSEW5k12gT-L7AAGrelv82bxEjZxB79qsdSQtiD5-mcPts%7Egqq45M-%7E3Kuj5T%7ES33yXtiK2MSkHZg6Xt3KcvqnBKoadqcW53xnX2hzE6MUONcdP9UTSTiWawgMyDXRcy60mYGE-fgB7SjO4nBv1RZ1XOLDbHng6rGRsj127w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM fd92af9945ac549a7ef011494a6fcf49 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 020 Subject The topic of the resource Interstate 395 Interstate 95 Freeways Center Leg Freeway Description An account of the resource A view of the construction of the park adjacent to the U.S. Tax Court Building. The view faces east from the Tax Court, and the building opposite is a temporary building that would become permanent as the Community for Creative Non-Violence homeless shelter at 452 2nd Street NW. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The description information with this photograph was crowd-sourced from John DeFerrari, a DC resident and author. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 23, 1977 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/be8278455300f55f2a04f0e7081b68a8.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=RsFccU2tJhWvMdBMj5UQ77vuXtjBK3UUOYQtanHNUy71yHYD7A-F16dFG9QaB7AZXc7z13lnX7oHHlOKgvS7TRfIbWLDsH2RtCqYKENHW%7EEqJ-W5U1qYixlFbB-HoBiOBczo9bO8ZJIRATiC-pKunJ9dMOu61fYxNgUVprT3jKMn5QbrbxJpZUfU8uizDZutbZnvouMd6HB55bYKDcvipsyjUZ1S3I6NHiexhVO57j0vm5y7QHfkW-X9e8BHDZIJOoT99P2Yb%7ElTTOwAfVxpw8KbLIxsua3Qh7roJA6WMkllfRqwmbdg0BGRlFT2khHlUMfTkXLsBCksezc77xrW4w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 566c74d042742b686aa8b5371179859c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 021 Subject The topic of the resource Interstate 395 Interstate 95 Freeways Center Leg Freeway Description An account of the resource A view facing north of the construction of the park/deck next to the Tax Court building (on the left). The Holy Rosary Catholic Church is also visible (prominent in the middle distance) and Mount Carmel Baptist Church in the far distance. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The description information with this photograph was crowd-sourced from John DeFerrari, a DC resident and author. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 23, 1977 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/3eac1dbd59d7bf0822ecdae6b2579a59.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=V453C0-2B4%7EWsVHJ7ZZkSepiqT83wDxbq0KahnDaszkxtFD5tNNL9y15a5LJ%7EHUpHE7u9QZr8VQ4Ii1ZEuedJ324UHuzMua%7ExcPoiy-soobemGvpUAtKhCWCq5NLDjKUCglVhyc6aD3kKfRGIOkuHR-9U%7EnC%7EK18LlVgUwMJVSfeABvJy0RCrOYytp87Nj7SFWq2LflFZp335nLVKizGP%7E9wtyLle2hm4G-Ki2Csi3Nko7jXlKjdR150rjIh7026-lswZYxw6AKSHwmxpFq5SeAbpBVoGmcR1Wk5Enm7b0vH9bimv3mqXDUT8LnUHloNoE%7EeqsxTH1S5rYLv-i5-WA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 03d50e6bdce6aafb2e1a605158518333 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 022 Subject The topic of the resource Interstate 395 Interstate 95 Freeways Center Leg Freeway Description An account of the resource A view of the Tax Court and the new park/deck over the freeway with Holy Rosary Catholic Church on the right. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The description information with this photograph was crowd-sourced from John DeFerrari, a DC resident and author. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 23, 1977 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/82a591d738c3abde4e0bf95b29818734.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=FcObocxZ26d2BwkZn0EgiYS-kIbxXm6QNpZk6qJuEtGltYvn9fuIBvg8T3KubDhCwsYlnTGq%7EUqtefCPJ-ryZanKwCbkobj6rh3bT%7EQ9%7ETHwVRT9z7c7HgDo7ur5abny7fPxUCvLRJms9wm6uAtndKZTaZPqOETc%7EBokDm833k3DO1Tf36E-naGe4-SS%7EC1wXBE%7EGW-J2iWH%7EwQdJqfAkZJNUE2PHRzOgbow-634OZ1-fLsT170XFjNLNZ2f3u63-%7E1bksdJBfi0KsJK3ZgAZhoXTV15Wnv8q49yrC2dNPyIA9PHhzKviostCuGxBppKz5Do2igTXcgcXpdCxYtB8g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM a891fa9188a8c86b1781dcc961a80f22 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 023 Subject The topic of the resource Interstate 395 Interstate 95 Freeways Center Leg Freeway Description An account of the resource A view north, likely from the roof of the Labor Department building, featuring the early stages of building the park in the center. The E Street Bridge is behind it featuring the parking lot called "The Pit" by locals. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The description information with this photograph was crowd-sourced from John DeFerrari, a DC resident and author. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 23, 1977 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/8496a0001ec0160047d0053cb6f0b412.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=cG0K7%7EsZAxGyot7JJBYQnXL3E%7E97VhFwqxXsMtUb5MK3GBg2yeR3Tw5Pvb8gtLge5n9lFri3TPEkLHM%7Es18EQuuhRdEq2bpm6Mh0x7bFYqdgTr8EPvEkBtZb79A0fCN8hNOQXoEZ8SnYM-fJmDYxPeoVjjEYq7UnyuK46Q-pxp-iJSAdOXtOkA8Ln9rLxpXLzGvTZM341bx9sjzcnp9NG2A-ADYeZ7CODKfdHGnX4H1bj3iOoVysMdhDyGwXFjyklfjxB8ZP4U2Ka8xNoYcgxCXShtlyHfUt%7EOYCoWG1P%7EtUgGeh9uUsM7HYtKGeoWLpNUIngEVkCjRx1G4qBrCT5A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 63f154a02470570cc742c5fd6ebc2457 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 024 Subject The topic of the resource Interstate 395 Interstate 95 Freeways Center Leg Freeway Description An account of the resource A view to the northeast of the Tax Court building. The white building in the center right is Georgetown University Law School Library. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The description information with this photograph was crowd-sourced from John DeFerrari, a DC resident and author. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 23, 1977 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/3502c55b0082448079fe9d588b7fe5d8.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=KX7Bn97ZNfzI5ydDv5dEEBWpJwnwfTIA91RSG7S7fI6DvrrBP8kJe8tvUy5sdCcxzvMRUsgNrwCxuiCvM%7EgFyzor0PWTU4GbFfYoyei5SMpsNPAys5uz3yABG1D6HPKgofHgIvlqx6I6G1texIxHg9gcJ1RKfNlUlTRhmFdsiPkmdABk-e77zk7EORnd-S0YubX663hLjObHTtKUAWpTsEgTkXzxavglY06b66PQWA414MphaIvkBY60vemarQkQO8rwhu3G4-ozt-KHw4wSL4jpB-s8DHqn1ECt0PkXpzyrsJI%7E2mjCxAVcBDyy-UCrY94KciXF9rLFP3ijgE9pfw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8e2821873a8e243cb2cc0788ac543c28 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 025 Subject The topic of the resource Interstate 395 Interstate 95 Freeways Center Leg Freeway Description An account of the resource A location at the northern end of the Center Leg, around K Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The description information with this photograph was crowd-sourced from John DeFerrari, a DC resident and author. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 23, 1977 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/039a084a2e7fdbb9499e154b283d08ee.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=ncD1Rvi5OgXEWPvExkxDSAJgvDQUYGUrrfwFq33W5oX-AtKlFtRrrvAg%7E4No5TJ64TxY7u9wYlBWfJmab3IQ6-8kTcClqOq-QQdalEfeE02VjbAZDoBe%7EhkaJJgAchHvzajb23sS3luol-JPcFDB5WMkk6-4iK-ct-qGzR2KtbFT9B1OCKRQQNnb%7ECCICkBkqLGdUw6A4kzHaf1kcVTVNL8QkVXJFNJAGezInuA-ndSsTYbH9fJQUPrdwlLFwzpWxqcUuHvMMqRJ7iTJfC%7EJ2UG6MwSibvOcoxOkFxi4Q0KtFYrpe3VHrlZ8wKw%7EI7K3OTDcKGpD2fxnfqxDNbwWPw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 48a528fb6cfdc0c1bbb3daf834cef95a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 026 Subject The topic of the resource Interstate 395 Interstate 95 Freeways Center Leg Freeway Description An account of the resource A view of the Tax Court park under construction. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The description information with this photograph was crowd-sourced from John DeFerrari, a DC resident and author. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 23, 1977 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/917109bc8f549679844206520032d04e.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=m8DjQne5pv%7EraSZjG4SXw5gFV2l3E0gDJAkC3AS54J3Sdngu1YCFBYpens8qhfcnt98PxFTjy18Xbt7HG7w%7EQKHakC-lueCoLmM1eAGmC2cnROiG%7EPWfkfzARBgkLJNlNQJ0kuDSBnbtXIqeMkapXlx9L1r181qpq7pJASOkM-NBEJ5xY8wlYIZnrZYxqEdwC3KvXCaDLXiwsrqqNuzVbO46PXaMJeBVC3m4lzrcea81gcXaUtt0nmr6Lyy%7E97Pkl3XcxeVA4gAmKOrfVueoAHQnKQy4I32p1dV3xklwqewGcUNUo0cr9iwXidglitHnmB%7EUXfKubLZHadXHiYtzbQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8ad90792a6d1d2a87e61d082aa6ea0a5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 027 Subject The topic of the resource Interstate 395 Interstate 95 Freeways Center Leg Freeway Construction projects Construction Description An account of the resource A view of the construction of the Center Leg Freeway near the National Mall. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 23, 1977 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/52f110e8bacc0e92f9af1b0e542b6a0d.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=V7DOaGey82E6UyMjClfoY6ulHbTF0Tss-exC8i6ralGQP1TnpXTOX5YrATzW6tUUGaNPuo3FEu9CnOwY0wkIz%7EAjea6eCIB6VgloLn8a5xQGUf4wRelqQjpUoN9obNUPAAxXkHMVM%7E239f0LInLn9jeB1SBbOLpM%7Eidpl%7EmoEJiSqo-1%7Ewu0iE0Ji03tdvCcnN4GkvGWRNJP%7EodWLC6vwIsrm1NotEEI6Qol8EAye32GPwNNZO1m57qTiZT6dKnROIvUB44WAOBvtDcPFivi9Uc7OCpqZHSr8kZeYjjNsocQ-jbc9rk2b-GDv1r4SMgXBGFwC9RmFSrh8i%7ESfyvtbQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 41a3c62b3868826469506f28dab6ba20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 028 Subject The topic of the resource Interstate 395 Interstate 95 Freeways Center Leg Freeway Description An account of the resource A view of the construction and area around the Center Leg Freeway. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 23, 1977 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/7c6595840526da3efb44025204682ebf.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=g-V9RyV0d5vFq0KDESoYZv0Y8oh-eIFRJFvKmSJye1phh5h3wSTi13KbA-BXu4W2eH%7EQZPyHQpvbKzQelXFod-S2waWVq6EswcXu2Q5-O3u6j4l9AdP3sb0MM3G1JBBIvhpr4NE%7ER8SD3n6qQ97P0KfKfmjJmppTIJszO6qxqn5OB7QpuSaE%7E9cSfWMnY1KB7hkpVT8M%7E6UKybBing366V6WR%7EVSb1RgnwYmC17fUCRMlnXf%7EEGCXvyLfuz749-7s2GeonRN5T03to4Hrh7TQKvCNxvD0y0okYl9lUbvPWP0dLWnGYtw-vPzw%7EXIprlOmsgZEAWFc6bl88vjrdXr3Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 1eadd6efa69edccaabcb1ef614cb4b7a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 029 Subject The topic of the resource Interstate 395 Interstate 95 Freeways Center Leg Freeway United States Capitol (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource A view of the area around the Center Leg Freeway construction, including the Capitol Building. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 23, 1977 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/4098dc987c50dcdb9afa514e8a1d474d.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=d6lHa3gOxwgM1p1z6ltjfkXXQGym9j0w6o5uFNHzZjtek3i5EYC83yvWwxvDNT8yLAuLTxbZ5lG3xNOGWdKhXpsAkJODw-uiEyoxgEno98LtWlpIrRkTgClNTq487I7C4IELQd6wlbURGg3h%7EZGnxoerUrYmLsSs4MZSEUiW8Srtm8u1sOFDwoilY4FASISaXnuwmkVHFdihitOJKcORziS7lZB4GYZO4vg6OpRX4K6pMv3rGxrqGjPKR63tj0L8K3A2A9YoYheMzM3AAh7Huym55EyCp0AHo0T%7EJU5wd8cP6TgdVvYXw5h3D0iHCtC56HSfumprr7z%7E1vz8327VgA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 11facf944058561c460f4dc10f3f1c5a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 030 Subject The topic of the resource Interstate 395 Interstate 95 Freeways Center Leg Freeway Description An account of the resource A view of the Center Leg Freeway facing south from Massachusetts Avenue. The freeway was originally not completed all the way to New York Avenue, thus there was a section that ended in a dead end under Massachusetts Avenue. This area was turned into a public parking space. It was called "The Pit" by locals in the early 1980s. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The description information with this photograph was crowd-sourced from John DeFerrari, a DC resident and author. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 23, 1977 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/62d8b1c59a2a2bf3c3b98a953e2e4214.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=T1Gr5X%7E44iBl4EkVZZjjKiJRlX3qhuZn7YJXwXHAw3Qcz7xOAfQRMr5FmN0CXOaFkKhrwAbdXyOyn4MFvXcbj5a7GKuvWc6DO2tI4RIkYEFTu3970D%7E1-Nc4FatpWCLBoSxcmyAuTPhc%7EbCenmDF11eicfl%7EGV5hIMvJZ2arCtlrn9pE2ktZ5i3mL2XGRAFXvP4uele15cbRw3uCI3bA-YHLOZl0iw%7ESVuglxVjLeFB1cXWgEfpisxRdcm5uiG2oP8CwduEW2B5hrMYs15Wk-nHfVe9YQOi24P5b-dzLxZY4Cq-LN3q0ErB6wSTYqP8d7rEd3k9okISqKGj70gsXRw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM bb98c41e1b0bc51a2348560e5b01ad95 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 031 Subject The topic of the resource Interstate 395 Interstate 95 Freeways Center Leg Freeway Construction projects Construction Description An account of the resource A view of the construction of the Center Leg Freeway. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 23, 1977 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/fe22ce219cba3fd6cae5dbcf805135dd.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=k8S52-W8CCgtx%7EN25JMQjFT2nxL3RXTHSzGqjFcB6f6Ixn8ZmZuKl2kgFqp3gDfJHl7JHmZCFaf2HYgo9T9usBcs%7EuXZORfjzaV1MaQWRJNFEOcgaOikYTjsbqTaIbmBUK3dZxOZv41LDxVG4Ttc3Qjnr4OXilB%7EeIiBOIVDztHxTgziMmK7fJ60Vme8QvS9OVF2XDjmh1%7EhKbMWbx8qu%7ETq9R1zATBYYKuI-Y-56LTjBuq-wsg07nB%7EkxszjYchccoV9VRPnTnCKJNY8GFE0NZngl5CDlmKKqnR86GKYY%7ED6VLhgXy0m3Ws9a9VXYlaK9LXoi4h5UIzrdpompg%7EnQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3a306dc7116680d0a46551279372c92a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 032 Subject The topic of the resource Interstate 395 Interstate 95 Freeways Center Leg Freeway Description An account of the resource A view of the Center Leg Freeway facing south from Massachusetts Avenue. The freeway was originally not completed all the way to New York Avenue, thus there was a section that ended in a dead end under Massachusetts Avenue. This area was turned into a public parking space. It was called "The Pit" by locals in the early 1980s. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The description information with this photograph was crowd-sourced from John DeFerrari, a DC resident and author. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 23, 1977 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d5bab0147f15b4908b3fa048ea626cdd.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=iJWytuGjxDMo0hV1u%7EX02y4Z5udXZxCclTxv01jxx4bCSqBi3aXBDTvxlpNtrECq9C4qFrXqdNVdX2-oeH%7ENDVGPuOCgJ73hUNlRpHoHyzO%7EtqymhFUhy4TQB6gGdttWmOX6PbepQqa5kINS320ModUu48kBmQk4LqO4VDWhJRn8-37OyzwssqYRZAeizBYYiWCaXX2Q%7E2lnMEtsF4kHVt79y5kLDKTk%7E55B6%7Etg60BOacRZo%7EnsEZa4Atp-ghOEPYLQIGBT8yu3lxihAyjsXCowg6Sg7o8J2nsQwRp6etJ-a3FeAClcvE7nwQZJAhUsGRgKxKeVHDpn3SM6ROGsVA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 80c2a624a76825dfa57367f4d320e64c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 033 Subject The topic of the resource Interstate 395 Interstate 95 Freeways Center Leg Freeway United States Capitol (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource A view of the construction of the Center Leg Freeway with a the Capitol Building in the background. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 23, 1977 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/19b7c6b6130e175481547cdc71a686d1.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=CqEGspkhks5cgOMCBlsGoJj0g8xN%7EysLK1gmHnWIM2%7ES3ZGqRYPCXEwMTGFdKK4ixi6k3GbDbeev5ONxe7uehAMDyqFUbi-nHzrMaaQFqw3Td6Ix0mrt0LsBBxR3fYGiM3mSf19tdbu4RtRKj%7Ea5VfBuoDsu-vghz8A4rEl13CdoyGER9OZ4TjP0uAW5rTV9PaBk1NinhREUK8SN3MD%7E6tinwzBrXaPqkk-u%7E3MVZdZrQgy3ioTK8UqwFWt93siGNk00aHIsLJyz3ySVDDJz50kLSM%7E6iB86swTVaIjVdOH5FfXPmXYDyonyXczZVHnAH5In0DdFX%7EJ0kw2k75Y0jQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 5969119eba536371d5b13c8f4f0f5a65 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 034 Subject The topic of the resource Center Leg Freeway Interstate 95 Interstate highways Freeways Interstate 395 Aerial photography Description An account of the resource An aerial view of the center leg, inner loop freeway from D Street to New York Avenue northwest. This is a western view, taken around 2 p.m. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 13, 1979. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Baltimore Contractors, Inc. H. Emekli, area engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/bb8c05e00143ef0b2db3df44cbc520b5.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=P19u3u3%7EDdZLFiEchjxRu7pB9HZnl9hvgtGi%7E%7E-lRWxUBls5GugmI5cFsfp%7EFGk%7EzcAMX%7EPQpE-Xi9FQMvh-B5HGToYDB6azQTVst9svgysHpcDfsziaBYNdvxe5v2j5eXIJqkFsE8NQ55NVjE6dt2%7EUXjeYNXeGl2%7EiZN4RzHqc6NPn0jCNoR3RTjvvTwoyb6eRmmGoYKqZqS4uBNThAyUak-%7ETT0Bufktg65vMyHiRWjwothc%7E25qAyKHigG-LNn6Ow9jBo3mi7Ze1vG1DULPWuDlWhEhs9wM3JRoluOux3G02WFnLoggm8nkg-JkGxLzm4AQBJkH0ane8FNqU-w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b620f16204cef64a9b5c9030d8af09ad Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 035 Subject The topic of the resource Center Leg Freeway Interstate 95 Interstate highways Freeways Interstate 395 Aerial photography Description An account of the resource An aerial view of the center leg, inner loop freeway from D Street to New York Avenue northwest. This is a vertical view taken at 2 p.m. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 13, 1979 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Baltimore Contractors, Inc. H. Emekli, area engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/a0dfe5facebb445a7cd9450a383ff9ce.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Jscaz1rKPDiCrer4OiibAQgkGmAoIN2NcQtBLzql8ydvBRzGyLgxRz7Rpq1MClnVLUrAPMZ3LeyC6t2Lqi1iMMS38t81bUmMb9XWr9%7Em0c2Q0w-7fuaL2VltvboA4gVAmj6dNJ29CdIIbqIoSZQ%7EXPmgPSVeVE%7E9nLrBg05pco2lnqAXyoFGhy12Jap0y5wGm7BdvaWG1zYHdUDpExjP2x3qkb3IwF1nwTk812PbzVXbX%7E0b3xBLeIwQp97eB9kzphPzD6mU9vuJxmHmLu3VkQmuT2G7ODIbZbKqM7gVB71uGSXW%7EhFH1Gqa9ZHQnSNeu7BoOqg9lZ4aBmKF%7EhmyAg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b4c4d560b9ed5d0d77376c46ee95f4ba Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 036 Subject The topic of the resource Center Leg Freeway Interstate 95 Interstate highways Freeways Interstate 395 Aerial photography Description An account of the resource An aerial view of the center leg, inner loop freeway from D Street to New York Avenue northwest. This is a western view, taken at 2 p.m. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 13, 1979 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Baltimore Contractors, Inc. H. Emekli, area engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/6a6c5646485581f3ee1cbe8aad8886be.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=KWOPA1ANntLCAru9uysjryQB4RqiolBcPS6zNnRfAm4oezh2DL-WGR39GxcAbNvkUvlwz4ap4kz1cFrlUQk%7EUUqjelXJXwLhHqxaZzyI23d8AJ2W8z1GV5iCXeHd4QVLR5CXV2UG62YQMkcNZfRw-7vAIzM541EVYVHUfXFmKV89itle0TFRhO71Y-aOwC-wmF4NKd-TTp3C9f%7EzFcPGTM1A1KtqL7uOpWcyP8%7Eo3g7cmtXc2FUjqep8A6AhUjzl5WQlzfvmAGWHZtWRK-U7f0XsItE7gSRucbUiKJ6rqE7wt1APf0P8-ZFQqg91aVGuD7Bad6UGQj6nqnRbDrG9QQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8b07e3606fe71b030eff20aeb64dfca2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 037 Subject The topic of the resource Center Leg Freeway Interstate 95 Interstate highways Freeways Interstate 395 Aerial photography Description An account of the resource An aerial view of the center leg, inner loop freeway from D Street to New York Avenue northwest. This is a northern view taken at 2 p.m. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 13, 1979. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Baltimore Contractors, Inc. H. Emekli, area engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/8b0c40c13bc12020bc9abc79d8bcf259.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=rRQG0nbQpM9VtV%7EuUu5-aJrU2QtKgzh0WqIjaCybIESpI6jZEsdgHBmI3Dd4ve4E4B8JOBqc6LKVC8Z466a70pB%7ELBGPcTN7crBkf-APunedPV1PZ3My2cZ8TkihmMl1H7Q4HdXY3bGxJmdzcAu-DRQM2De9zMNmEdcb-CKvVKRlsW5qUQaA3WI7qmrLda5Sw9Docbj4OLpYKtHWg%7EiGWf5a7eEA6BfMHNrap7TXKujrsTCOh9dy0V0elboFDjWofqOGDPerW1HtB8qRlnW7Xm2P9NQAIwfTaf4wg9KyGV9mpk8sub2mOE1OpjFPPwOxJzbhbTmzE7uWRRlW8ynyiA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 694f000383c06fcae2264365b76adc86 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 038 Subject The topic of the resource Center Leg Freeway Interstate 95 Interstate highways Freeways Interstate 395 Aerial photography Description An account of the resource An aerial view of the center leg, inner loop freeway from D Street to New York Avenue northwest.This is a northern view taken at 2 p.m. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 13, 1979 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Baltimore Contractors, Inc. H. Emekli, area engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/55b5a133be0fcdebb0a3a0da10752b41.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=eAtmn0L1vw9lyDNXRr88rhiuEoCTgW1TdhZsPxS4CynlFmitoBboG5MVSFQZLPknLq7Gq%7Ewmm-MS3WwBY6%7E5xLrEdGW5po-2Euj132Pg3EMXde6z2bifiYeFnCpgU95E06ZiUCcSiTuimNQrAGArNLQvquYWJismuxWU2Y-F5slol-clq5oeGx1gWEbICnX7cBB9yW1LMsq2ONRVivq1rK2-bePShl8tab4tKKrLp0t0XIUx1ZGGjOKUzBV5Ykmkv-yD1hyvaC3DrvPby4%7E39I6t8RlDY651EjVAMh8RzhZGMXSRjBmdDGxtbCpgdQFshHv7B44e-Vnu2vr6ssJwOg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 25bc8b98d78660e6f5725bf06d191114 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 039 Subject The topic of the resource Center Leg Freeway Interstate 95 Interstate highways Interstate 395 Aerial photography Description An account of the resource An aerial view of the center leg, inner loop freeway from D Street to New York Avenue northwest. This is a southern view taken at 2 p.m. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Creator District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 13, 1979 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Baltimore Contractors, Inc. H. Emekli, area engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/fc720932627fddefe1caa4e12903a717.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=KSE4bDHA%7EHleFgo06DlfMpWCSA36DDooVlqLvd8t5SXIB%7ErPpwU%7E115vRdsp0Fiq-pWSFGtquh1TfSOQjIQE0o1Lllb1MO0ZD%7EPsiPHieujbABWxU11QMyClwwMGmkmQM%7ECkf6Vo7odo1LF0auo5GDtGX2lixLzq7DZcFgBUWJmDEQY1lSA1fSU491MKY7wBjgKQ5r9im4hHQjes9A5iIS5mE3iD7seagMqsz5fJf3ANmj1mqWCOWx6LZ1oEWxB9OlbdJH8L3hyelnhgsslDa526MTPlkRSrAy-S1Qg-BnXZrjR08QM5AI9zgFVZ5DvFzoYnC9E5HmuCtvQg24sQqw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 4206abbed380d90fe978e57dcccb6479 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 040 Subject The topic of the resource Center Leg Freeway Interstate 95 Interstate highways Interstate highways Interstate 395 Aerial photography Description An account of the resource An aerial view of the center leg, inner loop freeway from D Street to New York Avenue northwest. This is an eastern view taken at 2 p.m. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 13, 1979 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Baltimore Contractors, Inc. H. Emekli, area engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/6fda8d619c99144a9efc1df5c44c2b79.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=EsBMfGutynOEtUvVHsyoEfRGqYY-W%7EuHrGBcpasE9%7ExtXmYyqvPmmMmlG6XzUNtaSVYExFZa6P0tZeA5m9sFKfl5VWMvI%7EQ5w2Touc2EKCSRaq3WRNxtweZsFbwfMgtUJTi5u0tKjJ3uIX2yme5kMk3TBDLMaB7PUPgmy3MklxBcv0pKg0p82RhJNfYKl%7EW90kDIABeRyClLY9i5rv0SfWqgUhMOjD47h9batnohbjEnkFxjiI2VUYlmJtKBNq3wtq4SegmulukWMsPpOv4pn7Xh-e0GSdBpuCSzwUVR24G%7E3lGx1sv0tBQpT31TSaB-UhAKw-fDjj0EukxxtG2oMw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 32fd50adbd10741c08c7554ff398e86e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 041 Subject The topic of the resource Center Leg Freeway Interstate 95 Interstate highways Freeways Interstate 395 Aerial photography Description An account of the resource An aerial view of the center leg, inner loop freeway from D Street to New York Avenue northwest. This is an eastern view taken at 2 p.m. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 13, 1979 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Baltimore Contractors, Inc. H. Emekli, area engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d02785e8fd0a05fc011a0657492127a4.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=EMjPNespRKuHPG9BNmBjAdPTQJiipRMTGp696UtFpVzSAoaRpA5KdPyouh7JP7lbrmf0BVfiawlO8DUn6dveTXMnOPpAsC9RU6waE1x5BKJa-HcUVbf8niayUud1ksdFt0dFeaBMyz68hfO8fTsnxZNixPlkweVALcZvTo7P1W3hVY-BVEB29C6ZT8J35da8qFJVl29LJcNqIyM8iuUtj40kkZdaSpIBdNl1TTzqbWatujL-sbrgjO8CMxfK8sbAf7fzxlenOWyIks9SsityUzD3criVGGj4eXYeJXerh7GSOHHcpISmqrNh0DglIa6yZtSCQ5jiSTmjdVdq4jSHvQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b3623f9dcd64d677a19616eeca17b7f2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 042 Subject The topic of the resource Center Leg Freeway Interstate 95 Interstate highways Freeways Interstate 395 Aerial photography Description An account of the resource An aerial view of the center leg, inner loop freeway from D Street to New York Avenue northwest. This is a western view taken at 3 p.m. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 26, 1977 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Baltimore Contractors, Inc. H. Emekli, area engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/97a8b5942077f455cf11b1a0bb08a951.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=oYd2Mtp6JbBimRpIz26SSa9nk2PK73apbfs%7E3tbDHEkTpMX7H2QbM-eCuYdN-5NWZsytbnCMfzWjYMaQndDcdQ6%7E21c2dgXj6WTbWR8-mMKyMnHZrpoPRwjnRj6VAW4murTsvaFgz5Lv412wq7W%7E%7EioAVJtImEbrU223Qmt5GRMlRUsvA50argP%7EYbf5ZmCMI-IC3cqHbFMytpZmB9n%7EEH9iuNi-g4novJCXm3tHFrDFvloo7%7EPvc3z3vCtIB8hdpSHoRUMbtj%7Ejx3RQnb6suYioLlhOVdWmYldOo7ypgBIdE-XE6V3mVwyueqsTGonOtNRHMzUcdum-j8bTWnEydg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3d314d3ce33b2e474d39ba72c0228df5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 043 Subject The topic of the resource Center Leg Freeway Interstate 95 Interstate highways Freeways Interstate 395 Aerial photography Description An account of the resource An aerial view of the center leg, inner loop freeway from D Street to New York Avenue northwest. This is a western view taken at 3 p.m. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 26, 1977 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Baltimore Contractors, Inc. H. Emekli, area engineer Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/5a0c4d434f43c2438da0b191357c2a8e.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=bMFn4FgEJOEg42XphrpFIeO6r4eLeTBcu5-AHPaeP%7ETJef2UTQDivw4SpLQ0J3oEDOGg6d2WHs1R6bO4pewBA-B9Ekhn-8n5ztv2pS8O1Vb5Y1FP0VK8dgXHtk7rzVjjkgvY%7ECr8YFGzuX9ccN4CRxAlIn0MFN91Utq0Wq8YII3UDwdwTVfuJfGkXdkIuAej6705Gqxea7LuASBm7TRVe%7EG0WI9LyoaVVyYy%7EO1vZUW0PQNtYN%7E1Tq8ZHK9dS9vU2IyM-%7EomROhceyGmz4OKtNbM0IJwXdMsco4xFeHF-pgWMfVDRVIlCkJRhp-z7mXaiCzHEF2STEG8gTANv2WYSQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3873257ad781fc7dabd6e8907af42646 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 044 Subject The topic of the resource Center Leg Freeway Interstate 95 Interstate highways Freeways Interstate 395 Aerial photography Description An account of the resource An aerial view of the center leg, inner loop freeway from D Street to New York Avenue northwest. This is an eastern view taken at 3 p.m. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 26, 1977 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Baltimore Contractors, Inc. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d5b733f5133c157b96176043b3cef706.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=OgnNAhX04ZZUeVJHaf0HFZ1nCLg1vhH5aLXnuMCYKZ8yAT0XrPf1mpH5dINGE3bcVksyF3TvgREL3%7ERZZ4xyVinCmLhf-DFCO5aN-rvghvYO4Lerfm8YbiPRPo0nVWpp7uftv%7E1GkEay5AlhAgDj9l8PWjm-GgnB63WyppNJLDk7Ne3JxbDdsPpzQnxiNiR8H2rkebSkb%7EgVj2cp3ovJ2IbEC4BB5sKU50Pdl7okZrBr6Du5Dxw4ItV3X5QxJXs9CzqSAfwHvRWhsAS%7EOL0bGcJBHpA3u6XodfCUXZrTCkXWN-r-TJ6Z%7E3uAfWWhfmW0pEHqSwFmFEKjlK1mpho7jg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 20a8140d9abb885b5f5b431bceea8731 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 045 Subject The topic of the resource Center Leg Freeway Interstate 95 Interstate highways Interstate 395 Aerial photography Description An account of the resource An aerial view of the Capitol with the Center Leg of the Inner Loop freeway annotated. <a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6478" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Center Leg documents">Center Leg documents</a> associated with these prints are also available. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transport Architect of the Capitol Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Archival Box 4 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 14, 1965 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/b7f97b45f0e00ac9ba56d6de0ee71e07.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=WHMlE8evBQ1BOzr3hPNWwXuSQ5IJu0tKf3i8-qOI%7EOLAYEhC2QvUhFRmhjts5ef65uCd6jwlAnXEJAAo6lWJKn5jP3gHOyAW8bqQRdnLUj2tYEauo%7EftId94DKj8eHcjizXaDPDnrVoCCOm8Om2y33zCv9whKtRMBd6RXhz%7E08ZUph-xE%7EHgDmb3NYKq8YgSOzP%7ECz4EIwP3-wRcrGNoLyK1Xd3tEEErExm4QsRkMoTjIcXZBiQVWtrmLB40O4obmK67ts1XyYSDXcwyftyr%7ENk8so6vzgjHEx-OSGQL06H5MEV2EkGRu3tOjzj7s4vJi7xsv8p5oI6j6uWLjm59MA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM fd20c73989ef3d986f533162163b75d3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg 046 Subject The topic of the resource Center Leg Freeway Interstate 95 Interstate highways Interstate 395 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transport Architect of the Capitol Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Archival Box 4 Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 14, 1965 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Drawings Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Description An account of the resource <a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6478" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Center Leg documents">Center Leg documents</a> associated with these prints are also available. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DC Highways, Interstates, and Freeways Subject The topic of the resource Highways Freeways Interstate highways Description An account of the resource Photos of highways, freeways, and interstates in the District of Columbia. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource District Department of Transportation Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Center Leg Area/Construction Subject The topic of the resource Interstate 95 Interstate highways Freeways Description An account of the resource Photographs of the I-95 Center Leg near the National Mall Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Color Photography Construction Projects Construction Workers Freeways Interstate 95 Interstates National Mall https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/ae1c4c1c579bae5269e0bb1a188bbb15.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=nqR373QsuaLmMQeYd3ob6tPOFO-s1AmBTQl5jRL%7EtSZ8QmJmIVzIzu5gdnuyL5Tjrtrd4IMMpAoB6ILtp0a-JA0l4OgRTM1vXCU7xikDmwq475TuwK1s8jPrs4tY8oTgX9meidf9soB2hF3nESWLHR6dgk03PRzurYRZWis7C3zDUq7zpISK%7EiboZ08S1lsPiG2it0LkhjhvRsZxPjFRKbXYdR9%7E3M6rOZY1MIMeSrQijbm7nx5%7E174NoKhTQO9WCHq-BLnfuUYAzDIOjW3KrLgw7K7BdYOmdrc7LmN2Fx2%7E5t1yUmc7o-bAVKdkqryyTx%7El7HjNcWXKLnWmoNGcTw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3f31bbb2a58f18c219a033ff43d0df29 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway, ramps 1 and 4, No. 15 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Highways Freeways Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Looking east at proposed site of change order #1. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers, Inc. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 16, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/2b537060ae75b5054aa0b0fea7e83348.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=FjGXJ76hU0duxAPgewZCG4r8ziNcDAf7-ZuKpNj3lv41LtQPcPM4B1QB9Ictyy5QutvZyvsK-K3l5k-ACMNqWGBi27rUcY2l5pw--%7EDk23dBahKi5lRjE03RHTNLZaywtWOBqhcQyRvCxWNuPLIh4AhAi5vALfLZixU2G2RqExU8j6Irg2UyspjXVJ5aEjjPek1sbtTVWjN9W7kP6GC1pGHUuTtqPhpQPwdgFMSEDLE3mKwvKm9aqkC5yNmtZsNo%7EX7UUWNukIHPg5NWwZKXPjp2SEfTGKQ9vREnd%7EEIIYLTlPKHlHWiey1Re1NzwtjC%7EEWwTnkyL2bVY3bsLOKrBA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 5bc08bd5487ec6798f73d6ba3f0173f6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway, ramps 1 and 4, No. 12 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Highways Freeways Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource View of abutment falsework ramp 1. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers, Inc. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 17, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/6962744840f395f34c576a51b83ae456.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=cVlTY8Hfh6vQPxCZ8Cwc3Za4%7EhpdolA7u5xUPHQbpNxZTUTBDjNFxlTL3kBP9EBWZMFgqTxR6ezoeRUCYS75-I51ai4HFVMLGJaUrU9WlJrmIbbT3maivvLVjqjxsc2Li%7EgTL2XxVGRDsOEQ0TwXjqdBytD9c0CIc%7EdH9kJVM4TArLqvodYvaPF8J3cjc5uFBMDB1wBIzBXOYkHqYVMxHm6VpgAPdAh2Y3PWU4GM7iM5xvZj47XDzzRFlUW3XBpi44x3yQdViMfea7Wl8U-xlJhp49zduJ58GPEGoViUZK-lOjGprWqKjpfbkCyLcc0cb4wLxMwlOFdeNQMFLtN0Cw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 26eee4cb6aef52f4f6d813b0640dd7a2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway, ramps 1 and 4, No. 11 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Highways Freeways Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Construction Description An account of the resource Looking east at ramp 1 and 4 from west heating plant. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers, Inc. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 17, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/747654e120bff770dea7677360e3de18.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=rZV09ltIy7U5uqsrI-ZKsCP5ARmVekRNJJ3XF7697bjq-O8q1MrA7bfDFvjcZRlokxE5wWCQmhjJSXtBm0BO50uLQbiAzsh9Cmc5iRbG8vcn491thvV5YYxHlxw9MZ-uMDPUnuXfAYsKPjmxlDxNRKjDNHfTGmgRzdYKCHciqu9ZfcNp5p6ljx70iLhkKi0Iyg%7EwEFhLLMCTLsu91jSe%7EY4zON6kJjUOwGtgn5y1HE75rkkSSUqJSkh9mLWyNRFX7lrJ6J-O3hgWUuYKX94fnCZniTpsZIwZp8M1qwaNcTD184IFfc1jLA1Qy0db3K1f4cJEAWD2V7dfzpGXCz2qnA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM d73d272a21a48f099ff4a0db0528449d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway, ramps 1 and 4, No. 10 Subject The topic of the resource Highways Freeways Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Looking SE at cofferdam where bents 3 of ramps 4 and 6, 7, 8, of ramp 1. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers, Inc. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 17, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/5da2fab304835dbf5b8f3d48639e24b9.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=EKTrHylTmG7fBMVqpCLk9jieCTPJm0gjlbbt2QaEyTbUb6wVdfapoVdvS2bsJ4O1coObMQYGHymJr3IM4SHCikOj73BwnJiA7iXeD8vgpJsjUbfxIdpj%7EO7nxTbzHwimIAuPIDOd4mEAXb%7EGBkoG%7EMngRNUZK5-qEXxb99fgCfhXMGG1YZFzAl7lxtqBA0xIBTlDESC7Av4nYFti-VhUXDZ83MMofkPaQ7KjJ%7EpFYzqIDRh549%7EuLt4vDhM5wpJ02kqVDYS8OnEGqRkiJ3ZbIiJPsKpWpmNko2Jmx2QEQ-x6eRowkqErVKjn6NUMKrb0w069Id5DHAa5GlytGjPTlA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 749d84fe99b7918c0a59cc778272ba0c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway, ramps 1 and 4, No. 9 Subject The topic of the resource Highways Freeways Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Construction Description An account of the resource Looking south in coal yard from west heating plant. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers, Inc. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 17, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/48ab2cd3a6a7ee8b138dba083efb4c4c.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=gC2qhgPITNz4alEaHRyYSWIlPUBVRcpK8NCHctIcYDWLcgWQgT3fET29tzYRNxKmDM38maaGgAnsaFbNVKeBBaMEwJyc5R1%7EIRgQQ0OtCYtUeHmv48n6WLs7DrfE8tn-L93gi8aa6-dLk7svOevw5CDHdF8e7kIiSFVW1d2t2K%7End1VWJqy%7EZGk5UqYKul6dkVHyI0HBNn2nO6oP1Xsn-rw2dyvxkJaEV6L1ANSeRAQHkK9W%7EECEV011g3DMFTXSNjIzFdrz1wFKriHEirR2xf6FRXYf9emzwii9V8LjrQWXNhs2JlzlyQfrBxHf3zObP9zUzCLaD2TTgdAF26KH1Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 211c39bb3fa29c0ba3c9dfc1e16084fc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway, ramps 1 and 4, No. 8 Subject The topic of the resource Highways Freeways Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Construction Description An account of the resource General view looking east from steam plant. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers, Inc. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 17, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/519d379ae194815e66ad8351b5c58c6b.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Pjc294xn7m9Xh87mHGjEO332N-GMLa64NSlTMryOd5L79dFDSbxDBT9xbMZPfi5jJsYi6WY8o13VUv7z6shUJsJGzLKB0hdrII5J6j%7E1E47nnXtWHDjyFlmIf82F5ggCkGic6iJFicxfRPpQkoAozUpD-ysW5mWCw1ICezQ3hrMrWFJz5x23RWdZOt2rGgKadgt2EPeOP2NPkpCqc64ZL2933TGgRrt02hERjXnJfAWQVzTun%7EH8VRdyHj5M84NkF0bvNncLIPMVuQhdychCIZls3otgpXR5mNGpFm3oZgds5pI1qP3wdc%7E7KCX0wmjSbeeKMz4HCXvpcioDFY6Cow__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 0d7cf0fa4f9f2cae113c068dd6eecf8c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway, Ramps 1 and 4, No. 59 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Highways Freeways Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Looking east at proposed site of change order # 1. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 16, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/c0cb0af96253503408160b46643cc47e.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=n1vaw3PhX-SlUDuSjCa4OxsU9Ct6QVXSOGGgZUkjc9S33VoKSN8KHNC7FHK0IGjSgSZy-icsiBlMPbcFQWOXEjOteySOrRsjry7yEG0BBaFDqw0o0-VLACZwntqG-55pJ1Mcuc-FJjZAMKCGz69lamnqEyRBQ6FzJI-a23SQ%7EK-t6hqoXn8cZVIZPJe3J7H07cDOF3z%7ELwHRWuXGohFHPPzYrcRbiRN4175Ly2sokWUbp3vd4q%7EKDEQcCAPOm6d5DXnfQgvaj4qECh8b5NhcbjAKeFo7r0gH3ASaNtkmH6lfw4r9jBQMzHac4BraKIhsGpJm6fSSp7wOV5DCB6FIHA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 73672dd4d968f1887d5d473489e237cb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway, ramps 1 and 4, No. 46 Subject The topic of the resource Highways Freeways Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Construction Description An account of the resource General view deck removal Whitehurst Freeway from west heating plant roof looking southwest. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers, Inc. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 25, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/127bd83a5d198d66d9fbac3e8b778e8c.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=BoA2n2PbxukRoWYFEgPRKo6FPmAEZO6gKzVcUiVrAk2B3nGUZNaxkQ4VOlgb%7EARHz8cK6dTsWJBDaKAq1EOQudw7h-s3XVEegnTfIz0bVqjzkfxd1Y0b8TghplXEXtKT7CNI8POCKoSD0Lg8bkY9dp9IXxew526M39a0CpX%7Ed51TKvLTGyYxbVOku816CHYK5iodr1OYlcsUWgoRoy7G0JSnrN67skVp7UdIWaWo59nNB8%7EviRrLVnnzqtWjfpZBTGYCdyfjGmE55C0488h-5r1TFkrfuTFJnDwnutyIYCL8zMtoIz1Qpb5sXrWi7KzUvijrriXTBC1zgTbt4%7Eo2qw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 075cb5299a8d8d4b91c56f8878e7a272 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway, ramps 1 and 4, no. 6 Subject The topic of the resource Highways Freeways Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Construction Description An account of the resource Looking south in the coal yard. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers, Inc. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 17, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/e25b944bdf921beb0e70e5163464d0c8.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=NyOrpfTiK1WTCRnHbJorxKYEG8rpP3SHQsdd6rCk7YlZFtZ4slPP5AC6%7EEHPKZvEpc6EIlCMYR15%7E-1FNUzxTtIOSXAFq7IBdwotxJHxCSv9v7f3yWpTGCFaI42gVQwpEudto3ZmbCAoY-54uEc9tG0jloXr2wWYog0nN-6OFFaXoJuhHIZ7LzgAyNNU%7EPnDwDiHVNd5cPJMG5Cf5XJpYOWP-CqXKkR3oCLsKtj4p4iYglTEhxYJfgR0VbC2fgf49Y3-%7EnOMDiwhrRwo5m2bJCtRoEjIvSNusJag7eejZHs9FFXEa%7Ea32U-LUAj3E3ZyIHj%7EnnM27li%7EQIb48BiSTg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM d07c9323128bd03f255bfd534c98254f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeweay, ramps 1 and 4, no. 7 Subject The topic of the resource Highways Freeways Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Construction Description An account of the resource Looking east at the site of ramp 1. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers, Inc. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 17, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/466d39bb4ec89cb5af4527cde64e107f.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=V0anf1ZAEN5ovZotez5K9QyxJUm7xvD9AK33pbSHzC10UfKW7zPNctnE4rOEUpwGx1sBBNKzec7XObptiVySS8lW5qvEUUCSil7Blk2leV2lwCXr4b2JElM9t--llbI8n%7EuqcfgQdkwQWuW3u4wXiYBC6bnF9b7f0gE8k0kR5xgdHGJb2ryxOT-xgjYA5gNdw4XwhsW61M-RappnHFI7AhkY9M9enN0rr7LeKfEg73DFlvxY1NRAkeQpeNxAvdF6dhaTm%7Eus88blFWEUazEiQClmivFH19GUVZ35sLRzulOC858IgvHGcY44wo73bP6gIFg1MV7pDLpxSixZyExu%7EA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM d42ccb47188695f91b68948b21b308ce Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway, ramps 1 and 4, no. 16 Subject The topic of the resource Highways Freeways Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Construction Description An account of the resource Looking north at falsework of stand 7, ramp 4 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers, Inc. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 19, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/06948b0e1c603a70a5e0b10fcd87a08e.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=AwHOO3Wvsqo70J4SeKlp9lJAJ6MKuBT4mtD8EprDqyhnoq6IP%7E7TJQX2b8OD4xO4NCH9oNBpqwnpnv1TTFbovliXzJe7QXRfkD-FDhGkQp5X6kp7bJnDB-xmOdphtO-0muwfRpW0VLm6hVD4VvE%7Ee4ZgUG%7EMMuLBzytpc3hDoSs4rjNdqnq8xoZ%7Ep8HUSUC0tXjwVvPx0igZbdfOlvCsE%7Ee25XdNUOnKF9HLxsd2oUzjSJe7gtbcgXkmG1-vOR4XroRAj62dfP69WSPmmVZxuzEYvJXwVjMqbK-fszi9tfXcJR%7EVQIq0QuRvws4Jb7stxfxybIlwj4T6dmIuK1xaFg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM fab07258a438f745e6a7230cf03d6c8f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway, ramps 1 and 4, no. 17 Subject The topic of the resource Highways Freeways Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Construction Description An account of the resource View of falsework ramp 4 northeast of the coal yard. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers, Inc. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 19, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/b6b7bf486403bb35aa298263d9f729fd.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=s8qQ38%7EwoR6zoNuj9%7EEVn5lGLTeTLSuZrlw8rcb3idkuWOhbH1NdnE7gPcNq--cdAkbyfNmWvG46GewISKmZvxrxnrVQfJy-JRmViyIqEWyTFf9m5ZTpD27BAmQMPolYtCjMLF2qz6Vw1QE3eqiAvxlZY1xCEo2BM4sTAFlK4xsvZZE4zXSKsBe41B-6l2j74KoRjaSq3tFYtjXde19xsPOvtCBUJHCQdEIM9%7EjkACwVT251wc7r1A%7EITT5hTJilEbRYlVxMAjyNkVCpgFFqWxQfdA6JHTCBRX2lL4IrX1OnMu0kf2nDs33PmMGWeQ7oZ90qYrEKsipRj2n0DkdKZw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 064d29159ac0e8e6b6e90aa4fa032ce9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway, ramps 1 and 4, no. 18 Subject The topic of the resource Highways Freeways Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Construction Description An account of the resource View of the matting for falsework on the coal yard slab. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers, Inc. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 19, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/2e49d03cd18454a6ec88cb5366d376a4.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=vV8MfhsolGGWFt-EuAbK2KC3cUTrafK1872TEaAeFrliu%7E8DDUH4P9nM63GhIue7vyUwQc4cVbkFUWEXqv%7EIuShKS-R3-jlOKI4OFM-Lk0lkwSu7OpXXSiau1hQ9gc-qbLFhdNCtBApw0wn3gHM6tRnNqw3ZrWfgPZbw6CnBBa69roarYhnGH8EPSGBHuOt5YI3Y7foazbpBCyISSKW2VlajdCeUSrPBwtJebdW2tovuFYsWo2uCWBrmvWVfx1dt61a7ZJWbjVKW-hH11iiXLf7QTD5QEQfy5mXPEc1IFM3C59v35lFxRpbprMgjkmO3gwXFxRMp%7Eu%7EJxUZm7lwYFQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 5f9866aea72627f3fe37d8a3803690bc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway, ramps 1 and 4, no. 19 Subject The topic of the resource Highways Freeways Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Construction Description An account of the resource Looking south from the west heating plant at ramp 4. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers, Inc. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 19, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/2d046a33662af918e69ed04ed30e86ba.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Ak9RfIJJolNPWb8WNG2UYmfX-IWE%7EAMraUb21RKc5dVzYOrL8KkKp3hWWW3KAUWl%7E7v5SF1GcpLpGCR%7En8hTi6seo6-TFDfaS9KsZTYH3%7EVoO9gKxySXt4nNvhevrtXaq6yR385EVBDlyyJ1CAVJY%7EgCL80WoKMn2TEZDrkZdaxy0nUuzDcxlMSZ%7EZrpCMmhKiuCfs8SLvuSEBNdyAgGBBinUW099Ay6P7bCZHwpv8Mg8RDlE8WClhWCXSIw6OX8M2lqXXLoaQIy5w9RM9RPNXIV47mWC9XfOltkEse5w0UbdCh5UOTXUpyVCApPRcZn0PJ5g%7EKMiHBH1aHp2%7Eqcxw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7806d26eb5b016c617a1d98f2e395ea2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway, ramps 1 and 4, no. 20 Subject The topic of the resource Highways Freeways Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Construction Description An account of the resource Looking east at ramp 1 and 4 and the completed detour of the northbound parkway ramp. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers, Inc. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 19, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/7c1334b8f0cf18a8d4e83c8627830bfe.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=F9HFzBU8Iop%7EIXdCl0aHsqj%7EyiVawaCzJqAy7%7EKR5gshzevOroT5vZ6mYl2YyW-vJ2EtlLQQgCIWVALqlBYkapgc6DLhNSFEKTASi%7ErFCMwk1Bgd6s1jtfSh36DGJMRMQuUghku02Y7LHxLWRisgm%7E-b4YKAMyCnnhfOP9pQdT4GTDfSvC1MF14D6Kxo2gFT6wktvLoaK2WRy1UXuRQdZv-hToaIORj-7zvpQ8%7EbwIxsgTO207aDQpsVJqA0Z39NJtXXnHwKI5rdq9WoIB%7E9cVS5q1cyzfY3ExIk-lsAulgE-ty3KtodSeYwTNK1ljqNT%7E1kqg4CQ8x8f9gpRN0p-A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e5417670247e03ba123d5d3b8260af65 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 016 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Interstate 66 Freeways Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway/Interstate 66 eastbound exits toward Whitehurst Freeway and Rock Creek Parkway and E Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 29, 1969 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/930e78936a4c83f9b08973f4e916980d.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Df%7ETVu9RK7Vtf32gbRjY6bKdGbJf5tILhyYLueGz-gXSTmqYNC-wyASjpxmi%7EtlOCPpEWprKBDOQ1eI-6npzv6PGFJbYRIs9vhQU1%7E8XiSjd0z6ch2TDc98VRb-sbvojRXZ-WUiDmizHMGAxdHoTeYpb3tIwRWZjQjXdYpoPp1dKN-6oeM75BdepfV-P2o1anqBgoIpmab%7ExZQ6juT7C8aybluAK9Ye4UQm9Xaeq3YGUhTnNF4kBKZeKKMlvHjtfW9syXxkP9exoA6qUXH-d2QhcKQvRedKOazZSxmDoyy3FHAR6THhZ4BBmSJ2uDFd2q1bFlYnlSsgZphXDRyLgHg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 0b486f153d4f1ff13bfd8832f2c1d695 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 017 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Interstate 66 Freeways Description An account of the resource Eastbound Potomac River Freeway/Interstate 66 in Washington D.C. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/36577afdc89f9a080a9a766bf246ef0f.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=IhdqWc%7EE2mNB10WH1ksog79qDBut7J8ZmYSPVLXrYd7KRYxx2dScDY6pUik8FDaa6t3ajmGrvU2GVnZrVY3ux20FKdHsCapNXeUVk9uxE4fEL1WPfB-nQ0TcdKoFXQp%7EBWTwDcKGIXFetT-j8v6kWuCwNOtGN%7EOx1an23W%7EHOo0Ga1ST5Bg9IdXrR6q87b%7E8Al5XWHDKtVvz5PrPFeV-bv5BrvmW48hs9vRZgOxcegNNmgZhycCRhNgdBfifb7PxCYhF5W57mOF%7E9P0z4zdBv2IRtIrFKwXBOHmX1Hy%7EOuA0OIfqt8bJTvsucv9JbEdU424g9ruSALB3IiubgJzm6A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8687f6507ae98a97c873282dd2998a9b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 018 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Interstate 66 Freeways Description An account of the resource Aerial view of the Potomac River Freeway/Interstate 66 entering Washington D.C.. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1960s Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/a8ae50cd584ff115fad955743e703870.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=V1In1HD0MGE3H744IutIJHGGxMF-LM7ngHDcDVDAfNKIIy9yS6wIUSIjS8Lze2%7Em%7EetXPVuwHiew3iAnU3cFGTPkWOm1vRMzP8jEl0f6tXUz%7Evn5H64Vwj1HuQY5O4pDImR0tRraS7Dr3cbJ%7EP0jOCk4f5JGrQ3B-WRg1gbvu1rYW5nXBXje%7EMptr6%7EEKmV3zzxaaDuP7HMRJqZxU6Tq6J6gR1sC%7EuotsfDqp3fCB%7EmAam%7Ep0I-UPLBjumHmYHHY7-Dg1uVpCiJZKNj2ukO5Q-PdgIW1azvdpFMA9CIJWl3TrNJFH3PzaAb-OYlhaDVVvoKs4bGqobcQMJ%7EjPQcFVA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 84e543f4a033f14593f0bc49e5bacd7e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 019 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Interstate 66 Freeways Description An account of the resource Eastbound Potomac River Freeway/Interstate 66 in Washington D.C. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 29, 1969 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/839593adae7a7073eb83aa690c144b1e.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=lJ0plp3E7L6%7ECKhc2dOgtijHN2c2GPlv9bAt5ERwfLE9vqIqjhTnsP-bkw2eXlAEc7h1KtNL7M79w%7EnOSeGuEYfMU%7E2op7lDhto7oYiL94oX5-zWZX1THfoTsUw0lwZHyy2e0nRrarKvsV-QeLRaBTSnXdA3iyh0hab2v%7ELyWeefJjxFBXyfYmYi4oMGeIpFqGiV3U9Hj7POKHKOWQnPRA%7EF7CcEQPmo3EAdGu3BJ-jKTpFl-tvYetwgdlII%7EZG%7ECaeZ8jdGvG7n82YMDMaId3w%7Elk2wYcw-uUD-v0xh2UjY0BoB60jCwT9JwvUhhcMf7sv71ej1cMEZMZ%7E%7E0ybMAw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b23fa584c6a43058e6d21c9b45c4c4bf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 020 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Interstate 66 Freeways Description An account of the resource Potomac River Freeway/Interstate 66 westbound exits toward E Street and Virginia. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 29, 1969 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/006ad8b9b42a5119d0b1a871373f357b.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=RsTPYaQswAKac-DReCLtbqeiW7MVYyaN2mo-Q586YLMtQBG8F5sUe%7EsqsN6RbHQDfBmWmBoEhr0-JtZb6Y20E5jcWIXLUu3k1fwYqv1MkZg-nYvojGL0s2bnDL9q32YFCYuyUJJzN5x5-EaNgtCMU9SftmJJS4itBCb7HUksC8JFdR0oIuCF9hWGEeJELcSWimHxBdd%7ESK-SzuOyssyJuhLKO9NkTFjVPYosd%7E9n6JpJ1RnQDwH3KqCCzOMVcpgkkw-uChEoQ09Jtudxoi93W8XF%7EygTNZs2qVORJx1JkvyOuyojvSiois0rA3odn8DF8kEhE-SN2wLFYXb4109Rfg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 899383533049bd4357b02b3b7fe12457 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 021 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Interstate 66 Freeways Description An account of the resource Aerial view of Potomac River Freeway/Interstate 66 entering Washington D.C. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 25, 1970 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/338bbb0ba51e836192e44a687ddc0fd0.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=Wvb-9IKcrb52UXsCNF4GpiYPToDTetZPjFrb%7EnZzYf40tdXVhBQn8j68IQ7OVVMD7hPgp7KBUgOvrSZHyEBRh9PzS-ycmFPEkj1MwPY068v1cq-DkM0XBJPO-js%7EM-FuZNw%7EoE6EdqS0ZAQRd5sK%7EYa-kssC%7EaGehwfZRCkrsGgE0AKZLZiKW0aQnL-OQSWqSJQitB-tRGIfE3xZIcHTn9zJ9SdPFTF127TAsuwZb4%7E4Z7Zr0ZMIv6B3CdOpR718jZo8WK0evz1VWGyIRIwxeBdxFzfbNDUQLOjZRwInLbkWtogKV8-3H5npL4sBq2N17PBwGj-gGAfA4AonVOsucQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 679c2696791e17c922985aaf108a9457 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 022 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Interstate 66 Freeways Virginia Avenue (Washington, D.C.) New Hampshire Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Aerial view of the construction of the Potomac River Freeway/Interstate 66 (West Leg of the Inner Loop) at the intersection of Virginia and New Hampshire Avenue. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 15, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/79d4ceb507575ad7c9d114b83c585931.jpg?Expires=1787788800&Signature=o4uTYGxlacHyJ%7EDNF7jO9%7EabY-a4UO-Oykp%7ELYyrTpRCpvNAY31P5ImIITK9HNWwwOUyAWUnQ146Os7-f3aKNP3cYAYJLnLmhOXSWJpYTmZ6TgN88Sg04CHbsBuDMXvu-GwA9QaOnTcFZksfoqZfbfjnP3pV-GYilCd7WCfAzy2O2hL9ZYbOBmhEgogu-GtRuvGIv6olu27SPdg6QerkKmuJJsO6NyjyzZ7dA-l8bK1OZRxZCYY358ZC90E7QDgyqlRXRRJ0MkGXMasSkBKpLeorHrwUqvYiZWypKfDKvaU2sKqYaFksJ-G6PJ8i1ylFT%7Er1HM0PoMab3OVqINaMBQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 81307a14c669fdd274bf0d203e3ce193 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway 023 Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Interstate 66 Freeways Description An account of the resource Aerial view of the construction of the Potomac River Freeway/Interstate 66 (West Leg of the Inner Loop) near the Foggy Bottom neighborhood. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 15, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DC Highways, Interstates, and Freeways Subject The topic of the resource Highways Freeways Interstate highways Description An account of the resource Photos of highways, freeways, and interstates in the District of Columbia. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource District Department of Transportation Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potomac River Freeway Completion Subject The topic of the resource Potomac River Highways Freeways Interstate 66 (Va. and Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Photographs of the Potomac River Freeway , otherwise known as Interstate 66 or the Custis Memorial Parkway. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Aerial Photography Construction Projects Construction Workers Freeways Interstate 66 Interstates Potomac River Freeway Trucks