1 10 3 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/171c305bfb7b540f89af038aad7db78d.pdf?Expires=1792022400&Signature=D2aKX9j%7EYHQyMJi8CAVhvQ31D6V3tVP-i%7Ee4OtwwvUufvrBpxs37VPwUv1avyrNZR3K7kabRlr4kQAtgiGsOSsUoLsJffGjQjOArqtdhytG3ZWQYNwhYnQkJrLWThmDgJCsLqnGjTo7%7EIZJWwoY9C1zTKhJxsEISGzxyZl7S7Yggopg4mnYkVONb9zPz4P%7EbziepiDQfQ2ZLEUYp659yKvVGTEy6KeMUWO4QmAf35BxN4UY6DTRdkJbgaovHFVTWjL23N5xJw1TyR-9fsRuKHKhmzrUPbp5ThezdE3d-K8zbJ6gRgIbmLp5CH6Ue56yx%7EzVb2xN9uvW7AVhZSMbz3w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 811d61da9da9e20d1c28bd19e24b44fc PDF Text Text GENERAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN NATIONAL C A P I l i L E ^ I l MASS TRANSPORTATION NATIONAL NATIONAL CAPITAL CAPITAL PLANNING REGIONAL SURVEY COMMISSION PLANNING COUNCIL �Prepared Under the G e n e r a l D i r e c t i o n JOHN T. of HOWARD Adams, Howard & Greeley City Planning Consultants Printed F e b r u a r y 1959 �GENERAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN for the NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION P r e p a r e d for the MASS T R A N S P O R T A T I O N S U R V E Y a s d i r e c t e d by the . National Capital Planning Commission and the National Capital Regional Planning Council ��FOREWORD T h i s r e p o r t i s p a r t of t h e c o m p r e h e n s i v e M a s s T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S u r v e y of t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n m a d e b y the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n a n d the National Capital Regional Planning Council. T h e p u r p o s e of t h e s u r v e y w a s to d e v e l o p a f u t u r e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n f o r t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a . T h i s r e p o r t d e s c r i b e s t h e l a n d u s e p l a n n i n g p h a s e of t h e s u r v e y a s p e r f o r m e d b y t h e C o m m i s s i o n a n d C o u n c i l s t a f f s , u n d e r t h e g e n e r a l d i r e c t i o n of planning consultant John T . Howard. T h i s f i r s t p h a s e of t h e s u r v e y w a s e s s e n t i a l l y c o m p l e t e d i n J a n u a r y 1 9 5 7 . T h e c o n c l u s i o n s r e a c h e d and the r e s u l t i n g s t a t i s t i c a l c o m p i l a t i o n s w e r e then m a d e a v a i l a b l e f o r s u c c e s s i v e p h a s e s of t h e s u r v e y . M i n o r r e v i s i o n s to t h e s e d a t a a n d to t h e o r i g i n a l m a p s h a v e b e e n i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t h e l a t e r s u r v e y p h a s e s . I t w a s n o t c o n s i d e r e d f e a s i b l e to r e p r o d u c e t h e m a n y c o l o r e d m a p s p r e p a r e d i n t h i s p h a s e a n d p h o t o g r a p h s of a f e w of t h e s e m a p s h a v e b e e n s u b s t i t u t e d . M r . H o w a r d a n d t h e s t a f f s of t h e C o m m i s s i o n a n d t h e C o u n c i l w i s h to m a k e k n o w n t h e i r i n d e b t e d n e s s t o t h e s t a f f s of t h e l o c a l p l a n n i n g c o m m i s s i o n s w i t h o u t w h o s e unstinting cooperation this land planning phase could never have been concluded w i t h i n the a l l o t e d t i m e . T h e i d e a s h e r e i n e x p r e s s e d a r e , h o w e v e r , s o l e l y t h o s e of t h e c o n s u l t a n t a n d t h e C o m m i s s i o n a n d C o u n c i l s t a f f s , b a s e d upon the s t a t e m e n t , " P o l i c i e s f o r a R e g i o n a l L a n d U s e P l a n f o r the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n " , a d o p t e d b y the P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n a n d R e g i o n a l P l a n n i n g C o u n c i l on N o v e m b e r 8, 1 9 5 6 . ��CONTENTS Page I. II. III. P u r p o s e and Scope A. G e n e r a l S t a t e m e n t on T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study B. C o n c e p t s G u i d i n g the M e t r o p o l i t a n P l a n 1. T h e S e a t of G o v e r n m e n t 2. P r o v i s i o n for Population 3. P r o v i s i o n for E m p l o y m e n t 4. P r o v i s i o n for A c c e s s i b i l i t y 5. P r o v i s i o n for Open Space B a s i c Studies A. Historical Background B. Economic Base C. Population D. Regional F a c t o r s Affecting Development E. Land Use The General Development P l a n A. General Land Use B. C e n t e r s of F e d e r a l E m p l o y m e n t C. Business Land Use D. Industrial Land Use E. Other Economic Activity F. R e s i d e n t i a l D e v e l o p m e n t and L a n d U s e G. Open L a n d Use H. C i r c u l a t i o n I m p l i c a t i o n s of t h e P l a n v 1 2 2 3 4 4 4 5 12 1 4 22 24 25 27 29 29 31 33 �TABLES Table Number Page 1 P r o j e c t e d L e v e l s of E m p l o y m e n t , "Independent S e c t o r s " 2 I n t e r - S e c t o r a l A n a l y s i s of N C R E c o n o m y , 3 Demographic-Analysis Population Projections, 4 N C R Population and E m p l o y m e n t by County, 5 N C R P r o j e c t i o n s of F e d e r a l E m p l o y m e n t , 1 9 6 5 , 1 9 8 0 6 N C R P r o j e c t i o n s of C o m m e r c i a l E m p l o y m e n t , 7 N C R P r o j e c t i o n s of I n d u s t r i a l E m p l o y m e n t , 8 N C R P r o j e c t i o n s of T o t a l E m p l o y m e n t , 9 N C R P r o j e c t i o n s of P o p u l a t i o n D i s t r i b u t i o n , 1 9 6 5 , 1 9 5 5 - 1980 8 N C R , 1965, 1 9 8 0 . . . 1955 1965, 10 16 1965, 1965, 7 25 1980 1980 1980 27 28 29 1980 31 MAPS Map Number Page 1 Regional Factors 13 2 G e n e r a l L a n d U s e - 1955 15 3 Federal Employment Centers 17 4 M a j o r E m p l o y m e n t C e n t e r s - 1980 5 1980 P o p u l a t i o n S p o t M a p 20 6 P r e l i m i n a r y L a n d U s e 1980 23 vi * 18 �National Capital Region GENERAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN REPORT I P U R P O S E AND S C O P E A. G e n e r a l S t a t e m e n t o n T r a n s p o r t a t i o n StudyT r a n s p o r t a t i o n i s the l i f e - b l o o d of a c i t y ; t h i s i s a s t r u e a s i t i s t r i t e . C o n g e s t i o n a n d o t h e r i n t e r f e r e n c e s w i t h t h e f r e e m o v e m e n t of p e o p l e a n d of g o o d s a r e c r i t i c a l p r o b l e m s f o r a l l of t h e g r e a t c i t i e s o f A m e r i c a ; w e s u f f e r u n t o l d c o s t s i n d e l a y , i n i n c o n v e n i e n c e a n d f r u s t r a t i o n , e v e n i n d i r e c t d a m a g e to p r o p e r t y a n d t o l i f e a n d l i m b . W e h a v e n o t y e t b e e n a b l e to s o l v e t h e c o n f l i c t s g e n e r a t e d b e t w e e n t h e o l d c i t y f o r m s i n h e r i t e d f r o m t h e p a s t , t h e n e w t e c h n o l o g i e s of a u t o a n d a i r t r a n s p o r t , a n d the e x p l o s i v e g r o w t h of o u r m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s b o t h i n p o p u l a t i o n a n d i n l a n d a r e a devoted to u r b a n u s e s . The Washington Metropolitan a r e a suffers f r o m a l lthese transportation probl e m s . I t h a s g r o w n i n r e c e n t y e a r s a t a r a t e m u c h h i g h e r even than the n a t i o n a l a v e r a g e f o r m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s . I t s p l a c e s of e m p l o y m e n t a r e m o r e c o n c e n t r a t e d than i s u s u a l . I t s people m u s t t r a v e l f a r g r e a t e r d i s t a n c e s , to w o r k a n d f o r other p u r p o s e s , t h a n t h e y d i d o n l y a f e w y e a r s a g o . P a t t e r n s of t r a v e l h a v e s h i f t e d s h a r p l y a w a y f r o m t h e u s e o f t r a n s i t to t h e u s e of a u t o m o b i l e s . T h e s p a c i o u s s t r e e t s y s t e m l a i d o u t f o r a n e a r l i e r g e n e r a t i o n i s c l o g g e d f o r m a n y h o u r s of t h e d a y ; p a r k i n g a r e a s a r e inadequate to m e e t the d e m a n d . T h e c o n s e q u e n c e s of t h e s e i l l s h a v e b e e n w i d e s p r e a d ; m u c h m o r e i s i n v o l v e d t h a n i n c o n v e n i e n c e a n d e x p e n s e to c o m m u t e r s a n d s h o p p e r s . T h e e c o n o m i c h e a l t h of t h e c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t i s e n d a n g e r e d . T h e s o u n d g r o w t h of o t h e r e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t i e s i s i m p a i r e d . Most s i g n i f i c a n t l y for the Nation's C a p i t a l , Washington's f u n c t i o n a s t h e S e a t of G o v e r n m e n t h a s s u f f e r e d , n o t o n l y f r o m t h e p o i n t of v i e w of t h e e f f i c i e n t o p e r a t i o n of t h e F e d e r a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t , b u t a l s o f r o m t h e a s p e c t of t h e d i g n i t y a n d b e a u t y of t h e s e t t i n g o f d e m o c r a c y ' s l e a d i n g c a p i t a l . I n 1 9 5 5 t h e C o n g r e s s r e c o g n i z e d t h e a c u t e n e s s of t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p r o b l e m s of t h i s m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a , a n d a p p r o p r i a t e d f u n d s f o r a s p e c i a l s t u d y t o b e u n d e r t a k e n b y the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n a n d the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n a l P l a n n i n g C o u n c i l , i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h the other public a g e n c i e s m o s t c o n c e r n e d i n the D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a a n d i n M a r y l a n d a n d V i r g i n i a . T h i s s t u d y h a s a p p r o a c h e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a s a n i n t e g r a l e l e m e n t of t h e w h o l e f a b r i c o f u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t , r e c o g n i z i n g t h e i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e l a n d u s e s of t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a - - t h e l o c a t i o n s w h e r e people l i v e , w o r k , shop, a n d engage i n other a c t i v i t i e s of l i f e - - a n d the f a c i l i t i e s a n d r o u t e s of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . T h i s f i r s t r e p o r t g r o w i n g o u t of t h e s t u d y d e a l s w i t h t h e b a c k g r o u n d f o r a n a l y s i s a n d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s o n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i t s e l f ( s y s t e m s of h i g h w a y s a n d t r a n s i t , a n d m e t h o d s of d e v e l o p i n g a n d a d m i n i s t e r i n g s u c h s y s t e m s ) . H e r e p r e s e n t e d i s a l o n g r a n g e p l a n f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a , i n c l u d i n g f u t u r e u s e s o f l a n d , a n d t h e f u t u r e q u a n t i t y a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n of p o p u l a t i o n a n d e m p l o y m e n t . T h e s e a r e t h e f a c t o r s t h a t w i l l s e t t h e d i m e n s i o n s of t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p r o b l e m o f t h e f u t u r e . P r e s e n t e d a l s o a r e the b a s i c s t u d i e s t h a t h a v e l e d up to t h i s p l a n : t h e a n a l y s i s a n d p r o j e c t i o n o f t r e n d s of e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y ; t h e f o r e c a s t s o f f u t u r e p o p u l a t i o n ; t h e s t u d y of p r e s e n t p a t t e r n s o f l a n d u s e a n d t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h i p s t o p r e s e n t p a t t e r n s of m o v e m e n t of p e o p l e ; a n d t h e a n a l y s i s of g e o g r a p h i c , g e o l o g i c , a n d o t h e r f e a t u r e s o f the m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a t h a t w i l l i n f l u e n c e a n d shape i t s f u t u r e g r o w t h . -1- �B. C o n c e p t s G u i d i n g the M e t r o p o l i t a n Plan The metropolitan development plan here presented i s general i n nature, p r o v i d i n g no m o r e t h a n t h e m i n i m u m f r a m e w o r k f o r t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n a l y s i s i t w a s p r e p a r e d to s u p p o r t . T h e r e s o u r c e s of t i m e a n d f u n d s a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e g e n e r a l planning studies have imposed this l i m i t a t i o n . Inherent in this presentation, t h e r e f o r e , i s the f a c t t h a t t h i s p l a n , though c o m p r e h e n s i v e , i s p r e l i m i n a r y r a t h e r t h a n f i n a l . I t g o e s one s t e p b e y o n d t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a p r o p o s a l s of t h e 1950 p l a n , not o n l y i n h a v i n g t h e a d v a n t a g e of m o r e r e c e n t d a t a , b u t a l s o i n s t u d y i n g the p l a n n i n g p r o b l e m s at a m o r e p a r t i c u l a r i z e d l e v e l . It i s v i s u a l i z e d , h o w e v e r , a s being only one m o r e of a n u m b e r of s t e p s , m o s t of w h i c h s t i l l l i e a h e a d , t o w a r d a m e t r o p o l i t a n p l a n so g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t e d a s s o u n d a n d w i s e t h a t a l l i m p o r t a n t d e v e l o p m e n t a l d e c i sions w i l l follow its guidance. T h e c o n t r o l l i n g c o n c e p t b e h i n d the p l a n i s t h a t i t i s n o t a d e s i g n f o r a s i n g l e f i x e d p o i n t i n the f u t u r e , w h i c h w i l l be " c o m p l e t e d " b y t h a t t a r g e t d a t e , a f t e r w h i c h a l l c h a n g e a n d g r o w t h w i l l c e a s e . I t i s , r a t h e r , v i e w e d a s a s e r i e s of g u i d e s w h i c h w i l l c o n t i n u i n g l y i n f l u e n c e t h e l o c a t i o n a n d c h a r a c t e r of d e v e l o p m e n t t h r o u g h the f u t u r e . T h e p l a n i t s e l f i s a c h a n g i n g t h i n g , a n d w i l l h a v e to be r e v i s e d m a n y t i m e s a s u n f o r e seen changes in technology and i n human standards e m e r g e . The plan i s t h e r e f o r e p r e s e n t e d h e r e i n two p h a s e s , e a c h r e p r e s e n t i n g a s i g n i f i c a n t p e r i o d f r o m t h e p o i n t of v i e w of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n d e v e l o p m e n t . T h e f i r s t s t a g e i s 1 9 6 5 , w h i c h s h o u l d b e d e s c r i p t i v e of t h e c o n d i t i o n of the m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a a b o u t t h e t i m e t h a t the f i r s t s t a g e w o u l d be c o m p l e t e d of a n y c o m p r e h e n s i v e h i g h w a y a n d t r a n s i t s y s t e m p l a n t h a t m a y r e s u l t f r o m o t h e r p a r t s of the o v e r - a l l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s t u d y . T h e g r o w t h a n d c h a n g e p r o j e c t e d to 1965 i s l a r g e l y a m a t t e r of p r e d i c t i o n , f o r m o s t of t h e f a c t o r s t h a t w i l l c o n t r o l t h i s d e c a d e of d e v e l o p m e n t a r e a l r e a d y i n b e i n g : h i g h w a y s and utility l i n e s built or c o m m i t t e d , subdivisions approved, zoning policies in f o r c e , e m p l o y m e n t c e n t e r s i n b e i n g o r c o m m i t t e d . T h e " p l a n " f o r 1965 c a n t h e r e f o r e be c o m p a r a t i v e l y d e t a i l e d and p r e c i s e . T h e s e c o n d s t a g e of t h e p l a n i s 1 9 8 0 . T h i s i s f a r e n o u g h i n t h e f u t u r e to i n v o l v e t h e e l e m e n t of c h o i c e , w h i c h i s a n e s s e n t i a l of p u r p o s e f u l p l a n n i n g . T h e p r o j e c t i o n s a n d f o r e c a s t s a r e i m p o r t a n t , not a s c o n t r o l s , b u t r a t h e r to s e t t h e l i m i t s w i t h i n w h i c h c h o i c e s c a n be m a d e . D e l i b e r a t e a d o p t i o n of c o o r d i n a t e d p o l i c i e s w i l l r e s u l t i n c o o r d i n a t e d d e c i s i o n s b y t h o s e i n a u t h o r i t y i n m a t t e r s of z o n i n g , s u b d i v i s i o n , u t i l i t y e x t e n s i o n and the l i k e , w h i c h h a v e c o n t r o l l i n g i n f l u e n c e upon l a n d u s e , p o p u l a t i o n , a n d e m p l o y m e n t a n d t h u s g i v e p o w e r f u l e f f e c t to t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n p l a n . B y 1 9 8 0 , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n s a n d p r o j e c t s i n i t i a t e d now w i l l t h e m s e l v e s h a v e b e e n c o m p l e t e d , and w i l l h a v e e x e r t e d v e r y s t r o n g i n f l u e n c e upon d e v e l o p m e n t a f t e r 1965; t h e y m u s t t h e r e f o r e b e r e g a r d e d not o n l y a s i n t e g r a l e l e m e n t s of the 1980 p l a n , b u t a l s o a s i n s t r u m e n t s w h i c h c a n b e d e l i b e r a t e l y e m p l o y e d to b r i n g i n t o b e i n g a d e s i r e d p a t t e r n of l a n d u s e a n d p o p u l a t i o n b y 1 9 8 0 . T h e 1980 p l a n , t h e r e f o r e , r e f l e c t s t h e a d o p t i o n of a s e r i e s of p o l i c i e s a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o b j e c t i v e s , e a c h of w h i c h e m b o d i e s i n p a r t a c o n s c i o u s c h o i c e a m o n g a r a n g e of p o s s i b l e a n d r e a l i z a b l e a l t e r n a t i v e s . S o m e of t h e s e a r e c o n c e p t s u n i v e r s a l to c u r r e n t good s t a n d a r d s of c i t y p l a n n i n g ; o t h e r s a r e p e c u l i a r to t h e u n i q u e f e a t u r e s of t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n . T h e y a r e s u m m a r i z e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g p a r a g r a p h s . 1. T h e S e a t of Government T h e p r i m e o b j e c t i v e of a p l a n f o r t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n m u s t b e to p r o v i d e f o r t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t . T h i s i s the R e g i o n ' s r e a s o n f o r b e i n g : the s e a t of g o v e r n m e n t of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , t h e p l a c e of b u s i n e s s of t h e n a t i o n a l l e g i s l a t u r e a n d t h e c h i e f e x e c u t i v e , a n d t h e n e r v e c e n t e r of g o v e r n m e n t a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . A n o b v i o u s c r i t e r i o n i s t h e h o u s i n g of t h e s e g o v e r n m e n t a l a c t i v i t i e s on -2- �s i t e s , a n d i n r e l a t i o n to e a c h o t h e r , i n s u c h a w a y a s to m a x i m i z e the e f f i c i e n c y of a l l t h e i r o p e r a t i o n s . E f f i c i e n c y r e q u i r e s i n t e r a c c e s s i b i l i t y among k e y people and key a g e n c i e s ; but our national g o v e r n m e n t has become exceedingly c o m p l e x , and i t s p e r s o n n e l v e r y n u m e r o u s . R e c o g n i z i n g t h a t t h e r e m u s t be a p r a c t i c a l l i m i t to t h e n u m b e r of k e y p e o p l e to w h o m i n t e r a c c e s s i b i l i t y c a n be p r o v i d e d , a c o r r o l l a r y c r i t e r i o n i s that the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n , o r at l e a s t i t s c o r e , should house only those p a r t s of the n a t i o n a l g o v e r n m e n t a m o n g w h i c h f r e q u e n t f a c e - t o - f a c e c o n t a c t s a r e e s s e n t i a l ; c o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o u l d be g i v e n to l o c a t i n g o r r e l o c a t i n g o t h e r s s o m e w h e r e else. T h e " s e a t of g o v e r n m e n t " h a s a n o t h e r f u n c t i o n , b e y o n d m e r e f u n c t i o n i n g . I t i s a s y m b o l , of t h e a b i l i t y of f r e e m e n to g o v e r n t h e m s e l v e s . I n t h e l a n g u a g e of t h e 1950 r e p o r t on t h e C o m p r e h e n s i v e P l a n , " t h e m o n u m e n t s (of n a t i o n a l s i g n i f i c a n c e ) h a v e a t r u e a n d l e a d i n g p l a c e , to i n s p i r e t h e c i t i z e n a n d v i s i t o r w i t h t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l ' s f u n c t i o n a s t h e s e t t i n g f o r t h e s p i r i t a s w e l l a s t h e o p e r a t i o n of d e m o c r a c y " . T h e s e c o n d p l a n n i n g o b j e c t i v e , t h e n , i s to m a i n t a i n a n d e n h a n c e the p h y s i c a l a p p e a r a n c e of t h e r e g i o n , a n d e s p e c i a l l y i t s c o r e , to p r e s e r v e a n d i n d e e d i m p r o v e the a m e n i t y a n d d i g n i t y e s s e n t i a l to a w o r t h y n a t i o n a l s y m b o l . T h e s e t w o o b j e c t i v e s c a r r y w i t h t h e m a t h i r d . T h e r e a r e m a n y k i n d s of e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t i e s t h a t a r e d r a w n to a n y l a r g e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a b y t h e s h e e r m a g n e t i s m of i t s p o p u l a t i o n m a s s . S o m e of t h e s e a r e e s s e n t i a l to the h e a l t h a n d c o m f o r t of t h e p o p u l a t i o n ; o t h e r s m a y be a l m o s t a s u s e f u l l y c a r r i e d on e l s e w h e r e . A s the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n g r o w s , i t too w i l l s e r v e a s s u c h a m a g n e t . A n o b j e c t i v e of t h i s p l a n m u s t b e to e n c o u r a g e a n d to a c c o m m o d a t e t h o s e c o m m e r c i a l a n d i n d u s t r i a l a c t i v i t i e s n e c e s s a r y to t h e e c o n o m i c h e a l t h of the a r e a , a l w a y s s e e k i n g l o c a t i o n s f o r t h o s e a c t i v i t i e s w h i c h w i l l p e r m i t t h e i r o p t i m u m f u n c t i o n i n g , w h i l e a t the s a m e t i m e m a i n t a i n i n g t h e i n t e g r i t y of p l a n n i n g o b j e c t i v e n u m b e r o n e : t h e e n h a n c e m e n t of t h e F e d e r a l o p e r a t i o n . H o w e v e r , g r o w t h , e i t h e r i n p o p u l a t i o n o r e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y , c a n n o t be a c c e p t e d a s a g o o d i n i t s e l f , b u t o n l y a s i t c o n t r i b u t e s to t h e r e g i o n ' s e s s e n t i a l f u n c t i o n a n d to t h e w e l l b e i n g of i t s e s s e n t i a l p o p u l a t i o n . 2. P r o v i s i o n for Population T h e s e c o n d s i g n i f i c a n t f u n c t i o n of t h e r e g i o n i s to s h e l t e r i t s i n h a b i t a n t s , a f u n c t i o n s h a r e d b y e v e r y m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a . I t s h o u l d be a p l a n n i n g p o l i c y to m a k e t h e r e s i d e n t i a l p a r t s of t h e r e g i o n p l a c e s f o r good l i v i n g - - n o t m e r e l y h e a l t h f u l , b u t c o n v e n i e n t a n d p l e a s a n t . T h e g o a l of o u r A m e r i c a n s o c i e t y i s t h e f u l f i l l m e n t of t h e g r o w t h c a p a c i t i e s a n d p o t e n t i a l s of e a c h i n d i v i d u a l w i t h i n i t , a n d a s a f e a t u r e of t h a t g o a l to p r o v i d e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r a r a n g e of c h o i c e to m a t c h t h e r a n g e of k i n d s of i n d i v i d u a l s . O u r c a p i t a l c i t y s h o u l d e x p r e s s t h i s g o a l i n i t s p l a n n i n g , n o t o n l y to t h e extent that e v e r y c i t y s h o u l d , but e v e n m o r e . T h i s m e a n s r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s t h a t a r e v a r i e d , o f f e r i n g h o u s i n g t y p e s to m e e t t h e n e e d s of a l l o u r k i n d s of f a m i l y a n d a l l o u r i n c o m e g r o u p s , f r o m t h e s i n g l e w o r k e r a n d y o u n g w o r k i n g c o u p l e to t h e m a n y - c h i l d e d a n d t h e r e t i r e d . I t m e a n s s c h o o l s a n d l o c a l i n s t i t u t i o n s t h a t m e e t s t a n d a r d s of s i t e s i z e a n d n e i g h b o r h o o d location. It m e a n s shopping, c o n s u m e r s e r v i c e s , and entertainment that a r e conv e n i e n t a n d v a r i e d , a c c e s s i b l e b u t not i n t r u s i v e . I t m e a n s f a c i l i t i e s f o r c u l t u r e a n d education and r e l i g i o n , housed and sited with dignity. L a s t l y , this policy means opportunities a n d r e g i o n a l - - t h e p l a y g r o u n d , a n d the q u i e t p l a y e r s and for w a t c h e r s ; the p i c n i c p l a c e , p l a c e s ; the w o o d s a n d s t r e a m s , the n a t u r a l T h e r e s h o u l d be e n o u g h of a l l of t h e s e , a n d -3- f o r r e c r e a t i o n , of a l l k i n d s , b o t h l o c a l l i t t l e p a r k ; the a t h l e t i c g r o u n d s , f o r the boating and r i d i n g a n d s w i m m i n g r e s e r v a t i o n b i g e n o u g h to get l o s t i n . s o p l a c e d t h a t e v e r y b o d y c a n get a t t h e m . �T h e s e c r i t e r i a a r e no m o r e t h a n t h e a c c e p t e d p o l i c i e s f o r t h e p l a n n i n g of r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s a n d s e r v i c e s t h a t h a v e b e e n c r y s t a l l i z e d d u r i n g the l a s t g e n e r a t i o n . A c h i e v i n g t h e s e g o a l s i s m o r e t h e c o n c e r n of l o c a l a c t i o n t h a n r e g i o n a l p l a n n i n g . B u t t h e y c a n b e s t be a c h i e v e d w i t h i n t h e f r a m e w o r k p r o v i d e d b y the a c c e p t a n c e of r e g i o n a l p l a n s for t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , u t i l i t i e s , open space and the l i k e . 3. P r o v i s i o n for Employment A t h i r d f u n c t i o n of t h e r e g i o n i s a s a w o r k - p l a c e . T h o u g h t h e F e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t i s a n d w i l l be t h e p r i m e e m p l o y e r , t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e p o p u l a t i o n i s a n d w i l l be s u p p o r t e d b y o t h e r e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t i e s - - m o s t of t h e m s e r v i n g t h e g o v e r n m e n t - e m p l o y e d o r l o c a t e d i n W a s h i n g t o n b e c a u s e t h e g o v e r n m e n t i s h e r e ; o t h e r s i n d e p e n d e n t of g o v e r n m e n t a n d l o c a t e d b y a n o t h e r r e g i o n a l o r i e n t a t i o n . I t m u s t b e a p l a n n i n g p o l i c y to f o s t e r t h e p r o s p e r i t y of a p p r o p r i a t e e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t i e s , b y a s s u r i n g s u f f i c i e n t s p a c e f o r e f f i c i e n t o p e r a t i o n , i n l o c a t i o n s a c c e s s i b l e to l a b o r s u p p l y , m a r k e t s , a n d t h e o t h e r e s s e n t i a l f a c t o r s . T h i s m e a n s a t t e n t i o n to t h e d i f f e r i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s of d i f f e r e n t k i n d s of r e t a i l b u s i n e s s c e n t e r s ; a n d to the r e q u i r e m e n t s of a d m i n i s t r a t i v e o f f i c e s , p r o f e s s i o n a l s e r v i c e s , and the m a n i f o l d o p e r a t i o n s i n v o l v e d i n the p r o c e s s i n g , s h i p p i n g , a n d s t o r a g e of g o o d s of m a n y k i n d s , f o r l o c a l a n d n o n - l o c a l m a r k e t s . 4. P r o v i s i o n for A c c e s s i b i l i t y A s e c o n d a r y o b j e c t i v e , e s s e n t i a l to t h e a c h i e v e m e n t of t h e f i r s t t h r e e , i s to p r o v i d e a m a x i m u m of a c c e s s i b i l i t y a m o n g a l l t h e p a r t s of the r e g i o n t h a t n e e d to be closely related. T h e s t u d y h a s a c c e p t e d t h e p r e c e p t s s e t f o r t h i n t h e 1950 r e p o r t on t h e C o m p r e h e n s i v e P l a n f o r the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l and I t s E n v i r o n s , w h i c h i d e n t i f i e d the f o l l o w i n g t h r e e l i n e s of a t t a c k u p o n t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p r o b l e m : " M o s t b a s i c : c u t d o w n on t h e a m o u n t of t r a v e l n e e d e d , b y g e t t i n g h o m e a n d w o r k c l o s e r t o g e t h e r . . . S e c o n d , a n d c h e a p e s t , but p o s s i b l e only a s the t h i r d step i s u n d e r t a k e n : M a k e public t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s o q u i c k a n d c o n v e n i e n t t h a t m o r e p e o p l e w i l l u s e i t to go to w o r k a n d f e w e r w i l l d r i v e . T h i r d , a n d m o s t c o s t l y , b u t a l s o n e c e s s a r y i n s p i t e of w h a t c a n be done t h r o u g h t h e f i r s t a n d s e c o n d : C r e a t e a s y s t e m of c o l l e c t o r a n d d i s t r i b u t o r r o a d s , b o t h r a d i a l and c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l i n f u n c t i o n , that w i l l r e d i s t r i b u t e t r a f f i c t h r o u g h the r e g i o n a n d d i m i n i s h the v o l u m e d e m a n d w i t h i n the c e n t r a l a r e a . " 5. P r o v i s i o n for Open Space A n o t h e r s e c o n d a r y o b j e c t i v e k e y e d to t h e f i r s t t h r e e i s t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n of s p a c e w i t h i n t h e r e g i o n , a n d a c c e s s i b l e to a l l of i t s p e o p l e . T h e p u r p o s e i s not m e r e l y r e c r e a t i o n , t h o u g h t h i s b y i t s e l f w o u l d be e n o u g h i n v i e w of t h e i n c r e a s i n g l y u r b a n c h a r a c t e r of U . S . p o p u l a t i o n a n d t h e p r o s p e c t i v e i n c r e a s e s i n l e i s u r e t i m e a n d s t a n d a r d of l i v i n g . A n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t p u r p o s e i s t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n of f l e x i b i l i t y i n m a n y k i n d s of f u t u r e d e v e l o p m e n t a l d e c i s i o n , b y m a k i n g s u r e t h a t t h e e m p t y l a n d i s n o t a l l a t the o u t e r e d g e of a t i g h t l y b u i l t - u p c i r c l e m a n y m i l e s i n r a d i u s . A t h i r d i s the s a v i n g of i r r e p l a c e a b l e r e s o u r c e s of s c e n i c o r h i s t o r i c v a l u e , a n d of v a l u a b l e r e s o u r c e s of a g r i c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t y . Y e t a f o u r t h i s t h e s e p a r a t i o n of c l u s t e r s of d e v e l o p m e n t f r o m e a c h o t h e r , i n s u c h a w a y a s to e n c o u r a g e t h e e v o l u t i o n of s o c i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n c o m m u n i t i e s of s m a l l e n o u g h s c a l e to f u n c t i o n a s d e m o c r a t i c e n t i t i e s . T h e s e a r e the k e y o b j e c t i v e s and c o n c e p t s b e h i n d the r e g i o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t p l a n h e r e p r e s e n t e d . F u r t h e r s t a n d a r d s and p o l i c i e s h a v e e m e r g e d f r o m the b a s i c s t u d i e s d e s c r i b e d i n the f o l l o w i n g C h a p t e r I I . T h e p l a n i t s e l f , and the w a y s i n w h i c h i t s e e k s to f u l f i l l t h e o b j e c t i v e s , i s p r e s e n t e d i n C h a p t e r I I I . -4- �n BASIC STUDIES A. Historical Background T h e h i s t o r y of t h e g r o w t h a n d d e v e l o p m e n t of t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d f u l l y i n t h e 1950 r e p o r t on t h e C o m p r e h e n s i v e P l a n a n d i n e a r l i e r r e p o r t s . I t w i l l n o t b e r e p e a t e d h e r e i n d e t a i l . I n b r i e f , i t i s t h e s t o r y of the e m e r g e n c e of t h e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t i n t o a r o l e of i n c r e a s i n g n a t i o n a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l s i g n i f i c a n c e , i m p e l l e d by s o c i a l , e c o n o m i c , and p o l i t i c a l developments both n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l i n c h a r a c t e r . T h e e v i d e n c e s of t h i s e v o l u t i o n a r e b e s t d e s c r i b e d b y m a t e r i a l a p p e a r i n g e l s e w h e r e i n t h i s r e p o r t : t h e t r e n d s of i n c r e a s e i n F e d e r a l c i v i l i a n a n d m i l i t a r y e m p l o y m e n t , t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g g r o w t h of m e t r o p o l i t a n p o p u l a t i o n , a n d t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l e x t e n s i o n of t h e " c i t y " o v e r a l a r g e r a n d l a r g e r u r b a n i z e d l a n d a r e a . T h e c o n s e q u e n c e s a r e m o m e n t o u s , a n d a r e o n l y b e g i n n i n g to be r e a l i z e d . T h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a f o c u s s e d upon W a s h i n g t o n - - t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n - h a s b e c o m e one of t h e m a j o r c i t i e s of t h e c o u n t r y , r a n k i n g i n p o p u l a t i o n a m o n g t h e f i r s t t e n . T h e r a p i d i t y of i t s r e c e n t g r o w t h h a s c o m p o u n d e d t h e p r o b l e m s of b i g n e s s , w i t h t h e n o r m a l l y h e a l t h y f o r c e s of e c o n o m i c e x p a n s i o n a n d l a n d d e v e l o p m e n t r u n n i n g r i o t , c o n f l i c t i n g h e l t e r - s k e l t e r , a n d o u t - s t r i p p i n g t h e a b i l i t y of the s l o w e r - m o v i n g f o r c e s of g o v e r n m e n t to g u i d e t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d to p r o v i d e i t w i t h e s s e n t i a l s e r v i c e s a n d f a c i l i t i e s - - e s p e c i a l l y f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . T h e n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s of r a w l a n d and w a t e r supply a r e being s t r a i n e d . The countryside i s undergoing changes w h i c h , t h o u g h i n d i v i d u a l l y a n d m o m e n t a r i l y p r o f i t a b l e , a r e i n m a n y c a s e s c o n t r a r y to the l o n g - t e r m i n t e r e s t s of t h e l a r g e r c o m m u n i t y . P e r h a p s of t h e g r e a t e s t s i g n i f i c a n c e , the g e o g r a p h i c a l e x p a n s i o n of t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a h a s p l a c e d m a j o r p a r t s of t h i s e c o n o m i c , s o c i a l , a n d p h y s i c a l u n i t u n d e r t h e j u r i s d i c t i o n of t h r e e j e a l o u s l y i n d e p e n d e n t " s o v e r e i g n " g o v e r n m e n t s : t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a a n d t h e S t a t e s of M a r y l a n d a n d V i r g i n i a . G e n u i n e p o l i t i c a l u n i t y f o r t h e National C a p i t a l Region i s , p r a c t i c a l l y , i m p o s s i b l e . T h i s poses a problem and a c h a l l e n g e s h a r e d b y o n l y a h a n d f u l of t h e c o u n t r y ' s b i g g e s t m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s . T h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n a l P l a n n i n g C o u n c i l i n 1952 i s a p i o n e e r i n g e f f o r t to m e e t t h i s p r o b l e m , a s i s t h e u n d e r t a k i n g of t h i s c o l l a b o r a t i v e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s t u d y . P a r a l l e l i n g t h o s e g o v e r n m e n t a l e f f o r t s i s t h e e m e r g e n c e of a g r o w i n g s e n s e of m e t r o p o l i t a n c o m m u n i t y , a m o n g t h e b u s i n e s s a n d c i v i c i n t e r e s t s of t h e r e g i o n . T h e c h a l l e n g e i s t w o - f o l d ; f i r s t , to d e v e l o p a r e g i o n a l p l a n w h i c h g e n u i n e l y r e f l e c t s t h e w e l f a r e a n d o b j e c t i v e s of e a c h of the i n d e p e n d e n t p a r t s a s w e l l a s of t h e r e g i o n a s a w h o l e ; a n d s e c o n d , to i m p l e m e n t t h a t p l a n i n a w a y t h a t r e c o n c i l e s t h e s o v e r e i g n t y of e a c h p a r t a n d s u b m e r g e s m i n o r p a r t s of c o n f l i c t i n a c o m m o n effort for a c h i e v e m e n t . A m a j o r p u r p o s e of t h e b a s i c s t u d i e s d e s c r i b e d b e l o w i s to i d e n t i f y the g r o u n d s u p o n w h i c h c a n be f i r m l y b a s e d a r e a l i z a t i o n of j o i n t i n t e r e s t s a n d a n i n c e n t i v e f o r such a common effort. B. Economic Base T h e m o s t c o m p e l l i n g c o m m o n i n t e r e s t s h a r e d b y a l l t h e p a r t s of t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n i s t h e e c o n o m i c b a s e : t h e i n t e r - r e l a t e d s e r i e s of e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t i e s w h i c h s u p p o r t t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n p o p u l a t i o n . T h e f u t u r e t r e n d s of e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t , t h o u g h to s o m e e x t e n t c a p a b l e of i n f l u e n c e b y p u b l i c r e g i o n a l p l a n n i n g p o l i c i e s , a r e t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s of d y n a m i c f o r c e s l a r g e l y ( a n d p r o p e r l y ) i n d e p e n d e n t of g o v ernmental control. -5- �T o s e e k a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g of t h e s e f o r c e s , a n d of t h e e f f e c t s t h e y a r e l i k e l y to h a v e b o t h u p o n t h e t r e n d s of p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h a n d u p o n t h e l a n d - d e v e l o p m e n t r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d p r o s p e c t s t h r o u g h o u t the r e g i o n , a s p e c i a l study w a s u n d e r t a k e n . T h i s s t u d y * p r o v i d e s a c u r s o r y b u t c o m p r e h e n s i v e o v e r - v i e w of t h e t r e n d s of t h e m a j o r c o m p o n e n t s of t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n e c o n o m i c f a b r i c . T h o u g h d e e p e r r e s e a r c h on t h e c o m p o n e n t s of t h e e c o n o m i c b a s e i s not o n l y d e s i r a b l e b u t n e c e s s a r y a s a g u i d e to r e g i o n a l a n d l o c a l d e t a i l e d p l a n n i n g a n d d e v e l o p m e n t a l d e c i s i o n s , t h i s s t u d y i s b e l i e v e d to p r o v i d e a n a d e q u a t e g e n e r a l f o u n d a t i o n f o r t h e l e v e l of r e g i o n a l p l a n n i n g undertaken at this t i m e . T h e c o n c e p t u n d e r l y i n g t h e s t u d y i s t h e s e p a r a t i o n a n d i n d i v i d u a l a n a l y s i s of t h e " i n d e p e n d e n t " s e c t o r s of t h e e c o n o m y a n d t h e " s u p p o r t i n g " s e c t o r s . T h e i n d e p e n d e n t s e c t o r s a r e t h o s e k i n d s of e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t i e s p r e s e n t i n t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n b e c a u s e of i t s u n i q u e c h a r a c t e r a s t h e l o c u s of t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l . T h e s u p p o r t i n g s e c t o r s r e p r e s e n t e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y d r a w n h e r e b y t h e p r e s e n c e of the i n d e p e n d e n t s e c t o r s , and the population and p u r c h a s i n g p o w e r w h i c h they g e n e r a t e . T h e m e a s u r e of e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y u s e d i s b a s i c a l l y e m p l o y m e n t , a s the f a c t o r m o s t d i r e c t l y t r a n s l a t e d into population and into l a n d - a r e a r e q u i r e m e n t s for r e s i d e n c e , c o m m e r c e , i n d u s t r y , a n d t h e l i k e . D i f f e r e n t i a l l e v e l s of f a m i l y i n c o m e , a n d l e v e l s of p u r c h a s i n g b y f i r m s a n d e s t a b l i s h m e n t s a s w e l l a s b y f a m i l i e s , w e r e of c o u r s e t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t i n e v a l u a t i n g t h e i n t e r - a c t i o n s of c h a n g e s i n e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y a s e x p r e s s e d i n t e r m s of e m p l o y m e n t . B a s i c to a n y p r o g n o s i s f o r a s i n g l e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a a r e a s e r i e s of a s s u m p t i o n s a s to t h e t r e n d s of t h e n a t i o n a l e c o n o m y ; e s p e c i a l l y r e l e v a n t to W a s h i n g t o n a r e a l s o c e r t a i n k e y a s s u m p t i o n s a s to i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r e n d s . T h o s e a d o p t e d f o r t h i s s t u d y , not a s p r e d i c t i o n s , but a s the m o s t r e a s o n a b l e a s s u m p t i o n s a m o n g a v e r y w i d e p o s sible range in a situation where a sure prediction is flatly impossible, are s u m m a r ized as follows: 1. C o n t i n u a n c e of t h e p a t t e r n of U . S . e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t f o r e c a s t b y t h e 1954 s t u d y for the C o n g r e s s i o n a l J o i n t C o m m i t t e e on the E c o n o m i c R e p o r t , a s to p r o d u c t i v i t y i n c r e a s e , w o r k - h o u r s d e c l i n e , a n d u n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e ; 2. I n c r e a s e d d e p e n d e n c e on r a w m a t e r i a l s f r o m f o r e i g n t r a d e ; 3. C o n t i n u a t i o n of " c o l d - w a r " a t m o s p h e r e w i t h o u t a c t u a l w a r , a n d the m a i n t e n a n c e of t h e p r e s e n t n u m b e r i n the A r m e d F o r c e s w i t h i n c r e a s e d e x p e n d i t u r e s p e r m a n b a s e d on m e c h a n i z a t i o n . T h e s u m m a r y p i c t u r e f o r t h e " i n d e p e n d e n t s e c t o r s " i s g i v e n i n T a b l e 5, on p a g e 4 4 of t h e C E I R r e p o r t . T h i s s h o w s 1955 e m p l o y m e n t , a t 4 1 3 , 3 0 0 , a s a m o u n t i n g to n e a r l y h a l f of t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n ' s t o t a l e m p l o y m e n t of a l l k i n d s . T h e p r o j e c t i o n s f o r 1965 a n d 1 9 8 0 a r e m e r e l y t h e s u m m a t i o n s of the p r o j e c t i o n s f o r e a c h sector, which a r e discussed briefly below. B y f a r t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t i n d e p e n d e n t s e c t o r of t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n e c o n o m y i s o b v i o u s l y t h e F e d e r a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t , w h i c h i n 1955 c o m p r i s e d ( i n c l u d i n g a r m e d f o r c e s ) 3 8 % of t h e t o t a l e m p l o y m e n t i n t h e r e g i o n , a n d 7 5 % o f t h e " i n d e p e n d e n t s e c t o r s " e m p l o y m e n t . A s noted i n the a s s u m p t i o n s a b o v e , m i l i t a r y e m p l o y m e n t i n the r e g i o n is projected as stable. C i v i l i a n employment, however, i s projected as increasing, b u t a t a r a t e l e s s t h a n t h a t of t h e p r o j e c t e d i n c r e a s e i n n a t i o n a l p o p u l a t i o n . T h e i n c r e a s e , of 1 1 % to 1 9 6 5 a n d a n a d d i t i o n a l 1 2 % i n 1 9 8 0 , . i s m a d e up of m o r e d e t a i l e d p r o j e c t i o n s f o r e a c h of t h e m a j o r d i v i s i o n s of F e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t a c t i v i t y . • E C O N O M I C B A S E S T U D Y for the GENERAL D E V E L O P M E N T PLAN--Prepared by C o u n c i l for Economic and Industry Research, I n c . June 30, 1956, Washington, D . C . -6- �TABLE 1 . - - P r o j e c t e d L e v e l s o f Employment, " I n d e p e n d e n t S e c t o r s " o f NCR Economy, 1 9 5 5 - 1 9 8 0 ( I n Thousands o f Employed L a b o r F o r c e o r E q u i v a l e n t ) 413 Tourism, Conventions.. Special Prof. Services Immigrant R e t i r e e s . . . . International A c t i v . . . Research A c t i v i t i e s . . . 19)JO 1965 1955 SECTOR 100$ 480 241 72 35 24 18 10 7 6 58$ 17% 8$ 6% 4$ 3% 2% 2% 267 72 50 30 30 12 9 10 100$ 55% 15% 10% 6% 6% 3% 2% 2% 574 100$ 298 72 65 42 50 16 11 20 52$ 13$ 11$ 7$ 9$ 3$ 2$ 3$ T h e i n c r e a s e i n e m p l o y m e n t due to i n c r e a s e s i n t o u r i s m , c o n v e n t i o n s a n d c o n f e r e n c e s i s b a s e d o n a n a s s u m p t i o n t h a t g r o w t h w i l l be i n p r o p o r t i o n to U . S . " g r o s s n a t i o n a l p r o d u c t " , a m e a s u r e of b o t h n a t i o n a l p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h a n d p e r c a p i t a prosperity. S p e c i a l i z e d p r o f e s s i o n a l s e r v i c e s - - b a n k i n g and other f i n a n c i a l a c t i v i t y , a d v e r t i s i n g , a c c o u n t i n g , m e d i c i n e , l a w , a n d t h e l i k e - - c o n s i s t h e r e of o n l y s u c h a c t i v i t i e s a s a r e g e a r e d to a m a r k e t o u t s i d e of t h e r e g i o n i t s e l f . G r o w t h i s p r o j e c t e d r o u g h l y a t t h e r a t e of U . S . p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e . U n i v e r s i t y a c t i v i t i e s a r e m e a s u r e d h e r e a s a " l a b o r f o r c e e q u i v a l e n t " of s t u d e n t a n d s t a f f c o n t r i b u t i o n s to e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y , p r o j e c t e d a c c o r d i n g to n a t i o n a l t r e n d s of p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n . I m m i g r a n t r e t i r e e s a s a n e c o n o m i c f o r c e a r e a l s o m e a s u r e d by t r a n s l a t i n g the e x p e n d i t u r e s of t h o s e w h o m o v e to t h e r e g i o n to l i v e , b r i n g i n g r e t i r e m e n t i n c o m e s w i t h t h e m , into " l a b o r f o r c e e q u i v a l e n t " . T h e p r o j e c t i o n s a r e b a s e d on p r e s e n t trends. E m p l o y m e n t in n o n - F e d e r a l public and p r i v a t e agencies involved i n international a f f a i r s h a s b e e n p r o j e c t e d l a r g e l y b y a d d i n g t h e i n c r e a s e s e x p e c t e d b y e a c h of a l a r g e n u m b e r of i n d i v i d u a l a g e n c i e s i n t e r v i e w e d ; g r o w t h a p p r o x i m a t e s t h a t of U . S . p o p u lation. R e s e a r c h a c t i v i t y , n o t i n c l u d e d i n o t h e r s e c t o r s , t h a t i s d r a w n to t h e r e g i o n b y t h e p r e s e n c e of t h e F e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e d e f e n s e e s t a b l i s h m e n t , i s p r o j e c t e d to e x p a n d s u b s t a n t i a l l y , b a s e d u p o n i n f o r m e d e s t i m a t e s r a t h e r t h a n m a t h ematically calculated formulae. T h e s u m of t h e s e p r o j e c t i o n s g i v e s f i g u r e s - - a s s u m e d to a p p r o x i m a t e t h e c e n t e r of a p r o b a b l e r a n g e - - o f 4 8 0 , 0 0 0 b y 1 9 6 5 , a n d 5 7 4 , 0 0 0 b y 1 9 8 0 f o r t h e e m p l o y m e n t ( o r e m p l o y m e n t e q u i v a l e n t ) of t h e i n d e p e n d e n t s e c t o r s . F e d e r a l e m p l o y m e n t w i l l s t i l l p r e d o m i n a t e , b u t b y 1 9 8 0 w o u l d d r o p f r o m t h e p r e s e n t 7 5 % to 6 5 % of t h e t o t a l , w i t h t h e o t h e r s e c t o r s i n c r e a s i n g p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y i n relative i m p o r t a n c e . T h i s a g g r e g a t e c o n s t i t u t e s t h e " b a s e " of t h e r e g i o n ' s e c o n o m i c l i f e . O t h e r a c t i v i t i e s - - t r a d e and s e r v i c e s , a g r i c u l t u r e and i n d u s t r y , and c o n s t r u c t i o n - - t a k e t h e i r i n i t i a t i v e f r o m t h i s b a s e . T h e i r e m p l o y m e n t t o t a l depends upon the a c t i v i t y n e e d e d to s e r v i c e t h e b a s e , a n d a l s o e a c h o t h e r ; t h e e f f e c t of a n y g r o w t h i s a s p i r a l -7- �of s u c c e s s i v e i n c r e a s e s i n t h e " s u p p o r t i n g " a c t i v i t i e s , t h e c o m p u t a t i o n of w h i c h d e p e n d s on c a l c u l a t i o n of t h e s u c c e s s i v e i n c r e a s e s i n p o p u l a t i o n a n d h o u s e h o l d s i n t u r n w h i c h generate additional needs for s e r v i c e s . A k e y v a r i a b l e i s t h e e x t e n t to w h i c h t h e r e g i o n p r o d u c e s - - o r , a l t e r n a t i v e l y , i m p o r t s - - t h o s e g o o d s w h i c h i t c o n s u m e s . T h i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y s i g n i f i c a n t i n the i n d u s t r i a l s e c t o r . S o m e i n d u s t r i a l p r o d u c t s , c o a l a n d o i l , f o r e x a m p l e , c a n n o t be l o c a l l y p r o d u c e d a n d m u s t be i m p o r t e d . M o s t s e r v i c e s , s u c h a s l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t o r m o s t r e t a i l t r a d e , c a n n o t b e " i m p o r t e d " a n d m u s t be " p r o d u c e d " l o c a l l y . T h e r e i s , h o w e v e r , a w i d e r a n g e , p r i n c i p a l l y of m a n u f a c t u r e d p r o d u c t s , w h i c h h a v e h i s t o r i c a l l y been m a d e e l s e w h e r e and i m p o r t e d into t h i s r e g i o n , but w h i c h could c o n c e i v a b l y a n d p r a c t i c a l l y b e p r o d u c e d i n t h e r e g i o n . A s t h e m a s s m a r k e t of the m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a i n c r e a s e s , i t b e c o m e s s u c c e s s i v e l y m o r e p r a c t i c a l to e s t a b l i s h w i t h i n i t u n i t s f o r t h e p r o d u c t i o n of c e r t a i n c o m m o d i t i e s . A c o m p r e h e n s i v e c h e c k upon the r e q u i r e m e n t s for m a n u f a c t u r i n g o p e r a t i o n s - r a w m a t e r i a l s , w a t e r and power supply, and the like - - i n d i c a t e s that, c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e m a x i m u m c o n c e i v a b l e m a g n i t u d e of i n d u s t r i a l " i n d e p e n d e n c e " t h a t c o u l d be a c h i e v e d b y 1980 ( c o n s i d e r e d a s " f u l l i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n " ) - - i n 1 9 5 5 t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n h a d d e v e l o p e d a b o u t 1 5 % of f u l l i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n . T a b l e 2 , b e l o w , p r e s e n t s t h e 1955 p i c t u r e , t o g e t h e r w i t h a l t e r n a t i v e p r o j e c t i o n s f o r 1 9 6 5 a n d 1 9 8 0 . W i t h h i g h e r l e v e l s of i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n , i n t e r a c t i o n p r o d u c e s h i g h e r e m p l o y m e n t i n a l l the s u p p o r t i n g s e c t o r s . ( U n e m p l o y m e n t i s t a k e n a s a u n i f o r m 4% of l a b o r f o r c e . ) TABLE 2 . - - I n t e r - S e c t o r a l A n a l y s i s o f NCR Economy, (All F i g u r e s i n Thousands) 1980 1965 1955 $ of F u l l 1955-1980 Industriali15$ Independent 15$ 25$ 50$ 100$ 15$ 25$ 50$ 100$ 365 414 414 414 414 483 483 483 483 (480) (480) Sectors A c t u a l Labor F o r c e . . . . (Labor Force (413) (480) (480) (574) (574) (574) (574) Supporting Sectors Trade & S e r v i c e s Unemployment T o t a l Labor F o r c e . . . (Note: 366 39 45 423 43 52 430 50 54 448 84 57 499 158 62 505 52 62 520 84 66 560 220 77 827 538 106 17 39 40 42 47 45 48 56 81 832 971 988 1,045 1,147 1 , 2 0 1 1,396 1,180 F i g u r e s f o r S u p p o r t i n g S e c t o r s i n 2 5 $ and 50$ columns a r e i n t e r p o l a t e d C.E.I.R. tables.) -8- 2,035 from �T h e e m p l o y m e n t f i g u r e s p r o j e c t e d i n t h e " 1 5 % " c o l u m n s of T a b l e 2 s h o w t h a t s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e s w o u l d o c c u r to s e r v i c e t h e i n c r e a s e s i n " i n d e p e n d e n t s e c t o r " e m p l o y m e n t , e v e n i f t h e r e g i o n c o n t i n u e d to i m p o r t t h e s a m e p r o p o r t i o n of i t s t o t a l of g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s c o n s u m e d a s i t d o e s n o w . T h e f i g u r e s i n t h e " 2 5 % " c o l u m n s i n d i c a t e t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s i f t h e r a t e of l o c a l p r o d u c t i o n w e r e to i n c r e a s e b y t w o t h i r d s ( f r o m 1 5 % to 2 5 % ) ; to a c h i e v e t h i s r a t e , t h e a b s o l u t e e m p l o y m e n t i n t h e s u p p o r t i n g s e c t o r s w o u l d i n c r e a s e b y h a l f . T o a t t a i n t h e i m p r o b a b l e 1 0 0 % , h o w e v e r , the " s u p p o r t i n g " e m p l o y m e n t f i g u r e w o u l d h a v e to m o r e t h a n t r i p l e . I n v i e w of p o p u l a t i o n and e m p l o y m e n t t r e n d s for the c o u n t r y a s a w h o l e , t h i s w o u l d r e f l e c t a s i t u a t i o n i n w h i c h s u b s t a n t i a l q u a n t i t i e s of p r o d u c t i o n a n d e m p l o y m e n t n o w l o c a t e d i n o t h e r p a r t s of t h e c o u n t r y a n d s e r v i n g t h e W a s h i n g t o n m e t r o p o l i t a n m a r k e t w o u l d be r e m o v e d to the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n , p e r h a p s a c t u a l l y r e d u c i n g e m p l o y m e n t e l s e w h e r e . T h e c a l c u l a t i o n of t h e p r o j e c t e d f i g u r e s f o r T a b l e 2 c l e a r l y i s b a s e d , i n p a r t , u p o n e s t i m a t e s of t h e t o t a l f u t u r e p o p u l a t i o n t h a t w o u l d a c c o m p a n y t h e s e l e v e l s of e m p l o y m e n t . T h e s e p o p u l a t i o n p r o j e c t i o n s a r e d i s c u s s e d i n the f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n ; t h e y h a v e a b e a r i n g u p o n t h e p o i n t s , w i t h i n t h e r a n g e of p o t e n t i a l e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y , w h i c h h a v e b e e n c h o s e n a s t h e m o s t f a v o r a b l e l e v e l s of e m p l o y m e n t f o r p l a n n i n g p u r p o s e s . I t s h o u l d be s t r e s s e d , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t n o n e of t h e f i g u r e s f o r 1965 a n d 1980 i n T a b l e 2 s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d a s " f o r e c a s t s " . T h e y r e p r e s e n t m e r e l y a m a x i m u m r a n g e r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of a s e r i e s of a l t e r n a t i v e a s s u m p t i o n s a s to l e v e l of " i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n " . T h e j u d g m e n t of t h e e c o n o m i s t s w h o p e r f o r m e d t h i s a n a l y s i s of e c o n o m i c t r e n d s i s i n d i c a t e d i n the f o l l o w i n g q u o t a t i o n f r o m t h e i r r e p o r t : " S o m e a p p r e c i a b l e i n c r e a s e i n t h e L e v e l of i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n i s l i k e l y o v e r t h e n e x t 2 5 y e a r s . T h i s r e p r e s e n t s a b a s i c c h a n g e i n t h e a r e a ' s d e v e l o p m e n t . . . ( W e do n o t ) f e e l i t r e a s o n a b l e to a s s u m e t h a t a n i n c r e a s e f r o m a p r e s e n t l e v e l of 1 5 % to a l e v e l of m o r e t h a n 5 0 % of t h e m a x i m u m c a n a c t u a l l y be a t t a i n e d . " T h e l e v e l s of e m p l o y m e n t i n d i f f e r e n t c a t e g o r i e s i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e r e g i o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t p l a n a r e d i s c u s s e d i n a l a t e r s e c t i o n of t h i s r e p o r t , s i n c e t h e y a r e a c o n s e q u e n c e n o t q n l y of t h e s t a t i s t i c a l t r e n d s d i s c l o s e d b y t h i s e c o n o m i c b a s e a n a l y s i s , b u t a l s o of t h e p a t t e r n s of p r e s e n t a n d e m e r g i n g l a n d d e v e l o p m e n t a n d z o n i n g , a n d t h e i n f l u e n c e u p o n p l a n n i n g d e c i s i o n s of t h e b a s i c p o l i c i e s o u t l i n e d i n t h e o p e n i n g s e c t i o n s of t h i s r e p o r t . C. Population T h e s i n g l e v a r i a b l e t h a t w i l l m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t the r e g i o n a l p l a n i s the t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n to b e p l a n n e d f o r . T h i s n u m b e r , i n t u r n , w i l l be c o n t r o l l e d b y the r e s o l u t i o n of t h e c o n f l i c t b e t w e e n p r e s s u r e s f o r g r o w t h - - r e s u l t i n g f r o m e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t w h i c h w i l l t e n d to r e t a i n t h e n a t u r a l i n c r e a s e of p o p u l a t i o n w i t h i n t h e r e g i o n a n d to d r a w m i g r a n t p o p u l a t i o n to i t - - a n d c o n d i t i o n s of g r o w t h , e i t h e r g e o g r a p h i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of l a n d a r e a o r w a t e r s u p p l y , o r d e l i b e r a t e l y a d o p t e d planning and zoning p o l i c i e s . T h e e c o n o m i c b a s e a n a l y s i s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e c o m p r i s e s one a p p r o a c h to t h e p r o j e c t i o n , p r o b a b l y t h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t , b u t t h e r e m u s t a l s o b e a p r o j e c t i o n of p r e s s u r e s for p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h b a s e d on d e m o g r a p h i c a n a l y s i s , e v a l u a t i n g t r e n d s of b i r t h s , d e a t h s , a n d i n - m i g r a t i o n . T h e r e c e n t p h e n o m e n a l g r o w t h of t h e p o p u l a t i o n of t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n h a s b e e n l a r g e l y t h e c o n s e q u e n c e of m a s s i v e i n - m i g r a t i o n , r e f l e c t i n g t h e e x p a n s i o n of F e d e r a l - g o v e r n m e n t o p e r a t i o n s t h r o u g h t h e d e p r e s s i o n a n d w a r y e a r s . T h e s p e c i a l c o n s u l t a n t s c o n c l u d e t h a t " c l e a r l y , no t r e n d - p r o j e c t i o n t e c h n i q u e c a n t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t t h e e f f e c t s of s u c h m a s s i v e e x t e r n a l f o r c e s ; a n d , o b v i o u s l y , one s h o u l d b e w a r e of p r o j e c t i o n s w h i c h i m p l i c i t l y a s s u m e c o n t i n u e d i m p a c t s of s i m i l a r s c a l e i n t h e f u t u r e . -9- �T h e d e m o g r a p h i c a n a l y s i s e s t a b l i s h e s , a s a b a s i s for p r o j e c t i o n s , the f u t u r e t r e n d of t h e r e g i o n ' s p o p u l a t i o n i f t h e r e w e r e to b e no_ m i g r a t i o n , b y a p p l y i n g a s e r i e s of a l t e r n a t i v e a s s u m p t i o n s a s to b i r t h r a t e s a n d d e a t h r a t e s to t h e p r e s e n t a g e a n d s e x c o m p o s i t i o n of t h e p o p u l a t i o n . F u t u r e a l t e r n a t i v e s a r e t h e n c o m p u t e d , b y c a l c u l a t i n g the a d d i t i o n a l p o p u l a t i o n t h a t w o u l d r e s u l t , b y 1965 a n d by 1980, f r o m net i n - m i g r a t i o n i n t o t h e r e g i o n i n f u t u r e y e a r s a t v a r i o u s a l t e r n a t i v e p e r c e n t a g e s of t h e r a t e of i n - m i g r a t i o n of t h e r e c e n t p a s t ( 1 9 5 0 - 1 9 5 5 ) . T h i s a p p r o a c h i s i n f l u e n c e d b y a n u m b e r of d i s t i n c t i v e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the p r e s e n t p o p u l a t i o n , i n c o n t r a s t to t h e U . S . a s a w h o l e a n d to o t h e r c o m p a r a b l e m e t r o politan a r e a s : 1. A n u n u s u a l age and s e x c o m p o s i t i o n , r e s u l t i n g f r o m r e c e n t high i n - m i g r a t i o n , w i t h a n e s p e c i a l l y h i g h p r o p o r t i o n of u n m a r r i e d w o m e n ; 2. H i g h e r r a t e s both for b i r t h s and for deaths than the n a t i o n a l a v e r a g e ; 3. Higher than average per capita income; 4. A h i g h r a t i o of n o n - w h i t e to w h i t e p o p u l a t i o n T h e c o m p u t a t i o n s e x c l u d i n g m i g r a t i o n i n d i c a t e a r a n g e of g r o w t h due to n a t u r a l i n c r e a s e a l o n e , f r o m 1955 to 1 9 8 0 , of 3 3 % to 5 0 % ( d e p e n d i n g o n a l t e r n a t i v e b i r t h - r a t e a s s u m p t i o n s ) . T a b l e 3, b e l o w , c o m p a r e s t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s of f u r t h e r a s s u m p t i o n s a s to l e v e l of n e t i n - m i g r a t i o n e x p r e s s e d a s a p e r c e n t a g e of t h e 1 9 5 0 - 5 5 r a t e . TABLE 3 . — D e m o g r a p h i c - A n a l y s i s P o p u l a t i o n P r o j e c t i o n s , NCR, 1 9 6 5 , 1980 ( I n T h o u s a n d s ; 1955 E s t i m a t e by C E I R ) 1955 1965 1980 1,913 1,913 2,235 2,135 2,877 2,546 1,913 1,913 2,358 2,256 3,265 2,910 1,913 1,913 2,480 2,374 3,652 3,275 1,913 1,913 2,724 2,619 4,427 4,003 N a t u r a l I n c r e a s e Only W i t h Net I n - m i g r a t i o n : 25$ o f 1 9 5 0 - 5 5 R a t e 50$ o f 1 9 5 0 - 5 5 R a t e 100$ o f 1950-55 R a t e NOTE: " H i g h " b i r t h r a t e s assume c o n s t a n t r a t e s a t 1 9 5 4 - 5 5 l e v e l s ; " l o w " assume d e c l i n e by 1965 t o a v e r a g e o f r e c e n t ( 1 9 5 0 - 5 5 ) and p r e - w a r ( 1 9 3 9 - 4 0 ) r a t e s , t h e n c o n s t a n t to 1980. -10- �T h e s e l e c t i o n , a m o n g t h e s e a l t e r n a t i v e s , of t h e p r o j e c t i o n m o s t p r o b a b l e f r o m t h e d e m o g r a p h i c - a n a l y s i s v i e w p o i n t i s i n f l u e n c e d b y a n u m b e r of f a c t o r s . A m o n g t h e m i s t h e f a c t t h a t F e d e r a l e m p l o y m e n t t e n d s to p e r p e t u a t e i n - m i g r a t i o n , f i r s t b e c a u s e of t h e h i g h d e m a n d f o r w o m e n f o r c l e r i c a l w o r k , a n d s e c o n d b e c a u s e of l e g a l b l o c k s to r e c r u i t m e n t s o l e l y f r o m w i t h i n the r e g i o n . T h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t e l e m e n t , h o w e v e r , i s t h a t of e c o n o m i c g r o w t h . T h e p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n d i s c u s s e d t h e a n a l y s i s of t h e s e t r e n d s a s d e v e l o p e d b y t h e s p e c i a l c o n s u l t a n t s . T h e i r c o n c l u s i o n o n t h e m e s h i n g of t h e e c o n o m i c a n d d e m o g r a p h i c project i o n s i s t h a t , i f t h e " i n d e p e n d e n t s e c t o r s " of t h e e c o n o m y g r o w a s e s t i m a t e d , a n d t h e r e s t of t h e e c o n o m i c s t r u c t u r e r e t a i n s i t s p r e s e n t b a l a n c e ( 1 5 % of " f u l l i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n " ) , " t h e l a b o r f o r c e r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h i s g r o w t h c a n a l m o s t be m e t b y t h e a n t i c i p a t e d n a t u r a l i n c r e a s e i n p o p u l a t i o n a l o n e . " T h e 1980 l a b o r f o r c e r e q u i r e d b y t h e i n t e r - s e c t o r a l a n a l y s i s ( T a b l e 2 ) , of 1 , 1 4 7 , 0 0 0 , m a t c h e s a t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n of 2, 8 2 5 , 0 0 0 , w h i c h i s w i t h i n the " n a t u r a l i n c r e a s e " r a n g e i n T a b l e 3. O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e 1980 l a b o r f o r c e n e e d e d f o r 1 0 0 % of f u l l i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n , of 2 , 0 3 5 , 0 0 0 , m a t c h e s a p o p u l a t i o n f i g u r e of 4 , 7 8 8 , 0 0 0 , w h i c h w o u l d r e q u i r e e v e n w i t h " h i g h " b i r t h r a t e s a r a t e of i n - m i g r a t i o n h i g h e r t h a n t h a t of t h e p a s t f i v e y e a r s . T h i s s e e m s to be a c o m b i n a t i o n of h i g h l y i m p r o b a b l e m a x i m u m s . T h e p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n q u o t e d t h e s p e c i a l c o n s u l t a n t s a s c o n c l u d i n g t h a t 5 0 % of f u l l i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n i s a s h i g h a r a t e a s c a n be r e a s o n a b l y a t t a i n e d . B a s e d s o l e l y on t h i s s t a t i s t i c a l a p p r o a c h to e c o n o m i c a n d d e m o g r a p h i c t r e n d s , t h e s p e c i a l c o n s u l t a n t s m e a s u r e t h e p r o b a b l e r e s u l t a n t of t h e s e t r e n d s a t a 1965 h i g h p o p u l a t i o n of 2 , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 , a n d a 1980 f i g u r e of 3, 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 . T h e s e f i g u r e s a s s u m e b i r t h - r a t e s f a l l i n g b e t w e e n the " h i g h " and " l o w " ( T a b l e 3); i n - m i g r a t i o n a v e r a g i n g 3 8 % of t h e 1 9 5 0 - 5 5 r a t e o v e r t h e 2 5 y e a r s , b u t h i g h e r t h e f i r s t t e n y e a r s a n d t a p e r i n g off to a l o w l e v e l b y 1 9 8 0 ; a n d r e s u l t i n g l a b o r - f o r c e f i g u r e s of 1 , 0 3 0 , 000 f o r 1 9 6 5 a n d 1 , 4 5 0 , 0 0 0 f o r 1 9 8 0 . T h e s e p r o j e c t i o n s c o r r e s p o n d to t h e f i g u r e s t h a t w o u l d a c c o m p a n y 5 0 % of f u l l i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n b y 1 9 8 0 . T h i s s e t of p r o j e c t i o n s i s a c c e p t e d a s a m e a s u r e of t h e " g r o w t h p r e s s u r e s " w i t h w h i c h t h e r e g i o n a l p l a n m u s t d e a l . T h e a n a l y s i s of c o n d i t i o n s f a v o r i n g o r i n h i b i t i n g g r o w t h , d i s c u s s e d i n p a r t i n e a c h of t h e t h r e e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s of t h i s r e p o r t , h a s r e s u l t e d i n a d o p t i o n f o r p l a n n i n g p u r p o s e s of s o m e w h a t l o w e r f i g u r e s . A m a j o r e l e m e n t of r e s i s t a n c e h a s b e e n t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y of l a n d , p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t ; t h i s f a c t o r h a s t e n d e d to p u l l d o w n t h e p r o j e c t i o n of i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n to a f i g u r e l o w e r t h a n 5 0 % , w h i c h , to a c h i e v e w o u l d r e q u i r e a f i v e - f o l d i n c r e a s e i n i n d u s t r i a l e m p l o y m e n t f r o m the p r e s e n t and p e r h a p s a t e n - f o l d i n c r e a s e i n i n d u s t r i a l l a n d . O t h e r f a c t o r s , h o w e v e r , p l a y a p a r t b e y o n d t h i s k i n d of n e g a t i v e r e c o g n i t i o n of r e s i s t a n c e s to g r o w t h , i n u r g i n g p o p u l a t i o n t a r g e t s l o w e r t h a n t h e p r o j e c t i o n s f a v o r e d b y the p u r e e c o n o m i c a n d d e m o g r a p h i c a n a l y s i s . T h e r e l e v a n t f a c t o r s i n c l u d e t h e o b j e c t i v e of m a i n t a i n i n g the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n a s p r i m a r i l y t h e S e a t of G o v e r n m e n t of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , a n d t h e r e f o r e e n c o u r a g i n g o n l y s u c h a m e a s u r e of d e v e l o p m e n t n o t d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d to g o v e r n m e n t a s w o u l d not i n t e r f e r e w i t h t h e e f f i c i e n c y of F e d e r a l a c t i v i t i e s . R e l a t e d t o t h i s i s t h e o b j e c t i v e of m a i n t a i n i n g a n d e n h a n c i n g t h e p h y s i c a l a p p e a r a n c e of t h e r e g i o n , a n d e s p e c i a l l y i t s c o r e , to p r e s e r v e t h e d i g n i t y a n d b e a u t y e s s e n t i a l to t h e S e a t of G o v e r n m e n t a s a n a t i o n a l s y m b o l . A t h i r d r e a s o n i s t h e w e l l - b e i n g of t h e p o p u l a t i o n i t s e l f ; i t m u s t b e r e c o g n i z e d t h a t , i n t h e p r e s e n t s t a t e of t e c h n o l o g y a n d p l a n n i n g , t h e r e c e n t g r o w t h of m e t r o p o l i t a n p o p u l a t i o n e v e n to t h e r e g i o n ' s p r e s e n t f i g u r e h a s c r e a t e d s e r i o u s p r o b l e m s of t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n , of w a t e r s u p p l y a n d s e w a g e d i s p o s a l , of w e l l - r o u n d e d r e s i d e n t i a l c o m m u n i t i e s i n a r e a s o n a b l e r e l a t i o n s h i p of w o r k - p l a c e s , a n d of l o s s of o p e n s p a c e . I t s e e m s w i s e to a c c e p t a s p l a n t a r g e t s f i g u r e s f o r f u t u r e p o p u l a t i o n w h i c h c a n be r e c o n c i l e d w i t h t h e n a t u r a l t r e n d s a n d t h e h e a l t h f u l g r o w t h of t h e e c o n o m y of t h e r e g i o n . -11- �T h e f o l l o w i n g f i g u r e s h a v e b e e n a c c e p t e d a s the b a s i s f o r t h e l a n d u s e a n d p o p u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n p l a n . T h e y c o r r e s p o n d to a r a n g e of l e v e l of i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n b y 1980 b e t w e e n 2 0 % a n d 3 0 % , a n d s i m i l a r l y ( w i t h i n t e r m e d i a t e b i r t h - r a t e s ) to a l e v e l of i n - m i g r a t i o n r a n g i n g f r o m 2 5 % to 5 0 % of t h e 1 9 5 0 - 5 5 l e v e l up to 1 9 6 5 , a n d d r o p p i n g t h e r e a f t e r w e l l b e l o w 2 5 % of t h a t r a t e b y 1 9 8 0 . R e c o g n i z i n g t h a t i t i s f u t i l e a n d m i s l e a d i n g to p r e t e n d to a n i m p o s s i b l e d e g r e e of a c c u r a c y , a r a n g e of p o p u l a t i o n s a r e p r e s e n t e d : 1965 - 2 , 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 2,500,000 1980 - 2 , 7 5 0 , 0 0 0 D. - 3,250,000 Regional F a c t o r s Affecting Development N a t u r a l L i m i t a t i o n s . T h e n a t u r a l f e a t u r e s of the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n o f f e r l i m i t a t i o n s a s w e l l a s o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r t h e p h y s i c a l g r o w t h a n d e x p a n s i o n of t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n c o m p l e x . T h e k e y l i m i t a t i o n s i m p o s e d by nature a r e shown i n g e n e r a l i z e d f o r m i n M a p 1 , on page 13. T h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t of t h e s e l i m i t a t i o n s d e a l s w i t h w a t e r s u p p l y a n d s e w a g e d i s p o s a l . E n g i n e e r i n g s t u d i e s m a d e b y t h e U . S . A r m y C o r p s of E n g i n e e r s h a v e i n d i c a t e d t h a t i t w i l l be f e a s i b l e to c o l l e c t a n d d e l i v e r w a t e r i n s u f f i c i e n t q u a n t i t y a n d q u a l i t y to s u p p l y a m e t r o p o l i t a n p o p u l a t i o n of t h e r a n g e p r o j e c t e d f o r 1 9 8 0 b y t h i s r e g i o n a l p l a n . T h e p r o t e c t i o n of t h i s f u t u r e w a t e r s u p p l y , h o w e v e r , r e q u i r e s t h a t f u t u r e u r b a n l a n d d e v e l o p m e n t be r e s t r a i n e d i n a n u m b e r of l o c a t i o n s . T h e P o t o m a c R i v e r i s t h e p r i n c i p a l s o u r c e of t h e r e g i o n ' s w a t e r s u p p l y . E n g i n e e r i n g s t u d i e s m a d e f o r f u r t h e r e x p l o i t i n g t h i s s o u r c e i n c l u d e t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of a n e e d to b u i l d a m a j o r d a m a t G r e a t F a l l s , w h i c h w o u l d f l o o d a s u b s t a n t i a l a r e a u p s t r e a m . S i n c e t h e p e r i o d a n d t h e f u n d s a l l o t t e d to t h i s p l a n p r e p a r a t i o n d i d not i n c l u d e e n g i n e e r i n g s t u d i e s f o r w a t e r s u p p l y , t h e p r u d e n t p o l i c y to f o l l o w now i s to d e s i g n a p l a n w h i c h w i l l not p r e c l u d e t h e b u i l d i n g of s u c h a d a m i f i t i s l a t e r d e t e r m i n e d to be t h e b e s t w a y to m e e t the n e e d s of t h e r e g i o n . U n d e r t h i s p o l i c y , the d a m i t s e l f i s not a p r o p o s a l of t h i s p l a n ; b u t t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n of t h e s i t e of the d a m a n d i t s l a k e i s p r o p o s e d i n o r d e r to a s s u r e f u t u r e f l e x i b i l i t y of d e c i s i o n . A s a c o r o l l a r y p o l i c y , to p r o t e c t t h e p u r i t y of t h e P o t o m a c s u p p l y , d e v e l o p m e n t s h o u l d b e so d e s i g n e d a s to p r e v e n t d i s c h a r g e of e f f l u e n t f r o m s e w a g e t r e a t m e n t p l a n t s e i t h e r into the r i v e r o r into t r i b u t a r i e s w h i c h flow into i t b e t w e e n L i t t l e F a l l s a n d s e v e r a l m i l e s u p s t r e a m of G r e a t F a l l s . T h e r e a r e a l s o o t h e r d r a i n a g e a r e a s s e r v i n g a s t h e w a t e r s h e d s f o r s o u r c e s of w a t e r s u p p l y , w h i c h m u s t b e s i m i l a r l y p r o t e c t e d . T h i s d o e s not n e c e s s a r i l y p r e c l u d e d e v e l o p m e n t w i t h i n t h e s e w a t e r s h e d s . I t d o e s not p r e v e n t g r o w t h of t h e e x i s t i n g m u n i c i p a l i t i e s i n t h e s h e d s w h i c h a r e e x p e c t e d to e x e r c i s e a d e q u a t e c o n t r o l of t h e o p e r a t i o n of t h e i r s e w a g e t r e a t m e n t p l a n t s . B u t w h e r e d e v e l o p m e n t i s not t i e d into a p u b l i c l y o p e r a t e d sewage t r e a t m e n t p l a n t w h i c h i s u n d e r 2 4 - h o u r m a i n t a i n a n c e s e r v i c e , i t s h o u l d be l i m i t e d to d e n s i t i e s l o w e n o u g h to m a k e p o s s i b l e i n d i v i d u a l s e w a g e t r e a t m e n t w i t h o u t e f f l u e n t s e n t e r i n g s t r e a m s i n p o l l u t i n g q u a n t i t i e s ; o r l i m i t e d to a r e a s c l o s e e n o u g h to t h e r i d g e l i n e to m a k e f e a s i b l e p u m p i n g of s e w a g e o r e f f l u e n t i n t o a d r a i n a g e a r e a n o t i n v o l v e d i n w a t e r s u p p l y ; o r to i n t e r c e p t o r s e w e r l i n e s p a r a l l e l i n g t h e P o t o m a c R i v e r w h i c h w i l l p i c k up a l l e f f l u e n t f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n to a p o i n t d o w n s t r e a m of t h e w a t e r s u p p l y i n t a k e s . T h e P o t o m a c b e l o w L i t t l e F a l l s , t h e P a t u x e n t , a n d a n u m b e r of o t h e r s t r e a m s , though not w a t e r - s u p p l y s o u r c e s , a r e n e v e r t h e l e s s p r e s e n t o r p o t e n t i a l r e c r e a t i o n a l r e s o u r c e s a n d a s s u c h s h o u l d be p r o t e c t e d f r o m o r r e l i e v e d of p o l l u t i o n . T h e o b v i o u s p l a n n i n g p o l i c y i s to so c o o r d i n a t e u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t a n d s e w a g e s y s t e m s a s to m a k e f e a s i b l e t h e d i s c h a r g e of e f f l u e n t a t a l e v e l of t r e a t m e n t , a n d i n s u c h q u a n t i t i e s and l o c a t i o n s , that w i l l hold pollution at l e v e l s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h r e c r e a t i o n a l u s e . -12- �Map 1 -13- �T o p o g r a p h y i s n o t a s i g n i f i c a n t d e t e r r e n t to u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t a n y w h e r e i n t h e r e g i o n , e x c e p t f o r r a v i n e - b a n k s a l o n g s t r e a m v a l l e y s m o s t of w h i c h h a v e a l r e a d y e i t h e r b e e n a c q u i r e d a s p u b l i c p a r k s or i n c o r p o r a t e d into p l a n s for p a r k and r e s e r v a t i o n a c q u i s i t i o n . R e s e r v a t i o n of l a n d s a l o n g t h e m a j o r w a t e r c o u r s e s i s m o r e i m portant a s a c o n s e r v a t i o n m e a s u r e than as a r e c r e a t i o n m e a s u r e - - t h u s the s t r e a m v a l l e y s a r e s h o w n on the r e g i o n a l f a c t o r s m a p . S o i l c o n d i t i o n s , h o w e v e r , a r e not u n i v e r s a l l y f a v o r a b l e , e i t h e r due to t h e p r e s e n c e of s h a l l o w h a r d p a n o r b e c a u s e of s w a m p y c o n d i t i o n s r e q u i r i n g c o s t l y d r a i n a g e o r f i l l . L o c a l p l a n n i n g s t u d i e s , e s p e c i a l l y i n F a i r f a x C o u n t y , h a v e i d e n t i f i e d s o m e of t h e s e a r e a s ; o t h e r s a r e c l e a r o n t h e m a p s of t h e U . S . G e o l o g i c S u r v e y . T h e k n o w n a r e a s c l a s s e d a s u n b u i l d a b l e f o r u r b a n t y p e s of d e v e l o p m e n t a r e s h o w n a l s o on M a p 1 . A i r p o r t R e q u i r e m e n t s . M a j o r a i r p o r t s a r e a unique e l e m e n t i n a m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a ' s e x t e r n a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m i n t h a t t h e y d e m a n d s u c h l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s of r e l a t i v e l y f l a t l a n d t h a t t h e c h o i c e of l o c a t i o n i s s h a r p l y l i m i t e d . F u r t h e r m o r e , c o n s i d e r a t i o n s of s a f e t y a n d p r o t e c t i o n f r o m p s y c h o l o g i c a l a n d n o i s e n u i s a n c e s r e q u i r e t h a t d e v e l o p m e n t of l a n d f o r p e r m a n e n t h u m a n o c c u p a n c y s h o u l d b e k e p t w e l l b a c k f r o m t h e s i d e s a n d e n d s of r u n w a y s . T h e c o n s e q u e n c e i s t h a t a p r o p e r l y p r o t e c t e d m a j o r a i r p o r t m a y " s t e r i l i z e " a s m u c h a s 20 s q u a r e m i l e s of l a n d , e x c l u d i n g f r o m this a r e a a l l r e s i d e n t i a l , c o m m e r c i a l , and i n d u s t r i a l development. I n a d d i t i o n to t h e p r e s e n t N a t i o n a l A i r p o r t , t h e r e a r e t w o o t h e r m a j o r a i r p o r t s o r a i r p o r t s i t e s w h i c h m a y b e r e q u i r e d to s e r v e t h e r e g i o n i n t h e f u t u r e : t h e C h a n t i l l y s i t e , and A n d r e w s F i e l d . T h e C i v i l A e r o n a u t i c s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n has made studies of b o t h s i t e s , s h o w i n g r e a s o n a b l e r u n w a y l a y o u t s f o r m a j o r a i r p o r t u s e . A p p l y i n g t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s of t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s A i r p o r t C o m m i s s i o n ( 1 9 5 2 ) to b o t h s i t e s , the a p p r o a c h a r e a s a r e i d e n t i f i e d on M a p 1 f r o m w h i c h u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t s h o u l d be e x c l u d e d to a s s u r e m a x i m u m s a f e t y a n d e l i m i n a t e f r i c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e a i r p o r t a n d i t s n e i g h b o r s . A s w i t h t h e P o t o m a c d a m , n e i t h e r of t h e s e a i r p o r t s a r e s p e c i f i c p r o p o s a l s of t h i s p l a n ; b u t t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n of t h e i r s i t e s a n d t h e p r o t e c t i o n of t h e i r a p p r o a c h a r e a s i s p r o p o s e d i n o r d e r to a s s u r e f u t u r e f l e x i b i l i t y of d e c i s i o n . Defense C o n s i d e r a t i o n s . It i s o f f i c i a l F e d e r a l policy "to encourage and, when a p p r o p r i a t e , to r e q u i r e t h a t n e w f a c i l i t i e s a n d m a j o r e x p a n s i o n s of e x i s t i n g f a c i l i t i e s i m p o r t a n t to n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y b e l o c a t e d , i n s o f a r a s p r a c t i c a b l e , s o a s to r e d u c e the r i s k of d a m a g e i n t h e e v e n t of a t t a c k . " A s a g u i d e to t h e l o c a t i o n of a d d i t i o n a l F e d e r a l e m p l o y m e n t i n the d i s t a n t f u t u r e , the p o l i c y i s a c c e p t e d a s r e q u i r i n g l o c a t i o n s for n e w c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of F e d e r a l e m p l o y m e n t - - i n a d d i t i o n to t h o s e a l r e a d y d e c i d e d u p o n - - t o b e b e y o n d a t w e n t y - m i l e r a d i u s f r o m t h e c e n t e r of t h e r e g i o n . T h e i n f e r e n c e i s a l s o strong that r e s i d e n t i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n s s t e m m i n g f r o m these new F e d e r a l c e n t e r s s h o u l d be e n c o u r a g e d o n l y a t a s i m i l a r d i s t a n c e . T h e t w e n t y - m i l e r a d i u s l i n e i s s h o w n o n s e v e r a l of t h e m a p s , b r i n g i n g i n t o s h a r p f o c u s t h e e m e r g i n g o v e r l a p b e t w e e n t h e W a s h i n g t o n a n d B a l t i m o r e s p h e r e s of g r o w t h ; t h i s i n v i t e s c o n s i d e r a t i o n of c h a n n e l i n g t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n ' s f u t u r e d e v e l o p ment i n other directions than n o r t h - e a s t . E. Land Use T h e s t u d y of l a n d u s e i s t h e s t u d y of t h e f a b r i c of t h e u r b a n c o m m u n i t y - - t h e s i z e s , l o c a t i o n s , a n d a r r a n g e m e n t of t h e p l a c e s w h e r e t h e p e o p l e of t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a p e r f o r m t h e f u n c t i o n s of u r b a n l i v i n g . S i n c e t h e p a t t e r n of l a n d u s e s d e t e r m i n e s t h e n e e d s to b e m e t b y t h e c i r c u l a t i o n s y s t e m , a s w e l l a s b e i n g h e a v i l y i n f l u e n c e d b y t h e r o u t e s , s p e e d s , a n d c a p a c i t i e s of t h e c i r c u l a t i o n a r t e r i e s , t h i s s t u d y i s a n i n t e g r a l e l e m e n t of a c o m p r e h e n s i v e a p p r o a c h to t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g . -14- �mm TRANSPORTATION •3 E FEDERAL EXTENSIVE INDUSTRY liol..-.r..»an m mm mm mtm COMMERCE 2.0 TO 3.9 O.U./A. tm INTENSIVE INDUSTRY 4.0 TO 9.» D.U./A. OTHER PUBLIC tO.O TO 24.9D.LWA. mm RECREATION C 3 MILITARY 25.D AND OVER mtm INSTITUTION O UTB-ITV Map 2 -15- �T h e i n i t i a l c o n t r i b u t i o n of t h e l a n d u s e s t u d y to the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s u r v e y i s t h e m a p p i n g a n d a n a l y s i s of p r e s e n t c o n d i t i o n s . D a t a o n the d i s t r i b u t i o n of l a n d u s e , r e s i d e n t p o p u l a t i o n , a n d e m p l o y m e n t , e x p r e s s e d i n t e r m s of the z o n e s a n d d i s t r i c t s u s e d i n t h e s u r v e y of o r i g i n s a n d d e s t i n a t i o n s of t r a f f i c m o v e m e n t , m a k e s p o s s i b l e t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of c o r r e l a t i o n s to be u s e d i n f o r e c a s t i n g f u t u r e t r a f f i c m o v e m e n t s . M a p 2 , on p a g e 1 5 , s h o w s i n g e n e r a l i z e d c a t e g o r i e s t h e u s e s of l a n d a s of 1 9 5 5 . P l a c e s of e m p l o y m e n t c o n s t i t u t e t h e f o c u s e s of the p a t t e r n of l a n d u s e s , a n d of the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m . T h e g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e of F e d e r a l e m p l o y m e n t i s a p p a r e n t b o t h on t h e l a n d u s e m a p a n d o n M a p 3, on p a g e 1 7 , w h i c h i d e n t i f i e s t h e m a g n i t u d e of F e d e r a l e m p l o y m e n t at e a c h l o c a t i o n . T h e s e g r a p h i c a n a l y s e s e m p h a s i z e the p r e e m i n e n c e of t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a , b u t a l s o s h o w up the i n c r e a s i n g t r e n d t o w a r d e s t a b l i s h m e n t of o u t l y i n g c e n t e r s of F e d e r a l e m p l o y m e n t t h e m a g n i t u d e of w h i c h i s of g r o w i n g s i g n i f i c a n c e . M a p 4 , on p a g e 1 8 , s h o w s t h e l o c a t i o n a n d s i z e of c e n t e r s of o t h e r k i n d s of e m p l o y m e n t , p r i m a r i l y c o m m e r c i a l a n d m a n u f a c t u r i n g . I n t e r m s of s i g n i f i c a n c e t o t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n a l y s i s , t h e s e t y p e s of a c t i v i t y a r e of s p e c i a l c o n c e r n b e c a u s e t h e y t e n d to be " c e n t e r e d " , w h e r e a s o t h e r k i n d s of e m p l o y m e n t ( s u c h a s l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t , c o m m u n i c a t i o n s , c o n s t r u c t i o n , and the l i k e ) a r e d i s p e r s e d t h r o u g h o u t r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s , e v e n t h o u g h t h e i r n u m b e r s a r e s t a t i s t i c a l l y of s u b s t a n t i a l p r o p o r t i o n s . T h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p i s c l e a r f r o m a c o m p a r i s o n of t h e e m p l o y m e n t s p o t - m a p a n d the l a n d u s e m a p s , on w h i c h c o m m e r c i a l a n d i n d u s t r i a l l a n d u s e s s t a n d out i n t h e p a t t e r n . A s u m m a r y of t h e a r e a a n a l y s i s of l o c a t i o n of e m p l o y m e n t i n r e l a t i o n to r e s i d e n t p o p u l a t i o n i s g i v e n i n T a b l e 4 b y c o u n t y ; t h e m o r e d e t a i l e d b r e a k d o w n i s not h e r e r e p r o d u c e d . S t u d y of t h i s t a b l e c o m p a r e d w i t h e a r l i e r f i g u r e s m a k e s c l e a r t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a r e m a i n s t h e p r i m a r y w o r k - p l a c e f o r the r e g i o n , b u t t h a t r e c e n t y e a r s h a v e s e e n a n i m p o r t a n t d i s p e r s a l of e m p l o y m e n t t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e g i o n , w h i c h h a s a c c o m p a n i e d t h e d i s p e r s e d g r o w t h of n e w p o p u l a t i o n . TABLE 4 . — N C R P o p u l a t i o n and Employment b y C o u n t y , 1955 Resident Population Employment Federal Commercial Industrial Other Total 1,858,000 312,000 312,650 94,550 96,800 816,000 852,000 195,000 203,000 64,500 40,500 503,000 Co... 255,000 290,000 16,000 18,500 29,500 21,900 5,450 6,050 15,900 15,000 66,850 61,450 F a i r f a x & F a l l s Ch. 153,000 83,000 165,000 55,000 1,900 16,700 25,150 17,200 10,350 8,300 6,050 2,600 9,450 3,200 6,050 97,900 28,350 35,700 37,000 23,000 8,850 50 2,900 2,650 850 750 2,450 4,250 15,050 7,700 N a t . C a p . Reg P r i c e Georges Prince William Co.. T h e 1 9 5 5 p a t t e r n of l o c a t i o n of r e s i d e n t p o p u l a t i o n i s d e s c r i b e d b y M a p 5 , on p a g e 2 0 . T h i s d i s t r i b u t i o n - m a p g i v e s m e a n i n g to t h e a r e a s i d e n t i f i e d a s " r e s i d e n t i a l " on t h e l a n d u s e m a p s , b y t r a n s l a t i n g the d e n s i t y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s i n t o a b s o l u t e n u m b e r s . T h e d e n s i t y r a n g e s t h e m s e l v e s a r e a n i m p o r t a n t c l u e to f.ha f u t u r e k i n d a n d -16- �Map 3 -17- �NATIONAL CAPITAL PLANNING COMMISSION I I |""| . i . i — ' Map -18- 4 NATIONAL CAPITAL REGIONAL PLANNING COUNCIL �l o c a t i o n of r e s i d e n t i a l l a n d u s e , s i n c e t h e y r e f l e c t t h e c h a r a c t e r of d e v e l o p m e n t t h a t has r e s u l t e d i n different a r e a s f r o m differences i n t e r r a i n , and in zoning and u t i l i t y e x t e n s i o n p o l i c i e s w h i c h a r e l i k e l y to p e r s i s t a t l e a s t i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e . A s a m e a n s of t r a n s l a t i n g p o p u l a t i o n - i n c r e a s e f i g u r e s i n t o l a n d - a r e a r e q u i r e m e n t s , t h e d e n s i t y c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s c a n b e r e c a l c u l a t e d i n t o r a t e s of " l a n d c o n s u m p t i o n " p e r 1000 p o p u l a t i o n . T h e s e r a t e s e x p r e s s t h e t o t a l a c r e a g e t h a t w i l l be a b s o r b e d for "neighborhood" r e s i d e n t i a l u s e - - t h a t i s , for house l o t s , l o c a l s t r e e t s , schools a n d p l a y g r o u n d s , a n d l o c a l s h o p p i n g , s e r v i c e s , a n d i n s t i t u t i o n s . T h e a n a l y s i s of p a s t e x p e r i e n c e i n d i f f e r e n t p a r t s of t h e r e g i o n , a s m o d i f i e d b y the a p p l i c a t i o n of d e s i r a b l e s t a n d a r d s for s u c h f a c t o r s as r e c r e a t i o n - s p a c e and l o c a l shopping, r e s u l t s i n the following e q u i v a l e n t s : Dwelling Units P e r Net A c r e 0-2 2-4 4-10 10-25 D. Lot Size per U . (Net D e n s i t y ) l / 2 a c r e a n d up 1 / 4 to 1/2 a c r e 4 , 0 0 0 to 10, 0 0 0 s q . f t . 1 , 7 5 0 to 4 , 0 0 0 s q . f t . "Neighborhood" A r e a p e r 1000 P o p u l a t i o n 200 100 75 40 acres acres acres acres T h e l a s t c o l u m n i s a r o u g h m e a s u r e of t h e a m o u n t of r u r a l l a n d t h a t h a s b e e n c o n v e r t e d into u r b a n u s e f o r r e s i d e n t i a l and a s s o c i a t e d u s e s , a n d t h a t w i l l i n the f u t u r e be c o n v e r t e d , f o r e a c h 1000 of n e w p o p u l a t i o n , i n t h e d i f f e r e n t p a r t s of t h e r e g i o n w h e r e the l o t s i z e s i n t h e m i d d l e c o l u m n p r e v a i l a s a c o n s e q u e n c e e i t h e r of z o n i n g o r u t i l i t y p o l i c y o r of c o m m o n p r a c t i c e . I n a d d i t i o n to F e d e r a l , c o m m e r c i a l , i n d u s t r i a l , a n d r e s i d e n t i a l u s e s , t h e l a n d u s e m a p i d e n t i f i e s a n u m b e r of o t h e r k i n d s of u s e s , l e s s s u b j e c t to s t a t i s t i c a l a n d l o c a t i o n a l a n a l y s i s b u t of i m p o r t a n c e to t h e r e g i o n a l p a t t e r n . T h r e e of t h e s e , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , i n s t i t u t i o n a l u s e s a n d r e c r e a t i o n a l l a n d s , a r e e l e m e n t s of the m e t r o p o l i t a n p a t t e r n . T h o u g h a n a t u r a l p a r k r e s e r v a t i o n i s not i t s e l f " u r b a n " , i t s f u n c t i o n i s r e l a t e d to t h e u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n , a n d t h e u s e of t h e l a n d i s p a r t of t h e u r b a n s y s t e m . S i m i l a r l y existing r a i l r o a d y a r d s , a i r p o r t s , hospitals and u n i v e r s i t i e s a r e r e l a t i v e l y fixed functional land-use elements. T h e r e m a i n i n g r u r a l c a t e g o r i e s of l a n d u s e i d e n t i f i e d on t h e l a n d u s e m a p s i n clude a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d , wooded a r e a s , s w a m p and " w a s t e " l a n d , and vacant l a n d . T h e s e a r e the r a w m a t e r i a l s f o r new u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t . B e c a u s e the e c o n o m i c r e t u r n f r o m s u c h l a n d i s low c o m p a r e d w i t h the r e t u r n f r o m u r b a n u s e , t h e s e a r e a s h i s t o r i c a l l y o f f e r l i t t l e r e s i s t a n c e to u r b a n e x p a n s i o n . T h e y e a r s s i n c e 1950 h a v e s e e n t h e " c i t y " s p r e a d o v e r m a n y s q u a r e m i l e s of l a n d o n l y r e c e n t l y r u r a l ; t h i s c o n s e q u e n c e of r a p i d p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h s h o w s m o s t c l e a r l y on M a p 1 o n p a g e 13 ( R e gional F a c t o r s ) . T h e p r e s e n t p a t t e r n of u r b a n u s e s i s i t s e l f t h e m o s t p o w e r f u l d e t e r m i n a n t of f u t u r e p a t t e r n s . M o s t of t h e u s e s n o w i n b e i n g w i l l c o n t i n u e , w i t h l i t t l e c h a n g e , i n t o f u t u r e g e n e r a t i o n s ; a t t h i s r e g i o n a l s c a l e , t h e s m a l l a r e a s of s l u m a n d b l i g h t due for c l e a r a n c e and r e d e v e l o p m e n t w i l l have l i t t l e e f f e c t upon the m a i n o v e r - a l l p a t t e r n . L a n d o c c u p i e d by u r b a n u s e s now i s c o m m i t t e d ; the f u t u r e w i l l be b u i l t a r o u n d it. On the o t h e r h a n d , r u r a l u s e s a n d v a c a n t l a n d r e p r e s e n t the u n c o m m i t t e d p a r t of t h e r e g i o n - - t h e a r e a s w h e r e a c h a n g e of u s e i s p o s s i b l e , a n d w h e r e s o m e r a n g e of c h o i c e e x i s t s a m o n g d e v e l o p m e n t a l t e r n a t i v e s . T h o u g h t h e c h o i c e i s n o t f r e e , i t i s f a r w i d e r t h a n i s o f t e n r e a l i z e d ; t h i s m u s t b e c l e a r f r o m the: p r o p o r t i o n of t h e a r e a of M a p 2 t h a t i s s h o w n a s r u r a l r a t h e r t h a n u r b a n . I n r o u g h f i g u r e s , t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n c o m p r i s e s a b o u t 2 , 0 0 0 s q u a r e m i l e s , of w h i c h n o t m u c h m o r e t h a n 2 0 0 s q u a r e m i l e s - - o n e t e n t h - - i s c o m m i t t e d to u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t . I f t h e p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e to 1980 i s a s p r o j e c t e d , b e t w e e n one m i l l i o n a n d a m i l l i o n a n d a h a l f , a n d -19- �NATIONAL CAPITAL PLANNING COMMISSION r~i R Map -20- i — 5 NATIONAL CAPITAL REGIONAL PLANNING COUNCIL �t h e " l a n d c o n s u m p t i o n r a t e " a v e r a g e s 75 a c r e s p e r 1000 n e w p o p u l a t i o n f o r " n e i g h b o r h o o d " r e s i d e n t i a l use plus a s m u c h again for a l l other u r b a n u s e s (including p a r k s ) , u r b a n g r o w t h w i l l r e q u i r e a n a d d i t i o n a l 2 5 0 to 350 s q u a r e m i l e s of r u r a l l a n d . T h i s w o u l d m e a n t h a t e v e n b y 1980 t h r e e - f o u r t h s of the r e g i o n ' s a r e a w o u l d s t i l l be r u r a l o r u n u s e d f o r u r b a n p u r p o s e s . T h e p r o b l e m of l a n d u s e p l a n n i n g , t h e n i s c l e a r l y not one of a s h o r t a g e of l a n d a s s u c h , b u t r a t h e r of t h e l o c a t i o n of u s a b l e l a n d ; of w h e r e a n d h o w m u c h l a n d i s now u s a b l e o r c a n be m a d e s o , t h r o u g h e x t e n s i o n of u t i l i t i e s a n d u r b a n s e r v i c e s , t h r o u g h d r a i n a g e o r r e g r a d i n g ; b u t m o s t i m p o r t a n t t h r o u g h t h e p r o v i s i o n of a c c e s s i b i l i t y b y t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i m p r o v e m e n t s . T h e e x t e n t to w h i c h t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g a n d l a n d u s e p l a n n i n g m u s t be i n t e g r a t e d i s f u l l y r e c o g n i z e d . T h e p r e c e d i n g s e c t i o n s h a v e s u m m a r i z e d the b a s i c s t u d i e s w h i c h s e r v e a s the foundation for the r e g i o n a l g e n e r a l d e v e l o p m e n t p l a n . I n b r i e f , they have d e s c r i b e d t h e f o r c e s a n d f a c t o r s w i t h w h i c h t h e p l a n m u s t d e a l ; t h e t r e n d s of g r o w t h , of p o p u l a t i o n a n d of e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t y , w h i c h g e n e r a t e the p r e s s u r e s f o r f u t u r e g r o w t h b o t h i n q u a n t i t y a n d i n l o c a t i o n ; a n d t h e n a t u r a l a n d m a n - m a d e f a c t o r s w h i c h t e n d to l i m i t o r c h a n n e l g r o w t h - - t h e p r e s e n t p a t t e r n s of f i x e d l a n d u s e s a n d c e n t e r s of e m p l o y m e n t , t h e g e o g r a p h i c a n d g e o l o g i c i n h i b i t i o n s to d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e a r e a s w h i c h p r u d e n c e d i c t a t e s s h o u l d be k e p t f r e e of d e v e l o p m e n t to p r e s e r v e f u t u r e f l e x i b i l i t y of a c t i o n . T h e c h o i c e s t h a t l i e o p e n to t h e p l a n n e r - - a n d to t h e r e g i o n - - a r e n o t l i m i t l e s s , b u t t h e y a r e b r o a d e n o u g h to be a m a j o r c h a l l e n g e . -21- �HI THE GENERAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN The development plan here presented constitutes a generalized recommendation f o r t h e p a t t e r n of l a n d u s e s i n t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n , t h e d e n s i t y a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n of p o p u l a t i o n , a n d the d i s t r i b u t i o n of e m p l o y m e n t , f o r t h e y e a r s 1965 a n d 1 9 8 0 . T h e p l a n r e p r e s e n t s t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of the c o n c e p t s , p r i n c i p l e s a n d o b j e c t i v e s s e t f o r t h i n C h a p t e r I of t h i s r e p o r t to t h e c o m p l e x of e x i s t i n g c o n d i t i o n s , t r e n d s , a n d forces analyzed in Chapter I I . T h e p l a n r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a r e e x p r e s s e d i n t w o f o r m s : m a p s , a n d t a b l e s of f i g u r e s . B o t h of t h e s e m e d i a t e n d to c o n v e y a n i m p r e s s i o n of p r e c i s i o n t h a t i s not appropriate for long-range planning. The figures a r e therefore presented w h e r e v e r p o s s i b l e a s r a n g e s - - a n a r r o w range for 1965, and a w i d e r range for 1980. T h e m a p s a r e l i k e w i s e to be i n t e r p r e t e d a s d e s c r i b i n g g e n e r a l r a t h e r t h a n p r e c i s e quantities and locations. T h e s e qualifications a r e appropriate for any long-range p l a n , b u t p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r t h i s p l a n n i n g o p e r a t i o n b e c a u s e t h e l i m i t a t i o n s of t i m e a n d f u n d s h a v e i m p o s e d l i m i t s on d e t a i l a n d d e p t h of s t u d y . A. General Land Use I n g e n e r a l , the 1965 l a n d u s e p l a n ( m a p not a v a i l a b l e ) r e c o g n i z e s the p r e s e n t t r e n d s of u r b a n g r o w t h b y a c c r e t i o n , f i l l i n g i n of v a c a n t a r e a s a n d e x t e n d i n g d e v e l o p m e n t a t t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n f r i n g e i n a c o n t i n u o u s s p r e a d . M o s t of t h e p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e d e c i s i o n s t h a t w i l l i n f l u e n c e t h e k i n d a n d l o c a t i o n of c o n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e i m m e d i a t e f u t u r e h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n m a d e . T h e 1965 p l a n i s l a r g e l y a p r e d i c t i o n , b a s e d i n the m a i n u p o n t h e f a m i l i a r i t y of t h e p l a n n e r s of e a c h l o c a l j u r i s d i c t i o n w i t h w h a t i s c u r r e n t l y h a p p e n i n g i n t h e r e s i d e n t i a l , c o m m e r c i a l , a n d i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t , a n d on F e d e r a l d e c i s i o n s on g o v e r n m e n t e m p l o y m e n t c e n t e r s . T h e o b s e r v a b l e t r e n d s a r e m o d i f i e d i n t h i s p l a n o n l y w h e r e a n a l t e r n a t i v e c o u r s e of d e v e l o p m e n t i s v e r y s t r o n g l y d e s i r a b l e a n d w h e r e i t s e e m s p r a c t i c a l to hope f o r e f f e c t u a t i o n . T h e c o n s e q u e n c e i s t h e r e l u c t a n t a c c e p t a n c e of a 1965 r e g i o n a l l a n d u s e p a t t e r n w h i c h e m b o d i e s m a n y of the a d m i t t e d e v i l s of t h e k i n d of s u b u r b a n g r o w t h t h a t h a s o c c u r r e d s i n c e t h e W a r : a f o r m l e s s s p r a w l w h i c h s u b m e r g e s the i d e n t i t y of c o m m u n i t i e s , o v e r t a x e s c i r c u l a t i o n routes without p r e s e r v i n g opportunity for t h e i r widening o r r e l o c a t i o n , and p u s h e s the open c o u n t r y s i d e f u r t h e r and f u r t h e r b e y o n d e a s y r e a c h of t h e o l d e r b u i l t - u p a r e a s . T h e 1980 l a n d u s e p l a n , d e s c r i b e d on M a p 6, on p a g e 2 3 , r e p r e s e n t s a n a t t e m p t to m o d i f y t h i s t r e n d , s i n c e i t s d a t e i s f a r e n o u g h i n t h e f u t u r e to hope f o r t h e i n f l u e n c e of a r e g i o n a l p l a n to t a k e e f f e c t . E v e n s o , a f u r t h e r s u b u r b a n a c c r e t i o n i s e x p e c t e d , b u t s p l i t b y w e d g e s of o p e n s p a c e r e t a i n e d i n r u r a l o r r e c r e a t i o n a l u s e r e a c h i n g i n to t h e p r e s e n t e d g e of d e v e l o p m e n t . O u t e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t a r e p r o p o s e d , s e p a r a t e d b y b e l t s of o p e n s p a c e o r r u r a l - d e n s i t y u s e s f r o m the c o n t i n u o u s s p r a w l . I n g e n e r a l , t h e s e c t o r s of p l a n n e d g r o w t h f o l l o w m a i n c o r r i d o r s of radial travel. T h e 1980 l a n d u s e p l a n i s n e v e r t h e l e s s a c o m p r o m i s e b e t w e e n c o n f l i c t i n g r e g i o n a l p l a n n i n g o b j e c t i v e s . T h e w a t e r s h e d p r o t e c t i o n p o l i c y s h a r p l y r e d u c e s the a m o u n t of u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t t h a t c a n b e p l a n n e d f o r o u t e r s i t e s b e y o n d a " g r e e n b e l t " , i n t h e v e r y a r e a w h e r e d e f e n s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s w o u l d i n v i t e t h e p l a n n i n g of a s m u c h of f u t u r e g r o w t h a s p o s s i b l e . L i m i t a t i o n s on f e a s i b l e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s so l i m i t a c c e s s i b i l i t y to t h e W a s h i n g t o n u r b a n c o r e a s to e l i m i n a t e r e a l i s t i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n of l a r g e - s c a l e m e t r o p o l i t a n s a t e l l i t e s s t i l l f u r t h e r o u t , b e y o n d t h e p r o tected w a t e r s h e d s , w e l l into L o u d o u n , P r i n c e W i l l i a m , and C h a r l e s C o u n t i e s . ( U r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t s m a y w e l l o c c u r b y 1980 i n t h e s e a r e a s , b u t w i t h o u t a d v a n c e s i n t r a n s p o r t t e c h n o l o g y t h a t a r e not f o r e s e e n a t t h i s t i m e , they m u s t be s u b s t a n t i a l l y -22- �Map 6 -23- �i n d e p e n d e n t of t h e u r b a n c o r e a n d c a n n o t be c o n s i d e r e d a s p a r t of t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n r e g i o n h e r e b e i n g c o n c e i v e d a s a u n i t . ) A s a r e s u l t , t h e 1980 p l a n p r o j e c t s a l a n d u s e p a t t e r n t h a t i s l e s s r a d i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m the p r e s e n t t h a n a b s t r a c t p l a n n i n g theory would dictate. T h i s c a r r i e s w i t h i t a r e a l i z a t i o n t h a t t h i s r e g i o n a l p l a n i m p o s e s on the l o c a l j u r i s d i c t i o n s an even g r a v e r challenge than m i g h t r e s u l t under a m o r e open, m o r e d e c e n t r a l i z e d s c h e m e . A s the o l d e r s u b u r b s a r e a l r e a d y r e c o g n i z i n g , a c l o s e d e v e l o p m e n t p a t t e r n m a k e s i t m o r e d i f f i c u l t to m o d i f y t h e p h y s i c a l e n v i r o n m e n t of a c o m m u n i t y to a d j u s t to n e w n e e d s a n d s t a n d a r d s , a n d e s p e c i a l l y to a c c o m m o d a t e t h e r e g i o n a l h i g h w a y s and o t h e r s e r v i c e s f o r c e d upon the i n n e r a r e a s by new g r o w t h b e y o n d t h e m . T h e 1980 l a n d u s e p l a n m a k e s i t c l e a r t h a t e v e n t h e n e w e s t f r i n g e s u b u r b s of t o d a y w i l l b y t h a t t i m e b e " i n n e r " s u b u r b s , a n d t h a t v a s t a r e a s now r u r a l w i l l have changed t h e i r c h a r a c t e r completely. T h e need for prompt f a r s i g h t e d l o c a l planning i s m o s t c l e a r . T h e s e c t i o n s t h a t f o l l o w d i s c u s s e a c h of t h e m a j o r e l e m e n t s of the p l a n s e p a r a t e l y , t h o u g h t h i s i s a n a r t i f i c i a l b r e a k d o w n . T h e i n t e r a c t i o n of e a c h k i n d of l a n d u s e u p o n the o t h e r s , a n d the i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s a m o n g c e n t e r s of e m p l o y m e n t , conc e n t r a t i o n s of r e s i d e n c e , c i r c u l a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s , a n d p a t t e r n s of o p e n s p a c e , r e q u i r e t h a t t h e c o m p l e x be c o n c e i v e d a s a s i n g l e i n t e g r a t e d s y s t e m . B. C e n t e r s of F e d e r a l E m p l o y m e n t O f t h e 1980 t o t a l of F e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t e m p l o y m e n t p r o j e c t e d b y t h e e c o n o m i c b a s e a n a l y s i s , 8 4 % e x i s t e d i n t h e r e g i o n i n 1 9 5 5 ; t h e p a t t e r n of l o c a t i o n i s p i c t u r e d on M a p 3. T h i s m a p a l s o s h o w s p r o j e c t e d l o c a t i o n s of F e d e r a l e m p l o y m e n t c e n t e r s a s of 1 9 6 5 a n d 1 9 8 0 . B e c a u s e of the o v e r w h e l m i n g m a s s of t h e n u m b e r s i n the c e n t e r of t h e r e g i o n - - d o w n t o w n W a s h i n g t o n a n d t h e P e n t a g o n a r e a - - t h e m a p s u g g e s t s l i t t l e c h a n g e i n t h e b a l a n c e of l o c a t i o n a n d n u m b e r s . B a s e d u p o n a n a l y s i s of g o v e r n m e n t d e c i s i o n s a l r e a d y m a d e , h o w e v e r , w h i c h i n c l u d e t h e d e m o l i t i o n of c e n t r a l t e m p o r a r y o f f i c e b u i l d i n g s a n d t h e r e l o c a t i o n of s o m e of t h e a g e n c i e s h o u s e d t h e r e to n o n - c e n t r a l s i t e s , t h e f u t u r e of F e d e r a l e m p l o y m e n t does i n d i c a t e s o m e s h i f t i n b a l a n c e . I n l i n e w i t h the c o n c e p t s s e t f o r t h i n C h a p t e r I , a n d i n c o r p o r a t e d i n p l a n s a n d r e p o r t s of t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n , g o v e r n m e n t e m p l o y m e n t i n t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a i s p r o j e c t e d to r e m a i n a l m o s t s t a b l e : a s l i g h t d e c r e a s e b y 1 9 6 5 , a n d a b o u t a n 8% i n c r e a s e b y 1 9 8 0 w h i c h i n c l u d e s t h e 1 6 , 0 0 0 e m p l o y e e s to be l o c a t e d on t h e E a s t M a l l . W i t h a l l of t h e n e t i n c r e a s e g o i n g o u t s i d e of the c e n t r a l a r e a ( W a s h i n g t o n a n d A r l i n g t o n C o u n t y ) , t h e n e w F e d e r a l e m p l o y m e n t i n t h e r e s t of t h e r e g i o n - - t h o u g h n u m e r i c a l l y s m a l l i n p r o p o r t i o n to t h e r e g i o n a l t o t a l - - a m o u n t s to a 7 9 % i n c r e a s e . T h i s i n c r e a s e i n the o u t e r c o u n t i e s i s i n l a r g e m e a s u r e a c c o u n t e d f o r b y m o v e s of a g e n c i e s a l r e a d y a n n o u n c e d , to M o n t g o m e r y , P r i n c e G e o r g e s , a n d F a i r f a x C o u n t i e s . T h e f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e to 1 9 8 0 , a p p e a r i n g on M a p 3 a s new c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n l o c a t i o n s g e n e r a l l y e v e n f u r t h e r out, r e p r e s e n t h y p o t h e t i c a l a g e n c i e s - - n e w o r r e l o c a t e d - - t h e i d e n t i t y of w h i c h i s n e i t h e r k n o w n n o r i m p o r t a n t a t t h i s t i m e . T h e planning r e c o m m e n d a t i o n i s m e r e l y that, if F e d e r a l e m p l o y m e n t does indeed r e a c h t h e p r o j e c t e d 1980 f i g u r e , o n l y a s m a l l i n c r e a s e b e y o n d t h e 1965 f i g u r e s h o u l d b e p e r m i t t e d to o c c u r i n t h e i n n e r p a r t s of t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a ; to f u r t h e r c o n g e s t the r e g i o n a l c o r e , o v e r l a p the p r e s e n t F e d e r a l l a b o r m a r k e t , a n d t h u s f o r c e F e d e r a l e m p l o y e e s to c o m m u t e f r o m e v e r g r e a t e r d i s t a n c e s a n d tto i n c r e a s e t h e l o a d on o v e r b u r d e n e d c i r c u l a t i o n a r t e r i e s . I n s t e a d , s u c h e m p l o y m e n t s h o u l d be c e n t e r e d a t l o c a t i o n s a s f a r f r o m the c o r e a s the need for c o n t a c t w i t h c e n t r a l a g e n c i e s w i l l p e r m i t , w h e r e n e w F e d e r a l c e n t e r s c a n t a p o u t e r g e o g r a p h i c a l s e g m e n t s of the e v e r - e x t e n d i n g r e g i o n a l l a b o r m a r k e t , a n d c a n s e r v e a s f o c u s e s to n e w c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t r e l a t e d to b u t n o t e n t a n g l e d w i t h t h e p r e s e n t m e t r o p o l i t a n c o m p l e x , a s i n d i c a t e d on the r e g i o n a l l a n d u s e p l a n s ( M a p s 2 a n d 6 ) . -24- �The county. sidered military f o l l o w i n g t a b l e s h o w s t h e p r o j e c t e d d i s t r i b u t i o n of F e d e r a l e m p l o y m e n t b y T h e r e g i o n a l t o t a l s a r e g i v e n a s r a n g e s ; the l o c a l i z e d f i g u r e s a r e to b e c o n a s t h e c e n t e r - p o i n t s of r a n g e s r a t h e r t h a n p r e c i s e p r o j e c t i o n s . ( C i v i l i a n a n d employment is consolidated. ) TABLE 5 . — N C R P r o j e c t i o n s o f F e d e r a l Employment, 1 9 6 5 , 1955 1965 1980 1980 312,000 330-400,000 195,000 187,000 211,000 16,000 18,500 26,000 27,000 30,000 31,500 55,000 1,900 16,700 53,000 2,400 30,000 48,000 4,400 34,000 8,850 50 C. 320-350,000 9,000 100 11,000 100 Business Land Use T h e i m p e t u s f o r t h e g r o w t h w i t h i n t h e r e g i o n of c o m m e r c i a l a c t i v i t y a n d e m p l o y m e n t i s t h e g r o w t h of t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n m a r k e t . T h e r e a r e , h o w e v e r , a n u m b e r of k i n d s of f a c t o r s t h a t d e t e r m i n e w h e r e w i t h i n t h e r e g i o n the l a n d u s e s a s s o c i a t e d with these activities w i l l locate. M o s t of t h o s e k i n d s of b u s i n e s s w h i c h w e r e i d e n t i f i e d i n t h e e c o n o m i c a n a l y s i s as "independent s e c t o r s " - - i n t e r n a t i o n a l agencies, specialized professional s e r v i c e s , c o n v e n t i o n a n d t o u r i s t h o t e l s , a n d o t h e r f u n c t i o n s c l o s e l y r e l a t e d to t h e o p e r a t i o n of g o v e r n m e n t - - a r e n a t u r a l l y d r a w n , a n d c a n o n l y f l o u r i s h , i n t h e c e n t r a l c o r e of t h e r e g i o n . H e r e , a l s o , m u s t be c e n t e r e d the c o m m e r c i a l a c t i v i t i e s w h i c h r e q u i r e a c c e s s i b i l i t y to t h e e n t i r e m e t r o p o l i t a n m a r k e t : a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a n d h e a d q u a r t e r s o f f i c e s , finance, b u s i n e s s s e r v i c e s , e n t e r t a i n m e n t , some p r o f e s s i o n a l functions, and s p e c i a l i z e d r e t a i l a c t i v i t i e s . A l s o , of c o u r s e , t h e c o r e c o n t a i n s t h e r e t a i l a n d c o n s u m e r s e r v i c e s t h a t c a t e r to t h e g r e a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n of c o r e F e d e r a l e m p l o y e e s , a n d to t h e l a r g e s t c o m p a c t a g g r e g a t i o n of r e s i d e n t p o p u l a t i o n i n t h e r e g i o n . B e c a u s e of the n a t u r e of t h e c i r c u l a t i o n s y s t e m a n d t h e h i s t o r y of l a n d d e v e l o p m e n t , w h i c h h a s c r e a t e d r i n g s of g r o w t h a r o u n d t h e c e n t e r of g r a d u a l l y d e c r e a s i n g d e n s i t y , " d o w n t o w n " w i l l a l w a y s b e m o r e c o n v e n i e n t l y a c c e s s i b l e to a m u c h l a r g e r n u m b e r of people than a n y other shopping c e n t e r i n the r e g i o n . F o r t h i s c o m p l e x of r e a s o n s t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n c o r e , a n d s p e c i f i c a l l y t h e c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t of W a s h i n g t o n , w i l l a l w a y s r e t a i n i t s m a s s i v e p r e e m i n e n c e a s t h e l a r g e s t c o n c e n t r a t i o n of n o n - F e d e r a l e m p l o y m e n t a n d of e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t i e s . T h e 1 9 6 5 l a n d u s e p l a n of t h i s c o r e a r e a ( m a p n o t a v a i l a b l e ) i n d i c a t e s t h e s i g n i f i c a n t e x p a n s i o n of t h e c o m m e r c i a l a r e a p r o p o s e d b y t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n , and incorporated in this regional plan. The a r e a expansion i s in part to a c c o m m o d a t e m o r e s p a c e f o r o f f - s t r e e t p a r k i n g , w h i c h w i t h i m p r o v e d a r t e r i a l h i g h w a y s c o u p l e d w i t h i m p r o v e m e n t s i n p u b l i c t r a n s i t i s n e c e s s a r y to t h e m a i n t e n a n c e of e v e n t h e p r e s e n t l e v e l of a c t i v i t y t h e r e , a n d m o s t e s s e n t i a l to a n y h i g h e r l e v e l of a c t i v i t y . T h e D i s t r i c t i s a l s o p l a n n e d to a c c o m m o d a t e s u b s t a n t i a l i n c r e a s e s i n f l o o r -25- �s p a c e a n d c o r r e s p o n d i n g l y i n e m p l o y m e n t ; the l i m i t s p r o j e c t e d a r e t h o s e c o n s i d e r e d n e c e s s a r y to r e s t r a i n c o n g e s t i o n - - o f v e h i c l e s a n d p e o p l e - - t o a d e g r e e t h a t w i l l p e r m i t e f f i c i e n t e c o n o m i c f u n c t i o n i n g of t h e a r e a , a n d a l s o n e c e s s a r y to r e t a i n the v i s u a l a m e n i t y a n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l d o m i n a n c e of t h e c e n t r a l g o v e r n m e n t e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . I n t e r m s of e m p l o y m e n t , t h i s c e n t r a l c o r e * i s p r o j e c t e d to i n c r e a s e f r o m a b o u t 3 1 5 , 000 i n 1 9 5 5 , 4 0 % of t h e r e g i o n a l t o t a l of e m p l o y m e n t , to 3 2 6 , 0 0 0 b y 1 9 6 5 a n d 3 5 5 , 0 0 0 b y 1 9 8 0 . O f t h e s e n u m b e r s , a l l of t h e i n c r e a s e w i l l be i n n o n - F e d e r a l e m p l o y m e n t a n d m o s t of i t i n c o m m e r c i a l b u t n o t r e t a i l i n g a c t i v i t i e s . T h e p a t t e r n of p r e s e n t a n d p r o j e c t e d c o m m e r c i a l e m p l o y m e n t i s d e s c r i b e d o n M a p 4 ; t h e r e s u l t i n g p a t t e r n of c o m m e r c i a l l a n d u s e f o r 1980 s h o w s on M a p 6. ( T h e land u s e p l a n s show only the l a r g e r b u s i n e s s a r e a s , a n d o m i t neighborhood c e n t e r s and c o n v e n i e n c e s t o r e s . ) T h e s e m a p s a l l show t h a t , although the c e n t r a l c o r e w i l l r e m a i n the l a r g e s t a g g r e g a t e , the future g r o w t h a n d e x p a n s i o n w i l l take p l a c e p r i m a r i l y i n t h e o u t e r a r e a s . T h i s i s i n r e c o g n i t i o n of t w o p o w e r f u l f o r c e s : t h e r e c e n t a n d p r o j e c t e d m a g n i t u d e s of s u b u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h , a n d t h e t r e n d t o w a r d a u t o o r i e n t e d s h o p p i n g a n d c o n s u m e r s e r v i c e s . T h e c o m m e r c i a l a c t i v i t y n e e d e d to s e r v e the e x p e c t e d i n c r e a s e of a m i l l i o n s u b u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n b y 1 9 8 0 w i l l o c c u p y a t r e m e n dous a c r e a g e , i n c l u d i n g a s i t m u s t s e v e r a l t i m e s a s m u c h l a n d f o r p a r k i n g a s f o r b u i l d i n g s . T h e r e i s r o o m f o r m o s t of t h i s b u s i n e s s e x p a n s i o n o n l y i n t h e o u t e r a r e a s . M o r e i m p o r t a n t , h o w e v e r , i t i s e n t i r e l y a p p r o p r i a t e that the new b u s i n e s s be l o c a t e d f o r t h e m a x i m u m c o n v e n i e n c e of t h e n e w c u s t o m e r s , w h i c h m e a n s n e a r t h e i r n e w h o m e s . T h i s i s b o t h good p l a n n i n g a n d good b u s i n e s s . T h e new c o m m e r c i a l l a n d u s e a r e a s f o r 1965 a r e l a r g e l y those p r o j e c t e d a s m o s t p r o b a b l e of i m m e d i a t e d e v e l o p m e n t i n t h e j u d g m e n t of t h e p l a n n e r s of t h e l o c a l j u r i s d i c t i o n s . T h e y a r e l o c a t e d a t p o i n t s of m a x i m u m a c c e s s i b i l i t y , o n c i r c u l a t i o n routes a l r e a d y i n e x i s t e n c e o r c o m m i t t e d . T h e i r growth i s i n effect a s s u r e d by the p r e s e n t p a t t e r n of r e s i d e n t i a l p o p u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n . T h e i r s i z e i s c a l c u l a t e d i n t e r m s of t h e m a r k e t s c o n s i d e r e d t r i b u t a r y to t h e s i t e s . T h e n e w b u s i n e s s a r e a s s h o w n f o r 1980 on M a p 6 a r e l i m i t e d to t h e f e w of s u b r e g i o n a l i m p o r t a n c e ; t h e i r l o c a t i o n s a r e s i m i l a r l y d i c t a t e d b y the p r o j e c t e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of p o p u l a t i o n a n d t h e f o c u s e s of c i r c u l a t i o n . T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of c o m m e r c i a l e m p l o y m e n t t h a t m a t c h e s t h e l a n d u s e p l a n s i s g i v e n i n T a b l e 6. T h i s s h o w s t h a t , t h o u g h t h e p e r c e n t a g e i n c r e a s e i n t h e o u t e r a r e a s i s m u c h g r e a t e r t h a n f o r t h e c e n t r a l a r e a s , t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a w i l l c o n t i n u e to p r o v i d e m u c h of t h e c o m m e r c i a l s e r v i c e s f o r t h e e n t i r e r e g i o n a s w e l l a s f o r i t s o w n p o p u l a t i o n . I t s p e r c e n t a g e of t h e t o t a l c o m m e r c i a l e m p l o y m e n t d r o p s f r o m 6 5 % i n 1 9 5 5 to 5 5 % i n 1 9 6 5 a n d 5 0 % i n 1 9 8 0 , b y w h i c h t i m e i t w i l l c o n s t i t u t e o n l y 3 0 % of t h e r e g i o n a l p o p u l a t i o n ( a s a g a i n s t 4 5 % i n 1 9 5 5 ) . T h i s n e w b a l a n c e of c o m m e r c i a l a c t i v i t y i s a h e a l t h y c o n d i t i o n , i n t e r m s of t h e c o n v e n i e n t s e r v i c e of t h e p e o p l e of t h e r e g i o n , t h e p r o s p e r i t y of i t s e c o n o m i c l i f e , a n d t h e d e m a n d s to b e p l a c e d u p o n i t s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m . *The " z e r o s e c t o r " delineated for the traffic origin and destination surveys--this is larger than the C B D used by the Board of Trade. -26- �TABLE 6 . — N C R P r o j e c t i o n s o f Commercial Employment, 1 9 6 5 , 1980 1955 1980 312,000 370-410,000 430-530,000 203,000 217,760 237,360 29,500 21,900 45,550 38,100 69,650 58,400 25,150 17,200 10,350 29,150 20,700 25,250 34,000 25,000 43,625 2,900 2,650 D. 1965 4,300 3,900 6,400 5,100 Industrial Land Use L i k e t h e g r o w t h of c o m m e r c e , i n d u s t r i a l a c t i v i t y i n t h e r e g i o n i s e x p e c t e d to i n c r e a s e i n r e s p o n s e to t h e g r o w t h of t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n m a r k e t f o r i t s p r o d u c t s a n d its s e r v i c e s , (industry includes w a r e h o u s i n g , l u m b e r and fuel supply, u t i l i t i e s , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and w h o l e s a l i n g a s w e l l a s m a n u f a c t u r i n g . ) A s i n d i c a t e d i n the d i s c u s s i o n of e c o n o m i c g r o w t h p r o j e c t i o n s , w h i l e l i t t l e i n d u s t r i a l a c t i v i t y i s e x p e c t e d to d e v e l o p s e r v i n g m a r k e t s o u t s i d e t h i s r e g i o n , t h e e x t e n t to w h i c h t h e r e g i o n i s p r o j e c t e d to s e r v e i t s o w n m a r k e t f o r m a n u f a c t u r e d p r o d u c t s i s e x p e c t e d to r i s e f r o m t h e p r e s e n t l e v e l of 1 5 % of " f u l l i n d u s t r i a l i z a t i o n " to a 1980 l e v e l of b e t w e e n 20% and 30%. T h i s i n c r e a s e , h o w e v e r , r e p r e s e n t s a l m o s t a d o u b l i n g of i n d u s t r i a l e m p l o y m e n t , a n d a n e e d f o r s u b s t a n t i a l a d d i t i o n a l l a n d a r e a s to be d e v o t e d to i n d u s t r i a l u s e . M o d e r n s t a n d a r d s of t h e r a t i o of i n d u s t r i a l e m p l o y e e s to s i t e a r e a s a r e i n m a r k e d c o n t r a s t to t h o s e p r e v a i l i n g i n t h e o l d e r i n d u s t r i a l s e c t i o n s of t h e r e g i o n , r e q u i r i n g f a r m o r e l a n d p e r w o r k e r b e c a u s e of t h e t r e n d to o n e - s t o r y p l a n t s i n landscaped settings w i t h e x t e n s i v e employee parking space. I t m a y r e q u i r e four o r f i v e t i m e s a s m u c h i n d u s t r i a l l a n d a s a t p r e s e n t , to p r o v i d e s p a c e f o r t w i c e a s many industrial workers. T h i s a s p e c t of m o d e r n i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t i s a n i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r i n d e t e r m i n i n g i t s f u t u r e l o c a t i o n . A l t h o u g h t h e r e a r e f o r c e s i m p e l l i n g i n d u s t r y to c l u s t e r in i n n e r l o c a t i o n s , f a r s t r o n g e r f o r c e s push it into outlying a r e a s . High site r e q u i r e m e n t s d e m a n d l o w l a n d - c o s t s , w h i c h i n t u r n c o m p e l t h e u s e of v a c a n t a c r e a g e . A c c e s s to m a r k e t s a n d m a t e r i a l s c a n be a s w e l l o r b e t t e r m e t b y l o c a t i n g n e a r a m o d e r n a r t e r i a l h i g h w a y a s b y l o c a t i n g i n t h e c o r e . D e p e n d e n c e on r a i l f a c i l i t i e s r e m a i n s n e c e s s a r y f o r s o m e , t h o u g h not f o r a l l i n d u s t r i e s ; b u t t h i s d o e s not r e q u i r e c e n t r a l l o c a t i o n . N e a r n e s s to l o w e r - i n c o m e p o p u l a t i o n f o r l a b o r s u p p l y i s s t i l l a f a c t o r , but t h i s w i l l not f a v o r c e n t r a l s i t e s so s t r o n g l y w h e n the s u b u r b a n h o u s i n g s u p p l y b e c o m e s o l d e r a n d i s o c c u p i e d b y m o r e n e a r l y a c r o s s - s e c t i o n of e c o n o m i c g r o u p s . B y t h a t t i m e , a n o u t e r i n d u s t r i a l s i t e m a y h a v e t h e a d v a n t a g e of not c o m p e t i n g f o r i t s l a b o r w i t h t h e h i g h e r - p a i d e m p l o y m e n t i n t h e c o m m e r c i a l c o r e . I n a n y c a s e , l a b o r h a s b e c o m e so m o b i l e t h a t i n d u s t r y d o e s n o t n e e d to a d j o i n t h e h o m e s of i t s w o r k e r s . -27- �A l l of t h e s e f a c t o r s i n v i t e t h e p l a n n i n g of n e w i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t i n n o n c e n t r a l p a r t s of t h e r e g i o n . A s w i t h c o m m e r c e , t h e g r e a t b u l k , of i n d u s t r i a l a c t i v i t y i s e x p e c t e d s t i l l to b e i n t h e c e n t e r , b u t i t s d o m i n a n c e w i l l t e n d to be r e d u c e d . A s M a p s 4 a n d 6 s h o w , s o m e i n c r e a s e i s e x p e c t e d i n W a s h i n g t o n , b u t the c a p a c i t y of a v a i l a b l e s i t e s t h e r e i s v e r y s h a r p l y l i m i t e d . O n l y 18% of t h e 1980 i n c r e a s e i n i n d u s t r i a l e m p l o y m e n t i s p r o j e c t e d f o r t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a , w i t h 8 0 % o c c u r r i n g outside. T h e l o c a t i o n a n d e x t e n t of n e w i n d u s t r i a l l a n d u s e a p p e a r i n g on t h e 1965 p l a n ( m a p not a v a i l a b l e ) r e f l e c t s the o p i n i o n s of t h e p l a n n e r s of t h e l o c a l j u r i s d i c t i o n s a s to t h e s u i t a b i l i t y of t h e s i t e s a n d t h e i r l i k e l i h o o d of d e v e l o p m e n t , a n d a l s o t h e t r e n d s of z o n i n g p o l i c y i n v a r i o u s p a r t s of t h e r e g i o n ( i n c r e a s i n g l y s u b u r b s a r e s e e k i n g i n d u s t r i a l a s w e l l a s c o m m e r c i a l g r o w t h , to b o l s t e r r e a l - e s t a t e t a x i n c o m e ) . T h e p r e s e n c e o r e x p e c t a t i o n of good h i g h w a y a n d u t i l i t y a c c e s s i s p r o b a b l y t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r n e x t to t h e s u i t a b i l i t y of t o p o g r a p h y a n d s o i l . T h e 1980 l a n d u s e p l a n ( M a p 6 ) i n c l u d e s g e n e r a l i z e d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s to i n d u c e t h e f u r t h e r g r o w t h of i n d u s t r y i n t o d i s t i n c t l y m o r e o u t l y i n g l o c a t i o n s , not o n l y b e c a u s e b y t h e n t h e c l o s e r s i t e s w i l l h a v e b e e n d e v e l o p e d , b u t b e c a u s e of t h e s t a t e d p l a n n i n g o b j e c t i v e of n u c l e a t i n g n e w u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t a s f a r out a s i s p r a c t i c a b l e , a w a y f r o m t h e p r e s e n t ( a n d 1 9 6 5 ) l i m i t s of c o n t i n u o u s s u b u r b a n s p r a w l . T h e l a n d u s e p l a n s r e p r e s e n t a p p r o x i m a t e l y the d i s t r i b u t i o n of i n d u s t r i a l e m p l o y m e n t s h o w n i n T a b l e 7 ( a s w i t h t h e e a r l i e r t a b l e s , t h e s i n g l e f i g u r e s f o r 1965 a n d 1980 s h o u l d b e r e a d a s t h e c e n t e r - p o i n t of r a n g e s ) . A s w i t h c o m m e r c i a l e m p l o y m e n t , t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a ' s p e r c e n t a g e of t h e t o t a l d r o p s f r o m n e a r l y 7 0 % i n 1955 to 5 5 % i n 1965 a n d 4 5 % i n 1 9 8 0 . TABLE 7.—NCR P r o j e c t i o n s o f I n d u s t r i a l Employment, 1 9 6 5 , 1955 1965 1980 1980 94,550 120-140,000 150-210,000 64,500 72,700 81,400 5,450 6,050 10,400 17,150 17,800 32,500 8,300 6,050 2,600 10,400 7,900 9,500 12,100 10,700 20,500 850 750 1,750 1,450 3,750 2,750 T h e i n d u s t r i a l - d e v e l o p m e n t e l e m e n t s of t h i s r e g i o n a l p l a n , a s i s t r u e of m o s t of the o t h e r e l e m e n t s , a r e e i t h e r d i r e c t l y i n c o n f o r m i t y w i t h the p u b l i s h e d p l a n s a n d p o l i c i e s of t h e v a r i o u s l o c a l j u r i s d i c t i o n s , o r a t l e a s t n o t i n c o n f l i c t w i t h s u c h p l a n s and policies as a r e known. -28- �E. Other Economic Activity I n a l o n g - r a n g e a n d g e n e r a l i z e d p l a n s u c h a s t h i s , t h e l o c a t i o n of o t h e r t y p e s of l a n d u s e s g e n e r a t i n g e m p l o y m e n t c a n not be d e v e l o p e d i n a n y d e t a i l , i n p a r t b e c a u s e s u c h o t h e r e m p l o y m e n t i s n o t of s u f f i c i e n t m a g n i t u d e i n d e t e r m i n a b l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s to be u s a b l e i n t h e w o r k of t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s u r v e y . F r o m t h e l a n d u s e p l a n n i n g p o i n t of v i e w , t h e a r e a s o c c u p i e d b y t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s a r e e i t h e r not f i x e d ( s u c h a s c o n s t r u c t i o n ) , o r so s m a l l i n s c a l e a s to b e l o s t i n g e n e r a l i z e d r e s i d e n t i a l a n d c o m m e r c i a l a r e a s ( a s l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t o r d o m e s t i c s e r v i c e ) , o r not s u b j e c t to a n a n a l y t i c a l a p p r o a c h to d e t e r m i n i n g n e w l o c a t i o n s f o r g r o w t h ( a s p r i v a t e hospitals, u n i v e r s i t i e s and other i n s t i t u t i o n s ) . T h e t o t a l of s u c h o t h e r a c t i v i t i e s i s , h o w e v e r , of s o m e s i g n i f i c a n c e , a m o u n t i n g to 1 2 % of a l l e m p l o y m e n t . A l t h o u g h l o c a t i o n s a r e n o t i d e n t i f i a b l e on t h e l a n d u s e p l a n s e x c e p t f o r a few l a r g e e x i s t i n g i n s t i t u t i o n s , the p r o j e c t i o n s f o r " o t h e r e m p l o y m e n t " a r e i n c l u d e d i n the r e g i o n a l a n d county t o t a l s g i v e n i n T a b l e 8 b e l o w , w h i c h s u m m a r i z e s t h e s t a t i s t i c a l p i c t u r e of t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t i e s . TABLE 8 . - - N C R P r o j e c t i o n s o f T o t a l Employment, 1 9 6 5 , 1955 1965 1980 1980 815,000 505,000 530,000 550,000- 610,000 95,00090,000- 105,000 110,000 120,000120,000- 160,000 160,000 100,000 30,000 35,000 8,000 15,000 100,00030,00065,0009,00016,000- 110,000 40,000 85,000 11,000 20,000 100,00040,000100,00010,00022,000- 110,000 50,000 130,000 16,000 28,000 815,000 930,000-1 ,000,000 312,000 312,000 95,000 96,000 F. 510,000- 65,000 60,000 Total 930,000-1 ,000,000 320,000370,000120,000105,000- 350,000 410,000 140,000 115,000 1 , 0 8 0 , 0 0 0 - 1 , 260,000 1 , 0 8 0 , 0 0 0 - 1 , 260,000 330,000430,000150,000125,000- 400,000 530,000 210,000 150,000 R e s i d e n t i a l Development and L a n d U s e R e s i d e n t i a l d e v e l o p m e n t c o n s t i t u t e s b y f a r t h e l a r g e s t p r o p o r t i o n of u r b a n l a n d a r e a , a s i s c l e a r f r o m t h e m a p s of 1955 l a n d u s e , a n d i n t h e y e a r s to c o m e a s i n the r e c e n t p a s t w i l l c o m p r i s e t h e l a r g e s t e l e m e n t of u r b a n g r o w t h a n d e x p a n s i o n ; t h i s i s s h o w n on t h e l a n d - u s e p l a n ( M a p 6 ) . T h e r e f o r e the c o m m e n t s o n G e n e r a l L a n d U s e ( I I I A . , a b o v e ) a p p l y e s p e c i a l l y to t h e p l a n p r o p o s a l s f o r r e s i d e n t i a l - a r e a d e v e l o p ment. I n p a r t i c u l a r t h e 1965 l a n d u s e p l a n , w h i c h a s to r e s i d e n t i a l d e v e l o p m e n t i s a l m o s t a l l a p r e d i c t i o n a n d a l m o s t none a p r o p o s a l f o r c h o i c e a m o n g a l t e r n a t i v e s , r e p r e s e n t s a r e l u c t a n t a c c e p t a n c e of a n e x t e n s i o n of u r b a n s p r a w l w h i c h i t i s too l a t e to p r e v e n t . I t s h o w s a l m o s t a l l of t h e n e w g r o w t h o c c u r r i n g a s a n a c c r e t i o n to t h e p r e s e n t f r i n g e s , w i t h s o m e f i l l i n g - i n of b y - p a s s e d v a c a n t a r e a s a n d s o m e a d d i t i o n to -29- �o u t e r - l y i n g e x i s t i n g c e n t e r s w h e r e t h i s s e e m s l i k e l y to h a p p e n , a n d a s i g n i f i c a n t a m o u n t of s c a t t e r of p o p u l a t i o n i n t o r u r a l a r e a s on l a r g e l o t s , a s h a s b e e n the t r e n d . T h e d e n s i t i e s i n d i c a t e d a r e i n g e n e r a l a c c e p t a n c e s of. p r e s e n t z o n i n g p o l i c i e s i n e a c h local jurisdiction. T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of p o p u l a t i o n , a s i n d i c a t e d on M a p 5, i s l a r g e l y a c o n s e q u e n c e of t h e d e n s i t y a s s u m p t i o n s ( e x p r e s s e d i n " l a n d c o n s u m p t i o n " r a t e s a s d i s c u s s e d i n C h a p t e r I I , F . ) a n d t h e a r e a s of l a n d c o n s i d e r e d l i k e l y to be b u i l t - u p b y 1 9 6 5 . A l t h o u g h t h e p l a n i s e x p r e s s e d i n g r o s s d e n s i t y r a n g e s , t h e s e a r e not to be i n t e r p r e t e d a s r e c o m m e n d e d l o t - s i z e s o r u n i f o r m z o n i n g p a t t e r n s . I t w o u l d be h o p e d a n d e x p e c t e d t h a t t h e r e w o u l d be s u b s t a n t i a l v a r i a t i o n s i n z o n i n g d e n s i t y w i t h i n e a c h c o m m u n i t y a r e a , s o t h a t e a c h m a y i n c l u d e a v a r i e t y of h o u s i n g t y p e s , a n d of r e s i d e n t i a l c h a r a c t e r r a n g i n g f r o m " u r b a n " to " r u r a l " . E v e n t h e l o w e s t d e n s i t y - r a n g e m i g h t c o n t a i n s o m e a p a r t m e n t a r e a s , a n d t h e h i g h e s t s o m e d i s t r i c t s of o n e - a c r e l o t s . T h e p r o j e c t i o n s of l o c a l r e s i d e n t p o p u l a t i o n a n d r e s i d e n t i a l l a n d u s e f u l l y c o n f o r m to the e x p e c t a t i o n s of t h e l o c a l p l a n n i n g j u r i s d i c t i o n s . T h e p l a n i s i n f l u e n c e d h e a v i l y b y t h e p r e s s u r e s f o r d e v e l o p m e n t r e s u l t i n g f r o m p r o v i s i o n of a c c e s s i b i l i t y to n e w a r e a s b y n e w h i g h w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n , f r o m t h e l o c a t i o n of n e w o u t l y i n g F e d e r a l c e n t e r s of e m p l o y m e n t , a n d f r o m t h e e x t e n s i o n of w a t e r a n d s e w e r l i n e s ; e x p e r i e n c e s u g g e s t s t h a t z o n i n g a l o n e i s not a b l e to r e s i s t s u c h p r e s s u r e s . T h e 1965 a n d 1980 p l a n s b o t h p r o p o s e to k e e p r e s i d e n t i a l d e v e l o p m e n t c l e a r of t h e a r e a s t h a t n e e d to be r e s e r v e d u n d e r t h e p o l i c i e s s e t f o r t h i n C h a p t e r I I , D a n d E : p o s s i b l y n e e d e d a i r p o r t s a n d t h e i r a p p r o a c h a r e a s , the p o s s i b l e d a m a n d i t s l a k e , a n d t h e a r e a s of p o o r s o i l c o n d i t i o n s ; a n d a l s o c l e a r of a r e a s p r o p o s e d to be r e s e r v e d f o r r e g i o n a l r e c r e a t i o n a n d f o r i n d u s t r y a n d c o m m e r c e . T h e i m p a c t of t h e s e " r e s e r v a t i o n s " a d d a n o t h e r s t r o n g r e a s o n f o r h o l d i n g to a l o w e r r a t h e r t h a n a h i g h e r t a r g e t p o p u l a t i o n for the r e g i o n ; u n d e r the w a t e r - s u p p l y and s e w a g e - t r e a t m e n t t e c h n o l o g y n o w f o r e s e e a b l e , a m u c h l a r g e r p o p u l a t i o n t h a n i s p r o p o s e d c a n n o t be p r o v i d e d f o r w i t h i n t h i s r e g i o n w i t h o u t v i o l a t i n g a n u m b e r of t h e i m p o r t a n t p o l i c i e s a n d o b j e c t i v e s set forth in Chapter I I . I n g e n e r a l t h e 1980 p l a n f o r r e s i d e n t i a l d e v e l o p m e n t a n d p o p u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n ( M a p s 5 and 6) a l l o c a t e s l a n d a r e a s for r e s i d e n t i a l use i n q u a n t i t i e s d e t e r m i n e d by a p p l y i n g s i m i l a r " l a n d c o n s u m p t i o n " r a t e s to t h e p r o j e c t e d i n c r e a s e i n p o p u l a t i o n , a n d i n l o c a t i o n s of t w o k i n d s . T h e f i r s t i s a s t i l l f u r t h e r a c c r e t i o n a r o u n d t h e s u b u r b a n f r i n g e , to t h e e x t e n t t h a t t h i s i s c o n s i d e r e d i m p o s s i b l e to p r e v e n t . T h e s e c o n d i s i n c e n t e r s t h a t a r e , i n e f f e c t , new and s e p a r a t e f r o m the c o n t i n u o u s u r b a n s p r a w l . T h e 1980 p l a n i s b a s e d on a hope f o r a f u l l e r c o o r d i n a t i o n i n the f u t u r e a m o n g those w h o s e d e c i s i o n s c r e a t e the p r e s s u r e s f o r d e v e l o p m e n t . I t p r o j e c t s a n u m b e r of n e w u r b a n c o m m u n i t i e s , i n s u l a t e d b y r u r a l l a n d s f r o m o t h e r u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t , e a c h w i t h a m e a s u r e of i n d e p e n d e n c e , e a c h f o c u s s e d u p o n one o r m o r e n e w o u t l y i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of e m p l o y m e n t , b u t a l l i n t e g r a t e d i n t o t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n w h o l e b y c i r culation a r t e r i e s and s h a r e d s e r v i c e s . Mostof these " n e w " c o m m u n i t i e s a r e seen as d e v e l o p i n g a r o u n d s o m e now e x i s t i n g s m a l l c e n t e r , w h o s e e x i s t e n c e i n d i c a t e s s o m e n a t u r a l r e a s o n f o r a c o n c e n t r a t i o n of p e o p l e a n d a c t i v i t y . I t s h o u l d b e s t r e s s e d t h a t the c h a n n e l i n g of g r o w t h i n t o t h e s e " i n s u l a t e d " c o m m u n i t i e s i s not p r o p o s e d s o l e l y f o r the b e n e f i t of t h e i r o w n f u t u r e i n h a b i t a n t s , a l t h o u g h it i s w i d e l y accepted that s o c i a l l y and e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y life i n s u c h a c o m m u n i t y , w i t h i t s o w n i d e n t i t y y e t l i n k e d to t h e m e t r o p o l i s , w o u l d b e c l o s e r to the A m e r i c a n i d e a l t h a n w i l l be a v a i l a b l e to the i n h a b i t a n t s of the s u b u r b of t h e " u r b a n s p r a w l " t y p e . T h e b e n e f i t w i l l a l s o b e to t h e p e o p l e of t h e " m e t r o p o l i t a n f r i n g e " w h i c h h a s b e e n l e a p f r o g g e d , b u t w h o , w i t h o u t s o m e s u c h r e s t r u c t u r i n g of u r b a n g r o w t h p a t t e r n s , w i l l find t h e m s e l v e s s u b m e r g e d i n f u r t h e r s p r a w l , h a v i n g l o s t the v e r y q u a l i t i e s i n t h e i r e n v i r o n m e n t w h i c h t h e y s o u g h t to r e a c h : a c c e s s to t h e c o u n t r y s i d e , a n d i d e n t i t y i n a community. -30- �T h i s i s not a " b o l d " p l a n . I t i s r e s t r i c t e d b y a r e c o g n i t i o n of w h a t n o w s e e m s to be p r a c t i c a b l e , o v e r the c o m i n g t w e n t y - f i v e y e a r p e r i o d . I t i s s i n c e r e l y h o p e d t h a t f u t u r e c h a n g e s i n t h e p l a n m a y be p o s s i b l e , a s d e v e l o p m e n t s i n e n g i n e e r i n g a n d the t e c h n o l o g y of t r a n s p o r t , w a t e r s u p p l y a n d s e w e r a g e o f f e r s o l u t i o n s to the l i m i t a t i o n s i m p o s e d b y d i s t a n c e a n d b y the i n h i b i t i o n s to g r o w t h i n w a t e r s h e d p r o t e c t i o n a r e a s , a n d a s l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s c o m e to r e c o g n i z e m o r e f u l l y h o w t h e w e l f a r e of t h e i r c o n s t i t u e n t s c a n be s e r v e d . T a b l e 9 b e l o w s e t s f o r t h t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of p o p u l a t i o n t h a t i s p r o j e c t e d , to s u p p l e m e n t the g r a p h i c d e s c r i p t i o n on M a p 5. I t s h o w s q u i t e c l e a r l y t h a t the c e n t r a l d i s t r i c t s - - t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a , A r l i n g t o n , a n d A l e x a n d r i a - - w i l l b e d e v e l o p e d to o r c l o s e to c a p a c i t y b y 1980 o r b e f o r e , a n d c a n r e c e i v e a r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l p r o p o r t i o n of t h e r e g i o n a l i n c r e a s e . M o n t g o m e r y , P r i n c e G e o r g e s , a n d F a i r f a x C o u n t i e s a b s o r b the l a r g e s t i m p a c t , 7 0 % of the t o t a l i n c r e a s e . TABLE 9 . — N C R P r o j e c t i o n o f P o p u l a t i o n D i s t r i b u t i o n , 1965, 1955 1,858,000 1980 1965 1980 2,300,000-2 ,500,000 2,750,000-3j 250,000 852,000 G. 920,000 9 0 0 , 0 0 0 - 1 , 000,000 255,000 290,000 F a i r f a x County & F a l l s Church 880,000360,000410,000- 420,000 480,000 500,000530,000- 620,000 650,000 153,000 83,000 165,000 23,000 37,000 190,000105,000260,00025,00043,000- 210,000 115,000 300,000 27,000 47,000 200,000110,000410,00030,00050,000- 210,000 130,000 520,000 42,000 80,000 Open L a n d U s e s U n d e r the c o n c e p t s adopted a s guides for t h i s r e g i o n a l p l a n , open s p a c e - - t h e u s e of l a n d f o r p u r p o s e s o t h e r t h a n u r b a n r e s i d e n c e , c o m m e r c e , i n d u s t r y a n d i n s t i t u t i o n s — i s c o n c e i v e d a s a p o s i t i v e e l e m e n t i n the m e t r o p o l i t a n d e v e l o p m e n t p a t t e r n . O p e n l a n d u s e s of m a n y s o r t s h a v e s p e c i f i c a n d i m p o r t a n t f u n c t i o n s to p e r f o r m , a n d s h o u l d not be r e g a r d e d a s m e r e l y t h e n e g a t i v e p a r t of the p i c t u r e , l a n d v a c a n t a n d a w a i t i n g c o n v e r s i o n to u r b a n u s e i n t h e n e a r o r d i s t a n t f u t u r e . T h e o p e n l a n d u s e m o s t r e a d i l y r e c o g n i z e d a s a n e s s e n t i a l f e a t u r e of m e t r o p o l i tan development i s r e c r e a t i o n . T h i s p l a n c o n c e r n s i t s e l f only w i t h those r e c r e a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s t h a t a r e r e g i o n a l o r s u b r e g i o n a l i n c h a r a c t e r . T h e s c a l e i s too l a r g e to show l o c a l - s e r v i c e f a c i l i t i e s s u c h a s p l a y g r o u n d s , p l a y f i e l d s , o r neighborhood p a r k s ; the a r e a - r e q u i r e m e n t s for t h e s e u s e s a r e , h o w e v e r , i n c o r p o r a t e d i n the " l a n d c o n s u m p t i o n " r a t e s u s e d to d e t e r m i n e t h e l a n d a r e a n e e d e d to a c c o m m o d a t e g r o s s r e s i dential development. T h e t y p e of m a j o r r e c r e a t i o n a r e a s p e c i f i c a l l y p r o j e c t e d a s p a r t of t h i s r e g i o n a l p l a n i s t h e l a r g e p a r k o r r e s e r v a t i o n , to be k e p t i n i t s n a t u r a l s t a t e a s a r e t r e a t f r o m t h e c i t y , w i t h a m i n i m u m of d e v e l o p m e n t of h i k i n g o r r i d i n g t r a i l s , p i c n i c a r e a s , c a m p s i t e s a n d t h e l i k e , a n d t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of a r e a s s e t a s i d e f o r n a t u r e s t u d y , w i l d life p r e s e r v e s or s a n c t u a r i e s , and use by s u c h s p e c i a l group a c t i v i t i e s a s scouting. -31- �S u c h a p a r k h a s a n u m b e r of s i t e r e q u i r e m e n t s , t h e f o r e m o s t of w h i c h i s the e x i s t e n c e of u n s p o i l e d a c r e a g e of w o o d l a n d , s t r e a m s a n d p o n d s , s w a m p a n d n a t u r a l meadow. Another i s a m i n i m u m s i z e or dimension w h i c h m a k e s it possible for a p e r s o n o r a g r o u p to g e t out of s i g h t a n d s o u n d of u r b a n a c t i v i t y . T h e l o c a t i o n s of s u c h p a r k s s h o u l d be a c c e s s i b l e to t h e p o p u l a t i o n t h e y a r e d e s i g n e d to s e r v e . T h i s d o e s n o t , of c o u r s e , m e a n w i t h i n w a l k i n g d i s t a n c e , s i n c e t h i s k i n d of p a r k i s not u s e d d a i l y . I t d o e s m e a n w i t h i n a t i m e - d i s t a n c e of a n h o u r o r t w o , b y c a r o r t r a n s i t . T h i s l o c a t i o n r e q u i r e m e n t , h o w e v e r , i s c l o s e l y l i n k e d w i t h the s i z e - r e q u i r e m e n t ; t h e a c r e a g e to be p r o v i d e d m u s t n o t o n l y b e w i t h i n r e a c h of e v e r y p a r t of t h e r e g i o n , b u t a l s o l a r g e e n o u g h i n e a c h l o c a t i o n to t a k e c a r e of t h a t g e o g r a p h i c a l s e g m e n t of t h e p o p u l a t i o n i t i s d e s i g n e d to s e r v e . T h e f i r s t s t e p t o w a r d d e t e r m i n i n g the r e g i o n a l p a r k a r e a n e e d e d i s a s t a n d a r d of a r e a p e r p o p u l a t i o n s e r v e d . T h e s t a n d a r d s t h a t h a v e b e e n d e v e l o p e d b y r e c r e a t i o n e x p e r t s a r e a d m i t t e d l y r o u g h , b u t t h e y a r e b a s e d on a c t u a l e x p e r i e n c e w i t h the e x t e n t of u s e of f a c i l i t i e s of t h i s t y p e . T h e s t a n d a r d q u o t e d i n t h e 1950 r e p o r t on the C o m p r e h e n s i v e P l a n f o r t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l a n d i t s E n v i r o n s i s 10 a c r e s f o r e a c h 1000 t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n . I n v i e w of the l o n g - t e r m r e d u c t i o n e x p e c t e d i n w e e k l y a n d y e a r l y h o u r s of w o r k , a n d the t r e n d of i n c r e a s e d u s e of r e g i o n a l p a r k s b y u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n , t h i s s t a n d a r d i s quite p r o b a b l y c o n s e r v a t i v e f o r the d i s t a n t f u t u r e . I t i s , h o w e v e r , t e n t a t i v e l y a c c e p t e d f o r u s e i n t h i s p l a n n i n g o p e r a t i o n , w i t h the e x p e c t a t i o n t h a t f u t u r e r e s t u d y w i l l p r o b a b l y r e s u l t i n a d o p t i o n of a h i g h e r s t a n d a r d . T h e s e c o n d c o m p o n e n t of t h e c a l c u l a t i o n of t o t a l p a r k a r e a n e e d e d i s t h e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n f i g u r e to w h i c h the s t a n d a r d s h o u l d be a p p l i e d . I t w o u l d be r e a s o n a b l e to u s e t h e 1980 p r o j e c t i o n o n l y i f t h e r e g i o n ' s p o p u l a t i o n i s n o t e x p e c t e d to i n c r e a s e f u r t h e r a f t e r t h a t d a t e . R e g i o n a l p a r k s a r e the one e l e m e n t of t h e p l a n w h i c h s h o u l d be p r o j e c t e d n o w a t the m a x i m u m s i z e t h a t w i l l e v e r b e n e e d e d , s i n c e p a r k s i t e s t h a t a r e not n o w p r o t e c t e d f r o m u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t c a n n e v e r b e r e c o v e r e d o n c e they a r e despoiled. The n a t u r a l landscape i s a l i t e r a l l y i r r e p l a c e a b l e n a t u r a l r e source. F o r t h i s r e a s o n the f i g u r e c h o s e n f o r " u l t i m a t e " p o p u l a t i o n i s s u b s t a n t i a l l y h i g h e r t h a n t h e 1980 f o r e c a s t . F o u r m i l l i o n i s u s e d , a s a p o s s i b l e t h o u g h i m p r o b a b l e l e v e l of g r o w t h to b e r e a c h e d b y the y e a r 2 0 0 0 o r s o o n t h e r e a f t e r . T h e r e s u l t i n g a g g r e g a t e n e e d of 4 0 , 0 0 0 a c r e s ( o v e r 60 s q u a r e m i l e s ) s e e m s l a r g e , b u t i n f a c t i s o n l y 3% of t h e r e g i o n ' s t o t a l a r e a . T h e r e g i o n a l p a r k a r e a s s h o w n on M a p 6 a p p r o x i m a t e t h i s a c r e a g e , a n d a r e l o c a t e d w i t h r e a s o n a b l e a c c e s s to e a c h p a r t of the r e g i o n a n d i n r o u g h p r o p o r t i o n to t h e p o p u l a t i o n t r i b u t a r y to e a c h . I n a d d i t i o n to e x i s t i n g r e g i o n a l p a r k s a n d r e s e r v a t i o n s , the p l a n i n c l u d e s p r e v i o u s o f f i c i a l p r o p o s a l s f o r s t r e a m - v a l l e y p a r k r e s e r v a t i o n s p l u s s u b s t a n t i a l e x t e n s i o n s , a n d a l s o a n u m b e r of o t h e r w o o d e d a n d s c e n i c s i t e s , e s p e c i a l l y a l o n g e x i s t i n g a n d p o s s i b l e f u t u r e b o d i e s of w a t e r . A l s o i n d i c a t e d a s " r e s e r v e d " , f o r t h e r e a s o n s s e t f o r t h i n C h a p t e r I I , a r e the p o t e n t i a l a i r p o r t s i t e s and t h e i r p r o t e c t i v e r e s e r v a t i o n s , a n d the l a n d s t h a t m i g h t be f l o o d e d b y t h e p o t e n t i a l w a t e r - s u p p l y d a m . T h e s e r e s e r v a t i o n s h a v e b e e n l o c a t e d i n r e l a t i o n to t h e p r o p o s a l s f o r u r b a n ( e s p e c i a l l y r e s i d e n t i a l ) l a n d u s e , i n p a r t to p e r f o r m t h e f u n c t i o n u r g e d e a r l i e r , of i n s u l a t i o n b e t w e e n c o m m u n i t i e s . T h e l a n d a r e a s , h o w e v e r , do n o t m a k e up e n o u g h o p e n s p a c e i n t h e r i g h t p l a c e s to m e e t t h i s n e e d f u l l y , n o r to p r o v i d e t h a t a s s u r a n c e of f u t u r e d e v e l o p m e n t a l f l e x i b i l i t y r e c o m m e n d e d a s a p l a n n i n g p r i n c i p l e . T h i s , a g a i n , i s a p o s i t i v e f u n c t i o n a l e l e m e n t of the r e g i o n a l p l a r i ; b u t i t i s n e i t h e r n e c e s s a r y n o r d e s i r a b l e to p r o p o s e p u b l i c o w n e r s h i p a n d u s e f o r a l l of t h e " b r e a t h i n g space" thus needed. -32- �T h e p l a n s f o r b o t h 1 9 6 5 ( m a p not a v a i l a b l e ) a n d 1980 s h o w a d d i t i o n a l " g r e e n w e d g e s " a n d " g r e e n b e l t s " w h i c h a r e p r o p o s e d not f o r r e c r e a t i o n but, e x c e p t f o r s w a m p o r poor s u b s o i l a r e a s , f o r c o n t i n u e d r u r a l u s e . A g r i c u l t u r a l u s e w o u l d be e x p e c t e d to r e m a i n i n m u c h of t h e s e a r e a s ; i n m a n y p a r t s of the r e g i o n , a g r i c u l t u r e i s a c o n t r i b u t i n g f o r c e i n t h e e c o n o m i c l i f e a n d p r o v i d e s u s e f u l p r o d u c t s to the m e t r o p o l i t a n m a r k e t . L a n d s e s p e c i a l l y a d a p t e d to a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n d e s e r v e p r o t e c t i o n w h e r e p o s s i b l e ; i n s p i t e of c u r r e n t n a t i o n a l f a r m s u r p l u s e s , t h e p r o s p e c t s of l o n g - t e r m n a t i o n a l p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e s u g g e s t t h a t i t w o u l d b e u n w i s e to s q u a n d e r t h e n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e of f e r t i l e l a n d . The other positive use for these projected r u r a l a r e a s i s s c a t t e r e d r e s i d e n c e , on l o t s s e v e r a l a c r e s i n s i z e , o f f e r i n g o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r a n a l m o s t r u r a l k i n d of l i v i n g to t h a t a p p a r e n t l y i n c r e a s i n g p r o p o r t i o n of t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n " u r b a n " p o p u l a t i o n t h a t d e s i r e s i t , w i t h o u t f o r c i n g s u c h p e o p l e to a n e v e r - f u r t h e r - d i s t a n t " f r i n g e " . S u c h r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s do n o t r e q u i r e a n u r b a n l e v e l of u t i l i t i e s o r c o m m u n i t y s e r v i c e s , a n d p e r f o r m t h e d o u b l e f u n c t i o n of h o u s i n g t h e i r o w n i n h a b i t a n t s a n d of p r o v i d i n g t h e b r e a t h i n g - s p a c e n e e d e d b y t h e i n h a b i t a n t s of n e a r b y u r b a n o r s u b u r b a n communities. T h e l a n d a r e a s a l l o c a t e d to t h e s e p u r p o s e s f o r 1980 a r e not i n h e r e n t l y u n u s a b l e f o r d e n s e r d e v e l o p m e n t , a n d w i l l be b y t h a t d a t e o r s o o n e r s u b j e c t to s t r o n g p r e s s u r e s f o r t h e k i n d of u r b a n i z a t i o n i t i s p r o p o s e d to p e r m i t a n d e n c o u r a g e i n n e a r b y a r e a s of s i m i l a r n a t u r a l c o n d i t i o n . T h i s i s a f e a t u r e of t h e r e g i o n a l p l a n , h o w e v e r , t h a t i s c o n s i d e r e d to be of t h e u t m o s t i m p o r t a n c e . I t c a n be m a d e e f f e c t i v e o n l y t h r o u g h s t r o n g c o o r d i n a t i o n of m a n y o f f i c i a l p o l i c i e s , c o n c e r n i n g not o n l y z o n i n g r e s t r i c t i o n s p l u s t h e w i t h h o l d i n g of u t i l i t i e s a n d h i g h w a y a c c e s s i b i l i t y b u t a l s o m e a s u r e s of t a x a t i o n w h i c h w i l l e n c o u r a g e the m a i n t e n a n c e of e x i s t i n g r u r a l c o n d i t i o n s and discourage dense development. H. C i r c u l a t i o n I m p l i c a t i o n s of t h e P l a n C i r c u l a t i o n p r o p o s a l s , t h o u g h not s u b m i t t e d a s a d e s i g n s c h e m e i n t h i s r e p o r t , e x e r t m a j o r i n f l u e n c e s u p o n l a n d u s e a n d u p o n the d i s t r i b u t i o n of p o p u l a t i o n a n d e m p l o y m e n t . T h e p o l i c i e s a n d p r o p o s a l s h e r e s e t f o r t h not o n l y r e q u i r e t h e s u p p o r t of a c i r c u l a t i o n s y s t e m b a s e d upon p a r a l l e l p o l i c i e s , but a l s o a r e b a s e d i n p a r t upon c e r t a i n h y p o t h e s e s a s to t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n of a c i r c u l a t i o n s y s t e m w h i c h a r e a p p a r e n t u p o n r e v i e w of the m a p s d e s c r i b i n g t h e l a n d u s e p l a n . T h e a i r p o r t s a n d t h e r a i l w a y a n d h i g h w a y r o u t e s c o n n e c t the r e g i o n to the o u t s i d e w o r l d , f e e d i n g i n t o a n d out of the r e g i o n t h e p e o p l e a n d t h e g o o d s t h a t k e e p t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a a l i v e , t h u s m a k i n g t h e i r e f f i c i e n t d e s i g n a n d l o c a t i o n a m a t t e r of m a j o r r e g i o n a l p l a n n i n g c o n c e r n . T h e y , a s w e l l a s t h e i n t r a - r e g i o n a l n e t of h i g h w a y s a n d t r a n s i t l i n e s , a l s o e x e r t g r e a t i n f l u e n c e u p o n t h e f u t u r e l o c a t i o n of l a n d u s e s a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n of p o p u l a t i o n . T h o s e w h o d e c i d e w h e r e n e w h i g h w a y s a r e to go w i l l a l s o b e d e c i d i n g w h e r e n e w s u b d i v i s i o n s a n d n e w o u t l y i n g i n d u s t r i e s w i l l go. I t i s t h e i n t e r - a c c e s s i b i l i t y of a l l of t h e w o r k i n g p a r t s of t h e r e g i o n t h a t m a k e s t h e region w o r k , a s an economic and sociological unit. It i s a c c e s s i b i l i t y that m a k e s land u s e f u l f o r u r b a n p u r p o s e s ; s o the p r o v i d i n g o r w i t h h o l d i n g of a c c e s s i s t a n t a m o u n t to d e c i d i n g w h e t h e r o r not t h e l a n d s h a l l b e u s e d . T h i s s t r e s s e s o n c e a g a i n t h e v i t a l i m p o r t a n c e of c o o r d i n a t e d p l a n n i n g of b o t h l a n d u s e a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a t the s a m e time. T h i s r e g i o n a l l a n d u s e p l a n i n c o r p o r a t e s , i n t h e l a y - o u V of p a t t e r n s of e m p l o y m e n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , p o p u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n , a n d u r b a n a n d o p e n u s e s of l a n d , a n u m b e r of a s s u m p t i o n s a s to t h e c h a r a c t e r of t h e f u t u r e c i r c u l a t i o n s y s t e m . T h e s e a s s u m p t i o n s c a n be e x p r e s s e d a s s t a n d a r d s o r c r i t e r i a for the d e s i g n a n d p e r f o r m a n c e to be r e q u i r e d of t h e h i g h w a y a n d t r a n s i t f a c i l i t i e s to b e p l a n n e d . -33- �T h e j o u r n e y to w o r k , w h i c h i s t h e s i n g l e l a r g e s t b u r d e n on the c i r c u l a t i o n s y s t e m , s h o u l d be s o p r o v i d e d f o r t h a t m o s t w o r k e r s s p e n d no m o r e t h a n h a l f a n h o u r , a n d f e w m o r e t h a n f o r t y - f i v e m i n u t e s , on t h i s j o u r n e y . A t t h e s a m e t i m e , t h e s y s t e m of f a c i l i t i e s s h o u l d m a k e i t p o s s i b l e f o r e v e r y w o r k e r ' s h o m e to be w i t h i n t h i s r a n g e , not of a l l w o r k - p l a c e s i n the r e g i o n , b u t of a l l k i n d s of w o r k - p l a c e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e c e n t e r of t h e c i t y . S o m e t h i n g l i k e t h i s s a m e s t a n d a r d s h o u l d a p p l y , a n d w o u l d a u t o m a t i c a l l y , to the j o u r n e y to s h o p . A n d t h e m e a s u r e of i n t e r - a c c e s s i b i l i t y a m o n g the g o v e r n m e n t a g e n c i e s (and g o v e r n m e n t - o r i e n t e d p r i v a t e o f f i c e s ) that need i t , s h o u l d p r o b a b l y b e u n d e r h a l f a n h o u r . I t i s r e l e v a n t to p o i n t out t h a t , e i t h e r b y m o d e r n e x p r e s s h i g h w a y or by m o d e r n r a p i d t r a n s i t , only h a l f a n hour s e p a r a t e s two p o i n t s t h a t a r e t w e n t y m i l e s a p a r t i f t h e f a c i l i t i e s a r e n o t o v e r l o a d e d - - p l u s , of c o u r s e t i m e to a n d f r o m t h e e x p r e s s f a c i l i t y . T h i s s u g g e s t s t h a t , g i v e n t h e f a c i l i t i e s p r o p e r l y r o u t e d , a l a r g e p a r t of t h e t w o - t h o u s a n d - s q u a r e - m i l e r e g i o n c o u l d i n t i m e be m a d e s u f f i c i e n t l y a c c e s s i b l e to t h e c e n t e r a n d the o t h e r p a r t s to m e e t t h e s e s t a n d a r d s , a n d t h u s q u a l i f y f o r u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t a s a n i n t e g r a l p a r t of the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Region. T h e d e v e l o p m e n t of a t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m a i m e d a t m e e t i n g t h e s e c r i t e r i a w i l l i t s e l f r e q u i r e m a n y y e a r s a n d h e a v y e x p e n d i t u r e . O n l y t h e e a r l y s t a g e s of s u c h a s y s t e m a r e e x p e c t e d to b e c o m p l e t e d b y 1 9 6 5 . B y 1 9 8 0 , h o w e v e r , i t w o u l d be p o s s i b l e - - i f t h e c o m p r e h e n s i v e s y s t e m w e r e p l a n n e d a n d s t a r t e d n o w - - t o h a v e c o m p l e t e d the h i g h w a y and t r a n s i t f a c i l i t i e s w h i c h w o u l d not o n l y s e r v e the p r o p o s e d 1980 g e n e r a l d e v e l o p m e n t p l a n , b u t a l s o t h e m s e l v e s a c t a s m a j o r f o r c e s to b r i n g t h e p l a n i n t o b e i n g . I n d e e d i t w o u l d be h o p e d t h a t , i n t h e c o u r s e of t h e c o m i n g 25 y e a r s , t e c h n o l o g i c a l a d v a n c e s w o u l d m a k e p o s s i b l e s u c c e s s i v e r e v i s i o n s of t h e p l a n , d i m i n i s h i n g t h o s e a s p e c t s of i t w h i c h h a v e b e e n a b o v e d e s c r i b e d a s r e l u c t a n t l y a c c e p t e d c o n t i n u a t i o n s of p r e s e n t a d v e r s e t r e n d s , a n d r e s h a p i n g i t m o r e f u l l y to e m b o d y t h e l o n g - r a n g e p l a n n i n g p r i n c i p l e s p r o p o s e d i n this report. D e v e l o p m e n t a l d e c i s i o n s w i l l be m a d e , a n d a r e b e i n g m a d e d a i l y , b y g o v e r n m e n t a l b o d i e s a n d b y p r i v a t e c i t i z e n s a n d f i r m s ; t h e s e d e c i s i o n s w i l l s h a p e the f o r m a n d n a t u r e of m e t r o p o l i t a n g r o w t h . T h e y w i l l be g u i d e d e i t h e r b y no p o l i c y , o r b y u n c o o r d i n a t e d p o l i c i e s , o r b y a s i n g l e c o o r d i n a t e d s e t of p o l i c i e s , a s to t h e r e g i o n a l p l a n n i n g m a t t e r s s e t f o r t h i n t h i s r e p o r t . I f t h e r e a r e no p l a n n i n g p o l i c i e s , o r i f t h e p o l i c i e s a r e u n c o o r d i n a t e d , t h e r e s u l t i n g p a t t e r n of d e v e l o p m e n t w i l l a l m o s t c e r t a i n l y be c o s t l y , w a s t e f u l , i n e f f i c i e n t , i n c o n v e n i e n t , a n d u n p l e a s a n t to l o o k a t o r l i v e i n . T h e r e i s a n u r g e n t n e e d to d e v e l o p a n a c c e p t a b l e s e t of c o o r d i n a t e d p l a n n i n g p o l i c i e s , w h i c h a l l of t h e i m p o r t a n t j u r i s d i c t i o n s i n t h e r e g i o n c a n a g r e e to a n d w i l l i m p l e ment. T h i s r e p o r t o f f e r s one s u c h s e t of p l a n n i n g p o l i c i e s , a r r i v e d a t t h r o u g h t w o y e a r s of i n t e n s i v e s t u d y . T h e c h a l l e n g e to t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n i s to c o n s i d e r t h e s e p r o p o s a l s , a n d i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e e i t h e r to a c c e p t t h e m a n d p u t t h e m to w o r k , o r to s e t i n m o t i o n a s t u d y a l o n g a l t e r n a t i v e l i n e s , l e a d i n g to a d i f f e r e n t a n d m o r e a c c e p t a b l e s e t of p l a n n i n g p o l i c i e s to be s o o n a d o p t e d a n d i m p l e m e n t e d . T h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n a l P l a n n i n g C o u n c i l s t a n d s r e a d y to p a r t i c i p a t e i n f u l l d e b a t e of t h e s e p r e s e n t g e n e r a l r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s , a n d to p e r f o r m to t h e l i m i t s of i t s a b i l i t y i t s f u n c t i o n a s a m e d i u m f o r c o o p e r a t i o n a m o n g the i n d e p e n d e n t j u r i s d i c t i o n s of t h e r e g i o n i n b r i n g i n g a b o u t a s s o o n a s p o s s i b l e the j o i n t a d o p t i o n of a c o m p r e h e n s i v e d e v e l o p m e n t p l a n for the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n . -34- GPO 88850 ��� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource General development plan for the National Capital region Subject The topic of the resource Washington Metropolitan Area -- Economic conditions Economic forecasting -- Washington Metropolitan Area Land use, Urban -- Washington Metropolitan Area Transportation surveys Description An account of the resource Prepared for the Mass transportation survey as directed by the National Capital Planning Commission and the National Capital Regional Planning Council Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource John T. Howard Adams, Howard & Greeley Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 1959 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource National Capital Planning Commission National Capital Regional Planning Council Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/38696c655c9c32e27857081b387198f2.pdf?Expires=1792022400&Signature=N%7EtASy8wYM05G0clliMdZhL6N724NVOBxG1HBoy0HNTGAGJYGDF8-DrGsQSexW-e0QUJgCowYRcldfHLOkDvVLECCPzaJLILhGKfgxEI%7EQ-x8TpdR-MOHtWby-j6eYwjoATN9FYu0bQoJyTK1Cp1s0BhLi%7Et-Qas6uRFqQQjKdwWFxsyAv%7E4E7CWV3Vis-0XVZEg88jky212P2n8ZZLrmK6ZRfSmQSLFJUwn37q%7EwfX6llBe3ejQcCpTZbNojarXl340KHnx2dA9np2tLDSoms8YwIGY2cueHpaDj48MZdMTM6QegWBmQugH0loZ9YeWPhqHvp8VK-EyIrfMJAr%7EsQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 591d7cdeab1685195775597edde8b05e PDF Text Text f-l REPO}?T l-t t ì Sublr¡iffed lo THE COMMISSIONERS OI' TI.iE DIST'RICT OF COLUÀ4BIA ll I, t TRANSPORTATION SURVEY AIdD PLAN FOR ]'HT CENTRAL AREA OF WASHINGTON, D. C. ft llv ri J. E. GREINER COMPANY ÁND DE LËUVr', CAïHER & CONSULTING ENGINEERS Williorn R. McConochie Projccl ,\'lonogcr ln Co-oPer<rfion Wifh il OF I.¡IGHWAYS AI'{D DEPAR'IME¡'{T OF VEHICLES AND TR¡\FF|C DËPARTMENT , of DISTRICT The OF COI.UMBIA And tl PUBLIC ROADS ADMINISTRATION FEDI:RÅL WO¡ìKS AGENCY tl I LJ LI Oclober 19 44 CCI-{P,{NY �¡ t/luv NVlt-lodour3N NO.l9ÀIiiSvM ¡ I t, tììrt \. h? m/^ F¡ h atùr O¡¡r'eO¿ Í '*"ì'l t.....- , ¡!.!t. Ort tr.ú! 9^l !. fì t',/f s,rr¿)!&) 1)-r.r¡:: I ',, ! eâr S:j¿i.:8 I r- or¿!l931 t --t.---------. -u/ "rr rrar I t I ; I \i I \.: \ {' .i { iii ijiìr �li ABLE OF CONTENTS Poge ! ACKNOWI.EDGMENTS.... LETTER OF TRANSMIïTAL. ¡ ¡i REPORT THE TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM... ' 1 THE SOLUTION. 4 IMPROVING PTJBLIC TRANSPORTATION. 5 7 Conneclicut Avenue'G Street Subwoy I Pennsylvonio Avenue SubwoY Fourleenth Streeî Subwoy SubwoY ;. .. . B I Design...:. Chonges in Surfoce Routings t0 t2 Method of Finoncing subwoys ond chonges in the Tronsit system 1ó Municipol Bus Terminol.... . . . . 17 Subwoy Stofions r8 EXPEDITING FREE-WI-IEEL TRAFFIC. Bett Line Distributors l8 Troffic Focilitofion snd Control. . . . 23 Grode Se¡:orotions. 24 DuPottt Cí¡'cle. 24 . Fourll¡ - Pennsylvcrnio - Conslif uf ion 24 . 25 K Streel lmprovemenf. . . . Chqnnelizotion. 25 . 25 Pennsylvonio Avellue. Fif f eenf h- Nerv York' PresitJcn ls Squcrre- G Ëighteenlh-Nir:ef eenfh' Virginio-Co n sl Sf reel itution 26 26 26 Union Sfolion Plozø 2B Troffic Signols. TËRMINAL FACILITIËS I=OR MOTOR VFHICLËS.. ".... 3l Off-street Porking in Reloil Areos Porlcing Focilities for Federol Employees. . . ... Outlyíng Pcrrking Lots. J 31 37 . 35 �TABLE OF CONTENTS poge FTGURES l. View looking west in F Street from 'fwelfth Street during morning 2 ...:. rushperiocl,summer, 1943. 2. Mop showing proposed syslem of subwoys. 3. lnterior view of the ddoms-Jockson Street Subwoy, Chicogo ... nrezzunine stotion in Stote . ..;. i 4. View looking south in Fourteenth StreeÌ from o point norlh of New York Avenue l0 5. Vievr looking west in New Yc,rk Avenue from o point eost of Fourteen?h ó. View looking Z. Street 13 eost in roodwoys in {ront of Union Picture f<¡ken neor the heort of the cenfrol refoil Stotion 27 district........ 3ì screened porking lot on Virginio Avenue belrveen Twentieth ond Twenty-First Sfreefs B. View of TABLES I . poge Time Requíred for Ty.picol Tri¡:s by Streel Cor in Rush Hours durirrg Jvne lc)42 ond Proier:tecl I'ime for Com¡roroble Trips ofier lt the Co¡rstruction of Subwoys 2. Chonges in Surfoce Sf 4. Physicol l4 reef Cor Trcrckoge. . . 3. Approximote Construclion Cost ló of Proposed Subwoys lrnprovements Required on Streels Cornprising the 20 Distribulor Systern. 5. Þeloys Occqsioned by Troffic Co¡rlrol Signols Cornpored Totol Tinre Consutned on Seclions of Street Cc¡r 'l 3ó with Lines 29 �LIST OF EXHIBITS EXHII}IT l. Populotion Trends Cornpored wiih Federol Employment. 2. Ultimote Distribution of Ernployees in Perlnonent Feclerol Buildings. 3. Vehicle Registrotion Trends in District of Colurnbio ond Metropoliton County 7one, 'Metropoliton Areo, Showing lncreoses 4. Distribution of Dwellings in Since 1940 5. Mode of Tronsportotion os Determined by Questionnoire Surveys in 1934 ond 1939'40. ó. Troffic Chorocteristics of the Centrol Areo of 193ó. Bosed on o Cordon Count 7. Connecticut Avenue-G Street Subrvoy, Plon ond Profìle. 8. Connecticut Avenue'G Street Subwoy, Plon ond Profìle. 9. Connecticut Avenue'G Street Subwoy, Plon ond Profìle. I O. Pennsylvqnio Avenue Subwoy, Plon ond Profìle. I l. Pennsylvonio Ave¡rue Subwoy, Plon ond Profile. 12. Perrnsylvonio Avenue Subwoy, Plon qnd Profile. 13., Fourteenth Street Subwoy, Plon ond Profile. 14. Fourteenth Streel Subwoy, Plqn oncl Profile. 15. Typicol Subwoy Cross-Sections on<l Trcrck Detoils. t ó. Typicol High-Level Subwoy Slcttic)n w¡th Side Plotforms. 17. Mezzcsnine Subwoy Stotion (Tenth Street ond Pennsyh'onio Avenue). 18. Sul¡woy Tronsfer Stotion in Presidenls Squore. 19. Subwoy Tronsfer Stotion ot Fourteetrth, F ond G Streels. 20. Cut-orvoy View, 'lronsfer Stotion of Fourtee¡rlh ond F Streels. 21. Rush Hour Speeds of STreet Cors crnd Buses in the Centrc¡l Areo. 22. Trovel Tirne Between Home ond Work-From 1934. Questionrtsire SurveY. tj 23. Street Cor Rouiings os of 1944 (All'Doy Service Only). 24. Proposed Street Cer Routings ofter Construction of Subwoys. :' li el 25. I i tJ tl U Bus Routings os of .l944 (All-Doy Service Only). �ËXHIBIT 2ó. Proposed Bus Routings ofter Construction of Subwoys. 27. Flow of Street Cqrs 3:30 P.M. to ó:30 P.M. Spring Weekdoy of 1942. 28. Rush Hour Flow of Streef Cors c¡fter Construction of Subwoys, Bosed on 1942 Volume (3'30'ó,30 29. Flow of 30. Buses P.M.). 3:30 P.M. to ó:30 P.M. Sprirrg Weekdoy ol 1942. Rush Hour Flow of Buses ofter Construction of Subwoys, Bosed on 1942 Volume (3,30-ó:30 P.M.). 3l . Present o¡rd Proposed Routes of Suburbon Buses, Showing Locqtion of Proposed Terminql Crossiirg lnrter oncl Ouler Cordon l94O'41 (ó'00 A.M. to l2:00 A.M.). 32. Nu¡nber of Vehicles Lines Weekdoy 33. Vehiculor Flow fu\crp for fhe Dístrict of Columbic; for 24-Hour Weekdr:y of 1939-40. 34. of Residerrce onrJ Modes Privote Wor'þ.ers. Z-ones of Tronsporfotion of Federol ond 35. Zones of Employment ond Modes of Tronsportotion of Federql oncl Privote Worlters. 3ó. Belt Sysfems of Vehicle Distributor.c Serving the Centrc¡l Areq. 32. Fifteenth Street lm¡:rovetnenl, New York ,Avenue to M<¡ine Avenue. 38. lmpro.remerrt of Stleets South ond West o'f Copitol Hill. 39. DuPonf Círcle Grqde Seporcrtion qnd 40. Fourth-Pennsylvcrnicr-Constitufion Chcrrlnelizotion. Grode Seporcrtion ond Chornelizo- tion. 41. Pennsylvonio Avenue lmprovement, Fifteentlr Sireel to Cqp¡tol H¡l[. 42, Perspective Drovring, Pennsylvonio Avenue. 43. l:ifteerrlh-New Yorl<-G Street-Presi<lents Squore Chon¡relizotion. 44. Perspeciive Drowíng, Presiienfs Squore onc| Fifieenth Streel. 45. Eiglrteenlh-Virginio-Conslitution Chonnelizolion ond Signolizoti<¡n. 4ó. Union Sfotion Plazq lmprovenrent ond Subwoy Stotion. 47. Perspeclive Drqwing, Union Sîotion Plozq. 48. 'l'ypiccrl Goroge, Store ond Oflice Þeveloprnent for the Centrol lìetoil Arecr. 49. Avqilobler Porkirig Spoce Conrpored with Dernond of All'Doy Porl<ers. �I I ACKNOWLEDGMENTS With sincere oppreciotion for ossistonce received in the preporotion of this reporï, J, Ë. Greiner Conrpony ond De l-euw, Cother & Company wislr to thonk oll those in the following orgonizotions who furriished officiol doto, mode helpful suggestions ond gove generously of their time: PUBLIC ROADS ADMINISTRAT]ON, FEDERAL WORKS AGENCY DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS, DISTRICT OF.COtU/v[BlA DEPARTMENT OF VEHICLES AND TRAFFIC, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CAPITAT TRANSIT COMPAI-{Y Assessor, District of Columbio Deportment of Sonìtory Engineering, District of Colu¡nbio Burequ of the Census, Þeportment of Commerce Archilect, U. S. Copitol Librory of Congress Notionql Copifol Pork ond Plonning Commission Notion<¡l Copitol Pork Service Notionol Housing Agency Office of Defense Tronsporlalion I Public Buildings Administrotion, Federol Works Agency Notionol Resources Plonning Boqrd Highwoy Research Boord Division of Motor Vehicles, CornmonY¿eqlth of Virginio Americon Automobile Associotion I Automotive Sofety Foundation Keystone Automobile Club Woshington Board of Trode The Woshington Terminql Compony i il U �October |, 1944. Honor<¡ble J. Russell Young, President, Boc¡rd of Commissiorrers, District of ColumLrio, Woshingfon, D. C. Deor Sir: We respectfully submit herervith our Reportr "Trensportcll.ion Survey ond Plqn for lhe Centrol Areo of Woshington, D. C." in complionce with the terrns of our Agreenrent of Aprit 26,1944. ln its preporqtion lve hove supplemented the vosi volurne of lronsportolion, troffíc ond olher stcrtisticol dolo nrode ovqiloble to us by the severol deportrnents of the Government of the Districf of Columbio ond ofhers with our own fìeld surveys oud reconnoissqnce of the centrol orect. Wor trs{Tic conditions were not relied upon for the developmen} of the tronsportolion ¡.rlon presented in the Report. Conditions which existed prior to 1942, wlìr'.n gosoline qnd lire rotio¡ting beconre effecfi.ve, were usecl os o bosis for forecostir,g future trorrsportolíon needs ond trofiic trends. The solution of the tronsportotion problern hos been determined through colologing, co-ordinoting ond oncrlyzing lhe doïo thus occumuloted. The Report deqls with trcrns¡>ortotion ond trof{ic under the topics: "lmproving Pubiic Tronsportotic'nr" "Expediting Free-Wheel Trofiic," ond "Terminol Focilities for Motor Vehicles". The irnprovenrents in public tronsporlotion ore effected by putting three prirrcipol cor line routes urrderground in subwqys through the centrol oreo, ond by the reorrqngerneni of the cor lines oncl bus lines which witl remoin on fhe surfoce. '[he subrvoy routes ore designqted: "Connecticut Avenue-G SÌreet Subwoy," "Pennsylvonio Avenue Sul:wcry," ond "Fourteenlh Street Subwoy". As time goes on, these uncjerqround routes moy hove to be exlenclecl to the Norlheost ond, if present plons ore reolizecl, olso to the Eost Copitol Streef Developrnent of Federql Buildings, ond to the Army ond Novy fJuildíngs in the NorthwesÌ Federol Rectongle. Free-wheel ircrffic rvill be expedited by irnprovinç¡ existirrg streets lo form inner ond outer belt line cJisfributors orouncl the centrcrl portion of the City. lt w¡tl be furtlrer focilitoted ond controlled by ç¡rode seporotions, chc¡nnelizotion, orrd mocJern, flexible trqffic signof control. Urtderposses lo seporofe ihe grodes between free-whc'el lroffic lolres ore proposed ol DuPont Circlc, ond qt lhe irrlersection of Pennsylvonio i_l �ond Constifution Avenues. K Street will forrn o port of the inner belf line distril:utor olong tlre norlhern fringe of the cerrtrol oreo. This street hos herelofore been irnproved os o surfoce distributing ortery, befv¿een Twelfth Street N.W. ond Connectio,f Avenue. Englneeríng plons for the further improvernenl of K Slreet r.reshvord from Con¡recticul Avenue ore now in on odvonced stoge, while the improvement eoslword from Twelfth Street N.W. is lhe subier:t of on engineering report subr¡itted to the Boord of Cornmissioners in June, 1943 by J. E. Greiner Comporry. Chqnnelizolion hos been odopted for troffic control in corriunction with the grode seporotions ot DuPonl Circle, cr¡rd ol lhe intr¿rsection of Pennsylvcrnio ond Conslitulion Avenues. Chqnnelizolíon is olso proposerd on Pennsylvonio Avenue ond on Fifteenth Street rvhere the rentovol of cor trqcks will require speciol treotment becquse of the width of these streets between curbs. At o number of other congested intersections, oclopfion of this principle will expedite troffic florv to increcse moteriolly the copocity of the intersecliotts for troffìc movenlent. Existing inodequote porking focilities will be sup¡:letnentecl by new focilities in the retoil oreo, in the vicirrif¡' of Federol Buildings, ond qt ouilying points on lhe principol troffic orteries leoding into the City. A type of building oppropriote to tlre lnotor oge irr tronsportotion hos been plonned to reploce obsolele builclings on sitc.s os lorge os entire city blocks rrecrr Íhe heori of the rcloil secÌiori ,¡f the busi¡less oreo. Tlris type of building will cornl¡íne srnoll siores ond speciolty shops, snroll offices, cenlrolized service. underground merchondise c{elivery ond qutornobile porking focilíties under lhe monogement ond control of o single privole ogency for eoch such unit. To lhe exlent consistent vrith the use for which the londs were ocquíred, porl<irrg lots for Federol enrployees, screenecl clnd londscoped to hürtnonize with their surroundings, will t¡e iruili on Govcrntnetti owtled pro¡:crty in the vicinity of Federul lruilclings for the qccotnrncdoiion of Federol ernployees who use privote trons¡:oriolion. The foregoing b'rief suryrmory of the lìeport leocls to the conclusion thq? the existing strcet poftern of the centrol oreo of Woshirrgton con be utilized efficierrtly io provide sufl:icietrt iroffic lcrtres for the fulure tronsporlotion needs of fhc¡ City. The wide streets lqid ouf by thq City's origirrol plorrners moke this possible. Tlre ¡:rilrci¡>crl source of troffic congestiorr is the interference between fìxed ond free-whc;el v<¡hícles wiflr resullírrg hcrzord to pcclestrions. Pulting street cqrs u¡rdergl'ound in subvrrrys will not orrly free spclce for <rclditionol troffic lones for free-rvheel vehicles but will olso expedite trc¡ffic in lhese t,r �lones by elinrincrling street corner slops for the loocling ond dischorging of street cor posserlgers. Pedeslrions' sofety will be greotly enhonced lhrough the use of subwoy stotions. It w¡ll be unnecessory lo resort lo expensive elevoted or depressed higlrwoys on rights-of-rvoy requiring the denrolition of buildings, becouse the wide streets will occornmodote o sufficienl number of troffic lones to serve odequofely the business oncl Federcrl qreos. As on illustrotion: the proposed depressed seclion of K Street, frorn Twelfth Street N.W. eqstword, will occupy only o portion of the existirrg slreet bed ond will leqve suffìcent street width to occomrnodote service drives on the surfoce on eoch side of the depressed section The Deportment of Higlrwoys hos developed plons for lrunk highwoys, orteriol highvrcrys ond oiher highwoy improvements which ore subslontiolly outside of the centrol oreo, cs recornmencled in the Districl of Colurnbio's Highwoy Report of l94l.ln coniunction lvith these plons, the construction of subwoys, underposses cnd chcrnnolizcriion in occordonce with the plons hereirr presented, when supplemented by modern trc¡ffic control signols to expedite traffic fìow on belt line distributors os well os ot the busy intersections of the centrql oreo, ond by odequote ofl-streei porking focilities for privote. qutornobiles in the retoil ond Federol oreos, rvill provide for the expeclitious movement of tr<:ftic not only in the cerrtrol oreo but throughout the entire City. We recommend thcrt the Boord of Commissio¡rers toke such oction ond odopt such policies, therefore¿ os ore necessory fo initiote the vorious plons presenfed herervith os o port of the postwor construction progrqrn. Very truly yours, J. E. GREINËR COMPANY, II. DE LEUVV, CA'[HER & COMP/rNY, Chorfes F. Deleuw Wm. R. McConochie Proioct Monogcr _) I -.,) lilt H,.AIIEN �I THE TRANSPORTATION PROBLË/vI Woshingion's principol aclivity is lhe business of Governmenl. This is ond will conlinue to be lorgely concentrqled in or neor the centrol busi¡ress district wilh its retoil slores, ornusefiìent centers ond olher busiuess estoblishments which coter to lhis centroiized ernployment. There is o generol lock of dispersed outlying industricrl crrcos which, in olher cities, tend to drqw workers ov/oy from the city proper Disregorcling the temporory effects of wor-time enrployrnent, the City is growing ropidly, crnd with this growih there contitrues on ever increcrsing flow of troffic to ond ihrough lhe <:lreqdy conç¡esled centrol district. lt is estirnoted rh<rt by l9B0 the po¡rulotion of the ntetropoliton oreo will increose Z0 percenl over ihot in 19/+0, to q tolol of 1,70C,000, ond lhot Feclerol empfoymerrl will reoch 220,000. EX[{lBlT ì'r shows post ond onticipoted trends in bolh populolion cnd Fede¡'ol enrploymertt. EXI'llBlT 2 shows present crnd future dislribution of Fedcrol entplo¡'ees. It is obvious îhoT if volues in the cetttrol busîness district ore to be moirrtoined, immedic¡te steps ntust be loken to ímprove trorrsportotion condi-lhe chief couse of tions witlrin this qreo qnd otr the opproocltes lhereto. troffic congestion in Woshingtort, os in oll cities, hos been the greotly increosed number <¡f vehicles used 1o furnish the Ci?y's trorrsporfotion since the oclvent of the privote outornobile. ËXl-ilBlT 3 shows flre frend in vehicle registrotion. 1'he future v¡elfqre of Woshinglon depencls on the effectiveness of steps whíclr will be lokcn to contpenscllt: for the inr'roduction of vast numbers of outolrrobiles into the City's overc¡ll tronsportoTion syslem. Streefs serve o voriely of vehicles with conllicting interests ond in. cornpctible chorqcterisiics. Before wqr-tinre rest¡'ictiorrs on use of outomobiles, mony streets hocl proved incopcrble of occom¡nodoting the lrolïic poured into them. lt wos becomirrg increosingly dilTicult to reoch estoblished reloil oreqs, especiolly irr controst fo the eose of driving to new stores which were springirrg up in suburbcln orec¡s. Possengers consumecl unreosonqble omounts of tir¡te in their clcrily ?rips io ond from work, whelher they used privote or public trons¡rortotiott. Congestiort wos increosing tlre cost of delivering mercltondise. Pedestriqus were incc¡nvenienced by the prevoiling confusion of vehiculor trcrf'fic. ln oc!dítion to oll fhis, those who drove outonrobiles founcl it increc¡singly dilficult to store their vehicles while ol work or engoged in otlrç'r octivilies. See Figure l. After the wor, lhese conditions will retur¡r ottd conlinue 1o grow worse t'fxhibifs vtill l>e four¡d rrr lhi.s re'¡:orf ilnrrrcdiolely f ollc'vrittg lhe f e.x f . Thcy ore in lhe orclcr in which lh<:y are n¡cnlionecl. Discussiort c,f coch Fxl¡ibil ',vill be fout¡d on fÀr.'¡:crgc ¡rrt-.cecling if. +'{* rÊ. �'-'j unless meosures ore token to serve the City's lronsporlotion needs in o more efficient woy. Woshington would hove been odversely offected by troffic conditions hod it not been for the ortifìciol stimulofion of the wor. The doy of reckoning connot be long postponed, however, ond it is inevitoble thot ultirnotely there will be o serious loss of busíness to merchonts in the centrol orèo. Decline in property volues will follow, resulting in o decreqse in. toxes collected by the municipolity.* Merchonts will be tempted to obondon the heort of the City to its fote ond move to the less congested ouflying oreos. This will leod to further decentrolizotion of residentiol oreos, o lrend even ihe wor hos nol discouroged. See EXHIBIT 4, showing distribution of dwelling units ond increoses since 1940. Greoter use. of outomobiles will be inevitoble, giving further impetus to o'trend which lhreotens to explode the City. 3 trÑEF¡II ., .:1.i{ '{ L".c..{ ; .t rl ¡l .. -, Couilesy fåe WoråÍnglon Nows. Figure l: View looking west irr F Street from Twelflh Street during morn- ing rush period, summer, 1943, showing typicol Woshinglon froffic ' congestion even with wor-time reslrictions on use of oulomobiles. *Ihe business oreo bounded by Ninefeenlh Slreel on lhe wesf, N Sl¡eel on fhe norfh, Fífth Slreef on ilre eosl ond Pennsylvonio r4venue on lhe souír, comprises 1,7 percenf of lhe enfire loxoble oreo of lhe City. Ille ossessed lond volue of fñis oreo conrpríses 35 per cenf of tt¡ot for ll¡e enlire Cily qnd tfie osses.sed volue of inrprovernenls 75 percenl, so thsl lhis smoll toxoble oreo poys 23 percenl of ,l¡e whole reol eslqfe lox. 2 �Troffic congestion in the cenfrol business clistrict of WqshingÌon olso hos o serious effect on lhe principol groups of Federol Buildings. Most of these groups ore close 1o fhe retoil areo. Corrgesfion couses dcloy onc! other inconveniences to tens of Ìhouscnds of people wlro doily ¡:oss through lhot oreo o¡r flieir woy 1o work in Fecj*:r'ol o$ices. 'ihe Pentogon qnd Census Bureou buildings crre expressions of dissotisfoction with difficulties of reoching long estoblished sites neorer the cerrter of the C¡ty. 1'his frend, likewise, could easily qssume disoslrous proportions 3 �THE SOLLITION This report presenls o moster plon for the correction ond lhe future developtnenl of tronsportotion fcrcilities in the centroI oreo of the District of Colunrbio. Full odvontoge of all irnprovenrçnts in trc¡nsportcrlion developed wilhin reccnt yeors hos been token in rhe plons presented herein. The trends which ore fovorcrl>le to the welfore of the City ond ils irrhobitonts ore fostered by the reco¡nmended inrprovemenls, ond concrefe meosures ore proposed to impede unfovorsble trends. lmproved occessibility of bofh refoil orrd Federol orecrs will be provided in o nunrber of woys. Mutuolly corrflicting street cor qnd oufornobile lroffic in lhe centrol oreo will be physiccrlly seporoted to the benefìt of both by o systern of street cor subwoys. Pedestríon troffic wilt olso goin through elirninoTion of conflicts with the vehiculor sireom. Woys ore provided for n¡otolists ond truckers to ovoid oreos or points of troffic congestion ond cleloy. This will be occomplished in o nunrber of woys including o sysfem of belt line srteries, severol underposses ond the cltqnnelizotion of complex trc¡ffic movenrents. Modernizotion of the retoil oreo from the troffic ond tronsportotion viewpoint will be effected tlrrough rebuilding orr sites os lorge cls on entire ciry block. The nev¡ buildirrgs vríll provice pcrkirrg focilities io scr.¿c oll those who core to pcry for the privilege of using privote trcnsportotion inlo q highly concentroted creo, oncl will occomrnodote stores ond ofÍices to reploce mony which hove lortg sirrce ouflived Ìheir economic usefulness. Curb deliveries by lrucks will be eliminoted to the benefii of the truckers oi well os oll other users of tlre streels. The plon olso provicles for lhe storoge of outornobiles belonging to workers in Federol buildirrgs. while the need for porking spoce io ser.¿e these groups should be mdteriolly reduced by the improvernents in the tronsil systern, there will olwoys be o lorge ¡rurnber rvho ivill use their own vehicles out of preference or necessity. Consi<Jerction wos given io underground goroges olld other eloborc¡te schemes for ihe storoge of workers' cors. The conclusion wos reoched, however, lhot fhe only proctical solution is lhe provision of dis¡rersol orc.crs on Federol property, screened ond becrutifìed by oppro¡rriote londscoping. 4 �IMPROVING PUBLIC I'RAI'{SPORT/+TION Possenger tronspo.rt<.rtion in Woshington, os in every lorge city, depends prinrorily on common corrier, or tronsit, fociliticrs. See EXI-IlBl'l'S 5 ond ó showing modes of tronsportoti<¡n ond cordon counl dc¡to. Tlre monogement of the Copitcl Tronsit Contpony hos dernonstroted its obility lo estoblish oncl operote o modern tronsil system, hoving met the slress of wor-time conditions in o rnonner which is o credit to the industry. 'l'his report is not infended to detroct frorn rhis record in ony woy. ln preporing this report, study wos given to the possibility of extensive roil ropid trcrnsit operotion in Woshington ond olso to the possibilíty of uhìmote conversio¡r to rubber-tired vehicles exclusively. lt wos del'errnined thol operotion of ropid tronsit troins is not lil<ely to become necessory. Such focilíties cqn be supported only by o density of populotion nof lil<ely to occur in ony section'of the Woshingtorr metropolitc¡n c:reo. The trolley bus is not for Woshington l¡ecouse of linritolioits on tlre use of overheod wires. Gqsolirre ond Diesel buses will continue to hqve a definite plcce in the Woshirrgton system, but their usefulness is linrited by flreir lower possenger copocity per lone, by legol restrictions orl widlh of motor vehicles, ond by high operol'ing cosls ond low speeds in heovy service. lt wqs decided, lherefore, thot the street cor will r<':rnq¡n the bockbone of the Woshington trqnsit system, Wlrile the future of the streel cor wos threotened for o fime, its ploce in urbon tronsportotion wos re-estoblished by lhe President's Conference Cornmittee cor, comnlonly referre<J to os fhe P.C.C. cor. This vehicle sponnecl o lwenty-yeor pcriod of essentiolly no irrtprovement in strcet.cors, incorporoting mosi c¡f the oppropriote mechorticql improvernents developed in other fields c{uring thot iirne. The streei cc:r thereby regoined its position os the most economiccrl meons, both in cost snd in use of spoce, of moving lorge numl¡ers of peo¡:le on surfqce streels in urbon oreqs. systent of street cor subrvoys hos been developed, lherefore, which will permit people living in ony pori of the City to reoch ony of the principol work orcas wiiirout the serious delcrys now hondicopping the tronsif sysfent.'[he proposecl sysiem of suhwoys could resdily be modifìed to permit operotion of ro¡rid tr<rrrsit troins in the¡n should future deve':lopments of the City rnoke this desiroble. A of street cor subrvoys is bqsed on the sound principle of segregoting types of trc¡ffic wilh confllcting chcrrocieristics. Public ond privcrte tronsporfoliolr vehicles fr'cquently irrterfere rvíth eqch oîher to on int<¡leroble degree when they ore forced to shore llte some rigl'rf-of-woy. Recornmendc.rtion i ) 5 �(.') l:i¡:.rr t i/: I t .,1 :. : :.r',,'r :rr " .."1 -.:rir'.¿,:rr'¡ �Mony of the obiectives crccomplished by ihe proposed street cor subwoys could be obtoined by ¡rultirrg outomobiles on highwoys obove or below lhe surfoce of the ground. The clecision to lec¡ve oll free-wheel troffic on the surfoce ond put street cors under¡;;'ound wos bcrsecl on severol foctors. From the stondpoinl of economics of irqnsportotiott, it is inescopoble thor <: lone of qutomobiles on o¡r elevoled or depressed highvroy with the overoge loods they custornorily corry wíll occommoclote orrly 2,600 persons per hour while a similqr lone used exclusively by street cors will provide occotnmodqTion for qt leost ì5,000 persons. lt is olso highly desiroble to renrove os mony pedestrions os possible front ex¡rosure to the hozords ond inconvenience of corlflict with vehiculor lroffic ond to provicle protection fronr the rveother rtor pet'sons wcriting for slreef cors. This con best be occornplished by the conslruction of streel cor subwoys in the oreos of greotest business oclivity. Selection of subvroy roules wqs governed by o number of co¡tsiderqtions. After sludy of vorious possible routes, o system wos established whiclr would, l.'Serve lhe greotest number of people with the minïntum mileoge. 2. ExtencJ the beneÍìts of subwoy operolion to people living in oll ports of the City. 3. Remove roil operotions fro¡n the presently most congested streels. 4. Perrnit co-ordinstion with roil oncl l:us routes rernoinirrg on the surfoce. '5. Perm¡t future extensions regorclless of the locotion or size of odditionol residentiol ond Federol building developnreirts. The recomrrended system is com¡rrised of three subwoys: the Connecticut Avenue-G STreet subwoy; the Pr:nnsylvonic¡ Avenue subrvoy; orld ihe Fourteenth Street subvroy. See Figure 2. CONNECTICUT AVENUË-G S]'REE SUÍ]WAY The Connecticul $venue-G Street subwoy, 3.1 miles ín length,. fokes Con¡lecticut Avenue surfoce cors undergound of cr point norïh of DuPont Circle. See EXI{|BITS Z to 9 showing plorrs crncl profìles of this route. The streel cor subwoy is incorporoted v¡iih c¡ vehiculor uttderpcss ot DuPonl Circle to relieve one of the rvorst Trcrffic condilions rrow exisling in the City. The under¡ross vrill [:e discussed i¡r more detoil lc¡ter in this report. '[he subwoy continues south in Corurecticrrt Avenue oncl under Lofoyette Squore to o lronsfer stotion in Presidents Squore rvesf of Fifieenth Street. lt then co¡rlillues eosterly in G Street, ¡rroviclirrg o trclnsfer io fhe For.¡rteetrlh St¡'eet subwoy qnd service 1o both the retcril c¡nd fino¡lcíc¡l districls os rvell os to -J J 7 �number of public buildings olorrg G Slreet belween Ninfh Srleet o¡cl Fourlh Slreet N. W. lt conti¡rues orr lo Mosscrchuselts Ave¡rue where ít serves the Governnrent Prinling Ofïice, the City Post Office ond the Union Stotiorr. Two portols cre provided qt lhe eost end of tlre rouîe, one permiiting cors enrerging 'frorn the subwoy to conlinue on lo the north c¡nd norlheost sections of the City, while the other portol provides for routing cors to the Copitol Hill group of Federol buildings ond lhence to the eost ond southeost sections of the City. o PENNSYLVANIA AVFNUE SIJBWAY The Pennsylvqnio Avenue subwoy, 2.7 miles irr length, provides for cors front Georgetorvn ond the irnportont residenticrl oreos west of Rock Creek Pork. See EXI-IlBlTS l0 to l2 showing plons ond profìles of this route. Cors enter o portol ot Eightecnlh Street N. W. Stcltions ore provic.led qt oppropriote intervols to serve irnportorrt groups of Federol buildings, the relqil ond fìnorrciol oreos, ond to provide trorrsfer corrnections wilh lhe other two subwqys. This subwoy serves the Municipol Center north of Penniylvorrio Avenue ond eqst of Sixlh Streel N. W. ond then swirrgs southeostword ocross The Moll to serve lhe irlportonl group of' Federol buildings olong ond south of lndepenclence Avenue. An'underground turn-bqck loop is provided ot First Street S. W. to pertnit proper bolclnce in service on both ends of the lilres using the Pennsylvoni,: Avenue sublvciy. The subwoy conÌinues post Co¡:itol Hill in lndependence Avenue ond B Slreet S. E., thereby pernritting further inrprovemerrts to relieve one of the rnost serious trqffic bottlerrecks in the entire City. Cors will emerge from o portol in Pennsylvonic¡ Averrue ec¡st of Secorrcl Slreet S. F. ond conlinue on lo Borney Circle where they will corrnect with buses serving the ro¡ridly growing portion of tlre City eost of the Anqcostio River, Both tlre Connecticut Avenue-G Street ond the Pennsylvoniq Aver:ue subwoys could be extended to provide scrvice to the proposed Ecrst Copitol Street Development of Federcrl buildings. ]-OURTËENTH STREËT SUßWAY The Fou¡"ieenlh Street subwoy, 1.3 nriles in lengtlr, storts south of Thomos Circle, serves the reioil and fincrncicrl oreqs in the centrol business disÌrict ond posses lhrouç¡h lhe Federc¡l Triorrgle wifh stotions ol oppropricrte locotions. See EXI'Ilßl'fs l3 qrrd l4 shorving plorrs ond ¡:rofilcs of this route. The subwc¡y contínues ocross The Moll to the exisling urrderc¡r'ound ternrinql ot C Streel. B _) lr -l �-__I fr a v" 3: lnterior view of the Adoms-Jockson ntezz<lnine stotion in Stote Slreel Subwoy, Chicogo, showing possogewoy to Deorborn Street Subwoy irr bockgrouncl. Note nlodern fìnish, structurol gloss wolls, Figure morl>le covered strt¡cturol colurnns ond fluorescent líghfing. Subwoy Design The subwoys will be designed, it is proposed, in keeping with lhe beouly of the Nqlion's Copitol City. They will incorporqte the best in design, both functionolly ond ortisticolly, of recent developrnents for olher similor pro¡ects. See Figure 3. Stotions ond mezzonines will be lighted with modern fìxtures. Wolls will be foced with olfroctive, mor-proof, eosily cleoned mqteriols. Escolotors will be provided in odclition to stoirwoys, of oll stotions hoving mezzonine levels. Sub-surfoce enlrqnces into lorger stores ond office builclings ore contemplotecl. A modern system of signols will sofeguord the movernent of cors. Bofh nclturol crnd ortificiol venlilqtion will be provided to ossure the cornfort of possengers. I -t J Typicol subwoy cross sections ore shorvn in EXI'llBlT 15. The subwoys will be kept os close to street level qs procticol for the Lonvenience of possengers. Necessory spoce qbove the subwoys will be provided, however, for sewers, vr'oler moins ond olher unclerground utilities. While the subwoys will be constructed by tlre open cut tnelhod, openings will be plonked over so thol nortnol business qclivifies con continue during construction, Street cor operotiorrs will not be interrupted. Prelinrinory investigotions of soil ond ground-woter conditions leod to the conclusion thqt no serious co¡rstruction difticulties will be enccunlcred. I �'--'ì ,l .-ì 'I The eliminolion of oll possibility thot recent flooding of streets in the downlown oreo will recur is o necessqry preliminory to subwoy construction. This indicotes the desírobility of o re-study of the droinoge focilíties in the oreos involved. Conceivobly gne or more relief sewers wilt be required. ln ony cose, the plons of the engineers of the Deportment of Sqnitqtion to prevent oll future fìoods in downtown Woshington should be corried out. Preporotion of controct plons for the proposed system of subwoys con be odvonced to the point where construction moy be storted in one yeor. Actuol construction will require opproximotely three yeors. Subwoy Sfofions A typicol high level, side plotform stqtion is shown in EXHlBrr ló, while EXHIBIT lZ shows o typicol mezzonine stotion. EXHIBIT lB shows the rronsfer stqtion in Presidents Squore ot the iunction of the Connecticut AvenueG Street ond Pennsylvonio Avenue subwoys. The tronsfer stotion between oll three subwoys in Fourteenth, F ond G Streets is shown in EXHlBlr .l9. EXH¡Blr 20 gives on ortist's conception of o cut-owoy view of this some stotion, showing the two levels of subwoys beneoth the surfqce of the street. ¡. -.'. i. r tl.,:' :!|: i¡ i ^'- t te'¡ , t.; 'T:r. ''S.-. r¡Hi I'i* .,r-â ,l \(L åt. ...,i,\. '---.v:1 ..r "l:.\;lti1' d';f.l . - .i.ùtr.l\ .'-4,!rJ\f,| I I .) -J J U \:,i '--._.,i..dct.. 4: View looking soulh in Fourteenth Street frorn o point north of New York Avenue, showing volulne of street cor rnovements in rush hours. Piclure token 5:15 P.M., Weclnesdoy, July 19,1944. Figure l0 �ot îhe present time ronge front llrree to six nriles per hour during rush ¡reriods. See Figure 4, They were not substontiolly <lifferent beforc lhe wor. See EXt1tBlT 2l shbwing street cor ortd bus speeds on typicol roules. Speeds of privote vehicles ore only slightly better. lìunning time chorfs hove l:eerr prepored for the vqrious subwoy routes which indicqte thol overoge rush hour s¡:eeds will be opprox¡mqtely 1ó miles per hour. On this bosis,the overoge ¡>olronof the subwoy system will sove fronr len fo fifteen n¡inules per tr¡p. The soving will be greoter fhqn the qveroge titne odvollloge in using privctte crutomobiles. See EXHIBIT 22, which is o toble of trovel linre belween hotne ond work by vqr¡ous nrodes of lronsportotion. Tcrble I illustrotes time sovings which will be reolized by thousonds of people dcily. Trc¡nsit speeds in the centrol business districl TABLE I TIME REQUIRED FOR TYPICAL TRIPS BY STREET CAR . ]N AND RUSH HOUR-q ÞURING JUNE 1942 PROJËCTED TIME FOR COMPARABLE TRIPS AFTER TI-IE CONSTRUCTION OF SUBWAYS lN v/llH TR^VEI TIME TRIP vIA SIREET CAR tRo¡i{ PFIìlOÞ OT TO DÁ.Y J('NF 1942 ,ì{lNUlES s(,ß. Conn. & Q N.W. 3rd & lndep. S.W. 3rd & lnde¡:. S.W Conn. & Q N.W. AM Rush 2E.0 PM Rusir 37.0 Conn. & Q N.\Y. sfh & F N.W. 5th & F l{.W. Conn. & Q N.W. AM Conn. & Q N.W. AM PM Rush l4rh & c s.w. t4rh & c s.v/. Conn. & Q N.W. Circle sth & Penn'o. N.W. 5th & Penn'q. N.W. Thomos Circle AM Plú Thomos Circle t4rh & c s.w. l4rh & c s.w Thomos Circle srh & G N.W. t4rh & c s.w. 5rh & G N.W. WAYS SAVING I 1.5 ó.5 r 1.5 25.s r I t.5 23.0 7.5 7.5 19.0 Rush 28.0 10.0 r 0.0 9.0 Rush ì 4.5 7.0 Rush r ó.5 7.O 7.5 9.5 AM PM Rush r 3.0 Rush 17.0 5.0 5.0 8.0 12.0 AM PM Rush 20.0 7.O Rush 31 .0 AM & Penn'o. N.W. 3rcl & lndcp. S.W. I Zth & Pen¡r'o. N.W. PM 3rd & lndep. S.W. Rush Thomos ll.th & c s.w. t Zth Weighted overoge soving I t 9.0 P/r¡r Rush Rush 15.5 I8.0 r 3.0 7.0 24.O 22.5 ó.0 21.0 ó.0 1ó.5 r 5.0 r ll -t Rush 4.5 �Possengers will olso errioy lhe benefits of more even spocing of slreel cors, resulting in rnore uniforrn loods, oncl ín closer heodwoys between cors. They will oppreciote the conve¡rience of cleotr, moder¡r stcrtions, plofected from the weotlrer ond connecting directly with nrcrny of the prirnory destinolions. They will olso be spored the presenf conflicts with street trqffic in boording trqnsit vehicles. A possible fulure subwoy extension, shown in ËXHllllr 24, would serve the proposed Army ond Ncrvy group of buildings in the vicinity of the presenl Novc¡l l-lospitol. Construction of this subwoy would be contingent o¡r the Federol building progrom. Since o short westword extension of the Pennsylvonio Avenue subwoy would be involved, the initiol portol between Seventeenth ond Eighteenth Streets should be built rvifh o folse ronrp to fqcilitote the chonge when ond if ii becornes clesiroble. lf the Pennsylvonio Avenue subwoy rvere builï initicrlly to o portcrl west of 'twenty-First Slreet, the usefulness of the Eighteenth Slreet-Nineleenth Sireet surfclce trocl< loop would be seriously reducecl. This loop will become ¡nuch less irnportont, however, when tlte temporcrry Novy oncl Murritions Buildings on Corrstitutiorr Avenue ore gbondoned. Potronoge of the tronsit systern, it is ontici¡roted, will be herd or restored to the present hígh wor-lirne level by the mony r:dvonloges people will fìnd in its use. With this volume of troffic, it w¡ll be econorniccrlly possible for the Copitol Tronsit Cornpuny to nrointoin q lrigh quolity of service itr nrodern vehícles on oll cor clnd bus routes. Troffic congestion rvill be relievecl not only in the clowntown oreo, but throughout the City by the reduction in use of privote tronsportclion. The porl<irrg problern will be ollevioted in l¡oth retoil ond office building crreqs throughout the entire City. The bolcrnce will hove been tipped ín fovor of greoter occessibility of the Centrc¡l Business clnd Governnrent Districf, restoring business, stol¡ilizing properly volues, ond nroinfcrining the ortr<:ctiveness of fhe orecr for governmentol funclíorrs ond culturol institutions. CHANGES IN SURFACE ROUTII{GS Chonges in routing of bofh street cors ond buses hove been held to o in the proposed plcrns. ln the ohsence of cornplete doto on the origins crnd destinofions of tronsit porrorrs, it wos ossumed thot present routings lrc¡ve developed over o perioci of yeors lo nreet the requiremenîs of the City. Sorne chorrges in street cor routings hove been necessory, however, becouse of the relotive irrflcxíbility of the sub-surfoce portion of the roil system. Other chonges ore proposed to meel dernonds which hove developed or are preclícloble on the bosis of proposed Federol builcling minimum 12 lr ..,) �progroms. See EXHIBIT 23 for presenl streel cor routings oncl EXH|Bll' 24 for ultirnc¡le routitrgs in connectiorr witlr subwcrys. Cor ond bus lines operotecl only in rush lrours hove been dìsregorded plonning future roufings. The proposed subwoys will not permil lhe in multiplicity of routings now operoied. This in itself is on odvontoge of the subwoy system. lt'will result in closer heodwoys qnd nrore uniform loods in ploce of the present wide heodrvoys belween cors going to ony porticulor destinotion, ond will eliminote the inefficiency rvhich invcrriobly otlends such speciolized service. More possengei's will hove to fronsfer thon qt present, but they will sove opprecioble omounts of time by doing so. Re-routing of the H Street line, Route No.10, is proposed lo give fosier ond more direct servíce betweetr Georgetow¡r ond Norlheost Woshingron. It lvill olso serve the north side of the downtovr'n ereo, qnd the Northwest Feclerol Rectongle. Re-routing of this line wos proposed irr o report by J. E. Greiner Compony orr the development of K Slreet os o depressed highwoy eost of Mt. Vernon Squore. The re-routing proposed herein is o furTher modifìccrtion which vrill permit removol of clll surfoce trqcks in Presidents Squore ond eliminote on intoleroble cross-over terminol in New York Avenue ot Fifieenlh Street. See Figure 5. : ít. I I I t , I t. 1 Ir '¡ ï l: [':: t t ii' ,ï I f t I !t t. .j:ìit.. i r i ì '; J : Figure 5: View lookinç¡ west in Ncrv York Avenue from o point eosl of Fourleenlh Slrc-at, showing corrgestiorr of slrer:t cors itt connectiorr with cross-over ler¡nirrol in Nerv York ot Fiftc:cnlh. I Conversion of street col' Route No. 42 lo gosoline bus operotion is pr6posed in order to permiÌ through service from o poinf eost of the presc:rrt eosterly termincrI of this rovle lo the Northwest Federol Rectongle. lt will I t3 tt �olso serve the Municipol Center ond the retoil ond fìnoncicrl oreos. The line will likewise be q feeder belween the Norlhrvesl Federol Rectongle ond oll three of the subwoys. Construction of. the street cor subwoys togellrer wi?h other proposed chonges in ihe rc:il syslem will permit the elirninqtion oi 21,7O single-trock miles of surfoce trock. Additionol surfoce trocl< required is 3.10 single-trock miles in length. Detoils of the chonges in trockoge ore shown in Tqble 2. TABLE 2 CHANGES IN SURFACE S'TREET CAR TRACKAGE Trock to be Removed SECTION SINGI.Ë.TRACK 2nd Street S.E. New Jersey Avenue C Street I4th Street N.W. F Street l9th Sfree? N.W. F Street lSth street N.W. Mossochusells Avenue G Street 9th Street N.W. Zth Street N.W. K Stree.t E. Copitol Strec+t B Street S.E. l st Street S.E. D Street Romp Entronce Urrion Stotion Loop I st Street N.E. lndependence Avenue I st Street N.W. & S,W. C Street N.V/. lnclicrno Avenue D Sfreet N.W. 2nd Street N.W. Pennsylvonio Avenue G Street N.W. 9th Street N.W. l4th Street N.W. & S.W Thomos Circle Romp B Street tr\ltEs TO FROM ON Sireet S.E. I sl Streef N.W. Sth Street N.W. 18th Street N.W. I st r, ì 5th Street N.W. Presidents Squcrre Bureou of Engroving Loop Pennsylvonic¡ Avenue lTth Street N.W. Presidents Squore Connecticut Avetrue I Sth Slreet N.W. C Street N.W. N. Copitol Street Mossqchuseits Avenue lndepenclence Avenue Conneclicul Avenue I Virgìnio Avenue G Street Rornp Ërttro¡rce 2nd Street S.W. l Tth Street N.W. lSth Street N,W. I Bth Street N.W. Rcrnr¡¡ Enfrottce 3rd Street S,E. Romp Entro¡rce I I th Street N.W. l5th Street N.W. Entronce Pennsylvonio Avenue Pennsylvonic¡ Avenue Pennsylvoniq Avenue New York Avet¡ue New York Avenue st Street S.E. S Street Rom¡: Entrcrnce I st Street N.W. lZth Street N.W. 2nd Street S.E. 9th Strcet N.W. l3th Slreet N.Vy'. 14 o,28 0.10 r.39 0.11 2.59 0.25 0.34 0.r 3 o.B7 o,07 0.37 2.58 0.30 o.64 o.07 0.r 9 0.98 r.ó3 2.49 o.20 0.24 0.40 0.54 �Trock to be Removed SECTIC)N srNGrË-ÌRl\cK TO FROM ON Mossochusetts Mossochuseffs Mossochusetls Avenue 5th Street N.W. Avenue New Jersey Avenue Avenue Union Stotion Loop À{rtEs Zth Street N.W. Union Stotion Loop 3rd Street N.E. ì Loop on l3th Street C ond D Streets N.E. 3rd Street N.E. lSth Street N.W. Presidents Squore l Bth Street N.W. Virginio Avenue C ond óth Streets N.W. 0.40 0.ó0 2.04 N.E. l71h Srreel N.W. l9th Street N.W. o.64 o.12 0.17 0.97 Loop Union Stotion Loop Totol Surfocc Trock to be Removed 21.70 Trock To [¡e Built SECTION ON C Street E Street H Street H Street I Sfreei I I th Street l Sth Street New Jersey Avenue SINGI.E.TRACK ,v\ltËS ïo FROM I Bth Street N.W. l9th Street 7th Street N.W. l3th Street N.W. lZth Street N.W. I I th Street N.W. Mossocliuse its Averrue E Streel N.W. New York Avenue G Slreet N.W. Pennsylvoniu Avenue N.Vr'. l4th Street N.Vr'. l9th Street N.W. H Street N.W. C Street N.W. Mossochusetts Avenue Totql Surfoce Trock to be tluili A number of minor chonges ore suggested in the routings of buses. Study of FXl"lll3l'tS 25 ond 2ó will reveol tl¡e noture of these chonges. ln generol, the principle of the re-routings hos been to equolize ihe bus flow on o number of dorvnfown sireefs, ond to toke <¡dvontoge of the odditionql copocity ffiorje ovoiloble by removol of street cor trqcks. The proposed routings olso elirnirrqte cr numl¡er of left turns, or tronsfer such movements to one'woy streets where lhey corr be mode with relotive eose. As in the cose of street cors, the o¡rerotion of speciol rush hour bus lines should be discouroged. The public rvill receive cr higher qucrlity of service if e<.¡rripme¡lt oncl supervision is cor¡centroted on o limitecl nurlrber of routes. An increosing nunrber of pcrtrons v¡ill fìncl iî lo their odvonloge to lronsfer from buses to the rcril li¡res operoting lirrouglr flre subvroys. Bus speeds through lhe cenfrol business dislríci in rush hours wíll ner.,er be t5 I 0.1I .--' 0.39 0.28 o.44 1.00 0.15 0.04 0.ó9 3.r0 �more thqn hqlf os greot os subrvoy speeds. Furure chonge.:s in bus routings, therefore, should ¡rrovide convenient lronsfer connections with.roil routes. Substontiol relief of troffic congestion in the downtown oreo will follow conslruclion of the subwoys oncl fhe re-routings of streel cqrs ond buses. The degree of thii relief con best be visuolized by referring to EXHIBITS 27 and 28, which ore florv rnops of street cor operotions in the evening rush period before ond ofter subrvcry construcrion. Approximotely ó0 percenl of oll street cor trips through lhe centrol oreo will be mode beneoth the surfoce during this periocl. A similr:r comporison of bus movernents will be seen in EXHIßITS 29 qnd 30. The flow of l¡uses ofter subwoys crre built will be reduced to the extent thot potrons ore ottrocted to the roil routes. No ollowonce hos been mode in the chorts for this tronsfer of potronoge, holever, since the buses moy offset fheir losses to the street cors by goins ottributoble to growth of the City oncJ generol improvements in trqnsit service. METHOD OF FÍNANCING SUBWAYS AND CHANGES IN THE TRAhISIT SYSTEM cost of the proposed subwoys reody for operotion, but not including rolling slock, is shown in Toble 3. Cost of rolling si'ocl< is not included in the estinrote since cors ¡row owned by the Copitol Tronsit Comporry could be operoted in the subwoys. It is ossumed thot qll olcler fype cors will eventuolly be reploced by cors of the P. c. c. type, but operotion of the svbvroys would not be contingent on such conversion. It is generolly ogreed thot o proicct of îlris l<ind connot be entirely by privote enterprise cs o sound l:usiness venture. The benefìfs of lhe subwoy will not occruc\ especiolly to fhe trtrnsit compony, moreover, but to the City qs o whole ond to vo¡'ious inrportont groups of its citizens. Polrons of the tronsit systenr, of course, vvill receive foster trorrsporlction fir'¡onced TABLE 3 APPROXIMATE CONSTRUCTION COST OT PROPOSÊD SUBWAYS TENGTI{ IN MIiES ROUTE Connecticut Avenue-G Street Pennsylvcrnio Avenue Fourteenth Street. cosT 3.t 2.7 1.3 Torol. 7.1 l6 -,-) APPROXIMATE CONSTRUCTION $24,200,000 21/OOp00 ì 0,500,000 $5ó,400,000 �qnd rnore convenient termincrl focilities. Motorists will be subslontiolly benefited by removol of street cqrs from the surfoce orr presently congesled streets. Pedestrions will ber¡efit fronr reduced conflicts in crossing clov¡ntown streets ond ín the opportunity to use rìrezzonine levels during inclement weolher to cross streets. Merchonts ond professioncrl men will fìnd thot improvecl tronsportotion focilities to fhe downtown oreo will help them retoin their business in competilion with the forces of decentrqliz-otiorr. lnvestrnerrts in downtov¿n reol estote will thereby be sustoined. The municipolity will goin moleriolly by stobilizotion of the tox structure. l'lre rnunicipolity will olso find the subwoy system ond clrcrrrges in surfoce trocl< lnore economicol thon olternqte methods of solving morly pressing troffic problerns lvhich ore its írrescopoble responsibility, 'l'he United Stcrtes Government hos the greotest inlerest in the entire subvroy proiect becouse of the trerttendous inveslment in Federc¡l buildings in the oreo which v¿ould be served. The volue of lhese buildings is seriously ihreotened by present difficulties in tronsporting the vost ormy of people working in thenr. An equitoble method should be cleveloped for distribuÌing the cost of the subwoy systern ond other tronsit improvetnents omong oll interests thot will lrenefit from the improvements. MUNICIPÂL BUS TERIV\INAL A municipolly owned or corrtrolled bus tenninol is recommended to lt would cover on entire city block in the serve oll suburbon bus operotions. vicinify of Tv¿elfth ond I Streets N,W., vrhich con reodily be servecl by the K Street Development. Existing lines would be extended ecross the cenlrol qreo to reoch lhe terrninol. See EXHllllT 3ì, showing presenl ond proposecl routings of suburbc¡rr buses. The extensions should oflroct nrore thon enough people now driving their own outomobiles to resull in o net reduction in street troffic orr the central oreo streels. Existing congestion will be elirninoted on importont streets rvlrere suburl¡orr buses now l(ìrm¡note. ll w¡ll be eosier for possengers to tronsfer behveen systems, to inter-city bus systems which now lrove terminols in this vicinity, ond to locc¡l street cors ond buses. Ultimotely, the irrTer-city buses could use fhe sorne municipol bus terminol. Spoce should be provided on the fìrst floor for oppropriote shops, restouronls ond corrcessio¡rs c¡s well os for the hondling of buses orrd their possengers. On the seconcl fìoor would be office spoce for lhe vorious bus cornponies ond the terr¡inc¡l moÌìoger. A portion of the second floor os well os the enfire third floor shoulcl be ovoilable for the ¡rc-rrkirrg of outonrobiles. The roof could be uscd for porl<ing or os o lrelicopter fìeld. 'fhe terminol should be leosecl to cr privote cot'porotion for o¡reroiion. 17 �EXPËDITING ¡:REE.WHEËL TRAFFIC Much of Woshinglon's ouforîobile troffic originotes beyoncl the limits of the District of Coluntbio. lt rvos found in the troffic survey of 1940-/t1 thot opproxirnotely 90,000 oul-of-District cors ond trucks enier lhe District of Columbio clcrily. The distribution of this troffic is indicotecl by EXlllBlT 32 which shows the relotive volunre of trqffic ocross the Anocostiq ond Potonroc Rivers ond the ¡rorth District Lines. Mosf of this troffic consists of doily commuters ond locol truclcers. Less thon l0 percenf of the vel¡icles corrierJ license plotes for stotes other thon Virginio or Morylond or the Disfrict of Columbio. A moiority of fhe vehicles enfering the District of Columbio hove destinotions within tho? oreo, primorily within the Centrol Business i:nd Governtnent Ðistrict. Woshington does not hove outlying industricll creos to equolize ond distribufe lroffic florv os is fhe cose in most lorge cities. As the troffic from beyo¡rd the District boundories converges on fhe cenlrol oreo, it is ioined by tr<rffic of locol origin. There ore importonf cross-town movements, of course, but the bulk of the troffic sweeps fo or ocross the centrol qreo. See EXHIBIT 3íJ which is o troffic flovr mop for tlre entire District of Columbio os of 1939-40. , Downtown streets corry on unworronlecl burden of troffic, mosl of whicir is ¡rossing ihrrough lo o¡'ec¡s of Fe<Je¡'oi buildings crclioiriiug 'rhe cerilrtll oreo on severol sides. See EXHIBIT 34 showing zones of residence of people who work in fhe central portion of the City. Compcrring FXHIBIT 34 with EXtilBlT 35, showing number of peopfe employed in ecrch zone crnd mode of tronsportotion, ¡t will be seen that the ce.¡rtrol retc¡il c¡rrd commerciol district lies between prirrcipnl residerrlir:l districts ond the voríous groups of f:ederol builclings. lt will be noted thot o rnoiority of those coming fro¡n the more remote residentiol disfricts use privote trorrs¡rortation. The lrqffic lood incluced by this condition interferes rvith the movemerrt of vehicles terminoting in the centrol oreo os well os wilh the movenrent of trqnsit vehicles serving both business district ond Federol buildings. Pedestrions crossing streets ore exposecl to molry nrore conllicts thc¡n necessory. The cross-ore<: troffic suffers os much incorrvenience os it c<:uses others. BEI.T LINE DISTRIBUTORS The unwelcolne trofiic connot be lty-possed, in the orclinc¡r'y sense of the word, becouse of the close proximity of its nrulfi¡rle dcstinotio¡rs to fhe reloil oreo. The desired result cqrr be occomplished, however, by a syster-n of troffic distribulors formirrg belt li¡res oround lhe cenfrcrl poriion of the City. IB .) �There is o shorp disîinction betwee¡r by-poss routes ond such distributors. Wlrercos by-posses corry vehicles completely oround oreos of corrgestion, distributors corry vehiclcs ot reosonobly high speeds to points neorest their ultimote desti¡rolion l¡r:fore lltey enter the zone of slower speeds ond greoter congestion. The restrlt is o minimum of mileoge for eoch individuql driver, ond o net reduction of troffic wifhin lhe oreo. of this principle to the City of Woshington ore bosed on preferentiol freotmenl of streets which. for the mosf port, Plons for the opplicotion exist essentiolly reody for irnntediote use. The only rec¡uirement is to moke them so ottroctive thot motorists will use them in preference to streets which poss through lhe heort of the downtown oreo. ln some ¡rloces slreets will hove to be cut lhrough, wiclened or otherwise improvecl through co¡rstruction. For the rnost port, however, the only requirêrrìêr¡l will be preferentiol treotment in nrotters of signol timing, protection by stop signs, provision of modern trofiic sofety lighting, lone morlcings, ond oiher expedienls to ¡noke therr of mcximum otlroctiveness to Ìhe motoring public. See Toble 4. ln the selecÌion of streets for the distributor systern, diogonol streets hc¡ve been ovoided wherever possible. Most diogonql streets h<:ve linrited troffic copocity becouse of complicoted inlerseclions ot frequent intervols. The spocing of such intersections ond the foct thot nrosl of them ore controlled by troffic signols rnokes it virtuolly impossible to provide for continuous flow of trqffic ol reosonoble speeds. Tlris corrdition will continue to grow vr'orse os odditionol intersections hqve to be signolized. ' Wherever procticol, poirs of one-woy streets hove been reconlmencJed os units in the belt line systems. One.-woy movement of trc¡ffic focilitotes lhe progressive tinring of troffic control signols, sirnplifìes turning movemenfs of vehicles ond eoses tlre problems of pedestrions. The inne¡' belt rvill sun'ound the cenlrol oreo ol e distonce of only one to three blocl,.s frorn the edges of the highly developed downtorvn orecr. See EXI'ItlllT 3ó showing the selectec! routes. The ortcry o¡r fhe rrorth side will consist of the K Street expresswoy, plons for whích ore lvell crdvonced, ond the centrol surfoce portion of vrhich hos olreody beerr completed. It will be necessory lo supplernenl this ortet'y with o pcrir of orìe-woy streets, however, in orcler lo tc¡ke the confusion of lurning movernents crnd Ìhe lteovy fìow of buses owoy from K Street qnd cjllow it to serve its prirnury function providirrg for llrrough rnovement of eqst-west troffic. 'Íhese one-way streets will consist of L Street eostbound 'frorn Pennsylvonio Avenue to Mossochusetis Avenue ond I Streel westbouncl frorn Ì.lew York Avenue lo Pennsylvonio Avenue. All trc¡ffic using the K Street expresswcrys rvill thcn rnqke left turns to or from these one-v¡c¡y streets rothe r ihon on the surfsce portion of the K Street tlrroughwoy. of I I t9 ..-L �TABLE 4 PHYSICAL .IMPROVET,AENTS REQUIRED ON STREETS COMPRISING THE DISTRIBUTOR SYSTEM NEEDS NEEDS IM. STOP PROVED S¡Gò¡S NO. OF TENGTH STREEi FROM TO B S.E. S. Copitol Pennsylvonio Cqnol S.W. S. Ccpifol lndependence Cqnol I Zrh N.W. Virginio Mossochusetts R N.W. S. Copiiol Ccnnecticut Constitution Florido Flcrido I N.V/. !nCepenience l\) o lndependence lndependence lndependence K N.E. & N.W. L N.Vi. L N.E. Linc. Mem. Dr. M S.E. & S.W. M S.E. Moine ^,\ N.W. R Mcrylond R N.W. órh N.E. Pennsyivcnio New York Jersey Q N.W. OR MITES TWO.WAY Bridge 'l4rh s.w. Zth S.W. l st S.W. l4th S.W. zfh s.w. i sT S.W. S. Ccpiiol 23rd N.W. ófh N.E. Pennsylvonio Mqssochusetts 4rh N.E. órh N.E. Vicinity of Memoriol 4ih S.E. Moine 4rh órh s.E. lndependence M S.W. s.E. NEEOS TO BE RE. SURFACED* 0.35 2-Woy 0.40 2-Wqy, Div. 0.50 2-Way 4.7 5 2-W oy 2.O5 2-Wcy 0.f 0 2-Woy 3.20 2-Woy l.l5 .A,rlingion l No Yes No No Yes Some Sections 1.45 0.15 0.50 1.20 0.r 0 1.t 0 Yes No No Yes No No No Yes 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 2 No No No 0 0 0 Yes 1 Yes 0 No No No Scme No Seciions No Yes Div. 2-Way 2-Woy 2-Woy No No No Yes No No No Yes 2-Way 2-Woy Yes Yes Yes No No No PARKING RESIRTCiTON NÉEÐED+ NPAAT N. Curb Rush Hour Rush Hour Rush Hcur NPAAT Rush Hour Rush Hour Both Sides NPAAT No No Yes No No No Yes Yes NPA,AT 0 0 NPAAT 0 NPAAT 0 NPAAT This improvement is being plonned os another proieci I -Woy E.B. Yesf No Yes Yes I NPAAT 1-Woy Yes No Yes Yes 0 NPAAT I -V/oy Yes No No No0 NPA.AT 2-W ay No No Yes No4 NPAAT R N.W. 22nd N.W. 3rd N.W. 0.10 2-Way O.45 2-Wcy Rock Creek Florido 2.3O I -Woy E.B. Circ!e WIDENED ON TRAFFIC UGHT- SiÐe STGNAIS ING STREÊÌS NEEDED STREET No -Woy W.B. 1.30 2-Woy, 0.ó0 0.55 4.20 2.85 Yes NEEDS sE ro Yes Yes 2 NPAA.T 0 Rush Hour Both Sides New Hompshire Woshington New ONE.WAY IN Yes No Yes Yes Some No Sections No No Yes No No Yes 0 0 7 NPAAT Rush Hour Both Sides. Cther Times, N. Side. �( L rt_ -'! TABLE 4-Confrnued NEEDS lM. PROVED IENGlH FROA^ STREET R N.W. Florido TO ONE.WAY IN OR ,'^F-ES TWO.WAY NEEDS TO BE RE. SURFACED* NÊEDS STREEÌ BE I.IGHT. 10 WIDENED Mossqchusetts 2.AS 1-Wqy W.B. 4 Blocks. No tt¡G Yes NEEDS STOP SIGNS NO. OF ON SIDE TRAFFIC PARKING SiGNATS RESTRICT¡ON STREEÍS NEEDED Yes 4 NEEDEDi Rush Hour. Both Sides. Other Times. S. Side. 3rd N.W. & s.w. 4rh N.E. & lndependence S.E. M S.E. New Jersey Florida 1.30 2-Way 2.15 l-Woy S.B. No Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes 0 7 Rush Hour, Bolh Sides. Other Times, óIh N.E. A S.E. M S.E. Florido 2.10 l-Woy N.B. mi. No. 1.9 Yes . {one block to be cut through) Yes E. Side. 7 Rui;h Hour, Both Sides. Cther Times, N I4th N.W.& S.W. Moine I órh N.W. I N.W. L N.W. lTih N.W. & S.W. lndependence 22nd N.W. K Street Connecticut Mossachusells 23rd N.W. RN.W. Q N.W. Woshington Circle 1.45 2-Woy No O.75 2-Way Some . Secticns 1.00 2-Woy No 0.ó5 l -Woy N.B. 2 Blocks W. Side. No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes No No No 0 0 NPAAT NPAAT O 0 NPAAT Rush Hour, Both Sides. Other Times, W. Side. 0.ó0 l -Woy S.B. No No Yes Yes 0 Rush Hour, Borh Sides. 23rd N.W. S.W. & Lincoln Mem. Woshington Circle Other Times, E. Side. 0.85 2-Woy *Repoving in connecfion wílh removol of cor frocks not included. fNPAAT-No Porkìng At Any fiøe, No Stopping in Ruså Hours. .Ruslr Hos,--No Porking, No stopprng ìn rush hours ¡n rush directîon only, or os nofed jfxcept lirh ìo l4th Streeis. No No Yes No I Rush Hour �On the west sicle, lhe inner belt roule would be divided between Fourleenth Slreet ond Seventecnth Street, both opertrting os lwo-rvoy streets, ond connecting with Sixteenth Slreet vio I ond L Streets. Fourleenlh Street will be mode ovqiloble for this purpose by the retnovol of ccrr trocks. The grodes belween tlris street ond Moine At'enue hove olreody been sepcrroled by fhe construction of o troffic interclrcrnge betwe'en these two mclin lhoroughfores. Fourteenfh Street will connect wilh new crossings of the Potomoc River, plons for which ore well odvonced, to replcrce the piesent Highwoy Bridge. lnrprovement of Fifteenth Sfreet is olso suggested, not os o port of the distributor syslem but os o supplcmentol street. lt will require the stroightening ond widening of roodwo¡'s between Constitution ond Moine Avenues orrcl the constructiolr of o c'enter strip to reploce the pedeslrion refuges, now provicled by street cor looding plotforms. These improvetnents ore illustroted in EXHllllT 37. The south sid<: of the inner belt will consisf of lndeperrdence Avenue whiclr hcrs been inrproved recently to mqke it c¡ trqffic orlery. The contínuotion of lndeperrdence Avenue post Copitol Hill, which is l<nown os B Street S.8., will hove to be widened itr one short section. With the removol of c<rr trocl(s following sul:woy construction, lhis rvill become qn ottrsctive ond commodious trof{'ic orfery. ln the future, ltovrevet', it moy l¡ave to be supplemented [:y the improvement of C Street for one-woy troffic, the direction of which would be reversed between rush hout's. A connection frcm Independence Avenue to C Street woufcl then be provided by rrerv construction os illustroted in EXf'llBlT 38. These irnprovements r,r,ilI greotly , increose lhe usefulness of lrrc,lepenclence Avenue qnd eliminote o very serious oreo of congestiorr for people living in llre ropidly growing southeost quodrorrt of the City. Constitution Avenue will qlso be o moior troffic distributor on the south side of the inner belt. The inner distrit¡utor on fhe east side will be composed of Third Street N.W. <:nd S.W., rvhich in norv art itnportont truffic orlery. lt will be sup¡:lemented and relieved of turning rnovernents soulh of Pennsylvc¡niq Avenue by one-woy operc.rtion oncl street widenirrgs on First ond Second Slreets, olso slrown on EXHIBIT 38. These one-woy slreets will [¡e vitol to distribufe the troffic corning frorn eost of the Arrocostio River qfter construction of the ¡rroposed South Copitol STreet llridge. The outer belt of distributor roules will bc sirnilorly constituted. On lhe north, it will consist of the preserrl (ì Street oncl R Street one-woy system improved in the rnonner heretotcore discussr:d. On lhe west, Twenty-Third Slreet N.W. orrd S.W. will serve <rdmirobly with very liltle chonge. Moine Avenue ond tlre ¡>ork drives forrn lhe soulhv¡esl portion of the belt connect' ing with M Street on the soullr. lv\ Street S.W. c:nd S.E. is olreody improved 22 1 ) �ond inlensely used for both o by-¡:c.rss ond distributor roufe. As. its use increoses, it rnoy hove to be mocle o one-woy slreel eclsfbound, supplemenled by the improvemenl of L Strcet for wesil¡ound troflic. Need for the eost side route of the outer belt will not become greoÌ until the South Càpitol Street Bridge is. built, ot rvhich time Fourth ond Sixth Streets N.E. ond S.E. con be opened crs o poir of one-woy sfreets between M Street ond Floridcr Avenue. TRAFFIC FACILITATION AND CONTROL lntersectiorrs lirnit the copocity of Woshington's entire street system. At key intersecfions, most of which ore controlled by iroffic signols, flow of vehicles must be interrupted on eoch street forrnirrg the intersection lo permit movement on llte other streets. Between eoch olternqtion in the flow of froffic, fhe intersection must be cleored which furiher reduces its copocity. It is qt intersectíons, moreover, thof turning movements, bus stops ond other irregulorities in the flow of troffic musl be sccomodoted. Problerns of intersection control ore hondled with consurnmote skill in Woshington, considering the obstocles which ¡nust be overcome. The Deportment of Highwoys, for exomple, hos used grode seporotions effectively ot o trumber of especiolly difficult intersecfions. Seporotion of grodes for ordinory vehiculor troñic is not generolly opplicoble in cities, but odvontoge hos been token of Woshingtolt's unr¡suolly wide rights-ofwoy. The desígn of the structures lros hqrmonized with the high chorocter of the neighborhoods in which they ore locotecj. The result hos been very effective eliminotion of severol former points of congesfiorr. The prirrciple of chonnelizotion hos olso bcen odeptly used by the engineers of the Deportrnent of l'lighwoys. Through its use they hove simplifìed ond rotionolized tnovetnertts of troffic ot conrplex intersections providing, ot the some fime, hovens for pedestrions crossing rvide streets. Members of the Deportment of Vehicles ond Troffíc, similorly, hove skillfully opplied vorious melhods of troffic control. Their proctices in porking regulotions, opplicotion of the principles of one-woy operotion, ond other expedients of troffic engineering ore more odvonced thon in rnost lorge cities in this country. The problem of efficient troft-ic sigrrol control hos been rnode difficult by the conrplex intersections of which Woshington hqs more thon its sl¡ore ond by the limitotions of the troffic sigrrol control equipment which hqs been mc¡de obsolete by improvernents in lhe ort since the time lvhen rn<¡sl of Woshington's equiprnent wcrs insfolled. 1'he system of streel cor subvroys propose:d in this reporf rvill perrnit the correction of foulÌs of <l number of nroior intersections in lhe centrcll 23 ._) �oreo. ln the post, the high cost of chonges in surfclce street cor trocks hos blocked lhe solutíon of mony recogniz-ed poinis of confusion.'l'he correction of lhese problerns perrnitted by subwoy construction illustrotes tlre very substontiol degree to which this progrom will help the motoring publíc. GRAÞE SEPARATIONS DuPonl Circfe ÞuPont Círcle, on Connecticut Avenue ot P Street N.W., is q serious bottlenecl< in both privoie ond public trorrsportolion systems of Woshington. Ten streets converge ot this point, rnoking rotory conlrol of troffic qlmost inevitoble. Free-wheel trofiic entering from these vc.¡rious streets goes oround DuPont Circle in o counter-clockwise direction. Northbound street cors on Connecticut Avenue, however, oppose this flow by going clockwise holf-woy oround the Circle. A cross-lown bus line connects lvifh bolh street cqr qnd bus lirres on Connecticut Avenue ot the Circle. ln the reconrmended soluliort, lrvo tcndern portols north of the Circle tqke slreet cors ond fhen vehicles successively, into o wide under¡:crss without seriously rectucing the width of Connecticut Avenue for surfoce troffic. See EXHIBIT 39, which shows the plon ond profile of the proposed struclure. Street cors ond motor vehicles ore segregoted throughout the structure. Vehiculor troffic will ernerge frorn the underposs in the fìrst block south of DuPont Circle. Street ccrrs will stop ot o typicol high level subwcry stotion under the Circle to occomnrodote possengers oriç¡inotirrg in the neighborhood os well os those tronsferring from buses ot this poinf. The street cor underposs continues sot¡tllrvord os tlie Connecticul AvenueG Street subvroy previously discussecJ. F ou r th -P e nnsylvonio- Cor rsf if uf ion The intersection of l-ourth-Pennsylvonio-Constitution is formed hry two importonl streets iutersecting ot o flut ongle ond crossed ot llreir comrîon point by o third.street. This inte¡'section cqrried ó8,000 vehicles irr lwenty,l941. li will becorne hecrvier four hours during o ty¡riccrl fcrll wecl<d<ry of ôfter the building of the South Copitol Street Bridge ond developrnenf of residentiol qreos eosi of ihe Anqcostio River. The proposed solution is simple in fhe extrenre. See EXII|B|T 40, whích shorvs llre proposec{ irnprovernent. Roiscd fins v¡ill direct troffic irr such o monner tlrcrl Pennsylvc¡nio Avenuc west of tlte inÌcrsection oncl Constitution Avenue eost of the intersection l>cco¡ne one tlroroughfore. Sirnilorly, Constitulion Avenue west o'f the intersection o¡rd Pennsylvonio Avenue to 24 _l i J �the eosf becorne qnother trc¡ffic ortery. l'hus twelve lones of troffic con move simultoneously wilhouf conflict. The fins will be lov¿ered on hydroulic iocks or removed by crone trucl<s to permil tlre porodes for which Woshington is for¡rous. The only nrovernerÍts in conflict with other sfreoms of troffic ore occomnrodoled by two shorl underposses, eoch opproxitrrotely 300 feet long, plus romps. Troffic belv¿een Fourth Street ond its rrortherly extension os John Mqrsholl Ploce con be perrnitted in the ¡rroposed pl<rn sirrce troffíc on the lwo moior streets will hove to be stopped ot intervqls to permit pedestrions to cross the ínlersection. of this inlersection problern is the only one conceivoblc rvlriclr will not interfere to some degree with the proposed Pennsylvorrio Avenue subwoy. ln the recommended pforr, the subwoy The recommended solutiorr would be routed vio C StreeÌ to give ideol delivery lo the Municipcrl Center ond lhence lhrough the intersection under discussion ol high level. K Streef lmprovemenf The plons for the development of K Street, eost ond west of lhe existing surfoce developnrent of this streel, include grode se¡:orotiorrs in oddition to the two hereinbefore described. At Mt. Vernon Squore the plons for the proposed K Streel l'rurrk Highrvoy conternplote grode seporotions by on orrongentent of unc{erposses to corry New York Avenue, Mossochusetts Avenue oncl K Street under Mt. Vernon Squore. The plons elso corrlernplote the seporotion of grodes ot streets which cross the depressed section of K Slreet ecrsi of Mt. Vernon Squcrre. Similorly, grode seporotions ore contemploied os o port of the plon for the developnrent of l( Street wesl of the presçnt surfoce developrnent, now in on odvonced engineering stoge in the office of the Direcfor of Highwoys. CHANNELIZATION Pennsylvonio Avenue Pennsylvoniq Avenue is the route of history-nrokirrg porodes. lt is qlso vitol to lhe City os cr troffic ortery. The improvement ¡:roposed herewith will permif the street to serve both functions in o rnon¡1er heretofore impossible. After construclion of subwoys, Penrrsylvonio Avenue will becorne o street I0B feet wide without the present seporotion of vehiculor trqffic offorded by cor lrocks, crnd the pedestricrn refuges furnished by locrding plotforms. lt is proposecl thcrt Pennsylvorrio Averrue l:e divided ínto lwo 43-fool roodvroys seporoled l>y o cettter strip os illuslroted in EXHIBI'l 41. 25 �This will seporote conflicting troffic stredms, provide o speciol lone for vehicles mol<ing left turns from the Avenue ond sofeguord pedestrions. The center strip will be cr demorcotion rother thon c¡ physiccrl bqrrier. It will be kept so low thcrf porodes con pcrss over it, whefher they consist of morching men ond women, horse-drown vehicles, or motorized equiprnent. The strip will be outlined by low curbs ond tlre center pcrved with gronite blocks, giving it on ortisiic effect in kee¡:íng with the chorqcter of the slreet. See EXHIBII 42 lor o view of the Av<:nue os it will oppeor from the top of the Treosury Building. Fiffeenth - N ew Y o rk - P residenfs Sc¡uore- G Slreel The intersection of Fiffeenth-New York-Presidents Squore-G Street is one of the most confusing in the present streef systern. Building of the subvroy will eliminote oll street cors from this intersection. Chonnelízc¡tion of the intersection in connection r,¿ilh the restorofion of povirrg ofter the subwcrys cre completc will simplify vehiculor movements ond provide sofety islonds for pedeslrions. See EX['llBlT 43 Íor o plon view ond EXHIBIT 44 for o delineqtio¡r of this locotion qfter the inrprovernent. Eigh f cen f h -Ninefeen fh - Virginio - Consf if uf ion The intersecfion of Eighteenth-Nineteenth-Virginio-Constitution cqrries o heovy volutne of troffic including o lorge proportion of trucks. Cornmerciol vehicles ore not permitted to use ConstiTution Avenue west of Virginio Averrue qnd must use Virginio Avenue, fherefore, os q link in on inrporlont truck route ocross the City. A street cor terminc¡l in the center of Virginio Avenue further complicotes lhe problem: Severol street loyouts for this locotion were sl<etched in preporing this report ond conrpored with designs which hod previously been mode by other inferested groups. A design by the Deporfment of Highwqys wcrs finolly occepted os the best possible solution. This design, illustroted in EXHlBlr 45, involvc:s the relocoting of cor trocks ond chonnelizqtion of troffíc in ortistic conformonce rvith principles of trqfiic engineering. lt is recornmended thot lroffic density type vehicle crciuqted control signols be instolled ot this locotion becquse of the unovoidcrbly close spocing between troffic signols. Thís type of equi¡:ment will regulote vehículor flow with the leost possibk-. deloy oncl the ireotest possible copocity. Union Sfolion Pl<tza Approximotely 180,000 pcople per doy poss through the Union Stotion ot the present tir¡re. Conditions <¡f troffic ond tronsportation in the vicinity of the stotion give mony people tlreir fi¡'sf crnd lost irnpressions of 26 �the Copitol City. Chonges ore proposed herewíîh which should moke these impressions consistently fovoroble. Routing of the Connecticut Avenue-G Street subwoy under ihe Union Stotion Plozo will toke oll street cors off the surfoce ot this poinî. People orriving by streel cor will enler the woiting room of the slotion through on underground possogewoy with escolotors to lift them lo the stolion level. See EXHIBIT 4ó which shows plon views ond cross sections of the proposed slructures. Entronces to the subwoy stotion will olso provide underground cgnnections between the Union Stotion ond lwo points south of the Plozo. Surfoce chonnelizotion of the Plozo, utiliz-ing existing roodwoys ond islc¡nds for the most porf, will segregole Mossqchusefts Avenue troffíc from thot destined for the Stotiorr. Troffic signols will confrol the points ot which the streoms cross. Toxicobs ond privote oulomobiles ore provided with plotforms in front of the Stotion. Possengers from cobs or outos using the lone closesl to the stotion will go directly into lhe woiting room ot ground level. Possengers olighting on the other plotforms will go dovrn romps into the pedestrion tunrrel leoding from the subwoy stqtion to lhe escolotors emerging in the woiting room. Possengers will be protected from the weother by conopies which will be orchitecturolly in keeping with the Stotion. See EXHIBIT 47 tf-i j ¡-, "'..7 I Ë. .-F.''¡. .ü'.ll {t, g' I L lI ¡ T I I '-..- ' - Figure ó: View looking eost in ¡oocJvroys in front of Union Stcrlion, showing conflicls bclweerr outornobiles, slrecl cors <rnd pcclestrions. 27 i-/ �for on qrtist's conception of the woy these protected plotforms will oppeor. Toxicobs rvill continue to stond ond to lood in present locolions ot the west end of tlre Stotion Eostbound buses will dischorge crnd recc..ive possengers of fhe end of the pedestrion tunrrel on the southwest side of the plozo. Westbound buses will use lhe outer toxicob plotform. Toxicobs will seldom be numerous enough to moke their use of this plotform necessory. The result of the suggested improvements will l¡e the elí¡ninotion of oll the confìicts belween pedestrions, toxicobs, outomobiles, buses ond street cors novr' chorocterizing the Union Stcrtion Plqzo. See Fígure ó. 'TRAFFIC SIGNALS It is difficult to over-etnphosize tlre importonce of troffic sigrrol control irr providing for the efficient movemenl of vehicles in oreos of corrcentroted business octivity. Troffic signols ploy the some port in movirrg vehicles ond ¡reclestriqns irr large citíes thof is occomplíshecl on o lorge roilroqd by the combined efforts of the schedule, dispctching ond signol cJeportments. The nurnber of possenger-miles furnished by outornobiles in Woshington is equivolenî to the comporoble business corrducted by o sizoble roilroocl compqny. lnefficiency will not be tolerotec.! try o roilrood, but in o cify losses ore divided omong so nìony índividuols ihoi the oggregote wostc in minutes qnd dollors is seldorn oppreciofed. An indicotion of the extent of the time loss occosioned by trcffic signols is giverr in Toble 5 which shows the portion of totol trip time on typicol sireet cor lines v¡hich is spent woiting ot red trofiic signols ofter possenger interchonge is cornplete ond cors ore reody to go. Defìciencies in the quolity of troffic control in Woshington ore chiefly the result of irrodequote equipment. The Deporlment of Vehicles ond Troffic is directed qnd stoffed by men of unusuol obility. Troffic control equipment of the most modern type ond copobfe of the greotest possible degree of fìexil:ility should be inslolled for thc control of oll sígrrols in the cernlrol oreo. Suclr equiprnent, Õmong other feotures, will permit the lotol cycle length to be chonged to sotisfy vorying lrof.fic conditions. Under fullflexible progressive corrtrol, shortening the cycle ollows troffic to move foster on dry doys, <{urinç¡ off-peak hours ond ot other tinres when higher speecls ore oppro¡rriote. The cycle length can be increosecJ by the dispotcher, on lhe othcr honcl, to provide for'slower speeds under slippery condiliorrs, eorly winfer dorlcness, or lreovy rush hour troffic. 2B �for lhe reselting of the liming intersection severol times in eoch lwenly-four hours. When properly used, this incre<¡ses tlre copocity of the street system ond the fluidity of movement under voryinç¡. conditions such os the heovy inbound movement in the morning rush hour ond the heovy outbound movement in the ofternoon. This feqfure olso permits giving o lorger portion of the totol time to vehicles in the morning rush hours before pedestrions ore on the streels ond, conversely, more time to pedestrions during shopping lrours. Such equipment, furthermore, provides of every The equipment slrould be centrolly controlled so thot oll signols will outomoticolly be kept in step with lhe system. Cenlrol control olso provides for routine os well os emergency chonges under thê direction of o competent díspotcher. The timing of the signols should be oppropriote to the chorocter of the dislrict in which they ore locqfed. In congested retoil sections the timing should focilitote the movernent of trqnsit vehicles prirnorily since lhey serve severol fimes qs mony people os the privote oulomobiles operoting on the some streets. Timing sigrrc.rls in this fc¡shion rvould olso díscouroge lhe use of streets in such oreos by cross-oreo troffic for which belt line slreets ore recommended in this report. TABLE 5 DELAYS OCCASIONED BY TRAFFIC CONTROL SIGNAI.S COMPARED WITI.I TOTAL TIME CONSUMED ON SECTIONS OF STRÊET CAR LINES 4:00 PM-ó:00 PM WEEKDAYS IN SPRING AND FALL, I94I TR/A,FiIC SlcNAL DËTAYS 30 30 90, 82 SECTION (/\U. N.W.) AVER. T. S. DETAY NO. AGE tINGTH tå OF DIREC- IN OT NUM- IN ,ÁINUTËS ^GE ^s TRIP TOTAT lojl- $!!s. TRrPs BER (^vrRAGEl T|',1FL T|ME DrsT. ROUTE AVER. TOT/.1 7th & Po. to I srh &. N.Y. N.B. 0.8 14 3.9 t.9 10.8 17.6 lsth & N.Y. to Wisc. & M N.B. t.5 14 4.8 2.4 I 3.s I B.t l4th & G to srh&G E.B. 0.7 29 5.0 2.6 9.0 34.ó 70,72,74 7th & À/ross. to Zth & Flo. N.B. 0.8 23 4.3 2.0 8.9 22.5 50,52,54 l4th & G to l4rh & u N.B. 1.2 27 4.6 2.1 t 0.B 19.4 29 ._l --) �ln the outer porlions of the Centrol Business <rnd Government Disfrict, timing of signols should be designed lo move vehiculor trofiic os expeditiously os possible. Arnple provision should be mode in the tíming of signols to sofeguord the movement of pedestrions. lt is unfoir to mqke pedestrions obey trqffic signols unless the signols provide odequotely for the protection of people on foot. lo whelher or not fhe foster movement of trqffic envisioned in the recommended modernizotion of signols will be the couse of c¡n increose in the number of trofiic occidents. The increosed overoge speed of troffic will be occomplished with on qcluol reduction in peok mid-block speeds prevoiling todoy. The irritqtion of deloys ond the feeling of necessity to moke up time will hove been eliminoted. A prernium will be ploced on orderly ¡novemenl ond o penoliy on rocing oheod becquse o driver who gets loo for in odvonce of his plotoon will be held by the red signol ot the fìrst intersection. A full flexible progressive trofiic control system of the type recornmended wos instolled olong Michigon Avenue in Chicogo in 1934. ln the fìrst yeor of operotion, troffìc volume increosed moteriolly, but occidents of oll types decreosêd 22 percent. Pedestrion occidents decreosed 40 percent. The question moy be roised os ¡ 30 I I ,_) I *J I �t'-l I TERMINAL FACIT¡TIES FOR MOTOR VEHICLES I 1 ¡ I I OFF-STREET PARKING IN RETA¡L AREAS i I ir ¡l Lock of low-cost porking spoce is frequently cited os the couse of decline of centrql business districts in lorge cities. lf thot reoson is vclid, the present business dislricts in oll lorge cities ore doomed. lt is physicolly ond economicolly impossible to supply inexpensive qnd converrient porking for oll who might wish to use privote tronsportotion. Deportment stores, for exomple, would require three to four times qs much floor oreo for porking os for retoil octivities if qll customers come by outomobile. Every offtce building would hqve to be supplemented by o porking goroge of equol floor oreo to occommodote vehicles of workers. Even if the porking spoce were ovoiloble, streets could not be provided to corry the number of vehicles involved. There ore mony ond complex reosons for the decline of business districts, but q few of the more importont ones ore cleor. Congestion on streels serving such oreqs offects oll possengers, regordless of their mode of tronsportotion, ond cquses mony to work ond shop in less congested plcces. The foilure of most cities, Woshington included, to solve the problem Figure 7: Picture loken neqr the heort of the cenlrol retoil district, showing property which is reody for rehobililotion. 3I �of nrerchondíse deliveries hos ploced the potenticrl shopper in unequol conflict wilh truclcs ond merchondise for use of curb ond sidewolk spoce. Firrolly, business lnen hove lost confidence in tlre future of centrol business districts. They roze obsolete buildings to reduce their toxes, ond ollow property to stoncl ic{le or be converted inlo urrsightly pcrrking lots. Other oul-worn buildings which should be reploced ore ollowed to detroct frorn lhe volue of tl¡e few new builclings erected. Potentiol buílclers ond operolors of goroges hove no ossuronce thot their investment will be protected by o consistent ¡rolicy on the regulotion of curb porking, ond crre lhreote¡ecl with the possibility of cornpetition f rom low cost porking focilities subsidized by the nrunicipolify. The confidence of these business men in their municipol ofIíciols must be restored. Need for vigorous, reolistic ond forsighted qction is indicated Much of the centrol business district of woshingfon is ripe for rehobilitotion. See Figure 7. Entire city btocks ore vqcont or occupied by obsolete buildings, nlony of them neor the heort of the retoil section. Others will be ovoiloble ot intervols durirrg the next severol yeors. lt is unlikely tlroi mony of these siies will be needed for lorge multi-storied office buildings. lt is olso unlikely thot Wcrshingron could support rnony tnore lorge dowrrfown deportmenï stc¡res. There is octive demond, however, for o greol nrony fìrst lìoor shops ond speciolty stores neor these other prirnory structures. Smcrll. convenient o{Tices ore olso reodily rented. It is reco¡nrnended lhol substqntiol oreos of the downtown distric? be rehobilitoted du the next severol ors with q eo UI rng qpproto the rnotor o ern rlcrtion. The icol bu occup o site of ot leost o holf c block in o referobl on er¡lire See 48 showing floor plons ond elevatíons of such q bu ng # lhe groun d level floor would be devoted to stores ond shops to present on unbroken focacle of ottroctive windows qnd entronces olong lhe shopping streefs. Focilitic¡s would be provicled for delivery of merchondise directly to fhe bqsement stocl< roonrs of these stores. Porking focilities, which woulcl be on importorrt port of the proposed typicol building, rvould be reoclred through on entror¡ce in the cerrter of one side of the L¡lock. The coshier's booth, woiting room ond sirnilor'cdiuncts of the porking operotion would be locoted in the i¡rterior of the block ot ground level. The second floor would be occupied by doylight offices olong the sides of the building. The inlerior would be used for porking. Adclitionol levels devoted entirely to porking vrould be provic{e<J in sufticient number to rneet rhe dernoncl in c¡ porticulor ncighborhoocl. Elevotors would be provided if fhe totql number of floors including cJround level crnd roof exceeded four. ln some locotions, strect grodes ore such lhot lv¿o levels could be served directly from the sfreet without using íntcrior romps. 32 -) �Potrons of the porking focility would be permitted to pork ond unpork their own cors, os well os to locl< them, thereby sovirrg deloy ond eliminoting lhe feor of rough hcrndling of vehicles. l'orking rotes should encouroge frequent turnover c¡nd discouroge oll-doy porking. Goroges for oll-doy porking should be locoted ot cr consiclerobly greoter distonce from the highly concentroted oreos. Eoch unit would hove q single heoting ond oir-conditioning plont. Jonitor service woulcJ olso be centrolly rnonoged. A lorge number of units of the proposed type will be needed to furnish onticipoted demond for downtown porking spoce ofter the wor. See FXHIBIT 49, showing spoce ovoiloble ond demond by oll-doy porl<ers in 1939. All present downtown porking lots ore temporory in chorocter. The sites ore likely to be converted 1o other uses in the next business boom, thereby creoting new demqnds for porking spqce while destroying o portion of thot which now exists. Lond volues in the dowrrtown oreo ore too high to mqke one-level porking profitoble. This wos disclosed by on Americon Autornobile Associotion stucly which found thqt rnulti-level openoir goroges ore econonricolly iustifìed wl'ren lond volues reqch opproxi' rnotely $.l.ó5 per squore foot.* Even if porking lots could be operoted ot o profit, they ore undesirot¡le in o retoil district becouse of the "deod" frontoges they intersperse between stores. Another source of busi for the rl<in focililies will the SU number of rnoto will spc¡ce er restrictions ore curb rkin Such restrictions of lirne limitotions in most coses, rother thon in complefe prohibition. The exception will be the extension of prohibitions on porl<ing during rush hours. ln ploces where porking con be tolerr.¡ted during the doy, the spoce should be reserved for those who wish to pork very short periods of time. Porking lirnits of sixty rninutes will hove to be esfoblislred in most zones ond th¡rty-minute porking rvill be required where the dernond for spoce is exceptiorrolly high. Peo¡rle who cqn complete their erronds in fifteen to thirty minufes, os o moiority of sholt-time porkers clo, ore not willing to spend ten or fifteen minufes putting their cors in goroges ond toking lhem out ogain. Porking nreters hove been usecl in Wcrshington with notoble success, os they hove in motìy other lorge cities, to regulote curb porking so os to rnuke space ovoiloble ot olrnost oll times for the person who con tronsoct his business in s few mi¡rutes. x"Por&rng <¡nd fern¡i¡¡crl Focilities-Wcrshinglon, D. C. Sludy", Sofely crncl fraffic Enginecring De¡>arlment, Án¡cricon Aulomobile Associolion, Woshinglon, D. C., Novernbar (>, lg3g, 33 �ln oddition to these potentiol demcrrrds for porking spoce, ocluol demqncls existed before lhe wor which wcre reflecled in numerous woys described collectively os "porking pressure." One form in which porking pressure oppeored wcrs in cruisirrg, either in seclrch of porking spoce or os "live" porking in which the driverwould keep his cor irr ¡notion ond circle the block while his possenger cornpleted his or her errqnd. Double porking ond other troffic lorv violotions were olso relìections of porking pressure. lf wos olso necessory for mony people to wolk excessive distonces considering the length of time their business took ofler they reoclred their destinotions. The degree to which this condition existed is shown by o study mode in Woslrington by the Public Roods Adnlinistrotion. Severol drivers covered the distonce from lrome to centrol business district qt on overoge rote. of .l4.2 miles per hour, bui spent so much tíme in finding porking spoce ond then wolking to their offices thot the overege speed for the vorious trips from home to office wos reduced to 8.5 miles per hour.'r The future dernond for porking spoce in the dorvntown oreo, hovrever, will no? be unlimited. The proposed system óf subwoys will ottrcrct morry people now using outomobiles. ln odclition, new cors ond buses of the Copitol Trcnsit Comporry ond suburbsn buses will restore or hold wor-time goins when such equipment con be boughl. Federol employment in the centrol business district will decreose os employees now working in rented buildings ore nroved to rrew Federql buildings. The extension of mefered porking, while it will increose the clerncnd for off-street pcrkíng by those wlro wish lo porl< more Thon sixty mirrutes, will tend to decreose the dernond of short-time porkers now forced to pork off^streel by lock of curb spoce. The overcrge melered spoce in Woshington, occording to the A. A. A, study referred to obove, is usecl by 61/z outomobiles per doy. At present there ore only 310 porking meters in the Cify. Privote enlerprise hos demonstroted its obility ond willingness lo .l930 furnish nrodern porking focilities in Woshington. Between ond l93B porlcing prohibitions eliminqted 5,000 curb pcrrking spoces in the centrol district. During thot some period, privote enlerprise odded 5,000 spoces in porking lots oncl garoges. ln l93B there were ì50 licensed porl<ing lots ond 25 porking goroges in, or serving the needs of, the centrql business districl. The Hecht, Stor ond Medicol Center gc¡roges ore outstonding exomples of pioneer developnrent in lhe porking field. They hove oll been fi noncio lly successful. *"lnlongiblc L:conornics of Highwoy Ïrcrns¡>orl<rfion", by Public Roods Ádrr¡inislrotiorr, 1933, Annuol Procecdings, Higlrvray Resecrrch Boord. 34 �It moy become necessory to poss legislotion which will permit the use of condemnolion proceedings in order to conlbine o suffícient number of porcels of lond for proiects of the type ond size recommencJed. Precedents for such legislotion will be found i¡'r Stote lows providing for ihe use of condemnotion proceedings to pernrit privcrte enterprise to ocquire lond for buildings in slum cleoronce proiects. No subsidy frorn the Federol Government or from the municipolity will be necessory to encouroge inveslment of privote copitol in porking gqroges. lt is vitol, however, thot necessory control of curb porking be instelled o¡td consistently enforced. lt w¡ll olso be desiroble to revievr existing zoning lqvrs qnd building codes ond rnodify thent where necessory to encouroge construction of the ottroctive type of porking focilities recommended. PARKING FACILITIES FOR FEDERAL EMPLOYEES The Senote urrderground goroge ond existing Federol building gdrages connot be considered srrictly outomobile sforoge focilities. Tlrey ore used primorliy os <¡ lime soving conver¡ience for Federol offíciols. Their cost per cor spoce is necessorily high. lt would be possible to mqke similor spoce ovoiloble for only o very smoll percentoge of Federol employees, so lhot the moiority who use privote tronsportotion rnust poy for ihe privilege of porking or pcrrl< qt consicierot¡le dist<¡r¡ces frorn lhe buildings in which they work. Porking goroges could be built on Federol property, of course, lrut the problerns involved should be fully undet'stood before enrborkíng on such o progrom. Where consideroble oreos hove beerr ocquired by the Federol Government in excess of future requirements for buildings, garoges could be built ot much lower cost per cor spoce thcrn the cost of incorporcrtirrg gorcrges in office buitdings. They could be built rvilhout heoting, ventiloting or plurnbing equipnrent. They would hove to be kept orclritecturolly in keeping with their surroundings, however, wifh focings of limestone or morble. The full cost of provicling such porking focilities should be met by those wlro use them. 1'he fees chorged nright be reduced to tlre extent thot toxes, license fees ond fìxed chorges orì lond could be woivetl by the Federal Governmenl, but rotes ol 2.5 cents lo 50 cents per doy would still be necessory. When Federol employees vrere osked whot they would be willing to poy for "conveniently locqted goroging", 70 percent replied, t'nothing."* *"The Pc,rki¡tg ond Gcrroger Problen¡ of lfie Cenlrol 1930", by Dr. lvliller McClinlock. 35 Business Dislricf--Wcrshinglon, D. C.--- �ì The cors driven to work dcrily by Federol employees in Woshington in 1939 would require 2ó goroges of 1000-cor copocily eoch. A four-level goroge of this size would cover o ground oreo of 75,000 squore feet, or o spoce 250 feet by 300 feet. Ploced side by side withouf streetsorpork oreqs between them, these goroges would occupy on qreo six times qs lorge qs the Commerce Building. lf no porking fees were chorged, induced use of outornobiles could conceivobly require 2ó oddirionol goroges before the fìrst 2ó were conrpleted. Moreover, Fgderol employmenl ofter the wor is expected to remoin ot q level opproximotely 50 percent obove the 1939 level. The Deportment of Highwoys would hove to provide for qt leost 100 percent increose in troffic in oider to servè the potentiol'volume under o policy of free, convenient porking for everybody.¡ in the porks of Wosh ton qre now lined miles of roo This with the cors unn9 ng criticized becouse it delrocts from the beouty ot the pqrks ond the l-edero¡ gs n of proper p d hide the côrs from view without in ony woy interfering with the funcîion of the porks. See Figure 8. The porks could continue to provide light, oir ond recreotionol spoce, ond olso permit odvontogeous i:'..'t'i: l¡. ¡i $r.' I :J j t t- _l .J I 'l J Figure B: View of screened porking lol on Virginicr Avenue between Twentieth ond Twenty-First Sfrecls. Hcw rnorry porkcd outornobiles con you see in this picture? 3ó �views of the Copitol City's fine buildi¡rgs. A nu¡nber of roods ore not needed for moving troffíc. Screened by oppro¡:riote londscoping, they might well continue to serve os dispersol oreos for the outonrobiles of employees in neorby buildings. OUTLYING PARKING LOTS Fringe porking lols, so-colled, ore suggested perenniolly qs the solution of oll porking problems. Full consideroTion of the proposol, however, reveols thot fringe porking lots in lhe usuol sense of the terrn ore not feosible for either retoil or Federol oreos in Wosliington. A previous study showed thot porking rotes on one potentiol site would lrove to be ot leost fìfteen cents per doy to cover costs while, on others, rotes would hove to be thirty-five cents per doy or rnore.r''[he lots would be ot suclr o distonce frorn the cerrtrol district thot bus fores for on qveroge of 1.75 persons per vehicle would hove to be odded in conrputirrg the totol cost of porking. Even if cost were not involved, it is questionoble whether or not the lots would be potronized. People use outomobiles for convenience. lt is not convenient to pork o nrile or two fronl one's ultimota destinotion ond tronsfer to o bus. ln foct, there is onc{ olwoys hos been olmost urrlirnited free curb pcrking spoce crt the distonce from the centrol busi¡ress district ot which fringe porking lots would hove to be locotecl. Tlrere is olso public tronsportol'ion through oll these fringe oreos. Porking lots would be more expensír,e, less convenienl, ond more tirne-consuming thon focililies which now exist---unused. No tronsit cornpony could offord to own buses ond poy prevoiling woges, further¡nole, lo serve fringe porking lots with their intense rush hour ¡:eoks ond essentiolly no off-peok business. Outlying porkinç¡ lols of onother type ore recornrnended. Lots locoted ot the oufer ternrinols of tronsit focilities in other cities hove been successful bec<ruse by using tltenr ¡rotrons scrve tirre, inconvenience ond rnoney. After the conslruction of the proposed system of subwoys in Woshinglon, slreet cors will give fost, low-cost service to oll importont oreos. Considering the ti¡ne required to porl<, trovel time by street ccrr will cornpore fovorobly with the lrovel lime by outonrobile. Operotion of express buses fronr some ports of the City to the centrol business district will be iustified, especiolly if suburtjcrnites ore provided with focilities where lhey con porl< fheir outomobiles ol terminols ond ricle buses to stores or offices. Suburbon bus lines, sirnilorly, con serve porking lots established beyond the Districl of Colu¡nbio li¡¡its. Porking lots in fhe vicinity of the Perrtogon Builcling ore ideol fo,r tlris purpose. 'r"Reporl lo the Conrnrissioners' Pcrrkinç¡ f.ol Con¡rnillee," by ,Assisfonf lo lfie Direclor of lligl*vays, Deccrttl>er 19, 1938. J/ R, M. B¡ennatr, lhcn Spccí<rf �The locol governmentol unils in the District ond in the surrounding lots ot fhe erlcls counties shoulcl tol<e the initiotive in estoblislring porking of tronsit lines. The welfore of the community will be served by relieving streels ond porking focilities of this troffic' by Exislíng lows provide for f;noncing fhe progro m oullined obove oppropriot[n, from generol funds. The developmenl of off-slreet porking The powers focilities lends itself to tfre revenue bond rnethod of finoncing. of the Motor Vehicle Porking Agency, creqted by Public Law 454-77th to permit the Congress, Cho¡lter 76-2nd Session, might be extended Distict of Colu¡ïbio to issue revenue bonds to provide for the construction of off-street porkirrg fqcilities in retoil ond outlying oreos. The omortizotion ond interest of revenue bottds would be poyoble solely from the net ofter poying revenue derived frorn the operotion of the porking focilities, retired, the cost of mointenonce oncl operotion. After the bonds hove been porking rqtes could be recluced to provide funds merely sufficient for cost of moi¡ltenonce ond oPerotiorr' of The covenonl reloling to the security to be provided for holders the bonds, the proceeds of which hove been used in conslructing the focilities in whole or in port, would require the employrnenl of on odequote technicol rvork' stofT uncler competent direcliou to perforrn lhe necessory the The director should be responsible solely to the cotntnissioners of q with District, but he should hqve the berrefit of periodic consultotion the Districl comnittee comprisirrg heo<ls of offected Deportments of interests Government qrrcl of individuqls officiolly representing cotnmerciol should stucly os well os the gerrerol public. Specifìcolly, the Porking Agency the potentiol dernond for porking spclce in vorious oreos of the Þistrict; porking focilities; consult with privote operotors interestecl in building privote porking enterregulote curb porking ond license ond regulote prl"u, (such regulotion oncl licensing to be corried out ut¡der suitqble ond Lnobling provisions of the oppliccrb'e low); plon, construct, mqintoin operote porking focilities for Federol ernployees; ottd finolly, fìnctnce, focilities not olhercårrslrucl, mointoin ond operote the necclssc¡ry porking wise producecl try privote enterprise or ovqiloble ot street curbs. problem A complete detqiled study ond reporÌ on the entire porking the plorrs is necessory to form the bosis for the efiective developmerrt of for porking focilities obove oullined' 3B .) � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Transportation survey and plan for the central area of Washington, D.C. Subject The topic of the resource Transportation--Research--United States Transportation--Planning Description An account of the resource Report submitted to the Commissioners of the District of Columbia Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource William R. McConochie, project manager J.E. Greiner Company De Leuw, Cather & Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 1944 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways District of Columbia. Department of Vehicles and Traffic United States. Public Roads Administration Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/7d5005b34c44054ff3ca31f411b68dba.pdf?Expires=1792022400&Signature=ivaOYAKYJUPlMrRn4WUcoZWpPCcIqQ4mYiVgkFRUTUsdQxGjWGkJWeGqq9xX-w2z%7EllI1dSHqO533VSXQVtXUWmPKMKOLw2nYTEDm0icB8nn-ikyCwEeb4urISRVcPWyT2zI7qiWPfwR%7EFt7kwTbz3kmTJix8R38LtV%7EVY153GT46ELcmJ1efm1tpqV-qEHwyiEd%7Ek1jxP5nYZZWSYhvQ82lDuGkPA9dLb-kEKcSt%7E3skE0NXAib65wTjSVAhwMgPe-hnt-Y60gPRd2Ka-vtilwY%7E60I9ojD7LG6RtrGeQM3mVlqqAqeFnAan2u1pPIbrOB5WzGpmxFVtQV2Xd1hCg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c08f7bc821810373096928a2f31bba13 PDF Text Text f NATIONAL CAPITA'L PLANNING COMMISSION HARLAND BARTHOLOMEW, Chairrnan CLAUDE W. O\4¡EN, Vice Chairman C. McKIM NORTON JOHN A. REMON ALEXANÐER C. ROBINSON, III Ex Officio ALAN BIBLE Chairrnan, Senate District Comrnittee JOHN E. McMILLAN Chairman, Houae Ðietrict òornrnittee ELLIS L. ARMSTRONG Cornmissioner of Pubtic Roads MAJ. GEN. EMERSON C. ITSCHNER Chief of Engineers, U. S. Arrny F.. MORAN McCONIHE Cornrnissioner of Public Buildinga BRIG. GEN. A. C. WELLING Engineer Cornrnia eioner NATIONAL CAPITAL RECIONAL PLANNING COUNCIL ROY C. BRAGG, Chairrnan (Va. ) DONALD E. GINGERY, Vice Chairrnan (Md. ) BRIG. GEN. A. C. WELLING, Vice Chairman (D. C Repreeenting NCPC HARLAND BARTHOLOME1¡T Representing NCPC SAMUE'. EPSTEIN Falls Church, Va. WILLIAM H. MOSS Fairfax County, Va. MELVIN L. REESE Montgornery County, Md. HERBERT W. REICHELT Prince Georgea County, Md. MAXS. WEHRLY ArLington County, Va. HERBERT W. WELLS Prince Georges County, Md. L. WIRTH Director, National Park Service CONRAD I{¡ILLIAM E. ¡'INLEY, Dire.ctor PÀUL C. WATT, Director MASS TRANSPORTATION SURVEY NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION xEÑe ctot PART JOINT STEERING COMMITTEE RO an HARLAND BARTHOLOMEW BRIG. GEN. .A'. C. WELLING H. LESTER HOOKER ALBERT L. SKLAR MAX S. WEHRLY HERBERT W. WELLS I Mrss TRAnsPoRTATtoil BA$IC I' BTTlryAT PI,AN NnrroilAr Clp¡rnt EXPERT ADVISORY GROUP Rrerou HIGHWAY COORDINATING COMMITTEE T.RANK SURYEY DOUGLAS W. HERRING Deputy Dire,cto¡ for Compreheneive Ptanning The Port of New York Authority New York, New York DONALD C. HYDE General Marrager Cleveland Traneit Systern Cleveland, Ohio JOE R. ONG Conaultlng Traneportation Engineer Cincinnati, Ohio 1{¡. PYKE JOHNSON llresident Automotive Safety Foundation Washington, D. C. Pa-et S. BRINKLEY Chief Ptanning Engineer Departrnent of Highways (D. C. ) N. LEWIS Director of Traffic Divigion GEORGE State Roads Comrnission (Md. GARLAND E. MARPLE ) Chief, Highway Planning Programs Branch Bureau of Pubtic Roade (r.ed. ) J. P. MILLS, ft. Traffic and Planning Engineer Department of Highwaya (Va. ) JAMES L. SHOTWELL Superviaing Highway Deeign Engineer Bureau of Public Roade (Fed, ) " TRT-STATE'' JOINT COMMISSION ROBER T E. McLAUGHLIN, Chairman (D. C. ) HARLAND BARTHOLOME\4¡ J. MAYNARD MAGRUDER Vice Chairman (Va. ) CHARLES R. FENWICK EDWA.RD S. NORTHROP H. LESTER HOOKER Vice Chair¡nan (Md. ) CARLTONR. SICKLES ALBERT L. SKLAR ARTHUR T. SONNENBERG BRIG. GEN. A. C. WELLING Secretary (D. C. ) .$ Àl .v (D. C. (Va. ) (va. (Md. (Md. (D. C ) -..4 ? P Lf ,Y ttttc gafiCaa J b. ?,;. ',Q -çs %r, SfotoNÀL 1 ,-N ��/oeeuaçn & l* PLAN'!, Part I of the MASS TRANSPORTATION SURVEY, adopted by the COMMISSION and the COUNCIL, is preaented here prior to the full Survey rêport in order that iutereeted public agencies might take cognizance of the freeway aspects of the Plan. 'TBASIC !'REEI{¡AY ?aoâ,qnqe 3,000,000 ?"*p(" Thie Basic Freeway Plan is an integrat part of a propoeed transportation network developed Sp'ecé/ðc Stoodðoo O ,{ General Developrnent Plan baeed on land use, economic and population etudies was prepared, vieuatizing a population of 3,000,000 by f 980. All. eubaeguent planning was directed to rneet the needs of thie population. a ifhe 1948 and l955 origin and destination aurveys were thoroughly analyzed to develop traffic in the MASS TRANSPORTATION SURVEY for the National Capital Region. It is the Regionrs firet free- formulae which, when applied to Taud Use atatietics of the General Developmant Plau, reeulted way plan to be based upon a projection of future travel patterns. ln a projection of future travel patterne. The map ehows the mini¡nurn freeways and parkwaya be open to in the totat highuray system that should o traffic before the Relion grows to a 3,000,000 poputation. It does not Bhow major thorough- to Tneet future traveI patterne: faree needed to cornplete the freeway system. Neither does it ehow the freèway pl.an which woutd be re- (a) .the auto-dominant syatem, which would have todayte type of local traneit eervice, quired for a population in excess of three million people. cornplernented by adequate highwaya. (b) the expreee-bue eyetem, which would have high-epeed New route locatione are gênerat, and indiwiduat projects require more detaited engineering etudies by local agencies to determine their .Three baeic typee of tranaportation Eystems were prepared in order to deter¡nine the best acheme final Location. When making índividual route deciaione, aervíce, with few etopa between guburbe and downtown, complernented by adeguate highwaye it (c) the rail or other traiu-type transit syatem, which also vyould have high-speed ie eesentiat that the purpoee of the overall syetem be achieved. As the traneportation program progresaes' continued study of both the propoeed freeway plane and the areata ch¿nging land uge pattern service, witl¡ few atops between suburbe and downtown, complernented.by will be necessary. adequate highways. o 7/laao The 84th Congrese authorized the Nationat Capitat 7oaøapoaldléao S ooooea¡ Planning Cornrnisgion and the National C,apitat Regional Ptanning Council "... to jointly conduct a survey of the present and future rnare traneportation needs of the Natlonal Capitat Region . . . 't A Joint Steering Committee, appointed by the COMMISSION aud the COIINCIL, planned the Survey and supervised ite execution. The enormoua complexity of the Survey requlred a number of conaultant¡ for varioug atudy phases. It aleo required, and received, the full aupport and cooperation of rnany agenciea and officials. were analyzed. travel desireg were retated to theee three bagic systema in a tttraffic aesignrnentrrtech- nique. Several aaaignrnenta of tripa peopte and arrangernents of routeg in each baeic systern urere tested until the beat arrangement for each was found. Theee teste eetabti¡hed that rnany routes of the auto-dominant plan, partlcularLy in inner areas, posed critical righte-of-way problerne andwould require more lanee than would be functionalty operabl.e. - Hence, the auto-dominant syatem waa judged impracticat and it wag determined that a transportation network including high-epeed transit would be required. - Such a traneit plan The rnove¡nent of people ln metropolitan areae requiree both private automobil.es and pubtic transit. In order to establlah Waehingtonra future traneit requirernente, both methoda of moving The future . witl be announced in the near future, together with propoaals for financing and organization, in a futly documented report covering atL phases of the MASS TRANSPORTATION SURVEY. Thie BASIC ¡'REEWAY PLAN ghows the freewaye and parkwaye which, together with the proposed lmproved trangit ayatem' wilt be neceaaary for the future transportation network of the National Gapitat Region. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Freeway and parkway needs for 3,000,000 people, basic freeway plan : (arterials not shown) : part 1, mass transportation survey, National Capital Region. Subject The topic of the resource Express highways--Washington (D.C.)--Planning--Maps Express highways--Washington Metropolitan Area--Planning--Maps Parkways--Washington (D.C.)--Planning--Maps Parkways--Washington Metropolitan Area--Planning--Maps Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Capital Regional Planning Council (U.S.) National Capital Planning Commission Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource [1958?] Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Maps Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Maps Description An account of the resource This item was found between the pages of DDOT's copy of <a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6007" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Staff feasibility studies for location of a proposed Wisconsin Avenue Expressway"><em>Staff feasibility studies for location of a proposed Wisconsin Avenue Expressway</em></a>. https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/8b415df30ce42a91071e1bead64d4230.pdf?Expires=1792022400&Signature=iAvj-edbRDYfRe6IVWsykcwF6q3U0-BS9AHu0mNYKCQQampb3NoiHr0MkTLQ6asAkYodnFiyZktqIdMfBl7acm6fAGMrr50MyPRv4u96sJPKTjVZIotbv40PMuF371RrHASOaDN-lDbvWKKvJ7RMVW9PdehYtkdS8gSBogxj2s6AH0F2CO-HZHhtmXAPw8pb0x0zedH3oTittGeVaGn706RiZDRxZIlkzQFUIglh0cGfGL22mysXC-APhESCFwyop-Tuk3L1%7EHmQ738vOFH%7EQShrkcJ-iUjHr2urgobZY2IOksNJqoC1decSZ61M1Y0oNVNgMLIgtxjeILYGog9Riw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 56ab3234405bb941efb0ac82c4ceb4ea PDF Text Text T M M P G K T A T H 0>V PlkW , Mk§W I filSt® B ®C ! ,1144 , VOLUME ONE �REPORT Submitted to THE C O M M I S S I O N E R S O F THE DISTRICT O F TRANSPORTATION COLUMBIA SURVEY AND PLAN FOR THE CENTRAL AREA OF W A S H I N G T O N , D. C By J . E. G R E I N E R C O M P A N Y A N D DE L E U W , GATHER CONSULTING William R. & ENGINEERS McConochie In Co-operation With DEPARTMENT O F H I G H W A Y S AND DEPARTMENT O F V E H I C L E S A N D T R A F F I C O f The DISTRICT O F COLUMBIA And PUBLIC R O A D S ADMINISTRATION FEDERAL W O R K S October AGENCY 1944 COMPANY ��TABLE O F CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I LETTER O F TRANSMITTAL , » REPORT THE T R A N S P O R T A T I O N P R O B L E M 1 THE S O L U T I O N 4 I M P R O V I N G PUBLIC T R A N S P O R T A T I O N 5 Connecticut A v e n u e - G Street S u b w a y 7 Pennsylvania Avenue S u b w a y 8 Fourteenth Street S u b w a y 8 Subway Design 9 Subway Stations 10 C h a n g e s in S u r f a c e Routings T2 Method of Financing S u b w a y s a n d C h a n g e s in the Transit System 16 Municipal Bus Terminal 17 •" EXPEDITING FREE-WHEEL TRAFFIC 18 Belt Line Distributors 18 Traffic Facilitation a n d Control 23 G r a d e Separations 24 DuPonf Circle 24 Fourrh-Pennsy/von/a-Comf/ruf/ori 24 K Street 25 Improvement Channelization Pennsylvania Fifteenth-New 25 Avenue York-Preskknts 25 Square-G Street 26 Eighteenlh-Nineteenth-Virginia-Constitution 26 Union Station Plaza 26 T r a f f i c Signals TERMINAL FACILITIES F O R M O T O R V E H I C L E S 28 31 O f f - S t r e e t Parking in Retail A r e a s 31 Parking Facilities for F e d e r a l Employees 35 Outlying Parking Lots 37 �TABLE O F CONTENTS FIGURES Page 1. V i e w looking west in F Street from Twelfth Street during morning rush p e r i o d , summer, 1943 2 2. M a p showing proposed system of s u b w a y s 6 3. Interior view of the Adams-Jackson mezzanine station in State Street S u b w a y , C h i c a g o 9 4 . V i e w looking south in Fourteenth Street from a point north of N e w Y o r k Avenue 10 5. V i e w looking west in N e w Y o r k Avenue from a point east of Fourteenth Street 13 6. V i e w looking east in r o a d w a y s in front of Union Station 27 7. Picture t a k e n n e a r the heart of the central retail district. . . . . . . 31 8. V i e w of screened parking lot on V i r g i n i a Avenue between Twentieth a n d Twenty-First Streets 36 TABLES Page 1. Time Required for T y p i c a l Trips by Street C a r in Rush Hours during June 1942 a n d Projected Time for C o m p a r a b l e Trips a f t e r the Construction of S u b w a y s 11 2. C h a n g e s in S u r f a c e Street C a r T r a c k a g e 14 3. A p p r o x i m a t e Construction Cost of Proposed S u b w a y s 16 4. Physical Improvements Required on Streets Comprising the Distributor System 20 5. D e l a y s O c c a s i o n e d b y Traffic Control Signals C o m p a r e d with Total Time Consumed on Sections of Street C a r Lines 29 �LIST O F EXHIBITS EXHIBIT 1 . Population Trends C o m p a r e d wish F e d e r a l Employment. 2 . Ultimate Distribution of Employees in Permanent F e d e r a l Buildings. 3 . Vehicle Registration Trends in District of Columbia a n d Metropolitan County Zone. 4 . Distribution of Dwellings in Metropolitan A r e a , Showing Increases Since 1 9 4 0 . 5 . M o d e of Transportation as Determined by Questionnaire Surveys in 1934 and 1 9 3 9 - 4 0 . 6. T r a f f i c Characteristics of the C e n t r a l A r e a B a s e d on a Cordon Count of 1 9 3 6 . 7 . Connecticut A v e n u e - G Street S u b w a y , Plan a n d Profile. 8 . Connecticut A v e n u e - G Street S u b w a y , Plan a n d Profile. 9 . Connecticut A v e n u e - G Street S u b w a y , Plan a n d Profile. 1 0 . Pennsylvania Avenue S u b w a y , Plan a n d Profile. 1 1 . Pennsylvania Avenue S u b w a y , Plan a n d Profile. 1 2 . Pennsylvania Avenue S u b w a y , Plan a n d Profile. 1 3 . . Fourteenth Street S u b w a y , Plan a n d Profile. 1 4 . Fourteenth Street S u b w a y , Plan a n d Profile. 1 5. T y p i c a l S u b w a y Cross-Sections a n d Track Details. 1 6 . T y p i c a l High-Level S u b w a y Station with S i d e Platforms. 1 7 . M e z z a n i n e S u b w a y Station (Tenth Street a n d Pennsylvania A v e n u e ) . 1 8. S u b w a y Transfer Station in Presidents S q u a r e . 1 9 . S u b w a y Transfer Station at Fourteenth, F a n d G Streets. 2 0 . C u t - a w a y V i e w , Transfer Station at Fourteenth a n d F Streets. 2 1 . Rush Hour S p e e d s of Street C a r s a n d Buses in the C e n t r a l A r e a . 2 2 . T r a v e l Time Between Heme a n d W o r k — F r o m 1 9 3 4 Questionnaire Survey. 2 3 . Street C a r Routings as of 1 9 4 4 (Ail-Day Service O n l y ) . 2 4 . Proposed Street C a r Routings a f t e r Construction of S u b w a y s . 2 5 . Bus Routings as of 1 9 4 4 (All-Day Service O n l y ) . �EXHIBIT 2 6 . Proposed Bus Routings after Construction of S u b w a y s . 2 7 . Flow of Street C a r s 3 : 3 0 P.M. to 6 : 3 0 P.M. Spring W e e k d a y of 1 9 4 2 . 2 8 . Rush Hour Flow of Street C a r s a f t e r Construction of S u b w a y s , B a s e d on 1 9 4 2 Volume ( 3 : 3 0 - 6 : 3 0 P.M.). 2 9 . Flow of Buses 3 : 3 0 P.M. to 6 : 3 0 P.M. Spring W e e k d a y of 1 9 4 2 . 3 0 . Rush Hour Flow of Buses a f t e r Construction of S u b w a y s , B a s e d on 1 9 4 2 Volume ( 3 : 3 0 - 6 : 3 0 P.M.). 3 1 . Present a n d Proposed Routes of Suburban Buses, Showing Location of Proposed Terminal. 3 2 . Number of Vehicles Crossing Inner a n d O u t e r Cordon Lines W e e k d a y 1 9 4 0 - 4 1 ( 6 : 0 0 A . M . to 1 2 : 0 0 A . M . ) . 3 3 . Vehicular Flow M a p for the District of Columbia for 24-Hour W e e k d a y of 1 9 3 9 - 4 0 . 3 4 . Zones of Residence a n d Modes of Transportation of F e d e r a l and Private W o r k e r s . 3 5 . Zones of Employment a n d Modes of Transportation of F e d e r a l a n d Private W o r k e r s . 3 6 . Belt Systems of Vehicle Distributors Serving the Central A r e a . 3 7 . Fifteenth Street improvement, N e w York Avenue to Maine A v e n u e . 3 8 . Improvement of Streets South a n d W e s t of C a p i t o l Hill. 3 9 . DuPont Circle G r a d e S e p a r a t i o n a n d Channelization. 4 0 . Fourth-Pennsylvania-Constitution G r a d e S e p a r a t i o n a n d C h a n n e l i z a tion. 41. Pennsylvania Avenue Improvement, Fifteenth Street to C a p i t o l Hill. 4 2 . Perspective D r a w i n g , Pennsylvania Avenue. 4 3 . Fifteenth-New Y o r k - G Street-Presidents S q u a r e Channelization. 4 4 . Perspective D r a w i n g , Presidents S q u a r e a n d Fifteenth Street. 4 5 . Eighteenth-Virginia-Constitution Channelization and S i g n a l i z a i i o n . 4 6 . Union Station P l a z a improvement a n d S u b w a y Station. 4 7 . Perspective D r a w i n g , Union Station P l a z a . 4 8 . Typical Garage, Store and Office Development for the Central Retail A r e a . 4 9 . A v a i l a b l e Parking S p a c e C o m p a r e d with Demand of A l l - D a y P a r k e r s . �ACKNOWLEDGMENTS W i t h sincere a p p r e c i a t i o n for assistance received in the p r e p a r a t i o n of this report, J . E. G r e i n e r C o m p a n y a n d De Leuw, C a t h e r & C o m p a n y wish to thank all those in the following organizations who furnished official d a t a , m a d e helpful suggestions a n d g a v e generously of their time: PUBLIC R O A D S A D M I N I S T R A T I O N , FEDERAL W O R K S DEPARTMENT O F H I G H W A Y S , DISTRICT O F AGENCY COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT O F V E H I C L E S A N D T R A F F I C , DISTRICT O F C O L U M B I A PUBLIC UTILITIES C O M M I S S I O N , DISTRICT O F C A P I T A L TRANSIT COLUMBIA COMPANY Assessor, District of Columbia Department of S a n i t a r y Engineering, District of Columbia Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce Architect, U. S. C a p i t o l L i b r a r y of Congress N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k a n d Planning Commission N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Park Service National Housing A g e n c y O f f i c e of Defense Transportation Public Buildings Administration, F e d e r a l W o r k s A g e n c y N a t i o n a l Resources Planning B o a r d H i g h w a y Research B o a r d Division of Motor Vehicles, Commonwealth of V i r g i n i a A m e r i c a n Automobile Association Automotive S a f e t y Foundation Keystone Automobile Club W a s h i n g t o n B o a r d of T r a d e The W a s h i n g t o n Terminal C o m p a n y i �October 1, 1 9 4 4 . Honorable J . Russell Y o u n g , President, B o a r d of Commissioners, District of C o l u m b i a , W a s h i n g t o n , D. C . D e a r Sir: W e respectfully submit herewith our Report: "Transportation Survey a n d Plan for the C e n t r a l A r e a of W a s h i n g t o n , D. C . " in compliance with the terms of our Agreement of April 2 6 , 1 9 4 4 . In its p r e p a r a t i o n w e h a v e supplemented the vast volume of transportation, traffic a n d other statistical d a t a m a d e a v a i l a b l e to us by the s e v e r a l departments of the Government of the District of Columbia a n d others with our own field surveys a n d reconnaissance of the central a r e a . W a r traffic conditions w e r e not relied upon for the development of the transportation plan presented in the Report. Conditions which existed prior to 1 9 4 2 , when gasoline a n d tire rationing b e c a m e effective, w e r e used as a basis for forecasting future transportation needs and traffic trends. The solution of the transportation problem has been determined through c a t a l o g i n g , co-ordinating a n d a n a l y z i n g the d a t a Ihus accumulated. The Report d e a l s with transportation and traffic under the topics: "Improving Public Transportation," " E x p e d i t i n g F r e e - W h e e i T r a f f i c , " a n d "Terminal Facilities for Motor Vehicles". The improvements in public transportation a r e effected b y putting three principal c a r line routes underground in s u b w a y s through the central a r e a , a n d b y the r e a r r a n g e m e n t of the c a r lines a n d bus lines which will remain on the surface. The s u b w a y routes a r e d e s i g n a t e d : "Connecticut A v e n u e - G Street S u b w a y , " "Pennsylvania Avenue S u b w a y , " and "Fourteenth Street S u b w a y " . As time goes on, these underground routes m a y h a v e to be e x t e n d e d to the Northeast a n d , if present plans a r e r e a l i z e d , also to the East Capitol Street Development of F e d e r a l Buildings, and to the Army a n d N a v y Buildings in the Northwest F e d e r a l Rectangle. Free-wheel traffic will b e e x p e d i t e d by improving existing streets to form inner a n d outer belt line distributors around the central portion of the City. It will be further facilitated a n d controlled by g r a d e separations, channelization, a n d modern, f l e x i b l e traffic signal control. Underpasses to s e p a r a t e the g r a d e s between free-wheel traffic lanes a r e proposed at DuPont Circle, a n d at the intersection of Pennsylvania ii �a n d Constitution Avenues. K Street wil! form a part of the inner belt line distributor along the northern fringe of the central a r e a . This street has heretofore been improved as a surface distributing artery, between Twelfth Street N . W . a n d Connecticut A v e n u e . Engineering plans for the further improvement of K Street w e s t w a r d from Connecticut Avenue a r e now in an a d v a n c e d s t a g e , while the improvement e a s t w a r d from Twelfth Street N . W . is the subject of an engineering report submitted to the B o a r d of Commissioners in June, 1 9 4 3 by J . E. G r e i n e r C o m p a n y . Channelization has been a d o p t e d for traffic control in conjunction with the g r a d e separations at DuPont Circle, a n d at the intersection of Pennsylvania a n d Constitution Avenues. Channelization is also proposed on Pennsylvania Avenue a n d on Fifteenth Street w h e r e the removal o f c a r tracks will require special treatment because of the width of these streets b e t w e e n curbs. At a number of other congested intersections, adoption of this principle will e x p e d i t e traffic flow to increase materially the c a p a c i t y of the intersections for traffic movement. Existing i n a d e q u a t e parking facilities will be supplemented by new facilities in the retail a r e a , in the vicinity of F e d e r a l Buildings, a n d at outlying points on the principal traffic arteries l e a d i n g into the City. A t y p e of building a p p r o p r i a t e to the motor a g e in transportation has been p l a n n e d to r e p l a c e obsolete building-s on sites as l a r g e as entire city blocks n e a r the heart of the retail section of the business a r e a . This t y p e of building will combine small stores a n d specialty shops, small offices, c e n t r a l i z e d service, underground merchandise d e l i v e r y a n d automobile p a r k i n g facilities under the management a n d control of a single p r i v a t e a g e n c y for e a c h such unit. To the extent consistent with the use for which the lands w e r e a c q u i r e d , p a r k i n g lots for F e d e r a l e m p l o y e e s , screened a n d l a n d s c a p e d to harmonize with their surroundings, will be built on Government o w n e d p r o p e r t y in the vicinity of F e d e r a l buildings for the accommodation of F e d e r a l employees who use p r i v a t e transportation. The foregoing brief summary of the Report l e a d s to the conclusion that the existing street pattern of the central a r e a of W a s h i n g t o n c a n b e utilized efficiently to provide sufficient traffic lanes for the future transportation needs of the C i t y . The w i d e streets laid out b y the City's original planners make this possible. The principal source of traffic congestion is the interference b e t w e e n f i x e d a n d f r e e - w h e e l vehicles with resulting h a z a r d to pedestrians. Putting street cars underground in subways will not only f r e e s p a c e for additional traffic lanes for f r e e - w h e e l vehicles but will also e x p e d i t e traffic in these iii �lanes b y eliminating street corner stops for the loading a n d discharging of street c a r passengers. Pedestrians' s a f e t y will b e g r e a t l y enhanced through the use of s u b w a y stations. It will be unnecessary to lesort to e x p e n s i v e e l e v a t e d or d e p r e s s e d h i g h w a y s on rights-of-way requiring the demolition of buildings, because the w i d e streets will accommodate a sufficient number of traffic lanes to serve a d e q u a t e l y the business a n d F e d e r a l a r e a s . As an illustration: the p r o p o s e d d e p r e s s e d section of K Street, from Twelfth Street N . W . eastw a r d , will occupy only a portion of the existing street b e d a n d v/ill l e a v e sufficent street width to accommodate service drives on the surface on e a c h side of the d e p r e s s e d section. The Department of H i g h w a y s has d e v e l o p e d plans for trunk highv/ays, a r t e r i a l h i g h w a y s a n d other h i g h w a y improvements which a r e substantially outside of the centra! a r e a , a s recommended in the District of Columbia's H i g h w a y Report of 1 9 4 1 . In conjunction with these plans, the construction of s u b w a y s , underpasses a n d channelization in a c c o r d a n c e with the plans herein p r e s e n t e d , when supplemented b y modern traffic control signals to e x p e d i t e traffic flow on belt line distributors as w e l l as at the busy intersections of the central a r e a , a n d b y a d e q u a t e off-street p a r k i n g facilities for p r i v a t e automobiles in the retail a n d F e d e r a l a r e a s , will provide for the expeditious movement of traffic not only in the central a r e a but throughout the entire City! W e recommend that the B o a r d of Commissioners t a k e such action a n d a d o p t such policies, therefore, a s a r e necessary to initiate the various plans presented herewith as a p a r t of the postwar construction p r o g r a m . Very truly yours, J . E. G R E I N E R C O M P A N Y , H. H. D E L E U W , C A T H E R & C O M P A N Y , Charles Wm. R. Project McConochie Manayor iiii Allen E. DeLeuw �THE T R A N S P O R T A T I O N PROBLEM Washington's principal activity is the business of Government. This is a n d will continue to be l a r g e l y concentrated in or n e a r the central business district with its retail stores, amusement centers a n d other business e s t a b lishments which cater to this centralized employment. There is a g e n e r a l lack of dispersed outlying industrial a r e a s which, in other cities, tend to d r a w workers a w a y from the city p r o p e r . Disregarding the t e m p o r a r y effects of war-time employment, the City is growing r a p i d l y , a n d with this growth there continues an e v e r increasing flow of traffic to a n d through the a l r e a d y congested central district. It is estimated that b y 1 9 8 0 the population of the metropolitan a r e a will increase 7 0 percent over that in 1 9 4 0 , to a total of 1 , 7 0 0 , 0 0 0 , a n d that F e d e r a l employment will reach 2 2 0 , 0 0 0 . EXHIBIT 1 * shows past and anticipated trends in both population and Federal employment. EXHIBIT 2 shows present and future distribution of F e d e r a l e m p l o y e e s . It is obvious that if values in the central business district a r e to b e maint a i n e d , immediate steps must b e taken to improve transportation conditions within this a r e a a n d on the a p p r o a c h e s thereto. The chief cause of traffic congestion in W a s h i n g t o n , as in all cities, has been the greatly increased number of vehicles used to furnish the City's transportation since the a d v e n t of the p r i v a t e automobile. EXHIBIT 3 shows the trend in vehicle registration. The future v/elfare of Washington depends on the effectiveness of steps which will be taken to compensaie for the introduction of vast numbers of automobiles into the City's o v e r a l l transportation system. Streets serve a v a r i e t y of vehicles with conflicting interests a n d incompatible characteristics. Before war-time restrictions on use of automobiles, many streets h a d p r o v e d i n c a p a b l e of accommodating the traffic poured into them, it w a s becoming increasingly difficult to reach e s t a b lished retail a r e a s , especially in contrast to the e a s e of driving to new stores which w e r e springing up in suburban a r e a s . Passengers consumed unreasonable whether they amounts of time in their d a i l y trips used private or public to a n d transportation. from v/ork, Congestion was increasing the cost of delivering merchandise. Pedestrians w e r e inconvenienced b y the prevailing confusion of vehicular traffic. In addition to all this, those who drove automobiles found it increasingly difficult to store their vehicles while at work or e n g a g e d in other activities. S e e Figure 1. After the w a r , these conditions will return a n d continue to grow * Exhibits will be found in this report which they are mentioned. Discussion worse immediately following the text. They are in the order of each Exhibit will be found on the page preceding 1 in it. �unless measures a r e taken to serve the City's transportation needs in a more efficient w a y . W a s h i n g t o n would h a v e been a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d by traffic conditions h a d it not been for the artificial stimulation of the w a r . The d a y of reckoning cannot be long postponed, h o w e v e r , a n d it is inevitable that ultimately there will be a serious loss of business to merchants in the central a r e a . Decline in p r o p e r t y values will follow, resulting in a d e c r e a s e in t a x e s collected by the municipality.* Merchants will b e tempted to a b a n d o n the h e a r t of the City to its f a t e a n d move to the less congested outlying a r e a s . This will l e a d to further decentralization of residential a r e a s , a trend e v e n the w a r has not d i s c o u r a g e d . S e e EXHIBIT 4 , showing distribution of d w e l l ing units a n d increases since 1 9 4 0 . G r e a t e r use of automobiles will be i n e v i t a b l e , giving further impetus to a trend which threatens to e x p l o d e the C i t y . Courtesy The Washington News. Figure 1: V i e w looking west in F Street from Twelfth Street during morning rush p e r i o d , summer, 1 9 4 3 , showing typical W a s h i n g t o n traffic congestion even with war-time restriciions on use of automobiles. *The business area bounded by Nineteenth Street on the west, N Street on the north, Fifth Street on the east and Pennsylvania Avenue on the south, comprises 1.7 percent of the entire taxable area of the City. The assessed land value of this area comprises 35 per cent of that for the entire City and the assessed value of improvements 15 percent, so that this small taxable area pays 23 percent of the whole real estate lax. 2 �Traffic congestion in the central business district of Washington also has a serious effect on the principal groups of F e d e r a l Buildings. Most of these groups a r e close to the retail a r e a . Congestion causes d e l a y a n d other inconveniences to tens of thousands of p e o p l e who d a i l y pass through that a r e a on their w a y to w o r k in F e d e r a l offices. The Pentagon a n d Census Bureau buildings are expressions of dissatisfaction with difficulties of reaching long established sites n e a r e r the center of the City. This t r e n d , likewise, could easily assume disastrous proportions. 3 �THE SOLUTION This report presents a master plan for the correction a n d the future development of transportation facilities in the central a r e a of the District of C o l u m b i a . Full a d v a n t a g e of all improvements in transportation d e v e l o p e d within recent y e a r s has been taken in the plans presented herein. The trends which a r e f a v o r a b l e to the w e l f a r e of the City and its inhabitants a r e fostered b y the recommended improvements, a n d concrete measures a r e proposed to i m p e d e u n f a v o r a b l e trends. Improved accessibility of both retail a n d Federal a r e a s will be p r o v i d e d in a number of w a y s . Mutually conflicting street c a r a n d automobile traffic in the central a r e a will b e physically s e p a r a t e d to the benefit of both by a system of street c a r s u b w a y s . Pedestrian traffic will also gain through elimination of conflicts with the vehicular stream. W a y s a r e p r o v i d e d for motorists a n d truckers to a v o i d a r e a s or points of traffic congestion a n d d e l a y . This will be accomplished in a number of w a y s including a system of belt line a r t e r i e s , s e v e r a l underpasses a n d the channelization of complex traffic movements. Modernization of the retail a r e a from the traffic a n d transportation viewpoint will be effected through rebuilding on sites as l a r g e a s a n entire city block. The new buildings will provide parking facilities to serve all those w h o c a r e to p a y for the privilege of using private transportation into a highly concentrated a r e a , a n d will accommodate stores a n d offices to r e p l a c e many which h a v e long since outlived their economic usefulness. Curb deliveries b y trucks will be eliminated to the benefit of the truckers a s w e l l a s all other users of the streets. The p l a n also provides for the storage of automobiles belonging to workers in F e d e r a l buildings. W h i l e the n e e d for p a r k i n g s p a c e to serve these groups should b e materially reduced by the improvements in the transit system, there will a l w a y s be a l a r g e number who will use their own vehicles out of p r e f e r e n c e or necessity. Consideration w a s given to underground g a r a g e s a n d other e l a b o r a t e schemes for the storage of workers' c a r s . The conclusion w a s r e a c h e d , h o w e v e r , that the only practical solution is the provision of dispersal a r e a s on F e d e r a l p r o p e r t y , screened beautified b y a p p r o p r i a t e l a n d s c a p i n g . 4 and �IMPROVING Passenger PUBLIC transportation TRANSPORTATION in W a s h i n g t o n , as in e v e r y large city, d e p e n d s primarily on common c a r r i e r , or transit, facilities. S e e EXHIBITS 5 a n d 6 showing modes of transportation a n d cordon count d a t a . The management of the C a p i t a l Transit C o m p a n y has demonstrated its ability to establish a n d o p e r a t e a modern transii system, having met the stress of war-time conditions in a manner which is a credit to the industry. This report is not intended to detract from this record in a n y w a y . In p r e p a r i n g this report, study w a s given to the possibility of extensive rail r a p i d transit operation in W a s h i n g t o n a n d also to the possibility of ultimate conversion to rubber-tired vehicles exclusively. It w a s determined that operation of r a p i d transit trains is not likely to become necessary. Such facilities c a n be supported only b y a density of population not likely to occur in a n y section of the Washington metropolitan a r e a . The trolley bus is not for Washington because of limitations on the use of o v e r h e a d wires. G a s o l i n e a n d Diesel buses wili continue to h a v e a definite p l a c e in the W a s h i n g t o n system, but their usefulness is limited by their lower passeng e r c a p a c i t y per l a n e , b y l e g a l restrictions on width of motor vehicles, a n d b y high o p e r a t i n g costs a n d low speeds in h e a v y service. It w a s d e c i d e d , therefore, that the street c a r will remain the b a c k b o n e of the W a s h i n g t o n transit system. W h i l e the future of the street c a r w a s threatened for a time, its p l a c e in urban transportation w a s re-established b y the President's Conference Committee c a r , commonly r e f e r r e d to as the P.C.C. c a r . This vehicle spanned a t w e n t y - y e a r period of essentially no improvement in s t r e e t . c a r s , incorporating most of the a p p r o p r i a t e mechanical improvements d e v e l o p e d in other fields during that time. The street c a r t h e r e b y r e g a i n e d its position as the most economical means, both in cost a n d in use of s p a c e , of moving l a r g e numbers of p e o p l e on surface streets in u r b a n a r e a s . A system of street c a r s u b w a y s has been d e v e l o p e d , t h e r e f o r e , which will permit people living in a n y p a r t of the City to reach a n y of the principal w o r k a r e a s without the serious d e l a y s now h a n d i c a p p i n g the transit system. The proposed system of s u b w a y s could r e a d i l y be modified to permit operation of r a p i d transit trains in them should future d e v e l o p ments of the City m a k e this d e s i r a b l e . Recommendation of street c a r s u b w a y s is b a s e d on the sound principle of s e g r e g a t i n g types of traffic with conflicting characteristics. Public a n d p r i v a t e transportation vehicles frequently interfere with e a c h other to an intolerable d e g r e e when they a r e forced to share the same right-of-way. 5 �Figure 2: Proposed system of s u b w a y s . 6 �M a n y of the objectives accomplished b y the proposed street c a r s u b w a y s could be o b t a i n e d b y putting automobiles on h i g h w a y s a b o v e or below the surface of the ground. The decision to l e a v e all f r e e - w h e e l traffic on the surface a n d put street cars underground w a s b a s e d on s e v e r a l factors. From the standpoint of economics of transportation, it is i n e s c a p a b l e that a lane of automobiles on an e l e v a t e d or d e p r e s s e d h i g h w a y with the average loads they customarily carry will accommodate only 2,600 persons per hour while a similar lane used exclusively b y street cars will p r o v i d e accommodation for at least 1 5 , 0 0 0 persons. It is also highly d e s i r a b l e to remove as many pedestrians as possible from exposure to the h a z a r d s a n d inconvenience of conflict with vehicular traffic a n d to provide protection from the w e a t h e r for persons waiting for street c a r s . This can best b e accomplished by the construction of street c a r s u b w a y s in the a r e a s of greatest business activity. Selection of s u b w a y routes v/as g o v e r n e d by a number of considerations. A f t e r study of various possible routes, a system w a s established which w o u l d : 1. S e r v e the greatest number of p e o p l e with the minimum m i l e a g e . 2 . Extend the benefits of s u b w a y operation to p e o p l e living in all parts of the City. 3 . Remove rail operations from the presently most congested streets. 4 . Permit co-ordination with rail a n d bus routes remaining on the surface. 5. Permit future extensions r e g a r d l e s s of the location or size a d d i t i o n a l residential a n d F e d e r a l building developments. of The recommended system is comprised of three s u b w a y s : the Connecticut A v e n u e - G Street s u b w a y ; the Pennsylvania Avenue s u b w a y ; a n d the Fourteenth Street s u b w a y . S e e Figure 2 . C O N N E C T I C U T A V E N U E - G STREET SUBWAY The Connecticut A v e n u e - G Street s u b w a y , 3.1 miles in length, takes Connecticut Avenue surface cars undergound a t a point north of DuPont Circle. S e e EXHIBITS 7 to 9 showing plans a n d profiles of this route. The street c a r s u b w a y is incorporated with a vehicular underpass at DuPont Circle to relieve one of the worst traffic conditions now existing in the C i t y . The underpass will be discussed in more d e t a i l later in this report. The s u b w a y continues south in Connecticut Avenue a n d under L a f a y e t t e S q u a r e to a transfer station in Presidents S q u a r e west of Fifteenth Street. It then continues easterly in G S t r e e t , providing a transfer to the Fourteenth Street s u b w a y a n d service to both the retail a n d financial districts as w e l l as to 7 �a number of public buildings along G Street b e t w e e n Ninth Street a n d Fourth Street N. W . It continues on to Massachusetts Avenue where it serves the Government Printing O f f i c e , the City Post O f f i c e a n d the Union Station. T w o portals a r e p r o v i d e d at the east end of the route, one permitting cars emerging from the s u b w a y to continue on to the north a n d northeast sections of the C i t y , while the other portal provides for routing cars to the C a p i t o l Hill group of F e d e r a l buildings a n d ihence to the east a n d southeast sections of the City. PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE SUBWAY The Pennsylvania Avenue s u b w a y , 2.7 miles in length, provides for c a r s from G e o r g e t o w n a n d the important residential a r e a s west of Rock C r e e k Park. S e e EXHIBITS 10 to 12 showing plans a n d profiles of this route. C a r s enter a portal at Eighteenth Street N. W . Stations a r e p r o v i d e d at a p p r o p r i a t e intervals to serve important groups of F e d e r a l buildings, the retail a n d financial a r e a s , a n d to provide transfer connections with the other two s u b w a y s . This s u b w a y serves the Municipal Center north of Pennsylvania Avenue a n d east of Sixth Street N. W . a n d then swings southeastward across The M a l l to serve the important group of F e d e r a l buildings along a n d south of Independence A v e n u e . An underground turn-back loop is p r o v i d e d at First Street S. W . to permit proper b a l a n c e in service on both ends of the lines using the Pennsylvania Avenue s u b w a y . The subway continues past C a p i t o l Hill in Independence Avenue and B Street S. E., thereby permitting further improvements to relieve one of the most serious traffic bottlenecks in the entire City. C a r s will e m e r g e from a portal in Pennsylvania Avenue east of Second Street S. E. a n d continue on to B a r n e y Circle w h e r e they will connect with buses serving the r a p i d l y growing portion of the City east of the Anacostia River. Both the Connecticut A v e n u e - G Street and the Pennsylvania Avenue s u b w a y s could b e e x t e n d e d to provide service to the proposed East C a p i t o l Street Development of F e d e r a l buildings. F O U R T E E N T H STREET SUBWAY The Fourteenth Street s u b w a y , 1.3 miles in length, starts south of Thomas C i r c l e , serves the retail a n d financial a r e a s in the central business district a n d passes through the F e d e r a l Triangle with stations at a p p r o p r i a t e locations. S e e EXHIBITS 13 a n d 14 showing plans a n d profiles of this route. The s u b w a y continues across The M a l i to the existing underground terminal at C Street. 8 �Figure 3: Interior view of the A d a m s - J a c k s o n mezzanine station in State Street S u b w a y , C h i c a g o , showing p a s s a g e w a y to D e a r b o r n Street S u b w a y in b a c k g r o u n d . Note modern finish, structural glass walls, m a r b l e c o v e r e d structural columns a n d fluorescent lighting. Subway Design The s u b w a y s will b e d e s i g n e d , it is p r o p o s e d , in keeping with the b e a u t y of the Nation's C a p i t a l City. They will incorporate the best in design, both functionally a n d artistically, of recent developments for other similar projects. S e e Figure 3 . Stations a n d mezzanines will b e lighted with modern fixtures. W a l l s will b e f a c e d with attractive, mar-proof, easily c l e a n e d materials. Ffscalators will b e provided in addition to s t a i r w a y s , at all stations having mezzanine levels. Sub-surface entrances into l a r g e r stores a n d office buildings a r e contemplated. A modern system of signals will s a f e g u a r d the movement of cars. Both natural a n d artificial ventilation will b e p r o v i d e d to assure the comfort of passengers. T y p i c a l subv/ay cross sections a r e shown in EXHIBIT 1 5 . The s u b w a y s will b e kept as close to street level as practical for the convenience of passengers. Necessary space above the s u b w a y s will be provided, h o w e v e r , for s e w e r s , w a f e r mains a n d other underground utilities. W h i l e the s u b w a y s will b e constructed b y the open cut method, openings will b e p l a n k e d over so that normal business activities c a n continue during construction. Street c a r operations will not b e interrupted. Preliminary investigations of soil a n d ground-water conditions l e a d to the conclusion that no serious construction difficulties will b e encountered. �The elimination of all possibility that recent flooding of streets in the downtown a r e a will recur is a necessary preliminary to s u b w a y construction. This indicates the desirability of a re-study of the d r a i n a g e facilities in the a r e a s involved. C o n c e i v a b l y one or more relief sewers will be r e q u i r e d . In a n y c a s e , the plans of the engineers of the Department of Sanitation to prevent all future floods in downtown Washington should be c a n i e d out. P r e p a r a t i o n of contract plans for the proposed system of s u b w a y s can b e a d v a n c e d to the point w h e r e construction m a y be started in one y e a r . Actual construction will require a p p r o x i m a t e l y three y e a r s . Subway Stations A t y p i c a l high l e v e l , side platform station is shown in EXHIBIT 16, while EXHIBIT 17 shows a t y p i c a l mezzanine station. EXHIBIT 18 shows the transfer station in Presidents S q u a r e a t the junction of the Connecticut AvenueG Street a n d Pennsylvania Avenue s u b w a y s . The transfer station b e t w e e n all three s u b w a y s in Fourteenth, F a n d G Streets is shown in EXHIBIT 19. EXHIBIT 2 0 gives an artist's conception of a c u t - a w a y v i e w of this same station, showing the two levels of s u b w a y s beneath the surface of the street. Figure 4: V i e w looking south in Fourteenth Street from a point north of N e w York Avenue, showing volume of street c a r movements in rush hours. Picture t a k e n 5:15 P.M., W e d n e s d a y , July 19, 1 9 4 4 . 10 �Transit speeds in the central business district a t the present time r a n g e from three to six miles per hour during rush periods. S e e Figure 4 . They w e r e not substantially different b e f o r e the w a r . S e e EXHIBIT 21 showing street c a r a n d bus speeds on typical routes. S p e e d s of private vehicles a r e only slightly better. Running time charts h a v e been p r e p a r e d for the various subway routes which indicate that a v e r a g e rush hour speeds will be a p p r o x i m a t e l y 16 miles per hour. O n this basis, the a v e r a g e patron of the s u b w a y system will s a v e from ten to fifteen minutes per trip. The saving will be g r e a t e r than the a v e r a g e time a d v a n t a g e in using private automobiles. S e e EXHIBIT 2 2 , which is a t a b l e of t r a v e l time b e t w e e n home a n d work b y various modes of transportation. T a b l e 1 illustrates time savings which will be r e a l i z e d b y thousands of p e o p l e d a i l y . TABLE 1 TIME REQUIRED F O R T Y P I C A L TRIPS BY STREET CAR IN RUSH H O U R S D U R I N G J U N E 1942 A N D P R O J E C T E D TIME F O R C O M P A R A B L E TRIPS AFTER THE C O N S T R U C T I O N O F SUBWAYS TRAVFl TIME IN MINUTES TRIP VIA STREET CAR FROM Conn. & Q PERIOD O F DAY TO N.W. JUNE 1942 WITH SUBWAYS SAVING 3 r d & Indep. S . W . A M Rush 28.0 11.5 3 r d & Indep. S . W . Conn. & Q N . W . PM Rush 37.0 1 1.5 2 5 . 5 Conn. & Q N.W- 5th & F N . W . A M Rush 19.0 ;• .5 11.5 5th & F N . W . Conn. & Q N . W . P M Rush 23.0 7.5 15.5 Conn. & Q N . W . 14th & C S . W . A M Rush 19.0 10.0 9.0 14th & C S . W . Conn. & Q P M Rush 28.0 10.0 18.0 N.W. 16.5 Thomas Circle 5th & Penn'a. N . W . A M Rush 14.5 7.0 7.5 5th & Penn'a. N . W . Thomas Circle P M Rush 16.5 7.0 9.5 Thomas Circle 14th & C S . W . A M Rush 13.0 5.0 8.0 14th & C S . W . Thomas Circle P M Rush 17.0 5.0 12.0 5th & G 14th & C S . W . A M Rush 20.0 7.0 13.0 14th & C S . W . N.W. 5th & G P M Rush 31.0 7.0 24.0 17th & Penn'a. N . W . 3 r d & Indep. S . W . A M Rush 22.5 6.0 16.5 3 r d & Indep. S . W . 17th & Penn'a. N . W . P M Rush 21.0 6.0 15.0 N.W. W e i g h t e d a v e r a g e saving 14.5 11 �Passengers will also enjoy the benefits of more even spacing of street c a r s , resulting in more uniform loads, a n d in closer h e a d w a y s between cars. They will a p p r e c i a t e the convenience of c l e a n , modern stations, protected from the w e a t h e r a n d connecting directly with many of the primary destinations. They will also b e s p a r e d the present conflicts with street traffic in b o a r d i n g transit vehicles. A possible future s u b w a y extension, shown in EXHIBIT 2 4 , would serve the proposed A r m y a n d N a v y group of buildings in the vicinity of the present N a v a l Hospital. Construction of this s u b w a y would be contingent on the F e d e r a l building p r o g r a m . Since a short w e s t w a r d extension of the Pennsylvania Avenue s u b w a y would b e i n v o l v e d , the initial portal b e t w e e n Seventeenth a n d Eighteenth Streets should be built with a false ramp to facilitate the c h a n g e when a n d if it becomes d e s i r a b l e . If the Pennsylvania Avenue s u b w a y w e r e built initially to a portal west of Twenty-First Street, the usefulness of the Eighteenth Street-Nineteenth Street surface track loop would be seriously r e d u c e d . This loop will become much less important, h o w e v e r , when the t e m p o r a r y N a v y a n d Munitions Buildings on Constitution Avenue a r e a b a n d o n e d . P a t r o n a g e of the transit system, it is a n t i c i p a t e d , will b e held or restored to the present high war-time level b y the many advantages p e o p l e will find in its use. W i t h this volume of traffic, it will be economically possible for the C a p i t a l Transit C o m p a n y to maintain a high quality of service in modern vehicles on all c a r a n d bus routes. Traffic congestion will b e r e l i e v e d not only in the downtown a r e a , but throughout the City b y the reduction in use of private transportation. The parking problem will be a l l e v i a t e d in both retail a n d office building a r e a s throughout the entire City. The b a l a n c e will h a v e been tipped in f a v o r of g r e a t e r accessibility of the C e n t r a l Business a n d Government District, restoring business, stabilizing property v a l u e s , a n d maintaining the attractiveness of the a r e a for governmental functions a n d cultural institutions. C H A N G E S IN S U R F A C E ROUTINGS C h a n g e s in routing of both street cars a n d buses h a v e been held to a minimum in the proposed plans. In the absence of complete d a t a on the origins a n d destinations of transit patrons, it w a s assumed that present routings h a v e d e v e l o p e d over a period of y e a r s to meet the requirements of the City. Some changes in street c a r routings h a v e been necessary, h o w e v e r , because of the relative inflexibility of the sub-surface portion of the rail system. Other changes a r e proposed to meet demands which h a v e d e v e l o p e d or a r e p r e d i c t a b l e on the basis of proposed F e d e r a l building 12 �programs. S e e EXHIBIT 2 3 for present street c a r routings a n d EXHIBIT 2 4 for ultimate routings in connection with s u b w a y s . C a r a n d bus lines o p e r a t e d only in rush hours h a v e been d i s r e g a r d e d in planning future routings. The proposed s u b w a y s will not permit the multiplicity of routings now o p e r a t e d . This in itself is an a d v a n t a g e of the s u b w a y system. It-will result in closer h e a d w a y s a n d more uniform loads in p l a c e of the present w i d e h e a d w a y s b e t w e e n cars going to any particular destination, a n d will eliminate the inefficiency which i n v a r i a b l y attends such s p e c i a l i z e d service. M o r e passengers will h a v e to transfer than at present, but they will s a v e a p p r e c i a b l e amounts of time b y doing so. Re-routing of Ihe H Street line, Route No. 10, is proposed to give faster a n d more direct service b e t w e e n G e o r g e t o w n a n d Northeast W a s h i n g t o n . It will also serve the north side of the downtown a r e a , a n d the Northwest F e d e r a l Rectangle. Re-routing of this line w a s proposed in a report b y J . E. G r e i n e r C o m p a n y on the development of K Street a s a d e p r e s s e d h i g h w a y east of Mt. Vernon S q u a r e . The re-routing proposed herein is a further modification which v/ill permit removal of all surface tracks in Presidents S q u a r e a n d eliminate an intolerable cross-over terminal in N e w York Avenue a t Fifteenth Street. S e e Figure 5. Figure 5: V i e w looking west in N e w York. Avenue from a point east of Fourteenth Street, showing congestion of street cars in connection with cross-over terminal in N e w York at Fifteenth. Conversion of street c a r Route No. 4 2 to gasoline bus operation is p r o p o s e d in order to permit through service from a point east of the present e a s t e r l y terminal of this route to the Northwest F e d e r a l Rectangle, it will 13 �also serve the Municipal Center a n d the retail a n d financial a r e a s . The line will likewise b e a f e e d e r b e t w e e n the Northwest F e d e r a l Rectangle a n d all three of the s u b w a y s . Construction of the street c a r s u b w a y s together with other proposed changes in the rail system will permit the elimination of 2 1 . 7 0 single-track miles of surface track. Additional surface track required is 3.10 single-track miles in length. Details of the changes in t r a c k a g e a r e shown in T a b l e 2 . TABLE 2 C H A N G E S IN S U R F A C E STREET C A R TRACKAGE T r a c k to be Removed SECTION ON SI N G I E - T R A C K TO FROM MILES B Street 1 st Street S.E. 2nd Street S.E. 0.28 C Street 1 st Street N . W . N e w J e r s e y Avenue 0.10 F Street 5th Street N . W . 14th Street N . W . 1.39 F Street 1 8th Street N . W . 19th Street N . W . 0.11 G Street Massachusetts Avenue 1 5th street N . W . 2.59 K Street 7th Street N . W . 9th Street N . W . 0.25 1 st Street S.E. B Street S.E. E. C a p i t o i Street 0.34 1st Street N.E. D Street Ramp Entrance Union Station Loop 0.13 independence Avenue 0.87 1 st Street N . W . & S . W . C Street N . W . 2 n d Street N . W . D Street N . W . Indiana Avenue 0.07 9th Street N . W . G Street N . W . Pennsylvania Avenue 0.37 Bureau of Engraving Loop 2.58 14th Street N . W . & S . W . Thomas Circle Ramp Entrance 1 5th Street N . W . Presidents S q u a r e Pennsylvania Avenue 0.30 17th Street N . W . Presidents S q u a r e Connecticut Avenue 0.64 1 8th Street N . W . C Street N . W . V i r g i n i a Avenue 0.07 N. C a p i t o l Street Massachusetts Avenue G Street Ramp Entrance 0.19 Independence Avenue 1 st Street S.E. 2 n d Street S . W . 0.98 Connecticut Avenue S Street Ramp Entrance 17th Street N.V/. 1.63 Pennsylvania Avenue 1 st Street N . W . 1 51 h Street N . W . 2.49 Pennsylvania Avenue 17th Street N . W . 1 8th Street N . W . Ramp Entrance 0.20 Pennsylvania Avenue 2nd Street S.E. 3 r d Street S.E. Ramp Entrance 0.24 N e w York Avenue 9th Street N . W . 1 1 th Street N . W . 0.40 N e w Y o r k Avenue 1 3th Street N . W . 1 5th Street N . W . 0.54 14 �Track to b e Removed SECTION ON FROM SINGLE-TRACK MILES TO Massachusetts Avenue 5th Street N . W . 7th Street N . W . 0.40 Massachusetts Avenue N e w J e r s e y Avenue Union Station Loop 0.60 Massachusetts Avenue Union Station Loop Loop on C a n d D Streets N.E. 3 r d Street N.E. 3 r d Street N.E. j [ 1 3th Street N.E. i J 2.04 Presidents S q u a r e 15th Street N . W . 17th Street N . W . 0.64 V i r g i n i a Avenue 1 8th Street N . W . 19th Street N.V/. 0.12 C a n d 6th Streets N . W . Loop 0.17 Union Station Loop 0.97 Total S u r f a c e Track to b e Removed 21.70 T r a c k to be Built SECTION ON FROM C Street 1 8th Street N . W . E Street H Street lO SINGLE-TRACK MILES 19th Street N . W . 0.11 7th Street N . W . 1 1 th Street N . W . 0.39 1 3th Street N . W . 14th Street N . W . 0.28 H Street 17th Street N.V/. 19th Street N . W . 0.44 i Sireei Massachusetts Avenue N e w Y o r k Avenue 1.00 11 th Street E Street N . W . G Street N.V/. 0.15 18th Street H Street N . W . Pennsylvania Avenue 0.04 New Jersey Avenue C Street N . W . Massachusetts Avenue 0.69 Total S u r f a c e T r a c k to be Built A number of minor changes a r e suggested in the routings of buses. Study of EXHIBITS 2 5 a n d 2 6 will r e v e a l the nature of these changes. In g e n e r a l , the principle of the re-routings has been to e q u a l i z e the bus flow on a number of downtown streets, a n d to t a k e a d v a n t a g e of the additional c a p a c i t y m a d e a v a i l a b l e by removal of street c a r tracks. The proposed routings also eliminate a number of left turns, or transfer such movements to o n e - w a y streets where they can b e m a d e with relative e a s e . As in the case of street c a r s , the operation of special rush hour bus lines should be d i s c o u r a g e d . The public will receive a higher quality of service if equipment a n d supervision is concentrated on a limited number of routes. An increasing number of patrons will find it to their a d v a n t a g e to transfer from buses to the rail lines operating through Ihe s u b w a y s . Bus speeds through the centra! business district in rush hours will never be 15 3.10 �more than half as g r e a t as s u b w a y s p e e d s . Future changes in bus routings, t h e r e f o r e , should provide convenient transfer connections with rail routes. Substantial relief of traffic congestion in the downtown a r e a will follow construction of the s u b w a y s a n d the re-routings of street cars a n d buses. The d e g r e e of this relief can best be visualized by referring to EXHIBITS 2 7 a n d 2 8 , which a r e flow maps of street c a r operations in the evening rush period b e f o r e and a f t e r s u b w a y construction. A p p r o x i m a t e l y 60 percent of all street c a r trips through the central a r e a will be m a d e beneath the surface during this p e r i o d . A similar comparison of bus movements will b e seen in EXHIBITS 2 9 a n d 3 0 . The flow of buses a f t e r s u b w a y s a r e built will b e reduced to the extent that patrons a r e a t t r a c t e d to the rail routes. No a l l o w a n c e has been m a d e in the charts for this transfer of p a t r o n a g e , h o w e v e r , since the buses m a y offset their losses to the street cars b y gains attributable to growth of the City a n d g e n e r a l improvements in transit service. M E T H O D O F F I N A N C I N G S U B W A Y S A N D C H A N G E S IN THE TRANSIT S Y S T E M Cost of the proposed s u b w a y s r e a d y for o p e r a t i o n , but not including rolling stock, is shown in T a b l e 3 . Cost of rolling stock is not included in the estimate since cars now o w n e d b y the C a p i t a l Transit C o m p a n y could be o p e r a t e d in the s u b w a y s . It is assumed that all older t y p e cars will eventually b e r e p l a c e d b y cars of the P. C . C . t y p e , but operation of the s u b w a y s would not be contingent on such conversion. It is g'enerally a g r e e d that a project of this kind cannot be entirely financed b y p r i v a t e enterprise as a sound business venture. The benefits of the s u b w a y will not accrue especially to the transit c o m p a n y , moreover, but to the City as a whole a n d to various important groups of its citizens. Patrons of the transit system, of course, will receive faster transportation TABLE 3 APPROXIMATE CONSTRUCTION COST OF PROPOSED LENGTH IN MILES ROUTE SUBWAYS APPROXIMATE CONSTRUCTION COST 3.1 $24,200,000 2.7 21,700,000 10,500,000 7.1 16 $56,400,000 �a n d more convenient terminal facilities. Motorists will be substantially benefited by removal of street cars from the surface on presently congested streets. Pedestrians will benefit from reduced conflicts in crossing downtown streets a n d in the opportunity to use mezzanine levels during inclement w e a t h e r to cross streets. Merchants a n d professional men will find that improved transportation facilities to the downtown a r e a will help them retain their business in competition with the forces of decentralization. Investments in downtown r e a l estate will thereby be sustained. The municipality will gain materially b y stabilization of the t a x structure. The municipality will also find the s u b w a y system a n d changes in surface trade more economical than alternate methods of solving many pressing traffic problems which a r e its i n e s c a p a b l e responsibility. The United States Government has the greatest interest in the entire s u b w a y project because of the tremendous investment in F e d e r a l buildings in the a r e a which v/ould be s e r v e d . The v a l u e of these buildings is seriously threatened by present difficulties in transporting the vast a r m y of p e o p l e working in them. An equitable method should b e d e v e l o p e d for distributing the cost of the s u b w a y system a n d other transit improvements among all interests that will benefit from the improvements. M U N I C I P A L BUS TERMINAL A municipally o w n e d or controlled bus terminal is recommended to serve all suburban bus operations. It would cover an entire city block in the vicinity of Tv/elfth a n d I Streets N . W . , which can r e a d i l y be s e r v e d b y the K Street Development. Existing lines would b e e x t e n d e d across the central a r e a to reach the terminal. S e e EXHIBIT 3 1 , shewing present a n d p r o p o s e d routings of suburban buses. The extensions should attract more than enough p e o p l e now driving their own automobiles to result in a net reduction in street traffic on the central a r e a streets. Existing congestion will be elimin a t e d on important streets w h e r e suburban buses now terminate. It will b e e a s i e r for passengers to transfer b e t w e e n systems, to inter-city bus systems which now h a v e terminals in this vicinity, a n d to local street cars a n d buses. Ultimately, the inter-city buses could use the same municipal bus terminal. S p a c e should be p r o v i d e d on the first floor for a p p r o p r i a t e shops, restaurants a n d concessions as well as for the handling of buses a n d their passengers. O n the second floor would b e office s p a c e for the various bus companies a n d the terminal m a n a g e r . A portion of the second floor as well as the entire third floor should be a v a i l a b l e for the p a r k i n g of automobiles. The roof could be used for p a r k i n g or as a helicopter f i e l d . The terminal should be l e a s e d to a p r i v a t e corporation for o p e r a t i o n . 17 �EXPEDITING FREE-WHEEL TRAFFIC Much of Washington's automobile traffic originates b e y o n d the limits of the District of C o l u m b i a . It w a s found in the traffic survey of 1 9 4 0 - 4 1 that a p p r o x i m a t e l y 9 0 , 0 0 0 out-of-District cars a n d trucks enter the District of Columbia d a i l y . The distribution of this traffic is indicated b y EXHIBIT 3 2 which shows the relative volume of traffic across the Anacostia a n d Potomac Rivers a n d the north District Lines. Most of this traffic consists of d a i l y commuters a n d local truckers. Less than 10 percent of the vehicles c a r r i e d license plates for states other than V i r g i n i a or M a r y l a n d or the District of C o l u m b i a . A majority of the vehicles entering the District of Columbia have destinations within that a r e a , primarily within the Central Business a n d Government District. Washington does not h a v e outlying industrial a r e a s to e q u a l i z e a n d distribute traffic flow as is the case in most l a r g e cities. As the traffic from b e y o n d the District boundaries converges on the central a r e a , it is joined b y traffic of local origin. There a r e important cross-town movements, of course, but the bulk of the traffic s w e e p s to or across the central a r e a . S e e EXHIBIT 3 3 which is a traffic flow m a p for the entire District of Columbia as of 1 9 3 9 - 4 0 . Downtown streets c a r r y a n u n w a r r a n t e d burden of traffic, most of which is passing through to a r e a s of F e d e r a l buildings adjoining the central a r e a on s e v e r a l sides. S e e EXHIBIT 3 4 showing zones of residence of ' p e o p l e who w o r k in the central portion of the City. C o m p a r i n g EXHIBIT 3 4 with EXHIBIT 3 5 , showing number of p e o p l e e m p l o y e d in e a c h zone a n d mode of transportation, it will be seen that the central retail a n d commercial district lies b e t w e e n principal residential districts a n d the various groups of F e d e r a l buildings. It will b e noted that a majority of those coming from the more remote residential districts use private transportation. The traffic l o a d induced by this condition interferes with the movement of vehicles terminating in the central a r e a a s w e l l a s with the movement of transit vehicles serving both business district and Federal buildings. Pedestrians crossing streets a r e e x p o s e d to many more conflicts than necessary. The cross-area traffic suffers as much inconvenience as it causes others. BELT LINE D I S T R I B U T O R S The unwelcome traffic cannot b e b y - p a s s e d , in the o r d i n a r y sense of the w o r d , because of the close proximity of its multiple destinations to the retail a r e a . The desired result can be accomplished, h o w e v e r , b y a system of traffic distributors forming belt lines around the central portion of the City. 18 �There is a sharp distinction b e t w e e n by-pass routes a n d such distributors. W h e r e a s by-passes c a r r y vehicles completely around a r e a s of congestion, distributors c a r r y vehicles at r e a s o n a b l y high speeds to points nearest their ultimate destination before they enter the zone of slower s p e e d s a n d g r e a t e r congestion. The result is a minimum of m i l e a g e for e a c h individual driver, a n d a net reduction of traffic within the a r e a . Plans for the application of this principle to the City of W a s h i n g t o n a r e b a s e d on preferential treatment of streets which, for the most p a r t , exist essentially r e a d y for immediate use. The only requirement is to m a k e them so attractive that motorists will use them in preference to streets which pass through the heart of the downtown a r e a . In some places streets will h a v e to be cut through, w i d e n e d or otherwise improved through construction. For the most p a r t , h o w e v e r , the only requirement will be preferential treatment in matters of signal timing, protection b y stop signs, provision of modern traffic s a f e t y lighting, lane markings, a n d other expedients to m a k e them of maximum attractiveness to the motoring public. S e e T a b l e 4. In the selection of streets for the distributor system, d i a g o n a l streets h a v e b e e n a v o i d e d w h e r e v e r possible. Most d i a g o n a l streets h a v e limited traffic c a p a c i t y because of complicated intersections at frequent intervals. The spacing of such intersections a n d the fact that most of them a r e controlled b y traffic signals makes it virtually impossible to provide for continuous flow of traffic at r e a s o n a b l e s p e e d s . This condition will continue to grow worse as a d d i t i o n a l intersections h a v e to be s i g n a l i z e d . W h e r e v e r p r a c t i c a l , pairs of o n e - w a y streets h a v e been recommended a s units in the belt line systems. O n e - w a y movement of traffic facilitates the progressive timing of traffic control signals, simplifies turning movements of vehicles a n d eases the problems of pedestrians. The inner belt will surround the central a r e a at a distance of only one to three blocks from the e d g e s of the highly d e v e l o p e d downtown a r e a . S e e EXHIBIT 3 6 showing the selected routes. The a r t e r y on the north side will consist of the K Street e x p r e s s w a y , plans for which a r e well a d v a n c e d , a n d the central surface portion of which has a l r e a d y been c o m p l e t e d . It will b e necessary to supplement this a r t e r y with a pair of o n e - w a y streets, h o w e v e r , in o r d e r to t a k e the confusion of turning movements a n d the h e a v y flow of buses a w a y from K Street a n d allow it to serve its primary function of providing for through movement of east-west traffic. These o n e - w a y streets will consist of L Street eastbound from Pennsylvania Avenue to Massachusetts Avenue a n d I Street westbound from N e w York Avenue to Pennsylvania A v e n u e . All traffic using the K Street e x p r e s s w a y s will then m a k e left turns to or from these o n e - w a y streets rather than on the surface portion of the K Street throughway. 19 �TABLE 4 P H Y S I C A L I M P R O V E M E N T S R E Q U I R E D O N STREETS C O M P R I S I N G THE DISTRIBUTOR STREET FROM TO LENGTI 1 IN MILES ONE-WAY OR TWO-WAY 2-Way B S.E. S. C a p i t o l Pennsylvania 0.35 Canal S.W. Independence S. C a p i t o l S. C a p i t o l Canal Connecticut • ;• :• NEEDS T O BE RESURFACED* NEEDS T O BE WIDENED NEEDS IMPROVED STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM NEEDS STOF NO. OF SIGNS ON TRAFFIC SIDE SIGNALS STREETS NEEC 'ED PARKING RESTRICTION NEEDED! Yes Yes No Yes 0 NPAAT N. C u r b 0 . 4 0 2 - W a y , Div. : lo No Yes Yes 2 Rush Hour •- 0.50 2-Way Yes Yes Yes 2 Rush Hour R N.W. 0.75 2-Way No No No No 0 Rush Hour Constitution Virginia Maryland 2.05 2-Way No No No No 0 NPAAT Florida Massachusetts R N.W. 0.10 2-Way Y£S No No No 0 Rush Hour Florida R N.W. 6th N.E. 3.20 2-\ fay Some Sections Seme Sections No Yes 1 Rush Hour Both Sides New York 1.15 1 - W a y No No Yes Yes 0 NPAAT No No Yes No 0 NPAAT No No 0 NPAAT No No 0 NPAAT Yes Yes 0 NPAAT 1 N.V/. Pennsylvania Independence Arlington Bridge W.B. Independence 1 4th S . W . 14th S . W . 7th S . W . ; . : 0 2 - W a y , Div. 0.60 2-Way No Independence 7th S . W . 1 st S . W . 0.55 2-Way No Independence 1 st S . W . S. C a p i t o l 0.20 2-Way Yes K N.E. & N . W . 23rd N.W. 6th N.E. 2.85 L N.V/. Pennsylvania Massachusetts 1.45 L N.E. 4th N.E. 6th N.E. 0.15 Line. M e m . Dr. Vicinity of M e m o r i a l M S.E. & S . W . Maine 4th S.E. M S.E. 4th S E. 6th S.E. Maine Independence N e w Hampshire This improvement is being p l a n n e d as another project. 1 - W a y E.B. YesJ No Yes 1 Yes NPAAT 1-Way Yes No 0.50 1 -Way Yes No 1.20 2-Way No No Yes Yes •: •:• No 0.10 2-Way Yes M S.W. 1.1 0 2- No 22nd N.W. 3rd N.W. 0.10 New Jersey Washington Circle R N.W. Q Rock C r e e k Florida 2.30 N.W. No Yes y /ay Yes • ' > ' " • • / 2-Way 1-Way E.B. Yes Yes 0 NPAAT No No 0 NPAAT Yes No 4 NPAAT Yes 2 NPAAT No Yes 0 Rush Hour Both Sides lo No 0 NPAAT Yes Yes No No .0 Some Sections No Yes Yes 7 — Rush Hour Both S i d e s . O t h e r Times, N. S i d e . �TABLE STREET FROM TO LENGTH IN MILES 4—Continued ONE-WAY OR TWO-WAY R N.W. Florida Massachusetts 3rd N.W. & S.W. Independence New Jersey 1.30 4th N.E. & S.E. M S.E. Florida 2 . 1 5 1 - W a y S.B. 6th N.E. & S.E. M S.E. 14th N . W . & S . W . M a i n e NEEDS T O BE RESURFACED" 1 N.W. 16th N . W . 17th N . W . & S . W . Independence K Street 22nd N.W. 23rd N.W. Q N.W. 23rd N.W. & S.W. Lincoln M e m . 2 . 0 5 1 - a y W . B . 4 Blocks W Yes - Yes No Yes Yes 0 7 Florida 2 . 1 0 1-• W a y N.B. 1.9 mi. No Yes (one block to b e cut through) Yes 7 L N.V/. 1.45 R N. W . 0.75 2-Wa; 2-Way to 14th Streets. Yes No :.r Yes Connecticut 1.00 2-Way Massachusetts 2-Way No No PARKING RESTRICTION NEEDEDt Rush Hour, Both Sides. O t h e r Times. S. S i d e . Rush Hour, Both Sides. O t h e r Times, E. S i d e . Rush Hour, Both S i d e s . O t h e r Times, W . Side. No No No 0 NPAAT Some Sections No No No 0 NPAAT No V Yes 0 NPAAT 0 . 6 5 1 • W a y N.B. 2 Blocks No No Yes No 0 Washington Circle Rush Hour, Both S i d e s . O t h e r Times, V/. Side. 0.60 1 - W a y S.B. No No Yes Yes 0 Washington Circle Rush Hour, Both Sides. O t h e r Times, E. S i d e . 0.85 2-Way No No Yes No 1 Rush Hour '"Repaying in connection with removal of car tracks not included. rNPAAT—No Parking At Any Time, No Stopping in Rush Hours. Rush Hour—No Parking, No Stopping in rush hours in rush direction {Except lith NEEDS T O BE WIDENED NEEDS NEEDS IMSTOP PROVED SIGNS NO. O F STREET ON TRAFFIC LIGHTSIDE SIGNALS ING STREETS NEEDED only, or as 'z noted. -s �O n the west s i d e , the inner belt route would be d i v i d e d between Fourteenth Street a n d Seventeenth Street, both o p e r a t i n g as two-way streets, a n d connecting with Sixteenth Street v i a I a n d L Streets. Fourteenth Street will be m a d e a v a i l a b l e for this purpose b y the removal of c a r tracks. The g r a d e s b e t w e e n this street a n d M a i n e Avenue h a v e a l r e a d y been s e p a r a t e d b y the construction of a traffic interchange b e t w e e n these two main thoroughfares. Fourteenth Street will connect with new crossings of the Potomac River, plans for which a r e w e l l a d v a n c e d , to r e p l a c e the present H i g h w a y Bridge. Improvement of Fifteenth Street is also suggested, not as a p a r t of the distributor system but as a supplemental street. It will require the straightening a n d widening of r o a d w a y s b e t w e e n Constitution and M a i n e Avenues a n d the construction of a center strip to r e p l a c e the p e d e s t r i a n r e f u g e s , now p r o v i d e d by street c a r loading platforms. These improvements a r e illustrated in EXHIBIT 3 7 . The south side of the inner belt will consist of Independence Avenue which has been improved recently to make it a traffic a r t e r y . The continuation of Independence Avenue past C a p i t o i Hill, which is known a s B Street S.E., will h a v e to be w i d e n e d in one short section. W i t h the removal of c a r tracks following s u b w a y construction, this will become a n attractive a n d commodious traffic a r t e r y . In the future, however, it m a y h a v e to be supplemented b y the improvement of C Street for o n e - w a y traffic, the direction of which would be reversed b e t w e e n rush hours. A connection from Independence Avenue to C Street would then be p r o v i d e d b y new construction as illustrated in EXHiBIT 3 8 . These improvements will g r e a t l y , increase the usefulness of Independence Avenue a n d eliminate a very serious a r e a of congestion for p e o p l e living in the r a p i d l y growing southeast q u a d r a n t of the C i t y . Constitution Avenue will also b e a major traffic distributor on the south side of the inner belt. The inner distributor on the east side will b e composed of Third Street N . W . a n d S . W . , which in now an important traffic a r t e r y . It will be supplemented a n d relieved of turning movements south of Pennsylvania Avenue b y o n e - w a y operation a n d street widenings on First a n d Second Streets, also shown on EXHIBIT 3 8 . These o n e - w a y streets will b e vital to distribute the traffic corning from east of the Anacostia River a f t e r construction of the proposed South C a p i t o l Street B r i d g e . The outer belt of distributor routes will be similarly constituted. O n the north, it will consist of the present Q Street and R Street o n e - w a y system improved in the manner heretofore discussed. O n the west, Twenty-Third Street N . W . a n d S . W . will serve a d m i r a b l y with v e r y little c h a n g e . M a i n e Avenue a n d the p a r k drives form the southwest portion of the belt connecting with M Street on the south. M Street S . W . a n d S.E. is a l r e a d y improved 22 �a n d intensely used for both a b y - p a s s a n d distributor route. As its use increases, it m a y h a v e to b e m a d e a o n e - w a y street eastbound, supplemented by the improvement of L Street for westbound traffic. N e e d for the east side route of the outer belt will not become g r e a t until the South C a p i t o l Street Bridge is built, at which time Fourth a n d Sixth Streets N.E. a n d S.E. can be o p e n e d as a pair of o n e - w a y streets b e t w e e n M Street a n d Florida Avenue. TRAFFIC FACILITATION AND CONTROL Intersections limit the c a p a c i t y of Washington's entire street system. At key intersections, most of which a r e controlled b y traffic signals, flow of vehicles must be interrupted on each street forming the intersection to permit movement on the other streets. Between e a c h alternation in the Row of traffic, the intersection must b e c l e a r e d which further reduces its c a p a c i t y . It is a t intersections, moreover, that turning movements, bus stops a n d other irregularities in the flow of traffic must be a c c o m o d a t e d . Problems of intersection control a r e h a n d l e d with consummate skill in W a s h i n g t o n , considering Department of the obstacles H i g h w a y s , for which example, has must be used overcome. grade The separations effectively at a number of especially difficult intersections. S e p a r a t i o n of g r a d e s for o r d i n a r y vehicular traffic is not g e n e r a l l y a p p l i c a b l e in cities, but a d v a n t a g e has been taken of Washington's unusually w i d e rights-ofw a y . The design of the structures has harmonized with the high c h a r a c t e r of the neighborhoods in which they a r e l o c a t e d . The result has been v e r y effective elimination of s e v e r a l former points of congestion. The principle of channelization has also been a d e p t l y used b y the engineers of the Department of H i g h w a y s . Through its use they have simplified a n d rationalized movements of traffic at complex intersections p r o v i d i n g , at the same time, havens for pedestrians crossing w i d e streets. Members of the Department of Vehicles a n d T r a f f i c , similarly, h a v e skillfully a p p l i e d various methods of traffic control. Their practices in p a r k ing regulations, application of the principles of o n e - w a y o p e r a t i o n , a n d other expedients of traffic engineering a r e more a d v a n c e d than in most l a r g e cities in this country. The problem of efficient traffic signal control has been m a d e difficult by the complex intersections of which Washington has more than its share a n d b y the limitations of the traffic signal control equipment which has been m a d e obsolete by improvements in the art since the time when most of Washington's equipment w a s installed. The system of street c a r s u b w a y s proposed in this report will permit the correction of faults at a number of major intersections in the central 23 �a r e a . In the past, the high cost of changes in surface street c a r tracks has blocked the solution of many recognized points of confusion. The correction of these problems permitted by s u b w a y construction illustrates the v e r y substantial d e g r e e to which this p r o g r a m will help the motoring public. GRADE SEPARATIONS DuPont Circle DuPont Circle, on Connecticut Avenue at P Street N . W . , is a serious bottleneck in both p r i v a t e a n d public transportation systems of W a s h i n g t o n . Ten streets converge at this point, making rotary control of traffic almost inevitable. Free-wheel traffic entering from these various streets goes around DuPont Circle in a counter-clockwise direction. Northbound street cars on Connecticut A v e n u e , h o w e v e r , oppose this flow by going clockwise h a l f - w a y around the Circle. A cross-town bus line connects with both street car a n d bus lines on Connecticut Avenue at the Circle. In the recommended solution, two tandem portals north of the Circle t a k e street cars a n d then vehicles successively, into a w i d e underpass without seriously reducing the width of Connecticut Avenue for surface traffic. S e e EXHIBIT 3 9 , which shows the plan a n d profile of the proposed structure. Street cars a n d motor vehicles a r e s e g r e g a t e d throughout the structure. Vehicular traffic will e m e r g e from the underpass in the first block south of DuPont Circle. Street cars will stop at a typical high level s u b w a y station under the Circle to accommodate passengers originating in the neighborhood as well as those transferring from buses at this point. The street c a r underpass continues southward as the Connecticut Avenue- G Street s u b w a y previously discussed. Fourffi-Pennsy/van/a-Consfiiution The intersection of Fourth-Pennsylvania-Constitution is formed by two important streets intersecting at a flat a n g l e a n d crossed a t their common point b y a third .street. This intersection c a r r i e d 6 8 , 0 0 0 vehicles in twentyfour hours during a t y p i c a l f a l l w e e k d a y of 1 9 4 1 . it will become h e a v i e r a f t e r the building of the South C a p i t o l Street Bridge a n d development of residential a r e a s east of the Anacostia River. The proposed solution is simple in the e x t r e m e . S e e EXHIBIT 4 0 , which shows Ihe proposed improvement. Raised fins will direct traffic in such a manner that Pennsylvania Avenue west of the intersection a n d Constitution Avenue east of the intersection become one thoroughfare. Similarly, Constitution Avenue west of the intersection a n d Pennsylvania Avenue to 24 �the east become another traffic a r t e r y . Thus twelve lanes of traffic c a n move simultaneously without conflict. The fins will be lov/ered on hydraulic jacks or removed by c r a n e trucks to permit the p a r a d e s for which W a s h ington is famous. The only movements in conflict with other streams of traffic are accommodated by two short underpasses, e a c h a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 0 0 f e e t long, plus ramps. Traffic b e t w e e n Fourth Street a n d its northerly extension a s John M a r s h a l l Place can be permitted in the proposed plan since traffic on the two major streets will h a v e to be stopped at intervals to permit pedestrians to cross the intersection. The recommended solution of this intersection problem is the only one conceivable which will not interfere to some d e g r e e with the proposed Pennsylvania Avenue subway. In the recommended p l a n , the s u b w a y would be routed v i a C Street to give i d e a l d e l i v e r y to the Municipal Center a n d thence through the intersection under discussion at high level. K Street Improvement The plans for the development of K Street, east a n d west of the existing surface development of this street, include g r a d e separations in addition to the two hereinbefore d e s c r i b e d . At Mt. Vernon S q u a r e the plans for the proposed K Street Trunk H i g h w a y contemplate g r a d e separations b y an a r r a n g e m e n t of underpasses to c a r r y N e w York A v e n u e , Massachusetts Avenue a n d K Street under Mt. Vernon S q u a r e . The plans also contemplate the s e p a r a t i o n of g r a d e s at streets which cross the d e p r e s s e d section of K Street east of Mt. Vernon S q u a r e . Similarly, g r a d e separations a r e contemplated as a part of the plan for the development of K Street west of the present surface development, now in an a d v a n c e d engineering s t a g e in the office of the Director of H i g h w a y s . CHANNELIZATION Pennsylvania Avenue Pennsylvania Avenue is the route of history-making p a r a d e s . It is also vital to the City as a traffic a r t e r y . The improvement proposed herewith will permit the street to serve both functions in a manner heretofore impossible. A f t e r construction of s u b w a y s , Pennsylvania Avenue will become a street 108 f e e t w i d e without the present s e p a r a t i o n of vehicular traffic a f f o r d e d b y c a r tracks, a n d the pedestrian refuges furnished by loading platforms. It is proposed that Pennsylvonia Avenue be d i v i d e d into two 43-foot r o a d w a y s s e p a r a t e d by a center strip as illustrated in EXHIBIT 4 1 . 25 �This will s e p a r a t e conflicting traffic streams, provide a special lane for vehicles making left turns from the Avenue a n d s a f e g u a r d pedestrians. The center strip will b e a demarcation rather than a physical b a r r i e r . It will be kept so low that p a r a d e s can pass over it, whether they consist of marching men a n d women, horse-drawn vehicles, or motorized equipment. The strip will b e outlined by low curbs a n d the center p a v e d with granite blocks, giving it an artistic effect in keeping with the c h a r a c t e r of the street. S e e EXHIBIT 4 2 for a view of the Avenue as it will a p p e a r from the top of the Treasury Building. Fifteenth-New York-Presidents Square-G Street The intersection of Fifteenth-New York-Presidents S q u a r e - G Street is one of the most confusing in the present street system. Building of the s u b w a y will eliminate all street cars from this intersection. Channelization of the intersection in connection with the restoration of p a v i n g a f t e r the s u b w a y s a r e complete will simplify vehicular movements a n d provide s a f e t y islands for pedestrians. S e e EXHIBIT 4 3 for a plan v i e w a n d EXHIBIT 4 4 for a delineation of this location a f t e r the improvement. Eightcenth-Nineteenth-Virginia-Consiifution The intersection of Eighteenth-Nineteenth-Virginia-Constitution carries a h e a v y volume of traffic including a l a r g e proportion of trucks. Commercial vehicles a r e not permitted to use Constitution Avenue west of V i r g i n i a Avenue a n d must use V i r g i n i a A v e n u e , therefore, as a link in an important truck route across the C i t y . A street c a r terminal in the center of V i r g i n i a Avenue further complicates 1he p r o b l e m . S e v e r a l street layouts for this location w e r e sketched in p r e p a r i n g this report a n d c o m p a r e d with designs which h a d previously been m a d e by other interested groups. A design b y the Department of H i g h w a y s w a s finally a c c e p t e d as the best possible solution. This design, illustrated in EXHIBIT 4 5 , involves the relocating of c a r tracks a n d channelization of traffic in artistic conformance with principles of traffic engineering. It is recommended that traffic density t y p e vehicle actuated control signals b e installed at this location because of the u n a v o i d a b l y close spacing b e t w e e n traffic signals. This t y p e of equipment will regulate vehicular flow with the least possible d e l a y a n d the greatest possible c a p a c i t y . Union Station Plaza Approximately 180,000 people per day pass through the Union Station at the present time. Conditions of traffic a n d transportation in the vicinity of the station give many p e o p l e their first a n d last impressions of �the C a p i t a l City. Changes a r e proposed herewith which should make these impressions consistently f a v o r a b l e . Routing of the Connecticut A v e n u e - G Street s u b w a y under the Union Station P l a z a will t a k e all street cars off the surface at this point. People arriving b y street c a r will enter the waiting room of the station through an underground p a s s a g e w a y with escalators to lift them to the station l e v e l . S e e EXHIBIT 4 6 which shows plan views a n d cross sections of the proposed structures. Entrances to the s u b w a y station will also provide underground connections b e t w e e n the Union Station a n d two points south of the P l a z a . S u r f a c e channelization of the P l a z a , utilizing existing r o a d w a y s a n d islands for the most p a r t , will s e g r e g a t e Massachusetts Avenue traffic from that destined for the Station. Traffic signals will control the points at which the streams cross. T a x i c a b s a n d p r i v a t e automobiles a r e p r o v i d e d with platforms in front of the Station. Passengers from c a b s or autos using the lane closest to the station will go directly into the waiting room a t ground level. Passengers alighting on the other platforms will go down ramps into the pedestrian tunnel l e a d i n g from the s u b w a y station to the escalators emerging in the w a i t i n g room. Passengers will be protected from the w e a t h e r b y canopies which will be architecturally in keeping with the Station. S e e EXHIBIT 4 7 Figure 6: V i e w looking e a s t in r o a d w a y s in front of Union Station, showing conflicts b e t w e e n automobiles, street cars a n d pedestrians. 27 �for a n artist's conception of the w a y these protected platforms will a p p e a r . T a x i c a b s will continue to stand a n d to l o a d in present locations at the west end of the Station. Eastbound buses wiil discharge a n d receive passengers at the end of the p e d e s t r i a n tunnel on the southwest side of the P l a z a . W e s t b o u n d buses will use the outer t a x i c a b p l a t f o r m . T a x i c a b s will seldom be numerous enough to m a k e their use of this platform necessary. The result of the suggested improvements will be the elimination of all the conflicts b e t w e e n pedestrians, t a x i c a b s , automobiles, buses a n d street c a r s now characterizing the Union Station P l a z a . S e e Figure 6. TRAFFIC SIGNALS It is difficult to over-emphasize the importance of traffic signal control in providing for the efficient movement of vehicles in a r e a s of concentrated business activity. Traffic signals p l a y the same p a r t in moving vehicles a n d pedestrians in l a r g e cities that is accomplished on a l a r g e r a i l r o a d b y the combined efforts of the schedule, dispatching a n d signal d e p a r t ments. The number of passenger-miles furnished by automobiles in W a s h ington is equivalent to the c o m p a r a b l e business conducted by a s i z a b l e r a i l r o a d company. Inefficiency will not b e tolerated by a r a i l r o a d , but in a city losses a r e d i v i d e d among so many individuals that the a g g r e g a t e w a s t e in minutes a n d dollars is seldom a p p r e c i a t e d . An indication of the extent of the time loss occasioned b y traffic signals is given in T a b l e 5 which shows the portion of total trip time on t y p i c a l street c a r lines v/hich is spent w a i t i n g at red traffic signals a f t e r p a s s e n g e r interchange is complete a n d cars a r e r e a d y to g o . Deficiencies in the quality of traffic control in Washington a r e chiefly the result of i n a d e q u a t e equipment. The Department of Vehicles a n d Traffic is directed a n d s t a f f e d b y men of unusual ability. Traffic control equipment of the most modern t y p e a n d c a p a b l e of the greatest possible d e g r e e of flexibility should b e installed for the control of all signals in the central a r e a . Such equipment, among other f e a t u r e s , will permit the total cycle length to be c h a n g e d to satisfy v a r y i n g traffic conditions. Under full f l e x i b l e progressive control, shortening the cycle allows traffic to move faster on d r y d a y s , during o f f - p e a k hours a n d at other times when higher speeds a r e a p p r o p r i a t e . The cycle length can be inc r e a s e d b y the dispatcher, on the other h a n d , to provide for slower speeds under slippery conditions, e a r l y winter darkness, or h e a v y rush hour traffic. 28 �Such equipment, furthermore, provides for the resetting of the timing at every intersection several times in e a c h twenty-four hours. When p r o p e r l y used, this increases the c a p a c i t y of the street system a n d the fluidity of movement under v a r y i n g conditions such as the h e a v y inbound movement in the morning rush hour and the h e a v y outbound movement in the afternoon. This f e a t u r e also permits giving a l a r g e r portion of the total time to vehicles in the morning rush hours b e f o r e pedestrians a r e on the streets a n d , conversely, more time to pedestrians during shopping hours. The equipment should be centrally controlled so that ali signals will automatically be kept in step with the system. C e n t r a l control also provides for routine as w e l l as emergency changes under the direction of a competent dispatcher. The timing of the signals should b e a p p r o p r i a t e to the character of the district in which they a r e l o c a t e d . In congested retail sections the timing should facilitate the movement of transit vehicles primarily since they serve s e v e r a l times as many p e o p l e as the p r i v a t e automobiles o p e r a t i n g on the s a m e streets. Timing signals in this fashion would also discourage the use of streets in such a r e a s by cross-area traffic for which belt line streets a r e recommended in this report. TABLE 5 D E L A Y S O C C A S I O N E D BY T R A F F I C C O N T R O L C O M P A R E D W I T H T O T A L TIME SIGNALS CONSUMED O N S E C T I O N S O F STREET C A R LINES 4:00 PM-6:00 PM W E E K D A Y S IN S P R I N G A N D FALL, 1941 TRAFFIC SIGNAL DELAYS ROUTE 30 30 80, 82 70,72,74 50,52,54 AVER- T. S. DELAY AVERTOTAL AGE LENGTH AGE AS % O F NUM- IN MINUTES TRIP TOTAL BER (AVERAGE) TIME TIME SECTION (ALI- N.W.) DIST. DIRECIN TION MILES 7th & P a . to 15th & . N . Y . N.B. 0 ' 1: 3.9 1.9 10.8 17.6 15th & N.Y. to Wise. & M N.B. 1.5 14 4.8 2.4 13.3 18.1 14th & G to 5th & G E.B. 0.7 29 5.0 2.6 9.0 34.6 7th & M a s s . to 7th & F l a . N.B. 0.8 23 4.3 2.0 8.9 22.5 1 4th & G to 1 4th & U N.B. 1.2 27 4.6 2.1 10.8 19.4 29 NO. OF TRIPS �In the outer portions of the C e n t r a l Business a n d Government District, timing of signals should be designed to move vehicular traffic as e x p e d i tiously as possible. Ample provision should be m a d e in the timing of signals to s a f e g u a r d the movement of pedestrians. It is unfair to make pedestrians o b e y traffic signals unless the signals provide a d e q u a t e l y for the protection of people on foot. The question m a y be raised as to whether or not the faster movement of traffic envisioned in the recommended modernization of signals will be the cause of an increase in the number of traffic accidents. The increased a v e r a g e s p e e d of traffic will be accomplished with an actual reduction in p e a k mid-block speeds prevailing t o d a y . The irritation of d e l a y s a n d the feeling of necessity to make up time will h a v e been eliminated. A premium will b e p l a c e d on o r d e r l y movement a n d a penalty on racing ahead b e c a u s e a driver who gets too f a r in a d v a n c e of his platoon will b e held b y the red signal at the first intersection. A full f l e x i b l e progressive traffic control system of the t y p e recommended w a s installed along Michigan Avenue in C h i c a g o in 1 9 3 4 . In the first y e a r of operation, traffic volume increased m a t e r i a l l y , but accidents of all types d e c r e a s e d 2 7 percent. Pedestrian accidents d e c r e a s e d 4 0 percent. 30 �TERMINAL FACILITIES FOR MOTOR VEHICLES OFF-STREET P A R K I N G IN RETAIL A R E A S Lack of low-cost parking s p a c e is frequently cited as the cause of decline of central business districts in l a r g e cities. If that reason is v a l i d , the present business districts in all l a r g e cities a r e d o o m e d . It is physically a n d economically impossible to supply inexpensive a n d convenient parking for all who might wish to use private transportation. Department stores, for e x a m p l e , would require three to four times as much floor a r e a for p a r k i n g as for retail activities if all customers c a m e b y automobile. E v e r y office building v/ould h a v e to be supplemented b y a parking g a r a g e of e q u a l floor a r e a to accommodate vehicles of w o r k e r s . Even if the parking s p a c e w e r e a v a i l a b l e , streets could not b e provided to c a r r y the number of vehicles involved. There a r e many a n d complex reasons for the decline of business districts, but a f e w of the more important ones a r e c l e a r . Congestion on streets serving such a r e a s affects all passengers, r e g a r d l e s s of their mode of transportation, a n d causes many to work a n d shop in less congested places. The failure of most cities, Washington included, to solve the problem Figure 7: Picture t a k e n n e a r the heart of the central retail showing property which is r e a d y for rehabilitation. 31 district, �of merchandise deliveries has p l a c e d the potential shopper in unequal conflict with trucks a n d merchandise for use of curb a n d s i d e w a l k s p a c e . Finally, business men h a v e lost confidence in the future of central business districts. They r a z e obsolete buildings to reduce their t a x e s , a n d allow p r o p e r t y to stand idle or be converted into unsightly parking lots. Other out-worn buildings which should b e r e p l a c e d a r e a l l o w e d to detract from the v a l u e of the f e w new buildings e r e c t e d . Potential builders a n d o p e r a tors of g a r a g e s h a v e no assurance that their investment will be protected b y a consistent policy on the regulation of curb p a r k i n g , and a r e threatened with the possibility of competition from low cost parking facilities subsidized b y the municipality. The confidence of these business men in their municipal officials must be restored. N e e d for vigorous, realistic a n d farsighted action is i n d i c a t e d . Much of the central business district of Washington is ripe for rehabilitation. S e e Figure 7 . Entire city blocks a r e v a c a n t or occupied b y obsolete buildings, many of them n e a r the heart of the retail section. Others will b e a v a i l a b l e at intervals during the next s e v e r a l y e a r s . It is unlikely that many of these sites will be n e e d e d for l a r g e multi-storied office buildings, it is also unlikely that Washington could support many more l a r g e downtown department stores. There is active d e m a n d , h o w e v e r , for a g r e a t many first floor shops a n d specialty stores n e a r these other primary structures. S m a l l , convenient offices a r e also r e a d i l y rented. It is recommended that substantial a r e a s of the downtown district b e r e h a b i l i t a t e d during the next s e v e r a l y e a r s with a t y p e of building a p p r o p r i a t e to the motor a g e in transportation. The typical building would occupy a site of at least a half city block in a r e a , a n d p r e f e r a b l y an entire block. S e e EXHIBIT 4 8 showing floor plans a n d elevations of such a building. The ground level floor would be d e v o t e d to stores a n d shops to present a n unbroken f a c a d e of attractive windows a n d entrances along the shopping streets. Facilities would b e p r o v i d e d for d e l i v e r y of merchandise directly to the basement stock rooms of these stores. Parking facilities, which would b e an important part of the proposed t y p i c a l building, would be r e a c h e d through a n entrance in the center of one side of the block. The cashier's booth, waiting room a n d similar adjuncts of the parking operation would be located in the interior of the block at ground level. The second floor would b e occupied b y d a y l i g h t offices along the sides of the building. The interior would be used for p a r k i n g . Additional levels d e v o t e d entirely to parking v/ould b e p r o v i d e d in sufficient number to meet the d e m a n d in a particular neighborhood. Elevators would b e provided if the total number of floors including ground level a n d roof e x c e e d e d four. In some locations, street g r a d e s a r e such that two levels could be s e r v e d directly from the street without using interior ramps. 32 �Patrons of the parking facility would b e permitted to p a r k and unpark their own c a r s , as w e l l as to lock them, thereby saving d e l a y a n d eliminating the f e a r of rough handling of vehicles. Parking rates should encourage frequent turnover a n d discourage a l l - d a y p a r k i n g . G a r a g e s for a l l - d a y parking should b e located at a considerably g r e a t e r distance from the highly concentrated a r e a s . Each unit would h a v e a single heating and air-conditioning plant. Janitor service would also be centrally m a n a g e d . A l a r g e number of units of the proposed t y p e v/ill be n e e d e d to furnish anticipated d e m a n d for downtown parking s p a c e a f t e r the w a r . S e e EXHIBIT 4 9 , showing s p a c e a v a i l a b l e a n d d e m a n d by a l l - d a y p a r k e r s in 1 9 3 9 . All present downtown parking lots a r e t e m p o r a r y in character. The sites a r e likely to b e converted to other uses in the next business boom, t h e r e b y creating new demands for p a r k i n g s p a c e while destroying a portion of that which now exists. Land values in the downtown a r e a a r e too high to m a k e one-level parking profitable. This w a s disclosed by an A m e r i c a n Automobile Association study which found that multi-level openair g a r a g e s a r e economically justified when land values reach a p p r o x i mately $ 1 . 6 5 per square foot.* Even if parking lots could be o p e r a t e d at a profit, they a r e undesirable in a retail district because of the " d e a d " frontages they intersperse b e t w e e n stores. Another source of business for the proposed parking facilities will be the substantial number of motorists who will h a v e to find off-street parking s p a c e when further restrictions a r e p l a c e d on curb p a r k i n g . Such restrictions will take the form of time limitations in most cases, rather than in complete prohibition. The exception will be the extension of prohibitions on parking during rush hours. In places where p a r k i n g can b e tolerated during the d a y , the s p a c e should be reserved for those who wish to p a r k v e r y short periods of time. Parking limits of sixty minutes will h a v e to b e established in most zones a n d thirty-minute parking will be required w h e r e the d e m a n d for s p a c e is exceptionally high. People who can complete their e r r a n d s in fifteen to thirty minutes, as a majority of short-time p a r k e r s d o , a r e not willing to spend ten or fifteen minutes putting their cars in g a r a g e s a n d taking Ihem out a g a i n . Parking meters h a v e been used in Washington with notable success, as they h a v e in many other l a r g e cities, to regulate curb p a r k i n g so as to m a k e s p a c e a v a i l a b l e at almost all times for the person who can transact his business in a f e w minutes. *"Parking and Terminal Department, American Facilities—Washington, Automobile Association, 33 D. C. Study", Washington, Safety and Traffic D. C , November Engineering 6, 1939. �In addition to these potential demands for parking s p a c e , actual demands existed b e f o r e the w a r which w e r e reflected in numerous w a y s described collectively as " p a r k i n g pressure." O n e form in which parking pressure a p p e a r e d w a s in cruising, either in search of parking s p a c e or as " l i v e " p a r k i n g in which the driver would k e e p his c a r in motion a n d circle the block while his passenger completed his or her e r r a n d . Double parking a n d other traffic l a w violations w e r e also reflections of parking pressure. It w a s also necessary for many p e o p l e to w a l k excessive distances considering the length of time their business took a f l e r they r e a c h e d their destinations. The d e g r e e to which this condition existed is shown b y a study m a d e in Washington by the Public Roads Administration. S e v e r a l drivers c o v e r e d the distance from home to central business district at an a v e r a g e rate of 14.2 miles per hour, but spent so much time in finding p a r k i n g s p a c e a n d then w a l k i n g to their offices that the a v e r a g e s p e e d for the various trips from home to office w a s reduced to 8.5 miles per hour.* The future d e m a n d for parking s p a c e in the downtown a r e a , h o w e v e r , will not be unlimited. The proposed system of s u b w a y s will attract many p e o p l e now using automobiles. In a d d i t i o n , new cars a n d buses of the C a p i t a l Transit C o m p a n y a n d suburban buses will restore or hold war-time gains when such equipment can b e bought. F e d e r a l employment in the central business district will d e c r e a s e as employees now working in rented buildings a r e moved to new F e d e r a l buildings. The extension of metered p a r k i n g , while it will increase the d e m a n d for off-street parking by those who wish io p a r k more than sixty minutes, will tend to d e c r e a s e the d e m a n d of short-time p a r k e r s now f o r c e d to p a r k off-street b y lack of curb s p a c e . The a v e r a g e metered s p a c e in W a s h i n g t o n , according to the A . A . A . study r e f e r r e d to a b o v e , is used b y 6 /2 automobiles per d a y . At present there 1 a r e only 310 p a r k i n g meters in the City. Private enterprise has demonstrated its ability a n d willingness to furnish modern p a r k i n g facilities in W a s h i n g t o n . Between 1 9 3 0 a n d 1 9 3 8 p a r k i n g prohibitions eliminated 5 , 0 0 0 curb p a r k i n g spaces in the central district. During that same p e r i o d , p r i v a t e enterprise a d d e d 5 , 0 0 0 spaces in p a r k i n g lots a n d g a r a g e s . In 1 9 3 8 there w e r e 150 licensed parking lots a n d 2 5 p a r k i n g g a r a g e s in, or serving the needs of, the central business district. The Hecht, S t a r a n d M e d i c a l Center g a r a g e s a r e outstanding e x a m p l e s of pioneer development in the parking f i e l d . They h a v e all been financially successful. *"Intangible Economics of Highway Transportation", Annual Proceedings, Highway Research Board. 34 by Public Roads Administration, 1933, �It m a y become necessary to pass legislation which will permit the use of condemnation proceedings in order to combine a sufficient number of parcels of land for projects of the t y p e a n d size recommended. Precedents for such legislation will be found in State laws providing for the use of condemnation proceedings to permit private enterprise to acquire land for buildings in slum c l e a r a n c e projects. No subsidy from the F e d e r a l Government or from the municipality will b e necessary to encourage investment of private capital in parking g a r a g e s . It is v i t a l , h o w e v e r , that necessary control of curb parking be installed a n d consistently e n f o r c e d . It will also be d e s i r a b l e to r e v i e w existing zoning lav/s a n d building codes a n d modify them where necessary to encourage construction of the attractive type of parking facilities existing Federal building recommended. P A R K I N G FACILITIES F O R FEDERAL The Senate underground EMPLOYEES garage and g a r a g e s cannot be considered strictly automobile storage facilities. They a r e used primarliy as a time saving convenience for F e d e r a l officials. Their cost per c a r s p a c e is necessarily high. It would be possible to m a k e similar s p a c e a v a i l a b l e for only a v e r y small p e r c e n t a g e of Federal e m p l o y e e s , so that the majority who use private transportation must p a y for the privilege of p a r k i n g or p a r k at considerable distances from the buildings in which they work. Parking g a r a g e s could b e built on F e d e r a l p r o p e r t y , of course, but the problems involved should be fully understood b e f o r e embarking on such a p r o g r a m . W h e r e considerable a r e a s h a v e been a c q u i r e d b y the F e d e r a l Government in excess of future requirements for buildings, g a r a g e s could be built at much lower cost p e r c a r s p a c e than the cost of incorporating g a r a g e s in office buildings. They could b e built without h e a t i n g , ventilating or plumbing equipment. They would h a v e to b e kept architecturally in k e e p i n g with their surroundings, h o w e v e r , with facings of limestone or m a r b l e . The full cost of providing such p a r k i n g facilities should b e met b y those who use them. The fees c h a r g e d might b e reduced to the extent that t a x e s , license fees a n d f i x e d charges on land could be w a i v e d b y the F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t , but rates of 2 5 cents to 5 0 cents per d a y would still b e necessary. W h e n F e d e r a l employees w e r e a s k e d w h a t they would be willing to p a y for "conveniently located g a r a g i n g " , 7 0 percent r e p l i e d , "nothing."* * " T h e Parking and Garage Problem 7 9 3 0 " , by Dr. Miller McClinlock. of the Central 35 Business District—Washington, D. C.— �The cars driven to work d a i l y by F e d e r a l employees in Washington in 1 9 3 9 would require 2 6 g a r a g e s of 1 0 0 0 - c a r c a p a c i t y e a c h . A four-level g a r a g e of this size would cover a ground a r e a of 7 5 , 0 0 0 square feet, or a s p a c e 2 5 0 f e e t by 3 0 0 feet. P l a c e d side b y side without streets or p a r k a r e a s b e t w e e n them, these g a r a g e s would occupy an a r e a six times as l a r g e as the Commerce Building. If no parking fees w e r e c h a r g e d , induced use of automobiles could conceivably require 26 additional garages b e f o r e the first 2 6 w e r e completed. AAoreover, F e d e r a l employment a f t e r the w a r is e x p e c t e d to remain at a level a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 0 percent a b o v e the 1 9 3 9 l e v e l . The Department of H i g h w a y s would h a v e to provide for at least 100 percent increase in traffic in order to serve the potential volume under a policy of f r e e , convenient parking for e v e r y b o d y . ^ M a n y miles of r o a d w a y s in the parks of Washington a r e now lined with the cars of employees during working hours. This practice has been criticized because it detracts from the b e a u t y of the parks and the t-ederal buildings fronting on them. In certain locations, h o w e v e r , addition of proper landscaping would hide the cars from v i e w without in any w a y interfering with the function of the p a r k s . S e e Figure 8. The parks could continue to provide light, air a n d recreational s p a c e , a n d also permit a d v a n t a g e o u s Figure 8: V i e w of s c r e e n e d parking lot on Virginia Avenue b e t w e e n Twentieth a n d Twenty-First Streets. How many p a r k e d automobiles can you see in this picture? 36 �views of the C a p i t a l City's fine buildings. A number of r o a d s a r e not n e e d e d for moving traffic. S c r e e n e d by a p p r o p r i a t e l a n d s c a p i n g , they might w e l l continue to serve a s dispersal a r e a s for the automobiles of e m p l o y e e s in n e a r b y buildings. OUTLYING PARKING Fringe parking LOTS lots, so-called, a r e suggested perennially as the solution of all parking problems. Full consideration of the p r o p o s a l , h o w e v e r , r e v e a l s that fringe p a r k i n g lots in the usual sense of the term a r e not f e a s i b l e for either retail or F e d e r a l a r e a s in W a s h i n g t o n . A previous study showed that p a r k i n g rates on one potential site would h a v e to b e a t least fifteen cents per d a y to cover costs w h i l e , on others, rates would h a v e to b e thirty-five cents per d a y or more.* The lots would b e at such a distance from the central district that bus f a r e s for an a v e r a g e of 1.75 persons p e r vehicle would h a v e to be a d d e d in computing the total cost of p a r k i n g . Even if cost w e r e not i n v o l v e d , it is questionable whether or not the lots would be patronized. People use automobiles for convenience. It is not convenient to p a r k a mile or two from one's ultimate destination a n d transfer to a bus. In f a c t , there is a n d a l w a y s has been almost unlimited f r e e curb p a r k i n g s p a c e at the distance from the centra! business district at which fringe parking lots would h a v e to be l o c a t e d . There is also public transportation through all these fringe a r e a s . Parking lots would be more e x p e n s i v e , less convenient, a n d more time-consuming than facilities which now e x i s t — u n u s e d . No transit company could a f f o r d to own buses a n d p a y prevailing w a g e s , furthermore, to serve fringe parking lots with their intense rush hour p e a k s a n d essentially no o f f - p e a k business. Outlying parking lots of another t y p e a r e recommended. Lots located at the outer terminals of transit facilities in other cities h a v e been successful because b y using them patrons s a v e time, inconvenience a n d money. A f t e r the construction of the proposed system of s u b w a y s in W a s h i n g t o n , street cars will give f a s t , low-cost service to ail important a r e a s . Considering the time required to p a r k , t r a v e l time b y street c a r will c o m p a r e f a v o r a b l y with the travel time by automobile. O p e r a t i o n of e x p r e s s buses from some parts of the City to the central business district will be justified, especially if suburbanites a r e p r o v i d e d with facilities w h e r e they can p a r k their automobiles at terminals a n d ride buses to stores or offices. S u b u r b a n bus lines, similarly, can serve p a r k i n g lots established b e y o n d the District of Columbia limits. Parking lots in the vicinity of the Pentagon Building a r e i d e a l for this purpose. '""Report Assistant to the Commissioners' Parking Lot Committee," by to the Director of Highways, December 19, 7 9 3 3 . 37 R. M. Brennan, then Special �The local governmental units in the District a n d in the surrounding counties should t a k e the initiative in establishing parking lots at the ends of transit lines. The w e l f a r e of the community will be served by relieving streets a n d parking facilities of this traffic. Existing laws provide for financing the program outlined above by appropriations from g e n e r a l funds. The development of off-street parking facilities lends itself to the revenue bond method of financing. The powers of the Motor Vehicle Parking A g e n c y , c r e a t e d b y Public L a w 454-77th Congress, C h a p t e r 7 6 — 2 n d Session, might b e e x t e n d e d to permit the District of Columbia to issue revenue bonds to provide for the construction of off-street p a r k i n g facilities in retail a n d outlying a r e a s . The amortization a n d interest of revenue bonds would b e p a y a b l e solely from the net revenue d e r i v e d from the operation of the parking facilities, a f t e r p a y i n g the cost of maintenance a n d o p e r a t i o n . A f t e r the bonds h a v e been r e t i r e d , p a r k i n g rates could b e reduced to provide funds merely sufficient for cost of maintenance a n d o p e r a t i o n . The covenant relating to the security to be provided for holders o f the bonds, the proceeds of which h a v e been used in constructing the facilities in whole or in p a r t , would require the employment of an a d e q u a t e staff under competent direction to perform the necessary technical work. The director should b e responsible solely to the Commissioners of the District, but he should h a v e the benefit of periodic consultation with a committee comprising h e a d s of affected Departments of the District Government a n d of individuals officially representing commercial interests a s w e l l as the g e n e r a l public. Specifically, the Parking Agency should study the potential d e m a n d for p a r k i n g s p a c e in various a r e a s of the District; consult with p r i v a t e o p e r a t o r s interested in building parking facilities; regulate curb p a r k i n g a n d license and regulate private parking enterprises, (such regulation a n d licensing to b e c a r r i e d out under suitable enabling provisions of the a p p l i c a b e l a w ) ; p l a n , construct, maintain a n d operate parking facilities for F e d e r a l e m p l o y e e s ; a n d finally, finance, construct, maintain a n d o p e r a t e the necessary parking facilities not otherwise produced by private enterprise or a v a i l a b l e at street curbs. A complete d e t a i l e d study a n d report on the entire parking problem is necessary to form the basis for the effective development of the plans for p a r k i n g facilities a b o v e outlined. 38 �0 X I o 0 X o 0 a c ft a .P O D 73 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Transportation survey and plan for the central area of Washington, D.C. Subject The topic of the resource Transportation--Planning Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource J.E. Greiner Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d15e230642c46e9a0210fe66bcfdcc66.pdf?Expires=1792022400&Signature=GOkU1o1stmv%7EA0CPL5JaUThU9KOCuFeP45oZcvjDxMx-Cz1KycigoMSY1PRwj3YUx6ONzJb63cbwHPVGf-ANOFzjPmpuYG6WDOxhwFvLmmOj%7E5gSq-6--s3fvX2-4bZmSdIPJm7WfzOAwri1OgeW7%7EqSC7rq2dRpyeE3Lc5sUFs%7EsYooKiQWh8ft56CqlXL8pySzY0AmXLNPP%7EkOn4I1N4DhI-uBTkz1Kh2XurKxxAg5uNnbdDcwbs7NtRTJVNUCBwfRKK3E-DIajoGfztpVX%7ESouvjNqx8FQNxPjEKEcK44n8pVghNPqvHGJpcx2M%7EHFXAO2u-C2ltU-ZmC-Rl-XQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM af7a9b65997341d6067e8616bfd4b752 PDF Text Text TRANSCRIPT OF PROCEEDINGS DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS AND TRAFFIC In the Matter of: ACTION PLAN Wednesday, A u g u s t 2 2 , 1973 BGH REPORTING SERVICE, INC, 2430 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W. • Suite G25 Washington, D. C. 20037 �GOVERNMENT OF THE D I S T R I C T OF COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT - - - - - - - - - - - In the Matter o f : ACTION PLAN - - - - - - - - - - - - OF HIGHWAYS AND TRAFFIC -x : : -x Room 12 D i s t r i c t Building 14th and E S t r e e t s , W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. NW Wednesday, A u g u s t 2 2 , 1973 The a b o v e - e n t i t l e d m a t t e r came on f o r h e a r i n g , p u r s u a n t t o N o t i c e , a t 7:30 p.m. BEFORE: JAMES E . CLARK, C h a i r m a n �C O N T E N T S PAGE WITNESSES: J o h n S. W i n d e r , J r . , Executive Director, M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington C o a l i t i o n f o r Clean Everett Scott, Upper N o r t h e a s t C o o r d i n a t i n g Marv Council 21 Chairman, 24 Leivstone on b e h a l f o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a Metropolitan Transportation Federation F r e d e r i c k Menke, Member, C o m m i t t e e o f 100 on t h e F e d e r a l J a m e s Moyer, r e p r e s e n t i n g The Washington Mrs. 6 17 Mr. P r a h i n s k i Johnny Wilson, Transportation Lamont R e g i o n Air City Plan L. Len 34 40 45 47 P. F . A r i e s D. C. D e p a r t m e n t o f H i g h w a y s a n d T r a f f i c 60 Marian Holbrook, I n n e r C i t y Environment Committee, Potomac C h a p t e r , S i e r r a Club 64 Paul Joan Tom Crumrine, North du Pont A s s o c i a t i o n 68 Czarnecki, President, D. C. Women V o t e r s 72 Jones, Chairman, Service Area 2 72 �P R O C E E D I N G S CHAIRMAN CLARK: We w i l l be i n f o r m a l a l l night. I t h i n k o t h e r p e o p l e a r e c o m i n g b u t we m i g h t a s w e l l g e t started, I have a s h o r t t h e n we w i l l s t a t e m e n t t o p r e s e n t f i r s t , and s t a r t w i t h p e o p l e who w a n t t o t a l k . My name i s J a m e s E . C l a r k , Director of the O f f i c e of Planning I am D e p u t y A s s i s t a n t and Programming i n t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f H i g h w a y s and T r a f f i c . I will conduct tonight's meeting a t t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e D i r e c t o r o f t h e Department, Action plans a r e b e i n g p r e p a r e d b y h i g h w a y and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n departments i n every state, of course, i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. ment o f t h e F e d e r a l of F e d e r a l They a r e a r e q u i r e - Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n highway funds i n t h e f u t u r e w i l l action plans and t h e r e c e i p t b e c o n t i n g e n t on being i n e f f e c t . What d o e s t h e e x p r e s s i o n It i n Puerto Rico and, "action plan" i s i n t e n d e d t o be a f o r m a l mean? description of the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s upon w h i c h h i g h w a y are projects based. It i s t o encompass r e g i o n - and c i t y w i d e t h a t i n v o l v e s b r o a d modal and p o l i c y d e c i s i o n s ; planning t h e D. C. M a j o r T h o r o u g h f a r e P l a n a n d D. C. Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a r e prime products o f t h i s phase o f It planning. i s a l s o t o encompass p r o j e c t p l a n n i n g and Plans �4 p r o j e c t d e s i g n and t h e F e d e r a l and c i t y r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r these phases of planning which implementation are, i n effect, of t h e Major Thoroughfare Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c In steps to the Plan insofar as the i s concerned. addition, the action plan i s to give particular a t t e n t i o n t o c i t i z e n p a r t i c i p a t i o n o p p o r t u n i t i e s and t o include environmental impact as a key factor i n d e c i s i o n - making a t a l l s t a g e s of p l a n n i n g . I n essence, the action p l a n i s a c o m p i l a t i o n o f a l l o f t h e s t e p s o f p l a n n i n g and an e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e o r d e r and r e l a t i o n s h i p o f each step r one t o another. We s o l i c i t initial your a s s i s t a n c e i n e s t a b l i s h i n g an action plan — i n i t i a l b e c a u s e i t w i l l be m o d i f i e d i n t h e f u t u r e when and i f t h e r e a r e new s t a t u t o r y o r r e g u l a t o r y procedures that a f f e c t the planning Specifically, process. do y o u t h i n k t h e a c t i o n p l a n i s c l e a r , c o n c i s e , c o m p l e t e , a n d i f n o t , w h a t do y o u suggest? We h a v e a l s o s o l i c i t e d comments f r o m t h e m a j o r g o v e r n m e n t a l agencies d i s t r i c t departments, EPA, a n d t h e U. S. D e p a r t m e n t of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n . To s a v e y o u t h e t r o u b l e o f w r i t i n g , we a r e p r o d u c i n g a t r a n s c r i p t t o n i g h t s o t h a t y o u r v e r b a l comments w i l l recorded be and a v a i l a b l e t o u s f o r a n a l y s i s and u s e i n p r e - paring a rewrite of the planning In process. f a c t , you and a l l o t h e r i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s have �u n t i l November 1 , 1 9 7 3 , t o add t o y o u r i n i t i a l you choose. comments i f T h e y s h o u l d be d i r e c t e d t o t h e a d d r e s s On o r a b o u t O c t o b e r 1 , 1 9 7 3 , we p l a n a rewrite i n the Federal posted. to publish and D i s t r i c t R e g i s t e r s t i o n f o r a n e f f e c t i v e d a t e o f November 1 , 1 9 7 3 . i n preparaWe will n o t i f y e a c h o f y o u o f t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n by d i r e c t m a i l i n g . Please s i g n t h e r o s t e r i f you want t h i s J u s t a quick notification. reminder o f what t h e a c t i o n p l a n i s not. We h a v e e v i d e n t l y c r e a t e d a plan or endorsement o f a p l a n system or p r o j e c t . or p r o j e c t s . some c o n f u s i o n . I t i s not f o r any p a r t i c u l a r highway I t d o e s n o t recommend p a r t i c u l a r p o l i c i e s I t i s a process t h a t encourages, indeed r e q u i r e s , t h e d e v e l o p m e n t , a n a l y s i s , and t e s t i n g o f a l t e r n a t i v e p o l i c i e s , programs, p r o j e c t s , and o t h e r transportation solutions. Council's I talso c l e a r l y depicts the C i t y r o l e i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n n i n g i n t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia I will you call on p e r s o n t h a t r e g i s t e r e d f i r s t . l i m i t y o u r s e l f t o t e n minutes,we c a n a s s u r e chance t o speak. another round w i t h I f time permits, first, I don't t h i n k t h e r e that plan. will I f time permits, others spoken. on p e o p l e who h a v e r e g i s t e r e d i s a need t o s t a y r i g i d l y we w i l l t r y t o q u i t a t 11 o'clock. a we w i l l go t h r o u g h persons t h a t have a l r e a d y I would l i k e t o c a l l I f with keep going around. I t i s a b i td i f f i c u l t We t o get �out a f t e r 11 o'clock. If called I may, I w o u l d l i k e t o c a l l i n t h a t we h a v e r e g i s t e r e d . t h e names t h a t were I b e t t e r make one announcement. The C i t i z e n s T r a f f i c tonight, tive. as I understand. B o a r d w a n t e d t o be h e r e They a r e n o t s e n d i n g a representa- T h e y p l a n t o s e n d w r i t t e n comments a n d d i s c u s s those comments a t t h e i r n e x t B o a r d m e e t i n g S e p t e m b e r 1 5 . We w i l l r e c e i v e comments f r o m t h e T r a f f i c I would l i k e t o c a l l Board. t h e f i r s t person, John Winder. . I t w i l l b e handy i f y o u u s e t h a t c h a i r f o r t h e reporters. STATEMENT OF JOHN S. WINDER, J R . , E X E C U T I V E DIRECTOR, METROPOLITAN WASHINGTON C O A L I T I O N FOR CLEAN A I R . MR. WINDER: I f I may, I h a v e a p r e p a r e d s t a t e m e n t which I would l i k e t o read. I will My name i s J o h n W i n d e r . Executive for skip the introduction I am a n a t t o r n e y , t h e D i r e c t o r o f the. M e t r o p o l i t a n W a s h i n g t o n C o a l i t i o n C l e a n A i r , a n d a member o f t h e R e g i o n a l A i r Q u a l i t y Planning Committee. The " a c t i o n p l a n " assuring f u l l consideration p r o c e s s i s s t a t e d t o be "aimed a t o f t h e economic, s o c i a l , and e n v i r o n m e n t a l impacts o f t h e proposed highway p r o j e c t s , t o �strengthen and t h e comprehensive t r a n s p o r t a t i o n planning t o improve c i t i z e n participation." T h e r e i s no q u e s t i o n mandated b y F e d e r a l b u t t h a t t h i s p r o g r a m was law to deal with s e r i o u s and b l a t a n t shortcoming i n t h e development o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n across the country. process, Also, clearly the guidelines systems f o r the development and i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f s u c h " a c t i o n p l a n s " the p o t e n t i a l t o s i g n i f i c a n t l y permit improve our t r a n s p o r t a t i o n systems. The d r a f t action plan proposed by t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a D e p a r t m e n t o f H i g h w a y s and T r a f f i c , h o w e v e r , far falls s h o r t o f maximizing t h e p o t e n t i a l changes n e c e s s a r y f o r improving t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n the D i s t r i c t . The comments, t h e r e f o r e , a r e s u b m i t t e d r e g a r d i n g following recommended improvements i n t h e p r o c e d u r e and s u b s t a n c e o f t h e f i n a l action plan. • (1) I n the introduction, that the action plan t h e Department suggests i s a p r o c e s s designed t o improve "decision-making i n transportation planning i n the D i s t r i c t of Columbia." c l e a r that only T h r o u g h o u t t h e d o c u m e n t , h o w e v e r , i t becomes l i p service i s paid transportation planning while on h i g h w a y - the emphasis remains, i n f a c t , systems. In fact, duction, t o t h e concept of t o t a l t h e Department admits, a l s o i n t h e i n t r o - that "the action plan i s i n part a description of a �8 dynamic p r o c e s s w h i c h has y e a r s , and that main u n a l t e r e d b e e n i n e f f e c t f o r a number o f , , . precise functional responsibilities i n transportation planning. , ." T h i s i s , o f c o u r s e , an a d m i s s i o n , t h a t t h e al responsibilities with priority t h e p r i m a r y i f not f o r highway c o n s t r u c t i o n have not Similarly, a d d i t i o n o f an the Department has responsibilities will be exclusive changed. with with transportation environ- highway p l a n n i n g . " more i m p o r t a n t , o f c o u r s e , a r e t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l associated planning. d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e most i m p o r t a n t s t a g e o f t h e and the initial "system planning" objective consideration i s most — the in entire s t a g e where a of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n the process true alternatives critical. The Department s u g g e s t s , however, t h a t p l a n n i n g i s not facilities only; concerned w i t h c o n s t r u c t i o n In of o t h e r s t r a t e g i e s s u c h a s bus car pooling are also considered i n t h i s fact, "system major priorities priorities, i f the Department i s concerned w i t h car pooling, a l t e r n a t i v e s m u s t be and phase." development of a b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system, such a s bus Far requirements A g a i n , the highway emphasis i s i d e n t i f i e d — intended whose " t o i m p l e m e n t many o f t h e mental requirements associated function-' announced t h e "environmental coordinator" re- commuter r a i l , and the elements other not m e r e l y a secondary thought but new a �primary consideration Further, expresses Planning ever, the i n the action plan. same c o n t e x t , the Department concern f o r adherence to the National Commission Comprehensive P l a n . Capital I t i s i m p o r t a n t , how- t h a t t h e D e p a r t m e n t r e c o g n i z e t h e document e n t i t l e d " P o l i c i e s and The i n the Principles for A Transportation System For N a t i o n ' s C a p i t a l , " i n w h i c h NCPC s t a t e d : "The a u t o m o b i l e , f o r a l l o f i t s immense t i o n s t o t h e good l i f e , numbers a r e n o t m u s t be carefully controlled i f i t s t o s e r i o u s l y damage u r b a n A m e r i c a . many a u t o m o b i l e s o v e r - t a x i n g the can of the c i t y . choke the contribu- economic h e a r t Too c a p a c i t y of c e n t r a l s t r e e t s Too many a u t o - m o b i l e s emptying t h e i r e x h a u s t gases i n t o a r e a s where numbers o f p e o p l e l i v e , w o r k and lems o f play can cause severe t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f H i g h w a y s and identifies the a d o p t e d by the M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington C o u n c i l the same t i m e , t h e D e p a r t m e n t m u s t n o t " T h e r e s h o u l d be system constructed i n the as follow- follows: transportation w i t h renewed emphasis a l t e r n a t i v e s to p r i v a t e automobile i s , therefore, Plan Governments. ignore the a t r u l y balanced region of upon p u b l i c g r o u n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n modes a s It Traffic importance of the R e g i o n a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n g t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o b j e c t i v e s , a d o p t e d by COG, placed prob- health." Similarly, At large viable transportation." s t r o n g l y u r g e d and recommended �t h a t the Department a c t u a l l y s t a t e and commitment t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system. To its genuine for a total i t i s recommended T r a f f i c not only the Department i n t o a Department of the D i s t r i c t of (2) that reorganize p o l i c i e s i n f a v o r of balanced t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , but reorganize for action plan t h i s end, t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f H i g h w a y s and implement a also Transportation Columbia. A n o t h e r r e l a t e d comment c o n c e r n s t h e procedura] p r a c t i c e s which h e a v i l y bias t r a n s p o r t a t i o n studies i n of automobile f a c i l i t i e s . For example, h i s t o r i c a l l y , f o r e c a s t s have been used t o j u s t i f y additional the c o n s t r u c t i o n favor traffic of freeways. The i n c r e a s e s on inherent fallacy i n projecting future the b a s i s of past traffic increases method p r e c l u d e s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a l t e r n a t e systems which w i l l reduce automobile traffic i s that transportation traffic. . A s i m i l a r p r a c t i c e of the Department which a l s o be m o d i f i e d o r e l i m i n a t e d s t u d i e s and design studies. presume t h a t t h e i s t h a t of combining be an thereby r e d u c i n g or e l i m i n a t i n g the alternative transportation of i n c r e a s e d (3) e m p h a s i s on should corridor Again, t h i s p r a c t i c e tends facility will auto-freeway full facilities the to facility, consideration for a corridor i n of favor design. There i s a l s o a s e r i o u s omission i n the s i d e r a t i o n o f e c o n o m i c and this con- environmental f a c t o r s f o r which the �11 D e p a r t m e n t h a s s t a t e d a commitment. I t i s strongly recommended t h a t t h i s . a s p e c t o f a n a l y s i s be e x p a n d e d t o consider and two v e r y significant the environment. explored ( a l One f a c t o r w h i c h s h o u l d be and i d e n t i f i e d nate t r a n s p o r t a t i o n For f a c t o r s r e l a t e d t o economics i s t h e economic b e n e f i t s o f a l t e r - facilities. example, t h e a n a l y s i s should i d e n t i f y t h e r e d u c e d m e d i c a l e x p e n s e s and c l e a n i n g expenses which will a c c r u e a s a r e s u l t o f d e c r e a s e d a i r p o l l u t i o n accompanying a d e c r e a s e i n t h e number o f a u t o m o b i l e s u s i n g t i o n system. of v a r i o u s (b) Similarly, the transporta- i n the analysis of the costs t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a l t e r n a t i v e s , i t i s e s s e n t i a l , and i n v a r i a b l y i g n o r e d , t o examine t h e c o s t s o f t h e p r e s e n t , auto-dominated system t o t h e user owning and o p e r a t i n g (4) — to wite, the costs of an automobile. I t i s a l s o recommended t h a t t h e D e p a r t m e n t conduct a s e r i e s o f subarea s t u d i e s concerning various t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o r r i d o r s i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, a s have been conducted i n V i r g i n i a and M a r y l a n d . (5) The d r a f t a c t i o n p l a n i s further deficient i n t h a t i t proposes an incomplete c o n s i d e r a t i o n of a i r p o l l u t i o n . of t h e impact While t h e Department i d e n t i f i e s " a i r p o l l u t i o n " a s one o f t h e f a c t o r s t o be c o n s i d e r e d , t h e a c t i o n plan fails t o a r t i c u l a t e t h e need t o f u l l y s o l u t i o n s t o t h e a i r p o l l u t i o n problem. consider potential �12 I n o t h e r words, the Department must b e g i n consider the f u l l A c t o f 1970, are and r a n g e and impact of the F e d e r a l Clean A i r implemented. p l a n m u s t s t a t e a commitment t o s u p p o r t s u c h a s e x p r e s s and commuter r a i l , fully the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n / l a n d - u s e s t r a t e g i e s c u r r e n t l y b e i n g d e v e l o p e d and strategies, to and to support the action primary e x c l u s i v e bus the secondary The which l a n e s , and strategies such a s r e s t r i c t i o n s on p a r k i n g t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e g i o n , i n a n e f f o r t to improve a i r q u a l i t y . (6) Lastly, measures to support i d e n t i f i e s a s one "improve c i t i z e n citizen participation. this The specific Department o f t h e p u r p o s e s o f t h e a c t i o n plan- t o participation." However, no accomplish t h e D e p a r t m e n t must p r o p o s e s i g n i f i c a n t measures designed to improvement a r e s t a t e d i n t h e " d r a f t p l a n . Essentially, the Department o n l y s t a t e s t h a t c i t i z e n s w i l l be p e r m i t t e d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y comment on D e p a r t m e n t to look a t and actions. G e n u i n e c i t i z e n p a r t i c i p a t i o n m u s t be d e v e l o p e d permit initial way the opportunity decision-making t o e n c o u r a g e and Department p r o v i d e to for c i t i z e n s to p a r t i c i p a t e i n the process. facilitate I t i s recommended, a s this participation, one that the some f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e t o c i t i z e n and/oj c i t i z e n o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n t h e same manner t h a t c o n s u l t a n t s a r e p a i d by t h e D e p a r t m e n t t o r e v i e w and comment on Department �13 p r o g r a m s and proposals. In addition, i t i s most e s s e n t i a l , and l a c k i n g , t h a t e f f o r t s be made t o d e v e l o p c i t i z e n t i o n p r o c e s s e s on a r e g i o n a l b a s i s . Plan clearly participa- The D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a i t s e l f must r e c o g n i z e t h a t most, i f n o t a l l , District of the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s have a r e g i o n a l New District t r a n s p o r t a t i o n improvements, f o r e , m u s t n o t o n l y be c o n s i d e r e d i n t h e c o n t e x t regional transportation plan CHAIRMAN CLARK:- A s I may and c o m p r e h e n s i v e , region. I am s u r e that we c a n s t a r t work- on. I would l i k e t o ask you a MR, further WINDER: formal question. B e f o r e y o u do, I w o u l d l i k e t o add a point. The recommendation t h a t t h e Department provide w r i t t e n r e a c t i o n a n d comment i n t h e f u t u r e and including t h i s action plan o f t e n we to citizens' recommendations, too f i n d c i t i z e n s making recommendations and t h e D e p a r t m e n t may nice Capital citizen s a y , y o u r comments a r e many o f t h e s e s u g g e s t i o n s i n my o p i n i o n ing there- of a b u t a l s o must i n v o l v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n from throughout t h i s N a t i o n a l always c l e a r , concise impact, o r may n o t i g n o r e them. I t h i n k i t would f o r t h e Department t o have t h e Department respond t o p a r t i c u l a r formally recommendations. CHAIRMAN CLARK: I n other words, i f t h e r e i s be �. 1 4 a c c e p t a n c e , so s t a t e ; Are and i f n o t , s t a t e t h e r e a s o n s w h y ? y o u s u g g e s t i n g t h a t maybe t h e D e p a r t m e n t should be c h a n g e d b e f o r e November 1? MR. is WINDER: I would t h i n k the a c t i o n p l a n a n a p p r o p r i a t e document. I t explains the actual t u r e o f t h e Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c . itself struc- That i s the b a s i s on w h i c h I s u b m i t t e d t h i s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n , t h a t action include this i n t h e f u t u r e and t h a t i t be i n t o the depth of t h i s On f i n a n c i n g , w h a t do y o u h a v e A r e y o u t h i n k i n g a b o u t a f o r m a l a p p l i c a t i o n made by a g r o u p i n t e r e s t e d i n g e t t i n g that application received, financial assistance assistance? I t i s a new a n d good i d e a . h a v e t h o u g h t f a r enough a h e a d a s t o how and a s k i n g MR. contractual fashion I wonder i f y o u those funds would f o r these WINDER: h a v i n g t h e government going services? What I had i n m i n d was come k i n d arrangement w i t h d o e s i t now, of t h e D e p a r t m e n t i n t h e same t h a t t h e Department c o n t r a c t s It on how financial flow? Would i t be a c o n t r a c t out and o r do y o u t h i n k t h e g o v e r n m e n t should indeed begin without a p p l i c a t i o n or actually changed commitment. CHAIRMAN CLARK: i n mind? that consultants and because i t requests t h e i r t o develop a freeway f a c i l i t y . expertise I n t h e same way m e e t i n g i s an example w i s h i n g s i n c e r e l y t o r e c e i v e firms. this comments �15 and r e a c t i o n s from t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c and from people who h a v e a c e r t a i n amount o f e x p e r t i s e t o p r o v i d e comments f o r the Department. I t h i n k a procedure c o u l d be d e v i s e d t o d e t e r m i n e s e l e c t i o n b a s e s o r p r o c e s s e s t o d e c i d e who w o u l d r e c e i v e t h e contracts. Perhaps i t m i g h t be a r o t a t i n g b a s i s . I think organizations, p a r t i c u l a r l y established, recognized organizat i o n s , concerned in this city w i t h improving t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system s h o u l d be c o m p e n s a t e d f o r t h e t i m e t h e y take f i n a n c i a l l y t o make p r o p o s a l s a n d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s . CHAIRMAN CLARK: take a sub-area s t u d y , a t the.. same t i m e , y o u a r e s u g g e s t i n g , consultant services, chased? I f t h e Department were t o under- t h e r e s h o u l d be c i t i z e n s e r v i c e d I t i s during that study that c i t i z e n s i n v o l v e d i n a n y way. pur- s h o u l d be T h i s w o u l d be a v e r y good way. T h a n k y o u v e r y much. . MR. WINDER: Thank y o u . ' CHAIRMAN CLARK: We h a v e g o t s i x p e o p l e from t h e P r o j e c t Committee. The first i s Daisy Holland. Number t w o i s E l l e n The next person L u c i l l e Goodwin. Cofield. i sCatherine Bradley. She i s n o t h e r e . Elizabeth Perry. MS. PERRY: I am h e r e b u t I am n o t r e a d y . �16 CHAIRMAN CLARK: MR. P R A H I N S K I : hearing L e t ' s go t o T h e o d o r e P r a h i n s k i . I was a t a c i t i z e n s a d v i s o r y on t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o d a y . proposing t o s t a r t . board One, t h e C i t y C o u n c i l i s Some o f t h e l e a d p e o p l e i n t h e t r a n s - p o r t a t i o n t h i n g j u s t happened t o b e h e r e f o r t h e f i r s t of t h i s hearing. time T h i s i s n o t meant a s a c r i t i c i s m o f t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t . I know t h e H i g h w a y , D e p a r t m e n t t r i e s notices out. But organizations because I had been P r e s i d e n t change. t o send these I r e c e i v e d one of a c i t i z e n s association. I t i s hard t o get organized. You c a n send i t t o o r g a n i z a t i o n s b u t t h e newcomer w o n ' t know a b o u t i t . I advocate that paid a d v e r t i s e m e n t s be u s e d f o r a l l s i g n i f i c a n t events for hearing. in the classified s e c t i o n s o f t h e paper. F r a n k l i n , went i n t o p o l i t i c s assembly n o t i c e s . newspapers. think only I think this s o he c o u l d A l l public Some w e r e v e r y s h o u l d be p u t I think Benjamin get the business t h i n g s were p r i n t e d of i n the nice, but the reporters usually a t the time o f hearing. These n o t i c e s are to late to register for witnesses. I t h i n k t h e p a p e r s m i g h t be n i c e enough t o p u t i t i n t h e Metro s e c t i o n . The government s h o u l d pay f o r CHAIRMAN CLARK: this. May I i n t e r r u p t f o r a moment? Have y o u s e e n t h e a d v e r t i s e m e n t i n t h e P o s t �17 a d v e r t i s i n g the a v a i l a b i l i t y of t h i s a c t i o n plan? box. I t was a I t w a s more n o t i c e a b l e t h a n t h e c l a s s i f i e d a d s . I s t h a t what you have i n mind? MR. P R A H I N S K I : T h i s w o u l d o n l y b e good i f y o u knew w h a t p a r t o'f t h e p a p e r i t w o u l d be i n . I t i s a l w a y s good t o h a v e i t i n one s e c t i o n o f t h e p a p e r . Sometimes I f i n d Maryland t h a t they w i l l i n i f y o u d o n ' t go. specific interesting things out i n be h a v i n g a h e a r i n g . You c a n w r i t e I h a v e made n o t e s on d o c u m e n t s o f pages. Page 1 7 , P a r a g r a p h I I . E . 4 , E n v i r o n m e n t a l Statement A v a i l a b l e ; Page 1 9 , P a r a g r a p h I I I . A , T r a n s p o r t a t i o n System P l a n n i n g P r o j e c t s ; III.B.l, Paragraph I I I . B . 3 , A v a i l a b i l i t y Start of Page 27, P a r a g r a p h Notice o f I n t e n t t o Apply f o r F e d e r a l Page 3 8 , P a r a g r a p h I I I . B . 2 , S t a r t Impact Assistance; o f S t u d i e s ; Page 3 2 , of EIS; Page 3 3 , P a r a g r a p h I I I . B . 4 , . P r e h e a r i n g I n f o r m a t i o n a l M e e t i n g s ; Page 3 4 , P a r a g r a p h I I I . B . 5 , P u b l i c H e a r i n g s ; Page 3 5 , P a r a g r a p h I I I . B . 7 , Availability of Final EIS; a b i l i t y of Planning a n d Page 6 1 , P a r a v r a p h V.C, A v a i l - Bulletins. The p a r a g r a p h n o t a t i o n s a r e on t h i s p a p e r . got t o work on g r e a t e r a v a i l a b i l i t y t o c i t i z e n s . We h a v e I suggest k e e p i n g t h e O f f i c e o f P l a n n i n g a n d P r o g r a m m i n g open t o a b o u t 8;00 o r 9:00 p.m. The employees p i c k t h e i r When y o u come i n y o u need Somebody t h a t h o u r s a n d come i n knows. �18 » The s e c o n d s u g g e s t i o n i s a d a t a bank a n d i n the O f f i c e of Planning a n d Management. library I t i s a case of h o p i n g t h a t somebody d o e s t h e j o b i n t h e p u b l i c library. You h a v e t o h a v e a good i n d e x f o r w h a t i s a v a i l a b l e . t h i n k t h e d a t a o u g h t t o be s t r u c t u r e d s o i t f i t s Freedom of Information Act structure. I c the I t h a s t o be a d o p t e d " by a l l g o v e r n m e n t . The Freedom of Information Act philosphy, the o l d i d e a , y o u d o n ' t p u t i t o u t b e c a u s e y o u d o n ' t know w h a t m i g h t happen. And t h e new t h i n k i n g i s put i t out. I t h i n k i t p a y s t o do i t . I t h i n k t h e Highway Department has faced years o f s u s p i c i o n e v e n t h o u g h I know t h e y h a v e done t h e i r best. T h e t r o u b l e s we h a v e r u n i n t o i n g e t t i n g a good t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m i n t h i s c i t y a r e t h e r e a r e s o many t h a t come i n t o t h i s c i t y t h a t h a v e a v e t o power. P u t more e d u c a t e d p e o p l e i n t o t h e n i t t y - g r i t t y o f what you a r e t a l k i n g about. I think there are a l o t of p e o p l e t h a t c a n do a r i t h m e t i c i n v o l v e d i n this kind of planning. You t a l k the planners need. somewhere a b o u t t h e i m p o r t a n t The p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e a r e a , information the o f t r i p s t a k e n by a u t o and p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . things like this proportion Little seem a w f u l l y way o u t b u t i t i s n o t more t h a n high school a r i t h m e t i c . I f a l o t of people s t a r t e d t o do i t , I t h i n k i t woul< �19 be b e t t e r . One S t r e e t w o u l d be was not man put t o g e t h e r how justified. r e a l l y hard. The f i g u r e s do check out. have a problem of be work. to get Citizens to the t h a t way. C o m m i t t e e , some body s t r u c t u r e d i n t h e r e . previous but be s p e a k e r s a y i n g d o i n g t h i n g s by I don't l i k e c o n t r a c t s . n a i l e d on e v e r s i n c e you put v e n t i l a t i o n and The Vice to c i t i z e n The the contract. I am i s about to I t h i n k the type gone down t h e d r a i n and I t h i n k the idea axes to grind; problem you face i s only you i s to These t h e y h a v e t o be i t so y o u solve everything freedom of e x p r e s s i o n by and things the experts to prove t h e i r program. g e t more I t h i n k even the Russians the best but of more control. somebody e l s e t o do you sorry buildings as a r e s u l t . from the a g e n c i e s t r y i n g tell I heard p u b l i c l y - o r i e n t e d o f f i c e s which have s t a f f s . subject real Advisory President contracts. a l l t h a t has s t a f f s h a v e t h e i r own can't I t is a poor government h a v e had t h a t on stinking buildings s e t up work. contracts. I t h i n k you get I t h i n k peop; some c i t i z e n s b e i n g more I t should not have got i t once t h e y s t a r t d o i n g t h e equal than others. You Eighth I d i d a s i m i l a r s t u d y and start thinking r e a l i s t i c a l l y You a subway on are a computer. p e o p l e who t o do. right You now need ideas. finding that You you have to have a r e not T h e r e i s one constrained to thing i n here �t h a t t a l k s about sub-area c o r r i d o r concept to s t u d i e s and corridor studies. i s something I t h i n k i s not — the r a d i a l c o r r i d o r p l a n they have. Greek c i t y p l a n n e r , wrote g e t t h e c e n t e r s jumped up and North t o o much t r a f f i c Virginia c e n t r a l and i t won't w o r k . t h e y h a v e gone up You C. n o r t h e a s t h a v e b e e n r u i n e d by The 1-66 They a r e c o n s t r a i n e d . f e e d s i n t o b r i d g e s l o c a t e d b e t w e e n 1 4 t h and Now , the t h a t i s w h a t h a s r u i n e d D. c o m i n g down t h e r e . i s a laugh. i t goes back Andoxi Adosis a book on how This study i n All traffic 15th Street. to there. Some s t u d y h a s t o be made a s t o b r i d g e Here i s C r y s t a l C i t y , w h i c h CHAIRMAN CLARK: s h o u l d h a v e i t s own locations. bridges. I f I m i g h t i n t e r r u p t , we w o u l d a b l e t o i g n o r e our t e n - m i n u t e r u l e b u t we be should not ignore i t t o o much. About t h e c o r r i d o r . A r e you ought t o emphasize a r e a - w i d e , PRAHINSKI: corridor planning r e f l e c t s it up. We think regional-wide planning than c o r r i d o r or r a t h e r than sub-area MR. s a y i n g you rather planning? s h o u l d do b o t h . something e l s e . I suggest a bridge study. I am You saying the h a v e t o open Where s h o u l d t h e y be located. CHAIRMAN CLARK: You are also suggesting there s h o u l d n o t j u s t be a r a d i a l c o r r i d o r , b u t a corridor? A r e you saying that? we cross-city �MR. PRAHINSKI: I b a s i c a l l y favor T h a t way, system l i k e D e t r o i t has. in two trips. go you can triangular any place T h i s i s what i s r e a l l y happening i n p r a c t i c e . CHAIRMAN CLARK; ship the Are you f o r the study i n F r i e n d - Heights? MR. PRAHINSKI: Absolutely. T h i s i s g e t t i n g more realistic. Finally, one of the advantages which w i l l g i v i n g good d a t a t o t h e c i t i z e n s . awful office buildings people c o n s u l t a n t s there." for not argues much t r a f f i c and we will on the b a s i s of a out a contract i t over contract a r e you MR. PRAHINSKI: Christmas I d o n ' t w a n t t o be Yes. Dr. vacation. this. rude but you. finished? CHAIRMAN CLARK: Thank you. Cordial. Upper N o r t h e a s t C o o r d i n a t i o n STATEMENT OF 15-minute there. come b a c k t o Oh; The T h e y a l s o had i n t o the r e s t of CHAIRMAN CLARK: w r a p up these I n F a l k l a n d the a r a i n y evening during I won't go you control from ?! .• • c o u n t on T h e r e was will h i r e d by M e t r o , t h e y s a i d , " P u t This expert traffic b e i n g p u t up. They n e v e r t o l d anybody. a project. You flow Council E V E R E T T SCOTT, UPPER NORTH- EAST COORDINATING COUNCIL would �MR. SCOTT: east Coordinating My name i s E v e r e t t S c o t t , Upper N o r t h - Council. We r e p r e s e n t of t h e Coordinating I would 28 o r g a n i z a t i o n s a n d t h e y a r e members Council. l i k e t o s a y t h a t n o t a one o f t h e s e i z a t i o n s r e c e i v e d a copy o f t h i s d r a f t o f t h e a c t i o n nor d i d t h e y receive a notice to this particular I was a t t h e D. C. F e d e r a t i o n t i o n s E x e c u t i v e B o a r d on t h e 1 5 t h . of any meeting o f t h i s nature. organplan, meeting. of C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a - T h e r e was no m e n t i o n I was a t l a s t month's r e g i o n a l e x e c u t i v e b o a r d m e e t i n g a n d t h e r e was no m e n t i o n o f this meeting. I t a l k e d t o t h e C h a i r m a n o f SAC A r e a 2, Tom Jones. ago. He d i d n o t know a b o u t t h i s m e e t i n g u n t i l two d a y s I t happened I c a l l e d him t h i s morning and found o u t t h i s meeting i s i n e x i s t e n c e . I w a n t t o f i n d o u t how do y o u d e t e r m i n e w h a t c i t i z e n s group and what t y p e o f i n p u t a r e you l o o k i n g I n t h e b a c k , on P a g e 5 8 , I n o t i c e y o u h a v e c i t i z e n tion. I for? participa- h a v e t o t o u c h on t h i s . These o r g a n i z a t i o n s here — a n s w e r now — you don't have t o a r e endorsing t h i s p a r t i c u l a r d r a f t to the a c t i o n p l a n or what i s i t ? Is t h i s t h e makeup o f t h e t y p e o f c i t i z e n p a r t i c i p a t i o n we a r e l o o k i n g for? �23 CHAIRMAN CLARK: I t i s simply a l i s t of those c i t i z e n s o r g a n i z a t i o n s .that h a y e p a r t i c i p a t e d b u t n o t a n endorsement. MR. SCOTT: The P a s t P r e s i d e n t o f t h e C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n i s a member o f t h i s . T h e r e was no m e n t i o n from h i m a t t h e F e d e r a l b o a r d m e e t i n g t h a t t h i s m e e t i n g was i n existence. I am n o t g o i n g t o s t a n d up a n d t e l l t h e highway department. years. We a r e i n t e r e s t e d you about I have been f i g h t i n g f o r t h e l a s t t e r i n n o t s u c h much y o u r d r a f t o f a n a c t i o n p l a n , b u t how y o u c a n r e s u r f a c e t h e s e s t r e e t s have heavy t r a f f i c wrecking t h e i r that a n d s h a k e t h e s e p e o p l e ' s f o u n d a t i o n s and homes. Tom J o n e s w i l l a t t e s t t h a t a t some o f y o u r SAC meetings these a r e our primary c o n s i d e r a t i o n s , t r y t o take care of the e x i s t i n g heavier s t r e e t s a n d make them s u i t a b l e f o r traffic. CHAIRMAN CLARK: Mr. S c o t t , I was g o i n g t o m e n t i o n as f a r a s t h o s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s n o t g e t t i n g m a i l i n g s , I would l i k e v e r y much i f y o u w o u l d n o t mind g i v i n g u s names a n d a d d r e s s e s o f them. MR. SCOTT: I have a recommendation. That i s , you g e t i n t o u c h w i t h Community S e r v i c e , who h a s s u p p o s e d l y a m a i l i n g a d d r e s s t o e v e r y organization If i n this city. y o u u s e t h i s p r o c e d u r e , maybe we c a n g e t p a r - t i c i p a t i o n s o we know w h a t we a r c t a l k i n g a b o u t . I h e a r d a �24 d a t e a b o u t November 1 . I w o u l d recommend a s i x - m o n t h s d e l a y o r a y e a r the people a r e properly n o t i f i e d action until so t h e y c a n g e t a look a t t h i s plan. CHAIRMAN CLARK: Okay, s i r . The Lamont R e g i o n C i t i z e n s T h a n k y o u , Mr. Scott. Association. STATEMENT OF JOHNNY WILSON, TRANSPORTATION CHAIRMAN, LAMONT REGION MR. of WILSON: I am J o h n n y , T r a n s p o r t a t i o n C h a i r m a n Lamont. Mr. today. C l a r k , I found out about t h i s meeting I was c a l l e d by Mr. earlie Scott. B e f o r e I go a n y f u r t h e r , a s y o u know, I h a v e w i t h ECTC. We h a v e b e e n o p p o s i n g h i g h w a y s b e c a u s e we we d i d n o t need i t and t h e p o l l u t i o n . r o o t i n g t h e home. •For me felt t h o u g h t i t was T h e n we g o t i n t o t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l up- thing. t o come down and t a l k a b o u t p l a n n i n g more highways i s r i d i c u l o u s . ways coming We been Lamont w i l l n o t s u p p o r t more h i g h - into the c i t y . L o o k i n g a t t h e p a m p h l e t p r o g r a m g u i d e l i n e s and t h e a c t i o n p l a n f r o m DOT, a r e p o r t came o u t c a l l e d t h e L e m a r i a Report, to deal w i t h the system. Is this You h a v e n o t c h a n g e d this. t h e r e v i s e d way y o u d e a l w i t h t h e c i t i z e n s , w h e r e y o u b r i n g them i n w i t h o u t t e l l i n g them a n y t h i n g ? wondering i f t h i s takes the p l a c e of the Lemaria Report. I am �CHAIRMAN CLARK: I know t h e L e m a r i a R e p o r t a n d I know p e o p l e h a v e l o o k e d a t t h a t a s a way t o o v e r w h e l m a n d get what they wanted a l l a l o n g . It t o g e t some k i n d o f m e c h a n i s m g o i n g s o t h e r e i s guarantee of complete study o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a l t e r n a t i v e s as w e l l is a s t h e s i t u a t i o n s o c i a l l y and environmentally. a l s o my This opinion. MR. WILSON: I f what you a r e s a y i n g agree w i t h Jack E r i c k s o n another plan i s t r u e , do y o u t h a t t h i s new h i g h w a y p l a n i s t h a t c a n n o t be t e s t e d i n t h e c o u r t s ? CHAIRMAN CLARK: MR. WILSON: t h r o u g h 13 s t e p s and i s not that i s a d i r e c t r e s u l t o f t h e Congress t e l l i n g t h e F e d e r a l Government a This action plan I disagree with that. The L e m a r i a R e p o r t , a f t e r y o u of dealing with the citizenry, b u i l d t h e road. Above a l l , went t h e y go o n t h e a c t i o n p l a n we p r o v i d e i t may p r o v e t o be t h e a n s w e r t o t h a t d i l e m m a , t h e need o f the n a t i o n is f o r roads and t h e d e s i r e f o r n a t u r a l environment t o save beauty. I tstill Once a g a i n , roads. is I f you walk about improving t h e roads you have, something e l s e . long and h a r d . you as a plan road. I c a n n o t d e a l w i t h y o u r b u i l d i n g more I will CHAIRMAN CLARK: it says you have t o have t h a t that support t h a t . John, you have thought about You have looked a t t h i s a c t i o n p l a n . t o b u i l d highways. this You s e e L e t me a s k y o u t h i s : a r e n o t p r e p a r e d t o a n s w e r now, l e t ' s g e t a n a n s w e r I f later �26 on. What w o u l d y o u do w i t h t h i s p l a n a t t h i s p o i n t t o r e s h a p e , r e w r i t e and r e c a s t i t so you would n o t have that o p i n i o n about i t ? MR. WILSON: the Suppose y o u t a k e t h i s p l a n , l o o k a t p r o b l e m s we h a v e w i t h t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . Department does n o t r e a l i z e I f t h e Highway o t h e r p e o p l e know y o u c a n n o t move p e o p l e , m a s s p e o p l e a n d a u t o m o b i l e s . If y o u p u t up a p a r t m e n t s and i n c r e a s e t h e i r heights a n d d e n s i t y y o u w o u l d n o t be a b l e t o p u t a u t o m o b i l e s o v e r there. You would have t o t a l k a b o u t a n o t h e r mode o f m o v i n g people. T h i s p l a n , i f you want t o t a k e t h e highway p a r t out and p u t i n some t y p e o f p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o move p e o p l e , y o u d o n ' t need more h i g h w a y s . s e r v i c e s f o r the people. Y o u n e e d more b u s e s o r o t h e r T h e M e t r o s y s t e m p r o b l e m i s we h a v e t h e same g r o u p o f p e o p l e r u n n i n g t h a t t h a t f a i l e d the o t h e r company. with T h e y a r e a l l o w i n g t h e same p e o p l e t o manage t o g i v e u s t h e same k i n d o f s e r v i c e a s we h a d b e f o r e . In fact, some p e o p l e s a y i t i s w o r s e . I am just w o n d e r i n g w h e t h e r we s h o u l d be d e a l i n g w i t h g e t t i n g t h a t of kind s e r v i c e i n p r e f e r e n c e t o p u t t i n g i n more h i g h w a y s . You s a i d p e o p l e a g r e e d t o h i g h w a y s t o move a b o u t i n I know y o u know t h e s e t h i n g s t h r o u g h i n f o r m a t i o n . 295 c o m i n g i n f r o m W i l s o n B r i d g e . Look a t Y o u go t o C o n n e c t i c u t �27 A v e n u e and l o o k a t t h e t r a f f i c coming in i n t h e morning. T h i n k ; i f one b u s w o u l d e l i m i n a t e 20 c a r s , y o u w o u l d n o t need more r o a d s . CHAIRMAN CLARK: I f t h i s p l a n f o c u s e d on t h o s e s o l u t i o n s you would back t h e p r o c e s s ? MR. WILSON: I n t h e '73 Highway A c t , some p e o p l e a r g u e d t o b u s t t h e Highway two y e a r s l a t e r . T r u s t Fund. They got a r i d e r i n My s u g g e s t i o n i s , h o l d up t h a t t e n p e r c e n t o f o u r money a n d w a i t u n t i l we c a n p u t i t i n t o mass t r a n s portation. we d o n ' t You a r e w a s t i n g money p o u r i n g i t into highway need. Let that chart. me go i n t o s o m e t h i n g e l s e . What i n f o r m a t i o n w e n t i n t o CHAIRMAN CLARK: I am l o o k i n g a t that? I t i s s u p p o s e d t o be a summary o f that plan. MR. WILSON: What i s t h i s d r a f t • CHAIRMAN CLARK: That i s the f i r s t w r i t i n g o f t h i s t h i n g we c a l l MR. WILSON: here? t r y a t the" • the action plan. Whose i d e a s f i t i n t o t h i s CHAIRMAN CLARK: draft? I t i s b a s e d on e x i s t i n g l a w a n d r e g u l a t e s TPB p o l i c y . MR. WILSON: T h i s i s what you prepared without c i t i z e n input a t a l l ? CHAIRMAN CLARK: T h i s i s our f i r s t b i g e f f o r t to g e t c i t i z e n s t o l o o k a t i t a n d comment on i t ; y e s , i t i s . �28 MR. WILSON: Y o u a r e t a l k i n g a b o u t D. C. money. Are you using our t a xd o l l a r s t o b r i n g t h i s i n ? CHAIRMAN CLARK: MR. WILSON: What? D i d you g e t t h e c i t i z e n s i n t o this 1 d r a f t or not? CHAIRMAN CLARK: I w o u l d h a v e t o s a y no. I t i s b a s e d upon r e g u l a t i o n s a n d l a w s a s t h e y e x i s t o n t h e b o o k s . MR. WILSON: D i d y o u meet w i t h a n y c i t i z e n s ? CHAIRMAN CLARK: are not t r y i n g t o t e l l meetings. We h a v e met w i t h c i t i z e n s . We a n y b o d y we h a v e h a d a s e r i e s o f We h a v e h a d two m e e t i n g s o n i t . MR. WILSON: T h i s t h i n g r e q u i r e s y o u t o do s o much. Were y o u u s i n g t h o s e m e e t i n g s t o c o m p l y w i t h t h e action plan? When I s e e somebody r e c o r d i n g , I know t h i s i s g o i n g t o be t u r n e d i n t o DOT. I don't want t h e - L a m o n t ' r e g i o n s u p p o r t i n g another highway. CHAIRMAN CLARK: I know y o u w i l l n o t be r e c o r d e d as s u p p o r t i n g b u i l d i n g another highway. MR. WILSON: COG. Getting into c i t i z e n You d i d n o t c o n f e r w i t h t h e c i t i z e n s . C o u n c i l o f Governments. Services. Is i n p u t , you have You have t h e Y o u s a i d p u b l i c h e a r i n g s a n d D. C. You have C o u n c i l o f Governments that your view of c i t i z e n CHAIRMAN CLARK: p u t t i n g t o g e t h e r r i g h t now. Citizen Advisory. participation? T h a t COG i s s o m e t h i n g t h e y a r e They a r e s t a r t i n g a c i t i z e n �29 advisory c o m m i t t e e , s e v e r a l o f them. MR. WILSON: involvement. of I h a v e my p r o b l e m w i t h them. Citizen I s e e n o t h i n g up t h e r e o t h e r t h a n t h e C o u n c i l Governments. CHAIRMAN CLARK: I n System P l a n under p u b l i c hear- i n g s , f o r e x a m p l e . - L e t ' s go t o t h e m a j o r t h o r o u g h f a r e plan. T h a t w o u l d be a n e x a m p l e o f a s y s t e m , i n t h a t c a s e f o r a w h o l e d i s t r i c t , mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . t h e NCP h e l d j o i n t meetings. The C i t y C o u n c i l and I n No. 2, p u b l i c hearings, we a r e t a l k i n g a b o u t a n y m e e t i n g s p u b l i c l y h e l d b y CPC o r D. C, C o u n c i l and other with regard t o major changes i n thoroughfare- plans. What we a r e p r o p o s i n g i s t o l e t t h r o u g h t h e SAC p e o p l e know a b o u t u p c o m i n g p u b l i c h e a r i n g s , any a c t i v i t i e s of t h e government c o u n c i l , C i t i z e n s A d v i s o r y any activities planning.. i n our Department t h a t p e r t a i n t o Our D e p a r t m e n t i s l e s s i n v o l v e d than p r o j e c t plans. responsibility, Committee and system i n system plans T h a t i s b a s i c a l l y c i t i z e n non- project planning. We a r e p l a n n i n g t o p u t o u t a p l a n n i n g bulletin t h a t w i l l e x p l a i n a n y up-coming s t u d i e s , m e e t i n g s , o r d e c i s i o n s o r b u d g e t s t h a t we w a n t t o l e t c i t i z e n s know a b o u t . We a r e putting thousands together a computerized l i s t that can accept o f names, l i t e r a l l y . MR. WILSON: I agree w i t h that. : When y o u s a i d - : �30 citizens involved, public hearings. y o u h a v e COG and a l l t h e o t h e r t h i n g s a r e When y o u p u t them i n t h e r e w i t h t o some o f t h e l o c a l c i t i z e n s o r g a n i z a t i o n s , t some o f t h e l o c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s . you l e f t out .. I t .. L e t me d r o p down t o s u b - a r e a t a s k preference - • forces. T h e r e a r e good e x a m p l e s o f t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t task forces recently. interagency task Friendship H e i g h t s , t h e r e was a n f o r c e a n d I u n d e r s t a n d t h e same t h i n g i s happening i n t h e South C a p i t o l a r e a . and no Management o f t h e D i s t r i c t problem w i t h of The O f f i c e o f i s pushing the idea. Planning I have that. When y o u m e n t i o n e d c i t i z e n s , y o u m e n t i o n e d COG; a n d when y o u s a i d s u b - t a s k f o r c e , y o u knew w h a t we a r e t a l k i n g about b u t I don't. some c i t i z e n s To me, I t h i n k y o u c o u l d organizations. CHAIRMAN CLARK: bureaucracy. point. That i s about i t . I have covered everything. I would l i k e with I t h i n k i t i s more o f a I t h i n k we g o t t h a t MR. WILSON: practically have mentioned t o s e e i f y o u a r e g o i n g t o go f a r t h e r t h i s type of thing. I g u e s s I am bound t o t a k e up my t i m e a n d come down h e r e and c o n s t a n t l y make t h e same s t a t e ments. the I think Mr. A r i e s a n d t h e D. C. G o v e r n m e n t knows people's p o s i t i o n here. I know t h e C a p i t a l Improvement book t h a t came o u t u n d e r y o u r name, recommending a l o t o f �31 r o a d s t h a t t h e C i t y Highways and Roads o b j e c t e d you a r e p r o t e c t i n g y o u r j o b . We d o n ' t h a v e j o b s so we s t i l l object to that. CHAIRMAN CLARK: to. I guess to protect, , Thank you, John. I hope y o u s e e i n t h e 1975 p r o j e c t s p r o j e c t s t h a t y o u c a n s u p p o r t . Part of t h a t i s b e c a u s e some o f t h e t h i n g s we h a v e g o t t e n o u t o f t h e SAC m e e t i n g s . Can , you take p e o p l e y o u know? MR, a copy o f t h a t t o t a k e t o some o f t h e We c a n a c c e p t comments up t o S e p t e m b e r 1 . WILSON: B e f o r e I g o t , from t h i s meeting, you a r e p r o p o s i n g t o do w h a t ? CHAIRMAN CLARK: to r e w r i t e not only To p u t i t s i m p l y , we a r e p r o p o s i n g f r o m t h i s m e e t i n g b u t w r i t t e n comments f r o m a number o f a g e n c i e s and I hope f r o m c i t i z e n s t o o , b e c a u s e we h a v e a s k e d f o r i t — of t h i s i n time t o p u b l i s h we a r e a i m i n g f o r a r e w r i t e i t October 1 i n t h e D i s t r i c t Register.• 30 days a f t e r t h a t , u n l e s s there are substantive comments t h a t f o r c e t h e D i s t r i c t i n t o r e d o i n g i t a g a i n , i t will b e e f f e c t i v e November 1 . W h e t h e r i t goes i n t o a f f e c t November 1 d e p e n d s on t h e comments we g e t . MR. thing. WILSON: We compe i n w i t h a o n e - s h o t t a p e Due t o t h o s e h e a r i n g s o f SAC, s u p p o s e we, t h e c i t i z e n s s a y one t h i n g h e r e a n d we s e e t h e C o n g r e s s i o n a l R e c o r d this i s what t h e people want. A l o t o f us might have saying �32 r e s e r v a t i o n s about t h a t . be i n t h e F e d e r a l T h e n e x t t i m e we s e e i t a g a i n will Register? CHAIRMAN CLARK: How do y o u f e e l ? we c a n s e n d o u t a r e w r i t e t o y o u r g r o u p . October 1 You c a n have a copy o f i t i n y o u r hands. MR. WILSON: I t i s l i k e t h e Highway Department d e c i d e d t o come o u t t o p u t ^ i n r o a d s a n d s o m e t h i n g e l s e a n d t h e n t h e y s a y , w e l l , we w a n t t o t a l k a b o u t i t a n d s a y now y o u a r e t o o l a t e now a n d t h e r e i s n o t h i n g y o u c a n do. CHAIRMAN CLARK: Y o u a r e s a y i n g we a r e t o o inflexible. MR. WILSON: No. I m e n t i o n w h a t we w a n t may n o t be w h a t i s i n t h e F e d e r a l R e g i s t e r . Y o u h a v e no more i n p u t W h a t e v e r t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t d e c i d e s f r o m t h i s one n i g h t h e a r i n g , once i t goes — CHAIRMAN CLARK: t o overcome Okay, J o h n . What c a n y o u recommend that? MR. WILSON: What i s t h e r u s h ? i CHAIRMAN CLARK: T h e F e d e r a l Highway Commission s a i d t h e y w a n t t o make a h i g h w a y p l a n f o r t h e D i s t r i c t e f f e c t i v e November 1 . MR. WILSON: T h a t m i g h t be t r u e . B u t you don't have t h e time. CHAIRMAN CLARK: MR. WILSON: What do y o u recommend? T e l l them y o u - i c a n ' t dcy y o u h a d a man �33 come t o t h e h e a r i n g s f r o m t h e C o m m i s s i o n . to He w a n t e d them a p p r o v e a r o a d b e f o r e t h e y h a d h e a r i n g s on i t f o r t h e s a k e of paperwork. We g o t t h e same t y p e o f t h i n g t o n i g h t . t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t meet i t . s e t s the deadline, t e l l them we I f e e l you have i n mind t o b U i l d a n o t h e r ( CHAIRMAN CLARK: I f can't road. Thank you. Mr. Marv L e i v s t o n e . MRS. COFIELD: Can I go"back and' a s k ' i f a n y o f t h e E i g h t h S t r e e t p e o p l e a r e here', D a i s y H o l l a n d ? Cofield. I am I t was a d e c i s i o n o f t h e g r o u p we d i d n o t h a v e enough t i m e t o r e a l l y g e t a good u n d e r s t a n d i n g to did of the d r a f t d i s c u s s i t f o r t h e p e o p l e o f t h e community. converse existing Mrs. Those that f e l t t h a t i m p r o v e m e n t s n e e d t o be done on s t r e e t s b e f o r e we s t a r t t a l k i n g a b o u t b u i l d i n g more streets. CHAIRMAN CLARK: May I ask a question? What t i m e do y o u h a v e i n m i n d ? MRS. COFIELD: We g e t i n t o t h i s b i g hangup. t h i n g i s p u s h e d down o u r t h r o a t s . people a r e working people. Most o f t h e Every- community They don't have t h e time t o say we c a n s p e n d two d a y s t o r e a l l y study t h i s . T h e y come p e r i o d i c a l l y o v e r week n i g h t s t o t a l k a b o u t t h e s e t h i n g s . You a r e s a y i n g November 1 . on v a c a t i o n . We A few p e o p l e a r e need more time,* l i k e t h e f i r s t Here t h i s i s the f i r s t still of the year. o f S e p t e m b e r a l m o s t and y o u a r e t a l k i n g �34 a b o u t November. other community Most o f t h e o t h e r problems. CHAIRMAN CLARK: for the I understand. COFIELD: Yes. CHAIRMAN CLARK: j u s t entered t h e room. We We speaking decided to j u s t say t h i s . I u n d e r s t a n d Mr. just called Leivstone has y o u r name a few ago. Would y o u mind coming up r i g h t informal tonight. We You a r e group? MRS. minutes people a r e i n v o l v e d i n are limiting the other now? We are very I am J i m C l a r k f r o m t h e Highway Department o u r s e l v e s c l o s e t o t e n minutes because of p e o p l e who want t o t a l k . STATEMENT OF MARV L E I V S T O N E , SPEAKING ON BEHALF OF THE D I S T R I C T OF COLUMBIA METROPOLITAN TRANSPORTATION FEDERATION MR. ing LEIVSTONE: I would l i k e t o s a y I am n o t s p e a k - f o r t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n t h a t I w o r k f o r , t h e Highway U s e r s Federation. I w o u l d r a t h e r s p e a k f o r t h e g e n t l e m a n I hoped w o u l d be h e r e , Mr. Bob L e r n e r , who D i s t r i c t of Columbia M e t r o p o l i t a n That Federation a metropolitan i s President of the Transportation i s a local organization. b a s e made up o f t h e b u s i n e s s transportation oriented Federation. I t has industry, citizen groups. T h e i r m a i n p u r p o s e i s ( t o do w h a t e v e r t h e y can t o h e l p u s s u s t a i n a good, b a l a n c e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p r o g r a m i n i: ... �Metropolitan Washington. Being t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o r i e n t e d , t h e groups have a deep i n t e r e s t i n t h e a c t i o n p l a n . I n reading through i t and d i s c u s s i n g i t w i t h Mr. L e r n e r , I w o u l d l i k e t o c o n v e y h i s comments t h a t I a n d o t h e r members o f t h e F e d e r a t i o n f e e l as a d r a f t , that standing operating procedure f o r g u i d e l i n e s f o r us i n t h i s metro a r e a t o h a v e a p u b l i c p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s , f i n d i t more t h a n a d e q u a t e . we We t h i n k i t i s a good s e t o f g u i d e l i n e s a n d i t h a s p a r a m e t e r s w i d e enough s o t h a t t h e r e is room f o r new a l t e r n a t i v e s and s u g g e s t i v e d e l e t i o n s a s we progress i n a public planning process. I f we c a n recommend a n y new i t e m s f p r f i t i r e dialogue or a d d i t i o n s to the d r a f t a c t i o n plan, I think i t w o u l d be t h e s e . Where we t a l k e d a b o u t t h e i n p u t f r o m c i t i z e n and b u s i n e s s g r o u p s i n t h e d r a f t p l a n , we m i g h t t h i n k a b o u t f u r t h e r d e f i n i n g w h a t we mean b y " b u s i n e s s a n d c i t i z e n s groups." When we s a y we a r e g o i n g t o g e t b u s i n e s s input, a r e we s a y i n g we a r e g o i n g t o c o n t a c t t h e B o a r d o f T r a d e and t h e Chamber o f Commerce a n d s a y , we t a l k e d t o t h e b r o a d b a s e o f b u s i n e s s , o r s h o u l d we s t a r t c e r t a i n c a t e g o r i e s o f b u s i n e s s e s who m u s t p r o v i d e the p u b l i c planning the proper i n d i v i d u a l input into process. I t h i n k we c a n c o n s i d e r c r e a t i n g s u b - c a t e g o r i e s under t h e t i t l e " B u s i n e s s Groups." One m i g h t be i n t h e N �36 general business a r e a , w h i c h we t h e Chambers o f Commerce and business have i n the Board of t h e downtown b r o a d l y - b a s e d groups. I t h i n k the portation or s e c o n d c a t e g o r y s h o u l d be interested business transportation oriented the trans- groups or a s s o c i a t i o n s merchants. T h i s w o u l d be bus . l i n e t a x i c a b a s s o c i a t i o n , a r e n t - a - c a r ing Trade, or a private o u t f i t or truck- that live every organizations. It the s h o u l d be roads. those organizations day on They u n d e r s t a n d t h e needs of and products p e o p l e d e l i v e r y p e r h a p s a l o t more t h a n t h e general public. I think we i f we can be specific m g i t h e v e n demand i t ? I t h i n k we o f s e t t i n g up an a c t i o n I have not item out had by t h e s e groups w o u l d be a step ahead plan. an o p p o r t u n i t y to t h i n k t h i s f o r as long a p e r i o d as I ' d l i k e . talk about the Congress of C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n s i n the a c t i o n plan. We of c i t i z e n s s p e a k o f them a s b e i n g F e d e r a t i o n s t i o n s and other c i v i c category for c i t i z e n If i n business the associations. That gives associa- us one large input. s e c o n d l a r g e c a t e g o r y , we as business transportation planning. consulting We other a Federation are interested r e g a r d s t h e economic impact M i g h t i t be of Business a good i d e a Groups? They of to are consider �37 extremely l a r g e and o r i e n t e d p e o p l e who wanted. support broadly based groups, t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o u l d t h r e s h ' o u t what t h e I n many c a s e s I am s u r e t h e y w o u l d be w h a t t h e c i t i z e n s w a n t and be a g r e a t b l e n d by h a v i n g t i o n s , we could citizens able vice versa. That transportation public plan. T h o s e a r e t h e two would As them b o t h c o n s u l t e d . f i n d common e l e m e n t s i m p o r t a n t to Federa- f o r the things that * we h a v e d i s c u s s e d so f a r . I will e n c o u r a g e Mr. i n l e t t e r f o r m so we t h r e s h i t out c a n g i v e i t t o him so i t w o u l d make more CHAIRMAN CLARK: On i n writing considered, we t i m e they, s p e n d and How I h a v e one a sub-area have heard question. do y o u to p l a n or whatever i s from a l o t of people t h a t maybe e v e n s i t on the expenses and s t e e r i n g committees. f e e l b u s i n e s s people should e a s y t o s a y t h e y s h o u l d be would you and sense. t h e r e n e e d s t o be c i t i z e n s p a i d t o o f f s e t It's this your remarks about b u s i n e s s - f i r m i n p u t s w h a t e v e r i t h a p p e n s t o be, being L e r n e r t o put a l l of be involved? i n v o l v e d but what mechanism use? MR.. LEIVSTONE: The g r e a t e s t mechanism t o b u s i n e s s p e o p l e i n v o l v e d i s t h e i r own i m p l i e d i n t h e p r o b l e m t h a t we get economic i n c e n t i v e w a n t them t o d e a l w i t h . don't r e a l l y need t o c r e a t e a mechanism t o g e t most o f You the b u s i n e s s people i n v o l v e d i n a t r a n s p o r t a t i o n program t h a t i s �. 38 ' is going t o a f f e c t f e e l there their business. I t h i n k t h e y do n e e d t o i s a n a v e n u e open t o them, to f e e l t h a t they a r e not u n i n v i t e d discuss public g u e s t s when b r o u g h t i n t o planning. CHAIRMAN CLARK: three I t h i n k t h e y do need categories: We h a v e s p l i t p l a n n i n g Systerh P l a n s , into P r o j e c t P l a n n i n g , ' and F i n a l Design. How do y o u f e e l a b o u t s y s t e m p l a n n i n g ? an a r e a b u s i n e s s MR. p e o p l e w o u l d l i k e t o be more i n v o l v e d i n ? LEIVSTONE: Of c o u r s e . system planning themselves. Good b u s i n e s s m e n u s e T h e y w o u l d be happy t o f i n d t h e m s e l v e s on t h e c o r r e c t t e r r i t o r y or h e i r a r c h y I s that i n this system planning or whatever. Of c o u r s e , y o u . h a v e t o h a v e a w e l l - l a i d - o u t system f o r t h i s p l a n . I l i k e your d r a f t because w h i l e i t does a p p l y t o s y s t e m s p l a n n i n g i t i s n o t t h a t r i g i d and brittle. input. . T h e r e i s room f o r f l e x i b l e c h a n g e and a d d i t i o n a l I t h i n k i t ' s a p r e t t y good CHAIRMAN CLARK: MR. WILSON: plan. Thanks v e r y You s a i d y o u a r e f o r t h e h i g h w a y MR. LEIVSTONE: MR. WILSON: Would y o u h a v e a p r o b l e m i f a l o t o f h i g h w a y s t o be b u i l t ? still users? Yes. automobiles were t a k e n o f f t h e road? for much. Would t h e r e be a need Not m a s s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . Do y o u f e e l t h a t t h e r e w o u l d be a n e e d ? MR. LEIVSTONE: Nobody i s g o i n g t o come o u t f o r �' something unnecessary. 39 I f we r e a c h e d a p o i n t w h e r e i t was u n n e c e s s a r y , w h e r e t h e r e w o u l d be h i g h w a y s , we w o u l d do away w i t h a highway o r g a n i z a t i o n t h a t s i m p l y wanted t o pave t h e c o u n t r y from e a s t t o w e s t . MR. WILSON: Because — I f t h e r e i s a c a u s e f o r some p e o p l e b e i n g t a k e n o f f t h e r o a d s , w o u l d t h e r e be a n e e d f o r more roads? T h e y w o u l d n o t be u s i n g t h e i r a u t o m o b i l e s . There w o u l d be l e s s c a r s o n t h e r o a d . MR. LEIVSTONE: T h a t w o u l d depend on l a n d - u s e p r o j e c t i o n s and on w h e r e we saw i n t h e f u t u r e t h e r e w e r e g o i n g t o be more a u t o m o b i l e s t h a n we h a v e t o d a y . It i t seemed we w o u l d n o t h e e d more h i g h w a y s MR. WILSON: off I am s a y i n g i f t h e c a r s w e r e t h e r o a d , do y o u t h i n k t h e r e w o u l d s t i l l — taken be a need f o r more h i g h w a y s ? MR. that until LEIVSTONE: you s t a t e to little bit, i t m i g h t be a l i t t l e that a f a i r b e t t e r f o r Mr. Leivstone q u e s t i o n t o pose so t h a t an answer be r e n d e r e d ? MR. it I f I might rephrase t h e question answer t h e q u e s t i o n . Is can like variables. CHAIRMAN CLARK: a You c a n ' t answer a q u e s t i o n LEIVSTONE: Sure. I ti s a fair question, but s t i m u l a t e s o t h e r q u e s t i o n s t h a t h a v e t o be d i s c u s s e d , variables. Y o u a r e s a y i n g i f t h e r e i s s u d d e n l y no more c a r s �N MR. WILSON: I s a i d i f they were t a k e n o f f t h e r o a d s b y means o f o t h e r modes o f p u b l i c you s t i l l I guess t h e answer f o r t h a t has t o I f you pose a h y p o t h e t i c a l w o u l d h a v e t o be no. these a r e the kinds analyzed t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , do t h i n k t h e r e w o u l d be a need f o r more h i g h w a y s . CHAIRMAN CLARK: be no. , 40 question, t h e answer I t h i n k i t i s important f o r us t o s a y o f q u e s t i o n s t h a t r e a l l y o u g h t t o be . so t h a t t h e r e i s substance behind t h e answer. I think i ti s a relevant question. I think these a r e t h e t y p e s o f q u e s t i o n s t h a t s h o u l d be r a i s e d a n d a n s w e r e d , I appreciate t h a t v e r y much. Thank you v e r y I d o n ' t mean t o c u t y o u o f f . much. T h e r e i s one o t h e r i n d i v i d u a l t h a t I w i l l one more t i m e . L e t me a s k f o r D r . C o r y e l . call I t h i n k he i s here. He i s n o t h e r e . . Now I h a v e a p r o b l e m o f who i s f i r s t . spoke up, you w i l l be Because you next. STATEMENT OF F R E D E R I C K MENKE, MEMBER, COMMITTEE OF 100 ON THE FEDERAL C I T Y MR. MENKE: I am a p r o f e s s i o n a l i n t h e p l a n n i n g f i e l d and have e x p e r i e n c e i n p u b l i c s e r v i c e and p r i v a t e practice, I am now c o n c e r n e d w i t h s p e c i f i c p r o b l e m s and p l a n n i n g f o r o u r community a s a member o f t h e C o m m i t t e e o f �41 100 on the F e d e r a l I am Air. of I am City. a c h a r t e r member o f C h a i r m a n o f t h e C o m m i t t e e on the American S o c i e t y the D i s t r i c t of will I am f o r g i v e me of a bit. s p e a k i n g now. one I hope you I attended the meeting t h a t the a t t h e Commerce D e p a r t m e n t . t h e r o s t e r and I w a n t e d t o be I sure was got t h e m e e t i n g l a s t e d u n t i l m i d n i g h t when I f i n a l l y was speak. The of a l l the C o r p s o f E n g i n e e r s a t t h a t t i m e had press b e c a u s e I had I do n o t no b e i n g gone. car. Washington except a grave. I am sorry there I h a v e no I h a v e no on glad on F on many j o i n t p r o j e c t s . perceptive man benefit evening Street be without estate'in interest. t o see I am you. more. phases of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n Mr. the that real vested I am a r e not I want to c o m p l e t e l y s u p p o r l t a very up I ended up good p e o p l e h e r e . F i r s t of a l l , l a w y e r and held u n t i l a f t e r m i d n i g h t and I h a v e no s p e a k i n g f o r you I was transportation. w a n t t o go transportation. w i t h me serv- I asked to and I am I would l i k e to i n t e r p o s e i n s i s t e n t of s l a t e d t o s p e a k on and City Columbia. C o r p s o f E n g i n e e r s had on Clean the Landmark J o i n t Committee Having s a i d t h i s , on why the Federal of Landscape A r c h i t e c t s . i n g a s a c i t i z e n member on point the C o a l i t i o n f o r W i n d e r who He and i s a very has planning. been w o r k i n g c a p a b l e young well oriented in citizens �• 42 interest. I s u p p o r t e v e r y t h i n g t h a t he go said. That can also f o r the organizations I represent. He expressed very, v e r y w e l l t h a t c e r t a i n t h i n g s d i d not get i n t o your planning b e c a u s e you simply a r e not for instance i n the Planning, few first oriented i n that; sentence, Phases of there i s already a bias i n i t . people t h a t s t i l l walks when 100 and h u n d r e d s o f t h o u s a n d s o f p e o p l e w a l k e d on t o t h e r e w o r k and so speak Transportation I am about f i v e m i l e s remember t h e c i t y y e a r s ago When y o u one of a day. thousands the I and t h e i r own two feet on. That phase of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , t h e r e i s nothing that. T h e r e i s no interesting I f you f i e l d s who /D-int o f v i e w s , not do t h e i r planning o a r s a t home and go the lower p a r t , they other different where t h e r e i s Avenue. them; t h e y k e e p t h e i r i n mass t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . s e e how they get I was The to t h e i r from the Department of Defense. t h e D i s t r i c t Government. is a t h e buses a r e a l l crowded because ass c a r s , as I c a l l o f t h e Army. from a I come f r o m down ' C o n n e c t i c u t When i t r a i n s retired The don't have people i n i t of f o r i n s t a n c e t h e s e a s o n s and going i n t h e r e . t h o s e one for pedestrians at a l l . thing also, t h i s transportation planning mechanical thing. professional planning in I was 35 y e a r s i n t h e of clean people job. on I ten years in Department I w o r k e d i n s i d e t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t . �43 I k n o w e x a c t l y w h a t i s g o i n g on a n d how i t w o r k s . I w o r k e d i n t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f t h e Army a n d I now how t h a t works. I w o r k e d D i s t r i c t c o m m i s s i o n s a n d I know how work, so I r e t i r e d . disability. The r e a s o n f o r my r e t i r e m e n t w a s n o t I retired voluntarily after 35 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e b e c a u s e I was s i c k and t i r e d o f t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n that the persons a r e subjected the on-air conditioned workers l i k e they misery t o when t h e b u s company t a k e s buses t o t r a n s p o r t t h e government pigs. L e t ' s go f o r a m i n u t e down o n y o u r CHAIRMAN CLARK: list. May I i n t e r r u p t a moment. I w a n t t o make s u r e I h a v e a l r e a d y t r a n s l a t e d w h a t you s a i d i n t o this. I want t o g e t your concurrence. t h e r e n e e d s t o be a l o t more p o l i c y MR. MENKE: planning? T h e p l a n h a s t o b e d i f f e r e n t , a s Mr. Winder v e r y p r 6 p e r l y e x p l a i n e d . repetitive. I d o n ' t w a n t t o be Y o u c a n go down t h e w h o l e c h a r t s . systems p l a n t h e major government a g e n c i e s very d e s c r i p t i v e . $ou You a r e s a y i n g I nthe involved, i t i s F o r i n s t a n c e , t h e r e a r e many more are involved with. Department o f I n t e r i o r , agencies Department o f t h e Arrry a n d s o o n . I noticed with s a t i s f a c t i o n that the National Capital Planning planning. Commission i s i n a l l t h r e e phases o f The Landmarks Committee, t h e F i n e A r t s Commission, �' t h e y s h o u l d be on i t . T h e y a r e n o t on i t . major government a g e n c i e s , i t i s not only When y o u s a y a g e n c i e s you have t o d e a l w i t h b u t t h e l e g i s l a t i v e and t h e E x e c u t i v e Bureau of I n v e s t i g a t i o n . 44 and t h e I d o n ' t know w h e t h e r y o u meant those. CHAIRMAN CLARK: Maybe " e n t i t i e s " w o u l d be a better word. MR. MENKE: I t i s incomplete. These 'remarks a r e a t random b e c a u s e I d i d n o t p r e p a r e f o r t h i s m e e t i n g . I stand f o r w h a t Mr. W i n d e r s a i d . The c i t i z e n involvement y o u s p e a k o f , c i t i z e n s a s s o c i a t i o n s , a s i f we a r e a l l t h e citizens organizations that there are. That i s not the case. I am v e r y much f o r N c i t i z e n s a s s o c i a t i o n s and I h a v e a l w a y s b e e n members o f one or t h e o t h e r . not But there are c i v i c organizations citizens associations like, f o r i n s t a n c e , Mr. which are Winder's C o a l i t i o n f o r C l e a n A i r o r l i k e t h e Committee o f 100. When he s a i d y o u s h o u l d g e t c o n s u l t i n g is applicable architects, t o t h e Committee o f 100 composed o f e n g i n e e r s a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l p e o p l e who services i t lawyers, have a c t u a l l y rendered s e r v i c e to c i t i z e n s a s s o c i a t i o n s . know we h a v e t h a t t y p e o f m e m b e r s h i p They and t h e y a s k u s t o h e l p them o u t . T h a t w o u l d be b e t t e r think that i s a very , Craig. good t h i n g . Y o u know t h a t . I The c i v i c a s s o c i a t i o n s , you �45 should speak f o r c i v i c You a s s o c i a t i o n s more b r o a d l y - b a s e d . should these others. to s a y and then I w i l l If If you take T h e r e i s o n e more t h i n g I w a n t e d sign off. y o u do t h e p l a n n i n g , thec i t y image f i r s t , to plan, from t h e p o i n t into t h e planning process. way If p e o p l e do p l a n n i n g , planning i s a broad term. you g e t a completely d i f f e r e n t o f view that t h e person I f y o u do p l a n n i n g , brings i f t h e High- y o u know w h a t y o u a r e g o i n g t o g e t . you g e t people t h a t a r e concerned w i t h w i l d e r n e s s , a i r and such t h i n g s t o whom h i g h w a y s i s n e c e s s a r y open and a p a r t i a l problem b u t n o t n e c e s s a r i l y a primary. So Mr. W i n d e r s t a t e d t h a t c l e a r l y a n d w e l l you that have t o g e t p l a n n i n g d i s c i p l i n e s from e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t points o f v i e w t o b a r r i g h t i n from t h e v e r y beginning. I f y o u do t h i s h i g h w a y p l a n n i n g a n d t h e n y o u a s k the people what y o u t h i n k o f i t you a l r e a d y put yourself i n a p o s i t i o n i n w h i c h y o u have t o defend y o u r s e l f and i t will be i n c r e a s i n g l y d i f f i c u l t CHAIRMAN CLARK: t o defend y o u r s e l f . I understand that l a s t point very well. Thank you, Mr. Menke. I s e e a hand. STATEMENT OF JAMES MOYER, REPRESENTING THE WASHINGTON PLAN MR. MOYER: J a m e s Moyer, w i t h t h e Washington Plan. �46 I h a v e t w o comments a n d t h r e e My f i r s t questions. comment w o u l d b e h a s t h e c i t y considered c r e a t i o n o f t h e Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n which e n c o m p a s s e s modes o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o f p e o p l e w a l k i n g t o the automobile w i t h t h e automobile a s t h e lower form o f transportation? Two, i s t h e comment a b o u t t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e action plan after District t h e Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r t h e o f Columbia i s formed? • CHAIRMAN CLARK: Y o u a r e s a y i n g h a v e we considered making a Department- o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ? MR. MOYER: Transportation after Y e s ; c r e a t i o n o f a Department o f f o r D. C. a n d t h e n a n a c t i o n p l a n f o r D. C. that? CHAIRMAN CLARK: of Transportation take a while. get — I f t h e r e would be a Department f o r m e d i t w o u l d be s a f e t o s a y i t w o u l d T h a t b e i n g t h e c a s e , we t h e n w o u l d h a v e t o a n d t h e r e i s no q u e s t i o n about t h i s — some i n d i c a t i o n f r o m t h e F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n a n d t h e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t o n w h e t h e r t h e y w o u l d be w i l l i n g delay of the action plan. would agree t o d e l a y i n g Transportation to consider They a r e a s k i n g f o r i t . a No one i t l o n g enough f o r a D e p a r t m e n t o f t o be f o r m e d . I will stand MR. MOYER: c o r r e c t e d i f I am c o r r e c t a b l e on t h a t . I have t h r e e questions. �47 What i s t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f d e l a y i n g t h e a c t i o n plan u n t i l t h e Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n i s formed? The s e c o n d , d o e s t h e r e e x i s t r e g u l a t i o n s w h i c h recognize provide development o f a Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n t o comprehensive t r a n s p o r t a t i o n planning? T h r e e , i f t h e a c t i o n p l a n i s n o t s u p p o r t e d by t h e citizens o f D. C. a n d n o t a d o p t e d b y t h e C i t y Council, C o n g r e s s , o r t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , w h a t amounts o f u n d s does t h e c i t y h a v e on p r e s e n t fail t o r e c e i v e and what e f f e c t does i t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n development w i t h i n t h e District? MR. WILSON: He made a s t a t e m e n t t h a t t h e C o u n c i l would have t o approve o r adopt t h i s p l a n b e f o r e CHAIRMAN CLARK: — The E x e c u t i v e branch h a s t o con- s i d e r i t , s o i t s t h e Mayor t h a t n e e d s t o a d o p t i t . Next? . Would y o u p l e a s e identify yourself STATEMENT OF MRS. L . L E N , P. 0. BOX 8 7 9 , WASHINGTON D. C. 20044 MRS. L E N : address, My name i s M r s . L . L e n , L - e - n , m a i l i n g P. 0. Box 8 7 9 , D. C. 2 0 0 4 4 . It i svery d i f f i c u l t f o r me t o s p e a k l o u d because I am u s e d t o s p e a k i n g i n t o a m i c r o p h o n e w h i c h c a r r i e s Mr. C h a i r m a n , and f e l l o w c i t i z e n s : better. I am d e l i g h t e d to s e e t h a t t h e D i r e c t o r o f Highways and T r a n s p o r t a t i o n o f �48 * the Department has entered. Unfortunately, deeply one never has as they would l i k e to i n t o a s u b j e c t . t i m e seems t o be Therefore, always i t i s more d i f f i c u l t t i o n with regard T h e n Mr. regard i n regard : , w h i c h " * ' ".l P r o h l i n s k i , who I presenta- p has left, sum ?' I mentioned to c o n t r a c t u a l c i t i z e n p a r t i c i p a t i o n or in t o p u b l i c or i n t e r e s t e d o r g a n i z a t i o n s t h a t would folks. i n h i s humble way, t r i e d to impress T h e n Mr. c i t i z e n p a r t i c i p a t i o n and L e t me p l a i n o l d J o h n Q. mailing l i s t . t h e D. C. S c o t t , most adamantly you w i t h the l a c k of t h e l a c k o f J o h n Q. Public involved e x p l a i n t h a t t h e C o u n c i l of Government i s w h i c h I w o u l d l i k e now and after- I would Winder, the l a s t p o r t i o n of h i s c o o p e r a t e w i t h you not I mean to c i t i z e n p a r t i c i p a t i o n , which I w i l l l a t e r . - r . 1 •„ . . -• used him person. Yeldell's office; I have marked d i f f e r e n t p l a c e s . l i k e t o e n d o r s e Mr. up o f Mr. as time, t o be v e r y c o h e r e n t . B u t on r e c e i v i n g t h i s t h i s noon, I h a v e s a t q u i e t l y o u t 30 p a g e s . Time, of the essence of pushing a kindergarten coherence. read t i m e enough t o go The D. Public, and C. T h e r e a r e two organizations f o r e v e r more t o be p u t on F e d e r a t i o n of C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n s F e d e r a t i o n of C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s . c o m p r i s e t h o u s a n d s o f c i t i z e n s who associations geographically T h i s i s not b i g or l i t t l e your a r e members o f f o r m e d by business. They both local the D i s t r i c t of Columbi �49 • The D i s t r i c t and is forged. D i s t r i c t of Columbia s e t out s e c t i o n s of from each s e c t i o n a ' l o c a l c i t i z e n s They e l e c t t h e r e a r e a few send d e l e g a t e s t h e i r delegates of these tions joint with to the Federation Then t h e s e f e d e r a t i o n s f r o m P. F a l l s Church, F a i r f a x , G. citizens — has Prince Williams, and been a p l e a s u r e I r a r e l y use to send delegates and Washington. t h e word " c o l o r " but and C. because f o l k s , I would l i k e a cross section- of the one who federa- t o n o t e t h a t t h e D. o f t h e l a c k o f k n o w l e d g e o f some o f y o u t o say t h a t each has two and C o u n t y , Montgomery, to a c o u n c i l which covers Maryland, V i r g i n i a It association local citizens associations to both f e d e r a t i o n s . the one other. One i s 95 p e r c e n t i s 95 p e r c e n t The c i t i z e n s a s s o c i a t i o n of w h i c h Dr. of the other. Hallworth and i s P r e s i d e n t c o n t r i b u t e s mainly to D i s t r i c t presentations House and am the Senate, not talking hearings on s u b j e c t s and out-shining p a r t i c i p a t i o n on one Congressional i n Congress l i k e C. the j u s t the D i s t r i c t Committees. a b o u t when t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f T h e n t h e D. really at hearings Ellsworth Congressional a l s o a t the D i s t r i c t B u i l d i n g Federation of t h e gentlemen h e r e t h a t you f o r a young p e o p l e ' s c o m p e t i t i v e here. of C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s the c i t i z e n s i n t h e i r a community l e v e l . I local They have heard.- He b a l l game o u t is citizens sponsored is responsible i n Maryland, �• of art w h i c h t h e young p e o p l e a r e i n v o l v e d . shows, c o m p e t i t i v e r e c r e a t i o n . more d e s p e r a t e f o r t h e community They sponsor p l a y s , I n fact, t h e y h a v e become knowing about t h i s h a v e r e c e n t l y h a d a n a p p o i n t m e n t w i t h t h e e d i t o r 6f S t a r , Mr. 50 that they the N o y e s , t o t r y t o g e t t h e news m e d i a t o l e t y o u p e o p l e i n W a s h i n g t o n know we a r e on he map and we know w h a t you a r e d o i n g . Now, Mr. W i l s o n b r o u g h t up a l s o s o m e t h i n g a b o u t mass p e o p l e b e i n g moved i n o t h e r w a y s o t h e r t h a n a u t o m o b i l e s . w a n t e d t o know why Fund — t h e P u b l i c Highway A c t o f 1968 I am n o t s u r e o f t h e e x a c t t i t l e — Trust there are public f u n d s t h e r e and a v a i l a b l e u n u s e d t o p r o v i d e p e o p l e l i k e with using the r a i l on t h a t r a i l We you s y s t e m a l r e a d y i n e x i s t e n c e and p u t t i n g c a s y s t e m and b r i n g i n g t h e p e o p l e i n f r o m o u t e r s u b u r b s downtown t o W a s h i n g t o n . That would a l l e v i a t e some c o n g e s t i o n on t h e h i g h w a y . • We w o u l d a p p r e c i a t e i t i f t h a t w o u l d be l o o k e d into, I represent Associations. specifically the Naylor C i t i z e n s I am a member o f f i v e o r g a n i z a t i o n s , b u t I represent them. T h e B o a r d o f T r a d e we do n o t c o n s i d e r a We consider that big business. citizen. T h e n t h e r e was a g r o u p who s t o o d up h e r e and d e c i d e d n o t t o make a s t a t e m e n t b e c a u s e t h e y h a d n o t had t i m e t o s t u d y . We c o m p l i m e n t them f o r t h e i r �courage. I t was v e r y i n t e l l i g e n t on t h e i r p a r t n o t t o comment on s o m e t h i n g t h e y h a d n o t h a d t i m e t o s t u d y . Mr. L i e v s t o n e a l s o m e n t i o n e d t h e l a c k o f c i t i z e n input or the opportunity f o r c i t i z e n input. t o make c i t i z e n s p a r t i c i p a t i o n effective. I a s k t h e q u e s t i o n how? but during t h e d r a f t i n g . Winder. wisdom You m e n t i o n e d Not a f t e r t h e d r a f t i n g T h e n Mr. Menke e n d o r s e d Mr.. I am a l w a y s i m p r e s s e d w i t h o l d p e o p l e b e c a u s e their c a n be u s e d by y o u n g e r p e o p l e , i f we l o o k f o r i t . T h e n J a m e s Moyer, h e a s k e d s e v e r a l v e r y pertinent questions. One o f them we w o u l d l i k e t o e n d o r s e , t h a t i n t i m e t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a o f t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t be turned i n t o t h e Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n . t h r o u g h o u t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a r e now naming members o f t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n . s t a t e s a r e using t h a t term. ot: Many states themselves DOT a n d o t h e r T h e y c h a n g e d away f r o m h i g h w a y . Some p e r c e n t a g e o f t h e i r f u n d s i s f r o m t h e F e d e r a l Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n . So t h e y a r e s u b s i d i a r y . Now, t o g e t t o t h e m e a t a n d p o t a t o e s o f two t h i n g s I^would l i k e t o put a c r o s s . Number o n e , we w a n t a s p e c i f i c a n s w e r j u s t a s s o o n as i s f e a s i b l e . We w a n t two c h a i r s p r o v i d e d b y t h e D e p a r t - ment o f H i g h w a y s i n y o u r d e p a r t m e n t . T h e s e two c h a i r s will be p l a c e d a t a n y p l a n n i n g r o u n d t a b l e , a n y d i s c u s s i o n o f a n y �staff discussion of plans. T h e s e two c h a i r s w i l l o f t h e D. C. F e d e r a t i o n be f i l l e d b y t h e P r e s i d e n t o f C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n s and t h e P r e s i d e n t o f t h e D. C. F e d e r a t i o n t h e i r designate. of C i v i c Associations or We h a v e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o m m i t t e e s i n b o t h f e d e r a t i o n s w h i c h a r e c h a i r e d by o u t s t a n d i n g We s t u d y To fall people. hours over and p u t i n i n p u t . sum up t h i s , a s I u n d e r s t a n d t h e s t o r y , l a s t ' " . t h e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t l e t y o u f o l k s know t h a t i n one y e a r s , b y November 1 , t h e y w a n t e d a p a p e r , a p r o g r a m . t h a t mean, t h e n , they w i l l provide t h e funds they Does have promised a f t e r t h e y have r e c e i v e d t h e program? CHAIRMAN CLARK: MRS. L E N : not provide That i s t h e idea. What i s t h e t h r e a t f r o m them i f y o u do i t by t h e 1 s t ? Do t h e y d e f i n i t e l y s a y they must have i t o r s u g g e s t you must have i t ? . CHAIRMAN CLARK: They i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e a c t i o n p l a must be adopted by t h e f i r s t o r F e d e r a l funds w i l l stop begin t o flowing to theD i s t r i c t . MRS. L E N : requesting The F e d e r a l Government, from l a s t fall, t h i s a c t i o n p l a n , i t seems i f t h e Highway D e p a r t - ment b y F e b r u a r y o r M a r c h was a b l e t o g e t w o r k i n g o n i t . A u g u s t 1 4 , a l l o f a s u d d e n i t comes o u t a n d i n two w e e k s y o u expect the citizens In t o be a b l e t o h a v e i n t e l l i g e n t input. t w o w e e k s we c a n ' t g e t o u r o r g a n i z a t i o n s t o meet �53 i n ' o r d e r t o s t u d y t h i s through t h e committees and t o g e t t h e input back. is has T h a t g i v e s u s b e t w e e n now'and t w o m o n t h s . I t inconceivable t h a t i n two months t i m e a l l o f t h i s been p u t i n t o n i g h t c a n be: p r o p e r l y digested department. T h i s i s not a public hearing. not by l a w t o h a v e o n e . required by y o u r Maybe y o u a r e B u t i f you a r e going t o p r a c t i c e what you preach about c i t i z e n s i n p u t , places that i n here t h a t mention c i t i z e n input m e n t i o n how y o u a r e g o i n g t o h a v e c i t i z e n t h e r e a r e many b u t i t does n o t input. We d o n ' t m i n d h a v i n g o u r money s p e n t , b u t l e t u s know a b o u t w h a t i s g o i n g o n . Virginia a b l o c k i n t h e paper about p u t t i n g h a s a way o f p u t t i n g i n their public hearings. H e r e we a r e s i t t i n g there reading t h e i r public hearings we d o n ' t s e e o u r s . V e r y few c i t i z e n s a r e k n o w l e d g e a b l e enough t o t u r n b a c k t o p u b l i c h e a r i n g should consider please notices. We t h i n k y o u j u s t t h i s s i z e i n t h e paper or even h a l f o f t h i s on a. page l i k e a s p o r t s page o r s o c i e t y . can p u t i n two r a t h e r t h a n CHAIRMAN CLARK: that, and You small. May I g e t a " l i t t l e s p e c i f i c on please? I w a n t t o make s u r e 1 understand what you a r e s s y i n g and o t h e r p e o p l e w i l l , t o o . What do y o u t h i n k a b o u t t h a t o t h e r s u g g e s t i o n that has b e e n r a i s e d t h a t t h e r e b e a s p a c e i n t h e n e w s p a p e r maybe in t h e M e t r o s e c t i o n a l l t h e t i m e s o p e o p l e know e x a c t l y w h e r �54 to look f o r t h i s k i n d o f a n o t i c e a s opposed are suggesting, could w h i c h i s maybe a b l o c k e d t o what you advertisement, which be a n y w h e r e . The r e a s o n I a s k t h a t i s because t h i s other person was v e r y d e f i n i t e i n t h i n k i n g when t h e s e n e c e s s a r i l y a p p e a r i n t h e p a p e r when p e o p l e w i l l look f i n d them t h e y know w h e r e t o for i t . MRS. L E N : provide I w o u l d much p r e f e r t h a t . t h e p e r s o n t o accompany me a n d I w i l l I f you would advise the e d i t o r o f t h e S t a r t o f o l l o w t h r o u g h on t h a t . CHAIRMAN CLARK:' I a p p r e c i a t e i n t h e Department o f Highways. see heads o f t h e F e d e r a t i o n s t h e y be i n v o l v e d ? composed or t h e i r a l t e r n a t e s . T h a t i s an example. When w o u l d t h i s department — What f e w p e o p l e . . this? • CHAIRMAN CLARK: and Two c h a i r s You s a i d y o u w o u l d l i k e t o I n a department l i k e MRS. L E N : that. I t was o u r O f f i c e o f P l a n n i n g Programs. MRS. L E N : D i d one man do one p a g e ? CHAIRMAN CLARK: T h e r e were d i s c u s s i o n s . You a r e s a y i n g whenever t h e r e i s a d i s c u s s i o n ? MRS. LEN: definitely will call Yes; i n the formulative stages. you i n t h e morning about t h a t . I would l i k e t h e r e i s anybody I t o know i f y o u r d e p a r t m e n t a n d i f o u t h e r e r e p r e s e n t i n g anybody who w o u l d �55 4 j o i n our o r g a n i z a t i o n i n s i g n i n g a l e t t e r t o the F e d e r a l Government r e q u e s t i n g a n e x t e n s i o n o f one y e a r , o f t h e necessity of presenting MR. SCOTT: this action program. I don't t h i n k you would have a problem as f a r a s t h a t i s concerned. MRS. L E N : weeks. My P r e s i d e n t i s o u t o f t o w n f o r two I know I c o u l d g e t h i s e n d o r s e m e n t on t h i s . This i s a m a t t e r o f e t h i c s . > Many o f u s a r e c o n c e r n e d a b o u t a program l i k e t h i s b e i n g brought b e f o r e the public i n a v e r y q u i e t way. CHAIRMAN CLARK: having I know t h e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t i s more c i t i z e n p a r t i c i p a t i o n . come a l e t t e r f r o m y o u , an i n f o r m a t i o n They would c e r t a i n l y wel- I o n l y a s k t h a t maybe y o u s e n d up copy. MRS. L E N : I beg y o u r pardon? We a r e a s k i n g w i l l y o u f o l k s j o i n u s i n s i g n i n g a letter.requesting an.extention CHAIRMAN CLARK: tonight. of time. I r e a l l y couldn't L e t ' s s e e what s o r t o f r e q u e s t answer that you would put together. MRS. L E N : question. I t i s a p l a i n o l d grammar school We a r e m e r e l y g o i n g t o a s k f o r a n e x t e n s i o n o f t i m e b e c a u s e t h e r e h a s n o t b e e n t i m e f r o m A u g u s t 14 when came o u t u n t i l November 1 , f o r p r o p e r c i t i z e n has nothing t o do w i t h t h e program.- Now, input. I t i f .we a s k f o r a this �56 • y e a r , we m i g h t g e t s i x m o n t h s , r a t h e r t h a n a s k i n g f o r t h r e e and g e t t i n g one. We lot to a r e g o i n g t o be l i k e a n a t t o r n e y and a s k f o r a and g e t a l i t t l e . B u t i f we s t u d y h e r e , t h e y may l e t them know we h a v e a l o t g i v e us s i x months. I w o u l d be one p e r s o n t o hand d e l i v e r t h a t I d i d t h a t once b e f o r e . Government I went t o t h e H i l l letter. and t h e D i s t r i c t and t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t and t h e N a t i o n a l S e r v i c e and hand c a r r i e d o u r r e s o l u t i o n s and g o t f r o m t h o s e who received it.. You w i l l a s k i n g t h e government i n a n i c e Park signatures g e t c o o p e r a t i o n by way. T h i s t h i n g o f g o i n g t o t h e c o u r t and A c t i o n Line, e v e r y s i n g l e government agency has a l e g a l department. There h a v e b e e n many c i t i z e n s who h a v e gone and s o l v e d their p r o b l e m s by g o i n g t o t h a t . Or t h e y h a v e h a d p r o b l e m s w i t h a b u s i n e s s f i r m and t h e y h a v e gone t o t h e F e d e r a l T r a d e C o m m i s s i o n and t h e y h a v e g o t t e n t h i s p r o b l e m s o l v e d right there. We pay. We s u p p o r t you f o l k s and t h e F e d e r a l Government. CHAIRMAN CLARK: I u n d e r s t a n d what you a r e s a y i n g . I am t r y i n g t o e x p l a i n w h a t t h e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t has t o l d T h e y a r e n o t l o o k i n g f o r a p l a n t h a t i s n e v e r g o i n g t o be c h a n g e d o r a p e r f e c t p l a n when i t i s f i r s t a d o p t e d . in f a c t i t n e e d s t o be c h a n g e d a s new That i d e a s and t e c h n o l o g y m: �57 comes a l o n g , I d o n ' t t h i n k t h e r e i s enough j u s t i f i c a t i o n i n our minds t o a s k f o r a y e a r ' s deiay. On t h e o t h e r h a n d , I d o n ' t t h i n k t h a t t h e r e i s anything that w i l l s t o p you people a s c i t i z e n s a s s o c i a t i o n s t o a s k t h e F e d e r a l Government t o l o o k a t more time. - F o r us t o agree t o a y e a r , i t i s d i f f i c u l t f o r us to enforce t h a t . We don't f e e l t h a t need. You do. t h a t e x p l a n a t i o n w o u l d come o u t o f y o u r i g h t MRS. MR. LEN: I think now. I w o u l d s a y j o i n u s i f we s a y e x t e n s i o n . SCOTT: I w o u l d l i k e t o know i f t h e C h a i r t h e r e i s no j u s t i f i c a t i o n i n this r e q u e s t b a s e d on simple k n o w l e d g e t h a t t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t and t h e D i s t r i c t not communicated feels have properly w i t h a l l of the c i t i z e n s of the District, A s f a r a s them n o t h a v i n g we h a v e j u s t i f i c a t i o n justification, I am saying enough b e c a u s e we a r e c i t i z e n s a s s o c i a ^ t i o n s of the D i s t r i c t . CHAIRMAN CLARK: immediately. year Certainly a letter The q u e s t i o n r e m a i n i n g i s allowed i s i n order f o r us i s t h i s : i f a t h e r e i s g o i n g t o be more p a r t i c i p a t i o n more d i s c o u r s e a n d more c o n v e r s a t i o n and d i s c o u r s e . : two m o n t h s i s a l l o w e d , s a i d don't stop c i t i z e n and I f only t h e F e d e r a l Highway C o m m i s s i o n h a s participation. p l a n a s s o o n a s c i t i z e n s e v o l v e new The more c i t i z e n We w i l l change t h e i d e a s a n d some c h a n g e . p a r t i c i p a t i o n t h e r e i s , t h e more �58 results will be f r o m t h a t . MR. SCOTT: submitting T h i s d r a f t a c t i o n p l a n i s what you a r e to the Federal Government? CHAIRMAN CLARK: Not t h i s o n e . t a l k i n g piece a t t h i s point. for comments o n . I t i s s o m e t h i n g we a r e a s k i n g The E n v i r o n m e n t a l l o o k i n g a t i t . ' You a r e h a v i n g We hope o t h e r people w i l l This i s only a P r o t e c t i o n Agency i s t h i n g s t o s a y about i t t o n i g h t . have t h i n g s t o s a y about i t between now a n d November 1 . T h e r e w i l l be a l o t o f comments a n d c r i t i c i s m s b e t w e e n now a n d November 1 . We f e e l t h e r e w i l l be a l o t a f t e r that date, too. T h e F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n one i s saying get started. MRS. L E N : to the Federal T h i s i s n o t p e r s e g o i n g t o be g i v e n Government? CHAIRMAN CLARK: MRS. L E N : When? CHAIRMAN CLARK: MRS. L E N : That i s true. Will CHAIRMAN CLARK: T h e one p u b l i s h e d on O c t o b e r 1 . i t be c o n d e n s e d ? T h e p u r p o s e now i s t o t r y t o a d d t o i t on t h e b a s i s o f w h a t ' s - b e i n g s a i d t o n i g h t . To answer s p e c i f i c a l l y , October 1 s t , i t w i l l That's the general timetable. I twill be p u b l i s h e d . be p u b l i s h e d . There i s an o f f i c i a l - 30-day p e r i o d when more comments may b e s o l i c i t e d . �59 T h o s e comments'can be on t h i s o n e , t h e F e d e r a l 4 R e g i s t e r , o r i t c a n be a n y comments r e l e v a n t t o t h e a c t i o n p l a n r i g h t up t o November 1. MRS. LEN: T h o s e w o u l d n o t be i n c o r p o r a t e d unless petitioned? CHAIRMAN CLARK: We c a n d e c i d e to delay t i v e date t o i n c o r p o r a t e something t h a t i s mighty. decide the e f f e c We c a n i t i s g o i n g t o be made e f f e c t i v e November 1 w i t h t h e p l a n t o r e v i s e a f t e r November 1 , r e q u e s t i d e a s t h a t we a r e aware o f . I am s a y i n g i t i s p r e t t y f l e x i b l e . end t o n i g h t , n o r i s November 1 . be b u i l t o n . The l o n g e r t h e more d i f f i c u l t I am s a y i n g t h e p l a n h a s t o you p u t o f f s a y i n g what t h e p l a n i s i t i s going t o be. MRS. L E N : I am s o r r y Mr. A r i e s m i s s e d t h e f i r s t p a r t of the meeting i n which every lack of opportunity participation. organized concrete c i t i z e n commented a b o u t i n t h i s f o r l a c k of c i t i z e n We mean J o h n Q. P u b l i c . bureaucracies. plays a supporting I t i s not t h e We do n o t mean We mean t h e J o h n Q. P u b l i c who r o l e i n government, I b e l i e v e i f you would r e c o n s i d e r i n j o i n i n g Us i n t h i s with l e t t e r and t o word t h e l e t t e r t o s u i t you f o l k s and u s , t o o , I b e l i e v e t h e F e d e r a l Government would have a much b e t t e r image o f y o u a n d y o u r p l a n s a n d w o u l d h a v e more confidence i n you i f you would i n c o r p o r a t e i n t h i s letter �60 t o them, s i g n e d b y u s j o i n t l y , w i t h y o u , t h a t a f t e r having t h i s m e e t i n g i t was v e r y s t r o n g l y b r o u g h t t o y o u r a t t e n t i o n perhaps t h e weakness o f t h e l a c k o f o p p o r t u n i t y f o r c i t i z e n input. CHAIRMAN CLARK: Off the record. (Discussion o f f the record.) CHAIRMAN CLARK: Mr. On t h e r e c o r d . Aries. MR. A R I E S : I am P. F . A r i e s o f t h e D. C. Depart- ment o f H i g h w a y s a n d T r a f f i c . I t h i n k t h e c i t i z e n s h e r e and o t h e r s who a r e interested i n t h i s h a v e e v e r y r i g h t t o be d i s a p p o i n t e d o r d i s m a y e d w i t h t h e amount o f t i m e t h e y h a v e h a d t o l o o k p a r t i c u l a r document o v e r . I am v e r y s o r r y a b o u t i t . this I t i s j u s t b e c a u s e t h e D e p a r t m e n t h a s b e e n t o o s l o w on t h e d r a w . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , i t was something brand is new. There o n l y one o t h e r s t a t e a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e t h a t h a s a document o u t a n d a p p r o v e d . We u s e d some o f t h e e f f o r t s o f t h e o t h e r s t a t e s i n p u t t i n g t o g e t h e r o u r e a r l y e f f o r t s on this. Unfortunately, they didn't t u r n out w e l l . to s t a r t over again. other business. and We h a d A l l I can plead i s the pressure of We s i m p l y c a n n o t s t o p t h e p a t c h i n g o f r o a d s t a k i n g care of the other things the D i s t r i c t has to take c a r e o f and c o n c e n t r a t e on one o r two t h i n g s . �It c e r t a i n l y was n o t , s i r , e v a s i o n , o r t r y i n g t o put something over. p e r f e c t l y proper interested want t o . I would l i k e t o suggest this: i t i s f o r any c i t i z e n s o r g a n i z a t i o n t h a t i s i n t h i s process t o a s k f o r an e x t e n t i o n i f they I t w e l l may be t h a t a n e x t e n s i o n w i l l be g r a n t e d b e c a u s e o t h e r s t a t e s a r e h a v i n g t h e same t r o u b l e we a r e having. I d o n ' t t h i n k i t w o u l d be p r o p e r you i n t h a t . your it f o r us t o j o i n I don't t h i n k i t would l e n d any support t o e f f o r t ; b e c a u s e i f we do g e t one a p p r o v e d t h i s i s n o t t h e end o f e v e r y t h i n g . that w i l l I twill fall, n o t be a document be h e l d w i t h o u t c h a n g e f o r a l o n g p e r i o d o f t i m e . I t w i l l be s u b j e c t e d t o c h a n g e s a s t i m e goes on. There i s nothing p a r t i c u l a r l y s a c r e d about i t . We do n o t want t o i n t e r r u p t t h e f l o w o f f u n d i n g t o t h e D i s t r i c t . t h a t r e a s o n , and we t a l k e d w i t h C o r p o r a t i o n C o u n s e l , we For just h a v e t o g e t s o m e t h i n g i n t o them o n t h e d e a d l i n e u n l e s s t h e y wish t o extend It i t themselves. i s e n t i r e l y proper f o r y o u t o i n f l u e n c e them t h e way y o u t h i n k y o u s h o u l d . Johnny Wilson. MR, WILSON: You a r e a d m i t t i n g t h a t you a l l f o r some r e a s o n w e r e n o t a b l e t o a f f o r d t h e c i t i z e n s t h e k i n d o f i n p u t n e c e s s a r y t o c o m p l y ; y o u a l s o f e e l y o u w o u l d go a h e a d and s p e n d money i n a way n o t b e n e f i c i a l t o t h e c i t i z e n s just �62 to g e t t h e money t o s p e n d . MR. A R I E S : has T h a t i s what you s a i d . J o h n Q. Public t o have a chance t o p u t h i s i n p u t i n . MR. WILSON: You s a i d because you d i d n o t have t i m e y o u a r e w i l l i n g t o go a h e a d w i t h o u t c i t i z e n i n p u t t o g e t the money. If you a r e not going t o have t h e i n p u t , you a r e g o i n g t o g e t t h e money. MR. A R I E S : I fI said that, I d i d n ' t mean i t . c i t i z e n s h a v e i n p u t on e v e r y t h i n g we do. The At the time of the b u d g e t , t h e c o u n s e l h a s h e a r i n g s on t h e b u d g e t . We s p e n d money u n l e s s i t g o e s t h r o u g h t h e p r o j e c t . You h a v e all t h a t money. MR. WILSON: You admit y o u r s e l f t h a t t h e c i t i z e n s h a v e n o t h a d enough t i m e , y o u a r e w i l l i n g get can't t o go a h e a d and money t o s p e n d . MR, A R I E S : I s a i d y o u t h i n k y o u have-:-every r i g h t to be d i s a p p o i n t e d w i t h t h e amount o f t i m e we h a v e g i v e n y o u . It i s not a d i f f i c u l t document. I ti s lengthy but I think we c a n g e t good c i t i z e n i n p u t on i t . We w i l l a p p r o v e d a n d t h e r e w i l l be c h a n g e s y e a r a f t e r MRS, L E N : g e t t h i s one year. Mr. A r i e s i s t r y i n g t o p r o t e c t t h e D i s t r i c t G o v e r n m e n t f u n d s by g e t t i n g s o m e t h i n g on t h e r e c o r d to them. I c a n u n d e r s t a n d h i s point., t o e x p l a i n i t t o some of t h e r e s t o f u s i f he g e t s o m e t h i n g r e c o r d e d a n d s e n t t o �63 them and t h e y w i l l c o n t i n u e t o send f u n d s . T h e n we h a v e t o spend t h e money; we h a v e t o k e e p the p r e s s u r e on them t o g e t them t o s p e n d t h e money t h e way we w a n t i t s p e n t . I am s a t i s f i e d , Mr. W i l s o n , we a r e g o i n g t o h a v e more i n p u t f r o m now o n . MR. A R I E S : MRS. L E N : I c a n g u a r a n t e e we w i l l I will certainly certainly t r y . remind you i f n o t . I s a n y b o d y h e r e f r o m t h e D. C. T r a f f i c B o a r d ? I s p e n t one h o u r a n d t e n m i n u t e s on t r y i n g them. I said our c i t i z e n s y o u d o n ' t r e a l i z e t h a t we l o o k up t o y o u a s traffic J o h n Q. P u b l i c sitting in. to get board. T h a t i s a c l a s s i c example i n the c i t i z e n s why f e d e r a t i o n s w a n t t o be We c a n n o t depend on t h e C i t i z e n s T r a f f i c B o a r d . The O f f i c e o f Highway S a f e t y a n d T r a f f i c and C o o r d i n a t i n g a n d Mr. S h a y P a r r o who i s e f f i c i e n t i s o f f . T h e r e a r e two g e n t l e m e n f r o m t h e M a y o r ' s o f f i c e i s s u g g e s t ing t h a t t h e o f f i c e s be c o m b i n e d b e c a u s e o f o v e r l a p p i n g . T h e r e a r e two examples o f t h a t n o t g i v i n g Now, input. t h e P e o p l e ' s T r a f f i c B o a r d a r e t h o s e p e o p l e we e x p e c t t o be h e r e t o be h e r e s u p p o r t i n g u s . So we w a n t a definite a n s w e r a b o u t two c h a i r s . Would y o u p l e a s e i n v i t e t h r o u g h me? the two f e d e r a t i o n s a r e n o t i f i e d I w i l l see when we c a n come i n and s i t i in a n d t a l k o v e r t h i s i d e a a s t o when t h e two c h a i r s be p r o v i d e d . would �* 64 We w o u l d l i k e D i r e c t o r A r i e s t o be on t h e c o n ferences. I g u a r a n t e e n o t t a k i n g more t h a n 30 m i n u t e s . We w o u l d l i k e t h a t w i t h i n t h e n e x t 30 d a y s . I t h a n k y o u f o r t h e t i m e and t h e c i t i z e n s ' CHAIRMAN CLARK: support. Thank you. STATEMENT OF MARIAN HOLBROOK, INNER C I T Y ENVIRONMENT COMMITTEE, POTOMAC f C CHAPTER, S I E R R A CLUB MS HOLBROOK: I t i s regrettable that the d r a f t a c t i o n p l a n r e a c h e d o u r hands o n l y a few d a y s b e f o r e meeting. I t h a s been b r o u g h t t o our a t t e n t i o n t h a t l o c a l groups most c o n c e r n e d w i t h D. C, Highway this some citizen participation i n Department programs d i d n o t r e c e i v e a copy a t all. If t h e d r a w i n g up o f a n a c t i o n p l a n i s t o be o f real benefit to this c i t y , to i t s citizens and t o t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f H i g h w a y s , i t i s r e q u i s i t e t h a t a m p l e t i m e be given f o r consideration Initial following of that plan. examination of the action plan raises the points: First, we w o u l d l i k e t o p o i n t o u t t h e p l a n ' s way o r i e n t a t i o n when i t s h o u l d be t r a n s p o r t a t i o n A s a n e x a m p l e , we w o u l d c i t e high- oriented. t h a t a l l highways i n the plann- i n g s t a g e a r e r e f e r r e d t o a s "proposed improvements." would q u e s t i o n whether a l l highways a r e , i n f a c t , We improvement �S e c o n d l y , we f i n d t h e p l a n v a g u e i n i t s l a n g u a g e and i t s g o a l s f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system" i s c i t e d the "A b a l a n c e d as a goal of the plan, while t r r n s p o r t a t i o n system t h e plan advocates i s weighted i n favor of the automobile. Meanwhile, t h e Department o f E n v i r o n m e n t a l S e r v i c e s i s de-emphasizing the i n f l u x of cars into the c i t y a n d c r e a t i n g r e s t r a i n t s t o k e e p them o u t b y e l i m i n a t i n g free p a r k i n g and o t h e r methods. Although the plan i s l a c k i n g i n s p e c i f i c s not approach 1-95 similar s t u d i e s made i n t h e c a s e o f 1-66 a n d i n Maryland. It i s good t h a t t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f H i g h w a y s i s i n favor of an i n t e r - d i s c i p l i n a r y how many d i s c i p l i n e s the staff. ordinate team. l i k e t o know a r e r e p r e s e n t e d and t h e p r o p o r t i o n s o f We w o u l d a l s o a s k what budget i s a l l o t t e d t o co- programs. We o b s e r v e t h a t a c o r r i d o r by g e o g r a p h y a n d p r o p e r t y o w n e r s h i p . narrow. We w o u l d One b i o l o g i s t i s n o t a f a v o r a b l e b a l a n c e t o 25 engineers. i sdefined i n the plan This definition i s too T h e 1-66 c o r r i d o r was d e l i n e a t e d n o t o n l y b y geography, environment the and does b u t by p r o b a b l e e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t . Thus, t h e i m p a c t o f n o i s e m i g h t be o n e - q u a r t e r o f a m i l e , e n v i r o n m e n t a l impact o f a i r might be s i x m i l e s and t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l impact from r u n o f f o f a highway might affect �66 an u n s u l l i e d t r o u t s t r e a m 25 m i l e s away. * The action plan r e a c t i v e method. I t assumes t h a t people w i l l as they have i n t h e p a s t , It i s v e r y much b a s e d upon t h e o l d only a c t t h a t t h e y h a v e no o t h e r alternative, i s r e g r e t t a b l e t h a t t h e D. C. Highway D e p a r t m e n t i s i n t e n t t o go a h e a d w i t h and with the K Street tunnel, a t an i n c r e d i b l e c o s t , t h e South Leg Freeway, which w i l l b r i n g about t h e d e g r a d a t i o n o f Potomac P a r k a n d o u r n a t i o n a l monuments. maintain that there We a r e transportation a l t e r n a t i v e s to these plans, It was received i s most u n f o r t u n a t e that the action plan i n s o s h o r t a time' b e f o r e t h i s h e a r i n g . S i e r r a C l u b members w i l l be g l a d t o submit draft District substantive comments i f p r o v i d e d w i t h a 6 0 - d a y minimum e x a m i n a t i o n period, Cursory examination i n d i c a t e s that major r e v i s i o n s a r e necessary. CHAIRMAN CLARK: T h a n k y o u v e r y much. May I a s k y o u a c o u p l e o f q u e s t i o n s i n r e s p o n s e t o your questions? You that there had have v e r y c a r e f u l l y s t a t e d and w e l l i s a s h o r t a g e o f t i m e on y o u r p a r t . enough t i m e t o l o o k a t t h e p l a n . Is t h a t what you c o n s i d e r stated You have n o t L a t e r , y o u s a i d 60 d a y s . a r e a s o n a b l e amount o f time? MS, HOLBROOK: T h a t i s w h a t we f e e l w o u l d be a �67 r e a s o n a b l e amount o f t i m e t o make good comments. CHAIRMAN CLARK: questions. will was T h e y a r e on a n s w e r them. The I can't record answer a l l of and we will your a n s w e r them. Department of E n v i r o n m e n t a l Services indeed a sponsor of a i r q u a l i t y implementation T h a t was not deliberately left I j u s t a d m i t t h a t i t was g u i d e we use i n our out of our m e a n t t o be i f t h a t means a n y t h i n g you h a v e , t h a t i s g o i n g t o show up to i t w i l l be I can be concerns and amendments i n l a t e r plans. i n the i n t h e r e now I want to f a c t i s t h e K S t r e e t p r o j e c t , i f you p r o j e c t s t h a t get f u t u r e a s any reevaluated t h r o u g h t h i s p r o c e s s o f r e e v a l u a t i o n and g o i n g on implementation plan i n the D i s t r i c t . of the k i n d and T h a t ' s an look at is t h a t have to go compared t o t h e a i r actions e x t r e m e l y good e x a m p l e clapped i n i n t h i s phase plan. T h e r e i s a l o t t o do moving i n the I project i s . o t h e r p o l i c i e s and o f p r o j e c t t h a t w i l l be of t h i s a c t i o n but Street. p r o b a b l y about as f a r i n t o the quality futur also the proposed p r o j e c t t a l k e d about i n the D i s t r i c t , These are the assure in a rewrite. t h a t i t i s not h a v e s t a t e d K. The That i s a used as guides i n making d e c i s i o n s guarantee i t w i l l plans. plan. i n v i e w o f some o f t h e q u a l i t y implementation plans I think i t i s unfortunate m e n t i o n you i n there. transportation planning. you Air action We future. on K Street, i f it.ever gets �MS. HOLBROOK: How f a r i n t h e f u t u r e ? CHAIRMAN CLARK: ten I am g u e s s i n g . years. MS. HOLBROOK: By t e n y e a r s initial y o u mean b e f o r e t h e construction? . „ CHAIRMAN CLARK: It's We a r e t a l k i n g preliminary. Yes. I am j u s t g u e s s i n g now. T h e r e i s no r e a l d e t a i l e d s t u d y done. T h e r h a s n o t b e e n much d i a l o g u e done on i t . of p r o j e c t t h a t i s being c i t e d I t i s the kind i n t h i s action plan. I t ' s a good e x a m p l e o f a p r o j e c t t h a t i s g o i n g t o g e t a good r u n for i t s money. I appreciate MS. HOLBROOK: MR, WILSON: question tion y o u r comments v e r y much Thank y o u . Y o u made a s t a t e m e n t i n a n s w e r i n g h e r t h a t t h e c i t i z e n i n p u t w o u l d be t a k e n i n t o i n relation t o K S t r e e t on t h e h i g h w a y considera plan. Does t h a t a p p l y t o o t h e r p a r t s o f t h a t m a j o r way high- f o rthe city? CHAIRMAN CLARK: John, i t sure does. STATEMENT OF PAUL CRUMRINE, NORTH DU PONT ASSOCIATION. MR. CRUMRINE: N o r t h du P o n t My name i s P a u l C r u m r i n e f r o m t h e Association. I h a v e q u e s t i o n s a b o u t t h e p r o c e s s we a r e g o i n g t h r o u g h now. �First, states, i s there a similar a November 1 s t the process ing i n a l l the CRUMRINE: Yes, s i r . Were:.there F e d e r a l r e q u i r e m e n t s of implementing these r e g u l a t i o n s ? I s t h i s a p a r t of the r e q u i r e d format of CHAIRMAN CLARK: L e t me put i t t h i s way: ing up citizens hear- the e x p l a i n s t o us what they a r e l o o k i n g f o r says t h a t and for procedures? p o l i c y p e o p l e o f t h e F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n views other deadline? CHAIRMAN CLARK: MR. deadline d i s c u s s i o n s m u s t be solicited that citizens i n t h e mak- o f t h e a c t i o n p l a n and t h e r e a f t e r . I t does not get s p e c i f i c s o many m e e t i n g s o r h e a r i n g s . i n i t i a t i n g department. and say t h e r e needs t o I t l e a v e s mechanics to I t does s a y t h e r e s h o u l d be be the citizen involvement. MR. CRUMRINE: c e s s o f r e v i e w and A f t e r t h i s p o i n t , what i s the approval? o f t h e Highway Department? I s t h i s cimply I t will C i t y C o u n c i l or anyone e x c e p t CHAIRMAN CLARK: It n o t be i n the hands a p p r o v e d by I have to c l a r i f y i s t h e Mayor t h a t h a s o f how we the f i n a l a little bit. authority. t o o k t h e comments t o n i g h t and i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n ; w h a t we them. What I am d i d w i t h them and p o i n t i n g out the the Mayor? a r e a d v i s o r s o f h i s t h a t a r e g o i n g t o be r e v i e w i n g t h i s matters pro- i t d o e s n o t go other how from we the Ther and agencie treated �70 D e p a r t m e n t t o t h e Mayor d i r e c t l y . will be involved. MR. have? Will O f f i c e o f Management I t i s more t h a n j u s t t h e Mayor. CRUMRINE: i t be The What a u t h o r i t y w i l l a law c i t y a c t i o n s i f they this document t o w h i c h c i t i z e n s groups can f e e l t h e i r p a r t i c i p a t i o n has appeal not been adequate? CHAIRMAN CLARK: way Administration will i n g highway p r o p o s a l s , use the have followed same t h i n g c a n I t i s i n t e n d e d by p r e s u m e t h a t i t c e r t a i n l y was not attention. a CRUMRINE: the steps Yes. the Department followed, intended. come t o r e m i n d u s o f some s t e p s n o t MR. the happen as f a r as s t e p s . ' I f they a r e not t h a t b r o u g h t t o our High- plan. c i t i z e n s are concerned. to follow these the F e d e r a l i t i n determining i t , i n develop- w h e t h e r we o u t l i n e d i n the a c t i o n Yes, F i r s t of a l l , We I have would want C i t i z e n s w i l l be followed by to wel- us. There i s such a u t h o r i t y to appeal i n lawsuit? CHAIRMAN CLARK: wanting to give the My not impression being a lawyer t h a t I am l e g a l background, I would have t o d e f e r I am MR. amendment be sorry I can't CRUMRINE: included? p e r u s a l of i t , and not s p e a k i n g from a the answer to t h a t . answer t h a t . Would comment be I d i d not — n o t i c e any I have heard i t w i l l not be provision for in a static quick document. �71 C h a n c e s f o r amendment w i l l be a l l o w e d i n t h e f u t u r e , but i t i s not provided CHAIRMAN CLARK: and clear f o r as such. Y o u a r e s a y i n g make t h a t l o u d i n the plan? MR. CRUMRINE: Yes. Considering the shortness of t i m e and i f t h e r e i s no e x t e n s i o n made, t h e D e p a r t m e n t m i g h t s e r i o u s l y consider having another ber 1 — h e a r i n g a f t e r t h e Novem- October 1 p u b l i c a t i o n i n t h e R e g i s t e r t o g i v e people adequate t i m e t o c o n s i d e r i t and adequate t i m e f o r your o f f i c e t o make m i n o r r e v i s i o n s s o t h e November 1 d e a d l i n e c o u l d be made i f i t h a d t o . Finally, t h e r e i s , a t l e a s t i n The Washington P o s t , t h e p r o v i s i o n i n a p a r t o f t h e Metro s e c t i o n c a l l e d E v e n t s o f t h e Week, commonly u s e d by c i t i z e n s g r o u p s a n d t h e D. C. B u d g e t r e v i e w h e a r i n g s w e r e a l w a y s p u b l i s h e d i n t h a t section. CHAIRMAN CLARK: T h a n k y o u v e r y much. MRS. L E N : Has t h e D i s t r i c t C o m m i t t e e r e c e i v e d a c o p y o f t h i s on t h e H i l l ? CHAIRMAN CLARK: MRS. L E N : sending No. Out o f c o u r t e s y , we w o u l d a p p r e c i a t e y o u c o p i e s o f them t o t h e House a n d t h e S e n a t e and t h e n s e n d two c o p i e s o f t h e r e v i s i o n i n c a s e we d i s c u s s t h i s any with o f them. I t h i n k they would f e e l left o u t , t h e C h a i r m e n ,of �72 the two D i s t r i c t Committees. CHAIRMAN CLARK: has been s u g g e s t e d . MRS. L E N : We w o u l d be happy t o r e p o r t that Thank y o u . We w a n t them s e n d . STATEMENT OF JOAN CZARNECKI, P R E S I D E N T , D. C. WOMEN VOTERS MS. CZARNECKI: My name i s J o a n C z a r n e c k i . I am P r e s i d e n t o f t h e D. C. Women V o t e r s . We d i d n o t h a v e t i m e t o p r e p a r e a s t a t e m e n t f o r t h i s evening e i t h e r . We do p l a n t o s u b m i t one and I s e c o n d Mr. C r u m i n e t h a t y o u do h a v e a n o t h e r h e a r i n g b e f o r e t h e 1st o f October or t h e f i r s t CHAIRMAN CLARK: with written o f November. D i d you s a y you would p r o v i d e us comments? MS. CZARNECKI: Y e s . CHAIRMAN CLARK: MS. CZARNECKI: CHAIRMAN CLARK: Are When? H o p e f u l l y w i t h i n t h e n e x t two w e e k s Thank y o u . t h e r e any other MRS. L E N : comments? I want t o thank you f o r your patience. STATEMENT OF TOM JONES, CHAIRMAN, S E R V I C E AREA 2 MR. JONES: I am Tom J o n e s , C h a i r m a n o f S e r v i c e A r e a 2. On P a g e 5 9 , I t h i n k i t i s s e c t i o n (b), I think i t �73 r e f e r s to the s e r v i c e a r e a committee. I w o u l d l i k e t o go on r e c o r d n o t committee but f o r s e r v i c e a r e a 2 of which f o r the s e r v i c e are, I am the Chairman, r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e Mayor's O f f i c e t h a t t o emphasize t h e o r o b j e c t i v e t h a t t h e Mayor h a s for delivering i n s e t t i n g up t h i s s e r v i c e s t o t h e p e o p l e and goal vehicle to emphasize t h a t t h i s v e h i c l e s h o u l d be u s e d by a l l a g e n c i e s i n the District Government. What t h e Mayor i s t r y i n g t o e m p h a s i z e i s t h a t by h a v i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s f o r a l l segment o f t h e government on t h e s e committees i s t o c r e a t e s a t e l l i t e governments i n each community. I t h i n k each agency should use t h i s I t h i n k i t i s very important tion, I know v e r y d e f i n i t e l y It time. ing why As I look around here. the o t h e r s a r e not i n p u t t h a t c o u l d be g i v e n h e r e and T h i s i s one informa- 2 represented i s b e c a u s e t h e y , , l i k e some o f t h e c i t i z e n s , very l i t t l e in t h i s type of the d i s s e m i n a t i o n of i n f o r m a t i o n . t h e room I o n l y s e e t h i s S e r v i c e A r e a vehicle. here. felt i t is too little t h i n g t h e Mayor i s t r y i n g t o dissipate t h e c i t y , t h i s t y p e o f image t h e g o v e r n m e n t i s r e p r e s e n t here. T h a t i s , we The a r e going t o do government i s going t h i s , the government. t o implement t h i s p r o j e c t r e g a r d l e s s of whether t h e r e i s a h a n d f u l of people or This i s t h e t y p e o f image t h a t we d i s a p p o i n t e d a t t h i s m e e t i n g , and don't want. at this I am operation. not. very �74 I don't t h i n k i t i s a s e r v i c e f o r the people I don't because the p e o p l e a r e n o t g i v e n an i n p u t h e r e . think that the government i s r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e people a s i t s h o u l d . I t h i n k t h i s c o u l d be a s o t h e r o p e r a t i o n s , r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f the people. this. I t does not t a k e a l o t o f e f f o r t I t i s the type of v e h i c l e t h a t i s used. there i s a plan. w i t h i n my with the I f e e l t h i s way. power t o p r e v e n t t h i s from happening Sometimes everything by working a b l e w i t h i n a few h o u r s t o g e t p e o p l e T h e r e a r e p e o p l e i n t h e community t h a t a r e i n a l l segments of t h e government. the I am d o i n g do citizens. I was here. r e a l l y to interested S o m e t i m e s y o u wonder i f g o v e r n m e n t i s i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e community o r on a d i a l o g u e w i t h t h e p e o p l e . out carrying T h i s i s t h e image b e i n g created here. I t h i n k I would have t o a g r e e w i t h t h e D i r e c t o r . a c c e p t h i s a p o l o g y on t h i s b u t I t h i n k we greater effort the h a v e to.make a a s f a r as t h e government i s concerned notifications to get t o t h e p e o p l e i n t i m e so i t i s j u s t n o t a m a t t e r o f h a v i n g a f e w p e o p l e h e r e and g o i n g t h r o u g h an o p e r a t i o n but t h a t i t has meaning. At t h i s particular said, or t i m e o f t h e y e a r , a s Mr. s e e m i n g l y t h i n g s h a p p e n when e v e r y b o d y away f o r C h r i s t m a s o r s o m e t h i n g like that. i s on Wilson vacation I t should c o n s i d e r e d when i s t h e b e s t t i m e t o h o l d a h e a r i n g , when be I �75 s h o u l d i t be h e l d a n d how s h o u l d we n o t i f y t h e p e o p l e ? This i s important. CHAIRMAN CLARK: Somewhere o u t t h e r e t h e r e a r e a b o u t 4 00 c o p i e s o f t h i s p l a n . I q u i t e agree t h a t there a r e some p e o p l e t h a t d i d n o t g e t i t . will A s more t i m e goes o n , t h e r e be more p e o p l e t h a t a r e g o i n g t o be i n t e r e s t e d i n i t and s e e i t . S e v e r a l people w i l l h a v e s a i d maybe we s h o u l d l e t time p r o g r e s s h e r e and have a n o t h e r meeting and f i t t h a t w i t h our i n t e n t t o accept or t r y t o g e t an i n i t i a l plan a d o p t e d by November 1 . How do y o u f e e l a b o u t h a v i n g t i m e e l a p s e w i t h t h e hope t h a t more p e o p l e w i l l see t h e copies out? We have more c o p i e s h e r e t h a t we c a n g e t o u t . How do y o u f e e l a b o u t a n o t h e r m e e t i n g ? Is t h a t what you had i n mind? You a r e e x p r e s s i n g y o u r c o n c e r n v e r y well. L e t ' s p r o b e a b i t on w h a t y o u t h i n k f r o m a l l o f y o u r d e a l i n g s w i t h SAC, v e r y v a l u a b l e d e a l i n g s , u n d e r t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s you would suggest. MR. JONES: the government, ment. My t h i n k i n g but t h e people. always leans The people a r e t h e govern- When t h e p e o p l e s p e a k , t h e g o v e r n m e n t and t h e p e o p l e h a v e not.-with\rith should l i s t e n spoken. We s h o u l d l i s t e n t o t h e p e o p l e . This i s important. �76 I think a l o t of confusion, a l o t of the confronta- t i o n t h a t t h e g o v e r n m e n t h a s w i t h p e o p l e comes a b o u t b e c a u s e the government does n o t l i s t e n . People w i l l say, compromise. P e o p l e j u s t don'.t w a n t t o go o u t a n d Y o u do / t h i s t h i s way. You have t o l i s t e n t o p e o p l e . The p e o p l e h a v e s p o k e n h e r e . should People a r e concerned. I t h i n k t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t listen. CHAIRMAN CLARK: F i n e , Tom. Thank you v e r y much. No one e l s e w a n t s t o s p e a k ? MR. WILSON: a chance to read roads. this. These a r e not questions. I have had I am n o t down h e r e t o h e l p y o u b u i l d I am down h e r e t o h e l p y o u r e p a i r r o a d s i f y o u w a n t to, CHAIRMAN CLARK: very Y e s , you e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t point clearly. MR. WILSON: I d o n ' t know w h a t i s i n h e r e . No one s a i d s p e c i f i c a l l y w h a t t h i s money w o u l d be u s e d f o r . Nothing h a s been s a i d what k i n d o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n you had i n mind. t h i s money Would y o u b r i e f for? CHAIRMAN CLARK: MR. WILSON: money t o t a k e What money, J o h n ? I i m a g i n e y o u a r e g o i n g t o g e t some c a r e o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs. CHAIRMAN CLARK: a little me on w h a t y o u h a d i n ' m i n d o f u s i n g differently. That i s c o r r e c t . I will state i t �77 We h a v e t o a g r e e b e f o r e a n y t h i n g i s done i n t h e c i t y , whether i t i s Metro or r e b u i l d i n g a s t r e e t o r e s t a b l i s h business priority does n o t happen. It loans. and e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t statements i s s u p p o s e d t o be a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h a t process f o r t h e system. happen. T h e r e i s a comment t h a t i t w i l l n o t But i t a d e s c r i p t i o n of that process. c a n b e f u r t h e r b r o k e n down a s we h a v e t r i e d t h e r e h a v e t o be b r o a d d e c i s i o n s made. to have a r a i l they a r e going t o have m i l e s What do y o u p l a n have s p e c i f i c from anything T h e y h a d some idea o f t h i s , ' t h a t and t h e o t h e r . t o do when y o u t u r n t h a t p l a n i n ? Not i n t h i s . particular. I t does n o t d e s c r i b e you r a i s e d t h a t point. in the c i t y . I s Washington going plans. CHAIRMAN CLARK: of planning. t o do i t i n t h a t What I w a n t t o f i n d o u t i s w h a t s p e c i f i c a l l y a r e you t a l k i n g about. divorced The p r o c e s s system? MR. WILSON: glad planning. l o t s of time. This plan You I t just The Metro s y s t e m took a l o t o f took p u b l i c h e a r i n g s and I t h a s t o be a p l a n . I ti s completely I ti s j u s t the completion a n y end p r o d u c t s . T h e r e h a s b e e n some Some p e o p l e p i c k e d i t up a n d t h o u g h t away i t was a n i n t e r s t a t e h i g h w a y p l a n . I am confusion right I ti s not. I t i s a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e p r o c e s s t o be u s e d f o r d e v e l o p i n g whatever plans t h a t come a b o u t i n t h e f u t u r e . T h a t i s w h a t �78 it i s a l l about. MR. WILSON: Thank you. CHAIRMAN CLARK: MRS. L E N : Mrs. L e n . I wonder i f y o u w o u l d c o n s i d e r within t h e n e x t week t h i s i d e a o f a d d i n g two c h a i r s t o ' y o u r s t a f f . I f we w o u l d a g r e e t h a t y o u a d d t h e t w o c h a i r s and p u t i n t o h e r e t h a t y o u h a v e come t o t h e c o n c l u s i o n i t i s n e c e s s y o r w h a t e v e r y o u w a n t t o p u t t o add t h e s e two c h a i r s f o r t h e s e f e d e r a t i o n s , we w o u l d s a y f i n e ; go a h e a d and p u t t h i s t h r o u g h November 1 . T h e n we w o u l d go a h e a d b e c a u s e we w o u l d be i n on the plan. T h a t w o u l d be a c o m p r o m i s e , more o r l e s s . CHAIRMAN CLARK: I understand t h a t . I t i s a brand new c o n c e p t t h a t I c a n n o t g i v e y o u a n i m m e d i a t e f e e l i n g about i t . worth our I don't t h i n k anybody c o u l d . consideration. MRS. t h e money. I think i tis. well LEN: I t m i g h t be y o u w o u l d n o t h a v e t o s p e n d We w o u l d s u p p l y y o u w i t h people q u a l i f i e d s e m i - r e t i r e d people from our o r g a n i z a t i o n . CHAIRMAN CLARK: Yes, MR. Mr. Fine. Thank you. Scott. SCOTT: I t h i n k i t i s t i m e t o w r a p up b u t I w a n t t o t o u c h on s o m e t h i n g . I am c o n c e r n e d a b o u t t h e t y p e o f c i t i z e n p a r t i c i p a tion as I previously commented o n . I am h a v i n g problems �79 with this chart. When I l o o k a t o r g a n i z a t i o n s l i k e COG w h i c h i s 80 o r 90 p e r c e n t n o n - c i t i z e n s o f t h e D i s t r i c t and I l o o k a t WNCPC, w h i c h i s n o t p r i m a r i l y r e s p o n s i v e t o t h e Mayor o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a and RLA and really i s n o t r e s p o n s i v e t o t h e Mayor o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, and w i t h a l l a s RLA t h e b o a r d e d up h o u s e s a r o u n d t h e c i t y , i s c o n c e r n e d , I wonder j u s t how the c i t i z e n as f a r much y o u r e a l l y p u t i n participation. I know t h i s h a s b e e n t o u c h e d on a s f a r a s J o h n Q. P u b l i c b u t I am e m p h a s i z i n g i t a g a i n b e c a u s e u n l e s s c h a n g e y o u r t h i n k i n g , t o me you t h i s h e a r i n g or meeting or what- e v e r i t i s . s u p p o s e d t o be i s j u s t t h a t , a n o t h e r f a r c e . deeply concerned w i t h Like I said, I am this. I h a v e h a d q u i t e a number o f y e a r s d e a l i n g w i t h t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t . s i n c e r e i n t r y i n g t o change I f you a r e r e a l l y a t t i t u d e s , you must change w h o l e o u t l o o k a s f a r a s t h e community c i t i z e n s your participation. I s i n c e r e l y hope a f t e r t h i s m e e t i n g h e r e t o n i g h t y o u i n y o u r o f f i c e w i l l make some t y p e o f headway and d e a l w i t h J o h n Q. Public. That i s a l l I would l i k e t o ^idd. T h e r e i s a g e n e r a l f e e l i n g among c i t i z e n s in the D i s t r i c t really t h a t t h e Highway D e p a r t m e n t here and t h e r ' D i r e c t o r does n o t f e e l t h a t t h e y a r e r e s p o n s i v e t o t h e C i t y C o u n c i l o r t h e Mayor. �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Transcript of proceedings : Department of Highways and Traffic : in the matter of: action plan, Wednesday, August 22, 1973 Subject The topic of the resource City planning Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource BGH Reporting Service, Inc. District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Description An account of the resource In addition to the <a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6401" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="action plan">action plan</a>, see related transcripts of proceedings of public hearings on <a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6399" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="August 22">August 22</a> and <a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6400" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="September 26">September 26</a>. https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/297da5e415bb01352c4c2183f4cb748c.pdf?Expires=1792022400&Signature=pjl5FtiQRCbc7x6cvIJoYWqm4Luv%7EUP4JvKydL-TjGFNnSBDgoa0pea4ftLk0njKzF2R5BvLqq5FEuoA4pQfJ5Lc3LQ8CNd89Pya1VzE%7EgzH1srGZDCqDpJbAlSkXwrnpef8orNQ5-lU8ROnZTefui7msZ0NLXrbr68c%7EtEJH7G3FlMLncr%7EwhGtYP4IAmjCHfkS87S9%7ErbVUl3u4%7Es1BxGnELXuyed8Wjsa2Y0GfHwearzRHPa3Lp3dq%7EbAVRIGa5bXmb0WwxdQy7CTh7U2aHtfy7BFk437rFkwSgenfEGJKXSUp0jUhbOqISDcIKYGf1a0RvnTjMQOhcHMDU4xjg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 84dfe291ce6188648c473eaa3717337f PDF Text Text TRANSCRIPT OF PROCEEDINGS DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS AND TRAFFIC In the Matter of: DRAFT ACTION PLAN Wednesday,September2 6,1973 BGH REPORTING SERVICE, INC, 2430 Pennsylvania Avenue, N. W. • Suite G25 Washington, D. C. 20037 �GOVERNMENT OF THE D I S T R I C T OF COLUMBIA DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS AND TRAFFIC I n the Matter o f : DRAFT ACTION PLAN Wednesday, S e p t e m b e r 2 6 , 1973 Room 12 D i s t r i c t Building 14th & E S t r e e t s , W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. N.W. The a b o v e - e n t i t l e d m a t t e r came on p u r s u a n t t o notice a t 7:30 o ' c l o c k p.m. BEFORE: JAMES E . CLARK, P r e s i d i n g Officer �2 WITNESSES G r o s v e n o r Chapman PAGE 'WHERE 7 Frances Gemmill 16 P. H. Thomas 30 Evelyn Cofield 38 H a r r i e t Hubbard 41 Homer J . M c C o n n e l l 47 �P R O C E E D I N G S MR. L e t ' s get CLARK: things I would l i k e We don't have too started. to present, I have a v e r y and f o l k s t h a t want t o speak My many p e o p l e h e r e . t h e n we short w i l l get statement to other immediately. name i s J a m e s E . C l a r k . D i r e c t o r of the O f f i c e of Planning D e p a r t m e n t o f H i g h w a y s and I am and Traffic. Deputy A s s i s t a n t Programming i n I will the conduct to- n i g h t ' s meeting a t the d i r e c t i o n of the D i r e c t o r of the Department. Action Plans a r e b e i n g p r e p a r e d by h i g h w a y and i t r a n s p o r t a t i o n departments i n every and, o f c o u r s e , i n the D i s t r i c t state. I n Puerto of Columbia. They are r e q u i r e m e n t o f the F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n r e c e i p t o f F e d e r a l Highway f u n d s i n the c o n t i n g e n t on A c t i o n and future w i l l a formal "Action d e s c r i p t i o n of the I t i s t o encompass r e g i o n and city-wide M a j o r T h o r o u g h P l a n and Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n prime products of t h i s D. C. phase of p l a n n i n g . e n c o m p a s s p r o j e c t s p l a n n i n g and I t is are planning policy decisions; city be transportation t h a t i n v o l v e s b r o a d m o d a l and f e d e r a l and the P l a n * mean? p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s upon w h i c h m a j o r h i g h w a y p r o j e c t s based. a Plans being i n e f f e c t . What d o e s t h e e x p r e s s i n t e n d e d t o be Rico, t h e D. Plans I t i s also p r o j e c t d e s i g n and requirements f o r these phases ot C. are to the planning �which are, i n e f f e c t , steps t o the implementation of the Major Thoroughfare P l a n i n s o f a r a s t h e Department o f Highw a y s and T r a f f i c i s concerned. I n addition, the Action Plan i s to give particular attention to c i t i z e n participa- t i o n o p p o r t u n i t i e s and a r e t o i n c l u d e e n v i r o n m e n t a l impact a s a k e y f a c t o r i n d e c i s i o n making a t a l l , s t a g e s o f p l a n n i n g . In essence, the Action Plan i s a compilation steps o f planning and a n e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e o r d e r and r e - l a t i o n s h i p o f e a c h s t e p one t o We initial another. s o l i c i t y o u r a s s i s t a n c e i n e s t a b l i s h i n g an Action Plan — be m o d i f i e d of a l l o £ the i n i t i a l b e c a u s e when a n d i f i t w i l l i n t h e f u t u r e , when and i f t h e r e a r e new s t a t u t o r y or regulatory procedures that a f f e c t the planning process or b e t t e r techniques experiences. We e x p e c t t h a t evolve out o f our and your t o update the A c t i o n P l a n a t l e a s t once p e r y e a r . S p e c i f i c a l l y , do y o u t h i n k t h e A c t i o n P l a n i s c l e a r , c o n c i s e , c o m p l e t e , a n d i f n o t , w h a t do y o u suggest? We h a v e a l s o s o l i c i t e d comments f r o m m a j o r g o v e r n m e n t a l agencies s u c h a s d i r e c t d e p a r t m e n t s , EPA, a n d t h e U. S. Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n and o t h e r s . To ducing will in s a v e y o u t h e t r o u b l e o f w r i t i n g , we a r e p r o - a t r a n s c r i p t t o n i g h t s o t h a t y o u r v e r b a l comments be r e c o r d e d preparing and a v a i l a b l e t o us f o r a n a l y s i s and u s e a rewrite. I n f a c t , you and a l l other i n t e r e s t e d �p a r t i e s have u n t i l the e f f e c t i v e date o f t h e P l a n t o y o u r i n i t i a l comments i f y o u c h o o s e . d i r e c t e d t o 415 1 2 t h S t r e e t . 1 9 7 3 , we p l a n to publish D i s t r i c t Registers They s h o u l d be On o r a b o u t November 1 , a rewrite i n the Federal i n preparation We w i l l n o t i f y e a c h o f y o u h e r e and e v e r y b o d y e l s e on o u r m a i l i n g Please and f o r an e f f e c t i v e date o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y December 1 , 1 9 7 3 . t i o n by d i r e c t mailing. t o add l i s t of this publica- s i g n the r o s t e r i f you want t h i s n o t i f i c a t i o n . J u s t a q u i c k reminder o f what t h e A c t i o n i s n o t . We h a v e e v i d e n t l y c r e a t e d not a plan some c o n f u s i o n . o r endorsement o f a p l a n highway s y s t e m o r p r o j e c t . I t i s f o r any p a r t i c u l a r I t d o e s n o t recommend p a r t i c u l a r planning p o l i c i e s or p r o j e c t s . courages, indeed r e q u i r e s , Plan I t i s a process that en- t h e developement, a n a l y s i s and t e s t i n g o f a l t e r n a t i v e p o l i c i e s , programs, p r o j e c t s and other transportation the C i t y C o u n c i l ' s solutions. I t also clearly role i n transportation depicts planning i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. We v e r y much a p p r e c i a t e already provided. I believe the constructive i tw i l l t h a t i t h a s brought about changes. established in the three fashion criticism i n t e r e s t y o u t o know F o r e x a m p l e , we h a v e the regular practice of placing public notices m a j o r n e w s p a p e r s i n a much more c o n s p i c i o u s - a boxed a d v e r t i s e m e n t w i t h l a r g e r type and p l a c e d �in t h e l o c a l news s e c t i o n s . have been s o r t o f b u r i e d . Public notices i n the past Not i n t e n t i o n a l l y , just simply because t h e c l a s s i f i e d ad s e c t i o n i s so voluminious. e v e r , we w i l l simultaneously mail notices d i r e c t l y t h e u s e o f a new c o m p u t e r i z e d address directory. g e t i n t h a t d i r e c t o r y and s t a y u n t i l you t e l l it o u t . The A c t i o n P l a n w i l l a l s o r e l a t e c o n s i d e r a t i o n being How- through I t will us t o take to the serious g i v e n t o t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a D. C. Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n . We a t e a l s o p u r s u i n g e a r n e s t l y the i d e a o f promoting ad hoc c i t i z e n a d v i s o r y groups t o h e l p guide planning studies a t the e a r l i e s t possible of p r o j e c t planning. I n t h i s connection, stage t h e reimbursement of c i t i z e n expenses i n c u r r e d t o a t t e n d a d v i s o r y group meetings i s being interesting. explored. That's something t h a t i s v e r y Y o u c a n a p p r e c i a t e t h e r e a r e some p r o c e d u r a l q u e s t i o n s , and t h e r e i s a q u e s t i o n w h e t h e r t n e government i s backing suggested u s , a n d we a r e p i t c h i n g f o r i t , a n d t h a t ' s b e e n to us. I t i s e v i d e n t a l s o , t h a t we p o s t p o n e d the planned e f f e c t i v e to c i t i z e n date o f t h e A c t i o n P l a n i n response requests. I will c a l l on p e r s o n s that registered f i r s t . I w a s g o i n g t o a s k y o u t o l i m i t y o u r s e l v e s t o 10 m i n u t e s s o t h a t we c a n a s s u r e o t h e r s a chance- t o s p e a k . However, s i n c e t h e r e a r e n o t many o f y o u h e r e , t h a t d o e s n o t seem necessary at-the present time. I w i l l go t o t h e l i s t �7 w h i c h I w a s s u p p o s e d t o h a v e i n f r o n t o f me, a n d I h a v e loiat i t t e m p o r a r i l y . I know t h e r e w a s a Mr. S i m p s o n / I s Mr. S i m p s o n p r e s e n t ? I know t h e r e w a s Mr. C r a i g . I know h i s f a c e . Malakoff. a Mr. P e t e r C r a i g . Pie i s n o t h e r e . Mrs. Grace I know h e r f a c e a n d I d o n ' t s e e h e r e p r e s e n t . Mr. G r o s v e n o r Chapman, I t h i n k r e c o g n i z e MR. CHAPMAN: your face s i r . T h a n k y o u v e r y much. STATEMENT OF: GROSVENOR CHAPMAN MR. CHAPMAN: the I s t a r t o f f by thanking l e t t e r I r e c e i v e d t h i s morning. The f i r s t you f o r thing I o u g h t t o do i s t o t e l l y o u we w o u l d l i k e t o b e on y o u r mailing list, your computer. A s s o c i a t i o n o f Georgetown, I am r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e C i t i z e n s o f w h i c h I am t h e p r e s i d e n t , a n d we w o u l d l i k e t o b e on t h e m a i l i n g I, list. u n f o r t u n a t e l y , am n o t i n a v e r y good p o s i t i o n to g i v e you a v e r y meaningful p r e s e n t a t i o n because I d i d not r e c e i v e t h e d r a f t a t a l l i n t h e m a i l , and t h e r e f o r e I h a d t o b o r r o w one a b o u t 4:30 t h i s afternoon, so I r e a l l y h a v e n ' t h a d a chance t o look a t i t , and I — from what I have seen o f i t , I c e r t a i n l y want t o compliment t h e D e p a r t ment o f H i g h w a y s a n d T r a f f i c f o r t h i s v e r y f i n e I think this h a v e needed i s a tremendous step forward, beginning. s o m e t h i n g we i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia f o r a long time, t h i s t y p e o f p a r t i c i p a t i o n b y t h e community, a n d I c e r t a i n l y �8 v . J c <:•••••• :•: , As an a r c h i t e c t and p l a n n e r i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a f o r many y e a r s , I am a c o n s t a n t r e a d e r o f r e g u l a - t i o n s o f one k i n d o r a n o t h e r t h a t a r e p u t o u t b y t h e District, a n d h a v e a l w a y s b e e n p a r t i c i p a n t i n one way o r a n o t h e r , t h r o u g h c i t i z e n g r o u p s a n d a number o f l e g a l a c t i o n s and whatnot a g a i n s t t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, and I know t h e p r o b l e m s t h a t c a n be c r e a t e d b e c a u s e o f a m b i g u i t y i n w r i t i n g , o r l i k e w i s e t h e a m b i g u i t y and t r o u b l e be c a u s e d and t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s and time o f o f f i c i a l s required because o f zoning r e g u l a t i o n s , b i l l i n g and that can regulations so f o r t h a r e not c l e a r l y w r i t t e n , and I f o r a long, long time have f e l t t h a t a f t e r t h e t e c h n i c a l d r a f t , such a s t h i s h a s b e e n c o m p l e t e d , a n d I'm n o t i n a p o s i t i o n t o s a y e x a c t l y when w h a t I am g o i n g t o recommend s h o u l d t a k e but a t some p o i n t a f t e r t h i s stage has been reached, I r e a l l y think that a professor somebody v e r s e d I'm s u r e o f e n g l i s h o r grammarian, i n d i c t i o n , s y n t e x t and a lawyer w i l l that sort of thing look a t t h i s , because i t i n a sense becomes a k i n d o f c o n s t i t u t i o n , t h e w a y we w i l l operating place, a l l be i n t h e f u t u r e , a n d I t h i n k t h a t someone o f t h a t p a r t i c u l a r d i s c i p l i n e s h o u l d be b r o u g h t i n t o g i v e t h e t h i n g a very and thorough working over t o e l i m i n a t e whatnot. get very these As you c a n s e e from t h e few c l i p s , ambiguities I didn't f a r , b u t I f o u n d a number m y s e l f a n d I ' l l j u s t - �t o u c h on a f e w a s t o — problem £ have with i t , — substance a c t u a l l y so a n d t h e s e may b e o r t h e y may n o t , and t h i s matters^of i s what i s hard. The way enough t o i n d i c a t e t h e k i n d o f t h i n g i s n ' t a b s o l u t e l y p r e c i s e and c l e a r t h e you would have d r a f t legislation. T h e r e i s a tremendous danger o f m i s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . For Social, i n s t a n c e on page 8, w h i c h i s t h e E c o n o m i c , and Environmental Making. Their goals. Considerations I.consider goals m o s t i m p o r t a n t p a r t o f a n y document. i n Decision as probably the What y o u ' r e t r y i n g p r o v e , i t ' s t h e p r e a m b l e o f a n y l e g i s l a t i v e document. to Very o f t e n y o u h a v e t o go b a c k t o t h e p u r p o s e o f l e g i s l a t i o n , t h e g o a l , t o f i n d o u t how y o u ' r e g o i n g t o i n t e r p r e t i t . I n t h i s case there a r e f i v e items g o a l s , and I f i n d a draft, mentioned here a s t h e i n t h i s c a s e , and I r e a l i z e b u t i t does a t l e a s t this i s just s e r v e a s a example o f t h e k i n d o f t h i n g s t h a t have t o be c a l l e d out i n t h i s sort of thing. I n items one of the goals T\:-,:-.bit, 3, 4, a n d 5, i n e a c h c a s e , i s t o coordinate >r t a t i o n s y s t e m f o r — i s t o coordinate facility; I*i 3 says that t h e Department o f rephrasing a little i n t h e Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d 5 i s t o i m p r o v e t h e human e n v i r o n m e n t b y coordinating t r a n s p o r t a t i o n development. They so n e a r l y s a y �10 the same t h i n g i n s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t w a y s t h a t I wonder . r e a l l y what they're t r y i n g to say. I think this i s the kind of thing t h a t g o a l s i n p a r t i c u l a r s h o u l d be and I t h i n k the the b e t t e r nearer you can b o i l i t ' s g o i n g t o be. * I'm proposing; very c a r e f u l l y considered, i t down .to t h r e e T h i s i s t h e way to words, eliminate duplication. On t h e n e x t page y o u time I got t o page 9 I f e l t petition. Maybe t h e fair By get into again — t h e r e was i n t r o d u c t i o n was a great — by deal of maybe i t w a s n ' t the i n t r o d u c t i o n as p a r t o f the r e p e t i t i o n . the t i m e you get t o page 9, I t h i n k you find a t r e m e n d o u s amount o f r e p e t i t i o n . from a The t h e document b e c o m e s , t h e e a s i e r i t ' s g o i n g t o be shorter for a l l of to d e a l w i t h i t . As f a r as the grammarian. i s , but there t h r u s t , again, I d o n ' t know how I say I'm important the no introduction I f i n d a k i n d o f o r i e n t a t i o n t h a t t e l l s me that i s a t r e m e n d o u s amount o f i n t e r e s t i n f r e e w a y s g r o w t h and t h i n g s ' o f t h i s k i n d , and which worries — re- to include reading, us the me. I don't t h i n k t h a t — , I g e t t i n g b a c k t o p a g e 9, of Capacity t a x base as a and goal, think that the I t e m 1, Optimizing the E f f i c i e n c y o f E x i s t i n g M a j o r S t r e e t s , H i g h w a y s and Parking Facilities. Well, I w o n d e r r i g h t now w h e t h e r we r e a l l y want to �11 optoraize t h e e f f i c i e n c y and c a p a c i t y o f e x i s t i n g f a c i l i t i e s when one o f t h e t h i n g s i s t o reduce parking that i sbeing f a c i l i t i e s b y 15 U n d e r 3, t h e r e i s a four public I transportation. considered percent. l e t t e r goal, I t h i n k i tshould s a y encouraging p u b l i c I don't t h i n k i t ' s n e c e s s a r y parking and i t says transportation. to qualify i t as feasible I'm k n i t p i c k i n g now. I think i f f i n i s h t h i s I w o u l d h a v e 100 o r 2 0 0 k n i t p i c k s , w h i c h a r e important. T h e r e ' s no m e n t i o n o f t r e e s , t h e r e ' s of high i n t e n s i t y s t r e e t l i g h t i n g . , no m e n t i o n We h a v e j u s t learned r e c e n t l y t h a t h i g h i n t e n s i t y s t r e e t l i g h t i n g may k i l l i n g o r damaging t h e t r e e s . I think 5 should include, and rather than joint-use m u l t i p l e development p o s s i b i l i t i e s a s a g o a l , t h a t s t r e e t enhancement s h o u l d t a k e planting the route I think of tree and w e l l designed s t r e e t a c c e s s o r i e s . Six, I would say, i n s t e a d o f encouraging efficient t r u c k t r a n s p o r t a t i o n - I don't t h a t ' s r e a l l y a g o a l - I t h i n k w h a t we w a n t i s e n c o u r a g i n g e f f i c i e n t s y s t e m s f o r goods. delivery T h e r e may b e a b e t t e r w a y t h a n t h a t we h a v e n ' t t h o u g h t o f y e t . trucks I'm n o t a p r o m o t e r o f t r u c k s n e c e s s a r i l y i n a p e r se d e s i r a b l e form o r a d d i t i o n to t h e l i v i n g environment. ways. Tney're q u i t e a b u s i v e i n many I would s a y l e t ' s e l i m i n a t e any d e d i c a t i o n L e t ' s g e t t h e goods d e l i v e r e d , a n d maybe t h e r e ' s to trucks. a better �12 in way. Number 7, s t r e e t s and continuing bridges. to construct I would e l i m i n a t e don't t h i n k t o c o n s t r u c t s t r e e t s and I think that maintaining them i s . new ones, but and maintain construct. I bridges i s a I t may goal. necessary to have I don't t h i n k the g o a l i s t o c o n s t r u c t bridges necessarily. I u n d e r s t a n d t h a t some o f more them a r e b a d l y i n n e e d o f r e p a i r and n e e d t o be replaced practically. I t h i n k we them. not that have to maintain I'm w a n t t o make i t a g o a l t o c o n s t r u c t more Finally, one i m p o r t a n t , and accidents we bridges. that's lacking altogether which I think i s t e r r i b l y a cause of t r a f f i c sure I'm because of the and convinced i s confusion that r e s u l t s w i t h a s i g n s y s t e m , I w o u l d s a y t h a t number 9 s h o u l d be graphics "Developing a c l e a r e r system of s i g n s f o r s t r e e t names and parking and I think that i s a public s a f e t y matter. and traffic directions, I have been, and I have seen other people t e r r i b l y confused, because there are is no literally i n t e r s e c t i o n s i n t h i s c i t y where t h e r e i n d i c a t i o n o f w h a t s t r e e t y o u ' r e on, visitors, for which t h i s the middle of the c i t y and certainly for town i s famous, g e t t i n g lost tends to c r e a t e a c c i d e n t s . Cars l i t e r a l l y w i t h c o n f u s e d d r i v e r s i n them. I think r e a s o n a b l y l i m i t s p r o b a b l y t h a t g i v e s you enough o f p r i n c i p a l concerns, without, as I say, continuing in within my on w i t h a �13 lot of details. I heard you mention t h e f a c t s o r t o f an e x t e n s i o n f o r a month. t h a t t h e r e was" some How much t i m e w o u l d we h a v e p e r h a p s t o do t h i s a l i t t l e more t h o r o u g h l y . r e a l l y not prepared this t o go t h r o u g h t h i s t h i n g b i t b y b i t on s o r t o f t h i n g , b u t i f t h e r e was time — i s there before t h i s t h i n g w o u l d be MR. CLARK: I'm how much time closed? Mr. Chapman, i f y o u c o u l d b y t e l e p h o n e o r b y l e t t e r h a v e a d d i t i o n a l comments a n d i n f o r m a t i o n t o u s b y t h e m i d d l e o f n e x t week we w o u l d be i n a p o s i t i o n t o u s e y o u r comments. I f i t ' s much b e y o n d t h e week, we a r e g o i n g t o h a v e t o go a h e a d p r o b a b l y and then consider those w i t h our r e w r i t e comments l a t e r on i n t h e p r o c e s s . What I'm s a y i n g , i f y o u c o u l d g e t y o u comments t o u s i n one week we v e r y d e f i n i t e l y c o u l d u s e them i n t h e r e w r i t e we a r e now f a c i n g . MR. CHAPMAN: I s this the f i n a l draft that's coming u p ? MR. CLARK: T h i s i s t h e f i n a l d r a f t t h a t ' s coming up. That to you. l e a d s me t o a q u e s t i o n We v e r y d e f i n i t e l y I would l i k e t o put don't want anybody t o g e t t h e i d e a t h a t o n c e t h e p l a n becomes e f f e c t i v e t o l a t e r changes. once p e r y e a r . We i tisn't subject f o r s e e p e r h a p s m a j o r change a t l e a s t �14 I w o u l d l i k e t o know w h a t i t i s y o u w o u l d t o u s f o r i n s u r i n g we g e t p e o p l e ' s i d e a s o f w h a t changes should c o n s i s t o f . meetings l i k e t h i s every the A c t i o n c o u p l e o f months, e s p e c i a l l y w i t h t h e way i t ' s w o r k i n g o r n o t w o r k i n g ? after the so-called effective I'm v e r y i n - date. Amendments. I'm s u r e be c i r c u l a t e d and t h a t t h a t would be a r o u t e how f o r m a l i f s u g g e s t i o n s w e r e made t h e way t h i s t h i n g w a s , f o r amendment. I d o n ' t know y o u h a v e t o make i t . One comment I f i n d i n g e n e r a l the changes Amendments. MR. CHAPMAN: amendments c o u l d after some e x p e r i e n c e t e r e s t e d i n how y o u t h i n k we s h o u l d h a n d l e . t h o s e MR. CLARK: these Do y o u t h i n k we s h o u l d h a v e P l a n goes i n t o e f f e c t and t h e r e ' s MR. CHAPMAN: suggest time i s short, I b e l i e v e throughout. I m i g h t make, since t h e t e n s e s h o u l d be c o n s i s t e n t I n o t h e r words i t s h a l l be t h a t t h e Department o f H i g h w a y s a n d T r a f f i c s h a l l do, i n s t e a d o f s a y i n g present t h a t i t i s doing. I n o t h e r words t h i s i n the i s— i t becomes a d i r e c t i v e ; d o e s i t n o t ? MR. CLARK: Y e s . MR. CHAPMAN: imperative of saying sense, saying Then i t should be i n t h e f u t u r e thething s h a l l b e done, t h a t t h e Department i s doing these instead things. The w a y i t ' s w r i t t e n s o u n d s more l i k e a n a w a r d �15 p r o g r a m o r s o m e t h i n g o r o t h e r , you know w h a t • I mean. MR. CLARK: I know e x a c t l y w h a t y o u mean. have t o h o n e s t l y t e l l you what you s t a t e d about g o a l s i s v e r y w e l l u n d e r s t o o d b y me. I have t o h o n e s t l y t e l l you t h a t ' s one o f t h e a r e a s o f w e a k n e s s e s t h a t we I a l s o have t o h o n e s t l y t e l l first I recognize. y o u t h a t y o u a r e one o f t h e p e r s o n s who h a s g i v e n u s some v e r y u s e f u l r e m a r k s how we s h o u l d go a b o u t c h a n g i n g t h o s e r u l e s . The c i t y de- c i d e s t h e growth o f a c t i o n t h a t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n s support t h a t . should On t h e o t h e r h a n d , i f g r o w t h i s n o t t h e course o f a c t i o n , the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n plan should support that too. MR. CHAPMAN: That's right. Some w i l l obviously want growth and o t h e r s w i l l n o t . MR. CLARK: I T h a n k y o u v e r y much Mr. Chapman. t h i n k I w i l l go b a c k t h r o u g h t h e l i s t again t o see i f any o f the persons that I d i d c a l l on t h e l i s t h a v e Let once before arrived. ute a s k i f Mr. S i m p s o n h a s come i n ? Mr. C r a i g , I d o n ' t s e e h i m , s o we a r e h a c k t o M r s . M a l a k o f f a n d M r s . Gemmill. Would y o u b o t h l i k e t o come f o r w a r d please. Y o u w e r e n ' t h e r e f o r my t h r e e p a g e s o f o p e n i n g remarks. to They weren't anything m y s t i f y i n g . I did t r y i n d i c a t e t h a t a l l s t a t e highway departments and t r a n s p o r - t a t i o n departments a r e r e q u i r e d t o have i n e f f e c t , preferably �16 b y November 1 s t , i f n o t November 1 s t some t i m e after, — t h e r e c e i p t o f highway funds soon t h e r e - i s c o n t i n g e n t rupon s u c h a n A c t i o n Plan,- a n d t h e A c t i o n P l a n i s s u p p o s e d t o be in considerable d e t a i l ; t h e method we p l a n t o u t i l i z e f o r t h e c i t i z e n p a r t i c i p a t i o n a n d t h e method t o b e s u r e t h a t s o c i a l and environmental e f f e c t s w i l l be t a k e n i n t o consid- e r a t i o n a s t o d e c i s i o n f a c t o r s o f any highway p l a n i n t h e future. I think that's a f a i r synopsis. I t ' sa require- ment i n t h e F e d e r a l A i d H i g h w a y A c t , b u t i t s a y s t h a t f o r highways t o be p a r t i c u l a r l y major p r o j e c t s , t h a t i s new highways o r c o n s i d e r a b l e changes t o e x i s t i n g highways, t h a t before t h e s e improvements o r changes a r e undertaken i t ' s b a s e d on a p r o c e s s that i s considered that alternatives and e f f e c t s , and w h e t h e r t h e r e i s r e a l l y t h e need f o r i t a n d i f t h i s n e e d c a n b e s a t i s f i e d w i t h some o t h e r k i n d o f a c t i o n , program change o r t r a n s i t s e r v i c e o r something of t h a t s o r t , so y e s , i t ' s aimed d i r e c t l y a t highway j e c t s , b u t i t ' s s a y i n g t h a t i t s h o u l d be — pro- the decision on t h e h i g h w a y p r o j e c t s h o u l d b e i n t h e c o n t e x t o f t o t a l transportation. STATEMENT OF: MRS. FRANCES GEMMILL MRS. GEMMILL: I'm F r a n c e s G e m m i l l , a n d a s t h e v i c e p r e s i d e n t I have been asked by the Board t o p r e s e n t �17 their statement t o you. Grace Malakoff — familiar ; G r a c e M a l a k o f f , who may be t o you and o t h e r people i s t h e League's Transporta- t i o n Consultant t o the Board. A s y o u know, when t h e L e a g u e makes a s t a t e m e n t s u c h a s t h i s , i t ' s b a s e d on c o n s e n s u s p o s i t i o n s a n d -studies, s o t h e r e f o r e may I r e a d t h i s MR. CLARK: You c e r t a i n l y statement? may. I j u s t want you t o know we w e r e v e r y c o n c e r n e d b e c a u s e we h e a r d we get would a s t a t e m e n t f r o m t h e L e a g u e , a n d i t d i d n ' t come, a n d when y o u t o l d u s y o u w o u l d be h e r e t o n i g h t we w e r e very gratified. MRS. GEMMILL: of We a p p r e c i a t e t h a t . f a c t , we a p p r e c i a t e y o u r s c h e d u l i n g t h i s h e a r i n g , because As a matter additional t h a t made i t p o s s i b l e f o r u s t o a t t e n d . E v e r y o n e w a s o u t o f t o w n i n A u g u s t , a n d we c o u l d n o t h a v e presented t h i s s t a t e m e n t h a d y o u n o t done t h i s extra We h a v e some comments on g o a l s , a n d I w i l l w i t h t h e second paragraph because begin I have a l r e a d y s a i d what we h a d t o s a y i n t h e f i r s t p a r a g r a p h . GOALS: We feel that specific b e made e x p l i c i t i n t h e A c t i o n P l a n . identify urgent goals should I ti sdifficult to i n the plan the p r i o r i t i e s which w i l l guide i t s process, or t o relate the plan t o existing commitments. For �18 example, the r e d u c t i o n of automobile i s a commitment o f b o t h P l a n and t r a f f i c i n the the D i s t r i c t ' s Major of i t s c u r r e n t "Implementation achievement Thoroughfare P l a n " f o r the of federal a i r q u a l i t y standards, as prescribed b y t h e C l e a n A i r A c t o f 1970. T h i s commitment s h o u l d e x p l i c i t l y recognized i n the A c t i o n P l a n . t h a t one District be I t s h o u l d be noted o f t h e major p r e l i m i n a r y recommendations o f t h e r e g i o n a l A i r Q u a l i t y P l a n n i n g Committee i n s u b m i t t i n g t h e Implementation P l a n f o r the c o n t r o l of trai B i t - r e l a t e d p o l l u t a n t s i s t h a t "the s t a t e s a s s u r e t h a t a i r q u a l i t y imple- mentation plans are included i n transportationplanning a t th s t a t e and local level". A i r p o l l u t i o n impact c o n s i d e r a - t i o n s s h o u l d be a n i n t e g r a l p a r t o f t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n itself, and f u l l y included i n the plan r a t h e r than i n a separate environmental impact solely statement. P r i o r i t y a t t e n t i o n i s a l s o n e e d e d f o r mass transit, p e d e s t r i a n and c y c l i s t needs t o b a l a n c e a t i m e e m p h a s i s on a u t o m o b i l e facilities. long- Departmental c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h s u c h a g e n c i e s a s WMATA on e x p e d i t i n g s h e l t e r s f o r bus are s t o p s and of such urgency priority goals. An i n c r e a s i n g bus t h a t t h e y s h o u l d be identified a d d i t i o n a l g o a l s h o u l d be economy i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o s t s , b o t h to access to streets as overall t o the government t h e consumer. COST A N A L Y S I S : I n order to serve the goal of and �MB/bdh o v e r a l l economy, c o s t a n a l y s i s s h o u l d essential f u n c t i o n of the planning r o u t i n e l y comments on considered by p l a n n i n g l a n d use and be considered office. The department decisions that are zoning o f f i c i a l s . to t h e i r usual evaluations, t h e i r estimates l o c a t i o n d e c i s i o n s w o u l d add being In addition of p r i v a t e p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o s t s i n v o l v e d i n l a n d use facility an and or valuable data as a b a s i s f o r judgment. E X I S T I N G S I T U A T I O N REQUIRES EVALUATION: d r a f t A c t i o n P l a n seems t o e m p h a s i z e new projects. i s a l s o needed, however, t o r e - s h a p e e x i s t i n g The extensive w h i c h g i v e s u b s t a n t i a l s t r e e t accommodations rush hour automobile t r a f f i c , Planning transporta- t i o n p a t t e r n s , w i t h c i t i z e n p a r t i c i p a t i o n as a p a r t of t h a t a c t i v i t y as w e l l . The continuing arrangements to f o r e x a m p l e , a r e r i p e for re- evaluation. C I T I Z E N PARTICIPATION: h a v e b e e n h e l d on t h e d r a f t a d t i o n p l a n , we as to whether c i t i z e n s not s u r e we hearings on Although previous are hearings concerned f u l l y u n d e r s t a n d , i n f a c t we are understand o u r s e l v e s , the p o s s i b l e e f f e c t of f u t u r e d e p a r t m e n t a l a c t i o n , and we department w i l l take the initiative hope to c l a r i f y the F o r e f f e c t i v e p a r t i c i p a t i o n , c i t i z e n s need v e r y the point. explicit i n f o r m a t i o n as t o proposed t r a n s p o r t a t i o n developments, as w e l l as information a s t o e x a c t l y when i n t h e planning the �20 process t h e y c a n make t h e i r c o n c e r n s known. . As for a beginning toward providing citizens, this guideline t h e p l a n m i g h t w e l l be p r e f a c e d w i t h a r e - v i e w o f t h e l e g a l r i g h t s and o b l i g a t i o n s b o t h o f t h e Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c and o f c i t i z e n s respect to transportation planning, c i t a t i o n s and b r i e f e x c e r p t s i s t r a t i v e orders. the nine the including with appropriate from r e l e v a n t laws and admin- I n addition, a brief, steps i n the planning process c l e a r summary o f as they r e l a t e t o three decision-making stages, with s p e c i f i c i n d i c a t i o n s a s t o where i n t h e p r o c e s s w o u l d be h e l p f u l . tributed. ; a c i t i z e n s can influence decisions S u c h a summary s h o u l d ; : • be w i d e l y dis• I . • F u r t h e r , we w o u l d l i k e t o know t h e p r o c e s s by w h i c h c i t i z e n o b j e c t i o n s and c o n f l i c t s w i l l be r e s o l v e d . To c l a r i f y w h a t we a r e t r y i n g t o s a y when we s p e a k o f t h e f a c t s , we a r e n o t s u r e e x a c t l y how a c t i o n w i l l b e a f f e c t e d by citizen input. We a r e n o t c l e a r a s t o w h a t reports w i l l b e made a f t e r t h e c i t i z e n p a r t i c i p a t i o n i s i n , a n d a f t e r y o u go t h r o u g h a l l o f t h e e v i d e n c e we a r e n o t c l e a r a s t o w h a t f e e d b a c k w i l l be MR. CLARK: given. I m i g h t m e n t i o n , i f I may p l e a s e M r s . G e m m i l l , t h a t t h a t p o i n t w a s made v e r y l o u d l y a n d c l e a r b y J o h n W i n t e r a t o u r l a s t m e e t i n g , a n d h e recommended t h a t whenever a suggestion i s made, on w h a t e v e r s u b j e c t there �21 may b e , t h e r e s h o u l d be a u t o m a t i c a l l y a r e s p o n s e on t h e p a r t o f t h e D e p a r t m e n t a s t o why t h e i d e a w a s r e j e c t e d , if i t was r e j e c t e d ; and o b v i o u s l y i f i t w a s a c c e p t e d why. T h e r e w o u l d c e r t a i n l y be a n e x p l i c i t show o f t h a t through w h a t e v e r c h a n g e w a s made, a n d we a r e v e r y much a w a r e o f t h a t n e e d , a n d I t h i n k we c a n v e r y h o n e s t l y n e e d h a s n o t b e e n met i n t h e p a s t , r e a s o n s t h a t we a r e t h i n k i n g v e r y more p o s s i b l e state that the a n d t h a t ' s one o f t h e s e r i o u s l y o f making i t f o r c i t i z e n s themselves t o form ad hoc groups, e s p e c i a l l y i f t h e D e p a r t m e n t i s a b o u t t o u n d e r t a k e some p a r t i c u l a r s t u d y , a n d h a v e c i t i z e n s on t h a t g r o u p a c t a s advocates for whatever c i t i z e n s a r e wanting with to project or plan; at t h i s point respect a n d s o w h a t we a r e r e a l l y t h i n k i n g o f i s t h a t we h a v e t o e n c o u r a g e t h e f o r m a t i o n of these groups a s these t h i n g s we a r e e v e n g o i n g i n t o t h e — come up f o r d e c i s i o n . And s e r i o u s l y going i n t o t h e e x p l o r a t i o n o f m a k i n g e x p e n s e money a v a i l a b l e f o r c i t i z e n s so t h a t t h e y c a n a t t e n d these meetings without having t o b r e a k t h e i r own p o c k e t b o o k o r n o t go a t a l l b e c a u s e was there some b a b y s i t t i n g c o s t o r s o m e t h i n g l i k e t h a t t o t a k e care o f . We hope t h a t ' s g o i n g t o h e l p c r o s s t h a t hurdle o f n o t r e a l l y h a v i n g a n y k i n d o f f o l l o w up a f t e r a recommendation i s made. We t h i n k i f t h e s e g r o u p s a r e f o r m e d - a n d a v e r y good e x a m p l e i s F r i e n d s h i p H e i g h t s w h e r e citizens �came up w i t h r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a n d t h e r e h a d t o . b e some k i n d o f r e s p o n s e f r o m t h e t a s k f o r c e w o r k i n g w i t h them, a n d t h e y met continuously and- o f t e n . I think i f there i s that kind o f m e c h a n i s m s e t up w e ' r e g o i n g t o b e a b l e t o overcome this hurdle. I w o u l d b e i n t e r e s t e d t o know w h a t y o u r thoughts are. MRS. GEMMILL: We r e a l i z e t h e r e ' s a c o s t b o t h t o the c i t i z e n s and t o t h e government f o r p u b l i c participation, but achieved t h e c o s t i s some modus o p e r a n d i h a s t o b e whereby c i t i z e n s c a n r e a l l y expect t h a t t h e r e w i l l be a n attempt t o r e s o l v e d i f f e r e n c e s o f opinion terest i n the best i n - o f a l l o f them, a n d t h a t . w e know how t h e y w e r e r e - solved. MR. CLARK: Y e s . MRS. GEMMILL: So we c e r t a i n l y w o u l d l i k e such an approach, and i t would be a h e l p . MR. CLARK: Very fine. We a r e c o n c e r n e d a s w e l l w i t h t h e p r o b l e m i n herent i n d e f i n i n g p r o j e c t s a s major o r minor s i n c e l a t t e r w i l l n o t be s u b j e c t t o c i t i z e n r e v i e w . tinction could Such a d i s - e l i m i n a t e c i t i z e n i n f l u e n c e on d e c i s i o n s which a r e s e p a r a t e l y minor b u t c u m u l a t i v e l y To these important. facilitate citizen participation, t h e D e p a r t m e n t t o make a v a i l a b l e copies we w o u l d of a l l planning like �23 documents f o r groups s u f f i c i e n t l y i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e p l a n s to r e q u e s t one f o r comment. C o m p l e t e r e l i a n c e on t h e l i b r a r y s y s t e m t o make t h e d o c u m e n t s a v a i l a b l e t o t h e many i n t e r e s t e d g r o u p s i s i n a d e q u a t e . Again, perhaps s u m m a r i e s t h a t w e r e more w i d e l y d i s t r i b u t e d , a n d l a s t , p e r h a p s more t h a n one c o p y i n t h e l i b r a r y w o u l d be u p h e l d . Copies that could c i r c u l a t e . The Department's p l a n t o a l l o w 52 d a y s f o r c i t i z e n comment i n s t e a d o f t h e l e g a l minimum o f 30 i s a m e a s u r e we w a n t t o commend. RESPONDING TO C I T I Z E N S E v a l u a t i n g proposed p r o j e c t s and t h e i r a n a l y s i s i s t h e k i n d ox c i t i z e n a c t i o n groups. input t y p i c a l underlying of civic However, t h e immediate problems o f individ- u a l s , o f a personal k i n d - inconvenexnt bus stops, scheduling problems, unresponsive t a x i s , e x c e s s i v e mobile n o i s e and t r a f f i c , auto- t r u c k n o i s e , and o t h e r s - a r e a c o n t i n u i n g a c t i o n program f o r c i t i z e n s t h a t does n o t have a c o r r e s p o n d i n g response f o r any t r a n s p o r t a t i o n agency. The D e p a r t m e n t s h o u l d s p e c i f i c a l l y p r o v i d e f o r r e s p o n s i v e ness t o c i t i z e n input o f t h i s For kind. example, c a n t h e Department respond t o concern t h a t school playgrounds a r e being s e r i o u s l y l o a d e d w i t h a i r p o l l u t i o n due t o h e a v y p a s s i n g How w o u l d t h e D e p a r t m e n t m o b i l i z e i t s e l f concern? over- traffic? t o answer this Heavy a i r p o l l u t i o n a l o n g s i d e w a l k s and b i k e trails �24 i s a n o t h e r community c o n c e r n , b u t s u c h u r g e n t a n d m a t t e r s do n o t a p p e a r Action Plan. specific t o be p r o v i d e d f o r i n t h e d r a f t ? C i t i z e n p a r t i c i p a t i o n p r o v i s i o n s need t o accommodate t h e c i t i z e n - i n i t i a t e d c o n c e r n a s w e l l a s t h e major departmental project. DATA • A n a l y t i c p r i n c i p l e s of a l l kinds are important to c i t i z e n evaluations of planning. I n a d d i t i o n to the r a w f i g u r e s , w h a t made y o u s e l e c t t h o s e f i g u r e s t h i n g t h a t p e o p l e n e e d t o know. i s some- The p r i n c i p l e s and n e e d t o be a p a r t o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e t o For example, traffic citizens. f o r e c a s t i n g h a s i n t h e p a s t assumed i n c r e a s e s i n automobile Clarity data t r a f f i c which f a i l e d to occur. i n the a n a l y t i c b a s i s of plans i s necessary to i n - sure f u l l c i t i z e n understanding of i s s u e s , especially where t r a d i t i o n a l b i a s e s i n p l a n n i n g a r e i n the p r o c e s s of correction. T h i s i s another a s p e c t f o r the need f o r c l e a r goals. MR. CLARK: p e r s u a s i v e Mrs. Your Gemini 1 1 . s u g g e s t i o n s a r e s t r o n g and v e r y T h e r e ' s no q u e s t i o n i n my I do h a v e one q u e s t i o n , I t h i n k a mind significant q u e s t i o n , i n v i e w o f y o u r c o n c e r n f o r some v e r y g e n e r a l kinds of concerns; c h i l d r e n , e l d e r l y people, s p e c i a l groups. �25 I g u e s s we h a v e a l i t t l e now, a n d I w o u l d like t h i n k i n g on t h i s . difficulty i n o u r own m i n d f o r y o u t o maybe s h e d some o f y o u r Where do y o u t h i n k t h a t c i t i z e n c i p a t i o n i s t h e m o s t e f f e c t i v e on c o n c e r n s l i k e it right t a l k i n g w i t h t h e Department o f Highways parti- this? I s and T r a f f i c a t SAC m e e t i n g s , o r i s i t t a l k i n g w i t h t h e C o u n c i l o f G o v e r n ments, the T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Planning Board, the Board that does t r y t o e s t a b l i s h p o l i c i e s f o r l o c a l j u r i s d i c t i o n s t o follow? Where do y o u t h i n k t h e m o s t s t r a t e g i c s p o t i s i n this very persuasive transportation planning world f o r t h o s e k i n d s o f c o n s i d e r a t i o n s t o b e b r o u g h t up s o t h a t t h e y c a n be p u r s u e d b y departments l i k e Highways MRS. GEMMILL: and T r a f f i c ? W e l l , t h e SAC m e e t i n g — the L e a g u e , a s y o u know, h a s b e e n v e r y i n t e r e s t e d i n SAC meetings i n a h o s t o f a r e a s , not j u s t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . The SAC m e e t i n g w h i c h p r o v i d e d a u s e f u l f o r u m , w h i c h ^ h a s n o t i y e t come t o i t s own, b u t i t ' s MR. CLARK: a step forward. Do y o u t h i n k i t s h o u l d b e f o c u s e d t h e r e , o r s h o u l d i t be f o c u s e d a t t h e h i g h e r l e v e l portation planning Governi tents trans- p h a s e c a r r i e d on b y t h e C o u n c i l o f ;; The r e a s o n I a s k t h a t , b e c a u s e o b v i o u s l y i t c a n be done a t b o t h p l a c e s ; o r w h e r e do y o u t h i n k i t s h o u l d be e m p h a s i z e d , o r do y o u t h i n k i t s h o u l d b e e m p h a s i z e d a t both? �26 MRS. GEMMILL: Both. MRS. MALAKOFF: As a p r a c t i c a l matter you probably need b o t h . MR. CLARK: There i s a c i t i z e n ' s a d v i s o r y committee t h a t ' s b e i n g developed now b y t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Planning Board, r e a l l y f o r t h e f i r s t time i n i t s h i s t o r y . I mention i f y o u d o n ' t know i t , I w o u l d t h a t because t h a t you would want t o f o l l o w i t s development. t h a t i t ' s going We think expect t o b e some good t h a t ' s g o i n g t o come from that. MRS. GEMMILL: MR. CLARK: I s t h i s the D i s t r i c t or regional? Regional. We i n t h e D e p a r t m e n t w a n t t h e SAC s y s t e m t o w o r k f o r u s . We h a v e f o u n d v e r y many p r o b l e m s , a n d y o u know w h a t t h e y a r e . going t o d i s c u s s something to a t a SAC m e e t i n g I f you a r e t h e r e needs b e some k i n d o f a d v e r t i s e m e n t o f t h a t s o t h a t c a n be p r e p a r e d f o r i t , g e a r e d f o r i t , come w i t h thoughts, so t h e y ' r e not j u s t taken by s u r p r i s e . people some We feel t h a t ' s r e a l l y where a l o t o f t h e i n t e r e s t s h o u l d be i n t h e District. We w i l l h a v e t o j u s t c o n t i n u e t o make t h a t s y s t e m w o r k , b e c a u s e we t h i n k i t h a s r e a l MRS. GEMMILL: E x c u s e me. potential. I f you h o l d t h e c i t i z e n - I f y o u d e p e n d s o l e l y on t h e SAC s y s t e m , t h e n t h e r e w i l l h a v e t o b e some k i n d o f i n - h o u s e r e c o n c i l i a t i o n o f t h e �27 d i f f e r e n t neighborhoods so t h a t MR. CLARK: W i t h i n MRS. GEMMILL: — one s e r v i c e a r e a . * R i g h t . These p r e s e n t h e a r i n g s , they a r e c i t y wide, so they a r e not subject p a r t i c u l a r neighborhood concerns which — hearing each others concerns. at W h e r e a s when y o u h e a r i t t h e SAC m e e t i n g s d i f f e r e n t t h i n g s f r o m p e o p l e i n f a r n o r t h e a s t and f a r northwest, and i n o t h e r words we're a l l y o u w i l l h a v e t o r e s o l v e them, i t m i g h t b e t h a t some c i t y w i d e , s p e c i a l information e f f o r t s a s t o what t h e needs o f t h e o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e c i t y a r e , w i l l be n e c e s s a r y . MR. CLARK: question. Yes. R e a l l y two I h a v e one o t h e r specific other s p e c i f i c questions. How do y o u f e e l a b o u t t h e p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s w e n t on i n F r i e n d s h i p H e i g h t s ? participation. I t i s an example o f Do y o u t h i n k i t ' s a good e x a m p l e ? MRS. GEMMILL: I have been t o l d t h a t i t i s . d i d n ' t f o l l o w i t c l o s e l y enough.. in the papers. I j u s t know w h a t I r e a d Homer J . M c C o n n e l l . Ness i s going through t h i s Friendship Heights p a t t e r n a n d t h e i r a c t i o n r i g h t now, a n d t h e y w i l l r i g h t on t h r o u g h in I G r a c e may know more a b o u t i t t h a n I do. MR. MCCONNELL: Van that the winter. There's another work g r o u p down t h e South C a p i t o l S t r e e t a r e a . MRS. MALAKOFF: My q u e s t i o n r e f e r s t o t h e c i t i z e n �28 input. My own v i e w i s t h e D e p a r t m e n t i s n o t t h a t f a r away from the c i t y ' s the phone. telephone. i s nobody answers T h a t o n e ' s c o n c e r n i s somewhere l o c k e d a n d some k i n d of a response ing The problem i s made e v e n i n - h o u s e . when t e l e p h o n e c a l l s go I get the feel- i n t o the c i t y government not o n l y i n y o u r Department, b u t any government, t h e r e i s r e a l l y no o f f i c i a l s t a n d t h a t i n v o l v e s an e x p l i c i t MR. You're be CLARK: I understand what you're saying. s a y i n g what J a c k W i n t e r s a i d l a s t time; t h e r e should some k i n d o f r e s p o n s e , e i t h e r a n i n d i c a t i o n t h a t r e c o m m e n d a t i o n i s g o i n g t o be MRS. MALAKOFF: i t i s rejected. This i s really a small don't have t o w r i t e l e t t e r s MR.., CLARK: Y o u ' r e the followed or that i t ' s r e - j e c t e d o r t h e r e a s o n s g i v e n f o r why We response. city. t o communicate. saying just a small telephone c a l l a s t o what happened t o t h e recommendation? MRS. MR. MALAKOFF: CLARK: Yes. Some r e f r e s h i n g feeling that there h a s b e e n some a t t e n t i o n g i v e n t o i t ? MRS. MR. MALAKOFF: CLARK: Your Yes. s t a t e m e n t was very clear. I r e a l l y have asked a l l o f the q u e s t i o n s t h a t I had. I q u i t e agree w i t h you, dis- t h a t t h e r e h a s t o be a b e t t e r t i n c t i o n made w i t h m a j o r a n d m i n o r p r o j e c t s , w h a t we by them. mean �I would is this: l i k e t o a s k one o t h e r q u e s t i o n , and that A f t e r t h i s A c t i o n P l a n goes i n t o e f f e c t , i t ' s v e r y c e r t a i n t h a t we w i l l w i l l be r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s change i n t h e f u t u r e . t h a t change i t , and t h e r e w i l l be p r o c e d u r e s t h a t c i t i z e n s worthy of changing; recommend and t h a t we Do y o u t h i n k m e e t i n g s feel are Plan? should a c t u a l l y hold meetings l i k e this, a d v e r t i s e t h e y w i l l be h e l d , a s k p e o p l e t o come i n a n d a commentary? I s t h i s a good way also like this are a good f o r m f o r s o r t o f r e e v a l u a t i n g t h e A c t i o n Do y o u t h i n k we There o f doing t h i s give from your perspective? r:r , cy.i--: MRS. .:• "•, i MALAKOFFs t:-; : • i Assuming o. y o u ' r e g o i n g t o do s o m e t h i n g w i t h o u r comments. MRS. w i t h them GEMMILL: R i g h t ; and t e l l us what you d i d later. MR. CLARK: T h a n k y o u v e r y much. I appreciate that. L e t me c a l l Mr. number one on t h e l i s t . arrived? E a r l Simpson a g a i n . Mr. Peter Craig. I h a v e r u n o u t o f names on t h e You s i r , why MR. Federation THOMAS: of C i v i c F. was Has P e t e r Craig list. d o n ' t y o u come f o r w a r d Would y o u s t a t e y o u r name f o r t h e Ke please. stenographer please. H. Thomas, v i c e p r e s i d e n t , D. Association. C. �30 STATEMENT OF: r F . H. THOMAS MR. THOMAS: the statement I have come t h i s e v e n i n g as r e l a t i o n s h i p t o thed r a f t . t o give As relation t o t h e D. C. F e d e r a t i o n , w h i c h d o e s r e p r e s e n t 52 c i v i c g r o u p s , we o b j e c t t o t h e A c t i o n P l a n a s p r e s e n t e d . We f e e l t h a t t h e A c t i o n P l a n d o e s n o t h a v e good g o a l s . f e e l t h a t t h e A c t i o n P l a n needs t o have c i t i z e n tion, i n d i c a t e d s p e c i f i c a l l y where i t w i l l f e e l t h a t t h e schedule We participa- occur. We a s i n d i c a t e d i n y o u r p l a n h a s many t h i n g s t h a t we w o u l d c o n s i d e r t o b e o u t o f p h a s e a n d p e r h a p s our knowledge — for l a c k o f knowledge might be t h e reason that. You after call f o r c o o r d i n a t i o n o f government a c e r t a i n p h a s e t h a t we f e e l s h o u l d agencies take place be- f o r e , a n d we a r e v e r y d u b i o u s a b o u t t h e p l a n a s i t s t a n d s , and f o r t h a t r e a s o n we a r e g i v i n g y o u p e r h a p s w h a t m i g h t be your f i r s t negative statement o f your p l a n you have t o date. I n e s s e n c e , we f e e l t h i s p l a n h a s n o t b e e n drafted as i t relates t o the citizens and people. We feel t h a t i t h a s b e e n d r a f t e d p r i m a r i l y f o r h i g h w a y s , a n d we realize that this i s w h a t y o u r g o a l i s . One o f t h e o b j e c t i o n we h a v e a l w a y s h a d i n o u r s u i t s a g a i n s t t h e H i g h w a y Depart- ment, i s t h a t we w o u l d n o t b e i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h a n y p l a n in t h i s c i t y t h a t s p e c i f i c a l l y i s highways, s p e c i f i c a l l y i s �31 subways, specifically i s buses. We want something that's going t o put these together. * F o r y e a r s we h a v e b e e n g o i n g t h r o u g h j u s t highway, and f o r y e a r s t h e highway h a s been h i d i n g a n d we a r e s i c k a n d t i r e d o f t h i s r e a l l y , the things, a n d w h a t we l i k e t o s e e , a n d t h i s A c t i o n P l a n d o e s n ' t seem t o do too w e l l , would that i s t o show t h a t t h e r e i s g o i n g t o be t h i s c o o p e r a t e s t u d y w i t h t h e c i t i z e n s p a r t i c i p a t i o n t o show w h a t t h e i m p a c t means t o a n a r e a o t h e r t h a n a h i g h w a y . very l i t t l e That i s , a s i t r e l a t e s t o an a r e a , so a s t h i s p l a n s t a n d s we w o u l d h a v e o b j e c t i o n s t o it. S p e c i f i c a l l y some o f t h e q u e s t i o n s y o u a s k e d a moment ago. A s f a r a s t h e SAC m e e t i n g s a r e c o n c e r n e d , I t h i n k we w o u l d o b j e c t t o SAC m e e t i n g s f o r i n d i c a t i n g w h a t c o u l d o r c o u l d n o t b e done, b e c a u s e t h e y a r e s c h e d u l ed a t t h e wrong t i m e . . MR. CLARK: MR. THOMAS: Y o u mean l i k e i n the afternoon? SAC m e e t i n g s a r e s c h e d u l e d w h e r e o c c u r 2 o ' c l o c k i n t h e day. We think i t ' s highly able as i t r e l a t e s to the working persons. g r e a t d e a l o f problems w i t h they objection- So we h a v e a that. T h e o t h e r t i l i n g a s f a r a s SAC m e e t i n g s a r e c o n cerned SAC m e e t i n g s n e e d t o h a v e more c i t i z e n f o r t h e m t o be e f f e c t i v e . ment p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n SAC R i g h t now participation t h e r e ' s more g o v e r n - meetings than c i t i z e n participation �32 I s a y t h a t a s i t r e l a t e s t o t h e SAC a r e a s that I deal with. that I h a p p e n t o b e i n SAC a r e a I I and ,on couric.il. As i t r e l a t e s t o t h e p r o g r a m , we a l s o f e e l that the program i s v e r y h e a v i l y weighed a s f a r a s freewaya and t a x b a s e i s c o n c e r n e d , a n d d o e s n o t seem t o d e a l p r i m a r i l y w i t h people. S o s o m e t h i n g t o t h i s e f f e c t we tiiink h a s t o take place a s f a r a s t h i s i s concerned. We h a d s p e c i f i c q u e s t i o n s . We w i l l o u t who m u s t a p p r o v e t h i s A c t i o n P l a n b e f o r e like to find i t goes i n t o effect? MR. CLARK: T h e Mayor. MR. THOMAS: MR. CLARK: T h e Mayor? Yes, s i r . MR. THOMAS: MR. CLARK: T h e Mayor a n d t h e Mayor alone? Yes, s i r . MR. THOMAS: We w o u l d l i k e t o know a s i t r e l a t e s to t h e formulation o f the p l a n . There are c e r t a i n items, a s Mr. Chapman i n d i c a t e d i n t h e g o a l s w h i c h I w o n ' t g o o v e r a g a i n , we c o n c u r a l m o s t t o t a l l y w i t h w h a t h e i s s a y ing i nthegoals. As i t r e l a t e s t o your i n d i c a t i o n tonight o f e x p e n s e money, I t h i n k we w o u l d h i g h l y o b j e c t t o t h e e x p e n s e money b e i n g citizens. p a i d by t h e Highway Department t o We t h i n k i f i t ' s g o i n g t o p a i d i t s h o u l d b e ' p a i d on t h e b a s i s o f a g r o u p , f o r t h e u s e o f p a r t i c i p a t i o n . �33 a n d n o t f o r i n d i v i d u a l s , b e c a u s e i t d o e s make t h o s e i n d i v i d u a l s i n soma w a y o b l i g a t e d , a n d we w o u l d n o t l i k e t o s e e t h a t p r o c e s s t a k e p l a c e ; t h e u s i n g o f money f o r b a b y sitters, etc. I t h i n k i t s h o u l d be u s e d b y a g r o u p . I f that money i s t o b e u s e d b y t h a t g r o u p t o s t u d y a h i g h w a y , a different thing. that's Y o u r i n d i c a t i o n f o r a b a b y s i t t e r , we are t o t a l l y against that. I t ' s o n t h i s b a s i s we w o u l d object t o your plan as i t stands. Do y o u h a v e a n y q u e s t i o n s ? MR. CLARK: Yes. I know y o u s a i d y o u w e r e very much t h i n k i n g a l o n g t h e ^ f i n e s o f Mr. Chapman a s f a r a s goals a r e concerned. The c u r r e n t g o a l s need t o be r e - drafted. C o u l d y o u t a k e a c r a c k on t h e s o f t o f g o a l s y o u would l i k e t o see us take? MR. THOMAS: dare. R e p r e s e n t i n g 52 g r o u p s , I w o u l d n ' t This i s the type o f thing — i n our p a r t i c u l a r g r o u p we do h a v e 6 0 p l a n n i n g c o m m i t t e e s a n d we do go o v e r t h i s a n d we s e t t h e p o l i c y . We d o n ' t j u s t make state- ments . MR. CLARK: That's f a i r enough. L e t me g e t t o t h e e x p e n s e money. We h a v e been t o l d b y many p e o p l e t h a t t h e l a c k o f e x p e n s e money somet i m e s i n h i b i t s p e o p l e f r o m g o i n g o u t , f r o m g o i n g somewhere �34 t o a m e e t i n g who p e r h a p s l a c k e d Are you saying car fare, taxi i fthere fare. i s t h i s k i n d o f expense money made a v a i l a b l e t h a t a t r e a l l y s h o u l d be c h a n n e l e d through c i t i z e n a s s o c i a t i o n s o r t h e Federation? MR. THOMAS: gardless Not n e c e s s a r i l y t h e F e d e r a t i o n . o f what group i t i s . group and t h a t t a r g e t a r e a . Let's sayi t ' s a particular As f a r a s t h e highway o r development o c c u r s i n t h a t a r e a , group. this Re- i t goes t o t h a t p a r t i c u l a r As f a r a s going t o i n d i v i d u a l s p e r s e , I t h i n k i s something t h a t would r a i s e q u i t e a q u e s t i o n . we i n t h e F e d e r a t i o n would r a i s e t h a t question I think to the i n - d i v i d u a l who a c c e p t e d i t . MR. CLARK: Y e s . MR. THOMAS: I w o u l d l i k e t o s a y one t h i n g . On p a g e 2 0 I t h i n k i t i s , t o g i v e y o u a n i d e a o f some o f t h e comments we h a v e , a s Mr. Chapman s t a t e d , we d i d n ' t have much t i m e t o go o v e r t h i s e i t h e r . Q u e s t i o n s t h a t we h a v e a s i t r e l a t e s t o w h a t you have f o r m u l a t e d h e r e , i t ' s n o t c l e a r t o u s why g o v e r n - ment c o o r d i n a t i o n It comes i n a f t e r c i t i z e n p a r t i c i p a t i o n . seems t o me t h a t t h e g o v e r n m e n t should be coordinating w i t h you from t h e s t a r t t o f i n d o u t what t h e r a i l s , what t h e b u s e s a n d a l l a r e g o i n g t o do,* a n d n o t u n t i l a f t e r t h e c i t i z e n says something about i t . t h a t works i n t h i s network. I'm j u s t w o n d e r i n g how �35 MR. CLARK; To t e l l l e t y o u i n on a s e c r e t . you t h e t r u t h , I have t o . T h a t c h a r t does n o t r e a l l y r e - p r e s e n t w h a t we w a n t e d t o s a y . Our purpose was t o t r y t o f i t citizen partici- p a t i o n i n a t more s t a g e s o f t h e p l a n n i n g p r o c e s s , a n d t h a t c h a r t does n o t s a y t h a t . file. T h a t c h a r t won't appear i n t h e I t ' s n o t a f a i r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f w h a t we a r e trying to depict. Of c o u r s e government p a r t i c i p a t i o n h a s t o be t h r o u g h o u t t h e p r o j e c t . Of c o u r s e c i t i z e n t i o n h a s t o be i n t h e p r o c e s s . participa- T h e c h a r t i s coming o u t . I t d o e s n ' t d e p i c t w h a t we h a v e t o s a y . MR. THOMAS: L i k e Mr. Chapman, I'm a n a r c h i t e c t a n d p l a n n e r a l s o , a n d a p e r t c h a r t means a l o t t o me. c h a r t s d o n ' t make a n y s e n s e . quest and a p p r o v a l . These On page 2 8 , F i n a l E I S , r e - I don't p r e t e n d t o be a p e r s o n versed i n e n g l i s h . When t h i s s a y s r e q u e s t a n d a p p r o v a l i t means t h a t y o u know t h a t y o u a r e g o i n g was to get approval. I f this s t a t e d r e q u e s t f o r a p p r o v a l we c o u l d u n d e r s t a n d , b u t r e q u e s t a n d a p p r o v a l , i t ' s s a y i n g e x a c t l y w h a t we t h i n k y o u mean. MR. CLARK: right, that i t really stated. S i r , a l l I can s a y i s you're precisely i s n o t s t a t e d t h e way i t s h o u l d b e I f t h e r e i s a r e q u e s t made i t s h o u l d b e i n h e r e n t that there i s a p o s s i b i l i t y there i s a p o s s i b i l i t y f o r t h i s approval, j u s t like f o r a p p r o v a l , and I thank you f o r �36 pointing that out. I would l i k e t o r e m i n d y o u once a g a i n t h a t 'we want t o continue s o l i c i t i n g comments f r o m t h e F e d e r a t i o n , even a f t e r p l a n becomes e f f e c t i v e . this t o t a l l y important tinually I think i t ' s f o r us t o see t o i t t h a t t h i s p l a n con- changes a s i d e a s and s u g g e s t i o n s worthy o f incorporating. very free i n telephoning come up t h a t a r e I a s k t h a t y o u r F e d e r a t i o n be us o r w r i t i n g t o u s and- c a l l i n g me p e r s o n a l l y ' i f y o u w i s h o n a n y f u r t h e r i d e a s t h a t y o u r F e d e r a t i o n comes u p w i t h , o r a n y t h i n g t h a t your Federation i s doing. MR. THOMAS: being changed, t h i s When y o u m e n t i o n e d t h i s p l a n i s s a y s t h e Comprehensive P l a n i s changed or updated every s i x t o t e n y e a r s . When w a s t h e l a s t u p d a t e ? MR. CLARK: T h e D. C. C o m p r e h e n s i v e Plan? MR. THOMAS: Y e s . MR. CLARK: MR. THOMAS: trying 1970 I b e l i e v e . We a r e g o i n g i n t o '74-75. I'm j u s t t o s e e what k i n d o f t h i n g we're going t o g e t o u t o f the updating o f t h i s once i t ' s s e t . past experience, I am o n l y s a y i n g from f o r t u n a t e l y o r u n f o r t u n a t e l y , Mr. A r i s h a s t a l k e d b a c k and f o r t h from t h e podiums, h e might n o t r e member, we h a v e f o u n d t h e r 6 i s v e r y l i t t l e little update and v e r y i n f o r m a t i o n made a v a i l a b l e t o c i t i z e n s t h a t they can �37 t e l l w h a t ' s g o i n g on w i t h o u t There's them p u l l i n g an intermediate i t out. loop highway going'on i n t h eD i s t r i c t s i n c e 1962. MR. CLARK: Inter MR. THOMAS: what? Intermediate loop highway. Mr. A r i s m i g h t b r i e f y o u on t h a t . M i l i t a r y Road, N e b r a s k a A v e n u e . I t ' s out These kinds o f t h i n g s a r e t h e p r o b l e m s we f i n d w i t h t h i n g s t h a t a r e t o t a l l y h i g h way. We w i l l planning tion, s a y t o t h e Mayor t h a t we a r e l o o k i n g for a department which s t a r t s t o d e a l w i t h t r a n s p o r t a - and t h i s a c t i o n program d e a l s w i t h highways. MR. CLARK: What i s y o u r p o s i t i o n o n D. C. D e p a r t ment o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ? MR. THOMAS: I p e r s o n a l l y don't have a p o s i t i o n on i t . MR. CLARK: MR. THOMAS: i f necessary. The F e d e r a t i o n ? The F e d e r a t i o n would g i v e a p o s i t i o n F i r s t o f a l l t h e r e i s no such t h i n g . MR. CLARK: of that sort o f thing. There i s t h every r e a l possibility The N e l s o n Committee h a s s a i d o u g h t t o b e o n e . Some o f t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s there t h a t have b e e n made b y t h e N e l s o n C o m m i s s i o n h a v e a l r e a d y been affected. MR. THOMAS: if Without speaking i t w o u l d encompass t o t a l p l a n n i n g f o r the Federation, I would d e f i n i t e l y be �i n t e r e s t e d i n pursuing definitely the o f w h a t b e n e f i t i t c o u l d be to find out t o t h e c i t y and to area. MR. CLARK: DR. AZEEZE: II S t r e e t P a c k . because N I am Mrs. not MRS. tor something o f t h i s type That's I'm fine. Thank you Dr. A z e e z e . v e r y much. I represent C o f i e l d w i l l make o u r representation presentable. COFIELD: E v e l y n C o f i e l d , Community coordina f o r t h e H S t r e e t P r o j e c t A r e a C o m m i t t e e , and we citizen spokesmen i n t h e n e a r n o r t h e a s t on u r b a n STATEMENT MRS. MRS. the are renewal. OF: EVELYN COFIELD COFIELD: A f t e r c o m i n g i n we were v e r y up- s e t b e c a u s e t h e r e i s n ' t more c i t i z e n p a r t i c i p a t i o n , and h a d b e e n i n on we found out a g a i n , even a f t e r b e c a u s e we ed, a c c i d e n t , and this time l e a v i n g o u r name on t h e list w a n t e d t o g e t more names o f o u r i t h a p p e n e d I p i c k up MR. the the f i r s t meeting by CLARK: You we t h e A f r o and mean y o u saw citizens this involv- meeting. didn't get a notice i n mail? MRS. C O F I E L D : No, we didn't. t o p u t o u r name on t h e a g e n d a , we Even a f t e r s e e t h a t we are calling still left off. MR. MRS. CLARK: T h a t won't happen a g a i n . COFIELD: Due to the d r a f t being so lengthy �39 and o n l y a c o u p l e o f us had t h e d r a f t , which I picked up a c o u p l e when I was h e r e a n d p a s s e d them o u t , t h e b e s t c o u l d do w a s g i v e some o f t h e r e s i d e n t s , b y phone, a s y n o p s i s , a n d t h a t ' s h a r d t o do w i t h a d r a f t that we brief size, s o t h e y f e e l a s community p e o p l e and w o r k i n g p e o p l e that t h e y c a n ' t g e t away, e v e n s a y l i k e t h e SAC m e e t i n g , a n d 1 h a v e , t o a g r e e w i t h t h e g e n t l e m a n who t h i n k SAC i s t h e b e s t way has l e f t , a r e working from 9 t o and most o f t h e people t h e y a r e t r y i n g citizens involved, s i d e l i k e t h i s one, to We 5:30 to reach also are f e e l t h e o n l y way to get the i n s t e a d o f having meetings o f f t o the i s t h a t y o u r D e p a r t m e n t s h o u l d come the v a r i o u s communities t o g e t the i n p u t . A s i t s t a n d s now, They would t h e y a r e opposed t o t h i s l i k e t o s e e more r e p a i r s a n d b e t t e r T h a t ' s , y o u know, f i x e d , a d d on o r b u i l d anew, a n d I w o u l d set this citizen's Will plan. streets. that are already i n existence. T h e y f e e l l e t ' s f i x w h a t we h a v e to don't t o g e t t o t h e community b e c a u s e t h e s e a r e i n t e r e s t e d p e o p l e who working a t these hours. I f i r s t b e f o r e we d e c i d e t o l i k e t o s e e how advisory council you plan up. t h i s c o u n c i l have people i n i t from a l l o v e r , n o t j u s t a s m a l l segment? come p a r t o f t h e B o a r d ? How will How will these people be- t h e y be s e l e c t e d ; be- c a u s e u s u a l l y y o u w i n d up on t h e s e t y p e s o f b o a r d s w i t h knows who, and i t ' s not r e a l l y t h e c i t i z e n s who on t h e s e b o a r d s . �40 Do y o u know somebody who w i l l h a v e n ' t gone t o t h e v a r i o u s serve and they communities t o g e t the people who w o u l d b e a f f e c t e d b y t h a t . I would l i k e t o see the s t r u c t u r e o f the c i t i z e n c o u n c i l board. MR. CLARK: I c a n t e l l y o u some o f t h e i d e a s t h a t h a v e b e e n t o s s e d a r o u n d among u s , b u t I w o u l d really l i k e t o know how y o u f e e l we c a n b e s t go a b o u t g e t t i n g good c r o s s - s e c t i o n o f p e o p l e on t h e b o a r d . have a ready answer a I f you don't — MRS. C O F I E L D : I have an answer. I f e e l a s many c i t i z e n g r o u p s i n e x i s t e n c e , a n d t h e y a r e f r o m one e n d o f t h e D i s t r i c t t o t h e o t h e r , why n o t l e t e a c h organization s e n d one p e r s o n , t h e n y o u w o u l d h a v e a c r o s s - s e c t i o n o f people. MR. CLARK: planning I n other words, f o r whatever the area? MRS. C O F I E L D : MR. CLARK: vite Yes. Any c i t i z e n group i n t h a t a r e a , i n - them t o s e n d one p e r s o n ? MRS. C O F I E L D : would be. Y e s ; a n d l e t them d e c i d e who T h a t p a r t i c u l a r group d e c i d e . S a y we h a v e a b o a r d a n d t h e n t h e members o f t h a t b o a r d w o u l d d e c i d e i f you were working along t h e H S t r e e t c o r r i d o r , b o a r d w o u l d d e c i d e who t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e should be. that to this — that council I n o t h e r w o r d s , why s h o u l d we g e t somebody f r o m �41 Northwest to represent we don't l i k e MR. us. We sort of f e l t t h a t idea of being l e f t CLARK: out. I don't l i k e the g e t t i n g a n o t i c e , and l e f t out and • idea of your I w i l l g u a r a n t e e you will not get notices. MRS. MR. to talk COFIELD: CLARK: That's s e n t t h e Dupont C i r c l e Harriet would like B. H u b b a r d . I repre- OF: H A R R I E T B . HUBBARD HUBBARD: i t s meetings u n t i l now. Citizens Association. STATEMENT MRS. as of Plan? HUBBARD: MRS. standing I s t h e r e a n y o n e e l s e who about the A c t i o n MRS. our Our o r g a n i z a t i o n doesn't begin O c t o b e r , and had a chance t o consider for s e v e r a l y e a r s , a p o s i t i o n opposed t o t h e b u i l d i n g all freeways and s o do many o f u s , in this this so the A s s o c i a t i o n has city, and plan. H o w e v e r , we have I v e r y much o b j e c t f r o m b e i n g d r a g g e d down t o f r e e w a y meetings a l l t h e t i m e , e v e r y y e a r you p l a n s , a n d we g e t v e r y b o r e d and opposing the had of personally these have very frustrated not these freeways. I would l i k e t o p o i n t out m e e t i n g s , when f r e e w a y s with t h a t i n t h e SAC w e r e b r o u g h t up area they were a l l r e - jected. T h e r e w a s n ' t one t h a t was a c c e p t e d , so t h a t you �. • 42 r e a l l y d o n ' t h a v e t o go t o t h e SAC a r e a t o f i n d o u t w h a t they think o f the freeways. The r e c o r d a l r e a d y shows t h a t e v e r y t i m e t h e SAC a r e a h a s b e e n c o n s u l t e d t h e y h a v e r e jected the freeways, is, and t h i s It ment P r o g r a m s o y o u a l r e a d y know w h a t t h e i r opinion i s i n the record. i s i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia C a p i t a l Improve1974-79. T h e SAC a r e a s h a v e gone on r e c o r d a s o p p o s i n g the freeways, Mr. Thomas. so has the F e d e r a t i o n o f C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n s , The s t r a w v o t e c o n d u c t e d by t h e League o f Women V o t e r s a l s o r e j e c t e d f r e e w a y s . supposed t o be b u i l t . That Freeways a r e not i s one o f t h e a s s u m p t i o n s o f the a i r p o l l u t i o n , a i r q u a l i t y program f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. With regard t o your p l a n , you mention i n h e r e a plan prepared by the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission. 81 i n t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s e c t i o n o f t h e D i s t r i c t government o r t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n . who h a s a t t e n d e d t h e h e a r i n g s know t h a t t h i s p l a n h a s a very doubtful legal MR. CLARK: status. What i s t h a t p l a n ? fare Plan you're t a l k i n g MRS. HUBBARD: prepared Anyone t h e Major Thorough- about? No, I'm t a l k i n g a b o u t t h e p l a n by t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, t h a t ' s t h e L a n d Use P l a n . �43 MR. CLARK: MRS. The HUBBARD: Comprehensive P l a n . L a n d Use Plan. I t h i n k a n y p l a n t h a t y o u may s h o u l d not c o n f l i c t w i t h any e x i s t i n g giving r M e n t i o n e d on page 3 o f t h e l e g a l i t y t o a man laws o r use such as the N a t i o n a l P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n ' s p l a n t h a t may f o r c e anywhere e l s e i n the D i s t r i c t . have phrases Capital not have any legal I think i t i s very d o u b t f u l t h a t t h i s p l a n can a c q u i r e l e g a l f o r c e by your employing i t i n your d r a f t or i n your p l a n . I have s e v e r a l other o b j e c t i o n s t o the i n here w h i c h seems — doubtful l e g a l i t y and many o f t h e s e w o r d s seem o f v e r y i n c o n f l i c t w i t h the D i s t r i c t I a g r e e w i t h w h a t some o f t h e o t h e r and w h e r e c i t i z e n p a r t i c i p a t i o n comes i n ; and type, o f h e a r i n g laws. objectors t o t h i s p l a n h a v e s a i d when t h e y h a v e q u e s t i o n e d commend t h a t i n a n y terminology just how I would r e - involving this plan o r t h i s d r a f t t h a t you h a v e , t h a t the A d m i n i s t r a t i v e Procedures A c t o f 1968 o f the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia a p p l i e d s o t h a t f a c t s may may be reached, and to a way conclusions of s h o u l d d r a w up a r e q u i r i n g the other law draft govern- testify. F o r example, you where the Metro system Environmental f o u n d and I f e e l t h a t you p l a n w h e r e t h i s w o u l d be ment a g e n c i e s be be s h o u l d not h o l d any hearings i s not p r e s e n t or the Department o f Q u a l i t y , where those people a r e not required �44 MB/bdh to t e s t i f y , o r f o r example a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f the Zoning Commission, s o t h a t a t any h e a r i n g you h e l d t h e citizens c o u l d c r o s s q u e s t i o n a l l o f t h e government a g e n c i e s , c l u d i n g Mr. A r i s and any r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s y o u r may have t o b r i n g out any c o n f l i c t s in- agencies t h a t may a p p e a r i n t h e f a c t u a l s i t u a t i o n w h i c h you advanced p r o j e c t o r any o t h e r project. T h i s method h a s p r o v e d o f g r e a t v a l u e t o t h e citizens a t Zoning h e a r i n g s , citizens, and a l s o t h i s a l l o w s the under t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i v e P r o c e d u r e s A c t , y o u r Department t o c o u r t to take immediately. We have a remedy i n c o u r t f o r v i o l a t i o n s o f t h e Administrative Procedures A c t , and we have long w i s h e d some k i n d o f a h e a r i n g body t o r e v i e w t h e d e c i s i o n s of your Department. for if I t would a l s o be v e r y a d v i s e a b l e , Comer Copy, a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e M a y o r ' s budget office, would be p r e s e n t a t e v e r y one o f t h e s e h e a r i n g a l o n g w i t h t h e Metro p e o p l e and t h e z o n i n g p e o p l e and t h e a l people, and we might even have someone p r e s e n t from t h e Corporation Counsel's o f f i c e there, citizens so t h a t c o u l d c r o s s q u e s t i o n him a s t o h i s w i t h r e g a r d t o e n f o r c i n g D. C . I the intentions laws. t h i n k a l s o t h a t you s h o u l d n o t pay t h e to p a r t i c i p a t e , to groups. environment- citizens and I would e v e n o b j e c t t o p a y i n g money I h a v e r e a d a s t u d y by MIT t h a t was presented �46 MR. CLARK: I am i n t e r e s t e d a b o u t w h a t y o u s a y i n y o u r o p i n i o n no n e e d f o r t h e c i t i z e n s t o be p a i d f o r the expenses f o r going t o meetings. MRS. HUBBARD: I t i s n ' t the q u e s t i o n o f whether t h e y a r e poor o r n o t , o r pay a b a b y s i t t e r , b u t i t i s v e r y s u s p e c t t o t a k e money f r o m someone who's f u n d a m e n t a l p o s i t i o n s on h i g h w a y s y o u w o u l d oppose violently. I w o u l d n e v e r t a k e y o u r money. o f f e r e d me g r a n t s f r o m DOT a l r e a d y . People have I wouldn't take your money. MR. CLARK: Your point i s then i t ' s — the c r e d i t a b i l i t y o f a p e r s o n m i g h t someone be t a m p e r e d w i t h ? MRS. HUBBARD: MR. CLARK: I t h i n k i t w o u l d be r u i n e d . The r e a s o n I have a s k e d t h a t , because we h a v e c i t i z e n s who h a v e t o l d u s e x a c t l y the opposite. MRS. HUBBARD: ' T h e y w o u l d r a t h e r h a v e t h e money than have f u l l integrity. MRS. C O F I E L D : MR. CLARK: May I s p e a k t o t h a t ? Y e s , mam. MRS. C O F I E L D : I d o n ' t know how many a r e a w a r e o f y o u r Model C i t i e s Program and t h e i r b i l l stipends. I t h i n k i f y o u go t o t h e c i t i z e n c o m m i t t e e m e e t i n g s a n d h e a r the or ai-guments, i f a p e r s o n w a n t s a p r o j e c t , $2.00 c a r f a r e §5.00 b a b y s i t t i n g f e e w i l l n o t change i t . I t h i n k you c o u l d a s k s e v e r a l o f t h o s e who r a n f o r b e i n g c o m m i s s i o n e r �MV'bdh o f Model C i t i e s , t h a t t h o s e c i t i z e n s d i d n o t want their money, s o I t h i n k i t w o u l d depend on t h e i n d i v i d u a l , m o t a whole group. MR. CLARK: A l l right. MRS. C O F I E L D : I t h i n k t h a t a l l o f u s know t h a t some a r e a f r a i d t o go t o o f a r f r o m home, some a r e a f r a i d t o go f r o m t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d , w i t h a mode o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n q u i t e a few w i l l come. I have e x p e r i e n c e d t h i s . I was w i t h Model C i t i e s u p t o now. f r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g on We a l s o p a y s t i p e n d s . That board w i l l give RLA, w h e r e we g e t b u r money f r o m , t h e h a r d e s t f i g h t y o u e v e r have r e c e i v e d from MR. CLARK: Is anyone. I a p p r e c i a t e your mentioning t h e r e a n y o n e e l s e h e r e who w o u l d speak about t h e A c t i o n that. like to Plan? MR. MCCONNELL: I have three l i t t l e c h a n g e s , i f i t w o u l d b e o f a n y h e l p t o you.! editorial Otherwise, I would s a y go t h r o u g h w i t h doing a complete j o b j u s t a s he s u g g e s t e d . For e x a m p l e o n page 8 MR. CLARK: — Have y o u i d e n t i f i e d yourself? STATEMENT OF: HOMER J . MCCONNELL MR. MCCONNELL: Federation of Citizens t i o n , member o f t h e T r a f f i c B o a r d . Associa- �48 In p a r a g r a p h 2, I t h i n k what you area. the i t e m 2, Community and r e a l l y are referring . Nation. to i s the Metropolitan I d o n ' t t h i n k y o u meant the. w h o l e n a t i o n . n e e d s o f t h e c i t y and plans. nation. Again, Metropolitan I t ' s t h a t t y p e , a few o f t h o s e , c l e a r t h r o u g h them, and many o f them. i f you could f o r a f i r s t go around you C I ARK: MR. MCCONNELL: I do b e l i e v e p e o p l e w e r e considered b r o u g h t out by CLARK: that you c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n some areas as to the e f f e c t of t h i s planning MR. omitted. I believe that somebody e l s e , businesses, very l i t t l e d i v i d u a l s , people as have Thank you s i r . I c o u l d q u i c k l y f i n d t h e page h e r e — c r i t i c i s m was go here. MR. If area t h e g e n t l e m a n f r o m G e o r g e t o w n made I n general a l o t o f v e r y good i d e a s I t ' s the f o r people as i n - people. Thank you f o r emphasizing t h a t . I s t h e r e a n y b o d y e l s e t h a t w o u l d l i k e t o make any remarks? Well, i f n o t , we will call an o f f i c i a l end t o t h e m e e t i n g , b u t y o u ' r e c e r t a i n l y welcome t o s t a y h e r e and d i s c u s s i t f u r t h e r w i t h an o f f i c i a l a t t h e end of the meeting. T h a n k y o u v e r y much f o r a t t e n d i n g . (Whereupon, t h e h e a r i n g was cluded a t 9:25 o'clock con- p.m.) �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Transcript of proceedings : Department of Highways and Traffic : in the matter of: draft action plan, Wednesday, September 26, 1973 Subject The topic of the resource City planning Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource BGH Reporting Service, Inc. District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1973 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Description An account of the resource In addition to the <a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6401" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="action plan">action plan</a>, see related transcripts of proceedings of public hearings on <a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6399" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="August 22">August 22</a> and <a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6400" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="September 26">September 26</a>. https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/1f58ca2732802229a45c2b992be2bd38.pdf?Expires=1792022400&Signature=SCJpDNy%7EGv7sAdPYJ9OoHHui0EAMsuq7XkLaCpSMkTUpHEzGcadI4WIPJLiLJlJPRKybi%7EFohb5xn7h2zglOWVuoi0MMY3QGjWV64X1Zr8ox-3BzE-0ezZr%7EDIp0qAVHoe1wkjVUr49Bk7nAkFRE7eHFb4e8vfUxb00f5uLl%7E7s2l08nQ0UviSGk1A8S0UvqY5ixsxmugixIFuC5Iut8HkvDS61ofnfUobX1LG20PNcF0rPENlYZLy2bzBMloUNCNIkHkh5%7ETWPTpUIMHo2hoMqO0LfgqnwGj%7E4bVBogqt%7ELQfd-8M7Q6vITAUAHCKYEkDCDBCgia1rLNmJeBiG3pA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 2bbb28ad5d62bd6f865719c0e9eb77c1 PDF Text Text ? DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 0tPARItvttil IO I IIIOlllryAYS AIiO TBAITII D D ! lf o D I { frr D �ACTION PI.AN October, L973 DEPARTI.{ENT OF HIGIil,{AYS District of AllD TRAFFIC CoLumbia �Djslr,ct oHrr,,ii?*:J ,nffiH8,,ffi* Wy {i*.t*-,- _,*";*e'jji$ CONTENTS x INTRODUCTION . I. II. III. DEVELOPMENT OF THE ACTION PI,AN SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AI.ID ., 1 ENVIRONMET'ITAL CONSIDERATIONS 3 PHASES OF TRANSPORTATION PLANNING . 11 A. B. 1_5 Goal-s Phase Phase Phase c. D. IV Two: Project Planning Three: Final Design . Office of Bureau of Bureau of Bureau of Office of Pl-anning and Programrning (Opp) Design, Engineering and Research (BDER) Traffic Engineering and Operations (BTEO). Construction and Maintenance (BCM) BusLness Administration (OBA). Intergovernmental- and Interagency Coordination B c D E F 11 16 22 . THE ORGANIZATION OF TIIE DEPARI}'IENT OF HIGHI^IAYS AND TRAFFIC A V. 0r,", trro"nota.aton iy"i"*'rr.rrrrit,. 25 27 28 29 30 30 31 39 A. Citizen Input - System Phase B. Citizen Input - Subarea and Project Level VI. . 40 4s IMPLEMENTATION 53 CITIZEN PARTICIPATION A B c D Bulletin , . . .. Citizen Advisory Cormittees Planning Ad Hoc . Environmental Study Coordination Reorganization and Functional Reallocation 54 54 54 55 APPENDIX . 57 GLOSSARY OF TER}IS 107 111 �LIST OF FIGI'RES 1. LAIID USE AI.LOCATION 2, ORGA}IIZATION CIIART OF TIIE DEPARTMENT OF IIIGTIWAYS AI.ID 3 TRAFI'IC . 26 i oRGAIITZATToN CIIART OF TIIE GOVERNMENT. QF TIIE DISTRTCTOFCOLUMBIA. 4 6 MODEL . . I ' ' ' 32 ORGAT{IZATION C'IIART OF TIIE METROPCItITAI.I WASIIINGTON COT]NCILOFGO\IERNMEMS . . . . 36 5 SERVICE AREA SYSTEM . 46 6. NEWSPAPER NOTICE 52 v �LIST OF TABI.ES L PHASES OF TMNSPORTATION PLANNING 2 GROUPS AND SIIBGROUPS FOR AUTOI'{AIED 3 I,MPLEMENTATI.ONSCHEDULE. . . aaaa . MAILING LIST aaaa L2 49 53 vll �-T I}TTRODUCTION The Action PI-an Ls a process approach that ensures adequate conslderation of eocial, economic, and environmental effects in transportatlon plannLng for the District of Columbia. In congidering such effects, decislons will be made based on a knowl-edge of the costs and measures involved in eliminating or mininizing adversities. The prLne objectives of the process are to satisfy the need for fast, safe, and efficient transporta- tion with choices of projects in the best overall- publlc interest' to intensify efforts designed to protect envlronmental resources, and to make citizen partlcipation effective and representative. is not a transportation plan. Rather, it explains the legal-, procedural, and technical steps undertaken in developing transPortaThe Action Plan tion pl-ans and project proposals. This docunent was prepared in compliance with Policy and Procedure 90-4, Process Guidelines (Economic, Social and Environmental- effects on Highway ProJects) promul-gated by the Federal Highway Adminisrration (FIIWA).(See Appendix 1.) PPM 90-4 was prepared pursuant ro Section 136 (b) of the Federal-Aid Highway Act of l-970 (Section 109 (h) of Tirl-e 23, lJ. s. code). (see Appendix 2.) Memorandum CPItf) Specifical-I-y, Action Plan identifies: 1-. The close interrelationship of the three planning stages; 2. The governnental entitLes involved; 3. The divisions and bureaus of the Department responsibl-e for decision making particular1y during project planning; 4. The place in each stage at which citizen partl.cipation is solicited; and, 5. The scope of sociat, economici and environnrental factors considered in each stage. The Action Plan described in this document is flexible in that it can be changed after its effective date. The Department of Highways and Trafflc wtll update the plan a minimum of once-a-year and will hoLd neetlngs to obtain publ-ic opinion on the effectlveness of the Action Pl-an and on ways to improve Lt. New Federal and District procedures affecting the planning process will al-so cause the plan to be nodified. ix �Incarryingoutitsmission,theDistrictofColumbiaDepartmentof traific ls ceniral-ly engaged in transportation planning and development.ItshouldbenotedthatanumberofotherDistrict' in transportatlon metropolltan, and Federal agencles also participate development of METRo on new directions with the ;1;;;i;;-"rti"i, is taking quality as part of appearance of licreased publle concern for a11x Highways and l I. and the the presenl emphasis on envLronmental factors' office of Planning Among these agencies are the city council, the-District the Department and Management, the Department ol Environmental Services, Authority' Metropolitan Area Transit of Motor Vehicles, the Washington the National Capltal the Metropolitan washington council of Governments, of Transportation and FederaL Departments planning cornmission- tucFcl, the Interior, the oistrict of |olumbia Publ-ic ServLce Commission and the Washington Metropol-itan Area Commission' a District new developments is the possible creatlon of as an outgrowth of a recommendation columbia Department of Transportation the District the comnission on t,he oxganlzaEion of the Government ofof local expected transfer Columbia (Nelsen Comrnisslon) and the to the office of the Mayor frorn NCPC in accordance Among of of of Transit the emerging plannLng authority that the with pendirrg iro*."rute tegislation. rt should be noted also perspectlve provides overview Mayor,s Transportation Systems Coordinator of the Mayorand assistance on transptrtation issues for the Office with non-District for them commissioner and the city council and liaison transPortation agencies' DEVELOPMEM 0F THE ACTION PLAr'I Plan The Federal- Higirway Administration (ffiI^IA) requirenenL of an Action for adequate from each state highway departnent came from the need consideration of social, economic, and enwironrnental effects in transportation pl.anning as well- as a need fot increased ci-tizen participation in early pl-anning stages. Action Pl-an requirements are conLained in the requireFIIhIA foticy and Procedure Memorandum 9O-,4. The authorlty for such to Titl-e 23 (U. S. Code). Section L09(h) direcEs the nents is pursuant Secretary of Transportatlon to fornulate guidel-ines assuring adequate considleratlon of adverse effects relating to proposed projects on Federal-' Aid higltway systeffl. In Octobet of L972, the D. C. Department of Highways and Traffic received guidelines from FIMA for the pretaration of the Actlon PLan. the initialstaterent of these guidel-ine"-r"i foll-owed and anplified by neetings hel-d by FIIvIA in November of L972, January L973' and Februaty 1973, sel-ected three pilot states, Florida, Nebraska, and Pennsyl-vania'to develop Action Plans as prototypes for other states to consul-t' In the February 1973 neeting, FIIWA presented a sLide program about- the development of the Action plans and used the e:<periences of the pil-ot states in advising tinesavLng steps for others to folLow' FIIWA To achieve further statesr coordinationr representatives of the D' C' Departrnent of lllgirways and Traffic met wlth the Virginia Department of Hlglrways on Marct L6', Lg73, and with the Maryland Department of Transportation the orr-u"rtn ZO, Lg73. And to achleve comunity and business coordinatlon,wlth leaders on March 28, L973, and Department held neetj.ngs with conmgnity buslness leadets on epiit L0, 1-973. The exPress purPose of these l-atter rneetings was twofold: 1. To apprlse Local comunlty and busi'ness leaders that the Department of Highways and Traffic was about to begin preparation of the Actlon PLan; and, t. To obtain their advLce, ideas and suggestions for preparatlon of the P1an. with the suggestions derived from these rneetings, and with courpiiations of relevant statutes, policies, regul-ations, directives and data, the Departnent began drafting the Action Plan ln late April-' Ttre first draft was conpleted by Jr:ne B, L973 and reviewed by the Department and FIIWA. A second revj.sed draft was then prepared, reviewed, and printed. Equlpped During the drafting process, two other meetings were hel-d whlch had an inpaci upon rhe pf-;: The first meeting was held on May 7, L973. Attending this meeting were the principals involved in the preparation of the Dlstrict of CoLunbla, Marylandrand Virginia Action Plans, the Executive Director 1_ * �2 of the Transportation PLanning Board, and representatives of FIII{A. Ihe purpose of the rrneting was to discuss the relationshlp of the transportation plarrning process of the Transportation Planning Board and the Metropol-itan tlashington Council of Governuents to the Action Plans. From this neeting carne a Transportation Planning Board statenent which described the Transportatlon PJ-anning Boardrs transportati.on planning process. This statement was utl1lzed in developing the Action Plan. ltte second neeting' on June 7, L973, was a videotape presentation on the coupleted Nebraska Action Plan. ltre meeting was attended by the Departnentrs princlpal-s in the drafting of the Action P1an. That presentation served as further guidance for the Plan. August 1973 over four hundred coples of the draft were mailed to individual-s, citizen organizations, businesses, p1-anner3, government official-s, and the news media. Ttre purpose was to offer an opportr:nity for rewiew of the draft prior to the publ-ic meeting held on August 22, L973. This rneeting provided a specific .time and place in which any interested indivldual- coul-d connent, upon the draft Action Pl-an directl-y Lo representatives of the Departnent of Higlrways and Traffic. Written comments were al-so In invited. In September, after careful review of the transcript of the publ-ic rneeting and of the written conments, the Action Pl-an devel-oprent entered the stage of refinement preceding impl-ementation. A second publ-ic meeting was held on Septenber 26 to obtain further citizen corrsent and suggestion on the Pl-anr and the redrafted Action Plan was printed in the District of Columbia Register and the Federal Register in advance of approval by the Mavor-Cormnissioner and the effectlve date of tha ?lan. II. SOCIAL, ECONO}flC, A}ID ENVIRONMEMAL @NSIDERATIONS In recent years there has been increaslng publ-lc concern over the social, economlc, :uld environnental impacts resulting from new or proposed The soclal, economic, and environurental inpacts of publ-ic facllitles. slstemc and thelr conponenf proJects are luportant contransportatl-on slderations lf tr:nsportation-pJ-annlng decisions are to be conslstent wittr overal-1- plannlng and deVelopment goals. Moreover, planners and citizens allke are often frustrated over the lack of sufficient data deecrlbing the effects of transportation programs on land use develoPnent patterns, soclal well--belng, quality'of transportation service, and our air and water resources. But the District and FederaL governllEnts are responding to these concexns, and our understanding of both short and long-term effects must contj-nualLy improve. As the inplications of changlng conmr-rrity attitudes and values are fed into the pl-annlng process r transport,atlon progransi w:ill be retailored and made more conducive to inplernentation rand cltlzen polarlzation will be lessened. In thls chapter of Action PLan, rather than to provide detaiLed procedures and every possible impact of a public work, for studylng and r.ilr-r, subJect is described. Ttrat is, lt ls more a general approach to the lryortant noril to follow guidellnes that wil-l assure the ldentificatlon of envlronrent,aL, €uld economic impacts than it ls to enumerate ln "oti"l , a checkl-ist every concelvable or likely effect of proJects and plans yet to be studled. In fact, if, as tine goes on, the process ldentifiee lryacts,such a checklist w111 ultinately resuLt. Therefore, the foLlowing p"tagr"phs describe first, seven broad areas in whlch social, economic, and environnentaL impacts wil-L fall, second, several- examples of the typical kinds of impacts that c€ul occur, and thlrdr the expertise that *iff U. call-ed on tL aid in the identiflcation of impacts. Once ldentified and dependlng on the nagniLude, adverse impacts can then be resol-ved, nlninized, oi decLared gnavoidable. Ttre importance of ldentifying these Lmpacts cannot be overeqhasized. The seven broad areas of sociaL, econouic, and environmenLal considerations are as followe: 1. Regional and Conrnunity Growth 2. Conservatlon and Preservation 3 Publ-ic Facil-ities and Services 4 Conmrnity Cohesion 3 .z �5 4 5. Displacement 6. Air, Noise, 7. Aesthetie of and Water Pollution Reg The Ernplric Model technique assures that growth impLications of transportation pl-ans will- be assessed and that l-ocal juriedictions will be consulted and advised during this process. and Other Values The common thread tying these broad areas together and environmental irnpact upon people. 1. reforecasts, and reevaluations, long-range p1-ans are produced. This cycLica1 approach is illustrated in Figure 1. Peopl-e, Businesses, and Firms ional and CommunitY is the social-, economic, Growth Regional and community growth pJ-ans are depicted by the District of Columbia Comprehensfvl itan and the CouncLl of Governmentsr land-use plans. Transportation services ate a vitally important el-ement L""r,r". growth patterns are subJect to the location and extent of road capaeity, transit routes, interclty rail, bus, and air services, and parting supply. Changes in these services can' therefore, have , ptofo,rrrd-effllt on whether and how much the region, the city_, and other subareas of the region wi1L grow. In fact, serious dellberation is being given to carefully controlled or no-growth at aLl' in sone parts oi in" region. Transportation faclLities must be planned and -npport the growth plans of the city, but the pl-anning implernented to pro"."" must al-so be capable of identlfying projects and p1-ans that witl proauce undesired growth effects so that dec*sion makers can be advised of such imPlications. R.egional- and comrnunity growth effects are anaLyzed during phase one of the planning process (system pl-anning) and to a lesser extent during thas. tro (project plannlng) unless growth pLans have been altered substantialLy. In general, plans and proJects must be shown to support the open space, residentialr conmercial-, and lndustrial- land-use patterns and densities contained in city and regional plans. Often, conflicts can develop sueh as between e*ploy*ent and residential concentrations -- a plan may serve a poticy of promoting jobs in the District, for example, while adding to r.sid.ntial sprawl- in the suburbs. The identification of effects on gro\^rth requirls a teguLat procedure of interagency, interdisciplinary p1-anning. The Empiric Model employed by COG in lts long-range (phase one) pJ-anning reflects the interaction of various urban forces that together determine growth. Because the Model incorporates a ,rrrib"r of devel-op*.trt policies in allocating future land uses in the region, coG must coordinate \^/ith al"l area jurisdictions to deterrnine model inputs. The design of the model requires the rnodification of water-sewer, open space, transit, and highway policies and reforecasts of growth if it is indicated through model- tests that services wilL be overtaxed. By successive policy rnodification' As a result, the proJect p1-anning by the Department of Hlghway and TraffLc and the other agencies concerned with p1-an impl-ementation is guided by transportation system pl-ans tested for conforrnity with regional- and community growth policJ.es. During project pLanning, the Department must verify that thb system being implemented is still- current and that the associated growth poJ-icies are stillval-id. 2. Conservation and Preservation Conservation and preservatlon principles must ent,er into planning at all phases of development,. Wtrile system plans can be developed to conserve on natural" and cultural resources in general, proJect plans affect specific l-ocales and should contain specific treatments to assure preservation of parks, wil"dlife areas, landmarks, wetJ-ands, and the general- ecology of smalL areas. For exampl-e, if system plans serve policies to reduce per eaplta fueL consumption, project plans should be tailored to maximize vehicle fuel miLeage to the extent roadway design permits. the other hand, the prevention of soil erosion and sedimentation during and after construction is a proJect planning consideratj.on and is not of concern to system planners -- use of retaining wa1Ls' landscaping, and sodding are typical soil conservation measures that cannot be considered until the features of a pxoiect are known in particul-ar. On Environmental impaet assessments will be extremel-y effective in identifying situations that, command conservalion and preservation measures. Reviewers of environmental statements wiJ-1 provide invaluable services in this regard inasmuch as park officials' recreation officials, environmental protection official-s, conservationists, the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, and other government and private entities wil-l be addressing conservation issues ralsed in project planning. Major project conservatLon issues will be resolved through consul-tations with the agencies most qual-ifled to assess the impact,s of various aLternatives. These resul-ts wil-l- be expl-ained in project planning reports. In al1 cases, it will- be the policy to conduct all possible plannlng to minimize harm Lo parks, wildlife areas, landmarks, and other sites of simil-ar function. The Departmentrs environmental coordlnator wil"1 be directed to establish an inventory of sensitive areas within the City that warrant preservation. �a ch oo. p. 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Source: Council OPTIc)N IADJUST SPEED ) ECYC LE 5 (n 0r CONSTRAINTS POLICY HIGHWAY IADJUST SPEED] $ H.F.o o $ 0) o F 5 3 5 0 F 5 HoFt H p. rt p.\, o 5 rt o<:' 0rrto3 o o H.tr o H.FJ P.O ortr+H$p5c)6 d cctorr0tooq 4ort$6rtrro:' H.rrH.rrHH.H. ocoH.orr<ouO 5 O O O.5 o o tr gJH-tCtofd t-TH. Etr OH. 0r o o o o o fto) Ft o P |t S o€ (') cr H.o F (D o FJ 3 (D o50 5 r) I dO.H.o o I OHcrOGP.rrOrr trI TRANSIT POLICY DISTRI B UTION POLICY OPEN SPACE p.o'P.H Hrp { Frcruoq o (D O o !f d 5 H.5 (D O fi O OF SERVICE HIGHWAY TRIPS 1 LAITD USE ALLOCATION I.IODEL Flgure \,1 �9 I of displ-acemenL attributable to projects how displacement requiring rigrrt-oi-iay acquisition, and to ascertaincompile land-use rnight be reducea or eiiminated, the Department will early in the and demographic statistics for alternalive rights-of-way cooperation in The Redevelopment i'and Agency project planning ;;;;.' wil-l- also keep a running r^7ith the Department of llighways and Txaf'fLc vacancies as welL inventory of housing vacancies. The demand for these astheirtype,slze,and]-ocationmustbetakenintoconsiderationin is feasibl-e' The assessing whether a satisfactory relocation program proposals play a displ_acement impiications of al-ternate project signiticant role in decision making' To estabLish the magnitude 6 Noise and Air and Inlat er Pollution goal and the_ Environmental protection is a universally accepted of Highways and Traffic as well responsibility of the Department asallotherplanningagenciesinthecity-andregion.Inparticular, of noise levels the District of Columbia is comrnitted to tne reauction andoftheamountsofairandwaterpollution.Transportat'ionis amajorsourceofnoiseandairpollutionand,toamuchlesserextent' Accordingly' contributes to the contamination of water resources' theproductionofair.pollutingemissionswillbeadetermining regional level.and factor in assessing transportalion plans at thebe a major consideration poliution will noise , a:;r po1luti6n, and water inenvironmentalimpactstudies"t't'"projectlevel.Theimpactof highway sections will whole systems or corridors instead of "totl"t the- effectiveness of improving be given attention as a means for to performenvironmental evaluation' Moreover' the capability professional competence equivalent environmental assessments requires Special training' to the .ngirr."ti."g-""*p"tence that now exists' establishment of an the the retention of lrrvirorr*"ntal consultants,coordination with the environmental coorjination position, cLose other environmental Department of Environmental Services and air' water' and noise standards protection agencies, and the use of striving for in rhe planning ;;;;""" are aLL essenrial facrors in resources. the use of natural transportation pirlr" that respect 7 . Aesthetic and Other Val-ues Columbia is especia,lly rich in aesthetics, being both the Nationrs Capital- City as wel-l- as the home of 750,000 citizens and foreign dignitaries. Special- efforts are necessary in transportation p]-anning to avoid interfering with the visual attractions around the city and to compliment these attraetions with facil-ities that are fitting. The tunneling of major arterial-s beneath the Mall is but one exampl-e of the priority that can be given to aesthetics. The Commission of Fine Art,s is eminentl-y qual-ified Lo render judgments on Lhe aesthetic qualities of public, facility designs and is consulted for such judgments on projects that relate to the buil-ding and landscape architecture in Federal areas. Opinions will also be solicited from the general public at meetings and hearings. I,lhile opinions on aesthetics will often vary considerably, the Department will seek consensus views t,o The District of the extent possible. Social, economic, and environmental considerations are very extensive in scope. To identify all- of the possibl-e effects of proposed p1ans, the Council of Governments will utilize its rnultidisciplined staff and consul-t the member governments in the region; the Department will add to the skills of its staff, work ultirnately with professional-s in other agencies, and retain special expertise when necessary in assessing the effects of project proposal-s. Plan and project al-ternatives r,lill- be sought in an effort to resolve reversibl-e effects and pol-icy pLanning will be promoted in search of possible project trade-offs. Transportation goal-s wi1-l provide the overall guidance in these pursuits. �III. PHASES OF TRA}ISPORTATION PLA}'INING Itre planning and designing of a transportation project invol-ves - three decision-r"t ittg phasei. the first, in which broad modal and poJ'icy decisions are made, is at the Level of transportation system pLanning' The second, in which decisions concerhing"specific choices of al-ternatives (l-ocation, aLignrrent, size, eapacityr etc.) for projeets are made, is at the l-evel of project p1-annlng. The third, in which specific detailed (engineering)-decisions are made, is at the l-eveL of final- design. In al-L-three phas.s, decision naking concerns not only physicaI pJ"anning and costs, but aLso the socialreeonomic, md environmental iupacts inherent in the proposals. (See Tabl-e 1.) A. C,oals to al-l phases of the transportation planning process is the establishment of appropriate transportation goal-s for the District of Colunbia and the surrotr.taing region. Transportation goals guide both the developrpnt of program.s and the decisions on the tyPes and amounts of investments to be made in providing transportation services and facilities. perhaps more important: goals also serve as a yardstick for nonitoring and evaluating the extent to whlch transportation prograns have achleved success. Without enunciated goals' program results tend to be stated abstractly. The followi-ng t,ransPortation goal-s shoul-d not be consldered the final- word on the subject -- rather, the goals need to be re-exanined as part of the future review of the Actlon Pl-an. This re-examination is for the purpose of verifying the "pptoprfat.t"ss of the goals especiall-y i-n the context of the brtader goals of District citizens and for the purpose of greater specificity if needed. ttgoaltt and ttobjegtivett iS Sorewhat BeCauSe Conmon usage of the terms these arbitrary, it is necessary to attach specifi.c definitions torefers terms to a planning. "Goal" for use in Action Pl-gn tod tt"tt"portation change' or approach. For example, direction, statement of a'ffi[ttto i-ncrease air quality" is a goal that er<presses a desired change in pollution Levels in the- atmosphere. By definition, a goal is not intended rnuch io specify changes quanti.tatively. Ilowever, bY expressing by howan goaL is t'o be pursued, one produces and in what time franework a automobile emissi-ons "objective." For example, "to reduce carbon monoxidewithin the framework gO percent between lgZO ,na L976" i.s an objeetive tV oi ttre- t'to increase air qualit,y" goal-. The Acti-on Plan does not proPose objectlves -- the setting of objectives is iteraLj-ve and a part of the An essential- prelude pJ-anning process. 11 il �13 The fol-lowing goal-s have been evolved by referrlng to several sources based on various attempts made in the past to enunciate transportation goal-s. These sources include the National Capital Planning Comnission, the Transportation Planning Board, and citizens. TA-BLE 1 PTIASES AI.ID OI TXANSPORTATION PLAN}IING crrrzEN patctctpattowa l_ Syeten Plmning Project Plmnlng llal o r Products md Pollcy Al.tematlves ild. Specific Cholces of Itcation ed Design Altenatlvea Detalled Decisious gional Tresportatlon Ircatlon Approval Constnction Ples Rlght-of-Way & Utility Plas Relocatlon Plfls Adoption of Regulatlons Broad Moda-l Re Plm D.C. MaJor Thoroughfare Design Approval Relocati.on Assl.stance Policies ad Prograns Envlronrental Approval PIm Plm Approval Budget Approval Regulations & Operational 2. and Operatlonal Plans Govemrent Agencles Involverent CowclL of Govemrents Natlonal Capiral Planlng Comission D.C. City Comcll D.C. Office of Plannilg U.S. Departeent of Departrent of llighways & Trafflc Comls slon D.C. Ctty Comcll D.C. Office of Plmnlng U.S. DepartnEnt of & llmagenent Redeveloprent Lad Agency & Maageugnt Tresportatlon Departrent of lllghways Trafflc Natlonal Capltal Plmnlng Tresportation U.S. Departrent of Trasportation & Departrcnt of Highways fl c D.C. Envirmrental 3. & Traf CLtlzen Advlsory Comit tee Sys teE Plmnlng Bulletlns D.C. Service Area Location /Desl gn Hearlngs D. C. Sen'Lce Area Systen Subarea Task forces Advlsory Assistance ProJect }leetLngs Use The Quallty Publlc Ilearlngs D. C. Serl'l.ce Area To Support Land pattern of land use, eurrent. and proposed, determines the structure of transportation systems. Transportation planning must be closely coordinated with land use and economic growth plans so that transportation services support and stimulate developnent where it is desired and inhibit it where it is not deslred. Moreover, the Protection of resldential- neighborhoods from traffic intrusions is included in this Servlces Couc1l of Envlronrental Cltlzea Involverent To Increase Safety Personal injuries and property d€mage occur as a result of highway accldent,s that represent a substantial- portion of the total" accident toll in the city. Correction of roadr^ray deficiencies and other actions are extremely imrportant to the reduction of accident losses. Moreover, this goal could Lead to programs that alter the way we travel-. Revlslons MaJor in Transportation Facilities The trerendous investment in capitaL facil-ities requires constEult efforts to mai-ntain sor:nd working order and management Practices that will optlnize the efficiency of current systems. The benefits are many3- safety, diruinished premature obsolescence, reduced need for new systems, etcetera. Fina.L Deslgn Declslons Scope To Protect the Public Investment Sys ten goal. Advisory Asslstae athe ltens ln thts chart are not necessarlly a1l lncluslve; the entrles are pilnclpal agencies 4, To Inte rate tems The addition of new elenents to compl-ete existing systens and creation of compl-ementary systems is necessary to achieve compatibillty among transportation services. Integrated systens are also essential to avoid the irurobility of any particuLar portion of the Population. L2 I j �: 15 IA B. Cost To Reduce Transportation 5 afforded;;til;;"a {q'ii"i'irii',s systems,';;e the fornn affecr. il" il;;-of -deiivery goal can can be poLicies ' li-rnurdmodal- p1-ans and Res ouI ces Nat and Pro tect air ' for itnP acts orl land ' are must b e assessed all transPortation cactions of energy. These ass essments zLng niniuti onsumPtion in the inLere sL of and wa ter and for a re to be made disruPtion of necessary if decisions o f Land ( and the concomitant destruction of the or avoiding the taking creation of Po llution,energy sources ' of 1 inkages) r the ion communitY the P renaLure dePlet scenic beautyt arrd To 6 7 1 To and more can eheaply' grams to achieve of P lans and Pro anning Process ' The develoPment trans portation P1 purP ose L Inventories consist of transportation and land-use data col-lection of existing conditions with a view toward identifying 2. bus lanes a network of priority and operation of l-. ImplementaLion of arteriaLs' and geer-ltion of th9 letwork 2. Implementation Local' streets and highways ' coLlectors' and of traffic operations' 3. Planning of street ' 3. Plan Formulation During plan formulation, alternative act,ions are studied to deterrnlne which one has the most beneficial effect and the fewest negative social, economic, and environmental impacts. A11 construction al-ternatives are considered against the no-constructlon al-ternative. 1-andscaping' Maintenance 5. maintenance Reconstruction and of streets and Forecasts Projections j-nto the future help to depict probable travel demands based on a variety of input parameters including transportation policies. and management 4. Inventories and eval-uation deficienci-es. of the Current programs of successive activities are: these goals is the the Department are3 into activities. tion researeh an d evaluation o f transPorta tion goals sooner reach ing transPorta logY in A continuing program t techno be used to adoP Svstem Plannine Transportatj.on system planning may be generally subdivided These 1o One: Transport ation Transportation system planning is a logical process which conprehensively considers a wide range of transportation alternatives consistent with overall metropoJ-itan goaLs. System planning is not concerri,ed with construct,ion of major facil-ities onI-y; other strategies such as bus priori.ties, parking controls and car pooling are al-so considered at this poi.nt. It is during this phase that coumr:nity values and public attitudes are nost important because later project pl-a:rning reflects the broad decisions made at syritem stage. It is aLso during this phase that policies such as reducing per capita vehicle miles of travel, i-ncreasing existing street capacity, and parking restrictions are considered, tested, and adopted. Increasingly, subarea planning wil-l come into use as a transition from Longer-range regional pl-anning to shorter-range project planning. Subarea pLanning offers opportunities to implement pilot projects that can later be applied to larger areas; it al-so provides another excellent opportunity to engender citizen counsel-. rhere InvesLrentintransPortationbyindividualsor.shippersisafunction ;;;;;;-offered or avail"able' that ;;;iiiii"" 'oa of the kinds "r #il;;"o"t",.b;;'io .r,V event'-'t'" investments rhis and the "o"i i" ne-cessarv' are direcr and extent e Phase bridges' 4. Eval-uation and Revi.sion The system planning process is continuous and iterative because of changing conditions and the need to examine the effects of these changes on transportation pJ-ans and po1-icies. Revisions are reflected in the Major Thoroughfare Plan and Regional- Transportation 6.Managementofhighintensityarrdconventiona].streetlighting. parking facilities' 7. Operation of fringe P1an. ,4 �l7 L6 G Phase Two: Proiect Pl-ann lns 3 Up neigffiJring 3urisdictions also engage in project depending The complexity and scope of project planning varies considerably project. A resurfacing on the potential irp""i" and thl natlre of the to conmunity project, for exampl.e' creates norre of the potential barriershighway' Steps be created by a new controlled-access activities that are devel-oping and considering transPortation strategies over and above the construction aLternatives studied in the project planning phase. These st,rategies can inil"ude parking restrictions' reversibl-e i*" op.tations, bus lanes, staggering of work hours, and the like. "ltfi inprojectpl-anningrthereforerreflecttheconrpl-exityoftheproject-process than do maJor projects irrv;iv" a lengthier, more comprehensive either "major" or ninor projects. The eLassification of projects into ,tminor" categories determines t'he partitular project-planning procedures 1'he for al-l projects r:ndertake' ty itt.'Departnent-of Higlrways and Traffic' criteria foi these cLassifications are as follows: 4. Proiect Notificati-on and Re'v:iew sten (PNRS) project Notification and Review System (PNRS) consists of a notlce of intent. to apply for Federal- financial- assistance to suPport a project planning study, public hearings, design' or construction. The ooti". ii issued to the state and metropolitan clearinghouses after l-ocal budgetary approvaL. Such notlce is in compliance with the A-95 review pr-cedure prescribed by the U. S. Office of Management and Budget and FHWA Instructional Memorandum 50-1-70 "Project Notiflcation and Review System." The infomation contained in this notice is a description of the proposed study in terms of the nature of the project, l-ocatiorr'-costs iUott Federal and District funds) and the name of the indivldual to operations imProvements' iects l"lai or contact for further speeific infornation. A1-l.projectsthatneetoneormoreofthefollowingconditj-onsare clasitfied and processed as major projects' of this notice is to aid in orderly growth and developrent through coordination of federally assisted economic, social, and physical- project,s and programs. It perrnits various local-, State and FederaL agencies the opportunity to comtent on the consistency of the project wlth other interests, objectives and programs. Clearinghouses are permitted thlrty days in which to inforn appropriate agencies of the notification of the study and to confer with the Department of llighways and Traffic, if necessary. CLearinglrouses uay extend this time period if consultation among different agencles is Ttre purpose ]..Requireright_of-wayacqulsitionand/orauthoritytouseSpace. 2, Change the character or use of adjoining land' 3.Changethefunctionofthefacilitytoahigherorder-frrrrctio-nal classific"aion. (A1L higlrways and streets serve 1ocal, collector' or arterial function and are cl-assified as such ' ) Majorprojectsare,thereforerlikel-ytoinvolvesignificantsocial' economic,mdenvironuenLalimpacts.Typicalexaryl.esofmajorprojects are new streets and highways, and reallgnment of exi-sting streets' fognd necessary. Normally, the Department receives clearance documents from the clearinghouses which are then submltted to the IIIWA at the time the study funds are Prograrmed. The two clearinghouses I S The Mino r Proiects Aninorprojecttypieallycorrects'restores,replaces'orr-ehabilitates such as an existing street, highway, bridge' or appurtenance thereofof people or displaceupnt sldewalks and curbs. Such pro3ecis-involvl no environrnentaL impact' soeial-, economic or businesses, no "ignifi"-t incl-ude intersection and no additional- right-of-way. Minor Projects purposest cha'nelization, auxifiary lane widening for l-ocalized sigtting, and traffic resurfacing, bridge deckreplacemenE, Jgnal-ization' 2, Process to nj_ne discrete steps are involved in developing projects identified in the system planning phase to a state of development perni-tting the third and final phase of pLannlng to commence. The nurnber of steps depende on whether the projeet is major or ninor. Insofar as major projects are concerned, it is duri.ng this phase of planning that system pl-ans are, in effeet, re-€t(adltned. Identification of unavoidable adversitiesr for exampler cElo l-ead to project del-etion and a recycLlng of the system planning Process to deterruine the system effects of such an acFion.. Throughout the project pLanning process, the Department of Highways and Traffic and the District of Coluurbia Transportation Coordinator planning on a subarea Implementation of system plans requlres additionalpossibl-e in the system planning basis and at nuch greater detail than phase. For this "iditiootl pLanning, lhe Department of llighways and Traffic focuses on elemenLs of the ilajor rhoroughfare Plan and Regional Transportation Plan. These eLemenEs .t. t"tt"d "projects.'t -The authorities of washington Metropol-itan Area Transit Authority and inplenentlng planning' l-. Proiect Plann ine ) notified are: �L9 t8 i 1. State Clearinghouse: Director Office of Budget and Financial- Management DLstrLct of Columbia Governrnent 14th and E Streets' N. W. 20004 I{ashington, D. C. 2. Metropolltan Clearinghouse: brecutive Director MetropoJ-l-tan !trashington Councll I-225 Connecticut Avenue, N. W. lfashington, D. C. A1-1 to 5 of Governments 20036 naJor and minor proJects financed wlth Federal funds are subJect PNRS. ProJ ec t P 1an4!ra$tuc!a After either the termination of the thlrty-day review period or the receipt of clearance letters from the clearinghouses, the office of Traffic ?1_anning and Progranming of the Department of Highways and in-house or to retain condetermiies whethlr to cinduct the study the complexlty of sultant services, depending on staff wtrkload anddirect mailing on public through rhe proJect. fhen fi infoins the in public area meetings (SAC; see Page ) that a"orrorro""tents project 2lanning *tnay is beginning' (See citizen participation The chapter for dlscussion of citizen "d.ti"oty cormittee proposal') study consists of an assemblage of pertlnent englneering, economic, social, and environnental data' These data include information and transit servlce' relati-ng ao ptoj""t termini, existing facil-ities use and transportatlon with land consistency of iotential alternatives p1ans, existing land-use types and densities, existing traffic conditions' air quality, transportation forecasts, ,roi"" l-evel-s andpublic hearingsignificant and testimony, landmarks and historic sites, demography, the study process. Much of anyrhLng else which night have a tE"ti"l-on Planning and the information is already available fron the office ofGovernmentt or of Columbia progra.nrming, other officel of the District council- of Governments. The office of Planning and Programming and, as coordinates with the stat,e Hlstoric Preservation offices Preservation, and appropriate, with the Advisory councLl on Historic of cultural areas' with FIIWA concernlng the protection and enhancenent These Only najor projects are subject to proJeet planning studies' in two parts be conducted in two different ways -"urbi""-can first, of a location study and second, a design study; or consisting and in a singte .orntrined study that is cbncerned wlth both locationhearings two public design considerations. The two-Part study involves whil-e the single study involves only one' Location studies are conducted to select a speci.fic location for a study also facllity when aLternative Locations are possibJ-e. ThepLans and projectts consistency with other city estabLishes the progrErns and the transportation needs to be satlsfied if the project r.tJ to be i.mplenrented. Location studies form the basis for requesting location approval from FIII'IA. Design studi-es are conducted to develop design options and to select options based on the socialr €cooomic, and environmental"p""ifi. of each. The selected options are used in the finaL design elfects phase of p1-anni-ng. Design st,udles counnence after l-ocation approval -The Department gontinues to assess the i" gt"ot"a UV ffffi'4. inpact of project cancellation during the deslgn study and evaluates that option as the selected course of action even at this latter stage of proSect p]_anning. In fact, the greater detail produced in a be the kind of substantive informatj.on needed design-study ro"y ""tt Ihe type of d.esign options exanlned are number to cancel a project. of l-anes, veitil"l and horilontaL geotrEtry, location andnumber of intersectlons, a1d treatment of sPace outside the facility to ninirn:ize the taking of right-of-way. Location and design studies are combined when location options are not possibl-e. The combined study is concerned principaLly with ."t"Lli"hing the need for the proJect and with whatever design options, including associated effectsr are possible. cornbined studies may also be conducted on ol-der proJects that have gone to publ_ic hearing prior to June 1969 when the two-hearlng Process was establlshed by ffiI^IA. The terurs under which combined studies are applied to ol-dlr plojects are specified in FIII,IA IM 20-3-72. Connbined form the basis for requesting location and design approvals "irraf." simultaneously. 6. Draft Envi tal I Statemen Ideal-ly, a draft environrnental impact statement(EIS) is-propared when the location study ls in progress ('or combined loeation-design studv) so that meaningfui considLration may be given to environmental issues involved. PPM 90-1, as amendedn is used by the Departmen,t fo1 guidance ln preparing draft and finaL statetrEnts' For delayed iro3ects, or thtse ti tinaL design, it is possible that environmental irp""t studies will- be conducted after the locati'on and design studies arl completed. In any event, dl draft environmental impact statements are Submitted for review and comment to appropriate local, State, and Tederal- agencies, and interested pri.vate otgartLzations' The appendix cont;ins " ii"t of governrrental agencies that regularLy of Departnent rlleive the draft statements from the Department. Theperiod for provldes a seventy-day Iligfrways and Traffic routlnely ,..ri"*-in l_ieu of the mandatory forty-five-day period. for the general Library system. copies of the public through ttr. l. c. Public statements are also avaiLable for a nominal fee from the NationalTechnical Infornation Service (NTIS), Springfield, Virgini-a' The Departnent provides readily-accesslble copies �2L 20 3 BecausethereleasedateofthedraftElslsus-uallyinadvarrceofin of the ErS is stated a project puULic ie"iiog' the availabilltythose projects requlring For the officlaL publ-i"-t ".iirrg notice. speclal notice of availabiLity a draft "a"a"t"o'buL no hearing' a l"-;;;;";eJ, pubushed, and distributed' 4 l{henusageofapublicly-ownedareaisinvolved,acombjnedenvironSection 4(f) of the nental/Sectlon4(t) statement is frepar"d' as arnendedr -pernlts the Secretary Department of Trln"pori"tion Act, pro5lct which requires the of rransportation to approve " prott"r or as a park' recreaLion areat or use of a publ-icly owned area such offlcial- with historic srte ai't", trr" Federar-r'-sa.a., 91 1o.."1 slgnificance' rt the #"-;;;;;lned Jurlsdictlonar r"Ip"""iUifiry that: 2 harm 6 An explanation 7 ThesemeetingsareEmnouneedviathePlanningBul-letinseries.They informing eLtlizens about a are held for the express purpose of on the proJect prepared proposed proJect so that they are 'cr.pitr""l-to dlsplays' rnaps, md ':o*ot hearingl at the subsequent publicat these meetings. tire Department will ,oftenoroiect to overcone used as'aids nodeLs are .ri"ioily of the ser up a r,empora; ;;i";-in nain offiee .the have in visiting- the DeparmLtttts proJect' the difficulties peopLe on the information durlng normal toti'iog it9"I?' :-o ri"--olii". of Planning and Progranrning .Pertinent however, r" arw"l" aiall,abL" a convenient information for inspecrlon J; ;il;;:F posslbLe, annotnrced, is aLso,prepared irearing is bookler, r.a" ".rJiiJL'whIn thep;;;;;i"g meeLing. rttu booklet includes: rhe ,""i"-"""d ar early enough and design -i".r"ai"g locarlon aLternatives 1. A descri-ption of thethe no-consLruction a].ternaLives. r".t.,'uJl 2 and environmental A descrlption of the social, economic ' "ti."t" tor each alternative' of the transportation need to whictr the project is directed and/or reLocation informetion. (At the corridor study stage, emphasis ls placed on the transportation need; in conlrast' at the design study stage, eryhasis is placed on relocatlon lnfornation. ) 8. Publ-ic Hqarlgg. A fornal- public hearing ls held in wtrlch the proposed proJect and lts alternatives are crltiqued by citizens and interest,ed parties. Hearings are conducted at eit,her the corridor or the design stage of the project planning phase; or ag one time when both corrtdor and design are to "t.a Anegatlvedec]-arationlspreparedj-nlieuoftheElsandenvironmenLall proJects not havlng significant Sectlon 4(f) stat"i""t" foi those ot. i negative declaration is prepared adverse effects on the "nvitoot whensubstarrtiatingevldenc.a.*o'."tratest'hereasonab].enessofnot "early notice system" f1Ling an EIS. Ttre Departmen' ti.ff t"::t::::-an forlnform:ingthepublico-f-decislonstoPrePareiupactstaterents. be in Planning nu1-letins to norices "i-iii."a will be-"o"i.r""a These planning-""i-programm:ing' sufficient copies issued by the orfl." of requests' of the draft "iii-uu printed ro meet reasonable ic Mee forma tlonaL P Prehea to relevant prior studies. Reference l.Thereisnofeasibleandprudentalternativetotheuseof planning to miniurize Such a Program incLudes aLJ- possible t"".tlting from such use' the Section 4(f) An analysis of the relative conslstency of the alternatives with the recognized goals and objectives for the District of Coltrnbia. 5 must be deternlned such area. A description of the ternini, nature of service, major features of each alternatlve such as deslgn'standards, number of trafflc lanes' access control features, general horizont,al ard vertical alignrnent, rigfrt-of-way requirements' lnterchanges, and other structures. Jointly 9 considered. Analysls of Conments Following the publ-ic hearing, and after receivlng comments on the Draft Environnental Impact Statement, the Department of Highways and Traffic analyzes the statements, data, and other informatlon developed j-n the course of crltiquing proJect plans. Ihis i.s a critical stage of project development beeause several declsions must be made. L0 Final Envlronrnent Imoact Statement Incorporatlng the rel-evant suggestions and coments whlch came from the public hearingr OPP prepares a flnal envlronment,al impact statlnent (or a final environrnental-/Sectlon 4(f) stateurent) ald submits it to FlIllA for approval. At this stage, the statenent is marked'tr:nofficialtt and ttsubject to revi-siontt by the U. S. Department of Transportation. It is al-so furnished to all agencies and otganLzatlons that provided substant,ive colments on the draft and pl-iced in f-ibraries of the D. C. Public Library system. Al-though some time eLapes until the Department of Transportation reLeases the environmental i4act statement to the Cor:ncil of Envlronrental Qual_ity, an official thirty-day period must transpire after the Cor:ncil €urnounces receipt of the final before further action is taken. �23 2L l l-t-. Req t Aoorov a1 i 1 2. Soecifi and Es tes Detour Plannine Contractors are often requlred to maintain trafflc through a construction area -- an example of a speciflcation that wouLd be prepared during finaldesign. In othir instances, however, it is necessary to establj-sh tenporary detour routes so as to clear the construction area of city tr*tf,i". Ttre slgns, narkings, regulatlons, and signaL adJustrents associated with such detours are determined during ttris phase. Detour routes are planned to minimize clrcultousnessr to serve both peak and off-peak cooditlotts, and to assure contlnued access to the city street systLn on the part of resldentlal, commercial-, ald other Property involves and final- phase of the transportatj.on pLanning Process Ttre pLans' the development oi-alt.ifed rlght-of-way and construction for hlglrway and street Department of Hfghways "na traific is responsible Authority is phases only; ttre"Wasirfngton Metropolitan Area Transit Lransit faciLitles responsible for the prefaratlon oi ttnaL pl-ans for rall in the District rr c.rnituia and the rest Lt ttt" Washington Metropolitan is Area. Final_ design corurEnces on maJor projects -when deslgn approvalenvlronnental granted. ftre comitetion of A-95 review andnl-nor projects' assessmenL is initiated on J"",rt" before tinal desi.gn third to be resoLved in issues are soclal, economic, and environmental final deslgnlntended ineffective if would be phase two. I aecrsion to lnitlate maJorissues'"'",,o.resol.ved.Ilowever,itispossiblethatnewlssues plans for rnajor projeets could surface j.n the course of deveLoping flnalParticu].arly.Inthisevent'lncertaininstances,theflna].deslgn work design declslon ls subject to re-examlnation and in others, final final.deslgn is is resolved. Typically, could be delayed 'ntil the issue of each comPonent of the concerned with both the engineerlng detalls guarantees in facility as welL as the preparation of agreements and other hardships' and the interesL of reducing or ellminating inconveniences, during construction' other adverslties ln, md adJacent to' the project area the final design phase' The following specific activitles are included in Plans A11- newspapers. Ttre tion projects are graphlcal"ly portrayed in the forn of p1-an, profilen and cross-sectlonal vlews. Moreover' construction techniques and naterlals are specified in detall. These documents instruct construction qsryanles which later enter into contract wlth the and District of coLunbia to build proJects. Estlmates of costsestim't'es' during Flnal- Design. PLansr quantities are also developed and specifications are submitted to FIItrlA for apProval on all proleCts finaced with Federal frurds. these docunents al-so facil-i-tate revlew by other agencles because'they are circulated at various stages and of conpLetion. Such revlews are for the purpose of coordinatingwith projects and to assure compliance avoiding conflicts with other established during phase two to avoid adverse social, ory "ooftols envlronrental effects. economlc, ed the flnaL envi'ronmentaL a corridor or design choice is made andon EnvironmentaL Quality' lnpact staterent-i" r""ipted by- the Cor:nciL subrritted project shoul-d the Depart'ent r""U J""ide wtr"itter theOn controversialbe projects' fo, fo""tion and/or deslgn approval. such the Office of the Mayor Jft"ff-be consulted in rendering be declsions. The decision to subrnit a request to FIII'IA w11-1 and the three m4jor city announced io tt":pi"or,rog Bulletin series once Thereisnot'ime]-irnitonFllWAprojectapproval-. design study once approva]. is obtained, the procedure moves to the stageoftheproJectpl-arning.P-rocessif]-ocationaPPfova].isgranted' Approvals approval or to the final t."ign phase-ik deslgn Bull-etin is granted.the three series and PLannlng wil-l also be announ"Ia i" the rnajor citY newsPapers. D. Phase Three: Final Deslm Cons owners anrd users. 3 Util,itv Adlustment faciLiries MaJor projects often require the adJusLIIEnt of publ-ic utiJ'ity coryanles make-adJustsuch as eLectric cables and gas lines. utility nentsnormallylnadvanceofprojectconstructlon.Sincepubl.ic are utilities are generaLly located ln public spaceradjustnents as method such accomplished by pemtt. In this ttot.t, restrictions ninimlze lmpact and hours of worl cm be iryosed to assure safety or to are conrmitted upon the public. The Department and the utl]-ity conpanles the extent possible when to avoidlng inLerruptLon of utillty services to adjustments are neclssltated by higfrway construction' �I 24 Relocation Plgr 4 naJor projects requirlng the relocation of persons or businesses will not be authorized for construction r-rnless suitable replace[Ent sites are identified in a reLocation plan. The relocation plan outLines varlous factors considered to assure humane relocation or displacees such as, A1-1 L 5. a consideratj-on of other public works Projects which affect the supply of housing. Reloca tion Advlsorv Asslstance r4t111 displace persons and assistance wiLl be provided to businesses, relocation advisory displacees. The service ls intended to heJ-p displ-acees with alL facets of moving faced by tenants and property owners alike. Thls includes: In eonjr:nction with al-l major projects that intervlews to establ-ish displacee needs. l2 Explanatlons 3 Providing listings of avaiLable replacerent housing. 4 6 PersonaL Assi.sting in obtaining Loans. of all avail-abl-e benefits and services. District of Colunbia Departnent of Highways and Traffic i.s organized into two offj.ces (the Office of PLanplng and Programring; the Office of Business Adninistration) and three bureaus (Bureau of Design, Engineerlng and Research; Bureau of Traffic Engineering and Operatlons; Bureau of Constructlon and Maintenance). Both offices and the three bureaus are under the administration of the Director of the Department of Highways and Traffic. (See Figure 2.) Ttre Departmentts prime responsibil-ity in the planning process is to iuplenent the higlrway el-ements of the Districtts Comprehensive Plan. It is also responsibl-e for traffj.c operations, and for rneasures to maxinize the efflciency and use of existing facil-ities sudt as establ-ishment of preferential bus lanes, traffic circulation plans, md pedestrian wa1ks. Further responsibil-ities include providing assistance to pl-anning entities through traffic statistics, testing services rand l-earned judgeuent' The Serious consideration is being given to the formation of a District of Colunbia Department of Transportation. In i.ts final- rePort in L972, the Commission on the Organization of the Government of the District of Col-unrbia stated that : Agreements. . the Mayor Conmissioner consolidate the actlvities of the Department of Hlgfiways and Traffic, the Department of Motor VehicLes, ffid }dotor Vehicl-e Parklng Agency in a new Department of TransPortatj-on. In addition, the new departrnent should serve as the District's liaison with the In the publ-ic lnterest, agreenents protect equal employuent opportunity r Passenger and ori.rileses md assure essentiaL services such as continued use of f;;ilht-;iilroad services,bus services, and, the navlgabl-e waterways. Agreenents state the obligations of the Dlstrict of Colunbia and second parties such as other governllellt agenciest transportation companles, €urd road-buiLding contractors. 7. Proi ect Award of Contract After FIIWA approval- is granted to proceed wlth construction (thts step is onitted on proJects that do not lnvolve Federal fr:nds), the District of Columbia (DeparLment of General Services) pubLishes an advertiserent to notify prospective bldders of projects that have advanced to construction stage. Sufficient tire is provided to lnvite adequate competition and bid* "r. opened publicly. The successful Low bidder is awarded a contract and the bidder then executes the -terms of the contract. Various irregularities could be gror:nds for the rejection of all or some of the pioposals received in response to bid 'i.nvitations ' TIIE ORGAT.IIZATION OF TTIE DEPARIMENT OF IIIGIIWAYS AI.TD TRAFI'IC a correlatj.on of the individual- needs of displacees wlth avaiLabl-e repLacerent houslng and, 2 IV. Washington Area Transit Authoulty and the Washington Area Transit Connissi-on. On June 22, L972, the functions of the Motor Vehlcle Parking Agency were transferred to the Department of llighways and Traffic, Bureau of Traffic Engineering and Operations. The balance of the reconmendations are under review, and the posltion of the District of Coluurbia on this matter is pending. Because the Department functions ln the Nationts Capital, it must coordinate pl-ans with the Federal- Government as well- as with the District of Colunrbia. Through representation on commissions and agency comrittees, the Department achieves such coordination. Ttrese cornmissions and agencies, therefore, are considered in the overall structure of the Departnent. 25 �o\ N DIVISLON Hr H. O O Fd FN 0t 0q H. <o ooq HFT O 0t \JE o F 0E oFt r+ F 3 O U r. O € 0t tr 0t 5 FJ P. rt g 5 o ir f Fno o O $o d ttt Wrr d rr' Fl o OrilH.50) o OI . riH. 5P ooa FJ! Po r+{ 6 H.'o 0l O rt 5 o € p.FI O Au Ol-. O ttt (,)nrFJ H.cto 0Q H.Lr. 90(! o onH o rtF H FI B OIJ P. tr !t OOa 0) 0 ltsr rt o ls# Shjlo o I !I HIE FrOlFt r)<lo . oloq (,)IH olo lB.o o ol3 oHlrf rt olr<! Itolo oOI D (DIH fd I o o:lej o 5l0D UI o.FO H. lt-. ct'id I r+ H FIID O r..l rol (D F't lr-l o r..lE o.'rE H. F.lE 0r olo .lJol<lo . * olx O rr0t H O doA o 0i ti O O o.€d oE 0roo@ri 5r..9 OHlrt lJ. o o o Et5(D5 'o drt trdH. rl Orf ooq H (D O O r.rO ct0t Ef illui aJ < lr". o !t€B rt 6 0(D ao€ H.r/' 0' O p.Ft ooa o 5 (,) l{r$ O FTd O adO If!tFrt PROJi|CT PIANNING & DE!'ETOPHENI DI,VISIOI' ! 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F.€ El Fr 50(D<OoFtp oeH ortPo Hor<e.€rtgr{ -o 5 0 E, D 55 AND CONTROL DIVISION UIILITY STRTET DIVIS1ON SERVICES ?RAFFIC & EI'CIRICAL l.€8tLE EQUIPMENT DIVISIOX s* ;En; $[sg d"ss8HFt s5#* s#_ -35'5BBA e'n;'$ o o - iD -'ros 6.or o Ft o ti.pt rl. o H.!o r. 6 ij.5 6r'l q -o.-d'p s, o rt n'FJ q HtI B:€ NAFFIC oPElAtlars Dntlsmr rnBd.B!'E.orPHr i-E a.o6€tFritf idif -6o'-oorfiiu Ofgooo rD0i 0r- ii i-pr'O ortAo r+o A . .O !g rtrg tr.'- Ar,rl,i.(/riaFdIt rr.FJll Fl N N O p.FI . t't-O tf . o rl H 6 o.r-.(D o-!t d o Ft o oiao ;;io oii *'b 6 p.or thH.0t F{hEri'oroproFP St Sl =l ii i+F.;H6iii-h6H:o E '<'air _ct4l FhPpQ Psl*rol5 diDbij6 3 t.-H o H.Fl.fho ii D p E iD it g'F 0t 6 b iu o -odr. o.rt.Oltono zio tn Fl'd cto F 5 - E =r!!o 6p 5 F.'J -rtni i'i I :o F.Hs' :.:E5-'erE'g g.E SE sT fl$fi9 PI4IIIrc DIVIfIil C DEstGil fRAFFIC IUNEAU OF TAFFIC ENGINEERING & BR.IDGE DIVISION $'-f t;sE;+ ;Bt" ;[tr5'H 3&gRoj33 -ir.ioo3o ri'd H6 r+Uo€6.5'or Ioio ii no F*d00prno6o0rrt.F+'ltH'o 6t '- IANDSCAPING DlVI,SIOI{ TREI & BUREAU OF CONSTRUCTION & I,AINTENA:ICE TBAFFIC rirrr€ E t+rrtro t+rH { 0 { o FdHd0t drtp Q Fdq P S d id'id'X sr H'i$'r.hd'p I.< o $ HCnin f Ft b o tr I E o lr FEn;E h b'3- b rt. irdrr'Uorooro r' o$o Hooocro r.i,. 3 il ir'poc) r+ ti rt p ?i S I .. F tD u, FhEH0Q u o H' O ' i-6 rl r. - F' 6 5 U F < Frio e l! H.. O E d.ci.H.Hr rt (,fd H. li.Q H.d 0r H.Fl r,.|J.r.HH.O t-rFf o f P'l:/' EhJ.bibi+cb'- g s! it. BrttrtSor'to 6 o dr+r o O<oq $oa o Q H' <<'t-i-F< I TTANSPORTATION DIVIS ION DIVISION DESIGN DIVISIOIi BUDCET DIYISION f.ISCAL DIVISION PEiTSONNEL RESEARCH AND PROGRAI+{I,NC DIVISION TMFFIC MANAGEMENT OFFICE OF INESS ADMIN ADP DIVISION AND PROCRA}II{ING OFFICE OF SPECIAL ASSISTANT 2 Dirtricr of Colubir DEPART TENT OF f,IGETAIS Figure N r-l �29 28 Phase Three 2 it I'n this connection' andenvironmental impacts,are analyzed' This particuLar asPect prepares the envirot*""t"t itp""l-lludies' of. the Environmental guidance of oPP functioni;; i" under tire 6iii"e is also responsible, in this rt. coordinaror in ttE orgi.". phaserforinformingthegovernmenLs(State'Federal)'businesses' a of the corunencement of civic and citizen groups, and i"ii"la""ls programs of alL of heariog"l t"i o1 tt't.t""ttr plans and study, In the final- design phase BDER incorPorates special design features as well as standard desi:gn elements into the plan. Through revienr of the EIS and design studies, it confirms that all social, economic, and environmental considerations have been Laken into account. It establishes coordination with utilitv companies and other District of Cotumbia agencies. thl oistrict of columbia' In scheduled highway acriviries within meetings and hearings OPP ' connection with public informational of graphs, diagrams ' and supewises the preparation directs used in to be"h"rts, presentations ' maps, and three-ii*""tionaL- exhibits The Bureau directs the preparation recounends the ahTards of contracts C. ALalltimes,oPPkeepstheDirectorinformedontheprogressand to making recornrnendations fulfillment of various programs as weLl as him concerning the Plans' The Bureau three' OPP functions primaril-y as an overseer' and operations and primarily wirh til Bureaus or tr"iil" irgio."ring the established thai Design.,Engineeri"g "ia n.search,ipp-"""Ires of project planning ani design stages concepts during rf,"-io."tion of planning" are adhered to i,, tt't final- design phase In Coordinated phase B. BU reau of Des En Phase 2, ee well as and TEO and Operati.ons has vital functions in Phases. One directs, plans, Phase Two in-house, outside agency, and consultant studies and advises the agencies of any additional traffic engineering treatment required to aisure the safe and efficient operation of traffic. Ttte prelininary design of safety and other traffic engineering treatments are initiated and deveLoped by the BTEO. The street l-ighting program j.s the responsibiliuy of the BTEO. BIEO performs al-l special traffic studies and coll-ects traffic data unique to particul-ar project planning phase projects BTE6 reviews al-1 Two 3. Phase Three is the agency of the Department responsible for various finaldesigns -- especial-l-y traffic surveili-ance systems, safety inprovement projects, Metro and fringe parking facilities' urb€m traffic control and bus priority systens, automated inventory and traffic data BTEO TheBureauexamine.stheadequacyoftheplans,designsandspecifications determinls the necessity for and prepared Uy -itproperty (if necessary) for Projects ' "o,,"t'ftants, ""d schedules the acquisition of rations as and coordinates the traffic oPerations, engineering parking needs of the existlng higlrway and street system requirementsrand in this phase of the pLanning stage. By continual-ly coJ-lecti-ng and anaLyzing data on traific volume and behavior, pedestrian vol,ume and behawior, excl-usive bus lane operations, urban traffic control, bus priority and traffic surveillance systens, truck weights, traffic speeds, accident occurrences, parking patterns r street ligfutingt tiaffic control- devices, this Bureau contributes a broad source of information from which transportation plans are developed. Researc BDERapprovestheissuanceofpermitsfortheuseofpublicspaceand the allocation of highway performs related inspectiorr"r.rr,i""lt-control-s underground util-ity facil-ities' space for the "or,"ltl"rion and t"p"it-of and records of all BDER also maintains maps rn connection wiii-ai"t, faci'itil"r-t"a it condlcts field survey work surface and undergroundforal].ofitsactivities.Fromthissurveywork,testingof'material-s, of cbnstr""tiott and other materials ' and from its evaluation of the q,rtiia' specifications ' the Bureau a..r.iops standard maierial Phase BTEO ineer TheBureauofDesignrEngineeringandResearch.(BDER)directsandsupervises thetechnicaraspectsofhighwayptt:""t"(design'engineeri"g?"dresearch utilgi", trrrro.rs, cu'verts, retaining wal1s oertaining to "ri.ets, at1-ey", riit', the plans and programs of BTEO (Bureau and landscaping) in accord"o". ofTrafficEngineeringandoperationslanaorr.Agreatdea].ofits especial-ly final design' responsibility ries ii the lasr two phases, 1 1. of Traffic of Traffic Engineering the three transPorLation Phase Three 3 Bureau of construetion contracts in this phase. �31 30 F. Inter charrneLiza- signallzatLon,arrd collection systems as we].l as signing,are a part of a larger project' tion. Frequently, *ft"" traffic-items incorporate changes in p1-ans can BTEO wil-i- advise" infn "o that BDER for construction' it is developing 4. After Cons truction in tertns of functions continue after construction not only control devlces' maintenance, repairs, and inspections of traffic execution of preparation of traffic regulations' devel-opnent-and piir"r-urra""rso in iraffic survell-lance, conducting emergency "oo* 'before"and"after"trafficstudies'operationofurbantraffic of control systens t ra tt'" priority "y"i"t"' and i1 development ie useful in planning future needs ' traf fic data whit;lii BTEOIs @ plans, directs' develops and coordinatestheconstruction,maintenance'repairandinspectionprogram forhighwayprojectsandmunicipalwharves.Specifically,itmalntains thelandscapinginstreetrigrrts-ot-wayaswellasthestreets,draw. aaaitionall-y, it controls the transspans and departmental eguipment. District' porting of ov"rsi)e ao'a ""ulu"t loads through the of construction and Maintenance Ilowever,indirecting'developing,and.coord.inatingconstruction(with has its major role subsequent Federal, District and privatu .g!rr.ies), BCII to the final- design Phase' E Office of Business Administr atlon Governnent coordlnation and mutual decisions are especially important in the decision-making process in the District. Transportation system pl-anning mus! consialr ana be influenced by other governments' especiall-y boundaries' *tut. pJssible facil-ities may cross government jurisdictional by various includes Federal l-ands administered (Government Jurisdiction Federal- activities as well as State and l-ocal county' city and town governments). COG, TPB, NCPC, individual- Federal- agencies,and the District of col-unbia Government contribute to the recommendation and decision process for p1-an adoption, impl-ementation, and establishment of priorities' (See Appendix 2 for a listlng of legis1-ative aurhority. Figure 3 illustrates the D.C. Governmental structure.) 1 National C t_ tal- Plannins Comiss ion (NCPC) effective governnental- coordination organization already exists to involve and alert other govelnmental- interests (Federal and local) rel-ating to social , economic, and environrental considerations in p1-an foinulation studies. This coordination centers ln the National-CapitalPlanning Corrnission (NCPC), a Federal independent agency, ad splcifical-ly in its Coordinating Cor ittee. Tlris Courur:ittee is composed ol officials of l-ocal-, Federal, md quasi-publie governrnental- activities. It serves as a forum and makes recornmendations to the NGPC Conmissioners concerning the permanent syslem of highways ' streets and all-eys, end parking, recreation, housinBr and Federal land transfers. The composition of the Coordinating Conmittee is: An D. Burgag .of Constlrlglign alrd The Bureau Coordination tal- and In (O BA) TheofficeofBusinessAdministratlonplans,directs,coordinatesand the budget, estimates of Highway administers a comprehensive ptogi* for administrative services, personnel' Fund revenues, accounting, pro..riement, activities necessary to meet the c1_assificarion, and managemenr i;;;;;;.nt of the Department of Highways and needs, responsiuriitr.", and objectives Traffic in the Last two phases of transportation OBA participates principally Department must be assessed planning because in" frrag" ..=ry .ii^city of thl inre]-ationshiptocostestimatesandanalyses.rn"orri"ea]-soadministers' and advisory work invol-ved supervises, reviews or performs investigative and orders pertaining to in the .,,to'""'"ot-ot reaera]- laws, '"g,.,1"tions, wagesrhoursro,,.ttiteremploymentofminors'andrelatedlaborslandards with and correction by conductioe i,,.,""tigu.ioo",-rv..ottaining cornpl-iance to employers' employees ana advice of viotations, and by providing'infornati6n and regul-ations. of laws and the public on thl iequirements l-. Assistant to the Mayor-comissioner for Housing Progrars 2, Director, D. C. Office of Planning and Management 3. Director, D. C. Department of Economic Development 4. Director, D. C. Departnent of General Services 5. Director, D. C. Department of Highways and 6. Director, D. C. Department of Environrnental Serrrices 7. Director, D. C. Department of Recreation B. D. C. Surveyor g. Assistant Superintendent, D. C. Board of Education Department l-0. Director, National Capital Traffic of Buildings and Grognds, Parks U. S. National Park Service 11. Bal-timore District Engineer, U. S. Corps of Engineers �l.) (, D.C. compo*d of couNclL and States, by and with the advice of Personnel Planning and Management Human Rights Budget and Program AnalYsis Civil De{ense o OH.OP B Fr Fncl.Q O fd O rJ O Eoo€€o o.dHtJFlH O.H'O. 5 o o 0r (' g: F.l. p o 5 Fro p u)O O o Sl H.fi o B ct .6ftX9S5. 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F id o H.rd 0r E i/ o & o: S Ar F.'A O r,.dq O 0r 5 d H H tdSoDp< FJO.drt0)K EgagPT' H *frRS *EHE. SH' El.H.+F. 5JZu' -*8zf;Fg fl..TeH$gH'3 "f'ff$ o or(') P Seruices ! rr ij. k d ri id 6 i+ ri ii. < d Belocation AdvisorY UnemploYment ComP€nsation Parole Occupations and Profesions Safery BOARDS Labor Relations Minimum Wage and lndustrial ADM|NIsTRAToR D.C. MAI\'POWE8 General Seruices SERVICE DEPA RTMENTS Finance and Revenue Youth OPportunity SuweYor Recorder of Deeds Recreation Polie Human Rsources lnsumnce Motor Vehicles Motor Vehicle Parking Fire HighwaYs and Traffic OPERATING DEPARTMENTS & AGENCIES Corrections Economic DeveloPment Environmental Seruices r--rrrrrrlt- { tsHtsH clr I I l.Jl f Z lor D. C. Authority ts (, wash. Meito. Area Transit Commission Zoning Commission , Washington AqueduGt Wash. l/[et]o' Area Transit APPeals Disrtict N) H National Guard, D.C. Public De{ender Public Sewic€ Commision RedaeloDment Land AgencY U.S. Coits: I AuthoritY National Capital Housing Coun ol APPeals i+ r+ h o< b 9 t_.. td> r't r't < tr q' o H'(n u' o H'H'or opH dsq Fte P 0t .9 't z I H. r-r ol H hj cr rt 0, rtl H tsd c: r-J H r, u u F F 5 6 t iJ. rt o 5 n .4 5 a F 09 5 H q € E 6 H'gt o oli'P F' O E o 5 O b' E 5 F. 6 b. ii r' io F i da d b :<i'8E.3fi.8 b' dd br H' P b 5 P. H. h, oa b o,F ;EorflDcaF tr 5 ?r riq)rH.Fs^E(n'@ .- E b oq ir. F tF h H 'o .t o 5 o b- K c> 'F tr o H H. $ b c) b '6 '4 'E or F. 6 6 B' F ;" 5 I ; ; 61 ;D o h H. H cj b 5 5 H. o. o F. 6' b b z 3 ; or H I I -o F .. E 5 4 rr B <El b oc q F oq fu $ oq gi o h 'E ^ El H ,n 6 c) - ij. h uj z c) Fi; o 0r' E tr E' H A FJ r.. < F6 l' F 6F H'5 ;-ili' "P ir' F g oq F tr' '+'. 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Cour6: SuPerior Court Armory Board ApprenticeshiP Council (eltrtedl Eoard ol Education AGENCIESWITH FISCAL RELATIONSHIP -tl f; Fr tr F f F F P f,r F F F E'g Hff Frd F P d o o o H o if o Q c: fH' E ii 6 id ii F. ii ii :' F.b i; A A H'i-t F P Nt$l$l$l9NFP r.Jr|:tlo19tJO\O@ Hackers' Licens APpeal Condemnation of lnsnitary Buildings Condemnation Review Contract APPoals Criminal Junice Coord. Appeals and Review Alcoholic Beverage Control ASSISTANT TO THE COMMISSIONER FOR HOUSING PBOGRAMS Secretariat Public Al{airs 5 noo .J5 o d H'Ft -.1 x o o.o.b!ilo. t. troc 5 - b or (tor*Fi.)<Pdg) dOrr iliOd rro H.H.O ii. o o rr Id r+ H. F o rt5 !'H.i'oa 5 iDoooOF{lt irr o c) 'g p1' cj<[.!i H. FrH;cl Fd O brcSo{tHri rt Erdo--F $ Flo b o F+, CORPORATION COUNSEL EXECUTIVE OFFICE H. rr H O. riig, H o'5I'(DH.5(D5 H OooOHO tsooo(-trt60lpJoT O P.Z H d E0! c) communitY. ipresentative ol the District ot Columbia are made Council membership which is broadly Appointments lo the Council -f i.i-i ot"t. a view toward achieving a with for three years preceding his appoiotment' tie Coutcit is nonpartisn and no more than any on€ iix of lts memuers can be adherents of his ionr"nt ot tt S"nate' At the time of membet of the Council iomint."nt " """tt u" citizen ol the united States' and "itiri " resident of the District ol Columbia .^.","tf "ririUtianO ifr" Jtt other members' a Vice Chairman, and seven are appointed by the President The Council is a Chaitman' STANDING COMMITTEES SECRETARY -r- oepuiv rvrlvoR -coMM lssloNER MAYOR -COMMISSIONER r r-r THE PRE SIDE NT and TH EC ONG R ES rt ltH COMMITTEES AD HOC 3 OF COLUMBIA GOVERNMENT OF THE DISTRICT THE Figure u) qrj �35 34 1-. Mayor-Cormnlssloner of the District of 2. Dlrector of the National Park Corps 5. Director of the 6. 7, 2. Tr chairrnan of Serwice Engineers tr'ederal Higlrway Adninistration of the conrnittee on the District of col-unbia of of the Comnr-ittee of the District of Colunbia of the United States House of Representatives Chairnam Board Ttre Transportation Pl-anning Board is affil-iated with the Metropolf-tan tr{ashlngton Cotrncil of Governments (COG). Specifical-ly, it is COG's TranspJrtation Policy C6mmiggss. It has f,wentv-three board members rohich reprelent the D. C. Department of Highways and Traffic, Virginia of Transportation, poliLical s, Montgomery, AJ-exandria, Ar1-ington' Surisaietions of Prince Georgef Fairfax and the Distrlct of Col-unbia, plus the Washington Metlopolitart Area Transit Authority, Office of Management and Budget of the Executive Office of the presideni, and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) of the u.s. Department of Transportation. The Federal representatives serve as nonvoting members of T?B. Eepartnent of Highw"y", t"t"ryland Departnent 3. Metropolitan transportation and highway pJ-anning are supported by capable expertlse in engineering, city and regional pl-anning, geography, denrography' mass transportatiot, l-attd"cape architecture, md traffic operations' Ttre representatives on TPB, therefore ' ensure that transportation system planning considers many social, economic, and envirorunental factors. i of policies and procedures tr{ashin gton Counc i1 of Governments (COG) The Metropolitan Washington Cor:ncil of Governments (COG) is composed of a twenty-three rneurber Board of Directors rePresenting the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia; the MaryJ-and counties of Prince George!s and Montgomery; the Virginia counties of Arlington, Fairfax' Loudoun, and Prince Wil-liaur; the Maryland cities of Bowj-e, College Park, Greenbelt, Rockville, and Takoma Park; and the Virginia ci.ties of Alexandria, Falrfax City and Fall-s Church. Figure 4 iLlustrates the composition of the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments. The District of Col-unibia is represented by two mennbers of the City Council-, NCPC, and the Department of Highways and Traffic' The City Cor:ncil is supported with a staff of professionals with experiences in law, city l1_anning, city adninistration, and sociology. The NCPC staff incl-uies professionaLs with capabil-ity in city planning' architecture, urbanr planning, regional planning, urban designingt and transportation planning. The Department of Highways and Traffic staff includes maxry trades and professions; decisj-ons relating to deveLopnnnt By contractual agreement with the three area Higlrway Departrents t COG/TPB has been designated as the body to carry out the 3C process. Their fr:netion is to establish a,work program consistent r'rith the requirements of tr'tII^IA for the 3C process. Their main purpose is to a regional transportation plan that is accepted and approved ""i"bti"h jurisdictions in the Washlngton Metropol-itan Area. A11- pertinent by all information in connection with regional transportation system pl-anning is presented to the Technical Counrittee of TPB. (fhis Cormittee is conposed of senior staff officials from local governnents.) The Technical Conur-ittee is responsibl-e for ensuring that all pertinent information pertaining to transportation matters of a regi-onal nature are reported to T?8. goth the Technical and Policy Transportation Conmittees meet nonthly at COG. COG is staffed wlth about 170 indiwidual-s with expertise i.n many areas of pl-annlng. COG' for example, has estabLished an Air Quality Planning Committee to study air quality in conjunction with transportation system planning. This effort by COG will- continue and is a part of the 3C planning process. (See Glossary of Terms for definition of SC process,l) the United States Senate rtation Plannin for required for the effective impl-ementation of the transportatj-on p1-anning process in a manner that wil-l ensure that the planning decisions are reflective of, and responsive to, the needs and desires of the local cormr:nj.ties. As part of the FI{WA requiqements, a regional transPortation plan must be adopted by TPB for certification. This plan nay be arnended by action of TPB when it is considered to be beneficial to the conrnrnity and to the region. Service 3. Comissioner of the Public Buildlngs 4. Chief of the The IPB i-s responsible Colunbia 4. The Redeve lopuent Land (Rl,A) Direct involvement in phase two pl-annlng is the assistance provided by RLA in preparing information on relocation prograus. Specifically' it prepares two bsoklets, one for homeor,rners and tenants and one for businesses and nonproftt organizations. 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Itre City Corurcj.l- performs a vital role in phase one of the lanni.ng process, also. This role is served with respect to revlsions of both the Major ltroroughfare PLan and the Regional Transportatlon Plan. In the first instance, the City Councll- must approve any revision of the Major Thoroughfare Plan adopted by the NCPC to make the revision official and binding. Regarding revisions of the Regional Transportation P1an, the City Cor:ncil hoLds two seats on TPB and, therefore, exereises voting por^rers on all revisions brought to the Board for consideratlon. There are also activities peripheral- to the transportat.ion system planning process for which the City Coturcil- exercises its authority. The Permanent Highway Plan is one rel-evant exanple. Its establishnent is pursuant to TitLe 7 of the Distri.ct of Col-unbia Code enacted in 1893. It has evolved into an official record of existi"ng and reserved rights-of-way. Many of the streets are a part of the LrEnfant Pl-an of L79L for the Nationrs Capital. Titl-e 7 provides the authority for nodifying the P1an. V. CITIZEN PARTICIPATION An inportant stimulant to the requirellEnt, for highway departments to devel-op Action Pl-ans ls the need for cLtlzen participation as a fo:mal el-emenL of transportation planning., Citizen participation has produced varied contributions i-n the District of Columbia, but too often citizens i;;i-;;-opted," "nanipulatedr" or treated like "window dressing" in the planning process. A pervasive probLem in urban areas of the United St"t.", citizen partitipation has been studied and increasingLy discussed in the recent p"lt, a conference on ei-tLzer- particiPation in transportation planning held in May, 1-973 being the latest national effort at bringing .itir"o", pLanners, el-ected official-srand other professionals together to generate open discusslon and ideas on the topie. Conferees defined cltizen participatlon as fol-l-ows: Citlzen participation was defined as Em open Procesg in whlch the rights of the cornmunity to be informed' to infl-uence, and to get a response from government are refl-ected and ln which a rePresentati've cross section of affected citizens interact llith appointed and elected officials on issues of transportation supply at all stages of plannlng and developnent' The participants in the process identify and exanine alL reasonable al-ternatives and thelr consequences to apsist the appropriate decision-makers in choosing the course that they Le1ieve to be needed and that they feel- wil-1 best serve the needs and objectives of the tomnr.rnity' 1 Although this definit,ion does not, begin to say how citizen participation is achieved, it specifies severaL essential- prerequlsites wlthout which transport,ation planning and projeet implementation couLd become more seriousl-y inpaiied in the future. Ttre citizen participation measures outl-ined in this chapter are almed toward satisfying these prerequisites' They are not the finaf word; in fact, citizen Participation wilL lead to betler citizen-participation measures. Ttre fol-lowing prerequisi-tes appear to be most lmPortant: ltttghro.y Research Boardr "citizen Partlcipation in Transportation special- neport l-42' llashington' D' c" L973' ;i;;i;g," 39 �4t 40 L 3. Ooenness Citlzens must have easy access to infornation and direct knowledge of the planning, decislon-making, and budgetary Procedures through an oDen process. 4. Northern Virginia 5. Metropolitan . 6. 2. Rep resentativeness Participation from every group of cit.izens, alJ- incomes, racest ages' Al-1 Stages Citizens must be involved at every poi.nt in the pLanning process achieve a continuum of planning from the earl-iest stages through to design. American Association and Examina tion of A11 Reasonab 1e Alternatives To infl-uence the system and project decisions, citizensr ideas and proposals must be seriously considered and citizens must be kept tognizant of planning decisions concerning their ideas. Charnbers of ce of Decision Makers Whll-e citizens eannot, be empowered to make final- decisions, deeision nakers are accountable for their actions, and planners are resPonsible for keeping decision makers informed about evaluations of e.il'izen ideas' Citizen participation is an integral- part of transportation system planning' Interaction between citizenry and govelnmental transportation agencies creates a pJ-anning process whereby conmr:nity needs and desires becore reflected in the ii""f plan. Cit,izen participation is being activel-y encouraged at both the regionaL and loca1 levels' A. Cit,izen Input-Svstem Phase 1. Con ss of Citi s the Greater Ihe Congress of Citizens is a group of civic leaders fromarea problems joined together to hel-p resol-ve Washington area that has and to advise the }4etropoiitan washington council of Governments' Ihe current mernbership i-ncludes representatives from: 1. League of Women lloterst 2. Federation of citizen Associations and civic Associations in the District of Columbia and suburban areas, Lr Trade, of University Cor:ncil Woment Cor:nci1, ' Conmerce, 10. Archbidroprs Conrn:ittee for Conrnuni-ty Relations, 1-1. Metropol-itan Citi-zens Advisory Council-, Heal-th and Welfare Council' 13. Washington Board L4. Washington Planning and Houslng Association, l-5. County Human ReLations Coturcil t of Realtors' 16. Jr:nior Chanibers of Assis of L2. 4. Identification 5. of Realtors' Washington Board B. Interfederation 9. Interaction at Board of Merropol-itan Washj.ngton, 7. Northern Virginia Conservati-on and l,hysical- conditions must be sought. 3 Hone BuiLders Association L7. Commerce, Housing Development Corporation and, 18. Central Labor Cor.urcil of AIL-CIO. By a monthJ-y newslegter, avail"abLe on request from COG' apprised of regionaL activities incLuding those related citizens are to transportation. �r-- I 43 42 vote of the TPB. ALl uetropolitanwide organizat'ions on the citizen advisory conmittee :1311 be subject ".t"i"g toannualreviewbytheTPB.-Se].ectionswil].berradeby and eval-uation of at" tpS on the basis of a comparisonadvisory comnlttee in Lhe citizen lnformation frovided urenibershiP questionnaire' ttee 2. Citizen In additlon to the congress of citizens, coc has established citizen ' (Land Advisory Cormrittees foi each of the organizatiorral departments Protection' Use, putlic Safety, Human Resources, H-alth and Environmental ensure fransportation) The purpose is to assist pol-icy comlttees Lo needs to the that netropolitan planning of the conmittee is responsivejurisdiction each political perceived by citizens. Members represent and at least one serves as a nonvoting member of the Transportation Planning Board. The role of the Gitizen Advisorv conunittee to the Transportation Planning Board ts deflned in the following verbatim quotation from the Metiopolitan l,{ashington Councl-1 of Governmentsl the Establish',operational Procedures and Stafting Airangements forGap,ital Region the National ment of a citizen Advisory conrnittee to 4,Arepresentatlvefromeachofficial0ommunityAct'ionAgency' itssuccessor'oracounterpartorganizationse].ectedbyas are invi-ted to meet ihe participaitng local gov"rm.t t members of the citizen as a group t" tpp";Eion ttreiselves CAP advisory "o*i-tt." one each from the three states' citizen membership on the representatives shal-l- have voting advisorycorrrr.ittee.Iheserepresentativesaresubjectto a biennial review bY the TPB' agenciesLocal governmentsr State Transportation Agencies' CF may appoint netropol-itan otganLzaEions or their cor:nterparts, .and the alternate uenbers to the citizen advisory cormittees. Inthe absence of uhe regular member of the advlsory cornnittee, official-ly designated aLternate may exercise a vote' Transportation Planning Board.rr a. Fr:nctlons The Transpoxtation Planning Board shall have a citizen advisory cornmlttee to provide a forum for advice and assistance. Ttre citizen advisory corurittee shal-l assist the TPB in ensuring that metropolitan planning is responsive to the needs of citizens llving within the uenber Jurisdiclions. Ttre citizen advisory c. Officers Itre officers of the citlzen advisory corm:ittee shall- consist of a chairman and a vice-chainwrr. Terms of office shal-l be for couniitee shal-l al-so advise the Transportation Planning Board on any matter before the TPB whlctr nay resul-t in new policy. b one year. If possibLe the cit'izen advisory conur:ittee shalL elect its officersduringthemonthofAprileachyear.Thevice-chairmarr as shall- not be representative of the sane jurisdicLion or agency the chairman. Menrbership the citizen advisory comrnittee shall- be by appointment' utilizing the foL1-owing procedures : Mernbership on 1. 2. nember governnent in Maryland and virginia shal-lselect one citizen, and the District of coLumbia shal-lselect seven citlzens to be members of the citizen adwlsory conrmittee. Each "state" in the metropolitan area wil-l, therefore, have equal representation (seven members each). LocaL govemment appointees shal1 serve two year terms with reaPPointnent Possible. Each COG Each State Transportation Agency shall select one ci.ttzen t,o be a member of the TPB citizen advisory cororrittee, who shaLl serve a tffo year term wlth reappointment possibl-e.' identify a maximum of three uretropolitan-wide ci.tizen organizations each of which may be invited to designate one representative as a member of the TPB citizen 3. Ihe TPB may advisory cornmlttee. Ttre metropolitan organizatlon need not be frrnctionaLly specific but must have members in all three "statest' of the Metropolitan lfashington Area. Appointments of netropoLitanwide organLzations shal-l be made by najority d Procedures for theeffectiveorj.entationandcontinuingl-iaisonwithits citizenadvisorycomrittee.Aninitia]-orientationmeeLing withltscatlzenadvisorycomnuitteewi].].behe]-d. 2. The Transportat'ion Planning Board shalL provlde for the expressionofpositionsbyitseitizenadvisoryco'rrmlttee. shaLL Recosmendations from the citizen advisory connlttee to the TPB by the coG staff or the be transrnitted in writlng chairman of the c1t1-zen idvisory comrnittee or his designee' Ifposslble,writtenrecommendationssha].]-betransnitted by the COG. 3. Ttre chai::rran of the citizen advisory conudttee' or his the designee, shall be an ex-officio (nonvoting) menber of 1. The Transportatlon Planning Board shaLl be responsible TPB. 4.MinutesofrreetingsoftheTPBcitizenadvisorycomittee and the TPB shal-l be mutually exchanged' �45 44 €. Time and of P Maintain liaison between the citizen advisory cornmittee and other po1"lcy and technical- conrm'i ttees of the Council 4 Meetines of citizen advisory connittee shall hol-d a ninimum of sj.x and a maximu:n of twelve staffed neetings Per year. To the naximum extent possible al-l meetings wi1-1- be held on a weekday evening or Saturday in a COG meeting room or a meeti-ng pJ-ace of the citizen advisory corunittee rs choosing. Ttre f. Quorum and Vo tlne Authori tv dures P The Operation Procedures relating to the citLzen advisory cormrittee may be amended or revised by the Transportation Pl-anning Board at its discretion. Qne-third of alL menbers, including at least one from each staLe' must be present to conduct meetings and to conduct voting. A list of members present and voting, artd/ox members po11-ed, shaL1 accompany all courur:ittee resol-utions and recormendations. g. Financial Arran ts 1. Transportation - Bus fares and parking costs will and cookies h Utilities - Costs incurred for evening and/or meetings at COG. Staffine $l-.25 Saturday the responsibility of coGr s citizen partlcipation coordinator and other COG staff as appropriate to: 1. Draft and mail agenda and arrange the time and pLace of meetings of the committee. available draft copies of rel-evant pending TPB rePorts and papers for memberst information' Make Make available drafts of arising before the TPB. coG staff cotrments on matters overall responsibil-ity of each Service Area Conrnittee (SAC) is to assist the Mayor, departments, agencies,rand office in inprovi-ng service delivery in its Service Area through increased interagency information exchange, improved coordination of operations and planning' and more prompt and effective identificatj-on of and response to community needs. This is briefly illustrated in Figure5 . ls represented on all nine Service Area Comnittees w"il-l increasingl-y utilize this forum for exchange of inforur'ation The Department l_ Departmental- programs, plans and problems. The unmet needs 3. Ideas for " and rel-ated to: 2 shal_l be 3. tem The sements 2. S Colunbia. A citizen participation coordinator and a secretary to be hired by coG will- coordinate a1l- of the coG Board's and Transportation ei.rrrrir,g Boardts approved citizen particiPation activities. Additional- Jt"ff will bl considered as need arises and funds perurit. Additionally, staff will- be available from all of COGis departments to supply technical expertise as required' It co unrbia Service Area DistricL of Columbia has a rurique and pioneer program for public lnvol-verent in city governrent. Ihe concept to "take the government to the peopl-e" is atternpted through dividing the city into nine "service areas"'each with a service area comrnittee comPrised of of representatives from each of the uajor agencies of the District - Will be provided. 3. Babysitting - BabysitEing costs at the naximum rate of per hour ritl- b. reimbursable for those persons on the cLti-zen advisory comruittee j-n need of this service' 4 Dlstrict of ut -Subarea and Pro ect Level- The provided. 2. Coffee B. Citizen L be Account for costs incurred by members of the citlzen advisory comittee as delineated in Article VII. 5 i. Governments. in the Service Area. nreeting these needs and improving agency service and dellverY. In addition to holding regular meetings, each SAC hol-ds pubLic hearings within the service Area to review proposed agency budgets so that each citizen group and area resident may have early i-nput into these to activit,ies. fhe b.partment of Highways and Traffic will continueand inplt on budget prioritiesr resource al-l-ocation, soli-cit eit.izen other facets of budget planning at these SAC-sponsored ueetings' For interested citizens, the Department of Hlghways and Traffic also arranges through SAi reetings furth"t *..iittgi with the Department's staff if such desire is exPressed. �47 2. o Citizen Adwisofi Conmittees To increase citizen particiPation in the Proiect pJ-anning process, the DeparLment will encourage Ad IIoc Citizen Advlsory Comnlttees on €m experiurental- basis to cioseLy work with Departmental staff, to advise the Department, on cornmunity needs and valuesrand to negotiate soLutions to project Lurpacts. Such corrnittees are envisioned as citizen advocates. in advance Interaction wil-l occur earLy in the proJect p1-anning stage farDepartment steps. Th: of publ-ic hearings and other such decislon-naking will- initiate tnE first organLzalion meeting inviting participation from all citizen groups in the vicinity of,the project.Coumittee rePresentatives and organization details will be determined by the citizen grouPs themselves Whl1e detail-ed po1-icies and procedures to implement such interaction between the citizenry and the Department have yet to be establ-ished, the ruu-< Z o k F z uJ z a tU U] IU o uJ tr tr F 0_ 0_ F UJ tr uJ E z = (J H h U) e? v? & foJ-lowing neasures are being considered: uJ rll rn lrl Ad tloc II G tg CE .El l-. IU tJ -, EI < e3 i-s C= C= -C.3 E - €g tU tr b eaa =-= 0- tjl U area. v? Members 3 Fr-rnds !I U uJ o O t o =c.5 eaa c-5 Ll = In = elJ (fJ EE <es 3. G- |- G = 4 clt SCtnov e,,it concerned citizen groups and affected private of outrneeting. These of-pocket expenses lncurred by those attending the expenses wiLl- be l-inited to bus or taxi fare, baby-sitting fees, and O : c= to be from citizens as wel-1 . 2 t+t CS E -E rg Citizen Advisory Committees wil-l be established ln conjurction with the planning of major projects at the opt'lon of citizens and at the time the Department initiates project p1-anning. Courposition of the Couunittee w111 be dependent upon the project with emphasis upon representation from the affected Ad IIoc wil-l be aLloted to the Committee for reiurbursement office supplies. The meeting pJ-ace and staff support services wiLl- be provlded by the Depart,ment of Highways and Traffic. ?lqqrqJ.ng Bulletins A specific step to be taken as part of the Action Pl-an is the establ-ishment of a Planning Bu1-letin Series to facilitate the fl-ow of inforuration to citizens. Bul-letins will be published for each rnajor action to be undertaken and completed in the three phases of transportation plannLng. The Bulletins will advise interested parties of both impending actions and approved actions and are designed to both inform and to solicit comnentary. The BulLetins provide information related to earl-y stages of proJect planning permitting cltLzen reaetion and input at that point in ti*. rttere meaningful consideration nay be given by the Department,. Substantive comments received through this channel of conrmunication, as well as others ment,ioned, wiJ-J- be taken under adwisement by the Department which will endeavor to be responsive. f-ist maintained by OPP is the source of for distributing the Planning BuJ-letins. The mailing 46 nanes and addresses �48 rized Mallin Lis 4 t I lhe Department maintains a comprehensive computerized nailing list of: l-. 2. 3. A11 those who, the Department thinks, in Higlways and Traffic prograns. wilL have an interest A}ID SUBGROI]PS IOR AUTOMATED MAILING LIST GROUPS list The system has unl-imited capabil-ity to store and produce rnailing labe1s and lists of categorized entries. Ttre entries have been broken into groups and subgroups as illustrated in Table 2. Ttrey have been further coded as to their service area, census tract and the D.c. surveyorts Office ID (square, lot and suffix, etcetera). 5. Public Hearing Modifications of the Major Thoroughfare Plan (system changes) are adopted and approved by the Nationa1 capital" planning commission and the D. c. City Council, respectively. These acti.ons are taken in sessions open to the public. speciaL hearings may also be held on significant proposed changes. The certj.fication and adoption of the regional transportation pJ-an by the Transportation Planning Board is done annual-]-y in a Board meeting open to the public. with Section I2B of TitLe 23, tJ. S. Code and the FHWA guidelines (PPM 20-B) which require advertising and holding public hearings, the DepartmenL holds public hearings on major projects in advance of l-ocation, design, or combined l-ocation/design requests for approval. The Office of Planning and Programming will advertise public hearings j.n several ways: pl-acing notices in the three major newspapers thirty to forty days prior to hearing, sending planning Bulletins to registrants in the computerized address system, (any citizen may request to be placed upon this mailing list), announcing the public hearing on radio and tel-evision, and placing a notice in the Districc of Columbia Register. Furthermore, in the case of a projeet i@, a pubLic hearing notice is sent to families and businesses likely to be In TABLE 2 A11 those who have shown interest in Hlghways and Trafflc programs through attendance of our previous pubLic hearings. A11 those who have requested to be kept informed about the Department rs programs. w'il-l- be kept up-to-date by checking periodicalj-y with citizen organizations, adding names and addresses i.n response to specific requests, and deleting entries based on undeliverable nailings. The .t accordance dispLaced. Sub Group Category Code 1. t Gove 2 3 4 5 6 1o- Environurental 15 State 20. ci 11 L2 izen Individuals 30. Profess ional Or zatLons 45 35. 36. 37. Institutions SchooLs Ghurches Regional LocaL 46. Business or Indus trv Trade Association Other Retail and Whol-esal-e Business Concerns TransportaLion 47. 48. 49. Orune Government Non-C'oVernment 4t. News Media rty Offices 42. 40, P HUD None 25. 50-99. Federal- Agencies Adjoining States None z O D.C. Agencies Regional Agencies None Hi- shwav DeDartments or CategorY Code rs Affected by None Par ticuLar Proiect 49 �51 50 Citizens are welcomed to speak at public hearings or to submit comments for entry into official record. Pertinent, project information will be avaiLable to the public at the Office of Pl-anning and Programmlng' Department of Highways and Traffic as well as at al-L branches of the D. C. Publ-ic Library at l-east thirty days before a hearing. The system also permits the production of a rnailing list based on property owners within a specified area. This capacity wil-L be especiaLLy useful in notifying groups of property owners of forthcoming publ-ic hearings, for exampl-e, on projects that coui-d affect them directl-y or indirectly. 7 Pollcv of Expliclt Response The Department will carefully consider substantive suggestions offered by the public, and it will make known its actions on each suggestion through: 1 2 3 P1-anning Bul"letins Personal- letter Telephone ca1-1- The official hearing transcript is kept on file at the Office of Planning and Programming for public inspection. Those persons wishing to obtain a copy of the transcript wil-l be provided with the name and address of the stenographic service where copies may be purcha.sed. To the extent extra copies wilJ- perrnit, the Office of Planning and Programming wlll- also l-oan transcript copies for short periods to individual-s representing Response may also come through an item in a report. such exampl-e; during the process of the development, organizations or associations. 8, Public hearings are often erltLcLzed as being ineffective both because they are only one opportunity for publ"ic sentiment to be registered and they occur in the latter stages of project planning. In combination with proposed Ad Hoc Citizen Advisory Committees and prehearing information meetings, publ-ic hearings should be more effective in that participants will have a much broader information base from which to draw concLusions. PubLic hearings will- also continue to serve as a formal means to protest when citizens feel some or a1-1 project alternatives are not in the public As a interest. 6. P rl_n and Posthearin Public Mee wil-l hold public meetings concerning najor projects involving public hearings when there is citizen interest in such gettogethers. These meetings will- be heLd at a convenient pLace and time before and after the project public trearing. On projects for which Advisory Committee" ul. iormed, the pre and posthearing meetings may be incorporated into regular committee meetings' The prehearing meetings wilL give citizens an opportunity to become wiifr proposed projects, aLternative courses of action and ""qrr"irrt.a other descriptinl ittfottation that will prepare people for participation at public hearings. The posthearing pubLic meeting wil-l be held to keep the publie informed as Eo fhe status of the projects, action on earlier comments and recommendations, and the rational.e for final action the Department recommends for approval-. The Department This section is one of the Action Plan, a request for expl-icit response to substantlve citizen input was presented through the Action Pl-an meetings. Newsr:aoer N otlce result of a suggestion made in the first public meet,j.ng on the Action P1-an, it will be the policy of the Department to place notices of publ-ic hearings on major proJects in the l-ocal section of the three major newspapers, The Washington Post, the Washington Star-News, and the AfroAmerican. In the past, the Notice has been 'rburied" in the classified secti"ns of the papers thus reaching only a small audience. Placement of the Notice in a highly vis.ibl-e position in the newspapers and displaying it with a heaVy border and in bol-dface type (see Figure 6 ) will d--stinguish the Notice from the newspaper text and advertisements thus having the potentlal of reaching a larger audience. �Figure 6 VI. NEIdSPAPER NOTICE NOIICE 0f A PUBLIC ltlfftll{G ON THI ACTION PIAN SEPTETUIBER 26, 1973 A second oublic meetinq will be held by lhe D.C. Deporl- ment of Highwoys ond Trolfic to provide the public-on odditionol oooo-rtunitv lo commenl on-lhe droft Aclion. Plon. The meetino'will be-held on Wednesdoy, September 26' 1973' kon 7l3O p.m. to I 1,00 p.m. in Roorn Number Twelve ol the Drstrict Buiiding ol l4lh ond E Streets, N.W., Woshinglon, D.C. The Action Plon describes lhe plggggl by which proposed tronsoorlolion proiecls ote lo be developed so os lo ochieve the o'brectives bl Section 109 (h), Title 23, U.S. Code "High' *our.'t The orocess is oimed ol ossuring lull considetolion of rhe economii, sociol, ond environmentol impocts ol proposed grotecl3, lo sirenglhen lhe comprehesive lronsportolion Plonning process, ond lo improve ciliz€n potlicipolion' The Action Plon is nol o lronsportolion plon. Rother, il.cxplorns lhe legol, procedurol, ond lechnicol sleps underloken in developini tronsportotion plons ond proiect proposols' IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDT}LE Implenentation of the Action Pl"an wiLl be staged and made complete as quickly as is feasible. Al-1 el-ements of the Pl-an shaIl be effective on or before Novernber L, L974. Many of the procedures described, however, are already operative (environmentaL impact statement preparationr public hearings and the address-directory system, for exanpl-e). The initial effective date of the Action Plan wiLl fol-l-ow publ-ication ln both the District Register and the FederaL Register. Comments from interested partj.es will be sol-iclted again during a thirty-day period fol-1-owing these pubLieation dates. Pl-anning Bul-Letins wil-l- announce the pubLlca- tions and effective dates. The irrylenentation schedule speaks only of procedures being adopted for the flrst time as a resuLt of the deveJ-opnent of the Action Plan. Therefore, any procedures described in the Pl-an and not specifieal-1y mentioned in the impl-ementation schedule are already i4leurented and in use. Tabl-e 3 sunmarizes the scheduLe. The drolt wos issued on Augusl t3, 1973, lo orgonizolions throuohout lhe Citv. ll is ovoiloble lor inspeclion in Room 516 bl rhiPresidentiol'Building, 415 l2lh Slreel, N.W., belwe-en the hours ol 8, l5 o.m. oid a,a5 p'm', Mondoy lhrough Fri' doy, ond ot oll bronches ol the D:C. Public librory. TABLE 3 IMPLEMENTATI ON lnteresled oersons will hove on oddilionol opPorlunily to comment when lhe revised drolt is published in lhe f9!919[ S CIIEDI]LE :ffi :""''*'"1ii':::'i"",':ii mmlg:f ?#H*'"^,:ffidole lot ossislonce in moking olter the effeclive be solicited lurlher relinemenls in the {ulure. lnteresled potties ore inviled to.pres€nl in lhe meeling therr orol or writlen cotnmenls ond ideos concerning ony Port ol the process proposed to be followed by lhe Deportment' ln:eresied porlies moy moil in lheir commenls in ploce ol oli"nl no rrtd meetinq. ihese .omtg,ls should be received by Sepre,ioer 26,1973, The oddress is' D.C. Deporlmenl of Highwop ond Activity Cal-endar Year 1974 Quarters L234 lruffic Rmm 519 415 t2th Slreel, N.\ f. Worhington, D.C. 20004 lndividuols ond represenlolives ol orgonizolions who wish lo onend ore requeired lo lelephone lheir nomes so lhot on ogendo o{ petioils con be prepored. The telephone number s 629-3492. Planning Bulletins Citizen Advisory X Ad Hoc Cornm-i lgsgg Establishrent of D.C. DOT Real-ignnent of MuLti-nodal Transportation PolicY Planning Environmental Coordinator X X X XX X X X x X 53 52 �55 54 A. Planning Bulletins rssuances of Planning Bulletins w:il-L begin on or before the lnitlal effective date of the Action PLan. ltre one+age format has been designed compl-ete with masthead. Preparation and distrlbution of the Office of Planning and Programnlng "Planning BuLLetinrr wllL be under the direction of the writer/edltor in the Office of the Assistant, Director, OPP. Speeific topics for coverage wi1-1 be designated by the Assistant Director or hls Deputy. B. Ad Hoc Cltizen sory Counittees Guidel-ines and procedures to be folLowed in adninistering Advisory Connittees on major projects must be drafted and approved by District and Federal authorities. Ttre Departnent proposes t,o charge comit,tee exPenses to applicable proJects as an additional development cost. Eligible expenses also need to be specified in detail. first conrrittee will be established on an experimental basisi the coffnittee procedure wlli- be adopted as a routine activlty by the Department lf the intial- results are mutuaLly satisfactory to cltizens and the Department. Thls deternlnation wiLl be made not l-ater than November J-, L974. Ttre flrst conmittee w111 be organlzed by the end of the first guarter of calendar year L974 unless a maJor project-planning study ls not initiated during this period in which case the comm{ttee wlLL be formed when a planning study is begr.rr. The C. Environnental Studv Coordination In the interest of deveLoplng both in-house capabllity and improved lnt,eragency coordination for envlronnpnt,al impact anaLysis, the Office of Planni.ng and Program:ing wiLL estabLish a new environmental- coordi-nator posltlon in the Research and Prograurntng Division. This speclaList will- p1-an and csordinate aL1 environnental inpact studies, determine the need for addl-tional expertise througlr consultants or other agencies on a projectby-project, basi-s, identify maJor environmental impacts that could slgniflcantly aLter or cancel particuLar project aLternatlves, and uaintain an awareness of the l-atest environmentaL impact state of the art on the part of pri.ncipal Departrnent officials. Office of PLanning and Programrring has initiated the admlnistrative to establ-ish this new capabllity; the posj-tion is authorized and recruitment is expected to be accompllshed by the end of the first quarter of calendar year L974. The process The Departrrent wil-l also take advantage of training opportrurities to equip other staff nembers wlth analytical- technlques particuLarl-y in the fiel-d of alr quality and noise level monitoring and forecasting. these eapabil-lties will be J-odged principally in the staff of the Planning and Data Analysis Division which provides various other computerized testing services used to evaluate project proposals. Air and noise anal-ytical- servlces w:iLl be a responsibil-lty of this Division. The DLvision recently acquired slgniflcant new skil-ls in air poLLution anal-ysis by overseeing a research proJect that produced simulation nodel-s operabLe on District of CoLumbla computer equipment. Slnil-ar research wil-I be r:ndertaken in the future if and when it is deterurined that probl-em sol-ving can be facilitated at a local l-evel rather than depending on national research efforts. D. Reorganlzation and Fr:nctional RealLocation During L974, both the estabLishment of a D. C. Department of Transportation and the realignment of mu1t,i-uodal- transportation policy planning in the Dlstrict of Col-unbia wiLl be considered. Specific attention will be given to the recournendations of the Nelson Commission. �APPENDIX I ,PPM 90-4, Process Guidellnes (EcononLc, SocLal and Environmental Effects on lllghway Projects) Federal- Highway A<lministration, .ifune, L, L973 Policy and Procedure Menorandum, 2. Legisl-ative authority of coments regarding Action Plan 3. Sources 4 List of construction specifLcations and special provislons for enwironmental controls 5 Federal, State, md local agencies which are requested to coment on all Draft Environmental Impact Statenents 57 �Appendix 1 Transmittal U,S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION POLICY AND PROCEDURE MEMORANDUM g 293 0.4 .Trrnc I 19?3 PROCESS GUIDELINES (SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON HIGHWAY PROJECTS) Par 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I I 10 11. L2. Purpose Authority Definitions Policy Application Procedures Implementation and Revision Contents of .the Action Plan Identification of Social, Economic, and Environmental Effects Consideration of Alternative Courses of Action' Involvement of Other Agencies and the Public Systematic Interdisciplinary Approach 13. 14. Decisionmaking Process Interrelation of System and Project Decisions Levels of Action by Project Category 16. Responsibility for Implementation L7, Fiscal and Other Resources 18. Consistency with Existing Laws and 15. Directives 1. PURPOSE To provide to Highway Agencies and Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) field offices guidelines for the development of Action Plans to assure that adequate consideration is given to possible social, economic, and environmental effects of proposed highway projects and that the decisions on such projects are made in the best overall public interest. These guidelines identify issues to be considered in reviewing the present organization and processes of a Highway Agency as they relate to social, economic, and enwironmental considerations, and in developing desirable improvements. The guidelines recognize the unique situation of each State and do not prescribe specific organizations or procedures. 2. possible adverse economic, social, and environmental effects relating to any proposed project on any Federal-aid system have been fully considered in developing such project, and that the final decisions on the project are made in the best overall public interest, taking into consideration the need for fast, safe and efficient transportation, public services, and the costs of eliminating or minimizing such adverse effects and the following: (1) air, noise, and water pollution; (2'l destruction or disruption of man- made and natural resources, esthetic values, community cohesion and the availability of public facilities and services; (3) adverse employment and tax and property value losses; effects, (4) injurious displacement of people, businesses and farms; and (5) disruption of desirable community and regional growth. Such guideli.nes shall apply to all proposed projects with respect to which plans, specifications and estimates are approved by the Secretary after the issuance of such guidelines. " 3. DEFINITIONS a. Highway Agency - The State highway department or State department of transportation with the primary responsibility for initi.ating and carrying forward the planning, design, and construction of Federal-aid highway projects. b. Human Environment - The aggregate of allexte-ffiEl-Eondit.irrrGi?finfruencCs (esthetic, ecological, biological, cultural, social, economic, historical, etc. ) that affect the lives of humans. AUTHORITY c. Environmental Effects eff@ct The totality Section 109(d, Title 23, United States Code, directs the following: "Not later than July L, t972, the SecretatT, after con- of the officials, shall submit to Congress, and not later than 90 days after such submission, pro- officeTlfrTffiElGETi6F-olit an are as, and multi-State regions which perform the coordination functions called for in Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-95. sultation with appropriate Federal and State mulgate guidelines designed to assure that human and natural environment. d. A-95 ClearinAhouse - on the Those agencies and 59 �60 61 PPM 90.4 Par. Transmittal 293 June 1, 19?3 3e e. The following definitions are provided solely to clarifv the terms "system flanning, " "location, " and" "designtt as tfrey are used in these guidelines. A Highway Agency may choose to use different definitions in responding to these guidelines. If not stated otherwise, the following definitions will be assumed to be applicable. d. These guidelines and the Action Plan shal1 only be applied to the future development of on-going projects and to future projects. They are not retroactive, and shall not apply to any step or steps taken in the development of a project prior to the time of the implementation of the parts of the Action Plan applicable thereto. (D l,ocation - From the end of system planning lErou96-T0cation approval. (3) Design - From location approvaL 6. through the ap-proval of plans, specifications, and estirnates. * FHWATs policy that fulI con- sideration shall be given to social, economic, and environmental effects throughout the planni.ng of highway projects including system planning, location, and design; that provisions for ensuring such consideration shall be incorporated in the decisionmaking process; and that decisions shall be rnade in the best overall public interest, taking into consideration the need for fast, safe, and efficient transportation, public services, and the costs of eliminating or minimizing possible adverse social, economic, and environmental effects. The process by which decisions are reached should be such as to merit public con- (1) Social, economic, and environmental effects be identi.fied and studied early enough to permit analysis and consideration while alternatives are being lbrmulated and evaluated. (21 Other agencies and the pubLic be involved in project development early enough to influence technic al studies and final decis (3) Appropriate consideration be given to reasonable alternatives, including the alternative of rtot building the project and aiternative modes. * 5. APPLICAI'ION a. These guidelines apply to highrvay agencies that propose projects on any Federalaid system for which plans, specifications, and estimates are approved by the I'HWA. b. These guidelines apply to all processes that rvill be used for all Federal-aid projects, including Secondary Road Plan projects. * e. The FHWA, through its division arrd regional offices, lvil1 consult with the State in the development of the Action Plan and, within the limits of its resources, will be prepared to assist or advise. f. The Action Plan shall be submitted to the Go.rernor of tire State for review and approval as a means of obtaining a high degree of interagency and intergovernmental coordinatiorr. Approval by the Governor may occur prior to submittal of the Action PIan to the FHIVA, or, if desired by the State, may occur concurrently with FIIWA approval. B. b. The Action Plan shall be implemented feasible. A program of staged as q-uickly as implementation for the period up to November L, L974, sha1l be developed and descri.bed in the Action PIan. It is eipected that all aspects of the Action Plan will be implementeO fy this date. If the Highway Agency believes thit any provi.sion ih its Action PIan cannot be imple-mented prior to November L, L974, it shall present a schedule for the implementation of such provisions to the FHWA, which will con€ider the proposed schedule on a case-by-case basis. c. If the schedule for implementation set forth in an approved Action Plan ts not met, the FHWA may withhold location approvals or such other project approvals as it deems appropriate. * d. _ An approved Action plan may be revised to meet changed circumstanc-es or - to permit adoption of improved procedures or assignments of responsibilities. (1) The Action Plan shouLd identify tlre assi.gnment of responsibility for developlng Action PLan revisions. Q, Paragraph 6f (Governorrs shall apply to revision of the Action Plan; except CONTENTS OF THE ACTION PLAN stru_cture and assignments of reaponsibility by the chief administrative officer of the Highway Agency to positions or units within the Agency. Where participation of other agencies or consultants will be utilized, this should be so indi.cated. The topics to be covered by the Action Plan are outlined in the following paragraphs of this ppM. FHWA sha1l review the Statesl implementation of their Action Plans at _appflpriate intervals. The FHWA may withhold location approvals, or such other-project approvals as it deems appropriate, if the Action Plan i.s not being followed. 69 The Action P1an shall indicate the procedures to be followed in developinE hi.ghway projecte, -including organizatiSnal IMPLEMENTATION AND REVISION a. The c. Involvement of the public and local, State, and Federal officials and agencies, including A-95 clearinghouses and the 23 U. S. C. 134 melropolitan transportation planning process agencies, should be sought througirout the cieveiopment of the Actiori Plan. Comrnents should be solicited during the draft and final stage of development of the Action Plan. The Action Plan submitted to the Governor of the State and to the FHWA should be accompanieci by a description of the proeedures followed in developing the Action Plan; the steps ta'ken to involve the public and other agencies during development of the Plan; and a summary of comments received on the Plan (including the sources of such comments) and the Staters disposition of these comments. PPM 9O-4 Par. h. Review and approval of the Action Plan and revisions thereto will be the responsibility of the Regional Federal Highway 7. PROCEDURES d. 293 19?3 Administrator. b. The Action Plan should be consistent with the requirements of PPNIts 20-8, 90-1, and of otirer applicable directives, b. fidence in the tTighway Agency. To achieve this objective, it is the FHWATs policy that: I. plannin g throu gh desi gn. r* 1, g. The Action Plan should be submitted to the FHWA not later than June 1b, -19?3, for approval. The FHWA will not give location approval on projects after. November 1, 1g?8, unless the Action Plan had been approved. a. To meet the requirements of these guidelines, each Highway Agency sha1l develop an Acti.on Plan which describes the organization to be r-rtilized and the processes to be followed in the development of Federalaid highway projects from initial system POLICY a. It is the June c. These guidelines apply to s)istem planning decisions, including those made in the urban transportation planning process eetabliebed by 23 U. S. C. 134, and to project decisions made during the location and design stages. (1) System Planning - Regional analysis of transportation needs and the i.dentific ation of transport ation co rridors. 4. Transmittal 9. IDENTIFICATION OF SOC NTAL * a. Identification of potential social, economic, and environmental effects, both beneficial and adverse, of alternative courses of action ehould be made as early in the study process as feasible. Timely information on such effects should be pioduced so that the development and conlidration of alternatives and studies can be influenced accordingly. Further, the costs, financi.al and otherwise, of eliminating or minimizing possible adverse social, economic, and environmental effects should be determined. b. The Action Plan should identify: (1) The assignment of responsibility for: (a) Providing information on social, economic, and environmental effects of alternative courses of action during system planning, location, and design sta,gee. (b) Controlling rhe technical quality of social, economic, and environmental studies. (c) Monitoring current social, economic, and environmental research; monitoring environmental effects of compl-eted projects, where appropriate; and disseminatin g " state -of -the- art" information within the agency. approved Action Plan without review and approval by the Governor. In such instances, the Action:Plan should include a debcription of the types of such revisions. (3) The Highway Agency in consultation with the FTIWA shall determine the extent to which involvement of the public and qther agencies is necess.ary in the development of proposed Action PIan revisions. (21 Procedures to be followed to ensure that timely information on social, economi.c, and environmental effects: (d Is developed in parallel with alternatives and related erigineering data, so that the development and selection of alternatives and other elements of technicaL studies can be influenced appropriately. (b) Indicates the manner and extent to which specific groups and interests �63 62 Transmi.ttal PPM 9O-4 Par. Transrriittal 9b(2)(b) June are beneficially and/or adverseLy affected b.v alternative proposed highway improvernents. agencies and to the public early in studies. (e) Is developed sufficiently to , allow for the estimation of costs, financial or otherwise, of eliminating or minimizing identified adverse effects. 10. CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVE a. Alternatives considered should include, where appropriate, alternative t)pes ald scales of highway improvements and other transportation modes. The option of no highway improvement should be considered and used as a b. The Action Plan should identify the assignment of responsibility and procedures to be followed: reference point for determining the beneficial and adverse effects of other alternatives. Appropriate alternatives which might minimize or \t'oid adverse social, economic, or environmental effects should be studied and described, particularly in terms of impacts upon specific groups and in relationship Io 42 U. S. C. 2000d2000d-4 (Title VI of the Civil Rights Act 1964) and 42 U. S. C. 3601-3619 Civil Rigirts Act of (1) To ensure that information is made available to other agencies and the public throughout the duration of project studies, and that such information is as clear and comprehensible as practicable concerning: (Title VIII of the 1968). considered. b. 1'he Action Plan should identify the assignment of responsibility and the procedures to be followed to ensure that: both berieficial and adverse, anci the mannbr and extent to which specific groups are affected. highway-improvement option are set forth, with data of a 1eve1 oi corrrpleteness and of detail consi.stent rr,'ith thai developed for other alternatives, (2\ A range of alternatives appropriate to the stage is considered at each stage from system studies through final design. (3) The development of new transportation modes or tl're improvement of other modes are ade quately considered, rvhere appropriate. (4) Non-transportation courponents, such as replacement housing, jcint deve.lop- ment, rnultiple use of rights-of-way, etc. are in coordination with transportat'.on components. (5) Suggestions from outside the Agency are given careful consideration. , (d The alternatives being (b) The effects of alternatives, (1) The consequences of the no- (c) Right-of-way assistance programs a.nd and relocation relocation plans. (d) The proposed time schedule of project cievelopment, including major points of public interest. * PPM 90.4 Par. development. The President has directed Federal (6) To involve appropriately the organization which is officially established in urbanized areas of over 50,000 population to conduct continuing, comprehensive, cooperative transportation planning (consistent with PPM 50-9 and IM 50-3-71). agencies to "develop procedures to insure the. fullest practicable provision of timely public information and understanding of Federal pl.ans and prograrns with enviionmental impact in order to obtain the views of interested parties" (Executive Order f 1514). Policy and Procedure Nlemorandum 20-B contains similar provisions. Interested parties should have aciequate opportunities to express their views early er-rough in the study process to influence the course of studies, as rvell as the actions taken. Information about the existence, status, and results of studies should be made available to the public throughout those studies. The required public hearings (PPl\t 20-B) should be only one component of the agencyrs program to obtain public involvement. (d) Is developed tvith partici.pation of staffs of local agencies and interested citizens. 293 1973 (5) To utilize appropriate agencie's with area-wide responsibilities to asisist in. the coordination of viewpoints during project ANL, 'I'H.E] PIJIJLI.C a. 1, 11b(5) 1973 11. INVOLVEN{ENT OF OTHER ACENCIES (c) Is made available to other * l, June 293 (21 To clearly indicate tire orgenizational unit or uni.ts rvithin the Fiighwa.yA gency io which the public cen go for information outlined in paragraph llb(1), and for assistance to clarify or interpret the infornration. (3) To ensttre that ir:terested palties, including 1oca1 governments and metropolitan, regional, State and Federal agencies, and the public have an opportunity to partici.p:rte in an open exchalge of views tlrroughour the stages of project development. (4, To select and coordinate procedures, in addition to formal public hearings, to be used to inform and involve the public. 1 2. SYSTEMATIC INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH a. United States Code, Title 42, Section 4332 (National Environmental Policy Act, 1969) requires that agenci.es use "a systematic, interdisciplinary approach which will insure the integrated use of the natural and social sci.ences and the environmental design arts in planning and in decisionmaking which may have an impact on manrs environment. " * b. The Action Plan should indicate procedural arrangements and assignments of responsibilities which will be necessary to meet this requirement, including: (1) The organization and staffing of interdisciplinary project groups which are systematic and interdisciplinary in approach, including thepossible use of consultants and representatives of other State or loca1 agencies (2') Recruitment and training of personnel with skills which are appropriate to add on a full-time basis, and the development of appropriate career patterns, including matrage- ment opportunities. effectively in an interdisciplinary environment. PROCESS a. The process of reaching various decisions on highway improvement projects should be reviewed to assure that it provides for the appropriate consideration of all eco- nomic, social, environmental, and transportation factors as required by these guidelines. b. (3) The processes to be used to obtain participation in decisions by officials of appropriate agencies in other States for those si.tuat ions in which the potential social, economi.c, and envi.ronmental effects are of interstate concern. i4. INTERRELATION OF SYSTEM .t,t(UJ.E,;U'I' I'.E;CISION a. AND S Many significant economic, social, and environmental effects of a proposed proj- ect are difficult to anticipate at the system planning stage and become clear only during location and design studies. Conversely many significant environmental effects of a proposed project are set at the system's planning stage. Decisions at the system and project stages shal1 be made wi.th consideration of their social, economic, environmental, and transportation effects to the extent possible at each stage. b. The Action Plan should identify: (1) Procedures to be followed to: (d Ensure that potential social, economic, and environmental effects are iden- tified insofar as practicable in system planning studies as well as in later stages of location and design. (3) Additional training for present personnel to enhance their capabilities to work 13. DECISIONMAKING Interstate, Primary, Secondary, TOpiCS) and for various geographic regions of the State (e. g., in various urban ind rural regions) to reflect local differences in the nature of potential environmental effects or in the structure of local governments and institutions. The Action PIan should identi.fy: (i) The processes through which other State and local agencies, government officials, and private groups may contribute to reaching deeisions, and the authority, if any, which other agencies or government officials can exercise over decisions. (2\ Different decision processes, if any, for various categories of projects (e.9., (b) Provide for reconsideration of earlier decisions which may be occasioned by results of further study, the availability of additional information, or the passage of ti.me between decisions. (2\ Assignment of responsibility for ensuring that project studies are effectively coordinated with system planning on a continuing basis. 15. LEVELS OF ACTION BY PROJECT UA'I'.H:JG(JH Y a. A Highway Agency may develop different procedures to be followed depending upon the economic, social, environmental, or transportation significance of the highway section to be developed. Different procedures may also be adopted for various categories of projects, such as TOPICS, new route locati.ons, or secondary roads, and for various regions of the State, such as urban areas or zones of particular environmental significance. �64 PPM 9O-4 Par. Transmittal 15b b. 1 The Action Plan should identify: (1) The categories which the Highway Agency will use to disti.nguish tire dif- ferent degrees of effort which under normal circurnstances will be devoted to various types of projects. (2) Assignment of responsibility for determining, i.nitialiy and in periodic reviews, the category of each ongoing highway project. 18. CONSISTENCY WITH EXISTINC AND]J 293 19 ?3 LAWS The Highway should identify - report, eitherAgency Action Plan oi in the and otherwise, areas v/here existing Federal and State lrtws and admiaistrative directives prevent or hamper fu1l compliance with these guidelines. Where appropriate, recommendations and proposed actions to overcome such difficulties should be described. Appendix 2 LegisLative Authority Federal-Aid Hlghway Aer of Section 109(h) (3) Procedures to be followed for 1970 each categorJr (including ider.tification of impacts, public invclvement, decision process, and other issues covered in these guidelines). 16. RESPONSIBILITY FOR INlPLEI\,IENTA TIO}i Assignment of responsibility for implementation of the Action Plan should be icientified. 1?. FISCAL AND OTHER RESOURCES a. An important component of the Action Plan is identification of resources of the Highway Agency and of other agencies required to perform the identi.fied procedures and execute the assigned responsibilities. b. The Action Plan should identify: (1) The resources of the Highway Agency (in terms of persorarel and funding) that will be utilized in irnplementing and carrying out the Action PIan. (21 Resources that are available in other agencies to proviCe necesgary irrforntation on social, economic, and environmental effects. (3) Programs for the addition of trained personnel or fiscal or other resources to either the Highway Agency itself or other agencies. R. R. Bartelsmever Acting Federal Highway Administrator Not Later than July L, Lg7Z., the Secretary, after consultarion wrth approprlare Federal and sa;;. officlals, shal'l submlt to congress, and not later than 90 days after such submission, pronulgate guider-r.nes design"a to assure that possibLe adverse eaonomlc, social-, and environmental effects relating !o any proposed project-on ."y systen have been fully considered-in-developi;; f"a.ral_aid and that the final declslons on the proJect ar! such projecr, ,aa" rn best overall public interest, taking into consr.deratlon the the need for fast, safe and efficient transportation, publlc servlces' and the costs of eliminating i. ,i"irizing such adverse effects and the folJ.owing: (1) air, noLse, and water polLutLon; (2) destruction or disruption of man-mad,e and natural resources, esthetic values, eommunity coheslon and rhe availabiliry of public facilitles and services; (3) adverse employment effects, and tax and property value Losses; (4) inJurious displacement of people, businesses and farns; and (5) disruption of desirable conmunity and regional growth. such guidel-Lnes shall,apply to ar-l proposed proJects wich to which pJ-ans, specificitions and estinates'ai! approved respect by rhe Secretary after the issuance of such guid.fi".". 65 t* �Appendix SOURCE 3 OF COMMENTS REGARDING ACTION PLA}I of Comerce Department of the Inter'.or Federal Higfiway Adninistratlon D. C. Departnent of Econonic Developrnent D. C. Department of EnvironmentaL Services D. C. Corporation Council Cor:neiL of Governments/Transportation Planning Board Departnent National Capltal Plannlng Comisslon of Trade Downtown Progress Federal- City Cor.urcil Board Illghway Users Federation for Safety and }4obility Washington Ecology Center Naturalist SocletY of l-00 on the Federal Clty Metropolitan Washington Coalitj.on for Sierra C1ub, Potomac Chapter Audubon Comm{ggss Cl-ean Air D. C. Federatlon of Citizens Associations D. C. Federation of Clvic Assoclations Citizens Association of Georgetown Dupont Circl-e Citizen Associatlon H St,reet, ProJect Area Conmlttee Lamond Riggs Citlzen Assoclation National- Parks and Conservation Assoclatlon Naylor-Good llope Clti.zens Associatlon I'Iorth Dupont Conmunlty Assoclatlon Don I t Tear It Dolerr D. C. League of Women Voters Servlce Area Committee IIr Chairman Upper Northeast Coordinating Cor:ncil I,Iashington Planning Workshop Potomac Electric Power ComPanY Prlvate Citlzens, August 22, L973 reeting Private Citlzens, Septembex 26' L973 meetlng 67 �Appendix 4 CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS AND SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR EIWIRONMENTAL CONTROLS LIST OF I Leeal Relations and Responsibilitv to Publ-ic The contractor at all times shall observe, comply with, and post as required a1.1 Federal- and local laws, ordinances, and regulations in any manner affecting the conduct of 'the work or applying to employees on th; project, as well as all orders or decrees which have been or may be promulgltea or enacted by any 1egal bodies or tribunals having authorLty or jurisdiction over the work, materials, employees' or contract. 2. Land Conservation The contractor shall provide and maintain immediate temporary measures as needed to control erosion and rvater polJ"ution through use of berms, dikes, dans, sediment basins, fiber mats, netting, graveL, mulch' grass, sl-ope dralns and other erosion control devices or methods. These temporary measures shall be coordinated with permanent project features to assure economical, effective and continuous erosion control. a" Materials- Fo applv: shall be hay' stral^t, fiber mats' net,ting' wood cellulose, corn or tobacco stal-ks, bark, corn cobs, wood chips or other approved material which shall be reasonably cLean and free from noxious weeds and deleterious matter. (2) Slope drains shal-l- consist of pipe, fiber mats, rubble' Pcc, AC, plastic sheets or other approved material. (1) Mul-ch (3) Grass shall be a suitabJ-e quick growing species (such as rye grassn ltalian rye grass or cereal grass) providing a temporary cover which will not compete with permanent ground cover" (4) l'ertilizer and soil condit,ioners sha1l be a standard approved cornmercial grade, (5i Others as specified by the Engineer. 69 �70 7L b. Er_osion Control- Schedule Pay;nent for which price, Prior to start of applicabLe vrork, the contract,or shall submit for approval a schedule showing erosion control as applicabLe for clearing, excavation, grading, brldges and other structures at watercourses, plus erosion control on haul roads and borrow pits and a plan for disposal of waste materials. No work shall be started until the erosion control sc.hedule is approved. c. 3. Soil lirnjted of excavation, borrow and embankment operations will be the contractorts eapability and progress per approved erosion control schedule. commensurate wi-th 4, Outlet llnder no condition shall the surface area of erodible material exposed at one time by clearing, excavation, borror'r and fill operations exceed 750r000 square feet LTithout approval. This area 'limit may be decreased by the Engineer. 5 be furnished, maintained and emptied by the to the satisfaction-o-f the Engineer. Excavated earthwork, contractor stripped forms and all other material-s and dJbris not scheduled for reuse o' ii,. project shall be removed from the site promptly; otherwi se a 72 hour notice wil-l be given. 6. changes. Temporary erosion Note Alternatie first paragraph of d. Payment when size of contract indicat.es pay items are appropriate for erosion control: Cleani ng Site of Proi ect Before the project will be considered as_having eompleted the contractor sha1l remove all silt been satisfactoriiy and other deposits from all culverts, inlet, outret and para1le1 ditches, bridges, and other drainage structuresr_including stream channels. Also, waste and borrorv areas shall be seeded and mulched. The contractor shall perform temporary erosion control work at agreed trnit price or on a force account basis per Special Provisions for Instruction Slte Maint enance The contractor shall maintain the project site in a neat and presentable manner throughout the course of all oferations, and shall be for such maintenance until final acceptance by the District. responsible Trash containers shall i:avneng. The Engineer reserves the right to employ outside assistance or to use District forces to provide needed erosion control measures.if Ehe contractor fails to do so" Such ineurred direct costs plus project engineering costs will be charged to the contractor. Di tch Pro tecfion (Rock p rotect i.on) limit or prevent erosion of designated deownstream ditches rock is provided for and placed by various methods (dumping, or channels skip, cramshelr and by hand) at the outrel ends ol plpes and diainage structures" Ihe contractor shall remove temporary erosion control features as ueeded and incorporate permanent erosion control features into the project at the earliest practicable time. Temporary erosion control rneasures may be required between successive construction stages. control measures required due to contractor negligence, carelessness or failure to install permanent controls as scheduled shal1 be at contractor expense. Ro ck To The contractor shal1 provide imrnediate temporary measures to prevent r:ontamination of any vJatercourse. Such work may involve the (.:onstruction of temporary berms, dikes, dams, sediment basins, slope clrains, and use of temporary mulches, mats, seeding or other control devices or methods as needed to control erosion. Cut or fill slopes shall be sodded to the extent practicable as the excavation or t:mbankment proceeds. d. Cover on Embankatent Slopes of on rock embankment sropes (other than areas of rock provide for roadside deveropment. (seeding, muicting,slope protection) to and planting) soil cover material shall be placed where indicated on the plans or as directed ty -th9 Engineer" sma1l stones shalL be used to choke the surface of the rock before placing soj.l cover" Methods The area (list pav it ems ) will be under a contract unit payment, will include all provi.sions herein. 7 " Work and Stor ace Available work and storage space designated by the District shal1 be restored by the contractor at completion of the project to a condition equivalent to that existing prior to construction. be made for work. and storage- space, or restoration No compensation will thereof outside the proj ect . rf no area is designated or the area designated is not contractorts operations, he shall obtain ip"""-"r"ewheresufficient for the at no expense or liability to rhe Disrrict. �72 73 Ins truction Note Use Onlv When licable to National Capital Parks District will request wrLtten perrnission from National Capital Parks to use their property as a working and storage area at The contractor, consequentl-y, wilL be subject Lo requirement and restrict,ions set by National Capital Parks whil-e working in this area. District property and NationaL capital parks property sha1l be kept in a clean and orderly condition at all times and upon completion of the area shall be restored to its original neatness. Ttre 8. I{atershed Precaut,ions and S eq uence of Construction In prosecuting his work, the contractor shall- take every precaution and shall schedule hLs operations in such a manner as to ensure protection to nearby public water supply facil-ities. The contract,or shaLl, exercise addltional precautions as folLows: limit the amount of exposed erodible earth; will not ford streams; wlll locate toilets properly; wiLL not expose to the watershed a:rea empJ-oyees known to have serious water-borne lllnesses; 4nd will use sound Judgment in locating storage areas and fuel depots. 9. Paintins Schedule Outl-ine Before any painting operations begin the contractor shaLl submit in writLng to the Engineer his proposed work scheduling which shall_ include: 1 A systematic procedure or plan for all cleaning and painting operations, careful attentLon being given to requirement,s of, 6.7 .7 " 2. The type and method of protection against paint splatters, drippings and other disfiguring eLements while cleaning and painting over roadways and areas ln vicinity of abutments and piers. outline shall be accompanied by a drawing showing type and size of scaffolding or rigging to be used and clearly stating how it will be The erected. portions of the outline and dralving are subject to the Engineerrs approval; any deviation from approved procedures will be al-lowed onLy with the Engineerrs consent,; the Engineerts approval does not reLieve the contract,or of the responsibility for the safety of his methods and equlpment, or from carrying out the work in full- accordance with specifications. l{ork sha1l not commence untiL approval of the Engineer A11 has been obtained" 10. Bridee Palntins - Po llution Control contraetor shall be responsibl-e for providing the following provisions to control stream and adjacent area poll-ution during all cleaning and painting operations: use brush-on painting on a1l- iruss bridges above deck elevation; install drop cloths; instalL buffers downstream of bridge; place bales of hay or straw on stream edge; and spread hay or straw loosely on surface of water. The contractor shall be responsible for satisfactorily removing and disposing of al-l material-s required for buffers daily, and at the completion of painting operations on each bridge. The The above construction specifications and special provisions cJ.earJ-y ldentlfies the efforts of the District of CoLumbia Departmentof Hlghways and Traffic to enhance the environmental quality of the District of Colunbia durLng the development of highway facilities. �!aEI4 oF coNrENrs. s CTIO N 8-2:701 8-2:702 8-2:703 B-2:704 8-2:705 8-2:706 8-2t707 8-2:708 8-22709 8-227L0 8-2z7ll 8-22712 8-2:713 8-22714 8-2:715 8-22716 8-227t7 8-22718 8-2:719 8-22720 8-2t721 8-2:722 8-2:723 8-2t724 8-2:725 8-24726 8-22727 8-22728 8-22729 8-2:730 8-2t731 suB IECT Purpose and Scope Definitions Abbrevtgtions Use of Certain Fuel Oils porbidden Use of 'Certain Coal Forbidden Nltrogen Oxide Emisslons Control of Organic Compounds Puel-Burning particulat-e Emis s ion Inclnerators Precess Emlssions Open Burnlng Control of Fugttive Dust Vlstble Emissions Exhaust Emlssions Odorous or Other Air pollutants Control Devlces and practices Records, Reports, and Monitoring Devices Sampling, Tests, and Measurements Emergency procedures Permlts to Construct or Modtfy; permits to Operate Complaints and Investigations Inspection Orders for Compliance Varlances Hearings Penalty Public Disclosure of -Records and Information: Confidentiality Atr Pollution Monitoring Construction of Regulations Independence of Sectlons Effecti.ve Date 7si �,T I 77 76 .reg.qpl B-Zz70I " PUREQS!_AI{D SCOPET (a) Purpose. The purpose of this regulation is to prevent or minimize emissions as defined herein into the atmosphere and thereby protect and enhance the eluality of the Oiitrict's air resources so as to promote the public health and welfare of the people of the District of Columbia, and to enhance and improve the environment. (b) Scope. This regulation shall apply to all operations in the District, lrrcluding Federal operations, where consistenL with the terms of the Clean Air Acl (qZ V.S.C. S 1857 to 1857 i), as arnended, and regulations promulgated thereunder, ihe District of Columbia Air Pollution ConLrol Act (D. C. Code, $ O-g11 to 6-8I3) , and Executive Order No. 11507, February 4, 1970 (35 F. R. 2573\ entitled, "Prevention, Control, and Abatement of Air and Water Pollution at Federal Facilities". Section 8-2 702 pEFiNrTroNS. As used in this regulation, the following terms shall have the meaning ascribed runless the context clearly indtcates a different meaning: D Act: The District of Columbia Air Pollution Control Act (82 Stat" Clode, S 6-8Il to 6-813; public Law 90-440). 458; Air P utant: Dust, fumes, gas, mist, smoke, vapor, odor, particulate matter, or any combination thereof , except that such term shall not include uncombined waler in Lhe atmosphere unless it presents a safety hazard. Air Pollution The presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more air pollutants in sufficient quantities and of such characLeristics and duration as are likely to be injurious to public welfare, to the health of human, planl or animal life, or to property, or which interferes wilh the reasonable enjoyment of life and property. Air Quality Standard of the District of Columbia: The primary or secondary ambient air quality standard adopted by the Commissioner, and approved by the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States (Upa) . Commis s ion er: The Commissioner of the District of Columbia, or his designated agents. Control Device: An y device which has as its primary function the control of emissions from fuel burning, refuse burning, or from a process, and thus reduces the creation of, or the emission of, air pollutants into the atmosphere, or both. District: The District of Columbia. Emission: The act of releasin g or discharging air pollutants into the outdoor atmosphere from any source. Episode Staqe: A level of atr pollution in excess of the amblent air quality stanaard wtrich rnay result ln an immtnent and substantial danger to public health or welfare, This term shalt include aIert, warning, and emergency stages. Exlsttnq Source: Equi.pment, machines , devices , articles , contrivances , or lnstallations which are under constructlon or in operat ion on the effective date of this regulation, except that any existing equipment, machine, device, artlcle, contrivance, or installation which is altered, replaced, or rebuilt after the effeclve date of this regulation shall be defined as a new source. Fossil Fuel: Natural gas, petroleum-, coal, and ani form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such materlals. ossil Fuel Fired Steam Generat Unit A furnace or boiler, or combination of furnaces or boilers connected to a common stack, used in the process of burning fossil fuel for the primary purpose of producing steam by heat transfer. Fuel Burninq Equipment: A ny furnace, boiler, apparatus, stack, and all appurtenances thereto, used in the process of burning fuel for the primary purpose of producing heat or power by indirect heat transfer. Fugitive. Dust: Solid , airborne particulate matter emitted from any source other than through a stack. Inclnerator: An y furnace used in the process of burning solid waste for the prlmary purpose of reducing the volume of the waste by removing combustible matter. physical change in, or change in the method of operation of , a stationary source which increases, or decreases the amount of any air pollutant emitted by such facility, or which results in the emission of any air pollutant not previously emitted, except lhat such term shall not include the following: Modif ication: An y (a) Routine maintenance, repair, replacement; (b) An increase in the production rate, if such increase does not exceed the operatlng design capacity of the affected facility; (c) An lncrease in hours of operation, if such increase does not exceed the operating design capacity of the facility; (d) Use of an alternattve fuel or raw material if , prior to the date any standard under this part becomes applicable to such facility, the affected facility is designed to accommodate such alternative use. �x9 78 Multiple Chamber Inc inera tor: Any incineralor consisting of three or more refractory lined combustion chambersin series, physically separated by refractory walls, interconnected by gas passage ports or ducts and employing adequate design-parameters necessary for maximum combustlon of the material to be burned. The combustion chamber shall include as a minimum, one chamber principally for igniti.on, one chamber principally for mixing, and one chamber for combustion. New Source: Equipment, machines, devices, articles, contrivances, or installations built or installed on or after Lhe effective date of this regulation, or exisl.ing at such time which are later altered, repaired, or rebuilt. Any such equipment, machines, devices, articles, contrivances, or installations, rnoved to a new address, or operated by a new owner, or a new lessee, after the effective date of this regulation, shall be considered a new source. Odor: That property of an air pollutant which affects the sense of smell. A state which renders material partially or wholly impervious to rays of light and causes obstruction of an observer's view. aggjg! anic Solvents: Volatile organic compounds which are liquids at standard conditions, and which are used as dissolvers, viscosity reducers, or cleaning agents. Particulate Matter: Any finely divided material which exists as a iiquid or solid under standard conditions, with the exception of uncombi.ned wateh. Serson: Includes individuals, firms,partnerships, companies, corporations, trusts, associations, organizalions, or any other private or public entities. Process: Any action, operation, or treatment of materials, including handling and storage thereof , which may cause the discharge of an air poliutant, or pollutants , into the atmosphere, excluding fuel burning Process Weiqht: The total weight in pounds of any specific process. and refuse burning. all materials introduced into Process We 1ct ht Per H our: The process weight divided by the number.of hours in one compleLe operation, excluding any time during which equipmenl is idle. Smoke: Smali gas-borne particles resulting from incomplete combuslion, consisting predominantly, but not exclusiveiy, of carbon, ashes, or oLher combustible material. Waste: Refuse, more than 50 percent of which is waste consisting of a mixLure of paper, wood, yard wastes, food wastes, plastics, leather, Solid rubber, and other combustibles, and noncombustibie materials such as giass and rock. Source: Any property, real or personal, whlch emits or may emit any air pollutant. Stack: Any chimney, flue, conduit, or duct arranged to conduct emissions to the outdoor atmosphere. Standard Conditions: A dry gas temperature of 70o Fahrenheit and a gas pressure of 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute. Stationary Source: Any building, structure, facility, or tnstallation which emits or may emit alr Pollutants. Submerqed-Fill Pipe: Any fill pipe;' the discharge opening of which is entirely s,rbmeigea when the liquid level is 6 inches above the bottom of the tank. This term shall also include, when applied to a tank which is loaded from the side, a fill pipe adequately covered at all times during normal working of the tank. Volatile Orqan ie Comoounds: Any compound containing carbon and hydrogen or containing carbon and hydrogen in combination with any other element which has a vapor pressure of I.5 pounds per square inch absolute or greaLer under actual storage conditions. Section 8-2:703. ABBREVIATIONS. As used in this regulation, the following abbreviations shall have the meaning described below: U. - British thermal unit. cal. - calorie(s). pO - Carbon Monoxide. g. - gram (s) . lb. - pound(s). No. - number. % - percent. NOZ - Nitrogen Dioxide. SO2 - Sulphur Dioxide. hr. - hour(s). ppm - parts per million" Hi-Vol. - high volume samPles " CoHs - coeff icient of haze. ug/63 - microgram(s) per cubic meter. o - degree. max. - maximum. U"L. - Underwriters Laboratories located at B.T. 207 East Ohio Street Chicago, Illlnois 60611 �---80 B1 Sectlon B-2:7_(,1.. USE OF CERTAIN F L OILS FORBIDDEN. volatlle organic cornpound, unless such l--eqsel ts equipped with ftll plpe' or ls a pressure tank, or ls fitrecl with a vapor recoverya permanent submerged system, or is an equlvalent system approved by lhe Commissioner. No perscrr shall purchase, sell, offer for sale, store, transport, use, cause the use of , or.permit the use of , fuei oil which conlains more than I% sulfur by weight in the j),::lrict, if such fuel oil is to be burned in the District. On and afler July 0 5% b)' weight. " Section 8-2:705. (c) Loadin Faciliti s for Volatil A anic Com unds. On a nd after February t L973, no person s hall load any vola tile organic trailer from any loadi ng facility, unless such loadincompounds into a ny tank, truck, or g facility collection and dispos al system, or its equivalent a pproved is equipped with a vapor by the Commissioner" In those instances wh ere loading is effected through means other than hatches, all loading and vapor I lnes shall be equipped with fit tings which make vapor-tight connections and w hich close automatically when disconnected. 1, 1975, the sulfur content of such fuel oil shall not exceed USE OF CERTAIN COAL FORBIDDEN No persorr shall purchase, sell, offer for sale, store, transport, use, cause the use of , or permit the use of coal which contains more than I% suifur by weight in the District, if such coal is lo be burned in the District. On and after July 1, i975, the suifur conLent of such coa] shall not exceed O.S%by weig ht: Provided, That vvhen the Commissioner certifies in writing that the combustion-gasdesulfurization system used at a stationary source results in sulfur oxide emission no greater than lhe emissions normally resulting from the burning of coal with 1% sulfur content and, after July I, I975, with 0.5% sulfur content, coal of a higher sulfur content may be burned at such, sta[ionary source. Application for a certificaLion shall be made in writing to the Commissioner by the owner or operator of such stationary source and, upon presentation to a selier of such certificaLion, a copy of which shall be retained by the seller, the sale, purchase, and transportaLion of such coal shall be permitted. Section 8-2 706 (d) Pumps and Compr es sors . All pumps and compressors handling volatile organi c compounds shall have mecha nical seals or other equivalent. equipment approved by the Commissioner. (e) ne Producing Plant. No suffer,orallowtr'u"eamfromanyethyieneproducingplant, person shall cause, or source utilizing ethylene as a raw material, into pounds per 24-hour period, unless the waste gas the atmosphere in excess of 20 stream properly burned at 1,300o Fahrenheit for 0.3 of a second or longer in a Jirect-flameis after-burner, or is removed by a method of comparable efficiency approved by the commissioner. (f) Waste Gas Dis sal from Va or B]ow-Down S stem. No person shail emit hydro carbon gases into the a tmosphere from a vapor blow-down system, unless these gases are burned by smokele ss flares, or an equally e ffective controL device approved by the Commissioner, but th is subsectioir shall not a pply to accidental or emergency emiss ions of hydrocarbons needed for safe operation of equipment and processes. NITROGE N OXIDE EIvIISSIONS (a) Designation of Affected Facilities. This section shall a pply to fossil fuel-fired steam generating units of more than 100,000,000 B.T.U. per hour heat input. (g) orqanic solvents. No person shall discharge more than 3 pounds per hour or a toLal of 15 pounds of organic materials into the atmosphere in any rd of Iilitroqen Oxides . No person shall discharge, or cause the discharge into the atmosphere of nitrogen oxides in excess of the emission limits set forth hereinafter in Appendjx No. 3. 24-hour period from anv equipmenr in which orsanic sorvenrs, .;-;u;;;-:;;;"i;r;;:;;ni"c*ror,runt, comes into contact with flame, or is baked, heat-cured, or heat-polymerized in the presence of oxygen. Section B-2 707. Section (b) S tanda CONTROL OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. (a) ftoraqe of Volatile O tner5_ol_49.!.!!_G!llo_n Capacitv. On-and after February l, I973, no person shaII install, place, store , -22708 FUEL-BURNI NG PA RTICUI"ATE , EM ISS ION. No person shall cause, suffer, or allow to be emitted into the outdoor atmgsphere from any fuel-burning equipment or premises, or to pass from a matter in flue gases which exceeds 0.13 pounds pei r,000,ooo stack, particulate installations using iess than 3,500,000 B.T.u. per hour toLaI t.T.u. heat input for input. For instailations using more than 3,500,000 B.T"u. per hour total input, the particulate emission limitation shall decrease as the rate of heat input in Figure No. I, contained hereinafter in Appendix increases, according to the scales No. l. or hold in any stationary tank, reservoir, or other container of more than 40,000 gallons capacity, doy volatile organic compounds, unless such tank, reservoir, or other container is a pressure tank capable of maintaining working pressure sufficient at all times to prevent vapor or gas loss to the atmosphere, or is designed and equipped with a vapor loss control device approved by the Commissioner" sln nta in QOlOa.[y. On and aftcr February I, I973, no pcrson shall install, place, store, or hold in any sLationary storage vessel of more than 250 gallon capacity, any (b) 1 �82 83 Section B-2:709 INCINERATORS Section Sino le Chamber and flue-Fed Incinerators . The use of single ctramber orrri flue-fed incinerators is prohibitc:d. No person shall be permitted to use an incinerau.r unless it is of multiple chamber dcsign, and otherwise in compliance with this (a) 8:2:71I. (a) hohLbltton of Open Burnlnq. Except ag otherwlse provtded by subsection (b), no person-shall tgntte, causJto be tgntted, permlt to be tgntted, or matntatn, open fire. regulation. (b) ExceotL onlt. reasons or purposes: Incinerators Built Before Prohibition is Effective. No person shall commenc, operation of any new incinerator afLer enactment of this regulation which emits more than 0,03 grains of particulate matter per standard dry cubic foot of exhaust gas (maxrrnum two-hour average) corrected lo I2"/o barbon dioxide. (b) (t) After July 4 , 1973 no person shall continue use of any incinerator which is in existence at the time of enactment of these regulaLions which incinerator is of more than 400 pounds per hour capacity', or which emits more than 0.08 grains of particulate matter per standard dry cubic foot of exhaust qas (maximum two-hour average) corrected to I2"/o carbon dioxide. deslgnated ftre marshah purposes, including the cooklng of food for human consumptlon on other than commerclal premtses; or (5) Provtdlng warmth for consFuctlon or other workers by use of Salamander heaters or other heattng devlces approved by the Commtssioner. (e) Municipai Incineration Prohibited . Operation of any District owned, peraled, or contracted for solid waste disposal incinerator within the District of -olumbia of more than 50 tons per day capacity of solid waste is prohibited. Except as is specified in the texl of this regulation as adopted, no variance may be granted with respect to this sub-section. Sectlon 8-2:712. CO^ITROL OF FUGnnE DUST. No person shall cause, suffer, allow, or perml.t any materials to be handled, transported, or stored; or a building, lts appurtenances, or a road, to be used, constructed, altered, repalred, or demolished without taklng reasonable precautions to prevent particulate matter from becoming airborne. Such reasonable precautions shall include o but are not limited to, the following: (f) Hours of Operation" No person shall operate or cause or permit the operation of any incinerator at any time oLher than between the hours of I0:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m This restriction shall not apply to incinerators having a refuse-burning capacity of five (5) tons per hour or more. (a) Use, where possible, of water or chemicals for control of dust in the demolition of existing buildlngs or structures, constructlon operations, the grading of roads, or the clearlng of land; PROCESS EN4ISSIO\IS. shall cause, suffer, or allow discharge of particulaLe matter into the atmosphere from any process which exceeds the emission limits set forth in the table contained hereinafter as Appendix No. 2, On and afler July 1, 1972, such aliowable limits shall noL exceed 0.03 grains per sLandard dry cubic foot of exhaust gas. Where the process or the design of equipment is such as to permit more than one interpretation of this section, the interpretation that results in the rninimurn valuc of aLlowabie emissions shail apply. Adding diluted air to the exhaust gas stream for the purpose of cornplying with the provisions of this subsection No person is proh ibited . (b) Applicatton of asphalt, oll, water, or suitable chemicals on dirt roads, materials, stockplles, or other surfaces whtch can create airborne dus ts; l I I (b) Sulfur Oxides. No person shall cause, suffer, or allow dischargcs into the ;mosphere of sulf ur oxides calculated as sulf ur dioxide, in excess of 0.05?6 by volume. under the superviston of a (4) Recreatlonal New Incinerators Prohibited. After July 4, 1975, no new incinerator shall con)rnence operation except where the Commissioner shall find thal any other system of waste disposal would endanger the public health. (a) Particulates. Ttre performance (3) Instructlon of publlc flre flghters i I i i I I I I I (c) Installation and use of hoods, fans, and fabric ftlters to enclose and vent the handling of dusty materlals, and employment of adequate containment methods during sandblasilng or similar operations; (d) coverlng, at all tlmes when in motion, the contents of open bodied trucks transporting materials llkely to become airborne; (e) any of the followtng (21 Preventton of a fire hazard whlch cannot be abated by other means; (d) B-2:7I0. Open flres may be permttted for one or more of an officlal dury by any publlc health or public safety offlcer, after notiflcation to the Commlsstonen (c) Existinq Incinerators. Section QIEN BURNING. Paving of roadways and their maintenance in a clean condition; and �84 85 paved street' where Pron"pi removal of earth or other material from a deposited the earth or other material has been transported thereto or accidentaily by trucking or earttr moving equipment or erosion by water' Seclion 8- 2:715 (f) Sect ion 7 -227 I T: VISIBLE EI'dISSIONS cause' suffer' Except as o[herwise provided in this regulation, no person shall from or ollow to be emitted into the outdoor atmosphere, visible emissions 40% opacily shall be stationary sources: Providecl, That discharges not exceeding 24 minuLes permitted for 4 minute.s in any 60 minute period and for an aggregate of aliowed in any 24 hour period until August 31, 1973. These discharges shall be controls only for ,,slart-up", cleaning, soot blowing , and'/or adjusting combustion failure for of boilers " where the presence of uncombined water is the only reason shali not be of an emission to meet lhe requirements of this section, this section emissions from applicable. The provisions of this section shali nol apply to visible interior fireplaces, or from sources set forth in section 8-22711(b)' Section 8-2:714 . EXHAUST E MISS IO NS (a) Gasoline P-owered Motor VehicIes. No person shall cause' suffer' or allow powered visible smoke emissions from trrE ungir*;; exhausl systems of gasoline motor vehicies " (b) Diesel Powered Motor Vehicles. No. person shall cause ' suffer' or allow powered visible smoke emissions from th;;;gtn"r or exhaust systems of diesel shall be permilted motor vehicles, except that emissions of ZO%equivalenl opacity for not more than 5 consecutive seconds ' (c)Eljr-tgJg']ilg.Noperson,norhisservantsoragents'shailcause'suffer' vehicie including permit or allow tr,"-"ng-ine of a gasoline, or diesel powerecl moLor than 3 minutes private passenger vehicles, on public or private space to icile for more follows: while such motor vehicie is parked, stopped or standing, except as (1)Topermittheoperationofpowertakeoffequipmentsuchasbut content not limited to dumping, cement mixers, refrigeration systems' ' winches, or shredders" delivery, (2) To permit the operation for 15 minutes of air conditioning equipmentonbuseswithanoccupancyof.|2ormorepersons. (3) To permit the operation of heating equipment when the locaI temperature is 32o Fahrenheit or below' (d) Lead cpntent Reduction. After July 4 , I974, all gasollne service stations contains no rnore shall offer for sale at least one qtua" of regular gasoline which gasoline containing than .03 gra:^n of lead per gallon. After January l, I974 no After January l' 1976 no more than 2.0 granrs of lead per gallon shall be sold. gallon shall be sold. gasoline containinq more than l.b grurr of lead per ODOROUS OR OTHER AIR POLL UTANTS. " (a) In urious Pollutant s. No person shall cause, suffer, or allow an emission inro the atmosphere of odorous or o ther air pollutants from any source in such quarrtities and of such characterist ics and duration as is, or to the public health or welfare, or which interferes with the is likely to be in i urious reasonable enjoy ment of life and property, aftei (b) odor vlolations. "epariffilGiifTf (l) Number I 3 The emission of an odor shall be deemed a violation when more persons: ; The commissioner using the Bdrnebey-cheney scentometer at odor strength detects an odor; or . (2) The commissioner using any other device approved by effective instrument in the detection of odors, record an odor. him as an s tion 8-2: 7I6. CONTROL DEVI CES AN D PRACTi CES. (a) Motor yghicles. No person shall remove inoperative or ineffectivJdevices installed by motor or cause, or permit to become vehicle manufacturers for the purpose of controlling emissions or otherwise comprying with law. (b) stationarv sources. No person shall remove, or . cause, inoperati"mi"u,o,practicesprovidedforthecontrolofair or permit to become pollutants discharged from stationary sources, or otherwise complying with law. (l) . Whenever it is necessary to shut down air pollution for periodic maintenance, the owner or operator of such equipment'shail report "ontroiEfripment planned the shutdown to the commissioner at least 48 hours prior thereto. such prior notice shail include, but is not limited to, the following: A. Identification of the specific facirity to be taken out of service as well as its location and permit number; B" equipment c. The expected length of time that the air pollution control will be out of service; The nature and quantity of emissions of likely to occur during the shutdown period; air pollutants D. Measures that wiil be taken to minimize the rength of the shutdown periocl; and E. The reasons that it would be impossible oi impractical to shut down the source operation during the maintenance period. �86 87 (21 Notification bv CommissioLqr. The Commissioner shall by notice to tlre owner or operator permit the continued operation of the stationary source for the time period proposed, or for such lesser time as he deems reisonante, or he may order the owner or operator Lo discontinue operation of the stationar source uiltil the maintenance is completed, or the malfunctioning equipment r: repaired. Section 8-2:717 RECORDS, REPORTS ,ANDM ONITORING DEVICES . (a) Reportiftq of Informatlon Upon.Request of Commissioner. The Comrnissioner may require any person engaged in operations whicf, ray reruit in air pollution or the handling of products the use of which may result in air pollution to file with the commissioner written reports containing information as to: (l) Location and description of source; (2) The chemical composition, physical properties, and the amount Of any material used; and (3) Such other information as the Comrnissioner shall require for the enforcement of this regulation. (b) Required Recorcls and Periodic Reports. The owner or operator of a stationary source which emits 25 tons or more per year of any air pollutant shali maintain written records of the nature and amounL of emissions of such source. Such records shall include, (1) emission data derived from stationary source tnonitoring and measuring devices required by subsection (c) of this secLion, and (2) ihe results of sampling of emissions, showing sampling methods and procedures used. Such records shall be made available to the Commissioner during regular business hours. Monitorin Devices . The commissioner shall require rhe owner or operatcr of a statio nary source which emits more than I00 tons per year of any air pollutant to install, maintain, and operate, at the expense of said owner or operator, such stationary source monitorinq devices as may be necessary to enable such owner or operator and the Commissioner to determine whether the source is being, or will be operated in compliance with all applicable air polluLion standards, regulations, and laws. Monitoring information shall be supplied as the Commissioner may require in accordance with sr:bsection (a) of this section. (c) (d) Prohibited Devices. No person shall install or use any article, machine, equipment, device, or other contrivance which conceals an emission from any source" Section B-2:7 \B " SA M (a) Genetal-" PI,ING TESTS AND MEAS UREMENTS The Comntissioner may conduct or cause to be conducted, or require an owl)er or operator to conduct, tests of emission of air pollutants from any source" Upon rcqucst to the Conrmissioner, the person responsible for the sourcc [o be tested shalt prc-rvide necessary holes in stacks or ducts and such other safe and proper sampling and testing facilities as may be necessary for proper determination of the emission of alr pollutants. The commissioner may take or cause to be taken samples of fuel by any appropriate means, in such quantities as he feels are necessary foi'purposes of determining compliance with this regulation. (b) articu ate Matter stack tests for particulate matter shall be by generally recognized standa rds or methods of measurement. Methods undertaken found in the Amertcan Soctety of Mechant cai Engtneers Test Code for Dust Separattng Apparatus, VIC 2l-194I, the American Soctety of Mech antcal Engtneers Test Code for Determlntng Dust concentration tn Gas streams, prc 27-lgs7 , and the Los Angeles Cou nty Caltfornta Source Testtng Manual shall be used but such methods may be modtfted or adjusted by the commtsstoner to suit spec lftc sampltng condlttons or needs based upon good practice, Judgment, and exp ertence. (c) Sulfur. The method for determl.ntng the sulfur content of fuel oil shall be that descrtbed ln the Anrertcan Society for Tesilng and Materials publication, D_I29_64, "Standard Method of Test for Sulfur tn Petroleum hoducts and Lubrtcattons by the Bomb Method". The method for determlnlng the sulfur content of coal shall be that descrlbed [n the Amertcan Soctety for Testtng and Matertals publtcation, D-27I-64, "Iaboratory Sampll.ng and Analysis of Coal and Coke." Equivalent methods may be approved by the Commisstoner. (d) Vtstble Emisstons. The Rl.ngelmann Smoke Chart publtshed and descrtbed tn the United States Bureau of MLnes Informatton Ctrcular 8333, or any other chart, recorder, indicator or device approved by the Commtssioner for the measurement of plume density shall be used in determlntng the grade of shade or opactty of vistble atr contamtnatton emlssi.ons . (e) odor. (t) Odor measurements shall be made with a scentometer, such as that manufactured by the Barnebey-Cheney Company, or by ariy device approved by the Commtssl.oner as an effective instrument Ln the detection of odor. (2') Thb odor strength as detected by the Barnebey-Cheney Scentometer is that number corresponding to the maximum dilution when an odor ts perceived on the followtng bases: Number I 2 3 4 5 Oclor- Bearlno Alr I part I I I I part part part part (f) Avatiabilltv of Publications. Odor-Free Al.r to to to to to I part 2 parts 8 parts 32 parts l2 8 parts The publtcatlons ci.ted tn this section shall be kept on ftle at the offtce of the Dtrector of the Department of Envlronmental Services ancl shall be arrailable for publtc [nspection. �B8 89 Section B-2:719 . EMESEilI-q.LU- (a) Estgbltshmsnt of Emeroencv Episode Plan: (l) The Commissioner shall after nottce of not less than 30 days in the District Register and publi.c heartng tn accordance with sectton 4(a)(g) of the Act, establish such procedures as may be necessary to enable him, acting alone, or with air pollution control agencles of surrounding juri.sdtctions, to effectirrely deal with an atr pollution emergency. The plan and any amendments thereto shall be submitted to the Distrtct of Columbia Councll and shall not takc effect unless approved by resolution of the Council. The plan shaII be denominated the "Emergency Episode PIan", shall be kept on ftle by the Commissioner and shall be available for public inspectton. (2) Declaratlon of an Eptsode Stage" Wheneve. the Commissi.oner flnds an emergency exists requiring immediate actton to protect the publtc health or welfare, the Commi.ssioner ffiEy, without notice or hearing, tssue an order reciting the basis for the existence of such emergency, the episode stage at which the emergency exists, and requiring that such action be taken as,is necessary to meet the emergency. Untit subsection (a)(1) is fulfilled the Commissioner may declare an episode stage based solely on deteriorating air quality, where such action is necessary to protect the public health and welfare" Individual Abatement Plan. The Commissioner may require the owner or operator of a source of air pollution to prepare a writLen plan for reducing the emission of air pollution during an episode stage, according to the guidelines set forth in the Emergency Episode PIan. (3) Such pl.an shall identify the source of air pollutants, and contain a brief descripLion of lhe manner in which the reduction will be achieved during each episode stage. A. The plan shall be approved or disapproved by the Commissioner within 30 days afler it is submitted. B. An owner or operator shall have 30 days in which to comply with the Commissioner's requesL to prepare such a pian. c. Whenever the Commissioner determine-; the public on the action to be taken that a1 emergency exists, he shall instruct according to the Emergency Episode PIan, or shall order the pLrbljc to take whatever actron he deems necessary to avert, arneliorate, or end the emergency. (4) (b) m Emerqency Procedure's enc Proc dur lmmediate action to protect the publlc health or welfare, he shall take such actlon as he deems necessary to abate such sltuauon. Such action shall be clothed wlth the police power and may include but are not limited to the rotto*ing, (l) Order such person or persons to reduce or discontinue or take such action(s) as ls necessary to abate such situation. Any such order shall be complled wlth lmmediately" any (21 Impound any source of alr pollution equipment in the possession of person. (3) Forbid the operation of any source, machlne, device or equipmdnt. Notice of such prohibition shall if possible be given to any person who owns, possesses or operates such source, machine, device or equipment. Such notice shall be complied wlth immediately. (4) Enter any premises or property and take any action he deems necessary. (c) Appeal o f Emergencv Orders: Any person toward whom the commissioner may take an action authorized in subsection (b) of this section may appeal such order or action of the Commissioner to hlm. Upon such appeal the Commissioner shall hold a hearing, if so requested, withln a reasonable time after receiving such an appeal. Not more than 24 hours after the conclusion of sttch hearing, or receipt of such appeal if no hearing is requested, the person shall be notified by the Commissioner whether the action or order has been affirmed, modified, or rescinded. provided, That appeal shall not be grounds for noncompliance with any order irru"dG6' subsection (b). The procedures of Section 8-2:723 shall not apply to this section. (d) Other Remedies Reserved: ^:_- , N.othtns,in this Section shall preclude the Commissioner from init].ating appropriate action for the recovery of a penalty as is provided in this regulatioo, oor shall it preclude his seeking other such relief or remedy as ls provided for by law. Sectio n 8-2:720 - ITS CONS OR MODI S o TE (a) Perml! to Construct New Source or Modifv Existinq Sour . No person shall construct a stationary ro aerrGe on a slationary source constructed after the effective date of this regulation or modify an existing stationary source, without first obtaining a permit" : Notwithstanding any other provision of this regulation or any other regulatiorr, tf the Commissioner determines lhat a situation exists which is causing or contributing to air pollution or could so cause or contribute so as to require (b) Plan to Modi Exf sti Source When the emission from a stationary " in existence on or be fore the effective date of this reg ulation exceeds maximum source allovrable standards as prescribed in this regulation, or interferes with or maintenance of the Air Quality standard of the District of columbia, th e attainment the owner or �90 operator of such source shall, within six months after the effective date of this regulation, file a written plan for approval of the Commissioner for the reduction of su9h emissions to comply with such standards of the maximum allowable emissions., and with the Air Quality Standard of the District of Columbia. Such plans shall include a time schedule for the accomplishment of such reduction but in no case shall such schedule extend beyond May 3I, 1975, or beyond the date specified for attainment of any natjonal ambient air quality standard. Any compliance schedule extending beyond ]8 months from the date of adoption of the schedule shali provide for periodic increments of progress. (c) Permit to Operate. On and after Febru ary I , L973, no person shall own or operate any statianary source without a valid permit to operate such source. (d) Monitoring Device Required. No permit for construction, modification, or operation of any stationary source which emits more than 100 tons of any pollutant in a year shall be issued unless the owner or operator thereof demonstrates to the satisfaction of the Commissioner that a stationary source monitoring device has been, or will be installed. (e) Contents of Permit Application. A pplications for permits shall be filed with the Commissioner on a form prescribed by the Commissioner and shall contain such information as he may require. The application shall be accompanied by plans , specifications, and other pertinenL data, sufficient in scope to allow the Commissioner to determine Lhe amount of air pollutants which may be emitted from the source. The Commissioner ffidy, at any time after the filing of the original application, and before the expiration of the permit, require further stalements in order to delermine whether the application should be granted or denied, or whether a permit should be modif ied or revoked" Each application shall be signed by the applicant or permittee or a person duly authorized to act for and on his behalf. In the application, the applicant may incorporate by reference information contained in previous applications, statements, or reports filed with the Commissioner, provided such references are clear and specific. Application shall be accompanied by a fee to be determined by the Commissidner. (f) Duration of Operating Permits. Permits shall be valid for such period of time up to 3 years as the Commissioner may designate. A permit issued for a period of less than one (l) year shall be designated as a temporary permit. General Reouirements for th e Issuance of a Permit. be approved if the Commissioner determines that: (g) A permit application (I) The applicant's proposed equipment, facilities, and procedures are adequate to minimize danger to public health and welfare; (2) The issuance of the permit wi.ll not be inimical to the health and welfare of the public; will 91 perm r t I'j- (4) ":n: T,i::::: I tr ;i:T:;""1",ff ':1, ca br e re q u ire m en rs for th e The operation attai nment or maintena of the source shall not prevent or in terfere wlth the qual Ity standard, nor nce of any a Pplicable local or national ambient shall the o Peration vio late air regulation unless exempt' any provisio n of this by the regulation or by proper (h) s onsib ili for a stationary s ource or device F ili A licatio ns.for p ermits Commissioner the appropriate for which a permit is required application. (i) i rca (l) ro vocat ion and Termi nation varia nce. Each owner or operator of mu st timely file with the f Permi ts The terms and revision, or modification,conditions of all permrts shau be subject to arnendment, |it"J ;#fr ,"J.t#;:: : " ir' ""Jin".r;r;';;'0" i' l"s, ta t ion,- ;;;;"su ire m "uspended or revoked by e n rs a nd ord ers iss ued (2) Any permit may be part' for anv false stateme-ni revoked, suspended, or modified, in whore in ,r'," required under this regurutton,'or applicJ;ol, o. any false statement or in of fact because oi .o"oitions reveared applicatioD, or statement by such pther means which would or iact, or any;";;;record, or inspec'on, or *"*"", refusai d th; commissioner.io permit on an original grant a uppri"ution, or for violation of, or fairure to observe :ilf"tjn;"tTil::."onoirion''or tne permir, o, or rhis resularion, or order (3) Except in cases of welfare requires otherwise,-nowillfulness or those in which the public health or unless' prior to.the instituiioi p"rrit shall be.modified, suspended, or revoked or pro"";J;;;."therefor, mav warrant such acrion racts-or conduct which stait have been ln writing, and the permiir"lri,"'have "-iruo to the;;;;;.; of rhe permirtee u""nl""orded an opporrunity to clemonstrate or achieve with all lawful requirements. ".rori""ce (41 The Commissioner m vvr'r'rrDDre'er may terminate a permit upon the written request.of the permitt;,vear rr:s,]., *j:T:t#;:i:':uct (i) Exemntion-q' a permir baEal or modirv shau be varid only ir used wirhin one No person shall be required to obtain or fire or operation or iuer-burni;;;;";omenr an application for or 350,000 or t";" ;"i;:;:i:i,"XJff:i,y �92 93 (a) General Condit ions. (l) Any person required to perform Section B*2t72L" COMPI-AINTS AND INVESTIGATIONS (a) Complaint!-. Any person may complain to the Commissioner about air pollution conditions, violations of the Act, or violations of ruIes, regulations, orders, or determinations of the Commissioner. The complainant shall provide thc following information: (t) The location, or source of the condition, or allegcd violation; (21 The name and address of the party controlling the locatton or source, tf known; and (3) The factual basis for the complaint. (b) Investi ations. of such complaints. SectionS -22722. The Commi.ssloner shall be responsible for tnvestigation INSPECTION Ttre Commissioner is authorized to make such inspections of premises and records of operation as may be necessary for the enforcement of the Act and this regula tion. Section 8-2:723. ORDE RS F OR COM PLI,ANCE . Whenever the Commissioner has reason to believe lhat a violation of the Act or this regulation or rules made pursuant to either has occurred, he shall cause written notice to be served upon the alleged violator. The notice shall specify the provision of the law, regulation or rule alleged to be violated, the facts aileged to constitute a violation thereof , and shall order that necessary corrective action be Laken within a reasonable time. Nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent the Commissioner from initiating appropriate action for the recovery of a penalty pursuant to Section 8-2:726, or from seeking enforcement of this regulation by injunctive relief or other appropriate remedy. Section 8-2 724. VARIANCES. an act by this regulation may be excused by the commissioner from the performance of such or in part, upon a finding by the commissioner that the full act, either in whol.: perfornnance ol suc: act would result in exceptional or undue hardship by reason structural or mechanieal difficulty, or the impracticability of excessive of bringing activity into futl compliance with the requirements of this regulation: such provrcr-r. That a variance mav be granted only wheie, and to rhe exteni;;;;;;.rr,#:ameliorate sueh exceptional or undue hardship, ancl only factors are prese;twlirch';*;- u?bllr'uiJ^p1i,Ti[ri"n ro rhe when compensatincr pubiic health or welfare' and assure that the intent and purpose of the act, and this regulation, are not impaired. such person shall submit a written request setting forJh the nattrre of the act required to be performed, for a variance the exceptional or undue hardship whiclr would result from its performance, and any variance from the terms of the notic'c and requirements of this regulation which he may seek. such request for a variance shall be filed with the commissioner within the perlod specified in the order for compliance. (2) A variance is hereby granted for the operation of the District facility known as Incinerator Number 5. This varion."'ri"rl All other District municipal incincrators which do noL conform Juty 4, 1973. ""u-t;"';"to these regulations may operate until January l, 1973. No atJditional variance shall be granted for those facilities or any other District owned, operated or disposal facilily which utilizes incineration, except for contracted for solid waste meclical facilities on site lnclnerators (3) A variance is hereby granted for the opcration of diesct loconrottves on common carrier railroads in the DistricI of corumbia. (b) Publication in the D. C Re is Ler. All quests re for that granted in Sectio nB -2:724 (a) (Z) shall be pub lished in variances except for the Distrtct Register, at the expense of the applicant, if over $ 5, at least 30 days of Columbia before the Commissioner rules on th e request. The published noti.ce shall briefl y information contained in the appli cant's writLen request. Any person set forth the may submit comments on the application with in 30 days of the published notice. (c) commissioner to Mutntut! *rtr,"n o""ord of o"rron on *"o!urrr. CommissroffiwrittenlEcoiGfa1lvariancesgrantedanddenied. shall include public inspection. The record all bases for the grant or clenial, The and shall be u Yqrrqr vv available for �94 95 (d) th of Variance No variance shall be granted for rnore than one year, and may be renewable annuaily i f the Commissioner finds that lhe intent and purpose of the Act and this regulation ar e not lmpaired. No renewal shall be granted exce pt on application therefor. Any s uch application shall be made at least sixty (60) d ays prior to the expiration of the va riance. The requirements of subsection (b) shall apply in cases of renewal. tion WhiIe Varianc eRe uest Pendi Nothing in this section shall construed to permit any operation in violation of this r egulation during the pendency be of a request for a variance. (e) (f) o aLion Duri Emc cn llothing in this section, and no variance or renewal granted pursuant hereto , shall be construed to prevent or limit the application of the erncrgcncy provisions and procedures of Section B-Z:7 i9 of this regulation to any pcrson or his property. Sectlon B-2:725. HEARiNGS. (a) Riqht to Hearinq.. !..xcept as otherwl.se provided i,n thls regulatton, doy person aggrieved'by any adverse action of the Commissioner may have revtew thereof by the Commissioner in accordarrce with the District of Columbia Admlnistrative Procedure Act. in administratiori of the hearing the Commissioner may require the production of persons,papers and materials under subpoena as is set forth in D. C. Code Section L-237 , (b) Request for ll-earino. A request for a hearing to review adverse action proposed by the Contmissioner shall be made in writing within I5 days following notification to the aggrieved person of thd contemplated action and of his right to a hearing wlth respect to such action. ailure to Re ues t Heari orA r at Heari Upon fallure by an aggrieved person to request a timely hearing, or failure of such party to appear at a scheduled hearing for which no continuance has been or is granted, the Commissioner may without a hearing take the action contemplated tn the notice. (c) (d) Alternative Remedies. Nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent the Commissionerfrom iniliating appropriate action for the recovery of a penalty pursuant to Section 8-2:726 of this regulation, or from seeking enforcement by injunctive relief or other appropriate remedy during the pendency of a review proceeding ectlo B-2 726 PENALTY. (a) Any person who fails to cornply with any provision of this rcgulation, refuses, Interferes with, or prevents any insp'ection authorizecl by this regulationor who shall be punished by a fine not to exceed $300 or imprisonment not to exceed 90 clays, or both. ln the event of any violation of , or failure to comply with, this rcgulation, each and every day of such violation, or failure, shall constitute a separate offcnse and the penalties describecl herein shall be applicable to each such sep.rrate c.rffe.sc. (b) Any person, other than a District employee who shall furnish material and substantial evidence leading to the payment of a fine or the forfeiture of collateral lmposed under lhls reguiation shall be paid subject to appropriation one-half of each such fine or forfeiture unless the Commissioner or a court of competent jurisdiction shall so otherwise direct" This section shall not be so construed as to create any right to the proceeds of any such fine or forfeiLure, No person shall receive more than S1,000 total in any given IZ months under this subsection. Sectlon 8-2 727 . PUBLIC DISCLOS URE OF RECORDS AND INFORMATION: CONFIDENTIALiTY Emission data secured as the result of this regulation, or other provisions of law shall be correiated with applicable emission limitattons or other control measures and shail be available for public inspection during regular business hours or by appointment at the offices of the air quality control agertcy. Information, emlssion data, which relates to productton, sales figures, o, pro"esses other than of any owner or operator, shall not be disclosed publicly upon finding by the Commlsstoner that to do so wlll result in a significant and adverse effect upon posltton of suchbwner or operator; except in or following public the compeltive hearing, as may be necessary to protect the public health, safety or well-being, or except Nothing herein shall be construed to prevent the use of such records or information by the Commi'ssioner in compiling or publishing analyses, or summaries relating to the general condition of the outdoor atmosph.ere: Provided, That such analyses or summaries do not reveal any information other-wrse confidential under the provisions of this sectlon. �96 97 Sectlon B-2:728. AIR POLLUTI ON MONITORING .t (a) et .t By Pebruary 1, 1973 the commissioner shall establish a simplified, dauy, publie reporting index of air pollution levels in the District of Columbia. Such an lndex shall indicate the levels of pollutant which he determines the public should be lnformed. Such index shall also include a statement of the air quality levels within approximately a two mile radius from the white House as well as within any other geographic area he may determine should be reported. In adopting an index the Commissioner shali coordinate his efforts as closely as possible with the Metropolitan washlngton council of Governments to insure a unlform regional system of air qualiLy levels reporting. .-1-i' that goal. a=t -F! ri tt F.+-.-4.--. t-. .J ' '-J- b) By FebruarY l, I973 the commissioner shall report to the Council the status of the air quality monitoring system within the District of columbia system's relationship to such monitoring systems in the region. District and that The indicate the number and location of permanent air quality monitoring report shall stations in the District, the number of average spot checks within a given month, and the types of pollution monltored in each instance. The report shall also state the goals for a District of columbia air quality monitoring system and the timetable and cost for achieving G' c5 I et e, et :E GL d. a.J -J-..t.---Li+ o r -, -:-.,1-- l.l ae u, (- H .B * l./ ion 8-2:729 NS UCT OF Gt u UIATI s ctt 8-22730. ectlon 8-2:731 el C3 E b trl -c.r ::= ri :- ty! CTry E DATE. I t:$ n- - --. ttt 6 GD GD .J oS (jt lt r{a-..r.._ ,_r{.... -i'l'-l'- 16 (:t o l'_ E a- GI ct (., G' q et * :'::r cjr3 .d: G;' ea ca :J (t Gi a-L, a.r: t3 v, </, c€ gfrt Except as otherwlse provtded, thts regulation shall be effective lmmediately. r:t c) c:) GL ii qt (.:t TJ J J ill c', ( .5C l^J lL, cl (t i- ?4 c-t ri) tt6 .t L., a:il ll-) . LJ f€ nt t-- '-'t" INDEPEND E NCE OT SECT IONS. Each section and every part of each section of this part is declared -Y re' r ' indepenclent of every other section or parL thereof , and the finding or holding of any section or part thcreof to be void or ineffecttve for any cause shall not be deemed to affect any other scction or part thercof C! IE ti l^a C* :.t ctt All regulations and parts of regulations in effect in the inconsistent with the provisions of this regulaLion are hereby District rvhich are superseded with respect to-matters covered by this regulation. :':t c.l &,1 .1 :.t r< .4 3 J,!, -el (\ (.i ( 3 (":t �9B 99 T'IDLE Proccss vleight Per llour in Founds proccss l.leight' l4aximurn 9tcight of I'taximum Vfeight of Particulate Discharge per lfour in Particulatc DisPer Hour in Pounds pounds Chargc Pcr llour in Pounds 50 100 150 200 250 300 3s0 400 450 500 s50 600 650 700 ?50 800 850 900 950 loo0 tto0 1200 I300 I400 1500 1600 1?00 1800 1900 2000 2IO0 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 27AO 2800 2900 .24 .46 .65 .85 1. 03 1" 20 I.35 r.50 1.63 L.77 1.89 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000 4lo0 2"L2 4200 4300 4400 4500 4600 2e24 4?OO 2.34 2.43 2.53 2.62 2.72 2.80 2.97 3.12 3.26 3.40 3.54 3.66 3.79 3.91 4.03 4800 4900 5000 5500 6000 6500 ?000 ?500 8000 8500 9000 9500. 10000 11000 12000 13000 2.0I {.14 4.24 4.34 4.44 4,55 4.64 4.76 4.94 4.92 5.O2 3000 5.10 31C0 5. 3200 3300 5.2'I 5.36 lg I4000 I 5000 16000 17000 18000 19000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 or nore 5.44 5.52 5.61 5.69 5.77 5.95 5.93 6.Ol 6.Og 6.15 6.22 6.30 6.37 6.45 6.52 6.60 6.6? ?.03 ?.3? ?.7r 8.05 8.39 8.71 9.03 9.36 9.67 10.0 10.63 11. 2g gg ll. I2.50 13.13 13.74 14.36 L4.97 15.59 16.le 22.22 28.A 34.3 40.0 * I'there the proccss r.reicrht, per horlr falls botrveen two t'alues in the tablc,, the naxir,run wcight pcr hour shall be Cetcrr.rineC l-.y Iincar interpolaticr:-.. EM ISSION LIMITS FOR N EN OXIDE Emlsston llmits for nltrogen oxide ih fossil fuel fired nore than 100,000,000 B. T. u. p"t hour heat tnput are.as steam generating untts of folows: (a) 0.zo Ib. per miilron B.T.u. heat tnput (0.36 g. per milllon cal.), maxlmum Z-hour average, expressed as Noz, when gaseous fossil fuel i.s burned, b) 0.30 lb. per million B.T.U. heat input (0.S4 g. per million cal.), maximum 2-hour average, expressed as No2, when tiquia fossil fuel is burned" (c) 0.70 rb. permillionB.T.u. heatinput (L.26g. permilioncar.), maximum 20 hour average, expressed as lignite) is burned. Noz, when solid fossil fuel (except (d) when dtfferent fossil fuels are burned simultaneously in any combination the applicable standard shall be determined by proration, according to the followlng formula: 0 2 + x*y*7 30)+z 0.70 x ls the percent of total heat input derived from gaseous fossil fuel; y I's the percent of total heat input derived from liquid fossil fuel; and z ls the percent of total heat'input derived from solid fossil fue,l. �101 Appendix 5 FEDERAI,, STATE, AND LOCAL AGENCIES wIrIcH ARE REQTTESTED TO COMMENT 0N Arr. ury!.rr ENVTRoNMEMAL STATEUENTS A. Loeal- and State Agencies 1. Executive Office Budget and Executive Management Government of the District of Colunbia Distri.cr Building C. Washington, D. 20004 (the Clearinghouse for City Governnent) 2 Director D. C. Departuent of Environrnental Servlces 4L5 L2th Streer, N. W. I,Iashington, D. C. 20AO4 3 ExecutLve Director NatLonal Capital Planning Cornrnission L325 G Street,, N. W. Washington, D. C. 4 Metropol-ltsr !,Iashington Gouncil of L225 Connecticut Avenue, N. W. Washington, D. C. C,overnments 20036 (the trfetropolltan Clearinghouse) 5 Mr. Reginal- Webb Assistant Director of Plannlng and Evaluation Office of Co'mnrnrity Services District Building 14th and E Streets, N. W. Washington, D. C. 2OOO4 6. D. C. Departrnent of Environrental_ Room 306 - Library 4L5 L2rh Street, N. I{. tr'Iashington, D. C. 20004 Services �L02 103 B. Director of Inpact Statements 0ffice U. S. Environmental Protection Agency L626 K Street, N. W. !trashington, D. C. 20160 B. Federal- Agencies 1 Econonic Opportr.rnity L200 9rh Srreer, N. W. Washington, D. C. 20250 Council on Enwironmental_ Quality 722 Jackson Place, N. W. Washington, D. 2 9, Director U. S. Office of C. 20006 10. Office of the Secretary Departrent of Agriculture Washington, D. C. 20250 Assistant Secretary for Defense (Heal-t and Environment) 3-E l-72 The Pentagon Washingtotr, D. C. Room 3 4 1L. Division Deputy Assistant, Secretary for Environnental Affairs U. S. Department of Commerce Washington, D. C. 20230 L2. Executive Director Adwisory CounciL on Ilistoric Preservation L522 K Street, Room 430 Washington, D. C. 20005 Assistant Secretary for Heal-th and Science Affairs U. S. Departrnent of Heal-th, 13. Education and Welfare North Building Washington, D. C. 20202 IIEW 5 Regional Administrator III U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Devel-opment ATTENTION: Environmental Clearance Curtis BuiJ-ding Sixth and Walnut Streets Philadel-phia, PennsyJ-vania 1-9L06 6 7 Officer Deputy Assistant Secretary for Prograns U. S. Department of Interior Washintton, D. C. 20240 Assistant Secretary for Environmental and Urban Systems U. S. Department of Transportation trrlashington, D. C. 20590 Engineer Federal Highway Administration 425 L3th Streer, N. W. Washington, D. C. 20004 Deputy Assistant Secretary for Environmental Affairs U. S. Department of Corrnerce Washington, D. C. �GTOSSARY OF TERMS The foll-owlng terrns, often used in the Department of Hlghways and Traffic, occur througlrout Action PLan. For ease in r:nderstanding this docunent, the terms are al-phabetical-ly arranged and defined. Alimnent Ttre lLnear Locatlon of a tranrsportat,ion facility within a corridor. Cormunity A group of people with conmon characteristics or lnterests living together within a larger socLety. Couprehensive Plan A recornmendatLon for future growth and deveLopnent of the Dlstrict of Colurnbia prepared by the National Capltal Planning Cormisslon (NCPC). Thls land use plan includes mapsf pJ-ots, drarts, tablesr and descriptive, interpretlve and analytLcal matter relatLng to housing, business, transportatJ.on, recreatlon, education, and other types of publLc and private l-and use. Coruidor An area of variable width between two ternini. The length and width of a band and precision of the data should refLect and be conslstent wlth the topography, culture, land use, denstty of Land use, property ownership, purPose and fr:nction of the highway irnprovement, transportation facilitles, etcetera. The band would not ordinaril-y be uniform in width but would vary to flt loca1 conditions. 105 �105 107 Deelgn Location Eseential eleoente and standards whlch tdentify the number of traffic lanes, control features, horizontal and vertlcel elignment, ri.gfrt-of-way requirements and the locatlon of bridges, lnterchangesr €nd other structures. grants approval- based upon reJ-evant hearing transcripts and a study rePort subur:itted by the Department of Highways and Traffic which describes essential location elements such as the ter:ruini, the general type of facility, the nature and need of the service whictr the highw"y i" intended to provide, and the alternatives considered. Location approv''l is prerequisite Approval tr'IIWA for design Deslgr ApprovaL grants approval based upon relevant hearLng transcrlpts and a study report subrdtted by the Departnent of lllghwaye and Txafftc whlch describes essential elerents such as design standarde, nuober of ttaffLc 1anes, access control- features, general }loti-zontal ancl vefi.Lca1- alignrnent, rightof-way requirements and locatlon of bridges, interch:urges, €urd othe:: structures. Both Location and design approval must be granted before construction can be authorized on those Federal-Atd projecte subJect to public hearings. approval-. IIIWA tal Envi Imp act Statenent (EIS) A written statement containing an assessment of the anticipated beneficial and detrinenLal effects which the project may have upon the quality of the environment. Final Desipcr Compl-etion of rigfit,-of-way and construction plans for a project. Interdis cipl-inary More than one (muLtidiscipl-inary) profession involved decision process. in the transportation Maior Thoro uphfare Plan The Major Thorouglrfare Plan is an element of the Corrprehensive Pl-an prepared by NCPC. After a series of jointJ-y held public hearings in 1968, the Major Thorouglrfare Plan was adopted by the NGPC on Decennber J-l, 1-968, and approved by the City Cor.rncil on Decenber L2, l-968. The Major Ttrorouglrfare Plan for the District of Columbia is a long-range higtrway and street plan which identifies freeways, parkways, major arterial-s and secondary arterial-s. Ttre City Conncil has fina1 approval authority to modify the P1an. Maior Proiect A proposed improvernent that may require right-of-rrraY acquisition or permission to use space, or change the fr:nction and character of an existing facility or both. I{inor Pro iect A proposed improvement intended to repl-ace or rehabilitate an existing facility, and generall-y not requiring the acquisition of additional riglrt-of-way. No displ-acements are i-nvol-ved. Model- Location Ttre actual physical pLace (space) where a transportation facility nright be constructed within a corridor. It is a description of the ternini, general type of facil-ity, nature of the service, whlch the facil-ity is intended to provide, and other major features, such as historic Landmarks, churches, etcetera. I A systematic presentation Nesative of data in a mathemati"cal fornat. De claration A written docunent ln support. of a detennination that, should the proposed highway section iuprovement be constructed, the anticipated effects upon the environment wilL be insignificant. �108 Orisl-n D,estination and (O &D) Survev A survey conducted to deternine traveL, househol-d, and income data. results are developed to project future transportati.on requirernents. Proiect Notification Ttre an d Review Svstem (PNRS) A review procedure (also referred to as A-95 review) to ensure coordination of devel-opment planning on an intergovernrnental basis. The District of Col-unbia and }detropoJ-itan Clearinglrouse are notified of the intent to start a study or project which allows them an opportunity to review and conment prior to the release of Federal frnds for the subject activity. Transoortation Resion Pl-an A comprehensive, continuing, coordinated transportation plan which reflects the tiansportation needs associated with the most current expression of 6gGts areawide long-range comprehensive p1-anning policies. It is annually reviewed and recertified by the Transport,ation Planning Board. Developnent of the Pl-an is based upon land use policies, population and euployment forecasts, dail-y travel- estimates, economic analyses, and environnental assessrents. It reflects both highway and transit systens elernents, specifically, an areawide transit netrsork incJ-uding rapid rai1, bus lanes and comuter rail- routeS. Iti-pht-of-Way Land (or space) acquired by purchase, construct and maintain a public road. C 3 gift or eminent domain in order to Process A continuing, couprehensive, cooperative transportation pl-anning process for urbanized areas as required by the Federal--Aid lliglrway Act of L962. This resul-ted in the creation of the Transportation Planning Board r^rhich is administered by the l'tretropol-itan Washington Cornecil- of Governments. J-3905-7 4 �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Action plan Subject The topic of the resource City planning Description An account of the resource In addition to the <a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6401" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="action plan">action plan</a>, see related transcripts of proceedings of public hearings on <a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6399" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="August 22">August 22</a> and <a href="https://ddotlibrary.omeka.net/files/show/6400" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="September 26">September 26</a>. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 1973 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/e5be91ea9a81d6f995c3451c3c210163.pdf?Expires=1792022400&Signature=gJR9zrRs12W6EmZcmDYKQpVvqQBacNyvRIr7Xkle-0LfN0-onjZizQBFlm968mQxXWEB5S3YrxkSzKt0SCua%7E4yJkcS-GY5WeEzhMJzHpObYGY4XvL95EwJIxE3rito3FeNrBXE7D7vX9N41WMgMcCsAopAPU471ckuptDEQS7%7EQDIHHalovi2xZf4K8lVYgfmn%7E3JTZc3qA%7E0M1FZo7dg1TpHOicBrI9a3ef-rGXIhfBind7pGL9eoiKCJssXhmlPdsvcuLjr3gsvvXoAJd6ny%7ENC3ZO3VteNBaaw1gjopgaoXNdFVqyZ9jfuACYDTUlEGaMg0nlGtw43TmgT1BAg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 30c3db20529e85e87529707521628bf5 PDF Text Text TRANSPORTATION PLANS FOR WASHINGTON ���1 ) ) > dj �TRANSPORTATION PLANS FOR WASHINGTON Prepared For BOARD O F COMMISSIONERS, DISTRICT O F In Cooperation With DEPARTMENT O F H I G H W A Y S AND OTHER OFFICIAL By J . E. G R E I N E R C O M P A N Y Baltimore DELEUW, CATHER & COMPANY Chicago CONSULTING December, COLUMBIA ENGINEERS 1946 AGENCIES �Copyright 1946 by De Leuw, C a t h e r & Company ��1 1 1 1 1 1 ) J J J �TABLE O F C O N T E N T S Page Frontispiece—Washington Monument from the Tidal Basin Letter of Transmittal Acknowledgements and List of Acknowledgements Foreword Purpose of Report Basic Material Washington in 1965 Population Government Emplo^tment Central Business District Transportation Needs Easier Travel Time Savings i G r e a t e r Safety Expressways Expressways for Washington M i d - C i t y Expressway K Street N.E. and N.W Washington-Baltimore Freeway Capitol Hill Expressway Rock Creek Park Drives K Street Elevated Highway Canal Road Arizona Avenue Freeway Whitehaven Parkway Anacostia-Kenilworth Freeway Estimate of Traffic Major Street System Arterial Streets G r a d e Separations Channelization Traffic Signal System Segregation of Traffic Truck Routes Scenic Boulevards Bridges Transit • Street C a r s Buses Conclusion I 3 3 4 4 4 6 8 8 8 10 12 16 16 18 20 22 24 26 26 26 28 28 28 32 32 34 .34 38 38 40 40 42 44 44 50 54 �December 20, 1946 Gordon R. Young B r i g a d i e r G e n e r a l , Army U. S. E n g i n e e r Commissioner D i s t r i c t of Columbia Washington, D. C. Dear G e n e r a l Young: You will find herewith a report e n t i t l e d Washington" p u r s u a n t we have devoted plans to guide t o our c o n t r a c t d a t e d "Transportation Plans f o r June 4, 1946. As r e q u e s t e d , our a t t e n t i o n p r i n c i p a l l y t o t h e d r a f t i n g of l o n g - r a n g e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n improvements of t h e n e x t few y e a r s toward o b j e c t i v e s of l a s t i n g v a l u e . We f i r s t assembled and i n t e g r a t e d many w o r t h w h i l e by t h e v a r i o u s a g e n c i e s c o n c e r n e d t h e Washington m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a . of f a c i l i t i e s traffic w i t h t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problem of We t h e n d e v e l o p e d f o r approximately backbone of t h e proposed s e r v i n g a l l p a r t s of t h e D i s t r i c t highways of t h i s a coordinated system type t h e n e x t twenty y e a r s . facilities i s a system of e x p r e s s w a y s and c o n n e c t i n g w i t h e x i s t i n g and i n Maryland and V i r g i n i a . proposed A network of a r t e r i a l s t r e e t s would s u p p o r t and supplement t h e e x p r e s s w a y s . be f u r t h e r improved, a s t h e y have been so e f f e c t i v e l y grade submitted f o r both p u b l i c and p r i v a t e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n to s e r v e p r e d i c t e d requirements The plans These arterials i n the past, should through s e p a r a t i o n s , c h a n n e l i z a t i o n , s i g n a l i z a t i o n and o t h e r a c c e p t e d t e c h n i q u e s . E x p r e s s buses p a t r o n s of p u b l i c As a m a t t e r s h o u l d o p e r a t e on a l l of t h e proposed expressways to give t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t h e b e n e f i t s of t h e s e v a s t l y b e t t e r h i g h w a y s . of f a c t , a much g r e a t e r m i l e a g e of e x p r e s s w a y s than h e r e i n recommended w i l l have t o be b u i l t u n l e s s a s u b s t a n t i a l p o r t i o n of t h e �population c a n be i n d u c e d t o u s e p u b l i c therefore, must be made a s a t t r a c t i v e a s p o s s i b l e . Off-street will bus t e r m i n a l s be r e q u i r e d , c e n t r a l business and e x p r e s s district of buses Such s h o u l d a l s o be b u i l t a s i n t e g r a l p a r t s of new groups of f e d e r a l A s y s t e m of l o w e r - l e v e l segregation can the present Building. s t r e e t s f o r e x c l u s i v e u s e of s t r e e t c a r s i s an u r g e n t need o f t h e c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s district. Only t h r o u g h s u c h intolerable condition of c o n f l i c t vertical between and f i x e d - w h e e l v e h i c l e s be r e l i e v e d . Reference to parking directed, and government bus s e r v i c e i s i n a u g u r a t e d on them. b u i l d i n g s , a s was done i n the Pentagon free-wheel That s e r v i c e , i n o u r judgment, t o accommodate t h e i n c r e a s i n g number as expressways are b u i l t terminals i n the transportation. problems h a s been o m i t t e d from t h i s r e p o r t a s since that subject i s being studied by a n o t h e r group working under your guidance. While t h e D i s t r i c t operations of Columbia has no c o n t r o l over highways o r t r a n s i t beyond i t s own b o r d e r s , we have thought i t e s s e n t i a l t o c o n s i d e r the m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a a s a whole. We have n o t h e s i t a t e d , t h e r e f o r e , t o e x t e n d our recommendations i n t o Maryland and V i r g i n i a a s deemed to necessary integrate a l l plans. We s i n c e r e l y a p p r e c i a t e t h i s o p p o r t u n i t y t o submit p l a n s of Washington's t r a n s p o r t a t i o n solution problems. Very t r u l y J . E . GREINER COMPANY f o r the DE yours, LEUW, CATHER * COMPANY �ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Valuable d a t a , helpful suggestions and other material, including the reports previously mentioned, were secured from the a g e n c i e s listed in the next column. A l l plans submitted by the National C a p i t a l Park & Planning Commission were carefully examined by the c o n sultants. Many proposals e m b o d i e d herein will be r e c ognized as having originated with t h a t a g e n c y . Numerous conferences and discussions were held with officials of the C a p i t a l Transit C o m p a n y . They c o o p e r a t e d not only in furnishing all requested d a t a but also in contributing many original suggestions and plans. Representatives of both d i s t r i c t and national offices of the Public Roads Administration, g a v e freely of their time and also supplied a g r e a t deal of material which has been incorpora t e d in this report. The D e p a r t m e n t of Vehicles & Traffic furnished statistics and other valuable information. The D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s supplied all plans and traffic d a t a requested a n d worked with the consultants in a most helpful" and constructive manner. O n l y the wholeh e a r t e d cooperation of these many agencies m a d e the report possible. LIST O F ACKNOWLEDGMENTS American Automobile Association American Institute of Architects, Washington Section Architect, U. S. Capitol Arlington County Planning Commission Assessor, District of Columbia Automotive Safety Foundation Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce C a p i t a l Transit Company Commission of Fine Arts Department of Highways, District of Columbia Department of Sanitary Engineering, District of Columb Department of Vehicles and Traffic, District of Columbia Division of Motor Vehicles, Commonwealth of Virginia Highway Research Board Institute of Traffic Engineers Keystone Automobile C l u b Library of Congress Maryland National C a p i t a l Park & Planning Commission Maryland State Roads Commission Motor Vehicle Parking Agency, District of Columbia National C a p i t a l Park & Planning Commission National C a p i t a l Park Service Public Buildings Administration, Federal Works A g e n c y Public Roads Administration, Federal Works A g e n c y Public Utilities Commission, District of Columbia United States Navy Virginia State Highway Department Washington Board of Trade �FOREWORD Transportation is the keystone of our existence, e s p e c i ally in the larger metropolitan centers. M o d e r n r o a d ways and other facilities to keep p a c e with constantly improved vehicles are essential to e v e r y urban dweller. Even the best plans for transportation improvements remain inanimate, however, unless they are authorized by legislation and i n t e g r a t e d with a sound financial p r o g r a m . Urban transportation problems are d y n a m i c . They cannot be solved for the ages by any set of plans, no m a t t e r how well c o n c e i v e d . Neither do such problems solve themselves. Betterments must be carefully planned. But people cannot ride to work on plans. The time has c o m e in W a s h i n g t o n for transmutation of blueprints into steel and c o n c r e t e . W a i t i n g until the c i t y ' s traffic had reached c o m p l e t e stability would mean waiting until W a s h i n g t o n had r e a c h e d a state of senility. That d a y would be hastened by allowing c r e e p i n g paralysis to engulf the c i t y ' s transportation arteries. Immediate action will eliminate this possibility. W a s h i n g t o n ' s transportation problems t r a n s c e n d jurisdicitonal boundaries. The interests of the officials of the District government, therefore, follow both daily c o m muters and occasional visitors within the c i t y and also those crossing the District lines to their homes in neighboring areas. C o o p e r a t i v e planning by the various agencies has made it possible in the past to deal with the t r a n s p o r t a tion problem on a metropolitan scale. This relationship is herein recognized, inasmuch as fulfillment of many of the suggestions m a d e will require the assistance of the proper authorities in a d j a c e n t cities, counties and states. W a s h i n g t o n is a beautiful c i t y . The whole world has come to recognize it as an important c i t y . It must c o n tinue to be a g o o d place in which t o live a n d c a r r y on the functions of national government. O n e vital need, however, is for constant improvements in highways and the public transit system as the c i t y marches to its destiny. I �T H E R E IS A P L A C E F O R E V E R Y P R O V E D T E C H N I Q U E IN T H E S O L U T I O N O F W A S H I N G T O N ' S T R A N S P O R T A T I O N PROBLEM �PURPOSE O F The w a r a d v a n c e d W a s h i n g t o n ten t o fifteen y e a r s along its population c u r v e . A t the same time, traffic and transit improvement plans w e r e held in a b e y a n c e , with a f e w notable exceptions. Betterments in W a s h i n g t o n ' s transportation facilities which might otherwise have c o v e r e d t w e n t y years, therefore, should now be p r o g r a m med for accomplishment within the next five y e a r s . The District Commissioners a r e trying to look a h e a d not only over those five years, but also for another ten or f i f t e e n y e a r s , so t h a t e a c h step in the immediate prog r a m will further the long-range transportation objectives. This report is intended to bring those o b j e c t i v e s into focus and t o show a p r a c t i c a l w a y in which they c a n be r e a c h e d . REPORT This report e n d e a v o r s to apply fundamental principles to the g u i d a n c e of planning for future public and p r i v a t e transportation facilities within the District of C o l u m b i a . A t t e n t i o n has also been given to the adjoining counties of M a r y l a n d a n d Virginia insofar as their plans must be c o o r d i n a t e d with those of the District. The most impor-' t a n t o f the many excellent proposals for further improvements; have been consolidated a n d c o r r e l a t e d to knit them with the existing facilities into a c o m p l e t e transportation system for the future. It has been necessary to propose a limited number of improvements not heret o f o r e p r o j e c t e d in the form or on the scale herein r e c o m m e n d e d in order to make the entire system functionally sound. BASIC MATERIAL counts and forecasts were supplied by the state highway d e p a r t m e n t s of M a r y l a n d and Virginia. W a s h i n g t o n has a wealth of survey d a t a and other information on which to formulate transportation plans. By w a y of illustration, the origin and destination d a t a used in this report c a m e from the 1940-41 t r a v e l r e c o r d surv e y of both f e d e r a l a n d p r i v a t e employees, the Public Roads Administration bridge studies of 1945, and the 1946 studies of the t r a v e l habits of shoppers in the c e n tral business district. C o r d o n counts for various y e a r s including 1946, were m a d e available, while c i t y - w i d e traffic counts of 1940-41 were used with adjustments based on supplementary counts of recent d a t e where necessary. Passenger load counts on all transit routes were available, a n d special attention was given to patronage of express bus service as now o p e r a t e d . Both traffic Most of the ideas contained herein were proposed first by someone else. A number of reports were fundamental in the preparation of the current plans. Proposals for the n e e d e d highways and other improvements have been taken from these reports without it being possible in all instances to give well-deserved c r e d i t . The consultants endorse, however, and assume responsibility for any opinions s t a t e d or plans p r o p o s e d . C o m m e n t has been withheld on projects which would be principally of a scenic or recreational nature, since the purpose of this report is to outline essential transportation facilities. 3 �WASHINGTON Population Transportation plans have been designed so as to be a d e q u a t e for future population. Forecasts to 1955 by the Post W a r Planning C o m m i t t e e of the W a s h i n g t o n Board of T r a d e were explored and found a c c e p t a b l e by the consultants and then e x t e n d e d to 1965. See Table No. I. TABLE I FOR POPULATION FORECASTS W A S H I N G T O N METROPOLITAN District of Columbia 663,091 930,000 880,000 950,000 1,045,000 Metropolitan A r e a Outside of District of Columbia 304,894 450,000 520,000 600,000 831,000 AREA Total 1940 967.985 1946* 1,380,000 1950* 1,400,000 1955* 1,550,000 1965** 1,876,000 Increase, 1940 to 1965 57.6% 93.8% 172.3% *—Estimated by "Post W a r Planning Committee of Washington Board of T r a d e . " * — E s t i m a t e developed by consultants. Studies have been m a d e , with the a i d of qualified agencies in this field, of the probable future growth in population in various sections of the metropolitan a r e a . The a c c u r a c y of these predictions will be influenced, of course, by the initiative of d e v e l o p m e n t companies and by the whims of the home-seeking p o p u l a c e . H o w e v e r , variations from the a n t i c i p a t e d pattern are not likely to reach proportions t h a t will render the r e c o m m e n d e d improvements i n a d e q u a t e . O n the other hand, none of IN 1965 the proposed facilities need be built until its need c a n be d e m o n s t r a t e d beyond question. It is a p p a r e n t from such studies t h a t the g r e a t e s t population growth will be east of the A n a c o s t i a River and beyond the District lines in M a r y l a n d and Virginia. Some of the closer-in areas from which large numbers of people now walk to work will lose population as c r o w d e d housing conditions are relieved and the c o m mercial area expands. Government Employment The Public Buildings A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , Federal W o r k s A g e n c y , a n t i c i p a t e s t h a t total f e d e r a l e m p l o y m e n t will trend d o w n w a r d until I 9 5 2 . Then it is e x p e c t e d to resume a slow but s t e a d y climb from approximately the level prevailing a t the time of Pearl H a r b o r . It is a n t i c i p a t e d that plans for completion of the Potomac Park, Federal Triangle a n d Southwest Mall groups of f e d e r a l buildings will be c a r r i e d out rapidly to permit release of rented space and a b a n d o n m e n t of t e m p o r a r y buildings. Plans also exist for an East C a p i t o l Street d e v e l o p m e n t . There is a p p a r e n t l y some d i f f e r e n c e of opinion as to whether or not this is a sound proposal. The consultants have p r o c e e d e d on the assumption t h a t this d e v e l o p m e n t will be built. If it is not, the t r a n s p o r t a tion plans r e c o m m e n d e d herein will be a f f e c t e d only in d e t a i l . No marked trend for the decentralization of either f e d e r a l or p r i v a t e employment is a p p a r e n t . Thus W a s h i n g t o n is destined to remain, for an indefinite period, a c i t y of c o n c e n t r a t e d a c t i v i t y in the area of f e d e r a l buildings and the a d j a c e n t business district. ��W A S H I N G T O N IN 1965 (Concluded) Central Business District The business d i s t r i c t has ample room f o r expansion to the north and east. It c a n also " e x p a n d u p w a r d " , in the sense t h a t many buildings in it could b e built t o a g r e a t e r height than a t present without violating zoning regulations. It has also been a t t e m p t i n g t o flow westw a r d around the W h i t e House grounds a n d has even r e a c h e d o u t w a r d on C o n n e c t i c u t A v e n u e . A l l o f these trends can be e x p e c t e d to continue, but they are indications of healthy growth a n d not that the established business area is being forsaken in f a v o r of a new location. The c e n t e r of g r a v i t y m a y c r e e p a short d i s t a n c e over a period o f years but certainly not f a r . A n important f a c t o r in the future of the central business d i s t r i c t o f W a s h i n g t o n is the stabilized e m p l o y m e n t in a d j a c e n t federal areas. O u t - o f - t o w n visitors also a c c o u n t f o r an unusually large portion o f the retail a n d other c o m mercial activities in the central a r e a . The central business district is not t h r e a t e n e d with serious d e c a y or d e c e n t r a l ization, therefore, p r o v i d e d that the traffic problem is solved. The business district a n d its traffic will not grow in d i r e c t proportion t o population, however, because o f the competition of outlying c o m m e r c i a l islands. The total volume o f traffic will b e held down also by the generally o b s e r v e d phenomenon t h a t t h e proportionate use o f public transportation increases with the size o f a c i t y . This f a c t o r will be influenced by the d e g r e e t o which transit service is i m p r o v e d a n d also by t h e extent to which parking facilities b e c o m e more difficult t o find, or a t least more expensive t o use. O n the other hand, i m p r o v e d highways will stimulate trips to the central business district both from the metropolitan area a n d from distant cities. Most o f t h e a d d i tional population in the metropolitan a r e a , moreover, will d e p e n d on some form of transportation, whereas one person in seven walked t o work in 1940. G i v i n g full consideration t o all f a c t o r s , it is p r e d i c t e d that the total volume of traffic t o b e handled by the streets o f the central business district will increase steadily to t h e point o f super-saturation unless c o m p e tent plans a r e m a d e and fulfilled t o lessen conflicts b e tween t y p e s of traffic with d i v e r g e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . The word " t r a f f i c , " throughout this report, denotes not only free-wheel vehicles of all t y p e s , b u t also street cars a n d pedestrians. �T O O MANY VEHICLES — T O O MANY CONFLICTS �T R A N S P O R T A T I O N NEEDS Users of both public and priv ate transportation in W a s h i n g t o n have a keen desire for easier t r a v e l , for time savings, and for g r e a t e r s a f e t y . Officials throughout the country have struggled with the problem by applying the well-known three E's of E N F O R C E M E N T , EDUCATION and E N G I N E E R I N G . A l p h a b e t i c a l l y , the public has beenone step a h e a d with its insistance t h a t t r a f f i c w a y s should be F A S T , F L U I D a n d F O O L P R O O F . vania A v e n u e N . W . to various points on the District line. The slowest trip a v e r a g e d 15 miles per hour, while the fastest was only I I miles per hour b e t t e r . Street cars and buses t r a v e l less than five miles per hour in many places in the central business district, a n d the a v e r a g e over the system is little b e t t e r than t w e l v e . The monetary value of time lost due to traffic delays reaches staggering amounts each y e a r . Easier The central business district is befouled with congestion. This can be p r o v e d with a stop w a t c h , or even more convincingly with a c a m e r a . The a v e r a g e W a s h ingtonian, however, needs neither statistical nor pictorial confirmation of the f a c t . Delays and confusion are not confined entirely to the Travel W h i l e c o m f o r t and c o n v e n i e n c e are relative terms, both automobile driver a n d transit patron a r e quick to find routes or services which involve f e w e r p e t t y annoyances. In the a g g r e g a t e , such common irritations of present d a y t r a v e l as traffic signals, complex intersections, jay-walking pedestrians and carelessly m a n e u v e r e d vehicles build up a public resistance to t r a v e l t h a t is impossible to c a l c u l a t e . Traffic volumes on new facilities designed to exclude the possibility of such vexations almost invariably e x c e e d the most optimistic predictions. Time business district. O n several major arteries, efficiency is falling as traffic volume rises. The volume is c r e a t e d to some extent by growing c o m m e r c i a l a c t i v i t i e s along such streets. This leads to more maneuvering to park, more pedestrians and more truck deliveries. The traffic that leads t o the d e v e l o p m e n t of a new c o m m e r c i a l c e n t e r soon b e c o m e s an unwelcome nuisance in it. This evolution can be o b s e r v e d taking place a t numerous locations in the metropolitan a r e a . Savings Test trips by automobile were m a d e recently in the evening rush hour from Fourteenth S t r e e t and Pennsyl- 8 �CONGESTION �T R A N S P O R T A T I O N NEEDS (Concluded) Greater Safety The streets now c a r r y i n g the heaviest volumes of traffic are delineated on the a c c o m p a n y i n g m a p by t h e black dots representing traffic fatalities. There have been 4 7 8 persons killed in t r a f f i c a c c i d e n t s in W a s h i n g t o n in the past five years. This represents an economic loss of approximately $21,000,000 b a s e d on the f a c t o r s used by the National S a f e t y C o u n c i l t o estimate the total monetary loss resulting f r o m all t y p e s of a c c i d e n t s . The newspapers recently headlined the f a c t t h a t there had been an a v e r a g e of one traffic crash an hour for a period of seven weeks. This is not f a v o r a b l e publicity for the Nation's C a p i t a l C i t y , nor is it a good omen f o r the future unless it helps awaken the public to the seriousness of existing conditions. The effectiveness of Enforcement in preventing a c c i dents is limited by natural aversion f o r restrictions. Education, likewise, depends on a c c e p t a n c e of ideas not readily a b s o r b e d by such a c c i d e n t - p r o n e groups as the very young a n d the v e r y o l d . Engineering, on the other h a n d , is popular b e c a u s e it is done for the public rather than to the public. G o o d Engineering, with the help of Enforcement and Education, c a n make travel in both public a n d private c o n v e y a n c e s not only safer but also easier a n d faster. 10 �iI �EXPRESSWAYS Expressways a r e an engineering answer to the public's desire for highways t h a t make travel Facile, Fast a n d Foolproof. The terms " f r e e w a y " and " l i m i t e d access h i g h w a y " are synonyms for " e x p r e s s w a y " . Expressways are channels for the uninterrupted movement of motor vehicles. They are c o n n e c t e d with the adjoining street system through properly designed entrances a n d exits a t reasonably s p a c e d intervals. G e n e r a l l y depressed below the level of the t e r r i t o r y through which they pass, they o c c u p y strips of generous width with properly landscaped side slopes giving them a park-like a p p e a r a n c e . T h e interferences and a c c i d e n t potentials of pedestrians, cross traffic, bus stops, parking maneuvers and other traffic hazards are eliminated by physical means. Expressways may be limited t o p r i v a t e automobiles and buses or they may be opened t o all t y p e s of highway traffic. making plans for a system which ultimately may cost one-quarter billion dollars. Los A n g e l e s is working t o w a r d a system e s t i m a t e d a t $ 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 within the c i t y and $ 5 8 2 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 for the entire county. Detroit has prep a r e d a I 2 - y e a r financial program involving expenditures of over $ 1 3 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 for expressways. A t t e n t i o n should be called to the f a c t t h a t C l e v e l a n d , Los A n g e l e s and Detroit each have populations approximating t h a t which the metropolitan area of W a s h i n g t o n c a n e x p e c t within 20 y e a r s . These three cities, likewise, have extremely wide thoroughfares and numerous radial streets, just as W a s h i n g t o n does. Impetus to the expressway programs of these and other cities has been given by promulgation of the National Interstate H i g h w a y System comprising some 40,000 miles of principal highways. These highways are intended to tie t o g e t h e r all principal cities. They must reach the hearts of those cities since it is there t h a t most traffic has its origin or its destination. Plans for interstate highways for W a s h i n g t o n as r e c o m m e n d e d by the National Interregional H i g h w a y C o m m i t t e e include a route northeast to Baltimore, one northwest t o Pittsburgh, one southward t o Richmond and one w e s t w a r d connecting with highways to C h a r l e s t o n and Knoxville. A s these routes p e n e t r a t e the metropolitan area of W a s h i n g t o n they will properly serve more and more of the urban traffic and less proportionately of t h a t moving between cities. The plan for W a s h i n g t o n presented in this report takes a c c o u n t of the eventual construction of these interstate highways, and will permit c o m p l e t e integration of the c i t y ' s highway system with t h e m . Examples of e x p r e s s w a y - t y p e highways include Shirley Memorial H i g h w a y in Arlington C o u n t y , G r a n d C e n t r a l Parkway in N e w York, the O u t e r Drive in C h i c a g o and the A r r o y o S e c o Parkway in Los A n g e l e s . More than $ 6 0 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 has been spent in the N e w York region for expressways. A t l a n t a has plans for a $ 4 8 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 system, where the voters recently a p p r o v e d a $ 4 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 b o n d issue, $ 1 8 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 of which is earmarked for expressway rights-of-way and construction. C o n t r a c t drawings are being p r e p a r e d by consultants in behalf of the Massachusetts S t a t e H i g h w a y D e p a r t m e n t for the $3,500,000 East Boston Expressway, which is p a r t of a $ 5 0 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 p r o g r a m . Eventually this route will extend across the metropolitan a r e a , passing close t o the central business d i s t r i c t of Boston. C l e v e l a n d is 12 �MAP S H O W I N G L O C A T I O N O F W A S H I N G T O N IN RESPECT T O PROPOSED INTERSTATE H I G H W A Y SYSTEM 13 �INTERSTATE R O U T E S A N D OTHER MAJOR SERVING HIGHWAYS WASHINGTON �E X P R E S S W A Y S C A N BE A T T R A C T I V E A S W E L L A S E F F I C I E N T �EXPRESSWAYS FOR W a s h i n g t o n needs to plan now for traffic facilities to serve p r e d i c t a b l e volumes of traffic for a t least the next t w e n t y y e a r s . C a p a c i t y is only one of the f a c t o r s t o be c o n s i d e r e d , however. Expeditious m o v e m e n t and driving c o m f o r t must be designed into the facilities. Finally, and of g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e , they must be s a f e . The expressway is the only t y p e of traffic a r t e r y d e v e l o p e d to d a t e which retains its initial c a p a c i t y , which permits reasonably f a s t t r a v e l with easy driving, and which is also inherently s a f e . Increased mileage of highways of this t y p e is r e c o m m e n d e d as the most important step t o w a r d solution of W a s h i n g t o n ' s transportation problem. relatively undeveloped t e r r i t o r y to the District line. It should be c o n n e c t e d in M a r y l a n d to Riggs R o a d and to Q u e e n s C h a p e l R o a d , and possibly e x t e n d e d as an expressway through open t e r r i t o r y b e t w e e n those t w o to serve a rapidly growing a n d highly a t t r a c t i v e residential community. This highway would draw a large amount of t r a f f i c which now originates within the District and passes through the most highly c o n c e n t r a t e d p a r t of the business area in order to reach the F e d e r a l Triangle, the Southwest Mall a n d other destinations b e y o n d . This traffic would choose to take the easier and f a s t e r route along the M i d - C i t y Expressway and then distribute itself along the b r o a d east-west avenues south of the c o m m e r c i a l a r e a . Thus the shopping district would be relieved of a substantial volume of presently unwelcome through t r a f f i c . The W a s h i n g t o n area has several e x p r e s s w a y - t y p e highways and more are planned. The ultimate requirement is a balanced and properly i n t e g r a t e d system t o serve all parts of the region. The f o l d e d m a p in the p o c k e t a t the end of this report shows the entire system of expressways, as well as the supplementary network of major streets a n d other f e a tures of the proposed highway system. Expressways not heretofore named have been assigned t e n t a t i v e names for easy r e f e r e n c e . Mid-City WASHINGTON The expressway would o c c u p y the entire block b e tween Fifth and Sixth Streets N . W . for a portion of its distance, t h e r e b y eliminating a d e p r e c i a t e d area a n d a i d ing in the rehabilitation of a d j a c e n t residential sections. The d e v e l o p m e n t would consist of depressed r o a d w a y s with landscaped side slopes opening up a park-like d e v e l opment through a d i s t r i c t urgently in need of such an improvement. This highway would involve some tunnel work and other heavy construction, but most of the right-of-way would be relatively inexpensive. It is felt t h a t the i m p r o v e m e n t would be economically justified by the g r e a t volumes of traffic it would serve, as well as by the beneficial e f f e c t it would have on p r o p e r t y values in a d j a c e n t areas. Expressway Mid-City Expressway is r e c o m m e n d e d as a d e velopment not heretofore specifically proposed by any a g e n c y . It would extend from C a n a l S t r e e t in the vicinity of I n d e p e n d e n c e A v e n u e across the Mall, along Third Street as a depressed r o a d w a y , west of G r i f f i t h Stadium to serve t h a t major traffic generator, under the hill north of H o w a r d University, along the west e d g e of the Soldiers' H o m e property, in tunnel through a hill e a s t of Rock C r e e k C e m e t e r y and thence northeast through A strip map of the M i d - C i t y Expressway will be found a p p e n d e d to this report. 16 �V I E W S O F DEPRECIATED A R E A S O N R O U T E O F P R O P O S E D MID-CITY EXPRESSWAY �E X P R E S S W A Y S FOR K Street N.E. and W A S H I N G T O N (Continued) N.W. Plans for the K Street i m p r o v e m e n t presented in a report by J . E. G r e i n e r C o m p a n y in 1943 have been modified to the extent that the project should start a t Third S t r e e t N . W . in the vicinity of the M i d - C i t y Expressway. In this w a y a large p a r t of the t r a f f i c which might otherwise a t t e m p t to distribute itself from the central portion of K Street along the already overc r o w d e d north-south streets in the shopping area would be e n c o u r a g e d to turn south on the expressway and use Constitution or Independence A v e n u e s or the Mall Drives, as later proposed for improvement, as distributor streets. East of the M i d - C i t y Expressway the p r o j e c t should be c a r r i e d out as originally planned, to c o n n e c t via W e s t Virginia and N e w York A v e n u e s to the W a s h ington-Baltimore F r e e w a y , to the Annapolis F r e e w a y as proposed by the M a r y l a n d S t a t e Roads Commission, and via Florida A v e n u e to Benning and Bladensburg Roads. A relatively simple underpass, as shown by a sketch on page 35, t o g e t h e r with surface channelization, is d e e m e d sufficient to relieve the t r a f f i c situation a t Mount Vernon Square. K STREET N.W. L O O K I N G EAST FROM C O N N E C T I C U T AVENUE 18 �19 �E X P R E S S W A Y S FOR W A S H I N G T O N (Continued) Washington-Baltimore Freeway business and government d i s t r i c t via W e s t Virginia A v enue, and K S t r e e t N.E. and N . W . A l i g n m e n t of the W a s h i n g t o n - B a l t i m o r e F r e e w a y has been tentatively established both in M a r y l a n d and in the District. This expressway will cross the District line near the A n a c o s t i a River, then run parallel to and north of the Pennsylvania Railroad to a connection with SouthD a k o t a A v e n u e . The route will then swing t o the south over the railroad to a connection with N e w York A v e n u e , as proposed to be e x t e n d e d , and t h e n c e to the central TREATMENT O F It is the recommendation of the consultant t h a t this f r e e w a y ultimately be c a r r i e d along the A n a c o s t i a Valley from its initial connection with N e w York A v e n u e t o tie in with a pair of one-way depressed roadways lying principally in the extension of Independence A v e n u e (B S t r e e t N.E.) and the extension of C o n s t i t u t i o n A v e n u e (B S t r e e t S.E.) as d e s c r i b e d in the next section. F O U R T E E N T H STREET A C R O S S T H E MALL Fourteenth Street S.W. Ultimate Development 20 at Eastbound Express Drive �TYPICAL EXPRESSWAY C R O S S SECTIONS Mid-City Expressway Capitol Hill Expressway in Mall Section Capitol Hill Expressway East of Third Street N.E. & S.E. 21 �EXPRESSWAYS FOR W A S H I N G T O N Capitol Hill (Continued) Expressway The C a p i t o l Hill Expressway as proposed would extend as a pair of o n e - w a y drives, completely g r a d e s e p a r a t e d from cross t r a f f i c b e t w e e n t h e A n a c o s t i a River and Seventeenth S t r e e t . East of C a p i t o l Hill, t h e t w o r o a d w a y s would be fully depressed below existing ground level. They would form the north a n d south boundaries of t h e East C a p i t o l S t r e e t Development of f e d e r a l buildings as proposed by the National C a p i t a l Park & Planning C o m mission. In the first stage of construction, traffic in this section could be served a t g r a d e b y widening t h e streets proposed as the ultimate routes of the depressed r o a d ways. The t w o r o a d w a y s would be c a r r i e d through C a p i t o l Hill in tunnels t o e m e r g e in t h e Mall just e a s t o f Third S t r e e t N . W . They would p r o c e e d from t h a t point t o Fourteenth S t r e e t on the a p p r o x i m a t e alignment of the present Madison and J e f f e r s o n Drives. C r o s s streets such as Seventh, Fourteenth a n d others would be d e pressed or semi-depressed across the Mall t o s e p a r a t e grades a t the intersections with the express drives. A p p r o p r i a t e connections with existing streets a n d proposed improvements would b e p r o v i d e d as shown on the strip m a p a p p e n d e d t o this report. �PROPOSED C A P I T O L HILL E X P R E S S W A Y A L O N G THE M A L L 23 �EXPRESS W A Y S F O R Rock Creek Park WASHINGTON (Continued) o f - w a y is in public ownership and most bridges are built, the over-all c o s t of providing a r o a d w a y of the highest t y p e would be less than t h a t of a similar improvement in most other A m e r i c a n cities. The proposed alignment, with alternate locations in some sections, is shown on a strip map a p p e n d e d to this report. A t the northern e n d , the Rock C r e e k Park Drives would c o n n e c t with Northern Parkway as proposed by the M a r y l a n d National C a p i t a l Park & Planning C o m mission, and also via a new r o a d w a y proposed by the consultants to c o n n e c t with present U. S. Route 240, which has been d e s i g n a t e d as a p a r t of the interstate highway system. T r a f f i c on this highway would thus flow substantially without g r a d e crossing interference, not only to the central business district but also to a c o n nection a t H i g h w a y Bridge with U. S. Route I to the south. The principal function of this expressway, however, would be t o serve the large population both within the District of C o l u m b i a and in the M a r y l a n d communities to the north. Drives The present Rock C r e e k Park Drives closely approximate the functions which would be p r o v i d e d by the proposed region-wide system of expressways. These drives should be e x t e n d e d northward to the District line in combination with existing and proposed c i t y streets, however, and the drives in the lower section i m p r o v e d to a c c o m m o d a t e the additional traffic that would be thus a t t r a c t e d . In the opinion of the consultants this could be done without seriously d e t r a c t i n g from the natural beauty of Rock C r e e k Park. Enjoyment of t h a t b e a u t y by the additional hundreds of thousands of motorists who would be thus a c c o m m o d a t e d each y e a r would more than c o m p e n s a t e for any small loss in landscaped a r e a . A n alignment for the extension of the Rock C r e e k Park Drives has been p r e p a r e d by the Forest H i g h w a y District of the Public Roads A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . The c o n sultants have i n s p e c t e d this alignment and find it entirely feasible. It involves tunnels beneath the National Z o o logical Park and other promontories, but since the right- 24 �K STREET ELEVATED R O A D W A Y S N O W UNDER C O N S T R U C T I O N S H O W I N G EXISTING R O C K C R E E K PARK DRIVES �E X P R E S S W A Y S FOR K Street Elevated W A S H I N G T O N (Continued) Highway This route will serve Virginia traffic using C h a i n Bridge. Together with M a c A r t h u r Boulevard, it will serve an even g r e a t e r volume of traffic originating in that q u a d rant of the c i t y lying west of Wisconsin A v e n u e . The immediate e f f e c t will be to relieve M S t r e e t N . W . in G e o r g e t o w n of a g r e a t deal of through traffic now imposed on a busy retail street. This important improvement has been a p p r o v e d , and underground and other preliminary work is under construction. The highway will start as a g r a d e separation with W a s h i n g t o n C i r c l e . East of this point K S t r e e t will be widened and d i v i d e d into three r o a d w a y s similar to the t r e a t m e n t a l r e a d y used between Twelfth Street N . W . and C o n n e c t i c u t A v e n u e . W e s t of W a s h i n g t o n C i r c l e , K Street will remain depressed until it reaches T w e n t y - S e v e n t h Street N . W . a f t e r which it will be carried on a four-lane e l e v a t e d structure to a connection with C a n a l R o a d . A n interchange will be p r o v i d e d a t Francis S c o t t K e y Bridge to enable traffic from Virginia to reach the e l e v a t e d r o a d w a y . Although the Northwest F r e e w a y proposed by the M a r y l a n d National C a p i t o l Park and Planning C o m m i s sion has not y e t been definitely l o c a t e d , the C a n a l R o a d Expressway via M a c A r t h u r Boulevard would be available for connections to a c c o m m o d a t e a portion of its t r a f f i c as well as that from U. S. Route 240 if it is finally d e t e r mined to extend the Northwest F r e e w a y to the District line in the vicinity of the north bank of the P o t o m a c River. It is important that improvements be made a t the Rosslyn end of K e y Bridge in order to e n c o u r a g e use by motorists naturally tributary to the K S t r e e t e l e v a t e d route. Canal Arizona Avenue Freeway A natural route for an expressway exists in the valley extending northward from C a n a l R o a d west of G e o r g e town University. The Arizona A v e n u e F r e e w a y , proposed by the D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s , would o c c u p y this valley, making limitation of access easy. Several bridges already c a r r y cross streets over the proposed r o a d w a y . This i m p r o v e m e n t would materially increase the use made of the K S t r e e t e l e v a t e d highway. Road The D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s of the District is prep a r e d to p r o c e e d a t an early d a t e with the reconstruction of C a n a l R o a d as a four-lane d i v i d e d highway from the end of the K S t r e e t e l e v a t e d improvement to Foxhall R o a d which is now a four-lane highway to Reservoir R o a d . C a n a l R o a d will function well as an expressway because access to it is permanently limited by the canal along one side and the bluff along the other. A c c e s s facilities should be p r o v i d e d on this route a t Wisconsin, Massachusetts and New M e x i c o A v e n u e s . 26 �P R O J E C T E D I N T E R C H A N G E AT K STREET ELEVATED A N D F R A N C I S S C O T T KEY BRIDGE �E X P R E S S W A Y S FOR Whitehaven W A S H I N G T O N (Continued) Estimates Parkway Traffic The travel r e c o r d survey m a d e in 1940-41, adjusted in keeping with the findings of subsequent surveys, was used as the basis for estimates of traffic on each of the proposed expressway routes. T r i b u t a r y areas for each route were d e t e r m i n e d . For each area the number of automobile drivers among p r i v a t e and g o v e r n m e n t e m ployees was e x p a n d e d by a f a c t o r d e r i v e d from cordon count statistics. Modifications were made for the d e g r e e of c o n v e n i e n c e and time saving t h a t might be realized in each sub-zone, and the total volume was then exp a n d e d in a c c o r d a n c e with a n t i c i p a t e d growth in p o p u lation and in vehicle registration b e t w e e n I 940 and I 965. The f a c t o r used for zones west of the A n a c o s t i a within the District of C o l u m b i a was 1.5. The f a c t o r of 1.5 was also used for some sections in Virginia north of Lee H i g h w a y . A f a c t o r of 2.6 was used for all other zones of origin. Inter-city t r a f f i c volumes were a d d e d on the routes that would be used by such t r a f f i c . The number of traffic arteries available to the residents of a large sector of the c i t y lying west of W i s c o n sin A v e n u e has been limited by rugged t o p o g r a p h y as well as by large t r a c t s of land used for parks, schools, cemeteries, and other similar purposes. The K S t r e e t e l e v a t e d highway a n d p r o j e c t e d improvements t o C a n a l R o a d will partially m e e t the needs of this a r e a . The c o n sultants believe, however, t h a t W h i t e h a v e n Parkway, as proposed by the National C a p i t a l Park & Planning C o m mission, should be included in the expressway system to meet p r e d i c t a b l e requirements for a d d e d traffic c a pacity. Anacostia-Kenilworth of Freeway A n expressway should be built along the east side of the A n a c o s t i a River from South C a p i t o l Street to the northeast District line upon completion of the proposed bridge a t A l e x a n d r i a , as later discussed. A t e n t a t i v e alignment for such an expressway, p r e p a r e d by the N a tional C a p i t a l Park & Planning Commission, starts a t South C a p i t o l Street and Firth Sterling A v e n u e s . The highway would be north of and parallel to the Baltimore & O h i o Railroad tracks as far as Massachusetts A v e n u e , and then continue along the Pennsylvania Railroad tracks. Beyond Benning R o a d the expressway would o c c u p y a widened right-of-way of Kenilworth A v e n u e to the District line. C o n n e c t i o n s could readily be p r o v i d e d in M a r y l a n d with the proposed Annapolis and W a s h i n g t o n Baltimore F r e e w a y s . A n estimate has also been m a d e of the rush hour volume of traffic on each route, both on the adjusted 1940-41 base and as e x p a n d e d to a n t i c i p a t e d 1965 levels. This gives a basis for estimating the total number of lanes needed and the traffic that each lane would have to c a r r y . It can be seen from Table No. 2 that most of the routes will be used to or b e y o n d their c a p a c i t y by 1965, unless a substantial number of people are c a r r i e d on express buses. It a p p e a r s , therefore, t h a t the proposed system is extremely c o n s e r v a t i v e and that improvements as proposed by the D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s will have to continue to be made on existing surface streets so t h a t they will serve local traffic with the g r e a t est possible efficiency. This route would provide for all by-passable traffic on U. S. I. G r a d e s could be kept low, making the highway especially a t t r a c t i v e to trucks. This expressway would also furnish excellent crosstown connections b e tween the various residential areas within the District and east of the A n a c o s t i a River. A traffic flow m a p showing a n t i c i p a t e d volumes of traffic on each of the expressways in 1965 will be found on the opposite p a g e . 28 �29 �TABLE 2 ESTIMATED O N E - W A Y T R A F F I C O N PROPOSED SYSTEM O F FOR A V E R A G E W E E K D A Y O N VOLUMES EXPRESSWAYS 1940-41 BASIS A N D IN 1965 lumber of Vehicle ; in Each Directi on 1965 Route Number of Lanes 1940-41 Basis 24-Hour Maxim urn Hour (See Note) 24-Hourf Total Per Lane Mid-City 1,600 82,000 6,500 8 46,000 3,400 1,700 4 27,000 52,000 K Street N.E. and N.W. 1,400 6 22,000 55,000 4,300 Washington-Baltimore 1,700 78,000 5,100 6 35,000 Capitol Hill* 6 *"** 52,000 1 11,000 6,800 1,700 Rock Creek** 1,700 4 31,000 66,000 3,400 K Street Elevated 1,300 4 2,500 16,000 31,000 Canal Road 3,400 1,700 4 23,000 48,000 Arizona Avenue 3,200 1,600 4 21,000 41,000 Whitehaven *—Commercial vehicles excluded. **—Commercial vehicles excluded west of Third Street N.W. and S.W. ***—Roadways so arranged in section of' maximum traffic that four lanes can be used in one direction during peak hours. f—With same proportionate use of public and private transportation in each zone that existed during 1940-41 Travel Record Survey. Note: Use of express buses on the expressways will have to be developed to the maximum extent practical in order to keep the volume of vehicular traffic within reasonable limits, especially during peak hours. Even so, the proposed traffic per lane during peak hours will have to exceed generally accepted design standards, which allow for volumes above average several times each year. This means that on days of abnormally heavy traffic, a portion of the drivers who would prefer to use the expressway will find it necessary to use the arterial streets. Such a policy is sound in a city having a good network of arterial streets, which is the case in Washington. 30 �P R O J E C T E D D U A L UNDERPASSES AT DUPONT C I R C L E L O O K I N G N O R T H W E S T IN C O N N E C T I C U T A V E N U E 3! �M A J O R STREET S Y S T E M In planning t r a f f i c facilities for a major c i t y , one must consider the various c a t e g o r i e s of highway use. The most important basis for classification, however, is the function each route is to serve rather than the t y p e of vehicle to be a c c o m m o d a t e d . It is i m p r a c t i c a l , e x c e p t in special cases, t o build s e p a r a t e systems for the exclusive use of either c o m m e r c i a l vehicles, transit vehicles or p r i v a t e automobiles. It is p r a c t i c a l , however, to provide facilities intended primarily t o serve such different groups as through t r a f f i c , local trips, terminating traffic or by-passable vehicles. H i g h w a y s are also built f r e quently as purely scenic or recreational drives. Arterial Streets Functional use has been the basic consideration in laying out the major street system. W h i l e the expressways will serve primarily the vehicles making relatively long trips, the arterial streets will have several important uses. For the purposes of this report arterial streets may be functionally d e f i n e d as major thoroughfares which a c c o m m o d a t e the principal t r a f f i c streams b e tween the several c o m m e r c i a l , f e d e r a l and residential districts of the c i t y . To a large extent they will supplement the expressways r e c o m m e n d e d herein. W a s h i n g t o n is different from most cities in t h a t the need for circumferential routes was supplied in the original layout of the street p a t t e r n . In many cities a trip from one q u a d r a n t t o another c a n be m a d e only by following an angular route with the central business dist r i c t lying at the angle. C i r c u m f e r e n t i a l routes are sometimes built to permit such trips to pass around, rather than through, the business district. In W a s h i n g t o n , trips of this kind c a n be m a d e still more conveniently on the existing diagonal A v e n u e s , such as Massachusetts, Florida, Rhode Island a n d N e w H a m p s h i r e A v e n u e s , which run approximately a t right angles to the radial arteries. A t a g r e a t e r distance from the central business district, N e b r a s k a , Missouri and South Dakota A v e n u e s serve a similar function with the further a d v a n t a g e of a connection across Rock C r e e k via Military R o a d . Milit a r y R o a d is scheduled for early d e v e l o p m e n t as a p a r t of Fort Drive b e t w e e n Thirteenth a n d T w e n t y - S e v e n t h Streets N . W . The d e v e l o p m e n t includes a d i v i d e d highw a y with a bridge across Rock C r e e k with suitable connections t o the park road system a n d an underpass at Sixteenth S t r e e t N.W., including connections to t h a t thoroughfare. W h e n this p r o j e c t is c o m p l e t e d in its entirety a circumferential route will be available e x t e n d ing from C a n a l R o a d to the eastern p a r t of the District to connect with both Bladensburg R o a d a n d N e w York Avenue extended. Even traffic moving in close proximity to the central business d i s t r i c t finds convenient circumferential f a c i l i ties in Independence A v e n u e , T w e n t y - T h i r d Street, K S t r e e t N . W . a n d Third S t r e e t . C r o s s t o w n thoroughfares are being constantly imp r o v e d by the D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s , an instance being the current construction of a new bridge across Rock C r e e k on Klingle R o a d , c o n n e c t i n g Porter S t r e e t and Park R o a d . N e e d for one-way streets as r e c o m m e n d e d in the �33 �M A J O R STREET SYSTEM (Continued) locations with g r e a t success. Massachusetts A v e n u e was c a r r i e d under Thomas C i r c l e in 1940, followed by similar improvements a t S c o t t C i r c l e , Fourteenth S t r e e t a t Maine A v e n u e , a n d T w e n t y - T h i r d S t r e e t a t Virginia Avenue. K S t r e e t N . W . will be c a r r i e d under W a s h i n g t o n C i r c l e as a p a r t of t h e p r o j e c t now under construction. Plans are currently being p r e p a r e d b y the D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s for a dual underpass a t Dupont C i r c l e t o take street cars and vehicular traffic on C o n n e c t i c u t A v e n u e beneath t h e C i r c l e in s e p a r a t e tubes. Plans a r e also being p r e p a r e d f o r g r a d e separation structures a t Fifteenth S t r e e t a n d Benning R o a d N.E., a t Florida a n d New York A v e n u e N.E., a t S e v e n t h , Ninth and C Streets, S . W . , and other locations. The consultants have considered the advisability of recommending a m i d - c i t y belt highway f o r crosstown t r a f f i c located b e t w e e n the inner belt a n d the outer circumferential route. This study d e v e l o p e d the f a c t that various crosstown routes north and south of Florida A v e n u e , while p r o b a b l y i n a d e q u a t e for future t r a f f i c , are a t present available. It is believed that in t h e not too distant future, a d e t a i l e d study to locate an a d e quate crosstown route, p r e f e r a b l y a short distance north of Florida A v e n u e , should be undertaken by the H i g h way Department. There exists a t the present time south of Florida A v e n u e , a pair of o n e - w a y streets t h a t largely meets present d a y requirements. It may be necessary in t h e future t o bring these thoroughfares t o a higher s t a n d a r d of design t o serve as a crosstown route or inner belt south of Florida A v e n u e . N e e d f o r o n e - w a y streets as r e c o m m e n d e d in t h e 1944 report o f the consultants is again emphasized. Such streets will serve in helping to distribute t r a f f i c into the central zone with a minimum of conflicts caused by left-turning vehicles. A t t e n t i o n is d i r e c t e d t o the need for such a pair on each side of K S t r e e t in the central portion o f t h a t d e v e l o p m e n t . It is r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t the needs of sections of the city not d i r e c t l y served by expressways be m e t b y further improvements of presently a d e q u a t e arterial streets. Grade A simple underpass a t Pennsylvania and Constitution A v e n u e s would eliminate all important conflicts remaining a t this location a f t e r nearby r o a d w a y s have been r e a r r a n g e d as shown on the strip m a p of t h e Soldiers' H o m e Expressway. Similarly, an underpass a t Mount Vernon Square, t o g e t h e r with surface channelization, should restore all the needed c a p a c i t y on the many streets converging a t this location t o permit them t o handle all traffic t h a t c a n pass through other controlling points along these same streets. N e e d f o r other g r a d e separations may e m e r g e in t h e evolution of t h e W a s h i n g t o n traffic p a t t e r n , but it is thought t h a t their construction will be postponed b e cause of the large volumes of traffic t h a t will be transf e r r e d from the arterial streets t o the expressways. Separations In W a s h i n g t o n as in no other city, c o m p l i c a t e d intersections squeeze c a p a c i t y out o f the street system. A t such locations, properly designed underpasses a d d lanes for the uninterrupted m o v e m e n t of one or more traffic streams, t h e r e b y eliminating conflicts a n d restoring street c a p a c i t y . This e x p e d i e n t has been used in W a s h i n g t o n a t four Channelization Channelization confines vehicles to definite paths, t h e r e b y reducing disorders which would otherwise arise from conflicting movements. The t r e a t m e n t a c c o r d e d 34 ��PLAN VIEW O F PROPOSED DUPONT C I R C L E UNDERPASSES 36 �G R A D E SEPARATIONS INCREASE C A P A C I T Y O F C O M P L I C A T E D I N T E R S E C T I O N S BY R E D U C I N G C O N F L I C T S �M A J O R STREET SYSTEM (Continued) c o m p l i c a t e d intersections usually provides also for the protection of pedestrians through insertion of islands b e t w e e n confusing vehicular flows. This technique has been widely used in W a s h i n g t o n to solve v e r y simple problems as well as those of the first magnitude. A large number of such projects have been c o n s t r u c t e d and plans for others are now being p r e p a r e d by the D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s . These designs have been inspected by the consultants and found t o be skillfully handled and a p p r o p r i a t e for the intended f u n c tion. Some of the more interesting t r e a t m e n t s are illust r a t e d herewith. A further t y p e of channelization which should be widely used in W a s h i n g t o n is the construction of dividing islands along the c e n t e r lines of streets over 60 f e e t in width. Such islands have been built in I n d e p e n d e n c e A v e n u e b e t w e e n Seventh a n d Twelfth Streets S . W . , in Massachusetts A v e n u e around O b s e r v a t o r y C i r c l e , and in other locations. These islands should be a minimum of four f e e t in width and should be six f e e t wide where possible. Such axial islands c a n n o t be used, of course, on street c a r streets. Traffic Signal System Plans are being p r e p a r e d by the D e p a r t m e n t of V e hicles & Traffic for the complete modernization of the entire traffic signal system. The proposed equipment would permit centralized control of all installations within the downtown a r e a , and a p p r o p r i a t e daily adjustments could be made through program timers a n d other means' at outlying locations, to fit signal operations closely to traffic needs. This program should be e x p e d i t e d in every way practicable. Segregation of Traffic In addition to the a f o r e m e n t i o n e d widely used t e c h niques, there have been numerous proposals for the application of "horizontal s e g r e g a t i o n . " The use of this phrase a p p e a r s to have wide implications with various interpretations d e p e n d e n t upon the viewpoint of the proponents. Some agencies have proposed horizontal segregation in the form of eliminating free-wheel traffic from certain heavily t r a v e l e d street c a r routes. O t h e r groups have suggested the creation of through streets by permitting cross traffic only a t one-quarter or onehalf mile intervals. Still other a g e n c i e s have proposed the elimination of through traffic from the c o n g e s t e d central area by rerouting such t r a f f i c t o by-pass routes. Motorists can be e n t i c e d to use by-passes only if they are markedly superior to the streets through the c o n g e s t e d areas. It is p r e d i c t e d t h a t the expressways proposed herein will p r o v e sufficiently a t t r a c t i v e to hold through traffic on them, even a t the cost to some motorists of considerable a d v e r s e d i s t a n c e , since net time savings will result in most instances. The balance of these proposals may be found useful in isolated instances but none of them hold promise as over-all solutions f o r the major transportation problems confronting the c i t y . VIEW L O O K I N G EAST ON INDEPENDENCE AVENUE FROM TWELFTH STREET S.W. S H O W I N G CHANNELIZATION 38 �39 �M A J O R STREET SYSTEM (Concluded) Some o f the boulevards a lr ea dy c o n s t r u c t e d , in a d d i tion t o their scenic and pleasure a s p e c t s , a r e important arteries o f t r a f f i c . These include: Rock C r e e k Parkway, especially the section south of Massachusetts A v e n u e ; Mount Vernon Boulevard from A l e x a n d r i a north; Suitland Parkway (partially c o m p l e t e ) . O f the incompleted or p r o j e c t e d boulevards, there are also some which have or will have a definite utilitarian function in handling W a s h i n g t o n ' s traffic. They have been i n c o r p o r a t e d in this report as part of the over-all plan. They include: W h i t e h a v e n Parkway Military R o a d Section of Fort Drive Kenilworth-Anacostia Freeway Fort Drive C o n n e c t i o n t o W a s h i n g t o n Baltimore Parkway There remain certain proposed boulevards or parkways which would fall almost wholly into the c a t e g o r y of scenic or recreational drives, and would have little or no bearing on W a s h i n g t o n ' s traffic problems. The consultants' assignment was to review plans for essential t r a n s p o r t a tion facilities, a n d only those parkways have been included which careful study showed would serve primarily a utilitarian purpose. Omission o f the others from this report is not to be taken as indicating disapproval of them, but merely as indicating that they a p p e a r to have no bearing on t h e problem a t hand. W a s h i n g t o n c a n justify g r e a t e r expenditures f o r recreational drives than most cities because of the numerous historical features a n d other tourist a t t r a c attractions of the a r e a . Such drives m a y properly be built, to b e a u t i f y the c i t y and t o provide easy access to points o f interest, to the d e g r e e that they can be a f f o r d e d . Needless to say, they should not have priority over f r e e w a y s or other highways which serve an important t r a f f i c requirement. Expressways apply the principle of v e r t i c a l segregation over e x t e n d e d distances. Isolated g r a d e separations use the same technique a t other critical points. C h a n n e l i z a tion, traffic signals and segregation of t y p e s insofar as p r a c t i c a b l e are other methods to be used as a p p r o p r i a t e to eke out all the c a p a c i t y , safety and driving c o m f o r t which the arterial street system is c a p a b l e o f p r o d u c i n g . Truck Routes C o m m e r c i a l vehicles should be p e r m i t t e d t o use all of the expressways outlined herein for the District o f C o l u m b i a e x c e p t the Rock C r e e k Park Drives and the C a p i t o l Hill Drives west o f Third S t r e e t N . W . and S . W . Modern trucks o p e r a t e a t passenger c a r speeds on any highway with as low grades and as long-radius curves as these expressways would have. A substantial p a r t o f the e c o n o m i c justification for expressways lies in their use by c o m m e r c i a l vehicles. Scenic Boulevards A vital element in the d e v e l o p m e n t of W a s h i n g t o n ' s park system has been the creation o f scenic boulevards, both within the c i t y and in a d j a c e n t sections of M a r y land a n d Virginia. Disregarding the minor network o f park drives, the most important of such boulevards already c o m p l e t e d a r e : Mount Vernon Memorial H i g h w a y Suitland Parkway (Partially C o m p l e t e d ) Rock C r e e k a n d Potomac Parkway Rock C r e e k Park Drives A n a c o s t i a Park Drives (In Part) East and W e s t P o t o m a c Park Drives In addition, the following enter into the future plans of the National C a p i t a l Park & Planning Commission, but either remain incomplete or have not been s t a r t e d : Fort Drive G e o r g e W a s h i n g t o n Memorial Parkway A n a c o s t i a Park Drives 40 �DISTRICT O F C O L U M B I A A P P R O A C H E S T O THE P R O J E C T E D F O U R T E E N T H STREET TWIN BRIDGES OVER THE P O T O M A C RIVER �BRIDGES Bridges have an unusual influence in W a s h i n g t o n not only on the daily m o v e m e n t of traffic but also on the shape of the urban a r e a , a n d the direction which new developments t a k e . The D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s has a planned program for additional bridges spanning both the Potomac a n d the A n a c o s t i a Rivers t o handle all p r e d i c t a b l e volumes of traffic and permit normal growth of new residential developments. This program has been carefully checked on the basis of traffic d a t a and the over-all plan. It has been found to be sound and a d e q u a t e . The proposed twin bridges t o replace H i g h w a y Bridge wili provide eight traffic lanes b e t w e e n the central business and g o v e r n m e n t district of W a s h i n g t o n and rapidly growing Arlington C o u n t y . The Virginia ends of these bridges will connect with a system of limited access roads of the expressway t y p e serving the a d j a c e n t suburban territory. The District ends of the bridges will connect with the P o t o m a c Park road system, a n d with Fourteenth Street, which should be semi-depressed across the Mall a n d p r o v i d e d with connections t o t h e proposed C a p i t o l Hill Expressway. A bridge t o c o n n e c t South C a p i t o l S t r e e t across t h e A n a c o s t i a River is now under construction. A r o a d w a y from the south end of the bridge will lead t o A l e x a n d r i a via a future bridge, a n d will p r o v i d e a connection t o Suitland Parkway a n d t o M a r y l a n d ' s Southern F r e e w a y (Indian H e a d R o a d ) . A bridge across the P o t o m a c a t A l e x a n d r i a will be a logical d e v e l o p m e n t in due c o u r s e ' o f time t o c a r r y by-passable traffic around W a s h i n g t o n a n d t o serve local movements betwen t h e t w o sides of t h e river. A bridge will be needed in the not-too-distant future across the A n a c o s t i a River on approximately the line o f Massachusetts A v e n u e t o encourage the further d e v e l o p ment of a t t r a c t i v e residential areas e a s t of t h e river both within t h e District lines a n d b e y o n d . This bridge will c o n n e c t with the A n a c o s t i a - K e n i l w o r t h F r e e w a y , previously d e s c r i b e d . 42 �D E L I N E A T I O N O F THE S O U T H C A P I T O L STREET BRIDGE 43 N O W UNDER C O N S T R U C T I O N �TRANSIT Street W h i l e transit riding habit is a b o v e the p r e - w a r normal a t present, it may be hoped that this level will be maintained by improvements in service and equipment. It a p p e a r s , then, t h a t the street c a r system has r e a c h e d a somewhat stabilized position and t h a t future plans c a n be m a d e with c o n f i d e n c e on t h a t basis. S t r e e t c a r patrons, because of sheer weight of numbers, d e ser ve the many a d v a n t a g e s they would enjoy through operation of cars on lower-level streets in the central business district. N o t only could service be faster and more d e p e n d a b l e , but passengers could also be served by all-weather stations affording d i r e c t c o n n e c tions, in many instances, t o stores a n d office buildings. Cars S t r e e t cars a r e the b a c k b o n e of the C a p i t a l Transit C o m p a n y ' s system. In 1945 rail lines c a r r i e d 63 per c e n t of the c o m p a n y ' s total passengers. Most of the present rail lines should be r e t a i n e d , moreover, because of the street c a r ' s e c o n o m y of operation on h e a v y t r a f f i c routes as well as for its e f f i c i e n c y in use of street s p a c e . O u t s i d e of the central business district, the street cars are not a serious f a c t o r in traffic congestion e x c e p t in isolated instances. The s a f e t y islands p r o v i d e d for patrons, in f a c t , furnish mid-stream havens for all p e d e s trians crossing wide, busy streets. C o n t r a r y to popular belief, the curb-loading c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of buses does not alter the total width of street crossed by the daily transit rider. Future extensions of present street c a r lines a r e unlikely, with possibly a f e w exceptions. The population tributary to street c a r routes will increase but slightly since the area now s e r v e d is rather fully d e v e l o p e d . A n y substantial increase in number of c a r riders will o c c u r in one or both of t w o w a y s . O n e f a c t o r will be the growth in p a t r o n a g e on the existing and potential f e e d e r bus routes b e y o n d the ends of existing rail lines. The other will be the operation of more express bus service, leaving the on-and-off riding a n d the short-haul riding within the inner zone to the street cars which a r e suited for these functions by virtue of wide doors and fast acceleration. 44 �45 �TRANSIT (Continued) Even b r o a d e r benefits would a c c r u e , moreover, from lower-level operation of street cars. There is a l r e a d y too much traffic in the central business district. There will inevitably be more, despite the e f f e c t of expressways in allowing some drivers t o by-pass the a r e a . T o o many conflicts occur b e t w e e n pedestrians, automobiles, trucks, buses and street cars. Removal of any one class of traffic from the street surface would immediately f a c i l i t a t e the movement of all others. A moment's thought leads t o the inescapable c o n clusion that transit vehicles a r e the only t y p e t h a t can be s e g r e g a t e d successfully from general t r a f f i c . The only feasible method of segregation, furthermore, is v e r t i c a l segregation because the interferences arise from cross-conflicts rather than from internal f r i c t i o n . This is the fundamental principle underlying the various proposals t h a t have been m a d e f o r lower-level streets for street c a r operation in the central business d i s t r i c t of W a s h i n g t o n . The different plans v a r y only in d e t a i l . In 1944, the consulting engineering firms e n g a g e d t o p r e p a r e the current report d e v e l o p e d a plan f o r a system of subways so designed t h a t they could be c o n v e r t e d a t a later d a t e to rapid transit o p e r a t i o n . In order t o make feasible this possible future use, stations w e r e widely s p a c e d , grades of all underground crossings were s e p a r a t e d , a n d the number of potential routings w a s r e d u c e d drastically below the number of special rush hour services now p r o v i d e d for the various employment areas. O b j e c t i o n s to this proposal were chiefly t h a t distances between stations were too g r e a t , the system d i d not provide f o r sufficient flexibility of routing, requiring instead t h a t passengers would have t o transfer b e t w e e n trunk routes in many instances, and t h a t the mezzanine stations proposed would involve excessive v e r t i c a l distances f o r patrons. O f f i c i a l agencies have c o n c l u d e d , however, t h a t there is little likelihood t h a t W a s h i n g t o n will e v e r need a rail rapid transit system. Preliminary work was done by the D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s , therefore, on an alternate plan designed to o v e r c o m e objections to the consultants' plan. The basis of the D e p a r t m e n t ' s plan was t h a t each existing c a r track in the central business district would be p l a c e d underground progressively in present, or equivalent, locations. This would provide t h e same possibilities for routing as on the present surface system. W h i l e recognizing the merits of this proposal, t h e consultants consider the plan too extensive in view of t h e partial relief which will be a c c o r d e d t r a f f i c in the central business district upon construction of the r e c o m m e n d e d system of expressways. The consultants have p r e p a r e d a modification of this plan which retains a fair portion of existing surface t r a c k a g e , but provides short sections of lower-level streets f o r street c a r operation to relieve the worst o f service must be of superior quality, however, if a suffithe existing traffic problem in the central a r e a . This system would be less extensive than that proposed in 1944 so that it would be possible to provide connections with most of the remaining surface tracks. The result �ARTIST'S D R A W I N G O F BARNEY C I R C L E S H O W I N G P O R T A L O F PROPOSED U N D E R G R O U N D STREET C A R L O O P A N D C O V E R E D STAIRS AT BUS STOPS 47 �TRANSIT (Continued) ifications in surface tracks, would be approximately $ 3 5 , 000,000. This estimate is b a s e d on 1944 costs because of the present instability in construction costs. It does not include the cost of moving existing utilities. The D e p a r t m e n t of H i g h w a y s has suggested t h a t the G e o r g i a A v e n u e street c a r line be c o n n e c t e d with Eleventh S t r e e t N . W . by means of single-way tracks in Kenyon and Lamont Streets. This would partially relieve the heavily used tracks in G e o r g i a A v e n u e and Seventh S t r e e t N . W . and increase the service on Eleventh S t r e e t N.W. It has been similarly suggested t h a t the Rhode Island A v e n u e line be re-routed, partly in tunnel, t o a c o n nection with North C a p i t o l Street a t Rhode Island A v enue. This would straighten the present devious street car route through Eckington, thereby improving the service. These proposals have been examined by t h e consultants and found t o merit further consideration. would b e almost as much f r e e d o m in routing as now exists. In addition, a route on the line of E Street N . W . would provide an opportunity f o r d i r e c t routings to the P o t o m a c Park area as well as a by-pass around the congestion in the vicinity of Fifteenth S t r e e t and N e w York A v e n u e . Extensions o f this system could be made a t the proper time t o serve p r o j e c t e d new f e d e r a l buildings in the Potomac Park group, t h e proposed East C a p i t o l Street d e v e l o p m e n t , and t h e proposed stadium and sports c e n t e r . O t h e r short sections could also be a d d e d from time t o time if necessary to solve localized problems. Stations would alhbe o f the side platform t y p e , e x c e p t at Union Station, reducing climb for patrons to a minimum . Tracks in Seventh and Fourteenth Streets across the Mall would b e full-depressed in open c u t in c o n n e c tion with construction of the C a p i t o l Hill Expressway so that entrances t o stations could b e p r o v i d e d beneath the semi-depressed north-south r o a d w a y s . The proposed system o f lower-level streets, which should b e c o n s t r u c t e d a t the earliest possible moment, would have t o be considerably more extensive were it not f o r the t r a f f i c relief to be a c c o m p l i s h e d by the expressways as soon as they can b e f i n a n c e d and built. The t w o systems are c o m p l e m e n t a r y , furthermore, in that the proposed express bus service on the expressways justifies the assumption t h a t the lower-level streets will never be used by rapid transit trains. Together, the two systems form a balanced program t o accomplish the g r e a t e s t g o o d in the most e c o n o m i c a l manner. Special underpasses for street cars would be p r o v i d e d as p a r t of this system in the vicinity of Seventh S t r e e t and I n d e p e n d e n c e A v e n u e S . W . , in H S t r e e t a t Thirteenth S t r e e t N . W . , and beneath the Union Station Plaza with a mezzanine station as proposed in 1944. The total cost of the mile system shown herewith, excluding the DuPont C i r c l e p r o j e c t which has been p r o g r a m m e d and f i n a n c e d , but including necessary m o d - 48 �49 �TRANSIT (Continued) in areas t h a t would not support it a t present. The service must b e of superior quality, however, if a sufficiently large proportion o f the population is t o be ind u c e d t o use it. Buses a r e the logical vehicles to serve the outlying zones. Motor buses will continue t o b e used on most routes because o f the c h a r a c t e r o f the service t o be r e n d e r e d . Trolley buses should b e c o n s i d e r e d , however, in the more heavily populated a r e a on routes t h a t will terminate a t rail heads. Restrictions on the use o f overhead wires in the central portion o f the c i t y precludes the use o f these vehicles on through routes t o the d o w n town a r e a . Trolley buses would b e especially suited, however, f o r the hilly terrain found in many parts o f the suburban region. Buses The proposed expressways will be o v e r l o a d e d within a f e w years unless a substantial proportion o f the daily commuters from the outer regions can be induced t o use public transit. Likewise, the arterial streets and t h e streets in the central business district lack t h e c a p a c i t y to absorb the portion o f the traffic t h a t will fall t o their lot if the present marked p r e f e r e n c e of suburbanites f o r p r i v a t e transportation prevails to the same d e g r e e in the future. People cannot be f o r c e d t o use public transit in order to postpone the d a y o f reckoning f o r t h e c i t y ' s street system. In f a c t , if buses and street cars move a t slower and slower speeds as traffic volumes increase, more and more people will a b a n d o n transit service f o r their own automobiles in order to keep total t r i p time within reasonable limits. T h e only w a y to g e t p r e p o n d e r a n t numbers of people to use public transit facilities is t o make t h e service outstanding in time savings, c o m f o r t and c o n venience. S t r e e t cars will continue to serve the inner zones in which a majority of residents alre ad y use such facilities. This ratio should be maintained or increased in f a v o r of public transportation if possible. Lower-level operation of street cars in the central business d i s t r i c t is d e e m e d the most important f a c t o r t o further this o b j e c t i v e . The most serious problem lies in t h e travel habits o f those coming from g r e a t e r distances. A t the present time as high a ratio as 4 t o I use automobiles rather than public transit from outer zones contributing substantial numbers o f daily commuters. These a r e the areas t h a t a r e going to double and treble in population in the next f e w years. The g r e a t e r density o f population will make public transportation feasible, of course, PROPOSED BUS TURN-OUT FOR TYPICAL INTERSECTION A L O N G " N O PARKING" STREET 50 �51 �TRANSIT (Continued) O n e of the many w a y s in which motor buses are now being used in the metropolitan a r e a is on f e e d e r routes to the ends of rail lines. This is a sound p r a c t i c e which should be continued. Facilities for transfer between buses and cars could be made considerably more c o n venient in some instances, however. W h e r e heavy interchange takes place, extensive a c c o m m o d a t i o n s a r e justif i e d . Barney C i r c l e is t y p i c a l of the places where buses c o n v e r g e from several directions to transfer their passengers to a trunk c a r line serving the business district and other areas of c o n c e n t r a t e d e m p l o y m e n t . The terminal shown herewith is being planned by the D e p a r t ment of H i g h w a y s not only t o f a c i l i t a t e the transfer of passengers, but also to relieve problems of t r a f f i c c o n gestion and a c c i d e n t hazard in the v i c i n i t y . A n o t h e r terminal to serve this function is n e e d e d on the Benning line a t some point east of Fifteenth S t r e e t N.E. O t h e r terminals of this t y p e should be d e v e l o p e d as the need arises. Express bus service is now o p e r a t e d to the central business and g o v e r n m e n t district f r o m many suburban communities a n d from several outlying points within the District lines. This service is furnished not only by the C a p i t a l Transit C o m p a n y but also by several suburban bus companies. The w o r d " e x p r e s s " e x a g g e r a t e s the t y p e of service r e n d e r e d on most routes, because with a f e w exceptions the buses stop on signal for passengers to alight on inbound trips and to b o a r d on outbound trips. The saving in time o v e r t h a t of local buses, t h e r e fore, is not impressive. This t y p e of service should be continued only until such time as increases in population in the outer zones makes it feasible to institute additional true limited stop service o v e r the existing arterial street system. L o c a l PUBLIC STREETS DO NOT SERVE WELL AS BUS TERMINALS Looking South in Twelfth Street N.W. Between E and F Streets VIEW O F BUS TERMINAL BUILT AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF PENTAGON BUILDING 52 �TRANSIT (Concluded) town bus termnials to be i n c o r p o r a t e d with buildings in the Federal Triangle. These terminals should be used jointly by all the various companies o p e r a t i n g buses in the metropolitan a r e a , but are not intended for the use of inter-city carriers. These fully enclosed terminals would replace the exsiting unsatisfactory bus stands in this a r e a . P r e c e d e n t for the provision of such terminals in f e d e r a l buildings is furnished by the Pentagon Building. A d e q u a t e facilities for buses were made an integral p a r t of this modern f e d e r a l office building. Patrons using the terminals could readily be p r o v i d e d all-weather connections to all f e d e r a l buildings within 1,000 f e e t as well as b e t w e e n the terminals for transfer purposes. Similar bus terminals should be p r o v i d e d as integral parts of future f e d e r a l buildings in other areas and in the c o m m e r c i a l district as illustrated by terminal " C " . The c o n v e n i e n c e thus a f f o r d e d would be a large f a c t o r in promoting use of public transportation. Fares for future limited stop bus service on the expressways may have to be slightly g r e a t e r than those prevailing for local rides. This is to be e x p e c t e d because of the intensive peak d e m a n d s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of such service. The policy of premium fares for premium service is followed in such cities as C l e v e l a n d , Baltimore and St. Louis. H i g h peaks are usually expensive, whether they occur in restaurants, power plants, transportation systems or elsewhere. The d e g r e e of p a t r o n a g e a c c o r d e d the limited stop buses will not d e p e n d so much on fares as on the quality of the service. A daily trip by auto would cost much more than any c o n c e i v a b l e bus f a r e , when parking fees are taken into consideration. C o s t is not the d e c i d i n g f a c t o r when commuters select their mode of transportation. Transit patrons, too, w a n t facilities that are F A S T , F L U I D and F O O L P R O O F . on-and-off riding should then be restored to street c a r routes where available, or handled by local buses. It is r e c o m m e n d e d that curbs be cut back as illustrated herewith, insofar as feasible, on all heavy bus fine streets where parking is prohibited along the entire curb during rush hours. The ultimate d e v e l o p m e n t is for most of the limited stop bus service t o be transferred to the proposed system of expressways. Private automobiles will o v e r l o a d all of these facilities early in their life unless a t t r a c t i v e bus service is o p e r a t e d on t h e m . Stops should be limited to points a t which buses can use ramps to the service drives paralleling the express roadways so t h a t buses would pick up and discharge passengers a t surface g r a d e . Thus, no special provisions for bus operation would have to be m a d e . O n many trips, no stops would be m a d e between the outlying tributary area of the bus route and the business district, a group of f e d e r a l buildings or other terminal a r e a . M a n y of the limited stop buses would be routed over the expressways directly to the Potomac Park, East C a p i t o l and other groups of f e d e r a l buildings and would not a p p e a r on the streets of the central retail a r e a . Nevertheless, the number of buses terminating in the business district will increase rapidly during the next few years. Those buses will clutter the streets unbearably if no provision is made for them, even with lower-level operation of street cars. It is essential, furthermore, t h a t everything reasonable be done to e n c o u r a g e use of buses rather than priv ate automobiles in order to keep the demands on the arterial streets and on the expressways within their c a p a c i t i e s . T e n t a t i v e plans are submitted herewith for two d o w n - 53 �CONCLUSION needs of both old and new residents have outstripped war-curtailed improvements in highways and public transit. Transportation facilities must lead, not lag, in the d e v e l o p m e n t of a c i t y and its surrounding metropolitan a r e a . Transportation arteries determine the shape and c h a r a c t e r of an urban a r e a . If those arteries are weak, the c i t y grows f l a b b y and d i s s i p a t e d . The time has c o m e for W a s h i n g t o n to stride forth boldly with highway and transit improvements to manifest its intention to remain a great capital city. The proposed program of the H i g h w a y D e p a r t m e n t for highway improvement during the years 1949-1955 has been r e v i e w e d , and most of the major projects have been discussed in this report. The Consultants endorse the program as a decisive step t o w a r d the ultimate solution of W a s h i n g t o n ' s transportation problem. It is r e c o m m e n d e d , however, t h a t the portion of the expressway system not a l r e a d y included in the program be financed and scheduled for construction a t the earliest p r a c t i c a b l e d a t e . Even g r e a t e r emphasis should be p l a c e d on the need for p r o m p t action t o w a r d realization of the lowerlevel system of streets for street c a r o p e r a t i o n . W a s h i n g t o n is more than a c i t y . It is a national shrine. Visitors from all parts of the country feel a tingle of pride as they v i e w the f e d e r a l buildings, renowned memorials and famous a r t galleries. Instinctively the people feel t h a t the nation's c a p i t o l should be outstanding in all things, including the quality of its highways and of its public transportation system. T h a t vision can be realized. The. people converging daily on the central business and g o v e r n m e n t district of W a s h i n g t o n a r e important. N o t just as e v e r y individual in A m e r i c a is important, but more especially because the hope of the world rests in the hands of those administrators and their assistants through whom the goods of our f a c t o r i e s and the p r o d ucts of our fields are flowing to rehabilitate a war-torn world. The energies of those men and women should be d e v o t e d to their important tasks, not to the e n e r v a t i n g grind of fighting unnecessary traffic tangles. The future of W a s h i n g t o n is b e f o r e it. But the c i t y does not move f o r w a r d a t a c o m p a r a b l e p a c e in all its c o m p l i c a t e d phases. Population, for example, is several years a h e a d c f housing. Similarly the transportation 54 �APPENDIX �• n i o a a • i i i j �������t �; .4 1 • • • � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Transportation plans for Washington Subject The topic of the resource City planning Transportation--Planning Description An account of the resource Please note: This report includes irregularly-sized pages. If the report is not visible, try scrolling to the right or left or using the zoom in (+) or zoom out (-) functions in the PDF viewer window. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource J.E. Greiner Company De Leuw, Cather & Company Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 1946 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource District of Columbia. Board of Commissioners District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/25fddfdaf221d55682108c30261d2809.pdf?Expires=1792022400&Signature=cBqCHP7aB0JitvwBD3yYBm00%7Esd62z4JuU8FK3FDlOKL8ZIpI-1yw%7EqvZsXmQKuLe8g2DjMUNTPnR00DZCdyu6lyIK4MwQVhn04OT4Oi8wKBXwDuknsmPBTItDPnf%7EQtUN3M517vI%7EktIp%7EdiLzG4RN2ERyBihBzfzGK4QNzVbWo5ZPCMafOECbXzeCqiBlOdd0eL0OCgW0EH2zTkCvONj04HsmxOIE4nl8fv3ozrgigmLhhnip-pGeYpMv7t58%7E7bBmCk%7EahmzTiyM3ZsitNfGhR3X8RZQ%7ESwK0fUeY4QrKJGRWL7MGGvC2GEdjSFXx8XGBsgVqcalcEJnoo8pQJA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 95c2325833daacb3decf80f9815dc6fa PDF Text Text DRAFT T H E WASHINGTON R E G I O N IN T H E 2 1 S T C E N T U R Y Summary Report of the J o i n t T a s k Force on Growth and T r a n s p o r t a t i o n J a n u a r y 15, 1991 ��DRAFT F O R D I S C U S S I O N - - F e b r u a r y 1 3 , 1991 PROPOSAL FOR CONSIDERATION B Y T H E TASK F O R C E ON G R O W T H A N D T R A N S P O R T A T I O N Background T h e T a s k F o r c e is c u r r e n t l y p r e p a r i n g a r e p o r t on G r o w t h a n d T r a n s p o r t a t i o n in t h e W a s h i n g t o n Region f o r p r e s e n t a t i o n to t h e C O G B o a r d of D i r e c t o r s in J u n e of 1 9 9 1 . T h e f o l l o w i n g p r o p o s a l outlines the c e n t r a l recommendation of t h e r e p o r t : t h e d e v e l o p m e n t of a new i n t e r s t a t e , i n t e r j u r i s d i c t i o n a l compact. Proposal T o d e v e l o p a new i n t e r s t a t e , i n t e r j u r i s d i c t i o n a l compact t h a t would spell out t h e commitments a n d r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s of t h e f e d e r a l , s t a t e a n d local g o v e r n m e n t s as r e l a t e d to ( 1 ) p r i n c i p l e s d e f i n i n g a new v i s i o n f o r t h e r e g i o n ' s economic g r o w t h , e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o t e c t i o n , a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m d e v e l o p m e n t ; ( 2 ) adoption of needed g r o w t h a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l management m e a s u r e s ; a n d ( 3 ) implementation of r e g i o n a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n improvements c r i t i c a l to a c h i e v i n g t h e r e g i o n ' s goals. Why Do We Need S u c h a Compact? • C u r r e n t t r e n d s s u g g e s t t h a t c h a n g e is c r i t i c a l if t h e region is to remain v i tal. R e c e n t p a t t e r n s i n d i c a t e t h a t w i t h i n 20 y e a r s , t r a f f i c in t h e s u b u r b s will be double w h a t we saw in 1985. E i g h t y p e r c e n t of commuting t r a v e l will o c c u r in s t o p - a n d - g o t r a f f i c w i t h major daily d e l a y s . A i r q u a l i t y will c o n t i n u e to d e t e r i o r a t e . T h e amount and q u a l i t y of open g r e e n space and s e n s i t i v e e n v i r o n m e n t a l r e s o u r c e s will be d r a m a t i c a l l y r e d u c e d . T h i s will a f f e c t the w a t e r q u a l i t y of local s t r e a m s and h a v e a n e g a t i v e impact on the Potomac and A n a c o s t i a r i v e r s as well as on the C h e s a p e a k e B a y . • T h e C l e a n A i r A c t and o t h e r f e d e r a l and state mandates will r e q u i r e s i g n i f icant c h a n g e s in t h e way s t a t e and local g o v e r n m e n t s do b u s i n e s s w i t h r e g a r d to how land use p a t t e r n s a r e a d o p t e d , how t h e e n v i r o n m e n t is p r o t e c t e d , a n d how t r a n s p o r t a t i o n n e t w o r k s a r e d e v e l o p e d and u s e d . Add r e s s i n g t h e s e i s s u e s now will allow the state and local g o v e r n m e n t s of the region to make t h e s e c r i t i c a l d e c i s i o n s instead of h a v i n g them imposed. • T h e region m u s t commit i t s e l f to a new v i s i o n and action a g e n d a , to lead us a w a y f r o m t h e d e t e r i o r a t i o n in economic v i t a l i t y a n d q u a l i t y of life t h a t is i n h e r e n t in b u s i n e s s - a s - u s u a l p o l i c i e s . How Would S u c h A C o m p a c t W o r k ? • T h e compact would not c o n s t i t u t e a new level of g o v e r n m e n t , but r a t h e r would c o m p r i s e a s e t of n e g o t i a t e d , b i n d i n g a g r e e m e n t s between e x i s t i n g i n t e r e s t e d g o v e r n m e n t a l a g e n c i e s at t h e f e d e r a l , s t a t e , r e g i o n a l , s u b r e g i o n a l , and local l e v e l s . S u c c e s s f u l e x a m p l e s of s u c h compacts a r e t h e Washington Metropolitan A r e a T r a n s i t A u t h o r i t y Compact and t h e T a h o e Regional P l a n n i n g C o m p a c t adopted by t h e S t a t e s of C a l i f o r n i a and Nevada f o r t h e L a k e Tahoe region. �• T h e implementation of t h e compact would be s u p e r v i s e d by a new Regional Commission on G r o w t h , T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and the E n v i r o n m e n t w i t h r e p r e s e n tation f r o m t h e s t a t e and local g o v e r n m e n t s , t h e b u s i n e s s community, and e n v i r o n m e n t a l and c i t i z e n g r o u p s . T h e C o u n c i l of G o v e r n m e n t s would s e r v e as t h e s e c r e t a r i a t to t h e commission a n d would p r o v i d e t h e n e c e s s a r y a d m i n istrative support. What Would t h e Compact A d d r e s s ? • T h e compact would s u p p o r t c o n c e n t r a t e d , b a l a n c e d g r o w t h of both jobs and h o u s i n g in d e s i g n a t e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o r r i d o r s , w i t h g r e e n b e l t s and open s p a c e s c o n f i n i n g u r b a n g r o w t h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s t h r o u g h o u t t h e Washington metropolitan r e g i o n . • T h e compact would i n c l u d e a s e t of v e r y s p e c i f i c a c t i o n s a g r e e d upon b y t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s , and would p r o v i d e f o r t h e addition of o t h e r a c t i o n s as new agreements are reached. • E x a m p l e s of t h e k i n d s of a c t i o n s t h a t could be i n c l u d e d in t h e compact a r e : - commitments to b r o a d p r i n c i p l e s to g u i d e g r o w t h , p r o t e c t t h e e n v i r o n m e n t , a n d promote t h e economic v i t a l i t y of the r e g i o n ; - a c q u i s i t i o n or p r o t e c t i o n of s e n s i t i v e regional e n v i r o n m e n t a l d e v e l o p m e n t of a r e g i o n a l g r e e n w a y s y s t e m ; - implementation of p r i o r i t y t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i m p r o v e m e n t s , i n c l u d i n g t h e completion and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n of t h e Metrorail s y s t e m , the completion of c r i t i c a l regional h i g h w a y p r o j e c t s , the adoption of c o m p r e h e n s i v e d e mand management s t r a t e g i e s , a n d a d v a n c e a c q u i s i t i o n of f u t u r e t r a n s portation r i g h t s - o f - w a y ; - s p e c i a l s t u d i e s as needed to r e a c h agreement on new m e a s u r e s and p r o j e c t s to be added to t h e compact in f u t u r e y e a r s ; - s p e c i f i c f u n d i n g s t r a t e g i e s to implement t h e a g r e e d upon g r o w t h , r o n m e n t a l , and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n m e a s u r e s . sites, and envi- How Would t h e Compact B e D e v e l o p e d ? • S t a f f i n g a n d f i n a n c i a l r e s o u r c e s f o r the development of t h e compact would be p r o v i d e d from e x i s t i n g f e d e r a l , s t a t e , r e g i o n a l , s u b r e g i o n a l , and local agencies and interested nongovernmental organizations. • T h e C O G B o a r d would a u t h o r i z e t h e T a s k F o r c e to w o r k c o o p e r a t i v e l y w i t h all t h e a f f e c t e d and i n t e r e s t e d p a r t i e s in the formulation of t h e compact p r o visions . -2- �T H E WASHINGTON R E G I O N IN T H E 21ST C E N T U R Y Report of the Joint T a s k Force on Growth and Transportation February 13, 1991 ��REPORT HIGHLIGHTS " B u s i n e s s - a s - u s u a l " w i l l not a c h i e v e our g o a l s f o r economic v i t a l i t y , e n v i r o n m e n t a l q u a l i t y , and p r o t e c t i o n o f a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d and open s p a c e . W h i l e we c a n no l o n g e r f u l l y a c h i e v e t h e "wedges and c o r r i d o r s " v i s i o n def i n e d i n the e a r l y 1960s, the b a s i c concepts of t h a t v i s i o n a r e s t i l l v a l i d and s h o u l d p r o v i d e t h e f r a m e w o r k f o r o u r new v i s i o n f o r t h e 2 1 s t c e n t u r y . We n e e d t o d e f i n e a new v i s i o n f o r t h e 2 1 s t c e n t u r y , and commit o u r s e l v e s t o a t e n - y e a r a c t i o n a g e n d a o r i e n t i n g t h e r e g i o n t o w a r d f u l f i l l i n g t h e new v i sion. The new v i s i o n s h o u l d e r a t i o n to support include inspired l e a d e r s h i p and p u b l i c - p r i v a t e coop- — h i g h q u a l i t y r e s i d e n t i a l n e i g h b o r h o o d s and c o m m e r c i a l c e n t e r s t h a t w i l l provide f o r l i v e a b l e c o m m u n i t i e s w h i l e p r e s e r v i n g and e n h a n c i n g t h e q u a l i t y of the n a t u r a l environment — c o n c e n t r a t e d , b a l a n c e d g r o w t h o f b o t h j o b s and t i o n c o r r i d o r s , w i t h g r e e n b e l t s and open s p a c e s concentrations housing i n t r a n s p o r t a c o n f i n i n g urban growth w e l l - d e s i g n e d r e g i o n a l and s u b - r e g i o n a l c e n t e r s w i t h downtown d e n s i t i e s and i m p r o v e d t r a n s i t s e r v i c e s a c o o r d i n a t e d r e g i o n a l s y s t e m o f g r e e n w a y s , h i g h - o c c u p a n c y v e h i c l e and t r a n s i t s e r v i c e s w i t h t i m e d t r a n s f e r p o i n t s t o p r o v i d e an a l t e r n a t i v e t o t h e p r i v a t e a u t o m o b i l e and t o l i n k r e g i o n a l and s u b - r e g i o n a l c e n t e r s s e l e c t e d road widenings and new alignments designed to support the g r o w t h and g o a l s o f t h e v i s i o n and p r o v i d e f o r t h e e f f i c i e n t movement o f p e o p l e and goods w i t h i n and t h r o u g h t h e r e g i o n coordinated development between and n e a r b y c o u n t i e s and c i t i e s the Washington and Baltimore O v e r t h e n e x t t e n y e a r s , we s h o u l d a d o p t an a c t i o n a g e n d a f o c u s e d regions on - developing a new s e t o f i m p l e m e n t a t i o n plans to achieve a i r q u a l i t y s t a n d a r d s , a s r e q u i r e d u n d e r t h e C l e a n A i r A c t Amendments o f 1990 - e n c o u r a g i n g t h e l o c a t i o n o f new d e v e l o p m e n t a l o n g e x i s t i n g t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o r r i d o r s and i n more d e n s e d e v e l o p m e n t o f m a j o r c e n t e r s - d e l i n e a t i n g urban growth boundaries e s t e d l a n d , and open s p a c e 1 to p r o t e c t a g r i c u l t u r a l land, for- �- d e f i n i n g a r e g i o n a l system o f r a d i a l and c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l greenways, and h i g h - o c c u p a n c y v e h i c l e and t r a n s i t s e r v i c e s , along w i t h improved b i c y c l e and p e d e s t r i a n f a c i l i t i e s and p r o v i s i o n o f adequate c o l l e c t o r p a r k ing - c o n g e s t i o n management a n d t r a f f i c m i t i g a t i o n p r o g r a m s a i m e d a t r e d u c i n g v e h i c l e e m i s s i o n s and making t h e most e f f i c i e n t u s e o f e x i s t i n g f a c i l i ties - c o m p l e t i n g and m a i n t a i n i n g t h e M e t r o r a i l s y s t e m , m a x i m i z i n g commuter r a i l p o t e n t i a l , and p r o v i d i n g f o r a comprehensive program o f m a i n t e n a n c e and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n f o r t h e r e g i o n ' s r o a d s , b r i d g e s , and t r a n s i t facilities - c o m p l e t i n g committed highway p r o j e c t s such as t h e F a i r f a x County P a r k way a n d 1-95 h i g h - o c c u p a n c y v e h i c l e l a n e s w i t h due c o n s i d e r a t i o n f o r t h e environmental impacts o f such p r o j e c t s - m a k i n g d e c i s i o n s on and, w h e r e a p p r o p r i a t e , a c q u i r i n g r i g h t - o f - w a y f o r m a j o r h i g h w a y a n d HOV p r o p o s a l s s u c h a s t h e W i l s o n B r i d g e , t h e C a p i t a l B e l t w a y , 1-66 a n d t h e W a s h i n g t o n B y p a s s e s , t a k i n g f u l l c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e l a n d u s e and e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p l i c a t i o n s o f s u c h p r o p o s a l s - ensuring region's - i m p l e m e n t i n g e n v i r o n m e n t a l management a n d c o n t r o l m e a s u r e s t o e n s u r e development o f l i v e a b l e communities, the p r o t e c t i o n o f s e n s i t i v e a r e a s , and t h e r e s t o r a t i o n o f u r b a n w a t e r s h e d s t h a t adequate highway three major a i r p o r t s and t r a n s i t access i sa v a i l a b l e to the A s e t o f k e y i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s s h o u l d be a d o p t e d a n d p u r s u e d t h r o u g h f o r m a l a g r e e m e n t s d e f i n e d i n a new i n t e r s t a t e , interjurisdictional compact. The c o m p a c t w o u l d p r o v i d e f o r - c o m m i t m e n t s t o i m p l e m e n t a t i o n and m o n i t o r i n g o f p r o v e n g r o w t h and e n v i r o n m e n t a l management m e a s u r e s u n i f o r m l y t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e g i o n , i n c l u d i n g development f e e s , i n c e n t i v e s f o r a f f o r d a b l e housing development, sediment and stormwater c o n t r o l , and t r e e o r d i n a n c e s . - e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a r e g i o n a l development fund t o support r e g i o n a l and e n v i r o n m e n t management p r o g r a m s - i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f , a n d commitment t o , p r i o r i t y r e g i o n a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p r o j e c t s w h i c h a r e c r i t i c a l t o a c h i e v i n g the r e g i o n ' s g o a l s f o r economic vitality. - i d e n t i f i c a t i o n and i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f a d d i t i o n a l f u n d i n g f o r p r i o r i t y r e g i o n a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s o f a t l e a s t $500 m i l l i o n a n n u a l l y , t o be r a i s e d from t h o s e who a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o s t s , a n d who b e n e f i t f r o m t h e i m p r o v e m e n t s t h a t a r e p r o v i d e d . 2 growth �— a c h a r t e r d e f i n i n g t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s a n d m e m b e r s h i p o f a Regional Commission on G r o w t h , T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and the Environment t h a t w o u l d be charged with s u p e r v i s i n g t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e compact p r o visions . A b r o a d p r o g r a m o f c o m m u n i t y i n f o r m a t i o n a n d p a r t i c i p a t i o n w i l l be e s s e n t i a l t o o b t a i n t h e s u p p o r t o f t h e r e g i o n a l community f o r t h e T a s k F o r c e recommendations. The n e e d f o r t h e r e g i o n ' s s t a t e and l o c a l governments t o adopt and implement a new v i s i o n a n d a c t i o n p l a n i s u r g e n t i f t h e r e g i o n ' s e c o n o m i c , s o c i a l , a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l g o a l s a r e t o b e met i n t h e 2 1 s t c e n t u r y . Now i s t h e t i m e t o d e f i n e a n d commit o u r s e l v e s t o a new a n d more w o r k a b l e v i s i o n f o r r e g i o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t , t o c a t c h up w i t h o u r c u r r e n t g r o w t h , a n d p u t i n p l a c e s t r o n g e r i n s t i t u t i o n a l mechanisms t o e n s u r e t h a t i n the f u t u r e o u r g r o w t h , e n v i r o n m e n t a l , a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n s a n d p o l i c i e s w i l l be i m p l e mented . 3 �4 �I. C A N WE C O N T I N U E ALONG OUR P R E S E N T C O U R S E ? T h e Booming Eighties The W a s h i n g t o n r e g i o n w i t h i t s h i g h l y e d u c a t e d w o r k f o r c e , i t s a c c e s s t o f e d e r a l and f o r e i g n g o v e r n m e n t i n t e r e s t s , a n d i t s l e a d i n g - e d g e h i g h - t e c h s e r v i c e i n d u s t r i e s w a s o n e o f t h e most e c o n o m i c a l l y p r o d u c t i v e r e g i o n s i n t h e c o u n t r y d u r i n g the l a s t h a l f o f t h e 1980s. The economic growth and e x p a n s i o n o f t h e metropoli t a n r e g i o n i n t h i s p e r i o d was s i m p l y a s t o n i s h i n g . I n t h e s i x - y e a r p e r i o d bet w e e n 1 9 8 3 a n d 1989 more t h a n a h a l f m i l l i o n j o b s w e r e added t o t h e r e g i o n ' s economy. T h i s w a s a b o u t t h e same number o f j o b s a d d e d t o t h e r e g i o n ' s employment b a s e i n t h e 1 9 6 0 s a n d a h u n d r e d t h o u s a n d more j o b s t h a n w e r e added t h r o u g h o u t t h e e n t i r e 1 9 7 0 s . One o u t o f e v e r y f o u r j o b s i n t h e r e g i o n t o d a y was c r e a t e d j u s t s i n c e 1983. T h e rapid economic growth of the 1980s brought the metropolitan region u n - precedented prosperity. Unemployment r a t e s , e v e n i n i n n e r c i t y a r e a s , began t o a p p r o a c h a l l t i m e lows, median h o u s e h o l d and p e r c a p i t a income l e v e l s o f t h e c i t i e s a n d c o u n t i e s i n o u r r e g i o n c o n t i n u e d t o r i s e a n d r e m a i n among t h e h i g h e s t i n t h e n a t i o n a n d many homeowners saw t h e v a l u e o f t h e e q u i t y i n t h e i r homes doub l e and t r i p l e i n j u s t a few y e a r s . Consumer p u r c h a s e s , new home s a l e s , a n d e x p e n d i t u r e s on l u x u r y i t e m s a l s o r e a c h e d r e c o r d l e v e l s . Many f a m i l i e s p u r c h a s e d s e c o n d a n d t h i r d c a r s f o r t h e p e r s o n a l t r a v e l o f a l l members o f t h e i r household. One o f t h e p r i m a r y f a c t o r s b e h i n d t h i s g r o w t h i n e c o n o m i c p r o s p e r i t y was t h e i n c r e a s i n g number o f women e n t e r i n g t h e r e g i o n ' s w o r k f o r c e , m a k i n g t h i s r e g i o n one o f t h e h i g h e s t i n t h e n a t i o n i n t e r m s o f t h e p e r c e n t a g e o f women i n t h e w o r k f o r c e and t h e number o f w o r k e r s p e r h o u s e h o l d . T h e g r o w i n g a f f l u e n c e o f t h e s e d u a l i n come h o u s e h o l d s p e r m i t t e d many f a m i l i e s i n t h e r e g i o n t o a g g r e s s i v e l y p u r s u e t h e f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e A m e r i c a n dream o f a b e t t e r l i f e f o r t h e m s e l v e s and t h e i r children. Economic P r o s p e r i t y Can Be A Double-Edge Sword The r a p i d e c o n o m i c g r o w t h r e s p o n s i b l e f o r o u r r e l a t i v e p r o s p e r i t y was i n many w a y s a d o u b l e d - e d g e s w o r d . W i t h t h e t r e m e n d o u s e c o n o m i c g r o w t h came s h a r p l y i n c r e a s e d p o p u l a t i o n a n d h o u s e h o l d g r o w t h . E c o n o m i c o p p o r t u n i t i e s h e r e drew w o r k e r s from o t h e r a r e a s t o o u r r e g i o n and p e r m i t t e d t h e c h i l d r e n o f f a m i l i e s a l r e a d y h e r e t o f i n d j o b s i n t h i s r e g i o n and t o begin t o r a i s e f a m i l i e s o f t h e i r own. W h e r e a s t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n i n c r e a s e d by o n l y 180,000 p e r s o n s b e t w e e n 1970 and 1 9 8 0 , t h e p r e l i m i n a r y r e s u l t s o f t h e 1990 C e n s u s show t h a t p o p u l a t i o n i n o u r r e g i o n i n c r e a s e d by more t h a n 6 0 0 , 0 0 0 p e r s o n s i n t h e 1 9 8 0 s . S i m i l a r l y , t h e numb e r o f h o u s e h o l d s i n t h e r e g i o n i n c r e a s e d by a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 , a b o u t t h e same number t h a t w e r e added d u r i n g t h e boom y e a r s o f t h e 1960s a n d a b o u t a t h i r d more t h a n w e r e a d d e d i n t h e s l o w e r g r o w t h y e a r s o f t h e 1 9 7 0 s . T h e explosive growth of the 1980s greatly overburdened the existing capacity of many roads and other public facilities t h r o u g h o u t the r e g i o n . More j o b s , more h o u s e h o l d s , more p e o p l e a l s o meant more o f f i c e b u i l d i n g s a n d i n d u s t r i a l p a r k s , 5 �more h o u s e s a n d s h o p s , more c a r s , a n d t h e n e e d f o r more s c h o o l s , r o a d s , s e w e r s , p a r k s , p l a y g r o u n d s and o t h e r p u b l i c f a c i l i t i e s . F a s t e r - t h a n - e x p e c t e d growth i n many a r e a s h a s p u t e x t r a o r d i n a r y demands on l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s f o r new f a c i l i t i e s and s e r v i c e s a t t h e same t i m e r e v e n u e s a v a i l a b l e f o r t h e s e f a c i l i t i e s a n d s e r v i c e s h a v e b e e n r e d u c e d by l o w e r l e v e l s o f f e d e r a l a s s i s t a n c e , i n s u f f i c i e n t g r o w t h i n s t a t e s p e n d i n g , a n d l o c a l v o t e r demands f o r p r o p e r t y t a x r e l i e f . A l t h o u g h s t a t e a n d l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s p e n d i n g on new s c h o o l s , r o a d s , a n d t r a n s i t s e r v i c e i n c r e a s e d d r a m a t i c a l l y i n t h e 1 9 8 0 s , more t h a n d o u b l i n g i n some c a s e s , o v e r a l l improvements t o r e g i o n a l and l o c a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e have not been a b l e t o k e e p p a c e w i t h new d e v e l o p m e n t . S e v e r e t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n , c o n t i n u i n g a i r a n d w a t e r q u a l i t y p r o b l e m s , and an a l a r m i n g l o s s o f t h e r e g i o n ' s f a r m l a n d , f o r e s t s , and open s p a c e a r e a f e w o f t h e most v i s i b l e c o n s e q u e n c e s r e s u l t i n g f r o m o u r i n a b i l i t y t o k e e p up w i t h a n d manage t h e l o c a t i o n a n d t i m i n g o f t h i s new g r o w t h . Many t a x p a y e r s a r e u n w i l l i n g t o p a y f o r a d d i t i o n a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e i m p r o v e m e n t s t h e y b e l i e v e w i l l o n l y l e a d t o more d e v e l o p m e n t a n d f u r t h e r d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n t h e q u a l i t y o f l i f e i n the region. Does Slower Growth Lie Ahead? The g r o w t h i n j o b s , p o p u l a t i o n a n d h o u s e h o l d s s e e n d u r i n g t h e 1980s i s e x p e c t e d t o c o n t i n u e i n t o t h e n e x t c e n t u r y , a l b e i t a t much more m o d e r a t e r a t e s . T h e Round I V C o o p e r a t i v e F o r e c a s t s o f f u t u r e g r o w t h , p r e p a r e d by COG a n d t h e r e g i o n ' s l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s s e e t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n i n t h e r e g i o n i n c r e a s i n g f r o m 3.7 m i l l i o n t o d a y t o 4.5 m i l l i o n by 2 0 1 0 , a 600,000 o r 47 p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e i n t h e number o f h o u s e h o l d s b e t w e e n 1985 a n d 2 0 1 0 , a n d t o t a l employment i n t h e r e g i o n r e a c h i n g 3.4 m i l l i o n b y 2 0 1 0 , a 66 p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e above 1985 l e v e l s . T h e s e f i g u r e s r e p resent COG's intermediate o r most likely growth s c e n a r i o . They assume c o n t i n u a t i o n o f p a s t economic r e l a t i o n s h i p s between k e y f a c t o r s i n our r e g i o n a l economy a n d t h o s e o f t h e n a t i o n a s a w h o l e . T h e y a l s o assume no m a j o r c h a n g e s i n e x i s t i n g l o c a l l a n d - u s e p o l i c i e s and " b u s i n e s s - a s - u s u a l " i n a d d r e s s i n g t h e k e y l a n d - u s e , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s s u e s f a c i n g t h e r e g i o n . High and low growth s c e n a r i o s were a l s o developed f o r t h e r e g i o n as p a r t o f COG's C o o p e r a t i v e F o r e c a s t i n g e f f o r t . W h i l e C O G ' s intermediate growth scenario assumes a slowing of the region's growth rate b e g i n n i n g in 1990 , t h e h i g h g r o w t h s c e n a r i o a s s u m e s t h e r e g i o n ' s g r o w t h r a t e c o n t i n u e s t o i n c r e a s e u n t i l 1995. T h e low-growth s c e n a r i o assumes a s u b s t a n t i a l r e d u c t i o n i n t h e r e g i o n ' s growth r a t e , such a s c o u l d o c c u r , i f t h e r e were s h a r p c u t s i n l o c a l f e d e r a l employment, dec r e a s e s i n l o c a l f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t s p e n d i n g and a p r o l o n g e d n a t i o n a l r e c e s s i o n . S i n c e 1 9 8 5 , g r o w t h i n o u r r e g i o n has been t r a c k i n g t h e h i g h - g r o w t h s c e n a r i o . I n 1989, we s u r p a s s e d t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e p o p u l a t i o n a n d employment p r o j e c t i o n s f o r 1990. B e c a u s e o f t h e h i g h e r - t h a n - f o r e c a s t g r o w t h i n 1985 t o 1990 p e r i o d , the c u r r e n t slowing of growth in the region is consistent with C O G ' s intermediate growth f o r e c a s t . We c u r r e n t l y h a v e a s many j o b s a s a r e f o r e c a s t f o r 1995 u n d e r t h e low g r o w t h s c e n a r i o . I f we w e r e t o b e g i n t o t r a c k t h e low g r o w t h s c e n a r i o t h e r e g i o n w o u l d s t i l l a d d more t h a n 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 h o u s e h o l d s a n d 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 j o b s b e t w e e n now and 2 0 1 0 , h o w e v e r , a t t h i s s l o w e r r a t e o f g r o w t h we w o u l d a d d o n l y h a l f a s many j o b s a s t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e f o r e c a s t s and i t would t a k e us twenty y e a r s t o add as many j o b s a s we a d d e d i n t h e s i x y e a r p e r i o d b e t w e e n 1983 a n d 1989. 6 �Factors Influencing the Pace of F u t u r e Growth in the Region A c h i e v e m e n t o f a h i g h , l o w , o r m o d e r a t e g r o w t h s c e n a r i o w i l l depend o n t h e o u t come o f a number o f a s s u m p t i o n s a n d f a c t o r s t h a t c a n n o t be known w i t h c o m p l e t e c e r t a i n t y . National economic c y c l e s and changes in federal spending and fiscal policies will continue to have profound effects on the rate of economic growth in our r e g i o n . W h i l e t h e COG Round I V g r o w t h f o r e c a s t s a r e b y no means i n e v i t a b l e t h e r e a r e v e r y s t r o n g l o n g - t e r m e c o n o m i c a n d d e m o g r a p h i c f o r c e s u n d e r l y i n g them. I n t h e e a r l y 1980s, t h e l a s t time t h e r e g i o n e x p e r i e n c e d a b r i e f p e r i o d o f slow growth, we u n d e r e s t i m a t e d g r o w t h f o r t h e w h o l e d e c a d e a n d f a i l e d t o p r o v i d e t h e n e c e s sary infrastructure. Our l o n g - t e r m e c o n o m i c g r o w t h r a t e h a s b e e n f a i r l y s t e a d y o v e r t h e p a s t 30 y e a r s . We m u s t be c a r e f u l i n m a k i n g o u r l o n g - r a n g e p l a n s f o r t h e r e g i o n t h a t we do n o t p l a c e t o o much e m p h a s i s on y e a r - t o - y e a r c h a n g e s . N o t w i t h s t a n d i n g t h e s e l o n g - t e r m e c o n o m i c and d e m o g r a p h i c f o r c e s , t h e d e g r e e t o which t h e r e g i o n ' s l o c a l governments d e s i r e or a r e a b l e t o p r o v i d e t h e n e c e s s a r y p u b l i c i n f r a s t r u c t u r e t o s u p p o r t t h i s f u t u r e g r o w t h must be c o n s i d e r e d . Chang- es in local government policies and efforts to manage future growth could also have a strong influence on the pace and pattern of new development in the the region. I m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f d e v e l o p m e n t f e e s and o t h e r r e v e n u e m e a s u r e s t o e n s u r e t h a t f u t u r e growth pays f o r r e q u i r e d i n f r a s t r u c t u r e improvements o r i s d i r e c t e d t o a r e a s w h e r e i t c a n be a d e q u a t e l y s u p p o r t e d b y e x i s t i n g f a c i l i t i e s c o u l d h a v e a s u b s t a n t i a l e f f e c t on b o t h t h e t i m i n g and l o c a t i o n . o f new d e v e l o p m e n t i n t h e r e g i o n and i n t h e a r e a s j u s t b e y o n d o u r c u r r e n t m e t r o p o l i t a n b o u n d a r i e s . I n a d d i t i o n t o i n t r i n s i c r e g i o n a l g r o w t h f o r c e s , one o f t h e p r e m i s e s u n d e r l y i n g COG's g r o w t h f o r e c a s t s i s t h a t e c o n o m i c g r o w t h i n o u r r e g i o n i s d e s i r e d t o m a i n t a i n o u r economic v i t a l i t y and h i g h s t a n d a r d o f l i v i n g . I t i s e q u a l l y i m p o r t a n t t o o u r e c o n o m i c v i t a l i t y and h i g h q u a l i t y o f l i f e , h o w e v e r , t h a t we w i s e l y manage w h a t e v e r l e v e l o f f u t u r e e c o n o m i c g r o w t h we do r e c e i v e . Locations of Projected F u t u r e Growth D u r i n g t h e 1 9 8 0 s we w i t n e s s e d t h e e m e r g e n c e o f a g r o w i n g number o f h i g h - r i s e o f f i c e c e n t e r s and h i g h - t e c h r e s e a r c h p a r k s t h r o u g h o u t t h e m e t r o p o l i t a n r e g i o n . T h e s e c e n t e r s h o u s e t h e g r o w i n g number o f w o r k e r s i n o u r f a s t g r o w i n g s e r v i c e s sector. Many o f t h e s e c e n t e r s a l r e a d y h a v e more c o m m e r c i a l s p a c e t h a n f o u n d i n t h e downtowns o f l a r g e m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a s , y e t t h e y l a c k many o f t h e t r a n s p o r t a tion and o t h e r amenities found i n urban a r e a s and t h e y are primarily auto-oriented. Many of our newly emerging employment c e n t e r s have not been well p l a n n e d . I n d i v i d u a l b u i l d i n g s w i t h i n t h e s e c e n t e r s a r e l a r g e l y i s o l a t e d from one a n o t h e r and f r o m p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n by s e a s o f f r e e p a r k i n g , e x t e n s i v e l y l a n d s c a p e d p r i v a t e e n t r y w a y s , highway i n t e r c h a n g e ramps, and o t h e r roadway o b s t r u c t i o n s . T h e s e i m p e d i m e n t s make t h e s e c e n t e r s v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o s e r v e b y t r a n s i t f o r p e d e s t r i a n s a n d g r e a t l y l i m i t t h e e f f i c i e n t and p r o d u c t i v e i n t e r c h a n g e o f p e o p l e among i n d i v i d u a l w o r k p l a c e s , s h o p s , and o t h e r e s t a b l i s h m e n t s . 7 �T h e e m e r g e n c e o f t h e s e new c e n t e r s has a l s o had t r e m e n d o u s i m p a c t s i n t h e s u b u r b a n a r e a s w h e r e most o f them a r e l o c a t e d . I n a d d i t i o n t o i n c r e a s i n g t r a f f i c on e x i s t i n g s u b u r b a n a r t e r i a l roadways not d e s i g n e d t o c a r r y t h e volume o f v e h i c l e s now on t h e m , t h e e m e r g e n c e o f t h e s e new employment c e n t e r s h a s g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e d t h e v a l u e o f l a n d i n t h e s e a r e a s , as s p e c u l a t o r s a s s e m b l e r e s i d e n t i a l l a n d p a r c e l s i n a n t i c i p a t i o n of t h e i r c o n v e r s i o n to commercial uses. T h i s , combined with existing l o w - d e n s i t y r e s i d e n t i a l z o n i n g , has l i m i t e d the s u p p l y o f new h o u s i n g , i n c r e a s e d t h e c o s t o f e x i s t i n g h o u s i n g , and d r i v e n up r e s i d e n t i a l p r o p e r t y t a x e s i n t h e s e a r e a s . The c o s t o f h o u s i n g i n o l d e r r e g i o n a l c e n t e r s has i n c r e a s e d i n v a l u e because of t h e i r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n convenience. Many o f t h e w o r k e r s e m p l o y e d a t t h e s e new c e n t e r s c a n n o t a f f o r d t h e c o s t o f n e a r b y h o u s i n g and must s e e k h o u s i n g i n o t h e r a r e a s f a r t h e r and f a r t h e r f r o m t h e c e n t e r o f t h e r e g i o n , r e s u l t i n g i n l o n g e r commutes and a d d i t i o n a l t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n . Regional growth and development p a t t e r n s , based on c u r r e n t t r e n d s and e x i s t ing local l a n d - u s e policies, are expected to show continuation of the patterns of d i s p e r s e d growth seen in the 1980s. A l t h o u g h employment g r o w t h i s e x p e c t e d t o r e m a i n s t r o n g i n t h e c e n t e r o f t h e r e g i o n and i n some m e t r o r a i l c o r r i d o r s , much o f o u r new e m p l o y m e n t g r o w t h i s p r o j e c t e d t o o c c u r i n a r e a s a d j a c e n t t o t h e b e l t w a y , o r a l o n g m a j o r h i g h w a y s beyond the b e l t w a y i n a l l d i r e c t i o n s . Loc a t i o n s o f f u t u r e h o u s e h o l d g r o w t h a r e e v e n more d i s p e r s e d , o c c u r r i n g i n a r e a s w e l l beyond t h e b e l t w a y . T h i s housing growth w i l l a l s o extend to c o u n t i e s j u s t b e y o n d o u r r e g i o n a s w e l l , e.g. Howard and Anne A r u n d e l c o u n t i e s i n B a l t i m o r e r e g i o n , and S t a f f o r d , F a u q u i e r , S p o t s y l v a n i a c o u n t i e s i n V i r g i n i a . V e r y l i t t l e new h o u s i n g g r o w t h i s p r o j e c t e d t o o c c u r a n y w h e r e i n s i d e t h e b e l t w a y . Implications of F o r e c a s t Growth on Regional T r a v e l Patterns The l o c a t i o n , i n t e n s i t y , and n a t u r e o f f u t u r e j o b , h o u s e h o l d , and population g r o w t h w i l l h a v e a t r e m e n d o u s i m p a c t on t r a v e l p a t t e r n s i n t h e r e g i o n . C e r t a i n l y , t h e t o t a l number o f commuting t r i p s i n t h e r e g i o n w i l l c o n t i n u e t o i n c r e a s e as employment c o n t i n u e s t o grow. A 60 p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e i n commuting t r a v e l above 1985 l e v e l s i s f o r e c a s t , a s s u m i n g c u r r e n t g r o w t h p r o j e c t i o n s . E v e n more i m p o r t a n t than t h e i n c r e a s e i n t o t a l work t r a v e l , however, i s where t h i s growth i n work t r a v e l i s p r o j e c t e d to occur. S u b u r b - t o - s u b u r b work t r i p s , now only 36 percent of the total, would be the majority of work t r i p s in 2010, at 55 p e r c e n t , if c u r r e n t t r e n d s continue. T r a n s i t and c a r p o o l u s e f o r t h e s e t r i p s , b a s e d on e x i s t i n g l a n d - u s e p a t t e r n s and c u r r e n t t r a n s i t s e r v i c e l e v e l s , would only s e r v e four to f i v e percent of these t r i p s . A l t h o u g h t r a n s i t and c a r p o o l u s e f o r commuting t r i p s t o D . C , Arlington, and t h e C i t y o f A l e x a n d r i a w o u l d i n c r e a s e , t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f t o t a l w o r k t r a v e l g o i n g t o t h e s e a r e a s , u n d e r o u r c u r r e n t g r o w t h s c e n a r i o , w o u l d d e c r e a s e f r o m 58 p e r c e n t t o o n l y 40 p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l . The g r o w t h o f s u b u r b a n a u t o t r a v e l f o r non-work p u r p o s e s w o u l d be e v e n more d r a m a t i c . Two o u t o f e v e r y t h r e e a u t o t r i p s i n t h e r e g i o n t o d a y a r e f o r non-work purposes. With almost a l l of the household growth i n the region p r o j e c t e d to o c c u r i n t h e i n n e r and o u t e r s u b u r b s , much o f t h i s g r o w t h i n non-work t r a v e l w i l l be f o u n d e n t i r e l y w i t h i n t h e s e s u b u r b a n j u r i s d i c t i o n s , o c c u r r i n g t h r o u g h o u t t h e d a y and on w e e k e n d s a s w e l l . 8 �A s s u m i n g continuation of c u r r e n t growth and land use p a t t e r n s total s u b u r b a n auto t r a v e l is projected to double above 1985 conditions ; i n c r e a s i n g f r o m 4 4 m i l l i o n m i l e s p e r d a y i n 1985 t o 87 m i l l i o n m i l e s p e r d a y b y t h e y e a r 2010. T o t a l v e h i c l e m i l e s o f t r a v e l i n t h e r e g i o n i s e x p e c t e d t o i n c r e a s e t o more t h a n 100 m i l l i o n m i l e s p e r day. Impacts of F o r e c a s t T r a v e l on Regional T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S y s t e m Even w i t h improved l e v e l s o f t r a n s i t s e r v i c e , r e g i o n a l t r a v e l p a t t e r n s l i k e l y t o r e s u l t f r o m t h e Round I V b u s i n e s s - a s - u s u a l g r o w t h f o r e c a s t s w o u l d mean i n c r e a s e d t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n and d e c l i n i n g speeds f o r highway t r a v e l . A s s u m i n g c o n t i n u a t i o n o f e x i s t i n g d e v e l o p m e n t t r e n d s a n d no h i g h w a y i m p r o v e m e n t s b e y o n d t h o s e c u r r e n t l y u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n o r programmed f o r c o m p l e t i o n b y 1 9 9 5 , some o f t h e l i k e l y r e g i o n a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i m p a c t s o f t h i s g r o w t h a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s c e n a r i o would be: • Average t r a v e l speed on t h e highway network f o r t r a v e l d u r i n g t h e peak p e r i od w o u l d d r o p by a b o u t o n e - t h i r d f r o m 30 m i l e s p e r h o u r t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y 22 m i l e s p e r hour; • A v e r a g e r u s h - h o u r speeds would c o n t i n u e t o d e c l i n e and morning and e v e n i n g peak t r a v e l p e r i o d s would g e t l o n g e r ; • 80 p e r c e n t o f a l l p e a k p e r i o d a u t o t r a v e l w o u l d o c c u r i n s t o p - a n d - g o w i t h m a j o r d e l a y s on a r o u t i n e b a s i s ; a n d • 57 p e r c e n t o f t h e e n t i r e h i g h w a y n e t w o r k w i l l o p e r a t e a t a n u n a c c e p t a b l e l e v e l o f c o n g e s t i o n d u r i n g morning and e v e n i n g r u s h h o u r s . traffic Relationship of T r a f f i c Problems to Projected F u t u r e Regional L a n d - U s e Patterns The w i d e s p r e a d t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n f o r e c a s t f o r o u r r e g i o n stems d i r e c t l y from the two m a j o r l a n d - u s e p r o b l e m s p o i n t e d o u r by t h e Round I V g r o w t h f o r e c a s t s . T h e s e two p r o b l e m s a r e t h e p r o j e c t e d i m b a l a n c e o f j o b a n d h o u s e h o l d g r o w t h i n the r e g i o n , a n d t h e c o n t i n u e d d i s p e r s i o n o f employment a n d h o u s i n g g r o w t h t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e g i o n i n p a t t e r n s and a t d e n s i t i e s t o o low t o s u p p o r t t r a n s i t and o t h e r h i g h o c c u p a n c y v e h i c l e modes. Widely s c a t t e r e d l o w - d e n s i t y employment sites s p r e a d t h r o u g h o u t the region with an i n s u f f i c i e n t mix of housing options in close proximity to t h e s e c e n t e r s can only lead to more and more t r a f fic congestion in the f u t u r e . Such a development p a t t e r n w i l l a l s o c o n t i n u e t o i n c r e a s e t h e c o s t o f suburban h o u s i n g and l i f e s t y l e s as r e s i d e n t i a l development i s pushed o u t f a r t h e r and f a r t h e r from t h e c e n t e r o f t h e r e g i o n where i t c a n n o t be w e l l s e r v e d , e i t h e r e c o n o m i c a l l y o r e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y . We w i l l a l s o q u i c k l y f i n d t h e q u a l i t y o f l i f e t h a t o u r e c o n o m i c p r o s p e r i t y s h o u l d a f f o r d u s w i l l be h a r d e r and h a r d e r t o a c h i e v e . Implications of F o r e c a s t Growth on Environmental T r e n d s and I s s u e s 9 �Environmental concerns a r e i n h e r e n t l y intertwined t i o n i s s u e s . Development p r e s s u r e s l i k e l y t o r e s u l t tation facilities now u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n could i m p a c t s on t h e r e g i o n ' s e n v i r o n m e n t . T h e e x t e n t o f m i t i g a t i o n are c u r r e n t l y being d i s c u s s e d throughout w i t h growth and t r a n s p o r t a f r o m p r o p o s e d new t r a n s p o r have s i g n i f i c a n t adverse t h e s e i m p a c t s and methods o f the region. P r e s e n t growth and land use p a t t e r n s promote i n c r e a s e d auto use that c o n t r i b ute to a i r pollution. T h e W a s h i n g t o n r e g i o n h a s f a i l e d t o meet f e d e r a l a i r q u a l i t y s t a n d a r d s o v e r t h e p a s t two d e c a d e s . D e s p i t e l i m i t e d improvements t o a i r q u a l i t y i n t h e e a r l y 1 9 8 0 s due t o b e t t e r e m i s s i o n c o n t r o l s on c a r s a n d t r u c k s , t h e s e g a i n s h a v e b e e n o f f s e t b y t h e i n c r e a s e d number o f v e h i c l e s i n t h e r e g i o n and large increases i n the t o t a l v e h i c l e miles being traveled. Continued s p r a w l i n g growth will make improvements to air quality even more difficult to achieve. Some a n a l y s t s p r e d i c t that the area will need to reduce emissions b y as much as 60 p e r c e n t to meet air quality s t a n d a r d s b y the y e a r 2000. Many o f t h e s p e c i f i c a c t i o n s r e q u i r e d f o r a c h i e v i n g a i r q u a l i t y s t a n d a r d s w o u l d a l s o r e l i e v e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o n g e s t i o n . T h e new C l e a n A i r A c t Amendments o f 1990 w i l l mandate c o n f o r m i t y o f a i r q u a l i t y / t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n s . R e g i o n a l a t t a i n ment o f t h e n a t i o n a l o z o n e s t a n d a r d by t h e y e a r 2000 i s m a n d a t e d by t h i s a c t . A new attainment plan f o r t h e r e g i o n must be d e v e l o p e d w i t h i n t h e n e x t t h r e e years. L o c a l s t r e a m s a n d r i v e r s t h a t a r e t r i b u t a r i e s o f t h e Potomac a n d t h e C h e s a p e a k e Bay h a v e a l s o b e e n s u f f e r i n g u n d e r t h e i m p a c t s o f g r o w t h a s i n c r e a s i n g amounts of i m p e r v i o u s s u r f a c e s f o r c e r a i n w a t e r t o wash o i l , g r e a s e , and o t h e r p o l l u t a n t s o f f t h e s e s u r f a c e s and i n t o o u r w a t e r w a y s . Construction runoff causes large s e d i m e n t l o a d s t o be c a r r i e d i n t o s t r e a m s . I n c r e a s e d v e l o c i t y o f s t o r m w a t e r r u n o f f caused by t h e s e i m p e r v i o u s s u r f a c e s a l s o i n c r e a s e s e r o s i o n problems a n d , c o m b i n e d w i t h i n c r e a s e d t e m p e r a t u r e s o f r u n o f f , damages a q u a t i c e c o s y s t e m s . Increased focus by local governments on sediment control, stormwater management, and environmental planning at the w a t e r s h e d level will be r e q u i r e d to mitigate the negative effects of e x p a n d i n g urbanization . The A n a c o s t i a R e s t o r a t i o n A g r e e m e n t r e p r e s e n t s t h e commitment o f t h e l o c a l governments t o t h e r e s t o r a t i o n o f t h i s h e a v i l y u r b a n i z e d watershed. T h i s t r e n d o f creating watershed restoration plans and i m p l e m e n t i n g s t r u c t u r a l and n o n - s t r u c t u r a l i m p r o v e m e n t s t o m a i n t a i n w a t e r q u a l i t y on a w a t e r s h e d - w i d e b a s i s w i l l be e s s e n t i a l f o r t h e w e l l - b e i n g o f t h e a r e a ' s s t r e a m s . F o r e s t e d s t r e a m b u f f e r s a n d c o r r i d o r s a r o u n d s e n s i t i v e a r e a s a l s o n e e d t o be m a i n t a i n e d f o r w a t e r q u a l i t y and w i l d l i f e b e n e f i t . The p r o t e c t i o n o f w e t l a n d s h a s i n c r e a s e d i n r e c e n t y e a r s t o i n c l u d e t i d a l a n d non-tidal areas. Although new regulations have mandated no net loss of wetl a n d s , t h e s e areas remain v u l n e r a b l e to e n c r o a c h i n g urban development. Future g r o w t h must be d i r e c t e d away f r o m t h e s e n a t u r a l p o l l u t a n t f i l t e r s a n d w i l d l i f e habitat areas. Sewage t r e a t m e n t c a p a c i t y a t a r e a p l a n t s f i n a l l y was m e e t i n g t h e a r e a ' s n e e d b y t h e e a r l y 1 9 8 0 s . As a r e s u l t o f t h e i m p r o v e d t r e a t m e n t c a p a c i t y a n d l e v e l o f a d v a n c e d t r e a t m e n t a c h i e v e d , t h e f i s h a b l e Potomac R i v e r h a s become a p r o m i s i n g e x 10 �ample o f r e g i o n a l c o o p e r a t i o n . F u t u r e population growth will mean expansion a n d / o r c o n s t r u c t i o n of new wastewater treatment facilities if c u r r e n t water q u a l ity levels are to be maintained. P r o j e c t e d f u t u r e growth i n t h e p a t t e r n s f o r e c a s t w i l l a l s o a c c e l e r a t e t h e l o s s of t r e e s and f o r e s t s i n t h e r e g i o n . R e f o r e s t a t i o n programs and t r e e o r d i n a n c e s p a s s e d i n some l o c a l j u r i s d i c t i o n s h a v e s t a r t e d t o a d d r e s s t h i s p r o b l e m , b u t have s o f a r had l i m i t e d impact. Unless appropriate steps are t a k e n , d e f o r e s t a tion will continue to diminish the quality of the region's a i r , w a t e r , and wildlife habitat. Growth and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a l s o a f f e c t o t h e r a r e a s o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n c e r n , such as e n e r g y u s e , m u n i c i p a l s o l i d w a s t e , h a z a r d o u s w a s t e , a n d n o i s e . F u t u r e environmental i s s u e s , will in large p a r t be tied to the timing and location of f u t u r e growth and development in the region and our ability to mitigate some of the a d v e r s e effects of t h i s g r o w t h . The e f f o r t t o address these c o n c e r n s , h o w e v e r , w i l l be w e l l w o r t h i t s i n c e i m p r o v i n g e n v i r o n m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e r e g i o n c a n o n l y lead t o a b e t t e r o v e r a l l q u a l i t y o f l i f e and a h e a l t h i e r r e g i o n a l economy. The C o n s e q u e n c e s of C o n t i n u i n g " B u s i n e s s - A s - U s u a l " A n t i c i p a t e d r e g i o n a l g r o w t h p a t t e r n s , b a s e d on c u r r e n t e c o n o m i c t r e n d s a n d e x i s t i n g l o c a l l a n d - u s e p o l i c i e s , d i v e r g e s i g n i f i c a n t l y from o u r o f t e n r e s t a t e d g o a l o f e n c o u r a g i n g c o m p a c t r e g i o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t i n b a l a n c e d c o m m u n i t i e s . I f we continue our "business-as-usual" approach t o growth and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i s s u e s i n t h i s r e g i o n , i t ' s l i k e l y t h a t t h e p a t t e r n s o f d i s p e r s e d low d e n s i t y g r o w t h s e e n d u r i n g t h e 1980s w i l l c o n t i n u e i n t o t h e f u t u r e , a s w i l l s e v e r e t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h i s c o s t l y p a t t e r n o f g r o w t h . Some h a v e s u g g e s t e d t h a t i f we do n o t h i n g t h e p r o b l e m w i l l go away. T h e a r g u m e n t g o e s t h a t i f y o u d o n ' t accommodate new g r o w t h t h r o u g h t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d o t h e r p u b l i c f a c i l i t i e s t h e p r o j e c t e d growth w i l l not occur. A l l o n e h a s t o do i s t o l o o k a t t h e g r o w t h a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems i n the Los Angeles m e t r o p o l i t a n r e g i o n and o t h e r s i m i l a r f a s t - g r o w i n g r e g i o n s t o s e e t h a t t h i s j u s t i s n ' t s o . G r o w t h o c c u r s a n y w a y , popp i n g up i n p l a c e s w h e r e i t c a n n o t be e f f i c i e n t l y s e r v e d ; t r a f f i c c o n g e s t i o n c o n t i n u e s t o get worse; economic p r o d u c t i v i t y d e c l i n e s ; and t h e r e i s f u r t h e r det e r i o r a t i o n i n e n v i r o n m e n t a l q u a l i t y and t h e o v e r a l l q u a l i t y o f m e t r o p o l i t a n living. A l m o s t a l l l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s i n t h i s r e g i o n a t some p o i n t d u r i n g t h e l a s t two d e c a d e s h a v e a t t e m p t e d t o i m p l e m e n t p o l i c i e s t o s u p p o r t o u r d e s i r e d g o a l o f compact r e g i o n a l growth, and t o b u i l d t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n and o t h e r p u b l i c f a c i l i t i e s n e c e s s a r y t o support and shape t h i s growth. Success i n implementing t h e s e p o l i c i e s , h a s been mixed a t b e s t , however. C o u r t d e c i s i o n s , a c t i o n s o r l a c k o f a c t i o n , by o t h e r j u r i s d i c t i o n s and a t o t h e r l e v e l s o f government, l a c k o f funding, delays i n the construction o f planned facilities, and s i g n i f i c a n t d e m o g r a p h i c c h a n g e s h a v e a l l h a d a n i m p a c t on s h a p i n g r e g i o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t p a t t e r n s away f r o m o u r d e s i r e d g o a l . 11 �A l t h o u g h i t i s a l w a y s d i f f i c u l t t o c h a n g e e x i s t i n g p r a c t i c e s , we c a n n o t c o n t i n u e t o a c c e p t t h e c u r r e n t " b u s i n e s s - a s - u s u a l " a p p r o a c h . T h e consequences of not now b e g i n n i n g to t r y and c h a n g e our long-term development course will be s e v e r e - - unaffordable h o u s i n g , declining economic v i t a l i t y , g r i d l o c k , unhealthful air and the u n r e c o v e r a b l e loss of our precious natural and environmental r e sources. A New Vision is Needed W i t h t h e r a p i d g r o w t h o f t h e 1980s and f u r t h e r g e o g r a p h i c e x p a n s i o n o f o u r r e g i o n t h e f u t u r e i s a l r e a d y upon u s . Much o f o u r f o r e c a s t e d new d e v e l o p m e n t i s a l r e a d y under c o n s t r u c t i o n o r " i n t h e p i p e l i n e . " The c u r r e n t economic slowdown i s g i v i n g u s some b r e a t h i n g room. I f t h e l o n g - t e r m e c o n o m i c f o r e c a s t s o f COG and o t h e r r e s p e c t e d i n s t i t u t i o n s a r e c o r r e c t , h o w e v e r , i t w i l l n o t be l o n g b e f o r e a new w a v e o f g r o w t h w i l l b e upon u s . Now is the time to define and commit o u r s e l v e s to a new and more workable vision for regional development, to catch up with o u r c u r r e n t g r o w t h , and put into place s t r o n g e r institutional mechanisms to e n s u r e t h a t in the f u t u r e our growth and transportation plans and policies will be implemented. We must e n s u r e t h a t t h e new g r o w t h o c c u r r i n g i n o u r r e g i o n i s p o s i t i v e l y d i r e c t e d t o t h o s e a r e a s w h e r e i t c a n be e f f i c i e n t l y s e r v e d b o t h e c o n o m i c a l l y a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y . T h e f a i l u r e t o a c t now may mean t h a t t h e A m e r i c a n Dream t h a t we a l l a r e s e e k i n g c o u l d become a n i g h t m a r e i n t h e f u t u r e . 12 �II. VISION FOR T H E N E X T C E N T U R Y On November 1 5 , 1989, t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n W a s h i n g t o n C o u n c i l o f G o v e r n m e n t s and t h e T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n n i n g Board s p o n s o r e d a r e g i o n a l c o n f e r e n c e on g r o w t h a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e n t i t l e d "The 1 9 9 0 s a n d B e y o n d : C r i t i c a l C h o i c e s f o r t h e W a s h i n g ton Metropolitan Region." T h e J o i n t T a s k F o r c e on G r o w t h a n d T r a n s p o r t a t i o n i s a r e s u l t o f that conference. T h e l u n c h e o n s p e a k e r a t t h e c o n f e r e n c e , Tom Deen, i s s u e d a c h a l l e n g e t h a t s h a p e d t h e g o a l s o f t h e T a s k F o r c e . He s a i d : Our biggest danger . . . is not that we will take the wrong a c t i o n , but that we will take no action - - t h a t we will remain p a r a l y z e d by the conflicting g o a l s , i n t e r e s t group v i e w s , and professional solutions confronting u s . T h o u g h we have the r e s o u r c e s , knowledge and technology, we cannot move ahead u n l e s s we can develop a unifying vision around which we all can r a l iy. T h e g o a l s a p p r o v e d by t h e T a s k F o r c e a r e a i m e d a t d e v e l o p i n g t h a t " u n i f y i n g v i s i o n " t h a t we a l l n e e d i n o r d e r t o move a h e a d . As a s t a r t i n g p o i n t f o r d e v e l o p i n g t h a t v i s i o n , t h e T a s k F o r c e s p e n t c o n s i d e r a b l e t i m e r e v i e w i n g t h e b e s t known " v i s i o n p l a n " p r e p a r e d p r e v i o u s l y f o r t h e W a s h i n g t o n r e g i o n : t h e "Wedges a n d C o r r i d o r s " p l a n f o r t h e Y e a r 2 0 0 0 p r e p a r e d by t h e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t i n 1 9 6 1 . I n t h e 'Wedges a n d C o r r i d o r s " Y e a r 2000 P l a n open s p a c e wedges s e p a r a t e d c o r r i dors of high-density centers focused on r a p i d transit. The p l a n was s p e c i f i c a l l y aimed a t c u r b i n g u r b a n s p r a w l , and would have s e r v e d development w i t h h i g h - s p e e d , high-volume r a p i d t r a n s i t l i n e s and f r e e w a y s r u n n i n g through the c e n t e r s o f t h e c o r r i d o r s . I t c a l l e d f o r t h r e e b e l t w a y s and an i n n e r loop f r e e w a y s y s t e m i n DC; t h r o u g h t r a f f i c s e p a r a t e d from l o c a l t r a f f i c on a f u t u r i s tic freeway system; and r a i l transit to Leesburg, Dulles, Gainesville, W o o d b r i d g e , B r a n d y w i n e , B o w i e , L a u r e l a n d C l a r k s b u r g , by December 3 1 , 1999 a t the l a t e s t . I t ' s s t a t e d a d v a n t a g e s w e r e t o be c o n v e n i e n c e o f c o n c e n t r a t e d f a c i l i t i e s a n d p o p u l a t i o n ; e c o n o m i e s i n t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n o f w a t e r , s e w e r , power and c o m m u n i c a t i o n l i n e s ; s a v i n g s i n t r a v e l t i m e s t o a n d from e m p l o y m e n t , s h o p p i n g and c u l t u r a l c e n t e r s ; enhancement o f a e s t h e t i c and r e c r e a t i o n a l v a l u e s ; and p r e s e r v a t i o n o f open c o u n t r y i n t h e same p r o p o r t i o n t o u r b a n i z e d a r e a s . How Do C u r r e n t Growth T r e n d s Compare T o the Y e a r 2000 Plan? L o o k i n g a t t h e p o p u l a t i o n p r o j e c t i o n s i n t h e Y e a r 2000 p l a n a n d c o m p a r i n g them t o o u r c u r r e n t g r o w t h and f o r e c a s t s , we s e e t h a t a much h i g h e r p o p u l a t i o n f o r t h e r e g i o n w a s a s s u m e d i n t h e y e a r 2000 p l a n . W h i l e i n t h e Y e a r 2000 p l a n i t was e x p e c t e d t h a t t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n i n t h e r e g i o n would r e a c h 5 m i l l i o n by t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 , i t i s now l i k e l y we w i l l n o t r e a c h t h i s f i g u r e u n t i l s o m e t i m e a f t e r 2010. W h i l e t h e assumed p o p u l a t i o n t o t a l s a r e d i f f e r e n t , t h e h o u s e h o l d p r o j e c t i o n s a r e t h e same, 1.6 m i l l i o n by t h e y e a r 2 0 0 0 . L o o k i n g a t e m p l o y m e n t , t h e Y e a r 2000 p l a n a s s u m e d t o t a l employment i n t h e r e g i o n w o u l d r e a c h 2.2 m i l l i o n a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e n e x t c e n t u r y . Our c u r r e n t employment i s a l r e a d y h i g h e r t h a n t h a t and i s e x p e c t e d t o grow by a n o t h e r h a l f a m i l l i o n j o b s i n t h i s d e c a d e . T h e pattern of regional development called for in the y e a r 2000 plan was v e r y efficient and economical in the use of land and other r e s o u r c e s . By l o c a t i n g r e - �s i d e n t i a l and c o m m e r c i a l d e v e l o p m e n t i n compact n o d e s a l o n g r a d i a l c o r r i d o r s , t h e h i g h - v o l u m e c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y o f mass t r a n s i t was t o be e x p l o i t e d t o i t s fullest. T h e l a r g e e x p a n s e s o f open s p a c e b e t w e e n t h e c o r r i d o r s w o u l d be a c c e s s i b l e t o a l l r e s i d e n t s o f t h e r e g i o n f o r r e c r e a t i o n a l and o t h e r p u r p o s e s and t h e y w o u l d p r e s e r v e t h e r e g i o n ' s s c e n i c , n a t u r a l , and e n v i r o n m e n t a l r e s o u r c e s . T h e Y e a r 2000 p l a n a l s o s o u g h t t o m i n i m i z e r e g i o n a l t r a v e l demands by accommod a t i n g f u t u r e growth i n h i g h l y s e l f - s u f f i c i e n t communities c o n t a i n i n g a wide var i e t y o f h o u s i n g and employment o p p o r t u n i t i e s . These communities were to p r o v i d e a w i d e v a r i e t y o f h o u s i n g t y p e s and d e n s i t i e s , w i t h t h e h i g h e s t d e n s i t i e s l o c a t e d n e a r r a p i d t r a n s i t s t a t i o n s and m a i n b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t s . A n a l y s i s o f t h e Round I V C o o p e r a t i v e F o r e c a s t s show c u r r e n t and p r o j e c t e d emp l o y m e n t g r o w t h t o be f a i r l y w e l l c o n c e n t r a t e d i n t h e r a d i a l c o r r i d o r s e n v i sioned by t h e Y e a r 2000 p l a n . T h e s e c o r r i d o r s , h o w e v e r , now a p p e a r t o be somewhat b r o a d e r and h a v e much l o w e r employment d e n s i t i e s t h a n i n t h e Y e a r 2000 suburban business d i s t r i c t s . F u r t h e r , many o f t h e s e employment c e n t e r s l a c k t h e h i g h d e n s i t y and v a r i e t y o f r e s i d e n t i a l d e v e l o p m e n t t h a t w e r e t o s u r r o u n d t h e s e centers. I n f a c t , l e s s than h a l f of a l l r e s i d e n t i a l development i n the region c a n now be f o u n d w i t h i n t h e s e r a d i a l c o r r i d o r s . The o t h e r h a l f o f t h e r e s i d e n t i a l d e v e l o p m e n t h a s s p r e a d i n t o t h e open s p a c e wedges and i n t h e a r e a s b e y o n d the r a d i a l c o r r i d o r s . The uneven s u c c e s s in following the Year 2000 plan was due in part to a number of f o r c e s , including the d e s i r e for large-lot residential zoning, scattered low-density commercial development, the "Not In My Back Y a r d " syndrome, zoning that didn't follow the plan's d e s i g n , and the fact that transportation projects crucial to its s u c c e s s were either built late or were abandoned, such as the full Metrorail system and the outer beltways, r e s p e c t i v e l y . I t i s important to r e c o g n i z e t h a t many o f t h e s e f o r c e s a r e s t i l l a t w o r k . W i t h low d e n s i t y j o b and h o u s i n g l o c a t i o n s d i s p e r s e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e g i o n -- s i g n i f i c a n t t r a f f i c c o n gestion becomes an inevitable problem, open space becomes excessively f r a g m e n t e d , and t h e r e i s an o v e r a l l d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n t h e r e g i o n ' s e n v i r o n m e n t a l quality. The b a s i c c o n c e p t embodied i n t h e Y e a r 2000 p l a n , t h a t o f a t t e m p t i n g t o c o n c e n t r a t e r e g i o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t i n b a l a n c e d g r o w t h c e n t e r s , i s a s o u n d one. Growth c o n c e n t r a t e d i n compact w e l l - d e s i g n e d c e n t e r s c a n be more e f f i c i e n t l y and e c o n o m i c a l l y s e r v e d than growth o c c u r r i n g i n a d i s p e r s e d p a t t e r n over a wide area. Though we h a v e d r i f t e d away somewhat from t h e o r i g i n a l v i s i o n o f t h e Y e a r 2000 p l a n , much o f t h a t v i s i o n i s s t i l l i n p l a c e . W h i l e we may n e v e r be a b l e t o comp l e t e l y r e - c a p t u r e t h i s f o r m e r v i s i o n , we c a n b u i l d from w h a t we do h a v e and c r e a t e a new v i s i o n . Our c h a l l e n g e i s t o make s u r e t h a t t h i s new v i s i o n w i l l ena b l e us t o meet t h e c r i t i c a l r e g i o n a l g r o w t h and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i s s u e s we f a c e t o d a y and w i l l f a c e i n t h e c o m i n g c e n t u r y . 14 �Figure 11-1 Y e a r 2000 Plan Concept Source: A P o l i c i e s P l a n f o r t h e Year t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, 1961. 2000: The N a t i o n ' s 15 C a p i t a l , National Capi- �Recommended Elements of a New Regional Vision The T a s k F o r c e recommends t h e f o l l o w i n g t e n e l e m e n t s a s a new v i s i o n o f f u t u r e m e t r o p o l i t a n g r o w t h . We make t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t a l l t h e s e t h i n g s must h a p p e n s i m u l t a n e o u s l y , a n d no one o f them i s a p a n a c e a f o r o u r p r o b l e m s . I n s p i r e d leaders in the public and p r i v a t e s e c t o r s would put in place a national model for solving regional problems while maintaining state and local government authority. We f i n d t h i s e l e m e n t c r u c i a l t o t h e s u c c e s s o f a l l o t h e r s . I t i s t h e k e y s t o n e o f t h e e n t i r e e f f o r t t o d e v e l o p a new v i s i o n o f t h e r e g i o n ' s f u t u r e . T h e r e would be a coordinated system of t r a i l s and g r e e n w a y s , h i g h - o c c u p a n c y vehicle and t r a n s i t systems with timed t r a n s f e r / c o l l e c t i o n p o i n t s , with c i r c u m ferential t r a n s i t and h i g h w a y s , p r o v i d i n g for efficient movement of people and goods t h r o u g h o u t the r e g i o n . Our f u t u r e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m w o u l d h a v e comm u t e r r a i l , r a p i d r a i l t r a n s i t , r a d i a l and c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l h i g h w a y s , f e e d e r b u s es and f r i n g e p a r k i n g l o t s . R i d e s h a r i n g , v a n p o o l i n g and o t h e r h i g h - o c c u p a n c y v e h i c l e (HOV) u s e s a r e c r u c i a l t o o u r l i k e l i h o o d o f s u c c e s s . We s h o u l d h a v e a c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l t r a n s i t a n d HOV p l a n t o l i n k j o b c e n t e r s . P e d e s t r i a n f r i e n d l y n e i g h b o r h o o d s and c o m m e r c i a l c e n t e r s would e x i s t throughout t h e r e g i o n and t r a i l s w o u l d be p r o v i d e d f o r p e d e s t r i a n s a n d c y c l i s t s who p e o p l e who w o u l d u s e them. T h e i s s u e o f t h e n e e d f o r c o n t i n u e d e v a l u a t i o n o f some k i n d o f b y - p a s s o r b y - p a s s e s f o r i n t e r s t a t e t r u c k a n d a u t o t r a f f i c w o u l d a l s o be a d d r e s s e d i n d e veloping this future transportation. T h e r e would be c o n c e n t r a t e d , balanced growth of both jobs and housing at c e n t e r s in transportation c o r r i d o r s , as well as incentives for b e t t e r - d e s i g n e d c e n t e r s with downtown densities in t r a n s i t and other transportation c o r r i d o r s . I n s u b u r b a n a r e a s we need more p l a c e s l i k e L e e s b u r g , O l d Town A l e x a n d r i a a n d Reston, b e c a u s e many p e o p l e who l i v e i n t h e s e p l a c e s a l s o w o r k i n t h e same place. H i g h e r - d e n s i t y j o b c e n t e r s e x i s t t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e g i o n : downtown Washi n g t o n , T y s o n s C o r n e r a n d New C a r r o l l t o n . S u c h p l a c e s s u f f e r f r o m h a v i n g h a r d l y any h o u s i n g i n t h e p l a c e i t s e l f . We s h o u l d r e - p l a n many o f o u r j o b c e n t e r s t o i n c l u d e a balance o f housing i n a range o f c o s t s . Workplace designs should o f f e r more o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o a v o i d t h e a u t o m o b i l e f o r s h o r t t r i p s . T h e a n s w e r may be t o i n c r e a s e t h e d e n s i t i e s o f s u b u r b a n j o b c e n t e r s and p r o v i d i n g more a f f o r d a ble housing o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n these a r e a s . We n e e d t o b e g i n t o e l i m i n a t e much o f t h e s u r f a c e p a r k i n g s p a c e i n c e n t e r s . B u i l d i n g s s h o u l d be c l o s e t o t h e r o a d s s o p e o p l e c a n r e a c h them on f o o t a n d s o buses c a n s e r v i c e them. Low-density campus-like office parks should be r e - p l a n n e d t o p r e v e n t mid-day t r a f f i c jams and v e h i c l e e m i s s i o n c a u s e d by worke r s f o r c e d t o u s e c a r s f o r l u n c h a n d e r r a n d s . We n e e d t o c r e a t e i d e n t i f i a b l e r e s i d e n t i a l a n d employment n e i g h b o r h o o d s l i k e t h o s e i n t h e c o n c e p t p l a n f o r t h e a r e a w e s t o f t h e S h a d y G r o v e M e t r o r a i l s t a t i o n , F i g u r e I I - 2 . We must e n s u r e t h a t t h e s e new d e v e l o p m e n t s a r e b o t h a t t r a c t i v e a n d l i v e a b l e , i f we a r e t o s u c ceed i n d e v e l o p i n g e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y sound a l t e r n a t i v e s t o continued s p r a w l . 16 �Figure 11-2 Conceptual Neighborhood Source: Maryland-National 4 Sj^.^Wrp"?!: ^ 1 Capital 1 ^' Park S t 3 S e I H 17 Diagram and P l a n n i n g Commission, G a i t h e r s b u r * ' S t u d y Area', F i n a l Draft? �Housing available to all people at a cost they can afford and located close to job opportunities. T h e COG B o a r d on S e p t e m b e r 13, 1989 e n d o r s e d t h e f o l l o w i n g s i x i n i t i a t i v e s f o r f u r t h e r a c t i o n b y p r i v a t e and p u b l i c s e c t o r s : l i n k a g e p r o g r a m s ; inclusionary zoning; p u b l i c - p r i v a t e housing partnership; employer-assisted h o u s i n g ; i n v e n t o r y v a c a n t l a n d and b u i l d i n g s , i n c l u d i n g p a r k i n g l o t s ; and f e d e r a l housing l e g i s l a t i o n . T h e s e i n i t i a t i v e s , w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e a p p r o v a l s by s t a t e and l o c a l l e g i s l a t i v e b o d i e s , c o u l d be i m p l e m e n t e d i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e on a r e gional basis. T h e p r o b l e m o f p r o v i d i n g a f f o r d a b l e h o u s i n g i n t h i s r e g i o n i s a d i f f i c u l t one. S o l u t i o n o f t h i s p r o b l e m w i l l r e q u i r e a c t i o n s by a l l l e v e l s o f g o v e r n m e n t and much c o o p e r a t i o n f r o m t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r . T h e a b o v e s i x i n i t i a t i v e s a r e t h e most p r o m i s i n g o n e s t h a t c o u l d be u n d e r t a k e n on a c o o r d i n a t e d r e g i o n a l b a s i s i n t h e s h o r t term. T h e y r e p r e s e n t , h o w e v e r , o n l y a few o f t h e w i d e r a n g e o f p o t e n tial a c t i o n s l o c a l governments c o u l d t a k e t o address t h e a f f o r d a b l e housing problem. Greenbelts and open space wedges would be delineated to protect the Bay and the Blue Ridge from u n c o n c e n t r a t e d urban s p r a w l . E f f o r t s t o p r o t e c t t h e Chesapeake Bay c o u l d s e r v e a s models t o l e s s e n t h e u n d e s i r a b l e e f f e c t s o f t h e r e g i o n ' s r a p i d growth and g e o g r a p h i c e x p a n s i o n i n a l l d i r e c t i o n s . B e t t e r forms o f d e v e l o p m e n t t h a t make more e f f i c i e n t u s e o f o u r l i m i t e d l a n d r e s o u r c e s and p r o t e c t e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y s e n s i t i v e a r e a s w o u l d emerge i n t h e r e g i o n ' s h i n t e r l a n d . I n s t r u c t i v e a r e t h e f o l l o w i n g summaries o f the e x t e n s i v e " v i s i o n s o f s u c c e s s " o u t l i n e d b y t h e 2020 P a n e l on P o p u l a t i o n G r o w t h and t h e C h e s a p e a k e B a y . D e v e l opment i s c o n c e n t r a t e d i n s u i t a b l e a r e a s , w h i l e s e n s i t i v e a r e a s a r e p r o t e c t e d . G r o w t h w o u l d be d i r e c t e d t o e x i s t i n g p o p u l a t i o n c e n t e r s i n r u r a l a r e a s , a n d r e source areas a r e protected. S t e w a r d s h i p o f t h e B a y and t h e l a n d w o u l d be a u n i v e r s a l e t h i c , while conservation of resources, including a reduction i n resource c o n s u m p t i o n , w o u l d be p r a c t i c e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e g i o n . F u n d i n g m e c h a n i s m s w o u l d be i n p l a c e t o a c h i e v e a l l o t h e r v i s i o n s . A generalized urban growth b o u n d a r y would s u r r o u n d built-up portions of the region and lessen u n c o n c e n t r a t e d s p r a w l . Beyond t h e g r o w t h boundary t h e r e would be p u b l i c g r e e n b e l t s , p a r k l a n d s , agricultural preserves and o t h e r non-urban land uses except as c a l l e d f o r i n adopted comprehensive p l a n s . P u b l i c p u r c h a s e s o f l a n d and d e v e l o p m e n t r i g h t s i n t h e s e a r e a s w o u l d be c a r r i e d o u t t o ensure t h a t t h e s e urban growth b o u n d a r i e s a r e kept. The r e g i o n would have l i n e ar t r a i l s l i n k i n g t h e g r e e n b e l t s t o j o b c e n t e r s and r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s , and p r o v i d i n g n a t u r a l r e l i e f from t h e c i t y . T h e r e g i o n ' s open s p a c e s y s t e m s h o u l d be e x p a n d e d t o i n c l u d e a s y s t e m o f g r e e n w a y s f o r f o o t p a t h s , b i k e p a t h s and w i l d life. C i v i c p r i d e w o u l d f o c u s on t h e a d d i t i o n we made t o o u r l e g a c y o f open s p a c e a n d t h e e n h a n c e d q u a l i t y o f l i f e a f f o r d e d by t h e g r e e n b e l t s a n d g r e e n w a y s . Clean air and water resources are available throughout the region y e a r - r o u n d , reflecting the region's strong commitment to a healthful environment. A i r q u a l i t y s t a n d a r d s a r e m a i n t a i n e d t h r o u g h h i g h l e v e l s o f c a r p o o l i n g and t r a n s i t u s e . C l e a n f u e l v e h i c l e s become t h e d o m i n a n t means f o r most a u t o t r a v e l w i t h i n t h e region. T h e h e a l t h o f a r e a r e s i d e n t s i s i m p r o v e d a s e x p o s u r e t o most n o x i o u s a i r p o l l u t a n t s i s reduced. 18 �S i m i l a r l y , t h e r e g i o n ' s commitment t o i m p r o v e d w a t e r q u a l i t y r e s u l t s i n w a t e r w a y s t h a t a r e f i s h a b l e a n d s w i m a b l e . T h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f b e t t e r c o n t r o l s on a g r i c u l t u r a l and urban r u n - o f f enhances a l l a q u a t i c a c t i v i t y . Improved w a t e r q u a l i t y s u p p o r t s a growing v a r i e t y o f a q u a t i c v e g e t a t i o n and w i l d l i f e . I t a l s o p r o v i d e s i n c r e a s e d o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r water based r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s , l i k e swimming, b o a t i n g , and f i s h i n g . F o r e s t e d b u f f e r s l i n i n g t h e s e streams and r i v e r s f i l t e r o u t h a r m f u l w a t e r p o l l u t a n t s , lower a v e r a g e w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e s , and protect other s e n s i t i v e environmental areas located along these waterways. S t e w a r d s h i p of the region's f a r m l a n d , f o r e s t s and open space is an element of regional p r i d e . A s e x a m p l e s , Montgomery C o u n t y ' s A g r i c u l t u r a l P r e s e r v e a n d Loudoun's V i s i o n f o r R u r a l Development s u c c e e d and a r e w i d e l y emulated. A r e g i o n - w i d e t r e e p r e s e r v a t i o n and p l a n t i n g e f f o r t h e l p s m a i n t a i n t h e a e s t h e t i c b e a u t y , a i r q u a l i t y , and w a t e r q u a l i t y o f the r e g i o n . The g r e a t e r t r e e c o v e r r e s u l t i n g from t h i s program h e l p s m i t i g a t e s t h e heat i s l a n d e f f e c t brought about by i n c r e a s i n g u r b a n i z a t i o n a n d l o w e r s t h e a v e r a g e d a i l y t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e r e g i o n . T h e s u c c e s s o f t h i s p r o g r a m i s s o g r e a t t h a t t h e l a r g e number o f f o r e s t e d a r e a s t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e g i o n a r e l o o k e d on a s a s y m b o l o f t h e r e g i o n ' s h i g h e n v i ronmental q u a l i t y . The Washington and Baltimore regions and all n e a r b y c o u n t i e s and cities would have coordinated development p l a n s . P a r t o f t h e Chesapeake Bay v i s i o n i s t h a t " W e l l b e f o r e t h e y e a r 2020, s t a t e Comprehensive Development and I n f r a s t r u c t u r e Plans have been d e v e l o p e d and implemented. State and f e d e r a l agencies, c o u n t i e s , and m u n i c i p a l i t i e s e n c o u r a g e d i v e r s e and e f f i c i e n t l a n d development p a t t e r n s - - ones t h a t c o n c e n t r a t e growth and development i n u r b a n , suburban and a l r e a d y d e v e l o p e d r u r a l c e n t e r s . ..." We would have an economically s t r o n g region and f i s c a l l y sound state and local governments t h a t t h r i v e in the 21st c e n t u r y . I t i s possible that our growth-related t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problems c o u l d a f f e c t o u r economic growth and competitiveness. T h i s i s compounded by t h e a f f o r d a b l e h o u s i n g s h o r t a g e . Measu r e s t o a d d r e s s some o f t h e s e p r o b l e m s a r e p a r t o f t h i s e f f o r t , a n d we must a c knowledge t h a t f a i l u r e t o s o l v e some o f t h e s e p r o b l e m s c o u l d h a v e a d v e r s e consequences f o r l o c a l government f i n a n c e s . All c i t i z e n s of the region would a c t i v e l y s u p p o r t the measures being undertaken to alleviate the problems associated with growth and transportation There i s w i d e s p r e a d r e c o g n i t i o n t h a t t h e p e r s o n n e x t t o them i s s t o p - a n d - g o t r a f f i c i s t h e i r n e i g h b o r ; t h a t i t i s t h e i r c h i l d r e n who a r e s e e k i n g a f f o r d a b l e h o u s i n g a n d e c o n o m i c o p p o r t u n i t i e s ; a n d we a l l h a v e a s t a k e i n c l e a n i n g o u r a i r . A l l must w o r k t o g e t h e r t o s u p p o r t t h o s e e f f o r t s u n d e r t a k e n by i n s p i r e d l e a d e r s i n t h e p u b l i c and p r i v a t e s e c t o r t o implement a l l the elements o f t h e r e g i o n a l v i s i o n . Regional cooperation and the political will to change our w a y s would produce a region u n s u r p a s s e d in quality of life and opportunity. The success o f our e f f o r t s t o manage g r o w t h e f f e c t i v e l y a n d p r e s e r v e t h e r e g i o n ' s q u a l i t y o f l i f e d e p e n d s on m a r s h a l l i n g f i n a n c i a l r e s o u r c e s t o b u i l d a n d m a i n t a i n p u b l i c f a c i l i t i e s and t o s u p p o r t a v a s t a r r a y o f s t a t e and l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t p r o g r a m s . C o o p e r a t i o n among a l l l e v e l s o f g o v e r n m e n t w i l l be e s s e n t i a l , a s w i l l be some l e s s e n i n g o f 19 �t h e " n o t i n my b a c k y a r d " s y n d r o m e c a u s i n g t o l e s s e n t h e c o n c e r n s o f a few. 20 t h e needs o f many p e o p l e t o go unmet �III. TEN Y E A R ACTION AGENDA D u r i n g the n e x t t e n y e a r s , the r e g i o n w i l l e x p e r i e n c e c o n t i n u e d growth, espec i a l l y i n o u t e r s u b u r b a n a r e a s . T r a v e l f r o m o u t l y i n g a r e a s w i l l i n c r e a s e as w i l l t r a v e l between suburban a r e a s . T h i s t r a v e l w i l l c o n t i n u e t o s t r a i n the exi s t i n g h i g h w a y s y s t e m c a u s i n g i n c r e a s e d c o n g e s t i o n and d e l a y . W h i l e a new v i s i o n t h a t r e t u r n s t o t h e b a s i c c o n c e p t s o f t h e wedges and c o r r i d o r s p l a n o f t h e e a r l y 1 9 6 0 s c a n be d e f i n e d and a g r e e d upon i n a r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t p e r i o d , and i n d e e d i s a l r e a d y r e f l e c t e d i n many o f o u r l o c a l and r e g i o n a l p l a n s , i m p l e m e n t i n g s u c h a v i s i o n w i l l r e q u i r e c o n c e r t e d e f f o r t s o v e r s e v e r a l d e c a d e s . I f we a r e t o a c h i e v e s u c h a v i s i o n i n t h e n e x t c e n t u r y , i t i s e s s e n t i a l t h a t we make a b e g i n n i n g now. A t e n - y e a r a c t i o n a g e n d a i s n e e d e d t o g e t us on t h e r i g h t p a t h , and t o f o c u s n e a r t e r m e f f o r t s and r e s o u r c e s on t h e t a s k o f a d d r e s s i n g p a s t and c u r r e n t d e f i c i e n c i e s a s w e l l as s u p p o r t i n g l o n g e r - r a n g e g o a l s and o b j e c t i v e s . GROWTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES Encourage Development Along Radial C o r r i d o r s T h e c o m m u t i n g b o u n d a r i e s o f t h e W a s h i n g t o n m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a now e x t e n d b e y o n d t h e t r a d i t i o n a l p o l i t i c a l a r e a . I f g r o w t h i n t r a v e l i s t o be accommodated w i t h minimum i m p a c t , t h e r a d i a l c o r r i d o r c o n c e p t must be e x t e n d e d i n t o t h e s e o u t l y i n g areas. T r a n s p o r t a t i o n p o l i c i e s and p r o g r a m s o v e r t h e p a s t t h r e e d e c a d e s h a v e p r o v i d e d s u b s t a n t i a l h i g h w a y , HOV, and t r a n s i t c a p a c i t y a l o n g t h e s e c o r r i d o r s . C a p a c i t y t o s e r v e s i n g l e occupant automobile t r a v e l i n r u s h hours i s l i m i t e d , h o w e v e r , and s u b s t a n t i a l e f f o r t w i l l be n e e d e d t o p r o m o t e t h e u s e o f HOV and t r a n s i t modes t o s e r v e b o t h p r e s e n t and f u t u r e t r a v e l demand. L o c a t i o n and dev e l o p m e n t o f a d d i t i o n a l p a r k and r i d e l o t s t o s e r v e commuter r a i l , M e t r o r a i l , and HOV b u s , v a n p o o l , and c a r p o o l modes a l o n g t h e s e c o r r i d o r s w i l l be e s s e n t i a l . I m p r o v e m e n t o f l o c a l f e e d e r r o a d s and t r a n s i t s e r v i c e s w i l l a l s o be n e e d e d . And m o s t i m p o r t a n t l y , new d e v e l o p m e n t a l o n g t h e s e c o r r i d o r s must be d e s i g n e d t o enc o u r a g e r a t h e r t h a n d i s c o u r a g e u s e o f HOV and t r a n s i t modes, by p r o v i d i n g , f o r e x a m p l e , c o n v e n i e n t p a s s e n g e r d r o p - o f f and p e d e s t r i a n f a c i l i t i e s , and p r e f e r r e d p a r k i n g f o r c a r and v a n p o o l s . An i m m e d i a t e p r o g r a m o f l a n d u s e m e a s u r e s i s needed t o encourage development a l o n g t h e s e w e l l - s e r v e d c o r r i d o r s . Encourage T r a n s i t - O r i e n t e d Development in Major C e n t e r s T h e r e i s a g r e a t d e a l o f v a r i a t i o n i n p r e s e n t t r a n s i t and c a r p o o l u s e t o m a j o r employment c e n t e r s . F o r e x a m p l e , 40 o u t o f 100 commuters u s e t r a n s i t t o t h e c e n t r a l a r e a o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a and t h e r e m a i n i n g 60 t r a v e l i n o n l y 40 automobiles. I n s i d e the b e l t w a y , o t h e r major c e n t e r s ( s u c h as S i l v e r S p r i n g or B a l l s t o n ) r e q u i r e 60 v e h i c l e s t o t r a n s p o r t 100 w o r k e r s and i n most c e n t e r s o u t s i d e t h e b e l t w a y ( i n c l u d i n g T y s o n s C o r n e r ) i t t a k e s 90 v e h i c l e s t o move 100 people. Commuting b e h a v i o r i s r e l a t e d t o t h e d e n s i t y , s i t e d e s i g n , and m i x t u r e o f d e v e l opment a t t h e e m p l o y m e n t s i t e . As s u b u r b a n a c t i v i t y c e n t e r s grow, t h e i r r e l i a n c e on a s i n g l e o c c u p a n t a u t o m o b i l e g r a d u a l l y i n c r e a s e s h i g h w a y c o n g e s t i o n . O v e r t h e l o n g r u n , h o w e v e r , i n c r e a s e d d e n s i t y and t r a n s i t - o r i e n t e d s i t e d e s i g n s 21 �can c r e a t e t h e e n v i r o n m e n t needed t o s u p p o r t t r a n s i t u s e and c a r p o o l i n g . A ^ey t o i n c r e a s i n g t r a n s i t and c a r p o o l i n g i s t h e management o f p a r k i n g . L i t t l e t r a n s i t u s e o r r i d e s h a r i n g c a n be e x p e c t e d i f p a r k i n g i s a v a i l a b l e a t l i t t l e o r no cost. E a s y a c c e s s i b i l i t y t o c o n d u c t midday a c t i v i t i e s must a l s o be a v a i l a b l e i n o r d e r f o r a commuter t o f e e l c o m f o r t a b l e l e a v i n g h i s o r h e r c a r a t home o r a t a f r i n g e l o t . F i n a l l y , convenient p e d e s t r i a n access f o r the c a r pool or t r a n s i t u s e r t o t h e employment f a c i l i t y i s an e s s e n t i a l component o f a s u c c e s s f u l t r a n s i t program. An i m m e d i a t e p r o g r a m o f p a r k i n g management a n d p e d e s t r i a n a n d t r a n s i t f r i e n d l y s i t e d e s i g n i s needed t o e n c o u r a g e t r a n s i t - o r i e n t e d d e v e l o p ment i n m a j o r c e n t e r s . P r e s e r v e Green Wedges and Open Spaces A c t i o n n e e d s t o be t a k e n s o o n t o e n s u r e t h a t r e a l i s t i c g r e e n wedges a n d open spaces c o n f i n i n g urban growth c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e d e l i n e a t e d and i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o s t a t e a n d l o c a l p l a n s . T e c h n i q u e s s u c h a s Montgomery C o u n t y ' s a g r i c u l t u r a l p r e s e r v a t i o n p r o g r a m and t r a n s f e r a b l e d e v e l o p m e n t r i g h t s n e e d t o be e m p l o y e d t o e n s u r e t h a t urban s p r a w l does not spread i n t o t h e s e p r o t e c t e d a r e a s . Accommodate B i c y c l i s t s and Pedestrians I f a d e q u a t e s i d e w a l k s , t r a i l s , l o c k e r s and o t h e r r e l a t i v e l y i n e x p e n s i v e f a c i l i t i e s w e r e p r o v i d e d , more t r a v e l c o u l d be made by b i c y c l e o r on f o o t . S u c h f a c i l i t i e s w o u l d add t o t h e a t t r a c t i v e n e s s o f r e s i d e n t i a l a n d c o m m e r c i a l a r e a s , l e s s e n t h e demand f o r r o a d s p a c e , and h e l p r e l i e v e o u r a i r q u a l i t y a n d e r p r o b l e m s . Many s h o r t - t e r m a c t i o n s c o u l d be t a k e n t o b e t t e r accommodate b i c ing a n d p e d e s t r i a n s , and t h e s e s h o u l d be g i v e n h i g h p r i o r i t y o v e r t h e n e x t decade. E x p a n d Forested Areas to Protect and Connect the Region E x t e n s i v e l a n d a r e a s s h o u l d r e m a i n f o r e s t e d t o p r o t e c t w a t e r w a y s , w i l d l i f e , and for a e s t h e t i c reasons. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e s e g r e e n w a y s s h o u l d be i n t e r c o n n e c t e d t o p r o v i d e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a l t e r n a t i v e s , r e c r e a t i o n a r e a s , and w i l d l i f e c o r r i d o r s . R e f o r e s t a t i o n p r o g r a m s s h o u l d be f u n d e d a t l e v e l s t h a t w i l l i n c r e a s e t h e number of t r e e s i n the area. Implement Watershed Restoration Programs P r o g r a m s n e e d t o be s t a r t e d t h a t t a r g e t s p e c i f i c w a t e r s h e d s f o r p r o t e c t i o n a n d restoration. T h e A n a c o s t i a r e s t o r a t i o n w o r k p r o v i d e s an e x a m p l e o f how t o g e t t h i s s t a r t e d . T h i s t r e n d o f c r e a t i n g w a t e r s h e d r e s t o r a t i o n p l a n s and implementi n g s t r u c t u r a l and n o n - s t r u c t u r a l i m p r o v e m e n t s t o r e s t o r e and m a i n t a i n w a t e r q u a l i t y on a w a t e r s h e d - w i d e b a s i s w i l l be e s s e n t i a l f o r t h e w e l l b e i n g o f t h e area's streams. Enforce S t r i c t Guidelines to Limit Environmental Impacts from Growth C u r r e n t t e c h n o l o g i e s f o r l i m i t i n g i m p a c t s f r o m g r o w t h s h o u l d be s t r i c t l y e n f o r c e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e g i o n . T h e s e i n c l u d e s t o r m w a t e r management p o n d s , s e ' " 22 �merit a n d e r o s i o n controls, tree p r o t e c t i o n , and f o r e s t e d b u f f e r s . preservation Establish Integrated Waste Management ordinances, critical area Programs S t r a t e g i e s f o r t h e d i s p o s a 1 / r e u s e o f w a s t e s n e e d t o be e s t a b l i s h e d b e f o r e g r o w t h o c c u r s r a t h e r t h a n a f t e r w a r d s . L a n d f i l l management, r e c y c l i n g , h a z a r d o u s w a s t e p r o g r a m s , a n d o t h e r w a s t e management p r o g r a m s n e e d t o be p l a n n e d i n c o o r d i n a t i o n w i t h new g r o w t h . MAJOR T R A N S P O R T A T I O N P R I O R I T I E S Develop and Adopt a System of Radial and Circumferential T r a n s i t S e r v i c e s The adopted r e g i o n a l M e t r o r a i l and Metrobus s y s t e m s , t o g e t h e r w i t h complementar y commuter r a i l and l o c a l f e e d e r b u s s y s t e m s , h a v e g r e a t l y i m p r o v e d t r a n s i t s e r v i c e s t o t h e r e g i o n a l c o r e and t o s u b - r e g i o n a l c e n t e r s l o c a t e d a l o n g t h e r a d i a l r o u t e s . S u b - r e g i o n a l c e n t e r s around and o u t s i d e t h e B e l t w a y c u r r e n t l y have v e r y low l e v e l s o f t r a n s i t u s e , h o w e v e r . Top p r i o r i t y s h o u l d be g i v e n i n t h e a c t i o n agenda t o d e f i n i n g and i m p l e m e n t i n g a c o o r d i n a t e d s y s t e m o f r a d i a l and c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l t r a n s i t and h i g h - o c c u p a n c y v e h i c l e s e r v i c e s t o p r o v i d e an a l t e r n a t i v e t o t h e s i n g l e - o c c u p a n t automobile f o r these growing s u b - r e g i o n a l centers. P a r t i c u l a r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o u l d be g i v e n t o p r o v i d i n g h i g h s p e e d t r a n s i t and HOV s e r v i c e s on o r p a r a l l e l t o t h e b e l t w a y , t o l i n k d e n s e c e n t e r s a r o u n d t h e b e l t w a y to each o t h e r and t o e x i s t i n g r a d i a l t r a n s i t s e r v i c e s . C a n d i d a t e f a c i l i t i e s i n c l u d e HOV l a n e s , a s e p a r a t e d b u s / v a n r o a d w a y , o r a l i g h t r a i l l i n e , w i t h f r i n g e p a r k i n g l o t s f e e d i n g r i d e r s t o HOV a n d t r a n s i t r o u t e s . T h e V i r g i n i a R a i l w a y E x p r e s s a n d t h e MARC s e r v i c e s h o u l d be e x p a n d e d a s r a p i d l y a s demand c a n be g e n e r a t e d , w i t h p a r t i c u l a r e m p h a s i s on e x p a n d e d s t a t i o n p a r k i n g and h o u r s o f service. S p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n s h o u l d be g i v e n t o d e v e l o p i n g h i g h q u a l i t y t r a n s i t service i n the Dulles corridor. Develop and Implement Congestion and T r a f f i c Mitigation Plans Management B e c a u s e o f t h e l o n g l e a d t i m e needed t o p l a n , a p p r o v e , fund and c o n s t r u c t m a j o r new f a c i l i t i e s o r i m p r o v e m e n t s , t h e 10 y e a r a c t i o n p l a n must a d d r e s s t h e i s s u e o f w o r s e n i n g c o n g e s t i o n w h i c h t h r e a t e n s t o c u r t a i l t h e e f f i c i e n t movement o f p e o p l e a n d g o o d s . T h e F e d e r a l H i g h w a y A d m i n i s t r a t i o n (FHVA) h a s p r o p o s e d t h a t a h i g h e r f e d e r a l - a i d s h a r e o f f u n d i n g be a v a i l a b l e f o r i m p r o v e m e n t s t h a t m i t i g a t e congestion. T h i s c o n g e s t i o n management s y s t e m w o u l d accommodate s t r a t e g i e s that: • e x p a n d t h e p e o p l e - m o v i n g c a p a c i t y ( s u c h a s HOV • reduce demand strategies) on t h e f a c i l i t y or i n the area 23 lanes) ( s u c h a s demand management �• add c a p a c i t y o n l y when o t h e r s t r a t e g i e s h a v e b e e n e v a l u a t e d and quate found inade- A t s e v e r a l employment c e n t e r s t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e g i o n , t r a f f i c m i t i g a t i o n p r o grams h a v e s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e d u c e d t h e u s e o f s i n g l e - o c c u p a n t a u t o m o b i l e s f o r w o r k trips. S i l v e r S p r i n g i n Montgomery C o u n t y and B a l l s t o n i n A r l i n g t o n C o u n t y a r e two e x c e l l e n t e x a m p l e s . T h e s e p r o g r a m s i n c l u d e e m p l o y e r c a r p o o l i n g and t r a n s i t i n c e n t i v e s ( s u c h a s t r a n s i t p a s s e s and p r i o r i t y p a r k i n g f o r c a r and v a n p o o l s ) , t r i p r e d u c t i o n o r d i n a n c e s e n a c t e d by l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s , and s y s t e m management i m p r o v e m e n t s s u c h a s t r a f f i c s i g n a 1 i z a t i o n and HOV l a n e s . H i g h p r i o r i t y s h o u l d be g i v e n o v e r t h e n e x t t e n y e a r s t o r e p l i c a t i n g t h e s e s u c c e s s e s as w i d e l y as p o s s i b l e throughout the region. Complete Metrorail T h e r e g i o n h a s o b t a i n e d s u b s t a n t i a l f e d e r a l f i n a n c i a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n f o r comp l e t i n g the M e t r o r a i l system. A d d i t i o n a l e m p h a s i s s h o u l d be now p l a c e d on e x panded f e e d e r s y s t e m s , p a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s and c o m p a t i b l e land development a r o u n d e x i s t i n g and programmed M e t r o r a i l s t a t i o n s . I n a d d i t i o n , a f i r m commitment n e e d s t o be made t o t h e c o n t i n u e d m a i n t e n a n c e and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n o f t h e r a i l system. Complete Committed Highway Improvements A number o f c o m m i t t e d h i g h w a y i m p r o v e m e n t s a r e c u r r e n t l y d e l a y e d b e c a u s e o f f u n d i n g s h o r t a g e s . T h e F a i r f a x P a r k w a y i n V i r g i n i a i s p e r h a p s t h e most n o t a b l e of these f a c i l i t i e s . H i g h p r i o r i t y s h o u l d be g i v e n t o c o m p l e t i n g t h e s e f a c i l i ties . Make Decisions on Pending Proposals Highway Improvements for The C a p i t a l B e l t w a y r e m a i n s as t h e o n l y m a j o r highway s e r v i n g c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l movements b e t w e e n t h e r a d i a l c o r r i d o r s . I t must a l s o s e r v e t r a v e l m o v i n g t h r o u g h t h e r e g i o n , i n c l u d i n g goods movement by t r u c k . S t u d i e s h a v e b e e n comp l e t e d i n b o t h s t a t e s r e c o m m e n d i n g w i d e n i n g o f t h e b e l t w a y f r o m 8 l a n e s t o bet w e e n 10 and 14 l a n e s . T h e 6 - l a n e W i l s o n B r i d g e i s now t h e most o v e r l o a d e d s e c t i o n o f t h e b e l t w a y , and d e t a i l e d e n v i r o n m e n t a l s t u d i e s a r e c u r r e n t l y u n d e r way on a p r o p o s a l t o w i d e n t h e b r i d g e c r o s s i n g t o 14 l a n e s . A c o m p r e h e n s i v e assessment of these proposals w i t h regard to t h e i r c o m p a t i b i l i t y w i t h the long-range v i s i o n f o r the r e g i o n i s a top p r i o r i t y f o r the 1990s. The I n t e r - C o u n t y C o n n e c t o r i s one o f t h e l a s t r e m n a n t s o f a p r o p o s e d s e c o n d b e l t w a y a r o u n d t h e W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. area. I t w o u l d s e r v e as an o p t i o n a l i n t e r s u b u r b a n r o u t e t o t h e b e l t w a y , and p r o v i d e r e l i e f t o o v e r c r o w d e d s u b u r b a n a r terial and local roads. The Inter-County Connector i s currently under e n v i r o n m e n t a l r e v i e w b e c a u s e o f w e t l a n d s and o t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . A d e c i s i o n n e e d s t o made on t h i s p r o j e c t on a h i g h p r i o r i t y b a s i s , w i t h f u l l c o n s i d e r a t i o n g i v e n t o i t s i m p a c t on d e v e l o p m e n t p a t t e r n s and t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . 24 �L o n g - s t a n d i n g p l a n s and r e c e n t s t u d i e s h a v e c a l l e d f o r t h e w i d e n i n g o f c e r t a i n m a j o r a r t e r i a l f a c i l i t i e s i n t h e r e g i o n . Many o f t h e s e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s n e e d a d d i t i o n a l e n v i r o n m e n t a l r e v i e w , and more c o m p r e h e n s i v e a s s e s s m e n t s o f l o c a l impacts. F u r t h e r , c u r r e n t f u n d i n g s o u r c e s a r e n o t a d e q u a t e t o i m p l e m e n t most o f these proposals. H i g h p r i o r i t y s h o u l d be g i v e n t o r e a c h i n g f i n a l d e c i s i o n s on t h e s e p r o j e c t s , s o t h a t t h o s e t h a t a r e a p p r o v e d c a n move f o r w a r d , and a l t e r n a t i v e s c a n be d e v e l o p e d f o r t h o s e t h a t a r e n o t a p p r o v e d . W h i l e b e y o n d a n y t e n - y e a r a g e n d a a s f a r as c o m p l e t i o n , a d e c i s i o n s h o u l d be made i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e a s t o t h e d e s i r a b i l i t y o f one o r b o t h p r o p o s e d W a s h i n g t o n by-passes. I f one o r b o t h a r e t o be a p p r o v e d , t h e n e e d t o f i n a l i z e i n t e r c h a n g e l o c a t i o n s and c r o s s - s e c t i o n s , a c q u i r e r i g h t - o f - w a y , s e c u r e f u n d i n g , and d e v e l o p a c o m p r e h e n s i v e s t r a t e g y f o r g r o w t h management and e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o t e c t i o n f o r any c o r r i d o r s e l e c t e d d i c t a t e s prompt a c t i o n . Maintain and Improve A i r p o r t A c c e s s The W a s h i n g t o n - B a l t i m o r e b i - r e g i o n i s b l e s s e d w i t h three major a i r p o r t s . The l i n k a g e s t o n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l m a r k e t s p r o v i d e d by t h e s e a i r p o r t s a r e c r i t i c a l t o c o n t i n u e d e c o n o m i c v i t a l i t y and g r o w t h i n t h e W a s h i n g t o n and B a l t i more r e g i o n s . M a i n t a i n i n g and i m p r o v i n g a c c e s s t o t h e s e a i r p o r t s by b o t h h i g h way and t r a n s i t w i l l be e s s e n t i a l f o r b o t h t h e s h o r t - and l o n g e r - t e r m f u t u r e s . H i g h p r i o r i t y s h o u l d be g i v e n t o t h e s e a i r p o r t a c c e s s r e q u i r e m e n t s i n t h e t e n y e a r a c t i o n agenda. Maintain and Rehabilitate E x i s t i n g Roads and B r i d g e s T h e r e g i o n h a s s u b s t a n t i a l r e h a b i l i t a t i o n and m a i n t e n a n c e n e e d s f o r e x i s t i n g r o a d s and b r i d g e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a . I n a d d i t i o n , the M e t r o r a i l s y s t e m w i l l s o o n r e q u i r e m a j o r r e h a b i l i t a t i o n o f t r a c k and e q u i p m e n t , a r e q u i r e m e n t t h a t w i l l be w i t h u s i n d e f i n i t e l y . Top p r i o r i t y must be g i v e n i n t h e t e n y e a r a c t i o n a g e n d a t o a d d r e s s i n g t h e s e r e h a b i l i t a t i o n and m a i n t e n a n c e n e e d s t o e n s u r e e f f i c i e n t movement o f b o t h a u t o m o b i l e s and t r u c k s t h r o u g h o u t t h e region. 25 �II t't 26 �IV. IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES T h e most d i f f i c u l t c h a l l e n g e f a c e d by t h e T a s k F o r c e w a s n o t a g r e e i n g on w h a t growth, t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and e n v i r o n m e n t a l s t r a t e g i e s a r e r e q u i r e d , but r a t h e r d e c i d i n g on how t h o s e s t r a t e g i e s a r e t o be i m p l e m e n t e d . A b r o a d c o n s e n s u s was r e a c h e d on t h e n a t u r e o f t h e p r o b l e m , on a d e s i r e d v i s i o n f o r t h e n e x t c e n t u r y , and on k e y s t r a t e g i e s r e q u i r e d t o i m p l e m e n t t h e v i s i o n . I n g e n e r a l , t h e s e f i n d ings r e a f f i r m e d t h e recommendations o f e a r l i e r p l a n n i n g s t u d i e s , and were c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e g e n e r a l t h r u s t o f r e c e n t s t a t e and l o c a l government p l a n n i n g efforts. I n o r d e r t o i m p l e m e n t t h e r e q u i r e d s t r a t e g i e s , we n e e d t o b u i l d c o n s e n s u s t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e g i o n on t h e f o l l o w i n g c r i t i c a l p o i n t s : • T h e n e e d f o r a commitment t o a new v i s i o n a n d a c t i o n a g e n d a f o r t h e r e g i o n , t o l e a d u s away f r o m t h e d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n e c o n o m i c v i t a l i t y a n d q u a l i t y o f l i f e that i s inherent i n business-as-usua1 p o l i c i e s ; • T h e n e e d f o r more e f f e c t i v e g r o w t h a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l management a t t h e l o c a l and s t a t e l e v e l s , a n d f o r more c o m p r e h e n s i v e m o n i t o r i n g o f l a n d u s e c h a n g e s and e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t s a t t h e r e g i o n a l l e v e l ; • The need t o r e f i n e and p r i o r i t i z e proposed s t a t e , r e g i o n a l , and l o c a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n improvements, t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e y a r e c o m p a t i b l e w i t h and s u p p o r t i v e o f r e g i o n a l g o a l s f o r managing e c o n o m i c g r o w t h and p r o t e c t i n g t h e environment; • T h e n e e d t o i d e n t i f y a n d i m p l e m e n t a d e q u a t e r e v e n u e s o u r c e s t o f u n d recommended g r o w t h a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l management p r o g r a m s a n d p r i o r i t y t r a n s p o r t a t i o n improvements. In order to p r o v i d e the commitment necessary to implement the agreed upon s t r a t e g i e s , the T a s k Force proposes that a new i n t e r s t a t e , inter-jurisdictional compact be developed that would define the actions to be taken jointly and independently by the local and state g o v e r n m e n t s . T h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h i s compact would be s u p e r v i s e d by a new Regional Commission on Growth, T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and the E n v i r o n m e n t whose c o m p o s i t i o n w o u l d be d e f i n e d i n t h e c o m p a c t , a n d w o u l d i n c l u d e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n from t h e s t a t e a n d l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s , t h e b u s i n e s s c o m m u n i t y , a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l and c i t i z e n g r o u p s . T h e f o l l o w i n g k e y a c t i o n i t e m s w o u l d be c o v e r e d i n t h e c o m p a c t : • Commitments t o b r o a d p r i n c i p l e s t o g u i d e g r o w t h , p r o t e c t t h e e n v i r o n m e n t , and p r o m o t e t h e e c o n o m i c v i t a l i t y o f t h e r e g i o n ; • Commitments t o i m p l e m e n t a t i o n a n d m o n i t o r i n g o f n e e d e d g r o w t h and e n v i r o n m e n t a l management m e a s u r e s on a u n i f o r m b a s i s t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e g i o n ; • E s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a r e g i o n a l development fund t o s u p p o r t s p e c i f i c r e g i o n a l g r o w t h a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l management a c t i v i t i e s , s u c h a s a c q u i s i t i o n o f open space and greenways, and i n c e n t i v e s f o r t h e p r o v i s i o n o f w e l l - l o c a t e d a f fordable housing; 27 �• I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f , a n d commitment t o , p r i o r i t y r e g i o n a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p r o j e c t s w h i c h a r e c r i t i c a l t o a c h i e v i n g t h e r e g i o n ' s g o a l s f o r economic v i t a l i t y and e n v i r o n m e n t a l q u a l i t y ; • I d e n t i f i c a t i o n and i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f a d d i t i o n a l f u n d i n g s o u r c e s t o i m p l e ment t h e a g r e e d upon g r o w t h , e n v i r o n m e n t a l , a n d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n m e a s u r e s ; • S p e c i a l s t u d i e s a s n e e d e d t o r e a c h a g r e e m e n t o n new m e a s u r e s a n d p r o j e c t s t o be added t o t h e compact i n f u t u r e y e a r s ; and • A c h a r t e r d e f i n i n g t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s a n d m e m b e r s h i p o f t h e R e g i o n a l Comm i s s i o n o n G r o w t h , T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , a n d t h e E n v i r o n m e n t t h a t w o u l d be c h a r g e d w i t h s u p e r v i s i n g t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e compact p r o v i s i o n s . T h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s o u t l i n e a c t i v i t i e s t h a t n e e d t o be u n d e r t a k e n a n d i s s u e s t h a t n e e d t o be r e s o l v e d i n o r d e r t o d e v e l o p t h e s p e c i f i c p r o v i s i o n s t o be i n c l u d e d i n t h e compact. Identification of Proven Growth and Environmental Management Measures A v a r i e t y o f g r o w t h a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l management t o o l s h a v e been d e v e l o p e d a n d used i n t h e Washington r e g i o n and throughout t h e c o u n t r y : adequate p u b l i c f a c i l i t i e s o r d i n a n c e s , t r a n s f e r a b l e development r i g h t s , urban growth boundaries, agr i c u l t u r a l p r e s e r v a t i o n programs, l i n k a g e o f commercial development and h o u s i n g p r o d u c t i o n , d e v e l o p m e n t f e e s , a n d z o n i n g and b u i l d i n g r e g u l a t i o n s . Some s t a t e s i n o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e c o u n t r y have implemented l e g i s l a t i o n r e q u i r i n g " c o n c u r r e n c e " b e t w e e n l o c a l d e v e l o p m e n t a p p r o v a l s and t h e p r o v i s i o n o f i n f r a s t r u c t u r e improvements. The a v a i l a b i l i t y and use o f these t o o l s v a r i e s g r e a t l y around t h e r e g i o n . T h e T a s k Force recommends that planning d i r e c t o r s ' and transportation technical committees at C O G undertake a comprehensive evaluation of growth and environmental management tools, and identify the most effective of them for implementation on a uniform b a s i s throughout the region. T h e r e s u l t s o f t h i s w o r k w i l l be i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o t h e c o m p a c t i n t h e f o r m o f g u i d e l i n e s a n d s p e c i f i c g r o w t h a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l management m e a s u r e s t h a t w i l l be a d o p t e d on a uniform b a s i s throughout the region. The s t a t e s o f M a r y l a n d and V i r g i n i a have both e s t a b l i s h e d growth commissions d u r i n g t h e p a s t y e a r . T h e a c t i v i t i e s o f t h e s e c o m m i s s i o n s a p p e a r t o be a i m e d a t t h e same g r o w t h a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l management g o a l s a s a r e i m p l i e d by t h e new v i s i o n a n d a c t i o n agenda d e v e l o p e d by t h e T a s k F o r c e . T h e T a s k F o r c e r e c o g n i z e s t h a t g r o w t h a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l management p r o g r a m s need t o be i m p l e m e n t e d o v e r a w i d e g e o g r a p h i c a r e a i n o r d e r t o be e f f e c t i v e . I n V i r g i n i a , any s t r e n g t h e n i n g o f t h e g r o w t h management t o o l s a v a i l a b l e t o t h e l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s w i l l r e q u i r e a c t i o n by t h e s t a t e l e g i s l a t u r e . C o n s e q u e n t l y , i t i s a p p r o p r i a t e t h a t t h e t o p i c o f g r o w t h management be a d d r e s s e d a t t h e s t a t e l e v e l , a n d t h e T a s k F o r c e i s s u p p o r t i v e o f t h e e f f o r t s o f t h e s t a t e growth commissions. The S t a t e Commissions s h o u l d c o n s u l t w i t h t h e l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s and t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r , h o w e v e r , t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e i r work a d e q u a t e l y r e f l e c t s l o c a l and r e g i o n a l concerns and p r i o r i t i e s , a n d t h a t t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s c a n be s u p p o r t e d by a b r o a d r a n g e o f g o v e r n m e n t a l , b u s i n e s s , e n v i r o n m e n t a l , and c i t i z e n c o n s t i t u e n c i e s . The Task Force recommends that the state growth commissions participate in the formu28 �lation of a new compact to adopt and implement growth and environmental management measures that will be compatible with and s u p p o r t i v e of the region's goals. S i n c e t h e e a r l y 1980s, r e g i o n a l m o n i t o r i n g and r e v i e w o f l o c a l p l a n s and d e v e l opment a p p r o v a l s h a s b e e n s u b s t a n t i a l l y r e d u c e d due t o c u t b a c k s i n f e d e r a l f u n d ing. T h i s f u n c t i o n n e e d s t o be r e i n s t a t e d a n d s t r e n g t h e n e d . T h e T a s k Force recommends that C O G convene the appropriate local government staff r e p r e s e n tatives to design a work program and funding scheme for this effort. Interested private sector on t h e b e s t way t o region. Coordination t i o n s i n V i r g i n i a and a n d o t h e r n o n - g o v e r n m e n t a g e n c i e s s h o u l d a l s o be c o n s u l t e d r e i n s t a t e t h i s f u n c t i o n i n a n e f f e c t i v e manner f o r t h e w i t h t h e B a l t i m o r e r e g i o n and o t h e r n e i g h b o r i n g j u r i s d i c M a r y l a n d w i l l be an e s s e n t i a l p a r t o f t h i s u n d e r t a k i n g . A v a r i e t y o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l management and c o n t r o l m e a s u r e s n e e d t o be c o n s i d e r e d f o r i n c l u s i o n i n t h e new r e g i o n a l c o m p a c t . S t r o n g e r e n f o r c e m e n t o f f l o o d p l a i n z o n i n g w o u l d r e d u c e f l o o d a b a t e m e n t c o s t s and h e l p p r e s e r v e f o r e s t e d b u f f e r s a l o n g s t r e a m s and r i v e r s . T r e e o r d i n a n c e s a r e needed t o r e t a i n and enhance t r e e c o v e r , a n d i n c e n t i v e s s h o u l d be p r o v i d e d t o e n c o u r a g e d e v e l o p e r s t o r e t a i n mat u r e t r e e s a s w e l l a s p l a n t new t r e e s a f t e r c o n s t r u c t i o n . T r e e b u f f e r s s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d a l o n g s t r e a m s a n d r i v e r s , a n d s c e n i c e a s e m e n t s s h o u l d be s o u g h t a l o n g s t r e a m c o r r i d o r s t o m a i n t a i n t r e e c o v e r a g e on p r i v a t e l a n d . S t o r m w a t e r c o n t r o l s s h o u l d be m a n d a t e d f o r a l l g r o w t h , i n c l u d i n g i m p r o v e m e n t s t o e x i s t i n g m a i n t e n a n c e and r e p a i r programs. W e t l a n d s , i m p o r t a n t w i l d l i f e h a b i t a t , and p r i m e a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d s s h o u l d be p r o t e c t e d t h r o u g h s e n s i t i v e a r e a p r o t e c t i o n programs. E f f o r t s a r e u n d e r w a y a t COG a n d o t h e r a g e n c i e s t o d e v e l o p a n i n f o r m a t i v e s e t o f environmental i n d i c e s t o t r a c k t h e region's progress toward t h e accomplishment of i t s environmental goals. T h e new r e g i o n a l compact s h o u l d i n c l u d e t h e p r o v i s i o n o f s t a f f and f i n a n c i a l r e s o u r c e s t o s u p p o r t t h e d a t a g a t h e r i n g , a n a l y s i s , and o n g o i n g m o n i t o r i n g n e e d e d f o r a c o m p r e h e n s i v e e n v i r o n m e n t a l m o n i t o r i n g p r o gram. I n o r d e r t o a c q u i r e a d d i t i o n a l open s p a c e , p r e s e r v e a g r i c u l t u r a l a r e a s , p r o v i d e i n c e n t i v e s f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a f f o r d a b l e h o u s i n g n e a r m a j o r employment l o c a t i o n s , a n d r e s t o r e u r b a n w a t e r s h e d s , the T a s k Force recommends t h a t the compact provide the financial resources needed to implement programs in these areas. A r e g i o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l f u n d s h o u l d be e s t a b l i s h e d t o support s p e c i f i c g r o w t h and e n v i r o n m e n t a l management a c t i v i t i e s . Possible s o u r c e s o f f u n d i n g i n c l u d e d e v e l o p m e n t f e e s , p r o p e r t y t r a n s f e r f e e s , and g e n e r a l r e v e n u e s o u r c e s i d e n t i f i e d and c o m m i t t e d by e a c h l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t . The growth and e n v i r o n m e n t a l f u n d c o u l d be u s e d t o : • A c q u i r e open s p a c e a n d p r e s e r v e a g r i c u l t u r e a r e a s ; • P r o v i d e i n c e n t i v e s f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a f f o r d a b l e h o u s i n g n e a r m a j o r employment l o c a t i o n s ; • R e s t o r e urban watersheds; 29 �• P r o v i d e g r e e n w a y s , b i k e C r a i l s and r a c k s ; and • Improve r e g i o n w i d e growth and e n v i r o n m e n t a l p l a n n i n g e f f o r t s . Refining P r i o r i t i z i n g , and F u n d i n g Transportation Proposals S i n c e t h e l a s t comprehensive update o f t h e r e g i o n a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p l a n i n t h e e a r l y 1 9 8 0 s , a number o f m a j o r new t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p r o p o s a l s h a v e b e e n s t u d i e d and r e v i e w e d b y t h e s t a t e a n d l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s and b u s i n e s s , e n v i r o n m e n t a l , a n d c i t i z e n groups. I n c l u d e d among t h e s e p r o p o s a l s a r e t h e m a j o r r o a d a n d t r a n s i t improvements i n t h e N o r t h e r n V i r g i n i a S u b r e g i o n a l P l a n , t h e e a s t e r n and w e s t e r n b y p a s s e s c u r r e n t l y u n d e r s t u d y by t h e s t a t e s o f M a r y l a n d a n d V i r g i n i a , t h e w i d e n i n g o f t h e N o r t h e r n V i r g i n i a p o r t i o n o f t h e C a p i t a l B e l t w a y a n d t h e Woodrow W i l s o n B r i d g e t o 14 l a n e s ( i n c l u d i n g two HOV l a n e s ) , t h e e x t e n s i o n o f r a i l t r a n s i t t o D u l l e s A i r p o r t , t h e l i g h t r a i l l i n e between Bethesda and S i l v e r S p r i n g , a number o f HOV a n d t r a n s i t o p t i o n s i n t h e M a r y l a n d commuter a s s i s t a n c e s t u d y , maj o r road and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n b r i d g e p r o j e c t s i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and t h e continuing maintenance, o p e r a t i o n and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n o f t h e m e t r o r a i l and bus systems. D u r i n g t h e same p e r i o d s u b s t a n t i a l p r o g r e s s h a s b e e n made on s e v e r a l p r o j e c t s a l r e a d y i n t h e r e g i o n a l p l a n , i n c l u d i n g the M e t r o r a i l c o n s t r u c t i o n program; t h e u p g r a d i n g o f t h e C a p i t a l B e l t w a y , 1-270 a n d r o u t e 50 i n M a r y l a n d ; t h e e x t e n s i o n o f HOV l a n e s on 1-95, t h e w i d e n i n g o f t h e D u l l e s t o l l r o a d , a n d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f commuter r a i l i n V i r g i n i a ; a n d t h e m a i n t e n a n c e a n d e x p a n s i o n o f l o c a l bus s e r v i c e s t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e g i o n . F u n d i n g a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l i s s u e s h a v e d e l a y e d some p r o j e c t s , h o w e v e r , i n c l u d i n g t h e F a i r f a x P a r k w a y , t h e I n t e r - C o u n t y C o n n e c t o r , a number o f l o c a l r o a d i m p r o v e m e n t s , a n d some m a j o r r o a d a n d b r i d g e r e h a b i l i t a t i o n programs. I n o r d e r t o i m p l e m e n t a l l o f t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n improvement p r o j e c t s c u r r e n t l y programmed a n d p r o p o s e d a t t h e s t a t e and l o c a l l e v e l s , we w o u l d h a v e t o a t l e a s t d o u b l e and p r o b a b l y t r i p l e e x i s t i n g f u n d i n g l e v e l s o v e r a t w e n t y - y e a r p e r i o d . C l e a r l y a d d i t i o n a l r e v e n u e s o u r c e s must be e n a c t e d . In addition, a prioritizat i o n o f t h e s e p r o j e c t s w i l l be n e c e s s a r y , a n d e x t e n s i v e e f f o r t s w i l l be r e q u i r e d t o r e d u c e demand f o r t h o s e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s t h a t we c a n n o t a f f o r d t o i m p l e m e n t a s s o o n a s we w o u l d l i k e . Some o f t h e most a m b i t i o u s o f t h e s e p r o j e c t s , such a s t h e I n t e r - C o u n t y Connector, t h e e a s t e r n and w e s t e r n bypasses and t h e w i d e n i n g o f t h e W i l s o n B r i d g e , a r e s t i l l s u b j e c t t o e n v i r o n m e n t a l r e v i e w p r o c e s s e s t h a t c o u l d r e s u l t i n s i g n i f i c a n t changes t o c u r r e n t d e s i g n p r o p o s a l s . The t e n - y e a r a c t i o n agenda l i s t s t h o s e p r o j e c t s w h i c h a r e f i r m l y committed, s u c h as t h e M e t r o r a i l c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o g r a m , t h e F a i r f a x P a r k w a y , a n d t h e r o u t e 50 upg r a d i n g i n M a r y l a n d , a n d u r g e s t h a t f u n d i n g p r i o r i t y be g i v e n t o c o m p l e t i n g these p r o j e c t s . T h e agenda a l s o r e c o g n i z e s , h o w e v e r , t h a t s e v e r a l p r o j e c t p r o p o s a l s s u c h a s t h e I n t e r - C o u n t y C o u n t y , t h e b y p a s s e s , and t h e W i l s o n B r i d g e improvements, a r e s t i l l s u b j e c t t o s t u d y and t o f u n d i n g u n c e r t a i n t y . The Task Force recommends that c u r r e n t l y uncommitted transportation projects be c a r e f u l ly a s s e s s e d d u r i n g the next three y e a r s with regard to the Clean A i r A c t requirements and their general compatibility with the long-range vision for the r e g i o n , and p r i o r i t i z e d a c c o r d i n g l y . T h e s e a s s e s s m e n t s s h o u l d be c o n d u c t e d u n d e r t h e o v e r a l l s u p e r v i s i o n o f p o l i c y and t e c h n i c a l c o m m i t t e e s o f t h e N a t i o n a l 30 �C a p i t a l Region T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Board (TPB) as p a r t o f the r e g u l a r updating o f t h e region's long-range t r a n s p o r t a t i o n plan. Other r e s p o n s i b l e p o l i c y and t e c h n i c a l c o m m i t t e e s s u c h a s t h e COG E n v i r o n m e n t a l P o l i c y C o m m i t t e e a n d i t s R e g i o n a l A i r Management S u b c o m m i t t e e s h o u l d a l s o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h i s p r o c e s s . Those proj e c t s w h i c h a r e f o u n d t o be t h e most e f f e c t i v e i n a d v a n c i n g t h e o v e r a l l g r o w t h and e n v i r o n m e n t a l o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e r e g i o n w o u l d be i n c l u d e d i n t h e new r e g i o n a l compact a s committed p r o j e c t s , and w o u l d r e c e i v e the h i g h e s t p r i o r i t y f o r a v a i l able funding. E v e n b e f o r e t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e c u r r e n t economic slowdown, revenue and c o s t f o r e c a s t s showed a s u b s t a n t i a l s h o r t f a l l i n f u n d i n g f o r p l a n n e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n improvements. Without s u b s t a n t i a l funding i n c r e a s e s , s e r v i c e l e v e l s f o r autom o b i l e s a n d t r u c k s on t h e r e g i o n ' s h i g h w a y s y s t e m a r e e x p e c t e d t o g r a d u a l l y d e t e r i o r a t e , d e s p i t e some s i g n i f i c a n t i m p r o v e m e n t s s c h e d u l e d o r a l r e a d y i n p l a c e i n c e r t a i n l o c a t i o n s s u c h a s t h e 1-270, r o u t e 5 0 , 1 - 9 5 , a n d D u l l e s c o r r i d o r s . F u r t h e r , m a i n t e n a n c e and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n o f t h e r e g i o n ' s m e t r o r a i l s y s t e m w i l l r e q u i r e a s u b s t a n t i a l i n c r e a s e i n c u r r e n t f u n d i n g l e v e l s f o r Metro. H i s t o r i c a l l y , a s u b s t a n t i a l p o r t i o n o f t h e f u n d i n g f o r major r e g i o n a l highway and t r a n s i t f a c i l i t i e s h a s b e e n p r o v i d e d by t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t . T h e S t a t e ment o f N a t i o n a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P o l i c y i s s u e d b y U.S. T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Secretary S a m u e l S k i n n e r i n M a r c h o f 1990 was s i l e n t on t h e q u e s t i o n o f s p e n d i n g t h e a c c u m u l a t e d b a l a n c e i n t h e H i g h w a y T r u s t F u n d , a n d on t h e q u e s t i o n o f i n c r e a s i n g t h e f e d e r a l g a s o l i n e t a x f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n purposes. The d e f i c i t - r e d u c t i o n agreement r e a c h e d i n t h e f a l l o f 1990 i n c r e a s e d t h e g a s o l i n e t a x b y f i v e c e n t s , w i t h h a l f t h e i n c r e a s e d e d i c a t e d t o t h e Highway T r u s t Fund. A c t u a l appropriations w i l l be c o n s t r a i n e d by t h e d e f i c i t a g r e e m e n t , h o w e v e r , a n d a s a r e s u l t f u n d i n g l e v e l s a r e n o t s c h e d u l e d t o be i n c r e a s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y . T h e T a s k F o r c e b e l i e v e s t h a t t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f u n d i n g n e e d s t o be a t l e a s t d o u b l e d i n t h e W a s h i n g t o n r e g i o n , and t h a t t h e f e d e r a l government s h o u l d p l a y i t s p a r t i n p r o v i d i n g f o r those funding increases. T h e T a s k Force u r g e s that the federal government make the accumulated balance in the highway t r u s t f u n d available for critical transportation projects over the next four y e a r s , and that the federal gasoline tax then be i n c r e a s e d as needed to s u s t a i n this h i g h e r level of federal f u n d i n g . An equitable a s h a r e of those r e s o u r c e s should be directed to meeting the needs of the Washington r e g i o n . The share d i r e c t e d t o t h e Washington region should r e f l e c t t h e l e v e l o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs i n t h e r e g i o n , and t h e s p e c i a l s t a t u s o f t h e r e g i o n a s h o s t t o much o f t h e f e d e r a l w o r k f o r c e . T h e federal g o v e r n ment as the employer of 20 p e r c e n t of the region's w o r k f o r c e , must contribute its s h a r e to the region's i n f r a s t r u c t u r e needs along with other employers who are p a r t of the region's job g r o w t h . The s t a t e g o v e r n m e n t s h a v e a l s o h i s t o r i c a l l y f u n d e d a s u b s t a n t i a l p o r t i o n o f t h e r e g i o n ' s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f u n d i n g t h r o u g h g a s o l i n e a n d o t h e r c h a r g e s l e v i e d on u s ers o f t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system. W h i l e t h e s t a t e s have i n c r e a s e d t h e i r u s e r f e e s a n d f u n d i n g l e v e l s more f r e q u e n t l y t h a n t h e f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t , f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e s w i l l be n e e d e d i n t h e n e a r f u t u r e i f t h e s t a t e s a r e t o s u s t a i n t h e i r t r a d i t i o n a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s for transportation. T h e T a s k Force is s u p p o r t i v e of i n c r e a s e s in state r e v e n u e s o u r c e s for t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , and recommends t h a t : 31 �• s u c h i n c r e a s e s be developed cooperatively by the states so as to make tnem uniform throughout the r e g i o n ; • an equitable portion of the f u n d s that are r a i s e d within the Washington r e gion be committed formally for transportation improvements in the r e g i o n ; and • the f u n d s be applied to high p r i o r i t y projects chosen through a cooperative p r o c e s s that involves both state and local government r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , and e n s u r e s that the p r o j e c t s are compatible with and s u p p o r t i v e of the longr a n g e vision for the r e g i o n . The T a s k F o r c e r e c o g n i z e s t h a t even w i t h s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e s i n f e d e r a l and s t a t e f u n d i n g f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p r o j e c t s i n t h e r e g i o n , i n c r e a s e d commitments will a l s o be r e q u i r e d from l o c a l f u n d i n g s o u r c e s and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n u s e r s . T h e s e additional r e v e n u e s should be raised from those who are responsible for the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o s t s , and who benefit from the improvements that are p r o vided. The f o l l o w i n g funding s t r a t e g i e s a r econsidered p a r t i c u l a r l y promising in t h i s regard: • Development fees a p p l i e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e g i o n t o r e f l e c t t h e a d d i t i o n a l demands p l a c e d on t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m by new d e v e l o p m e n t . S u c h f e e s s h o u l d be d e s i g n e d t o e n s u r e t h a t d e v e l o p m e n t p a y s i t s w a y , a n d w o u l d v a r y d e p e n d i n g on t h e n a t u r e a n d l o c a t i o n o f t h e new d e v e l o p m e n t : projects located where t h e r e is plenty of road or t r a n s i t c a p a c i t y would be cha lower fees than p r o j e c t s where e x p e n s i v e new c a p a c i t y must be p r o v k The f e d e r a l g o v e r n m e n t s h o u l d a l s o make a p p r o p r i a t e c o n t r i b u t i o n s when new f e d e r a l f a c i l i t i e s are developed. • Special tax d i s t r i c t s t o p e r m i t bond f i n a n c i n g o f l a r g e , i n t e g r a t e d t r a n s p o r tation i m p r o v e m e n t s w h i c h c a n t h e n be i m p l e m e n t e d b e f o r e d e v e l o p m e n t occurs . T o l l s on major road facilities t o h e l p p a y f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n , w i d e n i n g a n d management o f t h o s e f a c i l i t i e s . Special purpose transportation authorities m i g h t be e s t a b l i s h e d t o a d m i n i s t e r s u c h t o l l f a c i l i t i e s w i t h i n t h e c o n t e x t o f t h e new r e g i o n a l c o m p a c t on g r o w t h , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , a n d t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . A u t o m a t i c t o l l c o l l e c t i o n w o u l d be e m p l o y e d t o t h e maximum e x t e n t p o s s i b l e to a v o i d d e l a y s c a u s e d by t o l l booths. • Weight-distance taxes have been implemented i n s e v e r a l s t a t e s t o e n s u r e t h a t heavy v e h i c l e s pay a c c o r d i n g t o the costs they occasion i nt h e i r use o f t h e highway system. Such t a x e s deserve s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n Maryland, V i r g i n i a , and the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. • V e h i c l e registration and d r i v e r license fees w h i c h w o u l d be r a i s e d by e a c h s t a t e a n d l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t a n d d e d i c a t e d t o l o c a l r o a d and t r a n s i t i m p r o v e ments . • E x c i s e and p e r s o n a l p r o p e r t y taxes on vehicles w h i c h w o u l d be r a i s e d s t a t e a n d l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s a n d d e d i c a t e d t o r o a d a n d t r a n s i t improveme 32 �( V i r g i n i a c u r r e n t l y has a p e r s o n a l p r o p e r t y t a x on v e h i c l e s u s e d a s a s o u r c e o f g e n e r a l r e v e n u e s , w h i l e M a r y l a n d does n o t . On t h e o t h e r h a n d , M a r y l a n d h a s a l o c a l income t a x s u r c h a r g e , w h i l e V i r g i n i a does n o t , a l t h o u g h t h e S t a t e o f V i r g i n i a has g i v e n N o r t h e r n V i r g i n i a j u r i s d i c t i o n s t h e o p t i o n o f e n a c t i n g a l o c a l income t a x s u r c h a r g e f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p u r p o s e s . U n i f o r m i t y c o u l d be a c h i e v e d by i n t r o d u c i n g a l o c a l income t a x s u r c h a r g e i n Northe r n V i r g i n i a , and i n t r o d u c i n g a p e r s o n a l p r o p e r t y t a x i n M a r y l a n d , w i t h t h e i n c r e a s e i n revenues dedicated to t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . ) • P a r k i n g fees i n employment l o c a t i o n s w e l l - s e r v e d by t r a n s i t , f o r u s e i n s u p p o r t i n g l o c a l r o a d and t r a n s i t i m p r o v e m e n t s . • F i n e s f o r p a r k i n g and m o v i n g v i o l a t i o n s s h o u l d be d e d i c a t e d t o c o v e r c o s t s o f t r a f f i c e n f o r c e m e n t and o t h e r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i m p r o v e m e n t s . • Local or s u b - r e g i o n a l gasoline tax surcharges a p p l i e d u n i f o r m l y throughout t h e r e g i o n f o r l o c a l r o a d and t r a n s i t i m p r o v e m e n t s . ( N o r t h e r n V i r g i n i a a l r e a d y has a t w o - p e r c e n t g a s o l i n e t a x a p p l i e d a t a s u b - r e g i o n a l l e v e l f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p u r p o s e s . U n i f o r m i t y c o u l d be a c h i e v e d by a d o p t i n g a compar a b l e t a x i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a and M a r y l a n d . ) the The T a s k Force recommends that u s e r - o r i e n t e d revenue strategies such as those listed above be defined in the regional compact for application uniformly and c o m p r e h e n s i v e l y t h r o u g h o u t the region. A r e g i o n a l commitment t o s p e c i f i c f u n d i n g s o u r c e s w i l l be e s s e n t i a l i f we a r e t o f i n a n c e and o p e r a t e a f i r s t c l a s s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s y s t e m f o r t h e r e g i o n , and p r o v i d e i n c e n t i v e s f o r t h e most e f f i c i e n t use of t h a t system. Previous COG s t u d i e s have i d e n t i f i e d a funding shortfall o f a t l e a s t $500 m i l l i o n a n n u a l l y f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i m p r o v e m e n t s n e e d ed i n t h e r e g i o n o v e r t h e n e x t two d e c a d e s . One s c e n a r i o f o r m a k i n g up t h i s s h o r t f a l l u s i n g t h e above f u n d i n g s t r a t e g i e s i s as f o l l o w s : • F u n d i n g f r o m t h e f e d e r a l h i g h w a y t r u s t f u n d i s i n c r e a s e d by $125 m i l l i o n ann u a l l y , t h r o u g h a spend-down o f t h e t r u s t f u n d b a l a n c e , and g r a d u a l i n c r e a s e s i n t h e f e d e r a l g a s o l i n e t a x a t a r a t e o f , s a y , one c e n t p e r y e a r . • S t a t e g a s o l i n e t a x r e v e n u e s a r e r a i s e d by 20 $300 m i l l i o n a n n u a l l y , a $50 m i l l i o n i n c r e a s e . • D e v e l o p m e n t f e e s a r e a p p l i e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e g i o n , b u t v a r i e d d e p e n d i n g on p r o j e c t l o c a t i o n . O v e r a l l , t h e same t o t a l f u n d i n g i s o b t a i n e d as f r o m c u r r e n t p r o f f e r , d e v e l o p m e n t f e e s and s p e c i a l d e v e l o p m e n t d i s t r i c t arrangements . percent f r o m $250 m i l l i o n to T o l l s c o l l e c t e d t h r o u g h a u t o m a t i c t o l l c o l l e c t i o n on s e l e c t e d new o r imp r o v e d m a j o r h i g h w a y f a c i l i t i e s r a i s e $125 m i l l i o n a n n u a l l y , and v e h i c l e r e g i s t r a t i o n and d r i v e r l i c e n s e f e e s a r e i n c r e a s e d by $45 p e r v e h i c l e and $5 p e r d r i v e r a n n u a l l y , r a i s i n g $125 m i l l i o n a n n u a l l y . A l t e r n a t i v e l y , pers o n a l p r o p e r t y t a x e s a v e r a g i n g $100 p e r v e h i c l e r a i s e $250 m i l l i o n a n n u a l l y . P a r k i n g f e e s o f $1 p e r day f o r t h e 100,000 l o n g - t e r m p a r k i n g s p a c e s i n r e g i o n a l c e n t e r s w e l l - s e r v e d by t r a n s i t r a i s e $25 m i l l i o n a n n u a l l y . 33 �F i n e s c o n t i n u e t o c o n t r i b u t e c u r r e n t revenue • levels Local o r sub-regional gasoline surcharges o f 6 percent per gallon (including t h e 2 p e r c e n t l e v e l i n N o r t h e r n V i r g i n i a a t p r e s e n t ) r a i s e a n a d d i t i o n a l $85 million annually. Defining the Regional Commission to Implement the Compact I n o r d e r t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e p a r t i c i p a t i n g s t a t e a n d l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s know e x a c t i n g what commitments t h e y a r e m a k i n g u n d e r t h e new c o m p a c t , t h e compact should be a s s p e c i f i c a s p o s s i b l e and s h o u l d to a large d e g r e e be self-executing. N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e c o m p a c t w i l l h a v e t o be i n t e r p r e t e d a n d p e r h a p s m o d i f i e d o v e r t i m e , a n d t h e r e w i l l be a number o f i m p l e m e n t a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s t h a t w i l l r e q u i r e ongoing s u p e r v i s i o n . A R e g i o n a l C o m m i s s i o n on G r o w t h , T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , a n d t h e E n v i r o n m e n t w i l l n e e d t o be c r e a t e d u n d e r t h e compact t o c a r r y o u t t h e s e implementation res:-: i s i b i l i t i e s . The C o m m i s s i o n a n d compact arraii,,'ircu n t s c o u l d be r a t h e r s i m i l a r t o t h e i n t e r s t a t e c o m p a c t d e v e l o p e d i n 1967 t o p r o v i d e f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d o p e r a t i o n o f t h e M e t r o r a i l s y s t e m , w h i c h c r e a t e d t h e W a s h i n g t o n M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a T r a n s i t Aut h o r i t y (WMATA). U n l i k e WMATA, h o w e v e r , t h e new R e g i o n a l C o m m i s s i o n w o u l d h a v e no o p e r a t i n g r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . I t s s o l e f u n c t i o n w o u l d be t o s u p e r v i s e t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e agreements r e a c h e d under t h e compact. A c t u a l i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e m e a s u r e s i n c l u d e d i n t h e a g r e e m e n t , s u c h a s p u r c h a s e o f open s p a c e , a d d i t i o n o f new t r a n s i t s e r v i c e s , a d o p t i o n o f d e v e l o p m e n t f e e s , a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n o f new r o a d p r o j e c t s w o u l d be t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f e x i s t i n g s t a t e , r e g i o n a l , a n d l o c a l a g e n c i e s . The c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e R e g i o n a l Commission s h o u l d i n c l u d e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n f r o m t h e s t a t e a n d l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s , t h e b u s i n e s s community, a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l a n d c i t i z e n g r o u p s , somewhat a l o n g t h e same l i n e s a s t h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e J o i n t T a s k F o r c e o n G r o w t h and T r a n s p o r t a t i o n . Communicating the New Vision and Action Agenda T h e s u p p o r t o f t h e r e g i o n a l community w i l l be e s s e n t i a l f o r t h e p r o p o s e d new v i s i o n a n d a c t i o n p l a n , a n d f o r t h e e x t e n s i v e e f f o r t a n d commitment t h a t w i l l be n e e d e d t o c r a f t a new r e g i o n a l compact a n d a R e g i o n a l C o m m i s s i o n t o i m p l e m e n t it. I n o r d e r t o o b t a i n t h i s s u p p o r t , we n e e d t o c o n d u c t a b r o a d p r o g r a m o f community i n f o r m a t i o n and p a r t i c i p a t i o n . COG a n d t h e l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s a l r e a d y h a v e t h e i n f o r m a t i o n t h e y n e e d t o d e s c r i b e the i m p l i c a t i o n s o f b u s i n e s s - a s - u s u a l s t r a t e g i e s , and t o d e t a i l t h e k e y p r i n c i p l e s and e l e m e n t s o f t h e new v i s i o n a n d a c t i o n p l a n o u t l i n e d i n e a r l i e r sections. However, t h e y do n o t a t p r e s e n t h a v e t h e s t a f f a n d f i n a n c i a l r e s o u r c e s n e e d e d t o mount a b r o a d - b a s e d i n f o r m a t i o n e f f o r t t o c o m m u n i c a t e t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n e f f e c t i v e l y t o t h e i n t e r e s t e d c o n s t i t u e n c y groups and t o t h e g e n e r a l public. D u r i n g t h e p u b l i c f o r u m h e l d b y t h e T a s k F o r c e on O c t o b e r 2 4 , a number of t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n s making p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f f e r e d t h e i r s e r v i c e s i n the r e f i n e ment a n d i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e T a s k F o r c e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s . T h e T a s k Force recommends t h a t C O G b r i n g together all of the e x p e r t i s e and resources available from interested organizations to help communicate the information and recommendations g r o w i n g out of the T a s k Force e f f o r t . 34 Special e m p h a s i s s h o u l d be �p l a c e d on t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d u s e o f e f f e c t i v e v i s u a l m a t e r i a l s , and on t e c h n i q u e s f o r o b t a i n i n g t h e b r o a d e s t p o s s i b l e p u b l i c o u t r e a c h and comment on t h e information presented. T h e Need to A c t is Urgent I f we c o n t i n u e w i t h b u s i n e s s - a s - u s u a l , l o w - d e n s i t y l a n d development w i l l cont i n u e c a u s i n g l o n g e r t r i p l e n g t h s and i n c r e a s e d highway t r a v e l . Our i n a b i l i t y t o f u n d needed highway and t r a n s i t improvements w i l l c a u s e w o r s e n i n g c o n g e s t i o n , longer d e l a y s , and i n c r e a s e s i n a c c i d e n t s . L i t t l e open s p a c e w i l l be p r e s e r v e d , a i r a n d w a t e r q u a l i t y a n d e n e r g y c o n s e r v a t i o n g o a l s w i l l n o t be met, a n d h i g h e r h o u s i n g and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n c o s t s w i l l reduce o u r economic w e l l - b e i n g . Our o v e r a l l quality of l i f e w i l l deteriorate. I f we a c t now, we c a n e n s u r e t h a t f u t u r e l a n d u s e , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l p l a n s a r e i n t e g r a t e d , and t h a t t h e r e g i o n ' s e c o n o m i c , s o c i a l , and e n v i r o n m e n t a l n e e d s a r e met. T h e r e g i o n ' s s t a t e and l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s s h o u l d a c t t o a d o p t a new v i s i o n and a c t i o n a g e n d a b y J u l y 1 9 9 1 , and s h o u l d b e g i n t h e demandi n g p r o c e s s o f c r a f t i n g a new r e g i o n a l compact t o i m p l e m e n t t h e r e q u i r e d l a n d u s e , e n v i r o n m e n t , and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n m e a s u r e s . 35 �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource The Washington Region in the 21st century : summary report of the Joint Task Force on Growth and Transportation Description An account of the resource Excerpted from<em> The 1990s and beyond : critical choices for the Washington Metropolitan Region</em> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 15, 1991 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DDOT Historical Reports & Other Documents Subject The topic of the resource Transportation--Research--United States Transportation--Planning Description An account of the resource District Department of Transportation's historical reports and other documents. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource District Department of Transportation Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Transportation Surveys & Plans Subject The topic of the resource Transportation--Research--United States Transportation--Planning Description An account of the resource Transportation surveys related to the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource R Street 001 Subject The topic of the resource R Street (Washington, D.C.) Streets Streetscapes (Urban design) Subways Highway traffic control Construction workers Description An account of the resource Reconstruction and resurfacing of R Street N.W. 8th Street to Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. no. 1. R Street N.W. looking west from 8th Street N.W. next to the entrance to the Shaw-Howard University Metro stop. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource R Street 002 Subject The topic of the resource R Street (Washington, D.C.) Streets Streetscapes (Urban design) Churches Parking lots Description An account of the resource Reconstruction and resurfacing of R Street N.W. 8th Street to Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. no.2. R Street N.W. looking west from 10th Street N.W. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource R Street 003 Subject The topic of the resource R Street (Washington, D.C.) Streets Streetscapes (Urban design) Churches Motor vehicles Parking lots Description An account of the resource Reconstruction and resurfacing of R Street N.W. 8th Street to Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. no. 3. R Street N.W. looking west from Vermont Avenue N.W. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource R Street 004 Subject The topic of the resource R Street (Washington, D.C.) Streets Streetscapes (Urban design) Motor vehicles Parking lots Description An account of the resource Reconstruction and resurfacing of R Street N.W. 8th Street to Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. no. 4. R Street N.W. looking west from 14th Street N.W. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource R Street 005 Subject The topic of the resource R Street (Washington, D.C.) Streets Streetscapes (Washington, D.C.) Housing Motor vehicles Description An account of the resource Reconstruction and resurfacing of R Street N.W. 8th Street to Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. no. 5. R Street N.W. looking west from 15th Street N.W. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource R Street 006 Subject The topic of the resource R Street (Washington, D.C.) Streets Streetscapes (Urban design) Highway traffic control Restaurants Description An account of the resource Reconstruction and resurfacing of R Street N.W. 8th Street to Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. no. 6. R Street N.W. looking west from 17th Street N.W. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource R Street 007 Subject The topic of the resource R Street (Washington, D.C.) Streets Streetscapes (Urban design) Sidewalks On street parking Description An account of the resource Reconstruction and resurfacing of R Street N.W. 8th Street to Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. no.7. R Street N.W. looking west from 18th Street N.W. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource R Street 008 Subject The topic of the resource R Street (Washington, D.C.) Streets Streetscapes (Urban design) Motor vehicles Pedestrians Restaurants Description An account of the resource Reconstruction and resurfacing of R Street N.W. 8th Street to Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. no.8. R Street N.W. looking west from Connecticut Avenue N.W. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource R Street 009 Subject The topic of the resource R Street (Washington, D.C.) Streets Streetscapes (Urban design) Housing On street parking Description An account of the resource Reconstruction and resurfacing of R Street N.W. 8th Street to Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. no.9. R Street N.W. looking west from Florida Avenue N.W. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource R Street 010 Subject The topic of the resource R Street (Washington, D.C.) Streets Streetscapes (Urban design) Sheridian Circle (Washington, D.C.) Embassy buildings-Kenya Description An account of the resource Reconstruction and resurfacing of R Street N.W. 8th Street to Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. no. 10. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource R Street 011 Subject The topic of the resource R Street (Washington, D.C.) Streets Streetscapes (Urban design) Description An account of the resource Reconstruction and resurfacing of R Street N.W. 8th Street to Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. no. 20. R Street N.W. looking west from 15th Street N.W. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource R Street 012 Subject The topic of the resource R Street (Washington, D.C.) Streets Streetscapes (Urban design) Traffic signals Motorcycles Description An account of the resource Reconstruction and resurfacing of R Street N.W. 8th Street to Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. no. 21. R Street N.W. looking west from 16th Street N.W. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource R Street 013 Subject The topic of the resource R Street (Washington, D.C.) Streets Streetscapes (Washington, D.C.) Construction Construction workers Description An account of the resource Reconstruction and resurfacing of R Street N.W. 8th Street to Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. no. 22. R Street N.W. looking west from 17th Street N.W. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource R Street 014 Subject The topic of the resource R Street (Washington, D.C.) Streets Streetscapes (Urban design) Construction Motor vehicles Description An account of the resource Reconstruction and resurfacing of R Street N.W. 8th Street to Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. no. 23. R Street N.W. looking west from New Hampshire Avenue N.W. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 11, 2004 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/6025fecc2d41d6dcb41a340f9e8307e5.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=mzHhjoADDLfdfskZieuCmsQqPiBJTdj5WEx9lnAdnEYNCGbv7zseWw3ASYKMx2WHvtluIupf3K5zn0PRqWPIOdDiiwU2HcmzxvWMZnX0L3iTigoarQPm4OP7H2mbBhHxFw5GaKdYv-bigEh%7ER866sgAgIF-JX5LMk3B0ED8FqsmYzAiBmz6YiaQwBJF%7EoqjIIlkPlQ1mjHsnjqhayznbWSVRbUzLIziI6GmmthQJzc1HBPXz0elw3r7t9HnfhWwNpFSolc0T6lqBlMlju%7E8Ckbq6wNmdL-XxH6cxAztuYfjCbCSJOq1AudM9Mk3YDv9xJOYRKJE2r-W4ZNKxsZeDeQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 724ef259220f228adb3a2e559623f2ab Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource R Street 015 Subject The topic of the resource R Street (Washington, D.C.) Streets Streetscapes (Urban design) Construction Description An account of the resource Reconstruction and resurfacing of R Street N.W. 8th Street to Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. no. 24. R Street N.W. looking east from New Hampshire Avenue N.W. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource R Street 016 Subject The topic of the resource R Street (Washington, D.C.) Streets Streetscapes (Urban design) Construction Description An account of the resource Reconstruction and resurfacing of R Street N.W. 8th Street to Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. no. 25. R Street N.W. looking east from 18th Street N.W. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource R Street 017 Subject The topic of the resource R Street (Washington, D.C.) Streets Streetscapes (Urban design) Construction sites Restaurants Description An account of the resource Reconstruction and resurfacing of R Street N.W. 8th Street to Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. no. 26. Looking east on R Street N.W. at 17th Street N.W. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 11, 2004 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/170be63a0ac3f9a4ea4f03d46f21363f.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=k%7E%7ED4WTxov7nyNMCMGHqcTfHtPrqXaZlc2DKiIJoSHUZQGfmSAlaWUyErDGQkRjXPz5L0iojGS9kY4YrhR0sijI1m9QrfqgiutC7mggzQe%7ElDDL7CzEPG-9Okqs3ZywF%7EuNaQMx79atfdfiqYxe4yyRbNT%7EHhORo23oSlt0I4WF9K0tmIL2G1rgQ0jnNA-9NbqvuLNOVzvvyO2ccbswB4BTVy9ufchRR8CWwBmKyF6ZAmCwQ2cH8WXaQ1yNR5UhtqS9lSYfyorenwx34s5oq4RCaUee47VsU99ZcmFqbcwJgnLFMw7%7E67G8klBBsSqnNzGgTEIfNb3IJBV6dF2OxiA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 416186a553e7c95d32e2647dc6238552 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource R Street 018 Subject The topic of the resource R Street (Washington, D.C.) Streets Streetscapes (Urban design) Construction sites Description An account of the resource Reconstruction and resurfacing of R Street N.W. 8th Street to Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. no. 27. Looking north on 17th Street N.W. at R Street N.W. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource R Street 019 Subject The topic of the resource R Street (Washington, D.C.) Streets Construction sites Streetscapes (Urban design) Description An account of the resource Reconstruction and resurfacing of R Street N.W. 8th Street to Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. no. 28. Looking west on R Street N.W. at New Hampshire Avenue N.W. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 11, 2004 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/4d3a17f54f5ff6d3f8ac33850e0c5803.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=kS47SQeqt44ifRKfueebBicOlIZruevrENj2eqNQr4aW3TEao3sOMJhL4vY49nk26cO4g31K9X19ky1V18w4Aw0jFfPIfOA9y5ygnRadp4CZuCCx-5d0IP9VEd8Kh7EGXccCwVP0cWvIABDKkNraRVLOvePSwvYS%7EPaF4fcB4HMNlQSplN9g6cU-Z8T4qByEBREVvJJBFAxjOkngklAPA507zQk%7Ekn0B1tsqrJdZWJO8uaXxHEteZHlQYWF-Qc1EcDbXUh8tONNMLPNItSrRqHnnlDlbyFmENLvztZl%7EKJQ8mz5sNNAR2Ei4VlsruGHt-TjIwzjpAc5BFiHyiXbqKg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8b77e701ec88ae9db1c4416b308a0343 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource R Street 020 Subject The topic of the resource R Street (Washington, D.C.) Streets Streetscapes (Washington, D.C.) Construction sites Description An account of the resource Reconstruction and resurfacing of R Street N.W. 8th Street to Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. no. 29. Looking east on R Street N.W. at New Hampshire Avenue N.W. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource October 11, 2004 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/8355151edaee888dbe7818dde91048df.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=kHdKnnEUMQFQ7dN-xKYpsrQ9E8rgvGqFa8ul45V-stcBfGtO1vXhIMq0d1yCA0uV3dRURNltFlQ9Hc3jlMuEVrPUCJIoN-AjrPXDGs76f1mmpEgOLEbWcB-hmiJPrkw5YW0GVxFnClcQR2yL7C1lmAdZNewhIoYo0QKD6AHbjEZAyLY7oPJ0eXRy%7Enptj9cvZp0UscBpKgvY3zdBIMzZqKH4SO7vz40EEJjk6PvIPqrivXNGW7Zrf%7EdSpolAIo47x0qK5U-%7EtCENFZ7cog9UgM85lGdasHva4G857i2XaEdNQVr5-2F3zz7uyDCKoYjwLHVBuVBlAhfrdP3fYk3wCA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8abb29abee2802bc8fcf0c1db44851d1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource R Street 021 Subject The topic of the resource R Street (Washington, D.C.) Streets Streetscapes (Urban design) Construction sites Description An account of the resource Reconstruction and resurfacing of R Street N.W. 8th Street to Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. no. 16. R Street N.W. looking west from 17th Street N.W. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 8, 2004 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/5e6eae8d365245f2b109bc331c7266dc.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=pmTBForIXomVHDDXC2pxTZ%7E6uhSUXoAPcnSMIFT8eQZU1t%7ETVtccGeJIHDngPPkUdKzNOYD19QC%7E-8xtb0vs-Iibkf5hhVDx2eKckULX32P-rFxjK1LgfQCdHz-HHFlxYqoletKe7l7IeDWoITKxx3jewrBD5ar0-yzslvrEqJ7owClqnFpfiIge59Fc%7EJ7VEybRZQpFDevN8SiSwuO9985yR7K6MmO2oSWd5eHGWfV9a1jFHFyQbb3Zj6cY2zH0k7MebUlcLuugIrnE0FtaT%7EaAJGl7ndeaTJyO3bQ3Tz0zNKcNbIMcwRHZLxNDVirZdNeUR6Utdxt1KvdckdwQ2Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 30ae022393ea6707cebbab46e1f85f79 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource R Street 022 Subject The topic of the resource R Street (Washington, D.C.) Streets Construction sites Streetscapes (Urban design) Description An account of the resource Reconstruction and resurfacing of R Street N.W. 8th Street to Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. no. 17. R Street N.W. looking west from mid-block. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource R Street 023 Subject The topic of the resource R Street (Washington, D.C.) Streets Streetscapes (Urban design) Construction sites Personnel Description An account of the resource Reconstruction and resurfacing of R Street N.W. 8th Street to Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. no. 18. R Street N.W. looking west from New Hampshire Avenue N.W. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 8, 2004 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d225e27288c74f1b28f5f1bde022e20e.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=MxeshaBsMVWdqZ7S8erxTIw68qONHV6KCDEzlGQceDU5NcNNWHsUveGs1wvA9kghUKd0SUhEOY3%7EuPX%7EZm-EokWfrZj4ojGOSpj9BDDtecMa0r48nNLfuUdO387ev5ga2GvdDj0ZsWLGPCPjoNEnp7Dn-k%7EK8GtdVsQVnxdUcFG37WJPd8F1YZ3JoNweYKvEN3IBCvjTt%7EHqfMlD9fuHI46mBQZ3D%7EE5i1NUuAwf2OFNQCVzRIQBUl6tk6bpOEUZL7usAhr6rV1rBR4oGnVN2yjqfuBluVFAoa0crrKiFXx8D72O%7EWawm6l9CJFkBO1Rz0up8KcSxTXlTwu6L6GD4w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 9a894d053df5a0e70d4be2ac3e3c050b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource R Street 024 Subject The topic of the resource R Street (Washington, D.C.) Streets Streetscapes (Urban design) Construction sites Description An account of the resource Reconstruction and resurfacing of R Street N.W. 8th Street to Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, D.C. no. 19. R Street N.W. looking east from 18th Street N.W. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Stewart Brothers Photographers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 8, 2004 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DC Streetscapes Subject The topic of the resource Streets Streetscapes (Urban design) Roads Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Description An account of the resource Photographs of the streets, roads, and avenues of Washington, DC. Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource District Department of Transportation Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 002 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Subject The topic of the resource Restaurants Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/6f4ca48c99366eb52b56c92f6f58ea27.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=DM3yzegUbJXMW5GL3x6bLkJaXzXxLOE231IPutXSsTioCX3-3aNgYmzju1fXs9np500hqsoK3GxW%7EfKon2Oa%7EfrmsCYmQmOIR1e%7E1IVIMbAqG7j0T44HHk76NsqJp4QbyXrFM7YTRjYd0zMMIPaNYulNC6Ad1jUIPC3DD3ibBwcJcf8KuQEJEJI0i%7EHB6CGFZiglU5sjFJU4LTWRetgmalX97g66NwNH9xFpY80TLhclyjgom8bP7aVBOiHrcrMeQtOVIk3C7%7EoZ3ORgmMGlO-jWwWMikR%7EonbT1tFw8sBQ68Njknm1qx4yUky%7Eu3xSINnKb6UCP%7EbetouObxwMs8g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 657d663f0a7dc5110281d49aa067e200 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 003 Subject The topic of the resource Roads Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/cdf52a68ec91fd9b06648110613c710f.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=UCcGrLJG%7E-Zbtu-Dozs0oreZtDanmMm8bt5FMdj-kACwkWOp9-QT88KOP0vR2YO115wfkfoEvQGu%7EV3FZMqti9TjaV2oQA%7EdamEfhHlDL19Tbw3uuZmlB%7EqhAyi6b66xm7tX-un4fB6T0wnT%7EjK4-hrO31fnQPkFv3EJlNF1e1PSaD64toU7lJcKJGcL0wx0mGpUg%7EYW0sWXZ5eTCkvXUAVurE8CE%7ErZsHjLNhHiTfbcFLiLQfcat4bdWlLcBQMZndr7qf07m-WnU6a-abP%7EfsGQZniFyvdsYwRRWHdQED0YIsnsRIZgW8e-gZfFB5GtM-1rkz-Qw3SHljr7w4%7EyTA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 09ad6a81ef0059d524045ffc3fea36ef Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 004 Subject The topic of the resource Subways Public transit Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority WMATA Description An account of the resource A picture of the Rhode Island Avenue Metro Station, a stop on the Red Line in Washington, D.C. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/1bb879ec0da4a00eec824aa96b20a8ea.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=E%7EQrcpRlOoEUVXXxlOMWMg4c%7EB0qhqrYfCEhkL4orv7FgH0c3l6Xog7dvzuLG7WRFjScBQnDDMymjgZrwgzqPvMhJdEzvNxAlXqY6l2jo5rcw2LZR4f2TMiwAzlwR%7EMegB5B2qlrstqGAS9vBgyEHIfDyQV8ipTP6FQPeKY9%7EhTnlu9XplGXHXNnGc5bUUXBYBCRxRqJWQFSL1-NCES9rZKyCE6jyPK653DGjbUgHBHycLEAg2TatCm5cmZ2FOsljItNK8fhmBPvJm4TUEYzTSGWkL9bpfCIlfvaPhTGr-RTuLiblUW-3cKEM4%7E1y0UXZzqcRV4KLtaWDn8OKf-5%7EA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8faec7c7278c5f7ae3bef9077f7eabfb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 005 Subject The topic of the resource Subways Public transit Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority WMATA Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/28a87aae70473fd8465d542e4129d873.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=JTyx1YY1TAx3TFoY6DnYniGlnuLmMMaMPtTqnqEsBO46u8HQoWUjWlpx89V4KBxFLp0s5qOIv-cP4G%7EsDYlmVyGGDLLrQYfcGtCaHxA77cN2RF1yNv6E7-Lzz8SLII79h0L7i3YPQmw2BvfAAfhUkXFns5nQ%7EhYrpzJlnQIEI9z29H5zZQQB6NhQAWuswUdMJQcDiEs3hh5a6gc%7EGzJDV0sLzIuK6nS-CdhekFT3pnX1vin3PVvhHQ-JSDTVGGXuOIZ2MjOeMjM7GVZW5SLPDlMm7P7bOOvkLgekoSYND8CuX7%7EIpU-g8-uSrw6JEp9A1RwtPJBjuvJBgyCjn7Qpew__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 0bd61b18d715486069e73a8e0f6cd8d0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 006 Subject The topic of the resource Bus stops Buses Public transit Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/df4717d232751f1538afee6c4e07b492.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=a5nsD3m-zczfQEt%7ER58ecEGC2gDpl3SHjU-A85iuU5HmH6FzpNQfunYZ6M-RC0ikVWcr87BMSOXeDMUhehfjl%7Ecedk0u43fxPwamBK-4KQoRVMj5QbC3hAUDHYDTppOxjrisNJuRtiXRT9a9b4D0r1vSgcY5DCz6-9auBeCdbxPrRlTk326ZeCw5-nwQwlrJIxAuJGemkbFi%7EjaLvqtayreNNUXmyvkEbnm98DnjKGNL4rdueK39IBKsWodzogHAhSNmosemU6haQ48AOELVwyGU%7EBrwxMM7Zox08g6VX0IUcJwWqFWX7k9lLN8UZTiJGWxQItHHyEZW4YLBXy52Bw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 5c279c290356d60011944dbf2b01297c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 007 Subject The topic of the resource Buses Bus stops Public transit Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/ecdb65c0386899d5144e678bae6d8323.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=epEQyHchjvB1aFdK%7E0XCIpvwAxgz9JitoWjDGTrTjfGRJjU38CHcps4wdAJ%7E2rEQ%7EvNnOJmuc8cvNPU4c43BxWbLkyo2Jgz8dEW3EFt02QuxBxdFGBYHtImt-TiNhLpXvt6vVCerNUT1hD92GheDFaWqCfz4ZUi04MwsSv3oVfN5YtL3khGZ%7E9w5x%7ER5AhrFKbNiPB%7EfHfibQvT0i07n4biN2ukRjJAhIjUa8NbYsVD0bagyxACpRHSoACTkESPCDCWrHpcpWfUzQ1kxQY%7ENR92lNfAnesTC9s7Df1LGri7ib9COBrTWD32I5jByl2tc8vasVhYUrTo%7E5%7E9obedlQQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 75594552b245fdbfa2a32422d00588ac Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 008 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban design) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/ce5e8f8338b5b24281dc5b3fe9692a95.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=h6VLwJ42hhOJZDgDQTkGqpDI610JO%7EOS74z9ksajD5gwoKlVA4kFlAo1ujj80DZyB%7EBP8clw1ZqwDV8hUdlAOeRZKJ6ux1uivrInFLPJoUHnq%7E8HZqsHWNiQfcDsneH4NiLL5Hna8e69gsBlhFTGLD5RKwk4p3bsZcRGuxwglADOOi0MWDCo1wAhhtdSn2VVQSHhjiL6uSGAStcM4QcbZ2BN6uvZ%7EzV6nxFEC5rKqwOxkspGMo-Ia87vtNI-JP49nRUHBbsTTdXlbP27otRIalb14cfVtw2Ve4ssPug9JpUgHX7dzqIHBtkflBUC%7ElKfG19MgWqHGbp9qm8wHMx9Dg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM d6b128f2e2d44c8f9ada1b7c5de5d683 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 009 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban design) Streets Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/305555a4273d380060713f96cfbfe4fb.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=pLxVy9K5WhSupyIb3seNNA%7E7OGjaA%7Ejcg5Uip2qrpGdjnJXOy7FRM7P-la4eNC4HAWzreEaPYIU1tb9TODi6BoGnGnadta9TpbfjBXPolEEsc6YddlEBPX9J0EH9dTsVIgUtofgt5CtUGLnMEXiCkk7jDrv7q7to6yN9I7H9qFRqwHnpLzHukdaXccYlcdKWZ9Z%7EaGM5iClgqpCvoWSpq--zgPDaOQ80Yb83JtQQ2YPYJTMIFLhCRqkvAP5ToXA-OD2B-hfphLAQTewq-v1wBFxK0dxHAanepgFYUjEE7-GayW7ROk4PQgU1mStetUMkt3LU5MA69Q2Ke3Nl8eeqKQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 5beeeffb940f1d0be8d7b8850586a8ef Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 001 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban design) Streets Storefronts Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/0fa78776f00ff59b49a3208d3ceb6d4e.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=cLFiogMoOGnjkzE-PIgPSTD9w3VTGdwhuBiFU9n6c5ZzCJfZVHffonfSmabVJYLLrkhB9vSg42DsfDSeWc%7EaymiXMVCUJXJXGjE3L5dMO%7E6yl4slCs5ZWc-xpY7axfA67I66dnOTz2woKJf2%7Eiv42Z5xrVTx-KTrEisZFSbqpUKd3q3lmnuwWpAmnlRkd8lwfGYGGCBPDNQTN940RELAB1hBhiAcMLk3I0NOIeaOgBoy5sKL4DuJWIuDD2ikQJaztZ-A1IjUdSAv1Qdp6YFpToAOL9-GbmGNertMwhRS%7EcaB1OsciyHWI9vL2N0Y82aOV1M7jhCY6iNaDJSJMgaEsg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 6c6d5c5eb314291b6664eb795136bbc7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 010 Subject The topic of the resource Tunnels Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Description An account of the resource A potential photograph of the 3rd Street Tunnel. Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/f75f8af4cb14f593c1609af2d0716699.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=pTY2VR8i2VwEX1CeB13q6zIscbU3wdkCta1HU4OVbV1hFXUsWrFlP%7E%7Ehao-6CivliuZ9R8CAcYwUNUc8nZhSTOy6VuTwJg0aVOpLzazNAXVuKGpGp-MvvwgSoiid4rnzeBM339yHAizsIsaNWbWARrwfM6PjdR2ygTpLeELo%7E0LMUoaXKVh0BCgDzaViPgSEhYgP9HHTPov%7EHJ1I8HRGZ1dIBAG8LYuttW%7E-743GnyZbBD1fWMvDUbHPDtbRGRFLB4vfBS-0YSFA6XOASXkcv52i-wHshkGoI7AiLb4GIZ3flpmJndggFgy7-UItzTUobwuWfBpFtyeV%7EML7hlFPRQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 784002ac9dff91f0d89cfc5f3c7fe4f8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 011 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban design) Housing Streets Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/edf4dcc090094913ae184b89cd8270c7.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=ukhAqEwnhIdL1j912OaZnvVY6YZKxPd8gtELt-eS3DWKLc3pSqbn3J2mPcsugQoE0RC7P3m7JYRYpPhAxGORpidGfoDAN0URCxyM9UMN9rMTqtD9bP6is-w-E8vtAtsgzT0XoYXzuQM3t6bJ8lQiSxh-5n0t3dl96sv-ksX4mCpSBObj%7EnQXjqSIIAupAuci8SMZcp3B%7EuIRmxY%7ElpWKdPPaVO903WsXqgDVv5a1KXJCUCkbfp5aetDB-RXyjEz3MNbgWHuz2elCkjPjOzW8%7E9IePtaqe7z1hgN2Y1xbjGE8SVfbJmQWtzrsiKENJZ-jCaFRt2wHI23wZXpVO4P%7ERQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 058afe7a5727d8dd1c566ea55c8b6b57 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 014 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban design) Housing Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/01bcd70863fd70fce66e0091bac7e6db.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=Rp4NQRH5rMXLoK7%7EQtpqN0k7zU7MKUVp659A9BEF9VcOut-YHYpnkCqpOF-IouxmLwUOr8BbKGI-DtNGUW550pGws2WoAY3rDkMVBqd7B8QPairqG6oTibw1La8lEV5cjaUhVR2GPCj3Tsgf-3LxkE2hUSp-VkY-gpnrZPf3ax13KvDVpxbUBLg2kSq6ydMzGu%7Eyym4AktxeP7MZ2SI2IGiTZqLQPKfgHPgDyWjtZVu86p8-99CM%7E2XGIHWpZNyUP9-LYDQ6OhzgTeFdR1%7Ej63H7fG%7En6cZ0Is8UL6o9EopME-0AW12%7EjDWcUa0eyMWxGC3YWBQczn7O72uNv8KNOw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 0f13960bb3f0a8a3573e3f5c52e01077 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 015 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban design) Housing Streets Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/864f11b7888a4a01344623925429aff1.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=U%7EOiLwzXn1mTxuPaGzSTydLCeJboWWq5HBv8RFBUUeuWB6e36%7EhwaXIDz0lv9TZmpuGDt1eFrhfdr1hvXwp%7E1HJoYfLjm8p-vpd5AkKYUo1gjSWVxdCbZltBTAHez8we7P14U5lmaqZfr3MfYRuSA-0yuOpFBokuCIyxkidIZacqqthurmotidTA1Yp3NNc9qxSI4mQ%7EkbmB3T5GbCkNrifuCR119ZUg7IwWO9NxwXBhlrYIKLcmXxbJxOcM%7EGG5FFWP0vWHokbzHeDGVSJHOsfoWs8cShS0fFDL47k6lTj5r2fDIj4cZ4gVuxmTl7VZjSUzbnIgJavm6jnEHRVX0w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 48475a1fb9e1df73adfc0d667ce3b942 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 016 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban design) Streets Housing Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/34e376672ecfa799fc3c0aab163d1283.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=GKxAy%7E44qUIqAYK4DM9MQRMMLejXzAFoOlBcBObzrUK5ZUPVgagmtVW5fLqRcJR4EuKF0f4opLIVzM-aVNEDixm6SHvXIERTgWcNdMhIYnYFU%7E8jB7WQZUsq-7IVTCNcawvGJ38tuwT2jtF-DOWQs-hb4QR8Lt-mU-yyThGOUd62CEaLfGXlOWiK1ReopqgdLJgSjUQej0fAxlruOqlh-sZp3vhDyycWSBM2PvpfEMtsMifdtkZpVXuYIYh6ZHgwED-f-0wDks9bqtjnnOdSEpI-dhLSySk%7ErSVV-vuDOr8CRC1t5MI%7E1fVP5SqWVKfYgZ6rDHHVXKixFXiqTa1QVA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b5bbb56b7e2b81a2304b9bb68cb0542d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 017 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban design) Housing Streets Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/cc9b5ba81907795e220373ac2c0a2508.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=owxs%7EV5hLSdzejOYFvHVjOFzdA1gC01n%7EV-UcYEfBLpatRIP3tRJyAddOlAIiwAYR0rV4IsJS9X-Ca-IiaU-G7U593z04nQwUvxU5vENq62F%7EpjETtsfgIr2O6spsKjstQjSYUU3sgYGFeEgqQAwUdxx0ve6XugsXMepX-9uvowNXh7UmRftpndgiORQG7sBw1s0cKVqu2E20XGq0hq6Sz4EfineIybCRe1MTa7cTejrXi1kX4hCBIei6wlB4cDNDhvF8xQBvfhN5b-RHUmsfwnt6yDYvVSmPMmipBp6aW2n5bBWlzaSMvzUREZxzen2waFjfLPT0NJ5PFL74T1W1g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 63dbb25d0b4eccf4c1c4ad8ef0bea70f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 019 Subject The topic of the resource Streets Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/2f40bc6616e311bce4f04a75334004e9.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=bOSxkXwAHfei0GK3qxNCs4eXaDD8zw3aRVr6dbusC9n7IDwA2siABmEBRNplKQ7MIOtn31Dd-jFfYAPeyFFejcsZs1gK%7Ewf9%7EB1D4wgXrx5ogd4w4EcssBCOhOA9i6v%7EjmbbRsRhafhOiYwYxeeuz1DV9tki%7E3pFn6fTv4Wj-DtZFnmwCA3Xq2A-5Ar16nu4TTKiPFFg84aiKoYkDm8j9fi0SC4CnLCz3v3jB%7Emw7VfypC7yB2rKcO%7E%7E9OTrvCqmBDMZNzcedIcNmEmGOPlb9OAksqYZOTkF4WiIolKrLOQMALlraJlvglDRGJ6zpbxDC0s64ge3SCs2TYLFh5lMuA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 03607ea47ddf582b2442a6b5651b3368 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 018 Subject The topic of the resource Streets Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Deparment of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/986a7a3958cf9b234b8533b8e9208806.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=bE2FSJ7NqSwYo%7ElxuVjttBtVOicVZ9pbI-pU9%7E3NoZF3Sm1Mq02UlMaV8UTOgtOXnYIs9EuVsCJhn3NWZAX69NPl3BhD1x69GZ4CtEHUbFFv2MmUlDBYzcyFu%7E96fKynTZmVh6uBNRo7Nm9amLHsO2rd30z84IzkkfU1Xu%7EHBvB3APKz6kZExrY51v8DPV7bvfJiqx0FOzqo%7ECiJaqzbdOGRx-otKwikq9BOD6ZnxRgVee6eu29nPGzgyFskFJvuVvKIZr-wcyEHes7bnE%7EqJMoxZgIR3x-SoeHSzgYcuTEzfEzJ9YKwZXS3D9IoJAxLIB-XyBjrBdHdKOhxRJKsxg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM d88deeadc6c10b0788ded004c47e05d6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 012 Subject The topic of the resource Interstate highways Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/bbbe5c9fd0d8f60960e4feaa122620c9.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=MeNUFWl2ZCBoyPs3E8ywu44M4jckHcQGVRE81yYlF1HCLT1vjZwXDOjVHQMSZICG4DVLiZJFH4F1on95NCfhmEkUTlX6IEmwg7HJeJ81RP1yiBFO5qXZunM6RL8pKTyCGSYqTthQ5bmvpI-HMvH2u-Ddt1IvxPSRYCvi9tgk4yLPsEt6nev-%7EdKejdrdx2WctUwJXfhzuazqfSh3zvb7sHFMTiXU0-D4T-RcshXmxJKzif4n%7EC5IwmjSfLra9GblcsGn1VQUrgAP6fbyvAJ4MlNjBz%7EKiQBDXC15BFHyg5ibon20FdpLVhOnaWH-qQvziZhddVuaNB06yqtcW9MQWQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 511e95e9248cce76e7573d9baa9b3c7e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 013 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscape (Urban design) Housing Streets Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/919d709340793b721d1cb3c9771535d9.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=IQXZVZTXtvy1MosI9fFlT0QOmDiFGxOq81G9pSBIWqprvttwIAd4hd-uNnTVwiKPM1odiOUIIA%7E9-4K98QuaEE6wd6fdr0UOFZwmL2bD6e8D4RusQ7Mmh%7E7-8jYK6JfL3B7jnLq-f6gUXwfRMhCZFFJVVwuIQ5-6992jg6v5cU0lcDb1I%7E8dMXkK%7EAkRWC3GNL8vO8kk7Lf1isKjEc5pcmuK1EFJAVV9Su4ckXJLbp6UYPWAzDQjPC9Jv3%7EvdzqVJU9OZEHJ6TT7GcB2lIGi0llXHA1l6CN-zCb1PtkmsObmZgY5MyjgadeHh2yYJAXPeOOg4hHLuizN4zQBWb2v9Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 2ff36feb3c32c6eeede10d4bd7f19863 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 020 Subject The topic of the resource Streets Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Description An account of the resource Bryan Place southeast. Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/ab6564ef1ed8c465000f5168fdfb29f0.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=nanj9AI-y%7EoAtHjwMchQ7cbN7rn%7ED11qxoaJslPJhLd0jEo5ek5yE0yHoxdMU7oovUh708%7EdUGF-XxyU4Ut8kd0ZSPYCof4JdtRMC9uqNWcokR3qegmQTK5J1Ya3J85OTBdsfujgavHhvwf-2A5LU%7EEK0CiEAFNqAEYxB8l8eTWCJHEsJzTJr5WpoxMNHh54XemvlDPpvS5A3NWYpbPgZMnSNyQDEFA1Up3h1nDNmkKgKTazCuPd5vl54u0s2bxwFnFR3PGXnhHu82Ut6sB-ydJKeiBZov7pt3Xz3WuWbcnk9NGcLIiUL4g0bNgO5B3MgehK0TWBnf202KbuBnxH8g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8639d70e9c07e955d39fb9074398d237 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 021 Subject The topic of the resource Neighborhoods Traffic Commuting Urban transit Intersections Thirty Fifth Street (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Intersection of 35th Street and M Street in the Georgetown neighborhood, in front of the turnoff to the Key Street Bridge. The sign for Dixie Liquor store (located at 3429 M St. NW) is visible in the background. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/bd0dd8b64167fd7f9be9315458536243.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=cwIm%7E8NSSbrKB3QeJ3koYc7-psxrB0NUS93F9BnEQcVoTyyg3VY5ayZ0xmZ1PerN6i0DC49-yfoaGg28fzwGDr6zdATMBVzkj9eMdsoZd1X7B3dMc4ouTpMbJu33aLiOCvd7L%7ElA9CrrUHm07lIf7d9fnQLMBghxD655Q35l7r43-f5IvpyqMMFX7U7lvH8tuzGO3iNKZSQCtwJs4CbfcVCSU6ThCvK9zgTAyEafFL7OZcg69o3Q6N5jBmUYI%7E8KYli2Oi5L-1LDo24TKu-sEG6EMa8ESSRayd6eNZWWgKhAyXFG2XCS4QRi9vbOgMXJP3C0b0KqMAHQ%7EWZUIEU%7E7A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 0033ffb3921b51928528f409490ad331 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 022 Subject The topic of the resource Interestate highways Streets Motor vehicles Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/79d42b9416a1dec0d19207a340bfdf1f.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=hvfEYNfWwcbA3%7EN4gFUuZzGdOWK8EaOhDEtMF4uuCzk39I3sv5uLAhklfwDz%7EyHTi%7EkSGKd7cwMMdXAqXFhmWc0SsV3yPSsRnL8TA2hhpi04wFNtG4u6Yx2x4AlpTXNKLgo4nKKtVnSjGfkSJWENpTrXhSbturvU2hW0alppBZddKe6Yc58IoSnMW6BF4rBqrcpZYOqUrGA6vrjkFhUIiVH7uLqtUBJd7PbxA8sv0y%7EAysO5jRX6PYDCOgy%7EsNqRFYOHOgJZcSG2DS8unCDwcWaBEngpLpEHf51B6h%7E4BbjTqbbm1DIoZPBhPC4YbYNHsrvk2eVt-zwCfH62c8VF4Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM aa5192d11868e091b6bad9f3e26e4b38 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 024 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban design) Pedestrians Crosswalks Streets Department stores Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Description An account of the resource The Julius Garfinkel & Co. department store (Garfinckel's) is visible in the background. https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/87496407a3115fa76466afbec8910f35.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=brOBRF%7EfIBOvdfZwChQKQJxQsfmFFVIKOoOpNybFd3Pa28FKRDe3bK4VDSU%7EDNE7eTmg5QCbUP0zDoJduZ5BNNOxXtla0DziiHVJOk54fsrarMl5%7EnxNGaraIRrRkOtqKXlgWN8byzSrmuzFfaGsCnYmmKmMxOh85H7UG9XFYOjqFOmAJ2S8GHMfMrEhE-uYSPsOqTqddMBiYd8rzeYSyDWK3SmRDMsPrE9LZpvQBEAxrE-onQ0JKCDZN2-eNwey4JqaQ24PmabrjYgO%7EG5MQBTx9fJ7YGew-2HWZ2G7QFUPzPnYgTOfKvuOqg%7EyInKxWBYrujoxpqVmqX5oGJWg%7EA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 2557c493aaab7b39f54e74e189334a4d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 025 Subject The topic of the resource Tunnels Underpasses Bridges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/683b7e32b308f4358f8bdfe6dfda338e.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=YJ1aUmgAVVLfrs8hNPGapLZQQLqfvZZc-GwqXVCSO6DTPnol6ZilP7dfQ9JSkyCiqapJKuxs2oXLXqJ8HJx-YSoh49Uk%7EbC1K4vYoTteikBHJAIkjsNMk%7E-app0PqK38DkqvnHJzsml3b8LfJ8zzoizoV-bNvM5CkpJVoBFFrgk31GkOELu7NPgxwF5Hx-TqNzc-b6MVK22Sw1wpT-UTAO60IRIodBS%7EtlgyrhmKiwQqP6koPScl6x-uTAUXU8-iMb99gk2spY3KasmH9l7vV1wpYyz3E64WjhnHedyEvZTJWJdkz6LI5DBmJTvnUAMS8nt0aCgHeh-sbnF9WaXxIw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 068899adc38c0130278302eac87923f4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 026 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban design) Streets Storefronts Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/ad5b8b858fbe94b1883c3b30caba434a.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=oKFRlHj28UPYkHs19abAF-d1qD6N5FdOgx30Til873TseStOpO37umr4Q7BFa-YzItPypC9taDGOtZeyKbgc5xDz2lft4KHb6bcVaigDXtNKVbLhNa219VE94G9wLr3d17IndDofkXJxCop7R1zEuwlWIBiMQPWSKtwdkCKeW03FW1mZoAg%7EZ1MxLAAbj-6bCaRjPytW4CHtUGPymi7-aCGnuTV17Rdy59XSIiEtBxrobYgHFj%7E9hNtJSgBA1mFXbNMEQ-OdTL8nXTzph-gkex%7EPFknU0hbhnTeYuvajEQAYDdmg0ANyKs9fzb6T12iypGuU4yzmylmeOwhFJIyOew__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7c70f08dce53ff5a8c8a923f4391d535 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 027 Subject The topic of the resource Streets Storefronts Nurseries (Horticulture) Businesses Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/f948acaca94802944d65d7033f138c38.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=utoQObZOIOcHDjqfuSLvZKs0FtyGsaE06Z1vrIIZGzu3hwzDVtAlbDf0ASIiCw2sE1gBlU6AiyHRIZZAFS%7EheI1CZZ-gNoaYVsyL05fK0znVLAV6yy6S0OF%7EPki8RIeTXe3LA4cUDnsa7he3Y0G3YxeOIwQ27Zqzg0ed5mZ6QIpZ%7EdhzUeJ%7EZVxF7F9RiJ%7Eb1pwtnXwthMqn%7EwGLadS-9rgJywzcUR5SPvooFNifHkFxO5oOXegE%7E941Z7Coco03-AMUY2zGe171jzkfyPyd9ULGqb0peVv%7EU5Hu300EE8aPWS003x46147JXmQ4znHnt8iHc7C2iXmuIxGamlcl8g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f0ab21892df7025ea576ea5f25928280 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 028 Subject The topic of the resource Businesses Banks and banking Description An account of the resource A view of Riggs Bank. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/80fcc0d9c1c168dfacf235bd84429a49.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=hqvZWuoI%7E1nforuLz4MVkbX8aOGBMCNH0wbLTR9aJSvo7H5AtGsFTaNi0KZ61aJ%7Ef3PhPezNPMkJYChH1qGvIheIrlp4lds1LmUUfD%7ESxvwO4oc9Dcg6w-eyDyC2PGzDxUgn8QYwBPU86AL2REKHs1Fl3GtyWkpw25xNynbyktNH55HJB4VlDMNQCq0KZVQW0UUdVhp8MlpGyuw%7E9AiWcNEkIj4YDl6lUKUAmbSHZ6OCWbA10JQaF3dfvcg4%7EWEqS98owAJ%7EZdSQXb1PqE1HwVB4aS6kFvHe0nquQoYBSfNPa5fSBFVR4f%7E7rNQgQ1nxj7kwUZuNlHVJmMVawAVnEg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 2128a5a2cb25b468746bcb7d2dddc6e2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 029 Subject The topic of the resource Storefronts Motels Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/5c2c568096b46b9fcf0102e5ee1672a5.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=iXWmlu3lUj3hWbVIgaRj1XqEI9SWOaZ4WklKq8lQi2qtv8dn-EjO8U1fParfLzP3ZbMvx8RmxJWH28%7EaOZgsJNvSSbBuObgVHhfCfhJn7gE-Mx09CyPGA3bm0j%7E3mZTJXcHfCeE3t26%7ECqXB3NSemFBz9DwSFCCM0vWmhzu%7E1aYiQD4mN829MDfyr93w%7EZogJj7BjSTt2DOHwa5G9pp3fq2DSlzr2CQeg4NzK2Iq0eslZj2v6qfidt9M5QdDJVLG5LH8hqJ3-skHY075xJltlYa-VGe5InRq95ntJ%7EUAiQSKTeSozS2hJ0ZEjkKHpOOJqqznMLGbgpFyByqW5P73jw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c58316be68bc03859e9100bc4cddd638 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 030 Subject The topic of the resource Hospitals Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Description An account of the resource A photograph of the Garfield Memorial Hospital. https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/481d2ef90d3bc6162dbcd61da2b3bce4.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=RQsVbsKmoMHCkHQiH5MDDHkr10tJfCy5dm1-ASFtiORuB1DsudhTE7isxbRsqkrX4ShjOgz7wJy3SdPxxj0e-IEB5b3%7EBUHqjlRlOe4KQhOHaZrRQ1uF645r4Bs1Irf71jrPmxeCLIXC2XnwUI%7EPw2LBjM7SOk7CS68OT5M-fLwa4hUvDkkVFW2h1OZQT6Ibb%7EtFdKvHBdB0hgc59a%7E3jG6kp0zERK%7EjoEagNdH6LoTf0VH%7ELqJ8z3YZccmVmAGdggcvmJ3wQfGWwfWRHeSSyf4J-vGoBsYvZ84V35BwYEFupgRiq0qS2-BK98Zm06B2DDSZkM3bvLu-%7EscHmf680g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM cf58a05c534b1013cf0a5db3c4582195 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 023 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban Design) Streets Buildings Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/514a50c16267dfc81cfb3ba603d8e70b.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=ujcl%7E4UpU4g28GAtK0QgsiTOgc%7E8bsm%7ESGh1BRnGNzarfKaxMiS3ydOD4AJi0YXr2i-6O4xazDdPXidDWbbQlMoIRhidlq8DcYpCX6HV3ZWcp8AxWEOGKn1Q9QOiVLzUw10ZkOSIp9MQW0uw91sZZpoGey1WY1inFGAkEYOCyBtUoVdZ5DmheFOAWGPPnsDa495qfhTsmwLmST-wU2jOMsXzhRrKrDFDRwuwHHBKZu4qxPrI3g-xXkQQGiGmyneHR3Z6cFyi3-l7z2v67nux4TNHpzbHcSBt9u0bleo%7EDRfTef4QoBWGOuFHi6eWx46IdsCRpiPNBk0TFcj688V3PQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c8886b53609d606bfffc22b11c02795c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 031 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban design) Night photography Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/9d7b91c48b87bb41ec889e688cff19ea.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=RzkiQTkIapUxN3Ay724WCH6IphKCtGxOU1dmy0M-lr5jfuOv9vJxF10XIAmQffntfxdri1-91Kozi8OL8h7iTol8KHJKShCdDjWs08opKo6xZn%7EKwS2aQZ0FP7LEW53MpS3sOowpe0REcnIgVeevfPywD1NA1dNyeq7ANu7-sWgMREBNYrvLOMukGZ7vOb0nr3oOs3NBZDaJYbyTFD6vCWUzHQzJOgGc5IhiYGiX4HSqPMi07rRkN0QulE%7E1JPWaPfUddqcgiL0Xre-Lv3IGDdf1JTZ9mAfE4KqmZXspNO%7EAVeBeavqEu0O8BjlZBJ1rgGIPtxvCfs3ciMqLYrkWMg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 17ec1aca375f4f88fb195adf41d14f6c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 032 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban design) Night photography Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/b035769fb8748562b82904c573852342.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=t3YzJx93MRR0FPOs9xAOupXGFex2T3u%7EBoxD8keu5gTRvEGiXIKNcfolwbfoWDCN9QqS50vhJh%7E0SF5JMpH9lgkLb%7ExywGxPUmU3KeMyUeoXDi89LpjN7TPxzj1AglYU7odDdUozKiI8PCs-JGUN2IOgd9w2D%7EejoBF5hOyMF-9kwdmuoMzYiD7vcWBfvSlYeRDAz-%7E%7Eo-ysKs7Fv%7EpTQaYGVzLb1ExSnzyZey3D-dPWuPl7WkZt%7EQP9yFF-NY1qF9Bd1Htr-xCv7StUvGsR9UPWGgi1fnJzgtexQr222QJHW-OgoVvoRJZ8OYNQUDIeaTuylZIWolzCo1weI2Thkg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM fb02d9fc9f8c20a8b9fafc2c6fcd176e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 033 Subject The topic of the resource Public events Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/5000104042f6cc18782510dc4fd1b140.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=NVnZmnxnrO%7ES8DHCEJMl45TOy%7Eag6Jzn3HaGwMx1szK74%7ElT4KMF4nF8CWu8M9QrvfQlFoRjfvgW5CLAYymm5AQgbcjtKb2B3SbN3X4k3zHNCbC2pVW8%7EZ0IUypByHUsm7rAp%7EAAgMX8sGAFa4i0HCPmnSpvDpawKIxOKAL-L6uV77cKyHxbelmjPQObVQxX8gIaSR34rf7MRdiU%7EP-qobS%7EAsQLmv3yJX8KcDy9TpT8-XFI2Grxo4tlqoe1302q%7EoIeaWRvj-J4SfIPzK7gBAEpUoIjc4q7PWeZ%7EbQAutksLU1YVSICg765fh7j8Z29fp-Dx1tGuEI1PdV2GCLthQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM d96fc0e8e220488b96d96aa80840044c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 034 Subject The topic of the resource Twentieth Street (Washington, D.C.) Restaurants Convenience stores Motor vehicles Residential streets Police call boxes Description An account of the resource The east side of 20th Street northwest, north of M Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 3, 1946 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/a2355acde19d9073ba921da44ff75d86.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=EMszUFlA19kkGkvmbU1-dYy0pN3KlQZg-iM2eNDjLMwWBSU-vBkdnxdMvVCAYrrYeA-hd-7CxLMJzLL3dVrnAMFNwL6qmunSiUt0yN4vG4I2X2ayMMaPTEaR8wdkrY0OPHcWY3iqHGAkvvhxppqmXET0%7Eq3oqKO%7ESvmc%7EJdsuwVG1Cb6CxLFxv8%7EEbUEuEdov1fAEuaGwYpxpkJI7qPL3eurJLwyq3PKyteE2EOysjUuwgITC54XhbhvGElscqnWYmdUe2EJP-HzGCekqfPp9dLxtprQ1FdAPpJWnjLrQxR5tB2C8FXM5tjQq-2WlBxk-wUGQca2J6klQbdB%7E268pg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM a3b62e82903359a6f55a448d373aad40 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 035 Subject The topic of the resource Thirteenth Street (Washington, D.C.) Night photography Pedestrians Dogs Storefronts Description An account of the resource A photograph of an unknown street intersecting with 13th Street, showcasing nightlife and pedestrians walking in front of stores. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived March 31, 1966 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/49f3a84723756145e16558cbdd01b4c6.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=TsQudMaik5Cd-%7E1AVZ-YlfNpOQDk6jfOrLnnCmqqBG1-awvq41zcZrqjFxI5OAOk9kU3NmYo4WlOyHojrjUjKM4RwyZziBITq%7EyW1Xm0B-ft9PK0z0Gclf8CGkmhUkwp8ldCXGRjuhxJm%7EyyGYx9aHvoRmYF5PQnYL4hpnGDBmp0VPVC-YTiPFZcXBDhnmxX4k43lD3cKU2n7B9Gos8a14J9iSF10HzX2%7ERVqzm97iHdu6s-x1nDAsEMYqMuJZxxB6b-Dpk4bgnEIdYHH2dxmRTrrwrry0VN73y7-7N0NvPcJm9DOk-dyGhXbvVJBUP39WmGdHK9NvgCW3HTHKhAew__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 9b18bedd7e9d661f4202770b91439f9b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 036 Subject The topic of the resource Virginia Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Aerial photography Streets Description An account of the resource An aerial view of Virginia Avenue northwest. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1946 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/4cc0e38b89f1f46b89d1bd5925613d76.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=i4phLirJa0omNSUwylGvjIaYexbFJMyyDqCbUlrJv70T8QFKtS9UrVCbHBN53EXUOYJfg-JXywXCaOb59ri4VsDuFQaRgm-vg8I0qr4FYSr-fq04UINJAb7X6pU7NTXWgveMFoc4QV0c2-uADKMsYnfOuajuzo2uzUUIKTyJ66Lrv3XX5RtDMVpW-EjxnRnLsbgaMMIo5zAnsYPx0LkdZ1Lg8pXFespuled4-fZMwDDI8IJKuUR9xBQc-n9PKK8jxO4b%7ES8sr97fhYn99T0KY4xz4AecqyLT61U%7EN0giMmNGBANWOOQShHIXVJDQaKgevQbdSH8CbowNAtT2b4QBTA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 9fdaa39df81ed3f1497e7be2f7f5cdb1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 037 Subject The topic of the resource Residential streets Streetscapes (Urban design) On street parking Description An account of the resource Allison Street northeast between 17th Street and Michigan Avenue. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 18, 1958 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/f774a13bdb0e2fd566783ceea7b5aaee.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=mWOGJ2KRnuosFSJUG5wu02XF%7EV6wT11AbqnC0jZgRMmCZd05tsxzMUy0%7EzNPnFfn8XqUhuA6yXvZLmayv%7Enkl61KLjm%7ER8Zcn4nElojl%7ERMctpjCOm7wQXHW5KA9z9LiOavrR7vVod4l9daexHN1s8Dt1%7ESFdvCGUAuwD8zky99QnEcFUr6hBi2iIArP0H4UmWV9IQeG%7EANPa2DAQQR3-Zm6wjdjweMMf22axJ1Taci169JKwWn-yNc9Ul2tvS0UR7ZwM1ZWthhDAgC6v3UtATycTRTpXy7BqCW%7Eg2g35Uq%7ExI9lvmOFkyHTM5ii1u57AWMeabE04ETJlOxZTfMNCA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 5db9fa630af5d430e0d8bb7107600801 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 038 Subject The topic of the resource Irving Street (Washington, D.C.) Snow Motor vehicles Residential streets Description An account of the resource Irving Street northwest from Adams Mill road, facing south east. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource March 11, 1960 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/672d9150ebd5dfc71e397deb34ae4cab.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=WFZIClzwMfn%7E1g1OI1uAQ5r2pKwpwg6QsR84INxzkTKmIavom7ZwayWkwqILziohM7-r%7EXj7fxVvs1i316z6irk2Q9-%7EnFAC6zRsnile23LFTgXyYVwjoH0CQWYvL%7Erne6E7utW5m7hs1uLYaA%7EoS5vz7n%7E2kqeAp28R3q9Ol2DazE-XeOMSXq8Cg5lhC9HyjMjP61Cp0M8mo7WhaJfMwFTsiFW2cTorhcHmw8BBT1AlCpY88hw409Jg252E8netBU9m7kq9SRAI698Xf-ycuFDy-fxD97nHJLgfdINcJruWbUTUNoy76cq35%7EGBGKczFx3KdRSP-zSGq0yeOUT2sw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c172a435ac06ca0afb835cd6ee31514f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 039 Subject The topic of the resource Kansas Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Resurfacing Residential streets Description An account of the resource The first spring federal aid heater contract resurfacing by heater method at Kansas Avenue. Looking northeast on Kansas Avenue from Shepherd Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 26, 1969 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Troxler Asphalt Co. Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/49984d2fccc83caddf04546317ab955f.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=ouCrJWG6Qg1cSJETWWq5V10d7MnweMMuzuaoI07CXLuxAJ1CRQZdyMltxLbRljWhYwRkAMFmsBTRU7PMSWPbv27Y-y8Ct1WmcH0%7ERr555YOLxoms4Il6nATCEDv-0PRGbg%7EBptTk4grGKFUnErQ4Iyme5qCyrdy7OO7zsle8f2nHnArYGISgKsaGvoNErx3WZlJ6s2lDCUIqQmax1RBk18Vt8%7Ezy2uYjWOxezs5G6NZTkh6md%7EJP-bgHOSD5PK30wQOM5V-5sX8o7YIXp1u36lkMytzxDJ6-PwphhjtgjmEyR0QxrqwfuHvuWIhXWWyH3Ey43ot5oDPNPFWNhMzrFQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM a0b7ab8be27aecab93b314def297a430 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 040 Subject The topic of the resource I Street (Washington, D.C.) Apartments Pedestrians Residential streets Description An account of the resource Side entrance to 2001 I Street northwest. (Eye Street) Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 7, 1946 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/075784e6f80186279616de3954555a6b.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=tt3U8HFgrq0XiK%7E18xDHH26A9mLSxsuAYnJy%7ES%7E43oOQX3Hzbd2Al19SrZJszWl94tGq-6vBywOcUQEZbkHVUSFvRTyDBqN6-BxOeZeCx%7EeQT2ojd8Lzllgc-RFn%7EluXtyWJnGZuyX0IH2gygk-O7g2ou-jLmGVQwqhhSb3RXUbtcFNaVr3Es4YHvyicYm08UGOKUTLLSEUghIenHzGY4X01CjfuPuCiY7LJceubUHpVfhPR8V1JpFSai49NNi%7EAcmwDaO1%7Eno6LRqf8pxO42uVWLyP83KLAMLo%7E3NAYCNLdooG2fXI5On4uIaW-SEBJc8Jx5XqbK-6k0R-DAE4QXQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 0991a6b206247a32d6c84432771b2656 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 041 Subject The topic of the resource Twentieth Street (Washington, D.C.) Storefronts Sidewalks Pedestrians Description An account of the resource Looking south at the east side of 20th Street northwest. The sign for Charles S. Goetz Co. Photostat Prints is visible in the background. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 3, 1946 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/a14d60b7f6241e1d3fc0d0a9e64f9305.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=ZA24qNW7kh5IqDUrSCiLlJ1XwpM8cpAIazzdCJSYJa7JblBQ6Vhpbu1u5w4EDrwwzLwlai27oaMZANCw5CayTWZVRJa0sAF-46eFHhdnEA16vILa0ypv8ayXssV5UeX0f3kxkojBJpaCYW-qgTdzSCy6bHvoNBJedtzOaUPBIS6jSTXBv7vyPIA5R8uJVZIeecX19aL0ON-HQt-R2E0%7EtmQ7nMHq3tU-95xNsRWKa-1%7Exg%7ERVwTi-gCpoFyY2Jyb9JsRgvZF2EhnCh4EU6YI5NjJiwtQBqLHLkFbJ%7EZlQoDK9zy7DBHPSYuOMikpUSfP8MAu8aoL3ZazymNC5rupPw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 793901fd930bd177303f9a934661bbe2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 042 Subject The topic of the resource Twentieth Street (Washington, D.C.) Service stations Sidewalks Pedestrians Storefronts Description An account of the resource East side of 20th Street northwest, looking north of L Street. An Esso gas station sign is visible in the background. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1940s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/2034b7d94d4ea928ba7ad9bd91249f12.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=JpmQM7T0t1iojJdcPoadTGlpbS0CIfbxs12GJmBeU333heUpS-8WCcXMtogFlDp79yLMDG%7EexmYw5o-RKlxlC2im2W6ipMVEMpgchi5ieezPCv8bcyxo4tPk78Lry7EKricLm-LvsH59RxwdiPFyyapOkQnq9LAXB5caQ8JGUUxaGCD9IySQ79y8-7BArF-cvE3h15Peqf0zvNMFebQ4m3kg1lbUcWaTLvzQ8FlA32zKsxYjN-u9NAjFK5TANhLdXiJZ5aVdLbxHxIUIIYNEc5eg91bEHeuJIpC0xe%7EQl-hbpygq9oEgDvji2kiHGKooWUa%7EDu7w0usz2R2yAiaftg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3f911fe1153e2d0ee60a08b8183f70c3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 043 Subject The topic of the resource Streets Streetscapes (Urban design) War posters, American Motor vehicles Korean War, 1950-1953 Taxis Pedestrians Tenth Street (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Korean War March of Dimes fundraising poster and others on a light pole at the corner of the intersection of 10th Street and F Street NW. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource January 10, 1952 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/ef526d48773900cd8647acda1c267448.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=df9uTtzRGPAZ0VgNul%7E4uZAnvmSJ16etQmJBN6lL%7E3DEGBxt6ibn6UUMZf0YynS5ShL8Lp3vl8LMoNgaIPgHcxwSJf52-zeGSw4F4DbTjcfMVY4yc9FTl5SvCqz9kwiqpy%7EPB1xMH4Ih9j7UfDRyqQGHB7Fcvs3MAdox2Ak%7EqSK%7ECOTGbIDQvHeMd9iYla13r4%7Eh1vlgb15U-HM7ThsrZ3b%7EtfIEH2DqQZPLRk27bRJ8PzZgK3x7RGdU2g%7En93PoQFCZHiGKRlX2IUnej8mNRPxbCn%7E6uB4xxzQbI9B6fUp6PlaHQ4UM9FO6MQbjIzkVJdiBC9p2TxhOXoROZ8elsw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 75f302f84e19629992f1593497234c77 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 044 Subject The topic of the resource Motor vehicles Streetscapes (Urban design) Pedestrians Streetcars Streetcar tracks Description An account of the resource A busy street in Washington, D.C. with street car tracks next to a Western Union building. A streetcar and streetcar tracks are also visible. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1950s Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/013532900ebef1ba435cf94308ff5556.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=rEpUtu-ECTRAsBI6K%7EJgHgyOju8mt7tUiB6MUWGsc3b1e%7EZJZFMxW43vTy9Yuk1Crw%7E8hxeyZ9GLmr%7E6IgdSrKvRSON%7EDuFLZH8uKJI38VXrhuvmS6LDjKcrtzY-MyhFLFR1qYqhpoyM883GE4UK8JX28gt3XWCkFrh5tXQGeNOqkDLVrelE9bJR180I8Geib6iZ00aKPAdpF%7EsHHsTZkObPoCA4N8ssvima1v58G5rn46rDfqOM6GPismWx7%7E4NhwiEzmGmJDPoMJoG8e48%7EXSZtqpjKqzQsx6MOUjid6MvXJbBDbeHSbCOyx9W-hl5UgUuV%7EX3ys6SYLgEIAz32g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 257f37394cd5b832aa2275161a0a29e0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 045 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban design) Motor vehicles Trucks Description An account of the resource Cars and a grocery delivery truck reading "District Grocery Stores Inc." on an unknown street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource circa 1960s Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/771961f64a988467f19e8132a3108176.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=Z3wHHqqz3e20GZWWk89vmTW1r-l-Tm6Axv6B6SDYGCTvp8WsTs-2jMffEBb-pj4BVu5v9qsOrbGe350xqbKQSY81fhH3sHrCCh2riD%7EvmMOa-m0uQGEF-cBFv1MbDptshSvkbQhGWeQD4hfbqDWWb9QMEgd8nsNUPtf2cxVLX6-yEfEnNBfuJ5Kc9EVF8EN0%7E3BQjRh7rThCf4TmFweizoRDm8W23v76DVVIlcPRBYZd0N9f6upWtF61yYc2cU36u92Hc1UZMKlJSfUF9NHYPiW7TltFNEJd-U7oSzSqS-su6Fi4nRin9SNeJ6exzVn4uJWh2KpHKrP356uOgNkVJw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM bddbda813685d704a0f11e33e48d8ad6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 046 Subject The topic of the resource Pierce Street (Washington, D.C.) Sibley Memorial Hospital Description An account of the resource Looking south on Pierce Street from the roof of Sibley Memorial Hospital. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District of Columbia. Department of Highways and Traffic District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 11, circa 1968 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/fa47069995f1bbcc59f8616b83e76064.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=lZdqrsh5SAfUDh5Vpvi6EYkRNb487OUbfwd3ybCagNmx5y9mioCpZUHR7K4QiwS7DvVtFHJkzwuxDMhluQgctJnAePrxdtORR70tQo0BocQarkFd-yd6f6I7qcG8knDyiFLlv%7EUaknXeRNb5F7DMrKxBVjKciYUZsbq48MLuQKjaqY5ET5j9OQJAi2MnsjaPqbGz%7EtIayuhpDvZEyyXvCL6iAhxrRqAZVAO2nvbbqHMTVBYFYgDx2uCUctmA83oliO5SOZNMuDHMaKzgr0EPSfhD1zlzwaDv1S-MSMzyxuxk6MzVehoV94PG8j4pmyO%7EAg35DquhXMR3FlmZoypazA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 68b73dab7de6ad9575f54e429fbf90c1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 047 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban Design) Buses Trucks Storefronts Service stations Description An account of the resource A view of an unspecified street and storefronts, including a McDonald's and Esso gas station, from a rooftop. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/9381d6165bc20cb490bf77d1bcd192b1.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=iqVMgnlV7NJqz0-Rrc3%7EMNBbtGwVGxbob5YrsJ96COCaQL6ow7BO3hKHtog2juZnnQLEkDRdnyT8otxFni4cY9vjGQ5Zf7qX3i3qDMatIrRDL5TjVkSSg6978Ae5mNzHxs5RwjWf89NHt1tzQ-C5EEIh6nHWIY7uBABmT-Z7uMyQu%7EDIzx49YIKfOSPKNu3LDSoLJ2es29deDiQ-6b%7ETFzRey7MYsK%7EL5EsA4v9HGQ0oUixT5AbiieJMdZVvCGfML4wVQEXoRHrzcn5p2fs7KVWAVpCcwwXMzO7RdEDHYuNfVSXPB6wY6eaJhH%7EMv04MviuOldBZBmTLDfjKTt0P3w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 4a3a0093783f4e8a659f7fa64e193118 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 048 Subject The topic of the resource Buildings Fifteenth Street (Washington, D.C.) Florida Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Streets Description An account of the resource 15th Street and Florida Avenue NW. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/cb8aa003b885dccfb49156108c21c13b.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=XGtX6c5PVL%7Em4XsHnnXEgW5kDQd1D4MlMNrDmORg17YJJFqSe3JuLb63Dgnxb3iRJR9vMfjU0gJpRFMF%7E44DuLQD5qZYgvX9ERdB1Qn%7Eza7Fp9bdLgCCg3IeYqLlUEdl%7E-BoG2P27xNcVh3BkgRaDHD4MBdO0XDKVPR7ItUWMiJ92ijZY5dJuO6udwex04oQhqfCkSmJ2j4V-aHHe-YAdHOM1CdYpEVmjAyACcFGhd6RaQtWqY5D76WZCZrdkiKJeRFDPGhfzRvr1t-dMkIg6SOtu4Hjqq361wGYQiNvGWLUbIJOtJza9txyCiKLEm7aqhv3KSU9wbvtEW9Kelxd-Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 488803586174088cd1d889c3ae641c3d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 049 Subject The topic of the resource F Street (Washington, D.C.) Streetscapes (Urban Design) Storefronts Streets Pedestrians Description An account of the resource A photograph of stores and pedestrians on F Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/abd0cfa56eea5a9f79044db6c1e7eb58.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=XFehfUkbw8%7EEtL2jevVHCwIZfIn8sVkaBwCdtS0AadxWk3ensa%7EHGBM4Kdyfv8qy8vdVUVRBoeByG1ktPSY9fV1ItAxduEEspKxXLguWGHie3fSK3-2IOn1mQlqWkSVePIGqNeATvF%7EKG0T3EyeOo-TmIA9pyvPlw9tUZ7fZ2AC%7E-4WoJxauwjUgR-c0fB30T7zMjpscS6rQ8IAxQoHhMBV3dZwQbI59Xaz%7E0GfMRH6VoJk%7ElsK5zgbpE7P5eqwrYuOzl5wQoLL5IG3VXI4ysDEaBqOMFNbkAnYs4azxP1umjKCS3HsCx80Cwuj9jPTxRooi8LlKaZTsFRFGY72Quw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM a8532910a4196c1a46cf949404d006de Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 050 Subject The topic of the resource First Street (Washington, D.C.) Independence Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Traffic signs and signals Description An account of the resource A traffic light at 1st Street and Independence Avenue southeast. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/7954ff6019167cadc86e19e72a32dc48.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=e8Zqslf15MCf2RFRf3G4-L53RXGfXkCHpIw8oiHqPN2OBOZVvzaoA3N6QBbPIkl-cnUfBY3hCt6AV1xPMU9W6Bf6y1n73hLuqLjgqzBfveZVhT4cUklgjxR3jPqGOtJ%7EKplfzIZ9rdX6-11AFebEM2lYGjdamcyOpZyui8dqPUWguI-aIfDeWt4aIPCk0ULtuFNkeLFYq7pperYOC-yof3HuHXEsDHMxc35KFCdLSSti0H7KI4av0zMlJh2-j2H0RstdVzaiibqLdYM74LENWzaSykkLAiBAimZlzHi9yDwBpbbSAU2o0zdmonSZwCDtmzDstgz-VK0N3Dn%7E5bkLTQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b1677694f3956752554904a9edfe5d5c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 051 Subject The topic of the resource Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.) Night photography Fifteenth Street (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource A view of the Washington Monument at night from the corner of F Street NW and 15th Street NW. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 052 Subject The topic of the resource Fifth Street (Washington, D.C.) Night photography Description An account of the resource A view of 5th Street southeast at night. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/37d67ee834a8702ea2b950b7e47743c8.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=hbRazV3zNVNeYbU5-yeNU%7E1YqtG%7EQSYZBnovh6R19E7gKRJPmQdg5j0zCx90oe0Fy7QI%7E2YU8ezg7vw2xtkGx%7Er1KZdSgx1DeHBjzV6UfvO5OpcmLmhnGFKpJG7JNbBpeHJfHA1RMdJ6ug68CYXVz1cs4VOG72Dq3X5PrRKNudtXXRfi7BDLXOffRGPHF0qUrgDoiyOI-tC6W9-vHlTg-5ddNtuAjbfhTbXcH4K63msnfv6cIs0OpQZDkswioMM1fW9fEwqHjJCS0uZDOW8E45QGdhCOCXzaeCFBSkqKObHC3SW4QR0HdZHqMM5Dna8rlHEfPMqVZPWMvy7Yu3Y53w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 9bda78ef3d1d48f64a90fde628530094 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 053 Subject The topic of the resource United States Capitol (Washington, D.C.) Night photography Description An account of the resource A view of the U.S. Capitol Building at night. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/21926168a9bc256479ad2edd10ad57e3.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=pjD2FvOC%7El7X2neNN9YBUVteZVhpbKo50UzSQfpuDpiqfMN2MhWSh9fpsEwA3ZU6FrEZZfgUSULnFTixBc8XASdCLhBFsveKkTHSMhrZZsVbaiCFryo841llpPh7klEp1tn4SwNY4ndz5GeX-WcRk%7EN1dzXqc3uSIVLaEyjLoTyawZ032BBscrlzByVqEYzvnnPE28btqvSFsFJRsP-hOVDccsAcs0vbtddaHdZYX8a5DRwEoKCA3hYqw5MuB8VrJWPnZQYt%7EYk-fBJCDXywNZE-DXoP2jzugcBhqARbqKYS3hhNQYto0Kxul0%7Eg6IvAvkQIc7sLaCnx64KvpQzXAA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 4053e166cda4b5eeb938fc9ac3fce663 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 054 Subject The topic of the resource Pennsylvania Avenue (Washington, D.C.) Night photography Description An account of the resource A view of Pennsylvania Avenue at night. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d8841d80987dfd06d434ab39459e86d1.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=P6uMLxVYpgMMW%7E8L566USUF1HwCBaVd6Ewusp33OIa4hT-5pyawVwD%7EOzi3eP6tjWa64mzVzOjz9qq97RgZT7-H5APvUGGoZeWxC1yxVqWziPvQxw8KXsTnNEYBTNiWKS%7EQPAmMy0x65yZ6AdGj%7EMC%7EbVY2w6P%7EfRpAJuYJ9fsRE8Xw0-90zoz8ccoHoQ7uV-ms2NXyaJZzs6zscEOb9cvoaw4VmuikuZmgfOYmdzwG8avU0yqO0s-mDfEhutGNLDeUYowIGZ5mCoKorl4c2HK5fvLDtOv7RWllMPYG59fACmVMNIufH8cXl82a4PnwszYPOp8mdvEjgu2y6ze-fGg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM d7281fc76b73b3c81bf508daf538747a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 055 Subject The topic of the resource Storefronts Streetscapes (Urban Design) Taxis Trucks Description An account of the resource A view storefronts on an unspecified street. Taxis, delivery trucks, restaurants, and a hotel awning are also visible. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/0833973b5aab13d421f6df64dc6990bb.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=vi-r36tn9zQ-F5FYE5HYQAW-yUcb4bFfrsUgd34UvimO9AIpvlYj9YbC4AIy0MCp-0wHStBK4h%7Ep3WoW1z0Xum%7EsL9dmqQp4LTFASs6%7EoHBarro7hQ8EYSMwEaaib2zsBlM%7EYziPJrgSac%7ErtGiMX0KxCJSkdNyOd1vAGYMAGv7reNTAI507ioAKX8-UNUocDYNJobhETv6%7E-w4MwtyWfySqsc57oDeqLRBpT%7Epyju7YkGV1tUT6BMX%7EOsoXp3ia06aFkad-UsieQ5ynGpHy0iDq-oRzrW29xnWEJJ6dtajecCj7t9cbbS5m2G566TkepjNYD0xx5b5T6mj8eXPtiA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b5c3c7930680ef0a959e328cd4133de7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 056 Subject The topic of the resource John Philips Sousa Bridge (Washington, D.C.) Bridges Anacostia River Description An account of the resource A view of the Sousa Bridge over the Anacostia River. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/fccd7d43458fa748e482d9d4a6083239.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=YfaYUhTAJ-9yqQLsyDANA%7EVuFpW4-Y7ToioAY5sfZt-dg9EYbvaydRKI2YIekFAXSxyfsYXp%7EftBuGSfL8hvJUpvBSxb8omgp8vPQwJmOtnlzD8v91%7EfWk8E5u6p2Um8rergncBdVFlNUbjIXZKaW%7EgO0OXa208yoiBcHgg7YmND50SPHqHlAJi2mpqVOEEj%7E0yIEqeIdizpOLEkNYydJUfMNc7jVmeOOhEqw40hUVRRBqFdzzTc0SZPkjJsGxqOmMl6mXC7YsXrNi5O6FNfD4nc1bjNXtCWO17U0P4IyTeBFTRvqNuzHKcfiTfXct1P3GqTow%7EdVLCRYBhvB1Z2uQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 94269bd05fbd0573e9bd18887bf6a01f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 057 Subject The topic of the resource United States Capitol (Washington, D.C.) Freeways Description An account of the resource A view of the Capitol Building with a freeway interchange in the foreground. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 5, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/45996b584afaa32420a3f99ee65c7032.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=QgMa2p1wnFYvEGzbPnyixZPiCrEnNSKo2sH61YYVjBgFVqwukJ%7EskjcITNANHXTVvKEEpqkZM7uAEMSakn48HzF%7EdawXdlUt50IYccATwgMd%7EY8vpij4cxpAudVYaDJVTVdro-bInV-6bIyiop8I69dWOyONn2aa-ipH66scYwaBuzFRp%7EYnzBh5J5bafF0wBGW4hXJb0-LSI7sqjkcv2mJg2UBhSEVmPTD9g0jdnuOzb7OVmGk1U1XnJR372Y4PbG-uFA13sSmsALbV9nOBXrfLt6p3B3VB5MF4tPOcodb1DPxjxEWK-Fa1nGmkBpE0SQ74mo3-Esb7ZcFGc8rLjQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 58f61c1effcc6de270762e2a218a3c96 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 058 Subject The topic of the resource Eleventh Street (Washington, D.C.) G Street (Washington, D.C.) Intersections Streetcars Description An account of the resource A photo showing the intersection of 11th Street and G Street. Pedestrians are seen in front of the Woodward & Lothrop Building (North Building). A streetcar can be seen in the background. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d6ce0c632e4028980b36872a7352323c.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=FJs2WMdCDhQNB9otoM4Db32kfdwVgjbJ0JVLUPpgl2E%7Ev46jdc7H7F-sccTMoQXSCbEauqXLE6V1oi4NEbcslu0TzLu%7EplwigT3MJTzHL4soFC06f0S0uZF0bEDHPIB7fvqwC19OKB%7EnYWkFzQbMHLSjeexCFuT7b-i2WoRmfji2CtKXMczMN9iy5lgYJ15IlbzeMR3yrkAzfRI1TQwTl2pBOdrrG1dV0Eyal%7EO%7EiGHCkPMNFYhkD8w0ftdpDaFUXY598SqiNP2YhqcgEdMiJZM8ZPJ1TExLfCp-OUthly1gXPu4VzWgWZ-Zc1rntlGcirDyT0bV%7E6eZvxO2Kc%7EDLQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 73a385c971dcf04c332dd4a92d9b8ec6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 059 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban Design) Housing Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 13, 1963 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Description An account of the resource Housing visible next to a freeway. The Washington Monument can be seen in the background. https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/bfbfa342cec083afdd9ff94a7de06019.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=prWLrLEMeB1ZWssUPSzgHRW8NEECUJdhMuoWNjIFEXRfaQKG-IUjomjIxy-UCGFeGmO-i3JQeG0RpKCB3T5N%7EVVLaiE7Cl4JfvIQyJVCqiqqNNsETyhEsJ%7ESHiiKHmCkYZ3YbdnluuvHom5xgrHiO3pi11U-gdqqzaWLDu5ffRyalfe4FuqQSk3kvRn-7w80a9KmtFQM%7E9rON2E46bOj%7ERIr5llgtpKTLE8UuW52BLF2rotWxGda-Czar8ODb8jJMsxUcCniLBrzT8Ripy-DE7H%7EniYys4A0rLEDZr%7E-UWjtqA49eBaWykZNKxiMc-9zSOTsFteKVNnVU8grv89bvw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 68295fad737db4f57742f9793b8615e8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 060 Subject The topic of the resource Night photography Streetscapes (Urban design) Residential streets Neighborhoods Housing Description An account of the resource Looking east on D Street, SE, from the middle of the 500 block. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The description and year information with this photograph was crowd-sourced from the group Old Time DC on Facebook. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/5797ba2dc54a7fd642ed4bcf3a44f99a.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=Ido3vJBi6v93ojcKzJ6lufqH52xroChnph0oxM9XcnqZZ5-wylL7Cw6oODaX3akNs6y4P0s%7EKUPiuQ%7ECB3PEsIa8yFG6VtgvHpzp6svKh2A7R815gxxf1h3FtbxuOn996B9lam3zqzexDR%7E9OLLLwprWqNdha0612u%7E0gF0r2RI2hXeKtpdUp5mYXqG4f3vfs0N0rteJABBAxZfvrSFjXrN6DMUlA-CKUfjsU8mnSbC1IFmQ0SV6kWpqKn5ZHeL7buX07s3jYqGiZFT9iG9I8MVD92erM36kVOy-m3yVyHHYQCWbi4Z-CwvCGReh%7EQA2cQ-krLHCFhOt0bmOQYCcwQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM dc496e05b2db46b7d97b9dd2b56c828f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 061 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban Design) Night photography Description An account of the resource Looking west on D Street, SE, from 6th Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The description and year information with this photograph was crowd-sourced from the group Old Time DC on Facebook. 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Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 062 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban Design) Night photography Fifteenth Street (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource View of 15th St NW at night. The RKO Keith's Theater can be seen on the left. This cinema was open from 1912-1977. The Washington Monument is visible in the background. 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Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 063 Subject The topic of the resource Streets Service stations Night photography Description An account of the resource An Esso gas station can be seen on the right. 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Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 064 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban Design) Motor vehicles First Street (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource A view of Massachusetts Avenue and New Jersey Avenue northwest, with 1st Street on the right, looking northwest on New Jersey Ave. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The description and year information with this photograph was crowd-sourced from the group Old Time DC on Facebook. 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Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 065 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban Design) Buildings Storefronts Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Description An account of the resource An intersection with Triangle Liquor Store visible in the background. https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d67280976dbb7f338ace8845454abffb.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=s%7EXtp12d3iEDGAcVaXAW44TREeBBnSj7O3q-UkYy6VV8Suxb4ncipXmFWOmrCgov8DXXlJ61vtDhaX7-naOJCY66ddWrlXby0VG%7EnIklgTJrcjM4uhP-B9iEvurBVBapOhfnHmERpTg16v6iTwtaweQKFw1IxBJA5niTb1rQS%7EVhn7EJfG7Z0XMTGEjTxNg-7aaAgYkYkBfS7NcC92xX2Uxt6C2wunH0dEBQT%7EnhTOrpEQPhsPTu3FXhMqDFyo3mmWaXrdeQU5IcyU0Ozme0d3vvL2fvrrjl-AFIX7RX%7Elsrk7z5S4MjcRfM48HX9BW3cNTRcupG5UeZ%7EEtOJthO7w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM cf1e3daaf4c11ef75800288f5bfd45d5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 067 Subject The topic of the resource Crosswalks Streets Housing Residential streets Traffic signs and signals Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/92fec42e54f8c7337dc6fba5fd37ff83.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=PMY5Jrpd9nKhKdvEI3rAOiqoOzNoje8Ky9e6hkB3efTdfLZmG4muT4o6dtSvBDa2Hj-V0nXgh0JH5QnurwDEd6-b9LlY4pQuWsQUIlLKG9xvjwlxC9GfUkYa7XYrAGPosKLnzdwlR7a-G5Mj0KlimI23V9HhH0S6oHBUq1YmG2scQS7MLeUa6hU02Ik%7EwKCupJcLcuJAljhohv8naEkIeuYeX8B24QZIRkAl4fsKPmu9vtuTATpJiP8obr9Ai7-c9JzCyHG5v%7ERTq2qLNDZ913nBl7nQbJbLLter1CYsj16b7JsS0pAiR7FmqtgLnl9-uJAbqZ-M-HMP23CktQidfQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ab07d3881fb8730b5f20ff2f4aabc9f3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 068 Subject The topic of the resource Housing Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/2d7e02f967aab8f9949ca973ed8968e3.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=mToFUNHWl06fLZFr9FuVyPo2B73ZQ2bLB0Dc5AxWTFArZJH5SQFIB0RKuKYDw2XZuJ-bZBHxHXNxm9oNnWccIUuB%7EOhjCIvi8dibTtQU%7EygxOpYvf6kYaX3AQht7eI9k9G%7EmBy5xQyw-9oyQmuvlLEDr92y3IoqXBS8aUzkvnUWYtZOAhE9AE2iw5ap0mhAX9VmlDXdV%7EiBmHFhGE%7E6yyxtlGhygA53Ied1JkPhsZakRZQtUiIB1U3sY9u7FWwI8pmmfqmfSlGmI22NWOQJYyGxpYyrVJGMDAbKqEVTECjVjCzRVu5YDcSGuI1VkrH1TJHvFhUh%7EjsSaCYy4S5XERg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7f751637d1b670a4ae8333363b1541d3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 069 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban Design) Streets Housing Residential streets On street parking Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/b235c10e7e3764794e4ee25594d6fd2b.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=qBsENVCgk-jiWAAVD6QBrzK3GhP89VczMw7RtthqFvi7glNI9q1qalBh30DGmtG%7Ew4eT2X-uho89mY6aOysubF-8OG26Fxv6CHvqy01DCKDpQdf5FJIIZqdl-sC5R43xBbxe%7E2nr%7E6qLA7IEAndweJ08mGqAqDSB5p3EagHyJ-A0woz4fxHnNqO8dZ5CKT1mFfJ7iaTu0MACiQHZcCyithtVz6Ewazl2c9gJN%7EWZJvoZhv%7Etri2jOcliFb%7E7V6dwtHasd810Hrb%7Ej4j6-izbZFXSJbQoF%7EtrqjLquffiRDaBX9z-UeQmHp7AslJFfgg4LLOuSAnjLofeQslw8-vUPg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 19453f1b665b9815c3d5d1fe61722b35 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 070 Subject The topic of the resource Interstate highways Motor vehicles Traffic Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource A view of cars on the Southwest Freeway (I-395/I-695) with the St. Dominic Church in the top, right background. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 071 Subject The topic of the resource Traffic Motor vehicles Streets Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/73b85237f39e1201277979b26800b9c9.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=uD94xnlsV9Jr3iZdPza3tv2OGXtb7Ja7hIkZCnejOvyohS9y1g8HUq3BfDfRQ6x9%7ETKF4fShATWx7otU9BQ04FaaB0OhIof2-%7EcPHb-fv%7ERz2A43Pug8R1vdyurzYzUaRhP0%7EoVAxjSiCcA1g96c29AZzhhfcCoXjxxv8G4AdWebCQF59FxnApmCecjhY8hZQehWhjsv%7EPlMyVzLRxD0xJ1T8mGWUkN91gQ6YADIHu-ALWhut1Jk5vJw0Ys-S74JlqwXw6bQQyrVtEZEpRHekV8ijVV4nSpDUcuCLHicRG7a0NzUS2TX64dAvAKVFkpwLuKI0Na2dIWRIWBFx7w%7EVQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 60cd77e4eff530350c364f4b8275b61a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 072 Subject The topic of the resource Streets Motor vehicles Service stations Traffic Description An account of the resource A photo of traffic with an Esso gas station in the background. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/cb3f8a45496651f99a9102d26d419c14.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=emUekFEgcUArhrp67NQvcm6CDu8TMKnnal6gADLi347P0nsERwTaeYZz%7Ed4pI%7E8Z2yTJdHv-urMl6TJY35k9mME9UHp2OTqxikuYjRh%7EpZyN82zUjCkvcfe7YHb74cEK7ZwoPhbNJ8INPBZn4hGOOon1vLMUzHkdIl9xN841AbyLAhP08N2-81Q3rQOI%7Er1X18dklwGj%7EL5Szeb0-ldsVlj4ZfZw1F13SYhuFJYWahjAQ3r5IfZaQGap65B1br2WT1wBb3tbhAwYmTo34XsFlR86hzFd0v5fBHBFlmVCXb4q4O7ZM2F%7E%7ElYPKdlrCiir2oTKXGGb02Lpu629aGNjPw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM cb743ff0ef2d8fa667fca4b2604e8310 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 073 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban Design) Streets Motor vehicles Storefronts Description An account of the resource View of Connecticut Avenue from the roof of the Uptown Theater in Cleveland Park. 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Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 074 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban Design) Streets Storefronts Intersections Eighteenth Street (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource View looking down Columbia Road NW from the intersection with 18th Street NW and Adams Mill Road NW. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/3ce66bb401798d32264f9d66608744a3.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=mykorKR2BR%7EPGT9qLo-8oDXZ2JIKVGYkrctUs-yx3zgh6xPC56vOsVM2rdAdfTSVMtljG9uCcjMPuhfXEDuVmZ7IzVp5gpeJqHB%7EMY8Fs5H39IcObR6EgTRtWkYyo0MawZm8gkUoDrnRHy6PWgk5haxGXgr37hX2518cmSIus9P9Vc5za4dXOHx9jgOPWAWGjKhnYAKdTmhaGkgOreiZknM7sGQqkO%7Egr9m5oUS3YTyPR5UO4ehnl1REqnJhbwJuvU%7EXbfiNfRo0ZD9xOBC5YW7JxjN0ccmIImMWWzNw4e79lDvMAuJOaRp0fmEaDlrRTEPU%7EGQHZ1QPrA2VtGZPDg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8c0ca787cd0b6804eec3e34d14069318 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 075 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban Design) Streets Buses Description An account of the resource Looking south on Connecticut Avenue NW across Florida Avenue with a view of the Universal North Building at 1875 Connecticut Avenue under construction in the foreground. The Washington Monument is visible in the background. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The description and year information with this photograph was crowd-sourced from the group Old Time DC on Facebook. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/f24ac9900bd045b969037c153de83a83.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=jW7GXSAJJ2U0IDQKEOjA7btE3B%7EYZ3XbE4m7i%7EJGiFOZQs%7E6unUjJwEG4kkGD5-A%7EfuEOWHaw2mHE6xV-bkCevQXcos%7EEfqgrU9s9nbhWEHWT3UVQfnxzFwkkB4ytGMOMwpx8WtRxDPyquw4wtdZnqyaAa4pR9b4jcrQw76by4E%7EIZG3Ue8i%7EZV86APssUDPgQnzrpE8qGnLu9OADKimbHbZOBngP91Dx0-zWaB3DH6fdUnmqDlBd3nv-ipH7UGA6JWZcdXra4vNfOuKm510y2lmUiKHKiSItRoHbLkpkgFsQUJwCzdIAfVgoAihAqL71nnfptcWpv%7Er1-fTTgH7Yw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 27c8c5e2caefa225a5280acd88db09a4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 076 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban Design) Streets Description An account of the resource A rooftop view of an unknown street below. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 25, 1964 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/1e40e0523f8dd31112577cda82fcc3bc.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=Dj0w5CSeohGa701em-7u67PFJTBE50oiNAbOLDPgsAa5WZovY8hL8p0%7E76CuEltSKRht3p82idGovSXszY3IqLui6SwHjPxweiPBmuKzgYlcctfsJI7gypJvEDOcLsNREp9-8meipuArsYhSAbMpHirw8IZ4AKuEkox63Vp2CQZhLe5xqujWw-hJcRTDT4YHPWpx6iQQlM6PfsGe5UyOZEzi43SkyPx2mrovnSbrIsEvwemH7Sc3WYKclIRxOBczkaKDkUdbtH1vqjKiT0D4Ma2CGkAfEg5QXIegkn5Vm%7Egv-HgKaZjIUbicPfaZilq4OoO8lHedSk0gMz1Pebd9Yw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 7ae22b9da28e429df543e9f8b9bc9335 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 077 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban Design) Streets Sixteenth Street (Washington, D.C.) K Street (Washington, D.C.) Pedestrians Buses Taxis Description An account of the resource 16th Street and K Street NW looking West. Buses, pedestrians, taxis, and other vehicles are visible in the background. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 1947 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/479c9203f4eb1b848f543ac0a36680a0.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=D3QSN0fmODr3xER-6EP9GAwHEh3OPbWgjpPQKQ2UcuVAkiwcGm6UoVBDlgFFRXvorSOW3pWUP8uEw07oz-rbx6WGryhAUtnz9-ubc6l8sO7CfRvIA1zfJq%7E1gmET7emuSw7XATtYSgcJK26sLXMNWeDm2HH3lycajVk9mE3kqV80wK80552o3rwbf-jpEFT7wFjeIGRg2Qvbuj%7E02l8I66%7Ef74uDJ9xtq2-TOGWtglIZHZfdzCbsCnFNoSySjUriiMtV%7Ew5IIlLExNN3lF4Fqvvlya9BCy1-vfJ8juwTzqxNZxxyvcgFCQCz4kU2PibYV-Ni3NA5%7EAeLcwMLJyGyew__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ce553e01fdf9a65356380fdcc565c734 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 078 Subject The topic of the resource On street parking Motor vehicles Street signs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/11519a39abf5ab572a709824149015a9.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=Cu%7E9x-dwiaWbETFO0qVMY5KBe7N2VAucOb9jBGUkTS9sFZtm5gggxCNwCNgjlLRuduHhC6%7EDd6BtdM4SpIZkdScWGtoWIBxkgu2la0BjBZ1KRK6eSQ%7EP%7EU1bCQ5XevsonJhm5ekrGTkV7Nwoi2O9Mao%7EWjDuZNwsWZocJ%7EKK-EQ4mToaOIHAoE1wDnMUreVSAiV4VlwZWj74T68Xg0-2EOqAU7Dk452jJ-7md0cCrYSgOL%7Eor3Gn0Pum4ZsW0sl3dQ-dwA1OmOo1%7EBTWsA5OIGcogfORLtZY7NSJ18W3pVKQvkisNv66UbUAZa3fiVbvyhJl%7ERFcuz-KWj2xDowTUg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ef3b4ef893af7e0439910d2aca3cfa38 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 079 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban Design) Taxis Streets Motor vehicles Buses Trucks Storefronts Description An account of the resource A view of an unknown street, including buses, delivery trucks, and taxis. Stores are also visible, including Gartenhaus furs. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/a191fb144952edec5a009eebe27c4054.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=dnkhLkJreK2wtHRbbpkSSRB9QRc%7EbLE3O0XjE21bdQbKuR7%7EMHAcGw3dA0NWFJPCnVOOGH22GTOxfG4nlhQ67C%7EK2R0VLb4GUOtVAtj2GJFQJoAlMaXWQ76unhxxi0yIL7a59ywfWHnq-dfDDMOsASVx3mgYkU2q5dQfCrDL1WeE8uKCJDhSZPYj7DNH-zujWHSCxZ-yb6kJGOmG7VQpk52%7ELVzP1-YYobiGaSsvNVMpiO2mS1IN49ppMZ0-oRYvroVTIlTC9nIxzXjm0FrzOIbf4MyuY%7EOt0hMzlSB6CCAH%7EbDflONQMgt03nWUcIrYjn%7EBdQ%7EUgCS363Mheov12Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 897904ffb331c25097d12b918d69481b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 080 Subject The topic of the resource Washington Monument (Washington, D.C.) Aerial photography Freeways Description An account of the resource A view of downtown DC and the Washington Monument with freeways visible in the foreground. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 27, 1965 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/7855e1a9c198e7d710c17102ee2ef194.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=hTPuWs4d-tw%7E%7EH-Q1PxcvDgyL6bU%7EDjvNiOZF7I5s85Euvo-WgKi6N-GbL7LdnkxMi6pPM7NfnnLRg76cJqmb74oMXm%7ElGQoKucgPoiP2jOXhEceWdFAcHGsyswiIeACpkaHMWUZAljDhREfemM9jPRlrvYKVjvpSjn%7Ey1oG40ezbx-Qvj9jzjZOm6U7vI-ZhNhoHWqD0W8Q16hEcCzCadnyt1r%7E%7Egh-bdbacRFG27X4MII4icnEKN1MP3KXhVbwbkUcv-9uDVgjKZdXYkkGVtqCT5iIRQKPmkX6bCL1p-KUQXhR3cpOCjNH9MSXbIZz7AY50zUc0jg7Ep71Ix3dqA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM a22ef93889477234f5aef88c3b7e67aa Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 081 Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photography Parking lots Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/48116e218ff7dcffffa1a8c98aaea448.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=C1HOZOW2aLcFbo7LJD%7ETEfH5k075SQXZaDc%7EJC2ydQMiYi4AYPNlaW17IN4-xadzlbN4fLs-KCfD6mY7PEqq1L7Rjw8St6JZQvIjaxqwU4BY5h5M2GSiCxpYahJEGl-qTNGKe-iNheHczl2MyYfM7a%7EbdS3CV5kFoDtgesMDQl3%7E4ttLqSvIUDmeSFW6UVsvBuJmh8ihnRZiT4iJy2z26NjnOPrmczvTh17LPFLcGniS3cIVZyIPROa6pnaw6GfGpKyNlcP4yrn-ug9IykG-XWHje1uGBuE5wfUCO8sutQOq3LJD3vz0RIjxV3s09772G-tPE0vipn3zq3OHBFIYaA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM cb518c4952b4e7c7832603fb25b76729 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 082 Subject The topic of the resource Aerial photography Parking lots Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/3b5f008dad5f5fb1d44833923af51ad9.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=WV7gboT2Ya%7EtDJzKOKfrZSioiXKbduVhQZtAEZe58GGL4cn543Q1uHcNALlnWCrheSJJhwE79gop8peGOcixKUJlHc1G0i62Xf5QHwYOw2p3rNxFjN3g8gws-Hq%7Ecr3GzacvJh7MPAg8i6Je6tSASzqkoBDLuQzC3RPlhelvCWlvBtZKV3TX2ycJm29IYQ2MFtyaleunUh0bkjviPLIGRtS9HGf6JJam2hmnhfjD21gfTFN%7EGh%7EfUciQRwNsoSeCVynYwUyZKWDvSDihpiYi%7EimlGDtYL9woKj6ylrKu2JQQq%7EAuXlKSVgMvc9iMcaBw14CjCzQ66Ccu4SsFoeP%7EOQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 81471d5dbce2b341d081ed7d69d730a6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 083 Subject The topic of the resource Bridges United States Capitol (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource A view of downtown DC with a view of the Capitol Building and an unspecified bridge. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/b72789179ff78d443e71753d4606656a.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=OsTROly9j2X9ua5wgRPCvG9ZWQ6ZavoAgfvWZIfQwAGaV%7E94MR9SYSDcZbrdR7Sy2rzzaZZqwIcDm91RqPErho1XUzI5XN30En2-bC-1bHEU4i0YgXZHg2HVjUjFqrEvZ7uPMgyHmMwyAONX6nFNRnH3TLUgkqqNw-3jKYreP7-lDAQzoVsIuzDNGPd8XtVp51ojxdRuGaKn7jqok--WU-r81Nfp%7E3ihtqekIjbZdVF%7EuPd8hHnIkpj-tVUPTK%7E%7EXF9-wFNj3FLgVa60cKI%7E88tyKlA5U-OmdJHmpNJ1RMwYSxi22GlpgwM2-CkUWLUYqp6g%7E%7EZ2fAHmtj%7E8nqyoeg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 75b76fa7b32d8969d194217817a15d3e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 084 Subject The topic of the resource Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.) Potomac River Georgetown (Washington, D.C.) Aerial photography Description An account of the resource An aerial view of the Francis Scott Key Memorial Bridge. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 29, 1969 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/ad4e09bf9c6f317858f37a753c5cb8bc.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=Zw58i7s0NmfxhPYOTtXfjM0-%7EH-RrpstoUPYWRTaGgrvQ8nRCgOVmCUfYop1sWoN471FUc3QRihryKYwtotWLWpSb4IiKjNZ0OF3Ymh%7Ebf%7EtcRBnOcgT66Oc7LAXS3ynTs7zoWTlV8W9a76Z8IL-tSwb-r2cRWa2cLoTNC-JFdvzdMVrN6DGWkVR8ima6ZprpSMErHuTeP4%7EUYmc3ivxpEbRrFYj50iGjppIQX3%7E4ERumfAMDmJKRXrWXVr42i3pm2wCE2igwfD324rGub30Q0r-CU%7EALaDjBDILyoOCVBpPEPHVyfT1ayKEeEV%7EjdNYEwuA4saVr9P%7EU1p7Du94NQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3f41ac3c08a30a38f80ee5682b3723bd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 085 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban Design) Churches Southwest Freeway (Washington, D.C.) Saint Dominic Catholic Church (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource A view of the Southwest Freeway (I-395 and I-695) with St. Dominic Catholic Church and the Washington Monument in the background. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 23, 1966 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/d1da30c5d4ff9605d9a1a48cb4ac10f3.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=cwzU2b35mU3Nu9d3LuxN3m4qN6ZhSTW6CeQmNFSUWfzdvkvlyxVLdo7BC4O3PaaIu5wQd27YOXEd3qouWCwSB2soVt5kSNdxmrTVhsCBO7CeGlKF4JMjBZoCSwopYgTQxXgFI6Z-JM9QPhn5M64BwJT8qyapclyf5VFUNe7q01vI5%7E5m3OtwnY2h33Cy206xLCF9L7O6hc8TBtP8WvOHtEdA92f4Q8ug4GLJEuXwORFKHbRHDxi8-WWSYJxp0ZPe%7E-FT%7E4vJ6yf2fgZ4hTQD1M8PwhE3IiipfliNExgmAi88uG0x6KiaMOsbsEHzaBBKpCEOlSw%7EoL%7Erfr6Wi6LBAA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 5dd4f28a9f7add8dfedb2e2e38e220ab Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 086 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban Design) Streets Streetcars Trucks Parking meters On street parking Description An account of the resource A photograph of cars in downtown DC with streetcar tracks visible. A Rock Creek Ginger Ale delivery truck can be seen as well as on street metered parking. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/7a0eaac64125c7458c99e8e1cd019487.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=YZuzMQDHCyBAxcyCt7gwNkLfFrOc25X8aWPkxNIP8jGE1rJdDZWj8DzkLEzVLM-2evOjaIx9mbpIp0pjx42zT8UH-BSZ9vBn2euo7HmpvSHa3w88JRNkRlYNjdj3XYpnE0IzjT1UbRXK1kdRTYXVGsPTdDKHCjBnSRAiScJK8ufIH-Fw71SABKV7Yx5F17F2ju0KAM30tl4vHsHN627wRWK9CT4gNNvyyP9v5K%7EkmYC4UoP-JrkfDwqdri5EyL1BPjK1W9ZWvQybfUz8Xyofp2Ga-XhT33TXMaAYWARj7LgSq6tKZ8Rnt3JJe10YrbvVsb41JTz-vunL-MSYfuj1Fw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 4ae444fec0baf837a5938002b9f54e10 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 087 Subject The topic of the resource United States Capitol (Washington, D.C.) Streetcars Description An account of the resource A street view of the Capitol building with streetcar tracks visible on the street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/25170c44f2fc154eff8187240b457dd8.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=S6suY8oxSitQyxB9oAXK3kQ-5NLl-2nCVOwsQ0qmFWsQ079MtXiXLT1gDXdCkQtFKo9e4Z%7EzeA%7EQNErnO6%7Ebi99Qn5Fv-qDzP%7E0wKwnNndhpHTNYK1k9mS3n4S6ELxby8NCncipje4gj%7EhbzyglPupx2GR%7EUoMQoPIHjQi3KtIuC3AF7asuDdPqEArUjrT7qDqGNQRMn5DyuZY3%7EhtU5ax0s1AkDQhavvC5d-uImOX4YI4YymGWq7334Qm8JN9FzK1GMcTQ51VzjX6ckCMydAYI3FJvMIU8iU%7E8ukoez6cFoodYS7e6mPisQaea%7EYpsoURmEWlzC4qGjheGo0V18Rg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM d2f792e92385a865f3443adfd139326b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 088 Subject The topic of the resource Buildings Intersections Eleventh Street (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Intersection of Massachusetts Avenue NW and 11th Street and L Street NW. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 10, 1970 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/b7966b751ffd788397e008640763b156.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=s696LQ11W0op5eFa8A1LNkwGKU6ArGH7G1BM40kNI8-feeH2t3F9Vt1JqEJ7VqgsJR4P7M7BfwUtvUnEZo5B1FryRlDce8aIltkGUaBBFkKqGlDKTNBjkGRUbqNqqdLXfM7eaUFTNfTrsrNib3QfJ7InUqlUiqXEo6TljZ2zRGSpnoq3gM92wllN%7E1cxhH3hNf20xUF9YxeuefnClwb0kUnFOirbrz96VkisNuHw3TAtbgKuGzDStff%7ECWun3NEIz06M7Zh8VSY-fv%7EB0xwwiXUJMRJ0950L3W62VpgYaY-iHJvhWAVkx6tTa9h-8OlFooeT4efYd-SiExRiGQQDTQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM fc02b5dc5a98031661d2c15df6237970 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 089 Subject The topic of the resource Streets Intersections Description An account of the resource Photograph of the intersection of North Capitol Street and Girard Street. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 16, 1962 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/86048df9c18a25c5f77925ed23791213.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=Gk4808Zm%7E9toevmWgSwopALR0tsIBr9nOtYgAN6t4beOp26bZD21EljZdm6rCQ8urruDAll51zw9K4V370AQdG0E%7ERt4MipOlPGwse67egmv7AAUGm0VbVKqC57mqdUL7QgRW-8%7E2a10EfcH6LDs4bLoRhsuDPhpGPxzge4yeWdb9mHEz54zNrKJJUeW9VgpY1Yh1o5HZIJy83t05idieBOoCIGTSG4Ur3gIeyrxwoWdO3Uo0tkT5iUV1B9tEh6t94Yto090NRKwvP79f0%7ExUBUUPOPAP3rtWn07r2MTqu29fniCZ-Qq3g0VD3hup8idZIZfYK6P-%7EuJy-6MSQ1woQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 52fa2714e37325c1a8b30ccf8d021d1d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 090 Subject The topic of the resource Traffic signs and signals Crosswalks Intersections Description An account of the resource A pedestrian crossing signal. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/11f4620c78b93c30c2dd4677c3b00d87.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=DC-4lPEeZrWITlU2btloz9krugeUYmU4i0QVg0JVJ1YSiWpB8-eTAAYItmcEKnUhJnAzVimLC6-Pzo%7E11XbTWp8d3J8oB0bqu64znV%7EIt36gna9yKkCygklqQqvzAdsaKbXC9IbOPfJ4V95yy55SeskuaHfxWuo3R-%7EqtuUsnoMQUnu%7EY2qUUMXzckTomRu90Yqm7GBvMnLjaQ7PxufNeRmoVypCpUaSQMVDxCGm3EVKR0CGQMxvLGq9x7zazpa%7ETeOKVSSU39mnQFaKtO5LkXCpPiiK-Dr4kRvmJz70mgSowqpi0gvKbcyk54Vna9s708uFkYF4USBG7r3541SbDg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 23e4a29fa2888b42b5fda83cfeae079e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 091 Subject The topic of the resource Motor vehicles Parking lots On street parking Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/059c416f3777a940b30da408953b7808.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=bb8zAEOEMAf7nfxkcEhX9CIPUP%7EEL2RnKhWuVGuLI2EArxdVocFudTJ-VneeAlgxnneMTyWS6D1D5un486oBYPgZeI4sqIOQx8Eck7GPsWunodB5uProOzMOYlCSXCz6u1D9%7Ew%7EXd%7Edc17CITMEqrRkwpIZeGmiv5xIk-Pn4isQMwGlOsv1EASLcPMXv5i8EmbIceGB5L2qzS5CUtKr1PO83TCrUcy-iwMjFY%7EvLtPxG9%7EDhTshyzyzqjAuBwoV98lMpx%7EzbRyglPHDv0y6-YzUXliNiosWtWIiheTedkdI5vmRR-DbOb-Tls%7EVYsM7lQz04QUk5DUVqMAJ1Edn8%7Ew__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM fa117cdc0019e040b0a5ddb957bcf7b0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 092 Subject The topic of the resource Pedestrians Motor vehicles Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/448403ef472de5291bc256ceb6303160.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=phFu9Lrn5UHxsF0xTMx15patiV3auBGuWvqzGt7j0Q3GQYh1SSZ2JjRDOGJp5p4NCK0PHdiS6RWgv1Qp%7EbnBSIBiEVGstZVd5epbFIWth%7EKDcrM-9Fy7vkg%7E0dXNE-bTRQg2LN1oVUcWWM-lLCjwnGxdADZGNuM3ODlEWGCQEO7GrOSCiuyjTXm7Ubwsm7OQMS5mK0Ulfg037mDIzIvtAjVr2EZXq12wr7QJM4wXWH%7EJVvsFVVHRwIacL9z2xeyjLj%7E85nQebTmivO6ApZmCbqlZ57%7EQxvdPINLn2GTqOL0KKi89l6niODmAKfWsAgRvNqIEQmbtaAjqUttF5RcqPg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 30c2e27e52115275c5d8e994ce6252cf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 093 Subject The topic of the resource Pedestrians Housing On street parking Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/f427151c7454e4ed1c5f8d30462d00b0.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=VzGbJvgaHP0ObZPy36GEc-xtzswushUG09e79dZ2taxpqj8WStR8XEaS93zaV%7EBbndfLb5NLYN4KfWjXsZ0dEK%7EovOBLe8k%7EPQkLMyq-QStPuUyy5NP9zodzhXoBHTkL8tiukgtFDmieHtGImaPY6sqQVt41xajKDsCouzivtixGckKQyEPs0p9VwdEzgMNNotrQJ0S4aIS1sdw99NhxsKs-HFPYNaPDuwYgwoKcCB823poLLCtny6-obDNDOcicvt64ttx6yIIDukGOq-Ev0HWl-AkhLA2m-8W2LwvY3TrDyaQ708njbsSf423hiZ7Pf-9fKKANm-TrEcVLAUQNQQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 62390b5fd40ae5613da2d6190a0fd853 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 094 Subject The topic of the resource Motor vehicles Housing Residential streets On street parking Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/076876a072cd5732f9a24e73998a9da9.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=Ln4TCaDWexG5eVa5vIHjzvQPCJDglkBT3y17icbwpx76tVsM3qKJLqOOkKNvHR10-DtfPR-IEkvnrguTRLg270LZvhwNDc%7EjCnGA8myBX%7EMOPeQ5oTGvO%7EW3nFCBT4ihUn5eMJvpwryxoO-44c9P3X6rRSul747BqmKHhQW-1x2BfXogsp8tDBP3HKDgjVLTDWLolkcH-ApnSoCtwaiN--0VoCecSvTzXW-1PYDnq%7E0O83D8BcMAk-auryDRj1FtqLw4jm6Op%7ET0QTR3BA8JesY3huCk92708x5diA9oMfrX%7ElZMH-a0KaB4Ok8HZ-7HrLhx%7Exc953BVDjUPjoyBMQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM fda3a74028fe4225faf6475c59e6b823 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 095 Subject The topic of the resource Motor vehicles Pedestrians Streetcars On street parking Thirteenth Street (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource This is a view of Pennsylvania Avenue NW at 13th Street. The photographer is standing near the old Reservation 33A, with E Street at the right. Today, Freedom Plaza would be on the left, with the roads reconfigured to accommodate it. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The description and the year information were crowd-sourced from Old Time DC on Facebook. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1940s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/f5f18a2ed4e238fd51d948e7ae7e856b.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=XslOGsVZUEULnJXErz1XtJEvGDXnPRUrRmbsuoaPqVIPvelPcHN2UgUwvjZp1uHY4%7EIIzqRzW3PmgmSNqqx-4eRDOMuxX89sCZDh9ji1Ytj56HrjLoG%7EhGL8xrd1F0Zsf5-AFddYZe6CorScG3NIitr-T8CsUhXIE4-q3fdOKRW6uD%7Ejf5Q9CGwAeXzRY69TmSmzIqNia6AYPp9gQmEWWjFQzEzoi0lpM6%7E6aIchZgkVtNlnnV29%7EuoVpt5tfGU8CdFP6GbibwYeR8sNigGFa9fMBZ9WMPz186wzzWLRftnzM4UxCTcq7XIN8VG4C0-RLuf82yn6kAGwCtJ4zarM8w__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b0e2730ed3f8f826a79ada0396c96c6c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 096 Subject The topic of the resource Pedestrians Motor vehicles Description An account of the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 1972 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/259942abb8c009755707d36edb20634a.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=RaODUUjuet7Xnc8i6egS%7EhYBRf%7E7Yi1KKqWLVyDnJ7W-iN64GvZ%7E8pI2LcXX4Gzwx9jm53vlecghfFS8mvVD3SiHsYv9uVsFWGT9EL-eud8gSlz1CV2CxZ8LVpekm0Uj91m%7ESv2YdrlCJfD7BjPSfTyWuziQf6Mxq9Cf5QCD-T-rQpaJ%7Emwm9OUDymTK8h-y9C4Ex5KxHGTsfSDc8xPnajXOGlyYPEPPtKFJ1-qgwBGYuDu6%7EF8brodVl7kGiGm2vBk0L7frBEYuFmcHZv6EBzLUiGwvwWJ2Zp6fOm5ffrZa11zpvnQ8zb3uPbvVUmSeXCn5B2oA0eeNNkRnN5ibOg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 2e48c08c3a535ac61651ecda11e6a937 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 097 Subject The topic of the resource Housing Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Deparment of Transporation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 1972 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/b4af815255cc7151e260bb4065a574bd.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=emp2lIPGsBCMigFf8JnCcmG9XQuR%7EfYJQhYNCzn%7EA5UKae12ZdB%7Ef5PDutyfzC2I6lLfNC9vdcLdJAKFHnfbW-H1wpey4M7yCDU5%7EZQPeJs2e%7ELR7fYcLMl1NDBj8PzV2qd3pBgONvEtTiqkZej6k-M0bQBZmepOh9YhO-5hY567w-Nv5fUZ73hqzaa3ObJtdYjYVmGW5ZJCeuUz2Wj%7ELqfVMtQ0yJt7opyDqUnqimpo2zvORK5vPWu7zeeXYAENnLg74QbpHCa95re%7Ez%7Emgc3V175iDEAifdYGseVLScDALMR9jQ7I6i6w7Ry7qWkLtydQn4AE0HmGiEbtBdXCyYw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM f9806bd36cf7d5bdce7fc72be49eadfc Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 098 Subject The topic of the resource Housing Motor vehicles Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 1972 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/a3de695b0ed372980ef54c15af6b3921.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=tbeFy5MZYxAD9Ue76ByNxz8mRIZNB1DUKAWK39Auy8fEsQTHoTU6xwGIg1DzEYPTQbl4eM42XDc%7E3FdyD--MrAzsrrIIN1F4iB9x0wgjGmZXMQCqvw110wsrNpfQh9VvVuRYd-9AMWCLQmB7oIXS9zi1vSC2TexZrtMQY9VzQHD0Pm3ecL27VfLYT2gILXtqRsP2TyvvFZZLIolDNNpHfgASJ85o2JB2Sow-wlv9XhKcDJfSsxACZQngRZr5SVCXFxJARch1qHUQwOWi2GieTQkB4-EpJf2VnWB3-Bf6ZT0ZyK9AGqY6dJ%7E7UXfNc0LCcZDzY2T39cR%7Evk7Vgbq8HA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b312d009358ac8a6a5eca3345bd0c833 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 099 Subject The topic of the resource Housing Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 1972 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/0ac2ea02d9b9e28f95883da7020486d8.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=Kh1uo-OY7THrOAW4raM7RWAU-4IMmvCkexVO4O95Z1VMgabPoRtcjYHscF8N0g0v4VBKPc%7EChgP7HfUZniLQUD6Je9zWI2s0ElTlEgjv31eLytDN1lvtrX52eP4WRKIF77zU3OUrkvrP225SBiKCLDiti2ypBcVIKoMHAJXgYUEx3ZLW3oAfEzWXjbw5SGBWcQFFlBzsc-3Q8HuNthASabrKZEnfh%7EVx9%7EW59%7E8mWqUzIFDTZO5PpDTQljSPEgfKeQoM34aVpGrjeSaDuz7XBVGaSCwNTe9vUWQ0Aootf89H4HUgMdX0-zj-wjxhau7eLIFaRewyM5oXEl89r8qY6g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 79f762e53f370e0f3aec6a0a142adeb4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 100 Subject The topic of the resource Housing Medians Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 1972 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/951eb2eb696ea7f2d401b7c916b6b712.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=jREus9dHK9pYXgNLPHPPElCMPvMlrO0ynSwPczzUhf0g10gFgQf-Bej7Z6sIO%7E22azFiRsgo9phWGuTkPUMJaMexSUkOGjpNVzGdcoieYPL-5i2wbHPiJ4gDYI1g4SQ9uqCg1dcd3mcMiF%7EOb8TlcLguLl7lSX%7ENj%7E62tYg7UR%7Ez9bdPIVVvLM4cSMKpdFn%7EhEoPth-jCgBXb8aiByFoiIfJT%7EQ%7EW6tAUnzel0tYLxnToNaTYESf7uM4TIS41yZyG3iW9cQHnkEXSDxMOZuQglS01uasJarJW7KqMsK%7EAosWKSD7L0YwkCIOY0qxdmmNIKdmtTYpq12ZksNUDY37Yw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM a259f6c9a5606e66b8ec872cb24c0601 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 101 Subject The topic of the resource Convenience stores Storefronts Description An account of the resource A sign advertising Pearl's Food Market and Coca-Cola (Coke) products is visible. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 1972 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/01ad821d69ef64f0e414b48bdb05ee43.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=m84hnB4dWt5W7R1MQTYkoBjgfsiNabEDqiS%7E7eNyplObSC5NruDb6Lyzf51jzCB2mZ45N8y17XJEvlywDuXjIc6VMdevwCzFxOoTovw-8bDA%7E-fQC9shkB4mtcZ6AlFpwB7ftzfnPPpcxWdYRZp0IQJ2CLxBfFT9yYSXURsvtz7Eq8StSFR1CmbyDOD-%7Ecq0i4BT3Rf-UBgal4gQKmuhHIYKtoZqBBFBb2cBjJFxgHXesMnj4DXALUlI129%7E8EdYLToXkEZKdaV30bPj4ZczyAidXiaZ-e-REYK9DIozF%7ErTLgm-LAEozKOg6mC2hOimCEx1cWspgCYKnREChV5fuw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ae051981c91251357e9ca8de17f7a5df Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 102 Subject The topic of the resource Housing Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 1972 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/091b7c66fc840e5d4f41f7ac9a7c56fa.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=DLpd9s3lN10A41cpvOSquy3dyJXcjT4h1G8%7ETTBDM-HFMB2hIAXuOm3g5kLu4R4MrvvVVV5zK3qyVqqfxZZQ7pzNwWSs54MJiLhcKA%7EZKHG0Of1f9c5I75bnosxwtlEX2K7QT4Znk4a6qS1zmqyKn0w%7ES3EnJKfCxDYbdaz7Ml2zwo60gDGKyFZFw-pDyiKd-BBEvxEcHVwe1wqIoYw16Nf3L-vmuOQFwBDje4BIExo%7E26uNB1vERk1Ak13uSbBwygItbNueCbZeafPVHlHsbjywjQYJYFPVnkU%7EnqhXJ4T3mb%7EK2CItjAx3JR0pKhM0pOStIHiteCitOAlaxhulJQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3f77b50ffac930e815161a71309dcb1c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 103 Subject The topic of the resource Housing Logan Circle (Washington, D.C.) P Street (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Historic John A. Logan House (4 Logan Circle NW) at corner of Logan Circle and P Street NW. After falling into disrepair, the building was revamped and are now condominiums. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 1972 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/91a62ffe3f9dba5ea92c0b03612e952b.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=Nnv5PX9ozwZllZ-I5arTuTJOi-gOagYx603hkLn8XyUbru57mYQMO%7EtZhHSx8v8yvUGF-oJegrTzCK0AO0PV0KhZYnfyGK5Qhxwz6oONpKghMMqUDdLTWn2T65VHjjYM1%7E-eWO%7EhBE8ytEQT3PRm5HS7rscRBym0Fty2c607OMRmmp%7EajavhIVTpR4%7EfxTQtmueMCHItcIClCb-mTxf9iiPrVmh%7EnM4Xr6oKKmcEdV7W8-0lmQxUPc0sDpkitqE-mtD-FO5h5rZKtjksSuQjkG0svAu2DOXG%7EgojNmSC1jmu30wo5ycjVlySVPFG2-tqiAdQv0K4Cq-8QOCqyVdNSQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c12798e1c7c56ab20e4f0bbe4ea5ce87 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 104 Subject The topic of the resource Housing Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 1972 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/b9f454e25b6c33b1d6a0bb06babed9b5.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=gqxVOcSiDKjEzPyODg1yeFBegWW8LZOWjl87QD1h1rqrz25b2xGtAID2oGx7PbGyx9W7MFXCEk0clQdRZAgaEOE5hRBN5Enc6kDMa-dYrBzV2XdqoXx2Ej1XkSgOW9JhOr3z47qU%7E9yIT84DwdeI4Ou3Q%7E7%7Edh9cTYvJkR5bPn1fj736Ug4f%7EvympbfdB7vHsCMKqPftlnPGQzW1dA-Iv5cQwHbFfMjndRBC7elISLPGPJUxERMzB-4xvlRM-Kf86iVkXrLG62nORyRcgIh5WDZ1g7cy%7EtFacW89ui7KJSzdD-O7klck02MGq9qFm9gdFdBAXSCDxEyEOaDU0U3HQQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM cb3ede16622777836bfbbb0a9fc10fed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 105 Subject The topic of the resource Housing Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 1972 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/471a246866fde2b3d4b55ea98ace0194.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=ItouXrs5Nj3VIJsyCtGQ8nW8IlFFzrRIG85nXCQLtdL5ePaBu8iZdQp0Ucq7mTT0OXiteojruh1WMMypBNMZa0%7E9xyr2rGSraZ%7EBPQ9H1mpkKDeuuu6YyRChgVcdh%7EMcT2ZLk-NghvDvwtmTZhxsfTJi6w2pZjwJliqjWT1jJkVmoT%7EaSuxE2Kqc9AZD1TX7qsiLB8YC303FcgmR0HNlUg9%7EGx7sCpPxPjMtJloRi%7ECWQBxvRToa8CociRU%7EN8rZ1AElnO44CyVPMw30T9a-qafAgrXTbB1QBywp-egcifePkremDGhHtnvLsxsH08w0EmYvVB-euaYrk5jzr4R6sw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 4a932e0341c871be0c91e9f56c9cd71b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 106 Subject The topic of the resource Housing Fifth Street (Washington, D.C.) Street signs Intersections Description An account of the resource Sign reading 5th Street is visible. Intersection is unknown. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource April 1972 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/ef6204b7104489af73817c2cf936ccbf.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=fU1kxpnB1NxCUywZ7QvJ8myeG7j7kC%7ET2e0Vw4Twxo9eK%7EutM5I0oafBitaWPpW8BJsctnHq2ydbl69Evx3VvEATJY-IieKvQr1LcMEw2wCF6elfM0W242S0J6BsqyMXMdzf7wTg3b9HCaF4GK8hzGIsItgZR0niiX4sYBnpcNa2orFr5iwZpVuQkN7WvE95ZdagaeXaljZ01ncO8g%7EA2C37WPJhVxodAwIuqvqaZVgze7hiGkmlhZ68yR6agTE1hcQlBd3-jR3WWuGzIKKMDAMiCOXHy-bGrqHswvbpuboN1bWEtAUwjNmgpNJa7wuUTlnVrfVX7SKuzpqyQqrQ%7EQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 2eba58c3733873d41c1889df834d2e0e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 107 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban design) Fourth Street (Washington, D.C.) Taxis Street signs Motor vehicles Description An account of the resource A view of 4th Street NW and Constitution Avenue. A Yellow Cab Company taxi cab is visible. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/a4562b90236ef569dcbb0f0a0ae65b50.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=SUwZ%7EaiEX4wMI%7Eyw3SJI4f%7EB5NAy7pdwZDENK5o7mFKND8FM3qtlT22ZjSU9iwhLnuXhfFAo5ibjDTUYtBG7npP25iPt02zPRGtB0bYSuoXfikdGd2ZUrwetqkwVaeM7KEs3X0pwRsu7JlkgHL8TFJA2UCfCjhSZ6Pn8DqRJRj%7EzhvR7KY0Q1-SU4ksanYmxt2eexAGKPwgGLkfgBVLHo2Cd-QGNzB4dxhgPK9TK--W2OOIcsKlwZX7gKWrgzNcvkx8rEHu8es2Uxr50wc8n0F62wKaDFWAiRZpoX2I7ryaGavoHeBzoX4eluhGRUZ3BzoarOFE-rvIwF-dfSBZxCg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ff1d152b036e811dc417200a626d0811 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 108 Subject The topic of the resource Underpasses Parking lots Overpasses Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/0f4c75b3fb3b444361c00125dd94ec78.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=He6gOrtEWlxSzrXicDiSxxKBVg3T%7ELS6t6oQiKt83uqGeTbrrICBml%7EEHq6IgIiADD83IohDf1FTvNHHU4zSUdLv6BgnmF7Fq6FWk5JWg-aN8cyJUJe7gBaTzO0ljxzkYTwvVGywwPQttWayztOYh%7Ezvyh1wZOA7MB0EFfgzgKYMwjx2vNTaCFCa6NlbYAqY6VVbh5mfIKuJBeWxkEytX01XJPR9XqDOhMuvQA1RjSyEr7P2tYydQaSLXUQXRYoAQpasdbLcnjQryWdz84-1IcY7ZRAgVaXKvCiHpdfvTlp%7E1plg5vwwI-YncjfvsptgAOK76LHkIfJHOrlH58zS3Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 724e9e45ae7e1f9e9375cce5d4461516 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 109 Subject The topic of the resource Night photography Streetscapes (Urban design) On street parking Storefronts Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/43224f99e32809ecb0c3981d04e9565c.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=HiB1HeczkHFCD1NK3bEjU9%7ELc6%7EdD8jYAQpzUis2PZn3DLBaanNAItU-aEO3AkcBlTgWA9wVT2D51kRwqymzZvlXALo9wpvjU2aKAl7vJHVN4%7EziczER3lUHpWb7rxB5byb69FOsXUCSiGdOwrRol2cERLYkn%7ExPYa8OHbRo6GSle0pLpUddjKO9zPYmRhbUAJvs9Ie9-mHbLoDBfwqdefCq7Rt9fnXUlFpD7haMRbxGpBY3yIAuoj1XWAgRJf4%7EZmLA17kXNcbWZJp0oMHWPk005Z%7Ec2DwX1ntAjYBdUnSgPBBaapZ7XdWMzVDfXoS77kn-EBpDEb6rx3jf9Lzp8g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM baabb23c8c88623c2b5397f5d862a765 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 110 Subject The topic of the resource Streetscapes (Urban design) Adams Morgan (Washington, D.C.) Motor vehicles Eighteenth Street (Washington, D.C.) Taxis Storefronts Buses Pedestrians Description An account of the resource Photo looking northeast along Columbia Road, NW, from 18th Street in Adams Morgan. Cars, including a Bell Cab Company taxi, and storefronts, including Gartenhaus Furs, are visible in the background. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived The description and year information was crowd-sourced from Old Time DC. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource early 1960s Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/197f1c9ef128e00e57540aaf99d1a0e3.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=OvfgbH4Xcow6EW6S5JkCBipHOH7HWfLhWwtGiwtVjkcyI5tNfI3QtWUPEWNleRhicyIV3AaKeZVhDBhDSCUTKCdcfL2KIeL1Pl9CGjxe7rqtLgzIZ2q3H6BGXcn69nBpFo2e5U7KRGz9ws4cSviGqDCb4iLPpLUjKZfl61xr%7EWQ2Q5-zFDBcuABn68zXlHWFs5mXF6k-IZAi3Vudjvjn7aRQ5hTQzknRcuOY2qzjMkysxEvUt7FXIE-fxjKVqjsAyJdb1ihUtLKPDkmpI4swNVhHwUEDzp9atDYcmMqyh%7Ec4yikGGcmnT9gwZeLOPN-LOLK8pYJzfNdJttqYXiQKAg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b3aec0f3c87a28750e7b03da08635d11 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 111 Subject The topic of the resource Interstate highways Interstate 395 Motor vehicles Traffic Sixth Street (Washington, D.C.) Interstate 95 Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Description An account of the resource Traffic on the I-395. Signs for South Capitol Street, 6th Street SE, and I-95 are visible. https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/ab956ec9a8de464ed45767003f5e81f8.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=C-svzYPHRf3fQmnGBxj8u0Piv%7EPjnIUySdogHA8b0yZXiBXkozVEhkWywNiCospayoUfk4iRViuOaNBJX1qFTz0XFa-yKUyE84Gr1Fk%7ETpvqdDNTGF7gFEbFsVdbiGcg5ia8WLedtuseCMPhdd6ufMCmKti9lkAfua3iwq1yw%7E4YS8bM97DTLqwjEiYJXsOCVPavR2htJkVxHmAWF9E4nQb4hWUaeDDRx64eiIMhF-RNoD-Amv3h1T6oSseXHJXV-KbejQJWZ3tD4dEM4RPRkZRjaLwqooYsCV7Pu63Gu4MTPcB5wCeo-OgdFEdoa6uei8jPIUEzH2V9ANCzNoDAhw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 95677280263bf793179c56f63314d69b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 112 Subject The topic of the resource Traffic Aerial photography Motor vehicles Intersections Buses Hotels Service stations Intersections Description An account of the resource The Skyline Inn, an Esso gas station, and cars are visible. https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/b413c5684656d26f4bc31243747f115d.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=ZD%7EstKJ0pItc96-A5zV0OWmSeBbe5uvSbhOZgkU7YgXom1ORiJShBD6S1LtnLzYuDr9OwL4zsqqx4nPwcDGfowFdtvfSQxUCKKMM9QCCg0cs1l-xNA2lcwonlLB2dx9-PbnNY1QCUcsbslddMZVigvUF-sEit8gNQwyTN7eB%7E2x5RGXSUFJo0RWrsi8rpavWHY47cf%7EqnLckkJS68eBtR40s34Oa1axinOwNIDEmOT8FJJ-%7E3-FUIjWPx-AcDF4IK%7EUIM6yyngBSWwb8ChACtqHvu-xB36%7EQeUl2rQ8NdalN39PKouarlreq2HJrWKCMOf9iSag9YdLLBUtHwvPP-A__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 3922f27210a7a660ed28f4ada0e982b5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 113 Subject The topic of the resource Bridges Motor vehicles Buses Description An account of the resource Cars driving down an unspecified bridge. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/4a708b3e0c65c4344087645821c3c1bf.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=PPKhCU42zfeM10YWLsM1gR%7EqZ5U48eUevf6-qrfufeCDl8fyfAuMcCiCVM6ZIvMpAJ9jdLJJZoDXf044o8yd2wFql7GkN1g97%7EiC5wWCy8FataoN73fIvjwzEjG-p-77LfJh7ZL1eeEz6ddmqbUFm%7EXh0-pjtMk8ul3zhyYSgtirXXRpTR%7EdGnq2pC-LVX2hOw%7ErqIw69-xcUN1y-8um0mki9WX1sr1rIWFSQhVSPqYHJKvJJWeKN3AftcZYzvbDEU3CjCXJ6-Tq%7ESgLuZeimFTBdZzJ-tk4HyT%7EPyWPYMMlWvtrio7tRbVYDBTyy0Wbiawtcx9bpscNfV5cHDTi5g__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ee185c8044058dfb21f9cd9473fdbd42 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 114 Subject The topic of the resource Streets Thirty Fourth Street (Washington, D.C.) Motor vehicles Storefronts Description An account of the resource A view of cars driving down near 34th Street northwest. The sign for Julie's Cafe Liquor and Beer is visible in the background. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/b7c0b26b06fb371104b3c938d247e51c.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=d31TwNY9bcAB1INUXpcgI-ZiaH%7EzxbTDxqsrXGcfoBiBgMBfqzUNZolKyKrkFMvNpkNKZ%7EFabwn9NzOQJFuXDskeGEG8bBinmxUAVs1RlSFo7BEt5vPYUe4K66UAwW6oo5ySH2zNWxQoc9kcR1OWA4NkjjBUW7WlwSAiHCBesNF7Jb5mZR07uQxC0DbgR2fKyjoNdMSd8xk-vRQE9Zj2S-slFLv9HOMrTm9IbRnlZ-KT4Z7u6KS9h1qGwf9LSONxu-h3ngQpO-8-%7E0gg72-HiAAbzsVCzb73sen33bsJzujeHJkMavkvkpdd72zltltyLL2CXozgTS1xOgvUWxveiw__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM e3c19c6e0006eb50729c517f735d2358 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 115 Subject The topic of the resource Motor vehicles Traffic Description An account of the resource Cars driving down an unspecified street by Terminal Cold Storage Warehouse. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/0c0df0ccd39519d459ab7900578d5c4b.jpg?Expires=1792022400&Signature=v%7Eh99%7EsvrKf0Yji6dy93ifjcHoGPC3UmT9dboxMVSkwqVAU6Ccoxx0qxrsMG8mLUsBf--KD5uRoj3etw1g3zq2H%7ERTVe5xNF--ZZley855C-9e17whex75C5iHael-8H3OMKsHovQ8R0EktJ9Bb7zXHNoPrf-XXLkPhYDeJAemUYSiN%7ErGP7XbAj%7E%7Efpgr-Srs0VuQg2JqqjdZ9TFi2Gd6sXQpvufgGw28rgqSSTvl1yyDVFoFobSFbBvsKzdslY8yfkXIswdorGTdS6T101KrRyHRLd5lf4VjVkBcvJx98ofbERSB8zcnQQRi2JfVi3x-J4-vhPXjh3uZhVnsj7hg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM c4b9210a255ddfa435422cc4650b4502 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks/Scenery/Streetscapes 116 Subject The topic of the resource Motor vehicles Eleventh Street (Washington, D.C.) Buses Traffic Description An account of the resource A view of cars driving down 11th Street southeast. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource "Stray" Photos Description An account of the resource A wide-ranging collection of historical DDOT photos that lack metadata to categorize further. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Subject The topic of the resource Various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource District Department of Transportation Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Landmarks, Scenery, and Streetscapes Subject The topic of the resource Public transportation Streets Streetscapes (Urban design) Housing Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource District Department of Transportation Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Photographs Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Prints Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Aerial Photography Bridges Highways Housing Landmarks Metro Neighborhoods Night Photography Public Transit Residential Streets Streets Streetscapes Traffic Tunnels WMATA