https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/39ad83f68c76b6e62d043d41927322e2.pdf?Expires=1776902400&Signature=gwYgM8q0TL0ZE3kb1wNgpuWRPDOQ7WEtGajKZGituSLBUjzt%7ETZ2W86mGbCYF16QuvV8XzrMaUN%7Elyg27QjJ07U-75gkFKxTfZ5i6%7Er7mIWPQDU-LGWJrSObbHBnMyBJ%7ESLHeD%7EcL-LVEgKN6lLSPFT4a3LsDuW-doNE80mx3TUncwxla84QgAHswcEbVF-YlydObSqCfGgOw-BnYWu9LAJPaZ83fPIjCOyJ%7Eg2QxU0quL1z9hl57suxms8uGbbiD98oMl-CF1owjm911KE%7E3MG45WBX3oqkwLGbEbAhbjS3DGMO5ywStUVs2DElL27Dnzpb4Os-lo2MecSWfd4wGA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 373178eae3b07ed6e721580232b78750 PDF Text Text REPORT ON REDEVELOPMENT Otfis* LINCOLN MEMORIAL AREA UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT NATIONAL PARK SERVICE OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL CAPITAL PARKS SINGSTAD & BAILLIE —CONSULTING ENGINEERS UMBERTO INNOCENTI —RICHARD K. WEBEL—LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS I 960 �Property ot District Department of Transportation Library 55 M ST SE Suite 400 j£ Washington D.C. 20003 �UNITED S TAT E S DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRED A. SEATON, NATIONAL SECRETARY PARK SERVICE CONRAD L. WIRTH, DIRECTOR NATIONAL CAPITAL PARKS HARRY T. THOMPSON, SUPERINTENDENT S I N G S TAD & BAILLIE CONSULTING ENGINEERS UMBERTO INNOCENTI-RICHARD LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS K. WEBEL �SINGSTAD & BAILLIE CONSULTING ENGINEERS TELEPHONE: 3 4 S T A T E NEW OLE S T R E E T DIGBY4-2190 Y O R K 4 , N. Y . CABLE ADDRESS: SINGSTAD SINGSTAD September 6, 1960 DAVID G. BAILLIE* JR. Hon. Conrad L . W i r t h D i r e c t o r , National Park S e r v i c e Department o f t h e I n t e r i o r Washington 2 5 , D. C. Re: Dear D i r e c t o r CONTRACT NO. 14-10-028-1956 ^ Wirth: We a r e p l e a s e d t o s u b m i t h e r e w i t h o u r r e p o r t on t h e Redevelopment of L i n c o l n Memorial A r e a . T h i s work was p e r f o r m e d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e agreement d a t e d F e b r u a r y 4 t h , 1960, between t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a , r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e D i r e c t o r , N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e , Department o f t h e I n t e r i o r , and S i n g s t a d B a i l l i e , Consulting Engineers. The Redevelopment o f L i n c o l n Memorial A r e a a t t h i s t i m e i s o c c a s i o n e d by t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n by t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a o f a d d i t i o n a l m a j o r t r a f f i c a r t e r i e s w h i c h w i l l b r i n g l a r g e volumes o f t r a f f i c i n t o t h e a r e a , namely t h e I n n e r Loop and t h e Theodore R o o s e v e l t B r i d g e a c r o s s t h e Potomac R i v e r n o r t h o f C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue. T h i s a r e a w h i c h i s p e r h a p s t h e most s c e n i c , h i s t o r i c a l and monumental area, not only i n the C a p i t a l C i t y but i n the United S t a t e s , r e q u i r e s t h e development o f t h e t r a f f i c f a c i l i t i e s t o and from t h e m a j o r a r t e r i e s so a s n o t t o mar t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f t h i s s e n s i t i v e a r e a , but a l s o t o e l i m i n a t e t r a f f i c h a z a r d s t o t h e t r a v e l i n g p u b l i c and t o t h e g r e a t number o f v i s i t o r s t o t h e L i n c o l n M e m o r i a l . I n c o n f o r m i t y w i t h o u r agreement, we have a s s o c i a t e d w i t h u s a l a n d s c a p e a r c h i t e c t , Mr. R i c h a r d K. Webel, o f t h e f i r m o f Umberto I n n o c c e n t i - R i c h a r d K. Webel, w e l l known L a n d s c a p e A r c h i t e c t s . Mr. Webel has p r e p a r e d t h e two d r a w i n g s marked E x h i b i t s I and I I , t h e c h a p t e r o f t h e r e p o r t headed "Redevelopment C o n c e p t " , and t h e e s t i m a t e d c o s t o f landscaping i n c l u d e d i n the o v e r a l l estimate of c o s t . We w i s h t o e x p r e s s o u r a p p r e c i a t i o n o f t h e s p l e n d i d c o o p e r a t i o n w h i c h we h a v e r e c e i v e d from y o u r o r g a n i z a t i o n and i n p a r t i c u l a r , Mr. H a r r y T. Thompson, S u p e r i n t e n d e n t , N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k s , and h i s p r i n c i p a l s t a f f members. Respectfully yours, SINGSTAD fc B A I L L I E 0S/jj Enc. �AERIAL VIEW OF SITE REPORT ON REDEVELOPMENT OF LINCOLN MEMORIAL AREA 1960 �LIST OF EXHIBITS EXHIBIT I G E N E R A L DEVELOPMENT PLAN E X H I B I T II L I N C O L N MEMORIAL A R E A EXHIBIT P L A N - L I N C O L N MEMORIAL A R E A m EXHIBIT IV L I N C O L N MEMORIAL P L A Z A U N D E R P A S S P R O F I L E AND CROSS S E C T I O N S EXHIBIT V L I N C O L N MEMORIAL P L A Z A U N D E R P A S S O P E N RAMP CROSS S E C T I O N S D E C K I N G P L A N DURING C O N S T R U C T I O N EXHIBIT VI L I N C O L N MEMORIAL P L A Z A U N D E R P A S S NORTH P O R T A L - E L E V A T I O N AND D E T A I L S EXHIBIT VII L I N C O L N MEMORIAL P L A Z A U N D E R P A S S E L E V A T I O N S OF RETAINING WALLS EXHIBIT V I E L I N C O L N MEMORIAL P L A Z A U N D E R P A S S UNDERGROUND V E N T I L A T I O N C H A M B E R S AND PUMP ROOMS E X H I B I T IX OHIO D R I V E U N D E R P A S S P L A N , P R O F I L E AND S E C T I O N EXHIBIT X A U X I L I A R Y RAMPS - T Y P I C A L CROSS S E C T I O N S EXHIBIT XI AUXILIARY EXHIBIT XII A U X I L I A R Y RAMPS - P R O F I L E S EXHIBIT P R O F I L E O F OHIO D R I V E P R O F I L E A L O N G NORTH-SOUTH AXIS O F L I N C O L N MEMORIAL Xm RAMPS-PROFILES EXHIBIT XIV NORTH P O R T A L A R E A - GROUND S U R F A C E C O N T O U R S EXHIBIT XV SOUTH P O R T A L A R E A - GROUND S U R F A C E CONTOURS �REDEVELOPMENT OF LINCOLN MEMORIAL AREA INTRODUCTION T h e plan presented in this report for the redevelopment of the L i n c o l n Memorial area and to provide the necessary traffic f a c i l i t i e s in the L i n c o l n Memorial area is the result of thorough studies of the increased traffic movements that w i l l be generated in t h i s area on completion of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Inner Loop and the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge and its approaches. T h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia Department of Highways and T r a f f i c is proceeding a c t i v e l y with the construction of the Theodore R o o s e v e l t Bridge and its approaches located north of Constitution Avenue, and the planning and construction of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Inner Loop from Constitution Avenue northward, and to the east of 14th Street south of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. T h e completion of the Inner Loop re- quires a connecting traffic link through the L i n c o l n Memorial area with connections to the Theodore R o o s e v e l t Bridge. The overall plan includes a relocation and northerly extension of Ohio Drive from its underpass of the Rock Creek and Potomac P a r k w a y , and connecting roadways from the Arlington Memorial Bridge to Independence Avenue and Ohio D r i v e . T h e connection through the L i n c o l n Mem- orial area to provide the link in the Inner Loop is planned as an extension of Independence Avenue under the L i n c o l n Memorial P l a z a ^ t « ^ e ^ T n n e r ^ ^ o p a t Constitu^hDn^Av^^^^_JJie locations of the por_ t a l s of the underpass and theWortJLJ^ia4^Hhe~~el^ after careful consideration of the setting of the Memorial. Ohio Drive underpass were determined Thorough study of the sight lines showed that the tremendous stream of traffic on the Inner Loop would be hidden by ground forms and planting. T h e use of Independence Avenue as the connecting link in the Inner Loop, and the use of Constitution Avenue as one of the main feeders to the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge with the resultant increqse in traffic emphasizes the need for the completion of the North and South R e f l e c t i n g Pool D r i v e s , together with their extension through the Washington Monument Grounds and connections to the Mall roads at 14th Street. T h e completion of these drives w i l l provide for the c i r c u l a t i o n of park traffic and the approaches to Arlington Memorial Bridge. The portion of the Memorial C i r c l e roadway west of the Memorial is planned to connect to both North and South R e f l e c t i n g Pool D r i v e s . - 1- �The elimination of the Memorial C i r c l e roadway east of the Memorial, as planned, is n e c e s s i tated by the hazards to which v i s i t o r s to the Memorial would be exposed by the increased traffic v o l ume on the Memorial C i r c l e roadway. An examination of traffic volumes s i n c e 1940 and including 1959 r e v e a l s a vehicular traffic increase of 83.4 per cent over the Arlington Memorial B r i d g e , and an increase of v i s i t o r s to the Memorial of 25.4 per cent. Over two million v i s i t o r s to the Memorial were counted in 1959 which represents an increase of approximately 6 per cent per year in each of the last four preceding y e a r s . The f i r s t 6 months of 1960 shows an increase in v i s i t o r s of 15.9 per cent over that of the same period of 1959. The conflict of v a s t numbers of v i s i t o r s , large volume of traffic and the negligible area of parking space a v a i l a b l e for passenger cars and buses is a serious and hazardous condition and is not in keeping with the Memorial atmosphere. The elimination of the Memorial C i r c l e Roadway east of the Memorial and the provision for parking areas adjacent to the Reflecting Pool D r i v e s w i l l correct this condition. The plan incorporates these traffic f a c i l i t i e s in such manner a s to preserve the dignity, beauty, serenity and magnificent setting of the L i n c o l n Memorial. �REDEVELOPMENT CONCEPT The L i n c o l n Memorial stands today as perhaps our noblest shrine. People come by the thous- ands from a l l parts of our country and abroad to v i s i t it, and with awe, mount the monumental steps. A l l are impressed by the sweeping and majestic concept of its setting. Everything necessary to pre- serve and enhance its beauty must be done. T h i s very beauty is now in danger of being destroyed by the sudden and enormous increase of vehicular t r a f f i c . There are moments when the Memorial is engulfed in a sea of c a r s . becoming a traffic c i r c l e . T h i s was not the original intent of the d e s i g n . It is gradually It is time that we restored the calm tranquility of the scene by eliminating the buzzing traffic between the Memorial and its reflecting pool. T h i s area truly belongs to the thousands of v i s i t o r s who come to see it. For their bene- f i t the proposed plan suggests a large plaza between the steps of the Memorial and the steps to the reflecting pool. T h i s plaza w i l l be made of the same material and pattern as now e x i s t s and as shown on the original architectural drawings. By f i l l i n g in the roadway it w i l l be of s u f f i c i e n t s i z e to harmoni z e w i t h t h e s c a l e o f the setting,and w i l l accommodate large crowds on f e s t i v e o c c a s i o n s . The e s s e n c e of the original design concept was the large circular walk around the Memorial and the continuation of this walk down the a l l e e s on either side of the reflecting pool. T h e proposed terrace or plaza would not only preserve this fundamental design concept but would help e x p r e s s it in an even stronger manner by tying these w a l k s together in a direct manner. Many people come by car and bus. For these, parking areas have been provided adjacent to both North and South R e f l e c t i n g Pool D n v e s . From these areas the v i s i t o r s can walk directly to the Memorial without crossing t r a f f i c . T h e s e parking areas w i l l be screened with hedges and t r e e s . A l l the v i e w s to and from the Memorial have been carefully preserved. A l l ground forms and planting w i l l be restored. The v i e w s to the two tunnel entrances w i l l be thoroughly screened by planting. ting. Sufficient space has been allowed so that these entrances are completely divorced from the setIn fact the tunnel w i l l serve to keep the heavy traffic out of sight. - 3 - �T h e main object of this proposed plan is the preservation of the L i n c o l n Memorial landscape setting. We look forward to greater numbers of people v i s i t i n g the monument and we hope that they may enjoy its beauties in an atmosphere of serenity and peace. SCOPE T h e site of the proposed redevelopment of the L i n c o l n Memorial area covered by this report is situated between Constitution Avenue and Independence Avenue, and easterly from the s e a w a l l of the Potomac R i v e r toa line about 700 feet e a s t of the intersection of French Drive and Independence nue. Ave- T h e project c o n s i s t s of a s i x lane underpass under L i n c o l n Memorial P l a z a , with an open ramp at each end connecting with Independence Avenue in the v i c i n i t y of French Drive and with the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Inner Loop project at Constitution Avenue. Underpass with the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge. Roadway ramps are provided to connect the T h e project a l s o includes a relocation and northerly extension of Ohio Drive from its Underpass of the Rock Creek and Potomac P a r k w a y , connecting roadw a y s from the Arlington Memorial Bridge to Independence Avenue and Ohio Drive, modifications and reconstruction of portions of L i n c o l n Memorial C i r c l e and related s t r e e t s , two parking areas for p a s s enger cars and buses, and relandscaping of the L i n c o l n Memorial area as required within the area of the project. �LINCOLN MEMORIAL PLAZA UNDERPASS Genera/ T h i s underpass c o n s i s t s of two driveways separated by an intermediate concrete w a l l and a ventilating duct constructed on each side of the box structure. E a c h driveway has a roadway width of 36 feet which accommodates three lanes of unidirectional t r a f f i c . A s e r v i c e walk 2 ft. 6 inches above the roadway and 2 ft. 9 inches wide is provided in each driveway for operating and maintenance personnel only. T h e underpass i s approximately 1435 feet in length, and arranged in the overall treatment to keep the moving traffic out of sight from the Memorial. Roadway grades are planned to drain from a high point in each driveway towards the portals at a maximum grade of 0.6 per cent. The v e r t i c a l clearance height in each driveway between portals is 12 ft. 6 i n c h e s . Continuing from each portal the structure is an open ramp with reinforced concrete retaining w a l l s faced with granite. The northerly ramp meets the planned grade of the proposed Inner B e l t Loop at Constitution Avenue. The ramp from the south portal meets the e x i s t i n g street surface of Independence Avenue approximately at French D r i v e . es is 3.5 per cent. The maximum grade of the open ramp approach- The total length of the structure from grade point to grade point is approximately 2500 feet. T h e equipment for operating the ventilating and e l e c t r i c a l systems of the underpass, described elsewhere in this report, is housed in two underground chambers, one near each portal. T h e s e chambers w i l l be entirely underground except for a small area for the air intake grating which w i l l be approximately at ground l e v e l . Shielding of these grating areas by appropriate planting is planned to obscure them from view. T h e planting and grading are planned to screen the underpass structure so that the dignified and e s t h e t i c setting of the L i n c o l n Memorial area is preserved. T h e portals are located so that traffic movement to and from the underpass w i l l not be v i s i b l e from the L i n c o l n Memorial, and traffic noise inaudible. �Des ign T h e structure between portals is a reinforced concrete box structure encased in a waterproofing envelope of ply membrane waterproofing and b r i c k - i n - m a s t i c . It i s designed as a rigid frame and of s u f f i c i e n t weight to r e s i s t hydrostatic uplift resulting from the maximum recorded flood stage e l e v a tion occuring in 1942. A study of the boring data a v a i l a b l e at this time in the v i c i n i t y of the L i n c o l n Memorial indicates that the structure may require a pile foundation. Definite determination of the type of foundation required w i l l be made after additional borings have been t a k e n . T h e loadings assumed in the design of the underpass structure include in addition to the earth cover load, live loads usual in the design of t h i s type of structure. T h e open ramp approach structures of the underpass are designed as " U " type reinforced concrete structures of s u f f i c i e n t weight to counteract the hydrostatic uplift caused by flood conditions. T h e ramp structures are encased in a waterproofing envelope of ply membrane waterproofing and brickin-mastic. T r a n s v e r s e expansion joints at intervals along the structure are planned to control c r a c k s in the concrete due to temperature changes. T h e design of the underpass and its ramp approaches is based on the appropriate D i s t r i c t of Columbia Code. Flood Protection The underpass is so designed as to be protected against flooding up to the maximum flood stage e l e v a t i o n , which occurred in 1942 by an earth dike planned at its north end and a high point in the roadway at the other end. Interior Details Interior f i n i s h e s and features include: c e i l i n g of vitreous ceramic glazed t i l e , s i d e w a l l s of glazed architectural terra-cotta, fluorescent continuous lighting of underpass, - 6 - bituminous concrete �pavement; s p l i c i n g manholes for e l e c t r i c conduits and ducts, niches properly spaced in the underpass with suitable frames and covers for traffic control equipment, for water s e r v i c e piping installations and for fire extinguishers. Facing of Portals & Ramp Wa//s The exposed surfaces of ramp w a l l s and portals are to be faced with granite, s i m i l a r to that which is used around the base w a l l s and steps of the Memorial. This material w i l l extend the solemn monu- mental a s p e c t of the Memorial to the exterior portions of the Underpass. ( a ) Ramp w a l l s including the west retaining w a l l of Ohio Drive Underpass are to be bush hammered granite a s h l a r . (b) P o r t a l s . Portal faces including 10 foot return at c e i l i n g and w a l l s are to be faced with a honed f i n i s h granite. T h i s serves to r e c a l l the material of the Memorial and acts a s a transitional texture between the bush hammered ramp w a l l s and the smooth surfaces of the Underpass. Drainage A l l rainwater falling on the open approaches w i l l be drained to the gutters provided at the sides of the roadway and to the c r o s s drains at each portal. The c r o s s drains w i l l discharge this into a sump in the pump room at the portals. Water used for washing the tunnel w i l l drain to the portal sumps. Automatically operated e l e c t r i c a l l y driven pumps located in each portal pump room w i l l discharge the drainage water into storm water s e w e r s . Ventilation T h e design of the ventilation system w i l l be based on introducinga s u f f i c i e n t volume of fresh a i r into each driveway to provide a safe and comfortable atmosphere and to prevent any smoke haze might have an adverse effect on v i s i b i l i t y . which �Ventilation requirements for design purposes have been based on three thousand passenger cars and one thousand buses passing through each driveway in one hour, for maximum capacity and blockades in the Underpass. T h e ventilation system w i l l c o n s i s t of fans to supply fresh air to the tunnels by means of air ducts constructed on the side of the tunnel, extending about seven hundred feet from each entrance portal, and air flues to lead the air from the ducts to the d r i v e w a y s . T h e f a n s , two in each under- ground ventilation chamber, driven by two speed e l e c t r i c motors, w i l l draw in air through gratings set above the fan chamber and force it into the air d u c t s . T h e fresh air supplied by the fans w i l l move along the tunnel in the direction of traffic and w i l l , with the piston action of the v e h i c l e s moving in the d r i v e w a y s , induce an additional volume of fresh air at each entrance portal. T h i s additional volume of fresh air together with the air supplied by the fans w i l l be ample to meet the demand created by t r a f f i c . A l l vitiated air w i l l leave the d r i v e w a y s at the e x i t portals. T h e operation of the f a n s , that i s , the number of fans operating and the speed at which they are operating, w i l l be automatically controlled by carbon monoxide recorders which w i l l determine the degree of ventilation required. T h e s e carbon monoxide recorders w i l l be located in the fan chambers with the fans they control. Electrical Power Installation Supply The e l e c t r i c power for lighting and ventilation w i l l be supplied over two s e r v i c e s each s e r v i c e having a capacity of not l e s s than 1000 K V A . With the two feeders in s e r v i c e , each feeder w i l l carry a maximum load of approximately 550 K V A . There w i l l be two feeders interconnecting the ventilation chambers thereby allowing diversity in the v e n t i l a t i o n ; normally one fan in a roadway w i l l be fed from one of the feeders and the second fan w i l l be fed from the second feeder. Under full v e n t i l a t i o n , the l o s s of a feeder w i l l reduce the v e n t i l a - �tion 50% until the load on the interrupted feeder is switched manually over to the remaining feeder. T r a f f i c s i g n a l s at the portals w i l l stop a l l traffic in c a s e of total power failure, or e x c e s s i v e carbon monoxide. Ventilation Control T h e ventilation w i l l be automatically increased in the morning and decreased in the evening by means of adjustable time c l o c k s . Superimposed on this control w i l l b e a carbon monoxide analyzer control whereby the ventilation w i l l be increased whenever the CO content of the air exceeds a preset value. Tunnel Lighting E a c h roadway has 2 continuous rows of lights located one near each w a l l . In each row, alter- nate groups of five fixtures (62.5 feet) are fed from the two separate feeders. In c a s e of prolonged interruption on a feeder, a l l lights can be switched to the alternate feeder. Normally, the lighting load i s evenly divided between the two feeders. Pumps Normally, the two pumps at each portal are fed from separate feeders with provision to transfer from one feeder to the other. Method of The pump motors are controlled by means of float s w i t c h e s . Construction T h e underpass and open ramp structures are to be constructed by open cut methods. T h e sides of the cut are supported by soldier beams and timber lagging, or steel sheet piling, with transverse bracing. T h i s temporary construction provides the working area in which the permanent structure is completed. Maintenance of Traffic during Construction T r a f f i c w i l l be maintained continuously during construction by placing timber decking in those roadway areas affected by the excavation required for the construction of the underpass structure. T h i s decking w i l l be placed during night hours when traffic i s at a minimum or non-existent, and w i l l be ready for use the next morning. �OHIO DRIVE UNDERPASS Genera/ T h i s underpass abuts the north f a c e of the e x i s t i n g Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway bridge over Ohio Drive and continues in a northerly direction as a covered structure approximately 212 feet to a portal which a l i g n s w i t h , and is adjacent to, the north portal of the proposed L i n c o l n Memorial P l a z a Underpass. It is planned to accommodate a 15 foot unidirectional traffic roadway on each side of a 6 foot median. A 3 foot 6 inch sidewalk is provided on each side of the Underpass. The vertical clearance throughout the Underpass is 12 ft. 6 i n c h e s . No alteration of the e x i s t i n g Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway bridge structure over Ohio Drive w i l l be required by the proposed Underpass. T h e design, interior details and portal face finish and drainage features are generally the same a s for the L i n c o l n Memorial Underpass. Auxiliary Ramps and Roadways Ramps and roadways are planned as part of the project to provide adequate connections to the L i n c o l n Memorial P l a z a Underpass, the Theodore R o o s e v e l t Bridge, Arlington Memorial Bridge, Ohio D r i v e , North and South R e f l e c t i n g Pool Drives and roads within the area of the project. Bituminous concrete wearing surfaces over crushed stone bases and gravel sub bases are planned for the ramp and roadway pavements. Parking Areas Two parking a r e a s , for v i s i t o r s to the L i n c o l n Memorial, each with a capacity for 18 buses and 60 passenger c a r s , are planned adjacent to North and South R e f l e c t i n g Pool D r i v e s . located to give strategically convenient a c c e s s to the L i n c o l n Memorial. T h e s e areas are T h e capacity of either park- ing area can readily be increased to accommodate additional v e h i c l e s for future needs. Both parking areas are within easy walking distance of the Memorial and w i l l be shielded from view by proper tree planting. - 10 - �Interim and Ultimate Treatment T h e ultimate treatment of the area eliminates vehicular traffic on the surface of that portion of the Memorial roadway c i r c l e e a s t of the Memorial between North R e f l e c t i n g Pool Drive and South R e flecting Pool D r i v e . T h e layout of ramps and related roads i s planned for their ultimate locations, but provide for the continued u s e o f the roadway c i r c l e e a s t o f the Memorial, its approaches, and s i d e w a l k s foran interim period until r e v i s i o n s in the road system e a s t of the limits of this project are completed. ESTIMATED COST OF PROJECT Lincoln Memorial Plaza Underpass | Underpass Construction I n c l . North & South Open Ramps $ 12,575,400 F a n s , Motors & T r a n s m i s s i o n s 211,300 ^ E l e c t r i c a l Installation 377,700 Pumping Equipment 49,100 $ $ Approach Covered Roadways & Ohio 13,213,500 2,661,500 $ 15,875,000 Drive Extension Ohio Drive Covered Extension $ 838,550 Approach Roadways I n c l . Relocation of E r i c s s o n Monument 371,350 Memorial C i r c l e Changes I n c l . Granite P a v i n g 318,270 Parking A r e a s 143,000 Drainage Installation 332,950 E l e c t r i c a l Installation 104,450 Planting & Seeding 552,930 T o t a l Estimated Cost - Includes C o s t of Construction, Engineering D e s i g n , Supervision of Construction and Administration - 11 - ����������������� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Report on redevelopment of Lincoln Memorial Area Subject The topic of the resource Lincoln Memorial (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Please note: This report includes irregularly-sized pages. If the report is not visible, try scrolling to the right or left or using the zoom in (+) or zoom out (-) functions in the PDF viewer window. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource United States. Department of the Interior United States. National Park Service United States. National Capital Parks Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1960 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Singstad & Baillie, consulting engineers Umberto Innocenti, landscape architect Richard K. Webel, landscape architect Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/13460/archive/files/a3a27c81acfafe88f2d8296c4a105615.pdf?Expires=1776902400&Signature=MVTRXJH6bnvrXIUtRX-8iK1tEwqVY2dUwyFd7Lq%7Ee9DbyqEI71lzoBuep1-qGxrLU42hUAHlfJjWKGtXu05QNPyKKC4IHt0ZqiAIHcL5OiWJINrNhIyC6ABYRLA2-ma31b4y6LchLY60D4N0k-3-biYjYZYq%7EfqyuQ0mnoTREX23TAdX88jEtH4w3c59uloEPTyzURnttEzxL7LfQ7iaMh6ZSuTzOYa6Oynrao4xfe0jTQ1WDuE5lIEl0l%7ElKHA7Z2hx8He2YAK%7EGWbOKEw-GFmYYl3jVDhA5UhP22m8gbvOdt5Y181h%7EoUiDu36HQDJovVUtXoyh4gxSef2%7EFMbLA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM ba6da23c41eb3239fa20dd272a0929cc PDF Text Text Draft , !nwBir€)[ram©iniltsiDflinrapgidtS M s m Proposed Rehabilitation Of The National Mall r d th 3 to 14 Streets Madison to Jefferson Drives Washington D.C. National Capital Parks National Parks Service U.S. Department of the Interior ��DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT DES 7 5 - 3 3 Proposed R E H A B I L I T A T I O N OF THE NATIONAL MALL THIRD STREET TO FOURTEENTH STREET MADISON DRIVE TO JEFFERSON D R I V E , WASHINGTON, D.C. P r e p a r e d by National C a p i t a l Parks National Park S e r v i c e Department o f t h e I n t e r i o r Director,National HAY 12 1975 Capital Parks �ERPATUM: The t i t l e s of Figures 5 and 6 are transposed. �ERRATUM: The t i t l e s of Figures 5 and 6 are transposed. �Draft Environmental Statement Proposed R e h a b i l i t a t i o n o f The N a t i o n a l M a l l T h i r d t o 1 4 t h S t r e e t s and Madison t o J e f f e r s o n D r i v e s . TABLE OF CONTENTS Page SUMMARY Chapter 1. D E S C R I P T I O N OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 1.1 General 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.2 C h a p t e r 2. Regional S e t t i n g Local Setting Mall Design H i s t o r y P r o j e c t H i s t o r y and S t a t u s 7 8 13 13 Objectives of the Plan Construction Proposals A c t i v i t y Zones and S p e c i a l U s e s Visitor Services C i r c u l a t i o n and P a r k i n g Construction Materials G r a d i n g and U t i l i t i e s 19 19 20 23 23 24 29 Construction 1.3.1 1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.4 Background Description of Mall R e h a b i l i t a t i o n Plan 1.2.1 1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 1.2.7 1.3 5 P h a s e s and T i m i n g Equipment M a t e r i a l s Storage Locations C i r c u l a t i o n and A c c e s s F r i n g e P a r k i n g and S h u t t l e B u s S e r v i c e 31 31 32 32 35 ENVIRONMENTAL S E T T I N G AND IMPACT OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 45 2.1 Introduction 47 2.2 History of the Mall Plan - Capitol to Potomac R i v e r 49 i �Page 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 2.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.3.6 2.3.7 Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S t u d y o f 1959 Y e a r 2000 P o l i c i e s and P l a n s 1985 C o m p r e h e n s i v e P l a n f o r t h e National Capital B i c e n t e n n i a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study for the National C a p i t a l Area Action Plan f o r the B i c e n t e n n i a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Program f o r t h e National C a p i t a l Area National V i s i t o r Center The F e s t i v a l o f A m e r i c a n F o l k l i f e S o c i a l , C u l t u r a l and Economic 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.5 43 49 53 59 59 63 R e l a t i o n s h i p of the Proposal to National and L o c a l P o l i c i e s and P l a n s 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.4 The L ' E n f a n t P l a n The Downing P l a n The M c M i l l a n P l a n The N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k and P l a n n i n g Commission P l a n N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e : 1966 N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e : 1973 Urban 73 73 74 75 76 77 78 Environment L a n d Use and Demographic - Setting - Impact Character 79 107 H i s t o r i c Environment - Setting - Impact 115 121 V i s u a l Environment - Setting - Impact 123 12 5 Systems 2.5.1 T r a f f i c and P a r k i n g - Setting - Impact 133 134 16 9 2.5.2 Utilities - Setting - Impact 191 191 P o l i c e and F i r e P r o t e c t i o n / Public Safety - Setting - Impact 194 195 2.5.3 ii �2.6 P h y s i c a l and B i o l o g i c a l E n v i r o n m e n t 2.6.1 2.6.2 2.6.3 2.6.4 2.6.5 2.6.6 2.6.7 2.7 2.8 C h a p t e r 3. Climate - Setting - Impact 199 200 A i r Quality - Setting ' - Impact 202 215 Sound L e v e l s - Setting - Impact 202 230 Landform - Setting - Impact 238 2 39 G e o l o g y and - Setting - Impact Soils 240 241 Hydrology - Setting - Impact V e g e t a t i o n and - Setting - Impact 242 242 Wildlife 244 24 6 I m p a c t on E n e r g y and R e s o u r c e vation Short-Term Construction A L T E R N A T I V E S TO THE Conser251 Impacts 255 PROPOSED PROJECT 2 59 3.1 Introduction 261 3.2 A l t e r n a t i v e A - No A c t i o n 261 3.3 Alternative B - Partially Rehabilitate t h e M a l l , R e t a i n A l l R o a d s , P r o v i d e No F r i n g e Parking or S h u t t l e S e r v i c e . 265 3.4 Alternative C - Partially Rehabilitate the M a l l , R e t a i n A l l Roads, P r o v i d e F r i n g e P a r k i n g a t RFK S t a d i u m and Shuttle Service. iii �3.5 • 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 Alternative D - Rehabilitate the Mall, C l o s i n g R o a d s , P r o v i d i n g No F r i n g e P a r k i n g or S h u t t l e . 268 Alternative E - Rehabilitate the Mall, P r o v i d i n g F r i n g e P a r k i n g Other than a t RFK S t a d i u m w i t h No S h u t t l e S e r v i c e . 271 Alternative F - Rehabilitate the Mall, Providing Fringe Parking a t other A l t e r native Locations with Shuttle Service. 276 A l t e r n a t i v e G - Same a s P r o p o s e d P r o j e c t , B u t S h u t t l e O p e r a t e d by W a s h i n g t o n Metropolitan Area T r a n s i t Authority, I n s t e a d o f by C o n c e s s i o n e r . 288 A l t e r n a t i v e H - Rehabilitate the Mall, C l o s e M a l l Roads, P r o v i d i n g P a r k i n g Under t h e M a l l . 292 A l t e r n a t i v e I - C o n s t r u c t A c c e s s Road t o RFK S t a d i u m i n A d d i t i o n t o P r o p o s e d Action. 2 95 3.11 A l t e r n a t i v e J - Same a s P r o p o s e d P r o j e c t , But U s i n g A l t e r n a t i v e S h u t t l e Route. C h a p t e r 4. C h a p t e r 5. Chapter 6. 299 UNAVOIDABLE ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL E F F E C T S M I T I G A T I O N MEASURES 3 07 AND RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SHORT-TERM USES OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE MAINTENANCE AND ENHANCEMENT OF LONG-TERM PRODUCTIVITY I R R E V E R S I B L E AND I R R E T R I E V A B L E 325 COMMITMENTS OF RESOURCES C h a p t e r 7. 32 9 CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION WITH OTHERS 333 APPENDICES iv �D r a f t Environmental Statement Proposed R e h a b i l i t a t i o n o f The N a t i o n a l M a l l T h i r d t o 14th S t r e e t s and Madison t o J e f f e r s o n D r i v e s . L I S T OF APPENDICES A Agreement Between N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e , N a t i o n a l P a r k s , a n d t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a Armory B o a r d Capital B The R e p o r t o f t h e P a r k , R e c r e a t i o n a n d Open S p a c e and F e d e r a l P l a n n i n g a n d P r o j e c t s Committee — N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n ; May 3 0 , 1974 C The C o m m i s s i o n o f F i n e A r t s L e t t e r o f P l a n A p p r o v a l May 2, 19 74 D Memorandum o f A g r e e m e n t B e t w e e n t h e A d v i s o r y C o u n c i l on H i s t o r i c P r e s e r v a t i o n and t h e D i r e c t o r , N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Parks E A i r Q u a l i t y Data C a l c u l a t i o n s F Determination G The R e p o r t o f t h e P a r k , R e c r e a t i o n and Open S p a c e Committee N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n ; September 1 5 , 1966 — o f Sound L e v e l s v �D r a f t Environmental Statement Proposed R e h a b i l i t a t i o n of The N a t i o n a l M a l l T h i r d t o 1 4 t h S t r e e t s and Madison t o J e f f e r s o n D r i v e s F I G U R E INDEX Figure Page 1 Project Setting i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia 2 Project 3 Neighborhood A i r Photo 15 4 National Mall 21 5 E x i s t i n g V i e w f r o m W a s h i n g t o n Monument 25 6 P r o p o s e d V i e w f r o m W a s h i n g t o n Monument 27 7 Typical Fringe Parking 37 8 Location of Fringe Parking 9 Typical Trailblazer 9 Setting 11 Plan Sign 39 Signs 41 Sign 51 10 The L ' E n f a n t Plan 11 The Downing P l a n 55 12 The M c M i l l a n P l a n 57 13 The M a l l - 1938 61 14 The 1966 P l a n 65 15 The 1976 D e v e l o p m e n t 16 G e n e r a l i z e d L a n d Use 17 Census 18 Historic 19 M a l l R e n d e r i n g - V i e w t o W a s h i n g t o n Monument 129 20 M a l l R e n d e r i n g - View along 131 21 1968 F u n c t i o n a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f E x i s t i n g 69 Plan 95 103 Tracts 119 Landmarks vi Outer D r i v e s Streets 135 �FIGURE INDEX (Cont'd) Figure Page Conditions 139 22 Photo D e p i c t i n g T r a f f i c 23 Average D a i l y T r a f f i c - Mall 141 24 Average D a i l y T r a f f i c - M a l l t o RFK 143 25 Existing Traffic 26 Curb P a r k i n g I n v e n t o r y 153 27 P a r k i n g C a p a c i t y v s Time 157 28 Metro Rapid 163 29 Traffic 30 Sound S u r v e y 31 C o n s t r u c t i o n Noise Contours 233 32 A l t e r n a t e Fringe Lot Locations 279 33 A l t e r n a t e Routes 301 Control Devices R a i l T r a n s i t System 147 187 S i g n a l s Summer 1975 225 Locations vii �Draft Environmental Statement Proposed R e h a b i l i t a t i o n of The N a t i o n a l M a l l T h i r d t o 1 4 t h S t r e e t s and Madison t o J e f f e r s o n D r i v e s . TABLE INDEX Table Page 1 Trends i n Estimated Overnight V i s i t o r s , 1960-1974 2 Trends i n V i s i t a t i o n , 3 Visitation 4 Visitor 5 Capacity Analyses 6 Summary o f P a r k i n g S p a c e s 7 S t a t e R e g i s t r a t i o n of Autos Parked 8 Bus 9 Summary o f D a i l y F r i n g e Bus Mall Area, 1962-1974 a t Major A t t r a c t i o n s , M a l l Area, 84 1974 Travel Characteristics Trips 82 86 90 (1975) 150 156 on M a l l 160 ( J a n u a r y , 1975) 161 S e r v i c e Operation 168 10 Summary o f VMT Under V a r i o u s C o n d i t i o n s 172 11 D.C. 12 Times A i r Q u a l i t y Standards E x c e e d e d - Camp S t a t i o n 1974 13 Times A i r Q u a l i t y Standards E x c e e d e d - D.C. Ambient A i r Q u a l i t y Standards 206 207 Hospital 1974 208 14 1-Hour CO Concentrations for Selected Locations 15 16 8-Hour CO C o n c e n t r a t i o n s f o r S e l e c t e d L o c a t i o n s Comparison of E m i s s i o n s Between Heavy-Duty D i e s e l P o w e r e d V e h i c l e s and A u t o m o b i l e s 216 17 A m b i e n t Sound S u r v e y 22 3 18 E s t i m a t e d A m b i e n t Sound L e v e l s - C o n s t r u c t i o n 228 19 E s t i m a t e d A m b i e n t Sound L e v e l s - S h u t t l e Bus 229 20 E s t i m a t e d A m b i e n t Sound L e v e l s - D.C. Measurement L o c a t i o n s viii General Hospital 209 218 231 �TABLE INDEX (Cont'd) Table Page 21 E s t i m a t e d A m b i e n t Sound L e v e l s - T r u c k 22 F u e l Consumption w i t h t h e Proposed A c t i o n 23 Summary o f A d o p t e d Changes t o P u b l i c P a r k i n g or near the E a s t M a l l ix Traffic 236 252 on 319 ��Summary ��SUMMARY (X) D r a f t ( ) F i n a l Environmental Statement Department o f t h e I n t e r i o r , N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e , N a t i o n a l Parks 1. Type o f A c t i o n : 2. Brief description (X) A d m i n i s t r a t i v e Capital ( ) Legislative of action: R e h a b i l i t a t i o n o f t h e N a t i o n a l M a l l , W a s h i n g t o n , D. C. , b e t w e e n S t r e e t t o 1 4 t h S t r e e t and Madison t o J e f f e r s o n D r i v e s . Third A l s o , both a s a complementary s h o r t - t e r m m a s s - t r a n s i t d e m o n s t r a t i o n p r o j e c t a n d a s a m i t i g a t i o n m e a s u r e , component, f r i n g e p a r k i n g i s p r o p o s e d a t RFK S t a d i u m , w i t h a s h u t t l e b u s s y s t e m f o r t r a n s p o r t i n g v i s i t o r s to the Mall. 3. Summary o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t a n d a d v e r s e e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s : a. T h e M a l l w o u l d be a e s t h e t i c a l l y i m p r o v e d . P u b l i c s a f e t y and t r a f f i c c o n d i t i o n s would b e n e f i t , a s w i l l a i r q u a l i t y and n o i s e l e v e l s . No d e c r e a s e i n v i s i t a t i o n t o museums i s e x p e c t e d . b. A d v e r s e e f f e c t s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n w o u l d be s h o r t - t e r m and m i n o r . c. O v e r a l l v e h i c l e m i l e s t r a v e l l e d (VMT) w i l l be r e d u c e d 7-9% i f fringe parking l o t i s f u l l y u t i l i z e d . d. T r a f f i c s e r v i c e l e v e l s on s h u t t l e r o u t e and t o f r i n g e p a r k i n g w i l l n o t c h a n g e , b u t t h e r e w i l l b e m i n o r e f f e c t s on s h u t t l e r o u t e due t o i n c r e a s e d b u s t r a f f i c , and N0» l e v e l s w i l l i n c r e a s e . CO l e v e l s a t RFK l o t w i l l i n c r e a s e s l i g h t l y . 4. Alternatives considered: a. No a c t i o n . b. P a r t i a l l y r e h a b i l i t a t e Mall, r e t a i n a l l Mall roads, provide no f r i n g e p a r k i n g o r s h u t t l e . c. P a r t i a l l y r e h a b i l i t a t e Mall, r e t a i n a l l roads, provide fringe p a r k i n g a t RFK S t a d i u m a n d s h u t t l e . d. R e h a b i l i t a t e M a l l , c l o s e a l l M a l l r o a d s , p r o v i d e no f r i n g e parking or shuttle. e. R e h a b i l i t a t e M a l l , p r o v i d e f r i n g e p a r k i n g o t h e r t h a n a t RFK S t a d i u m , no s h u t t l e s e r v i c e . f. R e h a b i l i t a t e Mall, provide f r i n g e parking a t other a l t e r n a t i v e locations, with shuttle service. g. Same a s p r o p o s e d p r o j e c t , b u t s h u t t l e o p e r a t e d by W a s h i n g t o n Metropolitan Area T r a n s i t Authority instead of concessioners. h. R e h a b i l i t a t e Mall, close a l l Mall roads, provide parking under M a l l . i. C o n s t r u c t a c c e s s r o a d t o RFK S t a d i u m i n a d d i t i o n t o p r o p o s e d action. j. Same a s p r o p o s e d a c t i o n , b u t u s i n g a l t e r n a t i v e s h u t t l e r o u t e . 3 �5. Comments h a v e b e e n r e q u e s t e d A r c h i t e c t of the C a p i t o l U. S. D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n Agency U.S. D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h , E d u c a t i o n and W e l f a r e National C a p i t a l Planning Commission Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n U. S. D e p a r t m e n t o f t h e T r e a s u r y B u r e a u o f Outdoor R e c r e a t i o n F i s h and W i l d l i f e S e r v i c e Maryland Department o f Transportation And numerous o t h e r individuals. 6. D a t e made from t h e f o l l o w i n g : A d v i s o r y C o u n c i l on H i s t o r i c P r e s e r v a t i o n U. S. D e p a r t m e n t o f Commerce General Services Administration U. S. D e p a r t m e n t o f H o u s i n g and U r b a n Development N a t i o n a l Science Foundation U. S. D e p a r t m e n t o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n U.S. D e p a r t m e n t o f D e f e n s e U. S. Army C o r p s o f E n g i n e e r s U. S. G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways D. C. D e p a r t m e n t o f H i g h w a y s and T r a f f i c s t a t e , regional agencies, available MAY 121975 4 o r g a n i z a t i o n s and �W Description of the Proposed Project ��I. 1.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT General Background 1.1.1 Regional The M a l l Setting R e h a b i l i t a t i o n p r o j e c t encompasses 62 a c r e s o f l a n d , approximately i n w h a t i s known by t h e g e n e r a l public as "The M a l l A r e a , " a 722 a c r e c o m p l e x o f open s p a c e s , Federal monuments, a n d G o v e r n m e n t a l b u i l d i n g s i n W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. Federal parkland tinct parcels: popularly, 14th i s a c t u a l l y composed o f f o u r s e p a r a t e 1) the "National Mall," This and d i s - sometimes r e f e r r e d t o , a s t h e E a s t M a l l , and bounded by t h e C a p i t o l Grounds, S t r e e t , C o n s t i t u t i o n A v e n u e , a n d I n d e p e n d e n c e Avenue; W a s h i n g t o n Monument G r o u n d s — a N a t i o n a l H i s t o r i c Landmark, 2) t h e extending f r o m 1 4 t h t o 1 7 t h S t r e e t s , b e t w e e n C o n s t i t u t i o n and I n d e p e n d e n c e A v e n u e s ; 3) t h e W h i t e House G r o u n d s , i n c l u d i n g t h e E l l i p s e and L a f a y e t t e Park; and 4) West Potomac and s o u t h o f C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue. is Park l y i n g west of 17th S t r e e t The M a l l R e h a b i l i t a t i o n p r o j e c t located i n the portion of the National M a l l bounded by T h i r d and 1 4 t h S t r e e t s a n d M a d i s o n a n d J e f f e r s o n D r i v e s . The c i t y ' s m a j o r r e t a i l , business, and e n t e r t a i n m e n t n e a r b y i n t h e a r e a bounded by P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue, T h i r d S t r e e t , M a s s a c h u s e t t s A v e n u e , a n d 1 5 t h S t r e e t , N.W. t h e a t e r s , and s t o r e s i n t h i s a r e a p r o v i d e ment f o r v i s i t o r s a n d W a s h i n g t o n i a n s . a l s o e x i s t i n t h e a r e a , and t h e s e f o r c e and v i s i t o r s , Between t h e b u s i n e s s Numerous r e s t a u r a n t s , s e r v i c e s and e n t e r t a i n - Numerous p a r k i n g facilities s e r v e b o t h t h e commuter work t h e l a t t e r e s p e c i a l l y on weekends a r e a and t h e M a l l 7 core i s lies and h o l i d a y s . the Federal Triangle, a �c o m p l e x o f F e d e r a l b u i l d i n g s and o f f i c e s , containing a t t r a c t i o n s s u c h a s t h e F B I , A q u a r i u m , and A r c h i v e s . A C i t y Map illustrates ( F i g u r e 1) t h e l o c a t i o n o f t h e proposed p r o j e c t w i t h i n t h e context of t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. 1.1.2 Local Setting I n t h e a r e a o f t h e proposed p r o j e c t , planning traditionally included efforts a l l of the contiguous Federal lands have including l a n d m a r k s s u c h a s t h e W h i t e House and E l l i p s e , t h e L i n c o l n and J e f f e r s o n M e m o r i a l s , t h e W a s h i n g t o n Monument, and t h e v a r i o u s museums. However, t h e s p e c i f i c l i m i t s of the "National encompassed i n t h a t a r e a l y i n g Mall" are between 1 4 t h S t r e e t (Washington Monument G r o u n d s ) and t h e C a p i t o l , and C o n s t i t u t i o n and I n d e p e n d e n c e Avenues. portion Reference to t h i s area herein i s "the Mall." of t h i s area i s a long, east-west The c e n t e r r e c t a n g l e o f open s p a c e , f o r m e d by two w i d e p l a n t a t i o n s o f t r e e s on e i t h e r s i d e o f a w i d e lawn panel. This center p o r t i o n , b e t w e e n Madison and J e f f e r s o n D r i v e s a n d T h i r d and 1 4 t h S t r e e t s , i s t h e b o u n d a r y o f t h e " M a l l Rehabilitation project." F l a n k i n g t h i s open s p a c e a r e s e v e r a l museum b u i l d i n g s , i n c l u d i n g t h e N a t i o n a l Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n , art i sdisplayed G a l l e r y o f A r t and t h e where t h e n a t i o n ' s most h i g h l y esteemed a n d w h e r e i t s t e c h n i c a l a c h i e v e m e n t s and n a t u r a l h i s t o r y a r e represented. A downtown W a s h i n g t o n D.C. Map project within the specific context 8 ( F i g u r e 2) l o c a t e s t h e p r o p o s e d of t h i s portion of the c i t y . �Rehabilitation Of The Mall EIS Legend National Capital Parks National Park Service -T^ I^H 1— Project Setting Washington, D.C. j ��I .ï* 4..*" íi ìì : :t lt Rehabilitation Of The Mall National Caoital Parks Legend .Þ. shuttle bus route &direction oo... bOUndafieS National Paik Service soo' T-O ::iiiiiiiiliiiii:¡¡ * 2000' fringe parking staging area LEnvrr@n ntaI Innpa GT S tatenme nt Proiect Setting �An a i r photo ( F i g u r e 3) l o c a t e s t h e p r o p o s e d p r o j e c t s i t e w i t h i n the c o n t e x t of the surrounding 1.1.3 M a l l Design H i s t o r y P l a n s and designs i n t h i s a r e a d a t e b a c k t o 1 7 9 1 , when a m a l l w i t h i n t h e C a p i t a l C i t y was design F e d e r a l complex. f o r Washington, prepared i n c l u d e d i n the f i r s t adopted a t about h a l f - c e n t u r y i n t e r v a l s . are described i n d e t a i l 1.1.4 P r o j e c t H i s t o r y and I n November, 1 9 7 3 , These p l a n s S e r v i c e f r o m 1966 i n Section L Enfant. scheme h a v e been the McMillan P l a n of 1901, plans of the N a t i o n a l Park 1 by M a j o r P i e r r e C h a r l e s Since then, major r e v i s i o n s of the o r i g i n a l t h e Downing P l a n o f 1 8 5 1 , grand include and t o 1973. several The 2.2 Status National Capital Parks, a regional office of the N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e , prepared an e n v i r o n m e n t a l ment f o r t h e M a l l R e h a b i l i t a t i o n p r o j e c t . t h a t t h e M a l l p r o j e c t was assess- B a s e d on t h i s a s s e s s - ment, t h e D i r e c t o r , N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k s , made a determination not a major F e d e r a l a c t i o n which would s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t t h e q u a l i t y o f human e n v i r o n m e n t , and f o r e , an E I S , p u r s u a n t Environmental plans to S e c t i o n 102(2) P o l i c y A c t , w o u l d n o t be (C) o f t h e there- National required. A f t e r s e v e r a l r e v i s i o n s t o t h e o r i g i n a l p r o p o s a l , b a s e d on m e n d a t i o n s r e c e i v e d a t p u b l i c m e e t i n g s , and was prepared i n January, 1975, T h i s a s s e s s m e n t and Mildred R. a f t e r an u p d a t e d a s s e s s m e n t the D i r e c t o r of N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l a g a i n d e t e r m i n e d t h a t t h e p r o p o s a l was not Parks a major F e d e r a l a c t i o n . t h e p r o p o s e d a c t i o n became t h e s u b j e c t o f a C r a r y , e t a l , P l a i n t i f f s v s . R o g e r s C. 13 recom- suit: B. Morton e t a l ��Figure 3 Neighborhood A i r Photo ��Defendents Court ( C i v i l A c t i o n # 75-0123), f o r t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. i n the United States D i s t r i c t The s u i t c h a r g e d t h a t a major F e d e r a l a c t i o n , s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t i n g t h e q u a l i t y o f human environment, was i n v o l v e d . r e s t r a i n i n g t h e removal The C o u r t a g r e e d , and i s s u e d a n o r d e r o f Adams and W a s h i n g t o n D r i v e s , and t h e operation of a s h u t t l e bus, a f t e r February 1 4 , 1 9 7 5 . As a r e s u l t of the Court's f i n d i n g f o r the p l a i n t i f f s , this h a s been p r e p a r e d Environmental Impact Statement 102(2) (C) o f t h e N a t i o n a l E n v i r o n m e n t a l P o l i c y A c t . 17 i n conformance w i t h S e c t i o n ��1.2 Description of the Mall 1.2.1 The greater Objectives Rehabilitation Project of the Project purpose o f t h e p l a n i s to o f f e r the pedestrian f r e e d o m o f movement, g r e a t e r v i s i t o r visitor s a f e t y , improved a e s t h e t i c c h a r a c t e r , and improved p u b l i c s e r v i c e s . P a r k i n g on t h e M a l l h a s c r e a t e d v i s u a l and p h y s i c a l b a r r i e r s t o s a f e and efficient pedestrian use of the area. The p r o j e c t s e e k s t o e n h a n c e t h e q u a l i t y o f s c a l e , c o m p o s i t i o n , and p u b l i c u s e t h a t the L'Enfant and M c M i l l a n p l a n s also provides utility the opportunity and s i t e sought t o achieve. The p r o j e c t improvements w h i c h s h o u l d increase f o r r e c r e a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s , i n c l u d i n g temporary d i s p l a y s , p e r f o r m a n c e s , and e x h i b i t s . 1.2.2 Within the Construction Proposals t h e p r o j e c t a r e a , t h e r e h a b i l i t a t i o n would include f o l l o w i n g p r i n c i p a l items o f work: - t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f four 40-foot wide pedestrian/bike p a t h s b e t w e e n T h i r d and 1 4 t h S t r e e t s ; one w a l k the along s o u t h c u r b o f M a d i s o n D r i v e , one w a l k a l o n g t h e north c u r b o f J e f f e r s o n D r i v e , and t h e o t h e r two w a l k s t o r e p l a c e e x i s t i n g W a s h i n g t o n and Adams D r i v e s ; construction of walks across 10th, 12th, plus the Mall a t 6th, 8 t h , 9 t h , and 1 3 t h S t r e e t s ; - r e m o v a l o f Adams and W a s h i n g t o n D r i v e s b e t w e e n T h i r d and 14th Streets (9200 l i n e a r - removal of e x i s t i n g sidewalks Drives (9200 l i n e a r feet of road); a l o n g Adams and W a s h i n g t o n feet of sidewalk); 19 �- r e m o v a l o f s t r e e t s and w a l k p a v e m e n t s Streets a t S i x t h and 1 3 t h (1,020 l i n e a r f e e t o f pavement); - r e m o v a l o f m i s c e l l a n e o u s p a r k f u r n i t u r e and u t i l i t i e s ; - i n s t a l l a t i o n o f a s t o n e frame around each o f t h e c e n t e r lawn p a n e l s ; - i n s t a l l a t i o n o f park benches, d r i n k i n g f o u n t a i n s , curb ramps f o r h a n d i c a p p e d , s t r e e t l i g h t s , trash receptacles, t e l e p h o n e s , r e f r e s h m e n t and i n f o r m a t i o n k i o s k s , bike racks, necessary u t i l i t y additional s e r v i c e s , and p l a n t i n g trees; - r e p l a c e m e n t o f w a l k s a l o n g T h i r d , F o u r t h , S e v e n t h , and 14th Streets. F i g u r e 4 shows t h e a p p r o v e d N a t i o n a l M a l l P l a n , F i r s t t o 14th S t r e e t s , and t h i s p r o j e c t , w h i c h i s f r o m T h i r d t o 1 4 t h S t r e e t s , between Madison 1.2.3 and J e f f e r s o n Activity Drives. Zones and S p e c i a l Uses The a r e a s w i t h i n e a c h e l m p a n e l ( a b o u t 120' x 320') w o u l d be available f o ra c t i v i t i e s t h a t a r e t e m p o r a r y i n d u r a t i o n and do n o t i n v o l v e heavy i n t e n s i t y o f use. k e y e d t o museum a n d g a l l e r y Some o f t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s w o u l d be f u n c t i o n s , b u t would a l s o include e x h i b i t i o n s , i n f o r m a l c o n c e r t s , and v a r i o u s p r o g r a m s and p e r f o r m a n c e s i n t e r p r e t i n g aspects of the Nation's history. activities would have r e l a t i v e l y the These s m a l l space r e q u i r e m e n t s , would n e v e r occupy e n t i r e zone, and would r e q u i r e s p e c i a l u s e p e r m i t s from t h e National Park Service. that the a c t i v i t i e s E x t r e m e c a r e w o u l d be t a k e n t o be c e r t a i n i n no way a l t e r t h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e M a l l o r 20 �S- gË. II !o sg I 0¡ o o, b. o o o e+ t' - o -tr Ø t+ J = I = ¡ = @ f-E = -) m CL ã lo GI o 5 5 ql 3 3 3@ @ N 5 G-þ oN + : @ æ ió II 6=.qgL o t+ -l II I !o5 ct iËo + 8ü= q¡ I zz^ Ð Ðov ã'ã"r'¡ o =ll rl 5 oo q) l 'il \ (! .:l: ffi# i ¡ rrrs*d'f;q.*t çÇ t ,r .l t ) u r\ ..tx 'rl .tç) il[ IT I ( i I remon¡al Way lt f'*+f t¡ ¡t ¡riGalt] ll il t, rf ¡{ t9 !l i' it r: t t . t q ! þ t. ú n .ù ilt il F, 'I hf a t tt o tl f ¿ �harm t h e p l a n t i n g s . 1.2.4 Visitor The Services p r o p o s a l w o u l d p r o v i d e f o u n d a t i o n and t i o n s f o r two existing connec- a d d i t i o n a l refreshment k i o s k s , i n a d d i t i o n to the four i n the Mall area. by a c o n c e s s i o n e r , a s v i s i t o r The utility The needs s t r u c t u r e s w i l l be provided increase. p r o p o s a l would p r o v i d e f o r l o c a t i n g f i v e additional i n f o r m a t i o n k i o s k s a t p o i n t s n e a r e a c h museum on t h e M a l l f o r u s e as i n c r e a s e d v i s i t a t i o n New s a f e and in p a r k and s t r e e t l i g h t i n g w o u l d be p r o v i d e d t o promote e n j o y a b l e u s e o f t h e M a l l and the a c t i v i t y be u s e d , requires. zones. Existing light t o accommodate new s t a n d a r d s and g l o b e s as w e l l as a d d i t i o n a l d u p l i c a t e f i x t u r e s , standards a t 100-foot i n t e r v a l s a l o n g M a d i s o n and and a l o n g t h e i n t e r i o r programs would to provide Jefferson light Drives, walkways. A t o t a l o f o v e r 430 b e n c h e s w o u l d be l o c a t e d a l o n g the i n n e r p e d e s t r i a n w a l k w a y s and a l o n g t h e e l m p a n e l s a d j a c e n t t o M a d i s o n and 1.2.5 The Jefferson Drives. C i r c u l a t i o n and Parking p r o p o s a l would e l i m i n a t e v e h i c l e t r a f f i c a c r o s s t h e M a l l on S i x t h and 13th S t r e e t s . on M a d i s o n and J e f f e r s o n D r i v e s and movement Vehicular t r a f f i c T h i r d , Fourth, Seventh, and 14th S t r e e t s would remain u n a f f e c t e d . The S i x t h and p r o p o s a l w o u l d c o n v e r t W a s h i n g t o n and Adams D r i v e s and 13th S t r e e t s to p e d e s t r i a n / b i k e paths. s o u t h c u r b o f M a d i s o n and Along the the north curb of J e f f e r s o n , 23 40-foot �w i d e p e d e s t r i a n w a l k w a y s w o u l d be c o n s t r u c t e d . demonstrate F i g u r e s 5 and t h e proposed changes from s t r e e t s t o Additional access f a c i l i t i e s walkways. t o t h e M a l l b u i l d i n g s and a c t i v i t y a r e a s w o u l d be p r o v i d e d f o r t h e h a n d i c a p p e d , by a d d i t i o n of approximately 96 new the the c u r b ramps a t a l l p o i n t s o f i n t e r s e c t i o n o f t h e w a l k w a y s y s t e m and The 6 the surrounding streets. p r o p o s e d c r o s s w a l k s and p e d e s t r i a n / b i k e p a t h s a r e designed t o c a r r y w h e e l c h a i r s and w o u l d be i n t e g r a t e d w i t h t h e ramp locations. 1.2.6 The Construction Materials major c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l f o r the proposed w o u l d be c r u s h e d s t o n e t o be u s e d s q u a r e y a r d s o f new walkways. project f o r the approximately T h i s crushed stone would 90,000 consist o f S e l e c t B u f f I n d i a n a l i m e s t o n e , o r an a p p r o v e d e q u a l , i n a m i x t u r e of v a r i o u s aggregate inch diameter s i z e s , r a n g i n g from t h r e e - q u a r t e r s stones to sand-sized p a r t i c l e s . A small o f c l a y w o u l d be added t o m a x i m i z e b o n d i n g o f t h e V a r i o u s c o n s t r u c t i o n methods, i n c l u d i n g t h e use o f percentage aggregate. polyurethane o r epoxy b i n d e r s , a r e c u r r e n t l y b e i n g t e s t e d t o a c h i e v e d u r a b l e , s a f e , low-maintenance walk and p e d e s t r i a n u s e . found b e s t w o u l d be Approximately surfaces for wheelchairs, bicycles, Upon c o m p l e t i o n t h e method utilized. 10,800 l i n e a r f e e t of dressed limestone blocks would frame the c e n t e r lawn p a n e l s . 61 l a r g e A u g u s t i n e of these t e s t s , E l m s , and P l a n t m a t e r i a l would i n c l u d e approximately 24 103,000 s q u a r e yards �Figure 5 JEx4rfi(feirLg Source: V i e w f r o m W a s h i n g t o n Monument Skidmore, Owings, & M e r r i l l ��Figure Proposed View from Washington Monument Source: Skidmore, Owings, & Merrill ��o f new grass seeding or sodding. would c o n s i s t of over 430 trash containers, five on t h e M a l l , 120 new The wood and proposed "Mall s t e e l benches, about 120 i n f o r m a t i o n k i o s k s s i m i l a r to those l i g h t standards and existing f i x t u r e s which would d u p l i c a t e s o f t h e e x i s t i n g components, s i x new and furniture" be drinking fountains, 12 b i k e r a c k s . 1.2.7 Grading Grading and Utilities o p e r a t i o n s w o u l d be m i n i m a l , approximately c u b i c y a r d s , t o accommodate s l i g h t ( l e s s t h a n one in g r a d e a r o u n d t h e new No in 23,000 the t r e e p l a n t a t i o n s . walkways. f o o t ) changes g r a d i n g would t a k e place U n d e r g r o u n d u t i l i t i e s w o u l d be b r o u g h t i n t o t h e p l a n t a t i o n s to s e r v e the temporary f a c i l i t i e s i n the a c t i v i t y minimal d i s t u r b a n c e of the root system 29 of the zones, w i t h trees. ��1.3 Construction 1.3.1 The simultaneously throughout the e n t i r e p r o j e c t area. p o r t i o n o f t h e a r e a o c c u p i e d by t h e M e t r o subway w o u l d be the l a s t a r e a t o be i s completed. be Timing proposed M a l l r e h a b i l i t a t i o n c o n s t r u c t i o n work would take place The P h a s e s and t r e a t e d as the Metro c o n s t r u c t i o n E a c h s t e p o f t h e c o n t r a c t o r ' s work s c h e d u l e w o u l d accomplished i n a s i n g l e , continuous operation r a t h e r than i n s e v e r a l stages sequence of a c t i v i t i e s would on p o r t i o n s o f t h e D r i v e s , and site grading c. u t i l i t i e s d. Sixth, on the site. site, The basic be: a. r e m o v a l o f pavement f r o m W a s h i n g t o n and b. construction and 13th Adams Streets; activities; a d j u s t m e n t s and c o n s t r u c t i o n of the installation; stone frames around the lawn panels; e. w a l k w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n ; f . p l a n t i n g and reseeding g. p l a c e m e n t o f s t r e e t operations; furniture. A c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n t r a c t f o r the M a l l R e h a b i l i t a t i o n p r o j e c t was a w a r d e d O c t o b e r 29, December 3 1 , 1975. h o u r s o f 7 a.m. 1.3.2 The be 1974, w i t h a completion date A l l work would o c c u r d u r i n g t o 4 p.m. d a i l y , except of n o r m a l work w e e k e n d s and holidays. Equipment v a r i o u s k i n d s of c o n s t r u c t i o n equipment w h i c h would o p e r a t e d on t h e s i t e w o u l d i n c l u d e h e a v y m a c h i n e r y and 31 trucks �f o r t h e r e m o v a l o f pavement, and r o l l e r s t o a p p l y curbs and compact t h e c r u s h e d t r u c k s f o r d e l i v e r y of stone, components t o t h e s i t e ; 1.3.3 All and s i d e w a l k s ; trucks, stone walkways; p l a n t m a t e r i a l s and o t h e r and v a r i o u s l i g h t c o n s t r u c t i o n M a t e r i a l s Storage graders project equipment. Locations c o n s t r u c t i o n e q u i p m e n t and m a t e r i a l s w o u l d be s t o r e d i n a designated s i t e b e t w e e n W a s h i n g t o n and Adams D r i v e s , west of Seventh S t r e e t . This grassed just a r e a w o u l d be r e p l a n t e d and r e s t o r e d t o i t s o r i g i n a l c o n d i t i o n c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e r e h a b i l i t a t i o n of the Mall. No m a t e r i a l s w o u l d be s t o r e d i n t h e s t r e e t s o r under t h e t r e e p l a n t a t i o n s . Excavation removed s p o i l s , and a n y o t h e r s o l i d w a s t e , w o u l d be f r o m t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n s i t e and d i s p o s e d landfill s i t e s a t the option o f on a p p r o v e d o f t h e c o n t r a c t o r , and i n a c c o r d - ance w i t h a p p l i c a b l e l o c a l and F e d e r a l r e g u l a t i o n s . 1.3.4 C i r c u l a t i o n and A c c e s s A c c e s s t o t h e work a r e a w o u l d be v i a e x i s t i n g c r o s s Third, Fourth, estimated S e v e n t h , and 1 4 t h S t r e e t s . t o be r e q u i r e d d u r i n g m a t e l y 50 t o 60 e m p l o y e e s . w o u l d be p r o v i d e d Public access be l i m i t e d d u r i n g The peak l a b o r the contract period O f f - s t r e e t parking a t the m a t e r i a l s storage f o r these s i t e described C i r c u l a t i o n along o f t h e p r o j e c t s i t e w o u l d be t e m p o r a r i l y employees above. would the length r e s t r i c t e d on W a s h i n g t o n and Adams D r i v e s , p l u s t h e s o u t h s i d e w a l k 32 force i s approxi- t o t h e r e h a b i l i t a t i o n a r e a on t h e M a l l construction. streets: o f Madison �Drive access and t h e n o r t h across sidewalk the Mall maintained during of J e f f e r s o n Drive. Pedestri from b u i l d i n g t o b u i l d i n g would construction. be ��1.4 F r i n g e P a r k i n g and The S h u t t l e Bus Service o p e r a t i o n o f a f r i n g e p a r k i n g a r e a a t R o b e r t F. M e m o r i a l S t a d i u m and t h e S t a d i u m and an i n t e r p r e t i v e s h u t t l e bus the M a l l w i l l Kennedy s e r v i c e between be a p a r t o f t h i s p r o p o s a l s a t e , i n p a r t , f o r the l o s s of Mall parking spaces. c o n s t r u c t i o n commences d u r i n g S e p t e m b e r , 197 5, on t o compen- Assuming the p o r t i o n t h e M a l l R e h a b i l i t a t i o n p r o j e c t e n j o i n e d by t h e c o u r t o r d e r , s h u t t l e s e r v i c e would operate t h r o u g h December, and until on an i n t e r i m b a s i s f r o m September most l i k e l y a s f a r i n t o 1976 as major t r a n s p o r t a t i o n needs d u r i n g the B i c e n t e n n i a l . t h e d u r a t i o n o f t h e s h u t t l e s e r v i c e and schedule and in of the f o u r major a r t e r i a l S o u t h , 1-66, and bus 1-270) w i l l be a d v i s e d by will be appropriate (1-95 signs North, erected that a fringe parking Trailblazer signs area will 2,40 0 s p a c e s . ( s e e F i g u r e 9) w i l l In addition, direct r o u t e s t o r e a c h the Stadium. d i r e c t e d t o P a r k i n g L o t No. approximately time. A t o t a l o f t e n 7 f e e t x 12 f e e t s i g n s 95 t r a i l b l a z e r s i g n s motorists along Metro automobile F i g u r e 7) a r e l o c a t e d a s i n d i c a t e d i n F i g u r e 8. approximately of t h e p r i n c i p a l a c c e s s r o u t e s t o t h e R o b e r t F. Kennedy M e m o r i a l S t a d i u m . (see a r e a by access routes r i d e s to the Mall are a v a i l a b l e . l o c a t e d along the serve result, c a n n o t be c l e a r l y d e f i n e d a t t h i s the v i c i n i t y of the C a p i t a l Beltway and be any a i t s precise period V i s i t o r s a r r i v i n g i n the metropolitan 1-95 required As i m p a c t , a s a p a r t o f t h e p r o p o s e d a c t i o n , depends on along the i t i s r e p l a c e d by t h e M e t r o s y s t e m w h i c h i s p l a n n e d t o Construction of Located 35 8, w h i c h h a s on this Visitors a c a p a c i t y of lot is a National ��Figure 7 T y p i c a l Fringe Parking Sign ��Legend • sign location Rehabilitation Of The Mall E1S, ——m regional access Location Of Fringe Parking Signs ��Figure 9 Typical Trailblazer Sign ��P a r k S e r v i c e k i o s k where v i s i t o r s w i l l t i o n on use of t h e bus comfort f a c i l i t i e s An S t a d i u m , and agreement between N a t i o n a l j o i n t use S t a d i u m f a c i l i t i e s was able to obtain s h u t t l e s e r v i c e , l o c a t i o n s of a t the Armory B o a r d f o r t h e be other food e x e c u t e d on and information. C a p i t a l P a r k s and of the informa- the Stadium parking J a n u a r y 22, 1975 D.C. lot (See and Appendix A) . Tickets w i l l be T i c k e t Gate A of t h e a round-trip, one t o be and the located Madison D r i v e . a t U.S. the will the located T h i s t a l k has for continuing also include route, and city. The an indicated explanation To to the each for two stops, First Streets, a t Seventh S t r e e t S.E., and receive a by 50-cent interpretive talk while with limousines, i n the Nation's C a p i t a l area. of the of the s h u t t l e route w i l l It s p e c i f i c landmarks seen along activities Mall, and but events also follow East Capitol I n d e p e n d e n c e Avenue on the throughout Street outbound trip, 2. provide s e r v i c e f o r the public, cents continue t h e i r v i s i t o n l y a l o n g the and 50 Tourmobile, t a x i s , activities i n Figure be at been d e s i g n e d t o a c q u a i n t them discussion inbound to the M a l l , as the Mall r e c e i v e an of the c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e , not the on shuttle S t a d i u m and Tourmobile t i c k e t w i l l s h u t t l e s y s t e m , use etc., the C a p i t o l Grounds on Shuttle riders w i l l t h e bus. on Tickets w i l l S h u t t l e p a s s e n g e r s who purchasing a regular on Stadium. e x p r e s s r i d e between the s e c o n d t o be credit. a v a i l a b l e f o r use times that Mall i t i s planned to o p e r a t e the 4 3 museums a r e s h u t t l e bus in open the �w i n t e r s e a s o n between 9:30 a.m. and 5:30 p.m., and i n t h e peak v i s i t a t i o n s e a s o n , from A p r i l t o September, from 9:30 a.m. 9:30 p.m. 44 to �2M Environmental Setting and Impact of the Proposed Project ��II. 2.1 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING AND IMPACT OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT Introduction T h i s Chapter probable documents t h e e n v i r o n m e n t o f t h e p r o j e c t and t h e i m p a c t s , b o t h b e n e f i c i a l a n d a d v e r s e , on t h a t E n v i r o n m e n t a l i s s u e s and i m p a c t e v a l u a t i o n s within the following have been environment. structured framework: - S o c i a l , C u l t u r a l , and E c o n o m i c ; - Urban Systems ; - P h y s i c a l and B i o l o g i c a l To a s s i s t i n t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e n a t u r e o f t h e prob- a b l e i m p a c t s on t h e v a r i o u s environmental systems as a r e s u l t of t h e proposed p r o j e c t , a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e probable immediately each follows the discussion impact of the e x i s t i n g setting f o r category. As p a r t o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l s e t t i n g , a d i s c u s s i o n v i d e d o f both i s pro- t h e h i s t o r y s u r r o u n d i n g t h e development o f t h e M a l l a n d t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e p r o p o s a l and v a r i o u s and l o c a l p o l i c i e s and p l a n s . 47 national ��2.2 H i s t o r y o f t h e M a l l P l a n - C a p i t o l t o Potomac R i v e r 2.2.1 The The L ' E n f a n t design Plan o r p l a n f o r t h e N a t i o n a l M a l l began a s an e l e - ment o f t h e p l a n o f t h e new C a p i t a l C i t y p r e p a r e d P i e r r e Charles L'Enfant. 400 i n 1 7 9 1 by T h a t c o n c e p t i n c l u d e d a G r a n d Avenue, f e e t w i d e and one m i l e long, extending on an e a s t - w e s t from t h e s i t e o f t h e C a p i t o l t o t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s Park. axis This Avenue was t o be b o r d e r e d w i t h w i d e e x p a n s e s o f open meadow and gardens, w h e r e b u i l d i n g s t o house g o v e r n m e n t o f f i c e s c o u l d be located. That p l a n has never principal been implemented, although features are incorporated i n the currently three of i t s approved development p l a n f o r t h e M a l l : - t h e a x i a l r o l e o f t h e G r a n d Avenue c o n n e c t i n g and u n i f y i n g t h e C o n g r e s s House a n d t h e P r e s i d e n t ' s P a r k , w h e r e a monument t o George W a s h i n g t o n was proposed; - t h e open, g r e e n l a n d s c a p e d c h a r a c t e r o f t h e a r e a a l o n g s i d e t h e Grand Avenue; - The q u a l i t y o f t h e l a n d s c a p e t h u s c r e a t e d , a s a s e t t i n g f o r n a t i o n a l m e m o r i a l s and b u i l d i n g s . 1 F i g u r e 10 d e p i c t s t h e L E n f a n t P l a n . 2.2.2 The The Downing P l a n f i r s t p l a n f o r t h e M a l l t o be i m p l e m e n t e d , a f t e r many years of n e g l e c t because o f the assignment of higher priorities f o r t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e C a p i t a l C i t y , was one p r e p a r e d by t h e noted landscape a r c h i t e c t , Andrew J . Downing. t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h i s p l a n was s p a r k e d 49 i n 1851 Interest i n by t h e g r a n t f r o m t h e ��F i g u r e 10 The L'Enfant Plan ��E n g l i s h m a n , James S m i t h s o n , t h a t r e s u l t e d i n t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t the Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n . Downing's p l a n p r o v i d e d for an " E n g l i s h garden" type of i n f o r m a l landscape design, which ated the s t r o n g , formal a x i s element of the L E n f a n t and with plantings i n a "natural" style. By t h e end of the obliter- 1 east-west w i t h a network of c u r v i l i n e a r walks developed. of carriageways, T h i s p l a n was i n t r u s i o n s , s u c h a s a r a i l r o a d t r a c k and interspersed never 19th C e n t u r y , s e v e r a l plan fully incompatible s t a t i o n , had c h a o t i c s i t u a t i o n r e q u i r i n g an e x c e p t i o n a l s o l u t i o n . created Figure a 11 d e p i c t s t h e Downing p l a n . 2.2.3 The by The 1876 McMillan Plan Centennial exposition in Philadelphia, t h e C o l u m b i a E x p o s i t i o n i n C h i c a g o i n 189 3, m o t i v a t e d Congress to take a c t i o n i n attempting the C a p i t a l C i t y . ment o f t h e M a l l a r e a and F e d e r a l i n t e r e s t and p e r h a p s b e s t be 1 the L E n f a n t plan. the to r e c t i f y the s t a t e of S e n a t o r M c M i l l a n o f M i c h i g a n was t o h e a d a c o m m i s s i o n i n 1901 can followed appointed to develop a guide f o r the develop- t h e C a p i t a l C i t y commensurate w i t h role. T h a t p l a n , as i t a f f e c t e d the described the Mall, as a r e t u r n t o t h e p r i n c i p l e s o f I t r e q u i r e d the removal of the railroad, w h i c h l e d t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e U n i o n S t a t i o n and r e s t o r a t i o n of a s t r o n g from the east-west foot of C a p i t o l H i l l " w a l l e d " on e i t h e r s i d e by which carriageways enjoying a x i s by the Mall and a t an c r e a t i n g a continuous t o t h e W a s h i n g t o n Monument, elms p l a n t e d walks lawn w e r e t o be intimate scale. 53 i n four rows, along l o c a t e d a s a means o f Figure 12 d e p i c t s the ��Figure 11 The Downing P l a n ��Figure 12 The McMillan Plan ��M c M i l l a n P l a n f o r t h e M a l l a r e a and f o r t h e N a t i o n a l M a l l . 2.2.4 The N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k and P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n P l a n By t h e t i m e t h e M c M i l l a n P l a n had been g e n e r a l l y i m p l e m e n t e d i n t h e 1 9 3 0 ' s , s l i g h t r e v i s i o n s h a d been made by t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k and P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n , e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1926 t o develop a c i t y w i d e park system (precursor to National P l a n n i n g Commission e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1 9 5 2 ) . roads Capital The n a r r o w c a r r i a g e o f t h e M c M i l l a n p l a n were widened f o r automobile traffic. Implementing t h e M c M i l l a n p l a n r e s u l t e d i n t h e r e m o v a l from t h e M a l l o f h u n d r e d s o f m a t u r e t r e e s , p l a n t e d i n a random f a s h i o n according t o t h e Downing p l a n , i n f a v o r o f t h e more f o r m a l e l m plantations. A s i g n i f i c a n t r e s u l t o f t h e M c M i l l a n P l a n was t h e f u r t h e r e x t e n s i o n o f the long east-west a x i s , through t h e W a s h i n g t o n Monument t o t h e s i t e o f t h e c u r r e n t L i n c o l n M e m o r i a l , and the establishment of a stronger north-south axis from t h e W h i t e House t o t h e s i t e o f t h e c u r r e n t J e f f e r s o n M e m o r i a l . T h i s p l a n c r e a t e d a d d i t i o n a l p a r k l a n d , i n w h i c h Downing's concepts were a p p l i e d t o r e c l a i m e d Potomac P a r k . park l a n d s i n w h a t i s now West A photograph o f t h e M a l l taken i n 1938 shows t h e new p l a n t i n g s and t h e c u l m i n a t i o n o f t h e M c M i l l a n P l a n ( s e e Figure 1 3 ) . 2.2.5 National Park Service: 1966 A M a s t e r P l a n f o r t h e M a l l a r e a was p r e p a r e d was i n 1966 and a p p r o v e d i n c o n c e p t by b o t h t h e C o m m i s s i o n o f F i n e a r t s and t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission. The p r i n c i p a l features of ��F i g u r e 13 The Mall - 1938 ��t h i s p l a n were t o i n c l u d e : * - underground p a r k i n g as w e l l as underpasses f o r a l l cross streets; - r e c o n s t r u c t i o n and r e d e f i n i t i o n o f t h e u s e o f a l l M a l l r o a d s by r e p l a c i n g W a s h i n g t o n and Adams D r i v e s w i t h p e d e s t r i a n w a l k s , and d e v e l o p i n g M a d i s o n and J e f f e r s o n D r i v e s f o r t o u r m o b i l e , a d m i n i s t r a t i v e , and m a i n t e n a n c e u s e s o n l y ; - p l a n t i n g a d d i t i o n a l t r e e s , i n c l u d i n g a new f i f t h row on e i t h e r s i d e o f t h e M a l l a l o n g t h e i n s i d e edge o f t h e e x i s t i n g elm t r e e p a n e l s ( n o t d i r e c t l y p a r t of commission's recommendation); - development of a C a p i t o l R e f l e c t i n g Pool Ceremonial D r i v e ; and - replacement of the old Navy-Munitions b u i l d i n g s w i t h v i s i t o r i n f o r m a t i o n and r e s t f a c i l i t i e s , and g a r d e n s ; - the a d d i t i o n of a c t i v i t i e s and e n j o y m e n t . The for v i s i t o r recreation N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n recommended t h a t t h e M a l l be preserved b u i l d i n g s i n a park traffic. as a s e t t i n g f o r n a t i o n a l memorials f r e e from the congestion Furthermore, and of major s u r f a c e the National C a p i t a l Planning Commission r e i n f o r c e d the h i s t o r i c p o l i c y of p r e s e r v i n g the Mall area as a s e t t i n g f o r N a t i o n a l m e m o r i a l s and shows t h e 1966 F i g u r e 14 Master P l a n f o r the M a l l area. 2.2.6 In buildings. N a t i o n a l Park 1973, Service: 1973 i n p r e p a r a t i o n f o r the B i c e n t e n n i a l C e l e b r a t i o n , t h e a d o p t e d 1966 p l a n f o r t h e M a l l a r e a was u p d a t e d and development p l a n f o r the n a t i o n a l M a l l from F i r s t S t r e e t , was prepared. During r e v i e w by separate S t r e e t to 14th the Commission of F i n e t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n , and the P r e s i d e n t ' s *See A p p e n d i x f o r t h e t e x t o f C o m m i s s i o n a c t i o n . 63 a Arts, ��Figure 14 The 1966 Plan ��Advisory modifying agencies in C o u n c i l on H i s t o r i c P r e s e r v a t i o n , s e v e r a l s u g g e s t i o n s f o r d e t a i l s o f t h o s e p r e l i m i n a r y p l a n s w e r e made by t h o s e a n d by r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f c i t i z e n g r o u p s who the review process. participated The p r e s e n t p r o j e c t f o r t h e r e h a b i l i t a t i o n of t h e M a l l i s t h e r e s u l t o f t h i s review process. F i g u r e 15 shows t h e 1976 D e v e l o p m e n t P l a n f o r t h e N a t i o n a l M a l l , a s p r e p a r e d i n 1973. Suggestions and r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f r o m c i t i z e n s and r e p r e s e n - t a t i v e s o f o r g a n i z a t i o n s were i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t h e f i n a l a p p r o v e d by t h e C o m m i s s i o n on May 3 0 , 1 9 7 4 . plans D e s i g n c h a n g e s and alterations include the following: 1. The r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s t o r e t a i n t h e e x i s t i n g n o r t h o f Madison and south 2. sidewalks o f J e f f e r s o n D r i v e s was a p p r o v e d . The r e c o m m e n d a t i o n t o c o n s t r u c t w a l k s w i t h a h a r d f a c e , s u i t a b l e f o r b i c y c l e s , w h e e l c h a i r s , a n d baby sur- carriages, was a d o p t e d . 3. The r e c o m m e n d a t i o n t o e l i m i n a t e t h e p r o p o s e d row o f t r e e s a l o n g fifth t h e i n s i d e edge o f t h e t r e e p a n e l s was approved. 4. for fast 5. The r e c o m m e n d a t i o n t o r e s t o r e t o t h e p r o j e c t facilities f o o d s e r v i c e was a d o p t e d . The r e c o m m e n d a t i o n t o c o n s t r u c t a d d i t i o n a l c o m f o r t s t a t i o n s was n o t a p p r o v e d when f u r t h e r s t u d y indicated facilities u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n i n M a l l museums w o u l d be a d e q u a t e f o r e x p e c t e d increases i n v i s i t a t i o n . 6. The d e c i s i o n t o e l i m i n a t e t h e f i f t h 67 row o f t r e e s f r o m ��Figure 15 The 1976 D e v e l o p m e n t Plan ��the p r o j e c t r e q u i r e d redesign of the p e d e s t r i a n circulation system to include the four l o n g i t u d i n a l walks. 7. The r e c o m m e n d a t i o n t o r e c o n s t r u c t M a d i s o n and J e f f e r s o n D r i v e s f o r T o u r m o b i l e s , emergency v e h i c l e s , and f o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e and m a i n t e n a n c e u s e o n l y was n o t a p p r o v e d , and t h e p r o j e c t w o u l d r e t a i n these roadways f o r c i r c u l a t i o n , passenger d r o p o f f , l i m i t e d p a r k i n g when t r a f f i c conditions 71. permit. and ��2.3 Relationship of the Proposal and t o N a t i o n a l and L o c a l Policies Plans 2.3.1 The Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S t u d y o f 19 59 N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g A c t o f 1952 e s t a b l i s h e d t h e National C a p i t a l Planning sibility Commission, charged w i t h t h e respon- of c e n t r a l planning f o r t h e F e d e r a l and D i s t r i c t Governments w i t h i n t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Region. also created the National C a p i t a l Regional coordinate the planning metropolitan The of a l l of the l o c a l The same A c t Planning Council to jurisdictions i n the area. initial c o l l a b o r a t i o n o f t h e two p l a n n i n g a three-year study agencies o f t h e r e g i o n a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n problem. was The r e s u l t a n t T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n o f 19 59 recommended t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of a rapid r a i l t r a n s i t system, a network of freeways accommodate e x p r e s s b u s s e r v i c e , a n d t h e e x p a n s i o n parking to o f downtown facilities. The proposed Metro r a p i d r a i l construction. transit s y s t e m i n now u n d e r The p l a n e l e m e n t s do n o t r e q u i r e s p e c i a l coordina- t i o n w i t h the proposed p r o j e c t i n t h a t o n l y minor s t r e e t s a r e involved. 2.3.2 In Year 2000 P o l i c i e s and P l a n s 1961 t h e P l a n n i n g Commission and t h e R e g i o n a l Council t j o i n t l y prepared a P o l i c i e s Plan f o r the Year 2000. This study examined s e v e r a l a l t e r n a t i v e p a t t e r n s o f growth f o r t h e r e g i o n , and p r o p o s e d t h a t most new d e v e l o p m e n t be g u i d e d a l o n g c o r r i d o r s radiating from Washington. One o f t h e p r i m e o b j e c t i v e s recom- 73 �mended f o r W a s h i n g t o n ' s c e n t r a l a r e a was t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e L'Enfant Plan. 2.3.3 1985 C o m p r e h e n s i v e P l a n f o r t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l The o f f i c i a l l y - a d o p t e d 19 85 C o m p r e h e n s i v e P l a n addresses s e v e r a l elements t h a t a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e proposed a c t i o n . National C a p i t a l Planning Commission, i n i t s adopted elements of t h e Comprehensive P l a n dated January a p o l i c y t h a t seeks heart of the c i t y 2 1 , 19 74, stated "that to l i m i t the flow of automobiles i n t o the i s a p r a c t i c a l and r e a l i s t i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n planning...through i t s basic planning The no o t h e r responsibilities..." approach t o a p p r o a c h c a n i t meet The P l a n u n d e r i t s V e h i c u l a r P a r k i n g g u i d e l i n e s a l s o recommends t h a t " f r i n g e parking f o r b u s r i d e r s be e x p a n d e d " a n d t h a t " t h e t o t a l area parking parking s y s t e m be managed t o e n c o u r a g e e q u i l i b r i u m o f space, transit." central congestion-free h i g h w a y s , and h i g h l y utilized The p r o p o s e d p r o j e c t i s i n l i n e w i t h t h e above s t a t e d o b j e c t i v e s and p o l i c i e s . The f o r e r u n n e r to the present Comprehensive P l a n i s t h e unadopted v e r s i o n o f t h e proposed Comprehensive P l a n f o r t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l prepared i n 1967. The P l a n f o c u s e d special attention on t h e monumental c o r e o f downtown W a s h i n g t o n and s p e c i f i c a l l y states the following: Mall should "The f o r m and d i r e c t i o n a l t h r u s t o f t h e be e m p h a s i z e d b y p r o v i d i n g g r e a t e r d e f i n i t i o n t o i t s n o r t h and s o u t h edges." Removal o f t h e i n t e r i o r roadways and t h e t r e e p l a n t i n g a s p r o p o s e d i n t h e M a l l R e h a b i l i t a t i o n p r o j e c t i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h i s recommendation. The P l a n a l s o �s t a t e s t h a t "While the f u n c t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the C a p i t o l and W h i t e House g r o u n d s , t h e museum a r e a s o f t h e M a l l . . . a n d other m a j o r components o f t h e Monumental C o r e a r e f i r m l y and a p p r o p r i a t e l y f i x e d , the c i t y r e c r e a t i o n f u n c t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y of the M a l l and a d j a c e n t p a r k - r i v e r a r e a s , needs g r e a t e r emphasis... F a c i l i t i e s such as r e f r e s h m e n t souvenir stands and i n f o r m a t i o n k i o s k s , r e s t a u r a n t s and subordinate t o m a i n C o r e f u n c t i o n s s h o u l d be vided at appropriate locations, with r e s t r a i n t , o f b u i l d i n g s and under t r e e s along the paths i n the pro- vicinity o f movement." S e v e r a l c o m m i t t e e s o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Comm i s s i o n , n a m e l y t h e F e d e r a l P l a n n i n g and t h e P a r k , R e c r e a t i o n and C o m m i t t e e on L a n d m a r k s P r o j e c t s Committee; Open S p a c e C o m m i t t e e ; and (NCPC and been i n v o l v e d i n the d e s i g n and the Joint Commission o f F i n e A r t s ) have review process. Recommendations o f NCPC h a v e p e r i o d i c a l l y b e e n made t o t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e concerning such d e s i g n e l e m e n t s as placement of t r e e s , use d e c o r a t i v e p a v e m e n t , l o c a t i o n and type of v i s i t o r design of l i g h t i n g systems, The May, 1974, etc. approved the f i n a l of services, P l a n n i n g Commission, i n s i t e development p l a n f o r the Mall Rehabilitation. 2.3.4 B i c e n t e n n i a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study f o r the Capital National Area I n December, 1 9 7 3 , t h e U. S. D e p a r t m e n t o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n i s s u e d the B i c e n t e n n i a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study f o r the N a t i o n a l area. t o be The s t u d y p r o j e c t e d t h e number o f o u t - o f - t o w n expected, visitors b a s e d upon e x i s t i n g t o u r i s t l e v e l s and 75 Capital announced �p l a n s f o r commemorative e v e n t s . for t r a n s i t and 1976, and other The s t u d y e s t i m a t e d t h e demand f o r m s o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n by v i s i t o r s i n recommended t h e t y p e and amount o f t r a n s i t and other t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i m p r o v e m e n t s w h i c h s h o u l d be d e v e l o p e d t o meet t h a t demand. The B i c e n t e n n i a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study s p e c i f i c a l l y on t h e M a l l a r e a , s i n c e t h i s a r e a i s e x p e c t e d 70% o f v i s i t i n g s i g h t s e e r s , o r an e s t i m a t e d day. to a t t r a c t about 140,000 p e o p l e A f r i n g e p a r k i n g / s h u t t l e s e r v i c e i s proposed as t h e p o s s i b l e system visitors. such focuses a The capable per only o f accommodating t h i s v o l u m e o f M a l l s t u d y recommends t h a t p l a n s be made t o implement service. One of the p r o v i s i o n s of the proposed a c t i o n i s the estab- l i s h m e n t o f a f r i n g e p a r k i n g l o t a t R o b e r t F. Kennedy S t a d i u m and a s h u t t l e s e r v i c e to the M a l l . I f implemented, the proposed NCP p r o j e c t c o u l d s e r v e a s a f o r e r u n n e r and for t h e more e x t e n s i v e f r i n g e p a r k i n g s y s t e m demonstration project proposed f o r the 1976 B i c e n t e n n i a l . 2.3.5 A c t i o n Plan f o r the B i c e n t e n n i a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Program f o r the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Area B a s e d on t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s o f t h e B i c e n t e n n i a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S t u d y f o r t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l A r e a , an a c t i o n p l a n b e e n p r o p o s e d by t h e U.S. has Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , w i t h the a s s i s t a n c e of the American R e v o l u t i o n B i c e n t e n n i a l Administration The and the Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Area Transit Authority. a c t i o n p l a n c a l l s f o r the implementation 76 of the major �t r a n s p o r t a t i o n p r o g r a m s s e t f o r t h by tion the B i c e n t e n n i a l Transporta- Study. The b a s i c elements of the proposal - a f r i n g e parking t o t h e M a l l , and are: l o t system w i t h express service - a s p e c i a l bus s e r v i c e p r o g r a m t o t h e m a j o r h o t e l / motel concentrations w i t h i n the metropolitan area, s e r v i n g 17 m a j o r r a d i a l r o u t e s . A funding r e q u e s t of $10 Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n The t h e n be i n operation includes National National Visitor S t r e e t , N.E., f u n d e d a s now The of the The A m t r a k and was c h o s e n on location. construction and that s i t e , the operational by conas garage. J u n e , 19 76, with Metro buses. as a v i s i t o r o r i e n t v i s i t o r s to the C a p i t a l C i t y . the b a s i s of t r a n s p o r t a t i o n access When c o m p l e t e d , t h e C e n t e r w i l l be 50,000 p e r s o n s p e r First to serve 1,200-car p a r k i n g purpose of the Center i s t o s e r v e t o welcome and proposed. e x i s t i n g Union S t a t i o n a t i n t e r m o d a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n hub s e r v i c e by Transporta- f a c i n g t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s C a p i t o l , and C e n t e r i s e x p e c t e d t o be year, Center s t r u c t i o n o f an a d d i t i o n a l b u i l d i n g on an the f o r l e s s t h a n one V i s i t o r Center p r e s e n t l y under the conversion the budget. t a k e n over as p a r t of the B i c e n t e n n i a l 2.3.6 in s e r v i c e t h a t i s a p a r t of t i o n P l a n , s h o u l d t h a t p l a n be The been i n c l u d e d F i s c a l Y e a r 1976 p r o p o s e d s h u t t l e bus p r o p o s e d a c t i o n w o u l d be and m i l l i o n has day. The new The and able gateway site strategic t o accommodate s t r u c t u r e i s designed for 77 future �additions to the parking f a c i l i t y , bus s t a t i o n , a Metro r a p i d r a i l and w i l l c o n t a i n an connection, a r a i l r o a d intercity station, and e v e n t u a l l y a h e l i p o r t . The C e n t e r w i l l be s e r v e d by t h e T o u r m o b i l e a s by M e t r o buses'. encourage v i s i t o r s upon a r r i v a l 2.3.7 i n the The system as well T h i s i n t e r m o d a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n emphasis t o u s e means o f t r a v e l o t h e r t h a n t h e i r will cars city. F e s t i v a l of American Folklife T h i s a c t i v i t y h a s b e e n an a n n u a l e v e n t i n West Potomac P a r k s i n c e 1973, and and i s jointly the Smithsonian sponsored Institution. The by t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k Service f e s t i v a l c e l e b r a t e s American f o l k h i s t o r y , a r t s , and c r a f t s w i t h v a r i e d e x h i b i t i o n s and per- formances. during The festival t h e l a s t week o f J u n e and t y p i c a l l y r u n s f o r about t e n days early July. Peak v i s i t a t i o n o f 50,000- 70,000 p e o p l e e a c h day Approximately 800,000 a t t e n d e d t h e 1974 I n 1974, o c c u r s on t h e two w e e k e n d s o f t h e f r i n g e p a r k i n g was festival. provided e x p e r i m e n t a l l y a t the P e n t a g o n p a r k i n g l o t on w e e k e n d s w i t h a s h u t t l e bus the f e s t i v a l . The 19 74 o p e r a t i o n was f e l t t o be t o and successful as a r e s u l t , N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Parks plans to provide the d u r i n g t h e 19 75 festival. festival. 78 from and shuttle �2.4 S o c i a l , C u l t u r a l and Economic Environment 2.4.1 L a n d Use and Demographic Character Setting: Uses and Ownerships. The M a l l i s a n a t i o n a l open s p a c e . Responsibility, f o r administration i s assigned of t h e I n t e r i o r through t h e N a t i o n a l o f f i c e , National Capital Parks. The National Mall and G a l l e r y o f A r t and t h e S m i t h s o n i a n Institution. Federal Triangle contains major a t t r a c t i o n s such as t h e F e d e r a l Bureau o f I n v e s t i g a t i o n Archives. Street i s L'Enfant t i o n and a c c e s s The c o n s u l t a t i o n a n d and c o o r d i n - i s t h e s e t t i n g f o r s e v e r a l museums s u c h a s t h e the National renewal regarding agencies. In addition, the adjacent visitor Park S e r v i c e s ' r e g i o n a l However, p o l i c y d e c i s i o n s i t s . d e s i g n and development r e q u i r e a t i o n by s e v e r a l o t h e r to the Secretary To t h e s o u t h o f t h e M a l l a t T e n t h Plaza, providing b o t h a new v i s i t o r attrac- between t h e M a l l and t h e southwest W a t e r f r o n t area. o r i g i n a l Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n s t r u c t u r e , or the "Smithsonian Castle," stands on I n d e p e n d e n c e Avenue a t t h e c u r v e i n J e f f e r s o n D r i v e between N i n t h and T w e l f t h S t r e e t s , and i s f l a n k e d b y t h e F r e e r G a l l e r y t o t h e w e s t , and t h e o l d A r t s and I n d u s t r i e s B u i l d i n g and t h e H i r s h h o r n G a l l e r y and S c u l p t u r e Garden to the east. D i r e c t l y o p p o s i t e t h e C a s t l e i s l o c a t e d t h e Museum o f Natural and H i s t o r y and, t o t h e west o f i t , Technology. 79 t h e Museum o f H i s t o r y �The N a t i o n a l A i r and S p a c e Museum, now u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n b e t w e e n S e v e n t h and F o u r t h S t r e e t s , completes t h e Smithsonian " f a m i l y " o f museums a n d e d u c a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s w h i c h p a r a l l e l t h e M a l l on e i t h e r s i d e . The remaining s t r u c t u r e s on t h i s section of the Mall are t h e A g r i c u l t u r a l A d m i n i s t r a t i o n B u i l d i n g a t J e f f e r s o n D r i v e and J e f f e r s o n S t r e e t and t h e N a t i o n a l G a l l e r y o f A r t b e t w e e n S e v e n t h and Fourth Street. The N a t i o n a l G a l l e r y ' s e a s t e x t e n s i o n i s under construction. To t h e s o u t h i s an i n t e n s i v e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f F e d e r a l b u i l d i n g s housing t h e Departments o f H e a l t h , Education office and W e l f a r e ; H o u s i n g and U r b a n D e v e l o p m e n t ; T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ; and A g r i c u l t u r e . Across C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue i s an e q u a l l y i n t e n s e c e n t e r o f f e d e r a l o f f i c e s a l l housed i n t h e F e d e r a l T r i a n g l e , i n c l u d i n g t h e D e p a r t m e n t s o f Commerce, L a b o r , and J u s t i c e , t h e I n t e r n a l Revenue v i c e , and t h e P o s t O f f i c e . Ser- The F e d e r a l T r i a n g l e i s s u r r o u n d e d by both c u l t u r a l and m a j o r o f f i c e l a n d u s e a c t i v i t i e s and r e p r e s e n t s t h e h i g h e s t i n t e n s i t y o f l o c a l d a i l y u s e by v i s i t o r s and e m p l o y e e s . The Smithsonian tinuous s t r u c t u r e s i n t h e n a t i o n a l M a l l r e p r e s e n t a con- s e q u e n c e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n commencing w i t h t h e S m i t h s o n i a n C a s t l e , begun i n 1847 and c u r r e n t l y r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e e x t e n s i o n o f t h e G a l l e r y o f A r t a n d t h e A i r a n d S p a c e Museum now u n d e r construction. The 1985 p r o p o s e d C o m p r e h e n s i v e P l a n recommended t h a t , w h i l e t h e f u n c t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e components o f t h e Monumental C o r e , i n c l u d i n g t h e museum a r e a s o f t h e M a l l , a r e f r e q u e n t l y a n d appropriately fixed, the city recreation function, particularly 80 �o f t h e M a l l a r e a and a d j a c e n t p a r k - r i v e r a r e a s , n e e d s g r e a t e r emphasis. I t was s u g g e s t e d t h a t " t h i s may be p a r t i a l l y through extending galleries tions, t h e indoor educational (exhibits, demonstra- l e c t u r e s , concerts, etc.) t h a t e n t e r t a i n as w e l l as inform." mates o f t o t a l v i s i t a t i o n were prepared study estimated a v e r a g e s t a y i s 2.7 d a y s , The Overnight visitors visitors' estimated t o t a l of approxi- (See Table 1 ) . Gladstone A s s o c i a t e s study an e v a l u a t i o n o f v i s i t o r sources t h a t a t o t a l o f 7.4 m i l l i o n g i v i n g an estimated m a t e l y 22 m i l l i o n v i s i t o r d a y s area On t h e b a s i s o f l i m i t e d a n d b e t w e e n 1.5 a n d 3.0 m i l l i o n same-day a r r i v e d i n Washington i n 1974. e s t i m a t e s w e r e b a s e d on i n f o r m a t i o n from a v a r i e t y o f e x i s t i n g a n d an up t o d a t e and c o m p r e h e n s i v e i n v e n t o r y o f commer- accommodations. No d i r e c t m e a s u r e m e n t s o f p e o p l e traveling t o t h e a r e a a r e a v a i l a b l e and sample s u r v e y s o f v i s i t o r s been i n f r e q u e n t . as an o r d e r studies. esti- ( V i s i t o r s and T h e i r C o n t r i - t o t h e W a s h i n g t o n Economy, 1 9 7 4 ) . overnight The most r e c e n t i n t h e Washington m e t r o p o l i t a n by G l a d s t o n e A s s o c i a t e s available data, t h i s cial f u n c t i o n o f museums and i n t o outdoor r e c r e a t i o n s i t u a t i o n s E x i s t i n g V i s i t a t i o n and P a s t T r e n d s . bution achieved However, t h e e s t i m a t e s a p p e a r t o be a d e q u a t e o f magnitude measure f o r comparison w i t h The e s t i m a t e s , h o w e v e r , a r e s u b s t a n t i a l l y t h e p r o j e c t i o n s t o 1976 made by W i l b u r have earlier lower than Smith & A s s o c i a t e s ( B i c e n t e n n i a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study f o r t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Area, 1973). 31 �TABLE 1 TRENDS IN ESTIMATED OVERNIGHT VISITORS WASHINGTON METROPOLITAN AREA Year E s t i m a t e d Number o f Overnight Visitors (millions) 1960 5.6 6.1 1971 7.4 3 1 1967 Average Stay (days) Sources: 1960-1974 Estimated Overnight (millions 2.7 15.1 2 2.7 16.5 3 2.7 V i s i t o r Days o f Visitors of days) 20.0 1. S t a n f o r d R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e , V i s i t o r Study: V i s i t o r Economic Support and F a c i l i t i e s f o r Downtown Washington, D. C. (October, 1 9 6 1 ) . 2. H. Z i n d e r & A s s o c i a t e s , I n c . , The F u t u r e o f Tourism i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, A F i n a n c i a l Approach (December, 1 9 6 7 ) . 3. G l a d s t o n e A s s o c i a t e s , V i s i t o r s and T h e i r C o n t r i t o t h e Washington Economy: 1974, ( F e b r u a r y , 1975) . 82 �T a b l e 1 shows t h a t v i s i t a t i o n a p p e a r s t o h a v e i n c r e a s e d a t a f a s t e r r a t e i n t h e l a t e 1960's and e a r l y 1970's t h a n i t d i d during the early 1960's. Annual v i s i t a t i o n t o t h e Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n on the Mall t o t a l e d 13,809,000 i n 1 9 7 4 . v i s i t s were r e c e i v e d t o t a l o f 15,209,000 by t h e N a t i o n a l (see Table 2 ) . s u r v e y i n 1965 i n d i c a t e d museums p e r d a y . I n addition, buildings 1,400,000 Gallery of Art, giving a A Smithsonian Institution that the average t o u r i s t v i s i t s 2.5 B a s e d on t h a t f i g u r e , t h e r e w e r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 6,080,000 v i s i t o r - d a y s a t t h e museums i n 1 9 7 4 , o r 27.2 p e r c e n t of t o t a l In (45.5 percent of t o u r i s t ) v i s i t o r - d a y s . addition also likely t o t h e museums, some v i s i t o r s t o t h e M a l l a r e t o walk t o other f e a t u r e s . survey indicated The 1965 S m i t h s o n i a n t h a t 74% o f S m i t h s o n i a n v i s i t o r s had v i s i t e d t h e W a s h i n g t o n Monument a n d 6 9 % v i s i t e d t h e C a p i t o l . received 1,436,000 and 1,157,000 v i s i t s i n 1974. These I n addition, some t o u r i s t s on t h e c e n t r a l M a l l may w a l k t o t h e b u i l d i n g s i n the Federal and A q u a r i u m , and t h e A r c h i v e s . The 70% Triangle, notably the Federal Bicentennial Transportation Bureau o f I n v e s t i g a t i o n , S t u d y e s t i m a t e d t h a t some o f t o u r i s t s w o u l d be " M a l l - o r i e n t e d " i n 1976. V i s i t a t i o n a t t h e W a s h i n g t o n , L i n c o l n , and J e f f e r s o n monuments added o n l y 83 �TABLE 2 TRENDS I N V I S I T A T I O N AT MAJOR ATTRACTIONS (millions) I N THE MALL AREA 1962-1974 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 Smithsonian Institution 9.8 9.7 13.8 12.1 12.7 13.8 9.2 12.4 13.4 14.3 15.0 15.0 14.3 National Gallery of A r t 1.2 1.8 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.2 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.6 1.4 Lincoln Memorial 2.7 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.7 3.5 3.5 NA NA NA NA 2.4 2.8 Washington Monument 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.6 NA NA NA NA 1.4 1.4 J e f f e r s o n Memorial 1.3 1.4 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.4 1.1 NA NA NA NA 1.3 1.4 00 Source: Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n National Gallery of A r t National Park Service �another 3% o f v i s i t o r - d a y s (assuming t o be h i g h e r t h a n f o r museums). t h e average The o t h e r m a j o r visits p e r day attractions, t h e C a p i t o l , t h e A r c h i v e s , t h e F B I , and t h e Aquarium a c c o u n t e d for approximately 4.7 more. "Mall-oriented" v i s i t o r s T h i s i n d i c a t e s t h a t many o f t h e s i g h t s e e o n l y i n t h e a r e a a n d do n o t a c t u a l l y v i s i t many o f t h e b u i l d i n g s and monuments. The and general trend i n v i s i t a t i o n a t t h e Smithsonian Institution a t t h e W a s h i n g t o n Monument and t h e L i n c o l n a n d J e f f e r s o n M e m o r i a l s was d r a m a t i c a l l y upward f r o m t h e m i d 1 9 5 0 ' s about 1967. until S i n c e t h a t t i m e , v i s i t a t i o n h a s shown o n l y a g r a d u a l i n c r e a s e , a c c o u n t e d f o r t o some d e g r e e b y t h e o p e n i n g o f new b u i l d i n g s a t the Smithsonian (see Table '3). While fluctuations h a v e o c c u r r e d , t o t a l v i s i t a t i o n showed o n l y an 18 p e r c e n t b e t w e n n 196 5 a n d 1 9 7 4 . percent per year. gradual The i n c r e a s e f o r t h e d e c a d e a v e r a g e d 1.5 A t t h e N a t i o n a l G a l l e r y o f A r t , where a i n c r e a s e i n v i s i t a t i o n t o o k p l a c e f r o m 1960 t h r o u g h 1 9 7 0 , t h e r e h a s been a l e v e l i n g o f f over Projected Visitation. made d u r i n g t h e l a t e lation, the past four years. S t u d i e s o f t o u r i s m i n W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. 1 9 6 0 ' s a n t i c i p a t e d t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n o f popu- economic, and t o u r i s m growth r a t e s e x p e r i e n c e d 1950's and e a r l y 1 9 6 0 ' s and p r o j e c t e d a n a n n u a l to the metropolitan Wilbur increase during the increase i n v i s i t o r s a r e a o f between t h r e e and s i x p e r c e n t p e r y e a r . Smith & A s s o c i a t e s , i n t h e B i c e n t e n n i a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study i n 1973, tourists p r o j e c t e d a n o r m a l l e v e l o f 11,523,000 i n 1976 b a s e d on a n a n n u a l 85 overnight growth r a t e of s i x percent. �TABLE 3 VISITATION AT MAJOR ATTRACTIONS IN THE MALL AREA 1974 Visits FacilitySmithsonian V i s i t o r Days 813,309 Institution A r t s and I n d u s t r i e s 2,069,489 A i r and Space 1,251,864 201,753 Freer H i s t o r y and Technology 5,963,408 Natural 2,858,156 History 642,062 Hirshhorn National 1,400,409 G a l l e r y of A r t The C a p i t o l 1,156,887 Washington Monument 1,436,215 L i n c o l n Memorial 2,827,623 J e f f e r s o n Memorial 1,404,754 The 291,839 Archives 369,881 F e d e r a l Bureau o f I n v e s t i g a t i o n Aquarium (Department o f Commerce) 23,462,649 TOTAL 1. 775,000 Estimate 2. V i s i t s d i v i d e d by 2.5 86 9,385,060 2 �O v e r and above t h i s annual B i c e n t e n n i a l , although i n c r e a s e i t was n o t on t h e s c a l e o f t h e h e a v y and v i s i t a t i o n to a world's f a i r , would a t t r a c t another n o r m a l o v e r n i g h t , same-day and and convention 1976, visitors. may 1975, 41 there i s reason be v e r y h i g h . of This visitors i n a d d i t i o n t o some 10 m i l l i o n s t a y o f two by o v e r n i g h t t o u r i s t s , t o t a l t o u r i s t v i s i t o r - d a y s In 40 p e r c e n t 25 million tourist A s s u m i n g an a v e r a g e projected a t approximately sustained resident tourist v i s i t s . would g i v e a t o t a l of approximately to the C a p i t a l d u r i n g a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t the business days i n 19 76 w e r e million. to think t h a t these p r o j e c t i o n s As d i s c u s s e d a b o v e , v i s i t a t i o n r e c o r d s f o r v i s i t o r a t t r a c t i o n s i n the M a l l area i n d i c a t e s a l e v e l i n g o f f from a p p r o x i m a t e l y visitation 19 68 and suggests t h e most r e c e n t e s t i m a t e of total a much l o w e r g r o w t h r a t e t h a n t h a t upon w h i c h the B i c e n t e n n i a l p r o j e c t i o n s are based. Economic c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e e a r l y 1 9 7 0 ' s may a c c o u n t f o r much o f t h e l e v e l i n g o f f o r declining visitation figures. P r e v i o u s s t u d i e s have concluded t h a t n o r m a l t r e n d s i n v i s i t o r s t o t h e museums a r e c l o s e l y t o g e n e r a l e c o n o m i c s and N a t i o n a l A i r and tourist trends. The Impact Study of S p a c e Museum on T r a f f i c C o n g e s t i o n , B a r t o n - A s c h m a n A s s o c i a t e s , I n c . , 1972, prepared at and any t o r e s u l t i n more v i s i t o r s g i v e n t i m e w o u l d be m a i n l y the by a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t the combined a t t r a c t i o n power o f t h e e n t i r e M a l l a r e a c o m p l e x continue tied will e a c h y e a r b u t t h a t t h e demand d e p e n d e n t upon p o p u l a t i o n economic c o n d i t i o n s . 87 trends �High l e v e l s o f unemployment and l i m i t e d i n c o m e s c a n be a n t i c i p a t e d t o l a s t t h r o u g h ing propensity to t r a v e l . counts Smithsonian f o r J a n u a r y and F e b r u a r y discretionary most o f 1 9 7 5 , dampen- Institution visitor 19 75 a r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y higher t h a n f o r t h e same months i n 19 74 when t h e s u p p l y o f g a s o l i n e was r e s t r i c t e d tional a t t h e h e i g h t o f t h e " e n e r g y s c a r e " and r e c r e a - automobile t r a v e l was s e v e r e l y r e d u c e d . Washington Center f o r Metropolitan Studies However, t h e (The C o l o n i a l C o r r i d o r T r a v e l I m p l i c a t i o n s f o r t h e B i c e n t e n n i a l E r a , 1974) warned t h a t the shortage o f g a s o l i n e a n d t h e s t a t e o f t h e U.S. and w o r l d economy c o u l d r e s u l t and expenditure i n downward a d j u s t m e n t s trips i n 19 76. For purposes o f e s t i m a t i n g normal l e v e l s 1975, i n travel of tourism i n 1976 a n d b e y o n d , i t d o e s n o t seem r e a s o n a b l e more t h a n t h e r e c e n t a v e r a g e to anticipate museum a n d m o t e l o c c u p a n c y i n c r e a s e s o f 1.5 a n d 3.0 p e r c e n t a y e a r . The v i s i t a t i o n r a t e may i n c r e a s e s h a r p l y w i t h t h e o p e n i n g o f new f a c i l i t i e s , n o t a b l y t h e N a t i o n a l Air a n d S p a c e Museum, b u t , i n k e e p i n g w i t h p a s t e x p e r i e n c e , c a n be expected The to stabilize again. I m p a c t A s s e s s m e n t f o r t h e N a t i o n a l A i r a n d S p a c e Museum a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t t h e new b u i l d i n g w o u l d i n c r e a s e t o t a l to t h e M a l l a r e a by i n c r e a s i n g t h e v i s i t a t i o n by r e s i d e n t s o f t h e Metropolitan area. to visitation These v i s i t s a r e , f o r t h e most p a r t , o r i e n t e d the off-peak periods of the year. o p e n i n g o f new f a c i l i t i e s w i l l I t i s not expected i n c r e a s e v i s i t a t i o n by 38 that the tourists �\ from o u t s i d e o f t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a , s i n c e t h e t o t a l to the Smithsonian facilities visitation i s more c l o s e l y t i e d t o t h e n a t i o n a l r e p u t a t i o n o f t h e I n s t i t u t i o n than t h e s i z e and q u a l i t y o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l b u i l d i n g s housing Visitor Characteristics. the exhibits. The e s t i m a t e d b r e a k d o w n o f v i s i t o r s t o W a s h i n g t o n b y t y p e and p u r p o s e o f s t a y a n d o r i g i n and mode o f t r i p i s shown i n T a b l e 4, t a k e n f r o m t h e B i c e n t e n n i a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study. The p r i n c i p a l s o u r c e o f c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e d a t a on t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f v i s i t o r s t o t h e museums on t h e N a t i o n a l M a l l i s p r o v i d e d by a s u r v e y conducted by t h e Smithsonian Institu- t i o n i n 1968-69 o f v i s i t o r s t o t h e N a t i o n a l Museum o f N a t u r a l H i s t o r y a n d t h e N a t i o n a l Museum o f H i s t o r y a n d T e c h n o l o g y i s deemed this which s u f f i c i e n t l y c l o s e t o c u r r e n t p a t t e r n s t o be o f u s e i n study. The survey indicated that the Smithsonian complex p r i m a r i l y s e r v i c e s t h e out-of-town of t h e respondents who l i v e d District. Institution v i s i t o r , a s 74 p e r c e n t d i d n o t l i v e i n t h e Washington a r e a . i n t h e W a s h i n g t o n a r e a , o n l y 25 p e r c e n t l i v e d i n t h e The l a r g e s t g r o u p o f o u t - o f - t o w n visitors, came f r o m t h e N o r t h e a s t U.S. a n d a s i m i l a r number the south. Of t h o s e 31 p e r c e n t , ( 2 8 % ) came from The s u r v e y a l s o i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e Museum v i s i t o r s a l s o u t i l i z e d t h e i r t r i p t o Washington t o v i s i t i t s monuments, s i n c e 74 p e r c e n t o f r e s p o n d e n t s had v i s i t e d t h e W a s h i n g t o n Monument a n d 69 p e r c e n t h a d v i s i t e d the Capitol. F o r 37 p e r c e n t o f t h e o u t - o f - t o w n respondents, i t was t h e i r f i r s t t r i p t o W a s h i n g t o n , i n d i c a t i n g t h a t museum v i s i t i n g 89 i s high �TABLE 4 VISITOR TRAVEL CHARACTERISTICS A. Approximate .Percent o f V i s i t o r s by Type and Purpose o f V i s i t Tourist 70.9 10.6 18.5 100.0 Overnight V i s i t o r s Same Day V i s i t o r s Area R e s i d e n t s Total V i s i t o r s B. 100.0 Mode of A r r i v a l by Out-of-Town V i s i t o r s t o Washington Mode Automobile Air Bus, I n c l u d i n g Tour Rail C. Non-Tourist 87.0 13.0 Estimated Percent 70. 0 17. 0 8. 0 5. 0 Buses O r i g i n o f Same Day V i s i t o r s Corridor 1-95 B a l t i m o r e - W a s h i n g t o n #50E/#210/#5 I-95/#lS I-70S #29/#211 #7 #50W/I-66 Parkway - 1976 Percent 50.6 12.5 8.8 2.8 2.7 2.0 " R e s i d i n g w i t h i n 100 m i l e s o f Washington, Source: - 1976 D. C. B i c e n t e n n i a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study f o r t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l A r e a , 1973; W i l b u r Smith & A s s o c i a t e s 90 �on t h e l i s t of Washington's a t t r a c t i o n s . the respondents s p e n t b e t w e e n one w i t h t h e l a r g e s t number v i s i t i n g S i x t y - o n e percent of and two h o u r s i n t h e museum, f o r one h o u r , w i t h t h e t i m e spent i n t h e museum v a r y i n g w i t h t h e r e s p o n d e n t ' s p l a c e o f r e s i d e n c e . Visitors f r o m o u t o f town h a d a h i g h e r t e n d e n c y than those from t h e W a s h i n g t o n a r e a t o s t a y i n t h e museum f o r a l o n g e r t i m e , s i n c e o n l y 46 p e r c e n t o f l o c a l r e s i d e n t s s t a y e d one h o u r and a h a l f more, compared w i t h 62 p e r c e n t o f o u t - o f - t o w n Comparison of monthly memorials visitation or visitors. f i g u r e s f o r the national and t h e S m i t h s o n i a n museums i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e r e i s a n a t u r a l g r o u p i n g o f months i n t e r m s o f l e v e l o f a t t e n d a n c e . S e p t e m b e r t h r o u g h March s t a n d s i n m a r k e d c o n t r a s t t o A p r i l A u g u s t when a b o u t 2/3 of v i s i t o r s of annual v i s i t a t i o n occurs. The majority a r e f r o m o u t s i d e t h e W a s h i n g t o n a r e a and so t h e s c h o o l c a l e n d a r seems t o be p r i n c i p a l d e t e r m i n a n t o f v i s i t o r I n g e n e r a l , S e p t e m b e r t o May weekends. I n J u n e and A u g u s t , W e d n e s d a y s , and patterns. a t t e n d a n c e i s l o w e r on w e e k d a y s t h a n however, t o u r m o b i l e use i s h i g h e r on w e e k d a y s t h a n w e e k e n d s w i t h t h e peak a t t e n d a n c e Tuesdays, Thursdays. D a i l y a t t e n d a n c e t e n d s t o c r e s t a t midday w i t h t h e major p o r t i o n o f t h e a t t e n d a n c e a t a l l s i t e s o c c u r r i n g between 11 and 4 p.m. Attendance may through a.m. Seventy p e r c e n t of v i s i t o r s a r r i v e between those h o u r s . i s relatively low a f t e r 5 p.m. i n c r e a s e b e t w e e n 8 and 9 p.m. e x c e p t i n summer when i t I n w i n t e r t h e r e a p p e a r s t o be somewhat more v a r i a t i o n i n t h e t i m i n g o f t h e p e a k s a t e a c h building. Summer c r o w d s t e n d t o peak a t m o s t b u i l d i n g s b e t w e e n 12 noon and 91 �1 p.m. The s u r v e y found t h a t 78 p e r c e n t o f t h e r e g u l a r v i s i t o r s Who h a d v i s i t e d more t h a n s i x t i m e s ) w e r e f r o m t h e W a s h i n g t o n a r e a and o f t h e s e 72 p e r c e n t w e r e f r o m t h e s u b u r b s . A majority w e r e b e t w e e n 35 a n d 6 4 y e a r s o f age and o n l y f o u r p e r c e n t w e r e over 64, r e f l e c t i n g low usage by t h e e l d e r l y . E i g h t y - t h r e e per- c e n t o f a l l v i s i t o r s h a d a t t e n d e d c o l l e g e , compared w i t h 70 percent f o r a l lv i s i t o r s to the Capitol. The s o c i a l p r o f i l e o f t h e t y p i c a l museum v i s i t o r was d e s c r i b e d by t h e s u r v e y a s " w h i t e , middle-aged, i n t h e upper middle c l a s s a c c o r d i n g t o i n c o m e , w i t h a n above a v e r a g e t i o n ; arid he i s a t t h e S m i t h s o n i a n museums friends or family." f o r enjoyment w i t h F o r t y - o n e p e r c e n t o f t h e i n t e r v i e w e e s were o v e r 35 b u t o n l y 3 p e r c e n t w e r e o v e r 65 Some 62 p e r c e n t came w i t h o t h e r a d u l t s and 30 p e r c e n t w i t h c h i l d r e n one else's) educa- ( t h e i r own o r some- " i n d i c a t i n g t h a t museum-going i s r e g a r d e d as a s o c i a l r a t h e r than a s o l i t a r y occupation" according to the survey's conclusions. O n l y 13 p e r c e n t o f t h o s e i n t e r v i e w e d w e r e p a r t o f o r g a n i z e d groups. However, t h e s e f i g u r e s c o n t a i n some b i a s due t o the o m i s s i o n o f s c h o o l groups i n t h e sampling. O n l y 66 p e r c e n t o f r e s p o n d e n t s i n the Smithsonian t o t h e museum and o f t h e s e h a l f r e p o r t e d d i f f i c u l t y was found drove i n parking. T h e s e v i s i t o r s w e r e assumed t o h a v e b e e n p r e d o m i n a n t l y of-town, survey from o u t - and u n f a m i l i a r w i t h c o n d i t i o n s i n Washington, s i n c e i t t h a t a s i g n i f i c a n t number o f l o c a l r e s i d e n t s (44%) d i d not d r i v e because they were aware o f t h e d i f f i c u l t y o f f i n d i n g a 92 �parking space. s a i d they The survey r e p o r t s t a t e s t h a t "although 'found a s p o t a l l o w e d by 1 they complained of the s h o r t time the p a r k i n g meter. The p a r k i n g were i n v a r i a b l y extremely and suggested s o l u t i o n s such as s h u t t l e bus or underground L a n d Use and f o r the The one concerned about the difficulty problem, ' f r i n g e p a r k i n g , w i t h a museum T h i s s e c t i o n d e s c r i b e s the land uses s h u t t l e r o u t e between the S t a d i u m , t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and r e s i d e n t s , and had period parking." t h e a r e a o f t h e t w o - m i l e bus RFK r e s p o n d e n t s who percent Demographic C h a r a c t e r Along t h e S h u t t l e Route Introduction. and 23 in Mall concerns of the the recommendations of the Comprehensive area's Plan area. a r e a o f i n f l u e n c e i s assumed t o e x t e n d for approximately b l o c k on e i t h e r s i d e o f t h e p r o p o s e d i n - b o u n d r o u t e , C a p i t o l S t r e e t , and the proposed outbound route, Independence Avenue c r e a t i n g a c o r r i d o r b e t w e e n A S t r e e t , N o r t h e a s t S t r e e t , Southeast. Northeast, Because a d i f f e r e n t i s p r o p o s e d by East and C in-bound r o u t e , C S t r e e t , the Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Area Transit Authority f o r i t s s h u t t l e s e r v i c e during the B i c e n t e n n i a l , t h i s is a l s o examined i n order t i o n of t h a t major to provide the s e t t i n g f o r the alternative. E x i s t i n g L a n d Use Along the S h u t t l e Route. development i s predominantly i n the The t h i r d s of a l l s t r u c t u r e s are i n t h i s category, is classified as houses More t h a n two- w h i l e another "semi-detached," according 93 residential f o r m o f s m a l l b r i c k row d e v e l o p e d on a g r i d i r o n p a t t e r n o f s h o r t b l o c k s . percent examina- to the 15 District �of Columbia O f f i c e of Planning a s Medium D e n s i t y , The a r e an and The area u n i f o r m s c a l e , m a t u r e t r e e - l i n e d s t r e e t s and e a r l i e r elegance. the proposed Comprehensive P l a n much o f t h e a r e a as b l i g h t e d i n c l u d i n g the stantial f o r the N a t i o n a l and listed net acre. formal I n 1967, Capital however, described l a r g e amount o f l a n d d e v o t e d t o s t r e e t s , t h e p l a y g r o u n d s , and the squares, i t s p h y s i c a l problems l e v e l of substandard housing, the and i s developed a v e r a g i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y 30 u n i t s p e r i n d i c a t i o n of the a r e a ' s parks, Management. inadequacy of s c a t t e r e d p a t t e r n of as subschools, commercial facilities. As i n d i c a t e d below i s t i c s ) , the by the 16. the The been reduced c e n t r a l portions l a n d u s e s a r e shown i n g e n e r a l i z e d major n o n - r e s i d e n t i a l uses i n the United S t a t e s C a p i t o l , the of the form i n shuttle corridor E a s t of Second S t r e e t , I n d e p e n d e n c e Avenue i s t h e o n l y m a j o r e x i s t i n g A t t h e w e s t e r n end R o b e r t F. Jail, of the route, Kennedy S t a d i u m , t h e N a t i o n a l t h e D.C. G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l and Figure 16 public i n s t i t u t i o n a l uses i n the and non-residential the major f e a t u r e s are Guard Armory, the E a s t e r n J u n i o r High the District School. a l s o i n d i c a t e s a number o f o t h e r s m a l l e r p r i v a t e c o r r i d o r , i n c l u d i n g t h e D, 94 are the L i b r a r y o f C o n g r e s s Annex b e t w e e n E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t use. area. Figure Supreme C o u r t B u i l d i n g , and L i b r a r y o f C o n g r e s s a t t h e w e s t e r n end. the Character- p r i v a t e r e s t o r a t i o n movement w h i c h i s c u r r e n t l y t h r o u g h o u t t h e w e s t e r n and Existing Housing p e r c e n t a g e of s u b s t a n d a r d houses has extensive continuing ( u n d e r Demographic and and C. �o o o U, CL - I¡ N co CL - = 5o qt lq¡ o o o. o - t + o x = -F -a F} U, CL 3 ct o o Ê -l ¿ m = CL 4,4f [t-ê (rtl 5 O G\ir' '- @N=_, L-------J l--J @ã3 36@ L-ui- @=" æ (o) q5 =o 9L- õ-= co ãEE =cL +q -.oÉ. cto ooct, *Ë ãE I ã' .:' 3 N= .:.:.:.iËllÏ\rl -.-.-._ i.t¡t¡l: .... |FFF.'.'.-. i.þl:.ï, lo (o o ã ñ#sä. = 8q=t iËo !o5;i EË.{ R 55ed I o c I ;i + '\ ii, *À \. r1 .{.) \ t " ' ...1, * l*,.... J".: .*Lr;5 ¡i\..:.¡ -T..Í:,;,,.." '-/i i...... i....t i...i i::: i I '\.J I �F i g u r e 16 Key t o G e n e r a l i z e d L a n d Use Map 1. Museum o f H i s t o r y and T e c h n o l o g y 2. Museum o f N a t u r a l 3. National 4. National 5. Smithsonian 6. H i r s h h o r n Museum 7. National 8. Federal 9. U.S. C a p i t o l History Archives Gallery of A r t Institution A i r a n d S p a c e Museum Bureau of I n v e s t i g a t i o n Building 10. U.S. B o t a n i c a l 11. National 12. L i b r a r y o f Congress 13. Peabody P u b l i c 14. Stanton 15. St. 16. D.C. 17. Rogers Memorial 18. Edmunds P u b l i c 19. Maury P u b l i c 20. Lincoln 21. Thomas D. B r y a n P u b l i c 22. Holy Comforter 23. E l i o t and E a s t e r n J u n i o r High Schools 24. St. School and Convent 25. R o b e r t F . Kennedy 26. D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Armory 27. D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Jail 28. D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Hospital Gardens V i s i t o r Center (Union Station) School Square Cecilia's Academy Natatorium Hospital School School Park School S c h o o l and Convent B e n e d i c t t h e Moor C h u r c h , Stadium 97 ��N a t a t o r i u m on N o r t h C a r o l i n a Avenue and C S t r e e t s , S.E., vate Bryan P u b l i c School schools on E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t and two prion Independence Avenue. The a r e a which under t h i s p r o p o s a l would s e r v e as a f r i n g e parking l o t i s p r e s e n t l y p a r t o f an e x i s t i n g 4 5 - a c r e , 8,500 s p a c e parking l o t s e r v i n g t h e RFK j u r i s d i c t i o n of the t h a t was reclaimed Secretary by t h e U. R e c l a m a t i o n Program." management o f t h e D. D. C. Armory. Stadium. The The C. of the The and S. a s p a r t o f t h e S t a d i u m and parking u s e d i n 1974 on an a v e r a g e capacity of the the e a s t by t h e w e s t by the approach to the f e n c e d , l i g h t e d , has tree-planted D.C. East Capitol S t r e e t Bridge. an i m p e r v i o u s s u r f a c e , and around the of the on t h e The Anacostia north used as the i s connected to i s interspersed staging area, l o t number u n d e r p a s s u n d e r I n d e p e n d e n c e Avenue w h e r e i t stadium. 99 by lot is islands. a r e a known a s l o t 5, t o be a pedestrian curves for i s t r i a n g u l a r i n shape, G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l , and t o t h e n o r t h w e s t o f l o t 8 and 8 by of a r e a known a s l o t 8 i s 2,400 c a r s . Kingman L a k e , an arm is the evenings. b e i n g bounded on The the E v e n t s w e r e u s u a l l y s c h e d u l e d f o r weekend a f t e r n o o n s S t a d i u m and with Flats l o t a r e under occasionally the land "Anacostia T h i s s e c t i o n i s south of the R i v e r , on i s on Armory B o a r d w h i c h a l s o a d m i n i s t e r s S t a d i u m was Monday o r F r i d a y The l o t i s under I n t e r i o r , and f i v e d a y s p e r month f o r s p o r t s e v e n t s and concerts. parking �The D.C. Armory i s c l o s e t o t h e p a r k i n g the proposed s t a g i n g a r e a . m a j o r e x h i b i t s , s h o w s , and The events sports events and D.C. i s a v a i l a b l e and Most parking Some i s provided i n of E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t . b u i l d i n g s to the parking government. d i f f e r e n t a g e s on o f two l o t , i s a general adjacent public h o s p i t a l operated I t i s a l a r g e complex of b u i l d i n g s a 50-acre s i t e . Avenue t o G S t r e e t , The the d a y s p e r month. overflow General H o s p i t a l , the n e a r e s t t h e D.C. i s open t o occur or continue i n t o the evening hours. on-site parking the a r e a north to Armory i s u s e d p r i m a r i l y f o r p u b l i c an a v e r a g e o f a b o u t t e n t o t w e l v e of these l o t adjacent by of T h i s e x t e n d s from Independence S.E. back of the h o s p i t a l f a c e s the proposed f r i n g e parking a r e a , t h e complex b e i n g g e n e r a l l y o r i e n t e d towards 19th Street, S.E. Development P l a n s and Proposals. P l a n recommended m a i n t e n a n c e o f t h e r e s i d e n t i a l development p a t t e r n per net acre), strict t h e C a p i t o l , and The area's ( b e t w e e n 20 l i m i a t i o n on 19 85 p r o p o s e d C o m p r e h e n s i v e e x i s t i n g medium d e n s i t y and p r e s e r v a t i o n of the f i n e - g r a i n t e x t u r e and height, d e n s i t y , and narrow Plan c h a r a c t e r of r e s i d e n t i a l development - t y p e - s h o u l d be r e l a t e d to the a c c e s s i b i l i t y , geographic s e t t i n g , h i s t o r i c context, p a t t e r n o f e a c h a r e a and, people r e s i d i n g i n the of This intention i s i n the b a s i c p o l i c y of the adopted Comprehensive which s t a t e s t h a t "the units employment e x p a n s i o n e a s t s t r e e t s of the western s e c t i o n i n p a r t i c u l a r . expressed 60 d w e l l i n g most i m p o r t a n t l y , city. While higher 100 relative and existing t o the needs of d e n s i t i e s are the appropriate �at uptown c e n t e r and h i g h l y a c c e s s i b l e l o c a t i o n s , low t o m o d e r a t e d e n s i t i e s should be t h e p r e v a i l i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s the r e s i d e n t i a l s e c t i o n s . " that higher The p r o p o s e d p l a n d e n s i t y apartments should d i d , however, suggest be a l l o w e d h o u s e s a t g a t e w a y p o i n t s and a c t i v i t y c e n t e r s . f o r most o f to replace low I n the eastern s e c t i o n more g e n e r o u s s t r e e t p l a n t i n g s a n d , i n some c a s e s , r e d u c e d pavement w i d t h w e r e recommended i n k e e p i n g w i t h t h e h i s t o r i c and r e s i d e n t i a l c h a r a c t e r t o be New preserved. development under c o n s i d e r a t i o n or proposed f o r t h e a r e a i s a l m o s t e x c l u s i v e l y a t t h e e a s t e r n end o f t h e c o r r i d o r . A new w i n g o f t h e D.C. H o s p i t a l i s under c o n s t r u c t i o n t o t h e south o f t h e e x i s t i n g c o m p l e x and t h e S t a d i u m / A r m o r y M e t r o s t a t i o n i s a l s o under c o n s t r u c t i o n a t Nineteenth S t r e e t . M e t r o s t a t i o n may in e v e n t u a l l y lead to the i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n of uses t h e immediate v i c i n i t y . Construction I s l a n d development i n the A n a c o s t i a upon a c c e s s from t h e Metro s t a t i o n . park development along as a convenient I n the longer range, f u r t h e r and require r e - parking. and H o u s i n g C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . Originally built and f a s h i o n a b l e r e s i d e n t i a l s e c t i o n h o u s i n g members o f Congress and F e d e r a l employees, t h e a r e a has f o l l o w e d City-wide p a t t e r n o f demographic change. and 1 9 6 0 ' s and much o f t h e a r e a ' s h o u s i n g s t o c k during t h e 1950's subsequently R e s t o r a t i o n o f rowhouses began i n t h e mid 101 the broad Many o f t h e r e s i d e n t s moved o u t o f W a s h i n g t o n t o s u b u r b a n r e s i d e n c e s deteriorated. Children's R i v e r w i l l be h e a v i l y d e p e n d e n t p a s t t h e RFK S t a d i u m w i l l of l o c a l c i r c u l a t i o n routes Demographic of t h e proposed t h e r i v e r and t h e p o s s i b l e e x t e n s i o n o f t h e east l e g of the Innerloop planning Opening o f t h e became 1960's �immediately t o t h e e a s t o f C a p i t o l H i l l w h e r e a c c e s s i b i l i t y was a principal attraction. As p r i c e s i n a l r e a d y r e s t o r e d a r e a s r o s e , t h e r e s t o r a t i o n i n t h e E a s t C a p i t o l a r e a g a i n e d momentum, s o t h a t c u r r e n t l y , much o f t h e a r e a f o r a d e p t h o f s e v e r a l b l o c k s on e i t h e r s i d e of E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t , as f a r as Fourteenth s t a n t i a l l y been The rehabilitated. r e n o v a t i o n movement w h i c h northwards S t r e e t has sub- i s c o n t i n u i n g e a s t w a r d s and and i t s r e l a t e d economics have l e d t o t h e d i s p l a c e m e n t o f many o f t h e a r e a ' s l o w a n d m o d e r a t e income h o u s e h o l d s . These c h a n g e s a n d t h e area'.s h e t e r o g e n e o u s d e m o g r a p h i c c h a r a c t e r a r e partially i n d i c a t e d i n a r e v i e w o f t h e 1970 U.S. C e n s u s d a t a a n d data through 1972 d e v e l o p e d by t h e O f f i c e o f P l a n n i n g and Manage- ment o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a g o v e r n m e n t . The proposed s h u t t l e r o u t e f a l l s w i t h i n Census T r a c t s 66, 67 a n d 6 8 . 1 t o t h e s o u t h o f E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t a n d 8 0 . 2 , 8 1 a n d 82 t o t h e n o r t h (See F i g u r e 1 7 ) . w i t h i n S e r v i c e Area These Census T r a c t s f a l l entirely 5 a s d e f i n e d by t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a O f f i c e o f P l a n n i n g and Management w h i c h p r o v i d e s some more r e c e n t a n a l y s i s i n "The P e o p l e o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a . " However, t h i s S e r v i c e A r e a a l s o i n c l u d e s f o u r t r a c t s a l o n g t h e A n a c o s t i a R i v e r o u t s i d e o f the s h u t t l e c o r r i d o r which percentages of the population lated poverty in exhibit higher i n p o v e r t y and h i g h e r l e v e l s o f r e - i n d i c a t o r s ; t h u s , t h e s e r v i c e a r e a must be a n a l y z e d t e r m s o f both i t s o v e r a l l and s u b u n i t S e r v i c e Area characteristics. 5 e x h i b i t s t y p i c a l c e n t r a l c i t y problems o f p o v e r t y , h i g h l e v e l s o f dependence a n d l i m i t e d e d u c a t i o n , b u t t h e o v e r a l l p i c t u r e c r e a t e d by t h e s e i n d i c a t o r s i s o f a n a r e a w h i c h i s 102 �/3/ '-/ ll ìi :l i.\ ri \ ij g F,i lì År ;,, ¡ I "/ - Rehabilitation Legend ll e. ''tr"¿9rtsåiåtffi:t Envnr@nRnentaI sta{ffi8fit rvrce Census o' zooo' Tracts �considerably l e s s depressed v i c e a r e a s , 6 and 7. t h a n t h e two o t h e r c e n t r a l c i t y ser- T h i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e of the s i x census t r a c t s t h a t c a n be t a k e n a s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e E a s t C a p i t o l Street shuttle corridor. T w e n t y two p e r c e n t o f t h e s e r v i c e a r e a p o p u l a t i o n and 19 p e r c e n t o f t h e c o r r i d o r p o p u l a t i o n were l i v i n g a s i n d i c a t e d by t h e U.S. C e n s u s . the c i t y - w i d e average While i n p o v e r t y i n 1970| t h i s was h i g h e r than o f 17 p e r c e n t , i t was s i g n i f i c a n t l y t h a n t h e 20 p e r c e n t i n S e r v i c e A r e a 6. i n 1970, t h e second h i g h e s t percentage, However, t h e a r e a h a d , almost r e s i d e n t s who h a d n e t c o m p l e t e d h i g h s c h o o l . a r e l a t i v e l y high percentage lower 60 p e r c e n t , o f A t t h e same o f t h e a r e a ' s employed time residents w e r e i n p r o f e s s i o n a l , t e c h n i c a l o r management o c c u p a t i o n s . a r e a ' s r a c i a l makeup was more m i x e d t h a n t h e n e i g h b o r i n g city district central i n 1 9 7 0 , w i t h 84 p e r c e n t o f i t s p o p u l a t i o n These comparisons suggest The rionwhite. t h e heterogeneous c h a r a c t e r o f t h e a r e a and a r e an i n d i c a t o r o f t h e changes t a k i n g p l a c e . t r a n s i t i o n a l n a t u r e becomes c l e a r e r i f t h e c e n s u s t r a c t s the c o r r i d o r a r e examined The census This comprising individually. census d a t a r e c o r d s r a t h e r sharp c o n t r a s t s between tracts 8 2 , 65 a n d 66 a t t h e w e s t e r n end and 7 9 . 2 , 8 0 . 2 , 6 8 . 1 and 68.3 a t t h e e a s t e r n e n d , w i t h 8 1 and 67 i n t r a n s i t i o n b e t w e e n them. F o r example, h a l f o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n i n the t h r e e w e s t e r n t r a c t s h a d c o m p l e t e d a t l e a s t 13.5 y e a r s o f s c h o o l comp a r e d w i t h u n d e r 10.5 f o r t h e e a s t e r n t r a c t s . reflected This contrasti s i n the d i s t r i b u t i o n of occupational c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . 105 �Seventy p e r c e n t of a l l of the and in professional 57 p e r c e n t o f a l l t h e m a n a g e r i a l and the corridor l i v e d i n t h e w e s t e r n and and t e c h n i c a l workers administrative workers central tracts. most d r a m a t i c d i s t i n c t i o n i s s e e n i n m e d i a n f a m i l y The i n c o m e s , how- e v e r , w h i c h r a n g e f r o m o v e r $13,000 i n t h e w e s t t o r o u g h l y in the east. 45 p e r c e n t o f o r more i n 1970 while f a m i l i e s i n the west earned no more t h a n 12 S i m i l a r l y , the median v a l u e r a n g e s b e t w e e n $17,000 and The Fifty and p e r c e n t i n c e n s u s t r a c t 67 The the value and recent March o f and and n a t u r e o f many o f residents 66. these o f c e n s u s t r a c t s 65 1970, a s compared w i t h 23 p e r c e n t i n ownership p a t t e r n s I n 1972, the of the and 35 68.1. residential units average assessment of attached s l i g h t l y below t h a t f o r the area Area. However, t h e The D i s t r i c t and e x c e p t N o r t h w e s t W a s h i n g t o n and u n i t s was in new residents the and many o f t h e Capitol H i l l the was a c t u a l l y higher than for the Central Capitol H i l l single-family older ones a r e 106 represented Society, and A number o f o t h e r - Southeast C i t i z e n s Southeast C i v i c Association Employment c i t y as a whole. Restoration L i n c o l n Park C i t i z e n s Association. t i o n s such as the units percentage of owner-occupied s u b s t a n t i a l l y lower than i n the p r i n c i p a l l y by and east. S e r v i c e A r e a as a whole a r e a f u r t h e r r e f l e c t i o n of i t s mixed character. any p e r c e n t d i d so i n t h e a l m o s t $36,000 i n t r a c t s 80.2 p e r c e n t of the 66 moved i n b e t w e e n 1968 $15,000 o f s i n g l e f a m i l y owner o c c u p i e d homes census a l s o i n d i c a t e s the contrasts. $8,000 are also a c t i v e . the organiza- Association �Land Use The way Impact. Mall. The proposed a c t i o n w i l l r e s u l t i n changes i n t h e i n w h i c h t h e p r o j e c t a r e a i s u s e d and i n t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s w i t h w h i c h t h e M a l l and t h e s u r r o u n d i n g b u i l d i n g s and f e a t u r e s f u n c t i o n a s a n a t i o n a l monumental, r e c r e a t i o n a l , a n d e d u c a t i o n a l a r e a . The M a l l ' s n a r r o w s i d e w a l k s a n d t r a f f i c - f i l l e d it difficult t o s e t up m a j o r e x h i b i t s a n d shows. o f m o v i n g and p a r k e d d r i v e s make The p r e s e n c e c a r s c o n f l i c t s v i s u a l l y , and i n terms o f a i r q u a l i t y a n d sound l e v e l s , w i t h s a f e a n d e n j o y a b l e p e d e s t r i a n u s e of t h e M a l l . The Comprehensive P l a n f o r t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l (340.22) t h a t " t h e e l e m e n t s o f t h e n a t i o n a l open s p a c e s y s t e m i n the D i s t r i c t should continue recreation roles. provide states t o support Parts of the Mall a wide range o f outdoor ... s h o u l d be r e d e s i g n e d t o g r e a t e r r e c r e a t i o n o p p o r t u n i t i e s " and (340.31) "although that t h e M a l l a n d West Potomac P a r k s e r v e p r i m a r i l y a s f o r m a l s e t t i n g s f o r [ t h e m o n u m e n t s ] , t h e s e a r e a s s h o u l d be d e v e l o p e d a s an a t t r a c t i v e y e a r - r o u n d Six-hundred Mall but t h i s park f o r a l l ages." a n d t h i r t y p a r k i n g s p a c e s w i l l be removed f r o m t h e i s not expected t o s i g n i f i c a n t l y reduce visitation at t h e museums a n d o t h e r a t t r a c t i o n s . The f a c t t h a t v i s i t a t i o n at t h e museums a n d a t t h e monuments h a s r i s e n o n l y v e r y s l o w l y compared w i t h e s t i m a t e d t o t a l v i s i t a t i o n i n t h e Washington suggests by v i s i t o r s that the d i f f i c u l t y experienced p a r k i n g s p a c e s may be a l i m i t i n g i n finding factor i n Mall v i s i t s . v i s i t o r s d r i v e around t h e M a l l t o g e t a glimpse 107 area Many of the buildings �b u t a r e u n a b l e t o f i n d p a r k i n g c l o s e enough t o w a l k t o them. The parking d e f i c i e n c y , a s d i s c u s s e d i n Section 2.5.1, i s p r e s e n t l y so s e v e r e t h a t r e t e n t i o n o f t h e 630 s p a c e s w o u l d n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y relieve t h e problem. However, t h e p r o p o s e d a c t i o n w i l l 2,400 s p a c e s a v a i l a b l e , make i n c r e a s i n g v i s i t o r s ' chances of v i s i t i n g r a t h e r than m e r e l y s e e i n g t h e b u i l d i n g s from t h e i n s i d e o f an automobile. For v i s i t o r s t o leave t h e i r c a r s a t a f r i n g e o r other lot and t a k e a bus t o t h e i r significant traveled. parking sightseeing destination represents a change i n t h e way t h a t A m e r i c a n s t r a d i t i o n a l l y h a v e I n f a c t , t h e proposed a c t i o n i s a forerunner may become a n i n c r e a s i n g l y n e c e s s a r y in urbanized areas. o f what a n d common p a t t e r n o f t r a v e l The p r o p o s e d s h u t t l e b u s w i l l provide a con- v e n i e n t and d i r e c t l i n k t o t h e d e s t i n a t i o n o f t h e g r e a t m a j o r i t y of Washington t o u r i s t v i s i t o r s and t h e t o u r m o b i l e provide convenient service will l o c a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n on t h e M a l l . F o r t h e 33 p e r c e n t * o f t o u r i s t s v i s i t i n g from out-of-town, many o f whom a r e u n f a m i l i a r w i t h W a s h i n g t o n , f i n d i n g p a r k i n g i s particularly frustrating signed and time-consuming. Following a c l e a r l y r o u t e t o a p a r k i n g a r e a a n d t a k i n g t h e s h u t t l e b u s i s more l i k e l y t o e l i m i n a t e some o f t h e f r u s t r a t i o n the m a j o r i t y o f out-of-town v i s i t o r s . t h a n t o add t o i t f o r S e c t i o n 2.5.1 i n d i c a t e s t h a t m o t o r i s t s may spend a s much a s a h a l f h o u r l o o k i n g f o r a p l a c e to park, The and perhaps longer. r e c o r d o f use of t h e t h r e e s h u t t l e buses i n operation between F e b r u a r y 3 r d and 1 4 t h , p r i o r t o t h e c o u r t order i n d i c a t e s a p u b l i c w i l l i n g n e s s t o use t h e bus. 1r "Smithsonian V i s i t o r ; " 1953 108 The C o l o n i a l C o r r i d o r Study �r e f e r r e d t o p r e v i o u s l y q u o t e s b o t h government and i n d u s t r y travel officials i n the eastern they f e l t t o be t h e b e g i n n i n g s o f a b a s i c change i n t h e A m e r i c a n pleasure-travel pattern S t a t e s a s unanimously " i d e n t i f y i n g away f r o m t h e l o o s e dependent e x p e r i e n c e toward a p r e s t r u c t u r e d greater e m p h a s i s on p u b l i c and h i g h l y what automobile i t i n e r a r y w i t h a much transportation." T h i s a l s o i n d i c a t e s a p o t e n t i a l change i n t h e breakdown o f v i s i t o r s by mode o f a r r i v a l shown i n T a b l e 4 w i t h more p e o p l e arriving by b u s , t r a i n o r a i r . for the National According t o t h e Impact Assessment V i s i t o r C e n t e r , most v i s i t o r s who a r r i v e d i n W a s h i n g t o n i n 1967 by p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a l s o u s e d p u b l i c p o r t a t i o n , walked o r took t a x i s t o t h e i r d e s t i n a t i o n . be a n t i c i p a t e d not only t h a t many o f t h o s e a r r i v i n g be w i l l i n g t o p a r k a t a f r i n g e l o t and t a k e a l s o t h a t a lower proportion arriving The T h u s i t may by c a r w i l l t h e s h u t t l e bus b u t o f v i s i t o r s i n t h e f u t u r e w i l l be by c a r . Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n ' s 1965 S u r v e y i n d i c a t e d f i f t y percent of v i s i t o r s to the I n s t i t u t i o n during t h e f o u r t h o r f i f t h hour a f t e r that leave the buildings arrival, t h a t t h e Washington a r e a r e s i d e n t s t e n d t o make s h o r t t r i p s and t h a t a h i g h o f t h o s e l o c a l v i s i t o r s do n o t d r i v e t o t h e museum. i n d i c a t e t h a t o u t - o f - t o w n v i s i t o r s s t a y on t h e M a l l the trans h o u r s a l l o w e d by t h e p a r k i n g meter. proportion These f i g u r e s longer A longer term than parking a r e a w o u l d t h e r e f o r e be a c o n v e n i e n c e t o t h a t g r o u p o f v i s i t o r s . Nevertheless, t h e proposed a c t i o n w i l l impacts f o r p a r t i c u l a r groups o f v i s i t o r s . parking l o t i s located of t h e M a l l . The p r o p o s e d approximately three miles Although t h e proposed s i g n i n g arriving motorists have p o t e n t i a l a d v e r s e fringe from t h e c e n t e r system w i l l direct s t r a i g h t t o t h e Stadium, t h e a d d i t i o n a l d r i v i n g 109 �time w i l l d e t r a c t from t h e r e c r e a t i o n e x p e r i e n c e o f those arriving f r o m t h e s o u t h a n d w e s t who e l e c t t o u s e t h e f r i n g e p a r k i n g l o t . V i s i t o r s w i t h c h i l d r e n b e l o w s c h o o l age a r e l i k e l y t o be o u t o f town v i s i t o r s r a t h e r t h a n l o c a l r e s i d e n t s and t e n d t o a r r i v e by a u t o m o b i l e . F o r t h i s g r o u p , u n u s e d t o W a s h i n g t o n and t o t r a v e l w i t h o u t a c a r t h e p r o b l e m s o f c a r r y i n g c h i l d r e n and e q u i p m e n t o r pushing s t r o l l e r s may be a g g r a v a t e d by t h e need t o t a k e a b u s and to l e a v e t h e c a r f o ra long p e r i o d . Handicapped v i s i t o r s have s p e c i a l n e e d s f o r c o n v e n i e n t a c c e s s t o museums a n d monuments and f o r e a s e o f a c c e s s on t h e M a l l w h i c h transportation. The S m i t h s o n i a n cannot e a s i l y be met by b u s I n s t i t u t i o n s t a t e s that i t has r e c e i v e d i n q u i r i e s from t i m e - t o - t i m e about t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f convenient p a r k i n g f o r handicapped persons, but t h a t i t has v e r y little s p e c i f i c d a t a on t h e e x t e n t o f s u c h n e e d o r t h e f r e q u e n c y of use. However, t h e c o n c e r n s by t h e p l a i n t i f f s o f t h i s s p e c i a l group were e x p r e s s e d i n t h e i r complaint. Three p a r k i n g spaces a r e r e s e r v e d a t t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue e n t r a n c e t o t h e N a t i o n a l G a l l e r y o f A r t and a s p e c i a l p r o v i s i o n r e l a t i v e t o t h i s c o n c e r n p r e p a r a t i o n by t h e S m i t h s o n i a n The i s in I n s t i t u t i o n and N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k s . s p e c i f i c s o f t h e s e p r o v i s i o n s i n c l u d e r e s e r v a t i o n o f two p a r k i n g s p a c e s a t t h e N a t i o n a l Museum o f N a t u r a l H i s t o r y , t h r e e s p a c e s a t t h e c r o s s w a l k t o t h e n o r t h e n t r a n c e o f t h e A r t s and I n d u s t r i e s B u i l d i n g which would a l s o s e r v e t h e Smithsonian t i o n and t h e H i r s h h o r n Museum. Institu- The s p a c e s w o u l d be c l o s e t o c u r b ramps a t c r o s s w a l k s a n d t o e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g e n t r a n c e s e q u i p p e d w i t h w h e e l c h a i r ramps. Also represented i n the action against the Mall 110 rehabilitation �p r o p o s a l w e r e t h e e l d e r l y and t h o s e who accompany young c h i l d r e n t o t h e museums. As i n d i c a t e d i n t h e d i s c u s s i o n o f v i s i t a t i o n , mately three percent of Smithsonian 65 y e a r s o r o l d e r . approxi- I n s t i t u t i o n v i s i t o r s a r e aged T h i s g r o u p c a n be e x p e c t e d t o be drawn m a i n l y from t h e Washington a r e a and, l i k e t h e m a j o r i t y o f l o c a l r e s i d e n t s , t o v i s i t m a i n l y d u r i n g t h e o f f - p e a k s e a s o n when p a r k i n g is easier. Those e l d e r l y v i s i t o r s W a s h i n g t o n o r who v i s i t However who d r i v e t o f a m i l y o r f r i e n d s and a r e d r i v e n by them a r e more l i k e l y t o be c o n c e r n e d lot. from out-of-town about t h e d i s t a n c e o f t h e p a r k i n g once on t h e M a l l , t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f t h e t o u r m o b i l e , w i t h s i x s t o p s b e t w e e n T h i r d and F o u r t e e n t h S t r e e t s , may increase the mobility of t h i s It actually group. i s e s t i m a t e d by o f f i c i a l s o f t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h , E d u c a t i o n , and W e l f a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r F e d e r a l h a n d i c a p p e d p r o g r a m s t h a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 12 p e r c e n t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n h a v e t h e i r m o b i l i t y impaired. Low v i s i t a t i o n from t h i s m i n o r i t y group probably a r e s u l t of design b a r r i e r s than The interest. c l o s i n g o f t h e two D r i v e s w i l l eliminate obstacles to p e d e s t r i a n movement i n t h e f o r m o f p a r k e d curbs. i s more and moving v e h i c l e s and The r e c o n s t r u c t e d w a l k w a y s w i l l be s u r f a c e d w i t h c r u s h e d s t o n e i n a s u i t a b l e b i n d e r w h i c h w i l l p r o v i d e a smooth and s t a b l e s u r f a c e f o r p e d e s t r i a n s , b i c y c l e s , w h e e l c h a i r s and baby carriages. R e g u l a r museum l o c a l v i s i t o r s a r e more l i k e l y t o be i n c o n venienced by t h e l o s s o f M a l l p a r k i n g t h a n t h e m a j o r i t y o f o u t - o f - t o w n v i s i t o r s b e c a u s e t h e y t e n d t o make f r e q u e n t s h o r t v i s i t s . However, t h e o u t - o f - t o w n v i s i t o r s a l r e a d y tend not t o d r i v e t o the museums, a c c o r d i n g t o t h e 1968 S m i t h s o n i a n ing parking d i f f i c u l t i e s . s u r v e y , because of e x i s t - I t i s t h e r e f o r e a p o r t i o n o f t h e 26 p e r c e n t 11] �o f v i s i t o r s who a r e f r o m t h e W a s h i n g t o n a r e a who w i l l be p o t e n t i a l l y impacted. Museum e m p l o y e e s and d o c e n t s f o r m a n o t h e r g r o u p w i t h n e e d s f o r convenient a c c e s s w h i c h c o u l d p o t e n t i a l l y be a d v e r s e l y i m p a c t e d by the removal of parking Smithsonian s p a c e s on t h e s t r e e t s . However, t h e I n s t i t u t i o n s t a t e s t h a t i t has absorbed docent requirements parking i n t o i t s o n - s i t e p a r k i n g r e s o u r c e s a n d t h a t one h u n d r e d s p a c e s i n t h e N a t i o n a l A i r a n d S p a c e Museum g a r a g e w i l l be * a v a i l a b l e f o r employees and docents. Forty-seven permits f o r on- s t r e e t parking a r e being issued to the National Gallery of A r t u n t i l parking now u n d e r c o u r t a c t i o n h a v e been facilities completed. A n o t h e r i m p a c t on t h e u s e o f t h e M a l l , t h e l o s s o f p a r k i n g for commuters, i s r e l a t e d t o t h e b r o a d e r q u e s t i o n s parking f o r employment c o n c e n t r a t i o n s of providing i n c e n t r a l Washington. The r a t e o f employment g r o w t h i n t h e a r e a h a s e x c e e d e d t h e r a t e s o f p a r k i n g c a p a c i t y w h i c h h a s been p r o v i d e d . intended f o rshort-term As a r e s u l t spaces u s e by v i s i t o r s a r e u s e d f o r a l l d a y p a r k i n g by commuters. S h u t t l e Route. traffic related The p r o p o s e d a c t i o n w i l l i m p a c t s on t h e l a n d u s e c o n d i t i o n s on t h e E a s t C a p i t o l and S o u t h e a s t a d d i t i o n a l bus t r a f f i c bus n e i g h b o r h o o d s , c a u s e d p r i m a r i l y by t h e on E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t a n d by a d d i t i o n a l and automobile t r a f f i c 2.5.1 h a v e some m i n o r on I n d e p e n d e n c e A v e n u e . f o ra discussion of these See S e c t i o n impacts. L e t t e r f r o m J o h n L . M o r e c i , C h i e f o f C o m m u n i c a t i o n s and T r a n s p o r t a t i o n D i v i s i o n , O f f i c e o f P l a n t S e r v i c e s , Smithsonian Institution, A p r i l 2, 1 9 7 5 . 112 �The proposed a c t i o n w i l l require 197 b u s e s on w e e k d a y s and 24 9 on w e e k e n d s on E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t , w i t h t h e same number r e t u r n i n g on I n d e p e n d e n c e A v e n u e , a t t h r e e m i n u t e headways t h e peak morning hour during ( 9 : 3 0 t o 1 0 : 3 0 ) and l e s s f r e q u e n t l y through * the remainder o f t h e day. E x i s t i n g M e t r o b u s s e r v i c e on E a s t C a p i t o l r u n s a t f i f t e e n m i n u t e headways hours) with The 198 b u s e s . during on I n d e p e n d e n c e Avenue w i l l hour t r a f f i c Conflicts with i n g a t and l e a v i n g t h e a r e a and will avoid occur p r i m a r i l y conflict with a n d a d d i t i o n a l n u i s a n c e t o t h e many r e s i d e n t s who w a l k t o w o r k . during on E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t and b u s and d a y t i m e h o u r s , and on w e e k d a y s w i l l morning r u s h rush On I n d e p e n d e n c e Avenue 47 b u s e s r u n p e r d a y . a d d i t i o n a l bus t r a f f i c automobile t r a f f i c (ten minutes during schools will coincide. t r a v e l v i athe freeways, arrivHowever, f r e q u e n c y o f Metro Returning avoiding children a l s o be l i m i t e d . t h e a f t e r n o o n r u s h hour t h e i n c r e a s e d s h u t t l e bus t r i p s w i l l school area motorists, additional local however, traffic buildup. A concern of area r e s i d e n t s i s the p o s s i b i l i t y of t o u r i s t s a t t e m p t i n g t o p a r k on r e s i d e n t i a l Capitol. I t i s possible in r e s i d e n t i a l areas s t r e e t s to the east of the t h a t some m o t o r i s t s will attempt t o park b u t , i n view of the long walking between t h e E a s t C a p i t o l a r e a distance and t h e M a l l , t h e s e a r e l i k e l y t o be v i s i t o r s t o t h e C a p i t o l i t s e l f . A s i n d i c a t e d i n t h e L a n d Use s e t t i n g d i s c u s s i o n , the C a p i t o l r e c e i v e s l e s s than the v i s i t s received by t h e S m i t h s o n i a n I n s t i t u t i o n . As d i s c u s s e d e a r l i e r , the * T h i s number o f b u s e s r e f l e c t s r e p l a c e m e n t o f 630 s p a c e s w i t h a t u r n over r a t e that e x i s t s a t the Mall. 113 �d e f i c i e n c y of parking s p a c e s on p r o v i s i o n of a d d i t i o n a l p a r k i n g to ease the be situation. t h e M a l l i s a l r e a d y g r e a t and s p a c e s a t RFK Stadium i s expected I t i s therefore unlikely that there an i n c r e a s e i n p a r k i n g e a s t o f t h e C a p i t o l o v e r what currently. 3,14 the will occurs �2.4.2 Historic Environment Historical S e t t i n g - Mall Area. Since the f i r s t c o n c e p t s f o r t h e p l a n o f t h e C a p i t a l C i t y w e r e d e v e l o p e d by L'Enfant i n 1791, t h e M a l l h a s been a n i m p o r t a n t providing the design t h e U.S. C a p i t o l . design feature, l i n k b e t w e e n t h e W a s h i n g t o n Monument and The p u b l i c b u i l d i n g s and monuments a l o n g t h e M a l l w e r e a l s o p r o p o s e d a s e a r l y a s 1 7 9 1 , and o v e r the years much c a r e and d e b a t e h a v e been i n v o l v e d i n t h e c h o i c e o f s i t e s and a r c h i t e c t u r a l c h a r a c t e r f o r each of these b u i l d i n g s . The M a l l and t h e s e f l a n k i n g b u i l d i n g s h a v e become p a r a l l e l and i n t e r l o c k i n g developments over time, from p l a n t o p l a n , each r e i n f o r c i n g and c o m p l e m e n t i n g t h e o t h e r ' s p h y s i c a l a p p e a r a n c e and history. The c u m u l a t i v e e f f e c t h a s been t o produce a h i g h c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f b u i l d i n g s and l a n d m a r k s o f h i s t o r i c a l signifi- cance a t t h e n a t i o n a l l e v e l i n a r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l a r e a . are s e v e r a l overlapping of these h i s t o r i c programs w h i c h o v e r s e e the preservation places, including: The N a t i o n a l R e g i s t e r o f H i s t o r i c P l a c e s ; The A d v i s o r y C o u n c i l on H i s t o r i c P r e s e r v a t i o n ; The N a t i o n a l H i s t o r i c L a n d m a r k s P r o g r a m ; The J o i n t Committe on L a n d m a r k s i n t h e N a t i o n a l The There J o i n t C o m m i t t e e on L a n d m a r k s r e c o g n i z e s Capital. historic s t r u c t u r e s and s i t e s on t h e b a s i s o f t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s , w h i c h a r e : Category I - Landmarks o f g r e a t importance which c o n t r i b u t e s i g n i f i c a n t l y to the national c u l t u r a l heritage or that of the D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a and i t s e n v i r o n s , and w h i c h m u s t be preserved. 115 �Category I I - Landmarks of importance w h i c h c o n t r i b u t e s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o t h e c u l t u r a l h e r i t a g e o r v i s u a l b e a u t y and i n t e r e s t o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a and i t s e n v i r o n s , and w h i c h m u s t be p r e s e r v e d . Category I I I - Landmarks of v a l u e which c o n t r i b u t e t o the c u l t u r a l h e r i t a g e o r v i s u a l b e a u t y and i n t e r e s t o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a and i t s e n v i r o n s , and w h i c h s h o u l d be p r e s e r v e d , i f practicable. With regard ing t o the s i t e of the proposed h i s t o r i c places are immediately adjacent nearby. (See F i g u r e to the Mall National Register of H i s t o r i c P l a c e s 1 The U.S. 2 Smithsonian 3 Washington or 18.) Numbers Keyed t o F i g u r e 18 4 p r o j e c t , the follow- Capitol Joint Committee Category National Historic Landmarks I + Monument I o + Institution o I o * The S q u a r e s , C i r c l e s , V i s t a s and M a j o r E l e m e n t s c r e a t e d by t h e P l a n o f t h e Federal City I 5 A r t s and I n d u s t r i e s B u i l d ing (Smithsonian Institution) + II 6 F r e e r G a l l e r y of A r t + II 7 Department of A g r i c u l t u r e + III 8 P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue Historic Site + 9 Philadelphia 10 Natural History Building (Smithsonian Institution) * National + (Gundelo) T h i s element includes o III the Mall 116 itself. �H i s t o r i c S e t t i n g Along the S h u t t l e Route. The a r e a through which the s h u t t l e buses a r e proposed t o run i s a l a r g e l y r e s i d e n t i a l d i s t r i c t developed p r e d o m i n a n t l y w i t h townhouses. of the area City Plan All l i e s w i t h i n t h e bounds o f L ' E n f a n t ' s o r i g i n a l F e d e r a l and d a t e s from between 1895 and 1925 a t t h e eastern e n d , and e a r l i e r t h a n 1895 a t t h e w e s t e r n end. E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t i s one o f t h e s y m b o l i c a x i a l of L ' E n f a n t ' s p l a n , w h i l e Carolina, area Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, r a d i a l elements of the T h e s e s t r e e t s and t h e i r s q u a r e s , t h e C a p i t o l H i l l d i s t r i c t and s e v e r a l h i s t o r i c the North K e n t u c k y , and T e n n e s s e e A v e n u e s w h i c h t r a v e r s e t h e a r e t h e s y m b o l i c s t a t e name-bearing plan. streets historic s t r u c t u r e s , a r e d e s i g n a t e d by J o i n t C o m m i t t e e on L a n d m a r k s of the National being of h i s t o r i c a l or a r c h i t e c t u r a l merit C a p i t a l as (See F i g u r e 1 8 ) . T h e s e l a n d m a r k s and t h e i r r e l a t i v e s i g n i f i c a n c e a r e l i s t e d tional Joint Reg i s t e r Committee Numt>ers K e y e d t o I ' i g u r e 18 N a + II + II S e w e l l - B e l m o n t House + II 15 C h a p l i n ' s Memorial + II 16 E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t Car Barn + Historic Landmarks II + below: II 11 Folger 12 Eastern 13 S t . Mark's Church, C a p i t o l 14 1 Shakespear L i b r a r y Market United States Hill Building I Capitol o o 17 L i b r a r y of Congress I 18 Supreme C o u r t I 4 Building The S q u a r e s , V i s t a s and Plan Elements Major 117 I �Numbers Keyed t o F i g u r e 18 National Register Joint Committee 19 Capitol H i l l Historic District I I 20 W a t t e r s o n House I I 21 Peabody S c h o o l I I I 22 S t a n t o n Square Area I I I 23 S p e c i a l S t r e e t Facades - E a s t Capitol Street I I I 118 Historic Landmarks �Lìì:, f-ì '-, r-1 li ;;,, -3 tl t- :-. :l iI i .-x.\ .1 ', ì; "ù,, :; i.. il i.- r L I ! :i! jl 0(J ||' IF '' lï,i¡l'i' i.;3: l:¡ l.ì 1i .' .) :¡ .,) "ô i3 ,2" .i .t' { .'' ",1,, \ .'t ,' '.'il Rehab¡litation Of The Mall National Caoital Parks National Paik Service ú ù¡re , i,i soo' Legend *12 landmark. .see numbered lists in text .o... ShUttle bUS route Envnr@nRnentaI Innlgact Statennent Historic Landmarks �Historic historic due Impact - M a l l A r e a . A short-term environment of the Mall w i l l occur during t o d i s r u p t i o n o f v e h i c u l a r and p e d e s t r i a n tion systems. i m p a c t on t h e construction access and c i r c u l a - No p e r m a n e n t i m p a c t i s e x p e c t e d due t o d u s t , v i b r a t i o n , or other factors associated with construction which m i g h t p h y s i c a l l y a f f e c t t h e b u i l d i n g s and monuments. A f t e r completion of t h e proposed p r o j e c t , t h e Mall w i l l on a more p a r k l i k e a p p e a r a n c e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e v a r i o u s take Mall plans. V i s i t o r appreciation of these h i s t o r i c places enhanced w i t h t h e improvements i n p e d e s t r i a n the c i r c u l a t i o n and r e m o v a l o f v e h i c u l a r u s e f r o m W a s h i n g t o n and Adams D r i v e s . Historic bus s h o u l d be Impact - S h u t t l e Route. The p r o p o s e d i n c r e a s e i n usage along t h e planned s h u t t l e route w i l l affect the q u a l i t y of t h e o v e r a l l environment o f t h e h i s t o r i c neighborhoods along the route. The i m p a c t i s r e l a t e d t o t h e " i n t r u s i o n " o f b u s e s on the r e s i d e n t i a l c h a r a c t e r o f t h e neighborhood i n terms o f a e s t h e t i c s and " s e n s e o f p l a c e . " A l t h o u g h Independence i s f u n c t i o n a l l y c l a s s e d a s a p r i n c i p a l arterial, E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t i s r a t e d a s a c o l l e c t o r s t r e e t , and t he r e s i d e n t i a l c h a r a c t e r defined. a l o n g t h a t s t r e e t i s more clearly A t r a d e - o f f does e x i s t ; however, a l t h o u g h t h e pedes- t r i a n experience may be d i m i n i s h e d , the buses w i l l c r e a s i n g numbers o f p e o p l e t o t h e h i s t o r i c route. 121 expose i n - f e a t u r e s along the �A d v i s o r y C o u n c i l on H i s t o r i c P r e s e r v a t i o n . Because of t h e v i s u a l and p h y s i c a l p r o x i m i t y of the s e v e r a l r e c o g n i z e d historical landmarks of n a t i o n a l s i g n i f i c a n c e i n t h e immediate v i c i n i t y the s i t e , and s i n c e the Mall i t s e l f i s an h i s t o r i c of s i t e of some s i g n i f i c a n c e , t h e a l t e r a t i o n s t o t h e M a l l have been c a r e f u l l y examined f o r d e g r e e of Pursuant impact. t o S e c t i o n 106 of t h e N a t i o n a l H i s t o r i c P r e s e r v a - t i o n A c t of 1966, and E x e c u t i v e Order 11593 (36F.R.366), A d v i s o r y C o u n c i l on H i s t o r i c P r e s e r v a t i o n e s t a b l i s h e d f o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n of h i s t o r i c p r o p e r t i e s . These the procedures procedures have been completed w i t h r e g a r d t o the r e h a b i l i t a t i o n of t h e M a l l and a Memorandum of Agreement acknowledging a v o i d a n c e of adverse e f f e c t has been approved by t h e Chairman of the A d v i s o r y C o u n c i l on H i s t o r i c P r e s e r v a t i o n . T h i s agreement a l s o i n c l u d e s the A d v i s o r y C o u n c i l ' s d e t e r m i n a t i o n of no a d v e r s e e f f e c t s a l o n g s h u t t l e route. the A copy of t h i s agreement i s i n c l u d e d i n Appendix 122 D. �2.4.3 Visual Environment Setting The p r e s e n t o v e r a l l a p p e a r a n c e and v i e w relationships of t h e M a l l a r e t h e r e s u l t o f design p h i l o s o p h i e s o r i g i n a t i n g 1 L E n f a n t ' s p l a n of 1791. The r e i n f o r c e m e n t of the basic with concepts o f t h a t p l a n by t h e M c M i l l a n C o m m i s s i o n P l a n o f 1 9 0 1 r e s u l t e d i n t h e g e n e r a l s t r u c t u r e o f t h e M a l l a s i t i s now p e r c e i v e d . I t i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a s t r o n g l y a x i a l , monumental f o r m a l d e s i g n , c l e a r l y d e l i n e a t e d boundaries with b e t w e e n p l a n components s u c h a s t h e t r e e p l a n t a t i o n s , t h e l a w n s , and t h e s t r e e t s . The p r i m a r y a e s t h e t i c and v i s u a l o b j e c t i v e o f t h e M a l l i s t o p r o v i d e a f o r m a l landscape s e t t i n g f o r the C a p i t a l ' s p r i n c i p a l b u i l d i n g s , memorials, and museums, p r o v i d i n g b o t h a c o m p l e m e n t a r y n a t u r a l a s p e c t a n d a linking f u n c t i o n r e l a t i n g each s t r u c t u r e t o a l l o t h e r s . The v i s u a l s e t t i n g of the p r o j e c t i s a product of s e v e r a l landscape and a r c h i t e c t u r a l factors: The f o r m a l t r e a t m e n t o f t h e b r o a d a l l e e w i t h t h e c e n t e r l a w n p a n e l s f l a n k e d by t h e w i d e p l a n t a t i o n s of mature elm t r e e s ; The a x i a l a n d c r o s s - a x i a l s t r e e t s y s t e m w i t h i t s p a r k e d and moving a u t o m o b i l e s , t o u r m o b i l e s , and c h a r t e r buses, forming a p e r i p h e r a l g r i d around and w i t h i n t h e p l a n t e d a r e a s ; The s u r r o u n d i n g monumental a r c h i t e c t u r e w h i c h i n c l u d e s t h e v a r i o u s museums a l o n g t h e s i d e s o f t h e M a l l , and b o t h t h e C a p i t o l B u i l d i n g and t h e W a s h i n g t o n Monument o b e l i s k w h i c h s e r v e as v i s u a l t e r m i n i i f o r the a x i a l design. 123 �The M a l l c a n be v i e w e d a n d i s p e r c e i v e d d i f f e r e n t l y s e v e r a l d i s t i n c t vantage p o i n t s . of the v i s i t o r a vehicle. The c u s t o m a r y v i e w p o i n t from i s that from ground l e v e l a s a p e d e s t r i a n o r occupant o f I n t h i s case, the views of the Mall a r e often limited o r f r a m e d by t h e s t a n d s o f t r e e s a n d o n l y m a j o r p o r t i o n s , r a t h e r than the e n t i r e M a l l , a r e g e n e r a l l y the primary l a w n p a n e l s a p p e a r , when v i e w e d f r o m t h i s greensward connecting views. l e v e l , as a The c e n t e r continuous t h e C a p i t o l and t h e W a s h i n g t o n Monument. However, f r o m most p o i n t s a t g r o u n d l e v e l when t r a f f i c i s present, v e h i c l e s on t h e r o a d w a y s c r o s s i n g t h e M a l l i n t e r r u p t t h e l i n e a r i t y o f t h e o v e r a l l M a l l , and t e n d t o c l u t t e r t h e p r i m a r y t r a r y to the design 1 intent of the L Enfant vistas con- and M c M i l l a n p l a n s f o r the Mall. Another s i g n i f i c a n t vantage p o i n t i s t h a t from t h e observ a t i o n p o i n t n e a r t h e t o p o f t h e W a s h i n g t o n Monument, w h e r e t h e e n t i r e M a l l c a n be s e e n i n panorama. feet), At that height ( a b o u t 500 t h e r e a r e no " f r a m e d " v i e w s , b u t r a t h e r t h e m a s s i v e size and s t r o n g a x i a l n a t u r e o f t h e M a l l become c l e a r l y e v i d e n t a s one looks toward the C a p i t o l . T h e s t r e e t g r i d on t h e M a l l a l s o a f f e c t s the q u a l i t y o f the view, tending t o i n t e r r u p t the intended aspect of a p a r k - l i k e , n a t u r a l s e t t i n g contrasting with the b u i l d i n g s and m e m o r i a l s l o c a t e d w i t h i n and around t h e M a l l . is a l s o an i m p o r t a n t There v i e w o f a s i m i l a r n a t u r e , b u t n o t f r o m so great a height, a t the steps t o the C a p i t o l , which r e v e a l s the axial, l i n k i n g n a t u r e o f t h e M a l l from t h e C a p i t o l t o t h e W a s h i n g t o n Monument. 12 4 �The was o r i g i n a l concept behind t h e e x t e n s i v e elm p l a n t a t i o n s to provide a continuous l i n e a r body o f t r e e s t o d e f i n e t h e shape o f t h e M a l l , a s w e l l a s g i v e t h e a d j a c e n t b u i l d i n g s a parklike setting. and However, t h e r e s u l t s o f D u t c h e l m d i s e a s e s e v e r a l c o n s t r u c t i o n programs f o r temporary q u a r t e r s l o c a t e d on t h e M a l l d u r i n g t h e two w o r l d w a r s removed many o f t h e original trees. The gaps i n t h e r a n k s have d i m i n i s h e d t h e s t r o n g edge c o n d i t i o n and t h e v i s u a l b u l k i n t e n d e d t o be formed by t h e p l a n t a t i o n s , c a u s i n g t h e M a l l p l a n t i n g s t o h a v e a somewhat ragged appearance a t p r e s e n t . C u r r e n t l y t h e M a l l a p p e a r s i n a somewhat d i s r u p t e d c o n d i t i o n due t o ongoing Metro c o n s t r u c t i o n . However, t h e monumental s t r u c t u r e and s c a l e o f t h e M a l l r e m a i n e v i d e n t i n e l e m e n t s as the framing s t r e e t system, such t h e t r e e p l a n t i n g s , and t h e e x p a n s e o f l a w n b e t w e e n t h e n , a n d t h e museums r a n k e d along either side of the Mall. Impact A u n i v e r s a l l y recognized s e t of a e s t h e t i c standards has not been d e v e l o p e d f o r u s e i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a o r f o r g e n e r a l use i n a n y a r e a by d e s i g n e r s a n d t h e p u b l i c . This analysis r e - p r e s e n t s o n l y one o f many p o s s i b l e v i e w s w i t h i n t h e c o n t e x t o f the a e s t h e t i c s e t t i n g immediately and around t h e proposed p r o j e c t , w i t h i n the context of the history of the Mall 125 plan. �As p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d , t h e a e s t h e t i c s e t t i n g o f t h e M a l l r e p r e s e n t s a mixture of f a c t o r s which design, the e x i s t i n g include the M a l l landscape s t r e e t p a t t e r n and v e h i c u l a r u s e s , and s u r r o u n d i n g b u i l d i n g s and monuments. By e x a m i n i n g a l t e r a t i o n s t o t h e s e f a c t o r s , an u n d e r s t a n d i n g the the proposed c a n be g a i n e d of t h e r e l a t i v e and p r o b a b l e c h a n g e s i n a e s t h e t i c s on t h e M a l l . The p l a n t i n g o f new t r e e s and r e s t o r a t i o n of the lawns h a v e a n e f f e c t on M a l l a e s t h e t i c s by m i n i m i z i n g t h e of raggedness impression i n t h e t r e e p a n e l s and by s t r e n g t h e n i n g t h e o f t h e l o n g sweep o f g r e e n W a s h i n g t o n Monument. The will form lawn from the C a p i t o l t o t h e stone frames around the lawn w i l l provide a c r i s p d e l i n e a t i o n of design elements panels i n keeping w i t h the f o r m a l d e s i g n p h i l o s o p h i e s which have dominated M a l l plans. The e x c l u s i o n of v e h i c u l a r t r a f f i c Adams D r i v e s w i l l remove t h e a u t o m o b i l e , a p e d e s t r i a n environment and a l l o w t h e M a l l t o be v i e w e d The new at several crushed new Furthermore, a s a more u n i f i e d walkways w i l l t h e c o l o r , t e x t u r e , and stages stone i n s t e a d o f a s s e g m e n t s i s o l a t e d by t h e i n t e r v e n i n g a x i a l cross streets. and r e t u r n the Mall to a s h a s been a d v o c a t e d o f t h e M a l l d e v e l o p m e n t s i n c e 17 9 1 . ways w i l l from Washington space, and form of r e l a t e more s t r o n g l y t h a n a s p h a l t s t r e e t s the formal landscape design intended f o r the Mall area. 126 walk- the to �The c o n v e r s i o n o f W a s h i n g t o n and Adams D r i v e s t o p e d e s t r i a n walkways w i l l for v i s i t o r s p r e c l u d e the use of the roadways as s c e n i c i n automobiles and, p e r h a p s , t o u r v e h i c l e s . t h e v i s u a l e x p e r i e n c e t o be g a i n e d on t h e M a l l f r o m an is l i m i t e d due drives However, y automobile t o impeded c i r c u l a t i o n and c o n g e s t i o n c a u s e d by t h e h i g h demand f o r p a r k i n g on t h e M a l l , and t h e p a r k e d c a r s the M a l l . F i g u r e s 19 and 20 a r e r e n d e r i n g s d e p i c t i n g t h e appearance o f t h e M a l l w i t h t h e c r u s h e d s t o n e w a l k w a y s and furniture. 127 along new new ��Figure 19 ����2.5 Urban 2.5.1 Systems T r a f f i c and Parking Introduction T h i s s e c t i o n includes a d e s c r i p t i o n of the e x i s t i n g traffic and p a r k i n g c o n d i t i o n s a s w e l l a s an a n a l y s i s o f t h e a n t i c i p a t e d i m p a c t on t r a f f i c proposed action. of t h e highway and p a r k i n g a s a r e s u l t o f t h e The e x i s t i n g e n v i r o n m e n t i s described i n terms system which serves the Mall area, present volumes, o p e r a t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , p a r k i n g c o n d i t i o n s , ing l e v e l s of t r a n s i t s e r v i c e and e x i s t i n g shuttle service demands. The i m p a c t d i s c u s s i o n i s p r e s e n t e d a s f o l l o w s : a. The b a s i s f o r a s s e s s i n g t h e m a g n i t u d e o f i m p a c t on t r a f f i c c o n d i t i o n s i s d e s c r i b e d ( i . e . , t h e u s e o f V e h i c l e M i l e s o f T r a v e l (VMT) a s a comp a r a t i v e measure); b. The method o f c o m p u t i n g c. V a r i o u s a s s u m p t i o n s a s t o weekday v s . weekend t r a f f i c , p a r k i n g t u r n o v e r r a t e s , number o f people per c a r are o u t l i n e d ; d. The f i n d i n g s o f t h e t r a f f i c a n a l y s i s a r e summarized; e. A d e t a i l e d d i s c u s s i o n i s presented as to p r o j e c t impact under t h r e e c o n t r a s t i n g time p e r i o d s : t h e VMT and i s explained; parking - Summer 1975 - r e p r e s e n t s a p e r i o d when the Mall r e h a b i l i t a t i o n i s expected to be i n p r o g r e s s , p a r k i n g a l o n g W a s h i n g t o n and Adams S t r e e t s w o u l d be e l i m i n a t e d and t h e s h u t t l e bus s e r v i c e b e t w e e n t h e M a l l and RFK S t a d i u m w o u l d be i n o p e r a t i o n ; 133 traffic exist- �Summer 1976 - r e p r e s e n t s a p e r i o d a t t h e h e i g h t o f t h e B i c e n t e n n i a l c e l e b r a t i o n when f r i n g e p a r k i n g i s e x p e c t e d t o be p r o v i d e d a t RFK S t a d i u m , t h e P e n t a g o n and t h e F o r t Myer a r e a a l o n g w i t h e x p r e s s bus s e r v i c e f r o m t h e f r i n g e l o t s t o t h e Mall area. I t s h o u l d be e m p h a s i z e d t h a t t h e t r a f f i c and p a r k i n g i m p a c t s a n t i c i p a t e d d u r i n g the B i c e n t e n n i a l y e a r a r e examined o n l y t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e c o n d i t i o n s d u r i n g an e x t r e m e l y c r i t i c a l period. The p r o p o s e d a c t i o n s h o u l d n o t be c o n f u s e d w i t h o t h e r a c t i o n s p l a n n e d a s p a r t o f accommodating t h e a n t i c i p a t e d i n f l u x o f v i s i t o r s d u r i n g the B i c e n t e n n i a l such as the s e r i e s of proposed f r i n g e p a r k i n g a r e a s noted above. 1985 - r e p r e s e n t s a p e r i o d when t h e M e t r o r a p i d r a i l t r a n s i t s y s t e m i s e x p e c t e d t o be c o m p l e t e d and f u l l y o p e r a t i o n a l . Setting T h r o u g h t h e M a l l a r e a p a s s t h o u s a n d s o f commuters, and v i s i t o r s from the m e t r o p o l i t a n a r e a as w e l l as from S t a t e i n the Union. every T h i s combination of a c t i v i t y g i v e s r i s e the importance of the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n system T h i s system shoppers, i s described which serves the to area. below: Highway S y s t e m The primary highway f a c i l i t i e s which s e r v e the a r e a shown on F i g u r e 2 1 . The f a c i l i t i e s have been c l a s s i f i e d are into t h e i r m a j o r f u n c t i o n a l c a t e g o r i e s a s d e f i n e d by t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia i n i t s " F u n c t i o n a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of E x i s t i n g S t r e e t s and Highways." F a c i l i t i e s w h i c h h a v e no c l a s s i f i c a t i o n t o them a r e c o n s i d e r e d l o c a l s t r e e t s o r may be u n d e r t h e assigned juris- d i c t i o n of the N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e . The s t r e e t s surrounding the study area I n d e p e n d e n c e A v e n u e , 1 4 t h S t r e e t , and 134/ ( C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue, Third S t r e e t ) are a l l �T 4..*- tÌ i-_: !i ::,i :l ,lr -1 i: íì f-- _ì ,*ì í' iì ', ii ij ': :l I I . '¿ Rehab¡litati on Of The Mall National Caoital Parks Legend National Paik Service o' :v: i: zooo' r nr freeways & expressways other principal arterials ?zz--z minOf aftgfials rrrrrrlrr COllgCtOf StfggtS Envnr@nnnentaI sta#ffi8frt 1968 Functional Glassification of Existing Streets �principal arterials. of t h e t o t a l M a l l These s t r e e t s d e f i n e area. Constitution the eastern portion Avenue t o R o b e r t F . Kennedy Memorial Stadium i s a p r i n c i p a l a r t e r i a l , w h i l e East Capitol S t r e e t from t h e Stadium i s c l a s s i f i e d a s a c o l l e c t o r s t r e e t . F i r s t S t r e e t i s d e s i g n a t e d a s a minor a r t e r i a l . Seventh S t r e e t is a principal arterial Fourth i s a minor a r t e r i a l . four (through the Mall) Street The s t r e e t s y s t e m w i t h i n t h e M a l l one-way e a s t - w e s t s t r e e t s : Madison while D r i v e , westbound; Jefferson Drive, Adams D r i v e , w e s t b o u n d includes eastbound; from 1 4 t h S t r e e t to S e v e n t h S t r e e t and eastbound from Seventh S t r e e t t o T h i r d S t r e e t ; and Washington Drive, S e v e n t h S t r e e t and westbound Jefferson Drive and Madison eastbound from 1 4 t h S t r e e t t o from Seventh S t r e e t t o T h i r d Drive a r e 34 f e e t w i d e . Street. Parking i s a l l o w e d on e i t h e r one s i d e o r b o t h s i d e s on a l l o f t h e M a l l streets. Drive Figure 22 shows t y p i c a l t r a f f i c conditions on Adams near the s t r e e t . Traffic Volumes Shown on F i g u r e s (ADT) v o l u m e s . 23 a n d 24 a r e 1974 A v e r a g e D a i l y T h e s e numbers r e p r e s e n t volumes, a s a p p l i c a b l e , t h e t o t a l one o r two way o f a u t o m o b i l e s , b u s e s , and t r u c k s u s e e a c h f a c i l i t y o v e r a n a v e r a g e 24-hour weekday The h i g h e s t volumes Traffic a r e f o u n d on 1 4 t h S t r e e t , Avenue, and Independence Avenue, w i t h the f i r s t period. Constitution two h a v i n g ADTs o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 40,000 v e h i c l e s p e r d a y and t h e l a t t e r m a t e l y 30,000 v e h i c l e s p e r d a y . that approxi- Volumes a l o n g t h e proposed 137 ��F i g u r e 22 P h o t o D e p i c t i n g T r a f f i c Conditions Adams D r i v e , b e t w e e n 7 t h and 1 0 t h S t r e e t s , March 1 9 7 5 , Mid-Day. �t¿6t' c!$er¡¡ sÁenq6¡X lo'ÉeO'C'O ¡ ìqf spnoc culqceu¡ :ccrros g¿61'sa¡elcosse 9!lleJI ^l!eo e6e,lenry ecl^Jes l.!ed leuolleN Ðu ounoÐ@Ðs Ðo edur¡ siled pluowuoJIAu3 pue6e1 :lf,r^xx'lvtltl9 s xlN!9 6 I6 br-l lelroec leuolleN eqr þ ileûT uo!tel!llqeqeH :t ñ il u 'r'"ti ð/ W8 ìì)r*O tVXXll Etfrlra I iôt¡ç3ôc¡ !11vt* ü 0vlàñr t-- * I _---_*_¡rrK_ il {:ïl Ë*i n tl ËÍ1tñ rJ& sr4* ltrn I n¡ffi! sr1Ð tt:i?ì^v ÞaloÌj tt ON |XTIS tva3cli lùi:1r:)iü9È lèð¡St¿iqXt :1¡Þld&l¿l¡\' u *ffi 3¡Rtg r \ I * l) * 6t' I il { 1 !t r3& L õ f,: * 1 t" f ¡ awü * * ]ry{ *t ã{ rçrrlnð¡ -t Ëe{ð ã¡{¡a ,. * ü. v , . i {'1 i ,vv ¡ ,, -.-ti--' io Mtg¡x truoì$ * Áü?TYi Às1M)3; g KS. & ä I J6 XNn.; Õ I û I I (> ñt I I {,* { I )¡ f';:ç tt t $cJ fl il L,,¡ *ruw ån I t t ü n lr$ äsltl lYàsti lf I ÐÀlå*! 3St! laðo) t_J w¡*¡$ätg é¡$ {}fic) ü J1 �-r t :-: "1*..- a,l 'l i- ij iiãÉlfl Rehabilitation Of The Mall Nl-ational Caoital Parks Legend .Þ, shuttle bus route &direction National Paik Service Envnronnnenta[ Innpact S tatennent Daily o' Traffic rooo' Source, D.C. Dept. of Highways & Traff ic ,1974 ��s h u t t l e bus routes are generally a t the 10,000 p e r increase s i g n i f i c a n t l y n e a r t h e C a p i t o l and near the day level Stadium-Armory complex. V o l u m e s on For the Mall extent roads, i n comparison, are q u i t e e x a m p l e , m e a s u r e d v o l u m e s on r a n g e d f r o m 1,400 to a l e s s e r but the four i n t e r n a l Mall t o 4,000 on w e e k d a y s and 1,600 low. roads t o 2,800 on weekends. T r a f f i c Operational Characteristics T r a f f i c control devices regulate and c o n t r o l the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s are a highway f a c i l i t y are the ( s i g n s , s i g n a l s and flow of t r a f f i c . Their location important to determining the and i t s l e v e l of intersection controls s i g n a l i z e d i n t e r s e c t i o n s on service. i n the M a l l the area s h u t t l e bus and l e v e l of s e r v i c e . f a c t o r s as the t r u c k s and clearances, L e v e l of h i g h w a y w i d t h , number o f buses, t o t a l t r a f f i c flow. . and the lowest Figure and 25 the routes. i n terms of lanes, percentage such of lateral other f a c t o r s which A complete d e s c r i p t i o n of Highway highest the Capacity S i x s e r v i c e l e v e l s ranging A through F are used w i t h L e v e l A being the a t l e g a l speeds, w h i l e of s e r v i c e r e l a t e s to l e v e l - o f - s e r v i c e concept i s provided i n the M a n u a l S p e c i a l R e p o r t 87 and and v o l u m e , t u r n i n g movements, grades, sight distance, a f f e c t the q u a l i t y of capacity Shown on T r a f f i c operations are normally evaluated capacity markings) from possible L e v e l F would have the g r e a t e s t congestion speeds. "'"Highway C a p a c i t y M a n u a l , Highway R e s e a r c h B o a r d , R e p o r t 87, 1965. 145 Special ��I ::ìä;: , Ë.:r i' ii il i*-l .:: ,i ::r Rehabilitation Of The Mall National Gaoital Parks National Paik Service soo' il g ¡:l flö8u íJ Legend o si¡nalzed r sign control r lx) control Envnr@nnnentaI Innpaet S tatennent Existlng Traff¡c Gontrol [Þvices �Briefly, "A" the s i x l e v e l s of s e r v i c e are defined - L e v e l A i s a c o n d i t i o n w i t h low t r a f f i c as f o l l o w s : volumes, v e h i c l e s m o v i n g a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e s p e e d - l i m i t , and f r e e flow conditions. "B" - L e v e l B i s a c o n d i t i o n w i t h l i g h t t r a f f i c m i n o r s p e e d r e s t r i c t i o n s and s t a b l e volumes, flow. "C" - L e v e l C i s a c o n d i t i o n w i t h m o d e r a t e t r a f f i c volumes w i t h s p e e d and m a n e u v e r i n g r e s t r i c t e d t o a l i m i t e d d e g r e e by t h e amount o f "D" at traffic. - L e v e l D i s a c o n d i t i o n w i t h heavy t r a f f i c operating t o l e r a b l e s p e e d s a l t h o u g h t e m p o r a r y s l o w downs i n f l o w occur. L e v e l D i s g e n e r a l l y considered may the design l e v e l of s e r v i c e f o r urban c o n d i t i o n s . "E" - L e v e l E i s a c o n d i t i o n of e x t r e m e l y relatively low speeds. heavy f l o w and I t i s t h e c o n d i t i o n u n d e r w h i c h t h e most v e h i c l e s c o u l d be accommodated by t h e s t r e e t o r r o a d w a y . L e v e l E the t r a f f i c flow i s unstable and s h o r t s t o p p a g e s Under may occur. "F" - L e v e l F i s a c o n d i t i o n o f heavy flow i n which stoppages a r e frequent traffic and s p e e d s v e r y l o w . c o n d i t i o n under w h i c h t r a f f i c I t i s an unstable o f t e n comes t o a c o m p l e t e halt. Analyses were performed a t key s i g n a l i z e d l o c a t i o n s t o a s c e r t a i n the l e v e l of s e r v i c e during a n a l y s e s a r e summarized when a n t i c i p a t e d t r a f f i c i n Table peak p e r i o d s . These 5 and w i l l be r e f e r r e d t o l a t e r impacts are considered. 149 I n addition, �TABLE 5 CAPACITY ANALYSES (1975) Levels of Service Intersection A.M. P.M. 14th & C o n s t i t u t i o n N.W. E D 14th & Independence S.W. E E 3rd & Constitution N.W. B B 3rd & Independence S.W. B A E. C a p i t o l & 1 9 t h B A Independence & 1 9 t h S.E. A E E. C a p i t o l S t . B r i d g e ( W h i t n e y Young M e m o r i a l ) J u l y , 1974 - D. C. DHT A.M. (Period) 7:00-7:30 7:30-8:00 8:00-8:30 8:30-9:00 9:00-9:30 P.M. (Period) 4:00-4:30 4:30-5:00 5:00-5:30 5:30-6:00 6:00-6:30 I n b o u n d Volumes 2 267 o} 5 4 9 2 L e V S l F 2192 1572 854 Outbound Volumes 2014 228u} 1932 1126 150 4 4 6 0 L e v e l D �peak hour c o u n t s f o r the E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t B r i d g e given. As c a n be seen, s i g n i f i c a n t congestion a r e a a s i s common t o t h e W a s h i n g t o n , D.C. proposed s h u t t l e r o u t e of the evening peak are a l s o occurs core area. i s not congested except during i n the The portions hours. Parking P a r k i n g s u r v e y s were conducted* of the curb p a r k i n g on t h e M a l l , and w i t h i n reasonable an i n v e n t o r y was compiled of a l l p a r k i n g walking distance. c o n d u c t e d on a S a t u r d a y and The The parking spaces s u r v e y s were on a weekday t o d e t e r m i n e c u r b p a r k i n g u s a g e , s p a c e t u r n o v e r , and of the v e h i c l e s . spaces s t a t e of total registration r e s u l t s o f t h e s u r v e y s and i n v e n t o r i e s are as f o l l o w s : F i g u r e 26 d e p i c t s c u r r e n t p a r k i n g on and i n the v i c i n i t y of the M a l l . facilities s l i g h t l y a f f e c t the o v e r a l l A t o t a l o f 1401 legal parking regulations Construction a c t i v i t i e s the M a l l r e q u i r e f r e q u e n t changes i n the p a r k i n g w h i c h may and on regulations numbers. spaces are c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e a t t h e c u r b s o f t h e a r e a bounded by C o n s i t u t i o n , I n d e p e n d e n c e , 1 4 t h and Third. These a r e l a r g e l y along Washington D r i v e , J e f f e r s o n D r i v e , Adams D r i v e , and amounts o f p a r k i n g a v a i l a b l e on These spaces i n c l u d e over Off s t r e e t p a r k i n g on e m p l o y e e s and * docents. 300 Madison D r i v e , w i t h minor the s h o r t north-south now reserved f o r permit the M a l l i s provided C u r r e n t l y t h e r e a r e 797 S u c h s u r v e y s w e r e c o n d u c t e d on M a r c h , 1975. 15] Saturday and streets. users. for specified spaces f o r a weekday these during ��LI ..,,:: (:) Tl* _...-'. r"ì Ç ià¡ç L__l IJ x l:) ð &ÊÉrhf ùt &vf Þríi {:u À 4ÊC*rVfS 1i .t a"J {:b {:) eoú4Y !t(*t ni t, rqg&Àt.. 14ÂtN h Ð m 'd .1 "-ì ".-l { ) 1' .) I s * ::::/ \: llK'vd I f* -. I &3{9V ôf ëÂrroRÅi GAUÊÀY 0Ë '1...-- aqT t: rJ t, T*l o -5; 'jt N Itlrrr¡rrtlr Ínx t¡lltlt'Irl 2.kt e***t *uqfcx t¡l Y'{f, N I ! ! I ¡ll fl¡¡ o l\ l; J 10N ? -1 I * é ttt \ *--t I 1 .t rc1å¡rc {¡Ar(t$ r I Il ,xstìTa10l i il I ,ç ¡àrtt, Nôf{1:i 8l ft {i} tf å fr ¡ T llaRÂr À.Jr4Ì:a* ür "b DG å raNRÁr 3*rìaË 9iñ @ I '. v, v\ { ..\ ..t v. Y. \' 1 r-ã-% r8 åÌfr ${ü w *) * \ \ o ó ,ã \"'l' : - -Jl _-_ t 2 ...]{ {i'. t: (/ x¡$1tr s ï{CilKrtrr .$ I u 6 ffii] df6rlÈ rîil rl tI tsllf ñl,# €t&1fi ô SrT* ñ& gtut4!ìq& ilmnüil ffiMtg $ . t- s 'þìi. t, t*., ' bt: -.. 't".*.'__ ' '''"'+Y { Rehab¡litation Of The Mall Nãtional Caoital Parks Legend Visitor Nãtional Paik Service Restricted rn æ Envnr@nnnenta[ unSigned 2hr. parking (except during peak hrs.) r¡'rñr 3 hr. parking (except 12:OO am to |O:OOam) restricted or construction rrr¡r perm¡t parking - Innpact Sta nn Gurb Parkinq lnventory �personnel. Within approximately M a l l a r e almost a t h r e e b l o c k d i s t a n c e from t h e 21,300 p r i v a t e , p u b l i c , and Government owned o f f - s t r e e t parking spaces. The a r e a b o u n d a r i e s and t h e t y p e s i of spaces a r e summarized i n T a b l e 6. P a r k i n g on t h e i n t e r n a l M a l l r o a d s was s u r v e y e d weekday a n d a weekend. over The a c c u m u l a t i o n on b o t h a of parked v e h i c l e s t h e d a y d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d i s shown on F i g u r e 27. A l t h o u g h t h e t o t a l number o f a c c u m u l a t e d v e h i c l e s i s approximately in t h e same, s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s a r e t h e times a t which t h e occupancy build-up apparent takes place. t h e f a c t t h a t M a l l a t t r a c t i o n s d i d n o t open u n t i l Despite 10 a.m. and t h a t v i s i t o r p a r k i n g on t h e M a l l i s r e s t r i c t e d u n t i l t h a t t i m e , over 475 v e h i c l e s w e r e p a r k e d w e e k d a y , a n d by 8:30 a.m. on t h e M a l l by 7:30 a.m. almost on t h e 750 v e h i c l e s w e r e p r e s e n t . t h e s e 7 5 0 , l e s s t h a n 175 c o u l d be a t t r i b u t e d t o p e r m i t During Of parking. t h e weekend t h e b u i l d u p o f v e h i c l e s s t a r t e d much l a t e r a n d c a n be d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e o p e n i n g o f t h e v a r i o u s museums and f a c i l i t i e s . A t 8:30 a.m., 60 v e h i c l e s w e r e p a r k e d , compared t o t h e 750 v e h i c l e s n o t e d above. I t may f o r example, l e s s a l s o be n o t e d t h a t t h e o u t f l o w than from t h e M a l l t a k e s p l a c e a t a l a t e r t i m e d u r i n g t h e weekday and i s more p r e c i p i t o u s t h a n t h a t f o r t h e weekend. T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n , coupled confirms with parking turnover data, t h e f a c t t h a t l a r g e numbers o f v e h i c l e s v i o l a t e t h e t h r e e h o u r p a r k i n g l i m i t a t i o n and u s e t h e M a l l a s a n a l l d a y 155 �TABLE 6 SUMMARY OF PARKING SPACES GARAGE TYPE PARKING LOT TOTAL Government 7081 4894 11,975 Public 4845 4204 9,049 246 246 9,344 21,270 Private Total Area: — 11,926 Bounded b y 1 5 t h S t r e e t on t h e w e s t ; 'E* S t r e e t o n t h e n o r t h ; 1 s t S t r e e t N.E. a n d S . E . on t h e e a s t ; a n d 1-95 o n t h e s o u t h . 156 �F i g u r e 27 Parking Capacity v s Time ��parking f a c i l i t y . of approximately The parking turnover data i n d i c a t e d a 3 on w e e k d a y s , and approximately 4 on turnover weekends. A s u r v e y of the s t a t e of r e g i s t r a t i o n of autos parked Mall i s provided i n Table v i s i t o r s on w e e k e n d s , and be filling the spaces 7. The on 1 the d a t a i n d i c a t e s more o u t - o f - a r e a a l s o i n d i c a t e s t h a t area workers before v i s i t o r s may arrive. Transit Service T r a n s i t s e r v i c e to the M a l l i s c u r r e n t l y provided b u s e s on 71 s e p a r a t e l i n e s . 14th, Seventh, and F o u r t h , and Independence Avenues. d i r e c t l y on A l a r g e number o f r o u t e s by WMATA utilize T h i r d S t r e e t s , as w e l l as C o n s t i t u t i o n T h e r e a r e numerous bus the M a l l which are convenient stops located to the major M a l l 2 attractions. D a t a f r o m an A u g u s t 1969 o r 1530 visitors transit s e r v i c e , w h i l e an a l m o s t bus. t o t h e M a l l museum b u i l d i n g s u s e d S i n c e t h a t time i m p r o v e d and survey indicated expanded. scheduled 5.4% scheduled e q u a l number a r r i v e d by c h a r t e r transit s e r v i c e has been v a s t l y The M a l l i s a c c e s s i b l e by t r a n s i t buses, from n e a r l y a l l p o i n t s i n the r e g i o n , e i t h e r d i r e c t l y or w i t h a single transfer. The proposed s h u t t l e s e r v i c e would u t i l i z e Independence A v e n u e e a s t b o u n d t o t h e S t a d i u m and w o u l d r e t u r n t o t h e M a l l v i a East Capitol Street. These r o u t e s a l r e a d y c a r r y a number o f b u s e s a s i n d i c a t e d i n T a b l e substantial 8. D e r i v e d f r o m e x p a n d i n g f o u r h o u r weekday and weekend s a m p l e s t o the t y p i c a l f u l l day. The f a c t o r i s c o n s e r v a t i v e i n t h a t i t o v e r s t a t e s the problem of t u r n o v e r . Washington M a l l P a r k i n g F a c i l i t i e s F e a s i b i l i t y A n a l y s i s , W a s h i n g t o n , D.C, prepared f o r Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n , W i l b u r S m i t h and A s s o c i a t e s , J a n u a r y , 1 9 7 1 . 159 �TABLE 7 S T A T E OF R E G I S T R A T I O N OF AUTOS PARKED ON MALL MARYLAND WEEKDAY 30% WEENEND 25% VIRGINIA DISTRICT OTHER TOTAL 23% 20% 27% 100% 12% 38% 100% 25% 160 �TABLE 8 WMATA BUS ROUTES ON SHUTTLE ROUTE ( J a n u a r y , 1975) Westbound Number o f buses Peak Hour Daily (7-8 a.m.) East Capitol Street Route 40 Routes U5,F7 ( v i a N. C a r . Ave. e a s t of L i n c o l n P a r k ) Eastbound Number o f buses Peak Hour Daily (5-6 p.m.) 27 28 Total 106 7 81 85 198 Routes 90,96,98 ( v i a Mass. Ave. e a s t of L i n c o l n P a r k 109 8 198 Independence Avenue (one-way e a s t ) (east of Pennsylvania Ave. S.E.) 4 1 6 1 10 2 2 21 Routes A l l A17 F14 Jll R12 R13 R14 Fll 47 Total S o u r c e : Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a T r a n s i t A u t h o r i t y , J a n u a r y , 1975. 161 �Metro System The r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e Metro system shown on F i g u r e 2 8 . cross the Mall. Carrollton to the Mall i s The M e t r o s y s t e m w i l l h a v e two l i n e s One l i n e ( t h e C-D l i n e ) r u n s f r o m t h e New (Md.) S t a t i o n on t h e e a s t t o t h e H u n t i n g t o n S t a t i o n ( V a . ) on t h e s o u t h w e s t and i n c l u d e s t h e S m i t h s o n i a n The which north entrance of the Smithsonian Station. S t a t i o n opens d i r e c t l y onto t h e M a l l j u s t n o r t h o f t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f J e f f e r s o n D r i v e and at 12th Street. T h i s s t a t i o n a l s o h a s e a s t and w e s t I n d e p e n d e n c e Avenue and 1 2 t h S t r e e t . The s e c o n d l i n e ( E - F ) w i l l be p a r t o f t h e l o o p t h a t h a s B r a n c h Avenue terminus and a s t a t i o n n e a r other terminus. although entrances (Md.) a s one 1-95 and 1-495 i n M a r y l a n d a s i t s T h i s l i n e h a s no s t a t i o n d i r e c t l y on t h e M a l l a k n o c k o u t p a n e l on t h e n o r t h s i d e o f C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue i s p r o v i d e d a t t h e A r c h i v e s S t a t i o n and t h e L ' E n f a n t Plaza s t a t i o n i s approximately 1500 f e e t s o u t h o f t h e I n d e p e n d e n c e Avenue edge o f t h e M a l l . As t h e Metro system using rapid r a i l expands t o i t s f u l l e x t e n t t h e ease o f t r a n s i t to get to the Mall area increases. Over a p e r i o d o f y e a r s , mass t r a n s i t a c c e s s i b i l i t y will seven improve s i g n i f i c a n t l y . phases over M e t r o w i l l become o p e r a t i o n a l i n a six-year period, with service to the Mall being p a r t o f t h e second phase, which i s scheduled d u r i n g t h e summer o f 1 9 7 6 . scheduled to the Mall f o r opening However, g i v e n p r e v i o u s d e l a y s i n o p e r a t i o n , a l a t e r o p e n i n g c a n n o t be r u l e d o u t . 162 �REGIONAL RAPID RAIL TRANSIT SYSTEM Adopted March 1968. Revised February 1969 • June 1970. Authorized by Congress December 1969. Figure 28 ��S e r v i c e on t h e s e c o n d l i n e w h i c h p a s s e s through the M a l l i s p a r t of the f o u r t h phase development scheduled WMATA's 1990 f o r e c a s t s f o r a.m. t u r e s a t the Smithsonian an a v e r a g e weekday and, a l l work t r i p s . of persons for July, 1978. peak hour p a s s e n g e r depar- s t a t i o n a r e 4320. T h i s number r e f l e c t s as a peak hour f i g u r e , i s e s s e n t i a l l y However, i t g i v e s an i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e v o l u m e s t h a t t h i s s t a t i o n c o u l d h a n d l e and has o t h e r i m p l i c a - t i o n s w i t h r e g a r d t o c h a n g e s i n modal s p l i t o f work trips. S h u t t l e S e r v i c e Demands The p l a n s f o r r e l o c a t i n g p a r k i n g from the M a l l t o R o b e r t F. Kennedy S t a d i u m i n 1975 f r i n g e p a r k i n g t o s e r v i c e 1976 establishing s h u t t l e bus and the establishment of o p e r a t i o n . 1 s e r v i c e to the M a l l . used. 4.0 Turnover hours r a t e s o f 3.0 the on on w e e k e n d s , a s p r e v i o u s l y c a l c u l a t e d , w e r e persons These assumptions apply per v e h i c l e w i l l to parking a t the n e c e s s a r y t o r e p l a c e t h e 630 M a l l s p a c e s . facilities, two A l s o , i t i s assumed t h a t no v e h i c l e s e n t e r V e h i c l e o c c u p a n c y o f 3.2 assumed. that fringe t o 80% o f c a p a c i t y b e t w e e n t h e f i r s t f r i n g e p a r k i n g a r e a s a f t e r 7 p.m. w e e k d a y s and of B i c e n t e n n i a l demands i n c l u d e F o r p u r p o s e s o f a n a l y s i s , WMATA h a s e s t i m a t e d l o t s would f i l l the For f u l l be level use of fringe which have d i f f e r e n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s than the h e a v i l y used M a l l spaces, secondary assumptions as noted below were used. M a r c h 26, 1 9 7 5 , m e e t i n g w i t h W a r r e n Q u e n s t e d t and P e r r i e A l s o , B i c e n t e n n i a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study f o r the N a t i o n a l A r e a , p. 42. 165 Nutwell. Capital �1975 Shuttle Service With t h e r e l o c a t i o n of M a l l spaces t o R o b e r t F . Kennedy S t a d i u m , i t i s p r o p o s e d t h a t s h u t t l e s e r v i c e be p r o v i d e d by concessioner, During and u s i n g b u s e s w i t h a c a p a c i t y o f 39 summer h o u r s , 9:30 p.m. could generate s e r v i c e w o u l d be o p e r a t e d On a n a v e r a g e a s many a s 6048 p a s s e n g e r s , b e t w e e n 11:30 a.m. a n d 7 p.m. could use the s e r v i c e . a b l e 2400 s p a c e s b e t w e e n 9:30 a.m. w e e k d a y , t h e 630 p a r k i n g the s h u t t l e s e r v i c e during the f i r s t persons two h o u r s , Assuming f u l l a t a t u r n o v e r o f 2.0^ B u s l o a d i n g s o f 50 p a s s e n g e r s use of the a v a i l - and a v e h i c l e occupancy I ti sforecast i n t h e f i r s t two a r e estimated during peak 2 1976 Shuttle Service When t h e f r i n g e p a r k i n g s y s t e m i n 1976, c u r r e n t p l a n s c a l l at a n d up t o 4436 On S a t u r d a y s , a s many a s 8064 t h a t 7 0 % o f t h e 2400 s p a c e s w o u l d be f i l l e d hours. spaces w i t h 1612 u s i n g o f 3.2, 15,360 p e r s o n - t r i p s w o u l d be g e n e r a t e d . hours. passengers. p r o p o s e d by DOT i s i m p l e m e n t e d f o r 12,000 s p a c e s i n t h r e e l o t s - 6000 t h e S t a d i u m , 4000 a t F t . Myer, a n d 2000 a t t h e P e n t a g o n . The B i c e n t e n n i a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S t u d y e s t i m a t e s t h a t 24,200 a u t o s c a n be d i v e r t e d t o t h e f r i n g e l o t s , w i t h the passengers u s i n g bus service to the Mall area. Turnover f o r f r i n g e f a c i l i t i e s Action Plan. 20% standees, a s used i n t h e B i c e n t e n n i a l a s used i n t h e B i c e n t e n n i a l A c t i o n P l a n . 166 �The f r i n g e s e r v i c e w o u l d be p r o v i d e d currently in their fleet f r o m 9 a.m. p a r k i n g s e r v i c e c o u l d not operate 4-6 p.m. by WMATA u s i n g b u s e s t o 10 p.m. a t a high s e r v i c e l e v e l on w e e k d a y s , b e c a u s e o f M e t r o ' s commitment t o routes. S e r v i c e w o u l d be c o n t i n u o u s holidays. S e r v i c e w o u l d be p r o v i d e d (20% standees) d u r i n g a.m. b a s e day and trips Table service return by 50 p a s s e n g e r p e a k s e r v i c e , and between regular buses. per vehicle 50 p e r v e h i c l e on trips. 9 g i v e s p a s s e n g e r and ( r e l o c a t i o n o f 630 e s t i m a t e d u s a g e , and 1 on S a t u r d a y s , S u n d a y s , o r E s t i m a t e s a r e made on t h e b a s i s o f 6 0 p a s s e n g e r s 1976 However, f r i n g e t r i p d a t a f o r 1975 spaces and full shuttle fringe l o t usage), a summary o f d a i l y f r i n g e bus service o p e r a t i o n u s i n g the assumptions noted above. R o b e r t F. Kennedy S t a d i u m The handle events a c c e s s roadways surrounding the i n g r e s s and t h e R o b e r t F. Kennedy S t a d i u m egress t r a f f i c generated such as p r o f e s s i o n a l by special f o o t b a l l games, w h i c h e x h i b i t e x t r e m e p e a k a r r i v a l and departure characteristics. The the E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t B r i d g e w o u l d g a i n a c c e s s t o L o t 8 by t r a v e l i n g t h r o u g h t h e n o r t h e a s t p a r k i n g l o t and Capitol Street. Capitol The S t r e e t ramp. visitor under East r e t u r n w o u l d be d i r e c t a c c e s s o n t o t h e The visitors able to t h e E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t B r i d g e ramps a r o u n d Stadium. ^•More t h a n one bus e a c h 15 minutes. 167 East from the w e s t v i a Independence Avenue w i l l h a v e d i r e c t a c c e s s t o L o t 8 and w i l l be by f o l l o w i n g using the return �TABLE 9 SIM4ARY OF DAILY FRINGE BUS SERVICE OPERATION YEAR 1975 Weekday LOT SPACES RFK 630 AUTOS DALLY ONE-WAY PASSENGERS A.M. PEAK HOURS BASE DAY SERVICE 2 A.M. PEAK TRIPS I N BASE DAY TRIPS IN RETURN T R I P S 3 ' TOTAL ROUND TRIPS 1 1890 6048 1612 806/hr 4436 591/hr 42 21/hr 113 15/hr 155 197 630 2520 8064 1612 806/hr 6452 860/hr 42 21/hr 165 22/hr 207 249 1975 RFK Weekday o r 2400 Weekend 4800 15,360 5376 2688/hr 9984 1331/hr 108 54/hr 256 34/hr 394 502 12,520 40,064 15,360 7680/hr 24,704 4492/hr 256 128/hr 495 90/hr 802 1058 10,240 5120/hr 14,355 3610/hr 172 86/hr 292 53/hr 492 664 86 43/hr 154 28/hr 256 342 1550 2064 Saturday 1976 Est. Weekday 6000 Est. Weekday F t . Myer 4000 7686 24,595 Est. Weekday Pentagon 2000 3998 12,794 5020 2560/hr 7674 1396/hr 24,204 77,453 30,720 15,360/hr 46,733 15/360/hr Total Weekday RFK 12000 1 - Represents replacement of M a l l spaces only. 2 - Represents f r i n g e l o t used a t capacity. *^ 514 257/hr 941 171/hr 3 - Assumes passengers out i n a.m. peak, r e t u r n t r i p s equals passenger volume divided by 39 . _ 4 - T o t a l round t r i p s equals a.m. peak plus r e t u r n t r i p s . �Impact The proposed a c t i o n w i l l r e s u l t i n changes i n t h e t r a v e l p a t t e r n s o f a u t o d r i v e r s who w i s h stead of d r i v i n g d i r e c t l y trips will to v i s i t the Mall area. In- t o t h e M a l l , a number o f t h e a u t o m o b i l e be d i r e c t e d t o t h e R. F. Kennedy S t a d i u m p a r k i n g l o t . From t h e S t a d i u m , s h u t t l e b u s e s w o u l d t r a n s p o r t p e o p l e t o t h e Mall. The m a j o r r e s u l t o f t h i s a c t i o n i n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n t e r m s r e l a t e s to the t o t a l t r a v e l requirements that a r e created. These t r a v e l r e q u i r e m e n t s a r e most d i r e c t l y a d d r e s s e d by e x a m i n i n g t h e t r a v e l distances involved f o r the various actions. planners have developed a measure o f t r a v e l d i s t a n c e which i d e n t i f y as v e h i c l e miles of t r a v e l VMT they (VMT). i s t h e sum o f t h e m i l e a g e o f a l l v e h i c l e s a f f e c t e d by the given a c t i o n . vehicles Transportation I t i s d e r i v e d by d e t e r m i n i n g t h e number o f (both a u t o m o b i l e s and buses) t r a v e l l i n g a g i v e n street o r h i g h w a y and m u l t i p l y i n g t h i s number by t h e l e n g t h o f t h e t r a v e l path. for the t r i p necessary VMT incorporates a l l movements t h a t a r e r e q u i r e d i n c l u d i n g a n y c i r c l i n g m a n e u v e r s t h a t may be to find a parking space. VMT i s c a l c u l a t e d on a daily basis. The traffic impacts r e s u l t i n g from t h e proposed a c t i o n a r e b a s e d upon c e r t a i n a s s u m p t i o n s f o r t h e a n a l y s i s p e r i o d s . T h e s e a s s u m p t i o n s a r e f o u n d e d upon f i e l d during So t h i s study or are derived observations from other recent performed analyses. as t o c l e a r l y d e f i n e t h e b a s i s f o r t h e a n a l y s i s , the major a s s u m p t i o n s and t h e i r s o u r c e a r e provided below. �Weekday and Weekend T r a v e l - H i s t o r i c a l l y , visitation M a l l h a s been h i g h e r on w e e k e n d s t h a n i t i s on w e e k d a y s . study i n d i c a t e d t h e weekday.^ pected t h a t t h e weekend was approximately a s s u m p t i o n f o r 1976 and A the previous 12% h i g h e r However, t h i s weekday/weekend d i f f e r e n t i a l to disappear during the B i c e n t e n n i a l to i s ex- therefore, i s t h a t an e q u a l amount o f t r a v e l than will the be 2 generated each day. Parking Turnover R a t e s - E a c h p a r k i n g s p a c e may a number o f v e h i c l e s o v e r t h e e n t i r e day. t h e number o f t i m e s d u r i n g t h e day Turnover total reflects the average t i m e o v e r t h e day Field be u t i l i z e d Parking "turnover" i s t h a t the space i s actually l e n g t h of each v i s i t as w e l l as that v i s i t a t i o n the study i n d i c a t e d a h i g h e r r a t e o f t u r n o v e r d u r i n g t h e weekend t h a n On used. i s permitted. s u r v e y s c o n d u c t e d on t h e M a l l s t r e e t s d u r i n g t h i s t h e weekday. by t h e b a s i s o f t h e s e s u r v e y s and during corroborating d a t a f r o m p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s , i t h a s been assumed t h a t weekday turnover w i l l average 3.0 and weekend t u r n o v e r 4.0. o v e r r a t e s a r e b a s e d on t h e h o u r s Smithsonian being f r o m 10 a.m. These turn- of o p e r a t i o n a t the to 9 p.m. 1 Wilbur Smith & A s s o c i a t e s , Washington M a l l P a r k i n g F e a s i b i l i t y A n a l y s i s , W a s h i n g t o n , D.C., 1971. 2 Facilities B i c e n t e n n i a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study f o r the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l A r e a , p r e p a r e d by t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n W a s h i n g t o n C o u n c i l o f G o v e r n m e n t s , e t a l , December, 1973. 170 �During t h e B i c e n t e n n i a l i n 1976, anticipated visitors to minimize t o t h e M a l l t h r o u g h o u t t h e summer i s l i k e l y t h e weekday and weekend t u r n o v e r r a t e s . t u r n o v e r r a t e s o f 3.0 and 4.0 of the range of p o t e n t i a l The t h e l a r g e numbers o f will still be u s e d a s an impacts. 2.0 earlier. A u t o O c c u p a n c y - An average has been used f o r v i s i t o r s a u t o o c c u p a n c y o f 3.2 to the M a l l . the B i c e n t e n n i a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study T h i s r a t e was and has been by a d d i t i o n a l s u r v e y s c o n d u c t e d d u r i n g t h i s Summary o f F i n d i n g s - T r a f f i c and the major impacts One T a b l e 10. and study. summary o f r e l a t e s to the t h e s e numbers a r e p r o v i d e d in the i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h i s t a b l e , p l u s the other p a r k i n g a n a l y s e s which were conducted, the major f i n d i n g s are as Summer used i n corroborated P a r k i n g - The of the key measures of impact Using persons r e s u l t i n g from the proposed a c t i o n a r e i n d i c a t e d v e h i c l e m i l e s o f t r a v e l and traffic indication t u r n o v e r r a t e f o r f r i n g e l o t s i s assumed t o be as noted below. However, t h e follows: 1975 . Under t h e c o n d i t i o n o f r e p l a c i n g o n l y t h e 630 s p a c e s , the proposed a c t i o n w i l l r e s u l t i n a s l i g h t decrease i n t h e t o t a l VMT o f M a l l - g e n e r a t e d t r a f f i c a m o u n t i n g to a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 p e r c e n t , Under t h e c o n d i t i o n o f f u l l f r i n g e l o t u s a g e , a d e c r e a s e i n VMT o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 7 t o 9 p e r c e n t c o u l d be e x p e c t e d . . No s i g n i f i c a n t change i n f u e l consumption w i l l occur. . The o p e r a t i o n s o f t h e s t r e e t s i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e M a l l and a l o n g t h e s h u t t l e bus r o u t e s w i l l n o t be significantly affected. The E a s t C a p i t o l B r i d g e w i l l 171 �TABLE 10 SUMMARY OF VEHICLE MILES OF TRAVEL UNDER VARIOUS CONDITIONS Summer 1975 w i t h Wash, and Adams Trips Week T o t a l Autos 6,350 Sat 7,110 Week Sat Summer 1975 F u l l Fringe Usage Week Summer 1976 with Wash, and Adams Sat Week 6,350 7,110 6,350 7,110 27,400 2,520 4,590 4,800 1,550 4,800 2,310 - Sat Auto VMT To Mall Auto VMT Cir eMail Sat Week Sat 27,400 27,400 27,400 15,634 9,970 27,400 27,400 15,004 12,396 11,766 9,970 11,150 - 7,110 83,040 54,330 56,658 18,882 28,514 320,013 320,013 144,777 137,419 116,442 130,224 6,350 7,110 4,460 4,590 1,550 2,310 27,400 27,400 12,396 11,766 9,970 11,150 - 19,216 25,620 48,803 48,803 - Bus VMT from Fringe L o t s to Mall - - 1,520 1,922 3,873 3,873 - 125,954 (15,866) 131,242 (21,150) 10,638 ( 1,340) 80,508 90,048 79,526 88,790 I n d i c a t e s VMT a t t r i b u t a b l e t o 630 spaces only. 73,108 83,500 347,020 347,020 11,586 303,696 303,097 - 11,084 ( 1,696) 9,931 Other bus VMT (17 Express Routes) - 11,150 6,350 - ( ) Week 1985 w/o Wash, and Adams 1,890 4,460 Auto VMT to Fringe Lots TOTAL VMT Summer 1976 w/p Wash. & Adams S w/Fringe Lots 74,158 To F r i n g e To Mall - Sumner 1975 w/o Wash, and Adams 126,412 141,374 �e x p e r i e n c e an i n c r e a s e o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y 50 automobiles d u r i n g t h e p.m. p e a k h o u r , b u t t h i s i s n o t enough t o c h a n g e i t s p r e s e n t "D" l e v e l o f s e r v i c e . The g e n e r a l l e v e l o f s a f e t y o f t h e a d j a c e n t r e s i d e n t s and m o t o r i s t s on t h e s e s t r e e t s w i l l r e m a i n u n c h a n g e d . The l e v e l o f s e r v i c e i s not changed under t h e a s s u m p t i o n of f u l l f r i n g e l o t usage. . Under t h e a s s u m p t i o n o f r e p l a c i n g 630 M a l l s p a c e s , t h e p r o p o s e d s h u t t l e s e r v i c e w i l l add 2 1 b u s e s p e r h o u r o r one e v e r y t h r e e m i n u t e s d u r i n g t h e p e a k p e r i o d on t h e s h u t t l e routes. A t f u l l f r i n g e u s a g e , 54 b u s e s c o u l d be r e q u i r e d i n t h e a.m. p e a k , o r a p p r o x i m a t e l y one bus e v e r y m i n u t e . . P e d e s t r i a n movements w i t h i n t h e M a l l a r e a w i l l be i m p r o v e d by t h e r e m o v a l and r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e two s t r e e t s . . The p r o v i s i o n o f f r i n g e p a r k i n g p r o v i d e s t h e p o t e n t i a l f o r s u b s t a n t i a l l y more p e r s o n s t o r e a c h t h e M a l l . The f r i n g e p a r k i n g f a c i l i t y a l s o removes t h e e f f e c t s of p a r k i n g t i m e l i m i t a t i o n s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h M a l l p a r k i n g , and t h e r e b y p e r m i t s l o n g e r v i s i t a t i o n p e r i o d s and f e w e r concerns w i t h regard to parking v i o l a t i o n s . . P l a n n e d p a r k i n g a c t i o n s w i l l add o v e r 300 new s p a c e s t h e M a l l , a p p r o x i m a t e l y h a l f t h e number b e i n g l o s t . (Planned a c t i o n s other than the proposed p r o j e c t are discussed i n Chapter IV.) Summer to ^ 1976 . The p r o p o s e d a c t i o n i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e f r i n g e p a r k i n g and s h u t t l e bus e l e m e n t s o f t h e B i c e n t e n n i a l Transportation Plan r e s u l t i n a s u b s t a n t i a l decrease i n t h e VMT. T h i s d e c r e a s e amounts t o 14% o f t h e VMT t h a t w o u l d be g e n e r a t e d by t h e M a l l i f no a c t i o n s w e r e implemented. . The c h a n g e s i n t r a f f i c o p e r a t i o n s w h i c h c a n be a t t r i b u t e d s o l e l y t o t h e r e m o v a l o f t h e 630 s p a c e s on t h e M a l l a r e no d i f f e r e n t t h a n t h o s e f o u n d i n t h e summer o f 1975. However, b e c a u s e o f t h e v a s t i n f l u x o f B i c e n t e n n i a l v i s i t o r s , t r a f f i c operations throughout the metropolitan a r e a w i l l be i m p a c t e d . I t i s l i k e l y t h a t peak hour t r a f f i c c o n d i t i o n s w i l l be e x p e r i e n c e d o v e r much o f t h e day f o r t h o s e a r e a s and a c c e s s f a c i l i t i e s a t t r a c t i v e t o the t o u r i s t s . 173 �. B e c a u s e o f t h e l a r g e demand c r e a t e d by t h e B i c e n t e n n i a l , p a r k i n g s p a c e s on o r n e a r t h e M a l l w i l l be i n s h o r t s u p p l y . However, t h e p r o v i s i o n of m a j o r f r i n g e p a r k i n g l o t s on b o t h s i d e s o f t h e M a l l and t h e e x p a n s i o n o f WMATA s e r v i c e a l o n g 17 major c o r r i d o r s p r o v i d e s s u i t a b l e a l t e r n a t i v e s to d r i v i n g to the M a l l . . P l a n n e d p a r k i n g a c t i o n s w i l l add o v e r 2,000 new s p a c e s on o r n e a r t h e M a l l f o r weekday u s e and o v e r a l m o s t 7,000 f o r weekend u s e . T h i s more t h a n m a t c h e s t h e l o s s o f 630 s p a c e s . See C h a p t e r I V . 1985 The f u l l 9 8 - m i l e M e t r o s y s t e m w i l l be o p e r a t i o n a l by 1985. Thus t r a n s i t a c c e s s i b i l i t y o f the M a l l w i l l be s u b s t a n t i a l l y i m p r o v e d o v e r t h e p r e s e n t day a s w e l l a s u n d e r t h e p r o p o s e d f r i n g e p a r k i n g plan. . T r a f f i c o p e r a t i o n s i n t h e M a l l a r e a s h o u l d change l i t t l e from those e x p e r i e n c e d today s i n c e the M e t r o s y s t e m i s f o r e c a s t e d t o a b s o r b any n a t u r a l i n c r e a s e i n t r a f f i c as w e l l as increase i t s share of the market. . T r a f f i c a l o n g those r o u t e s proposed f o r s h u t t l e b u s e s w i l l no l o n g e r be a f f e c t e d by t h e s h u t t l e b u s e s o r by p r i v a t e v e h i c l e s d e s t i n e d f o r t h e shuttle lots. The l o s s o f 630 M a l l p a r k i n g s p a c e s w i l l be more t h a n made up by t h e a d d i t i o n o f 2100 s p a c e s on and n e a r t h e M a l l i n s u c h f a c i l i t i e s a s t h e N a t i o n a l A i r and S p a c e Museum, and t h e National V i s i t o r Center. (See C h a p t e r I V . ) Analysis Periods The p r o p o s e d will ten r e m o v a l o f 630 p a r k i n g s p a c e s 1 on t h e M a l l r e s u l t i n v a r y i n g impacts a t d i f f e r e n t times over the next years. I n order t o look a t the f u l l range of impacts, p a r t i c u l a r p e r i o d s o f t i m e have been s e l e c t e d f o r a n a l y s i s , Number a f f e c t e d a t t i m e o f i n i t i a l a c t i o n . 174 several �w h i c h s h o u l d p r o v i d e an impact. if the A t one i n d i c a t i o n of the extreme i s the condition s t r e e t c l o s u r e s w e r e t o o c c u r now t h e p r o v i s i o n o f s h u t t l e s e r v i c e t o and Stadium. At during T h i s i s c o n s i d e r e d the the other extreme i s the the summer o f 1976, celebration. The p r o v i d e d a t R o b e r t F. t h a t w o u l d be long-range in effect (summer o f 1975) f r o m R o b e r t F. immediate with Kennedy case. s i t u a t i o n which would occur a t the height a n a l y s i s i s b a s e d on s t r e e t c l o s u r e s w o u l d be i m m e d i a t e and in effect. of the Bicentennial the assumption t h a t Fringe parking would Kennedy S t a d i u m , t h e P e n t a g o n , and the be the F o r t Myer a r e a , w i t h e x p r e s s bus s e r v i c e from the the M a l l , as w e l l as e x p r e s s bus s e r v i c e a l o n g 17 o t h e r e x i s t i n g bus routes serving hotel/motel concentrations metropolitan Congress. area. parking The to the by 1 remember t h a t t h e a c t i o n b e i n g a n a l y z e d 630 throughout T h i s i s the p r o p o s a l under c o n s i d e r a t i o n T h r o u g h o u t t h e a n a l y s i s f o r 1976, of fringe lots i t i s e s s e n t i a l to r e l a t e s to the s p a c e s — n o t the t o t a l B i c e n t e n n i a l l o n g - r a n g e e f f e c t o f t h e a c t i o n on analyzed. I n a l l cases, (Saturday) are 1985 an a v e r a g e weekday and removal question. traffic a weekend i s also day analyzed. " A c t i o n P l a n f o r the B i c e n t e n n i a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Program f o r t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l A r e a , " p r e p a r e d by U.S. D e p a r t m e n t o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , O f f i c e of the S e c r e t a r y , e t a l , dated M a r c h 24, 1975. 175 �V e h i c l e M i l e s of T r a v e l - V e h i c l e m i l e s of t r a v e l generated u n d e r e a c h o f t h e v a r i o u s c o n d i t i o n s w e r e computed a s f o l l o w s : T r a v e l r o u t e s i n t o t h e W a s h i n g t o n a r e a h a v e been d e t e r m i n e d in previous and studies. 1 T r a v e l paths a d j a c e n t a r e a s were d e s i g n a t e d p r a c t i c a l routes. The to the M a l l from o u t l y i n g u s i n g t h e f a s t e s t and d i s t a n c e s along most the r o u t e s were c a l c u l a t e d on t h e b a s i s o f t h e t o t a l m i l e s t r a v e l e d w i t h i n t h e ten-mile s q u a r e , w h i c h i n c l u d e s t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a , A r l i n g t o n , and Alexandria. T r a v e l paths to the f r i n g e p a r k i n g a r e a t h a t would s e r v e each t r a v e l c o r r i d o r were d e s i g n a t e d , t r a f f i c d i v e r t e d t o e a c h l o t was and calculated. t h e amount o f P a t h s and distances u s e d by t r a n s i t v e h i c l e s f r o m t h e f r i n g e p a r k i n g a r e a s t o the M a l l were a l s o determined. An average the M a l l . t e r m i n a l d i s t a n c e was added t o e a c h a u t o t r i p T h i s i s to account f o r the c i r c u i t o u s t r a v e l n e c e s s a r y t o f i n d a p a r k i n g s p a c e on t h e M a l l . v a r i e s w i t h t h e volume of t r a f f i c t i m e s o f day. The d i s t a n c e was and to often This distance p a r k i n g demand a t d i f f e r e n t observed t o r a n g e f r o m .75 miles 2 t o 1.5 all miles and auto t r i p s . h a s been e s t i m a t e d a t an a v e r a g e S i n c e t h e s a m p l e was taken during of 1 m i l e f o r off-peak v i s i t o r p e r i o d s , the estimate i s a c o n s e r v a t i v e statement of the circulating travel distance. B i c e n t e n n i a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study f o r the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Area, p r e p a r e d by t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n W a s h i n g t o n C o u n c i l o f G o v e r n m e n t s , e t a l , December, 1973. Sample c a r f o l l o w i n g s u r v e y , M a r c h , 176 1975. �Summer 1975 The p r o p o s e d a c t i o n w i l l t o t a l v e h i c l e m i l e s of t r a v e l 6 30 p a r k i n g s p a c e s . have v e r y l i t t l e (VMT) The n e t change t h a t i s now i n VMT action, under t h e Under t h e p r o p o s e d 70% o f t h e t o t a l demand f o r p a r k i n g on o r n e a r t h e M a l l still result 930 on a S a t u r d a y o r On a p e r c e n t a g e b a s i s t h e r e d u c t i o n i n VMT p r o p o s e d a c t i o n i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y one p e r c e n t . is g e n e r a t e d by t h e i s a r e d u c t i o n of on an a v e r a g e weekday and a r e d u c t i o n o f 1,330 Sunday. i m p a c t on t h e s a t i s f i e d i n the Mall area. Thus any c h a n g e s i n VMT f r o m t h e 30% w h i c h w o u l d be d i v e r t e d t o t h e S t a d i u m . S e v e r a l compensating b a l a n c e i n VMT. factors result Autos a r r i v i n g i n creating this relative f r o m t h e n o r t h and t h e e a s t t r a v e l a s h o r t e r d i s t a n c e t o t h e S t a d i u m t h a n t h e y do t o t h e M a l l . A u t o s w h i c h go t o t h e S t a d i u m do n o t h a v e t o d r i v e a r o u n d ing f o r a parking space. VMT. the search- Both these f a c t o r s tend to reduce the On t h e o t h e r hand, a u t o s w h i c h t r a v e l t o t h e S t a d i u m f r o m s o u t h and t h e w e s t do t r a v e l a g r e a t e r d i s t a n c e t h a n t h e y would i f t h e y went d i r e c t l y to the Mall. I n a d d i t i o n , the s h u t t l e bus adds t r a v e l t h a t w o u l d n o t o t h e r w i s e be The n e t r e s u l t change o f t h e s e f a c t o r s i s , however, i n t h e VMT o c c u r s under the proposed The m a g n i t u d e t h a t no present. significant action. o f t h e c o m p e n s a t i n g f a c t o r s may by c o n s i d e r i n g t h e i m p a c t o f a s i n g l e bus f u l l be examined of passengers. A 39 p a s s e n g e r bus l o a d e d t o c a p a c i t y i s t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f a u t o m o b i l e s c a r r y i n g an a v e r a g e o f 3.2 p e r s o n s . 177 I n one 12.2 round �trip 7.7 f r o m t h e S t a d i u m t o t h e M a l l and b a c k t h e bus w i l l miles. The 12.2 for a parking It a u t o s would space i n the M a l l should travel d r i v e 12.2 m i l e s w h i l e looking area. be n o t e d t h a t by o p e n i n g up t h e S t a d i u m l o t t o p a r k i n g , t h e r e w o u l d be 2,400 s p a c e s made a v a i l a b l e t o r e p l a c e t h e 630 removed f r o m t h e M a l l . the c a p a c i t y necessary parking. T h i s l o t would p r o v i d e t o h a n d l e t h e c u r r e n t demand f o r M a l l However, i f i t w e r e fully utilized in this i t w o u l d c r e a t e a s h u t t l e demand o f a p p r o x i m a t e l y per day. At present, most o f t h e r e w o u l d n o t be a need regard, 500 r o u n d f o r the trips total 2,400 s p a c e s a t R o b e r t F . Kennedy S t a d i u m , a s a s u b s t a n t i a l number o f p a r k i n g s p a c e s r e m a i n a v a i l a b l e on and n e a r t h e M a l l . I f more t h a n t h e e q u i v a l e n t number o f v e h i c l e s g e n e r a t e d by t h e 630 M a l l p a r k i n g reductions i n VMT s p a c e s u s e t h e Kennedy f r i n g e l o t f u r t h e r would occur. I f the f u l l S t a d i u m a r e u s e d , t h e r e d u c t i o n i n VMT 2,400 s p a c e s a t t h e w o u l d be 7,000 on a w e e k d a y , and 6,500 on t h e w e e k e n d s . could approximately The reduction l o g i c a l l y be assumed t o be e v e n g r e a t e r i n t h a t t h e amount of c i r c l i n g visitation. t h a t t a k e s p l a c e on t h e M a l l i n c r e a s e s w i t h I n e f f e c t , the p r o v i s i o n of f r i n g e parking a t the Stadium, w h i l e having standpoint, increased s l i g h t l y b e n e f i c i a l e f f e c t s from a VMT a l s o i n c r e a s e s t h e p o t e n t i a l number o f v i s i t o r s that can reach the M a l l . A f a c t o r w h i c h i s n o t p r e c i s e l y d e t e r m i n e d f r o m VMT v e h i c l e hours of t r a v e l (VHT). VHT 17P is i s an i n d i c a t i o n o f t h e total �t r a v e l time involved Stadium. i n d r i v i n g t o and from t h e M a l l The VMT d i v i d e d by t h e VHT g i v e s t h e a v e r a g e s p e e d o f t r a v e l i n m i l e s p e r hour f o r t h e t r i p s i n v o l v e d . S t a d i u m may i n g e n e r a l VMT. Since Kennedy be r e a c h e d by t r a v e l i n g on h i g h e r s t r e e t s than those used i n g e t t i n g t o t h e M a l l , that the reduction and t h e i n VHT i s e v e n g r e a t e r speed i t c a n be assumed than the reduction of This fact i s significant i n that a i rpollutants by a u t o t r a v e l g e n e r a l l y d e c r e a s e a s s p e e d s generated increase. Summer 1976 The summer o f 1976 w i l l be t h e h e i g h t The B i c e n t e n n i a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n of the Bicentennial. Study f o r e c a s t s t h a t there be 388,540 v i s i t o r s d a i l y i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a , 329,400 b e i n g t o u r i s t s f r o m o u t s i d e it i s estimated rail transit t h a t 127,300 w i l l of the c i t y . use bus, t a x i , will with Of t h i s f i g u r e , and t h e Metro s y s t e m , w i t h t h e r e m a i n i n g 202,100 d e p e n d i n g on t h e automobile f o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . B a s e d on a n a v e r a g e o c c u p a n c y o f 3.2 p e r s o n s p e r v e h i c l e , t h e r e w i l l be some 63,000 automobiles p e r day. A predicted visitor 70 p e r c e n t o f t h i s t o t a l , o r 44,200 c a r s and 142,000 v i s i t o r s , w i l l d e s i r e t o go t o t h e M a l l a r e a , where t h e m a j o r i t y of t o u r i s t a t t r a c t i o n s a r e concentrated. Sixty-two percent of the t o t a l Mall v i s i t o r s a r e destined East Mall area f o r the ( e a s t o f 1 4 t h S t r e e t ) a n d t h e y amount t o 87,500 p e r s o n s i n 27,300 c a r s . To accommodate t h e a n t i c i p a t e d s u r g e i n v i s i t o r s , major t e m p o r a r y t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a c t i o n s a r e b e i n g p l a n n e d by o t h e r s . 179 �T h e s e a c t i o n s t h e r e f o r e must be s u p e r i m p o s e d r e m o v a l o f 630 M a l l p a r k i n g s p a c e s . on t h e The 1976 w h i c h h a s been assumed t o be i m p l e m e n t e d proposed transportation f o r purposes of plan analysis includes the following: . 6,000 p a r k i n g s p a c e s a t Kennedy . 6,000 p a r k i n g s p a c e s a t F t . Stadium; Myer/Pentagon. S h u t t l e s e r v i c e f r o m t h e f r i n g e p a r k i n g l o t s and expanded M e t r o s e r v i c e a l o n g 17 m a j o r r a d i a l r o u t e s t h r o u g h o u t the region. G i v e n t h e v a s t numbers o f v i s i t o r s t o t h e a r e a i n 1976, i t h a s b e e n assumed t h a t weekday and weekend v i s i t a t i o n s a r e e q u i v a lent. B a s e d on t h e above a s s u m p t i o n s , t h e e l i m i n a t i o n o f 630 p a r k i n g s p a c e s r e s u l t s i n a r e d u c t i o n o f 3,530 VMT weekday and 4,700 on S a t u r d a y o r Sunday. i n VMT under the proposed f o r an a v e r a g e The f u r t h e r reduction a c t i o n a s compared t o t h a t i n 1975 r e s u l t s from the a d d i t i o n of t h e F t . Myer/Pentagon f r i n g e l o t , w h i c h i n t e r c e p t s t r i p s f r o m t h e w e s t and s o u t h , and them t o u s e o f t h e s h u t t l e The r e d u c t i o n i n VMT parking shifts bus. t h a t r e s u l t s from the planned B i c e n t e n n i a l t r a n s p o r t a t i o n improvements are g r e a t e r t h a n those r e l a t e d t o the proposed substantially change o f 630 s p a c e s . G i v e n t h e l a r g e number o f v e h i c l e s e x p e c t e d t o make u s e o f t h e f r i n g e p a r k i n g l o t s and t h e s h u t t l e b u s e s , VMT a l m o s t 14% l e s s , m i l e s p e r day. i s e x p e c t e d t o be an amount e q u i v a l e n t t o o v e r 43,000 v e h i c l e The p l a n n e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i m p r o v e m e n t s 180 f o r the �1976 if p e r i o d do no i n fact r e s u l t i n substantial reductions i n i m p r o v e m e n t s w e r e made and A m a j o r f a c t o r i n 1976 demands w e r e t h e ring surrounding p r i v a t e and same. i s the importance of p a r k i n g which are l o c a t e d adjacent to the M a l l . I n the three the M a l l , there are approximately p u b l i c parking spaces. facilities block 21,000 Many o f t h e s e s p a c e s u t i l i z e d d u r i n g t h e weekday by Government and VMT private are employees, h o w e v e r , t h e m a j o r i t y o f them a r e a v a i l a b l e on weekends when v i s i t a t i o n s to the M a l l a r e a t t h e i r peak. General S e r v i c e s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n i s c u r r e n t l y p l a n n i n g t o open up operated l o t s on w e e k e n d s and which w i l l c o n s i d e r a b l y ease Government h o l i d a y s during the B i c e n t e n n i a l , the p a r k i n g s i t u a t i o n as d i s c u s s e d i n Chapter IV. 1985 It i s estimated t h a t i n 1985 9,970 v e h i c l e s p e r weekday and p a r k i n g on the M a l l . there w i l l 11,150 on w e e k e n d s i n s e a r c h No f r i n g e p a r k i n g o r bus i s c u r r e n t l y p l a n n e d beyond 1976. r e m o v a l o f 630 for 1,890 be of of T h e s e numbers o f a u t o s a r e b a s e d upon p r o j e c t i o n s of p a s t t r e n d s . the M a l l w i l l be an a v e r a g e service T h e r e f o r e , a l l autos going forced to f i n d parking i n that area. The from the M a l l would r e s u l t i n the l o s s of a u t o s on a weekday and the a v a i l a b l e p a r k i n g supply because of the completion 2,520 on a weekend. on t h e M a l l w i l l of f a c i l i t i e s By space 1985 h a v e been i n c r e a s e d currently under c o n s t r u c t i o n , a s w e l l a s some p r o p o s e d c h a n g e s i n t h e 181 to parking �r e g u l a t i o n s on e x i s t i n g M a l l s t r e e t s . a d d i t i o n a l spaces w i l l be a v a i l a b l e f o r p u b l i c u s e i n 1 9 8 5 , w i t h t h e m a j o r i t y o f them b e i n g the expansion Given i s questionable The i n t h e N a t i o n a l A i r and S p a c e Museum, o f t h e N a t i o n a l G a l l e r y o f A r t , and t h e N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r Center. it t h e l a r g e demand f o r p a r k i n g i n t h i s i f t h e a d d i t i o n a l s p a c e s w i l l be deficiency i n parking w i l l t h e assumed c o m p l e t i o n system, which w i l l will i n VMT sufficient. Metro r a p i d r a i l s e r v e t h e M a l l and l i k e l y s u b s t a n t i a l decreases area be more t h a n c o m p e n s a t e d f o r by of t h e 98-mile of auto t r i p s t o t h e M a l l . Washington. I t i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t 2100 transit r e d u c e t h e number The M e t r o s y s t e m will result i n f o r a l l t r i p s d e s t i n e d t o downtown A l t h o u g h s h u t t l e b u s s e r v i c e f r o m Kennedy S t a d i u m n o t be i n e x i s t e n c e , t h e S t a d i u m - A r m o r y s t a t i o n and a l l o t h e r M e t r o s t a t i o n s , w i t h t h e i r a c c e s s f a c i l i t i e s , c a n be expected t o s e r v e s u b s t a n t i a l l y more t r i p s t o t h e M a l l t h a n a r e now p r o v i d e d by M e t r o buses. Roadway C a p a c i t y (1975) The i m p a c t o f r e m o v i n g 630 v i s i t o r and p e r m i t p a r k i n g on t h e M a l l w i l l not s i g n i f i c a n t l y impact the c a p a c i t y o r e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e roadways surrounding proposed r o u t e s of t h e s h u t t l e The average the M a l l , nor the service. weekday s h o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d because h i s t o r i c a l l y in space there i s approximately as the worst 2 2 % more case traffic t h e downtown a r e a on w e e k d a y s t h a n on t h e p e a k weekend d a y 182 �(Saturday). Specifically, 40% more t r a f f i c carried i n 1974, bridges carried on w e e k d a y s , t h e E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t B r i d g e 28% more, and C o n s t i t u t i o n A v e n u e , b e t w e e n 1 4 t h and S t r e e t s , c a r r i e d approximately on t h e 1-95 65% more t r a f f i c 15th on w e e k d a y s than Saturdays. Using t u r n o v e r r a t e s o f 3.0 d u r i n g t h e weekday and d u r i n g t h e w e e k e n d , t h e weekday w i l l traffic present the worst case f o r conditions. W i t h a t u r n o v e r r a t e of t h r e e v e h i c l e s per day, o f 630 4.0 spaces on t h e M a l l p r o d u c e s a r e d u c t i o n o f 1,890 t r i p s to the M a l l . to t r a v e l d i r e c t l y Bridge. V i s i t o r s f r o m t h e n o r t h and removal vehicle e a s t w i l l be able to the Stadium v i a the E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t V i s i t o r s f r o m t h e w e s t w i l l be a b l e t o r e a c h t h e e i t h e r v i a the Beltway t o 1-95, the Stadium o r t h e George Washington Memorial Parkway u s i n g s u r f a c e s t r e e t s t o I n d e p e n d e n c e Avenue and the Stadium. The removal of these t r i p s to the M a l l w i l l c a n t i m p a c t on p e a k h o u r s b e c a u s e most v i s i t o r o c c u r s o u t s i d e of t h e peak visitor during travel hours. a v e h i c l e o c c u p a n c y o f 3.2, spaces signifi- the c a p a c i t y of the a d j o i n i n g i n t e r s e c t i o n s the morning or evening Using h a v e no w o u l d n e c e s s i t a t e 197 the removal of the bus trips from the 630 Stadium 2 to the M a l l per average Source: Traffic JHK weekday. From t h e p a r k i n g s u r v e y , D.C. D e p a r t m e n t o f H i g h w a y s and Comparison. 11 & A s s o c i a t e s , March, 1975. 183 Traffic, "24-Hour i t �c a n be shown t h a t t h e 630 M a l l v i s i t o r s p a c e s b e g i n t o f i l l 9:30 21 a.m. and a r e f i l l e d by 11:30 a.m. To p r o v i d e t h i s t r i p s w o u l d be needed d u r i n g t h e f i r s t two h o u r s o f at capacity, shuttle o p e r a t i o n , w i t h t h e r e s t o f t h e bus s e r v i c e s p r e a d e q u a l l y out t h e day. T h i s number o f b u s e s ( a p p r o x i m a t e l y one e v e r y t h r e e m i n u t e s ) would not a f f e c t the c a p a c i t y o f t h e along the r o u t e i n the morning. through- intersections Should the f u l l 2,400 s p a c e s be u s e d a t t h e r a t e n o t e d i n t h e a s s u m p t i o n , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 500 bus t r i p s c o u l d be r e q u i r e d . Under t h i s c o n d i t i o n , t h e most p r o b a b l e peak h o u r demand c o u l d a p p r o a c h one bus p e r m i n u t e . 1 A l t h o u g h t h i s number i s s u b s t a n t i a l l y h i g h e r t h a n t h a t needed to r e p l a c e t h e 630 M a l l s p a c e s , t h e f o r e c a s t v o l u m e c a n be on t h e p r o p o s e d ful, or however, routes. Should the experiment prove t h i s carried success- the c o n s t r u c t i o n of the a c c e s s road t o the Stadium t h e u s e o f o t h e r s t r e e t s w o u l d become more j u s t i f i e d . These items a r e d i s c u s s e d under the a l t e r n a t i v e s i n Chapter I V . On t h e a v e r a g e summer d a y , t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e outbound t r i p s f r o m t h e M a l l a r e made f r o m 2:00 p.m. a p p r o x i m a t e l y 27% l e a v i n g d u r i n g t h e p.m. t o 9:00 hours p.m., with (4:00 t o 6 : 0 0 ) . 42 b u s e s w o u l d be n e e d e d t o h a n d l e t h i s number o f p e o p l e . Assumes 2400 s p a c e s ; 70% o c c u p a n c y d u r i n g peak two h o u r s , 3.2 p a s s e n g e r s p e r c a r , 50 p a s s e n g e r s p e r b u s , d u r i n g c o n g e s t e d periods. See T a b l e 9. I m p a c t S t u d y o f t h e N a t i o n a l A i r and S p a c e Museum on C o n g e s t i o n , A u g u s t , 1972. 184 Traffic �I n d e p e n d e n c e Avenue w i l l buses p e r hour from t h e M a l l in l e v e l of service. (249 be a b l e t o handle t h e a d d i t i o n a l 21 t o t h e Stadium without a The a d d i t i o n a l b u s e s needed f o r t h e weekend b u s t r i p s p e r d a y , 42 p e r peak two h o u r s ) w i l l nificantly affect reduction t h e weekend t r a v e l patterns not s i g - along the s h u t t l e route. The East Capitol in traffic Street Bridge w i l l due t o t h e r o u t i n g Stadium i n s t e a d of t h e M a l l . the be of v e h i c l e s d i r e c t l y Bridge. travel directly from of t h e ten-mile square t o the Stadium v i a the E a s t C a p i t o l will Street T h e s e v i s i t o r s make up a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 0 % o f a l l v i s i t o r to the Mall. F o r t h e w o r s t c a s e on t h e a v e r a g e weekday, a p p r o x i m a t e l y 50 v e h i c l e s w o u l d be added t o t h e p.m. o u t b o u n d movement. taken o f f the Mall the increase to the A l l of the v i s i t o r t r a f f i c n o r t h and w e s t g e n e r a t e d o u t s i d e diverted e x p e r i e n c e an T h i s number a s s u m e s t h a t 8 0 % o f t h e v e h i c l e s b e c a u s e o f t h e r e m o v a l o f 630 s p a c e s S t a d i u m t o go home d u r i n g t h e p.m. percent (20%) of these v e h i c l e s w i l l Street Bridge. operating The E a s t C a p i t o l condition p e a k two h o u r s . leave v i athe East l e v e l of service. f r i n g e l o t usage Twenty Capitol peak hour. g e n e r a t e d by t h e f r i n g e l o t w i l l but the bridge w i l l leave Street Bridge i s currently a t L e v e l o f S e r v i c e D d u r i n g t h e p.m. additional t r a f f i c peak h o u r still be o p e r a t i n g The same c o n c l u s i o n s condition. 185 are valid The add t o t h i s a t t h e same f o r the f u l l �Traffic Operations The c l o s i n g o f Adams D r i v e a n d W a s h i n g t o n traffic will traffic signals. Drive to vehicular n e c e s s i t a t e t h e r e m o v a l and a d d i t i o n o f s e v e r a l Figure 2 9 shows t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n s t h a t r e q u i r e a change i n t r a f f i c control. A total w o u l d be r e m o v e d , a n d t h r e e w o u l d be added. of f i v e signals Stop s i g n s a l s o be removed w h e r e t h e s i d e s t r e e t s a r e removed. w o u l d be r e q u i r e d t o i n t e r r u p t t h r o u g h t r a f f i c side street crossings of pedestrians will would The s i g n a l s and f a c i l i t a t e and v e h i c u l a r traffic. C o m p a t i b i l i t y w i t h T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n s and P o l i c i e s The r e m o v a l o f Adams D r i v e a n d W a s h i n g t o n D r i v e on t h e Mall f o rv e h i c u l a r use i s compatible w i t h a l l of Transportation P l a n s and P o l i c i e s i n t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. The r e m o v a l o f t h e i n n e r M a l l r o a d w a y s the Comprehensive a l s o conforms t o Plan f o rthe National C a p i t a l . A portion of t h i s plan c a l l s f o r l i m i t i n g the flow of automobiles i n t o t h e heart of the c i t y . encourage v i s i t o r s The f r i n g e p a r k i n g l o t a t t h e Stadium should t o a v o i d d r i v i n g i n t o t h e downtown a r e a . The r e m o v a l o f t h e i n n e r r o a d w a y s does n o t impact any p l a n n e d m a j o r r o a d w a y p a t t e r n s , n o r does i t a f f e c t a c c e s s t o a n y Metro r a p i d r a i l transit systems o r impact any s u r f a c e transit lines. Pedestrian Circulation It i s known t h a t t h e v i s i t o r t o t h e M a l l v i s i t s o f 2.5 S m i t h s o n i a n b u i l d i n g s . 1 Therefore, an average i t i s assumed t h a t " ' n I m p a c t S t u d y o f t h e N a t i o n a l A i r a n d S p a c e Museum on 'A T r a f f i c C o n g e s t i o n , August, 1972. 186 �9¿61 reuuns spu6S qgerl +uour iloedwI piluowuoJIAu3 _9í_6 lrJÃI T Ë 6u¡¡s¡xe! (g)¡euollpp" I (s)lenouerO pue6e1 ec!iles ì,!ed leuolleN þ sìred lelloec leuolleìl ilen eqr uo!tet!llqeqeu rylqitlä :,ì':^r5 ¡ & s ilf::ì ffin * I & XtlQ :llr.irÖ tvÐrl !- r âuvr13a þ atrlvr*ü9 r¡r!*r tr& *¡n* MÞ frlw v sl*&$ tiO: ! ti þã üYJ n s1^v rfd:;illl ô& æ18 l)!)tÀ:irlil\, tt, f' I *J l I È * ?aniï3rås! tTa ti W û ^i/,, L--".¡ r,,- \\ '; * ê & fìv* 3Xl tt' lf!* ¡ .:, b í-l i\ *.. I &içlR I $ ¡tv iÕ ìY{4iñ ¡x?l)** d {) å n ,^"1 I ffi I ranô: 1'',1 t.*) ñô]5ûñ ü I .-..,.a. ' io sfl3srt ü C I t* I , {)\ ãr gsai .. 1$1frNlrrl I #1SÍ t) I I I ,,__.-"ir..... 6A1lM # I - q;) f) {;} Lt t, lr \i:- þeu& $Þ slrluxx 1wu3Ì41 il 0{i''. t) rl k, r-t d) ,:> {'} åb �J the v i s i t o r w i l l c r o s s the M a l l a t l e a s t once, most l i k e l y t w i c e i f he i s r e t u r n i n g t o a bus stop or parked c a r . With the number of v i s i t o r s , and t h e r e f o r e p e d e s t r i a n s and v e h i c l e s , i n c r e a s i n g e v e r y y e a r , i t may be assumed t h a t the number of p o t e n t i a l c o n f l i c t s w i t h p e d e s t r i a n s and v e h i c l e s w i l l i n c r e a s e substantially. The p r o p o s a l t o r e s t r i c t v e h i c l e s on the i n n e r M a l l roadways and make them p e d e s t r i a n paths w i l l encourage p e d e s t r i a n s t o use the p r o v i d e d paths and c r o s s the main s t r e e t s where p e d e s t r i a n phases a r e p r o v i d e d General i n s t e a d of j a y w a l k i n g . Safety G e n e r a l s a f e t y w i l l a l s o be enhanced by the removal of Adams and Washington D r i v e s . The removal of these roadways and p r o v i s i o n of the f r i n g e l o t w i l l decrease v e h i c u l a r c i r c u l a t i o n w i t h i n the M a l l , t h e r e b y d e c r e a s i n g the number of p o t e n t i a l c o n f l i c t s w i t h i n the M a l l between the p e d e s t r i a n and the moving and s t a t i o n a r y c a r s . The m o t o r i s t w i l l have l e s s p a r k i n g spaces t o peruse and w i l l tend t o l e a v e the M a l l a r e a sooner than i f t h e r e were more spaces provided. The a c c i d e n t p o t e n t i a l i s d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o VMT. The bus traffic i s o f f s e t by a g r e a t e r r e d u c t i o n i n v e h i c u l a r t r a f f i c , and VMT i s reduced. Given t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p , the a d d i t i o n a l buses and autos u s i n g Independence Avenue and E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t w i l l not s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e the a c c i d e n t p o t e n t i a l along these routes. S i n c e the s h u t t l e buses a r e not proposed t o be 18? �d r i v e n by D.C. G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l , they w i l l not i n t e r f e r e w i t h emergency v e h i c l e s e n t e r i n g the h o s p i t a l . 190 �2.5.2 U t i l i t i e s Domestic Water - S e t t i n g and Impact There a r e a number of e x i s t i n g w a t e r d i s t r i b u t i o n l i n e s of f a i r l y l a r g e c a p a c i t i e s (8 t o 12 i n c h e s i n t h e proposed p r o j e c t a r e a . i n diameter) These w i l l be tapped w i t h s i z e s e r v i c e l i n e s to provide s e r v i c e to s i x drinking small fountains, two food k i o s k s , and temporary f a c i l i t i e s i n t h e a c t i v i t y zones. The use of t h e s e r v i c e l i n e s w i l l be p r i m a r i l y s e a s o n a l . The waste w a t e r from t h e food k i o s k a r e a w i l l be d i s c h a r g e d i n t o s a n i t a r y sewers designed f o r t h e purpose. The waste water from the d r i n k i n g f o u n t a i n s w i l l be sumped i n t o a d r y w e l l f o r e v e n t u a l percolation for i n t o t h e ground. The a d d i t i o n a l demand f o r water t h e s e s e r v i c e s w i l l be i n s i g n i f i c a n t and hence, t h e r e will be l i t t l e impact on t h e environment. S a n i t a r y Sewer - S e t t i n g and Impact There a r e a number of e x i s t i n g sewer main l i n e s i n the a r e a and a few s m a l l e r s e r v i c e l i n e s . A small additional l e n g t h o f f o u r - i n c h and s i x - i n c h s e r v i c e l i n e s i s planned t o s e r v e t h e food k i o s k and temporary f a c i l i t i e s . T h i s new p i p i n g w i l l be w e l l w i t h i n t h e e x i s t i n g c a p a c i t y of t h e p r e v a i l i n g system. S i n c e t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia uses a combined storm and s a n i t a r y sewer system, t h e a n t i c i p a t e d r e d u c t i o n i n storm water c o l l e c t i o n would, i n a l l p r o b a b i l i t y , o f f s e t t h e minor i n s a n i t a r y sewer f l o w s . Therefore, system i s m i n i m a l . 191 increase t h e impact on t h e sewer �Storm Drainage - S e t t i n g and Impact A number of e x i s t i n g c a t c h b a s i n s and manholes along Washington and Adams D r i v e s , designed t o i n t e r c e p t s u r f a c e d r a i n a g e t o pavements, w i l l be removed, w h i l e the remaining ones which f i t t h e p r o j e c t d e s i g n w i l l be a d j u s t e d i n h e i g h t and w i l l remain f u n c t i o n a l . A p p r o x i m a t e l y 64 new c a t c h b a s i n s and 60 new manholes a r e planned t o c o l l e c t s u r f a c e r u n o f f from t h e new crushed stone p a t h s . S i n c e t h e s e new walkways a r e r e l a t i v e l y p e r v i o u s t o w a t e r , a s u b s t a n t i a l p o r t i o n o f t h e storm water w i l l be absorbed d i r e c t l y i n t o t h e ground. Consequently, t h e amount of w a t e r f l o w i n g i n t o t h e storm sewers w i l l be reduced. The c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l new system w i l l not r e s u l t i n any a d v e r s e impact, a s i t w i l l minimize t h e storm water collection. S o l i d Waste - S e t t i n g and Impact The p r i n c i p a l p u t r e s c i b l e and s o l i d w a s t e s generated on t h e M a l l a r e paper p r o d u c t s and d i s c a r d e d food items a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e s a l e of outdoor food and r e f r e s h m e n t s . other p u t r e s c i b l e s recyclables No ( k i t c h e n and o t h e r o r g a n i c w a s t e s ) , nor ( d e b r i s s u b j e c t t o r e p r o c e s s i n g ) , a r e commonly found i n t h e s o l i d w a s t e s on t h e M a l l . S o l i d waste c o l l e c t i o n s e r v i c e on t h e M a l l i s managed by both N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k s and Government S e r v i c e s , I n c . , the refreshment concessionaire. During t h e peak summer season, one t r u c k of s i x t o seven c u b i c y a r d c a p a c i t y , makes t h r e e 19? �t r i p s d a i l y , t o remove s o l i d wastes to a major s a n i t a r y s i t e on a Government r e s e r v a t i o n i n L o r t o n , V i r g i n i a . landfill Government S e r v i c e s , I n c . , uses a s i m i l a r v e h i c l e once a day d u r i n g the peak season f o r removal of s o l i d wastes t o the same s i t e . on the M a l l i s c u r r e n t l y removed by a continuous Litter patrol. No impact from s o l i d wastes i s expected due to the accommodat i o n of two a d d i t i o n a l food c o n c e s s i o n s on the M a l l . Itis w i t h i n the c a p a c i t y of the e x i s t i n g s o l i d waste removal program to handle any i n c r e a s e s i n s o l i d waste b u l k . Furthermore, the p r o p o s a l i n c l u d e s i n s t a l l a t i o n of 120 t r a s h c o n t a i n e r s to c o n t r o l l i t t e r problems. These c o n t a i n e r s would be emptied p e r i o d i c a l l y each day by a s e r v i c e crew on e l e c t r i c carts. Power U t i l i t i e s - S e t t i n g and Impact The a r e a of the proposed p r o j e c t c o n t a i n s s e v e r a l power l i n e s t o s e r v i c e e x i s t i n g s t r e e t l i g h t s and a s m a l l number of o t h e r o u t l e t s to the k i o s k s . Some of the e x i s t i n g l i g h t s o u t l e t s w i l l be r e l o c a t e d , and a p p r o x i m a t e l y 60 new s e v e r a l new o u t l e t s w i l l be added. power should not exceed f o u r KVA lights and and The a d d i t i o n a l demand f o r (40,000 w a t t s ) , which i s w e l l w i t h i n the c a p a c i t y of the e x i s t i n g power l i n e s . The added l i g h t s w i l l improve v i s i b i l i t y and s a f e t y d u r i n g dark hours w i t h o u t adding a p p r e c i a b l y t o the ambient a i r temperatures. The l i g h t s o u r c e s a r e designed not to i n t e r f e r e w i t h r e g e n e r a t i o n p r o c e s s of the a d j a c e n t t r e e s . The Potomac E l e c t r i c Power Company (PEPCO) has g r a n t e d a p p r o v a l f o r the new e l e c t r i c power supply. 193 �2.5.3 P o l i c e and F i r e P r o t e c t i o n / P u b l i c S a f e t y Setting A t p r e s e n t t h e U.S. Park P o l i c e p r o v i d e p o l i c e s e r v i c e s t o both t h e M a l l a r e a and RFK Stadium, which i s a p a r t of A n a c o s t i a Park i n the D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. During peak summer v i s i t a t i o n , up t o e l e v e n o f f i c e r s a r e a s s i g n e d t o t h e M a l l a r e a w i t h d u t i e s i n c l u d i n g p a r k i n g and t r a f f i c c o n t r o l . RFK Stadium i s p e r i o d i c a l l y checked each day by a two-man p a t r o l c a r assigned t o Anacostia Park. S p e c i a l e v e n t s , such a s f o o t b a l l games a t t h e Stadium, r e q u i r e d e t a i l s o f up t o t h i r t y - e i g h t o f f i c e r s t o c o n t r o l t r a f f i c and p a r k i n g . I n both l o c a t i o n s , manpower a l l o t m e n t s a r e f l e x i b l e t o accommodate changing visitation. P a r t I crime s t a t i s t i c s compiled from U.S. Park P o l i c e r e c o r d s f o r t h e M a l l and RFK Stadium d u r i n g 1973, and 1974, a r e as f o l l o w s : Mall Rape Robbery Assault Burglary Grand L a r c e n y P e t i t Larceny Auto T h e f t Totals RFK Stadium 2 8 1 1 9 7 _1 0 26 12 11 82 10 8 29 149 The g r e a t m a j o r i t y o f t h e s e o f f e n s e s were committed from 10 a.m. t o 6 p.m. a t t h e M a l l , and d u r i n g l a r g e e v e n t s a t RFK Stadium, c o r r e s p o n d i n g w i t h t h e peak v i s i t a t i o n p e r i o d s . 194 �U.S. P a r k P o l i c e r e c o r d s i n d i c a t e 15 t r a f f i c accidents o c c u r r e d on Washington and Adams D r i v e s i n 1973, and n i n e i n 1974. Two a c c i d e n t s i n 1973 i n v o l v e d p e r s o n a l i n j u r y . show t h a t t h e a c c i d e n t The r e c o r d s r a t e on t h e surrounding s t r e e t s i s s i m i l a r . D i s t r i c t of Columbia M e t r o p o l i t a n P o l i c e p r o v i d e p o l i c e s e r v i c e s t o t h e a r e a along t h e proposed s h u t t l e r o u t e , a s w e l l as on t h e s t r e e t s c r o s s i n g t h e M a l l and around RFK Stadium. The Metropolitan P o l i c e c o n t r o l t r a f f i c i n the v i c i n i t y of the Mall and RFK Stadium, and respond t o c r i m e s i n both a r e a s . M e t r o p o l i t a n P o l i c e r e c o r d s show 13 t r a f f i c on E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t i n 1974, and 156 a c c i d e n t s accidents on Independence Avenue.* Impact The U.S. Park P o l i c e w i l l n o t decrease t h e l e v e l o f p o l i c e s e r v i c e s i n t h e M a l l a r e a a f t e r t h e c l o s i n g o f Washington and Adams D r i v e s . police i n parking The subsequent r e d u c t i o n o f time spent by t h e and t r a f f i c c o n t r o l a c t i v i t i e s w i l l allow more a t t e n t i o n t o be g i v e n t o crime p r e v e n t i o n and v i s i t o r security. Thus, on t h e M a l l , t h e proposed a c t i o n should have a positive effect. *Source: T r a f f i c D i v i s i o n , D.C. M e t r o p o l i t a n P o l i c e , Deputy Chief Ernest Prete. 195 �The d a i l y use of the RFK Stadium p a r k i n g l o t s , as p a r t of the proposed s h u t t l e demonstration p r o j e c t , can be expected t o i n c r e a s e the frequency of attempted c r i m i n a l a c t s a t t h a t s i t e to the i n c r e a s e d human use of the a r e a . due The reason p r e s e n t crime s t a t i s t i c s do not r e v e a l a s i g n i f i c a n t number of o f f e n s e s i n t h a t a r e a i s due t o the l a c k of v i s i t a t i o n t o the Stadium, except during large events. the The U.S. Park P o l i c e f o r c e p a t r o l l i n g A n a c o s t i a Park a r e a w i l l be augmented by two patrolmen on motor s c o o t e r s , whose p r i m a r y j o b w i l l be crime p r e v e n t i o n . A d d i t i o n a l d e t a i l s of patrolmen w i l l be a s s i g n e d as n e c e s s a r y to p r o v i d e e s s e n t i a l p r o t e c t i o n of v i s i t o r s . The two motor s c o o t e r patrolmen a s s i g n e d t o RFK Stadium w i l l be s h i f t e d duty a t some o t h e r p o i n t i n the r e g i o n a l park system. from S i n c e the s h u t t l e system under the proposed a c t i o n i s expected t o end i n e a r l y 1976, t h i s r e a s s i g n m e n t of patrolmen i s not expected to have any long-term e f f e c t s on s e c u r i t y i n the o v e r a l l park system. The combination of adequate l i g h t i n g and the two or more motor s c o o t e r patrolmen, as n e c e s s a r y , w i l l o f f e r s e c u r i t y t o v i s i t o r s u s i n g the l o t . The i n t r o d u c t i o n of up t o 22 buses per day along the proposed s h u t t l e r o u t e w i l l not s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t p u b l i c s a f e t y on E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t and Independence Avenue. to The buses w i l l add the t r a f f i c volumes and w i l l a f f e c t c o n g e s t i o n , but the i n c r e a s e over p r e s e n t c o n d i t i o n s i s c o n s i d e r e d t o be s m a l l . 196 Furthermore, �these buses w i l l not e x h i b i t t h e t y p i c a l t r a f f i c c o n f l i c t s which occur when buses p u l l i n and out o f t r a f f i c f l o w a t stops along a route. due I n c r e a s e s i n c o n g e s t i o n and subsequent s a f e t y hazards t o t h e NCP a c t i o n a r e r e l a t i v e l y minor, e s p e c i a l l y when compared t o t h e a n t i c i p a t e d i n c r e a s e s i n t r a f f i c a s a consequence of t h e B i c e n t e n n i a l c e l e b r a t i o n d u r i n g 1976. Fire Protection The demand f o r f i r e p r o t e c t i o n s e r v i c e i n t h e p r o j e c t a r e a on t h e M a l l i s v e r y low. Washington and Adams D r i v e s a r e v e r y i n f r e q u e n t l y used f o r c i r c u l a t i o n o f f i r e i n g equipment. fight- More i m p o r t a n t a r e Madison and J e f f e r s o n D r i v e s , and C o n s t i t u t i o n and Independence Avenues, which a l l o w d i r e c t a c c e s s t o t h e museums on t h e M a l l . The h i g h p r e s s u r e s e r v i c e w a t e r l i n e s a r e a l l near t h e b u i l d i n g s . fire Thus, t h e p r o p o s a l would n o t a f f e c t f i r e p r o t e c t i o n s e r v i c e s i n t h e M a l l area. I f , f o r any u n u s u a l r e a s o n , i t was n e c e s s a r y to gain a c c e s s t o t h e i n n e r M a l l , f i r e p r o t e c t i o n equipment could mount the c u r b s and proceed on t h e crushed stone walkways. 197 ��2.6 P h y s i c a l and B i o l o g i c a l Environment 2.6.1 Climate Setting The c l i m a t e of Washington, D. C. i s g e n e r a l l y m i l d but w i t h d i s t i n c t s e a s o n a l changes. The c i t y i s considered to l i e a t the f r i n g e of the hot, humid r e g i o n of the Southeast and t h e c o o l N o r t h e a s t r e g i o n ; t h e r e f o r e , i t s weather r e f l e c t s some c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f , and i s h i g h l y i n f l u e n c e d by, both of these larger c l i m a t i c regions. Temperature. The year-round average high i n Washington i s 66.7° w i t h an average low of 47.8°. recorded temperature i s 101° and the lowest i s 3°. temperature The h i g h e s t July i s n o r m a l l y the warmest month w i t h an average h i g h temperature 88.2° and an average low of 69.1°. of J a n u a r y i s n o r m a l l y the c o l d e s t month w i t h an average high of 4 3.5° and an average low of 21.1°. Precipitation. The average t o t a l annual rainfall i s 38.89 i n c h e s w i t h August being the w e t t e s t month w i t h an average of 4.67 i n c h e s and F e b r u a r y having the l e a s t w i t h an average of 2.45 inches. A c e r t a i n amount of o c c u r s a l l y e a r round but the months of May, August c o u l d be c o n s i d e r e d the r a i n y season. are rainfall rainfall June, J u l y , and These months a l s o the warmest months of the y e a r and c r e a t e a hot, humid situation. I n a d d i t i o n , snow, h a i l , and s l e e t a r e other forms of p r e c i p i t a t i o n which a r e l i k e l y t o occur i n Washington. 199 �Snow a c c u m u l a t i o n s of more t h a n t e n i n c h e s a r e r a r e and m e l t i n g i s usually rapid. Chances f o r t h e s e w i n t e r p r e c i p i t a t i o n s a r e g r e a t e s t i n F e b r u a r y , J a n u a r y , and December w i t h F e b r u a r y h a v i n g t h e h i g h e s t average a t 5.1 i n c h e s . Wind. I n Washington, D. C., the p r e v a i l i n g w i n t e r wind d i r e c t i o n i s from the n o r t h w e s t , and i n t h e summer from the s o u t h . The average p r e v a i l i n g wind speed i s 9.3 mph and does not v a r y g r e a t l y from s i m i l a r speeds throughout the y e a r . The h i g h e s t r e c o r d e d wind speed has been 78 mph, blowing from the s o u t h e a s t i n October, 1954. The passage of storm systems o c c u r s on the average of once or t w i c e a week. Due t o t h i s c y c l i c a l changing of a i r masses, a i r p o l l u t i o n l e v e l s u s u a l l y do not b u i l d up over long p e r i o d s . However, o c c a s i o n a l p e r i o d s of a i r mass s t a g n a t i o n do o c c u r , c o n t r i b u t i n g t o the development of h i g h p o l l u t a n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . From 1936 t o 1965, t h e r e were 48 such o c c u r r e n c e s , w i t h an average d u r a t i o n of 4.8 days. Most of the episodes o c c u r r e d i n August, September, o r October. Impact The impact upon the o v e r a l l c l i m a t e of Washington, D. C. due t o t h e proposed M a l l R e h a b i l i t a t i o n would be minute and u n q u a n t i f i a b l e i n comparison t o the n a t u r a l f o r c e s c r e a t i n g the weather p a t t e r n (since these are r e g i o n a l forces e x t e r n a l t o t h e D i s t r i c t of C o l u m b i a ) . The p r e v i o u s d i s c u s s i o n , 200 however, �i s n e c e s s a r y t o understand the manner i n which the c l i m a t e may be a l t e r e d , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n r e l a t i o n t o the m i c r o c l i m a t e s which may be a f f e c t e d by sun and wind f a c t o r s , as w e l l as v e g e t a t i o n , r e f l e c t i v i t y , . and o t h e r r e l a t e d c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . Temperature would be lowered due t o shade i n those a r e a s where a d d i t i o n a l t r e e s w i l l be p l a n t e d . I n summer, t h i s can be a d e s i r a b l e impact f o r v i s i t o r comfort. Temperature would a l s o be a f f e c t e d by the removal of the a s p h a l t p a v i n g , r e d u c i n g r a d i a n t energy a b s o r p t i o n and subsequent heat b u i l d - u p and t h u s f u r t h e r improving v i s i t o r comfort l e v e l s along the M a l l . No impact on p r e c i p i t a t i o n r a t e s i s a n t i c i p a t e d . There would be s l i g h t changes i n l o c a l i z e d wind c u r r e n t p a t t e r n s (and p o s s i b l y v e l o c i t i e s ) due to the i n t r o d u c t i o n of new t r e e s , but the impact would be i n s i g n i f i c a n t . 201 �2.6.2 A i r Quality Setting - Introduction The C l e a n A i r A c t of 1970 mandates t h a t t h e auto- mobile i n d u s t r y reduce e m i s s i o n s o f hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) by a t l e a s t 90% from l e v e l s of 1970 v e h i c l e s as w e l l a s reduce e m i s s i o n s of n i t r o g e n o x i d e s ( N 0 ) from new autox mobiles by 90% from 1971 NO J levels. x I n r e c e n t a c t i o n , the E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n Agency adm i n i s t r a t o r granted auto m a n u f a c t u r e r s ' r e q u e s t f o r a suspension of 1977 exhaust e m i s s i o n s t a n d a r d s by hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide; s e t i n t e r i m s t a n d a r d s a t the c u r r e n t nationwide level of 1.5 grams per m i l e HC and 15 gpm CO; and recommended r e t e n t i o n o f those s t a n d a r d s through 1979, proceeding t o c u r r e n t C a l i f o r n i a l e v e l s o f 0.9 gpm HC and 9.0 gpm CO i n 1980, w i t h s t a t u t o r y l e v e l s of 0.41 gpm HC and 3.4 gpm CO i n 1982. EPA a l s o recommended t h a t the i n t e r i m n i t r o g e n o x i d e s t a n d a r d of 2.0 gpm s e t f o r 1977 be r e t a i n e d through 1982, u n l e s s ongoing r e s e a r c h i n d i c a t e s a f u t u r e need f o r a more s t r i n g e n t level. Beyond t h e 1977 suspension d e c i s i o n , however, any f u r t h e r d e l a y of s t a t u t o r y s t a n d a r d s w i l l have t o be approved by Congress. The t a b l e below summarizes the Auto E m i s s i o n s (grams p e r m i l e ) : 202 Standards �1970 34.0 1975 15.0 1976 15.0 1980 9.0 Hydrocarbons 4.1 1.5 1.5 0.9 0.41 Nitrogen Oxides 4.0* 3.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 Carbon Monoxide 1982 3.4 *1971 Level The A i r Q u a l i t y P l a n n i n g Committee of the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l I n t e r s t a t e A i r Q u a l i t y C o n t r o l Region has formulated an EPA approved A i r Q u a l i t y C o n t r o l P l a n to reduce p o l l u t a n t l e v e l s t o N a t i o n a l Standards i n 1970. as p r e s c r i b e d by the Clean A i r Act as amended The measures promulgated f a l l i n t o s i x c a t e g o r i e s : 1. The F e d e r a l Motor V e h i c l e C o n t r o l Program f o r Vehicles New 2. C o n t r o l s on S t a t i o n a r y Source 3. E s t a b l i s h m e n t of a system f o r annual e m i s s i o n 4. A t r a f f i c c o n t r o l program t o reduce v e h i c l e m i l e s traveled (VMT) 5. C o n t r o l of a i r c r a f t o p e r a t i o n s a t D u l l e s and Airports 6. I n s t a l l i n g e m i s s i o n c o n t r o l d e v i c e s on e x i s t i n g v e h i c l e s , Emissions testing National I n a d d i t i o n , measures were promulgated f o r the r e v i e w of new p a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s t o determine c o n s i s t e n c y w i t h VMT reduc- tion goals. The t h r u s t of t h i s s t r a t e g y as i t p e r t a i n s t o the M a l l h a b i l i t a t i o n i s i n the a r e a of VMT; Re- s p e c i f i c a l l y , the net e f f e c t of the t o t a l v e h i c l e m i l e s t r a v e l e d as a r e s u l t of removing p o r t i o n s of Adams and Washington D r i v e s 203 and u t i l i z i n g f r i n g e �p a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s a t the RFK Stadium. s i d e r a t i o n of the net e f f e c t s of VMT, I n a d d i t i o n to the conthe g u i d e l i n e s imply a r e v i e w of the e f f e c t s of auto e m i s s i o n s a t the RFK Stadium p a r k i n g a r e a , and i n the c o r r i d o r between the M a l l and RFK S t a d ium. I n 1970, gasoline-powered motor v e h i c l e s c o n t r i b u t e d 90% of a l l carbon monoxide, 50% o f a l l hydrocarbons, and 30% of a l l n i t r o g e n o x i d e e m i t t e d i n t o the a i r i n the U n i t e d S t a t e s . e v a l u a t e the i n c r e a s e d automobile To e m i s s i o n s and t h e i r p o t e n t i a l impact, carbon monoxide (CO) has been s e l e c t e d as an i n d i c a t o r . T h i s p o l l u t a n t was s e l e c t e d f o r the f o l l o w i n g r e a s o n s : 1. Ambient a i r q u a l i t y s t a n d a r d s f o r CO have been promulgated by the E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n Agency. 2. CO i s r e l a t i v e l y n o n - r e a c t i v e and c h e m i c a l l y s t a b l e ; t h e r e f o r e , CO source a n a l y s e s and CO measurements a r e r e l i a b l e . 3. Measurements of CO have been made d u r i n g r e c e n t y e a r s a t s e v e r a l l o c a t i o n s i n the m e t r o p o l i t a n Washington, D. C. a r e a . 4. S i n c e t h i s i s an a r e a of h i g h p o p u l a t i o n and CO r e p r e s e n t s most of the a i r p o l l u t i o n e m i t t e d from automobiles, i t a f f e c t s the g e n e r a l p u b l i c t o a g r e a t e r e x t e n t than photochemical o x i d a n t s . P a r t i c u l a t e s a r e a l s o e m i t t e d from v e h i c u l a r s o u r c e s . P a r t i c u l a t e m a t t e r g e n e r a l l y i n c l u d e s suspended p a r t i c u l a t e s ranging i n s i z e from l e s s than one micron t o more than 50 microns. The p a r t i c l e s have numerous c h e m i c a l i d e n t i t i e s and t h e i r e f f e c t s are correspondingly diverse. I n g e n e r a l , they reduce 204 atmospheric �v i s i b i l i t i e s and produce s u b s t a n t i v e d e t e r i o r a t i o n . From a h e a l t h s t a n d p o i n t , they a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t the r e s p i r a t o r y as the s m a l l e r diameter ( g e n e r a l l y l e s s than 2 microns) f i n d passage t o the lung a r e a s where they may longed p e r i o d s o f time - o f t e n f o r y e a r s . system particles r e s i d e f o r pro- Some forms of p a r t i - c u l a t e s r e a d i l y absorb s u l f u r d i o x i d e ( S 0 ) and thus p r e s e n t a 2 means f o r t r a n s p o r t i n g SO,, i n t o the r e s p i r a t o r y system. As s t a t e d above, p a r t i c u l a t e s a r e e m i t t e d i n t o the ambient air from v e h i c u l a r s o u r c e s ; however, v e h i c l e s a r e not g e n e r a l l y regarded as major c o n t r i b u t o r s of t h i s p o l l u t a n t . I n most urban a r e a s , i n d u s t r i a l s o u r c e s and combustion a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r most of the p a r t i c u l a t e e m i s s i o n s . I n recent years, construction a c t i v i t y has been the p r i m a r y source of p a r t i c u l a t e s throughout the m e t r o p o l i t a n Washington, D. C. a r e a . Standards f o r a i r p o l l u t a n t s have been e s t a b l i s h e d f o r the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. T a b l e 11 shows s e l e c t e d p o l l u t a n t s along w i t h the p r i m a r y and secondary standards. T a b l e s 12 and 13 i n d i c a t e the number of days t h a t a i r q u a l i t y s t a n d a r d s were exceeded a t the Continuous Program (CAMP) s t a t i o n a t 422 New J e r s e y Avenue, N. W., the D. C. G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l s t a t i o n d u r i n g 1974. 15 show the annual percentage A i r Monitoring and a t T a b l e s 14 f r e q u e n c i e s of o c c u r r e n c e of s e l e c t e d CO l e v e l s a t the same m o n i t o r i n g stations. S e t t i n g - General The assessment of the a i r q u a l i t y impact of the 205 and �TABLE 11 D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Ambient A i r Q u a l i t y Standards Pollutant P r i m a r y Standards Secondary Standards Carbon Monoxide 1-Hour - 35 ppm* 1-Hour - 3 5 ppm* 8-Hour - 8-Hour - 9 ppp* 9 ppm* Nitrogen Dioxide 0.05 ppm (aam) 0.05 ppm (aam) Hydrocarbons (non-methane) 0.24 ppm*.* 0.24 ppm*.* 3* 24-Hour 160 ugm/m 3 75 pgm/m (agm) 1-Hour 0.08 ppm* 3* 24-Hour 140 (jgm/m 3 60 pgm/m (agm) 1-Hour 0.08 ppm* Suspended P a r t i c u l a t e Photochemical Oxidants * not t o be exceeded more than once p e r y e a r ** d u r i n g p e r i o d 6 a.m. t o 9 a.m. (aam) annual a r i t h m e t i c mean ppm p a r t s per m i l l i o n (agm) annual geometric mean 206 �TABLE 12 TIMES PER MONTH D. C. PRIMARY A I R QUALITY STANDARDS WERE EXCEEDED DURING 1974 CAMP STATION Pollutant/Month: Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Carbon Monoxide (8-Hour Avg.) * * 1 * * Photochemical Oxidants 0 0 0 Suspended Particulates 3 3 4 2 3 Jun. Jul. Aug. 0 2 0 0 4 2 6 3 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 Sept. Oct. Nov. 2 3 Dec. 1 * Data m i s s i n g f o r most o f t h e monthly p e r i o d Note: Nitrogen d i o x i d e s t a n d a r d s a r e on an annual b a s i s and a r e not shown on t h i s c h a r t . N i t r o g e n d i o x i d e s t a n d a r d s were not exceeded i n 1974. �TABLE 13 TIMES PER MONTH D. C. PRIMARY A I R QUALITY STANDARDS WERE EXCEEDED DURING 1974 D. C. GENERAL HOSPITAL STATION Pollutant/Month: Jan. Feb. Mar, Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Carbon Monoxide (8-Hour Avg.) 1 0 0 5 0 1 2 0 Suspended Particulates 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Note: Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 N i t r o g e n d i o x i d e s t a n d a r d s a r e on an annual b a s i s and a r e not shown on t h i s c h a r t . N i t r o g e n d i o x i d e s t a n d a r d s were not exceeded i n 1974. �TABLE 14 PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF MAXIMUM 1-HOUR CO CONCENTRATIONS FOR SELECTION LOCATIONS D. C. GENERAL HOSPITAL Percentage Frequency Carbon Monoxide L e v e l s (ppm) Standard : Cumulative Frequency < 2.0 ppm 09.5 09. 5 > 2.0 ppm < 5.0 ppm 42.4 51.9 > 5.0 ppm . 10.0 ppm < 30.9 83.8 > 10.0 ppm < 15.0 ppm 13.6 96.4 > 15.0 ppm < 20.0 ppm 02.4 98.8 > 20.0 ppm < 25.0 ppm 00.9 99.7 > 25.0 ppm < 30.0 ppm 00.3 100.0 > 30.0 ppm < 35.0 ppm 00.0 100.0 > 3 5.0 ppm 00.0 100.0 M i s s i n g - 27 d a y s CAMP STATION Carbon Monoxide L e v e l s (ppm) Percentage Frequency Cumulative Frequency < 2.0 ppm 02.7 02.7 > 2.0 ppm < 5.0 ppm 40.1 42.8 > 5.0 ppm •< 10.0 ppm 41.4 84. 2 > 10.0 ppm < 15.0 ppm 16.0 95.1 ?-15.0 ppm < 20.0 ppm 62.7 97.8 > 2 0 . 0 ppm < 25.0 ppm 01.8 99.6 > 2 5.0 ppm < 30.0 ppm 00.4 100.0 > 30.0 ppm < 35.0 ppm 00.0 100.0 > 35.0 ppm 00.0 100.0 M i s s i n g - 142 d a y s 209 3 5.0 ppm �TABLE 15 PERCENTAGE FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF MAXIMUM 8-HOUR CO CONCENTRATIONS FOR SELECTED LOCATIONS S t a n d a r d : 9.0 ppm D.C. GENERAL HOSPITAL Carbon Monoxide L e v e l s (ppm) Percentage Frequency Cumulative Frequency < 2.0 ppm 22.1 22.1 > 2.0 ppm < 3.0 ppm 20.0 42.1 > 3.0 ppm < 4.0 ppm 16.3 58.4 4.0 ppm < 5.0 ppm 10.0 68.4 > 5.0 ppm < 6.0 ppm 08.2 76.6 > 6.0 ppm < 7.0 ppm 06.9 83.5 > 7.0 ppm < 8.0 ppm 04.8 88.3 > 8.0 ppm < 9.0 ppm 07.3 95.6 > 9.0 ppm 04.5 100.0 > M i s s i n g - 34 d a y s CAMP STATION C a r b o n Monoxide L e v e l s (ppm) Percentage Frequency Cumulative Frequency < 2.0 ppm 10.3 10.3 > 2.0 ppm < 3.0 ppm 20.0 30.3 > 3.0 ppm < 4.0 ppm 27.5 57.8 > 4.0 ppm < 5.0 ppm 20.0 77.8 > 5.0 ppm < 6.0 ppm 08.1 85.9 > 6.0 ppm < 7.0 ppm 05.4 91.3 > 7.0 ppm < 8.0 ppm 02.2 93.5 > 8.0 00.5 94.0 06.0 100.0 ppm < 9.0 ppm > 9.0 ppm M i s s i n g - 172 d a y s 210 �proposed M a l l R e h a b i l i t a t i o n i s a complex problem. This i s m a i n l y due to the c l o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p between a i r q u a l i t y traffic characteristics. and The removal of 630 p a r k i n g spaces the M a l l a r e a and a t the same time encouraging from the use of a f r i n g e p a r k i n g f a c i l i t y w i l l r e s u l t i n some changes i n t r a f f i c flow. As d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t i o n 2.5.1, the r o u t e s taken by those p r e s e n t l y u s i n g the p a r k i n g spaces have been a n a l y z e d , assumptions have been made as t o the r o u t e s t o be t a k e n i n the f u t u r e by those u s i n g the f r i n g e p a r k i n g f a c i l i t y and the net e f f e c t i n terms of V e h i c l e M i l e s T r a v e l e d (VMT) has been determined. Three g e n e r a l a r e a s were c o n s i d e r e d i n the assessment: a r e a encompassing the M a l l , the proposed bus r o u t e , and p a r k i n g a r e a near RFK Stadium. the the Each of t h e s e g e n e r a l a r e a s t r e a t e d as a unique problem a r e a and each was was assessed using EPA g u i d e l i n e s f o r the r e v i e w of the impact of i n d i r e c t sources or ambient A i r Q u a l i t y f o r e s t i m a t i n g carbon monoxide l e v e l s as based on t r a f f i c data. Carbon monoxide (CO) l e v e l s throughout the c i t y can a t t r i b u t e d almost e n t i r e l y t o automotive e m i s s i o n s . L e v e l s of CO v a r y s i g n i f i c a n t l y on a day-to-day b a s i s as observed CAMP and D.C. General H o s p i t a l monitoring d a i l y peak hour c o n c e n t r a t i o n s may more than 10.0 p a r t s per m i l l i o n and a t any time of the y e a r . stations. be by the Typically, range from l e s s than 3.0 (ppm) to d u r i n g any g i v e n week While the r e l a t i v e l y high CO levels a r e t r a f f i c r e l a t e d , the day-to-day v a r i a t i o n s a r e p r i m a r i l y t o m e t e o r o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s , i . e . , the days of high CO 211 due concentra- �t i o n s correspond g e n e r a l l y t o p e r i o d s of a n t i c y c l o n i c s t a g n a t i o n s , low m i x i n g h e i g h t s , and s t r o n g temperature inversions. Anticyclonic s t a g n a t i o n i s p r i m a r i l y a l a t e summer/early autumn phenomenon. Low m i x i n g h e i g h t s and i n v e r s i o n s , on the o t h e r hand, occur mainly i n the w i n t e r season. The s p r i n g and e a r l y summer months, then, have the most f a v o r a b l e a i r q u a l i t y from a m e t e o r o l o g i c a l s t a n d point. However, t h e s e a r e months of heavy t o u r i s t t r a f f i c consequently a r e months h a v i n g h i g h r a t e s of automotive O n - s i t e a i r sampling was conducted 19 75. emissions. a t two l o c a t i o n s on A p r i l 1 , The purpose of the sampling was to compare o n - s i t e d a t a w i t h o f f i c i a l DES sampling d a t a . a.m. and t o 3:00 p.m., EDST. Sampling The time of sampling was 7:00 p o i n t #1 was s i t u a t e d along E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t a p p r o x i m a t e l y f o u r f e e t n o r t h of the o u t e r westbound l a n e and a p p r o x i m a t e l y 75 f e e t e a s t of the F i r s t intersection. Street E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t i s a f o u r - l a n e thoroughfare a t t h i s l o c a t i o n , the o u t e r l a n e s being used i n p a r t f o r permit parking. The weather c o n d i t i o n s throughout the p e r i o d were f a i r . Winds were l i g h t and from the west-southwest. Wind speeds i n c r e a s e d g r a d u a l l y d u r i n g the p e r i o d from about two to t e n mph (estimated). Sampling l o c a t i o n #2 was along t h e w e s t e r n edge of the RFK p a r k i n g l o t , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 50 f e e t e a s t of the p e r i m e t e r f e n c i n g of the h o s p i t a l grounds and a p p r o x i m a t e l y 250 f e e t south of Independence Avenue. The winds a t t h i s l o c a t i o n were g e n e r a l l y s t e a d y from t h e southwest a t an e s t i m a t e d 10-15 m i l e s per hour. �The a i r sampling equipment c o n s i s t e d o f a c a l i b r a t e d a i r pump and a non-contaminating, non-permeable sample bag. was completed immediately a f t e r sampling by E n g i n e e r i n g Analysis Sciences of McLean, V i r g i n i a , u s i n g the n o n - d i s p e r s i v e I R a n a l y s i s method. The r e s u l t s o f the a n a l y s i s and the comparable r e a d i n g s f o r the same p e r i o d from DES m o n i t o r i n g s t a t i o n s are as f o l l o w s : 8-Hour Average Sampling L o c a t i o n #1 3.5 ppm CAMP S t a t i o n 2.8 ppm Sampling L o c a t i o n #2 0.5 ppm D.C. G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l Monitoring Station 2.5 ppm The s i m i l a r i t y i n r e a d i n g s between sampling l o c a t i o n #1 and the CAMP s t a t i o n suggests may t h a t d a t a from the CAMP s t a t i o n be c o n s i d e r e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f the a r e a near the C a p i t o l b u i l d i n g which l i e s along the bus r o u t e . The d i s p a r i t y between r e a d i n g s a t the D.C. G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l and the RFK p a r k i n g l o t suggests t h a t the D.C. General H o s p i t a l m o n i t o r i n g station i s not r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f the RFK Stadium p a r k i n g a r e a . E s t i m a t e s o f CO l e v e l s d u r i n g the peak one-hour t r a f f i c p e r i o d s and the maximum e i g h t - h o u r for t r a f f i c p e r i o d s were computed t h r e e l o c a t i o n s u s i n g t r a f f i c d a t a i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h EPA guideline techniques. The t h r e e l o c a t i o n s were (1) C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue j u s t west o f 14th S t r e e t , (2) Independence Avenue near 14th S t r e e t , S.E., and (3) the E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t B r i d g e . These e s t i m a t e s were d e r i v e d u s i n g F i g u r e s H5A and H5E o f 213 �Appendix H o f the " I n t e r i m G u i d e l i n e s f o r the Review o f the Imp a c t o f I n d i r e c t Sources on Ambient A i r Q u a l i t y . " T h i s method- ology employs a r e l a t i o n s h i p between carbon monoxide l e v e l s and the t r a f f i c demand volumes and roadway c a p a c i t i e s ( v / c r a t i o s ) . Receptor p o i n t s were assumed a t ten meters from the o u t e r traffic l a n e i n the d i r e c t i o n o f the h e a v i e s t t r a f f i c f l o w and a d j a c e n t l a n e s were assumed t o be spaced a t f i v e meters. Vehicles moving i n the same d i r e c t i o n were assumed t o be d i v i d e d e q u a l l y between l a n e s . Setting - Mall area The n e a r e s t DES a i r q u a l i t y m o n i t o r i n g s t a t i o n t o the M a l l a r e a i s the CAMP s t a t i o n l o c a t e d a t 422 New J e r s e y Avenue, N.W. The CAMP s t a t i o n can be regarded as g e n e r a l l y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f the M a l l a r e a , i . e . , d u r i n g days when h i g h CO c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e observed a t the CAMP s t a t i o n , they can a l s o be expected h i g h a t the M a l l . Concentrations p o i n t i n any urban r e g i o n . t o be o f CO w i l l v a r y from p o i n t t o V e h i c u l a r f l o w can be c o n s i d e r e d as a c o n s t a n t l i n e source f o r CO e m i s s i o n s . These emissions mix w i t h the atmosphere and c o n c e n t r a t i o n s b e g i n t o drop o f f r a p i d l y a t d i s t a n c e s between 10 and 50 meters from the t r a f f i c The "drop-off" r a t e i s a f u n c t i o n of meteorological flow. factors, e s p e c i a l l y wind and s t a b i l i t y . F o l l o w i n g i s a c a l c u l a t i o n o f the CO c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a t Cons t i t u t i o n Avenue j u s t west o f 14th S t r e e t based upon e x i s t i n g t r a f f i c data. F i g u r e s H5A through H5E o f Appendix H o f t h e I n t e r i m I n d i r e c t Source G u i d e l i n e s were used t o d e r i v e the v a l u e s . 214 �C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue a t t h i s p o i n t i s an a r e a o f "segmented" t r a f f i c f l o w , i . e . i t i s not a t a t r a f f i c intersection. C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue West of 14th S t r e e t Peak t r a f f i c hour 8:00 a.m. - 9:00 p.m. 1370 v e h i c l e s / h o u r Eastbound 640 v e h i c l e s / h o u r Westbound v/c r a t i o (Eastbound) 0.25 Maximum 8-hour t r a f f i c 10:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. 13,860 (both d i r e c t i o n s ) Peak 1-hour CO l e v e l * (from F i g u r e s H5A - H5E) 5.0 opm (Standard = 35 ppm) Maximum 8-hour CO l e v e l * (from f i g u r e s ) 3.1 ppm (Standard = 9 ppm) * f o r a r e c e p t o r 10 meters from o u t e r eastbound l a n e Impact - M a l l A r e a The r e h a b i l i t a t i o n of t h e M a l l a r e a w i l l e f f e c t a change i n t r a f f i c f l o w . An obvious e f f e c t o f c l o s i n g Adams and Washington Drives t o v e h i c u l a r t r a f f i c can be thought o f i n terms o f removing two l i n e sources o f v e h i c u l a r e m i s s i o n s . The n e t e f f e c t of e l i m i n a t i n g t r a f f i c on Adams and Washington D r i v e s would be to s i g n i f i c a n t l y reduce CO l e v e l s i n t h e immediate v i c i n i t y o f those s t r e e t s and i n t h e i s l a n d a r e a s between t h e s e streets. T h i s r e d u c t i o n i n CO l e v e l s along Adams and Washington D r i v e s w i l l a l s o have t h e minor e f f e c t o f r e d u c i n g t h e mesoscale p o l l u t a n t l e v e l i n t h e surrounding area. The n e t e f f e c t o f t o t a l v e h i c l e m i l e s t r a v e l e d i n t h e M a l l r e g i o n a s a r e s u l t of t h e r e h a b i l i t a t i o n w i t h f u l l use o f t h e f r i n g e p a r k i n g f a c i l i t y i s 215 �expected t o decrease approximately 7-9%. F r i n g e l o t usage a t t h e l e v e l t o r e p l a c e the 630 M a l l spaces r e s u l t s i n a VMT r e d u c t i o n of 1 % . S e t t i n g - S h u t t l e Route A second a r e a o f concern i s the bus r o u t e and the net effect on the ambient a i r q u a l i t y o f o p e r a t i n g 4 55 buses d a i l y from the RFK Stadium t o the M a l l a r e a . i s approximately volume d e n s i t i e s . The l e n g t h o f the r o u n d - t r i p r o u t e e i g h t m i l e s and i n c l u d e s a wide range o f t r a f f i c There a r e no DES m o n i t o r i n g s t a t i o n s which c a n be c o n s i d e r e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f the e n t i r e bus r o u t e . monitoring The CAMP s t a t i o n i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f p o r t i o n s o f the M a l l a r e a and the D.C. G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l m o n i t o r i n g s t a t i o n somewhat r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f the e a s t e r n p o r t i o n o f the r o u t e . assumed t h a t e i g h t - h o u r I t can be CO s t a n d a r d s a r e o c c a s i o n a l l y exceeded a t s c a t t e r e d p o i n t s along the r o u t e . s t a n t i a t e d by the f a c t t h a t e i g h t - h o u r T h i s assumption i s subs t a n d a r d s were o c c a s i o n a l l y exceeded a t both the CAMP s t a t i o n and the D.C. G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l station. F o l l o w i n g i s a c a l c u l a t i o n o f the CO c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a t Independence Avenue near 14th S t r e e t , S.E. ( n o n - i n t e r s e c t i o n ) type t r a f f i c f l o w . T h i s i s a segmented As i n the p r e v i o u s cal- c u l a t i o n , F i g u r e s H5A through H5E o f Appendix H o f the g u i d e l i n e s were used t o determine the CO l e v e l s . 216 �Independence Avenue near 14th S t r e e t , S.E. Peak t r a f f i c hour 7:00 a.m. - 8:00 a.m. 1,783 vehicles/hour Westbound 412 v e h i c l e s / h o u r Eastbound v/c r a t i o (Westbound) 0.2 5 Maximum 8-hour t r a f f i c 10:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. 5,642 (both d i r e c t i o n s ) Peak 1-hour CO l e v e l * (from F i g u r e s H5A - H5E) Maximum 8-hour CO l e v e l * (from F i g u r e s ) 5.0 ppm 1.0 ppm * f o r a r e c e p t o r 10 meters from t h e o u t e r westbound l a n e Impact - S h u t t l e Route Buses c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y emit l e s s e r amounts o f CO than do automobiles (see T a b l e 1 6 ) . On t h e o t h e r hand, buses emit con- s i d e r a b l y more n i t r o g e n o x i d e s than do automobiles, t h e r a t i o being a p p r o x i m a t e l y 6.5 t o 1 . The amount o f n i t r o g e n o x i d e s emitted by a t y p i c a l heavy-duty 34 grams/mile. d i e s e l - p o w e r e d v e h i c l e such as a bus i s Thus, a t o t a l o f 455 bus t r i p s o f e i g h t m i l e s would c o n t r i b u t e 12 3.76 kg o f NO per day, or 0.136 tons p e r day. X Assuming t h e 5,462 v e h i c l e s p r e s e n t l y t r a v e r s e t h e 8 m i l e r o u t e d u r i n g an 8 hour p e r i o d and t h a t a l l a r e automobiles, t h e p r e s e n t q u a n t i t y o f NO x e m i s s i o n s over t h e r o u t e i s 0.256 tons d u r i n g t h e maximum 8 hour p e r i o d . Similarily the present quantity of hydrocarbon e m i s s i o n s i s 0.271 tons d u r i n g t h e maximum 8 hour period. I t i s p r o j e c t e d t h a t t r a f f i c w i l l i n c r e a s e by 2 p e r c e n t along t h e s h u t t l e r o u t e i n 1975 as a r e s u l t o f t h i s a c t i o n . 217 A �s i m i l a r d e c r e a s e i s p r o j e c t e d f o r 1976. Based upon the 1975 p r o j e c t i o n the i n c r e a s e d automobile t r a f f i c w i l l r e s u l t i n an i n c r e a s e of 0.00 8 tons of NO x and 0.005 tons o f hydrocarbons d u r i n g the 8 hour p e r i o d . Combining the e x i s t i n g e m i s s i o n s , those due t o the p r o j e c t e d 1975 automobile tons of NO i n c r e a s e , and those due t o the buses, y i e l d s 0.400 and 0.2 89 t o n s of hydrocarbons the maximum 8 hour p e r i o d . major s o u r c e s f o r NO over the r o u t e d u r i n g I t should be p o i n t e d out t h a t the a r e combustion s o u r c e s r a t h e r than v e h i c u l a r X sources. A typical fossil f u e l power p l a n t emits on the order of 20-30 tons/day. The i n c r e a s e i n NO x and hydrocarbon concentrations during 19 75 i s expected t o be m i n i m a l , p a r t i c u l a r l y on an annual b a s i s . A subsequent r e d u c t i o n i n t h e s e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w i l l occur i n 1976 due t o a d e c r e a s e i n t r a f f i c volume. T a b l e 16 Comparison of E m i s s i o n s Between Heavy-Duty D i e s e l Powered V e h i c l e s and Automobiles* Pollutant E m i s s i o n F a c t o r s gm/km Heavy Duty D i e s e l Powered Automobile 35.0 12.7 Hydrocarbons ( E x h a u s t ) 3.4 2.1 N i t r o g e n Oxides 3.2 21. 0 P a r t i c u l a t e s (Exhaust) 0.24 Carbon Monoxide •Automobile e m i s s i o n s used f o r 1974 218 0.75 mix �S e t t i n g - RFK Stadium Area A p a r k i n g a r e a o f approximately 2,400 v e h i c l e spaces w i l l b e . s e t a s i d e a t the RFK Stadium f o r use o f t o u r i s t s . These park- ing activities spaces a r e not p r e s e n t l y being used except d u r i n g a t t h e Stadium. monitoring The d a t a from t h e D.C. General H o s p i t a l a i r s t a t i o n may not be r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f t h e p a r k i n g l o t . T h i s was suggested by a comparison o f o n - s i t e sampling w i t h t h e r e c o r d s f o r t h e same p e r i o d a t t h e D.C. G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l s t a t i o n . N e v e r t h e l e s s , we have used t h e H o s p i t a l d a t a i n performing this assessment. One o f t h e major a c c e s s ways t o t h e RFK Stadium p a r k i n g a r e a i s expected t o be v i a t h e E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t B r i d g e . An e s t i m a t e o f t h e p r e s e n t l e v e l s o f CO based on F i g u r e s H5A through H5E o f Appendix H o f t h e I n t e r i m I n d i r e c t Source G u i d e l i n e s i s as f o l l o w s . E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t Bridge Peak T r a f f i c Hour 7:00 a.m. - 8:00 a.m. 5,190 960 vehicles/hour vehicles/hour v/c r a t i o Westbound Eastbound (Westbound) Maximum 8-hour t r a f f i c 0.96 10:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. 23,934 (both d i r e c t i o n s ) Peak 1-hour CO l e v e l * (from F i g u r e s H5A - H5E) Maximum 8-hour CO l e v e l * (from f i g u r e s ) 32.0 8.0 ppm * f o r a r e c e p t o r 10 meters from t h e o u t e r westbound lane 219 ppm �Impact - RFK Stadium Area The impact on the ambient a i r q u a l i t y i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f RFK Stadium i s l e s s than might be expected due t o t h e e x p a n s i v e a r e a o f t h e p a r k i n g l o t . An e s t i m a t e o f CO c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w i t h i n the proposed p a r k i n g a r e a has been c a l c u l a t e d based on EPA-approved methods and on v e r y c o n s e r v a t i v e assumptions. These i n c l u d e wind speeds o f one meter/second and an atmospheric McElroy-Pooler s t a b i l i t y of c l a s s i f i c a t i o n "D", i . e . , s t a b l e . I t also includes a v e r y c o n s e r v a t i v e e s t i m a t e o f the background l e v e l of CO. A d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e s e c a l c u l a t i o n s i s presented i n Appendix E. The maximum one-hour and eight-hour e m i s s i o n d e n s i t i e s o f the p a r k i n g l o t w i l l be 1.60 ppm and .52 ppm r e s p e c t i v e l y . The r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e maximum c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w i l l not exceed t h e F e d e r a l and AQCR s t a n d a r d s . These c o n t r i b u t i o n s from t h e p a r k i n g l o t w i l l produce l o c a l i z e d e f f e c t s , i . e . , w i l l add t o t h e e x i s t i n g l e v e l s w i t h i n t h e p a r k i n g l o t and a p p r o x i mately 50 meters downwind from t h e l o t b u t s t i l l remaining below standards. The use o f t h i s p a r k i n g l o t i s n o t expected t o have s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t s on t h e mesoscale l e v e l . I f t r a f f i c on t h e E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t B r i d g e i s i n c r e a s e d by 2% (500 v e h i c l e s ) d u r i n g an e i g h t - h o u r p e r i o d , t h e maximum eight-hour concentration w i l l i n c r e a s e minutely. O v e r a l l Summary The proposed M a l l R e h a b i l i t a t i o n w i l l r e s u l t i n r e l a t i v e l y minor l o c a l i z e d e f f e c t s on t h e ambient a i r q u a l i t y . 220 Carbon �monoxide l e v e l s i n the immediate v i c i n i t y o f Adams and Washington Drives traffic. Bridge, w i l l be reduced because o f the e l i m i n a t i o n of v e h i c u l a r Along the bus r o u t e , and on t h e E a s t C a p i t o l Street CO l e v e l s w i l l e i t h e r remain unchanged or i n c r e a s e because of the p r o j e c t e d increase i n t r a f f i c flow. v i c i n i t y of the f r i n g e p a r k i n g slightly The immediate f a c i l i t y w i l l e x p e r i e n c e somewhat h i g h e r l e v e l s o f CO t h a n c u r r e n t l y e x i s t , but the e m i s s i o n s d e n s i t y o f the l o t w i l l not exceed the s t a n d a r d s . the buses w i l l be p r i m a r i l y i n N0 2 e m i s s i o n s ; however, the impact w i l l not be s u f f i c i e n t t o approach the N0 221 The impact of 0 standards. �2.6.3 Sound L e v e l s Setting T h i s s e c t i o n a d d r e s s e s the ambient sound l e v e l s t h a t c u r r e n t l y e x i s t w i t h i n t h e a r e a o f t h e Washington M a l l , t h e proposed s h u t t l e r o u t e , and t h e a r e a o f RFK Stadium. For this" s t u d y , a s u r v e y o f ambient sound was c a r r i e d out on March 27, 1975, a t e i g h t l o c a t i o n s (see Table 17, F i g u r e 3 0 ) . The l o c a t i o n s were chosen t o r e f l e c t t h e e x i s t i n g sound c l i m a t e i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e M a l l , a t n o i s e - s e n s i t i v e s i t e s along t h e proposed s h u t t l e r o u t e , and i n t h e a r e a o f RFK Stadium. Sound measure- ments were made d u r i n g t h r e e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e p e r i o d s o f t h e day: r u s h hour (0730 - 1000, o r 1600 - 1830); day time hours 1600); and evening hours ( a f t e r 1830). (1000 - No unusual or unexpected sound-producing a c t i v i t i e s were observed d u r i n g t h e s u r v e y . D e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n s and r e s u l t s o f t h e s u r v e y a r e g i v e n i n Appendix F. Use i s made o f c r i t e r i a from t h e f o l l o w i n g a g e n c i e s t o c h a r a c t e r i z e e x i s t i n g sound l e v e l s and t o a s s e s s the a c o u s t i c impact from c o n s t r u c t i o n on t h e M a l l and from o p e r a t i o n o f t h e s h u t t l e bus s e r v i c e : E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n Agency ( E P A ) , Department o f Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n (DOT), and t h e Highway Research Board These c r i t e r i a a r e l i s t e d i n t h e Appendix. 222 (HRB). �TABLE 17 AMBIENT SOUND SURVEY MEASUREMENT LOCATIONS LOCATION DESCRIPTION 1 Corner of C o n s t i t u t i o n and 1 4 t h S t r e e t 2 Corner of Madison Avenue and 14th S t r e e t 3 Corner o f Madison Avenue and 13th S t r e e t 4 Corner o f J e f f e r s o n Avenue and 14th S t r e e t 5 Corner o f J e f f e r s o n Avenue and 13th S t r e e t 6 I n f r o n t o f Bryan School i n 1600 B l o c k of Independence Avenue 7 At D. C. G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l 8 I n L i n c o l n Square Park 223 Avenue �ÁenrnS I p punos iluow@Ð@Ðs ÐoedurI il@Ðu@unu@J[Aug EJ SlIOllPCOl lueue¡îSBeül v pue 6e-l ec!^res l.!ed leuollBN sued Ietloec leuolleN lten eqr þ uo!let!llqeqeu n t, ,,.Ìil .'Ì '/ T '." t / /' '' / .:/, ":" {-. -\ 'ì.. : t 1: r.. ¡¡' j lr :i i t,' i i: i;' 'l il. -i , l fä ^ 'rt' il tj r'.-i ii ';:.'i1.> .,t,, È t: ¡ idÖil ��National Mall. The ambient sound i n the a r e a of the N a t i o n a l M a l l i s q u i t e h i g h . a r e shown i n Table 18. Estimated ambient sounds These sound l e v e l s i n d i c a t e , when com- pared w i t h t h e E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n Agency d a y / n i g h t equiva- l e n t sound l e v e l c r i t e r i o n , t h a t d e g r a d a t i o n of p u b l i c h e a l t h and w e l f a r e p r e s e n t l y e x i s t s i n the v i c i n i t y of the M a l l . The dominant sources o f sound i n the v i c i n i t y of t h e Washington M a l l a r e t r a f f i c and Metro c o n s t r u c t i o n , and v i s i t o r activities. Large numbers o f t r u c k s and buses produce i n t r u s i v e sound l e v e l s along C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue and 14th S t r e e t , ranging from 67 t o 72 d e c i b e l s d u r i n g both r u s h hour and non-rush hour daytime p e r i o d s . W i t h i n the M a l l i t s e l f , v i s i t o r activities and Metro c o n s t r u c t i o n , c h i e f l y the l a t t e r , a r e the dominant sound s o u r c e s . I n t h e v i c i n i t y of the Metro c o n s t r u c t i o n site, the i n t r u s i v e sound l e v e l s were measured as 68 d e c i b e l s throughout daytime p e r i o d s . S h u t t l e Route. At the p r i n c i p a l n o i s e - s e n s i t i v e l o c a t i o n s along t h e s h u t t l e r o u t e — t h e Bryan School and L i n c o l n Square Park a r e a — s t r e e t t r a f f i c sounds dominate daytime sound levels. During the e v e n i n g , when t r a f f i c l e v e l s a r e lower, the e q u i v a l e n t sound l e v e l s a r e between 8 and 10 d e c i b e l s lower than they a r e d u r i n g peak t r a f f i c f l o w p e r i o d s . Background ambient sound l e v e l s f o r t h e s e l o c a t i o n s a r e g i v e n i n Table 19. They show t h a t the e x i s t i n g background ambient sound l e v e l s exceed the EPA c r i t e r i o n , and t h u s , c u r r e n t l y degrade p u b l i c h e a l t h 227 �TABLE 18 ESTIMATED AMBIENT SOUND LEVELS WORST CASE - CONSTRUCTION WASHINGTON MALL Location* eq** (Peak T r a f f i c ) (dB) L eq (Non-Peak) (dB) d (dB) L L dn*** (dB) 1 70,.5 71..1 69,.3 67..3 2 74,.0 73.,8 71,,4 69.,6 3 78,.1 78 . ,1 75.,5 73..5 4 77,.6 76.,9 74..1 72..1 5 86,.0 86.,0 83..3 81., 3 For l o c a t i o n s , see F i g u r e 30. For e x p l a n a t i o n o f symbols, see Appendix E s t i m a t e d assuming n i g h t - t i m e background ambient sound level i s negligible. 228 �TABLE 19 ESTIMATED AMBIENT SOUND LEVELS DUE TO SHUTTLE BUS OPERATION Location* L Background Ambient eq* With Buses 6 Saturday 8 Saturday * ** *** a dn*** 61.4 60.8 58. 8 57.3 53.8 51.8 67.7 64.4 61.4 56.1** 62.4 59. 3 66.1 62.7 56.1 8 Weekday Peak t r a f f i c Non-peak Evening L 64.4 6 Weekday Peak t r a f f i c Non-Peak Evening L 61.8 58.5 53.4 61.8 58.6 53.9 53.4** 53.9 F o r l o c a t i o n , see map, F i g u r e 30 symbols, see Appendix E s t i m a t e d - u s i n g evening For d e f i n i t i o n s of sound l e v e l E s t i m a t e d - assuming n i g h t - t i m e background ambient l e v e l negligible. 229 �and w e l f a r e , both d u r i n g t h e week and on S a t u r d a y s . sound l e v e l s a t t h i s l o c a t i o n f a l l i n t o the HUD Ambient "Discretionary- Normally A c c e p t a b l e " c a t e g o r y , s i n c e the ambient sound l e v e l s do not exceed 65 dBA f o r more than e i g h t hours per day. These sound l e v e l s a r e a l s o w i t h i n t h e 70 dBA (L _) l i m i t s f o r such 10 l a n d uses s e t by DOT g u i d e l i n e s . According t o Highway Research Board c r i t e r i a , t h e s e e x i s t i n g sound l e v e l s produce "some impact." RFK Stadium. At t h e D. C. G e n e r a l Hospital—the p r i n c i p a l n o i s e - s e n s i t i v e s i t e i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e RFK Stadium p a r k i n g l o t - - v e h i c l e s e n t e r i n g and l e a v i n g t h e h o s p i t a l a r e a , i n c l u d i n g buses, dominate t h e sound l e v e l s . morning and a f t e r n o o n , m a t e l y 61 dB. the equivalent During t h e sound l e v e l i s a p p r o x i - During t h e e v e n i n g , when v i s i t o r a c t i v i t y i s l o w e r , i t i s 55.2 dB. Estimated f o r t h i s l o c a t i o n a r e given background ambient sound l e v e l s i n T a b l e 20. They i n d i c a t e t h a t sound l e v e l s i n t h e v i c i n i t y of D. C. G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l exceed EPA recommended d a y / n i g h t e q u i v a l e n t degrade p u b l i c presently sound l e v e l s and health. Impact National Mall. Using t h e b a s e l i n e d a t a obtained from t h e ambient sound s u r v e y and t h e e s t i m a t e d sound l e v e l s due t o M a l l c o n s t r u c t i o n and s h u t t l e bus o p e r a t i o n , the impact on nearby n o i s e - s e n s i t i v e l a n d use has been e v a l u a t e d . methodology used t o compute c o n s t r u c t i o n Appendix F. 230 The sound l e v e l s i s g i v e n �TABLE 20 V I C I N I T Y OF D. C. GENERAL HOSPITAL ESTIMATED AMBIENT SOUND LEVELS Period Background Ambient L eq* With Buses Saturday * dn 60.9 60.3 55.2 a 59.7 57.7 52.2 Weekday Peak t r a f f i c Non-peak Evening L 53.2 60.9 60.3 55.2 55.2** F o r d e f i n i t i o n o f symbols, see Appendix ** E s t i m a t e d - assuming n i g h t - t i m e background ambient l e v e l is negligible. E s t i m a t e d maximum ambient sound l e v e l s produced d u r i n g cons t r u c t i o n a c t i v i t i e s on t h e M a l l a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e 18. These show t h a t t h e sound l e v e l s w i l l degrade p u b l i c h e a l t h and w e l f a r e a c c o r d i n g t o EPA c r i t e r i a , and w i l l exceed t h e DOT recommended design noise l e v e l f o r r e c r e a t i o n a l areas. The Highway R e s e a r c h Board c r i t e r i a do not c o n t a i n a s p e c i f i c l a n d use c a t e g o r y f o r p a r k s ; t h e r e f o r e , a c r i t e r i o n f o r s c h o o l s was used i n i t s p l a c e (HRB T a b l e 3 A ) . HRB T a b l e 3B i s used t o e s t i m a t e impact. I t r e q u i r e s a background ambient v a l u e , t h e aforementioned c r i t e r i o n v a l u e , and t h e e s t i m a t e d sound f o r each l o c a t i o n levels (HRB T a b l e 6 ) . Based on t h i s c r i t e r i o n , con- s t r u c t i o n i s e s t i m a t e d t o cause "great impact" a t a l l l o c a t i o n s sampled. 231 �During t h e n o i s i e s t phase of M a l l c o n s t r u c t i o n , when e x c a v a t i o n and g r a d i n g occur s i m u l t a n e o u s l y , t h e ambient daytime e q u i v a l e n t sound l e v e l could be i n c r e a s e d t o about 70 dB f o r d i s t a n c e s w i t h i n a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1,200 f e e t from t h e c e n t e r of c o n s t r u c t i o n a c t i v i t y (See F i g u r e 3 1 ) . F i g u r e 31 shows e s t i m a t e s of t h e ambient d a i l y sound l e v e l s produced by t h e combination of background ambient and c o n s t r u c t i o n sound l e v e l s a t v a r i o u s d i s t a n c e s from t h e source. excavation Because t h i s map assumes t h a t both and g r a d i n g sounds occur s i m u l t a n e o u s l y a t point s o u r c e s , which i s g e n e r a l l y u n l i k e l y , t h e e s t i m a t e s a r e higher than t h e l e v e l s t h a t w i l l a c t u a l l y be reached. For a r e a s i n which t h e e x i s t i n g background ambient sound l e v e l s a r e 6 5 dB, the e s t i m a t e d 100 i n c r e a s e s from c o n s t r u c t i o n range from 24 dB a t f e e t t o 3 dB a t 1600 f e e t . Where e x i s t i n g background l e v e l s a r e g r e a t e r than 65 dB, a s along 14th S t r e e t , w i l l be l e s s . the net increase The map shows n o i s e c o n t o u r s a s i f c o n s t r u c t i o n would be c o n c e n t r a t e d a t one p o i n t ; r e a l i s t i c a l l y , a s t h e c e n t r o i d o f c o n s t r u c t i o n a c t i v i t y s h i f t s along t h e M a l l , n o i s e l e v e l s w i l l occur along i t s l e n g t h . 1-5 d u r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n i s e s t i m a t e d HUD c r i t e r i a . I t i s estimated The L similar at locations t o exceed EPA, DOT, and t h a t t h e i n c r e a s e i n ambient sound l e v e l w i l l be n o t i c e d by some people and may cause annoyance. The t o t a l c o n s t r u c t i o n time i s t h r e e months, and t h e i n c r e a s e w i l l be s h o r t - t e r m . A l s o , t h e background ambient sound l e v e l s a r e high d u r i n g t h e peak t r a f f i c and non-peak daytime p e r i o d s , when most c o n s t r u c t i o n a c t i v i t y i s expected t o occur. 232 Thus, t h e �tt tf 'e .-:;,-'{ ú' l1 L**J b X (¡ ê rft#6r uu Õ u5 {îu{Y MïT* n fiffi LI Åñcttv€5 fi:L\ , ü (? f(tr*ÀL *Âm & {d { # ffi¡wn \\* ns I 8ü *r*u* a$IÕåY å I * çt t ç^ffixr ç9 ånT û r{c$túro6v &ruftåL x,slc*Y I I {}" I ' { nr g&þ6t 9ô¡&?r!ctìçû 75 ïr* fßtt Tsâ \.t { r¡¿¿ I I ! 1 & 1 I \ 3 *1" /l ,ñï 4ffiUtTa*f {) tl LL{ r *J ô ffÀ¡tc qaryr.i ã f u a{nänÂt ß¡.& ro *qårfs ¡[$t:aÁ! f fffiflÀ¡ lrS¡C[ 8lm I6 {:l Ë:} Ëil {:i {s!14t¡ç6 ffi üLrs tM?H s *ùrs ffiM w ffi* Ç: {:} {3 5Ì GE¡ü TÁL SavaÇÊ k ÀDirlrÀr5nÀ1rfr Rehab¡litation Of The Mall Nãtional Caoital Parks National Paik Service Legend -75- estimated daytime equivalent sound level contours (dB) - Ld - I Envnr@nnnentaI sta{ffi8fit Gonstruction Sound Gontours �o v e r a l l impact from c o n s t r u c t i o n i s expected t o be s m a l l . The e s t i m a t e d ambient e q u i v a l e n t sound l e v e l s produced with construction truck t r a f f i c i s shown i n T a b l e 2 1 . This shows t h a t t h e i n c r e a s e i n ambient sound l e v e l s due t o a d d i t i o n a l c o n s t r u c t i o n t r u c k t r a f f i c on 14th S t r e e t i s l e s s than t h e i n c r e a s e due t o c o n s t r u c t i o n , and should add l i t t l e impact. The c o n s t r u c t i o n t r u c k t r a f f i c n o i s e w i l l not impact these a r e a s along the r o u t e where ambient sound l e v e l s a r e p r e s e n t l y s e t by traffic noise. S h u t t l e Route. The e s t i m a t e d ambient sound levels reached d u r i n g s h u t t l e bus o p e r a t i o n a r e summarized i n T a b l e 19. T h i s shows t h a t when t h e bus e q u i v a l e n t sound l e v e l s a r e added to the background ambient, the ambient sound i n c r e a s e s o n l y slightly. The g r e a t e s t change w i l l occur a t Bryan School d u r i n g t h e e v e n i n q , when the e s t i m a t e d ambient L sound l e v e l of 61.4 ^ eq i s o n l y 5.3 dB h i g h e r than the background ambient evening l e n t sound level. The daytime ambient e q u i v a l e n t sound equivalevel, L^, a t t h i s l o c a t i o n , due t o s h u t t l e bus t r a f f i c , i s e s t i m a t e d to i n c r e a s e by fewer than 5 dB on S a t u r d a y s . At L i n c o l n P a r k , t h e e s t i m a t e d i n c r e a s e i s l e s s than one d e c i b e l . Because L i n c o l n Park background ambient sound l e v e l s a r e a l r e a d y h i g h , the changes i n sound l e v e l due t o bus traffic, even on S a t u r d a y s , a r e expected t o be n e g l i g i b l e . I n r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a s , where houses a r e c l o s e t o the s t r e e t 235 �TABLE 21 ESTIMATED AMBIENT EQUIVALENT SOUND LEVELS WITH TRUCK TRAFFIC DURING CONSTRUCTION OF WASHINGTON MALL Lo<r a t i o n * Background Ambient (dB) Ambient Sound L e v e l w i t h C o n s t r u c t i o n T r u c k s (dB) Peak T r a f f i c Non-Peak d** dn 65.0 66. 9 65.2 L 1. 63.2 65. 0 66.9 65.2 63.2 Peak Non-Peak 64.8 66.9 65. 3 63.3 71.1 70.3 68.4 66.4 Peak Non-Peak d dn 60.7 62.5 61.6 59.6 63.4 63.9 62.8 60.8 Peak Non-Peak d dn 68.7 65.8 66.7 64.7 74. 2 72.4 70.4 68.4 Peak Non-Peak 70.8 69.6 67.5 65.5 L 2. L L 3. d dn L 4. L L L * ** d 54.2 63.5 63.3 L 5. dn 61.3 F o r l o c a t i o n s , see F i g u r e 30. F o r e x p l a n a t i o n o f symbols, see Appendix. 236 �and l o c a l t r a f f i c dominates the ambient sound, the bus-generated i n c r e a s e i n the daytime ambient e q u i v a l e n t sound l e v e l L is eq e s t i m a t e d to be one d e c i b e l d u r i n g the week, and l e s s than d e c i b e l s on five Saturdays. Compared to the c r i t e r i a of v a r i o u s a g e n c i e s , i t i s shown t h a t , w i t h the e s t i m a t e d bus-generated sound c o n t r i b u t i o n , Bryan School remains w i t h i n the " D i s c r e t i o n a r y - N o r m a l l y a b l e " c a t e g o r y of HUD Accept- s t a n d a r d s , and below the 7 0 dBA ( L ^ Q ) l i m i t s f o r such l a n d uses s e t by DOT guidelines. I n terms of the Highway Research Board c r i t e r i a , combined n o i s e l e v e l s would produce " g r e a t impact" d u r i n g weekday p e r i o d s . It is, t h e r e f o r e , concluded t h a t the a d d i t i o n a l sound l e v e l s t h a t would be produced by the proposed s h u t t l e buses would not significantly degrade f u r t h e r the e x i s t i n g adverse a c o u s t i c c l i m a t e along the proposed s h u t t l e r o u t e . RFK Stadium. The e s t i m a t e d ambient sound l e v e l s reached d u r i n g o p e r a t i o n of the s h u t t l e buses i n the v i c i n i t y of D. C. G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l a r e summarized i n T a b l e 2 0 . T h i s shows t h a t the o p e r a t i o n of the proposed s h u t t l e bus s e r v i c e should cause any a d d i t i o n a l adverse a c o u s t i c impact t o the D. C. Hospital area. 237 not General �2.6.4 Landform Setting The s i t e of the proposed p r o j e c t i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by e s s e n t i a l l y f l a t t e r r a i n , w i t h the h i g h e s t e l e v a t i o n i n the a r e a of the proposed p r o j e c t about 3 2 f e e t above sea l e v e l , and the approximate lowest e l e v a t i o n about nine f e e t above sea l e v e l . The M a l l s l o p e s g e n e r a l l y down from 14th S t r e e t towards T h i r d S t r e e t , a t an average g r a d i e n t of one p e r c e n t or one v e r t i c a l l y f o r each one hundred f e e t h o r i z o n t a l l y . foot Parallel t o the long a x i s of the M a l l , t h e r e i s a c r o s s g r a d i e n t dropping t o the n o r t h and r a n g i n g from t h r e e p e r c e n t slope near 9th S t r e e t t o one p e r c e n t near T h i r d S t r e e t . The s t e e p e s t g r a d i e n t on the s i t e i s f i v e p e r c e n t slope where the M a l l meets 14th Street. As a r e s u l t of these minimal grade changes, the M a l l i s g e n e r a l l y p e r c e i v e d as f l a t by most o b s e r v e r s . The a r e a landform i s a l s o c h a r a c t e r i z e d by i t s r e g i o n a l c o n t e x t l o c a t i n g i t on the f l o o d p l a i n a l l u v i u m and d e l t a of the c o n f l u e n c e of the Potomac and A n a c o s t i a R i v e r s . of r i v e r - b o r n d e p o s i t s a r e t y p i c a l l y r e l i e f wherever they occur. minimal i n These t y p e s topographic Various grading operations involved i n M a l l development over the y e a r s have a l s o c o n t r i b u t e d t o the f l a t n e s s of the M a l l a r e a . 238 �Impact No s i g n i f i c a n t change t o the e x i s t i n g l a n d form i s a n t i c i p a t e d as a r e s u l t of t h e proposed a c t i o n , and no major r e g r a d i n g i s proposed. Some minimal f i n i s h grading (as opposed t o mass g r a d i n g o r e x c a v a t i o n ) i s proposed t o a d j u s t the grades where the new g r a v e l walkways meet the new limestone framing around the c e n t e r lawn p a n e l s t o an a p p r o p r i a t e grade d i f f e r e n t i a l of s i x i n c h e s . No g r a d i n g w i l l t a k e p l a c e under the e x i s t i n g t r e e s , nor w i l l any e x c a v a t i o n t a k e p l a c e i n the r o o t zone of the t r e e s , e l i m i n a t i n g any p o t e n t i a l damage t o these through compaction, r o o t exposure, or o t h e r a c t i o n s . 239 specimens �2.6.5 Geology and S o i l s Setting The bedrock beneath t h e M a l l s l o p e s t o t h e e a s t ; i t l i e s a t depths r a n g i n g from about 100 f e e t a t 1 4 t h S t r e e t t o about 180 f e e t a t T h i r d S t r e e t . Bedrock i s c h i e f l y mica s c h i s t of e a r l y P a l e o z o i c age. S o i l s o v e r l y i n g bedrock on the M a l l a r e mainly d e p o s i t s o f P l e i s t o c e n e t o Recent g e o l o g i c alluvial age. The a l l u v i u m c o n s i s t s o f 100 t o 180 f e e t o f i n t e r l a y e r e d g r a v e l , sand, s i l t , and c l a y d e p o s i t e d by t h e Potomac R i v e r i n former f l o o d p l a i n s and t i d a l marshes. silt. The uppermost s o i l l a y e r s a r e clayey-sandy I n p l a c e s , t h i s s o i l has been d i s t u r b e d and regraded, and i s t y p i c a l l y compacted by p e d e s t r i a n t r a f f i c . I n some a r e a s , the n a t u r a l s o i l s a r e b u r i e d beneath a s much a s 10 artificial fill p l a c e d a t v a r i o u s times i n t h e p a s t . f e e t of The f i l l c o n s i s t s of heterogeneous m i x t u r e s o f sand, s i l t , g r a v e l , and rubble. S o i l s on t h e M a l l a r e e a s i l y e x c a v a t e d and p r o v i d e good foundations tures. w i t h power equipment f o r roadways, pathways, and s t r u c - The m a t e r i a l s g e n e r a l l y do not stand w e l l i n c u t s and e x c a v a t i o n s , however, and t r e n c h e s g e n e r a l l y r e q u i r e s h o r i n g t o prevent c o l l a p s e . They p r o v i d e s u i t a b l e s o i l f o r t r e e s and shrubs except on s i t e s where poor q u a l i t y rubble f i l l may have been used. No such a r e a s have been i d e n t i f i e d on t h e e a s t M a l l a r e a proposed f o r r e h a b i l i t a t i o n . 240 �Impact E x t e n s i v e a r e a s of bare s o i l may g r a d i n g o p e r a t i o n s on the M a l l . blown dust may be exposed d u r i n g During p e r i o d s of h i g h winds, have temporary adverse e f f e c t s on people engaged i n outdoor a c t i v i t i e s along the M a l l and on c a r s parked nearby. However, i t i s intended t h a t graded a r e a s w i l l be promptly re-seeded and mulched or sodded t o new g r a s s , and t h u s p o t e n t i a l blowing d u s t would be minimized. Minor i n c r e a s e s i n the pH of s o i l s may be caused by c a l w e a t h e r i n g of l i m e s t o n e fragments used i n the new walkways. No impact i s expected upon the q u a l i t y of M a l l p l a n t l i f e to t h i s natural action. 241 chemi- due �2.6.6 Hydrology Setting S u r f a c e Water. the E a s t M a l l . There are no n a t u r a l d r a i n a g e f e a t u r e s on P r e c i p i t a t i o n i n f i l t r a t e s i n t o the g r a s s y areas or runs o f f the roadways i n t o the e x i s t i n g storm d r a i n a g e system. T i b e r Creek, which f o r m e r l y flowed a c r o s s the e a s t e r n end of the M a l l , was made p a r t of the storm d r a i n a g e system and covered over i n the n i n e t e e n t h depression century. T i b e r Creek i s now t h a t c r o s s e s the M a l l marked by a e a s t of 7th S t r e e t . This shallow low a r e a i s s u b j e c t to f l o o d i n g d u r i n g p e r i o d s of extreme high water i n the Potomac R i v e r u n l e s s f l o o d p r o t e c t i o n measures a r e undertaken. Current f l o o d p r o t e c t i o n p l a n s f o r Washington c a l l f o r temporary sand bag S.W., c l o s u r e s a t 17th S t r e e t , N.W., and P S t r e e t , to p r o t e c t t h i s a r e a from f l o o d i n g . Ground Water. Ground w a t e r beneath the Washington M a l l both i n the u n c o n s o l i d a t e d occurs a l l u v i a l d e p o s i t s as w e l l as i n j o i n t s , f r a c t u r e s , and weathered zones on the u n d e r l y i n g c r y s t a l l i n e bedrock. A continuous w a t e r t a b l e l i e s a t depths of 10 t o 15 f e e t beneath the E a s t M a l l ; below t h i s depth, m a t e r i a l s a r e g e n e r a l l y s a t u r a t e d and pore spaces f i l l e d w i t h w a t e r . used i n the a r e a as a w a t e r supply. Ground w a t e r i s not E x c a v a t i o n s deeper than 10 f e e t g e n e r a l l y r e q u i r e continuous d e w a t e r i n g due to the i n f i l t r a - t i o n of ground w a t e r . Impact No s i g n i f i c a n t changes i n s u r f a c e w a t e r r u n o f f a r e expected from the r e h a b i l i t a t i o n of the M a l l . 242 Fine-grained aggregates used �i n the composition of the crushed stone pathways may cause some i n c r e a s e i n the t u r b i d i t y of r u n o f f w a t e r s i f the pathways a r e s u b j e c t to e r o s i o n . However, b i n d i n g agents used i n the s u r f a c e course of the walkways w i l l minimize t h i s c o n d i t i o n . Heavy r a i n s d u r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n can be expected t o c o n t r i b u t e t u r b i d w a t e r s t o the storm d r a i n a g e system, but prompt r e - v e g e t a t i o n of graded i s expected t o minimize t h i s impact. 243 areas �2.6.7 V e g e t a t i o n and W i l d l i f e Setting The c h a r a c t e r of the M a l l from T h i r d to 14th i s t h a t of a formal monumental urban p a r k , w i t h l a r g e grass areas, a rectangular s t a n d s of mature t r e e s . Streets flat s t r e e t and walk p a t t e r n , and formal As such, i t does not e x h i b i t an exten- s i v e v a r i e t y of p l a n t m a t e r i a l s or c o n t a i n a wide range of w i l d l i f e h a b i t a t s , as do more " n a t u r a l i z e d " i n f o r m a l urban parks such as Rock Creek or G l o v e r Archbold Park. Plant Species. The major p l a n t m a t e r i a l s i n the proposed a r e a of a c t i o n c o n s i s t of deciduous t r e e s and grass. The m a j o r i t y of the t r e e s a r e Ulmus americana (American e l m ) , o r i g i n a l l y planted as s e e d l i n g s i n the 1930's which now an average c a l i p e r of 18"-20". Other elm v a r i e t i e s mixed w i t h the o r i g i n a l p l a n t i n g i n c l u d e the P r i n c e t o n v a r i e t i e s of the s p e c i e s . d a u v i s s e i , a European elm have and .Augustine There are a l s o a few Ulmus h o l l a n d i c a s p e c i e s , and a v e r y few o t h e r t r e e s p e c i e s , m o s t l y s i n g l e specimens of maple, w h i t e p i n e , buckeye, b a l d c y p r e s s , and American h o l l y . These t r e e s a r e p l a n t e d on a 50-foot g r i d i n f o u r rows on each s i d e of the M a l l , forming a n e a r l y continuous p l a n t a t i o n , or "bosque," of about 570 trees. The elms a r e s u s c e p t i b l e to Dutch elm d i s e a s e , a fungus the N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e has been a t t e m p t i n g t o c o n t r o l s i n c e 1947. Even w i t h c h e m i c a l c o n t r o l measures, an a t t r i t i o n r a t e of 1.5 to 2 p e r c e n t , 244 or four to f i v e �t r e e s p e r y e a r , i s expected on the b a s i s o f r e c e n t experience. S i n c e the onset o f the d i s e a s e i n the M a l l t r e e s , mature s p e c i mens have been removed, c r e a t i n g s i g n i f i c a n t gaps i n the nowmatured o r i g i n a l 1930's p l a n t a t i o n s . Some gaps have been r e p l a n t e d i n the P r i n c e t o n and Augustine v a r i e t i e s . This practice has produced a v a r i a b l e m a t u r i t y i n the elms. The g r a s s i s a m i x t u r e o f other common t u r f s p e c i e s i n c l u d i n g Fescue and B l u e g r a s s . I t i s maintained and a r e a s a r e r e - moved f o r r e - s e e d i n g o r sodding when f o o t t r a f f i c o r d i s e a s e degrade some p o r t i o n o f the lawns. No endangered p l a n t s p e c i e s a r e known t o be growing on t h e M a l l from T h i r d t o 14th S t r e e t s . W i l d l i f e Species. The p r i n c i p a l o n - s i t e w i l d l i f e s p e c i e s i n c l u d e members o f the b i r d and rodent f a m i l i e s . Dr. George Watson, a Smithsonian o r n i t h o l o g i s t , has prepared t h e f o l l o w i n g l i s t o f b i r d s c o n t a i n i n g s p e c i e s t h a t r e g u l a r l y use the M a l l between the C a p i t o l and 17th S t r e e t . B i r d s t h a t breed on o r near the M a l l a r e marked "B". American K e s t r e l Common Crow Herring G u l l Ring-billed Gull Rock Dove ("Pigeon") Mourning Dove B Barn Owl B Nighthawk B F i s h Crow B Blue J a y B Mockingbird B American Robin Starling B House Sparrow B B Chimney S w i f t B Downy Woodpecker Cardinal B B Red-winged B l a c k b i r d Common G r a c k l e B Brown-headed Cowbird 245 �The l a r g e numbers o f s p e c i e s t h a t occur as a r e s u l t of passage m i g r a t i o n have been o m i t t e d . While t h e s e s p e c i e s do not c o n t r i b u t e to t h e urban ecosystem o f the M a l l , they do a f f e c t the d i v e r s i t y and q u a l i t y of the M a l l environment to the e x t e n t t h a t v i s i t o r s t o the M a l l may be a b l e t o observe and enjoy them. The r o d e n t s observed on the M a l l may mice, and r a t s . i n c l u d e grey s q u i r r e l s , Tree canopies p r o v i d e the h a b i t a t f o r the b i r d s , and the r o d e n t s a r e found on the grounds, e s p e c i a l l y near t r a s h b a r r e l s and o t h e r s o l i d waste c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . D i s c a r d e d food prod u c t s and garbage a r e the main a t t r a c t i o n s and food source f o r these species. the p r o j e c t No endangered animal s p e c i e s a r e known t o i n h a b i t site. Impact Plant Species. With one e x c e p t i o n , t h e r e a r e no a c t i o n s i n v o l v e d i n the proposed r e h a b i l i t a t i o n which w i l l d i s t u r b any of the e x i s t i n g t r e e s . Approximately 61 t r e e s c u r r e n t l y m i s s i n g i n the g r i d p a t t e r n a r e being r e p l a c e d . These t r e e s a r e l a r g e c a l i p e r , s e l e c t specimen, Augustine elms. While t h i s v a r i e t y of elm i s not as d i s e a s e - r e s i s t a n t as some elm c l o n e s developed by v a r i o u s h o r t i c u l t u r a l r e s e a r c h programs, the t r e e was chosen f o r t h i s p r o j e c t due t o the p r e s e n t a v a i l a b i l i t y of s u f f i c i e n t l a r g e - s i z e d specimens t o enable the complete r e s t o r a t i o n of t h i s component of the o v e r a l l landscape of the Mall. As d i s e a s e problems on the M a l l m a n i f e s t themselves i n 246 �the f u t u r e , t r e e s w i l l be r e p l a c e d w i t h h i g h l y d i s e a s e - r e s i s t a n t elm c l o n e s p r e s e n t l y being developed i n v a r i o u s r e s e a r c h but c o n s i d e r e d too s m a l l a s i z e t o be c o n s i d e r e d mens i n t h e M a l l p l a n t i n g s a t p r e s e n t . efforts as v i a b l e speci- (A "clone" i s an a s e x u a l l y - produced progeny o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l s p e c i e s . ) The one a s p e c t of the proposed p r o j e c t which may a f f e c t t h e t r e e s on t h e M a l l i s t h e accommodation o f a c t i v i t y zones w i t h i n the t r e e p l a n t a t i o n s . V i s i t o r use o f t h e programs i n these a c t i v i t y zones could cause s o i l compaction which would l i m i t the i n f i l t r a t i o n o f oxygen and m o i s t u r e t o the r o o t zones o f the t r e e s , t h u s a f f e c t i n g t h e v i g o r o f the t r e e s . Impacts t o t h e g r a s s and t r e e s generated by some c o n s t r u c t i o n procedures could o c c u r . The f o l l o w i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n activi- t i e s r e p r e s e n t p o t e n t i a l impact c a t e g o r i e s : - site clearing; - excavation; - regrading; - temporary c o n s t r u c t i o n - earth roads; storage; - construction material storage; - c o n s t r u c t i o n equipment c i r c u l a t i o n ; and - o n - s i t e parking f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n workers. A l l o f t h e above s i t e - r e l a t e d a c t i v i t i e s t y p i c a l l y c r e a t e pot e n t i a l f o r impact on e x i s t i n g v e g e t a t i o n i f s p e c i a l measures a r e not taken t o a v o i d c e r t a i n problems. These problems i n c l u d e : 247 �- e r o s i o n o f newly exposed s o i l p r i o r t o i n s t a l l a t i o n of new ground c o v e r ; - s o i l compaction around t h e base of t r e e s c a u s i n g inadequate a i r and water t o r e a c h t h e r o o t system; - improper grade changes made a t t h e base o f v e g e t a t i o n . S p e c i a l m i t i g a t i o n measures have been proposed f o r these potent i a l problems, and a r e d e s c r i b e d i n Chapter I V . W i l d l i f e Species. There w i l l be an i n c r e a s e d a r e a of h a b i t a t f o r b i r d s and s q u i r r e l s due t o t h e p l a n t i n g o f an a d d i t i o n a l 61 l a r g e t r e e s . C o n s t r u c t i o n a c t i v i t i e s a r e expected to t e m p o r a r i l y change l i f e p a t t e r n s , e s p e c i a l l y o f t h e rodents i n t h e a r e a , but t h e r e p r e s e n t e d species are highly adaptive i n man-made urban environments, and no adverse impact i s a n t i c i p a t e d beyond t h e temporary d i s r u p t i o n c r e a t e d by t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n activities. With p r o j e c t e d i n c r e a s e d v i s i t a t i o n , and t h e o p e r a t i o n of up t o s i x food c o n c e s s i o n s i n t h e proposed p r o j e c t a r e a , i t i s expected t h a t t h e r e w i l l be an i n c r e a s e i n t h e amount of d i s c a r d e d food and c o n c e s s i o n d e b r i s w i t h a r e s u l t a n t i n c r e a s e i n t h e num- b e r s o f b i r d s and rodents as a food i n the Mall area seeking t h i s debris source. The a d d i t i o n o f t h e new t r e e s w i l l s l i g h t l y broaden t h e present chemical i n s e c t i c i d e spray program f o r Dutch elm d i s e a s e . The used i s methoxychlor, a r e g i s t e r e d i n s e c t i c i d e approved f o r use by t h e E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n Agency and one t h a t i s r e l a t i v e l y s a f e f o r mammals when i t i s p r o p e r l y a p p l i e d . 248 Any �a d d i t i o n a l use of the spray w i t h i n p e r m i t t e d l i m i t s would not s i g n i f i c a n t l y impact w i l d l i f e . 249 ��2.7 Impact on Energy and Resource C o n s e r v a t i o n Changes i n energy consumption can be r e l a t e d t o changes i n the v e h i c l e m i l e s o f t r a v e l by d i f f e r e n t modes. Although the r e l a t i o n s h i p i s not e x a c t l y due t o d i f f e r e n t r a t e s of f u e l consumpt i o n a t d i f f e r e n t speeds and under v a r y i n g t r a f f i c the f u e l consumed u s i n g VMT o r d e r o f magnitude conditions, as a base p r o v i d e s a r e a s o n a b l e estimate. T a b l e 22 summarizes t h e number o f g a l l o n s of f u e l consumed by v e h i c l e s going t o the M a l l or t o both the M a l l and f r i n g e p a r k i n g l o t w i t h the a s s o c i a t e d s h u t t l e bus usage. F u e l con- sumption has been r e l a t e d t o the p r e v i o u s l y - d e v e l o p e d VMT calcula- t i o n s and i s based upon autos a v e r a g i n g 12.0 m i l e s per g a l l o n f o r urban d r i v i n g and buses a v e r a g i n g 5.0 m i l e s per g a l l o n . The c a l c u l a t i o n s i n d i c a t e t h a t i n 1975 the proposed a c t i o n would r e s u l t i n a v e r y s l i g h t d e c r e a s e i n auto f u e l consumption. The n e t e f f e c t i s , however, a s l i g h t i n c r e a s e i n t o t a l f u e l consumpt i o n when p r o j e c t e d bus consumption i s c o n s i d e r e d . The n u m e r i c a l d i f f e r e n c e r e s u l t s from the lower f u e l m i l e a g e a c h i e v e d by buses. However, t h i s s m a l l d i f f e r e n c e i s not s i g n i f i c a n t g i v e n the a c c u r a c y o f VMT/fuel comsumption r e l a t i o n s h i p , and, f o r a l l p r a c t i c a l p u r p o s e s , i t can be s t a t e d t h a t t h e proposed a c t i o n w i l l have no s i g n i f i c a n t impact on f u e l consumption. A s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n i n f u e l consumption may be noted when comparisons of t h e f u e l consumed under t h e proposed B i c e n t e n n i a l P l a n i s compared t o the s i t u a t i o n t h a t would e x i s t i f no improvements were made. Over 1,200 g a l l o n s of f u e l a r e saved 251 �TABLE 2 2 FUEL CONSUMPTION WITH THE PROPOSED ACTION ( g a l l o n s p e r day) 1976 1975 Vehicle Weekday Weekend (NCP P r o p o s e d A n H o n Only) Weekday 1976 centennial with w/o with w/o with w/o 6709 6500 7504 7239 6709 6346 7504 w/o with 7027 6709 6804 268 364 304 Bus Total Weekday Weekend w/o Auto 7504 7623 6709 6616 (NCP A c t i o n p l u s B i - 28,918 7366 w/o - a s s u m i n g Adams and Washington S t r e e t s r e t a i n e d 23,594 Weekend w/o 28,918 28,918 27,708 with 22,530 4,534 4,114 339 7504 with Plan} 28,918 27,064 and no s h u t t l e w i t h - a s s u m i n g Adams and Washington S t r e e t s removed and RFK f r i n g e p a r k i n g and s h u t t l e . �on a weekday and almost 2,000 g a l l o n s on a weekend. This equals between f o u r and s i x p e r c e n t of t o t a l f u e l used i n v e h i c l e s whose occupants a r e going t o the M a l l . I t should be noted t h a t t h i s s a v i n g s p e r t a i n s o n l y t o those i n d i v i d u a l s going t o the e a s t e r n p o r t i o n of the M a l l . A d d i t i o n a l s a v i n g s approximating h a l f those c i t e d would be e x p e r i e n c e d f o r those t r i p s d e s t i n e d f o r the western Mall area. 253 ��2.8 Short-Term C o n s t r u c t i o n Impact S h o r t - t e r m impacts on t h e M a l l a r e a w i l l occur due t o construction activities. Construction truck t r a f f i c w i l l result from t h e removal o f t h e e x i s t i n g pavements, w a l k s and c u r b s , on Washington for and Adams D r i v e s , and t h e i m p o r t a t i o n o f crushed t h e new walkways. stone The e s t i m a t e d q u a n t i t i e s i n v o l v e d i n t h e proposed p r o j e c t i n d i c a t e t h a t a t i t s peak, 65 t r u c k t r i p s t o the M a l l would be generated on a d a i l y b a s i s , w i t h an equal number leaving the s i t e . With c o n s t r u c t i o n a c t i v i t y spread e v e n l y over the day, a maximum o f t e n t r i p s t o t h e s i t e c o u l d be a n t i c i p a t e d for any one hour. T h i s i n t e n s i t y o f t r u c k t r a f f i c would occur for a p p r o x i m a t e l y 30 d a y s , depending on c o n s t r u c t i o n schedules and c o o r d i n a t i o n , and then would drop s u b s t a n t i a l l y . The s p e c i f i c r o u t e s used by t r u c k s t o t r a v e l t o and from the M a l l w i l l depend upon t h e s i t e s t h a t a r e used f o r s p o i l d i s p o s a l and t o supply t h e crushed s t o n e . However, i t can be assumed t h a t t r u c k s w i l l c o n f i n e themselves t o t h e primary arterial f a c i l i t i e s i n the region. The volume o f t r u c k t r a f f i c generated by t h i s p r o p o s a l i s no g r e a t e r and l e s s s u s t a i n e d t h a n t r a f f i c generated f o r o t h e r p r o j e c t s i n t h e a r e a , i n c l u d i n g t h e Metro system o r t h e N a t i o n a l Air and Space Museum. The t r u c k t r a f f i c generated d u r i n g con- s t r u c t i o n w i l l have no s i g n i f i c a n t impact on t h e l e v e l o f s e r v i c e of any s t r e e t s o r highways i n t h e a r e a . 255 �I t i s assumed t h a t a work f q r c e o f 50-60 w i l l be employed during c o n s t r u c t i o n . Considering t h e v e h i c l e occupancy c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of c o n s t r u c t i o n workers, and t h e high transit a c c e s s i b i l i t y o f t h e M a l l , a maximum o f 40 employee automobile t r i p s t o t h e M a l l would r e s u l t . provided Employee p a r k i n g would be o f f - s t r e e t , and would n o t u t i l i z e any p u b l i c spaces. With c o n s t r u c t i o n s t a r t i n g a t 7 a.m., t h e a r r i v i n g v e h i c l e s w i l l not mix w i t h t h e morning peak hour i n t h e M a l l a r e a , and would a l s o depart p r i o r t o t h e evening peak hour. The volume o f 40 v e h i c l e s d i s t r i b u t e d among s e v e r a l p o s s i b l e a c c e s s r o u t e s will add a n e g l i g i b l e volume t o e x i s t i n g t r a f f i c , and w i l l have no e f f e c t on l e v e l s o f s e r v i c e . The p r e s e n c e o f incongruous c o n s t r u c t i o n equipment and t r u c k s b r i n g i n g m a t e r i a l s t o t h e work s i t e , w i l l t e m p o r a r i l y the v i s u a l q u a l i t y o f t h e M a l l s e t t i n g . for Grading work affect necessary t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n o f u t i l i t i e s , w a l k s , park f u r n i t u r e , and so on, w i l l r e q u i r e removal o f some g r a s s , and w i l l c r e a t e c o n d i t i o n s t h a t w i l l a l t e r n a t e between dusty and muddy, depending on t h e weather. These a r e a s w i l l a f f e c t p e d e s t r i a n c i r c u l a t i o n , and r e q u i r e detours around t h e t r e e panels and p o r t i o n s o f t h e lawn panels normally t r a v e r s e d by v i s i t o r s . The c o n t r a c t o r i s r e q u i r e d to comply w i t h e x i s t i n g l o c a l and f e d e r a l r e g u l a t i o n s f o r abatement o f d u s t , and p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e s i t e from l o s s o f top s o i l , due to runoff. Due t c t h e f l a t grades o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n s i t e , no a p p r e c i a b l e l o s s o f top s o i l o r e r o s i o n problems a r e a n t i c i pated. �With r e g a r d t o a i r q u a l i t y impacts, c o n s t r u c t i o n a c t i v i t y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the M a l l r e h a b i l i t a t i o n w i l l c o n t r i b u t e to e x i s t i n g l e v e l s of suspended p a r t i c u l a t e s , minutely but o n l y f o r the r e l a t i v e l y s h o r t p e r i o d r e q u i r e d to complete the p r o j e c t . Particulates generated by the numerous other c o n s t r u c t i o n pro- j e c t s i n the downtown a r e a a r e f a r g r e a t e r than those which would r e s u l t from t h i s a c t i v i t y . Normal c o n s t r u c t i o n procedures w i l l be employed to l i m i t the emission this of dust p a r t i c l e s during period. An impact on n o i s e l e v e l s w i l l occur d u r i n g the t i o n p e r i o d due construc- to e x c a v a t i o n , g r a d i n g , and t r u c k t r a f f i c . Ambient daytime sound l e v e l s d u r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n i n the v i c i n i t y o f the M a l l w i l l t e m p o r a r i l y exceed a c c e p t a b l e cause annoyance. l e v e l s and may However, the c o n s t r u c t i o n p e r i o d i s l i m i t e d t o t h r e e months and the i n c r e a s e i s r e l a t i v e l y 257 short-term. ��•©Alternatives to the Proposed Project ��III. 3.1 ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT Introduction T h i s s e c t i o n d e s c r i b e s those a l t e r n a t i v e s t o t h e proposed a c t i o n which were p r e s e n t e d 1 i n t h e i n i t i a l impact a s s e s s m e n t , and o t h e r s which have become apparent d u r i n g t h e c u r r e n t e v a l u a tion. T h i s s e c t i o n does not d i s c u s s a l t e r n a t i v e s t o every element of t h e proposed a c t i o n , b u t f o c u s e s on t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n r e l a t e d a l t e r n a t i v e s , g i v i n g s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n t o impacts on t r a f f i c , a i r , and n o i s e , and t h e v i s i t o r ' s o v e r a l l e x p e r i e n c e and moving about, t h e M a l l . i n getting t o , Many o f t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s t h a t a r e d e s c r i b e d h e r e i n would r e q u i r e t h e c o o p e r a t i v e a c t i o n o f numerous l o c a l and F e d e r a l a g e n c i e s , other t h a n t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e , t o be f u l l y implemented. L i k e w i s e t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s v a r y con- s i d e r a b l y w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e i r o v e r a l l c o s t , and t h e time necess a r y f o r implementation. These f a c t o r s a r e d i s c u s s e d f o r each alternative. 3.2 Alternative A — 3.2.1 No A c t i o n Description Under t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e , Washington and Adams D r i v e s remain open t o v e h i c u l a r t r a f f i c , w i t h p a r k i n g p e r m i t t e d , and no improvements a r e made i n s e r v i c e s o r l a n d s c a p i n g . s h u t t l e bus s e r v i c e would be p r o v i d e d . No f r i n g e p a r k i n g and S i n c e no a c t i o n i s r e q u i r e d , t h e r e would be no c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t o r time i n v o l v e d with this alternative. Environmental Assessment, N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k s , J a n u a r y , 1975. 261 �3.2.2 A n t i c i p a t e d E f f e c t s of A l t e r n a t i v e T r a f f i c and P a r k i n g C u r r e n t d a t a i n d i c a t e continued increases i n v i s i t a t i o n t o t h e M a l l a r e a , a t t h e r a t e o f t h r e e p e r c e n t per y e a r . The g r a d u a l improvement o f p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g t h e openi n g o f t h e Metro system, w i l l r e l i e v e problems o f a c c e s s and parking. U n t i l such time t h a t Metro i s l a r g e l y completed ( 1 9 8 1 ) , however, t h e no a c t i o n a l t e r n a t i v e would r e s u l t i n continued c o n g e s t i o n and p a r k i n g d i f f i c u l t i e s f o r M a l l v i s i t o r s . There i s more demand f o r p a r k i n g on t h e M a l l than can be conveniently s a t i s f i e d . T h i s i s most n o t i c e a b l e d u r i n g the summer months, b u t i s a l s o apparent d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r . space occupancy c o l l e c t e d i n M a r c h 1 Data on documents t h e c o n c e n t r a t e d space usage and c o n f i r m t h e high l e v e l o f p a r k i n g competition. V e h i c l e c o n g e s t i o n i n t h e M a l l a r e a o c c u r s under two conditions. The f i r s t i s on t h e surrounding s t r e e t s during the morning and evening weekday r u s h hours, and t h e second i s d u r i n g peak v i s i t a t i o n on t h e M a l l i t s e l f . Within the Mall area c o n g e s t i o n o c c u r s r e g u l a r l y , caused by t h e t r a f f i c friction a s s o c i a t e d w i t h persons d r i v i n g s l o w l y through t h e a r e a l o o k i n g f o r a v a c a n t p a r k i n g p l a c e , o r w a i t i n g f o r one t o become vacant. L e a v i n g Washington and Adams D r i v e s open would continue t h i s s i t u a t i o n , w h i c h would worsen a s v i s i t o r volumes i n c r e a s e over t i m e . Somewhat c o u n t e r i n g t h i s e f f e c t would be t h e •1-See S e c t i o n 2.6.3 f o r p a r k i n g d a t a . 262 �improving a c c e s s i b i l i t y o f t h e M a l l a r e a by p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a - t i o n , and t h e discouragement o f some p o t e n t i a l v i s i t s t o t h e M a l l due t o t h e c o n g e s t i o n . During t h e B i c e n t e n n i a l , t h e a d d i t i o n a l i n f l u x would a l s o be accommodated i n p a r t by implementation of the B i c e n t e n n i a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n A c t i o n P l a n . While continued c o n g e s t i o n and a e s t h e t i c d e t e r i o r a t i o n would d i s c o u r a g e some v i s i t o r s from spending time i n t h e M a l l a r e a , t h e numbers who use t h e a r e a would s t i l l be l i k e l y t o increase. Air, Noise, and V e g e t a t i o n The no a c t i o n a l t e r n a t i v e would c o n t i n u e t h e c u r r e n t t r e n d s i n a i r and n o i s e p o l l u t i o n f o r t h e M a l l a r e a . S i n c e both a i r and n o i s e p o l l u t i o n a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e volumes o f v e h i c l e s t h a t a r e generated by t h e M a l l , i t can be assumed t h a t g r a d u a l d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n both a i r and n o i s e q u a l i t y would occur, moderated t o some e x t e n t by improving emission outputs. t r a n s i t a c c e s s i b i l i t y and low v e h i c l e With no a l t e r n a t i v e a v a i l a b l e t o automobile d r i v e r s , o t h e r than t o park on o r near t h e M a l l , t h e g r e a t e r number o f v i s i t o r s w i l l cause i n c r e a s e d c i r c l i n g i n s e a r c h o f a p a r k i n g space, which w i l l e s p e c i a l l y impact a i r q u a l i t y on t h e i n t e r n a l M a l l roads. There would be no r e l a t e d a i r and n o i s e impacts on t h e s h u t t l e bus r o u t e s , o r i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e Stadium. The magnitude o f v i s i t a t i o n and t h e c i r c u l a t i o n h a b i t s o f p e d e s t r i a n s on t h e M a l l have been, and a r e now, a d v e r s e l y 263 impact- �i n g the v e g e t a t i v e cover of the M a l l , both t r e e s and g r a s s . Soil compaction r e s u l t i n g from p e d e s t r i a n s t r a m p l i n g u n r e s t r i c t e d over the f e e d i n g r o o t s of the elm t r e e s c r e a t e s a s t r e s s e d growi n g c o n d i t i o n which l e a d s to i n c r e a s e i n Dutch Elm d i s e a s e a l s o l i m i t s growth c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the elm. As visitation i n c r e a s e s i n the f u t u r e , t h i s impact w i l l i n c r e a s e and act and eventually to d e s t r o y , or so s e r i o u s l y damage v e g e t a t i o n as to r e s u l t i n the v i r t u a l e l i m i n a t i o n of those a s s e t s t h a t d i s t i n g u i s h and enhance the v i s u a l q u a l i t y of the a r e a , s e r i o u s l y i m p a i r i n g visitor's the experience. The no a c t i o n a l t e r n a t i v e , i n a d d i t i o n to a l l o w i n g c o n t i n u e d e n v i r o n m e n t a l d e t e r i o r a t i o n to o c c u r , would a l s o c o n f l i c t w i t h the d e s i g n and use o b j e c t i v e s expressed in L'Enfant's P l a n , as r e f i n e d by the McMillan and the p r e s e n t master p l a n s . Visitor Experience Under the no a c t i o n a l t e r n a t i v e the v i s i t o r would encounter experiences q u i t e s i m i l a r t o those found today. the t r a f f i c s e c t i o n , the i n c r e a s e d number of v i s i t o r s w i l l make i t more d i f f i c u l t t o f i n d a p a r k i n g As noted under space, which w i l l result i n more c i r c u i t o u s d r i v i n g , p a r k i n g a t g r e a t e r d i s t a n c e s from the M a l l , and l a r g e r numbers l e a v i n g f r u s t r a t e d a f t e r not f i n d i n g an a c c e p t a b l e space. Once on the M a l l , the v i s i t o r w i l l be s u b j e c t t o a i r and n o i s e p o l l u t i o n , and v i s u a l i n t r u s i o n s s i m i l a r t o those found today. Changes i n any of these impacts would r e s u l t from f u t u r e a c t i o n s t a k e n by o t h e r a g e n c i e s , National Park S e r v i c e . 264 r a t h e r than those i n s t i t u t e d by the �3.3 A l t e r n a t i v e B — P a r t i a l l y R e h a b i l i t a t e the Mall, Retain A l l Roads, P r o v i d e No F r i n g e P a r k i n g o r S h u t t l e S e r v i c e 3.3.1 Description A l t e r n a t i v e B would r e s u l t i n t h e r e h a b i l i t a t i o n o f t h e M a l l w i t h r e g a r d t o improvements o f v i s i t o r f a c i l i t i e s and an enhanced appearance. However, t h e r e would be no change t o t h e e x i s t i n g t r a f f i c and p a r k i n g s i t u a t i o n , nor would t h e r e be f r i n g e parking or s h u t t l e s e r v i c e . Therefore, w i t h regard t o t r a f f i c and p a r k i n g , A l t e r n a t i v e B i s i d e n t i c a l t o A l t e r n a t i v e A. 3.3.2 A n t i c i p a t e d E f f e c t s of A l t e r n a t i v e T r a f f i c and Parking Since A l t e r n a t i v e B i s i d e n t i c a l to A l t e r n a t i v e A ing i t s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n elements, concern- the e f f e c t s of A l t e r n a t i v e B on t r a f f i c and p a r k i n g w i l l be s i m i l a r t o those o f A l t e r n a t i v e A. T h i s would i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e p r e s e n t t r a f f i c and p a r k i n g c o n d i t i o n s would c o n t i n u e w i t h t h e s i t u a t i o n aggravated of v i s i t o r s , b u t w i t h some r e l i e f t o t h e a r e a improves. expected by i n c r e a s e d numbers as t r a n s i t accessibility The elements o f t h e B i c e n t e n n i a l T r a n s - p o r t a t i o n P l a n would o f f e r v i s i t o r s a c h o i c e o f a c c e s s w h i l e t h e p l a n i s o p e r a t i o n a l i n 1976. Air, Air N o i s e , and V e g e t a t i o n and n o i s e p o l l u t i o n l e v e l s would a g a i n be s i m i l a r t o those c i t e d under A l t e r n a t i v e A. T h i s means t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n of t h e b a s i c l e v e l s m o d i f i e d t o t h e e x t e n t a f f e c t e d by improved t r a n s i t a c c e s s i b i l i t y and reduced engine e m i s s i o n s . 265 �The improvements f o r v i s i t o r s e r v i c e s and improved designs on t h e M a l l would h e l p t o p r e v e n t f u r t h e r d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f t h e v e g e t a t i v e cover. Visitor Experience The d e s i g n a l t e r a t i o n s under t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e would enhance the appearance o f t h e M a l l . The p r o v i s i o n o f a d d i t i o n a l v i s i t o r s e r v i c e s would make t h e v i s i t more p l e a s a n t , encouraging v i s i t a t i o n w h i l e adding t o t h e e x i s t i n g congestion. The r e t e n t i o n o f t h e roads would c o n t i n u e t h e v i s u a l d i s o r d e r produced by t h e t r a f f i c and parked c a r s , and c o n f l i c t w i t h easy p e d e s t r i a n movement, or space f o r s p e c i a l e v e n t s . 3.4 A l t e r n a t i v e C — P a r t i a l l y R e h a b i l i t a t e the M a l l , Retain A l l Roads, P r o v i d e F r i n g e P a r k i n g a t RFK Stadium and Shuttle Service 3.4.1 Description T h i s a l t e r n a t i v e would i n c l u d e a l l elements o f t h e proposed a c t i o n w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n t h a t Washington and Adams D r i v e s would remain open f o r t r a f f i c and p a r k i n g . A f r i n g e p a r k i n g l o t would be e s t a b l i s h e d a t Kennedy Stadium, and would be s e r v e d by a s h u t t l e bus system. 3.4.2 Anticipated E f f e c t s of A l t e r n a t i v e T r a f f i c and Parking I n t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e , t h e b a s i c t r a f f i c and p a r k i n g c o n d i t i o n s on t h e M a l l would remain unchanged. The demand f o r p a r k i n g on t h e M a l l a l r e a d y f a r exceeds supply and i s f o r e c a s t t o become more e x c e s s i v e . The proposed f r i n g e l o t would c a p t u r e some o f t h e demand b e f o r e i t reached the M a l l . T h i s would be e s p e c i a l l y p o s s i b l e 266 �for those from the n o r t h and e a s t , whose t r i p s would not have t o be d i v e r t e d s u b s t a n t i a l l y t o r e a c h the RFK Stadium. For each v e h i c l e t h a t i s d i r e c t l y routed t o the f r i n g e l o t from the n o r t h and e a s t , a v e h i c l e m i l e s of t r a v e l of over seven m i l e s c o u l d be a c h i e v e d . (VMT) reduction The magnitude of the t o t a l s a v i n g would depend on the s u c c e s s of the experiment. Should the experiment prove t o a t t r a c t so many v e h i c l e s from the south and west t h a t the doubling back t o r e a c h the l o t o f f s e t the VMT s a v i n g s , the r e d u c t i o n of v e h i c l e s i n the M a l l a r e a would s t i l l be of v a l u e , g i v e n the g o a l of r e d u c i n g p a r k i n g demand. The f r i n g e l o t and s h u t t l e o f f e r s the a d d i t i o n a l p o t e n t i a l for r e d u c i n g c o n g e s t i o n by p r o v i d i n g an o p t i o n f o r those who have reached the M a l l a r e a but cannot f i n d a p a r k i n g space. These persons c o u l d be d i r e c t e d t o the f r i n g e f a c i l i t y w i t h the a s s u r a n c e of f i n d i n g space. While d i s t a n c e and time would be i n c r e a s e d , the c o s t c o u l d be l e s s than a t c o n v e n i e n t p u b l i c f e e lots. Air, Noise, and Vegetation T h i s A l t e r n a t i v e would have v e r y minor e f f e c t s on ing a i r and n o i s e p o l l u t i o n l e v e l s . exist- Based upon the a n a l y s e s conducted as p a r t of the e v a l u a t i o n of the proposed p l a n , t o t a l VMT generated by the M a l l would decrease a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 p e r c e n t . The s h u t t l e r o u t e would c a r r y a d d i t i o n a l bus t r a f f i c , but t h i s i n c r e a s e would be p a r t i a l l y o f f s e t by the l e s s e r number of c a r s 267 �coming from t h e e a s t and n o r t h t h a t would be i n t e r c e p t e d by t h e fringe l o t . The s l i g h t i n c r e a s e i n t r a f f i c on t h e s h u t t l e r o u t e s , estimated a t approximately 2 - 3 p e r c e n t i s n o t enough t o cause a s i g n i f i c a n t change i n e i t h e r a i r o r n o i s e levels. The r e t e n t i o n o f Washington and Adams D r i v e s would mean c o n t i n u a t i o n o f t h e p r e s e n t a i r and n o i s e l e v e l s generated thereon. As was t h e case w i t h A l t e r n a t i v e B, t h e improvements on t h e M a l l i t s e l f would h e l p t o p r e v e n t f u r t h e r d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n t h e vegetative cover. Visitor Experience V i s i t o r e x p e r i e n c e would be l a r g e l y s i m i l a r t o those found under A l t e r n a t i v e B. for The g r e a t e r c h o i c e o f p a r k i n g l o c a t i o n s those t h a t d r i v e would be o f f s e t by t h e continued a i r , noise, and v i s u a l impacts a s s o c i a t e d w i t h r e t e n t i o n o f Washington and Adams D r i v e s a s c i r c u l a t i o n and p a r k i n g s t r e e t s . The r e t e n t i o n of t h e s e two s t r e e t s f o r v e h i c u l a r t r a f f i c would continue t o i m p a i r p e d e s t r i a n movements and i n t e r f e r e w i t h t h e space r e q u i r e ments o f s p e c i a l e v e n t s . 3.5 A l t e r n a t i v e D -- P a r t i a l l y R e h a b i l i t a t e M a l l , C l o s i n g Roads, P r o v i d i n g No F r i n g e P a r k i n g o r S h u t t l e S e r v i c e 3.5.1 Description I n t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e , a l l proposed a c t i o n s i n t h e M a l l a r e a are taken. provided. However, t h e f r i n g e l o t and s h u t t l e system a r e not Washington and Adams D r i v e s would be c l o s e d t o v e h i c u l a r c i r c u l a t i o n and p a r k i n g r e s u l t i n g i n t h e l o s s 268 �of 630 p a r k i n g spaces. 3.5.2 A n t i c i p a t e d E f f e c t s of the A l t e r n a t i v e T r a f f i c and P a r k i n g By p r o h i b i t i n g v e h i c u l a r a c c e s s t o Washington and Adams D r i v e s , t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e would r e s u l t i n e l i m i n a t i n g v e h i c l e congestion i n the i n t e r i o r of the M a l l . However, t h e a l t e r n a t i v e does not p r o v i d e spaces f o r d i s p l a c e d p a r k e r s , nor does i t o f f e r an o p p o r t u n i t y t o c a p t u r e v i s i t o r s a t t h e f r i n g e l o t p r i o r t o e n t e r i n g t h e core a r e a o f Washington, D.C. Those v i s i t o r s t h a t c o u l d have been s e r v e d by t h e 630 removed v i s i t o r spaces would have t o s e a r c h f o r space on o t h e r s t r e e t s or use p r i v a t e p a r k i n g garages and l o t s s u r r o u n d i n g t h e M a l l . The a l t e r n a t i v e e l i m i n a t e s t h e s h u t t l e bus t r i p s along Independence Avenue and E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t . These t r i p s have been e s t i m a t e d a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 20 p e r peak hour t o p r o v i d e f o r the 630 l o s t p a r k i n g s p a c e s , b u t c o u l d be a s h i g h a s 54 buses per peak hour i f f u l l u t i l i z a t i o n o f t h e stadium p a r k i n g l o t i s achieved. Assuming t h a t v i s i t o r demand a t t h e M a l l i s t h e same a s i f f r i n g e p a r k i n g and t h e s h u t t l e were p r o v i d e d , t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e i n c r e a s e s t r a f f i c c i r c u l a t i o n i n t h e M a l l a r e a , and subsequently on s u r r o u n d i n g s t r e e t s . T h i s a l t e r n a t e reduces p a r k i n g supply w h i l e m a i n t a i n i n g demand 269 �Air, Noise, and V e g e t a t i o n T h i s a l t e r n a t i v e w i l l have both p o s i t i v e and n e g a t i v e e f f e c t s on a i r and n o i s e p o l l u t i o n . The c l o s i n g to vehicular Washington and Adams D r i v e s w i l l s u b s t a n t i a l l y noise pollution t r a f f i c of lower a i r and l e v e l s i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e s e two s t r e e t s . However, more v e h i c u l a r t r a v e l w i l l be generated on t h e surround- ing s t r e e t s i n s e a r c h o f a p a r k i n g space, which would i n c r e a s e a i r and n o i s e l e v e l s on those p a r t i c u l a r facilities. The p l a n would have no r e l a t e d e f f e c t on a i r and n o i s e l e v e l s a t Kennedy Stadium, nor on t h e proposed s h u t t l e r o u t e s . Implementation o f t h e o t h e r elements of t h e A l t e r n a t i v e would r e s u l t i n a h a l t t o t h e c u r r e n t d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n the Mall's v e g e t a t i v e cover. Visitor Experience The a l t e r n a t i v e o f f e r s b e n e f i t s t o M a l l a r e a v i s i t o r s by p r o v i d i n g an a t t r a c t i v e environment f o r w a l k i n g between attractions and s i m p l y e n j o y i n g t h e v i s t a s o f f e r e d by t h e M a l l . The a l t e r n a t i v e , t h e n , r e s u l t s i n t h e same b e n e f i c i a l and adverse impacts on t h e M a l l i t s e l f which a r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e a n a l y s i s of t h e proposed action. 270 �3.6 Alternative E — Rehabilitate Mall, Providing Other Than a t RFK 3.6.1 Stadium With No Description With No Shuttle Fringe Parking Services Shuttle I n A l t e r n a t i v e E a l l the improvements to the M a l l proposed i n the o r i g i n a l p l a n would be implemented. v i d i n g f r i n g e p a r k i n g a t RFK However i n s t e a d of pro- Stadium w i t h s h u t t l e s e r v i c e to the M a l l , f r i n g e p a r k i n g would be provided "near" the M a l l and v i s i t o r s would then walk from the f r i n g e a r e a s to the M a l l or p u b l i c t r a n s i t s e r v i c e or t o u r m o b i l e s . An increase use i n the number of f r i n g e spaces a v a i l a b l e under t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e would be a c h i e v e d by one or more means. Changes i n p a r k i n g p o l i c i e s or p a r k i n g r a t e s a t both p r i v a t e and p u b l i c f a c i l i t i e s i n the vicinity of the M a l l c o u l d c r e a t e a s i g n i f i c a n t number of spaces f o r visitors. Another means would be t o u t i l i z e p u b l i c l a n d s current- l y used f o r p a r k s or to p e r m i t a d d i t i o n a l p a r k i n g along e x i s t i n g roadways. 3.6.2 The two Anticipated e f f i c a c y and E f f e c t s of Alternative the impacts of A l t e r n a t i v e E are r e l a t e d to elements; w a l k i n g d i s t a n c e and the r e l a t i o n s h i p of fringe p a r k i n g to e x i s t i n g or planned t r a n s i t or tourmobile s e r v i c e . There are a f i x e d number of l o c a t i o n s which can be considered under t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e . Within walking distance of one mile walking distance many p r i v a t e and of the M a l l (assumed t o be a maximum from a c o r n e r or edge of the M a l l ) , public parking f a c i l i t i e s e x i s t . v i r t u a l l y a l l e x i s t i n g f a c i l i t i e s are h e a v i l y used. However, Costs for commercial f a c i l i t i e s v a r y between a p p r o x i m a t e l y $2 and 271 $4 per day. �However g r e a t e r use o f the e x i s t i n g spaces c o u l d be a t t a i n e d through a l t e r e d p a r k i n g p o l i c i e s , such as r e v i s e d r a t e s t r u c t u r e s , limita- t i o n s on a l l day p a r k i n g , o r e l i m i n a t i o n o f p a r k i n g provided f o r employees. These p o l i c i e s a r e o u t s i d e t h e scope of t h e a u t h o r i t y of t h e Department o f t h e I n t e r i o r t o implement. I f implemented, however, t h e y c o u l d p r o v i d e v i s i t o r spaces f a r beyond t h e number a f f e c t e d by t h e proposed a c t i o n . These p o l i c y a c t i o n s would r e q u i r e a h i g h e r l e v e l of t r a n s i t usage by downtown employees. Although c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e adopted Comprehensive P l a n p o l i c y o f r e d u c i n g d a i l y p r i v a t e - c a r t r a v e l i n t o the core a r e a , i t i s q u e s t i o n a b l e i f t h e r e q u i r e d p u b l i c and p r i v a t e agency c o o p e r a t i o n c o u l d be o b t a i n e d t o implement t h e s e p o l i c y changes. O p p o r t u n i t i e s t o p r o v i d e a d d i t i o n a l spaces o u t s i d e the M a l l a r e a , but w i t h i n w a l k i n g d i s t a n c e , do e x i s t . These o p p o r t u n i t i e s a r e c o n c e n t r a t e d on p u b l i c l a n d s used c u r r e n t l y f o r p a r k s o r along e x i s t i n g roadways. The p r o v i s i o n of spaces on park l a n d s i s t e c h n i c a l l y f e a s i b l e — s u c h as t h e polo f i e l d i n West Potomac P a r k , s e c t i o n s of t h e g o l f course i n E a s t Potomac P a r k , and o t h e r g r a s s a r e a s i n t h e s e p a r k s and a d j a c e n t t o t h e M a l l . Although t r a v e l t o t h e park a r e a s i s somewhat c i r c u i t o u s , i t would be p r a c t i c a l t o d i r e c t persons t o e i t h e r E a s t o r West Potomac Park. While t h e park a r e a s have l i m i t e d roadways, t h e y could absorb the l e v e l o f t r a f f i c r e l a t e d t o t h e proposed e l i m i n a t i o n of 630 spaces on t h e M a l l . However, g i v e n t h e e x c e s s demand i n the e n t i r e M a l l a r e a , t h e new f a c i l i t i e s c o u l d r e s u l t i n simply r e l o c a t i n g t h e problem o f c o n g e s t i o n i n an a r e a designed 272 f o r p u b l i c use. �C r e a t i n g p a r k i n g spaces i n a r e a s used f o r r e c r e a t i o n would a l s o c o n f l i c t w i t h the adopted p o l i c y of the Comprehensive P l a n of m a i n t a i n i n g the n a t i o n a l open space system t o support a wide range of outdoor r e c r e a t i o n . F u r t h e r , the parks are not l i g h t e d to the l e v e l used f o r p a r k i n g s p a c e s , and p e d e s t r i a n s might be r e l u c t a n t t o walk through the r e l a t i v e l y i s o l a t e d a r e a s a f t e r dark. P a r k i n g f o r v i s i t o r s along the roadways i n E a s t and West Potomac P a r k s i s a v a i l a b l e . P a r k i n g i s allowed on both s i d e s on the s e c t i o n s of Ohio and West B a s i n D r i v e s i n West Potomac Park. P a r k i n g i s a l s o p e r m i t t e d along Ohio D r i v e i n E a s t Potomac Park. These spaces a r e p r e s e n t l y not r e g u l a t e d and s i g n i f i c a n t commuter p a r k i n g , p a r t i c u l a r l y by F e d e r a l employees, was observed d u r i n g the f i e l d s u r v e y s . I t i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t approximately 520 spaces could be pro- v i d e d f o r v i s i t o r s by i n s t i t u t i n g and e n f o r c i n g a t h r e e to f i v e hour p a r k i n g l i m i t . 1 These spaces could a l s o be c o n s i d e r e d as a supplement t o those proposed f o r the Stadium and c o u l d v i s i t o r s who have t r a v e l e d d i r e c t l y t o the M a l l or are approach- i n g from the south or west. ducing serve the VMT T h i s c o u l d have the e f f e c t of r e - by a p p r o x i m a t e l y seven m i l e s f o r each m o t o r i s t who d i d not t r a v e l t o the Stadium a f t e r having a r r i v e d near the M a l l . Some of t h e s e spaces a r e s e r v e d by e x i s t i n g Tourmobile r o u t e s . Approximately 6,500 l i n e a r f e e t of roadway, two-side p a r k i n g , 2 5 f e e t per space = 6,500 x 2 7 25 = 520. 273 �S e a t i n g p a r k i n g spaces i n a r e a s used f o r r e c r e a t i o n would a l s o c o n f l i c t w i t h the adopted p o l i c y of the Comprehensive P l a n of m a i n t a i n i n g the n a t i o n a l open space system t o support a wide range of outdoor r e c r e a t i o n . F u r t h e r , the p a r k s a r e not lighted t o the l e v e l used f o r p a r k i n g spaces, and p e d e s t r i a n s might be r e l u c t a n t t o walk through the r e l a t i v e l y i s o l a t e d a r e a s a f t e r dark, P a r k i n g f o r v i s i t o r s along the roadways i n E a s t and West Potomac P a r k s i s a v a i l a b l e . P a r k i n g i s g e n e r a l l y provided on both s i d e s on the s e c t i o n s of Ohio and West B a s i n D r i v e s i n West Potomac Park. P a r k i n g i s a l s o p e r m i t t e d along Ohio D r i v e i n E a s t Potomac Park. These spaces a r e p r e s e n t l y not r e g u l a t e d and s i g n i f i c a n t commuter p a r k i n g , p a r t i c u l a r l y by Bureau of P r i n t i n g and E n g r a v i n g and A g r i c u l t u r e Department employees, was observed d u r i n g the f i e l d s u r v e y s . I t i s estimated t h a t approximately 520 spaces could be pro- v i d e d f o r v i s i t o r s by i n s t i t u t i n g and e n f o r c i n g a t h r e e t o f i v e hour p a r k i n g l i m i t . 1 These spaces c o u l d a l s o be c o n s i d e r e d as a supplement t o those proposed f o r the Stadium and c o u l d s e r v e v i s i t o r s who have t r a v e l e d d i r e c t l y t o the M a l l or a r e approach- i n g from the south or west. ducing t h e VMT T h i s c o u l d have the e f f e c t of r e v by a p p r o x i m a t e l y seven m i l e s f o r each m o t o r i s t who d i d not t r a v e l t o t h e Stadium a f t e r h a v i n g a r r i v e d near the M a l l , The spaces would a l s o be s e r v e d by e x i s t i n g Tourmobile r o u t e s should t h e w a l k i n g d i s t a n c e prove unacceptable t o some of the visitors. "'"Approximately 6,500 l i n e a r f e e t of roadway, two-side p a r k i n g , 24 f e e t per space = 6,500 x 2 f 25 = 520. 274 �L o c a t i o n s beyond the r e a s o n a b l e w a l k i n g d i s t a n c e but served by p u b l i c t r a n s i t a r e a l s o f e a s i b l e . S u b s t a n t i a l e d u c a t i o n would be r e q u i r e d , however, t o a c q u a i n t the v i s i t o r w i t h the d a i l y transit service. As t h e d i s t a n c e from t h e M a l l i n c r e a s e s , the v i s i t o r f e e l s l e s s s e l f - a s s u r e d about h i s a b i l i t y t o get t o and r e t u r n from the M a l l . A system of p a r k i n g l o c a t i o n s l i n k e d t o a r e l a t i v e l y limited number of t r a n s i t c h o i c e s would r e l i e v e t h e v i s i t o r ' s a n x i e t y . Such a system c o u l d be p r o v i d e d i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h the Metro lines. Given the p r o x i m i t y of the Armory-Stadium s t a t i o n t o the Stadium f r i n g e l o t , i t i s p r a c t i c a l t o assume t h a t i t could s e r v e v i s i t o r needs once t h e Metro was open. of rail The s h u t t l e bus element t h e proposed a c t i o n c o u l d be r e p l a c e d by the Metro system, a l t h o u g h t h e i n t e r p r e t i v e s e r v i c e s would not be a v a i l a b l e . The Metro a l t e r n a t i v e w i l l have t o be c o n s i d e r e d as v i a b l e upon system opening. 1 The Metro system w i l l have f r i n g e l o t s a t s e v e r a l major s t a t i o n s s u r r o u n d i n g Washington, D. C. The system i s intended as an a l t e r n a t i v e t o p r i v a t e v e h i c l e s f o r c o r e a r e a a c c e s s . In that r e g a r d , i t i s an i n t e g r a l p a r t of a long-term a l t e r n a t i v e t o p a r k ing i n t h e M a l l a r e a a f f e c t e d by t h e proposed a c t i o n and i n f a c t becomes the long-term m i t i g a t i o n measure. Air, Noise and V e g e t a t i o n . A i r and n o i s e l e v e l s under t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e would not be s i g n i f i c a n t l y changed i n t o t a l although some l o c a l i z e d changes would occur depending upon where f r i n g e p a r k i n g spaces would be i n c r e a s e d . By p r o v i d i n g more spaces f o r "'"This p a r t of Metro i s scheduled t o be a v a i l a b l e i n June, 1976. However, s l i p p a g e s may o c c u r . �the v i s i t o r , t h e d r i v i n g i n v o l v e d i n l o o k i n g f o r a space should be reduced. However s t r i c t enforcement of p a r k i n g limitations would c r e a t e a h i g h e r t u r n o v e r and t h e r e f o r e somewhat i n c r e a s e a i r and n o i s e p o l l u t i o n l e v e l s . T h i s a l t e r n a t i v e i s s i m i l a r t o a l l t h e preceding alternatives w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f A l t e r n a t i v e A, and would h a l t t h e d e t e r i o r a t i o n of t h e M a l l ' s v e g e t a t i v e c o v e r . V i s i t o r Experience. The improvements on t h e M a l l i t s e l f i n - c l u d i n g t h e c l o s i n g o f Washington and Adams D r i v e s t o v e h i c u l a r t r a f f i c would enhance t h e v i s i t o r s ' e x p e r i e n c e and provide more o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r use o f t h e M a l l . Signing f o r the f r i n g e parking would have t o be c a r e f u l l y planned t o p r o p e r l y d i r e c t v i s i t o r s . Some v i s i t o r d i s p l e a s u r e and inconvenience w i l l r e s u l t from t h e walk t o and from t h e M a l l and t h e f r i n g e p a r k i n g a r e a s . 3.7 Alternative F — R e h a b i l i t a t e M a l l , Providing Fringe Parking a t Other A l t e r n a t i v e L o c a t i o n s w i t h S h u t t l e S e r v i c e 3.7.1 Description A l t e r n a t i v e F i s s i m i l a r t o t h e proposed a c t i o n w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n t h a t f r i n g e p a r k i n g w i t h a s s o c i a t e d s h u t t l e bus s e r v i c e would be provided a t o t h e r f r i n g e p a r k i n g l o t s or would supplement the s e r v i c e a t Robert F. Kennedy Stadium. The B i c e n t e n n i a l t r a f f i c r e p o r t 1 c o n s i d e r e d 21 l o c a t i o n s p r o v i d i n g a t o t a l o f 18,800 p a r k i n g spaces f o r f r i n g e parking. Two o f t h e s e s i t e s have been s e l e c t e d f o r i n c l u s i o n i n B i c e n t e n n i a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study f o r t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Area, prepared by t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington C o u n c i l o f Governments, e t a l , December, 1973. 276 �the c u r r e n t B i c e n t e n n i a l a c t i o n p l a n . These a r e the RFK Stadium w i t h 6,000 s p a c e s , and the Old South P o s t , F t . Myer/Pentagon a r e a a l s o p r o v i d i n g 6,000 spaces. The s i z e of the A c t i o n P l a n i s o b v i o u s l y beyond t h a t t o be c o n s i d e r e d under the c o n d i t i o n s of the proposed a c t i o n . The RFK Stadium l o t i s an e x t e n s i o n of the f r i n g e l o t considered i n the proposed a c t i o n . Pentagon p r o p o s a l i s c u r r e n t l y f o r 4,000 new The l o t a t F t . Myer/ spaces a t the Old South Post and 2,000 spaces i n the e x i s t i n g n o r t h l o t a t the Pentagon. Other f a c i l i t i e s which can be c o n s i d e r e d i n comparison w i t h the proposed a c t i o n a r e C a r t e r - B a r r o n , A n a c o s t i a - B o l l i n g , A n a c o s t i a P a r k , John F. Kennedy Center West Potomac P a r k s . F i g u r e 32. f o r the Performing The l o c a t i o n of t h e s e l o t s i s shown i n T h i s i s not an e x h a u s t i v e l i s t but r e p r e s e n t s the most f e a s i b l e a l t e r n a t i v e s . The f o l l o w i n g i s a d i s c u s s i o n of the a n t i c i p a t e d e f f e c t s of the l i s t e d 3.7.2 A r t s , and E a s t and alternatives. A n t i c i p a t e d E f f e c t s of the A l t e r n a t i v e T r a f f i c and Parking Bicentennial Action Plan F a c i l i t i e s . P l a n has been prepared t o manage the i n c r e a s e d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n demand f o r e c a s t f o r the B i c e n t e n n i a l . minimize t r a f f i c The B i c e n t e n n i a l A c t i o n The i n t e n t of the p l a n i s t o i n the M a l l a r e a w h i l e p r o v i d i n g r e l a t i v e l y con- venient access. I n a d d i t i o n t o the RFK Stadium and F o r t Myer f r i n g e f a c i l i t i e s w i t h e x p r e s s t r a n s i t s e r v i c e mentioned p r e v i o u s l y , the p l a n ''""Action P l a n f o r the B i c e n t e n n i a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Program f o r the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l A r e a " , prepared by U. S. Department of Transport a t i o n , O f f i c e of the S e c r e t a r y , e t a l , dated March 24, 1975. ��Legend E1 1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 r E a s t & West P o t o m a c Park F t . M y e r - - N o r t h Pentagon Area C a r t e r Barron Amphitheater Anacostia-Bolling A n a c o s t i a Park J F K Center National Visitor C e n t e r Rehabilitation Of The Mall EUE National Capital Parks National Park Service Alternate Fringe Lot Locations ��proposes a downtown a r e a s h u t t l e and i n c r e a s e d h o t e l - m o t e l c o r r i d o r bus s e r v i c e . The p r o p o s a l s a r e d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l i n t h e A c t i o n P l a n , i n c l u d i n g t e c h n i c a l support from a requested $10 m i l l i o n a p p r o p r i a t i o n t o c o n s t r u c t p a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s and operate t h e bus system f o r t h e s i x peak months o f 1976. a r e expected Hearings on t h e r e q u e s t i n e a r l y May, 1975. The RFK Stadium and t h e F o r t Myer/Pentagon s i t e s were chosen because of a c c e s s , p r o x i m i t y t o t h e M a l l , and a v a i l a b i l i t y . The Stadium l o t (of which 2,400 spaces a r e a v i l a b l e under t h e proposed a c t i o n ) a l l o w s use of an e x i s t i n g p a r k i n g f a c i l i t y . A l l 6,000 spaces a t F o r t Myer/Pentagon were o r i g i n a l l y proposed t o be s p e c i a l l y c o n s t r u c t e d i n a l a r g e v a c a n t a r e a a t t h e Old South Post. I t i s now understood t h a t i t may be n e c e s s a r y t o c u t t h i s t o 4,000 spaces and t o use 2,000 spaces o f t h e e x i s t i n g North L o t a t t h e Pentagon i n c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f a c c e s s i b i l i t y . The new l o t a t F t . Myer i s proposed a s a temporary f a c i l i t y and i s u l t i m a t e l y t o be c o n s i d e r e d f o r use by t h e A r l i n g t o n N a t i o n a l Cemetery. The t w o - l o t a l t e r n a t i v e a l l o w s c a p t u r e of v i s i t o r s a s they a r r i v e from any d i r e c t i o n , r e d u c i n g t h e doubling-back problem and the propensity t o d r i v e t o the Mall f i r s t . Especially i s t h e improved a c c e s s f o r v i s i t o r s approaching west. important from t h e south and The F o r t Myer/Pentagon l o t s a r e a l s o l e s s than f o u r m i l e s t o t h e c e n t e r of t h e M a l l (Seventh S t r e e t ) . The a c c e s s i s r e l a - t i v e l y d i r e c t v i a e i t h e r the Fourteenth S t r e e t bridges or the A r l i n g t o n Memorial B r i d g e . 281 �The Pentagon l o t i s an e x i s t i n g and r e l a t i v e l y h e a v i l y used lot. The F o r t Myer f a c i l i t y does not e x i s t and would be c o n s t r u c t e d as a temporary l o t . The c o s t s f o r t h e F o r t Myer f a c i l i t y , a s p r e - sented i n t h e A c t i o n P l a n , a r e $3,600,000. The high c o s t t o b u i l d the F t . Myer l o t makes t h e use o f t h e e x i s t i n g Pentagon North l o t the most p r a c t i c a l . According t o r e p o r t s o f t h e Department o f Defense and GSA, no space c o u l d be made a v a i l a b l e a t t h e Pentagon except on weekends. However, i f spaces c o u l d be made a v a i l a b l e even on a r e l a t i v e l y limited basis, ( i . e . , p a r k i n g f o r 750-1,000 c a r s ) t h e a c t i o n would be complementary t o t h e proposed a c t i o n . I t i s estimated t h a t as much a s 50 p e r c e n t o f t h e d i s p l a c e d p a r k e r s could be a t t r a c t e d t o t h e Pentagon a r e a b e f o r e r e a c h i n g t h e M a l l . would be a p p r o x i m a t e l y The VMT s a v i n g s seven m i l e s f o r each m o t o r i s t a t t r a c t e d b e f o r e going t o t h e M a l l , l e s s t h e e f f e c t of t h e e x p r e s s bus service. Assuming a usage o f 600-1,000 v e h i c l e s d a i l y , t h e VMT r e d u c t i o n would be a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3,780-6,300 m i l e s . 1 The a c t i o n would a l s o be c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e g o a l o f r e d u c i n g dependence on automobile t r a v e l i n t o t h e core a r e a . r e l a t i v e l y s e c u r e and w e l l l i g h t e d . The Pentagon f a c i l i t y i s I t c o u l d be converted t o v i s i t o r usage a t t h e c o s t o f s i g n s , c o n t r o l , p o l i c e p a t r o l , e t c . s i m i l a r t o t h a t t o be i n c u r r e d f o r t h e Stadium f a c i l i t y . The a c c e s s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r v i s i t o r s would not be i n c o n f l i c t w i t h morning peak a r r i v a l s and c o u l d be c o n t r o l l e d f o r evening t i o n s by t h e s h u t t l e condi- service. ''"Approximately seven m i l e t r i p t o t h e M a l l , 12 automobile t r i p s r e p l a c e d by one average bus t r i p . 282 �The Pentagon f a c i l i t y the i s not an a t t r a c t i v e a l t e r n a t i v e t o Stadium because of l i m i t e d spaces which can be made a v a i l a b l e and t h e d i r e c t i o n of a r r i v a l f o r e c a s t f o r M a l l v i s i t o r s . however, t o t a l l y complementary It is, t o t h e proposed a c t i o n . C a r t e r - B a r r o n Amphitheatre. The C a r t e r - B a r r o n Amphitheatre i s l o c a t e d i n Rock Creek Park a p p r o x i m a t e l y f o u r and o n e - h a l f m i l e s from the M a l l and c o n t a i n s p a r k i n g f o r 900 v e h i c l e s , of which an e s t i m a t e d 200 a r e used on weekdays by commuters. the Enlargement of l o t t o accommodate spaces r e q u i r e d under t h e proposed a c t i o n would t a k e space from Rock Creek P a r k , a s i g n i f i c a n t element and major r e s e r v a t i o n i n t h e N a t i o n a l Open Space System. The adopted P a r k s and R e c r e a t i o n F a c i l i t y Element of t h e Comprehensive Plan c a l l s f o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n of t h e p a r k ' s e s s e n t i a l i n t e g r i t y as t h e c i t y ' s p r i n c i p a l n a t u r a l park. The l o t i s not w e l l s u i t e d f o r a t t r a c t i n g v e h i c l e s p r i o r t o r e a c h i n g t h e M a l l and i s not c o n v e n i e n t t o any major approach expressway or freeway. The Rock Creek Parkway r o u t e t o the M a l l , i s r e v e r s e d d u r i n g morning and evening peak h o u r s , which would complicate signing f o r v i s i t o r s . namely 1 6 t h S t r e e t , N. W., Access v i a p u b l i c i s possible. streets, However, t h e s t r e e t p a s s e s through downtown Washington, and i s h e a v i l y congested i n t h e Metro construction area. of By comparison w i t h t h e competing a l t e r n a t i v e s t h e Stadium and t h e Pentagon, the C a r t e r - B a r r o n l o t does not appear a t t r a c t i v e due t o l a c k o f a c c e s s t o major facilities, l i m i t e d l o t s i z e r e q u i r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n i n park a r e a s , a c c e s s t o 283 �M a l l v i a a more congested r o u t e , and c o m p e t i t i o n w i t h an e s t a b l i s h e d f r i n g e p a r k i n g l o t f o r commuters. i Anacostia-Bolling (South C a p i t o l ) . The A n a c o s t i a - B o l l i n g a r e a i n c l u d e s t h e Old A n a c o s t i a Naval A i r S t a t i o n , B o i l i n g A i r F o r c e Base, and the Naval Research L a b o r a t o r i e s . Near the n o r t h end of t h i s a r e a (South C a p i t o l S t r e e t e x t e n d e d ) , t h e r e i s space f o r f r i n g e parking. C u r r e n t l y over 725 spaces a r e provided i n two l o t s used as f r i n g e p a r k i n g t o encourage workers t o commute v i a bus. Of these s p a c e s , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 300 a r e v a c a n t on an average weekday. Six WMATA r o u t e s c u r r e n t l y s e r v e the a r e a . I t i s t e c h n i c a l l y p o s s i b l e t o i n c r e a s e the p a r k i n g facilities i n t o the m i l i t a r y space or t o c o n v e r t e x i s t i n g runways a t t h e s e bases f o r f r i n g e p a r k i n g . However, m i l i t a r y s e c u r i t y and statutory r e s t r i c t i o n s of the Department of Defense p r e c l u d e use of t h i s space. Depending on a c c e s s r o u t e s t o the p a r k i n g l o t s , a one-way t r a v e l d i s t a n c e of t h r e e t o f i v e m i l e s i s r e q u i r e d . via The primary a c c e s s South C a p i t o l S t r e e t n o r m a l l y p r o v i d e s good o f f - p e a k s e r v i c e . The Douglass B r i d g e a c r o s s the A n a c o s t i a R i v e r i s now r e c o n s t r u c t i o n but w i l l be completed i n F e b r u a r y , under 1976. The a p p r o x i m a t e l y 300 c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e spaces o f f e r some potential for Mall area fringe parking. I t may be expected, however, t h a t t h e s e spaces c o u l d a l s o be used by workers as d r i v i n g h a b i t s and p a t t e r n s change and as c o n g e s t i o n i n c r e a s e s i n the core a r e a . The spaces a r e not adequate by themselves handle t h e d i s p l a c e d demand. to The A n a c o s t i a - B o l l i n g a r e a would s e r v e the same b a s i c approach t o the D i s t r i c t as does the Stadium. 284 �Anacostia Park. A n a c o s t i a Park i s a long narrow park l o c a t e d p r i n c i p a l l y along the e a s t s i d e of the A n a c o s t i a R i v e r n o r t h and south of E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t . t i e s i n the park. There a r e no major p a r k i n g f a c i l i - C o n s t r u c t i o n of a l o t and a c c e s s roads would t h e r e f o r e be n e c e s s a r y , i n c o n f l i c t w i t h the adopted P a r k s and R e c r e a t i o n F a c i l i t i e s Element of the Comprehensive P l a n p o l i c y of d e v e l o p i n g A n a c o s t i a Park as the p r i n c i p a l c e n t e r f o r outdoor r e c r e a t i o n i n the e n t i r e c i t y . The park i s beyond the RFK Stadium and has poor i n t e r n a l and s i t e a c c e s s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r f r i n g e parking. To s t o r e v i s i t o r s ' v e h i c l e s i n the park a r e a would en- t a i l the d i s p l a c e m e n t of r e c r e a t i o n a l usage. John F. Kennedy Center f o r the Performing A r t s . The Kennedy Center i s l o c a t e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2.5 m i l e s west of the c e n t e r of the E a s t M a l l a r e a covered by the proposed a c t i o n . a p p r o x i m a t e l y 1,400 There a r e p u b l i c f e e spaces i n the C e n t e r ' s underground garage and i t i s s e r v e d by t h e Tourmobile. Access f o r m o t o r i s t s i s v i a the Rock Creek Parkway (northbound o n l y ) and t h e s u r f a c e s t r e e t systems. The roads a r e not o p e r a t i n g a t c a p a c i t y except i n peak hours. The Kennedy Center has t h r e e major t h e a t e r s f o r l i v e p e r formances. The s t a r t i n g t i m e s f o r performances staggered a t 7:30, 8:00, operational c o n f l i c t s . evening performances. and 8:30 p.m. at night are t o reduce p a r k i n g and The garage f i l l s r e g u l a r l y d u r i n g t h e s e Matinees a r e o f t e n h e l d on Wednesday or Thursday and S a t u r d a y and Sunday. The matinees s t a r t a t 2:00 and use an e s t i m a t e d o n e - t h i r d o f t h e a v a i l a b l e spaces. 285 Normal p.m. �v i s i t o r attendance a t the Center a l s o causes some p a r k i n g usage. The convenience of Kennedy Center t o the M a l l i s such t h a t i t should r e c e i v e s e r i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n f o r i n c r e a s e d v i s i t o r usage; p a r t i c u l a r l y d u r i n g the B i c e n t e n n i a l . However, the C e n t e r ' s demand f o r spaces i n the evening d i r e c t l y conflicts w i t h M a l l p a r k i n g demand i n the summer months when a t t r a c t i o n s a r e open u n t i l 9:00 p.m. Depending upon usage, a s i g n i f i c a n t c o n f l i c t c o u l d a l s o occur d u r i n g matinee performances. For t h i s r e a s o n , the Center would appear t o c o m p l e m e n t — r a t h e r than s e r v e as an a l t e r n a t e t o — t h e proposed a c t i o n . The p a r k i n g a t the Center c o u l d b e s t be used by v i s i t o r s t o West Potomac Park f o r a c c e s s t o t h e new C o n s t i t u t i o n Gardens and the L i n c o l n Memorial. I t should a l s o be c o n s i d e r e d as a v a i l a b l e t o those who use the Tourmobiles' wish to i n t e r p r e t i v e guide s e r v i c e s . N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r Center. The new N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r Center i s under c o n s t r u c t i o n a t the s i t e of the Union S t a t i o n on Massac h u s e t t s Avenue a t F i r s t S t r e e t , N. E. The V i s i t o r Center i s a p a r t o f t h e B i c e n t e n n i a l program and i s intended as the f o c a l p o i n t f o r v i s i t o r i n f o r m a t i o n and t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . The s i t e i s a p p r o x i mately one m i l e from the c e n t e r of the M a l l a r e a . I n c l u d e d i n the c u r r e n t c o n s t r u c t i o n phase i s a 1,200-car p a r k i n g garage. P l a n s were made o r i g i n a l l y f o r a garage w i t h a c a p a c i t y of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4,000 spaces but, due t o funding l i m i t a t i o n s , the p r o j e c t was reduced i n s i z e . The demand f o r the f a c i l i t y i s f o r e c a s t to be i n e x c e s s of the a v a i l a b l e 286 �spaces and the Center cannot, t h e r e f o r e , be c o n s i d e r e d t o be a v i a b l e a l t e r n a t i v e t o the proposed a c t i o n . The f a c i l i t y can be c o n s i d e r e d as a m i t i g a t i o n measure f o r M a l l p a r k i n g a f t e r the B i c e n t e n n i a l . Because of i t s p r o x i m i t y t o t h e M a l l , the spaces w i l l be c o n t r o l l e d by a p r i c i n g s t r u c t u r e which d i s c o u r a g e s a l l - d a y p a r k i n g . E a s t and West Potomac P a r k s . T h i s a l t e r n a t i v e i s the same a s t h a t d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t i o n 3 . 6 w i t h o p e r a t i o n of a s h u t t l e s e r v i c e i n s t e a d of r e l i a n c e on Tourmobile s e r v i c e t o t r a n s p o r t v i s i t o r s t o and from t h e i r c a r s . For the reasons g i v e n p r e v i o u s - l y , t h e s e a r e a s do not p r o v i d e r e a s o n a b l e a l t e r n a t i v e s t o the proposed a c t i o n . While l i m i t e d o n - s t r e e t p a r k i n g c o u l d supple- ment o t h e r p r o v i s i o n s , the s c a l e would not be s u f f i c i e n t t o support s h u t t l e bus Air, ing Noise and V e g e t a t i o n . Use of each of the f r i n g e park- l o t s would have s l i g h t l y d i f f e r e n t e f f e c t s on a i r and pollution. lot, service. noise I n g e n e r a l , based upon the a n a l y s e s of the Stadium i t can be s t a t e d t h a t t h e r e would be a s l i g h t o v e r a l l r e - d u c t i o n i n VMT and a subsequent s i m i l a r r e d u c t i o n i n a i r and noise p o l l u t i o n l e v e l s . However some minor i n c r e a s e s would occur •in the immediate v i c i n i t y of the p a r t i c u l a r f r i n g e p a r k i n g a r e a s as w e l l as along t h e r o u t e used by the s h u t t l e buses. The mag- n i t u d e of t h e s e i n c r e a s e s would be s m a l l , and the e f f e c t s on a i r and n o i s e p o l l u t i o n l e v e l s would be n e a r l y i m p e r c e p t i b l e . The improvements on the M a l l i t s e l f would h a l t the d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n the v e g e t a t i v e cover as has been noted under p r e v i o u s 287 �alternatives. V i s i t o r Experience. The v i s i t o r ' s e x p e r i e n c e t o t h e M a l l would be enhanced under t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e s i m i l a r t o t h e s i t u a t i o n under t h e proposed a c t i o n . The c l o s i n g t o v e h i c u l a r t r a f f i c o f Washington and Adams D r i v e s would reduce t h e v i s u a l i n t r u s i o n o f c a r s on t h e s e s t r e e t s and t h e c o n f l i c t s o f p e d e s t r i a n s and c a r s . More open space would a l s o be a v a i l a b l e f o r s p e c i a l e v e n t s . The v i s i t o r s who use t h e proposed f r i n g e l o t s may e x p e r i e n c e g r e a t e r d i f f i c u l t y i n l o c a t i n g them as s e v e r a l a r e not a d j a c e n t t o major highways and s i g n i n g would be d i f f i c u l t . 3.8 Alternative G — Same a s Proposed P r o j e c t , B u t S h u t t l e Operated by Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a T r a n s i t Service Authority I n s t e a d o f by a C o n c e s s i o n e r 3.8.1 Description This a l t e r n a t i v e i s s i m i l a r t o the proposal i n a l l respects except t h e s h u t t l e s e r v i c e woul be o p e r a t e d by t h e Washington Metropolitan Area T r a n s i t Authority concessioner. as p r e s e n t l y (WMATA) i n s t e a d o f by a R e h a b i l i t a t i o n o f t h e M a l l would be c a r r i e d out planned under t h e p r o p o s a l . T h i s a l t e r n a t i v e would s u b s t i t u t e t h e Washington Metropolitan Area T r a n s i t Authority s e r v i c e , w i t h o n l y minor d i f f e r e n c e s as o p e r a t o r s o f t h e s h u t t l e i n s c h e d u l e s and l e v e l of s e r v i c e t o be p r o v i d e d , and no d i f f e r e n c e s i n routes, stops, and v i s i t o r s e r v i c e s , b u t under t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e , t h e s h u t t l e s e r v i c e would n o t p r o v i d e any v i s i t o r i n t e r p r e t a t i o n 288 service. �WMATA would use equipment now a v a i l a b l e a s p a r t o f i t s r e g u l a r l y scheduled bus f l e e t . L i k e the c o n c e s s i o n a i r e , WMATA would need t o h i r e and t r a i n new d r i v e r s f o r t h e s e r v i c e . This would a v o i d overtime r a t e s f o r r e g u l a r d r i v e r s , who o t h e r w i s e would need t o be a s s i g n e d t o the s h u t t l e s e r v i c e i n a d d i t i o n t o r e g u l a r s h i f t s on scheduled bus r o u t e s . T h i s a l t e r n a t i v e i s not d i r e c t l y comparable i n economic terms t o t h e p r o p o s a l . The c o s t o f o p e r a t i n g the same l e v e l o f s e r v i c e should be approximately t h e same, s i n c e equipment, o p e r a t i n g s t a f f and maintenance requirements a r e s i m i l a r . The d i f f e r e n c e l i e s i n the method o f r e c o v e r i n g c o s t s w h i c h , i n t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e , r e q u i r e s the use o f F e d e r a l t a x d o l l a r s t o supplement the funds c o l l e c t e d a t the f a r e box. A F e d e r a l g r a n t from t h e Urban Mass T r a n s p o r t a t i o n A d m i n i s t r a t i o n T r a n s p o r t a t i o n would be requested (UMTA) o f the Department o f to o f f s e t operational losses r e s u l t i n g from a lower than normal f a r e . C u r r e n t Metro f a r e s f o r t h i s s e r v i c e on scheduled bus r o u t e s i s 40 c e n t s , one way. I n a d d i t i o n , the c o s t o f p r o v i d i n g a s t a f f t o f u r n i s h n e c e s s a r y and d e s i r a b l e i n t e r p r e t i v e and i n f o r m a t i o n a l s e r v i c e s would have to be borne by t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e , a s d e s c r i b e d i n the o r i g i n a l a p p l i c a t i o n f o r the F e d e r a l g r a n t funds t o UMTA from the C o u n c i l o f Governments. The a p p l i c a t i o n t o UMTA was f o r $660,000 t o o p e r a t e a f r e e s h u t t l e s e r v i c e f o r the season o f maximum v i s i t a t i o n d u r i n g 1974 and 1975. The p o r t i o n o f t h i s a p p l i c a t i o n t h a t was f i n a l l y approved 289 �i n J u l y , 1974, was f o r $364,000, w i t h the understanding that a 25 c e n t f a r e would be charged. There have been no f u r t h e r n e g o t i a t i o n s t o amend the a p p l i c a t i o n and determine what F e d e r a l subsidy c o s t s would be r e q u i r e d t o fund t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e f o r the remainder of t h i s y e a r . Based on the time r e q u i r e d t o r e v i e w and approve the o r i g i n a l a p p l i c a t i o n of the Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n C o u n c i l of Governments t o UMTA, and t h e l e a d time r e q u i r e d t o s e t up a schedule and o b t a i n o p e r a t i n g s t a f f , i t may necessary not be p o s s i b l e t o implement t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e f o r a d e m o n s t r a t i o n f r i n g e p a r k i n g - s h u t t l e bus s e r v i c e , p r i o r t o the B i c e n t e n n i a l c e l e b r a t i o n . The method of c o s t r e c o v e r y under the p r o p o s a l i s through the c o l l e c t i o n of f a r e s , w i t h the added f e a t u r e of f u r n i s h i n g i n t e r p r e t i v e and i n f o r m a t i o n a l s e r v i c e s i n c l u d e d i n the 3.8.2 fare. A n t i c i p a t e d E f f e c t s of A l t e r n a t i v e T r a f f i c and P a r k i n g . Since t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e i s l a r g e l y i d e n t i c a l t o the proposed a c t i o n i t s e f f e c t on t r a f f i c and i n g would be s i m i l a r t o those of the proposed a c t i o n . park- There are however some s l i g h t d i f f e r e n c e s i n the methods of o p e r a t i o n t h a t WMATA would employ and t h e s e a r e d i s c u s s e d below. S u f f i c i e n t bus equipment, i n accordance w i t h the approved s c h e d u l e , would be d i v e r t e d t o the s h u t t l e s e r v i c e o p e r a t i o n , upon completion of r e g u l a r r u s h hour scheduled runs. Under t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e , buses would f o l l o w the same r o u t e s as proposed f o r the c o n c e s s i o n buses and use t h e f r i n g e p a r k i n g l o t , w i t h the same c o n d i t i o n s . 290 �The schedule of o p e r a t i o n under t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e would d i f f e r s l i g h t l y from the p r o p o s a l , because the a f t e r n o o n r u s h hour bus schedule n o r m a l l y r e q u i r e s a l l a v a i l a b l e WMATA equipment, i n order t o p r o v i d e the a p p r o p r i a t e l e v e l of s e r v i c e on scheduled r o u t e s . T h i s would r e q u i r e regularly the l e v e l of s e r v i c e on the s h u t t l e o p e r a t i o n t o be reduced d u r i n g the a f t e r n o o n r u s h hour. T h i s r e s t r i c t i o n , however, would not a f f e c t s e r v i c e d u r i n g the seven o f f - p e a k months s i n c e the l e v e l of s e r v i c e r e q u i r e d d u r i n g w i n t e r months would be s u b s t a n t i a l l y lower, and the r u s h hour l e v e l o f s e r v i c e would be n e a r l y the same as a t o t h e r p e r i o d s of the day. A i r , Noise and V e g e t a t i o n . S i n c e t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e i s near- l y i d e n t i c a l i n p h y s i c a l terms t o t h e proposed a c t i o n s , be a n t i c i p a t e d noise pollution i t can t h a t s i m i l a r e f f e c t s would be noted i n a i r and levels. Thus t h e a c t i o n would r e s u l t i n some s l i g h t o v e r a l l d e c r e a s e s i n a i r and n o i s e p o l l u t i o n i n the a r e a . The improvements on the M a l l i t s e l f would h a l t the d e t e r i o r a t i o n t o the v e g e t a t i v e c o v e r . V i s i t o r Experience. The type of s e r v i c e f o r the v i s i t o r would be s u b s t a n t i a l l y d i f f e r e n t under t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e . The proposed a c t i o n would p r o v i d e an i n t e r p r e t i v e s e r v i c e , t o h e l p a c q u a i n t v i s i t o r s from out of town w i t h t h e v a r i e t y and c o m p l e x i t y of transportation cation, s e r v i c e a v a i l a b l e i n t h e a r e a , t o i n d i c a t e the l o - s i g n i f i c a n c e , v i s i t i n g hours, and s p e c i a l scheduled e v e n t s a t t h e many v i s i t o r a t t r a c t i o n s i n the a r e a , and t o p r o v i d e i n f o r m a t i o n on food, l o d g i n g , and shopping s e r v i c e s 291 available. �T h i s a l t e r n a t i v e would r e q u i r e t h a t any of these i n t e r p r e t i v e and i n f o r m a t i o n a l s e r v i c e s be p r o v i d e d o n s i t e a t the f r i n g e parking l o t by t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e . Interpretive services p r o v i d e d by t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e a t t h e f r i n g e p a r k i n g l o t would n o t be as e f f e c t i v e as i f p r o v i d e d d u r i n g t h e s h u t t l e t r i p . V i s i t o r s would be d e l a y e d longer a t t h e i n f o r m a t i o n k i o s k ; and d u r i n g p e r i o d s o f peak i n f l o w t o t h e l o t , t h e s h o r t term demonstrat i o n f a c i l i t i e s would make i t i m p r a c t i c a b l e t o provide i n t e r p r e t i v e s e r v i c e s f o r l a r g e groups of v i s i t o r s . extensive T h i s would be p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e d u r i n g i n c l e m e n t weather. Once a t t h e M a l l , t h e v i s i t o r e x p e r i e n c e would be i d e n t i c a l t o t h a t i n d i c a t e d under t h e proposed p l a n . 3.9 Alternative H — R e h a b i l i t a t e M a l l , C l o s e M a l l Roads P r o v i d i n g P a r k i n g Under t h e M a l l 3.9.1 Description A parking study 1 f o r t h e M a l l recommended t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of between 3,300 and 5,700 spaces i n garages underneath t h e E a s t Mall area. Because of major impact on t h e appearance o f t h e M a l l caused by t r e e removal f o r t h e more a m b i t i o u s p l a n , the lower l e v e l o f 3,300 spaces was s e l e c t e d . An a c t i o n p l a n t o pro- v i d e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2,000 spaces a t a c o s t of $20,000,000 was proposed i n t h e r e p o r t . $30,000,000. The c o s t s a t today's p r i c e s could exceed A c c e s s t o t h e underground garages was t o be provided from s e v e r a l of t h e n o r t h - s o u t h s t r e e t s . The a c t i o n p l a n was not funded and no f u r t h e r a c t i o n has o c c u r r e d . Washington M a l l P a r k i n g F a c i l i t i e s F e a s i b i l i t y A n a l y s i s , Washington D.C, W i l b u r Smith and A s s o c i a t e s , J a n u a r y , 1971. 292 �The c o n s i d e r a t i o n of t h e underground spaces as an a l t e r n a t i v e t o t h e proposed a c t i o n i s moot f o r 1975 o r the B i c e n t e n n i a l y e a r s i n c e i t i s i m p r a c t i c a b l e t o fund, d e s i g n , and c o n s t r u c t such f a c i l i t i e s 3.9.3 i n the a v a i l a b l e time. Anticipated E f f e c t s of Alternative T r a f f i c and P a r k i n g . As a long-range s o l u t i o n , t h e under- ground garages along t h e M a l l a r e an a l t e r n a t i v e t o t h e f r i n g e p a r k i n g and s h u t t l e s e r v i c e a s p e c t s of t h e proposed a c t i o n . Such f a c i l i t i e s would p r o v i d e p a r k i n g f o r v i s i t o r s t o t h e M a l l a t t r a c tions. The p r a c t i c a l i t y o f t h e i r c o n s t r u c t i o n i s q u e s t i o n a b l e , however, because o f c o s t s and t h e g o a l o f m i n i m i z i n g long-term dependence on t h e p r i v a t e v e h i c l e f o r a c c e s s t o t h e downtown a r e a . I n a d d i t i o n , such spaces would be c o m p e t i t i v e w i t h t h e Metro system which i s being c o n s t r u c t e d a t g r e a t c a p i t a l expense. The p r o v i s i o n of up t o 5,700 p a r k i n g spaces under t h e M a l l would have s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t s on t r a f f i c area. and p a r k i n g i n t h e P a r k i n g spaces a t t h e M a l l would become much e a s i e r t o f i n d and would t h e r e f o r e encourage a g r e a t e r dependency on t h e p r i v a t e automobile t o r e a c h t h e M a l l . The l a r g e s i z e o f t h e f a c i l i t i e s would have t h e p o t e n t i a l t o c r e a t e c o n g e s t i o n and d e l a y s a t p o i n t s o f e n t r y and e x i t from t h e f a c i l i t i e s . c o u l d e a s i l y a f f e c t o p e r a t i o n s on t h e surrounding street This system. The g r e a t e r dependency on t h e p r i v a t e v e h i c l e would r e s u l t i n a s i g n i f i c a n t i n c r e a s e i n t h e VMT generated by t h e M a l l a r e a . The amount o f t h i s i n c r e a s e would depend upon s e v e r a l f a c t o r s i n c l u d i n g t h e t o t a l number o f spaces p r o v i d e d , t h e convenience of t h e s e spaces t o M a l l a t t r a c t i o n s , and t h e r a t e s t r u c t u r e and 293 �time l i m i t a t i o n s p l a c e d upon t h e p a r k i n g Air, Noise, and V e g e t a t i o n . spaces. T h i s a l t e r n a t i v e would r e s u l t i n h i g h e r l e v e l s o f a i r and n o i s e p o l l u t i o n near t h e p a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s and along t h e major a c c e s s r o u t e s t o t h e f a c i l i t i e s . These h i g h e r l e v e l s would be d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e i n c r e a s e i n VMT t h a t would r e s u l t from t h e a d d i t i o n a l p a r k i n g spaces. Much of t h e a d d i t i o n a l VMT and, t h e r e f o r e , t h e a i r and n o i s e p o l l u t i o n , would be generated d u r i n g non-commuter peak hours. Each o f t h e underground p a r k i n g p l a n s would s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t v e g e t a t i o n on t h e M a l l . The f i r s t p l a n ( f o r 5,700 c a r s ) would have r e q u i r e d t h a t t h e e x i s t i n g panels o f elm t r e e s be removed and r e p l a c e d , probably w i t h a new s p e c i e s o f a Dutch elm d i s e a s e - r e s i s t a n t elm. The second and s m a l l e r s c a l e p l a n would p r o v i d e f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n under t h e g r a s s p a n e l s o f t h e M a l l between Adams and Washington D r i v e s o n l y , thereby not r e q u i r i n g the d i s t u r b a n c e o f any o f t h e e x i s t i n g t r e e s . The long-range e f f e c t o f t h e s m a l l e r s c a l e p l a n on t h e f a c t o r s c o n t r i b u t i n g t o f a v o r a b l e growing h a b i t s o f t h e e x i s t i n g t r e e s has been e v a l u a t e d by comparison w i t h observed results i n similar situations. These o b s e r v a t i o n s i n d i c a t e no adverse e f f e c t s on t h e r o o t s t r u c t u r e of t h e t r e e s by d i r e c t damage o r by t h e c r e a t i o n o f c o n d i t i o n s which would r e s u l t i n d e p o s i t i o n and l e a c h i n g o f c o n t a m i n a t i o n feeding areas of the t r e e . into the However, an adverse impact on t h e ground water c a n be e x p e c t e d , a f f e c t i n g t h e m o i s t u r e requirements ducing h e a l t h y growth. t o pro- Adjustments t o t h e p r e s e n t h o r t i c u l t u r a l management program would be n e c e s s a r y t o i n s u r e a c o r r e c t b a l a n c e o f 294 �oxygen, w a t e r , and food. V i s i t o r Experience. The implementation o f t h i s alternative would have both p o s i t i v e and n e g a t i v e e f f e c t s on t h e v i s i t o r s ' experience. S i n c e i t would t a k e many y e a r s t o implement t h e p l a n , i t s e f f e c t would not be f e l t u n t i l t h e 1980's. be implemented, i t would g r e a t l y improve t h e v i s i t o r s ' t u n i t y t o f i n d a p a r k i n g space a t t h e M a l l . I f i t would oppor- However, i t can be assumed t h a t t h e p a r k i n g r a t e s t r u c t u r e would be such as t o d i s courage long d u r a t i o n p a r k i n g and t h e r e f o r e many people would c o n t i n u e t o look f o r a f r e e s u r f a c e space. The i n c r e a s e number o f v e h i c l e s p a r k i n g i n t h e a r e a would a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t a i r and n o i s e l e v e l s t o t h e d e t r i m e n t o f t h e Mall v i s i t o r . The underground garage's e f f e c t on v e g e t a t i o n has been c i t e d e a r l i e r . T h i s c o n d i t i o n , combined w i t h t h e n e c e s s a r y v e n t i l a t i o n s h a f t and p e d e s t r i a n and v e h i c u l a r a c c e s s facilities (ramps, s t a i r s , v e n t s ) , would have a n e g a t i v e impact on t h e M a l l ' s a e s t h e t i c appearance. 3.10 A l t e r n a t i v e I — C o n s t r u c t Access Road t o RFK Stadium i n A d d i t i o n t o Proposed A c t i o n 3.10.1 Description The s h u t t l e s e r v i c e as c u r r e n t l y proposed uses Independence Avenue and E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t . C o n s i d e r a t i o n was g i v e n t o e x t e n d i n g a spur from t h e terminus o f t h e S o u t h e a s t Freeway a t P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue t o t h e Stadium f r i n g e p a r k i n g l o t . A temp o r a r y roadbed s u i t a b l e f o r two-way bus t r a f f i c was proposed. c o s t o f $750,000 was e s t i m a t e d f o r t h e temporary roadbed. 1 D.C. Department o f Highway and T r a f f i c . 295 A �3.10.2 A n t i c i p a t e d E f f e c t of A l t e r n a t i v e T r a f f i c and P a r k i n g . fic With t h e new a c c e s s r o a d , bus t r a f - c o u l d be removed from t h e s u r f a c e s t r e e t s and use the e x - pressway facilities. Bus t r a v e l times c o u l d be reduced by as much as f i v e minutes, a s i g n i f i c a n t improvement i n o v e r a l l tions. opera- The advantage t h a t t h i s l i n k p r o v i d e s would be o f r e l a - t i v e l t s h o r t d u r a t i o n , s i n c e t h e scheduled opening date f o r t h e Stadium-Armory t o Smithsonian Metro r a i l l i n k i s i n 1976. The use o f t h i s new f a c i l i t y would remove t h e s h u t t l e buses from Independence and E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t . The new r o u t e i s s l i g h t l y longer than t h e r o u t e under t h e proposed p l a n , which would mean more v e h i c l e m i l e s o f s h u t t l e bus t r a v e l . because t h e new r o u t e would be l a r g e l y on freeway-type However, facilities, h i g h e r speeds w i t h fewer stops can be a c h i e v e d . Air, Noise and V e g e t a t i o n . T h i s a l t e r n a t i v e would have l i t t l e e f f e c t on o v e r a l l a i r and n o i s e l e v e l s although i t would cause changes along t h e r o u t e o f t h e new highway. Since t h i s f a c i l i t y does not c u r r e n t l y e x i s t , a i r and n o i s e l e v e l s would be impacted by t h e a d d i t i o n o f t h e s h u t t l e buses. The n o i s e and a i r p o l l u t i o n l e v e l s generated by t h e s h u t t l e buses would be w e l l w i t h i n t h e s t a n d a r d s e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. T h i s a l t e r n a t i v e would i n c l u d e t h e same M a l l improvements as t h e proposed p r o j e c t and t h e r e f o r e would r e s u l t i n t h e same impacts as d i s c u s s e d under t h e p r o p o s a l . 296 �V i s i t o r Experience. V i s i t o r e x p e r i e n c e would be l a r g e l y u n a f f e c t e d by t h i s a l t e r n a t i v e . The s h o r t e r t r a v e l time i n r e a c h i n g t h e M a l l would p r o v i d e more v i s i t a t i o n time b u t would d e c r e a s e the time a v a i l a b l e f o r i n t e r p r e t a t i v e 297 services. ��3.11 Alternative J — Same As Proposed P r o j e c t / But Using A l t e r n a t i v e S h u t t l e Route 3.11.1 Description T h i s a l t e r n a t i v e i n c l u d e s a l l the elements of the proposed a c t i o n e x c e p t t h a t the Stadium-to-Mall s h u t t l e r o u t e would a s u r f a c e s t r e e t o t h e r than E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t . The use Indepen- dence Avenue eastbound r o u t e appears to be e f f e c t i v e because of its arterial classification, one-way f l o w , and p r o g r e s s i v e signal c o n t r o l , and no a l t e r n a t i v e s (except the temporary a c c e s s road p r e v i o u s l y noted) were c o n s i d e r e d . For the westbound r o u t e , t h r e e o p t i o n s are apparent: C a p i t o l S t r e e t , C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue, and shown i n F i g u r e 33. C S t r e e t s , N. E. a t major i n t e r s e c t i o n s . bus A l l have t r a f f i c con- East Capitol Street C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue a r e two-way s t r e e t s and one-way westbound. as A l l s t r e e t s have c a p a c i t y to handle the volumes f o r e c a s t f o r the proposed a c t i o n . t r o l devices East and C S t r e e t , N. E., i s E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t i s c l a s s i f i e d as a " c o l l e c t o r s t r e e t " and C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue and a r e c l a s s i f i e d as " p r i n c i p a l a r t e r i a l s . " C S t r e e t , N. E., B i c y c l e l a n e s have been developed along E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t . C S t r e e t , N. E., has been improved to p r o v i d e t r a f f i c s i g n a l c o n t r o l westbound. I t i s the r o u t e s e l e c t e d the WMATA westbound e x p r e s s s e r v i c e from the RFK for Stadium f r i n g e 1968 F u n c t i o n a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n of E x i s t i n g S T r e e t s D i s t r i c t of Columbia. 299 progressive and Highways, �I rî"- "¡r'- a = it n i .\ ar tJ rl ij É;:Ì iJ liã u ¡¡ :/ Rehabilitation Of The Mall [stBffil 8åat'$"f9,'¿3 rooo' Legend r¡lrr east capitol street route alternate J {¡..... alternate I - new RFK access route .... C street route ¡¡r¡rrrr¡ COnStitution avenue rOute fnvnrCInRnentaI sm{ffi8ffift Alternate Routes ��parking l o t to the N a t i o n a l Avenue) as p a r t of the 3.11.2 Bicentennial. Anticipated T r a f f i c and V i s i t o r Center ( v i a Massachusetts E f f e c t of A l t e r n a t i v e Parking. C S t r e e t , N. E., was selected for i t s d i r e c t a c c e s s t o the N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r Center d e s t i n a t i o n . Should C S t r e e t be used f o r the westbound l e g of the M a l l s h u t t l e , i t would be n e c e s s a r y t o pass by t h r e e s i d e s of Stanton Square and then use C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue f o r the remainder of the route. T h i s c i r c u i t o u s r o u t e appears to o f f s e t the advantage o f f e r e d by the p r o g r e s s i v e s i g n a l system. I f C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue were to be used westbound to the C a p i t o l a r e a , i t would appear r e a s o n a b l e to c o n t i n u e westbound t o 7th S t r e e t i n s t e a d of u s i n g Independence Avenue westbound from 1 s t S t r e e t , S. E., as planned i n the proposed a c t i o n . Independence Avenue would then be used eastbound from 7th S t r e e t , S. W., to the Stadium. The r o u t e between 1 s t S t r e e t , E a s t , and 7th S t r e e t , West, would be r e v e r s e d i n d i r e c t i o n from t h a t i n - c l u d e d i n the proposed a c t i o n . Constitution-Independence The r o u t e would be a p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e - h a l f m i l e s h o r t e r than the proposed r o u t e . The buses would have t o make a l e f t t u r n west- bound on C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue a t 7th S t r e e t , N. W. Of the t h r e e p o s s i b l e r o u t e s , E a s t C a p i t o l and C S t r e e t s , N. The E., i n v o l v e s the l e a s t c o n f l i c t w i t h i n s t i t u t i o n a l u s e s . s c h o o l s on E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t a r e not expected to be ad- v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d because of the r e l a t i v e l y low o v e r a l l t r a f f i c 303 �i n c r e a s e and the t i m i n g of the peak bus o p e r a t i o n . On Consti- t u t i o n Avenue, however, Rogers Memorial H o s p i t a l and E a s t e r n High S c h o o l , w i t h b u i l d i n g s on both s i d e s of the s t r e e t , would be impacted by both the E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t and the Avenue r o u t e s . Constitution L i t t l e or no impact would be f e l t by Maury P u b l i c School on C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue. From the v i e w p o i n t of t r a f f i c o p e r a t i o n s and r e s i d e n t i a l q u a l i t y , t h e r e f o r e , the C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue a l t e r n a t i v e t o the E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t p o r t i o n of the s h u t t l e i s a t t r a c t i v e . terms of p o t e n t i a l c o n f l i c t w i t h v e h i c u l a r and p e d e s t r i a n In traf- f i c generated by i n s t i t u t i o n s , E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t and C S t r e e t a r e more s u i t a b l e . Air, N o i s e , and V e g e t a t i o n . This a l t e r n a t i v e i s quite s i m i l a r to the proposed a c t i o n and t h e r e f o r e the e f f e c t s on a i r , n o i s e , and v e g e t a t i o n would not be a p p r e c i a b l y those discussed f o r the proposed p l a n . d i f f e r e n t than The major d i f f e r e n c e would be the l o c a l i z e d e f f e c t s on the p a r t i c u l a r s t r e e t s t h a t i s used as the s h u t t l e r o u t e . V i s i t o r Experience. Both C S t r e e t , N.E. and Constitution Avenue have d i s a d v a n t a g e s i n terms of v i s i t o r e x p e r i e n c e . s t r e e t s t r a v e r s e the C a p i t o l H i l l H i s t o r i c D i s t r i c t and s i g n i f i c a n t H i s t o r i c a l or a r c h i t e c t u r a l landmarks. do not p r o v i d e the v i s i t o r w i t h a new Both pass However, they of the C a p i t o l framed by t r e e s which i s a s p e c i a l f e a t u r e along E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t . F u r t h e r , the s t r e e t facade a l o n g much of the E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t 304 �r o u t e i s d e s i g n a t e d by t h e J o i n t Committee on Landmarks of t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l as h a v i n g h i s t o r i c a l or a r c h i t e c t u r a l m e r i t . The f a c a d e s along C S t r e e t and C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue a r e not so designated. The use o f C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue would probably be p r e f e r a b l e t o e i t h e r C S t r e e t or E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t s i n c e t h e s e s t r e e t s a r e f u n c t i o n a l l y c l a s s i f i e d as c o l l e c t o r s and a r e thought of as residential. 305 ��4 © Unavoidable Adverse Environmental Effects & Mitigation Measures D ��IV. 4.1 UNAVOIDABLE ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES AND MITIGATION Introduction This effects posed EFFECTS chapter describes o f t h e proposed the significant project in relation environmental m i t i g a t i o n measures offset, a s much a s p o s s i b l e , described the setting on t h e s e t t i n g . element i s categorized m i t i g a t i o n measures grouped a. into three t o a s e r i e s of pro- which a r e intended to the adverse e f f e c t s . and a n t i c i p a t e d project environmental In this i n terms to offset impact g e n e r a t e d by t h e chapter, each o f t h e need the impacts. Chapter I I environmental or lack o f need f o r Impacts a r e categories: E n v i r o n m e n t a l e l e m e n t s o n w h i c h t h e r e w i l l be l i t t l e o r no c h a n g e o r t h e c h a n g e w i l l be b e n e f i c i a l a n d no m i t i g a t i o n i s r e q u i r e d . - Land Use ( r e l a t e d - Historic - Visual Sites (related to Mall) (related to Mall) to Mall) 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 - Utilities 2.5.2 - Public 2.5.3 Safety - Climate - Land 2.6.1 Form - Geology 2.6.4 and S o i l s 2.6.5 - Hydrology 2.6.6 - Wildlife 2.6.7 - Energy and R e s o u r c e Conservation 2.7 �b. E n v i r o n m e n t a l elements on which a p o t e n t i a l a d v e r s e impact i s a n t i c i p a t e d and m i t i g a t i o n measures a r e planned; T r a f f i c and P a r k i n g 2.5.1 Vegetation (related t o Mall) 2.6.7 C o n s t r u c t i o n Impacts 2.8 Each element l i s t e d above i s d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a i l i n t h i s chapter. c. E n v i r o n m e n t a l elements, r e l a t i n g o n l y t o t h e s h u t t l e r o u t e , on which a minimal adverse impact i s a n t i c i p a t e d include: Land Use 2.4.1 Visual 2.4.3 Air 2.6.2 Quality Sound L e v e l s 4.2 2.6.3 T r a f f i c and P a r k i n g 4.2.1 Unavoidable E f f e c t s The removal o f 630 p a r k i n g spaces along Washington and Adams D r i v e s a s a p a r t o f t h e proposed a c t i o n w i l l unavoida b l y impact M a l l v i s i t o r s and some commuters by r e q u i r i n g t h o s e who now and would i n t h e f u t u r e u t i l i z e t h i s p a r k i n g to seek o t h e r p a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s o r t o use a v a i l a b l e mass transportation services. The e f f e c t on out-of-town visi- t o r s w i l l most l i k e l y be g r e a t e r than on l o c a l v i s i t o r s since many out-of-town v i s i t o r s a r e u n f a m i l i a r w i t h c i r c u l a t i o n p a t t e r n s and w i l l be competing w i t h o t h e r v i s i t o r s 310 �and commuters f o r p a r k i n g . with c i r c u l a t i o n patterns L o c a l r e s i d e n t s , who a r e f a m i l i a r and p e r i o d s when c o n g e s t i o n on t h e M a l l i s a t a minimum, have t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o s e l e c t a p e r i o d for v i s i t a t i o n to suit t h e i r individual desires. Local resi- d e n t s w h i l e inconvenienced by t h e l o s s o f p a r k i n g spaces a d j a c e n t t o t h e museum b u i l d i n g s generally have a g r e a t e r knowledge of a l t e r n a t e p a r k i n g a v a i l a b l e i n t h e immediate v i c i n i t y , e i t h e r on p u b l i c 4.2.2 Mitigation A key m i t i g a t i o n s t r e e t s o r on p r i v a t e lots. Measures measure which i s an element of t h e proposed a c t i o n i s t h e p r o v i s i o n o f f r i n g e p a r k i n g a t RFK Stadium and a s h u t t l e bus s e r v i c e . The o p e r a t i o n o f t h e f r i n g e p a r k i n g a r e a and t h e s h u t t l e s e r v i c e i s intended as a demonstration p r o j e c t t o v a l i d a t e t h i s "mass t r a n s i t " concept a s w e l l a s t o p r o v i d e p a r k i n g t o compensate f o r t h e l o s s o f t h e 630 M a l l spaces. The s h u t t l e i s a l s o a f o r e - runner o f f r i n g e bus s e r v i c e which i s proposed as p a r t o f the B i c e n t e n n i a l Transportation Plan. A number o f a d d i t i o n a l m i t i g a t i o n measures w i l l serve t o o f f s e t the l o s s of Mall parking. also Some w i l l be undertaken by N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k s ; o t h e r s a r e a c t i o n s u n r e l a t e d t o t h e proposed p r o j e c t but a r e important they w i l l c o n t r i b u t e since i n v a r i o u s ways t o t h e supply of �p a r k i n g a v a i l a b l e i n the M a l l v i c i n i t y . Each m i t i g a t i o n measure t h a t w i l l o f f s e t the t r a f f i c and p a r k i n g problem i s d e s c r i b e d below: F r i n g e P a r k i n g f o r Tour Buses and School Groups. October, 1974, a c o n t i n u i n g program was In i n s t i t u t e d whereby t o u r buses and s c h o o l buses a r e s t o r e d a t the Robert F. Kennedy Stadium d u r i n g the p e r i o d w h i l e the groups are on t o u r i n the M a l l b u i l d i n g s . passengers, After discharging t h e i r the buses a r e routed t o the Stadium l o t . A c a l l - u p system i s provided by the N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e f o r d i s p a t c h i n g the buses back t o the M a l l a r e a . The concept was f i r s t implemented i n A p r i l , 1973, u s i n g space near the R e f l e c t i n g Pool i n West Potomac Park. mented by new The p r o j e c t was comple- p a r k i n g r e g u l a t i o n s on the M a l l roads between T h i r d S t r e e t and F o u r t e e n t h Street. The r e g u l a t i o n s p r o h i b i t e d bus p a r k i n g and i n c r e a s e d the l e g a l time f o r v i s i t o r p a r k i n g t o t h r e e hours (between 10:00 a.m. and midnight). R e v i s e d P a r k i n g R e g u l a t i o n s on Remaining M a l l Roads. P r e s e n t l y , t h e r e a r e spaces f o r p a r k i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y 587 visitor c a r s on the M a l l roads i n a d d i t i o n to the 6 30 spaces which w i l l be impacted by the proposed a c t i o n . spaces i n a d d i t i o n t o the 1217 for o t h e r purposes. There a r e a number of M a l l c i t e d above which a r e being used S e v e n t y - s i x a r e c u r r e n t l y used by permit p a r k e r s near the Department of A g r i c u l t u r e ( J e f f e r s o n D r i v e near 14th S t r e e t ) . The spaces have been provided 312 to r e p l a c e those �l o s t t o the Department because of Metro c o n s t r u c t i o n . spaces a r e expected t o be r e t u r n e d t o non-permit These 76 usage i n the f a l l of 1975, and c o u l d be made a v a i l a b l e t o v i s i t o r s . ^ Twelve spaces a r e a l s o occupied, on a p e r m i t b a s i s , by c o n t r a c t o r f o r c e s near the new N a t i o n a l A i r and Space Museum. The spaces a r e expected t o be r e t u r n e d t o g e n e r a l usage i n summer, 1975. There a r e a l s o a p p r o x i m a t e l y 76 p e r m i t spaces used by p l o y e e s and v o l u n t e e r s of the N a t i o n a l A r t G a l l e r y . are l o c a t e d a l o n g Madison D r i v e near the G a l l e r y . These emspaces The G a l l e r y has r e q u e s t e d c o n t i n u e d usage of the spaces and has a l s o r e quested spaces f o r an a d d i t i o n a l 29 v e h i c l e s . These spaces would have t o be t a k e n from v i s i t o r spaces i f they a r e t o be provided. The p a r k i n g a n a l y s e s d e s c r i b e d e a r l i e r i n t h i s r e p o r t showed s u b s t a n t i a l use of the v i s i t o r spaces by long-term parkers. find the These p a r k e r s , assumed t o be workers a t t e m p t i n g t o f r e e p a r k i n g , f i l l many of the a v a i l a b l e spaces p r i o r to 10:00 a.m. hour l i m i t . p e r m i t t e d time and park i n e x c e s s of the t h r e e T h i s c o n d i t i o n i s v e r i f i e d by two d i s t i n c t f i e l d observations. F i r s t , the average usage of spaces (turnover) was s u b s t a n t i a l l y lower on a weekday than on the weekend—3 as compared t o 4. longer. 11:00 a.m. 1 T h i s means t h a t the average p a r k i n g time was During the weekday t u r n o v e r study p e r i o d (between and 3:00 p.m.), a p p r o x i m a t e l y 44 p e r c e n t of the E s t i m a t e d f o r 12-hour summer p e r i o d from two four-hour samples of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2 50 spaces. 313 �observed spaces d i d not change. Of t h e s e , 8 3 p e r c e n t had license p l a t e s i s s u e d i n e i t h e r the D i s t r i c t , Maryland, or V i r g i n i a . The comparable weekend f i g u r e s a r e 25% and 79% respectively. I n a d d i t i o n , o b s e r v a t i o n s of number of parked c a r s i n the M a l l a t s e v e r a l t i m e s of day showed t h a t t h e r e were 750 occupied a t 8:30 a.m. spaces on a weekday w h i l e a weekend survey showed o n l y 60 spaces occupied a t 8:30 a.m. T h i s would a l s o support the o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t workers a r e p a r k i n g a l l day i n the v i s i t o r spaces. E s s e n t i a l l y a l l of the p a r k e r s a t 9:00 i l l e g a l l y parked g i v e n the midnight t o 10:00 restriction on v i s i t o r spaces. a.m. a.m. were no p a r k i n g A t i c k e t f o r overtime on t h e M a l l has a b a i l f e e of $5.00. parking I t would appear t h a t , g i v e n the c u r r e n t enforcement l e v e l , workers a r e u s i n g the M a l l a r e a and r i s k i n g the t i c k e t the f e e p a r k i n g l o t s ) . (which c o s t s a p p r o x i m a t e l y two times Although i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o a c c u r a t e l y q u a n t i f y the number of spaces proposed t o remain which would be f r e e d by d i s c o u r a g i n g i l l e g a l use of s p a c e s , i t i s c o n s e r v a t i v e l y e s t i m a t e d t o be on the o r d e r o f 108 spaces.'*' The spaces could be r e s e r v e d f o r v i s i t o r s by i n c r e a s e d enforcement, i n c r e a s e d b a i l f e e s , and p h y s i c a l l y b l o c k i n g or c o n t r o l l i n g u n t i l p o s s i b l y 9:30 entrances a.m. I n summary, a p p r o x i m a t e l y 167 spaces i n the M a l l a r e a could be r e t u r n e d t o g e n e r a l usage g i v e n the f o l l o w i n g : . P e r m i t spaces a t t h e Department of A g r i c u l t u r e e l i m i n a t e d when Metro r e t u r n s the Department's "*"The number of p a r k e r s on Madison and J e f f e r s o n D r i v e s , l e s s the permit s p a c e s , d i v i d e d by two f o r c o n s e r v a t i v e e s t i m a t i o n . (328 - 113 = 215 * 2 = 1 0 8 ) . 314 �spaces t o a u s a b l e c o n d i t i o n (+76); . C o n s t r u c t i o n permit spaces e l i m i n a t e d a t t h e N a t i o n a l A i r and Space Museum i n t h e summer o f 1975 (+12); . Enforcement and a c c e s s c o n t r o l a c t i v i t i e s (+108); • A d d i t i o n a l N a t i o n a l G a l l e r y o f A r t permit usage f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n (-29). Thus, t h e p a r k i n g c a p a c i t y o f t h e M a l l i t s e l f could be i n c r e a s e d from 587 t o 754 by t h e above a c t i o n s . R e v i s e d P a r k i n g on P r i m a r y S t r e e t s Through and Adjacent t o the M a l l . The D i s t r i c t o f Columbia, Department of Highways and T r a f f i c , has been working w i t h i n t e r e s t e d groups on p r o v i d i n g a d d i t i o n a l p a r k i n g on t h e p r i m a r y s t r e e t s through and a d j a c e n t to t h e M a l l . The f o l l o w i n g s p e c i f i c p r o p o s a l s a r e expected t o be implemented d u r i n g t h e summer, 1975. . Independence Avenue, F o u r t h S t r e e t t o 15th S t r e e t , both s i d e s , metered p a r k i n g , three-hour time l i m i t , no-parking d u r i n g peak hours, 170 spaces; . T h i r d S t r e e t , "C" S t r e e t , N.W, t o Independence Avenue, both s i d e s , metered p a r k i n g , two-hour time l i m i t , no-parking d u r i n g peak h o u r s , 85 s p a c e s ; F o u r t h S t r e e t , " E " S t r e e t , S. W. t o C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue, N.W., both s i d e s , metered p a r k i n g , twohour time l i m i t , no-parking d u r i n g peak hours, 70 spaces; . Seventh and N i n t h S t r e e t s , S. W., v i c i n i t y o f M a l l , metered p a r k i n g , two-hour time l i m i t , 20 spaces. There a r e o t h e r minor changes proposed which w i l l not s i g n i f i c a n t l y impact t h e M a l l a r e a . 315 Given t h e peak hour �r e s t r i c t i o n s on a l l but t e n of the 345 spaces noted, many should be a v a i l a b l e to v i s i t o r s t o the M a l l from 10 a.m. R e a l l o c a t i o n of Docent P a r k i n g . t o 3:30 p.m. Over the p a s t y e a r s , a v a r i e t y of arrangements have been made f o r p a r k i n g f o r the docents a t t h e Smithsonian G a l l e r y of A r t . of 4 7 spaces. I n s t i t u t i o n and the N a t i o n a l The N a t i o n a l G a l l e r y has p e r m i t s f o r the use The Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n has i n d i c a t e d , however, t h a t they have p r o v i d e d f o r t h e i r docents on the o f f s t r e e t l o t s and do not r e q u i r e permit spaces. T h i s a c t i o n has been completed. P a r k i n g on Other F e d e r a l P r o p e r t y . There a r e numerous F e d e r a l p a r k i n g l o t s and garages i n the v i c i n i t y of the Mall. These f a c i l i t i e s , as w e l l as a d j a c e n t p r i v a t e f a c i l i t i e s , a r e v e r y h e a v i l y used d u r i n g normal b u s i n e s s hours. The Government f a c i l i t i e s a r e e s s e n t i a l l y empty d u r i n g non-business hours. The p a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s under c o n t r o l of the General S e r v i c e s Administration approximately h e l d by GSA (GSA) and i n the v i c i n i t y of the M a l l i n c l u d e 4,900 spaces on s u r f a c e l o t s . (Garage facilities r e q u i r e s e c u r i t y a t a l l times and a r e t h e r e f o r e not c o n s i d e r e d as p o t e n t i a l spaces.) These s u r f a c e l o t spaces pro- v i d e an o p p o r t u n i t y t o g r e a t l y i n c r e a s e the supply of p a r k i n g a v a i l a b l e on weekends, h o l i d a y s , and summer e v e n i n g s — a l l of which a r e p e r i o d s of heavy v i s i t o r demand a t the M a l l . 316 �GSA has been c o n t a c t e d r e g a r d i n g t h e use o f t h e s e spaces d u r i n g t h e B i c e n t e n n i a l p e r i o d . Although a f o r m a l response has not been made, i t i s expected t h a t t h e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4,900 spaces w i l l be made a v a i l a b l e . The a v a i l a b i l i t y of a l l or p a r t of t h e s e before and a f t e r the B i c e n t e n n i a l should be c o n s i d e r e d . t h e g o a l o f r e d u c i n g automobile However, g i v e n e m i s s i o n s i n urban a r e a s , the spaces should not be c o n s i d e r e d a s a p r i m a r y supply but i n s t e a d s e r v e o n l y those who have not been d i v e r t e d to a f r i n g e l o t ( s ) o r encouraged t o use mass t r a n s i t facilities. An underground garage i s being p r o v i d e d a s p a r t o f the new N a t i o n a l A i r and Space Museum. The garage and i t s a c c e s s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e i n c l u d e d w i t h t h e impact statement f o r t h e Museum. About 4 00 o f t h e p a r k i n g spaces may be a v a i l a b l e t o v i s i t o r s t o t h e M a l l . A f e e i s to be charged f o r t h e spaces and t h e f e e i s t o be designed to d i s c o u r a g e a l l - d a y p a r k e r s — s u c h a s workers i n nearby offices. The E a s t B u i l d i n g o f t h e N a t i o n a l G a l l e r y o f A r t , now under c o n s t r u c t i o n , w i l l c o n t a i n an underground p a r k ing garage f o r 4 0 employee p a r k i n g spaces. Handicapped P a r k i n g . Persons w i t h handicaps which 317 directly �reduce t h e i r p o t e n t i a l t o use o t h e r t r a v e l modes o r walk longer d i s t a n c e s must be provided w i t h easy a c c e s s t o t h e M a l l o r they cannot enjoy t h e many a t t r a c t i o n s . Some o f t h e a c c e s s i b i l i t y t o the a t t r a c t i o n s can be gained by p r o v i d i n g d r o p - o f f a r e a s where the handicapped passenger can be t a k e n near a s u i t a b l e entrance and l e f t , e i t h e r attended or unattended, w h i l e t h e d r i v e r p a r k i n g a s any v i s i t o r would. finds T h i s c o n d i t i o n i s , and has been, s e r v e d by p r o v i d i n g f o r passenger l o a d i n g and unloading near the e n t r a n c e s t o major b u i l d i n g s . I n other c a s e s , t h e handicapped person d r i v e s alone or may not r e a s o n a b l y be l e f t alone f o r a s i g n i f i c a n t p e r i o d . c a s e s , p a r k i n g must be p r o v i d e d a t convenient i s t o be p r o v i d e d . I n these l o c a t i o n s i f access With Madison and J e f f e r s o n D r i v e s remaining open and w i t h t h e opening o f t h e garage a t t h e new N a t i o n a l A i r and Space Museum, i t i s f e a s i b l e t o meet t h e s e needs. Spaces should be p r o v i d e d , ^ and t h e i r usage c o n t r o l l e d , t o permit ing f o r handicapped park- persons. P u b l i c P a r k i n g Spaces. A v a r i e t y of a c t i o n s w i l l take place d u r i n g t h e n e x t few y e a r s t o change t h e number o f p a r k i n g spaces a v a i l a b l e t o t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c on and i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e Mall. These a c t i o n s and t h e i r i n d i v i d u a l and n e t c o n t r i b u t i o n to t h e t o t a l a v a i l a b l e spaces a r e summarized i n T a b l e 23. The i n f o r m a t i o n i s i n c l u d e d by time p e r i o d w i t h t h e p e r i o d s being d u r i n g c a l e n d a r 1975, c a l e n d a r 1976, and c a l e n d a r 1977 and 1985. 1. The N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k s i s c u r r e n t l y implementing r e s e r v e d p a r k i n g f o r t h e handicapped. 318 �TABLE 2 3 SUMMARY OF ADOPTED CHANGES TO THE PUBLIC PARKING SUPPLY ON AND NEAR THE EAST MALL Action 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 1975 1976 Dept. of Agriculture Metro replacement parking 0 +76 +76 A i r & Space contractor parking 0 +12 +12 National A i r G a l l e r y employee parking 0 0 +47 -29 -29 +58 +170 +170 +170 Third S t r e e t metered parking +85 +85 +85 Fourth Street metered parking +70 +70 +70 Seventh & Ninth Streets metered parking +20 +20 +20 National G a l l e r y of A r t construction parking Independence Avenue metered parking 1977-1985 Weekend and Holiday parking a t government f a c i l i t i e s 0 +4894 National V i s i t o r Center - +1200 4000 11. National A i r and Space Museum parking 0 +400 [+100] * +400 [+100]* 12. National G a l l e r y of A r t parking garage 0 0 40 10. Net Change +316 + 6898 (week- + 5338 end) + 2004 (weekday) •Available only f o r employees not included i n t o t a l . 319 0 �4.3 Vegetation 4.3.1 Unavoidable E f f e c t s Areas w i t h i n t h e M a l l t r e e p a n e l s a r e planned f o r use a s outdoor e x h i b i t i o n a r e a s f o r t h e a d j a c e n t museums and g a l l e r i e s . Although use w i t h i n t h e s e a c t i v i t y zones would be o f a p a s s i v e n a t u r e , t r e e s c o u l d be permanently damaged i f use i n these a r e a s i s not c a r e f u l l y c o n t r o l l e d . press P r e s s u r e from f e e t and wheels com- t h e e a r t h , r e s t r i c t i n g t h e f l o w o f oxygen and moisture to t h e t r e e r o o t 4.3.2 systems. M i t i g a t i o n Measures Measures t o m i t i g a t e p o s s i b l e adverse e f f e c t s on t h e elm t r e e s begin a t t h e program p l a n n i n g s t a g e s . criteria will The p l a n n i n g address: - t h e s e l e c t i o n of a c t i v i t i e s a p p r o p r i a t e w i t h i n t h e environment o f t h e zone, - the s e l e c t i o n of a s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n appropriate f o r each o f t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s , - t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e ground where each a c t i v i t y would t a k e p l a c e . A f t e r s i t e s e l e c t i o n , t h e s o i l w i l l be worked w i t h a s p i k e d r o l l e r t o promote a e r a t i o n o f t h e s o i l . Fertilizers may be i n t r o d u c e d a t t h i s p o i n t a c c o r d i n g t o t h e need o f the s o i l , which w i l l be determined by t e s t i n g . The n e x t stage w i l l i n v o l v e a c h o i c e o f temporary s u r f a c e s t o be s e l e c t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r o j e c t e d d u r a t i o n o f t h e program and t h e estimated i n t e n s i t y of foot t r a f f i c . 320 The s u r f a c e f o r s h o r t - t e r m , �relatively inches could (and non-intensive t h i c k over be u s e d by a one-inch itself, more p r o t e c t i v e ) cover the tree be would be used as not sever an activity an mantled It the A surface other could the a t the i s , however, For precast concrete sieved to i n t o the piers driven system e a r t h . The end of one concrete year to used area of itself, the which be duration. earth so heavy use laid of on installation ground beneath i t to s l a b s y s t e m w o u l d be anticipated that this to longer i n t o the extremely assure rigid a wood p l a t f o r m diameter, with i n t o the more through as slabs w i l l 1 - 1 / 2 " - 2" be surface area w i t h i n area such 2-3 This activity activity larger roots. air ventilation oxygen Wood c h i p s i n t e n s i v e l y , and m o u n t e d on the area, rock moss. i n combination with approach. w o u l d be crushed peat f o r t h e more i n t e n s i v e a c t i v i t i e s Platforms to wood c h i p s s p r e a d zone between the u s e d most would be l a y e r of p l a n t a t i o n s surrounding pedestrians of or will surfaces. transitional w h i c h would uses p r o t e c t i o n of s y s t e m w o u l d be feed dis- the roots. used infrequently. 4.4 Construction 4.4.1 Unavoidable Certain in the impacts Impacts impacts during immediate v i c i n i t y of have been d i s c u s s e d environmental elements and Adverse visual such Effects the three-month c o n s t r u c t i o n the Mall are i n Chapter as traffic; quality. 321 unavoidable. I I and relate phase These to a i r q u a l i t y and various noise; �4.4.2 M i t i g a t i o n Measures The c o n s t r u c t i o n t r a f f i c generated by t h e proposed p r o j e c t i s not expected t o have a s i g n i f i c a n t impact on t h e l e v e l of s e r v i c e on any o f t h e s t r e e t s o r highways i n the a r e a . of h e a v i e s t t r u c k t r a f f i c i s expected t o be approximately days and would then drop s u b s t a n t i a l l y . the major a r t e r i a l s . w i l l be provided The d u r a t i o n 30 T r u c k s would u t i l i z e Temporary c o n s t r u c t i o n employee p a r k i n g o f f - s t r e e t and would not u t i l i z e any p u b l i c spaces. C o n s t r u c t i o n a c t i v i t y w i l l be l i m i t e d t o t h e p e r i o d between 7:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. Minimal c o n f l i c t w i t h t h e morn- ing i n t h e M a l l a r e a i s expected. o r evening peak hour t r a f f i c The v i s u a l q u a l i t y o f t h e a r e a w i l l be t e m p o r a r i l y a f f e c t e d by t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n a c t i v i t y . The F e d e r a l c o n t r a c t w i l l r e q u i r e compliance w i t h a l l a p p l i c a b l e l o c a l and F e d e r a l r e g u l a t i o n s f o r the abatement o f dust and t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f the s i t e a g a i n s t e r o s i o n . Standard c o n s t r u c t i o n procedures w i l l be used t o l i m i t t h e emission of dust p a r t i c l e s . C o n s t r u c t i o n n o i s e w i l l be m i n i - mized by m a i n t a i n i n g proper m u f f l i n g d e v i c e s on t r u c k s and pavement b r e a k e r s . A l l construction debris (such a s wood, con- c r e t e , m e t a l fragments, e t c . ) a s w e l l a s s p o i l m a t e r i a l w i l l be c o l l e c t e d , s t o r e d and removed a s o f t e n as d a i l y t o i n s u r e c a r e f u l protection of the p r o j e c t s i t e . S e v e r a l measures w i l l be taken d u r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n t o minimize or e l i m i n a t e damage t o t h e t r e e s , i n c l u d i n g : 322 �- p r o t e c t i o n of t r e e t r u n k s i n a r e a s of c o n s t r u c t i o n u s i n g plank "armor" or f e n c i n g , - s t o c k p i l i n g of e a r t h and c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l s on g r a s s e d a r e a s o n l y , - keeping c o n s t r u c t i o n roadways and p a r k i n g i n the grassed areas only, - t r e n c h i n g of u t i l i t i e s o u t s i d e the d r i p - l i n e (feeder root zone), - the use of h a n d - r o l l e r s i n s t e a d of heavy, motord r i v e n r o l l e r s f o r compacting the crushed stone w a l l s w i t h i n the d r i p l i n e of the t r e e s , - the use of accepted h o r t i c u l t u r a l p r a c t i c e s i n t r e a t i n g any r o o t or bark wounds, should they occur. The o v e r a l l concept i s to a v o i d i n j u r y t o the t r e e s by a v o i d i n g compaction of the s o i l around the t r e e s which d e t r i m e n t a l l y a f f e c t s t r e e h e a l t h by i n t e r f e r i n g w i t h s o i l a e r a t i o n and m o i s t u r e 4.5 infiltration. Unavoidable Adverse E f f e c t s Which Cannot be C e r t a i n u n a v o i d a b l e adverse Mitigated e f f e c t s of the proposed a c t i o n cannot be t o t a l l y o f f s e t , even w i t h m i t i g a t i o n measures. e f f e c t s are concentrated along the planned s h u t t l e route and to l a n d u s e , v i s u a l q u a l i t y , a i r q u a l i t y , and n o i s e . a b l e adverse These The relate unavoid- a s p e c t s of these impacts are minimal and have been documented w i t h i n the a p p r o p r i a t e s e c t i o n s of Chapter 2. The proposed p r o j e c t w i l l have a minor impact on the q u a l i t y of E a s t C a p i t o l and Southeast neighborhoods due to a d d i t i o n a l bus t r a f f i c on E a s t C a p i t o l S t r e e t and i n c r e a s e i n t r a f f i c i s unavoidable. 323 Independence Avenue. However, a d d i t i o n a l bus The �t r a f f i c on E a s t C a p i t o l and bus and automobile t r a f f i c on Independence w i l l o c c u r p r i m a r i l y d u r i n g daytime hours and w i l l a v o i d c o n f l i c t w i t h r u s h hour t r a f f i c . The i n c r e a s e i n bus usage along the r o u t e w i l l a l s o a f f e c t the o v e r a l l q u a l i t y of the v i s u a l and h i s t o r i c environment t o a minimal and unmeasurable degree. The p o t e n t i a l i n c r e a s e i n t r a f f i c i s small i n r e l a - t i o n t o the e x i s t i n g t r a f f i c and r e l a t e d a i r , and n o i s e c o n d i t i o n s along t h e r o u t e . Ambient sound l e v e l s i n the c o r r i d o r a r e a l r e a d y h i g h as d i s c u s s e d i n Chapter I I . Bus s e r v i c e i s not e s t i m a t e d t o i n c r e a s e s i g n i f i c a n t l y t h e ambient sound l e v e l s . 324 �S o © Relationships Between Short-Term Uses and Long-Term Productivity ��T7 . R E L A T I O N S H I P S BETWEEN SHORT-TERM U S E S OF AND THE To MAINTENANCE AND carry expenditure immediate be out the Mall of about for other park and additional turf The and cover and elm i n c r e a s e of aesthetic trees quality cause to I t will visit ruption not, the Mall. exchange as an f o r the of the M a l l d r i v e s inconveniences environment capable of v i s i t o r s during years. Mall The the n a t i o n ' s most s i g n i f i c a n t to those the proposed action will m e n t a l damage and d r i v e r s who the opportunity be on 327 the numbers in future comprise the a long-term p r o t e c t i t f r o m much o f t h e by dis- enhanced increasing a d j a c e n t open s p a c e s caused park construction period. the Mall w i l l and areas now some s h o r t - t e r m of accommodating degradation vegeta- as parking anyone of t h e be urban park annual immediate the t h e B i c e n t e n n i a l C e l e b r a t i o n and and maintenance Mall. o f p e d e s t r i a n movement d u r i n g In partially i n both the also will to $10,000. enhancing however, d e p r i v e There maintenance to produce a net and of inconveniences there. on otherwise horticulture to r e s u l t restoring the use certain which would approximately Discontinuing will r e q u i r e s an Savings costs for sanitation, b e n e f i t s by plan r e q u i r e s the management a r e e x p e c t e d p r o p o s e d work i s e x p e c t e d long-term tive funds ENVIRONMENT LONG-TERM P R O D U C T I V I T Y project projects. d i s e a s e c o n t r o l f o r the maintenance cost The commitment o f o f o l d f a c i l i t i e s and offset rehabilitation $4,000,000. short-term available ENHANCEMENT OF THE direct basis environ- presence of �the automobile as d e s c r i b e d i n Chapter 2. The f r i n g e p a r k i n g l o t and s h u t t l e bus system a r e t o be operated on a s h o r t - t e r m demonstration b a s i s , and w i l l c o n t i n u e on a long-term b a s i s . not The use of the p a r k i n g l o t merely i n t e n s i f i e s an e x i s t i n g use and i n c r e a s e s the e f f i c i e n c y of the f a c i l i t y . 328 �© Irreversible & Irretrievable Commitments of Resources ��VI. I R R E V E R S I B L E AND The proposed of resources of new d e s i g n operation IRRETRIEVABLE a c t i o n would COMMITMENTS OF involve f o rthe reconstruction elements and v i s i t o r of the fringe parking RESOURCES t h e commitment of the Mall o f a number roads, the addition s e r v i c e s to the Mall, l o t and s h u t t l e b u s e s . and t h e These resources are: . land . capital . labor . fossil fuels . construction With materials the exception trievable resources of the land, i n t h e sense a l l of these t h a t , once c a n n o t be r e p l i c a t e d i n e x a c t l y t h e i r discussion action the with construction panels original or depletion of street of these limestone, benches and other dressed Mall also represent These and s t e e l involve include for the The b u s e s f o r t h e s h u t t l e an a d d i t i o n a l r e s o u r c e 331 This resources. furniture will limestone, fixtures. form. they trimming of t h e of irreplaceable resources. crushed depleted, e f f e c t s of t h e proposed o f t h e walkways, and a d d i t i o n commitment route the general on t h e c o n s u m p t i o n The grass deals are irre- commitment. / �The proposed p r o v i s i o n of f r i n g e p a r k i n g and o p e r a t i o n s h u t t l e buses i s expected t o r e s u l t i n a s m a l l decrease (approxi- mately one percent) Mall. a c t i o n i s not expected to have any s i g n i f i c a n t The i n v e h i c l e m i l e s t r a v e l e d to and on f u e l consumption i n 1975 but w i l l i n 1976 of from the impact r e s u l t i n a saving of a p p r o x i m a t e l y s i x p e r c e n t of the t o t a l f u e l which would be used i n d r i v i n g t o and Construction from the M a l l w i t h o u t the shuttle. a c t i o n s w i l l r e q u i r e a work f o r c e of 60 f o r a p e r i o d of a p p r o x i m a t e l y 90 days. During t h a t the t r a n s p o r t a t i o n of m a t e r i a l s and the o p e r a t i o n equipment would i n v o l v e consumption of f u e l and of a d d i t i o n a l l a b o r . The l a b o r , c a p i t a l and p r o j e c t ' s construction represent term commitment of r e s o u r c e s The of period, construction employment c o s t s of an i r r e v e r s i b l e the short- which a r e not f i n i t e sense t h a t f u e l and m a t e r i a l r e s o u r c e s 50- i n the are. proposed a c t i o n i n v o l v e s a change i n the use of M a l l l a n d which i s p r e s e n t l y used f o r s t r e e t s . of the s t r e e t s w i t h p e d e s t r i a n w a l k s i s not an The the replacement irreversible change s i n c e the roadways could a t any time be r e i n s t a t e d . use of the Robert F. Kennedy Stadium p a r k i n g l o t represents l y an i n t e n s i f i c a t i o n and more e f f i c i e n t use of land o c c u p i e d by a p a r k i n g l o t . 332 already The mere- �7M Consultation And Coordination With Others ��VII. 7.1 CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION WITH OTHERS F o l l o w i n g i s a t a b u l a t i o n o f t h e f e d e r a l and l o c a l a g e n c i e s and o r g a n i z a t i o n s t h a t were i n v o l v e d i n t h e development of t h e M a l l r e h a b i l i t a t i o n p l a n and i n the p r e p a r a t i o n of t h i s r e p o r t . FEDERAL AGENCIES - Department o f Commerce, N a t i o n a l Oceanic and A t mospheric A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , N a t i o n a l C l i m a t i c Center - Department o f t h e I n t e r i o r . Geologic Survey . U.S. Park P o l i c e - Environmental P r o t e c t i o n Agency - N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission - Smithsonian . . . . . . Institution D i v i s i o n of Birds Security Exhibits Statisitics Plant Services Support A c t i v i t e s - A d v i s o r y C o u n c i l on H i s t o r i c P r e s e r v a t i o n - National G a l l e r y of A r t - Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n . O f f i c e of the Secretary DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: - Department o f E n v i r o n m e n t a l . . . . . Services A i r and Water Q u a l i t y C o n t r o l D i v i s i o n Environmental Planning I n d u s t r i a l Hygiene and Noise C o n t r o l S o l i d Waste Management Water Resources Management ^35 �- Department of Highways and T r a f f i c - F i r e Department - M e t r o p o l i t a n P o l i c e Department - Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Area T r a n s i t Authority - J o i n t Committee on Landmarks of the N a t i o n a l Capital - D.C. O f f i c e o f P l a n n i n g and Management - COG - Transportation OTHER: - Landmark S e r v i c e s , I n c . - Government S e r v i c e s , I n c . - Audubon N a t u r a l i s t S o c i e t y of the C e n t r a l A t l a n t i c States, Inc. - Skidmore, Owings and M e r r i l l - Capitol H i l l Restoration Society - C a p i t o l H i l l Southeast C i t i z e n s A s s o c i a t i o n 336 �Numerous m e e t i n g s w e r e h e l d by w h i c h was of organized Smithsonian Capital i n June, Commission; of Columbia Department of Center ministration); Merrill—the sultant task on with The to ban 6, the law on agencies May 30, central Nation's C o m m i s s i o n was District Bicentennial Bicentennial Skidmore, Owings and engineering the i n c l u d e d on the task was the 1974 Adand con- full repreforce approved the i n 1966 and prominently Capital the composed o f site acts the 337 created Federal a clearing s t a g e s of f o l l o w i n g ex plans B). p r o j e c t s w i t h i n the planning on various development f o r the as again plan publicized in C o m m i s s i o n was agency and with final (See Appendix Planning During Commission numerous p r e s e n t a t i o n s of planning proceed area. National discussions with drives first approved National Capital metropolitan individual Planning after Commission as they S e r v i c e ; and This approval p r o j e c t on Force, S t a t e s of A g r i c u l t u r e . the Mall 1973. ment i n t h e the United as the Traffic; Revolution various agencies Task Fine Arts; I n a d d i t i o n to meetings of National Capital the The the Park project. n e w s p a p e r s and plans, for the Commission of American Planning G a l l e r y of A r t ; Service's architectural the parking December local of Mall included representatives H i g h w a y s and f o r c e , t h e r e have been sentatives and (now National Park the and Institution; National Planning Coordination 1973, the by Govern- house for Washington the p r o j e c t , officio members �The D i r e c t o r of t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e ; C h i e f of E n g i n e e r s of t h e Army; Commissioner of P u b l i c B u i l d i n g s S e r v i c e , General S e r v i c e s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ; Deputy A d m i n i s t r a t o r of the F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n ; Mayor-Commissioner of D. C ; Chairmen of t h e Senate and House Committees on the D i s t r i c t of Columbia; and f i v e p u b l i c members appointed by the P r e s i d e n t of t h e United States. One of t h e most v i t a l f u n c t i o n s of t h e Commission i s i t s s o l i c i t a t i o n of t h e v i e w s of i n t e r e s t e d c i t i z e n s and o r g a n i z a t i o n s on a l l m a t t e r s coming before i t . The Commission a f f o r d s i n t e r e s t e d and a f f e c t e d groups and i n d i v i d u a l s an o p p o r t u n i t y t o p r e s e n t t h e i r v i e w s on any m a t t e r s on t h e Commission agenda a t meetings of t h e v a r i o u s committees where each matter sidered. i s con- A summary o f agenda items t o be c o n s i d e r e d by t h e f u l l Commission, Commission committee s c h e d u l e s , and the procedure f o r making a statement t o one of the committees or o t h e r w i s e communicating v i e w s , a r e c o n t a i n e d i n a monthly m a i l i n g a p p r o x i m a t e l y t e n days p r i o r t o each scheduled Commission meeting. T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n i s forwarded t o a l l o r g a n i z a t i o n s or i n d i v i d u a l s who have e x p r e s s e d a d e s i r e t o be p l a c e d on the agenda mailing l i s t . T h i s p r o j e c t was p r e s e n t e d t o t h e P l a n n i n g Com- m i s s i o n , and i t s f i n d i n g s a r e s e t out i n Appendix B. At t h e time t h e Commission was c o n s i d e r i n g t h i s p r o p o s a l , m a i l i n g s of t h e agenda were sent t o a p p r o x i m a t e l y g a n i z a t i o n s who were on the m a i l i n g 338 600 i n d i v i d u a l s and o r list. �In notified a letter the National development p l a n , of trees states: "We h e a r t i l y May 2, 1 9 7 4 , t h e C o m m i s s i o n Park Service of i t s approval the exception eliminated of proposed a d d i t i o n a l rows The l e t t e r approve of t h e remainder of t h e p l a n , Advisory Council on H i s t o r i c f o r the Mall. P r e s e r v a t i o n arranged Preservation Officer Among t h o s e present forthe District Smithsonian G a l l e r y of Art; Historic Preservation; National ciation; Don't T e a r I t Down Landmark S e r v i c e s , I n c . ; Government Recreation (a c i t i z e n s group); meeting Asso- citizens; As a r e s u l t o f a n d s u b s e q u e n t d i s c u s s i o n s , a Memorandum o f A g r e e - ment on t h e p r o j e c t w a s e x e c u t e d on May 2 9 , 1 9 7 4 , b e t w e e n t h e C o u n c i l , t h e D. C. S t a t e H i s t o r i c the National Park Service. development p l a n s Preservation Officer, (SeeAppendix D ) . f o r the Mall the Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n continuing Trust Services, Inc.; the National this with National other S e r v i c e ; and Skidmore, Owings and M e r r i l l . The Commission; and Parks Park and the State o f Columbia; C a p i t a l Planning National at this Council; Commission o f F i n e A r t s ; N a t i o n a l Institution; a 16, 1973, t o d i s c u s s t h e meeting were r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e A d v i s o r y Advisory flanking (SeeAppendix C ) . development p l a n for Arts of the Mall from t h e p l a n ) . m e e t i n g w h i c h w a s h e l d o n November Historic of Fine t h e removal o f t h e c a r s from t h e s i d e roads Mall." The with (subsequently especially the dated Area T r a n s i t b a s i s through the e f f o r t s 339 have been coordinated Authority on a o f a member o f t h e s t a f f o f �N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k s a s s i g n e d as c o o r d i n a t o r f o r a l l Metro p r o j e c t s on p a r k l a n d . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e f o r e g o i n g , t h e s p e c i f i c proposal f o r conducting a demonstration program u s i n g t h e Robert F. Kennedy Stadium p a r k i n g l o t f o r t h e p a r k i n g of v i s i t o r s ' automobiles and p r o v i d i n g a s h u t t l e s e r v i c e t o t h e M a l l a r e a s has been coordinated w i t h the f o l l o w i n g : - The U n i t e d S t a t e s Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , i n c l u d i n g the Urban Mass T r a n s i t A d m i n i s t r a t i o n . - The M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington C o u n c i l of Governments. - The D. C. Armory Board, which a d m i n i s t e r s t h e stadium parking l o t . - The D. C. Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c , which has been c o n f e r r e d w i t h on t h e p r e s e n t proposed route for the s h u t t l e s e r v i c e . - The Highway Departments of Maryland and V i r g i n i a , w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o p l a c i n g i n f o r m a t i o n a l s i g n s on t h e approaches t o Washington. - The A d v i s o r y C o u n c i l on H i s t o r i c P r e s e r v a t i o n . - The D. C. S t a t e H i s t o r i c P r e s e r v a t i o n O f f i c e r . - R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of the I n t e r i o r Department and N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k s have met w i t h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n and t h e F e d e r a l Communic a t i o n s Commission t o d i s c u s s c o o r d i n a t i o n of r a d i o announcements and i n f o r m a t i o n a l s i g n i n g along t h e approach r o u t e s t o t h e c i t y . 340 �7.2 COMMENTS ON THE DRAFT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT HAVE BEEN REQUESTED FROM: Federal Organizations A d v i s o r y C o u n c i l on H i s t o r i c Preservation A r c h i t e c t of the C a p i t o l U. S. Department of A g r i c u l t u r e U. S. Department of Commerce E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n Agency General S e r v i c e s Administration Department o f H e a l t h , E d u c a t i o n and W e l f a r e Department o f Housing and Urban Development National C a p i t a l Planning Commission N a t i o n a l S c i e n c e Foundation Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n U. S. Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ( T . E . S . - 72) U. S. Department o f Defense U. S. Army Corps of E n g i n e e r s U. S. Department of t h e Treasury Bureau o f Outdoor R e c r e a t i o n U n i t e d S t a t e s G e o l o g i c a l Survey F i s h and W i l d l i f e S e r v i c e S t a t e , R e g i o n a l and L o c a l O r g a n i z a t i o n s V i r g i n i a Department o f Highways D. C. Redevelopment Land Agency Maryland Department o f Transportation D. C. Department o f E n v i r o n mental S e r v i c e s Mayor, Washington, D. C. D i r e c t o r , D. C. O f f i c e o f G e n e r a l S e r v i c e s , N. W. City Administrator D. C. C i t y C o u n c i l Chairman D. C. S t a t e ^ H i s t o r i c P r e s e r vation Officer D i r e c t o r , D. C. O f f i c e o f Municipal Planning D. C. M e t r o p o l i t a n P o l i c e Department D. C. Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c D. C. O f f i c e of P l a n n i n g and Management D. C. B i c e n t e n n i a l Commission M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington C o u n c i l of Governments 341 �COG T r a n s p o r t a t i o n P l a n n i n g Board I s a a c Walton League o f America Mayor's Economic Development Committee Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Area Transit Authority P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue Development Corporation D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Chamber of Commerce C a p i t o l H i l l Southeast Association M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington Board o f Trade Citizens Downtown P r o g r e s s F e d e r a t i o n of C i t i z e n ' s Associations E n v i r o n m e n t a l Defense Fund League o f Women V o t e r s of D. C. M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington P l a n n i n g and Housing A s s o c i a t i o n Sierra Club Southeast C i v i c A s s o c i a t i o n Committee o f 100 on t h e F e d e r a l City Capitol H i l l Restoration Society Emergency Committee on t h e Transportation C r i s i s S t a t e A-95 C l e a r i n g h o u s e s D. C , Maryland, V i r g i n i a Washington Ecology D. C. L i b r a r i e s C l e v e l a n d Park Branch M a r t i n L u t h e r King Branch Southeast Branch Center Citizens forCity Living,Inc. Don't Tear I t Down, I n c . United Planning Organization M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington C o a l i t i o n f o r Clean A i r , I n c . 342 �7.3 BIBLIOGRAPHY PLANNING, DEMOGRAPHY, TRANSPORTATION Impact AND URBAN SYSTEMS Assessment A c t i o n P l a n f o r t h e B i c e n t e n n i a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Program f o r N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l A r e a , M a r c h , 1 9 7 5 ; U. S. D e p a r t m e n t o f Transportation. An I m p a c t S t u d y o f t h e N a t i o n a l A i r a n d S p a c e Museum on C o n g e s t i o n , A u g u s t , 1972; B a r t o n - A s c h m a n A s s o c i a t e s . A R e p o r t on V i s i t o r T r a n s p o r t a t i o n D u r i n g W a s h i n g t o n ' s t e n n i a l C e l e b r a t i o n - 1 9 7 6 , J u l y , 1970; U r b a n D e s i g n Development C o r p o r a t i o n . B i c e n t e n n i a l T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Study f o r the N a t i o n a l December, 1973; W i l b u r S m i t h & A s s o c i a t e s . the Traffic Bicenand Capital Area, Comprehensive P l a n f o r the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l , (as adopted or amended t h r o u g h J a n u a r y 2 1 , 1 9 7 4 ) ; N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission. D r a f t E n v i r o n m e n t a l A n a l y s i s on t h e P r o p o s e d N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r C e n t e r C o m p l e x , November, 1 9 7 3 ; N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k s . * L a n d m a r k s o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l , " D e s i g n a t e d by t h e J o i n t C o m m i t t e e on L a n d m a r k s o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l a s o f A u g u s t 1975. Map of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia, prepared S u r v e y o r , D. C , 1968. i n the O f f i c e of 28, the Monumental W a s h i n g t o n : The P l a n n i n g D e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e C a p i t a l C e n t e r , J o h n W. R e p s ; P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s ; 1 9 6 7 . National Parks of I n t e r i o r , and L a n d m a r k s , N a t i o n a l 1972. S e l e c t e d C e n s u s T r a c t and U. S. C e n s u s D a t a . Block Park Information S e r v i c e , Department f r o m 1960, 1970 S e w e r a g e S y s t e m Map, D. C. D e p a r t m e n t o f E n v i r o n m e n t a l Services E n g i n e e r i n g and C o n s t r u c t i o n A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , J u l y , 1973. Smithsonian Visitor, December, 1970; Smithsonian Institution. The C o l o n i a l C o r r i d o r - T r a v e l I m p l i c a t i o n s f o r t h e B i c e n t e n n i a l E r a , O c t o b e r , 1974; The W a s h i n g t o n C e n t e r f o r M e t r o p o l i t a n Studies. 343 �The People of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia - A Demographic, S o c i a l Economic, and P h y s i c a l P r o f i l e of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia and i t s Nine S e r v i c e A r e a s , December, 1973; O f f i c e of P l a n n i n g and Management, Government of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. The Proposed Comprehensive P l a n f o r the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l , N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission. 1967; V i s i t o r s and t h e i r C o n t r i b u t i o n t o the Washington Economy, F e b r u a r y , 1975; Gladstone A s s o c i a t e s . Water D i s t r i b u t i o n System Map, D. C. Department of Environmental S e r v i c e s , E n g i n e e r i n g and C o n s t r u c t i o n A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , F e b r u a r y , 1972. CLIMATE A r c h i t e c t u r a l G r a p h i c S t a n d a r d s , 1973; American I n s t i t u t e Architects. of Climatography of the U n i t e d S t a t e s No. 82-50 - D e c e n n i a l Census of the U n i t e d S t a t e s C l i m a t e - Summary of Hourly O b s e r v a t i o n s , Washington, D. C. N a t i o n a l A i r p o r t 1951-1960, R e p r i n t e d F e b r u a r y , 1974; U. S. Department of Commerce, Weather Bureau. Design w i t h C l i m a t e - B i o c l i m a t i c Approach t o A r c h i t e c t u r a l R e g i o n a l i s m , 1963; V i c t o r Olgyay, P r i n c e t o n U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s . L o c a l C l i m a t o l o g i c a l Data - Annual Summary w i t h Comparative Data, Washington, D. C. N a t i o n a l A i r p o r t , 1973; U. S. Department of Commerce, N a t i o n a l Oceanic and Atmospheric A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , E n v i r o n m e n t a l Data S e r v i c e . AIR QUALITY A d d i t i o n s and R e v i s i o n s t o the Implementation P l a n f o r the Cont r o l of Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides, Hydrocarbons, and Photochemical O x i d a n t s f o r the D i s t r i c t of Columbia p o r t i o n of the N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l I n t e r s t a t e A i r Q u a l i t y C o n t r o l Region, A p r i l , 1973; Government of the D i s t r i c t of Columbia. A i r and Water P o l l u t i o n Report, B u s i n e s s P u b l i s h e r , I n c . , March 10, 1975. 344 �"A C r i t i c a l R e v i e w o f R e g u l a t i o n s f o r t h e C o n t r o l o f P a r t i c u l a t e E m i s s i o n s , Hemeon", May, 1 9 7 3 ; J o u r n a l o f t h e A i r P o l l u t i o n Control Association. A n n u a l R e p o r t on t h e Q u a l i t y o f t h e A i r i n W a s h i n g t o n , D. C , 1974; D e p a r t m e n t o f E n v i r o n m e n t a l S e r v i c e s , G o v e r n m e n t o f t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia. " C o m p i l a t i o n o f A i r P o l l u t a n t E m i s s i o n F a c t o r s " , AP 4 2 , A p r i l , 1 9 7 3 ; U. S. E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n A g e n c y . " I n t e r i m G u i d e l i n e s f o r t h e Review of t h e Impact of I n d i r e c t S o u r c e s on t h e A m b i e n t A i r Q u a l i t y " , J u l y , 1 9 7 4 ; U. S. E n v i r o n mental P r o t e c t i o n Agency. " M a i n t e n a n c e o f N a t i o n a l Ambient A i r Q u a l i t y S t a n d a r d s - Complex Source R e g u l a t i o n " , J u n e , 1973; E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n Agency. NOISE "Highway N o i s e , A D e s i g n G u i d e f o r H i g h w a y E n g i n e e r s " , N a t i o n a l C o o p e r a t i v e Highway R e s e a r c h Program R e p o r t 117, 1 9 7 1 ; Highway Research Board. " I n f o r m a t i o n on L e v e l s o f E n v i r o n m e n t a l N o i s e R e q u i s i t e t o P r o t e c t P u b l i c H e a l t h and W e l f a r e w i t h a n Adequate Margin o f S a f e t y " , M a r c h , 1 9 7 4 ; U. S. E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n A g e n c y , 550/9-74-004. " P o r t a b l e A i r Compressor N o i s e C o n t r o l T e c h n o l o g y and C o s t I n f o r m a t i o n " , S e p t e m b e r , 1 9 7 4 ; U. S. E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n Agency, 55C/9-74-014. Proceedings of t h e I n s t i t u t e of Noise September, 1974; D r i s c o l l . Control Engineering, T r a n s p o r t a t i o n Equipment Noise E m i s s i o n C o n t r o l s - Proposed S t a n d a r d s f o r Medium a n d H e a v y - D u t y T r u c k s , O c t o b e r , 1 9 7 4 ; E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n Agency i n F e d e r a l R e g i s t e r , October 30, 1 9 7 4 . U. S. D e p a r t m e n t o f H o u s i n g 1390.2, Chg. 1 . and Urban Development 345 Circular �SOILS, GEOLOGY, HYDROLOGY, GROUND WATER C o n f i g u r a t i o n of t h e Bedrock S u r f a c e o f t h e D i s t r i c t of Columbia and V i c i n i t y ; 1950; U. S. Geologic Survey P r o f e s s i o n a l Paper 217. Geology and Ground Water Resources of Washington, D. C., and V i c i n i t y , 1964; P a u l M. J o h n s t o n , U. S. Geologic Survey Water Supply Paper 1776. Geology - I t s Role i n t h e Development and P l a n n i n g o f M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington, 1967; C. F. W i t h i n g t o n , J o u r n a l o f t h e Washington Academy o f S c i e n c e , October, 1967. N a t u r a l F e a t u r e s o f t h e Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a , 1968; M e t r o p o l i t a n Washington C o u n c i l o f Governments. Sedimentary Formations o f Washington, D. C. and V i c i n i t y , 1947; N. H. Darton, U. S. Geologic Survey Map. S e l e c t e d Geologic L o c a l i t i e s i n t h e Washington A r e a , 1964; H. W. C o u l t e r and G. V. C a r r o l l , J o u r n a l o f t h e Washington Academy o f S c i e n c e , May, 1964. TRAFFIC AND PARKING 1968 F u n c t i o n a l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f E x i s t i n g S t r e e t s and Highways, Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c , D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. Washington M a l l P a r k i n g F a c i l i t i e s F e a s i b i l i t y A n a l y s i s , J a n u a r y , 1 9 7 1 , Wilbur Smith & A s s o c i a t e s . D r a f t E n v i r o n m e n t a l Statement Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Area T r a n s i t A u t h o r i t y i n Cooperation w i t h t h e U.S. Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n , F e b r u a r y , 197 3, W a l l a c e McHarg Roberts and Todd. 19 73 T r a f f i c Volume Map, Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c , D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. Set o f P l a n s , Temporary Access Road, A n a c o s t i a P a r k , Washington, D.C, A p r i l 15, 1974, N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e , N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Parks. Set o f P l a n s , S t a t i o n D e s i g n s , M a l l Area S t a t i o n s and StadiumArmory S t a t i o n , Washington M e t r o p o l i t a n Area T r a n s i t Authority. 346 �P o l i c i e s P l a n f o r t h e Year 2000 , 1 9 6 1 , P l a n n i n g Commission and Regional Council. Highway C a p a c i t y Manual, 1965, Highway Research Board, S p e c i a l Report 87. 24-Hour T r a f f i c Comparison Report, Department of Highways and T r a f f i c , D i s t r i c t o f Columbia. OTHER SOURCES EDAW, I n c . EDAW, I n c . i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h JHK & A s s o c i a t e s EDAW, I n c . i n a s s o c i a t i o n w i t h Dames and Moore Corson-Gruman C o n s t r u c t i o n Company Potomac E l e c t r i c and Power Company 347 ��Appendices ��L I S T OF APPENDICES A Agreement Between N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e , N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k s , and t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Armory Board B The Report o f t h e P a r k , R e c r e a t i o n and Open Space and F e d e r a l P l a n n i n g and P r o j e c t s Committee — N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission; May 30, 1974 C The Commission of F i n e A r t s L e t t e r o f P l a n Approval May 2, 1974 D Memorandum o f Agreement Between t h e A d v i s o r y C o u n c i l on H i s t o r i c P r e s e r v a t i o n and t h e D i r e c t o r , N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l Parks E A i r Q u a l i t y Data C a l c u l a t i o n s F Determination G The Report o f t h e P a r k , R e c r e a t i o n and Open Space Committee N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission; September 15, 1966 — o f Sound L e v e l s ��APPENDIX A Agreement Between N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e , N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k s , and D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Armory Board ��AGREEMENT BY AND BETWEEN NATIONAL PARK S E R V I C E , NATIONAL CAPITAL PARKS AND D I S T R I C T OF COLUMBIA ARMORY BOARD , 0 T h i s AGREEMENT, e n t e r e d i n t o t h i s day o f / / V ? / » by and between N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e , N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l s / P a r k s ( h e r e i n a f t e r c a l l e d " S e r v i c e " and t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia Armory B o a r d ( h e r e i n a f t e r c a l l e d " B o a r d " ) . <—f-2 WITNESSETH: WHEREAS, t h e N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e h a s d e t e r m i n e d t h a t a n i n t e r p r e t i v e v i s i t o r s h u t t l e s e r v i c e between t h e R o b e r t F . Kennedy M e m o r i a l S t a d i u m and t h e M a l l i s d e s i r a b l e t o i n s u r e p r o p e r o p e r a t i o n and p r o t e c t i o n o f p a r k l a n d s i n t h e M a l l a r e a o f t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia; WHEREAS, a u t o m o b i l e p a r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s who w i l l u s e t h e s h u t t l e b u s s e r v i c e ; a r e needed f o r t h o s e WHEREAS, i n a c c o r d w i t h t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f 2 D.C. Code 1724 e t . s e q . , t h e Board i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e o p e r a t i o n o f t h e RFK S t a d i u m i n W a s h i n g t o n , D.C., and t h e S t a d i u m p a r k i n g l o t p u r s u a n t t o c o n t r a c t w i t h the Department o f I n t e r i o r ; and WHEREAS, t h e RFK S t a d i u m would be t h e i d e a l as a v i s i t o r parking f a c i l i t y . location for use NOW, THEREFORE, t h e p a r t i e s h e r e t o , f o r t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n h e r e i n a f t e r s p e c i f i e d , do a g r e e a s f o l l o w s : I. Use o f S t a d i u m P a r k i n g L o t and O t h e r Facilities 1. The B o a r d g i v e s p e r m i s s i o n t o t h e S e r v i c e t o u s e t h e f o l l o w i n g f a c i l i t i e s f o r t o u r i s t s r i d i n g t h e i n t e r p r e t i v e s h u t t l e b u s between t h e S t a d i u m and t h e M a l l : a. P a r k i n g L o t 8, s e c t i o n s a , c , d, e, and f . On days w i t h no s c h e d u l e d s t a d i u m e v e n t , a l l s e c t i o n s w i l l be u s e d . On days w i t h a s c h e d u l e d s t a d i u m e v e n t , s e c t i o n s c , e, and f w i l l be used. b. Ramp from L o t 8 t o G a t e A f o r a c c e s s t o c o m f o r t r e f r e s h m e n t s t a n d and bus l o a d i n g a r e a s . A-l stations, �2 c. d. Lobby of G a t e A f o r c o m f o r t s t a t i o n s , and r e f r e s h m e n t s t a n d , and f o r t w e l v e p i c n i c t a b l e s t o be p r o v i d e d by the S e r v i c e . The B o a r d w i l l o p e r a t e a r e f r e s h m e n t s t a n d w i l l r e c e i v e a l l revenues therefrom. A l o a d i n g and u n l o a d i n g a r e a f o r bus p a s s e n g e r s i n g l o t 5, e x c e p t d u r i n g s c h e d u l e d e v e n t s . i n park- 2. The above f a c i l i t i e s w i l l be a v a i l a b l e f o r u s e e v e r y i n c l u d i n g h o l i d a y s , d u r i n g t h e h o u r s i n d i c a t e d below: December 16, 1974 t o March 17, 1975 March 17, 1975 t o September 7, 1975 September 8, 1975 t o December 3 1 , 1975 3. The B o a r d w i l l l o t s and i n lobby. - 9:30 - 9:30 - 9:30 a.m. a.m. a.m. and day, - 5:30 - 9:30 - 5:30 p.m. p.m. p.m. provide f r e e of charge n e c e s s a r y l i g h t i n g on 4. I t i s u n d e r s t o o d t h a t t h e r e f r e s h m e n t s t a n d w i l l be o p e r a t e d by t h e Board b u t o n l y a t t i m e s t h e B o a r d d e t e r m i n e s t h e r e i s s u f f i c i e n t demand f o r s u c h s e r v i c e s . 5. The Board r e c o g n i z e s t h a t t h e S e r v i c e w i l l e r e c t s i g n s and p r o v i d e o t h e r v i s i t o r s e r v i c e s i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e u s e o f t h e abovereferenced stadium f a c i l i t i e s . 6. The Board u n d e r s t a n d s t h a t t h e S e r v i c e a g r e e s t o a s s i s t i n t h e n o r m a l m a i n t e n a n c e of P a r k i n g L o t 8 and t h e ramp t o G a t e A, a f t e r t h e y h a v e been r e p a i r e d by t h e B o a r d , b a s e d on an e q u i t a b l e p r o p o r t i o n o f u s e of t h e s e f a c i l i t i e s by p a t r o n s o f t h e s h u t t l e s e r v i c e ; s a i d a s s i s t a n c e , t o be d e t e r m i n e d by m u t u a l agreement a f t e r s u c h c o s t s a r e known, w i l l be s u b j e c t t o t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f a p p r o p r i a t e d funds programmed f o r t h a t p u r p o s e . I n t h e e v e n t t h e t o t a l n e c e s s a r y funds are not a v a i l a b l e , the N a t i o n a l Park S e r v i c e agrees to use i t s b e s t e f f o r t s to secure the n e c e s s a r y a p p r o p r i a t i o n to cover such funds. II. Consideration The B o a r d a g r e e s t o p r o v i d e S t a d i u m p a r k i n g and o t h e r f a c i l i t i e s d e s c r i b e d above a t no c o s t t o t h e S e r v i c e e x c e p t on d a y s when t h e r e i s a scheduled event a t the Stadium. On s u c h d a y s , v i s i t o r s p a r k i n g a t t h e S t a d i u m w i t h i n f o u r h o u r s b e f o r e t h e s c h e d u l e d e v e n t w i l l be c h a r g e d t h e same r a t e f o r p a r k i n g a s r e g u l a r s t a d i u m p a t r o n s . The B o a r d a g r e e s t o n o t i f y t h e S e r v i c e o f any two weeks i n a d v a n c e o f i t s d a t e , i f p r a c t i c a b l e . scheduled event The S e r v i c e w i l l r e q u i r e t h a t t h e o p e r a t o r o f t h e s h u t t l e s e r v i c e o b t a i n a d e q u a t e p r o p e r t y and p e r s o n a l i n j u r y i n s u r a n c e , s u b j e c t t o a p p r o v a l o f t h e D i s t r i c t , naming t h e D i s t r i c t o f Columbia and t h e B o a r d a s c o i n s u r e d . A-2 �3 ..1. Term The term o f t h i s A g r e e m e n t December 3 1 , 1975. The Agreement may of the p a r t i e s . yf s h a l l be from , /tyjj t o be amended a t any t i m e upon agreement i n w r i t i n g IV. Reports prepared The S e r v i c e a g r e e s t o p r o v i d e t h e B o a r d w i t h a copy o f a l l r e p o r t s d u r i n g and a t t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f t h i s p r o j e c t . V. Termination T h i s Agreement may be t e r m i n a t e d by e i t h e r p a r t y g i v i n g w r i t t e n n o t i c e to the o t h e r a t l e a s t s i x t y days p r i o r t o the e f f e c t i v e date of s u c h t e r m i n a t i o n , o r by t h e B o a r d w h e n e v e r i n i t s s o l e d i s c r e t i o n i t d e t e r m i n e s an emergency e x i s t s o r i s imminent W h i c h r e q u i r e s s u c h t e r m i n a t i o n or s u s p e n s i o n . I N WITNESS WHEREOF t h e p a r t i e s h e r e t o h a v e e n t e r e d as o f t h e d a t e f i r s t a b o v e w r i t t e n . into this Agreement NATIONAL PARK S E R V I C E NATIONAL C A P I T A L PARKS ATTEST ARMORY BOARD OF THE D I S T R I C T OF COLUMBIA -i) By WITNESS A-3 A ��APPENDIX B The Report of t h e P a r k , R e c r e a t i o n and Open Space and F e d e r a l P l a n n i n g and P r o j e c t s Committee — N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission; May 30, 1974 ��NATIONAL CAPITAL PLANNING COMMISSION W A S H I N G T O N . D . C . 20576 IN R E P L Y R E F E R T O : NCPC F i l e No. MP49 Mr. Manus J . Fish, Director National Capital Parks National Park Service 1100 Chic Drive, S W .. Washington, D. C. 20242 MAY 3 1 1974 Dear Mr. Fish: The National Capital Planning Commission, at i t s meeting on May 30, 1974, approved the f i n a l s i t e development plan for the 1976 Bicentennial Development on The Mall, between Third and Fourteenth Streets, N W , .. and the inner curbs of Madison and Jefferson Drives, as shown on NCPC Map F i l e No. 1.40(05.12)27580. The Commission requested the National Park Service to prepare, i n cooperation with the Commission s t a f f , a plan for the long range development of the 8th Street cross axis of the Mall, including a study of the f e a s i b i l i t y of a 7th Street tunnel. The Commission found, based on the information on environmental impact submitted by the National Park Service, that the f i n a l plans are consistent with the objectives and policies of Section 101 of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 and w i l l not adversely affect the quality of the environment i n the National Capital Region. A copy of the report of the Commission's Park, Recreation and Open Space and Federal Planning and Projects Committees, as approved by the Commission, i s enclosed for your information. Sincerely yours, s~\ Charles H. Conrad Executive Director Enclosure B-l �W A 5 I I I N 0 T O N . O.C. I01T* NCPC F i l e No. MP49 1976 THE MALL BICENTENNIAL DEVELOPMENT R e p o r t o f t h e P a r k , R e c r e a t i o n and Open Space and F e d e r a l P l a n n i n g and P r e l e c t s Committees May 30, 1974 The Committees recommend t h a t t h e Commission approve t h e f i n a l B i c e n t e n n i a l Development on The M a l l , b e t v e e n s i t e development p l a n f o r t h e 1976 T h i r d and F o u r t e e n t h S t r e e t s , N.W., and t h e i n n e r c u r b s o f Madison and J e f f e r s o n D r i v e s , a s shown on NCPC Map F i l e No. 1.40(05.12) 27580. Related The Recommendation Committees recommend t h a t t h e Commission r e q u e s t t h e N a t i o n a l Park t i o n w i t h t h e Commission s t a f f , The i n coopera- a p l a n f o r t h e l o n g r a n g e development o f t h e 8 t h S t r e e t c r o s s a x i s o f t h e M a l l , i n c l u d i n g a study o f t h e f e a s i b i l i t y Environmental S e r v i c e to prepare, of a 7 t h S t r e e t tunnel. Finding Committees recomnend t h a t t h e Commission f i n d , based m i t t e d by t h e N a t i o n a l Park on t h e i n f o r m a t i o n on e n v i r o n m e n t a l impact sub- S e r v i c e , t h a t t h e f i n a l p l a n s a r e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t>ie o b j e c t i v e s and p o l i c i e s of S e c t i o n 1 0 1 o f t h e N a t i o n a l E n v i r o n m e n t a l P o l i c y A c t o f 1969 and w i l l n o t a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e environment i n t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l R e g i o n . * * * P r e v i o u s Commission A c t i o n and Agency Response At i t s m e e t i n g on May 2, 1974, t h e Commission approved t h e p r e l i m i n a r y s i t e development p l a n f o r t h e 1976 B i c e n t e n n i a l Development o f t h e M a l l between T h i r d and F o u r t e e n t h S t r e e t s , N.W., and t h e i n n e r c u r b s o f Madison and J e f f e r s o n D r i v e s , a s shown or. NCPC F i l e No. 1.40(05.12)27536, w i t h t h e r e q u e s t t h a t t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e , i n t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e f i n a l s i t e development p l a n : 1. d e s i g n t h e c r u s h e d s t o n e w a l k s t o be c a p a b l e o f h a n d l i n g wheeled v e h i c l e s o f h a n d i c a p p e d and nona m b u l a t o r y p e r s o n s and t o p r o v i d e adequate s u r f a c e s i n i n c l e m e n t w e a t h e r ; Response: to A p o t e n t i a l a d v e r s e impact from t h e p r o p o s e d M a l l w a l k s on t h e growing c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and h e a l t h o f t h e M a l l t r e e s may r e q u i r e t h e u s e o f two o r more d i f f e r e n t s p e c i f i c a t i o n s and c o n s t r u c t i o n t e c h n i q u e s i f t h e manageu'ent o b j e c t i v e s o f p r o v i d i n g f o r e f f i c i e n t v i s i t o r u s e and p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e t r e e s a r e t o be a d e q u a t e l y met. We a r e p r e p a r i n g s e v e r a l a l t e r n a t i v e s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r the c o n s t r u c t i o n of these walks. Each a l t e r n a t i v e w i l l be t e s t e d by t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n o f a sample a r e a p r i o r t o a c t u a l c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e f i n a l s p e c i f i c a t i o n s e l e c t e d w i l l p e r m i t t h e u s e o f t h e w a l k s by a l l t y p e s o f n o n - m o t o r i z e d w h e e l e d v e h i c l e s i n a l l k i n d s of weather. 2. s u b m i t t h e d e s i p n c r i t e r i a and l o c a t i o n p l a n f o r s t r e e t f u r n i t u r e , c u r r e n t l y b e i n g p r e p a r e d , o r w i t h t h e f i l i a l p l a n ; and Response: prior B e n c h e s , d r i n k i n g f o u n t a i n s , ' a n d t r a s h c o n t a i n e r s w i l l c o n s i s t o f s t a n d a r d p a r k d e s i g n s t o be l o c a t e d , g e n e r a l l y , a s i n d i c a t e d on t h e s u b m i t t e d p l a n s . The o b j e c t i v e i s t o convey t h e i d e n t i t y o f t h e p a r k s c a p e t o t h e v i s i t o r by u s i n g a u n i f o r m d e s i g n theme t h r o u g h o u t t h e downtown p a r k a r e a s o f t h e C a p i t a l C i t y . Kios':s f o r i n f o r m a t i o n and t i c k e t s a l e s a r e t o be t h e s t a n d a r d d e s i g n and l o c a t e d a t t h e s e v e r a l s i t e s shown on t h e p l a n s . They w i l l be m o d i f i e d by a s p e c i a l p a i n t t r e a t m e n t t h a t h a s n o t been s e l e c t e d a t t h i s time. B-2 �L i g h t s t a n d a r d s a l o n g J e f f e r s o n and Madison D r i v e s w i l l be t h e e x i s t i n g M a l l l i g h t s r e l o c a t e d as i n d i c a t e d . The l u m i n a r i e s w i l l be m o d i f i e d to i n c r e a s e l i g h t i n t e n s i t y on t h e a d j a c e n t roadways. L i g h t s a l o n g Adams and Washington D r i v e s w i l l be t h e same d e s i g n a s t h e e x i s t i n g s t a n d a r d s w i t h a m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e h e i g h t to i n c r e a s e l i g h t i n t e n s i t y f o r reasons of s a f e t y . Food s e r v i c e f a c i l i t i e s w i l l be l o c a t e d i n t h e a c t i v i t y a r e a s o f the w a l k s . Our .nanagement o b j e c t i v e s f o r t h i s s e r v i c e a r e t o supplement the food s e r v i c e s now b e i n g p r o v i d e d i n t h e M a l l museum b u i l d i n g s , by u t i l i z i n g s m a l l , a t t r a c t i v e p o r t a b l e s e r v i n g u n i t s . A s y s t e m o f i n f o r m a t i o n s i g n s and "You a r e h e r e " map d i s p l a y s w i l l be d e v e l o p e d i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e S m i t h s o n i a n I n s t i t u t i o n t o a s s i s t t h e v i s i t o r to o r g a n i z e h i s t i m e i n t h e most s a t i s f a c t o r y manner a c c o r d i n g to h i s o b j e c t i v e s . T h i s program w i l l be u n d e r t a k e n by a c o n s u l t a n t i n t h e v i s u a l communication f i e l d . 3. parking p r e p a r e a s t a g i n g program f o r t h e 1976 development, i n c l u d i n g p r o v i s i o n s f o r r e p l a c i n g v i s i t o r t o be removed and bus p a r k i n g a r e a s , f o r Commission r e v i e w i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e f i n a l p l a n . Response: We p l a n t o manage t r a f f i c on Madison and J e f f e r s o n D r i v e s as a t p r e s e n t , w i t h t h e cont i n u a l emphasis on t h e need t o e l i m i n a t e a s much t r a f f i c as f e a s i b l e and, p a r t i c u l a r l y , t o l i m i t t h e u s e o f t h e s e roadways by c h a r t e r b u s e s . T h i s management g o a l was f i r s t I d e n t i f i e d i n 1965 and h a s r e c e n t l y been r e i n f o r c e d by t h e C o u n c i l o f Governments' t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s t u d y f o r 1976. T h i s p e r i p h e r a l parking l o t concept s h o u l d be f u n c t i o n i n g i n t i m e f o r t h e B i c e n t e n n i a l . The N a t i o n a l V i s i t o r C e n t e r a t U n i o n S t a t i o n w i l l p r o v i d e 1,200 p a r k i n g s p a c e s a s w e l l . We f e e l t h a t t h e p e r i p h e r a l p a r k i n g s y s t e m i s t h e b e s t a l t e r n a t i v e t o t h e t o u r i s t p a r k i n g needs and c o m p l e t e l y e n d o r s e the recommendation o f t h e COG s t u d y . As an i n t e r i m measure, v i s i t o r p a r k i n g t o be e l i m i n a t e d from Washington and Adams D r i v e s w i l l be r e p l a c e d , i n p a r t , by r e v i s e d p a r k i n g r e g u l a t i o n s on n e a r b y p a r k r o a d s i n West Potomac P a r k . T h i s w i l l p r o v i d e f o r a t l e a s t 300 a d d i t i o n a l v i s i t o r p a r k i n g s p a c e s and a p p r o x i m a t e l y 340 p a r k i n g s p a c e s where t i m e l i m i t a t i o n w i l l be amended t o f a c i l i t a t e v i s i t o r use. I n a d d i t i o n , t h e D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a Department o f Highways and T r a f f i c i s r e v i e w i n g r e g u l a t i o n s on p u b l i c s t r e e t s i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e M a l l , w h i c h w i l l s i m i l a r l y f a c i l i t a t e v i s i t o r a c c e s s to the Mall a t t r a c t i o n s . The o n l y c h a r t e r bus a c c e s s to be d e v e l o p e d f o r t h e B i c e n t e n n i a l c e l e b r a t i o n i s a t t h e 12th S t r e e t a r e a a s shown on t h e p r e l i m i n a r y s i t e p l a n s . The p r e s e n t c h a r t e r bus s a t e l l i t e p a r k i n g o p e r a t i o n now l o c a t e d n o r t h o f t h e R e f l e c t i n g P o o l i n West Potomac P a r k w i l l be r e l o c a t e d when t h e C o n s t i t u t i o n Gardens p r o j e c t i s d e v e l o p e d . At t h i s t i m e , a s i t e h a s not been s e l e c t e d a l t h o u g h two a r e u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . The N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e w i l l , however, c o n t i n u e t h i s s u c c e s s f u l e management o p e r a t i o n . The Commission a l s o r e q u e s t e d the National Park S e r v i c e to: 1 . p r e p a r e , i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e Commission s t a f f , a p l a n f o r t h e l o n g r a n g e development o f 8th S t r e e t c r o s s a x i s of the M a l l , i n c l u d i n g a study of the f e a s i b i l i t y of a 7th S t r e e t t u n n e l ; No Response 2. p l a n t t h e two f l a n i n g rows o f elm t r e e s a l o n g 7 t h and 9 t h S t r e e t s to C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue a t N a t i o n a l S c u l p t u r e Garden a s p a r t o f t h e B i c e n t e n n i a l Development: 3. extend the proposed l i g h t i n g s t a n d a r d s along 7th Avenues a s p a r t o f t h e B i c e n t e n n i a l Development; and Response: and 9th Response: Project S t r e e t s to C o n s t i t u t i o n and We w i l l p l a n t t h e two f l a n k i n g rows o f elm t r e e s a l o n g S e v e n t h and t u t i o n and I n d e p e n d e n c e Avenues a s o u r budget p e r m i t s . 4. coordinate with the Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n the design v i s i o n s for v i s i t o r parking. , The the The design has been c o o r d i n a t e d with Institution. Description final s i t e development p l a n s are consistent with the p r e l i m i n a r y B-3 - ? - Independence Ninth S t r e e t s to o f t h e a r e a a t t h e Henry S t a t u e the Smithsonian plans. the and Consti- pro- �The f o u r e a s t - w e s t p e d e s t r i a n w a l k s and t h e w a l k s a t t h e museum c r o s s i n g s a r e proposed t o be 4 0 - f e e t - w i d e , w h i l e a l l t h e o t h e r n o r t h - s o u t h w a l k s a r e 1 5 - f e e t w i d e . Crushed s t o n e i s t o be used f o r a l l w a l k s . A t h r e e - f e e t wide c u r b i s t o o u t l i n e t h e p a n e l s o f t h e c e n t r a l g r e e n s w a r d . The e x i s t i n g l i g h t i n g s t a n d a r d s a r e t o be r e l o c a t e d t o t h e edge o f t h e new i n n e r walkways and a l o n g J e f f e r s o n end Madison D r i v e s p l a c e d a t 1 0 0 - f e e t a p a r t . S t r e e t f u r n i t u r e i s t o be l o c a t e d i n l i n e w i t h t h e t r e e s a l o n g t h e edge o f t h e w a l k s . Environmental Impact P u r s u a n t t o P.L. 91-190, t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e made a d e t e r m i n a t i o n £hat an E n v i r o n m e n t a l Statement was n o t r e q u i r e d . A D e s c r i p t i o n o f E n v i r o n m e n t a l Impact was p r e p a r e d and s u b m i t t e d (NCPC F i l e No. MP49) i n l i e u of a Statement. The Committee r e v i e w e d t h i s D e s c r i p t i o n i n c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h t h e development c o n c e p t s and r e q u e s t e d t h a t t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e p r o v i d e a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n on t r a s h r e m o v a l p r o p o s a l s , p o s s i b l e u s e o f n o n - p o l l u t i n g power f o r t o u r m o b i l e s , and t h e impact on s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a s o f removing 1300 p a r k i n g s p a c e s from t h e M a l l . The r e s p o n s e on p a r k i n g impact i s s e t f o r t h above. F u r t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f t h e u s e o f e l e c t r i c power f o r t o u r m o b i l e s i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h i s power s o u r c e would n o t be f e a s i b l e t o h a n d l e t h e number o f p a s s e n g e r s c a r r i e d by t h e t o u r b o b i l e 3 u s e d on t h e M a l l . T h e u s e o f propane a s a f u e l - f o r t h e t o u r m o b i l e s i s b e i n g studied. T r a s h w i l l be removed by P a r k S e r v i c e v e h i c l e s and d i s p o s e d o f a c c o r d i n g t o c u r r e n t p r a c t i c e a t D. C. Government f a c i l i t i e s . Coordinating Committee The C o o r d i n a t i n g Committee r e v i e w e d t h e p r o p o s a l s a t i t s meeting on May 14, 1974, and f o r w a r d e d Commission a s c o o r d i n a t e d w i t h a l l a g e n c i e s p r e s e n t . i t to the Landmarks Committee The Committee r e v i e w e d t h e p r o p o s a l s on May 2 1 , 1974, and a d v i s e d t h e Commission t h a t t h e p r o p o s a l would n o t a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t t h e M a l l o r o t h e r landmarks. Historic Preservation The N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e h a s d e t e r m i n e d t h a t S e c t i o n 106 o f t h e Pub. L . 89-665 and S e c t i o n s 1 ( 3 ) and 2 ( b ) o f E x e c u t i v e O r d e r 11593 a p p l y and h a s s u b m i t t e d e v i d e n c e t h a t p r o c e d u r e s f o r c o m p l i a n c e h a v e been completed. Project Evaluation The Committee h a s r e v i e w e d t h e f i n a l development p l a n s and b e l i e v e s t h a t t h e p l a n s g e n e r a l l y conform t o t h e p r e v i o u s recommendations o f t h e Commission. The Committee u n d e r s t a n d s t h a t no a p p r o v a l i s b e i n g r e q u e s t e d a t t h i s time f o r m o d i f i c a t i o n s t o Madison and J e f f e r s o n D r i v e s . The Committees c o n s i d e r t h e p r o p o s a l s f o r t h e t r e a t m e n t o f t h e 8 t h S t r e e t C r o s s a x i s a s an i n t e r i m a r r a n g e ment f o r t h e B i c e n t e n n i a l u n t i l a s t u a y c a n be completed t o d e t e r m i n e t h e l o n g range development p l a n f o r t h i s s t r a t e g i c a r e a on t h e M a l l . The f e a s i b i l i t y o f c o n s t r u c t i n g t h e 7 t h S t r e e t t u n n e l a s proposed i n t h e 1966 M a l l Development P l a n h a s been q u e s t i o n e d due t o METRO c o n s t r u c t i o n and t h i s s h o u l d be f u r t h e r s t u d i e d . However, t h e 8 t h S t r e e t a x i s p l a n t i n g and l i g h t i n g s h o u l d be completed t o C o n s t i t u t i o n and I n d e p e n d e n c e Avenue f o r t h e B i c e n t e n n i a l t o c o m p l e t e t h e r e h a b i l i t a t i o n e f f o r t s a n d p r o v i d e an a t t r a c t i v e a p p e a r a n c e . The double row o f l i g h t s t a n d a r d s s h o u l d be c o n t i n u e d a l o n g 7 t h S t r e e t t o I n d e p e n d e n c e Avenue a t t h e H i r s h h o r n Museum. B-4 �- 2 On March 26, 1974, t h e Committee made t h e f o l l o w i n g recommendations: "The J o i n t Committee f i n d s t h a t t h e two a d d i t i o n a l rows o f t r e e s a d j a c e n t t o t h e c e n t r a l g r e e n s w a r d , t h e bus d r o p - o f f a r e a s south o f t h e M a l l , and the t r e a t m e n t o f t h e 8 t h S t r e e t c r o s s a x i s , a s p r e s e n t e d i n t h e p r e l i m i n a r y s i t e development p l a n s f o r t h e M a l l , a d v e r s e l y t h i s C a t e g o r y I Landmark. The Committee recommends t h a t t h e two a d d i t i o n a l rows o c t r e e s a d j a c e n t t o t h e g r e e n s w a r d be e l i m i n a t e d and t h a t e x i s t i n g t r e e masses be r e i n f o r c e d and m a i n t a i n e d i n k e e p i n g w i t h t h e c h a r a c t e r o f .the development p l a n f o r the M a l l , approved on J a n u a r y 4, 1934." On A p r i l 2 3 , 1974, t h e Committee made t h e f o l l o w i n g f i n d i n g : 1 e C o m m i t t e e f i n d s t h a "? 1°^ ' t h e p r e l i m i n a r y s i t e development p l a n f o r the M a l l , a s amended by l e t t e r d a t e d A p r i l 2 2 , 1974 from t h e D i r e c t o r , N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k s , t o t h e Chairman o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, annexed h e r e t o , would n o t a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t the M a l l , a C a t e g o r y n < ™ a r k , o r o t h e r landmarks on o r a d j a c e n t t o t h e M a l l . " La B-5 ��APPENDIX C The Commission of F i n e A r t s L e t t e r of P l a n Approval — May 2, 1974 ��THE f COMMISSION ' OF^F I N E ESTABLISHED BY CONGRESS <AHT5 M A Y 17. 1910 J. C A R T E R B R O W N , Cbainnin C B L O E T H I E L WOODARD SMITH NICOLAS ARROYO J A N E O. D A R T E D W A R D STONE, JR. KEVIN CEORCE WETMOUTH ROCHE C H A R L E S H. A T H E R T O N , Secretary 708 J A C K S O N P L A C E , N.W. W A S H I N G T O N , D.C. 20006 Way 2, 1974 Dear 202-343-5324 Jack: Master This i s to confirm my c a l l of April 19 regarding the Mall Plan that we looked at during our March meeting. On April 17, after a good deal of agonizing over our previous approval of the additional row of trees as a way of introducing greater uniformity to the Mall for the Bicentennial, we f i n a l l y concluded that the basic design should remain as it i s , and that the Park Service's e f f o r t s should be directed to reinforcing the existing elm panels. We are hopeful that the largest possible caliper trees be introduced so that the raggedness of certain areas along the Mall be alleviated to the greatest possible extent. the We heartily approve removal of the cars of the remainder of the plan, especially from the side roads flanking the Mall. Sincerely yours, J. Carter Brown Chairman Mr. Manus J. Fish, J r . Director National Capital Parks 1100 Ohio Drive, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20242 C-l ��APPENDIX D Memorandum of Agreement Between t h e A d v i s o r y C o u n c i l on H i s t o r i c P r e s e r v a t i o n and t h e D i r e c t o r , N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P a r k s ��Advisory Council O n Historic Preservation 1522 K Strict N V ' Suite - V) .v. VC'.ishington.l).C. 20005 May 29, 1974 Mr. Nanus J . Fish, J r . Director National Capital Parks National Park Service 1100 Ohio Drive, S W .. Washington, D.C. 20242 « • . Dear Mr. Fish: The Advisory Council i s pleased to inform you that the Ner.orandum of Agreement for the Washington Monument and the Smithsonian Institution Building i n Washington, D.C, has been approved by the Chairman of the Advisory Council. This completes the Section 106 process and the National Capital Parks may proceed with the 1976 Development Plan. A copy of the Agreement i s enclosed. The Council appreciates your cooperation i n the resolution of this matter and commends your contribution to the preservation of our national heritage. Sincerely yours, Ann Webster Smith Director, Office of Compliance Enclosure D-l Th; Council October is an independent unit of /'••; Executh 15, 1966 tn adi isr the Pre<ident c Btane'.«./ the fc./.v' Government and C.~>n^rcss in the pel' nf Historic Prcscri at ion. , harmed /• • Act <•< �Advisory Council O n Historic Preservation \\'.sshJni;ton D.C. 2'JUOf M M R N U OF AGREEMENT EOADM WHEREAS, the National Park Service, Department of the Interior, proposes to implement the Washington Mall 1976 Development Plan, and has submitted a revised proposal for development of the Mall; and WHEREAS, the National Park Service, Department of the Interior, has determined that this proposal w i l l affect the Washington Monument and the Smithsonian Building, properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and the Washington H a l l , a D i s t r i c t of Columbia Category I Landmark that i s e l i g i b l e for inclusion i n the National Register; and WHEREAS, the National Park Service, Department of the Interior, pursuant to the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, and Executive Order 11593, "Protection and Enhancement of the Cultural Environment," has requested the comments of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation; and i WHEREAS, pursuant to the procedures of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (Federal Register, January 25, 1974, pp. 3366-3370) representatives of the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, the National Park Service, and the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Historic Preservation have consulted and reviewed the undertaking to determine the nature of the e f f e c t ; now THEREFORE: I t i s mutually agreed that implementation of the undertaking, as described i n the attached l e t t e r from Nanus J . Fish, J r . , to Robert R. Garvey, J r . , dated May 15, 1974, w i l l s a t i s f a c t o r i l y mitigate any possible adverse effects. Executive Secretary Advisory Council on Historic PreservafiiQi I f (date) National,Capital Parks Nation**' Park ^Ser^icx, date" (date) of Columbia Historic Preservation Officer QtStrict Advisory Council on Historic Preservation D-2 TVv Ca •?/••</.' /'; an mJepftJt-nt krtit of h'-r /'vr,;« til <• (irtrcb • ! f\ FtJiVJi >••:'/ f'v".;.i ;i • .Vi ..»«»/ �United States Department of the Interior NATIONAL PARK SERVICE NATIONAL CAPITAL PARKS 1100 O H I O D R I V E SW. M «iPLY REFER TO: D24-NCP(CUCE) W A S H I N G T O N , D.C. 20242 MAY 1 5 1974 Mr. Robert R. Garvey, J r . Executive Secretary, Advisory Council on Historic Preservation 1522 K Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20240 Dear Mr. Garvey: National Park Service plans f o r r e h a b i l i t a t i o n of the Mall f o r the 1976 Bicentennial celebration have been recently revised to r e f l e c t the comments of the agencies which have reviewed our preliminary development proposals. The 1976 Development Plan for the Mall, previously furnished you and approved by the Commssion of Fine Arts and the National Capital Planning Commission except for the additional rows of trees along the greensward, cannot now be completed as shown. The general components o f the plan, modified as noted to r e f l e c t management and budgetary considerations, include the following: 1. The replacement of Madison, Washington, Adams, and Jefferson Drives with new c i r c u l a t i o n networks f o r pedestrians, b i c y c l i s t s , and Tourmobile buses and service vehicles. However, Madison and Jefferson Drives w i l l remain as a t present u n t i l additional funding i s available. 2. The definition of s p e c i f i c a l l y zoned areas under the canopy of the existing elm tree plantations for v i s i t o r services witirin the proposed walkways and a c t i v i t i e s within the grass areas. 3. The development of a new l i g h t i n g system incorporating the e x i s t i n g toll l i g h t standards to permit use of these areas and enhance the v i s u a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the Mall design during the evening hours. D-3 Save Energy and You Serve America! �2 4. The development o f Cereironial Drive by the D i s t r i c t of Columbia Department of Highways and T r a f f i c w i l l enable the removal of Third Street and the closing of F i r s t Street to vehicular t r a f f i c other than the Tourmobile. 5. Hie development o f an important Tourmobile interchange and pedestrian gathering point between 14th and 15th Streets that envisions minor regrading and realignment of 15th Street a t the base of the Washington Monument. This portion of the Mall plan i s now under study for the development of an interim plan for the Bicentennial. Pursuant to procedures established for compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, the National Park Service entered into j o i n t consultations with the Advisory Council on H i s t o r i c Preservation, the D i s t r i c t of Columbia State Historic Preservation Officer, and others. The parties to the consultations determined that there would be an adverse e f f e c t on the h i s t o r i c q u a l i t i e s of the Mall. They also agreed that the adversity could be mitigated and the h i s t o r i c a l and c u l t u r a l integrity of the area preserved. Accordingly, the National Park Service proposes to take the following actions to mitigate the adverse e f f e c t s : 1. Special design measures w i l l be taken to minimize the intrusion of the major t r a f f i c a r t e r i e s across the Mall—Ceremonial Drive, Fourth, Seventh, 14th, 15th, and 17th Streets. 2. Provisions for bus drop-off areas south o f the Mall w i l l be eliminated. 3. Treatment of the Eighth Street cross a x i s w i l l be i n accordance with the approved plan for t h i s area. 4. The two additional rows of trees adjacent to the central greensward w i l l be eliminated from the plans. Missing trees i n the inner rows of the e x i s t i n g tree panels w i l l be replaced. A program w i l l be established for replacing the elm trees i n the tree panels as needed and an accelerated maintenance plan i s being implemented. 5. For the outdoor exhibition areas under the tree panels between the two pedestrian walks, extreme c a r e V r i l l be taken i n the selection o f appropriate a c t i v i t i e s , the selection of s p e c i f i c location for each a c t i v i t y , and the protection of the ground where each a c t i v i t y w i l l take place to minimize damage to tree roots resulting from compaction. An ongoing study w i l l be i n s t i t u t e d to determine more precisely the levels of intensity, type, scope, and duration o f uses that should be permitted within the tree panels. D-4 �6. Special care w i l l be given to the design of kiosks, benches, lighting, and other street furniture for use i n the F a i l area. 7. Perrranent f a c i l i t i e s for outdoor sale of food w i l l to limited to the area west of 14th Street. Vfe w i l l appreciate your assistar.ee i n the preparation of a Femorar-dum of Agreement so that the Section 1C6 procedures may be completed as promptly as possible. Sincerely yours, (Scd.) Manufl J. Fish, Jr. Director, National Capital Parks cc: Mr. James G. Banks H i s t o r i c Preservation Officer 14th ?jv3 E Streets, NW. T-^iingtcn, DC. 20904, ��APPENDIX E A i r Q u a l i t y Data C a l c u l a t i o n s ��APPENDIX In determining the a c t u a l e m i s s i o n s d e n s i t y of the p a r k i n g l o t , s e v e r a l a s s u m p t i o n s must be made. The approved t e c h n i q u e t h e a r e a s o u r c e c a l c u l a t i o n s i s t h r o u g h t h e u s e of t h e Q = (EF) (V) f o r making equation (RT) 60A where 2 Q = e m i s s i o n d e n s i t y , gm/sec-m EF = average e m i s s i o n f a c t o r gm/min-veh V = t r a f f i c volume demand f l o w r a t e , veh/sec RT = a v e r a g e r u n n i n g time s p e n t p e r t r i p w i t h i n t h e d u r i n g any g i v e n p e r i o d of t i m e , s e c 2 A = a r e a of the f a c i l i t y , m To d e t e r m i n e " E F , " a 1975 speed o f 5 mph m i n i n g "V", was assumed. o f v e h i c l e s was l o t would be t h a t 25% o f t h e t o t a l s p a c e s would be s i n g l e "peak" hour. "RT" was s p o t and A g a i n , t h i s i s c o n s i d e r e d an o v e r e s t i m a t i o n . 3000 s p a c e p a r k i n g The facility Armory B o a r d in deter- f i l l e d to c a p a c i t y t h e time necessary parking. e s t i m a t e o f t h e a r e a of 115m ) was obtained from Office. e m i s s i o n d e n s i t y f o r the p a r k i n g l o t f o r t h e maximum 1-hour period i s as follows: Q = used t h e n complete t h e An (45" a c r e s , o r 182, A parking l o t f i l l e d within a estimated a t 3 minutes, e n t e r the l o t , s e a r c h f o r a parking t h e D.C. used. A c o n s e r v a t i v e e s t i m a t e was a s s u m i n g t h a t t h e 3000 s p a c e i n 6 h o u r s and to mix facility (14.7 gm/min-veh) (60) J- • -4 = 1.02 x 10 (.42 veh/sec) 2 (^84H-44-5m ) n- 5*7 2 y gm/sec - m E-l (100 sec) the �0 and from g r a p h H10, t h e maximum 1-hour e m i s s i o n d e n s i t y o f t h e p a r k i n g The maximum h o u r l y a v e r a g e 26 ppm. to lot=1.6ppm. c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n 1974 a t D.C. G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l was Hence, t h e e m i s s s i o n s from t h e l o t w i l l not cause t h e 1-hour standard be e x c e e d e d . The emission density f o r the parking l o t f o r t h e maximum 8-hour period i s as follows: Q = (14.7 gm/min-veh) (.14 V e h / s e c ) ^7 (60) (100 s e c ) 2 (102, 115m ) 7 -5 2 = 3 . X x 10 gm/sec - m 0 and from g r a p h Hlj2, t h e maximum 8-hour e m i s s i o n d e n s i t y o f t h e p a r k i n g The during maximum 8-hour a v e r a g e 1974 was 15 ppm. c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t D.C. G e n e r a l H o s p i t a l S i n c e o t h e r s o u r c e s a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r 10% o f CO e m i s s i o n s we h a v e c a l c u l a t e d t h a t 13.5ppm were due t o a u t o m o b i l e s . 1970, 15.0 automobiles gm/mile. emitted This w i l l 34.0 gm/mile o f CO. decrease decrease I n 1975, a u t o m o b i l e s emit amounts o f CO i n t h e f u t u r e ; a i n background c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w i l l f o r e , a r a t i o between 1975 and 1970 e m i s s i o n s w i l l the corresponding In t o 9.0 gm/mile i n 1980. Due t o e m i s s i o n c o n t r o l v e h i c l e s w i l l be e m i t t i n g l o w e r corresponding lot=0.52ppm. background c o n c e n t r a t i o n s . enable result. There- us to estimate The c a l c u l a t i o n i s a s f o l l o w s : 13.5ppm x 15 gm/mile/34 gm/mile = 5.96 ppm Adding t o t h i s t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n from t h e p a r k i n g l o t (0.52ppm) r e s u l t s i n a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f 6.48ppm w h i c h i s w e l l below t h e 9.0ppm E-2 standard. �APPENDIX F D e t e r m i n a t i o n of Sound L e v e l s ��DETERMINATION OF SOUND LEVELS* CONTENTS Page Introduction Al Sound L e v e l Standards A3 Data A c q u i s i t i o n and A n a l y s i s A7 Summary o f Survey R e s u l t s A33 Computation o f Bus Sound L e v e l C o n t r i b u t i o n A35 Computation o f C o n s t r u c t i o n Sound L e v e l C o n t r i b u t i o n References . . A39 A43 •Prepared by Dames & Moore. F-l �DETERMINATION OF SOUND LEVELS INTRODUCTION The range o f sound p r e s s u r e s heard by human beings i s v e r y large. T h i s range v a r i e s from two ten-thousand-millionths (2 x 10 ^ ) o f an atmosphere f o r sounds j u s t heard by humans t o - 3 two thousandths (2 x 10 ) o f an atmosphere f o r sounds which a r e so loud a s t o be p a i n f u l . A u n i t o f measure, the d e c i b e l ( d B ) , compresses t h i s range t o a workable range u s i n g l o g a r i t h m s . A sound p r e s s u r e u n i t i s d e f i n e d a s : L where p Q E_ - dB = 20 l o g 10 (p ) p * ^o i s a r e f e r e n c e sound p r e s s u r e j u s t r e q u i r e d f o r a minimum s e n s a t i o n o f h e a r i n g . Zero d e c i b e l s i s a s s i g n e d to t h i s minimum, and 140 d e c i b e l s t o sound which i s p a i n ful. Thus, a range o f more than one m i l l i o n i s compressed to from 0 t o 140. The human e a r does not t r e a t sounds a t low f r e q u e n c i e s i n the same manner a s those a t h i g h e r f r e q u e n c i e s . i n t e n s i t y a t low frequency frequencies. do n o t seem a s loud as those a t h i g h e r The A-weighting network i s provided systems t o s i m u l a t e the human e a r . expressed engineer i n u n i t s o f dBA. and l o c a l n o i s e i n sound a n a l y s i s A-weighted sound l e v e l s a r e These l e v e l s i n dBA a r e used by the t o e v a l u a t e h e a r i n g damage r i s k annoyance impact. Sounds o f e q u a l (OSHA) o r community These v a l u e s a r e a l s o used i n f e d e r a l , s t a t e , ordinances. Sound i s not c o n s t a n t i n time. S t a t i s t i c a l analysis i s used t o d e s c r i b e t h e temporal d i s t r i b u t i o n o f sound and t o compute s i n g l e number d e s c r i p t o r s f o r t h e t i m e - v a r y i n g sound. c o n t a i n s t h e s t a t i s t i c a l A-weighted sound l e v e l s : F-2 This report �Lg - T h i s i s the sound l e v e l exceeded 90 p e r c e n t of the time Q d u r i n g the measurement p e r i o d and i s o f t e n used t o r e p r e s e n t the " r e s i d u a l " sound l e v e l . L^Q - T h i s i s the sound l e v e l exceeded 50 p e r c e n t of the time d u r i n g the measurement p e r i o d and i s used t o r e p r e s e n t the "median" sound l e v e l . L^Q - T h i s i s t h e sound l e v e l exceeded 1 0 p e r c e n t of the time d u r i n g the measurement p e r i o d and i s o f t e n used t o r e p r e s e n t the " i n t r u s i v e " sound l e v e l . L - T h i s i s t h e e q u i v a l e n t steady sound l e v e l which p r o v i d e s an equal amount o f a c o u s t i c energy as the time v a r y i n g sound. L - E q u i v a l e n t sound l e v e l , a L e gf f° r t n e daytime p e r i o d (0700-2200) o n l y . L - E q u i v a l e n t sound l e v e l , L , f o r the n i g h t - t i m e p e r i o d ^ eq n (2200-0700) o n l y . L^ - E q u i v a l e n t d a y / n i g h t sound l e v e l , d e f i n e d a s : n L d n - 10 l o g L I 1 Q | ( 1 5 x 10 / i A / X U (L n + 9 x 10 N + 10)/10 )/24 NOTE: A 1 0 dB c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r i s added t o the n i g h t - t i m e e q u i v a l e n t sound l e v e l . L - eq(24) E q u i v a l e n t 2 4-hour sound l e v e l , d e f i n e d i n same manner ^ as L d n / e x c e p t t h a t 1 0 dB c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r i s not added t o n i g h t - t i m e e q u i v a l e n t sound l e v e l . F-3 �SOUND LEVEL STANDARDS E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n Agency The F e d e r a l E n v i r o n m e n t a l P r o t e c t i o n Agency has e s t a b l i s h e d g u i d e l i n e s f o r l i m i t s o f e q u i v a l e n t d a y / n i g h t sound l e v e l s e q u i v a l e n t 24-hour sound l e v e l s and (see page A2 f o r d e f i n i t i o n s ) . A c c o r d i n g to t h e s e g u i d e l i n e s , outdoor ambient sound l e v e l s (equiva- l e n t d a y / n i g h t sound l e v e l s ) o f l e s s than 55 d e c i b e l s and e q u i v a l e n t 24-hour sound l e v e l s o f l e s s than 70 d e c i b e l s w i l l not degrade public health. Department of Housing and Urban Development The U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development has a l s o e s t a b l i s h e d sound l e v e l s f o r l i v i n g environments. These criteria are as f o l l o w s : E x t e r n a l Noise Exposure Standards f o r New C o n s t r u c t i o n S i t e s Category Ambient Sound "Acceptable" Does not exceed 45 dBA f o r more than 30 minutes per 24 h o u r s . "Discretionary Normally A c c e p t a b l e " Does not exceed 65 dBA f o r more than 8 hours per 24 h o u r s . "Discretionary Normally Unacceptable" Exceeds 65 dBA f o r more than 8 hours per 24 h o u r s . "Unacceptable" Exceeds 80 dBA f o r 60 minutes per 24 hours or exceeds 75 dBA 8 hours per 24 h o u r s . Department o f T r a n s p o r t a t i o n The F e d e r a l Highway A d m i n i s t r a t i o n and o t h e r U. S. Department of T r a n s p o r t a t i o n a g e n c i e s have developed standards f o r c e r t a i n land use c a t e g o r i e s based on n o i s e l e v e l s which a r e exceeded the time (L^g) • These s t a n d a r d s a r e shown below: 10 p e r c e n t of �DOT-FHWA PPM land Use Category Design Noise level - 1 90-2 WOlbt blANDAKDS D e s c r i p t i o n c f Land Use Category A 60 dBA (Exterior) T r a c t s of lands i n whicn s e r e n i t y and q u i e t are cf e x t r a o r d i n a r y s i g n i f i c a n c e and s e r v e important p u b l i c need, and where the p r e s e r v a t i o n cf those q u a l i t i e s i s e s s e n t i a l i t the area i s to cont i n u e t o s e r v e i t s intended purpose. Such a r e a s could i n c l u d e amphitheaters, p a r t i c u l a r parks, or open spaces which a r e d e d i c a t e e or r e c o g n i 2 e d t y .appropriate l o c a l o f f i c i a l s for a c t i v i t i e s requiring s p e c i a l q u a l i t i e s o± s e r e n i t y and quiet. B 70 dBA (Exterior) Residences, motels, h o t e l s , p u b l i c meeting rccms, s c h o o l s , c h u r c h e s , l i b r a r i e s , ncspitals, picnic areas, r e c r e a t i o n a r e a s , playgrounds, a c t i v e s p o r t s a r e a s , ana p a r k s . C 7b dBA (Exterior) Developed l a n a s , p r o p e r t i e s or a c t i v i t i e s net i n c l u d e d i n c a t e g o r i e s A ana B a t o v e . Undeveloped l a n d s D E 55 dBA (Interior) Residences, motels, h o t e l s , p u b l i c meeting rooms, s c h o o l s , c h u r c h e s , l i b r a r i e s , n c s p i t a l s ana a u d i t o r i u m s . F-5 �Highway Research Board The Highway Research Board (4) p r o v i d e s a methodology f o r assessment o f impact from n o i s e . T a b l e s A l and A2 a r e r e p r o d u c t i o n s of t h e c r i t e r i a promulgated by the Highway Research Board. These c r i t e r i a use the change i n ambient sound l e v e l and the d i f f e r e n c e between t h e p r e d i c t e d n o i s e l e v e l and recommended d e s i g n to e s t i m a t e the impact. F-6 criteria �TABLE A l RECOMMENDED DESIGN CRITERIA U, O B S , : R V E R CATEGORY 1 2 3 4 5 « 7 8 9 M o v i e s Legitimate Hotels, motels 10 (dB.\) D*Y D * T NIGHT DAY SIGHT Outs.de « 50 40 55 35 40 .50 51 56 46 « 41 46 .6 Inside 50 40 <° 45 40 35 35 45 50 40 * 51 46 4 41 3i « 56 46 ... STRUCTURE Residences Residences Schools Schools Churches Hospitals, convalescent homes Offices: Stenographic Private Theaters: I» (dBA) tarfe In«de' Outside* Inside' OutsideJnsWe I n s W e Ins de Ins.de j In 30 50 ' . t30 n 45 56 46 15 36 56 16 36 31 . Either iruide or ouuide design criteria can be lued. depending on the uulicy being erituattd. TABLE A2 IMPACT E V A L U A T I O N WHEN P R E D I C T E D NOISE L E V E L S E X C E E D C R I T E R I A PREDICTED N O I S E LEVEL - CRITERION •D 2 UJ 2 U J O z o c o 8f F-7 L E V E L I N dB �DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS T h i s s e c t i o n d e s c r i b e s the i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n , d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n , and a n a l y s i s of the ambient sound s u r v e y conducted on and near the m a l l , and a l o n g the s h u t t l e bus r o u t e . The d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n system c o n s i s t s of a G e n e r a l Radio omnid i r e c t i o n a l one-inch e l e c t r e t condenser microphone w i t h w i n d s c r e e n , a G e n e r a l Radio Type 1933 Sound L e v e l Meter and Octave Band A n a l y z e r , and a Nagra 4.2L s i n g l e t r a c t mangetic tape r e c o r d e r . The G e n e r a l Radio Type 1933 Sound L e v e l Meter and Octave Band A n a l y z e r was as a l i n e a r a m p l i f i e r and s t e p a t t e n u a t o r . used Ambient sound was r e c o r d e d on S c o t c h 177 low p r i n t / l o w n o i s e magnetic t a p e . The d a t a a c q u i s i t i o n system i s shown s c h e m a t i c a l l y i n F i g u r e A l . The above system was c a l i b r a t e d before each r e c o r d i n g by means of a r e f e r e n c e s i g n a l a t 1000 H e r t z o f 114 dB generated by a G e n e r a l Radio Type 1562A Sound L e v e l C a l i b r a t o r . The microphone was mounted on a t r i p o d f o u r f e e t above the ground s u r f a c e , and a t l e a s t t e n f e e t from any s i z a b l e sound r e f l e c t i n g s u r f a c e s , i n o r d e r t o a v o i d major i n t e r f e r e n c e w i t h sound p r o p a g a t i o n . Most r e c o r d i n g s o f the background ambient sound were 15 minutes i n length. wind-induced was However, i f a l a r g e number of i n t r u s i o n s , such as system o v e r l o a d s , o c c u r r e d , the measurement p e r i o d extended. M e t e o r o l o g i c a l p a r a m e t e r s , such as wet bulb and d r y bulb t e m p e r a t u r e s , b a r o m e t r i c p r e s s u r e , and wind speed and were noted d u r i n g each r e c o r d i n g p e r i o d . direction The tape recorded d a t a were r e t u r n e d to the a c o u s t i c l a b o r a t o r y a t Dames & Moore f o r a n a l y s i s , u s i n g a G e n e r a l Radio Real-Time A n a l y z e r and a D i g i t a l �F-9 PLATE ��Equipment C o r p o r a t i o n mini-computer, shown s c h e m a t i c a l l y i n F i g u r e A2. During the r e c o r d i n g s e s s i o n s , any unusual intrusions, such as wind pop over the microphone, or c l i p p i n g due to o v e r l o a d s , were noted by the engineer m o n i t o r i n g the s i g n a l i n p u t to the tape. Such i n t r u s i o n s a r e not c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of the a c o u s t i c and a r e d e l e t e d d u r i n g the a n a l y s i s phase. environment, Each sample tape i s used t o o b t a i n a histogram and c u m u l a t i v e d i s t r i b u t i o n of weighted A- sound l e v e l s . The r e s u l t s of the ambient sound l e v e l s u r v e y a r e p r e s e n t e d on the f o l l o w i n g pages. Each f i g u r e c o n t a i n s an A-weighted sound l e v e l h i s t o g r a m , i n d i c a t i n g the number of times a p a r t i c u l a r sound l e v e l o c c u r r e d d u r i n g the measurement p e r i o d . Also included i s the c u m u l a t i v e d i s t r i b u t i o n of the A-weighted sound l e v e l s , i n d i c a t i n g the percentage of time a sound l e v e l i s exceeded. F-ll �F i g u r e A3 A-Weighted Sound L e v e l Histogram and Cumulative Distribution Location Date Time F-12 1 3/27/75 0735 �F i g u r e A3 A-Weighted Sound L e v e l Histogram and Cumulative Distribution Location Date Time F-13 2 3/27/75 0807 �F i g u r e A3 A-Weighted Sound L e v e l Histogram and Cumulative Distribution Location Date Time 3 3/27/75 0840 �F i g u r e A3 A-Weighted Sound L e v e l Histogram and Cumulative Distribution Location Date Time 4 3/27/75 0909 �F i g u r e A3 A-Weighted Sound L e v e l Histogram and Cumulative Distribution Location Date Time 5 3/27/75 09 38 �F i g u r e A3 A-Weighted Sound L e v e l Histogram and Cumulative Distribution Location Date Time F-17 6 3/27/75 1045 �F i g u r e A3 A-Weighted Sound L e v e l Histogram and Cumulative Distribution Location 7 Date 3/27/75 Time 1125 CUMUlflTIVE D I S T R I B U T 1 0 N <::> EXCEEDED .•: H WT. SOUND L E V E L DE 9& 30 -? cr i •' 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 "5 > ~ 56 57 57 57 53 53 58 53 33 53 53 53 53 60 »- Ck r;. IJJ 15 10 3 61 52 34 F-18 �F i g u r e A3 A-Weighted Sound L e v e l Histogram and Cumulative Distribution Location Date Time F-19 8 3/27/75 1200 �F i g u r e A3 A-Weighted Sound L e v e l Histogram and Cumulative Distribution Location Date Time CUM U l_ H T I V E D ! S I R IBUT10N EXCEEDED H WT. SOUND L E V E L 35 30 30 70 65 60 - 5 • 5C 45 40 -to 30 20 10 B 53 60 60 61 61 51 62 62 62 63 63 64 64 65 66 66 63 63 72 DS 2 3/27/75 1405 �Figure A3 A - W e i g h t e d Sound L e v e l Histogram and C u m u l a t i v e Distribution Location Date Time 3 3/27/75 1440 �F i g u r e A3 A-Weighted Sound L e v e l Histogram and Cumulative Distribution Location Date Time 4 3/27/75 1518 �F i g u r e A3 A-Weighted Sound L e v e l Histogram and Cumulative Distribution Location Date Time CUMULATIVE D I S T R I B U T I O N EXCEEDED A WT. SOUND L E V E L DS 3 5 54 30 Q ^ 54 8 9 75 70 55 65 57 60 57 55 58 5 0 45 4 0 53 53 -r cr 61 63 64 3 0 0 —• 20 J ^ 10 55 53 55 53 65 66 68 F-23 5 3/27/75 1550 �F i g u r e A3 A-Weighted Sound L e v e l Histogram and Cumulative Distribution Location Date Time 8 3/27/75 1655 �F i g u r e A3 A-Weighted Sound L e v e l Histogram and Cumulative Distribution Location Date Time N • 9 3 0 LEG: = CC 4 F-425 6 3/27/75 174 0 �F i g u r e A3 A-Weighted Sound L e v e l Histogram and Cumulative Distribution Location Date Time 7 3/27/75 1820 CUMULRTI 'v'E D I S T R I B U T I O N EXCEEDED A WT. SOUND L E V E L 35 90 35 47 5O 51 cr 75 78 65 60 55 50 45 40 52 53 54 55 55 55 56 56 — cr cr z" Z) i cr "p cr e _iD 30 •. cr •i-J 20 15 10 5 -J O 53 61 62 65 �F i g u r e A3 A-Weighted Sound L e v e l Histogram and Cumulative Distribution Location Date Time 1 3/27/75 19 35 C U M U L A T E .•*E D I S T R I B U T I O N FL WT. SOUND L E V E L EXCEEDED 95 90 52 54 O 5 55 8 0 F W 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 ji- Y 25 20 15 10 5 F-27 56 56 57 57 58 58 58 59 53 59 D U 61 61 62 64 66 DB �Figure A3 A-Weighted Sound L e v e l Histogram and Cumulative Distribution Location Date Time CUMULfiTIVE DISTRIBUTE0N <•: EXCEEDED :•> •: A WT. SOUND L E V E L DB 95 90 35 80 75 70 35 50 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 53 55 55 56 56 57 57 53 53 59 59 60 61 61 62 62 63 65 67 2 3/27/75 2010 �F i g u r e A3 A-Weighted Sound L e v e l Histogram and Cumulative Distribution Location Date Time CUMULflTIVE i_.cc D E D , . . mm _ 'j r n I S T R IB U T I0 N • i— i . 2 c m iuri : c u e i ri u i_ C v C u 1 g • —• 32 45 46 33 • 3 46 4? 47 65 62 55 49 55 • 5 4 48 56 51 52 "J cr " •-' 9 cr — 3 °i c, Q r (? 15 !: 62 10 65 55 F-29 nR L t > » 3 3/27/75 2040 �F i g u r e A3 A-Weighted Sound L e v e l Histogram and Cumulative Distribution Location Date Time C U 'v' U L A T I. V E EXCEEDED FL D I S T FJ I B U T I 0 N WT. S 0 •* N D L E V E L cr ^> 33 cr cr O 56 8 -3 58 7 0 53 63 63 J 33 43 61 6 2 43 _ 6 2 6 2 6 3 64 65 65 67 : I '23 13 13 5 63 F- 30 D B 4 3/27/75 2115 �F i g u r e A3 A-Weighted Sound L e v e l Histogram and Cumulative Distribution Location Date Time 8 3/27/75 2200 �F i g u r e A3 A-Weighted Sound L e v e l Histogram and Cumulative Distribution Location Date Time F-32 6 3/27/75 2240 �F i g u r e A3 A-Weighted Sound L e v e l Histogram and Cumulative Distribution Location Date Time CUMULflTIVE •:?;•> E X C E E D E D fi DISTRIBUTION MT. SOUND L E V E L 3 5 48 30 Q cr 43 3 51 50 p 51 70 51 cr. 30 cr er 51 50 53 45 53 40 54 fa. ( 53 54 3 Q •. cr !~1 55 55 56 15 57 10 53 5 60 F-33 DB 7 3/27/75 2325 �SUMMARY OF SURVEY RESULTS A summary o f the s u r v e y r e s u l t s i s p r e s e n t e d i n Table A3. T h i s t a b l e c o n t a i n s the s t a t i s t i c a l A-weighted sound l e v e l s , L g ^ , L L 50' 10' a n d L eq* A l s o i n c l u d e d i n Table A3 a r e t h e e s t i m a t e d background ambient daytime and d a y / n i g h t e q u i v a l e n t sound l e v e l s a t each measurement l o c a t i o n . TABLE A3 SUMMARY OF RESULTS OF AMBIENT SOUND SURVEY AND ESTIMATED BACKGROUND AMBIENT DAYTIME AND DAY/NIGHT •EQUIVALENT SOUND LEVELS Location 1 L 90 50 10 L eq d dn** L L Time P e r i o d Daytime (Non-Peak) 60* 63* 69* 66.9* Peak Traffic 60 63 68 65.0 Evening 54 58 64 60 .9 65.2 63.2 L L 2 L 90 50 10 L eq d dn** L L 61 63 60 63 69 66.9 67 64.8 55 59 65 61.7 65.3 L 63.3 L 3 L L 90 50 10 L eq d dn** L 55 59 66 46 50 65 62 .5 53 56 65 60.7 61.1 61.6 59.6 L L * E s t i m a t e d from measured d a t a . ** E s t i m a t e d assuming n i g h t - t i m e sounds n e g l i g i b l e . F-34 �Time P e r i o d Peak Traffic Location 4 L L L L L L L 68 65* 63.5 61.1 63.3 61.3 49 41 55 47 65 60 62.7 56 . 1 L 61.4 49 58 53 62 62 59 60.9 L 57 55 io eq d 63.4 50 50 60.3 55.2 59.7 ** 57.7 dn L 90 L 50 L 10 L L 50* 66.1 90 L 58 eq d dn** L 8 46* 69 L L 54 64 io L 64.7 59 50 L 7 66 .7 64.2 90 L 64.1 eq d ' dn** L L 65.8 68 io L 6 67 59 50 L 69 55 90 L 61 eq d dn** L 5 63 68.7 L 55 72 io 59 66 50 L Evening 62 90 L Daytime (Non-Peak) 55 53 47 59 56 52 64 62 55 61.8 58.5 53.4 eq d 59 .3 dn** 57.3 * E s t i m a t e d from measured d a t a . * E s t i m a t e d assuming n i g h t - t i m e sounds n e g l i g i b l e . F-35 �COMPUTATION OF BUS SOUND LEVEL CONTRIBUTION The buses t o be used f o r the s h u t t l e s e r v i c e between R. F. Kennedy Stadium and the m a l l a r e a a r e 44-passenger, d i e s e l powered buses, and a r e assumed to be s i m i l a r t o those c u r r e n t l y i n use i n Washington. The a n t i c i p a t e d s h u t t l e bus t r a f f i c i s g i v e n by the f o l l o w i n g f i g u r e s * : 1. 22 bus/hour inbound on 2. 15 bus/hour inbound on o t h e r 3. 20 bus/hour inbound on weekdays d u r i n g morning r u s h hour Saturdays. days. (0930-1030) The s h u t t l e bus s e r v i c e i s proposed t o operate between 0930 and 2200. Hence, the buses w i l l make no c o n t r i b u t i o n to the n i g h t - t i m e ambient sound l e v e l . From tape r e c o r d i n g s made d u r i n g the ambient sound s u r v e y , the bus pass-by n o i s e l e v e l s a t 50 f e e t d u r i n g a c c e l e r a t i o n were a n a l y z e d as shown i n F i g u r e A4. The e q u i v a l e n t sound l e v e l c o n t r i b u t i o n from bus pass-by d u r i n g a c c e l e r a t i o n i s e s t i m a t e d to be 71 dB a t 50 f e e t . S i n c e a c c e l e r a t i o n i s the n o i s i e s t o p e r a t i o n mode f o r the bus, t h i s r e p r e s e n t s the w o r s t c a s e ; and the r e s u l t s a r e , t h e r e f o r e , conservative. * Data s u p p l i e d by JHK and A s s o c i a t e s . F-36 �The sound l e v e l s from the o p e r a t i o n o f the s h u t t l e buses a r e e v a l u a t e d i n two ways. L The e q u i v a l e n t sound l e v e l ( g ) c o n t r i e b u t i o n from each bus i s e x t r a p o l a t e d , u s i n g h e m i s p h e r i c a l r a d i a t i o n , to the measurement l o c a t i o n and combined w i t h the background ambient L t o compute the e s t i m a t e d ambient sound f o r the d u r a t i o n of bus pass-by. F o r the f r a c t i o n o f time when no buses a r e p r e s e n t , the background ambient l e v e l s a r e used. The r e s u l t s o f t h i s computation f o r l o c a t i o n s along the bus route ( L o c a t i o n s 6 through 8) a r e p r e s e n t e d i n Table . The ambient sound l e v e l s d u r i n g peak t r a f f i c , non-peak daytime, and e v e n i n g , due t o bus o p e r a t i o n a r e p r e s e n t e d f o r weekdays. Also p r o v i d e d a r e e s t i m a t e s of the daytime and d a y / n i g h t e q u i v a l e n t sound l e v e l s f o r each l o c a t i o n along the r o u t e f o r weekdays. I t i s assumed t h a t e v e n i n g t r a f f i c c o n d i t i o n s a r e s i m i l a r t o weekend t r a f f i c conditions. S i n c e t r a f f i c sounds were found to dominate the background ambient a c o u s t i c environment, the measured e v e n i n g background ambient sound l e v e l s a r e used t o r e p r e s e n t the weekend background ambient sound. The Highway R e s e a r c h Board computer program (4) f o r e s t i m a t i n g t r a f f i c n o i s e i s used t o c a l c u l a t e the i n c r e a s e i n ambient sound l e v e l s due t o the b u s e s , p l u s the p r o j e c t e d i n c r e a s e i n f u t u r e traffic f o r comparison w i t h the L ^ method d e s c r i b e d above. This computation i s c a r r i e d out f o r morning r u s h hour, noon, a f t e r n o o n , and e v e n i n g p e r i o d s f o r B r y a n School ( L o c a t i o n 6 ) , s i n c e t h i s l o c a t i o n i s most s e n s i t i v e to t r a f f i c noise. sented i n T a b l e A4 . F-37 The r e s u l t s a r e p r e - �F-38 PLATE �T A B L E A4 SUMMARY OF SHUTTLE BUS T R A F F I C SOUND L E V E L S ON INDEPENDENCE AVENUE "I 1 Peak Analysis Non-Peak L Trucks Speed Volume and (MPH) Traffic % % Assumed Hourly Condition 1 Traffic 50 (dBA) L Hourly 10 L Trucks Volume 50 L 10 and (dBA) (dBA) 55 (dBA) 65 Buses Buses A— — — Existing 64 69 (measured) i Existing 20 1785 1.0 62.5 67.9 • 410 5.0 56.0 64.6 20 1965 2.0 62.9 68.1 450 9.4 56.5 64.8 (computed*) Future With Buses (computed*) *Using Highway R e s e a r c h Board T r a f f i c N o i s e P r e d i c t i o n Computer Program. �COMPUTATION OF CONSTRUCTION SOUND L E V E L Many p i e c e s o f two of construction activity, piece of equipment emits effect of order is utilized. stages to estimate noise The to occur mall operation on Washington. removed between p r o c e e d s on operation continues i s limited and sound and grading and 86 centers of levels. and and phase. approach grading two phases 4th S t r e e t s . Washington i s The excavation pavement b r e a k i n g Meanwhile, the 3rd 14th and grading 4th. Street. of the computed grading The The entire total c o n s t r u c t i o n phases A4, along sound t o be phase, and t h r e e months t o c o m p l e t e * , shown i n T a b l e schedule beginning t o d a y t i m e h o u r s b e t w e e n 0700 and for each The fashion, with level, 87 a t 100 dB L e g» s u p p l i e d by F-40 f° feet r t and 1600. (supplied their f o r the usage n e factors excavation excavation phase, from t h e r e s p e c t i v e activity. Construction the case and the p a v e m e n t on 4th. to take phase i s estimated f o r the a worst the Since sound, excavation i n a step i n t h i s manner t o construction dB levels, Washington between i s estimated contractor) are grading. for either c o n s e r v a t i v e , and Existing 3rd 3rd construction equipment used and different t h e n m o v e s t o Adams, w h e r e t h e operation by t o be used during simultaneously. removal p r o c e e d s between The be during c o n s t r u c t i o n proceeds Street b r o k e n and will generated be characteristic c o n s t r u c t i o n sound are both estimated a r e assumed 3rd The excavation i t s own construction off-site In at c o n s t r u c t i o n equipment w i l l stages each CONTRIBUTION Contractor. �TABLE A4 EQUIPMENT AND SOUND LEVELS FOR EXCAVATION AND GRADING PHASES WASHINGTON MALL CONSTRUCTION Equipment I Number Peak Sound Level a t 50 F e e t (dBA) Usage Factor* Equivalent Sound L e v e l Excavation 2 81 1.0 84 Hammer 4 88 0.1 84 Front-End Loader 1 79 0.4 75 Bulldozer 1 80 0.4 76 Truck 3 91 0.4 92 Air Compressor Jack Equivalent II Sound L e v e l - 87 dB a t 100 f e e t Grading Grader 1 85 0.08 74 Roller 1 89 0.1 79 Water Wagon 1 74** 0.7** 72 Truck 3 91 0.4 92 Equivalent * ** Sound L e v e l - 86 dB a t 100 f e e t F r a c t i o n o f t i m e i n n o i s i e s t o p e r a t i n g mode ( V a l u e s e s t i m a t e d o r o b t a i n e d from R e f e r e n c e 4) Estimated F-41 �The c o n t r i b u t i o n from c o n s t r u c t i o n i s g r e a t e s t a t l o c a t i o n s near the c e n t e r of c o n s t r u c t i o n a c t i v i t y . Thus, as c o n s t r u c t i o n proceeds from 3rd t o 14th S t r e e t s , the c o n t r i b u t i o n to the ambient sound l e v e l moves w i t h i t . During the l a t t e r phases o f c o n s t r u c t i o n , i t i s assumed t h a t e x c a v a t i o n a c t i v i t y i s c e n t e r e d and g r a d i n g a c t i v i t y i s c e n t e r e d l e n t sound l e v e l , L e a t 13th and Adams; a t 13th and Washington. The equiva- g / c o n t r i b u t i o n s from both e x c a v a t i o n and grading o p e r a t i o n s , as w e l l as c o n s t r u c t i o n t r u c k t r a f f i c , a r e e x t r a p o l a t e d , using hemispherical r a d i a t i o n , t o the measurement l o c a t i o n s and combined w i t h t h e background ambient L ambient sound d u r i n g of h e m i s p h e r i c a l t o compute the the w o r s t c a s e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n . estimated The assumption r a d i a t i o n does not i n c l u d e the b a r r i e r e f f e c t s from b u i l d i n g s , o r a i r a b s o r p t i o n , and i s c o n s e r v a t i v e . The r e s u l t s o f the computations f o r l o c a t i o n s near the s i t e ( L o c a t i o n s 1 through 5 ) , a r e p r e s e n t e d i n Table c o n t o u r s o f the e s t i m a t e d . I n addition, daytime ambient e q u i v a l e n t sound during construction are p l o t t e d i n Figure levels . The c o n t r i b u t i o n from c o n s t r u c t i o n i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e r e i s p r a c t i c a l l y no d i f f e r e n c e between peak t r a f f i c and non-peak daytime ambient sound l e v e l s d u r i n g construction. E s t i m a t e s o f m a l l c o n s t r u c t i o n sound l e v e l s were combined with the background ambient l e v e l s i n the v i c i n i t y o f the m a l l t o compute new ambient sound l e v e l s d u r i n g construction. E s t i m a t e s of sound l e v e l s from the buses were combined w i t h background ambient sound l e v e l s a t l o c a t i o n s along the bus r o u t e t o compute the new sound l e v e l s from the s h u t t l e bus F-42 traffic. ambient �It i s seen t h a t m a l l c o n s t r u c t i o n c o u l d ambient e q u i v a l e n t 20.0 dB raise sound l e v e l by from 4.1 dB the daytime (at Location 1) t o (at Location 5 ) . The t r u c k s f o r pavement removal and g r a v e l d e l i v e r y w i l l 14th S t r e e t as a c c e s s t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n E q u i v a l e n t sound l e v e l s during due o n l y . equivalent to a d d i t i o n a l t r u c k sound l e v e l o c c u r s a t Location sound l e v e l . i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e sound l e v e l s g r e a t e r t h a n the sound l e v e l s a r e a s remote from t h e s i t e , 1-5 and a r e 5 and i s 4.2 dB above the A comparison of Tables due t o i n c r e a s e s t r u c k t r a f f i c . t h e daytime e q u i v a l e n t l o c a t i o n s along the truck route. t o be 67 dB ( w i t h t r u c k s ) sound levels. F-43 sound For level ( a t 100 f e e t ) T h i s c o n t r i b u t i o n must be added t o t h e background ambient a l o n g t h e r o u t e new ambient presented due t o c o n s t r u c t i o n a r e c o n t r i b u t i o n of the t r u c k s i s estimated for traffic I t i s noted t h a t t h e maximum i n c r e a s e s i n daytime background ambient e q u i v a l e n t and site. c o n s t r u c t i o n a r e computed a t L o c a t i o n s i n Table use to estimate the ��APPENDIX G The Report of the P a r k , R e c r e a t i o n and Open Space Committee N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g Commission, September 15, 1966 ��NATIONAL C A P I T A L PLANNING COMMISSION W a s h i n g t o n , D. C . 20576 NCPC P r o j e c t No. 3 1 3 ' T H E MALL: Report o f Park, GENERAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN R e c r e a t i o n and Open S p a c e Committee September 1 5 , 1966 The Committee h a s r e v i e w e d t h e K a i l a s shown on G e n e r a l t h e National Park S e r v i c e proposal f o r Development P l a n , NCPC Hap F i l e No. ( 0 5 . 1 2 ) - 2 4 6 3 6 , and i n model a n d p h o t o g r a p h s o f t h e m o d e l . m i t t e e h a s a l s o examined t h e c i i x : u l a t i o n 1.M0 T h e Com- s t u d i e s prepared by t h e Park Service consultants. The Committee r e c o g n i z e s e x t e n s i v e d i f f e r e n c e s i n u r b a n c o n d i t i o n s have developed since the Kail feature o f the Nation's metropolitan civic, be a p r i m a r y historic and i s now s u b j e c t t o i n - nevertheless, the basic i n t h e changing An i m p o r t a n t expectations. form o f t h e K a l i source o f c o n t i n u i t y i n urban design aspects. city. I t i n both concern of our t h e M c M i l l a n C o m m i s s i o n and t h e N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n , was t o i n t r o d u c e v a r i e t y arid u r b a n e into scenes o f serene design of increased usage f a r beyond e a r l i e r a s a s t a b l e element and environmental predecessors, i n 1902. As a r e s u l t and l o c a l Committee f e e l s , s h o u l d be m a i n t a i n e d should Capital and n a t i o n a l p o p u l a t i o n , t h e K a i l tensive tourist, The was r e - e s t a b l i s h e d a s t h e c e n t r a l Fark activity g r a n d e u r w h i c h were t h o u g h t most a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e d e l i b e r a t i v e and m e m o r i a l h e a r t o f a N a t i o n a l C a p i t a l . G-l The �- 2fundamental attraction of t h i s Hall concept, augmented by growth of the museum functions, has been proven over the l a s t several decades. Plans for the Hall have been a continuing important concern of the Commission. A great deal of time, study, and direction was expended in bringing the McMillan Plan to r e a l i t y . The Commissioners themselves, particularly F. L. Olmstead, J r . , and t h e i r s t a f f actively planned the features of the Mall and considered i t s relationship to the c i t y at large, to the monuments and adjoining buildings, and to the natural conditions of the area. I n successive detailed plans, the Commission has sought to retain or extend the integrity of the overall design. The f u l l r e a l i z a t i o n of these plans has been hampered by "temporary," incompatible, unsightly, and unnecessary intrusions on the area. The incomplete and disfigured state of the Hail i n 1960 occasioned a series of major policy proposals in the.Policies Plan for the Year 2000, c a l l i n g for completion, refinement and protection of t h i s monumental open space. The Commission has encouraged the National Park Service and Smithsonian I n s t i t u t i o n in t h e i r renewed efforts to make the Mall an active, attractive and interesting part of the National Capital for local citizens and v i s i t o r s as well as ceremonial occasions. In i t s studies for the 1985 Comprehensive Plan, the Commission has a l s o sought to reintegrate the monumental core i n the large urban designs of the c i t y . The Committee believes the National Park Service's General Development Plan for the Mall would be a major contribution toward humanizing G-2 �- 3t h e modern u r b a n e n v i r o n m e n t o f t h e C a p i t a l , important The p r o p o s a l s a r e a s f o r l o n g - r a n g e g u i d a n c e on t h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e M a l l a s t h e y a r e f o r immediate improvement. The Committee f e e l s t h a t a s t h e monumental s e t t i n g C a p i t a l , t h e K a l i ' s primary attributes are the general s e r e n e g r a n d e u r and c o h e s i v e o r d e r . finement i s necessary s e e n and f e l t i f these a s a well-rounded f o r the National impressions of A process o f completion i m p r e s s i o n s o f t h e C a p i t a l a r e t o be reality. o f v i s i t o r s and i n c r e a s e d a c t i v i t y The s u c c e s s f u l i n the surrounding attraction c i t y can impair t h i s unique H a l l c h a r a c t e r a s s e r i o u s l y a s t h e o l d f a u l t s or incompletion. and r e - o f neglect The' Committee b e l i e v e s t h e p r e s e n t p r o p o s a l recognizes t h e p r o b l e m and s e e k s t o accommodate, i n a p e r s o n a l way, t h e l a r g e numbers o f c i t i z e n s who come t o W a s h i n g t o n . T h e r e f o r e , t h e Committee e n d o r s e s by t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e ' s G e n e r a l the concepts t o be c a r r i e d o u t Development P l a n (NCPC Hap File No. 1 . 4 0 ( 0 5 . 1 2 ) - 2 M 6 3 6 ) and d e s c r i b e d a s f o l l o w s : 1. year-round I n c r e a s i n g use of varied p l a n t i n g which w i l l attractiveness. 2. I n t r o d u c i n g s c u l p t u r a l and a r c h i t e c t u r a l in the interstices 3. and enhance between m a j o r b u i l d i n g s . Providing f o r extensive v i s i t o r resting f a c i l i t i e s •4. garden f e a t u r e s without refreshment, o r i e n t a t i o n , i n t r u d i n g on t h e p r i m a r y E l i m i n a t i n g o b s o l e t e , temporary, and s t r u c t u r e s w h i c h do n o t s e r v e t o u r i s t , purposes. G-3 open a r e a s . incompatible memorial, r e c r e a t i o n a l o r museum �14 * 5. - • • Removing m a j o r s u r f a c e t r a f f i c from park a r e a s and closing extensive areas to private vehicles. 6. P r o v i d i n g a system o f p u b l i c c o n v e y a n c e s t o augment p e d e s t r i a n movement a r o u n d t h e monumental a r e a s . 7. and I n c r e a s i n g the r e c r e a t i o n a l values o f the T i d a l Basin areas f o r c i t i z e n s d i s p l a y s , c o n c e r t s and walks, p l a y a r e a s and 8. 7 t h and plans other formal activities informal a c t i v i t y i n the i n d i c a t e d on in order to provide and s t r e e t s and the M a l l and and open b e t w e e n a l l successor p a r k - l i k e gateways from a d j o i n i n g b u i l d i n g s w a l l o f l a r g e b u i l d i n g s between "city." the f o l l o w i n g s p e c i f i c to f u r t h e r r e f i n i n g the a s p e c t s of the g e n e r a l development p l a n or the design of i n d i v i d u a l elements as they P l a n n i n g Commission It The S t r e e t and paved and area Committee recommends t h a t t h e N a t i o n a l P a r k S e r v i c e and i t s c o n s u l t a n t s study Canal one outdoor second. t h e M c M i l l a n and to avoid a continuous the Avenue a r e a by i n the Keeping the A r c h i v e s c r o s s - a x i s broadly 9th S t r e e t s , as The i n the m e t r o p o l i t a n Hall will be Mall in connection reviewed ceremonial L o u i s i a n a Avenue i n t r o d u c e o f t h e f o r r a l and with the d r i v e between a considerable extent unshaded a r e a , which would l e a d t o an u n d e s i r a b l e in the Pennsylvania by view in project stages; E a s t R e f l e c t i n g P o o l and between t h e M a l l and with a t h e C a p i t o l Grounds. Avenue P l a n informal parks The earlier for t h i s area suggested with separation proposal an G-4 point shown interweaving the avenues, which could r i c h e r e x p r e s s i o n c f what h a p p e n s a t t h i s of be a i n t h e monumental c o r e . �The new d r i v e s h o u l d be N o r t h and regarded a s a s p e c i a l avenue c a r r y i n g South C a p i t o l S t r e e t a x i s around the C a p i t o l , w i t h the Commission's i n t e n t ientation clement encourages to develop i n the c i t y through traffic design. t h i s a x i s as an The w h i c h i s not in k e e p i n g The keeping important roadway w i d t h , of the Mall P l a n or w i t h the o r i g i n a l purposes tunnel, in with the concept f o r the Center the o r i g i n a l The u n d u l a t i n g green f l a n k i n g rows o f t r e e s s h o u l d o t h e r a r c h i v e s show t h a t designers, especially Commission c o n s i d e r s i t t o be o r any ether h i s t o r i c be r e t a i n e d and The so e x t e n s i v e t h a t 3, be c h a n g e d . The Commission form i s a l m o s t exactly as as the Capitol facades n a t u r a l slopes of the l a n d banks used a r o u n d t h e new The should underpasses general f o r m a l i t y o f the l a n d s c a p i n g should i t reduces central vista kept as not t h e p a r k a t m o s p h e r e o r becomes monotonous. f o u r rows o f e l m s on t r e e p l a n t a t i o n s s h o u l d be branches, be F. L. O l m s t e a d , J r . , w a n t e d . The T h i s a r r a n g e m e n t was maintain a broad this i n t h e same c l a s s landmark. naturalistic much a s p o s s i b l e . be special undisturbed. p r e s e r v e d a s c l o s e t o t h e M c M i l l a n d e s i g n a's p o s s i b l e . r e c o r d s and Leg K a i l c r o s s i n g s h o u l d be a f o c a l p o i n t w h e r e s i g h t s e e i n g o c c a s i o n s c a n be 2, or- however, m o t o r i s t s c a n s l e w down, p e d e s t r i a n s c a n c r o s s i p s a f e t y , and ' . the each chosen, s i d e o f the green after careful deliberation, i n proportion to the C a p i t o l uniform and should facade. open u n d e r a h i g h canopy to s e t o f f t h e n a t u r a l c h a r a c t e r a g a i n s t t h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l t o keep t h e b u i l d i n g s a s an i n t e g r a l part of the scene. More not to The of and immediate �attention i s needed t o i n t r o d u c e b e n c h e s , p a t h s , and furniture" details stopped other "street i n t h e a r e a u n d e r t h e t r e e s , s i n c e VJorld War I I t h i s s t a g e o f e a r l i e r development work. *». More v a r i e d p l a n t i n g and u n d e r t h e t r e e s s h o u l d be r e l i e d on activity near the b u i l d i n g s f o r e f f e c t when t h e e l m s are dormant o r h a v e grown h i g h enough t o open up t h e g r o u n d - l e v e l This, with conversion c f the p a r a l l e l d r i v e s to.broad view. w a l k ways would, i n f a c t , r e c r e a t e a n a t m o s p h e r e much more l i k e the intent i n which the M a l l s t r e t c h e d from b u i l d i n g l i n e to b u i l d i n g line. Subtle variations t h e b u i l d i n g s and i n t h i s t o t a l width, under t h e t r e e s , b a l a n c e t h e l o n g main a x i s . architectural s h o u l d be p l u s openings between developed More a t t e n t i o n s h o u l d be f e a t u r e s of each posed. The The views e s p e c i a l l y along counter- given to show o f f t h i s the individuality. Committee q u e s t i o n s t h e h e a v y d e n s i t y o f p l a n t i n g p r o i n and out of the Mall w i l l be s t r e e t s c r o s s i n g t h e a x i s and give the impression that seriously inhibited, f r o m C o n s t i t u t i o n and I n d e p e n d e n c e A v e n u e s n e a r t h e Monument G r o u n d s . separated to e d i f i c e w i t h enough c o n s i s t e n c y t o t r e a t t h e l i n e o f b u i l d i n g s t o g e t h e r and s t i l l 5. original Such t h i c k p l a n t a t i o n s the inner f e a t u r e s of the Mall should from t h e s u r r o u n d i n g urban f a b r i c . The be urban design of c i t y r e l i e s t o a l a r g e d e g r e e on p a r t s o f t h e M a l l f o r m r e a c h i n g into the c i t y Plan. V>'ith r e m o v a l o f t r a f f i c , m o t o r i s t s and and -- s u c h a s t h e 8 t h S t r e e t o t h e r s on calculated vistas daily should opportunities f o r c a s u a l viewing provided. G-6 out a x i s o f t h e P e n n s y l v a n i a Avenue business w i l l be the be c o n f i n e d t o t h e by periphery �6. There s h o u l d n o t be a n y significant regrading of Monument Grounds, i n c l u d i n g t h e 1 5 t h S t r e e t underpass extension, u n t i l a thorough i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f the and the terrace e f f e c t s on soil c o n d i t i o n s has been trade i n c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e C o r p s o f E n g i n e e r s . ' The P a r k and conditions P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n made s u c h s t u d i e s , and gave l i t t l e m a r g i n f o r s a f e g u a r d i n g t h e Monument. t h e M c M i l l a n P l a n t e r r a c e s w e r e abandoned and done a s t h e maximum p e r m i s s i b l e , u n l e s s and foundations assured. were r e b u i l t The west until The factors gardens o f 17th S t r e e t The t o be proposal developed then to either a for this forrral thoroughly area. a l o n g C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue s h o u l d h a v e s t r o n g e r v i s u a l and l a t i o n s h i p s to the Northwest Rectangle. Hence t h e Monument C o m m i s s i o n w i s h e s t o be i n any functional re- In i t s Virginia Avenue S p e c i a l S t r e e t Study, t h e Commission r e l i e d upon t h e M a l l s t u d y work out a t e r m i n u s p r o p o s e d Rose c o r n e r s h o u l d be was for this designed a l s o designed of The 2 0 t h and 21st S t r e e t s which s h o u l d L i n c o l n Memorial. more d e f i n i t i v e Hill, through continue more f o r m a l l y of the western end recognized, r o u t e s , around M a l l development p l a n s h o u l d treatment the old Observatory to in the v e h i c u l a r t r a f f i c The Rectangle river. 2 3 r d S t r e e t a x i s s h o u l d be regardless of s h i f t s The to Garden a l i n k with the R e f l e c t i n g Pool southward to i n c l u d e glimpses o f the 8. The w i t h t h i s a s p e c t i n mind. to provide t h e open t r e a t m e n t diagonal. be the extended to o f C o n s t i t u t i o n Avenue i n c o r p o r a t i n g t h e s e a r e a s as p a r t o f the j o i n w i t h t h e Potomac P a r k w a y and • grading o r s e c u r e d by t e c h n i c a l means n o t or pastoral landscape design. 7. the present same s u b - s o i l p r o b l e m s a r e c r i t i c a l assured of the s a f e t y found t h e t h e Kennedy G-7 Center. and Hall �- I 9. s h o u l d be The part ror.ri-point c o n c e p t o f t h e retained. between p l a n and of the Having survived Ohio D r i v e s , vistas Memorial t o the l i n k i n g the v e h i c l e - f r e e network. across the can The integral r a d i a t i n g avenues, r i v e r and o t h e r park points Committee f e e l s t h a t t h e c i r c u l a r form, w h e t h e r one Arlington a disturbing thinks in the McMillan Plan, appropriate balance of o f p a r k must be p a r k and l o s s of the f o r t h i s area would c l a r i f y s y s t e m and enhance the design of the out as Franklin i t was gateway by ap- suburbs Tidal 3asin was its role Roosevelt as not in the city-wide a r e c r e a t i o n a l park which forms the G-8 clearing counter- detailed plan recreational development. Memorial, the monument. A since clarified. for w e l l as to p o l l u t i o n . prospects for actual D. areas areas, Although largely unrealized, used a c t i v e l y as a s u b s t i t u t e b a l a n c i n g the laid a more d e f i n i t i v e l y d e s i g n e d playing residential t r a c t s in central built-up be and i n t e r m s o f an Cemetery o r to the V'est Potomac P a r k s h o u l d be proposed This area and degree t o meet a c t i v e r e c r e a t i o n a l n e e d s o f W a s h i n g t o n r e s i d e n t s . the such river. 10. t h i s was period broad formal paths w o u l d be w e a k e n e d t o p a r k s y s t e m and site w e l l be However, t h e of t h i s point proach to the Memorial a twenty-year t r a n s l a t i o n h i s t o r i c landmark c h a r a c t e r . s u p p r e s s i n g the Lincoln d e s i g n , t h i s m a j o r l a n d s c a p e theme i s an a s H e n r y B a c o n and character - Upon final remaining area s e t t i n g of the should new �11. The Western terminus of Independence Avenue at the Monument Grounds should be treated as a more important aspect of the basic composition. The plan proposes a major change in the t r a f f i c role of Independence Avenue, which should be a splendid opportunity for enhancing i t s special street character. The southeast corner of the Monument Grounds should be developed as a focal point, combining, the s i t e north of the Bureau of Engraving, the lUth Street entrance to the Capital, the edge of the Southwest Mall buildings, and the end of Independence Avenue into a unified c i v i c design. 12, The systems of v i s i t o r parking, orientation and reception f a c i l i t i e s , and public conveyance through the Mall should be c l a r i f i e d and developed. These features are the most innovative aspect of the plan as well as one of the most e s s e n t i a l . The conveyanc system especially needs more study i f i t i s to operate s a t i s f a c t o r i l y among large numbers of pedestrians and provide an adequate replacement for the private car during periods of moderate demand, I t would also be desirable i f the diagrammatic form i n which t h i s concept has been presented could be restudied to make maximum use of the new subway system in both i n i t i a l or long-range form. ���� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Environmental impact statement : proposed rehabilitation of the National Mall, 3rd to 14th Streets, Madison to Jefferson Drives Subject The topic of the resource Mall, The (Washington, D.C.) Environmental impact analysis Environmental impact statements Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource National Capital Parks Service Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1975 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource United States. Department of the Interior Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Description An account of the resource Please note: This report includes irregularly-sized pages. If the report is not visible, try scrolling to the right or left or using the zoom in (+) or zoom out (-) functions in the PDF viewer window. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource DDOT Historical Reports & Other Documents Subject The topic of the resource Transportation--Research--United States Transportation--Planning Description An account of the resource District Department of Transportation's historical reports and other documents. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource District Department of Transportation Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource National Mall Subject The topic of the resource Mall, The (Washington, D.C.) Description An account of the resource Historical reports relating to the National Mall and its many monuments, museums, and landmarks. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Various United States. Department of the Interior Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource Various Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Documents Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Text